iii;L;iilIlfRM^EI 157 Ye m CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cornell University Library F 157Y6 G44 History of York County, Pennsylvania f olin 3 1924 028 855 174 Overs ^<#^ ^^ Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://archive.org/details/cu31924028855174 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA From the Earliest Period to the Present Time, Divided into General, Special, Township and Borough Histories, with a Biographical Department Appended. JOHN GIBSON, HISTORICAL EDITOR. IXjXjTJSTI^^TEID. qmCAGO: F. A. BATTET PUBLISHING CO. k-'^']'^']^ ^ Entered according to Act ot Congress in the year 1886, by F. A. Eattey and F. W. Teeple, In the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington, D. 0. CONTENTS. PART I. GENERAL HISTORY. PAGE. Introductory 11 The Early Settlers 13 Settlements, First 17 Settlement of Newberry and Ad- joining Townships 19 The Aborigines 20 Conestogoe Indians 26 Indian Title 33 <'ompletion of Title 39 Maryland Intrusions 35 European Title 41 Border Troubles 47 Arrest of Cressap 66 Chester County Plot, The 64 Invasion of the Three Hundred 59 Mission of Messrs. Hamilton and Georges 54 Mission of Messrs. Jennings and Dulaney 67 Mission of Messrs Preston and Kin- sey 72 Revolt of the Germans 58 The Boundary Line 73 Digges' Choice 78 Final Agreement of 1760 82 Mason & Dixon's Line 83 Nicholas Perie, The case of. 82 Royal Order, The 73 Temporary Line, The 75 Springetsbury Manor 88 Blunstone's Licenses 93 Manorof Maske 92 Town of York, The 96 French and Indian War 99 Billeting of Soldiers 106 Conestogoe Massacre Ill Indian Abductions 109 Pontiac's War 111^ Return of Officers 1758 108 Thk Revolution 112 Aid to Baltimore from York 128 Articles of Association 126 Associations for Defense 123-132 Associators of Pennsylvania, Ad- dress to the 121 Committees of Correspondence....ll5-127 Constitution of Pennsylvania, First 121 Council of Safety 123 Independent Government, Proceed- ings to forman 120 Inhabitants of York County to Committee of Salety, 1776, Let- ter of. 127 Organization of the Militia of the County 124 Resolutions of Committee of York County, 1776 127 York County Militia 128 York County Militia Battalions ViA York County Militia Companies 130 Continental Congress 135 Baron Steuben 140 British Account of Hancock's Speech 137 Correspondence of John Adams from York 136 Gen. Gates and the Cabal 137 Monument to Philip Livingston 142 Occurrences and Proceedings at York 135, 142 ResigUHtion of President Hancock... 137 Resolutions of Congress, 1777-78 142 Session at York 135 Town Major 144 Wilkinson's Memoirs, Gew 139 PAGE. Continental Troops 144 Additional Regiment 152 Armand's Legion 153 Artillery 153 British Prisoners 156 Continental Line Pennsylvania Regiments 147, 151 David Grier's (Capt.) Company 150 Hartley, Col 151-152 Moses McClean's (Capt.) Company... 150 New Eleventh 153 Orders of Gen. St. Clair 155 Pensioners, Revolutionary 159 Pulaski's Legion 153 Pennsylvania Battalion 149 Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment, The... 147 Revolt of the Pennsylvania Line.... 154 Riflemen 144 subskquknt military history, The 162 Frontier Defense 162 Mexican War 166 Volunteers at Baltimore 164 War of 1812-14 163 Whisky Insurrection 162 War FOR THE Union 166 Emergency Troopof 1863 202 Independent Battery 203 Independent Companies 200 Other Officers from York County.... 202 Regiment, Second 167, 179 Regiment, Sixteenth 168, 179 Regiment, Thirtieth 168, 181 Regiment, Forty-First 181 Regiment, Forty-Third 168, 181 Regiment, Seventy-sixth 169, 183 Regiment, Eighty-Seventh 169, 184 Regiment, Ninety-Second (See Ad- denda) 189 Regiment, One Hundred and Third 178, 189 Regiment, One Hundred and Seventh 170, 190 Regiment, One Hundred and Eighth 176, 190 Regiment, One Hundred and Thir- tieth 171, 191 Regiment, One Hundred and Sixty- Sixth 172, 193 Regiment, One Hundred and Eighty-Second 176, 196 Regiment,- One Hundred and Eighty-Seventh 176, 197 Regiment, Two Hundredth 177, 197 Regiment, Two Hundred and Seventh 177, 199 Regiment, Two Hundred and Ninth 177, 199 Volunteers from York County 179 Hospital Work 203 Occupation of York 203 Gen. Stuart's Detour Through York County 212 Arrival of the Sixth Corps 215 Battle of Gettysburg 217 Career and Fate of some of the Officers 215 Engagement at Hanover 212 Hanover Hospital and its Incidents, The 216 Incident of the Invasion at Jefferson 217 Incidents of Stuart's Raid at Dover.. 218 List of Killed 215 List of Wounded 215 The Pennsylvania Germans 219 Assemblymen 241 PAGE. Berks County 252 Borough Officers 242 City of Reading 253 Clergy 248 Clerks of Courts J 242 Congressmen 240 County Commissioners 243 County Officers 241 County Treasurers 243 Dauphin County 253 Dialect, The 259 Dialogue in The Palatinate Dialect.. 261 Directors of the Poor 243 Distinguishing Characteristics 266 Drovers and Mechanics National Bank of York 259 Farmers' National Bank of York 258 First National Bank of York 258 Franklin County 254 FahrmarCs Lied ^ Das 238 Harbaugh, Leonard 230 Herbach,Yost 228 Judges and Associate Judges 242 Justices of the Peace 243 Kreuzkrik Wmlli un Schomsckle Fetse: imalte Weiwer-summer 264 Lancaster County 254 Lawyers 243 Lebanon County 254 Lehigh County 254 Lenhart, William 231 Medical Doctors 245 Militia 248 Miller, Lewis 233 Naeht/or' Ckrischdaag, Die 264 National Legislators :... 240 Newspaper Extracts 277 Overseers of the Poor 242 Percentage of Population 239 Postmasters 240 Prothonotaries 242 Registers of Wills 242 State Legislators 24l State Officers 241 State Senators 241 Teachers 247 United States Senators 240 War for the Union 249 Western National Bank of York 258 York County National Bank 257 Friends or Quakers 278 Emigration to America 278 Emigration to York County 279 Fawn Meeting 286 First Monthly Meeting in York County 279 Marriages 285, 286 Newberry Meeting 280 Plans of Organization 279 Warrington Meeting 281 York Meeting 283 The Scotch-Irish 290 SPECIAL HISTORY. Preliminary History 299 Appearance of the County 302 Chief Banger 304 Clerks to the County Commissioners 308 Clerks of Orphans' Courts, and Court of Quarter Sessions 304 Commissioners 307 Coroners 312 Court House, First 303 Court House, Present 303 IV CONTENTS. PAGE. County Almshouse 306 County Auditors 308 County Jail, First 305 County Jail, Present 305 County Limits 300 County Offices 303 County Surveyors 30S Erection of County 299 First Chapter of Chronicles 311 Great Election Contest 311 Jury Commissioners 309 Limits Contracted 301 Mainteuanceof the Poor 305 Mercantile Appraisers 309 People, The 302 Prothonotaries 304 Recorders 304 Registers 304 Riot at Election of 1750 309 Sheriffs 309 Statistical 301 Treasurers ; 304 Towns and Townships 301 Civil List 312 Gubernatorial Elections 314 Justices of the Peace under Consti- tution of 1790 319 List during the Revolution 312 List of Later Date 313 Members of the Assembly 317 Members of the State Senate 316 National Representatives 316 Public Intkrnal Improvements.... 321 Bachman Valley Railroad 341 Baltimore & Hanover Railroad 342 ' Berlin Branch Railroad.. 342 Berlin & Hanover Turnpike Co.... 329 Bridges 327 Codorus Navigation ., 335 Conewago Canal, The 331 Early River Navigation 331 Gov. Mifflin Present at the Open- ing 332 Interesting Events at the Opening 332 Navigation to Columbia, and Tide Water Opened 333 .Plans to Extend Navigation and Remove Obstacles 331 State Aid Received and Canal Constructed 332 Conveyance of Mails and Passengers 326 Davis, Phineas 337 Elgar, John 338 Ferries, Early 326 Hanover Branch Railroad Company 340 Hanover & Littlestown Railroad 341 ■ Hanover & Maryland Line Turnpike Road 328 Hanover & York Railroad 339 History of Railroads 336 Invention of Locomotives 336 Invention of Railroads 336 NationalTransit Lines 344 Northern Central Railway 338 i Oil Pipe Line 344 Postal Telegraph Company 344 Railroads in the United States 336 Railroads in Pennsylvania, First 337 River and Canal Navigation 331 Road.s, Early 321 Stewartstown Railroad 343 Susquehanna & York Borough Turn- pike Company 327 Telegraph, The 343 Telegraph at Hanover 343 Telegraph, Other Lines of. 343 Telephone, The 344 Traders' Routes 321 Turnpikes 327 Tide Water and Susquehanna Canal 333 Causes which led to its Origin 333 Cost of Construction and Repairs. 3.'i4 Description of Canal 336 Its Benefits to York County 335 Navigation 335 Opening of the Canal 334 Plans for, and Construction of 333 York & Cbanceford Turnpike 330 York & Cumberland Railroad 339 York & Gettysburg Turnpike 328 York & Maryland Line Railroad 333 York & Maryland Line Turnpike... 329 York & Peach Bottom Railway Company 342 Aqeioultuke 345 Big Barn, The 352 Characteristics of the Emigrant Farmer.; : 347 Cigar Industry 358 PAGE. Clover Seed 362 Distilling as an Industry among Farmers 350 Domestic Animals 350 Farming, Early Modes of 349 Fertilizers 363 Forests, The 347 Fruit Trees, Cultivation of 362 Grasses, Introduction of. 362 Grubenland ■. .-. 346 Hanover Agricultural Society 359 History of Agriculture in York County 346 Holzschwamm 346 How our Ancestors Came and What They Brought With Them 347 Incidents of Pioneer Life 348 Indian Farming 346 Marshes' 346 Old Time Harvests 351 Pleasure Carnages 351 Price of Lands and Laying out of Towns 352 Second House, The 352 Selections of Lands by First Settlers 347 Statistical 354 'Thrashing Machines, Reapers, etc., 353 Tobacco Culture 354 A New Era : 355 Cultivation 357 Cutting the Crop '. 357 Does it Impoverish the Soil ? 357 New Tobacco, The 365 Physical.Features 357 Planting- .• 367 Preparation of Ground for 356 Product, The 356 Topping and Suckering 357 Varieties Cultivated in York County .356 Wagoning 351 York County Agricultural Society... 358 Educational 359 Act of 1834 366 Books Used and Modes of Teaching. 361 Borough Institute 368 Borough Superintendeney 368 Children's Home, The 373 Convention of 1834 362 Convention of 1835 363 Cottage Hill Seminary 372 County Superintendeney..'. 363 County Teachers' Institute 366 Denominational Schools 376 Directors 367 High School, The 368 Lancastrian School 370 Length of School Term 362 Other Schools in the County 3'75 Progress of the First Efforts 375 School Buildings 367 Semi-Centennial, The 376 Some Early Schools and Teachers... 359 State Laws 362 Stewartstown English and Classical Institute 373 Sunday Schools 375 Teacher's 368 Theological Seminary 371 York Borough Schools 366 York- Collegiate Institute 371 York County Academy 368 Young Ladies' Seminary 372 Journalism in York County 377 Age, The 382 American Eagle, The 380 Children's Guide, The 381 Commercial Monthly, The 382 Delta Herald, The 383 Delta Times, The 383 Democratic Press, The 380 Evangelical Zeitung, Die 880 Evening Dispatch, The 382 Evening Telegram, The 381 Expositor, The 379 Fountain, The 382 German Reformed Magazine, The... 379 Hanover Gazette, The 378 Harbinger, The 380 Lesson Quarterly 381 Pennsylvania Chronicle and York Weekly Advertiser, The 378 Pennsylvania Herald and York General Advertiser, The 378 Pennsylvania Gazette, The 878 Pennsylvania Republican, The 378 Primary Leaf, The 381 Recorder (Daily), The 378 Republicanisohe Herald, Der...., 378 PAGE. Teachers' Journal, The 381 True Democrat, The 380 Unions Freund, Der 379 Village Museum, The 379 Volks Verichter, Der 378 Wahre Republicaner, Der 378 Weekly Dispatch, The 381 York Advocate, The 380 York County Farmer, The 380 York Daily, The 381 York Gazette, The 379 York Gazette, Die 378 York Pennsylvania, The 380 York Recorder, The 878 York Republican, The 378 York Weekly, The 381 Hanover Journalism 382 Citizen, The 383 Citizen and Democrat, The 383 Democrat, The 383 Enelish Citizen, The 383 Guardian, The 382 Hanoverian, The 382 Hanover Gazette 382 Herald, The 383 Intelligeneblatt, The 383 Monthly Friend, The 383 Pennsylvanische Wochinschrift, Die 382 Planet and Weekly News, The 383 Regulator, The 383 Spectator. The 3^3 Religious Denominations 384 Baptists, The 384 Church of God, The 387 Evangelical Association York County, Origin of. 386 German Baptists 387 Methodism, Introduction of. 385 United Brethren in Christ 386 Historical Biographies 391 Bacon, Rev. Samuel 408 Barnitz, Hon. Charles A 415 Barnitz, Ensign Jacob 401 Barton, Rev. Thomas 405 Brackenridge, Hon. HughH 402 Butlers, The Revolutionary 404 Campbell, Capt. Thomas 401 Cathcart, Rev. Robert 411 Crawford, Hon. William 414 Deininger, Rev. Constantine J 410 Dill, Matthew 399 Dritt, Capt. Jacob 398 Edgar, James 401 Ettinger, Rev. Adam 409 Franklin, Gen. William B 417 Franklin, Bear Admiral 427 Gibson, Commander William 427 Gibson, Gen. Horatio Gates 422 Glasgqw, Hon. Hugh 414 Glossbrenner, Hon, Adam J 416 Goering, Rev. Jacob 408 Haller, Col. Granville. 418 Hamilton, Hance 393 Hartley, Hon. Thomas 412 Hostetter, Hon. Jacob 414 Jameson, David 391 Jameson, Horatio Gates 392 Jordan, Archibald Steele 402 Kelley, Hon. James 413 King, Hon. Adam 415 Kurtz, Hon. William H 416 Lewis, Judge Ellis 404 Lischy, Rev. Jacob 4(J6 Mayer, Rev. Lewis 409 McClean, Archibald 395 McLaughlin, Capt. William H 425 MoPherson, Col. Robert 394 McPherson, William 395 Miller, Gen. Henry 396 Mitchell, Hon. James S 416 Nes, Hon. Henry..'. 416 Prowell, Maj. Joseph 400 Raus, Rev. Lucafi 406 Reed, Gen. William 401 Ross, Hon. James 402 Schriver, Gen. Edmund 416 Scott, Patrick 399 Small, Gen. M. P 424 Spangler, Gen. Jacob 414 Stair, Q. Christopher 404 Steel, James 403 Stevens, Hon. Thaddeus 403 Stewart, Hon. John 413 Stouch, Capt. George W. H 426 Tysou, Benjamin 401 Welsh, Lieut. George P 426 Worley, Francis 899 Ziegler, Rev, Daniel 409 CONTENTS. PAGE. The Bench and The Bar 428 I Associate Judges 442 [ Atlee, Hon. William Augustus 438 Barber, William, -Esq 447 - Barnitz, Hon. George 443 Black, Hon. Jeremiah S 452 Bonham, Hon. Samuel Coxe 443 Campbell, Esq., John Gardner 451 Cassat, Esq., David 447 Chapin, Esq., Edward 448 Clark, Gen. John 446 Cochran, Hon. Thomas E 452 Dare, Hon. George 443 District Attorneys 435 Durkee. Hon. Daniel 439 Evans, Esq., John 450 Fisher, Hon. Robert J 441 Franklin, Hon. Walter 439 Grier, Col. David 447 Hambly, Esq., Thomas C 448 Hays, Hon. Mills 444 Henry, Hon. John Joseph 439 Hinkle, Hon. John L 443 Johnson, Esq., Samuel 444 Justices of the Peace 432 Kirk, Hon. Jacob 443 KoUer, Hon. Isaac 443 List of Attorneys 435-438 ■ Mclntyre, Hon. Peter 444 Mayer, Esq. John L 450 Members of the Bar....- 444 Moore, Hon. John 444 Newcomer, Hon. David 444 President Judges 438 Rieman, Hon. John 444 Rudisill, Hon. Jacob 442 Schlegel, Col. Henry 442 §mith, Hon. James 445 Medical History 455 Geology 463 Analyses of Ores, Rocks, Minerals, etc 472 Belt of Upper Eozoic 467 Caiuozoic and Recent 472 Eozoic Rocks 465 Hellam Quartzite..: 468 Hydro-Mica Schists 470 Iron Ores 472 Mesozoic Rocks 471 Palaeozoic Rocks 468 Peach Bottom Slates 472 Pottsdam Sandstone 468 Trap 472 York Limestone 470 York Limestone with Argillites 471 Meteorological 474 Destruction in the County 479 Drought of 1822 476 Flood of York 478 Flood of 1817 474 Flood of 1822 475 Flood of 1884 477 Hail Storm in 1797 476 Hail Storm of 1821 476 Heroic Deeds and Narrow Escapes... 478 Meteoric Shower of 1833 480 Miraculous Flood of Beaver Creek... 476 Rainfall Table 477 Ruin and Desolation 479 Snow Storm of 1772 476 Windstorm of 1830 476 Topography 480 Elevations above Sea Level 481 Table of Elevations 481 Early Iron Industries.- 482 ' Cannon Balls for the Revolutionary 'War 485 Castle Fin Forge , 486 First Anthracite Coal Locomotive... 488 First Iron Interest in York County. 483 First Iron Works in Pennsylvania .. 483 Hellam Iron Works 485 Manor Furnace 489 Margaretta Furnace 489 Mary Ann Furnace 484 Spring Forge and Bloomary 484 Woodstock Forge * - 489 York Foundry Furnace and Forge.. 487 York Furnace 489 Census Reports and Postoffices.. 489 Government Census Reports 490 Money Order Offices 491 Postal Routes 490 Postoffices and Postmasters in 1832.. 491 ■ Postoffices in 1885 491 ' Postoffices in York County 490 Notes From Early Court Records, 1749 TO 1770 491 Constables Appointed at First Court 492 PAGE. "Dr." Dady 495 Grand Jury, October, 1749 491 Ratej in Taverns 493 Slavery and Redemptioners 497 Colonization Society 498 Slavery in York County 497 Underground Railroad 498 Servants and Redemptioners 500 Secret Societies .^iOO Free and Accepted Masons 500 Improved Order of Red Men 505 Knights of Pythias 507 Odd Fellows :. 502 Other Secret Orders 507 FiBE Insurance Companies 507 Codorusand Manheira Mutual 509 Dover, Conewago, Newberry, East and West Manchester Mutual... 509 Farmers Insurance Company of ■ York 508 Farmers Mutual of Paradise 508 Southern Mutual 509 Spring Garden Mutual 509 York County Mutual 507 Miscellaneous Matters 510 Continental Money 510 Millerites, The 510 Present Judges of York County... 510 Gibson, Hon. John,...? 511 Latimer,Hon. James W 512 Wickes, Hon. Pere L 510 BOROUGH AND TOWNSHIP HIS- TORY, Borough OF York 513 Annexations 520 Anti-Jacobinism 557 Baer's Bank (Jacob H.) 559 Banks and Banking 557 Banking House of Weiser, Son & Carl 559 Benevolent Association 572 Bethlehem Church of the Evangel- ical Association 545 Bottstown 520 Bottstown in 1783 521 Calvary Presbyterian Church 536 Church History 523 City Market 522 Conspiracy in 1803 548 Drovers and Mechanics National Bank 559 Duke St.Methodist Episcopal Church 542 Farmers Market 521 Farmers National Bank 559 Fire Department, The 560 First Baptist Church , 545 First Church of the United Brethren in Christ 544 First Evangelical Lutheran Church 523 First Methodist Episcopal Church... 541 First National Bank 558 First Presbyterian Church 535 First Reformed Church 530 Founding of York 514 Fourthof July, 1788 552 Fourth of July, 1819 .'... 553 Franklin Institute 572 Franklin Lyceum ^ 571 Gas Company 568 Hand in Hand Fire Company 560 Heidelberg Reformed Church 544 Inhabitants in 1783 517 Laurel Fire Company 561 Manufacturing Interests 564 Billmyer & Small Co 564 Variety Iron Works, E. G. Smyser 565 Frey, Motter &f Co 566 A. B. Farquhar , 566 P. A. &S. Small 566-568 Markets ., 521 Methodist Episcopal Zion Church.... 546 Military 554 Military of York and Civic Celebra- tions 561 Moravian Church 536 Municipal History 519 Old Time Fairs 523 Old Time Inns and Taverns and Later Day Hotels 549 Opera House 571 Postoffice. The 559 Prospect Hill Cemetery 569 Rescue Fire Company 563 Riot in 1786 .' 548 St, John's Episcopal Church 632 PAGE. St.John's German Evangelical Luth- eran Church 540 St. Luke's Lutheran Church 541 St. Mary's Catholic Church 543 St. Patrick's Catholic Church 642 St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church , 537 Schall, Danner &, Sperry's Bank 559 Second Church of tlie United Breth- ren in Christ 644 Sun Fire Company 660 Trinity Church of the Evangelical ■ Association 546 Union Evangelical LutheranChurch 539 Union Fire Company 563 United Library Association 571 Vigilant Fire Company 561 Visit of President Washington and other Distinguished Men 553 Visit of Lafayette 554 Water Company 572 Western National Bank 559 York Club 569 York County National Bank 558 York National Bank 558 Young Men's Christian Association 547 Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church.. 538 Zion Reformed Church 632 Borough of Hanover 573 Baltimore Defenders 691 Biographical 592 Col. Richard McAllister 592 Gen. JacobEyster 592 Churches 581 Distinguished Entomologists 593 Melsneimers 593 Early History 574 Emanuel's Reformed Church 583 Fairs 591 Fire Department 590 First National Bank 581 ' Gas Company 590 Genealogical 594 Growth of this Town 578 Hanover Saving Fund Society 580 Hotels 691 Incorporation 578 Kuntz-Welsh 594 Manufactures 589, Meunonite Church 587 Methodist Episcopal Church 585 MUitary and Musical 591 Mount Olivet Cemetery 587 Noted Improvements 578 Postoffice .' 580 Public Common 579 St. Joseph's Catholic Church 586 St. Mark's Lutheran Church 585 St. Matthew's Lutheran Church 581 Schools .^. 588 Taxable Inhabitants in 1783 576 Town of Hanover 574 Trinity Reformed Church 587 United Brethren in Christ 587 Visit of Gen. Washington 590 Water Company 690 Borough of Wrightsville 595 African Methodist Church 599 Business Interests 699 Churches 697 Evangelical Lutheran Church 598 Ewing, Gen. James 696 Incident of the Confederate Inva^ sion ; 597 Incorporation 597 Methodist Church 597 Pbstoffice 600 Presbyterian Church 698 Schools 599 Societies 599 Town Laid Out 596 Township of Hellam 600 Anderson's Ferry 605 Border Troubles 601 Churches of Hellam 606 Cresap, Col. Thomas 602 Druck Valley U. B. Church 607 Historical Notes '. 607 Historic Old House 604 Iron Ore Interests 608 Lutheran and Reformed Church 606 Public Schools 607 Xaxables in 1783 605 Topography 600 Troubles of Early Surveyors 601 Village of Hellam 607 Township of Spring Garden 608 Church of the Evangelical Associ- ation 611 VI CONTENTS. PAGE. Glades, The 610 Mount Zion Church 610 PleasureTille 610 Schools 610 Stony Brook 610 Village of Freystown G08 To-wssHip OF Manchester 611 Adoption of the Common School System 620 Borough of Manchester 615 Business Places , 616 Churches 616 Church of the United Brethren in Christ 619 Coniederate Invasion 618 Eib's Landing 614 Emig's Grove Camp MeetingGrounds 620 Emigsville 619 Floods 614 Founding of Manchester 615 Incorporation 616 Manchester Lutheran Church 617 Mennonite Meeting-House 617 Mount Wolf Village 618 Musical 619 New Holland Village 618 Old School House, An 617 Paper aty, A 614 Physicians 616 Po,stma3ters 616 Reformed and Lutheran Church (Hoover's) 619 Schools 617 Shad Fisheries 614 Taxables of 1783 612 The Gut 614 Union Church of Manchester 616 United Brethren Church 617 Township of West Manchester. . . 621 Assessment of 1800 622 Assessment of 1884 622 Formation of Township 621 Historic Mill Site 623 St. Patil's Lutheran and Beformed Chui-ch 622 Shiloh Church 623 Topography 621 Township of Newberry 623 Ball Hills 637 Bethel Church 627-629 Borough of Lewisberry..., 632 Business Industry of York Haven and other Facts 638 Cigar Industry 626 Goldsboro 627 Goldsboro Sandstone Quarry 629 Hay Eun KO Indian Kelics 634 Justices of the Peace 635 Large Mill Burned 639 Last Indian, The 630 Lutheran and Reformed Church 636 Manufactures of Lewisberry 632 Methodist Church 629-635 Middletown Ferry 630 Military Organization 634 Newberry In 1783 624 Newberrvtown 625 Patriotic Dead 631 Physicians 635 Plainfield Bethel 630 Postoflice 626-634 Pottery.A 626 Prize Fight, A Notorious 629 Public Well 626 Quaker Schoolhouse 637 River Meeting-House 629 St. Paul's Church 627 Schools of Goldsboro 629 Schools of Lewisberry 636 Society of Social Friends , 637 Stores of Lewisberry 632 Stores of Newberrytown 626 Sunday-schools 636 Terrible Tragedy 639 Township Formed 624 Union Meeting-House 626 Visit of Lorenzo Dow 636 Yocumtown , 631 York County Rangers 626 York Haven 637 York Haven Laid Out 638 York Haven Paper Mills 639 York Haven Quarries 640 Township of Fairview 640 Boundary Difi&eulties 641 Churches 642 Emanuel's Church of the Evangel- ical Association 643 PAGE. Fairview Mutual Insurance Com- pany 644 Friends' Meeting-House 644 Historical Facts and Incidents 644 Indians, The 645 Insurance 644 Mount Olivet Church 643 Mount Zion Lutheran Church 643 New Market Village 641 Pause, A 646 Pinetown 645 Public Schools 645 Salem Church 642 Simpson, Gen. Michael 642 Topography 640 Township Formed 641 Visit of George Washington 642 Township of Monaghan 646 Andersontown 647 Churches 647 Church of God 647 Fruit Culture 649 Landls Ore Bank 649 Lutheran and Reformed Church 647 Manufacturers 648 Mount Pleasant Bethel 647 PublicSchooIs 648 Siddonsburg 647 Sunday-schools..* 648 Township OP Carroll 649 Beavertown 661 Business Interests of Dillsburg 653 Churches 655 Church of the United Brethren in Christ 661 Confederate Invasion 658 Dills, The 660 Dillsburg Borough 652 Dillsburg Bulletin 654 Dillsburg Presbyterian Church 655 Incorporation of Dillsburg 653 Iron Ore Mines 650 Methodist Episcopal-Church 657 Military 659 Physicians 654 I'ostoffice at Dillsburg 655 Quay, Col. Matthew Stanley 660 St. Paul's Lutheran Church 658 Schools 658, 661 Taxable Inhabitants 651 Township of Franklin 661 Borough Schools 663 Business Industry 662 Churches 663 Evangelical Lutheran Church 663 Franklintown 662 Harmony Bethel 663 Incorporation.. 662 Military 663 St. John's Reformed and Lutheran Church 663 South Mountain Union Church 663 Topography 662 Township Schools 663 United Brethren Church 663 Township of Warrington 664 Alpine 669 Blue Ridge Bethel 669 Boundary Line 664 Churches, Rossville 667 Church of God 670 Historical Facts and Incidents 670 Houses of Worship 669 Lutheran Church 667 Maytown 669 Methodist Episcopal Church 668 Mount Airy Church 670 Mount Top 669 Mount Top Horse Company 669 Mount Zion Church 670 Quaker Meeting House 669 Reformed Church 667 Rossville 667 Round Top 666 Salem Church of the Evangelical Association 669 Topography 666 Union Church 667 Visit of Lorenzo Dow 670 Warrington in 1783 664 Wellsvirte 668 Township of Washington 672 Bermudiau Meeting House 673 Emanuel's Church of the Evangeli- cal Association 674 Hall Postoffloe 673 Houses of Worship 673 Mulberry Postoffloe 673 PAGE. Salem Lutheran and Ref d Church.. 674 St. Paul's Lutheran and Reformed Church ; 673 Topography 672 Township of Dover 674 Borough of Dover 677 Davidsourg 679 Dover Church, The 674 Dover in 1783 677 Emig'sMills 680 Incorporation of Dover 677 Indian Relics 679 Lutheran Church 679 Mennonite Meeting House 679 Public Schools, Introduction of. 679 Religious Societies 679 Rohler's Union Church 679 Small Fruits 679 United Brethren Church 679 Weiglestown 678 Township of Conewago 680 Church History 680 Green Spring Church 681 Historical Notes 682 ' Indian Relics 681 Mount Pleasant Chapel 681 Public Schools 681 Quickel's Church .'. 680 Strinestown 631 Zion Lutheran and Reformed Church 680 Township op Paradise 683 Altland's Meeting House 684 Baughmansville ... 685 Bigmount Village 685 Churches 683 Confederate Invasion, The 686 Holz-Schwamm Church 683 Mills 686 Paradise Brickyard 684 Paradise Catholic Church 684 Schools 686 Taxables of 1783 684 Township of Jackson 687 Brickyard 691 Churches of Spring Grove 690 Mt. Zion's Reformed Church 690 Reformed Lutheran Church 688 ( Schoolhouse 690 St. Paul's Lutheran Church 690 Spring Grove Borough... 688 Spring Grove Paper Mills 689 Township of Manheim 691 Lutheran and Reformed Church 692 Public Schools 692 Taxables in 1783 691 Township of Heidelberg 693 Historical Spot, An 695 Iron Ore Interests 694 Mennonite Meeting House 694 Schools 695 Township of Penn 696 Evangelical Church 696 PublicSchooIs 696 Township of West Manheim 696 Churches 697 Lutheran and Reformed Church 697 Mount Zion United Brethren Church 698 PublicSchooIs 698 St. Bartholomew's Church 697 Townships of Codorus and North CODOKUS 698 Borough Schools 703 Christ's Reformed Church 702 Churches 699 Churches of Jeiferson 702 Church of the United Brethren in Christ 702 Glenville 703 Hanover Junction 703 Historical Notes 703 Incorporation of Jefferson 702 Iron Ore Interests 703 Jefferson Borough 701 Jefferson Station 703 New Salem 703 New Salem Church 700 Old Roads 698 Old-time Fairs 702 Public Schools 700 St. Jacob's Church 700 St. Peter's Church 699 Steltzes' Church 700 Stoverstown 703 Stoverstown Church 700 Taxables in 1783 699 Union Church 702 Villages 703 Ziegler's Church 700 CONTENTS. VII ri.OE. Zion Church 700 Township of Sheewsbdkt 704 Asseasment Roll of 1783 704 Church History 709 Disasters 709 Eminent Citizens 708 Erection of Shrewsbury 707 Evangelical Association 706 First National Bank of Glen Rock... 713 Fissel's Church 712 German Reformed Church 706 Gerry, M. D., Hon. James 708 Glen Rock Borough 711 Incorporation of Glen Rock 712 Industries 707 Industries of Glen Rock 711 Journalism 708 Journalism of Glen Rock 712 Lutheran Churches 706, 710, 713 Methodist Episcopal Churches... 707, 709, 713 Military 708, 713 New Freedom 714 Public School System 709 Railroad Borough 713 Reformed Church 710, 713 St. John's Catholic Church 714 Schools of Glen Rock 712 Secret Societies 710, 713 Shrewsbury Borough 707 Shrewsbury Savings Institution 710 Soldiers of ShrewsDury 707 Township of Speingfield 71S Churches 717 Frledensaals Kirche 717 German Baptist Meeting-house 718 Logan ville .-. 715 Loganville Church 718 Mining Intercet 719 Mount Zion's Church 718 New Paradise 716 Paradise Church 718 Public Schools 719 Salem Lutheran and Ref d Church,. 718 Seven Valley 716 St. Peter's Reformed Church 717 Topography 715 Township of Yokk 719 Bethany Church 722 Business Places in DaUastown 721 Churches 721 Church of the United Brethren in Christ 721 Cornet Band 722 Dallastown 720 Foundation of Dallastown 720 Incorporation of Dallastown 721 Incorporation of Red Lion 722 Industries of Red Lion 722 Innersville Chapel 723 Longstown 723 Manufacturers 723 Mount Union Chapel 723 Origiu of Name of Dallastown 721 Origin of Name of Red Lion 722 Pine Grove Church 723 Public Schools 724 Red Lion Borough 722 Red Lion School Building 723 Residents 1q1783 719 Schools, 722 St. John's Lutheran and Reformed Church 720 St. John's Reformed Church 722 St. Joseph's Catholic Church 721 St. Paul's Lutheran and Reformed Church 721 Township of Windsor 724 Bethlehem Church 726 Churches 726 Emanuel's Lutheran and Reformed Church .r. 726 Frysville 725 Historical and Industrial Notes 728 Iron Ore Interests 727 Locust Grove Church 727 Prison for British and Hessian Soldiers 728 Public Schools 727 Taxables for 1783 724 Union Church 727 Wlndsorville 725 Windsor Bethel 727 Zion United Brethren Church 726 Township of Lower Windsor 729 Beard's Tannery 731 Cemetery 732 Churches 732 East Prospect Borough 731 page. Ebenezer Church. 732 Evangelical Church 731 Fire Insurance Company 732 Historical Notes 733 Iron Ore Interests 733 Lutheran and Reformed Church 730 Margaretta Church 732 New Salem Church 732 North Trinity Church 732 Schools 733 Yorkana 731 Zion's Church of the Evangelical Association 732 Township ofChanceford 734 Agriculture 735 Bethel Methodist Episcopal Church. 737 Boundaries 734 Churches 736 First Buildings 734 Guinston United Presbyterian Church 736 Industries 735 Lockport 736 Lutheran and Reformed Church 737 Mount Pleasant Church 737 New Bridgeville 736 New Harmony Presbyterian Church 737 Public Schools 738 Settlement 734 St. James Church. ..^ 737 Successful Men 735 The Chapel 737 Topography 734 Trinity Church of the Evangelical Association .*.. 737 Trout, Hon. Valentine 738 Township op Lower Chahceford.. 738 Airville 745 Airville Circuit of the Methodist Episcopal Church 743 Anecdotes of Rev. Cuthhertson 742 Centreville 745 Historical Personages 747 McCall's Ferry 744 McKendree Methodist Episcopal Church 744 Military 746 Muddy Creek Forks Postofice 746 Organization 739 Origin of Name 738 Pine Grove Presbyterian Church 743 Pleasant Hill Church 744 Presbyterian Church 741 Public Schools 747 Religious Historjr 741 Remarkable Missionary 742 Salem Methodist Episcopal Church.. 744 Taxable List of 1783 739 Things of the Past 746 Union Chapel 744 United Presbyterian Church 742 Woodbine.. ^ 746 York Furnace 744 York Furnace Bridge 744 Township of Hopewell 748 Agriculture 749 Church of the United Brethren in Christ, Winterstown 754 Cross Roads Postoffice 754 Historical Notes and Incidents 756 Hopewell Centre 755 Hopewell in 1783 748 Hopewell Presbyterian Church 750 Introduction of Lime 749 Lebanon Lutheran and Reformed Church 762 Methodist Episcopal Church, Stew- artstown 753 Mount Olivet Church, Winterstown 754 Presbyterian Church, Stewartstown 753 Sadler's Church 752 Stewartstown Borough 752 The "King of the Barrens" 755 United Presbyterian Church 751 Winterstown Borough 754 Zion Methodist Episcopal Church, Stewartstown 753 Township of Fawn 757 Centre Presbyterian Church 758 Fawn Grove Academy 760 Fawn Grove Borough..; 759 Fawn Township in 1783.. 757 Friends' Meeting-house 760 Gatchellville 760 New Parke 761 Prospect Methodist Episcopal Church 760 Public Schools 761 Whiteside Chapel 760 PAGE. Township op Peach Bottom 761 Bryansville 766 Calvinistic Methodist Church.... 768 Churches 766 Cold Cabins 770 Coulsontown 770 Delta Borough 765 Delta Methodist Protestant Church . 766 Historical Notes 769 Kersey, Jesse 770 Peach Bottom Baptist Church 766 Peach Bottom Village and Ferry. ... 764 Public Schools 767 Slate Ridge Presbyterian Church. ... 762 Slateville PostofSce 770 Slatevlile Presbyterian Church 764 Slate Quarries , 767 Temporary Line 767 Welsh, The 768 Welsh Congregationalist Church 768 West Bangor 768 Conolusio-s' 771 Addenda 772 ILLUSTRATIONS— PORTRAITS. Bailey, W.D 654 Beidler, Baltzer 602 Black, Jere S 452 Campbell, John G 451 Cathcart, Robert 411 Cocklin, Jacob 646 Crlder, David W 544 Deininger, C. J 410 Detwiler, D. W 732 Durkee, Daniel 439 Ebaugh, Adam 748 Ebert, Geo D 595 Ebert, Elias 610 Eiohelberger, A. W 339 Fisher, R. J 441 Frazer, Isaac 628 Gable, L C 459 Gibson, John (Frontispiece) Hays, M. M 626 Klugh, John 662 Lanius W. H 520 Lederman, Conrad r..... 238 Lochman, A. H 529 Logan, Henry 650 Loucks, Z. K 557 McConkey, James 761 Mayer, John L 450 Miller, Lewis 234 Pedan, S. M 740 Pprter,B. F.,M. D 734 Ramsay, Wm. F 764 Sherwood, Geo. E 502 Small, Philip A 514 Small, Samuel 516 Smyser, E. G 565 Spangler, E. W 381 Stuck, Oliver 377 Weiser, Chas 559 Wiest, John,M. D 455 Young, Hiram 382 Frey, Enos 566 ILLUSTRATIONS— VIEWS. Children's Home, York 374 Conestoga Team ^ 239 Court House, etc 303 Exterior of an Old-time Church 269 Historic Old House 605 Interior of an Old-time Church 271 Market House, etc 136 Market Scene 522 Masonic Hall, York Borough 501 Old Court House, etc 136 Old Friends' Meeting House near Lew- isberry 633 Spring Grove Paper Mills 689 To Church on Horseback 267 Warrington Meeting House 283 York Collegiate Institute 372 York County Academy 368 MAPS. Geological Map 463 Springetshury Manor 88 Temporary Boundary Line 75 Township Map 299 nil CONTENTS. PART II. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. PAGE. Carroll Township 83 ChanceCord Township 89 Codorus Township 93 Conewago Township 94 Dover Township.^ 95 Fairview Township 96 Fawn Township 100 Franklin Township 104 Hanover Borough 59 Heidelberg Township 108 Hellam Township 73 Hopewell Township Ill Jackson Township '. 117 Lower Chanceford Township 121 Lower Windsor Township 127 PAGE. Manchester Township 131 Monaghan Township 146 Newberry Township 150 North Codorus 159 Paradise Township 160 Peach Bottom Township 161 Penn Township 59 Shrewsbury Townshij) 169 Springfield Township.'. 185 Spring Garden Township 1S7 Warrington Township 194 Washington Township 197 West Manchester Township 199 West Manheim Township 200 Windsor Township 201 Wrightsville Borough 73 York Borough 3 York Township 203 ILLUSTRATIONS— PORTRAITS. PAGE. Bittenger, John W 6 Black, Chauncey F 7 Bollinger, 0. J 8 Boyd, Stephen G 10 Hammond, Hervey 152 Hammond, W. S 153 Heffener, H. W 23 Kinard, J. W 129 Kocher, S. K 79 Lewis, C. E 30 Myers, E. B : 142 Noss, Herman 38 Scott, F. T 42 Seacrist, H 23 Seitz, N. Z 181 Spangler, Hamilton 48 Williams, D.G 57 EBEATA. IX ERRATA. Springetsbury Manor, page 88, for line 35, and also European Title, page 43, for lines 7 and 8, second column, read "The father of Springet Penn was not the eldest son of the founder. His eldest son was Springet, who died unmarried. His second son, William, was the father of Springet, after whom the manor was named, and he was the youngest child of the founder by his first wife." — F. D. Stone, librarian. Historical Society of Penn- sylvania. On page 78, first column, line 24, read "1874," instead of "1774." The survey by Thomas G. Cross, Esq., was made for contestants of^land within fifteen years past. Springetsbury Manor, page 93, read "Blunstone's Licenses" instead "Blumstone's Licenses." On page 106, line 20, first column read "dictator." On page 113, second column, line 33, for "say- ing," read "saving." The Eevolution, page 1.17, second column, first- line, read "at the Court House, York." The Revolution, page 130, first line, second column, after the word "colonies" read "And whereas it appears absolutely irreconcilable to rea- son and good conscience for the people of these colonies, now," etc. On page 128: "Aid to Baltimore;" on line 21 read "Harford County" instead of "Harvard County." On page 128, the note citing "Purviance's Nar- rative' ■ should be placed at the foot of the second column after the letters which are taken from that book. On page 147, second column, line 15, read "First, Second and Third Pennsylvania Regiments." On page 147, second column, line 47, strike out the letter "d" in Capt. McClellan's name; also strike out lines 49 and 50, they refer to company of Capt. Joseph McClellan. On page 152, line 26, second column, read "York County" instead of "Yale County." On page 155, "Major Denny's Journal," line 41, read "it was designed with that view." On page 156, in line 45, strike out the word "of" and read "convention prisoners." In "Pennsylvania Germans, on page 231, sec- ond column, next to last line, read "its" for "is." Page 284, first column, sixth line, read "Katzen- ellenbogen" for "Katzenellenbegen." Page 238, second column, eighth line, read "above" for "below." Page 240, second column, seventh line from bottom, read "Farmers'" for "farmers." Page 245, second column, read "R. F." for "B." F. Strayer. Page 256, first column, read "Schindel" for "Schinidel." Page 267, second column, sixth line from bottom, read "assertions" for "aspirations." Page 273, second column, lines 36 and 37 from top, read "as" for "an" and "in" for "is." On page 377 the last word in line 28 should be "now." On page 382 the word "topography" occurs in- stead of "typography," in thirteenth line from top, first column. In "Biographies— Bench and Bar," page 448, add "Thomas C. Hambly died on Saturday, September 5, 1885." - On page 463, in foot note, read "Doateur es- Sci- ences," instead of "Doeieures-Sciencea." On page 465, first line of second paragraph, read "Quaternary," instead of "Quatenary." On page 467, eighth and ninth lines, from top, first column, read "they are frequently in close proximity to," instead of "they are very generally in close proximity with." On page 467, thirty-fourth line from top, first column, read "abound on the slope" instead of "abounds," etc. On page 469, first and second lines of last para- graph, first column, read "We are forced to look to other counties," instead of "We are forced to look to other parts of the county." On page 471, second column, first and second lines, under head of "The Mesozoic Rocks," etc., read "None of the numerous measures of Mesozoic age," instead of "None of the numerous members of Mesozoic rocks." In the foot note read "I have shown that, calcu- lating by the ordinary method the beds exposed in Prof. H. D. Rogers' Yarleyville section, * * * their thickness would appear to be 51,500 feet," etc. On page 473, thirteenth line from top, second column, read "may have been suggested," instead of "seems to have been suggested," etc. On same page, read "Detweiler," instead of "Detwieler." The foot note, second column, should be on page 474. CHICAGO: JOHN MORRIS COMPANY, PRINTERS, 118 AND 120 MONROE STREET. PART I. GENERAL HISTORY. E"3r a-omjr o-xESOisr. THE EARLY SETTLERS— THE ABORIGINES— INDIAJST TITLE— EUROPEAN TITLE— BORDER TROUBLES— THE BOUNDARY LINE— SPRINGETSBURY MANOR— THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR— THE REVOLUTION— CONGRESS— CONTINENTAL TROOPS— SUBSEQUENT MILITARY HISTORY— WAR FOR THE UNION— ETC., ETC., ETC. INTEODUCTOEY. THERE is no portion of the territory of the United States in which there is centered more of historic interest than that occupied by the county of York in the State of Pennsylva- nia. The town of York, in the words of LaFay- ette, was "the seat of the American Union in our most gloomy times." In its cemeter- ies lie buried the remains of two of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. But not only during, but before and after, that great event, the American Eevolution, the incidents of our history are full of in- terest. The county was organized 136 years ago. Its earliest settlements were made some twenty years before. Throughout the whole period of time since then its progress has been steady and its development com- mensurate with the growth of the American nation. It is the purpose of this history to trace that progress and to study that devel- opment. As a portion of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, York County, is largely identified with its early settlement and its social and political progress. Many of our citizens have had interest enough in the subject to search out for them- selves from available sources, such as the Coionial Eecords and Pennsylvania Archives, and the collections of the Historical Society, the matters that pertain to our early history. The historians of Lancaster County have furnished some material, inasmuch as the original settlement of our territory was made while it was a part of that county. Such are the works of I. Daniel Eupp and Eev. D. Humbert — the former of whom also published a history of York County in connection with that of Lancaster. A complete history, how- ever, to its time, was written by Adam J. Glossbrenner, who was assisted in the com- pilation of the work by W. C. Carter, fifty years since — a work well known to the citi- zens of the borough of York, but copies of which are now scarce. The great amount of information contained in it, the accuracy of its details of facts, and the pleasing style of its composition, as well as the curious na- ture of its contents, have made it a noted literary production, and it is now, as the Italians say, rococo in its character. The editor of this book takes pleasure in saying that that history has been to a large extent embodied in this work, with its proper credit. This it well deserved. Wherever available the words of that history have been used, in- stead of taking the carefully compiled infor- mation therein aflorded and molding it into other language. Every subsequent at- tempt to portray the early history of this county has been indebted largely to that book. Eupp's History and Day's Annals give it credit for material. The work, therefore, ought to be perpetuated for the benefit of our people. A history of the county was writ- ten, some years since, by M. O. Smith, editor of the Hanover Herald, and published by him in his newspaper by weekly installments. That history faithfully collates facts from all 12 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. sources, and evidences a very patient investi- gation of the original records and ancient documents, while the simple style of the narrative makes the work attractive. The editor is indebted to that work for many points and data. He also takes occasion to say that he has embodied in this history, wherever available, his own historical sketch of the county, delivered on ' the 4th of July, 1876, and which was published at the time by O. Stuck & Son. The first chapter of the present work shows what people came here to settle and under what auspices, and the form and character of government to which they were accus- tomed when the responsibilities of self- government fell upon them as upon the rest of the people of America. The dealings with the Indians are of interest to us as the de- scendants of those who purchased from them, or contended with them, for the possession of this domain. That remarkable race of men, their manners, their nature, their religion and polity, have so impressed the minds of our people, that societies for the perpetuation of their rites and ceremonies, accompanied with moral teachings derived from their customs, are prevalent in the land, somewhat after the order of speculative Masonry. They are indeed a part of our history. As hunters and traders in skins, they are more particularly associated with the terri- tory of York County. The great contest between the Penns and Lord Baltimore involved intricate questions, which diplomacy on a larger scale has hardly ever grappled with. It was a controversy which concerned our people almost exclu- sively, many of whose titles to their lands de- pended upon its determination, and the bor- der troubles arising from which were un- paralleled in history anywhere. It was a coarse age, that of the period of the settle- ment of this county — it was so in England and on the continent of Europe, as contem- porary history shows, and roughness oE man- ners and disregard of the claims of others are not worse in their details here than in older countries. The efforts to establish a boundary line between the provinces of Penn- sylvania and Maryland, and to fix the status of the settlements on this side of the Susque- hanna Eiver, the peculiar jurisdiction arising from th^ royal attempt to quiet the disturb- ances by the running of the temporary line with its salvos to the respective proprietors, created curious complications. This is the only locality to which at the time of its impe- tration the royal order of 1738 was applicable. It concerned our people alone of the inhabit- ants of Pennsylvania, and the establishment of the final boundary line by the agreement of the proprietaries alone determined who were to be Pennsylvanians and who were to be Marylanders. This was the celebrated Mason and Dixon's line, famous once as the line of sectional division of North and South. But for us it constitutes the entire southern boundary of the county, and fixed the domi- cile of those persons who lived upon the border. The manor of Springetsbury, which com- prises within its limits the city of York, in- volved in its surveys and settlement many interesting questions of title, passed upon by the highest tribunals of Pennsylvania and of the United States. The origin of this manor and its bounds was at one time a matter of great importance, for after the Revolution, the right to the lands was contested by the Commonwealth itself. The part taken by our people in the great wars of the nation was common to the people of the United States, and the narrative shows that we were not behind any in devotion to our country. The period of the Revolution as its events centered around York, is rife with incidents of the deepest interest. For the greater part of those extracts from con- temporary memoirs and chronicles, which so enliven the scenes that were enacted here, the editor is indebted to Martin S. Eiehelberger, Esq., of York, who has evinced great zeal in the collection and preservation of historical incidents and events connected with our local history. In the war for, the maintenance of the Union, as in the war of the Revolution, the borough and county of York contributed to all branches of the service their full comple- ment, while the events that took place here have made it a center of more than ordinary historic interest. To this branch of the general history, as well as to other portions of the same which claimed special notice, complementary and entertaining papers have been contributed by competent writers — as also (biographies of those worthies who are inseparable from our history. The fashion of late has been to compose what are called popular histories, that is, of the people, to tell what that once unknown factor has done toward the development of the national prosperity. This work is in- tended to be such, and its entire scope must therefore be taken together. The agricult- ural, mechanical and mercantile progress of our people, and all the pursuits of ordinary life, are combined to present a bright page in the general history of the nation. THE EAELY SETTLERS. 13 THE EAELY SETTLERS. THE English, who came over to this conti- nent with William Penn, came from a spirit of adventure. Indeed, the conditions or concessions as to grants of land in the prov- ince were agreed upon between the proprie- tary and those who were styled ' ' adventurers aind purchasers." The immediate followers of William Penn came on a mission of good will to man, and to found a mighty empire, guided by that inner light, which is the foundation of all true liberty and govern- ment — a government not of forms made for the people, but by the people for themselves. The language of the proprietaries was : " We lay a foundation for after ages to understand their liberty as Christians and as men, that they may not be brought into bondage but by their own consent; for we put the powee in THE PEOPLE."* The belief in spiritual guid- ance and the religious fervor of the society of Friends, made not simply an enthusiast, but an apostle, of the great founder of this commonwealth. ' He sought out those who were oppressed for conscience' sake. A few years before he obtained his charter he had visited that portion of the continent of Eu- rope which to many of our people is most dear and famous, the Palatinate upon the Ehine. He sympathized with the Swiss re- formers and others who had taken refuge there; and when that fertile country was made the scene of devastating wars, when their Elector, Frederick V, could not main- tain his principality, and the armies of Louis XIV, under Marshal Turenne, caused the people to experience the worst calamities of fire and sword, and were compelled to fiee from their homes, they found an asylum by his invitation on these shores. A number of Mennonites went to England in 1707 and made an agreement with William Penn, at London, for taking up lands. f Thus com- menced that great German emigration that made the English fear that their new land would be possessed by aliens ; but which added to the stability of the province and became the means of its agricultural wealth. The forests disappeared before that people, and, as has been said, like the lichens and mosses of nature, they fastened themselves to the fertile soil where they were planted, and the agricultural regions of this common- wealth where they settled are the boast of Pennsylvanians. They seem to have paid little attention at first to the political features * Bancroft. t III Col. Bee. 374. Rupp's Hist. Lane. Co. p. 74. of their new home. They accepted the free- dom they enjoyed as a means of exercising their industry, and of practicing their thrift. They seemed to dwell apart from others, and formed, as it were, a separate population, and in many portions of the State, to this day, they are distinguishable from their fel- low citizeos, maintaining a language pecul- iarly their own. For a long time, with conversation and books in Germaa, they and their children were ignorant of the English i tongue. They preserved their usages, and [ held among themselves the superstitions of the peasantry of the land from which they came.* The howl or the dog, the hoot of the owl, the croak of the raven were to them prognostics of evil. They believed in dreams, love spells and charms, and in incantations , for the relief of aches and hemorrhages. Sorcery and witchcraft were as much matters of reality to them as to the New Englander. The horse-shoe nailed to the door was fatal to the witch, and thg tail or ear of the black cat or young dog would counteract the mach- inations of the sorcerer.f Some of these superstitions in a modified form linger amongst their descendants in these days of education. Yet, with all this, they were firm in their religious faith. Their preachers came with them, taught in the schools of the Reformers. Churches were established at once, and it re- quired no laws, like the Blue Laws, to com- pel their attendance on the services. They were Lutherans and German Reformed, and among them were Mennonites and Amish. The latter had come over in the first immi- gration and remained where they had settled in the territory now comprising the counties of Berks, Lancaster, and Lebanon. Those who subsequently crossed over into what is now York County, were generally orthodox followers of Luther and Zwingli. The im- press of their worship and theology has a per- manent hold here that cannot be displaced. When licenses to settle opened the rich regions of Codorus and Kreutz Creeks to them, they at once occupied the choice places, extending their settlements toward the site of the present borough of Hanover. The names of the beautiful cities of Mannheim and Heidelberg, capitals of the country from which they principally came, are remembered in the townships bearing these names. Man- heim is one of the original townships of the county. The Rhenish Palatinate, and places adjacent, have furnished the ancestors of many of those citizens of York County who now "^ Introduetory Memoir to Braddock's Expedition. Hist. Soc. t Ibid. 14 HISTOKY OP YORK COUNTY. constitute its principal families in wealth and culture. If one visits that section of Europe, he -will find those same idioms of speech which are the peculiar features of the celebrated Pennsylvania Dutch lan- guage, except so far as they may have been corrupted by Germanized Anglicisms or Americanisms. On the 2d of January, 1738, Gov. Thomas, in a message to the General Assembly, said: "This province has been for some years the asylum of distressed Protestants of the Palatinate, and other parts of Ger- many, and I believe it may with truth be said, that the present flourishing condition of it is in a great measure owing to the in- dustry of those people; ,and should any dis- couragement divert their coming hither, it may well be apprehended that the value of your lands will fall, and your advances to wealth be much slower, for it is not alto- gether the goodness of the soil, but the num- ber and industry of the people that make a flourishing country. " To which the Assembly replied: "We are of opinion with the Gov- ernor that the flourishing condition of this province is in part owing to the importation of Germans, and other foreigners ; but we beg leave to say, that it is chiefly to be ascribed to the lenity of our government, and to the sobriety and industry of the first settlers of this country, and of the other British sub- jects inhabiting the same." * The jealousy of foreigners expressed by the English settlers was soon diverted by another class of immigrants, whose antagon- ism to the views of the Friends was more to be apprehended than the aggregation of Germans. This was the Scotch-Irish, a people of peculiarly marked character. They were the descendants of the Scotch and perhaps English, who had been settled a century before in the province of Ulster, in the north of Ireland. James I had parceled out that part of Ireland to Scot- tish and English settlers in the early part of the seventeenth century, which is known in history as the plantation of Ulster. And later, after the Restoration, when Charles II attempted to introduce Epis- copacy into Scotland, many of the Coven- anters took refuge in the north of Ireland. And still later, when the Union was formed between the kingdoms of England and Scot- land in 1707, in the reign of Queen Anne, f the dissatisfied seceders took refuge in the same country. The province of Ulster be- came a flourishing and enlightened part of * rV. Col. Eeo. 315, 316. ■(■ Knight's Hi8t.Eng., Vol. V., pp. 311—328. the "Green Isle," where the Presbyterians obtained control. From thence the more ad- venturous sought a more secure asylum here. Of the counties of the province of Ulster, Monaghan is the only name which is fixed in the county of York, being one of the original townships; while in that portion of the county which was afterward made the county of Adams, are the names Menallen, Tyrone and Strabane. The Scotch-Irish were a hardy and brave race. They are described as hot- headed, excitable, invincible in prejudices, warmly attached to friends, and bitter antag- onists to enemies; the hand opened as impe- tuously to the one as it clenched against the other. They were Calvinistic in faith, and haters of prelacy, as they venerated Calvin and Knox. They lost none of these character- istics here. They did not respect the Quak- ers and they hated the Indians.* Their ancestors had experienced persecu- tion on the hills of Scotland, and the world owes much to those barren heights and to the sturdy Covenanters who came from them, and passed through many trials for freedom and \ the rights of man. This people, in their set- tlements, did not locate on the rich limestone 1 lands, which it was said were liable to frost * and heavily wooded, but found their way to the barrens and red lands, to which they were accustomed, and which their sturdy in- dustry has made fertile. They have been the progenitors of statesmen and of lawyers of distinction and influence, who have been the peers of any in the world, and whose intel- lect and energy have molded the free institutions of America. Such men as James Smith, James Ross, Hugh H. Breckenridge, James Buchanan and Jeremiah S. Black are numbered among them. From these two peoples, the Germans and the Scotch-Irish, are descended the larger portion of the inhabitants of this county. At the time of its settlement, the population of Pennsylvania by immigration, principally from Germany and the north of Ireland, was increasing at the rate of 5,000 or 6,000 a year. That of the Scoth-Irish began about 1715, and the number annually increased to such an extent that the Provincial Secretary, in writing to the proprietaries, says : " It looks as if Ireland is to send all her inhabi- tants, for last week not less than six ships arrived, and every day two or three arrive also. The common fear is that they crowd where they are not wanted." So the Scotch- Irish possibly thought of the Germans. By reason of feuds, in 1749, between the Germans and Irish in York County, the proprietaries * Introductory Memoir-supra. THE EAELY SETTLERS. 15 instructed their agents, in order to prevent further difficulties and disturbances, not to sell any more lands in York County to the Irish, but to hold out strong inducements by advantageous overtures to settle in the north, in the Kittaning Valley.* We must not overlook the fact that the peculiar people to whom the colonization of Pennsylvania is due, had some settlers here. The hills of Newberry were found by the Friends, who came from Chester and planted themselves on that land known as Sir William Keith's Tract. There still linger among the inhabitants of that section and the surround- ing region of country some of their peculiar marks. One is that of affirmations in courts of justice instead of the oath on the Book. These people were peacemakers and were opposed to war. Yet their descendants could not long maintain their peaceful attitude, for that section of country was subject in some degree to incursions of the Indian. That race, whom the followers of Penn had made friendly, appeared in fierce and deadly array as the allies of the French, and the Friends here upon the border imbibed to some extent the martial spirit of their fellow- citizens. But there will be occasion here- after to note, 'in passing, the embarrassments of the province on account of the anti-bel- ligerent principles of the Friends, as well as of large bodies of Germans, whose religious faith contained the same doctrines regarding war. It seems strange to us, of the present day, that the religious peculiarities of the original settlers upon the soil of Pennsylvania should be so expressly noted. But the history of the seventeenth century, in which the colony of Pennsylvania was planted, was that of struggles for religious freedom. In England, dissenters of all kinds had boldly proclaimed their opinions and had been subjected to punishment for them, and the Covenanters of Scotland had been hunted in their recesses by the armies of the king. While the greater struggles around monarchical thrones were carried on by Catholic and Protestant, the quiet religionists like the Quakers and the Anabaptists were securely working their way among the peasantry. A sympathetic feeling extended itself from land to land, and hence, when the colonization of this great common- wealth began, immigration was opened to those peasants, to a country where they could worship God according to the dictates of their own consciences, and enabled them to become that power in political life known as the People. Religious toleration became at *Egle'a Hist. Penn., Cumb. Co., p. 615. Gordon's Pa. 241-2. once in Pennsylvania a fundamental princi- ple, and that, rather than political freedom, had been the real object of its first settlement. The wars that devastated Europe so many years had been religious wars. They had ceased at the time when this history begins. There was the dawn of a new era. The pol- itical rights of the individual had begun to clamor for recognition. The opening of the eighteenth century had already changed the aspect of aflairs. The treaty of Utrecht had ended the war of the Spanish succession, which placed Philip V on the throne of Spain. Louis XIV, the grand monarque, had calmly passed from earth, and from the State of which he had declared himself the impersonation. Charles XII of Sweden had fallen by the fatal cannon ball in Nor- way, soon after, " On dread Pultowa's awful day, "When fortune left the royal Swede." Peter the Great had founded his mighty empire, and hitherto barbarous Russia had taken its place among the powers of Europe. The Scottish and English union had been formed, constituting the kingdom of Great Britain. The second king of the House of Hanover, George II, had ascended the throne. There was a period of peace on the continent of Europe, and democratic ideas had begun their advance — an advance which before the close of the century secured the independence of the American colonies and plunged a great nation on the continent of Europe into a state of anarchy — a nation, which, after suc- cessive periods of democratic and monarch- ical rule, has at length become an established republic. Even as a monarchy, France had helped our people to republican freedom. The government of Pennsylvania had been established on a purely democratic basis. It had been instituted by William Penn, with the advice of one of the noblest and wisest of men, Algernon Sidney. The right of popu- lar representation was enjoyed to some extent in all the other colonies, but the system of Penn was a holy experiment — the experiment of a commonwealth in which the whole power lay with the people, the trial of a pure democracy, to bear witness to the world that there is in human nature virtue sufficient for self government.* The great founder had died in 1718, some years before the first set- tlers crossed the Susquehanna River into our territory. They came on this side of the river with his principles of government fixed for them in their new homes. An account of the organization of the govern- ment of the province will show how speedily *Dixon'8 Life of Penn. 16 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. the hold of the people on its administration was secured. On the 4th of March, 1681, ' Charles II had constituted William Penn proprietary of the land in America, which the monarch himself named Pennsylvania. In 1682 Penn visited the country, landing at Newcastle on the 27th of October. He called an assembly of the freemen, which met at Chester on the 4th day of December, and which though it continued in session but four days, passed laws for the government of the prov- ince. He then divided the territory into three counties, namely, Philadelphia, Bucks and Chester. Writs were issued for the election of members of the Council and Assembly provided by the charter — three from each county for the Council and nine for the Assembly. This Council and Assem- bly met for the first time on the 10th of March, 1683, and over the Council the pro- prietary himself presided, giving personal assent to its transactions. These represent- atives sooQ manifested jealousy of their rights. The Frame of Government under the charter had provided for a number not exceeding seventy-two for the Provincial Council and 200 for the Assembly. This included the three lower counties, as they were called, namely, Newcastle, Kent and Sussex, which had been annexed as Territories to the Prov- ince. It was supposed that the seventy-two chosen by the writs issued had the power of the whole freemen of the Province and Ter- ritories and so were capable of serving as a Provincial Council and General Assembly and thus hinder the people from the benefit of the charter. The Governor answered "that they might amend, alter or add for the public good, and that he was ready to settle such foundations as might be for their hap- piness and good of their posterities accord- ing to ye powers vested in him."* The number was to be increased by the governor, council and freemen, in Provincial Coun- cil and Assembly met, A new charter of privileges was granted by the proprietary in 1701, which was approved and agreed to by the Assembly and Council. This allows four members out of each county for the Assem- bly. The three lower counties did not accept the charter and separated themselves from the province, hence the representation was increased to eight members from each county. The Assembly had by the last charter been given the right to sit upon its own adjourn- ments, and could not be dissolved during the term for which it was elected. It passed bills of every character, took upon itself the reorganization of the judiciary, refused to *I. Col. Kec. p. 2. vote supplies or not, at its pleasure, and claimed the right generally to meddle with the affairs of state, and assuming full leg- islative power, the government virtually fell under its control.* Settlers in all parts of the province Were thus, from the start, accus- tomed to the right of suffrage, not alone for the purpose of representation, for the right had also been extended to the choice of sher- iff and coroners in each county, at least to name the persons from among whom these ofiicers should be selected, a century and a half in advance of the mother country, which has not even yet attained to popular suffrage in representation. The great Eeform Bill did partially relieve the people of Great Britain from the oppressions of government, but the property qualifications still exist. There was no test here for holding office but a belief in Christianity. The Friends held the wealth of the province and the control of the Assembly. The Episcopalians were the next in influence, though not numerous. j* In addition to the religious denominations of Germans already mentioned, the Moravi- ans claimed consideration, and there after- ward sprang up the sect of the Dunkers and the Menists. The very first law passed by the General Assembly of the Province was ' ' The Law concerning Liberty of Conscience," and though repealed by the Council, there was a similar law passed on the 14th of October, 1705. So when the first Roman Catholic Church was built on Walnut Street, Phila- delphia, in 1734, and Gov. Gordon objected that it was contrary to the laws of England, passed in the reign of William III, the Council doubted whether the act of 1705, passed in the fourth year of Queen Anne, was repealed. Besides, it was contended that there was warrant for the provincial law in the charter of privileges. The church there- ^ fore remained. J " This " says Hildreth, j " was the only Catholic Church allowed in ' any Anglo-American colony prior to the Rev- olution." The act of William and Mary seems to have been in force in Maryland; though by a law of 1704, chapels were al- lowed in private houses, or where they were under a common roof.§ It will thus be seen how religious and political freedom had been already established in the province, at the time of the commence- ment of our history. Before any authorized settlements were made on the west side of the Susquehanna, the county of Lancaster had *Dixon. tHildreth's History, V. S. illl. Col. Eec, page 663. a Hist, of Bait. Sharff. THE EARLY SETTLERS. 17 benn organized in the year 1729. In the spring of that same year the first settlements were made, under the authority of the government, in what is now called York County. During the interval of time from 1729 to its organization in 1749, our people had their representation in the Assembly as citizens of Lancaster County. Among the Delegates during that period were John Wright and Samuel Blunston, who were Quakers, and who are so well known in the history of the province and of this county, as foremost men in Indian affairs and in re- sistance of Maryland encroachments. The history of that period of time on our soil is of the most intense interest, and forms a very considerable part of the trials of the early settlers. John Wright and Samuel Blunston were in the commission of the peace, and were by virtue of their office Justices of the Courts of Quarter Sessions. In pursuance of an act of Assembly in 1739, providing for the division of Lancaster County into districts, the first district was constituted of Hempfield, Lancaster and Hellam Townships.* This last named appears to have been the first township formed in the territory now York County, and was the seat of the fiercest border contests. In 1741 the town of York was laid off on the Codorus Creek, within Springetsbury Manor, and became a center of renown and enterprise. During this same interval of time, namely, between the time of the first settlement and the county organization, there were born men who were destined to take conspicuous part in the affairs of the county and of our coun- try's history. James Ewing was born in Manor Township, Lancaster County, in 1736. Henry Miller was born in Lancaster City in 1741. Thomas Hartley was born near Keading in 1748. John Clark was born in Lancaster in 1751, just two years after the formation of the county of York. The names of these patriots suggest reflections upon the spirit- stirring times in which they lived and acted. York took a very prominent part in the trans- actions of those days, as will be seen here- after. The Revolution occurred scarcely forty years after the settlement of the county, and the eloquence of that period does not alone belong to the Roundheads and Cavaliers of Massachusetts and Virginia. The Scotch- Irish of Pennsylvannia seconded with voice and pen the great struggle for freedom, and the rolls of honor contaip numerously the names of their descendants, as also of those of Palatine ancestors. * Bupp, 274. THE FIBST SETTLEMENTS. The following interesting account of the early settlers is copied from Glossbrenuer's History of York County, 1834 : "Kreutz Creek. — The first settlements in this county were made on Kreutz Creek* and in the neighborhood where Hanover now stands. Before the erection of the county of Lancaster in 1729, a number of persons resided on tracts of land lying on the west side of the Susquehanna, within the bounds of what is now York County. These persons remained, however, but a short time on the lands they occupied — were not allowed to warm ia the nests on which they had squatted — and may not be looked upon as the progenitors of the present possessors of the soil of York County. They were known only as "Maryland intruders," and were removed in the latter end of the year 1728, by order of the Deputy- Governor and Coun- cil, at the request of the Indians, and in con- formity with their existing treaties. In the spring of 1729 John and James Hendricks, under the authority of Govern- ment, made the first authorized settlements in what is now called York County. They occupied the ground from which some fam ilies of squatters had been removed, some- where about the bank of Kreutz Creek. They were soon followed by other families, who settled at a distance of about ten or twelve miles west and southwest of them. " The earliest settlers were English; these were, however, succeeded by vast numbers of German emigrants. It is a remarkable fact, that, when the first settlements were made in this county, the greater portion of the lands in the eastern and southeastern part of it were destitute of large timber. In sections where now the finest forests of large timber stand, miles might then have been traversed without the discovery of any vegetable production of greater magnitude than scrub-oak; and in inany places even that diminutive representa- tive of the mighty monarch of the forest was not to be fonnd. This nakedness of the country was generally, andwe have no doubt correctly, attributed to a custom which pre- vailed among the aboriginal owners of the soil, of annually or biennially destroying by fire all vegetation in particular sections of * Some persons say that the proper name of this creek is Kreis' Creek, from an early settler near its mouth, whose name was George Kreis, Butothers with greater appearance of truth say that the common name is the correct one. It is called Kreutz Creek not from a man of the same name, as some assert, but on account of the union of two streams, and thereby the formation of what the Germans call a Kruetz (i. e. a cross). In the return of a survey made in 1722, it is called the " White Oak Branch," It had, however, no certain name until about the year 1736, when numerous German settlements were made on its banks. 18 HISTOKY or YOEK COUNTY. the country for the purpose of increasing the facilities of hunting. ' ' Most of the German emigrants settled in the neighborhood of Kreutz Creek, while the English located themselves in the neigh- borhood of the Pigeon Hills. In the whole of what was called the 'Kruetz Creek Settle- ment,' (if we except Wrightsville) there was but one English family, that of William Morgan. ' ' The early inhabitants of the Kreutz Creek region were clothed, for some years, alto- gether in tow cloth, as wool was an article not to be obtained. Their dress was simple, consisting of a shirt, trowsers and a frock. During the heat of summer, a shirt and trowsers of tow formed the only raiment of the inhabitants. In the fall the tow frock was superadded. When the cold of winter was before the door, and Boreas came rush- ing from the north, the dress was adapted to the season by increasing the number of frocks, so that in the coldest part of the winter some of the sturdy settlers were wrapped in four, live or even more frocks, which were bound closely about their loins, usually with a string of the same material as the gai'ments. " But man ever progresses, and when sheep were introduced, a mixture of tow and wool was considered an article of luxury. But tow was shortly afterward succeeded by cot- ton, and then linsey-woolsey was a piece of the wildest extravagance. If these simple, plain and honest worthies could look down upon their descendants of the present day, they would wonder and weep at the change of men and things. If a party of them cOuld be spectators at a ball of these times in the borough of York and see silks and crapes, and jewels, and gold, in lieu of tow frocks and linsey-woolsey finery, they would scarcely recognize their descendants in the costly and splendid dresses before them; but would, no doubt, be ready to imagine that the nobles and princes of the earth were assembled at a" royal bridal. But these honest progenitors of ours have passed away, and left many of us, we fear, with nothing but the names they bore to mark us their descendants. "But all of good did not die with them. If they would find cause of regret at the depart- ure from their simplicity and frugality, they would find much to admire in the improved aspect of the country, the rapid march of improvement in the soil of their adoption. Where they left unoccupied land, they would find valuable plantations, and thriving vil- lages, and temples dedicated to the worship of the God of the Christians. Where they left a field covered with brushwood, they would find a flourishing and populous town. The Codorus, whose power was scantily used to propel a few inconsiderable mills, they would see with its banks lined with large and valuable grist- mills, saw-mills and fulling-mills; they would find the power of its water used in the man- ufacture of paper and wire, and they would find immense arks of lumber and coal floating on its bosom from the Susquehanna to the very doors of the citizens of a town whose existence commenced after their departure from toil and from the earth. " But to return to the situation of these early settlers. For some time after these early set- tlements were made, there was neither a shoe- maker nor a tanner, in any part of what is now York County. A supply of shoes for family use was annually obtained from Phil adelphia; itinerant cobblers, traveling from one farm-house to another, earned a liveli- hood by mending shoes. These cobblers car- ried with them such a quantity of leather as they thought would be wanted in the district of their temporary visit. The first settled and established shoe-maker in the county was Samuel Landys, who had his shop somewhere on Kreutz Creek. The first, and for a long time the only tailor, was Valentine Heyer, who made clothes for men and women. The first blacksmith was Peter Gardner. The first schoolmaster was known by no other name than that of ' Der Dicke Schuimeister.' The first dwelling houses of the earliest set- tlers were of wood; and for some years no other material was used in the construction. But about the year 1735 Joha and Martin Shultz each built a stone dwelling house on Kreutz Creek, and in a few years the example was numerously followed." Glossbrenner's History gives us the further information of the time it was written, in regard to the early settlements. " Settlements of ''The Barrens.' — For sev- eral years after the settlements were made in the neighborhood of Pigeon Hills, and on Kreutz Creek, the inhabitants of those regions were the only whites in the county. But about the years 1734, 1735, 1736, a number of families from Ireland and Scotland settled in the southeastern part (jf the county, in what is now known as the ' York Barrens. ' These families consisted principally of the better order of peasantry — were a sober, industrious, moral, and intelligent people — and were for the most part rigid Presby- terians. Their manner partook of that sim- plicity, kindness and hospitality which is so characteristic of the class to which they belonged in their native countries. THE EAKLY SETTLERS. 19 "•The descendants of these people still retain the lands which their respectable progenitors chose upon their arrival in York County. And we are happy to add, that the present inhabitants of the inappropriately named ' Barrens ' inherited, with the lands of their forefathers, the sobriety, industry, intelligence, morality and hospitable kindness of their predecessors. " The townships comprised in the ' Barrens ' are Chanceford, Pawn, Peach Bottom, Hope- well, and part of Windsor, and from the improvements whi>ch have of late years been ■ made in the agriculture of these townships, the soil is beginning to present an appear- ance which is entirely at variance with the idea a stranger would be induced to form of a section of country bearing the unpromising name of ' Barrens. ' " Before the commencement of the improve- ments in farming recently introduced, the mode of tilling which generally prevailed was ruinous. Having abundance of wood- land, the practice was to clear a field every season. Wheat was uniformly the first crop, of which the yield was from eighteen to twenty bushels per acre. The second crop was rye, then corn, then oats. After going through this course, it was left for a year or two, and then thecourse began again; this was contin- ued until the soil would produce nothing. But most of the farmers have, as we have said, much ameliorated the condition of their lands, by the adoption of a better system of culture. " Having introduced the first settlers of the 'Barrens,' we shall defer further remark upon this section of country, while we return to ' olden time,' and look after the early set- tlers of other parts of the county. We have now settled the eastern, southeastern and southwestern parts of the county, and leave the settlers 'hard at it,' while we take a view of the north and northwest, "settlement or newbebrt and the adjoining TOWNSHIPS, ' ' About the same time that the ' Barrens ' were settled by Irish and Scottish emigrants, Newberry Township and the circumjacent region was settled by a number of families from Chester County, who, under the auspi- cious influence of that spirit of peace and amity which had been spread abroad by the wise and excellent proprietary of Pennsylva- nia, sate themselves down here and there in a few rudely constructed cabins, surrounded on all sides by the still more rude wigwams of their aboriginal neighbors. Thomas Hall, John McFesson, Joseph Bennet, John Ran- kin and Ellis Lewis were the first persons to visit this section of the county; and having selected the valley in which the borough of Lewisberry is situated, they gave it the name , of the 'Red Lands,' from the color of the \ soil, and 'red rook,' on which it is based. By this name it was principally known to them and their eastern friends for many years. It was by a descendant of Ellis Lewis that Lewisberry was laid out — and it is from Joseph Bennet that the main stream which winds its devious way through the valley derives its name of 'Bennet's Run.' "An anecdote is related of Bennet, Ran- kin and Lewis, connected with their first visit to the 'Red Lands.' Having arrived at the eastern bank of the Susquehanna River, and there being no other kind of craft than canoes to cross in, they fastened two together and, placing their horses with their hinder feet in one and their fore feet in the other, thus paddled to the shore, at the imminent peril of their lives. "This section of the country, naturally productive, had suffered a material deterio- ration of quality, and was indeed almost ' worn out ' by a hard system of tillage, when the introduction of clover and plaster, in the year 1800, established a new era in the hus- bandry of the neighborhood, and gradually produced a considerable amelioration of the soil. At present the spirit of ' liming ' is gaining ground rapidly in Newberry and the adjoining townships, and promises very fairly to effect a material increase of productive- ness. There is also a great change of sys- tem in the husbandry of this section which is doing much for the land. Formerly the farmer depended mainly upon keeping a large stock, and enriching his land by the manure which he would be thus enabled to make, at the expense of all the hay and grass on the farm. At present he keeps a compar- atively small stock, except where there are extensive meadows, and depends more upon plowing down a clover lay and liming. It is to be remarked also that this quantity of manure is not lessened by this curtailment of the stock of his farm ; but with care may in fact thus be increased, and his land greatly benefited. For instead of putting all his hay and straw into them, be turns some under with the plow, leaves some to shade the ground, and saves a goodly portion to put under them. ' ' We have now fairly settled those parts of the county which were the first to be in- habited by the whites. Those parts of which we have made no mention in noticing the early settlements were not in fact taken up by the immigrants to York County; but be- 20 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. came populated from the stock which we have introduced to our readers. In the course of time the Kreutz Creek settlement, increased in population, and gave inhabitants to a large tract of country surrounding it, including parts of Hellam, Spring Garden, York and Shrewsbury Townships. The few early settlers of the region in which Han- over stands gave population to several town- ships in that quarter of the county. The number of families in the 'Red Lands' and thereabout was for some time annually aug- mented by fresh emigrants from Chester County, the small portion of territory at first chosen became too small for the increased population, and the whole northern division of the county, comprising Newberry, Fair- view, Monaghan, Warrington, Franklin and Washington Townships, were partially set- tled as early as 1740-50."* "Mills there were none for the first few years — the people being obliged to cross the Sus- quehanna for their flour and meal. Even from the Conowago settlement, Digges' choice (now Hanover) the long journey was made. Andrew Schriver, an early settler in that neighborhood, (whose first dwelling in this county, by the way, was a haystack), used to relate to wondering auditors, in his old age, how he tied his clothes on the top of his head, lighted his pipe and forded the Susquehanna. Eoads being almost unknown, wagons and carriages were not much used, journeys be- ing made on horse-back. While the Indians were generally peaceable, great caution was used to avoid injury from the drunken or vicious among the sons of the forest, while away from home on these journeys, "f "It did not take long to build a house in those days. Logs were felled and hewed of the proper length, and arranged with a friendly aid into the frame work of a one- roomed log-cabin. A roof of puncheons rudely shaped with the broad axe was placed upon it, and an outside chimney of stone and sticks, filled in with clay, adorned one end of the edifice. The interstices between the logs were then plastered up with mad and moss, a door, and an aperture for a window added, and, if the building were a luxurious one, a puncheon floor, and the house was done. A block or two served for stools; a broad slab of timber for a table; a rude frame work for a couch. Here in one chamber would sleep all the family; here was their kitchen; here did they eat. In some more elegant establishments, a double cabin or even a loft was to be found. A few wooden * Glossbreuiler. fSmith's History of York County. bowls and trenchers, some spoons carved from a horn, a calabash and an iron pot, with two or three forks and knives, completed the sim- ple furniture. China or even ordinary del f ware was unknown in those times; a few pack horses in their annual journey were the only means of communication with the seaboard. For food, the chief reliance was upon the product of the chase,' the corn, pumpkins and potatoes which were cultivated upon the little farm and the invariable dish of pork. No settler was without his drove of swine, and ' hog and hominy' is still a proverbial expression for Western fare. Their cows yielded them milk; and corn meal either ground by hand or pounded in a wooden mortar, furnished their only bread."* "The most important feature of a new set- tlement, was, however, its fort. This was simply a place of resort for the people when the Indians were expected, and consisted of a range of contiguous log- cabins, protected by a stockade and perhaps a block-house or two. It was chiefly in the summer and fall that the approach of the savage was to be dreaded. Families would move into the fort. Panics would crowd the inland towns, "t THE ABORIGINES. WHEN William Penn visited the province in 1682, the great treaty of amity and peace was made with the nations of the Lenni Lenape Indians, at Shakamaxon, under the historic elm, marked now by a monument .within the limits of the city of Philadelphia. In the spring of 1683, he visited the interior of the province, going as far west as the Sus- quehanna, where he contemplated founding a great city. This conception was almost re- alized when Wright's Ferry was nearly deter- mined upon as the site for the National Capital, and possibly it has been fully real- ized in the opinion of the present inhabitants of the State Capital. During the period of his second, visit to the province, he formed a treaty of amity and trade with the tribes on the Susquehanna, from whom he had already obtained grants of land, through Col. iDon- gan, of New York. This treaty, which opened the way for settlements as far as the Susquehanna, was made by William Penn in person, at Philadelphia, on the 23d of April, 1701, with the Indians inhabiting upon and ♦Introductory Memoir to Braddock's Expedition, tibid. THE ABORIGINES. 21 about that river, and an ambassador from the Five Nations. By this last mentioned treaty, the parties were to be hereafter " as one head and heart, and live in true friendship and amity as one people.'' The articles confirmed the friendship of the parties, and a firm and lasting peace between them, and bound each never to injure the other. The kings and chiefs were to be subject to the laws of the government of the province, and not to aid or abet its enemies; to give notice of all designs of hostile Indians, and not to admit strange Indians to settle in the prov- ince. William Penn, for himself and his successors, agreed not to permit any per- son to trade or converse with any of the Indians, except upon approval under his hand and seal. No skins or furs were to be sold out of the province, and the treaty oth- erwise regulated their trade. The Indians confirmed the sales, already made, of lands lying near and about the Susquehanna. In confirmation of these articles, the parties made mutual presents to each other of skins, on the part of the Indians, and of articles of merchandise, on the part of the English, " as a binding pledge of the promises never to be broken or violated."* The treaty of Shakamaxon is altogether traditional, and though the theme of art and sto*y, is, by many, deemed mythical, but this treaty with the Susquehanna tribes is in writ- ing, under hand and seal, and is lodged among the archives of the province. . The record states that the kings and chiefs had arrived in town two days ago, with their great men and In- dian Harry as their interpreter, with some of their young people, women and children, to the number of about forty, and that after a treaty and several speeches, the articles were sol- emnly agreed on.f At the time of the treaty of April 23, 1701, according to the minutes of the Provincial Council, the representatives present of the several tribes are named as follows: Connodaghtoh, King of the Susque- hanna, Minguay or Conestogoe Indians; Wopaththa (alias Opessah),King of the Shaw- anese; Weewhinjough, chief of the Gan- awese, inhabiting at the head of the Patow- meck; also, Ahoakassough, brother to the Emperor or Great King of the Onondagoes of the Five Nations. The first named are further described in the articles of agreement as Indians inhabiting upon and about the River Susquehanna. There was a tribe known to the early colonists as Susquehan- nas, who occupied the territory along that river to its source, for some hundreds of *Aroh. 1. 144. fll Col. Eec. 15. years. They are said to have been a power- ful nation and considerably advanced in the arts of civilization and war, which is evi- denced by the mounds and fortifications existing where they inhabited.* They had terrible wars with the Five Nations, and were not only conquered by the latter, but, according to the authorities, utterly exter- minated. f The lands along the river fell under the control of the Five Nations just about the time of the first visit of William Penn to his province. The Five Nations consisted of the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagoes, the Cayugas and the Senecas, and afterward became the Six Nations, by the addition of the Tuscaroroes. These nations were sometimes called Mengwes, otherwise spelled Minguays. Hence, as in the treaty, the name Minguay-Susquehanna Indians. In documeiits of the period we also find those settled at Conestogoe styled Seneoa-Susque- hannai Indians.J At this same treaty of 1701, an ambassador of the Emperor of the Five Nations, a king of the Onondagos, was present. Therefore, the settlement at Cones- togoe was evidently planted by the Five Na- tions after their conquest of the Susquehan- nas. The names of all the tribes of that confederacy are mentioned, more or less, by contemporaries, as applying to the Indians settled there, but they were known in a body as the Conestogoe Indians. The Shawanese mentioned in the treaty were some three or four score of families, who came from Carolina in 1698, and applied for le^ve of the Conestogoe Indians and of William Penn to settle in Pennsylvania, and leave was granted them. They promised to live in peace and friendship, and the Cones - togoes became sureties for their good behav- ior to the Government. § Others of this people subsequently settled at Conestogoe and some about Wyoming. About 1738 they were estimated at 700 fighting braves, and turned out to be among the fiercest of those tribes whose savage treachery is so well known in the sad history of that valley. The Ganawese, as is mentioned in the treaty, in- habited in and about the northern part of the river Potomac. They had come into the province by leave and were once known as Piscataway Indians. Having been reduced to a small number by sickness they applied for leave to settle at Conestogoe, with the proprietary's consent, and for them also the Conestogoes became guarantees in a treaty of friendship.il The tribe of Shawanese is ♦History of WyomiDg. tibid. iDougan's Deed, infra. \l Archives 228. In Col. Eec- 191. 23 HISTOEY or YORK COUNTY. mentioned some years subsequently in a letter of Gov. Gordon, as consisting of a thousand fierce fellows, and had become a source of apprehension.* A tribe called the Conoys had settled in the same vicinity, v?ho afterward removed to the Juniata, and whose name became a terror. There were also some of the Delaware Indians settled at Conesto- goe. All of these tribes, except the Cones- togoes, became in after years formjdable enemies of the English, but during the period now treated they were all friendly and dis- posed to maintain a permanent peace. William Penn's great treaty at Shakamaxon was made with the Delaware Indians, who are named the Lenni Lenape, and the several tribes of Indians already mentioned, other than the Five Nations, were branches of that people. Lenni Lenapi means original people, but this race were not the original occupants of the country where they were found. Their own accounts brought them from the land of the setting sun. They were named Delawares by the colonists, from their settlements being in proximity to the river of that name. The name is not Indian, bnt was given to the bay and river in honor of Lord De la War, who is said to have first entered it with a fleet. The Delawares were once a warlike people, and came in conflict with the Five Nations, who were also called the Iroquois. History relates that they were conquered and were compelled to put on petticoats and acknowl- edge themselves women.* They frequently admitted their feebleness. As late as 1742, in the presence of the Provincial Council at Philadelphia, a chief of the Six Nations, Oannasatego, turning to the Delawares, holding a belt of wampum in his hand, spoke to them after this fashion: "Let this belt of wampum serve to chastise you; you ought to be taken by the hair of the head and shaken severely till you recover your senses and be- come sober; you don't know what ground you stand on. We have seen with our eyes a deed signed by nine of your ancestors about fifty years ago for this very land, and release signed not many years since by some of your- selves and chiefs now living to the number of fifteen or upward. But how came you to take upon you to sell land at all ? We con- quered you, we made women of you, you know you are women, and can no more sell land than women. We charge you to re- move instantly. We don't give you the lib- erty to think about it. This string of wam- pum serves to forbid you,, your children and *I Arc hiT 68 324. *Day*s Annals p. 7. grandchildren to the latest posterity, forever meddling in land affairs."* An explanation is given by the Delawares for this singular subjugation. The women were the peacemakers among the Indians, as the warriors would not d,eign even to propose peace, and the prayers and appeals of the weaker sex led to the burying of the toma- hawk. In order to effect reconciliation it was necessary that one of the powerful tribes should act the part of the peacemaker and assume the garb of the woman. Confiding in the sincerity of the Iroquois, in an unfor- tunate moment, the Delawares yielded and assumed the petticoat. They were disarmed, and the Iroquois '*ook such absolute control over them, that, as in the instance just relat- ed, when European adventurers had fraudu- lently deprived them of their land, by cun- ning leagues made with the chiefs of their conquerors, they were obliged to relinquish their claims and were silenced by the com- mand not to speak, as they were women.-|- But the Delawares did not rest under the ban imposed upon them. Though they were pre- vented for many years from recovering by force of arms and numbers their original su- periority, on account of the rapid settlements of the Europeans encroaching upon them, they did at length throw off the yoke, and at Tioga, in 1756, Tledyuscung extorted from the Iroquois chiefs an acknowledgment of their independence.J The Delawares be- came the most formidable of the hostile In- dian tribes, and appeared in a terrible attitude in those dreadful incursions that made the settlements on our frontiers scenes of devasta- tion and massacre. At the period of the set- tlement of this county they had largely de- serted the eastern parts of Pennsylvania and moved westward with the fiercer tribes. The Indians who remained were peaceful and in complete harmony with the proprietary gov- ernment. It appears that it was difficult for those Indians who remained in this region to maintain themselves, even in the necessaries of life. They had periodical fits of hunting, but they were waylaid by traders and plied with rum, for which they parted with their valuable furs. The warlike ones had wan- dered to other parts, leaving the feeble behind them. It is this mixture of feebleness and feroc- ity, that has made the American Indian at once an object of pity and of dread; that has caused him to be despised and his nobler qualities overlooked. Unable to cope with *IV Col. Eec. 679. fDay's Annals, p. 7. JDay, 7. Heckenwelder. THE ABORIGINES. 23 the cunning of traders, and realizing the de- ception practiced upon him for gain, drawn backward by a power against which he is helpless to contend, he instinctively burns for revenge. His nature is such that he cannot embrace civilization. Though possessed by some intuitive promptings of nature of a species of liberality in gifts and a lofty idea of peace and its blessings, the firm sentiments of generosity, benevolence and goodness were wanting. This has been declared to be so by those most familiar with the Indian character. "William Penn and his followers came among the Delawares in a spirit of peace and brotherly love, to which they seemed to respond, but they succeeded no bet- ter than the Puritans in changing their hab- its and character, nor could the missionaries. Catholic or Protestant, or Edwards or Brain- erd, or any other of the great teachers who went among them. They were morally in- flexible, and adhered to their hereditary cus- toms and manners. The Indian child soon discovers a propensity for the habits of his ancestors. This is displayed in their wild and fitful hunting, and indolence, and in their manner of warfare. Their war parties consisted of volunteers for special expedi- tions, surprising the enemy and taking their scalps. They would follow each other sin- gly and in silence. They would hide and dash upon the unwary.* It is this that made the frontiers tremble. Much learning has been exhausted in ac- counting for their appearance on this conti- nent. William Penn, in his letter to the Free Society of Traders of the Province at London, in 1683,f accepts without question the theory that they were the remnants of the lost tribes of Israel. He writes: "For their origin, I am ready to believe them of the Jewish race; I mean of the stock of the ten tribes; and that for the following reasons: first, they were to go to a 'land not planted, nor known;' which to be sure, Asia and Africa were, if not Europe; and He that in- tended that extraordinary judgment upon them might make the passage not uneasy to them, as it is not impossible in itself, from the easternmost parts of Asia, to the western- most of America. In the next place I find them of the like countenance and their child- ren of so lively resemblance, that a man would think himself in Duke's place or Berry street, in London, when he seeth them. But this is not. all: they agree in rites; they reck- on by moons; they offer their first fruits, they have a kind of feast of tabernacles; they *Brancroft's Hist. U. S. Vol. XI, Chap. 37, t Proud's Hist, of Penoa. Indians. are said to lay their altar upon twelve stones- their moifrniug a year; their customs of women, with many other things that do not now occur." He also says about them, "their eyes, little and black not unlike a straight looted Jew." "Their language is lofty yet narrow; but like the Hebrew in signification full; like shorthand writing, one word serv- eth in the place of three, and the rest are supplied by the understanding of the hearer; imperfect in their tenses, wanting in their moods, participles, adverbs, conjunctions, interjections; I know not a language spoken in Europe, that hath words of more sweetness, or greatness in accent and emphasis than theirs." From many other sources we learn that their language was as perfect in its way as taught by nature, and governed by rules and methods just as the bee builds its cells regularly without the recognition of the laws of geometry. The religious ideas of the aborigines have been a matter of much comment, as well as how far they possessed a knowl- edge of a Supreme Being. William Penn, in his letter, already quoted, writes thus: "They say there is a Great King that made them, who dwells in a glorious country to the southward of them, and that the souls of the good shall go thither where they live again." ' 'Their worship, ' 'he says, "con- sists of two parts, sacrifice and cantico. Their sacrifice is their first fruits. The first and fatted buck they kill goeth to the fire, where he is all burnt with a mournful ditty of him, that performeth the ceremony, but with such marvelous fervency and labor of body, that he will even sweat to a foam. The other part is the cantico performed by round dances, sometimes words, sometimes songs, then shouts; two being in the middle that begin ; and by singing and drumming on a board direct the chorus." "Their diet is maize, or Indian corn divers ways prepared; sometimes roasted in the ashes; sometimes beaten and boiled with water, which they call homine; they also make cakes, not unpleasant to eat. They have likewise several sorts of beans and pease, that are good nourishment; and the woods and rivers are their larder." "If any European comes to see them or calls for lodging at their house, or wigwam, they give him the best place and first cut. If they come to visit us, they salute us with an Itah : which is as much as to say, good beto you, and set them down; which is mostly on the ground close to their heels; their legs up- right; it may be they speak not a word, but observe all passages. If you give them any- thing to eat or drink, well; for they will not 24 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. ask; and be it little or much, if it be with kindness, they are well pleased, else they go away sullen . but say nothing. "* " They are great concealers of their own resent- ment; brought to it by the revenge that hath been practiced among them. " " But in liberality they excel; nothing is too good for their friend. Give them a fine gun, coat or other thing, it may pass twenty hands before it sticks ; light of he'art, strong affections, but soon spent The most merry creatures that live, feast and dance perpetually. They never have much nor want much. Wealth circulateth like blood; all parts partake, and though none shall want what another hath; yet exact ob- servers of property. Some kings have sold, others presented me with several parcels of land: the pay or presents I made them were not hoarded by the particular owners; but the neighboring kings, and their clans being present, when the goods were brought out, the parties chiefly concerned, consulted on what, and to whom, they should give them. To every king, then, by the hands of a per- son for that work appointed is a proportion sent, so sorted and folded and with that gravity that is admirable. Then that king sabdivideth it in like manner; they hardly leaving themselves an equal share with one of their subjects." " And be it on such oc- casions as festivals, or after their common meals, the kings distribute, and to them- selves last. They care for little because they want but little, and the reason is, a little contents them. In this they are sufficiently revenged on us; if they are ignorant of our pleasures, they are also free from our pains. They are not disquieted with bills of lading and exchange, nor perplexed with chancery suits, and exchequer reckonings. We sweat and toil to live: their pleasure feeds them; I mean their hunting, fishing and fowling, and their table is spread everywhere. They eat twice a day, morning and evening, their seats and table the ground." "In the fall, when the corn cometh in, they begin to feast one another. There have been two great festivals already; to which all come that will. I was at one myself — their entertainment was a great seat by a spring under some shady trees, and twenty bucks, with hot cakes of new corn, both wheat and beans; which they make up in a square form, in the leaves of the stem, and bake them in the ashes; and after that they fall to a dance. But they that go must carry a small present, in their money; it may be sixpence, which is if.ade of the bone of a fish; the black is with them as gold; the white silver; they call it all wampum.' ' He also says : " The justice they have is pecuniary; in case of any wrong or evil fact, be it murder itself, they atone by feasts, and presents of their wam- pum, which is proportioned to the quality of the offence or person injured." " It is rare that they fall out, if sober; and if drunk, they forgive it, saying ' it was the drink and not the man that abused them.'" "Since the Europeans came into these parts, they have grown great lovers of strong liquors, rum especially; and for it exchange the rich- est of their skins and furs. If they are heated with liquors, they are restless till they have enough to sleep; that is their cry, 'some more, and I will go to sleep;' but when drunk one of the most wretched spec- tacles in the world." Well did William Penn say: " The worst is that they are the worse for the Christians; who have propa- gated their vices and yielded them tradition for ill and not for good things." .... " It were miserable indeed for us to fall under the just censure of the poor Indian conscience, while we make profession of things so far transcending.'' He further says: " Their government was by kings, which they called sachems, and those by succession always of the mother's side. For instance, the children of him who is now king will not succeed him, but his brother by his mother, or the son of his sis- ter, and after them the children of her daughter, but no woman inherits. Every king had his council, consisting of all the old and wise men of his nation. War, peace, selling of land, or traffic, were only under- taken after advising with them, and also with the young men. The king sat in the middle of a half moon, and had his council of the old and wise men on each hand; be- hind them, or at a little distance, sat the younger fry in the same figure." "Having consulted and resolved their business, the king ordered one of them to speak to me; he stood up, came to me, and. in the name of the king, saluted me; then took me by the hand, and told me he was ordered by the king to speak to me, and that now it was not he, but the king, that spoke, because what he should say was the king's mind. He first prayed me. To excuse them, that they had not complied with me the last time: he feared there might be some fault in the interpreta- tion, being neither Indian nor English; be- sides it was the Indian custom to deliberate and take up much time in council, before they resolve; and that if the young people and owners of the land, had been as ready as he, I had not met with so much delay. THE ABORIGINES. 25 Having thus introduced his matter, he fell to the bounds of the land they had agreed to dispose of, and the price, which now is little and dear; that which would h&ve bought twenty miles not buying now two." "Dur- ing the time that this person spoke, not a man of them was observed to whisper or smile; the old, grave; the young, reverent in their deportment. They speak little, but fervently and with elegance. I have never seen more natural sagacity, considering them without the help (I was going to say the spoil) of tradition; aud he will deserve the name of wise, that outwits them in any treaty, about a thing they understand." "When the purchase was agreed, great promises passed between us of kindness' and good neighborhood, and that the Indians and English must live in love as long as the sun gave light; which done, another made a speech to the Indians, in the name of all the saehamakers or kings, just to tell them what was done, next to charge and command them ' to love the Christians, and particularly to live in peace with me, and the people under my government; that many governors had been in the river; but that no governor had come himself to live and stay here before; and having now such an one, that had treat- ed them well, they should never do him or his any wrong.' At every sentence of which they shouted and said Amen, in their way." If their personal appearance and lan- guage indicated such resemblances as tend to prove an Eastern origin, there are, on the other hand, certain things,, for which the Eastern races are proverbial, and of which the American Indians knew nothing. Of all races of mankind, they alone were ignorant of the pastoral state. They kept neither sheep nor kine. They knew nothing of the use' of the milk of animals for food. They had no wax, nor oil, and no iron.* They had no idea of government or of trial and condemnation. Eetaliation was the only law of punishment.* Everything, to their conception, was material in its character. They had some sort of a genius that was an object of veneration and fear, called the Manitou. This was represented by a bird, a buffaIo,*a bear, a feather, a skin; but, in no case, a man. Each Indian appears to have had his Manitou, and any evil that happened to him was attributed to its anger. They buried with the warrior his Manitou, his pipe, his tomahawk, his quiver and bow, and his apparel — placed by his side his bowl of maize and his vension for his long journey to the country of his ancestors.* With many ,*Baiicroft. manly qualities and an evident respect for each other as warriors, and admiration for powers of endurance in the midst of tortures, and delight in the eclat of success, there was no reverence for man as such, no matter what an individual's fame might be. The apothe- osis of the Aryan race had no place among them, or the Semitic reverential awe of the prophet. His fellow man was not adored, nor was homage paid to the dead.* Long before William Penn landed on the shore of this continent, Christians had been at work among the Indians, and it is difficult to say what ideas by that time had been implanted among them of a Great Spirit, or any spirit of poetic fancy, that inhabited the woods, the water, the stars or the sea. The Indians have been described as being well formed, straight, and having no deform- ity among them. Their color, reddish brown or copper color, as distinguished from olive, with dark, straight hair and no beards; their cheek bones prominent, with projecting jaws, and an expression of indolent insensibility, and with no flexibility of feature, so that when the Indian depicted his passions, it was by strong contortions and a kindling of the eye, that seemed ready to burst from its socket. Their clothing was made of the skins of the bear, fox, and beaver, and mocca- sins of deer skin, without a sole, ornamented on the upper side. * Their wigwams were made with long poles fixed in the ground, covered with bark, having no door but a loose skin, and having an opening in the roof for a chimney, and were aboat the height of a man. In one of them the whole clan huddle together, men, women, and children, with weeds or grass on the ground for a floor. In traveling they would lie around great fires.* 'The pipe of peace was reverenced by them. The person of him who traveled with it was sacred. Each village had its calumet, which was adorned by the chief with eagle feathers and which was consecrated by the nation. This, together with the ceremonies attend- ing its acceptance, has served to throw a charm around the savage nature, and is remembered by its figurative use in our language. , "The envoys from those desiring peace or an alliance, would come within a short distance of the town, and uttering a cry, throw themselves on the ground." The great chief, bearing the peace pipe of his tribe, with its mouth pointing to the skies, goes forth to meet them, accompanied by a long procession of his clansmen, chanting the hymn of peace. The stranger rises to receive them, singing also a song to put away ♦Bancroft. 26 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. all wars and bury all revenge. As they meet, each party smokes the pipe of the other, and peace is ratified."* "With all this commend- able decorum, worthy of imitation in onr own public councils, the imposing scene was accompanied by features that may be consid- ered inimitable. "Some had the nose tipped with blue, the eyebrows, eyes and cheeks tinged with black, and the rest of the face red; others had black, red and blue stripes drawn from the ears to the mouth; others had a broad, black band, like a ribbon, drawn from ear to ear across the eyes, with smaller bands on the cheeks. When they made visits, and when they assembled in council, they painted themselves gloriously, delighting especially in vermilion."* ' Their frequent councils with the English were attended with the same ceremonies and gi f ts to which they had been accustomed amon g themselves. "Their delight was in assem- bling together and listening to messengers from abroad. Seated in a semi -circle on the ground, in double or triple rows, with the knees almost meeting the face; the painted and tattooed chiefs, adorned with skins and plumes, with the beaks of the red-bird and claws of the bear; each listener, perhaps, with a pipe in his mouth, and preserving deep silence, they would give solemn attention to the speaker, who, with great action and en- ergy of language, delivered and brought the message; and if his eloquence pleased, they esteemed him as a god. Decorum was never broken, there were never two speakers strug- gling to anticipate each other; they did not express their spleen by blows ;they restrained passionate invective; the debate was never disturbed by an uproar; questions of order were unknown."* "The art of public speaking was in high esteem among the Indians, and much studied. They were extremely fond of method, and displeased with an irregular harangue, be- cause it is di£Beult to be remembered. Their speeches were short, and the sense conveyed by strong metaphors; in conversation, they were sprightly,but solemn and serious in their messages relating to public affairs. Their speakers delivered themselves with surprising force and great propriety of gesture. The fierceness of their countenances, the flowing blanket, elevated tone, naked arm, and erect stature, with a half circle of auditors seated on tlie ground, cannot but impress on the mind a lively idea of the ancient orators of Greece and Eome."t Wampum is described to be belts of cloth *I3ancroft. tSmith's History of New York. Proud. of some kind on which are fastened beads made of pieces of shell, cut and polished, some white and some of purple color, the latter being the more valuable. Each belt was called a fathom. At every treaty belts of wampum were presented, and in this way their annals were kept. During these trea- ties, at every clause of speech ratifying or creating a covenant, a belt was given. These belts were about four inches wide and thirty in length, and were treasured and kept as records of the nation, and were had recourse to on subsequent occasions, which ceremony being omitted, all they said passed for nothing.* Belts of wampum were also used as money. The use of these beads or pieces of bone, in the nature of coin, was, probably, derived from intercourse with the Europeans, and existed among the Delawares in the locality where the scenes were enacted which Willim Penn describes. THE C0NE8T0G0E INDIANS. Between the town of Lancaster and the Susquehanna River, there was a very large town and settlement of Indians called Con- estogoe, which appears to have been a chief place of councils, and gave the name to such Indians as inhabited there and in that vicin- ity. The Conestogoe Indians were a friendly and peaceable people, long settled among the whites. The resident Indians complained of set- tlers and traders interfering with their hunt- ing; and it was to accommodate them that Springetsbury Manor, as will hereafter be related, was laid out, though on the part of Pennsylvania, it was designed to prevent Maryland encroachments. These Indians are therefore intimately associated with the events surrounding our early settlements. Our territory was on their way to their hunt- ing grounds, and they desired that it should be free to them. The only Indian town men- tioned, on the west side of the river was a place called Conedoughela,f further south than Conestogoe. Frequent visits were made by Indians to the government at Philadelphia, and frequent councils were also held at Con- estogoe, where the governors of the province attended, and belts of wampum were given, and gifts of personal goods and skins were exchanged in testimony of confirmed friend- ship. The minutes of the provincial coun- cil will show the nature of these interviews, and the condition of the Indians and their re- lations to the whites, just previous to the time of the settlements west of the Susquehanna. *Proud. fill Archives, p. 395. (Possibly Conedoohly now.) THE ABORIGINES. 27 At a meeting of the Provincial Council held at Philadelphia, June 6, 1706, James Logan, Secretary, gave an account of his visit, with others of the council, to the In- dians at Conestogoe the preceding October, when he told them, "That he was come from the Governor of Pennsylvania, who had al- ways been a friend to all the Indians within the bounds of it. That Gov. William Penn. since first he came into this country, with all those under him, had always inviola- bly maintained a perfect friendship with all the natives of this country that he found possessed of it at his first arrival. That when he was last in the country he visited those at that place, and his son upon his arrival did the same, in order to cultivate the ancient friendship between them, that he and his posterity might, after his father's example, maintain peace and good understanding with them and theirs. That they should take great care in giving ear to malicious reports spread and carried by ill men, for that we heard they had been alarmed at the Chris- tians putting themselves in arms in all these parts and mustering; the reason of this was the war with the French, and was designed rather to help them than to hurt them, but as they and we are brethren, each must be assistant to the other, and therefore the English took up arms to defend themselves, and the Indians also, against both their enemies." The Secretary further added, that "among the Shawanois, with whom their chief abode was, he had also held a treaty to the same purpose with that at Conestogoe." "That he had made a journey among the Ganawese, settled some miles above Cones- togoe, at a place called Connejaghera, above the fort, and had conferences with them, which seemed wholly to compose all their apprehensions, and that , he had reason to believe he left all these three nations in a perfect good understanding with us. " * There were present at this conference chiefs of the Conestogoe, Shawanese, and Ganawese Indi- ans upon Susquehanna, being come to town, in order to confer with the Government, about public affairs relating to them, and were all seated in the council chamber. An- daggyjunquagh, the chief of those of Con- estogoe, (whose name appears in the deeds for the lands upon the Susquehanna,) laid before the Governor a very large wampum belt of twenty- one rows, with three hands wrought in it in black, the rest white, which belt he said was a pledge of peace, formerly delivered by the Onondagoe Indians, one of the Five Nations, to the Nantikokes, when * 11 Col. Eeo. 244. they made them tributaries; that the Nanti- kokes, being lately under some apprehensions of danger from the Five Nations, some of them had this spring come up, and brought this belt with them, and that they had another of the same also at Conestogoe to show to those of the Five Nations that were expected shortly to come down to receive the Nantikokes' tribute." This belt had been taken to Philadelphia, that it might be shown to those of the Five Nations who might come down that way, as evidence that there was peace with them and that the English were at peace with the neighboring Indians. The Shawanese also owned themselves under some apprehensions from the Five Nations. The Nantikokes were a Maryland tribe or nation. Gov. Evans, with several persons, visited the Indians, and among others met the Nan- tikokes, and while among them, one of them took into his hands a belt of wampum from a line whereon there hung nineteen others, and several strings of beads, and said, ' ' they had been given to understand the Queen had sent orders that the Indians should live in peace with one another, and that they were sent to give some of these belts in behalf of the Governor of Maryland, and themselves, to the Five Nations. Governor. — How long have you been at peace with these nations? Nantikoke. — Twenty-seven years. Governor. What is the reason then of so many belts of wampum and strings of beads ? Nantikoke. — We send them as tribute." At a meeting of the Council, June 16, 1706, the Indians were informed that a law had been enacted that no person should trade with them, but such as should first have a license from the Governor. They desired that only two persons should be allowed to trade with them; but it was answered that they would be the more subject to be imposed on, the fewer should trade with them. They further deiired that none might be suffered to go up into the country beyond their towns to meet the Indians returning from hunting, for they sustain great damage by that prac- tice, by being made drunk at their return before they got home to their wives, and so were imposed on and cheated by the traders of the fraits of all their labors. Upon this they were desired to take care among them- selves that none of their people should sell anything to the traders till they came home to their own towns. And in licenses that should be given for the future, the Governor would take care to oblige them not to go any higher into the country than the noted Indian towns, and to trade nowhere else.* On the *II Col. Hec. 2-J8. 2S HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. 23ci of July, 1712, several Indians being arrived from Conestogoe on business of im- portance, met the Council. Tagodrancy or Civility, a vrax captain and chief with Tan- yahtiokahungh, the old speaker, Knawonhunt and Soachkoat, two brothers, and some others being sate, they first presented a bundle of deerskins, and by Indian Harry, their inter- preter, said : ' ' That the Proprietor, Gov. Penn, had, at his first coming amongst them, made an agreement with them that they should always live as friends and brothers, and be as one body, one hearty one mind, and as 03.e eye and ear, and that what one saw the other should see, and what the one heard, the other should hear, and that there should be nothing but love and friendship between them and us forever." They presented a small bundle of furs and said, that on their part they had always kept up to this agree- ment, aiid should constantly observe it in all respects; that if anything came to their knowledge relating to us they would always, like brothers and friends, acquaint us with it, and if, at any time, any foreigners or strangers came among them they would give notice of it immediately at Philadelphia, and in all things would acquit themselves accord- ing to what they had promised and engaged. They presented two bundles of skins together, and said that on our part we had promised them to regulate the trade that was carried on with them at Conestogoe and had spoken of licenses to be given to the traders, by which means all abuses were to be rectified. But that since licenses were granted they found themselves worse dealt by than ever; they received less for the goods they sold the traders ; were worse treated and suffered more injuries, which they desired the Council to inquire into and know why it was so and cause it to be redressed. They presented a fifth bundle, and said that the cattle the traders kept, hurt and destroyed their corn. The Council having taken into consideration the complaints of the Indians, ordered that the traders whose cattle had done damage should be forthwith obliged to make compen- sation, and that they should remove to a greater distance and not be allowed on any terms to keep any cattle or horses than what are for their immediate service, unless they should live on purchased land.* Sir William Keith, whose name is associ- ated with the first surveys made in the terri- tory now comprising the county of York, arrived from England, on the 31st of May,. 1717, with a commission from the Proprietor and the Royal Approbation, to be Lieutenant- *IICol. Eeo,6S3. Governor of the province. On the 15th of July* he informed the Provincial Council that he intended to set out for Conestogoe the next morning, and goods to the value of £20 were provided as presents for the Indians. A number of the members of the Council accompanied him, and on the 8th of July the chiefs and others of the Conestogoe or Min- goe Indians, the Delawares, the Shawanese and the Ganawese, all inhabitants upon or near the banks of the Susquehanna, met them. The Governor told the Indians that he had lately been sent over by their great and good friend and brother, "William Penn, to act in his place and stead in affairs of government, while he himself was absent near the great King and Emperor of the Eng- lish, That the Governor and his Council had come to inquire what new matter had befallen them, and to give them all necessary assis- tance. The Mingoes, or Indians of Conesto- goe, answered that they wanted to know what Christians had settled back in the woods behind Virginia and Carolina. The Governor answered that the settlements of Maryland, Virginia and Carolina, to the southward, were subject to the same great King of England and had nations of Indians under their protection. It was then related that the son of a chief of the Delawares had been killed by a large company made up of Chris- tians and Indians, while hunting. During the same conference complaint came from Virginia of the killing of some Catawba Indians by the Seneoas. It was then said to them that to hurt or molest the Indians who were in friendship with any English govern- ment was a breach of the league of friendship. And thereupon a treaty was made. First, for their strict observance of all form- er contracts of friendship made between them and the government of Pennsylvania. Sec- ondly, That they must never molest or dis- turb any of the English governments, nor make war upon any Indians whatsoever, who are in friendship with and under the pro tection of the English. Thirdly, That in all cases of suspicion or danger they must ad- vise and consult with this government, before they undertook or determined anything. Fourthly, That if through accident any mis- chief of any sort should happen to be done by the Indians to the English, or by the English to them, then both parties should meet with hearty intention of good will to obtain an ack- nowledgment of the mistake, as well as to give or receive reasonable Satisfaction. Fifthly, That upon these terms and condi- tions the Governor did, in the name of their *II Col. Eeo. 19. THE ABORIGINES. 39 great and good friend William Penn, take them and their people under the same pro- tection and in the same friendship with this Government, as William Penn himself had formerly done and would do now if he were present To which the several chiefs and their great men assented, it being agreed that in testimony thereof they should rise up and take the Governor by the hand, which ac- cordingly they did with all possible marks of friendship on their countenance and behav- ior.* In the war with the southern Indians the Conestogoes had lost their king, and at the meeting of the Council, June 16, 1718, they presented a new one, by the name of One- shanayan, "who had an English heart and great love for the Christians."f At this conference, Tagotalessa or Civility chief or captain of the Conestogoe Indians, with other chiefi of the same nation, a chief of the Shawanese above Conestogoe, George,an Indian sent to represent the Gawanese, and a chief of the Delawares, formerly on Brandy- wine, all then inhabitants on the Susquehanna, came from their respective habitations to pay a visitto the government, andjwaited on the Gov- ernor and Council, and John Cartlidge and James Hendricks, being interpreters, both skilled in the Delaware tongue. After stating that they came only on a friendly visit, and to renew the old league of friendship and pre- senting a bundle of skins, Civility, among other things, said "that he with some of the young men had this last spring some incli- nation to go out to war toward the south- ward, but being put in mind that it would not be agreeable to this government, and af- terward receiving the Governor's letter for- bidding them to proceed, they desisted; that they intend to go out this next winter a-hunting that way, and think it proper to acquaint this government therewith, for that they bear such a respect to the government, and know that we have always been so ready to protect and assist them, that they are agreed not to do anything which will be dis- agreeable to us; that they look upon them- selves but like children, rather to be directed by this government, than fit to offer anything more on this head. But they must crave leave to add one thing further, viz. : that they have reason to think that the authority of this government is not duly observed, for that notwithstanding all our former agreements, that rum should not be. brought among them, it is still carried in great quantities. They have been doubtful with themselves whether *II Col. Eec. 24. tlbid. 46. they should mention this, because if they were supplied with none from hence, they would be from Maryland, which would be a means of carrying off their peltry thither, but there have been such quantities of that liquor car- ried of late amongst them by loose persons who have no fixed settlements, that they are apprehensive mischief may arise from it; that though they are perfectly well inclined when sober, yet they qannot answer for their peo- ple when drunk, and lest any inconveniences may ensue frofc thence to this government, whom they so much respect, as well as their own people, they desire this may be taken into consideration in order to be prevented and redressed by all proper measures." The Delaware chief, who was present, added that "the young men about Paxtan had been lately so generally debauched with rum, carried amongst them by strangers, that they now want all manner of clothing and necessaries to go a hunting, wherefore they wish it would be so ordered that no rum should be brought amongst them, by any except the traders who furnish them with all other nec- essaries, and who have been used to trust them, and encourage them in their hunting." The Governor on the next day replied, that "he could not take in good part their motions towards going to war last spring, consider- ing they had engaged themselves to the con- trary in their last treaty with him at Cones- togoe, that they might draw powerful enemies upon them and engage their friends into their quarrels. " That they had "too just cause to complain of loose idle fellows bringing quan- tities of rum amongst them to their great in- jury, and that this had nbt for some time past been sufficiently looked after, but he would speedily take care to have it in a great meas- ure prevented. That they of their parts must endeavor to prevent their women and young people from coming to Philadelphia to purchase and carry up rum from hence, which too many were ready to deliver them private- ly for their skins, and that when they meet with any brought amongst them, they should stave it, as they had formerly been ordered and undertook to do." In reference to the surveys of land, he said, "they cannot but be sensible of the care that has been taken of them; they had ex- pressed a willingness to retire from Cones- togoe, yet the government here had persuaded them to continue near us; we had run a line around them that none might come near them, and had fenced their cornfields hy John Cartlidge's care, who alone being placed within those lines may be more capable of looking after the tract, and the bounds of it. It 30 HISTOEY OF YOKK COUNTY. is also further thought fit that lines should be run around the other Indian towns, as soon as conveniently may be to'secure them the more effectually from encroachments. But while such care is taken of them, it is expected they shall in all cases on their parts show a due regard to this government, that they be aiding to all its officers in what may lie in their power, that they suffer no idle persons to spread rumors amongst them, or if they hear any such that they give no credit to them, that if they can discover any evil minded persons to have ill designs against this gov- ernment, or any part of it, they must without delay disclose it to the Governor, or some per- son in authority under him." There were then provided for the Indians a few garments, with some powder and shot to kill venison, some tobacco and pipes, some bread, and a dram was provided for them when they went. * After the death of William Penn, which occurred on the 30th July, 1718, Col. French, on behalf of the government, at Conestogoe in 1719, met the following rep- resentatives of tribes: Oanatowba, Queen of the Mingoes; Sevana, King of the Shaw- anese; Wightomina, King of the Delawares; "Wininchach, King of the Oonowagoes. (This is the first mention of the tribe of the Cone- wagoes.) Captain Civility of Conestogoe was also present, being interpreter of the several nations represented. This Captain Civility was for many years the spokesman on behalf of the Indians at Conestogoe, whose name will be frequently met with, acting as interpreter, and corresponding with the governrdent, and figuring much in coun- cils. His influence was evidently very great with both sides. His Indian name has already been given as Tagotalessa, Tagodranoy, and others less pronounoable, and he is described as a "descendant of the ancient Susquehanna Indians, the old settlers of these parts, but also reputed of Iroquois descent." Mutual complaints were made by the In- dians of the respective provinces of Virginia and Pennsylvania to the government. The Indian chiefs at Conestogoe complained that their Indian hunters had been attacked near the head of the Potomac River by a consid- erable body of Southern Indians, come out to war against the Five Nations, and the settle- ments on the Susquehanna, and ten Mingoes had been killed. But at the same time there came official complaints from the Governor of Virginia. The Shawanese said that two of their men had been killed. James Logan asked if they had been abroad hunting. He *inC!ol.Reo.49. was answered. No. They had gone out to war. He then demanded the reason why they should offer to go to war after their solemn promise to our Government to the contrary. The chief of the Shawanese replied that a dis- pute arising among some of their young men, who was the best man, to end it they resolved to make the trial by going out to war, that they could not be restrained, and went out with some of the Five Nations.* A treaty made on the 6th of July, 172 l,f by Gov. Keith, was published in the Philadelphia Gazette at the time, as "The Particulars of an Indian Treaty, at Cones- togoe, between his Excellency, Sir William Keith, Bart., Governor of Pennsylvania, and the deputies of the Five Nations, and where- by appears the method of managing those people at that time." There had occurred a disagreement between the Pennsylvania and Virginia Indians, the same against whom the war feeling had existed, which demanded the attention of the government. The Gov- ernor visited Virginia that year. On the 5th of July he arrived at Conestogoe about noon, and in the evening went to Captain Civility's cabin, where four deputies of the Five Nations and a few more of their people came to see him. This was said to be the first time that the Five Nations had sent any of their chiefs to visit the Governor of Penn- sylvania. The first branch of the treaty was with the Conestogoe Indians on account of the troubles with those of Virginia. The Governor said: "I am but just now returned from Virginia, where I wearied myself in a long journey, both by land and water, only to make peace for you, my children, that you may safely hunt in the "woods without danger from Virginia and any Indian nations that are at peace with that government. But the Governor of Virginia expects that you will not hunt within the great mountains on the other side of the Potomac River, being it is a small tract of land which he keeps for the Virginia Indians to hunt in. And he promises that his Indians shall not any more come on this side of the Potomac, or behind the great mountain, this way to disturb your hunting, and this is the condition I have made for you, which I expect you will firmly keep, and not break it on any consideration what- soever." The second branch of the treaty was with the Five Nations. As that cele- brated confederacy owned the lands pur- chased Eor our people, their doings are oj interest to us. In the course of the speech of Ghesaont on behalf of the Five Nations, *inCol. Ree.92. fill Col. Eec. 123— Proud 132. THE ABOEIGINES. 31 he said " though they cannot write, yet they retain everything said in their eounoilB with all the nations they treat with, and pre- serve it carefully in their memories, as if it was committed in our method to writing. They complain that our 'traders carrying goods and liquors up Susquehanna River, sometimes meet with their young people go- ing out to war, and treat them unkindly, not only refusing to give them a dram of liqupr, but use bhem with ill language and call them dogs, etc. They take this unkindly because dogs have no sense or understanding, where- as they are men, and think that their brothers should not compare them to such creatures. That some of our traders calling their young men by these names, the young men an- swered If they were dogs, they might act as such, whereupon they seized a keg of liquor and ran away with it." N. B. This seems to be told in their artful way, to excuse some small robberies that had been committed by their young people. — Gazette. "Then, laying down a belt of wampum upon the table, he proceeded and said that all their disorders arose from the use of rum and strong spirits, which took away their sense and memory; that they had no such liquors among themselves, but were hurt with what we furnished them, and therefore desired that no more of that sort might be sent amongst them." This speech of Ghesaont is a fine specimen of Indian eloquence, and now ex- hibits their force in the use of metaphor. "He presented a bundle of dressed skins, and said that the Five Nations faithfully remembered all their ancient treaties, and now desire that the chain of friendship between them and us may be made so strong as that none of the links can ever be broken. Presents another bundle of skins and ob- serves that a chain may contract rust with lying and become weaker; wherefore he desires it may now be so well cleaned as to remain brighter and stronger than ever it was before. Presents another parcel of skins and says that as in the firmament, all clouds and darkness are removed from the face of the sun, so they desire that all mis- understandings may be fully done away. So that then when they who are now here shall be dead and gone, their whole people, with their children and posterity, may enjoy the clear sunshine of friendship with us forever, without anything to interpose and obscure it. Presents another bundle of skins and says that looking upon the Governor as if William Penn was present, they desire that in case any disorders should hereafter happen be- tween their young people and ours, we should not be too hasty in resenting any such acci- dent, until their council and ours should have some opportunity to treat amicably upon it, and so to adjust all matters as that the friend- ship between us may still be inviolably pre- served. Presents a small bundle of dressed skins, and desires that we may now be together as one people, treating one another's children kindly and affectionately on all occasions. He proceeds and says that they consider themselves in this treaty as the full plenipotentiaries and representatives of the Five Nations, and they look upon the Gov- ernor as the great King of England' b Repre- sentative, and therefore they expect that everythipg now stipulated will be made ab- solutely firm and good on both sides. Among other things, presenting a bundle of bear skins, he said that having now made a firm league with us, as becomes our brothers, they complain that they get too little for their skins and furs, so as they cannot live by their hunting; they desire us therefore to take compassion on them and contrive some way to help them in that particular." On the 8th of July, the Governor and his Council, at the house of John Cartlidge, Esq., near Conestogoe, having advised upon and prepared a proper present, in return for that of the Indians, which consisted of a quantity of stroud match coats, gunpowder, lead, bis- cuit, pipes and tobacco, the Governor made his speech in reply to that of the Five Nations from which the following extract is made:* "As to what you have said of trade, I suppose the great distance at which you live from us prevented all commerce between us and your people; we believe those who go into the woods and spend all their time upon it endeavor to make the best bargains they can for themselves; so on your part you must take care to make the best bargain you can with them, but we hope our traders do not exact, for we think that a stroud coat or a pound of powder is now sold for no more buck-skins than formerly, f The skins they delivered in the morning having been numbered and weighed as ordered, they were found to be, 38 summer Deer Skins in the hair, many of them ordinary, wt. 681. at 18d., £5. 2. 10 small Brest Deer Skins, wt. 181. at 8-6d, 3. 2. 1 Good Winter Buck in the hair, 6. 3 Bear Skins a 8 ps. 16. £8. 6. What is prepared & was now Delivered them, are 8 Stroud Water Coats of the best sort, a 17-6d. £7. 0. 10 lb. of Powder, a 30d. 16. 8 2 lb. Lead, a 3d, 5. *III Col. Eeo'. 129. tOffloial trade in 1718. 32 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. 6 pr. Stockings, pt. Blew & pt. Red, a 2-9d. 16. 6 1 Dozn. Tobacco Boxes, a 7. 1 Dozn. Tobacco Tongs, a 4. 6 13 lb. Tobacco, a 4d., 4. 3 Dozn Pipes, 1. 1 Red Stroud to the Queen, 17. 6 £10. 13. 3 These being Delivered the Qovernour Gave them an Entertainment, and the Secretary was Ordered to provide for them as from the fflrst, all necessarys During their stay & for their Journey on their return home. "Beaver is not of late much used in Europe, and therefore does not give so good a price, and we deal but very little in that commodity. But deer skins sell very well amongst us, and I shall always take care that the Indians be not wronged, but except other measures be taken to regulate the Indian trade everywhere the common methods used in trade will still be followed, and every man must take care of himself, for thus I must do myself, when I buy anything from bur own people; if I do not give them their price, they will keep it, for we are a free people. I am sensible rum is very hurtful to the Indians; we have made laws that none should be carried amongst them, or if any were, that it should be staved and thrown upon the ground, and the Indians have been ordered to destroy all the rum that comes in their way. But they will not do it; they will have rum, and when we refuse it they will travel to the neighboring provinces and fetch it. Their own women go to pur- chase it, and then sell it amongst their own people, at excessive rates. I would gladly make any laws to prevent this that could be effectual, but the country is so wide, the woods are so dark and private, and so far out of my sight, that if the Indians them- selves do not prohibit it, their own people, there is no other way to prevent it. For my part I shall readily join in any meas- ures that can be proposed for so good a purpose. " These interviews between the provincial Governors and the Indians will serve to rep- resent in some sort to our minds the political relations of each to the other, the manner of their social intercourse, and of the unhappy condition of the Indians, in this section of Pennsylvania, who, when free from liquor, were inoffensive, faithful and hospitable.* The Quakers treated them in an honorable manner. With the frontier settlers, the case was otherwise, when traders came among them, cheating them. Some of these were of a vile class, as will be seen by an act of Assembly of 1754. All sorts of people found their way into the province, and the Indians ♦Proud. were subjected to the distresses so feelingly described in the journal of the great inter- preter, Conrad Weiser. These treaties serve an important histori- cal purpose in showing the names of the tribes or nations who inhabited the country anywhere in this vicinity. There were no other tribes than those mentioned, else they would necessarily have been obliged, for their own protection, to join with the others in treaties. Even from a distance, from Maryland and New York, there appear the Nantikokes and the Six Nations, and there is mention of Vir- ginia Indians. At one conference, there was present the King of the Couewagoes. As there is the stream of that name, we may guess either that the tribe took its name from that creek, or gave their name to it, and presum- ably they were resident near it. A letter from Thomas Cookson to Richard Peters, April 23, 1746, writing concerning a tract of land about three miles from York, says: " The land was settled by Adam Dickenson, who, it is said, has an entry on your books, by the proprietor's order, for settling the same on his obtaining license, from the Indians who lived there about." Yet it was the Indians at Conestogoe who complained of the settlement of John Grist, * and of whatever tribes were those who inhab- ited here, they were represented before the Provincial Council by the Conestogoes. It appears, however, from all we can ascertain, that the. Indians did not inhabit to any large extent the territory now comprising the county of York. It was, as it appears from the Indian complaints, preceding its settle- ment, a hunting ground, or in the way to hunting grounds, nearly all woods, and claimed by the Indians to have been expressly reserved for them by William Penn. The original settlers here found immense tracts of land entirely denuded of timber by the annual fires kindled by the Indians, for the purpose of improving their hunting grounds. Yet there is room for the exercise of the skill of the archseologist, from rude and scanty remains of the aborigines, such as weapons of stone found near the river in many local- ities, especially near the mouth of Cone- daghly Creek and Cabin Creek, in Windsor Township. About the Devil's Cave in that locality tradition fixes one of their haunts. Eelics have been found about Wrightsville. "f ♦Infra. tSome Indian relics were found here in 1835. "A brass medal has been left at this office "—says the editor of the Colum- bia Spy— "which, together with several other articles, »nd a human skull, was dug up a few days since, in Wrightsville, York Co., Penn. It bears on one side a head, with the inscription, " George, King of Great Britain," and on the other an Indian with his bow and arrow, in the act of shooting a deer. It appears to have been worn as an ornament for the nose or ears. There INDIAN TITLE. 33 The Indians and the English moved along in harmony, subject only to those occasional disorders and crimes incident to any commu- nity, especially in the intercourse between opposite races, or induced by a free supply of rum. The Indians at Conestogoe contin- ued there until the settlemeut was abandoned in 1763, when the race in that section was virtually exterminated. INDIAN TITLE. THE first deed that appears iu the chain of Indian title is dated January 3, 1696, in the eighth year of the reign of William III. " Thomas Dongan, late Governor of New York, and now of London, Esq., to William Penn, Governor of the province of Pennsyl- vania in America; for and in consideration of the sum of one hundred pounds, for all that tract of land, lying upon both sides of the river, commonly called or known by the name of the Susquehanna, and the lakes ad- jacent, in or near the province of Pennsyl- vania in America, beginning at the moun- tains or head of the said river, and running as far as and into the bay of Chesapeake, which the said Thomas Dongan lately pur- chased of or had given him by the Seneca- Susquehanna Indians: With warranty from the Seneca- Susquehanna Indians." This sale was effected by deeds of lease and re- lease, on succeeding days, according to the approved English forms (}f conveyancing under the statute of uses. The Indian deed to Col. Dongan is not known now to exist, nor is there any trace of it in the public ofSoes. It is known, however, that he was the agent of William Penn to make the purchase.* The time of the purchase of Col. Dongan is fixed by the relation of it, given in the treaty of July, 1721, at the council at Conestogoe, already referred to, with Sir William Keith, from which the following extract is made: "The discourse being continued they were told that it was now very near, viz. : within ' one moon of thirty-seven years since a great man of England, Governor of Virginia, called the Lord Effingham, together with Col. Don- gan, Governor of New York, held a great were found also two others of similar description— a brass ket- tle, a string of white beads one yard and a half in length, some red paint, and twenty-five rings, one of which was dated ni6."—Eupps Hist, of York County, page 724 *II Smith's Laws. Ill n. treaty with them at Albany, of which we have the writings to this day. Ghesaont an- swered, they knew it well, and the subject of that treaty; it was, he said, about settling of lands. Being furthered told that in that treaty the Five Nations had given up all their right to all the lands of Susquehanna to the Duke of York, then brother to the King of England, he acknowledged this to be so and that William Penn since had the right to these lands. To which Civility, a descendant of the ancient Susquehanna Indians, the old settlers of these parts, but now reputed as of an Iroquois descent, added that he had been informed by their old men that they were troubled when they heard that their lands had been given up to a place so far distant as New York, and that they were overjoyed when they understood William Penn had brought them back again, and that they had confirmed all their right to him."* This would make the date of the Dongan deed in July, 1684. It was confirmed in 1700 by the following deed: We, Widaagh, alias Orytyagh, and Andaggy- junkquagii, Kings or Sachems of the Susquehan- nagh Indians, and of the river under that name, and lands lying on both sides thereof, doe declai e that for and in consideration of a parcel of English Goods unto us given, by our friend and brother, William Penn, Proprietary and Governour of Pen- silvania, and also in Consideration of the former much greater costs and Charges, the said William Penn hatb been at intreating about and purchasing the Same ; We doe hereby Give, Grant and Con- firm unto the said William Penn, all of the said River Susquehannagh, and all the Islands therin and all the Lands, Situate, lying and being upon both sides of the said Biver, and adjoyning to ye same, extending to the utmost confines of the Lands which are, or formerly were, the Right of the People or Nation called the Susquehannagh Indians, or by what name soever they were called or linown thereof, and also all Lakes, Rivers, Riv- ulets, Fountains, Streams, Trees, Woods, Under- woods, Mines, Royalties, and other Mines, Min- erals, Quarries, Hawkin^s, Huntings, fishings, fowlings, and other Royalties, Privileges and Pow- ers, whatsoever to them or any of them belonging, or by them enjoyed, as fiilly and amply in all re- spects as we or any of our Ancestors have, could, might or ought to have had, held, or enjoyed ; And also all the Right, Title, Interest, Possession, Claim and Demand, which we or any of us, or the said Nation or any, in Ri^ht of the same, have, or here- after can or may claim, to have in the same ; And we do hereby ratifie and confirm unto the said William Penn, ye bargain and sale of the Said Lands, made unto Coll. Thomas Dongan, now Earl of Limerick, and formerly Govern'r of New York, whose Deed of sale to the sd. Govern'r Penn we have seen, To have- and to hold the sd Rivers, Lands and Pr'misses, hereby granted and confirmed with their- and every of their Rights, Members & Affpurtenances unto .ye sd Will. Penn, his heirs and assigns, to the only proper Use and behoof of the said Will. Penn, his Heirs and Assignees for- *lll Col. Eeo. 129. 31 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. Ill Witness we' of, we have, for our Selves & Nation, hereunto set our Hands & Seals, the thir- teenth day of September, 1700. his WIDAAGH X als ORYTYAGH. mark, his ANDAGGY X JUNK-QUAH. mark. Sealed and delivered in presence of Ed. Antitt, Hen. Tregeny, Esq., Edward Singleton, David Pow- ell, James Logan.* The Conestogoe Indians complained of this deed at the treaty with Sir William Keith in 1722, alleging that William Penn, forty years before, got some person at New York to purchase the lands on Susquehanna from the Five Nations, who pretended a right to them, having conquered the people formerly settled there; and when the Oones- togoes understood it they were sorry ; and that William Penn took the parchment, and laid it upon the ground, saying to them: "It should be common amongst them, viz. : the English and Indians." The Governor an- swered: "I am very glad to find that you remember so perfectly the wise and kind ex- pressions of the great and good William Penn toward you; and I know that the purchase which he made of the lands, on both sides of Susquehanna, is exactly true as you tell it, only I have heard further, that when he was so good to tell your people, that notwith- standing that purchase, the lands should still be in common betrween his people and them, you answered, that a very little land would serve you; and thereupon you fully confirmed his right, by your own consent and good will."t " It is remarkable that the Indian deed to Col. Dongan was not produced, and it seemed to have been conceded that his pur- chase was from the Five Nations, who pre- tended right to the lands by conquest. The words "adjoining to ye same, extending to the utmost confines of the lands which are, or formerly were the Eight of the People or Nation, called the Susquehannagh Indians by what name soever they were called or known thereof," were intended to embrace and confirm the title however derived, but did not include any extent of land and is left in- definite. The object of William Penu was to secure the river through the whole extent of the province, and although it was not de- signed for immediate settlement it was to secure the whole of the Susquehanna from the claims of adjoining colonies, as the char- *Col. Thomas Dougan was appointed Governor of New York by the Duke of York, September, 1682, and arrived in the prov- ince August 26, 1683. He returned to Ireland in 1689, and suc- ceeded to the Earldom of Litnerick. — Smithes Hist, of New York, publiji/ied 1756. til Smith's Laws, 112 note, ei seq. ter bounds were not distinctly known." Ac- cordingly by the articles of agreement of the 23d of April, 1701, already mentioned, be- tween William Penn and Connodagtah, King of the Indians inhabiting upon and about the river Susquehanna, and chiefs of the same, and kings and chiefs of the Shawanese and Ganawese Indians, and an embassador of the Five Nations, the deed of the 13th of September, 1700, above set forth, was rati- fied in the following clause: "'Item, the In- dians of Conestogoe, and upon and about the River Susquehannah, and more especially the said Oonnodaghtah their king, doth fully agree to, And by these presents absolutely Ratifie the Bargain and Sale of Lands lying near and about the said River formerly made to the said William Penn his heirs &; Suc- cessors, and since by Orytyagh & Andaggy- junquah, parties to these presents confirmed to the sd William Penn; his heirs & Suc- cessors by a Deed, bearing Date the 13th day of September, last, under the hands & Seals duly executed, and the said Connodaghtah doth for himself and his nation covenant and agree, that he will at all times be ready fur- ther to confirm and make good the said Sale, according to the tenure of the same."* Some years afterward, in 1720, at a con- ference held with the Indians at Conestogoe, by James Logan, Secretary of the Provincial Council, Civility informed him 'that some of the Five Nations, especially the Cayugas, had at divers times expressed a dissatisfaction at the large settlements made by the English on the Susquehanna, and that they seemed to claim a property or right to those lands. The Secretary answered that he, Civility, and all the Indians were sensible of the contrary, and that the Five Nations had long since made over all their right to Susquehanna to the government of New York, and that Gov. Penn had purchased that right, with which they had been fully acquainted. Civ- ility acknowledged the truth of this, but proceeded to say, " he thought it his duty to inform us of it, that we might the better prevent all misunderstanding." The Gov- ernor, when the Secretary had made his report, said that there was ground to appre- hend that the Five Nations, and especially the Cayugas, did entertain some secret grudges against the advancing of our settle- ments upon the Susquehanna River, and he suspected they were spirited up by French agents from Canada or Mississippi to make those new and groundless claims, f After this report of Secretary Logan, Gov. Keith «II Col. Eeo. 15. fill Col. Eec. 96. INDIAN TITLE. 35 on the 19th of July, 1720, wrote to the President of New York that some of the ration called Cayugas asserted that all the lands upon the Susquehanna River belonged to them, and thai the English had no right to settle there, and intended to come down with their people in order to demand possession of those lands. He then writes: "When Grov. Penn first settled this country, he made it his chief care to cultivate a strict alliance and friendship with all the Indians, and condescended so far as to purchase his lands from them, but when he came to treat with the Indians on the Susquehanna, find- ing they accounted themselves a branch of the Mingoes or Five Nations, he prevailed with Col. Dongan, then Governor of New York, to treat with those nations in his be- half, and to purchase from them all their claims of right to the lands on both sides of the Susquehanna, which Col. Dongan did accordingly, and for a valuable consideration paid in sterling money, Col. Dongan by good deeds transferred or conveyed his said right purchased from the Five Nations to Gov. Penu and his heirs- in due form of law. Upon Gov. Penn's last arrival here, about twenty years ago, he held a treaty with the Mingoes or Conestogoe Indians settled on Susquehanna, and their chiefs did not then only acknowledge the sale of those lands made to Col. Dongan as above, but as much as in them lay, did also renew and confirm the same to William Penn. Lastly, about nine or ten years ago, a considerable number of the Five Nations, not less than fifty, came to Conestogoe, and meeting there with Col. Gookin, late governor of this province, attended by several members of his council. Col. Dongan's purchase was men- tioned to them, and they not only appeared to be fully satisfied therewith, but proceeded in a formal manner, without any hesitation, to confirm all of our treaties of friendship with them.* MARYLAND INTRUSIONS. During the administration of Sir William Keith, who was Lieutenant-Governor of the province from 1717 to 1726, those settlements began on the west side of the Susquehanna River that occasioned the complaints of the Indians, and those Maryland intrusions that led to authorized eettiements on the part of Pennsylvania. John Gristf had, in 1721, with other per- *III Col. Eec. 101. tThe following note is from Kupp's History : " The stream (Kreutz Creek) has its name from George Kreiss, an early settler on tbat creek, near the Susquehanna. Others calling to aid the union of the two streams, lorming a cross, or Kreutz, in sons settled himself and family and taken up lands on the west side of the river, without any warrant from the commissioners of prop- erty or any other legfJ right, and continued in the possession of them in contempt and de- fiance of the repeated orders of the Secretary of the Province. Complaint was made by the Indians at Conestogoe to the Governor, in July, of abuses they had received from him. The Governor, with the advice of the Commissioners, judged it necessary, for the quiet of the Indians, and to prevent such audacious behavior for the time to come, by a warrant under his hand and seal directed to John Cartlidge, Esq., one of his Majesty's Justices of the Peace, residing at Conestogoe, to warn and admonish John Grist and his accomplices forthwith to relinquish the lands whereof they had taken possession. In case of their refusal the warrant required the Justice to raise the posse comitatus and to burn and destroy their dwelling houses and habita- tions. Notice was given, and they refused to remove themselves from off the lands, where- upon the Indians destroyed some of their cattle. John Grist came to complain to the Governor at Philadelphia, where, behaving himself in a very insolent and seditious man- ner, he was committed to gaol. The Council in compassion for his poor family, ordered that leave be given him to carry off his corn then in the ground. On the 2l8t of August, 1721, he entered into a recognizance in the sum of 200£ to be of good behavior for twelve months, and to remove himself and family from his late settlement within the space of one month, and being severly reprehended by the Governor for his past contumacy and admonished to behave civilly for the future, he was discharged upon paying his fees.* In April, 1722, Gov. Keith informed the Council that the Indians were like to be disturbed by secret and underhand practices of persons, both from Maryland and Philadel- phia, who, under the pretense of finding a copper mine, were about to survey and take up lands on the other side of the river, con- trary to a former order of the government. He had gone to the upper parts of Chester County, himself, in order to locate a small quantity of land, to which he had purchased an original proprietary right. He under- stood upon the road that some persons were German ; hence Kreutz Creek, by which name the settlement has been known since 1739. Tnese are the views of Carter and Glossbrenner, May the stream not have derived its name from John Grist, who with divers other persons, settled himself and family, and had^taken up land, as early as 1718, on the west side of the Susquehanna, as shown before? In a report of 1739, touching the location of a road from Wright's Ferry toward the Potomac, Grist Creek is mentioned. — Rec, Q. S. Lan. Co, *m Col. Bee. 137. 36 HISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. actually come with a Maryland right to sur- vey lands fifteen miles above Conestogoe, and he arrived in time to prevent the execution of their design. The Surveyor- General was along with him, and part of his right was located and surveyed, namely, 500 acres upon that spot on the other side of the Susquehanna, which was like to prove a bone of contention and breed so much mischief. This survey was made April 14, 1722, and became known as Sir William Keith's tract of Newberry. On his way back the Governor learned that the young men of Conestogoe had made a famous war dance the night before, and that they were all going out to war immediately, and thereupon he appointed a council to be held with the Indians, the next morning in Civility's cabin. On the 15th of June, 1722, the Governor spoke as follows: " Last time I was with you at Cones- togoe you showed me a parchment, which you had received from William Penn, con- taining many articles of friendship between him and you and between his children and your children. You then told me he desired you to remember it well for three genera- tions, but I hope you and your children will never forget it. That parchment fully declared your consent to William Penn's purchase and right to the lands on both sides of the Susquehanna. But I find both you and we are likely to be disturbed by idle people from Maryland, and also by others who have presumed to ^survey lands on the banks of the Susquehanna, without any powers from William Penn, or his children, to whom they belong, and without so much as asking your consent." There had been certain stipulations between the governors and councils of Maryland and Pennsylvania, that no surveys or settlements should be made by any private persons whatever on the west side of the Susquehanna by rights from either province, and a commission was then issued to make diligent inquiry, and search after any person, who, under the pretense of land rights from either Maryland or Penn- sylvania, should presume to survey or settle any lands within ten miles distauoe of Sus- quehanna to the westward and not only to forbid all persons to survey as aforesaid, but by force to restrain them.* Commissioners of property had been ap- pointed by William Penn from amongst his intimate friends here to superintend bis landed concerns, who had authority to pur- chase lands and grant them for such sums and quit rents as to them, or any three of them, should seem just and reasonable, or as *I1I Col. Eec. 161. should be respectively agreed for. And whatever usages grew up in later times, in respect to acquiring lands by settlement, it would seem that no title was at first per- mitted without an office right.* It seems, however, that the manager of the land of- fice had orders from the proprietary agents or commissioners of property to make a sur- vey beyond the Susquehanna. This the Governor complained of as contempt of his authority, and that it might be of unhappy consequences with the Indians, as being con- trary to what the Governor in his treaty two or three days before had stipulated with them. But being an affair of property, the council took no cognizance of the matter.f On the 28th of May, 1722, Philip Syng, a silversmith, was committed to prison for surveying, under a Maryland warrant, on the west side of the Susquehanna. He said that the tract of land surveyed by William Keith, Governor, belonged to him, Philip Syng & Co. , by a Maryland title, and was surveyed by his order and for his use by a surveyor from Maryland. He was charged with en- deavoring to defraud the proprietor of Penn- sylvania of his just rights, and to create a misunderstanding between the government and its good neighbors of Maryland, and to disturb the Indians settled upon the Susque- hanna Eiver, under this government, at that juncture, when it was requisite to give them all possible satisfaction. The Sheriff being ordered to attend with his prisoner, he was called in, and being examined upon the matters alleged against him, he made answer to the several interrogatories put to him as follows: " Have you surveyed any lands by virtue of a Maryland right upon the west bank of the Susquehanna, viz. : That place known by the name of the Mine? " "I have." ' ' How much land did you then survey f ' ' " Two hundred acres." "By what surveyor?" "JohnDussey, a surveyor of Maryland." "How came you to think that place was in Maryland? " "I was informed so." " When the Governor met you on the 4th of April, at Pattison's, had you then made this survey?" "No." "Did not the Governor then acquaint you that that place was not within the limits of Maryland, and that if you presumed to make any survey, then he would commit yoa?" ♦Sergeant's Land Laws, p. 85. till Col. Eeo. 161. INDIAN TITLE. 37 " I do remember that the Governor Baidif he had found us there it would have amounted to a severe fine, but as for the rest I have forgot." He was committed for prosecution.* On the 18th of July, 1722, Gov. Keith in- formed the council by letter from Conestogoe, that the Indians were very mach alarmed with the noise of an intended survey from Maryland upon the banks of the Susque- hanna, and proposed to them to cause a large tract of land to be surveyed on the other side of -the river for the proprietors, to begin from the upper line of his new settlement, six miles back and extending downward upon the river as far as over against the mouth of the Conestogoe Creek. The Indians were ex- ceedingly pleased with the proposition, and the Governor having heard that the Mary - landers were to set out that day, proposed to begin the survey the next morning. He also directed a company of militia from Newcastle to march out and wait his orders, fully de- termined to run the old Octoraroe line as far west as the branches of the Potomac. The Governor considered this survey as the only effective method of preserving the peace. The Council, however, replied to the Governor on the 20th of June, 1722, that undoubtedly it would be of service to keep the nations cf Indians right in relation to any encroach- ments made or intended by Maryland, but that it did not lie before them as a council of state to concern themselves with surveys of the proprietaries' lands. As to running a line line from the mouth of the Octoraroe westward to the Potomac, as it was a matter concern- ing the peace of the public, they must say, that could it be done by consent between the governors of both provinces, and fixed as a boundary by consent, not to be passed until such time as the division line would be set- tled by either side, it would contribute to the tranquility of the whole, but if that could not be done they apprehended the attempt would occasion further disturbances. But if that government should forcibly proceed to make such surveys, they ought to be diverted from it by all the methods justifiable among subjects to the same sovereign, but not oth- er, f Three nations of Indians entered into this plan, the Conestogoes, the Shawanese, and the Ganawese. They were unwilling, however, to discourse particularly on the bus- iness of land, lest the Five Nations might ♦Lewis Michelle, a Swiss miner, came to America about the year 1703 or 1704. He was among the Indians in and about Conestogoe during 1706 and 1707, in search of some mineral or ore, and it is probable he may have been here, too, in search of gold. It is be- lieved he and his associates bad erected a fortress a few miles above Conestogoe — iSujjp. Ill Col. Rec. 176. tin Col. Eee. 179. - reproach or blame them, and though the Five Nations hadno right to these lands, they said and four do not pretend to any, yet the fifth, the Cayngas, were always claiming some right, and they suggested to the Governor to go to Albany and settle with the Cayugas. But they requested the Governor to cause the surveyor to come and lay out the land for Mr. Penn's grandson, to secure them,* Thus originated the warrant for the survey of the manor of Springetsbury.f Col. French, to whom the warrant of survey was directed, in which the true reasons and motives for such a procedure were amply and satisfactorily set forth, expressed " the opinion that the Gov- ernor had acted with gi:eat prudence and cau- tion in pressing the only effectual measure which the present situation of affairs would allow, for quieting the minds of the Indians and preserving the public peace. And si ace the Honorable Springet Penn was, in his opinion, the late proprietor's heir at law, whatsoever turn the affairs of that family might take in order to resettle the property and dominion of this province, he did not see or comprehend how the Governor's hav- ing caused the lands to be surveyed, after the manner which is here returned, could be in- terpreted or deemed to the prejudice of a family for whose service it was so plainly meant and intended. "J In the meanwhile, according to reports, the proprietor of Maryland was not idle on his p*art in making surveys of manors. In a letter from Gov . Keith to the Governor of Maryland, dated Newberry, on Slisque- hanna, June 23, 1722, he wrote that he had been informed that a warrant was issued for surveying a manor to my Lord Baltimore upon the banks of the Susquehanna above Conestogoe, including the settlement from whence he then wrote, and that an order had been issued by the Governor of Maryland to press men and horses for their service, and that they were to set out from Baltimore on Monday, viz. : next day, under the command of Capt. Dorsey. He says: "Knowing the weakness and former attempts of some of your people, of whom I have formerly com- plained to yourself, who justly bear the character of land pyrates, I was resolved to put it out of their power, upon this occasion, to embroil us by their ridiculous projects, and returning immediately to Conestogoe, where I indeed had left the Indians but two days before, much alarmed with general reports that the Marylanders were coming to survey the lands, *III Col. Eec. 183. tSee chap. VII. tin Col. Eec. 184. 38 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. which no reasonable man could then believe, I now did at the earnest request of the Indians, order a survey to be forthwith made upon the banks of Susquehanna, right against our Indian towns. And you will find the reasons I had for it more fully set forth in a copy of the Warrant of the Survey here enclosed. As I found this absolutely necessary to be done for quieting the Indians, as well as to prevent the mischief which might happen upon any of ypur people's presuming to en- croach upon what these Heathens call their own property; so likewise it appeared to me the only method I could take at this juncture for preventing our own people from taking up or settling lands on this side,* to disturb or hamper the Indians, unto whom this Province is bound by old treaties to give them a full scope and liberty in their settlements from the Christian inhabitants." He further said that the survey is twelve miles north of Phil- adelphia, and within the limits of this province without dispute.f On the 29th of July, 1723, Charles Calvert, Governor of Maryland, wrote that he had received instructions from Right Honorable Charles, Lord Baltimore, absolute lord and proprietary of the Province of Maryland, forthwith to return to him the true limits and boundaries of the said province, in pursuance of a letter from the Eight Honorable the Lord Commissioner for trade and plantations. That he, in obedience to his lordship's com- mands, intended on the 10th, 11th and»12th days of September next, on the west side of the Susquehanna, to take the fortieth degree of northerly latitude from the equinoctial, the better toward enabling him to answer the ends of His Majesty's service expressed in his lordship's letter. And that the Lord Baltimore had thought proper thus to make known the same to the Governor of Pennsyl- vania, lest he or some of the Pennsylvanians, our neighbors, might take umbrage or miscon- strue their transactions. Gov. Keith in reply said, among other things, that if, under the pretense of executing any orders from my Lord Baltimore, or from the Lord Commis- sioners of Trade and Plantations, which have not been communicated to the Proprietor and Governor of this province, for the time being, it is in tended or designed to take any obser- vation or run out any line whereby the pro- prietor of Pennsylvania may be hereafter excluded from, or in the least prejudiced in what will on a fair inquiry appear to be his just right, or if under any pre,tense whatso- ever it be proposed that the officers of Mary- *Thi8 letter is written from the west side of tlie river, fill Col. Eec. 184. land by themselves, and without the concur- rence of the proprietor of this province, or of such as are lawfully empowered by him, shall take upon them to extend by any obser- vation or survey the northern boundary of Maryland beyond the Octoraroe line estab- lished (as he was ready to prove by incontest- able evidence) above forty years ago by Charles, then Lord Baltimore, and second proprietor of that Province, who certainly was well acquainted with the measuring and construction of his own patent or grant from the crown, that in either of these cases his duty indispensably obliged him strenuously to oppose all observations or surveys made with any such inequitable and partial intent. That in the year 1719 he had received a letter from the Lords Commissioners of Trade and Plantations, which is believed to be much the same as that received of the part of Mary- land, and that there was nothing there to direct or countenance them to discover the bounds of Maryland by astronomical rules and uncertain observations. "But if Mr. Secretary Lloyd, whom I know to be a very ingenious and inquisitive gentleman, must needs improve his skill in observations of that nature, he will do it to better purpose and more safely by consulting my Lord Bal- timore's original patent or grant, which confines the province of Maryland on this side, in these words: To that part of Dela- ware Bay which lieth under the fortieth degree of northerly latitude," than by running up into the woods on the west side of Susque- hanna Eiver, without a sufficient authority and proper direction for that purpose. " To this Gov. Calvert responded: "That Gov. Keith's letter had been laid be- fore the Council, and they were of opin- ion that he should strictly observe his lordship's instructions to take an observation on the west side of the Susquehanna, on the 10th, 11th, and 12th of September next, so that it is not a project or concert of Mr. Secretary Lloyd's."* He then gave notice by postscript that he intended to be upon the plantation of Robert West, called Maiden's Mount, in Baltimore County, but commonly known by the name of Bald Fryar, on Mon- day, the 9th day of September, in order there to begin to take observations. Gov. Keith then acquainted the Council at a meet- ing held on the 4th of September, 1723, that he proposed on the morrow to go to Conesto- goe, whereupon they requested him to meet Col. Calvert upon Susquehanna, if he could conveniently. In the meantime, how- ever, an agreement had b een made in En- •III Col. Rec. 824. INDIAN TITLE. 39 gland between Lord Baltimore and tlie widow of William Penn, and others interested, to the effect that until a boundary line was agreed upon, no land should be surveyed, taken up or granted near the boundaries claimed on either side. This had been made on the 17th of February, 1723.* And for the time the dispute was ended. COMPLETION OF THE TITLE. Delegations from the Five Nations fre- quently visited Conestogoe and Philadelphia, and in council had renewed and strengthened the leagues of friendship with the English by gifts of wampum and skins and receipt of merfchandise in exchange. Gov. Keith visited Albany officially, in 1722, with some of the Provincial Council, .taking with him presents of clothing, powder and lead, "to encourage their hunting, that they may grow rich and strong." The GKjvemor re- ceived at his chamber ten chiefs of the Five Nations, being two from each, together with two others, said to be of the Tuscaroroes. In their language, the word for pen was "onas," hence that was the name by which they called William Penn, and they were accustomed to address each of the Governors of this province as such. On this occasion they spoke as follows: "Brother Onas: We . here now freely surrender to you all those lands about Conestogoe, which the Five Nations have claimed, and it is our desire that the same may be settled with the Chris- tians. In token whereof we give this string of wampum.-" To which Gov. Keith re- sponded: "Brethren: Tou know very well that the lands about Conestogoe, upon the ( river Susquehanna, belong to your old friend and kind brother, William Penn; neverthe- less, I do here, in his name, kindly accept of the offer and surrender which you have made to me, because it will put an end to all other claims and disputes, if any should be made hereafter, "f Still later, on the 4th of July, 1727 Gov. Gordon was obliged to reiterate to the Indians, chiefly Cayugas, that Gov. Penn, that is Onas, took away none of their lands without purchasing them and paying for them, and that they had the deeds for all the lands on Susquehanna ; that the Five Nations never since claimed these lands, though they had many visits from them hither for brightening the chain of friend- ship. "And five years since, when Sir Will- iam Keith and four gentlemen of the Council were at Albany, at a general meeting of all *III Col. Reo. 232. till Col. Eec, 202. the Five Nations, the chiefs of themselves confirmed the former grant and absolutely released all pretentions to those lands. Our records show this, and those people who are now here cannot but be sensible of it."* At a council held at Philadelphia, in the Great Meeting house, June 5, 1728, Mr. Logan spoke to the Indians to this efiect: That their great friend, William Penn, had made it his constant rale never to suffer any lands to be settled by any of his people until they were first duly purchased from the In- dians, and his commissioners, who acted for him during his absence, had as carefully used the same method, they never agreed to the settlement of any lands till the Indians were duly satisfied for them. That it was stipu- lated at the first settlement of this province, between the proprietor, William Penn, and the Indians that they should sell no lands to private persons or to any besides himself, or his commissioners, and afterward a law was enacted to the same purpose, that all of the purchases made of the Indians by any other than the proprietor or his agents should be entirely void, which law, he said, is still in , force. That the commissioners had been strictly careful to avoid granting any lands that had not been first duly purchased of the Indians, and the Indians were not put offbut suffered voluntarily to remove, f In 1730 Capt. Civility wrote to Gov. Gor- don, from Conestogoe, that at Lancaster he heard much talk that both Dutch and English were going to settle on the other side of the Susquehanna. That Mr. Wright and Mr. Blunston had surveyed a great deal of land and designed to dispose of it. That it was in their road to hunting and their young men might break the chain of friendship. That Mr. Wright had often said, when he first came to those parts, that no person should settle on that side of the river without the Indians' consent; that the Governor had de- sired, when with them at Conestogoe, that they should not hurt any of his people, which they carefully observed, and likewise that Edward Parnell, who was settled there, should go off, which he did. That they heard that one of William Penn's family was coming to this country and they would be glad to see any of his family. That they were then going out to hunt, and desired the Governor to suppress his people from settling there until they returned from their hunting, and then some of their chiefs would come down 'to him and have some further treaty about the matter. | Thomas Penn, one of the «III Col, Eec. 273. . "" till Col. Eec. 320. jl Arch 271. 40 HISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. proprietaries, arrived on the 11th of August, and took control of the province. At a meeting of the Provincial Council at Philadelphia, in 1735, representatives of the Conestogoes, Shawanese and Ganawese being present, Thomas Penn read over to the In- dians the former treaties, reciting the deed of agreement of 1701, and the Indians pres- ent fully ratified and confirmed all the same between the government and the several na- tions in whose name and behalf they had come. At this council Civility said: " That when William Penn first came into this coun- try, he called many of the Indians together and told them that the great king of England had given unto him a large tract of land, on which several nations of Indians were set- tled; that it was his desire to live in peace and good friendship with all those Indians, and therefore he would make purchases from them of those lands, before they should be possessed by the white people. That William Penn and the Indians agreed on other arti- cles, of all which two papers were written; one of them tlieir brother William Penn had, and the other they have brought with them to show that they preserve all these things carefully. That William Penn told the In- dians this agreement was to continue for three generations."* On the 11th of October, 1736, in the tenth year of the reign of King George the Sec- ond, a deed was executed by the Sachems or Chiefs of the nations of the Onondagoes, Sen- ecas, Cayugas, Oneidas and the Tusoaroroes, to John, Thomas and Richard Penn, after reciting in the preamble as follows: Whbebas, the late Proprietary of the Province of Pennsylvania, Wm. Penn, Esqr., soon after his first arrival in his said province, took measures to have the River Susquehanna, with all the Lands ly- ing on both sides of the same, purchased for him and his heirs of those Indians of the ffive Nations, * * * and accordingly did purchase them of Coll. Thomas Dongan. & pay for the same, Notwith- standing which the Indians of the five Nations aforesaid, have continued to claim a Right in & to the said River and Land; nor have these claims been hitherto adjusted; whereupon the Sachems of Chiefs having with all the others of the said Nations met the last Summer at their great Council, held in ye Country of the said OnondagoeS, did Resolve & Conclude that afinal Period and Conclusion should be put to all disputes that might possibly arise on that Occasion." And having appointed the aforesaid sa- chems or chiefs as plenipotentiaries of all those nations to repair to Philadelphia, in order to confirm the several treaties of peace which have hitherto been concluded between *III Col. Eec. 698-9. them and the said province, and also to settle and adjust all demands and claims that have been heretofore made touching or concerning the aforesaid Susquehanna and the lands ly- ing on both sides thereof: In consideration of the premises and " 500 lbs. powder, 600 lbs. lead, 45 guns, 60 strouds water match coats, 100 blankets, 100 dufile match coats, 200 yds. of half thick, 100 shirts, 40 hats, 40 prs. of shoes and buckles, 40 prs. stock- ings, 100 hatchets, 500 knives, 100 houghs (hoes), 60 kettles, 100 tobacco tongs, 100 scis- sors, 500 awl blades, 120 combs, 2,000 need- les, 1,000 flints, 24 looking-glasses, 2 lbs. Ver- million, 100 tin pots, 200 lbs. tobacco, 25 glls. rum, 1,000 pipes, 24 dozen of gartering." Conveyed to the said proprietaries, " all the said river Susquehanna, with the lands lying on both sides thereof, to extend eastwardly as far as the head of the branches or springs which run into the said Susquehanna, and all the lands lying on the west side of the said river to the setting of the sua, and to extend from the mouth of the said river northward, up the same to the hills or moun- tains called in the language of the said na- tions, the Tyannuntasacta, or endless hills, and by the Delaware Indians, the Kekkachta- nanin Hills."* On the 25th of October, 1736, a release was executed by the several chiefs on behalf of the same nations, and also of the Mo- hawks, of the lands conveyed by the preced- ing deed, described more particularly as fol- lows: Lands on both sides of the river Sus- quehanna, from the mouth thereof as far northward or up the said river as the ridge of hills called the Tyoninhasachta, or Endless Mountains, westward to the setting'sun, and eastward to the furthest springs of the waters running into the said river. Releasing all right, claim and pretensions to all the lands lying within the bounds and limits of the government of Pennsylvania, beginning eastward on the river Delaware, as far north- ward as the said ridge or chain of endless mountains as they cross the country of Penn- sylvania from eastward to ther west. • That neither they nor any in authority in their na- tions, would sell to any person, white men or Indians, other than the children of William Penn, or persons authorized by them, any lands within the limits of Pennsylvania. On this deed o£ release there is an endorsement of ratification, dated the 9Lh oC July, 1754, signed by nine Indians.f *III Col. Eec. 6U1-3. til Smith's Laws 115. EUROPEAN TITLE. 41 EUROPEAN TITLE. ''T^HE European nations claimed the right A. by discovery to own and possess all countries inhabited by savages. It was a right they assumed to be inherent in them as Christians, for the conversion of the heathen, and between themselves the right was deter- mined by prior discovery. A newly discovered country belonged to the nation whose people first discovered it. The grants by the Popes to the Spaniards were never doubted, and no other Christian prince intruded into the countries made theirs by discovery and con- quest. The English acquired the title of first discoverers through Cabot's voyage along our coast in 1498. Yet, as the Delaware River was discovered by Henry Hudson, the right to the land upon it was claimed by the Dutch, because, at the time of discovery, he was in their service and under their flag. Cape May was named after a merchant of Amsterdam, Capt. Cornelius Jacobson May. The English, however, maintained their right, on the ground that Hudson was an Englishman by birth, and because Lord De La War entered the bay in 1610, giving his name to it; biit the discovery made by Hiidson was in 1609. There was enmity existing between the gov- ernments of New England and New Nether- lands. Oliver Cromwell had been applied to by the New Englanders for aid, and after his death, Charles II, restored to the throne, de- termined to drive the Hollanders away. He granted to his brother, the Duke of York, in 1664, the territory possessed by the Dutch, namely. New York and New Jersey, and the land now comprised in the State of Delaware. War vessels were sent over and Newcastle re- duced by an armed force. The whole prov- ince of New Netherlands was surrendered, and thus an English title was acquired by actual conquest. The Swedes, who had set- tled upon the Delaware, had come over under a charter from Gustavus Adolphus, but they canre only as colonists, about the year 1626. Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore, obtained his grant to Maryland from Charles I, in 1632, and the first settlement under it was at St. Mary's in 1634. He claimed, under his grant, the lands on the west side of the Delaware River included in the whole of the fortieth degree of latitude. This grant to Cecil Cal- vert was of land promised to his father, George Calvert, Secretary of State, and which had been named by the king, Mary- land, in honor of his queen, Henrietta Maria. It was to the unoccupied part of Virginia, from the Potomac RivSr northward, including lands both on the east and west side of Ches- apeake Bay. Charles, the son of Cecil, pro- cured a confirmation of the patent in 1661. The words of the grant are; "All that part of a Peninsula lying between the ocean on the east and the bay of Chesapeake on the west, and divided from the other part by a right line, drawn from the Cape, called Wat- kins Point, situated in the aforesaid bay near the river Wigbee on the west, unto the main ocean on the east, and between that bound on the south unto that part of Delaware Bay on the north, which lieth under the fortieth de- gree of north latitude from the equinoctial, and all that tract of land, from the aforesaid bay of Delaware, in a right line by the de- gree aforesaid, to the true meridian of the first fountain of the river Potomack, and from thence tending toward the south, to the fur- ther bank of the aforesaid river, and follow- ing the -west and south side of it, to a certain place called Cinquach, situated near the mouth of said river, where it falls into the bay of Chesapeake, and from thence by a straight line to the aforesaid cape, called Watkins Point." The extent of land contained in the fortieth degree of latitude, thus mentioned as the northern boundary of Maryland, was claimed by the proprietors of both provinces as lying entirely within their respective grants. That part of the peninsula bordering on Delaware Bay had been settled and was occupied by the Dutch and Swedes, over whom the Duke of York claimed sovereignty. The grant to Lord Baltimore was only of such lands as were "unplanted by any civilized nation", and hence the settled part would be excluded from his charter. The grant to the Duke of York was of all lands occupied by the Dutch from the west side of Connecticut River to the east side of Delaware Bay. Before the grant to the Duke of York, Lord Baltimore had claimed all the lands between the 38th and 40th degrees of latitude from sea to sea. The charters of both Virginia and New En- gland had no certain boundaries, and the geographical position of the degrees of lati- tude mentioned were equally uncertain. Therefore, when William Penn conceived the idea of securing a tract of land in America for his purposes, he made his application for land lying north of Maryland on the eajst bounded by Delaware River, on the west limited as Maryland, and northward to extend as far as plantable. * To this application ob- jections were made by the Duke of York and Lord Baltimore. William Penn, in his own *Proud. Anderson's History of Commerce. 42 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. account of the application, says he petitioned the king for five degrees, when it was urged that Lord Baltimore had but two degrees, "tlpon which the Lord Baltimore, turning his head to me, at whose chair I stood, said, 'Mr. Penn, will not three degrees serve your turn ?' I answered, 'I submit both the when and how to the honorable warden". The charter of Charles II to William Penn, Proprietary and Governor of the province of Pennsylvania, is dated at Westminster, the fourth day of March, 1681, in the thirty- third year of that monarch. The land granted to him is described as follows: "All that tract or parcel of land in America, with the islands therein contained, as the same is bounded on the east by the Delaware River from twelve miles distance northward of Newcastletown, unto the three and fortieth degree of north- ern latitude, if the said river doth extend so Ear northward, but if the said river shall not extend so far northward," then by the said river, so far as it doth extend, and from the head'of the said river, the eastern bounds are to be determined by a meridian line, to be drawn from the head of said river, unto the said forty-third degree. The said land to extend westward five degrees in longitude, to be computed from the said eastern bounds and the said lands to be bounded on the north by the beginning of the three and for- tieth degree of northern latitude, and on the south by a circle, drawn at twelve miles distance from Newcastle, northward and west- ward, unto the beginning of the fortieth degree of northern latitude and then by a straight line westward to the limits of the longitude above mentioned. "* Newcastle was a town that had been set- tled by the Dutch, and called Nueue Amstel, and changed to Newcastle by the Duke of York, being the place now of that name, and situate within the fortieth degree of latitude. The land bordering on the Delaware River and Bay, settled by the Dutch and granted to the Duke of York, comprises what is now the" State of Delaware. This land William Penn obtained of the Duke of York, by deed of re- lease, dated the 21st day of August, 1682. And by deeds of feoffment, dated the 24th of the same month, he procured from the Duke all his right, title and interest in the land, after known as the three lower counties on the Delaware, extending from the south boundary of the province of Pennsylvania, and situate on the western side of Delaware River and Bay, to Cape Henlopen. . The first deed was for the town of Newcastle and a district of twelve miles around it as far as the *I Col. Eec. Delaware River. In the second was compre- hended that tract of land from twelve miles south of Newcastle to Cape Henlopen.* Proud, in his history of Pennsylvania) says: •" By the first section of the charter, the extent and boundary of the province are expressed in such plain terms that it might reasonably be supposed they could not well or easily be misunderstood; three degrees of lat- itude included and bounded between the be- ginning of the fortietli and the beginning of forty-third degree of north latitude, equal to about two hundred and eight English statute miles, north and south, with five degrees of longitude westward from Delaware River, which, in the parallel of forty-one degrees, are equal to nearly two hundred and sixty-five miles east and west, are as clearly and mani- festly expressed to be granted to the proprie- tary of Pennsylvania as words can do it; and we are otherwise sufficiently certified that the same space or quantity of land was intended by the king to be included in the said grant, yet the dispute between the proprietaries of Maryland and Pennsylvania, on this point, was afterwards remarkable and of many years' continuance, occasioned by each of the respective proprietaries claiming to himself the whole space or extent of land contained in the fortieth degree of latitude, which was the north boundary of Maryland by patent of that province, and which though prior to that of Pennsylvania, specifies or assigns no particular part of the said degree for the boundary as the Pennsylvania grant doth, which space or degree, containing nearly seventy English miles in breadth, north and south, and in length westward, so far as Ma ryland extends, was no small matter to occa- sion a dispute. But notwithstanding the clearness of the terms by which the boundary between the said provinces is expressed in their respective charters, as above mentioned, yet this dispute was at length, in the year 1732,finally settled chiefly in favor of Mary- land~&y fixing the said boundary between the two provinces only fifteen miles due south of the most southerly part of Philadelphia, or in the parallel of thirty-nine degrees, for- ty-four minutes, nearly, instead of 39 degrees, or at the beginning of the fortieth degree, as mentioned and intended by charter, which renders the real extent of Pennsylvania north and south only about 155. miles, instead of 208, and makes the square miles in the province about 41,000, and the num- ber of acres 26,288,000, or near twenty-six millions," When William Pen-n visited the province, in 1682, he had an interview with *Proud. EUROPEAN TITLE. 43 Lord Baltimore in regard to the matter, in ■which he presented a letter from the king, that Lord Baltimore should measure his de- grees at sixty miles to a degree, his lordship said that the king was mistaken, and that the letter could not avoid his patent. William Penn says that the proprietor of Maryland treated him with great civility, but in all of their interviews he could never get him to ar- range definitely their respective bound- aries. * James, Duke of York, succeeded to the throne on the death of his brother, Charles, in 1684. A petition of Lord Baltimore to the late king had been referred to the Committee of Trade and Plantations, and the Committee after many hearings on behalf of both parties, made their report to King James II, and he, in November, 1685, by advice of the council, ordered a division of the land between the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, from the lat- itude of Cape Henlopen to the south bound- ary of Pennsylvania, into two equal parts, the Delaware side to be the king's, and the Chesapeake side to be Lord Baltimore's, on the ground that the lands granted by the pat- ent of Lord Baltimore were inhabited only by savages, and the part in dispute was in- habited and planted by Christians before the date of the patent. This dividing line termi- nated on the north at a parallel of about fif- teen miles due south of Philadelphia, touch- ing the are of a circle drawn at twelve miles distant from Newcastle to the river Delaware. James II, by the revolution of 1688, lost his throne and William and Mary succeeded. During this period of' revolution, William Penn was under a cloud of suspicion, having been charged with being a Jesuit in disguise. It resulted in his being deprived of the gov- ernment of his province, by William and Mary, which was placed under the control of Benjamin Fletcher, Governor of New York. The affairs of the province went on much as usual, William Markham, the first agent of William Penn, having been appointed dep- uty. In 1693 the government was restored to liim. The same fate overtook the rival pro- prietary. Cecil Calvert died in 1675, when Charles became proprietor, and in 1691 the king took the government in his own hands until 1715, when the provinfte was restored to the heir, then a Protestant. f It was at the time of William Penn's sec- ond visit to the province, and after his resto- ration to the governnient of it in 1693, that the purchase through Gov. Dougan, of New York, was effected from the Indians. •Hildreth. fHist. of Maryland. This was done in 1696. After the proprieta- ry's return home, the treachery of a trusted friend of his own sect threw him into finan- cial embarrassments, occasioned his impris- onment and the rest of his life was a series of trials and sufferings, mental and physical, until his death, in 1718. His eldest son, by his first wife, died a year or two after his father, leaving a son, Springet Penn. This grandson was the heir at law. The grand- father, however, had made a will by which the government of the province was devised in trust to dispose of to the crown or other- wise. The soil, rents or other profits of Pennsylvania he bequeathed to trustees, to lay out 40,000 acres for Guli Springet's descendants (his first wife's family), and to sell as much land as would pay of the whole of his debts, and then divide the re- mainder among the children of his second wife, with a pension to his widow out of the profits, making his wife sole executrix. The rights of the devisees were disputed and a tedious suit in the Exchequer Court resulted. He had made his will six years before his death, and after it was made, he had agreed to sell the province to the crown and had re- ceived a part of the money. Before the making of his will he had mortgaged the province to secure some borrowed money, with power to sell. This mortgage was un- satisfied at the time of his death. It will be remembered that, at this time (1723) the intention of Gov. Calvert, communi- cated to Gov. Keith, was to take an observation on the west side of the Susquehanna to as- certain the fortieth degree of northerly lati- tude from the equinoctial. Thus commenced the troubles regarding the boundary line under the claim of Lord Baltimore to the lands west of the Susquehanna, and which, if sustained, to the fortieth degree of lati- tude, would have placed the territory we now occupy in the State of Maryland. It will be remembered, too, that Gov. Keith, in his letter to Gov. Calvert, objects to the ex- tension of the northern boundary of Mary- land beyond the Octararoe line, established above forty years before. With regard to this. Gov. Gordon made subsequently the following statement: "King Charles the First, granted to Lord Baltimore the province of Maryland, extending northward to the fortieth degree of northern latitude, in the manner expressed in his patent, at a time when the true latitude of those parts was not well understood, but it can be incontest- ably made to appear that the grantee him- self claimed by his grant no higher than the head of Chesapeake Bay. In the year 1680, 44 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. Charles II granted to Mr. Penn, the province of Pensylvania, bounded southward by a cir- cle of twelve miles round Newcastle and to the westward of that circle by the same fortieth degree. Mr. Penn, coming over in 1682 with great numbers of people to settle this province, the then Lord Baltimore, son to the first grantee, being at the same time in Maryland, and willing to fix his northern boundary, came up not long after, in person, to the mouth of the Octoraroe Creek, on Susquehanna, causing Col. Talbot to beg] n there and run a line from thence east- ward to Delaware; after this was done he, in 1083, sent the same gentleman, Col. Talbot, at two different times, with two several com- missioners to this government, to demand the possession of all the lands lying on the west side of the Delaware to the southward of that line, leaving both times authentic copies of his commissions, and no further settlement being then made, from that time the mouth of Octoraroe was reputed by the inhabitants of those parts on both sides to give the northern limits of the one and the southern limits of the other province."* The Maryland encroachments, as they were called by the Pennsylvanians, were founded upon this claim of Lord Baltimore to the ter- ritory wherein he authorized settlements to be made. It does not appear that there were any difficulties between the two provinces, from the city of Philadelphia to the Susque- hanna River. But west of the Susquehanna River Lord Baltimore issued his warrants under his claims to the fortieth parallel of latitude, even pending the litigation between him and the Penns, evidently surmising that the right to it under his grant might be ulti- mately acknowledged. On the 17th day of February, 1724, there was an agreement made between the right honor- able Charles, Lord Baltimore, proprietor of Maryland, and Hannah Penn, widow and exec- utrix of William Penn, Esq., late proprietor of Pennsylvania, and Joshua Gee and Henry Gouldney, of London, in behalf of them- selves and the rest of the mortgagees of the province of Pennsylvania, as follows: "Whereas there are disputes depending be- tween the respective proprietors of the pro- vinces of Maryland and Pennsylvania touch- ing the limits or boundaries of the said pro- vinces where they are contiguous to each other. And whereas both parties are at this time sincerely inclined to enter into a treaty in order ts take such methods as may be ad visable for the final determining of the said controversy, by agreeing upon such lines or *I Archives, 482. other marks of distinction to be settled as may remain for a perpetual boundary be- tween the two provinces; it is therefore mu- tually agreed .... That, avoiding all man- ner of contentions or differences between the inhabitants of the said provinces, no person or persons shall be disturbed or molested in their possessions on either side, nor any lands be surveyed, taken up or granted in either of the said provinces near the boun- daries which have been claimed or pretended to on either side. This agreement to con- tinue for the space of eighteen months from the date hereof, in which time it is hoped the boundaries will be determined and set- tled. And it is mutually agreed on by the said parties, that proclamations be issued out in the said provinces signifying this agree- ment, for the better quieting of the people."* There was litigation as to the proprietorship, and after some- years a compromise was effected in the family, and the government of the province fell to John, Thomas and Rich- ard Penn, the surviving sons of the second wife. By a letter of August 17, 17 27-, from John and Thomas Penn to the trustees, it was announced that the long depending dispute was at last determined with respect to the propriety of the province. The court established the will, but in relation to the powers of government the Barons would not take upon them to decide anything until the Attorney-General should have orders to answer whether his Majesty would be pleased to in- sist upon the performance of the contract made with the late, queen, or quit it; but this they had not yet, by all the solicitation they could make, been able to obtain, but hoped to get it against the next term. How- ever, they were now authorized to execute the trust, f In 1732, after the mortgage debt, and all other claims had been settled, Thomas Penn arrived in this country, and for himself and brothers took possession of the province. In that same year, on the 10th of May, ar- ticles of agreement were made between Charles, Lord Baltimore, proprietary of Maryland, and John, Thomas and Richard Penn, proprietaries of Pennsylvania. Amoiig other things it provided, "that in two calendar months from that date, each party should appoint Commissioners, not more than seven, whereof three or more of each side may act, or mark out the boundaries afore- said, to begin, at the furthest, sometime in October, 1732, and to be completed on or be- fore December 25, 1733, and when so done a plan thereof shall be signed, sealed and •III Col. Eec, 282. fl Penn.' Archives, 203. EUEOPEAN TITLE. 45 delivered by the Commiflsioners and their principals, and shall be entered in all the public offices in the several provinces and counties, and to recommend to the respective Legislatures to pass an act for perambulating these boundaries, at least once in three years. The party defaulting, to pay the other party on demand 6,000 pouuds sterling." On the 12th of May, John, Thomas and Eichard Penn signed a commission directed to Patrick Gordon, Isaac Norris, Samuel Preston, James Logan and Andrew Hamilton, esquires and to James Steel and Robert Charles, gentlemen, appointing them or any three or more of them Commissioners w^ith full power, on the part of the said proprie- taries, for the actual running, marking and laying out the boundary lines, between both the province and territories of Pennsylvania and Maryland, according to the articles of agreement. And an instrument of the same tenor and date was executed by Lord Balti- more, directed to Samuel Ogle, Charles Calvert, Philemon Lloyd, Michael Howard, Eichard Bennet, Benjamin Tasker, and Matthew Tilghman Ward, Esquires, appoint- ing them, or any six, five, four or three of them. Commissioners, for the same purposes on the part of the said Charles, Lord Balti- more. At a meeting of the Provincial Coun- cil on the 31st of September, 1732, Thomas Penn, proprietary, being present. Gov. Gordon acquainted the Board that the differ- ences between our honorable proprietary family and the Lord Baltimore, touching the disputed boundaries of their respective gov- ernments, being now happily accommodated, an agreemeiit had been concluded between them, which, by the direction of the pro- prietor, he was now to lay before the Board. That it had been as yet only communicated to the Commissioners, and those gentlemen were in a few days to set out to meet Mr. Ogle, Governor of Maryland, and those named on the part of that government. The mem- bers of the Council expressed their sjitis- f action and pleasure that the differences and uneasinesses, which had formerly so much disquieted the government, were in so fair a way of being settled, and as execution of the agreement was entrusted to persons of such good abilities it was to be hoped the same would be speedily brought to a happy issue;* and on the 3d of October, 1732, the Governor notified them that pursuant to an appointment made between the Lieutenant- Governor of Maryland and himself for the meeting of the Commissioners, he was to set out to-morrow for Newtown in Maryland. *III Col. Eec. 464. The Commissioners respectively appeared at the time and place fixed, but upon some differences of opinion, the boundaries were not made in the time limited. The failure was on the side of Lord Baltimore, who alleged, in respect of the agreement, that he had been deceived in fixing Cape Henlopen twenty-five miles southwesterly of the western cape of Delaware Bay, whereas Cape Hen- lopen is the western cape itself. The Penns affirmed that the western cape is Cape Cor- nelius, and Cape Henlopen some miles south- wardly of it, according to the Dutch maps and descriptions published, about the time when Lord Baltimore obtained his grant. The chart by which the boundaries were given named the cape opposite to Cape May, at the mouth of Delaware Bay, Cape Cornelius, and the point at Fenwick's Island, Cape Henlopen. The charts now transpose that order. Lord Baltimore endeavored to avoid this agreement to settle the boundaries, and the time having expired for completing the articles, Charles, Lord Baltimore, petitioned the King in Coun- cil for relief on the 9th of August, 1734, ' which was opposed by a counter petition by John, Thomas and Eichard Penn on the 9th of December, 1734, and upon references and report thereon, the King on the 16th of May, 1735, ordered the consideration of the report to be adjourned, that the Messrs. Penn might proceed in equity. On the 21st of June, 1735, they exhibited their bill in the court of Chancery of Great Britain against Lord Baltimore, praying that the said articles may be deemed to subsist and be carried into exe- cution, and that any doubts arisen may be cleared by the decree. After tedious delays they obtained a decree on the 15th of May, 1750, for the specific performance of the agreement.* The opinion of Lord Hardwicke, the great- est of the British Chancellors, puts the merits of the controversy in a clear light. "Lord Chancellor. — I directed this cause to stand over for judgment, not so much from any doubt of what was the justice of the case, as by reason of the nature of it, the great consequence and importance, and the great labor and ability of the argument on both sides; it being for the determination of the right and boundaries of two great prov- incial governments and three counties; of a nature worthy the judicature of a Roman Senate rather than of a single judge — and my consolation is, that if I should err in my judgment, there is a judicature equal in dignity to a Eoman Senate that will correct it. . . . The settling and fixing these *Penns vs. Lord Baltimore, I Vesey's Keports, 441. 46 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. boundaries in peace, to prevent the dis- order and mischief which in remote countries, distant from the seat of government, are most likely to happen, and most mischiev- ous. . . . This has subsisted above seventy years. . . . Though nothing valuable is given on the face of articles as a consideration, the settling boundaries, and peace, and quiet, is a mutual consideration on each side, and in all cases make a con- sideration to support a suit in this court for performance of the agreement for settling the boundaries. ... It appears that the agreement was originally proposed by the defendant himself ; he himself produced the plan or map afterward annexed to the articles; he himself reduced the heads of it into writing, and was very well (issisted in making it; and farther that there was a great length of time taken for consideration and reducing it to form. . . . The defendant and his ancestors were conversant in this dispute about fifty years before this agree- ment was entered into. . . . It is insisted the whole fortieth degree of north latitude is included; and if so that it is not to be lim- ited by any recital in the preamble. There is great foundation to say, the computations of latitude at the time of the grant vary much from what they are at present, and that they were set much lower anciently than what they are now. ... In these countries it has been always taken that that European country which has just set up marks of pos. session, has gained the right though not formed into a regular colony. . . . Next consider the dispute on Penn's charter, which grants to him all that tract of land in America from twelve miles distant from New- castle to the 43rd degree of north latitude. .... Upon the charter it is clear by the proof that the true situation of Cape Hen- lopen is as it is marked in the plan, and not where Cape Cornelius is, as the defendant insists; which would leave out a great part of what was intended to be included in the grant, and there is a strong evidence of seiz- ure and possession by Penn, of that spot of Cape Henlopen, and all acts of ownership. But the result of all the evidence, taking it in the most favorable light for the defendant, amounts to make the boundaries of these countries ahd rights of the parties doubtful. Senex, who was a good geographer, says that the degrees of latitude cannot be computed with the exactness of two or three miles, and another geographer says that with the best instrument it is impossible to fix the degrees of latitude without the uncertainty of seven- teen miles, which is near the whole extent between the capes The objection of uncertainty arises principally on the question concerning the circle of twelve miles to be drawn about Newcastle. It was insisted on in the answer and greatly relied on in Ame- rica, but is the clearest part of the cause. As to the centre it is said that Newcastle is a long town, and therefore it not being fixed by the articles, it is impossible that the court can decree it; but there is no difficulty in it; the centre of a circle must be a mathe- matical point (otherwise it is indefinite) and no town can be so. I take all these sorts of expressions and such agreements to imply a negative ; to be a circle at such a dis- tance from Newcastle, and in no part to be further. Then it must be no further dis- tant from any part of Newcastle. Thus, to fix a center, the middle of New- castle, as near as can be computed can be found; and a circle described around that town, which is the fairest way, for otherwise it might be fourteen miles in some parts of it, if it is a long town. Then what must be the extent of the circle ? It is given up at the bar, though not in the answer. It cannot be twelve miles distant from Newcastle, unless it has a semi-diame- ter of twelve miles; but there is one argu- ment decisive without entering into nice mathematical questions; the line to be the dividing line, and to be drawn north from Henlopen, was either to be a tangent or inter- secting from that circle, and if the radius was to be of two miles only, it would neither touch nor intersect it, but go wide. There is no difference as to the place or running of the line from south to north, though there is at the cape from which it is to commence. In America the defendant's com- missioners behaved with great chicane in the point they insisted on, as the want of a center of a circle, and the extent of that circle, viz. : whether a diameter of two or twelve miles; the endeavoring to take advan- tage of one of plaintiffs' commissiohers com- ing too late to make the plaintiffs incur the penalty. The defendant has been misled by his commissioners and agents in America, to make their objections his defense." It was ordered "that before the end of three calen- dar months from May 15th, two several proper instruments for appointing commissioners, not more than seven on a side, may run and mark the boundaries, to begin some time in November next, and to be completed on or before the last day of May, 1752." BORDER TROUBLES. 47 BORDER TROUBLES. THE history of York County, by reason of the disputed proprietary claims, was in- augurated by disturbances which involved its first settlers in serious difficulties. They had settled themselves in one of those unfortunate sections of country Imown to all history as border land. The persons who came west of the Susquehanna in quest of new homes, as / citizens of the province of Pennsylvania, soon found that there were other claimants of the soil upon which they had planted themselves, coming here under the authority of the gov- ernment of the province of Maryland. The broils and riots which followed in the wake of those who had first cleared the forests and sowed their crops on this side of the river, tilled the annals of that period with protests and remonstrances, criminations and recriminations, affidavits and counter affida- vits, unparalleled in the archives of any other government. While it is our duty, as Pennsylvanians, to maintain the rights of the founder of this commonwealth, it is equally our duty to examine fairly the grounds upon which his rival proprietor on the south disputed these rights, and made claims of his own. The people who are em- broiled in differences of the character exhib- ited in the documents and traditions of that period, are not, as a general rule, to blame, especially in an age when the sentiment of loyalty to rulers made them regardless of the rights of others, in behalf of those who were ready and willing to protect them in their outrages. The blame must rest with those in authority, who could have no cause for encouraging unlawful claims, much less for the assertion of them by violent measures. In all frontier settlements there are tierce and reckless men who are eager to carry out, by any means, what they conceive to be the will of those in power, of whom they are the partisans. It is a remarkable feature in the details of those early disturbances, in which the interests of the rival proprietaries clashed, that the Governors of each province for the time being apparently believed and relied on the ex parte statements of their partisans on the one side or the other. It is not the Cressaps, and the Higgenbothams, whom we are accustomed to consider as marauders and disturbers of the peace, or the Wrights or Blunstons, whom, on the other hand, we consider the conservators of the peace, but those to whom was committed the government of the respective colonies, and the welfare of his Majesty's subjects therein, who are properly to be made the subject of animadversion, if they failed to use all the means in their power to restrain the evils existing, or from a spirit of partisanship closed their eyes to the real causes of those evils. The details of these disturbances and the mutual grounds of contention between the proprietaries are too tedious to relate. But a narrative of such incidents as led the respective provincial governments into the bitter controversy, may not be without inter- est to our people, especially to those who dwell in the locality where the occurrences took place. The first complaint as to in- trusions on the west side of the Susquehanna, after the agreement of 1724, appears in a letter from Gov. Gordon to Gov. Calvert, on the 14th of September, 1731: Gov. Oordon: — I am further creditably informed that some persons of Maryland, having obtained grants of land from your offices, have pretended to lay them out over the river Susquehanna, where our Commissioners would never allow any survey to be made, not only on account of our agreement with the Indians, but also of that made with Maryland. Yet some of your people have pretended to large tracts thereof, which some, 'tis affirmed, lie many miles further north than this city of Philadelphia, and have further had assurance even to offer them to sale to some of our inhabitants, without making, on their parts, any scruple of the situation. 'Tis now some months since I heard the rumor of this, but very lately I have had a much fuller confirma- tion of it. To which complaint there was the follow- ing reply from the Governor of Marylan: Oov. Calvert — "As to what you mention of our people taking uplands high up the river Susque- hanna, I shall endeavor to enquire into it as soon as possible, till when I must beg leave to defer any further answer on that head."* It would appear from this that whatever settlers there were over the river at that period in the territory, now the county of York, were ostensibly there without the knowl- edge or consent of either government. The sequel will not bear this out. The complaint came first from the Indians to the government of Pennsylvania. A letter from Samuel Blunston, of the 3d of October, 1731, con- tains a message from Capt. Civility to Gov. Gordon, that "the Conestogoe Indians had always lived in good friendship with the Christian inhabitants of Pennsylvania, and have behaved themselves agreeable to their treaties with them. That William Penn had promised them they should not be dis- turbed by any settlers on the west side of the Susquehanna, but now, contrary thereto, sev- eral Marylanders are settled by the river on that side, at Conejohela. And one Crissop, particularly, is very abusive to them when / *I Archives, 294. 48 HISTOKY OF YORK COUNTY. they pass that way. And had beat and wounded one of their women, who went to get apples from their own trees. And took away her apples. And further said, that as they shall always take care their people do us no hurt, so they also expect we shall pro- tect them."* This incident, trivial as it may seem, introduces and exposes the char- acter of the principal participant, on the side of Maryland, in our border troubles. In this same letter it is said, in a postscript, ' ' that James Logan had said he should be glad if Crissop could be taken," and Mr. Blunston writes, ' ' we have now just cause to appre- hend him for a breach of the law in enter- taining and protecting a bound servant, be- longing to one of our people, and threaten- ing to shoot any person who shall offer to take away said servant. If you think it will be of any service to the government to have him taken, he believed it may be done," According to an affidavit of Thomas Cressap, made by him on the. 29th of Janu- ary, 1732, he had lived on the west side of the Susquehanna River since the 10th of March, as tenant of Lord Baltimore, by vir- tue of his Lordship's grant and patent. He was the owner of a ferry opposite a point on the river called Blue Eock. The incident which occasioned his affidavit requires men- tion, because it first drew the governors of the rival provinces into angry controversy. He made oath that one day, about the last of October, he heard the report of three guns at the Blue Rock, the signal usually made by people who want to come over the river. That he and Samuel Chance, who was a laborer with him, went over the river, amd that he saw two men and a negro whom he took into his boat. He then details an as- sault upon him, that after a struggle they threw him into the river, out of his depth, and went away with his boat and his ser- vant, and that he was rescued from an island after night by an Indian. He complained to a magistrate in Pennsylvania, Mr. Cornish, against the men, and when he demanded a warrant the magistrate enquired where he lived. He said he was an inhabitant of Maryland, a tenant of Lord Baltimore, upon which the magistrate told him he knew no reason he had to expect any justice there since he was a liver in Maryland. It appears, however, that the magistrate granted Cres- sap his warrant, and that the men were ap- prehended and bound over to court, and were indicted, convicted and fined for the assault. This deposition was sent to the Governor of Maryland, and a full account of the matter *I ArohiTes. 295, was also sent to Lord Baltimore, Gov, Ogle sent a copy of the deposition to Gov. Gordon, and complained in his letter of the saying by Mr. Cornish, that he knew no reason why Cressap had to expect justice there, since he was a liver in Maryland. And that Cressap was in great fear of other inju- ries from the behavior of the magistrate and other circumstances, and that some Indians said they were offered a good reward by one Cartlidge, of Conestogoe, to drive Cressap and his family off his land and burn his house. The affadavit of Cressap also stated that a great number of horses and mares, which were claimed by James Patterson and others, inhabitants of Pennsylvania, had been very injurious and troublesome to him and his neighbors, in throwing down their fences and destroying their corn. This mat- ter of the horses becomes important, because of another incident arising out of the killing of the horses, which led to the arrest and in- carceration of persons on both sides, and my Lord Baltimore became a participant in the scenes that were enacted on this border land of ours. To the letter of Gov. Ogle, Gov. Gordon replied, among other things, that " Cressap, believing himself ag- grieved, applied to one of our magistrates, telling him that he was an inhabitant of Maryland. In which application it must be owned that he had a large share of assur- ance, for Justice Cornish lives more northerly than Philadelphia, and Cressap' s dwelling, by his own description of the Blue Rock, cannot be less than five miles northward. That jus- tice had been administered in Pennsylvania, and that as to the fray, the government was in no way concerned in it, unless justice was denied, which was not the case, "For 'tis plain the whole amounts to no more than that a quarrel happened between Cressap and some others in Pennsylvania, which he thinks fit to call Maryland," It appears from this and throughout the whole controversy, that the Pennsylvanians continually resented the intrusions of the Marylanders into their ter- ritory, above a designated line, while on the other hand the Marylanders, with the con- nivance of their government, refused to recog- nise that line and collisions occurred necessa- rily incident to settlements under such con- flicting claims. The lands about the Codo- rus and Conewago were attractive, as Gov, Gordon wrote in the course of the corres- pondence, ' ' and some Maryland gentlemen cast their eyes on those lands made valuable by the neighborhood of our inhabitants, and it suited their purposes to settle such persons there as would intimidate Pennsylvanians, BORDER TROUBLES. 49 and give some countenance to their claims."* Indeed Maryland surveys had been made and returned many years before, as in the in- stances related in the chapter on Indian titles, among which vyas a warrant issued for the survey of a manor to the Lord Baltimore, upon the banks of the Susquehanna, includ- ing Newberry, which led to the survey of Springetsbury Manor in 1722, and earlier, that made by Phillip Syng, by a Maryland title that same year. ? In the year 1729, Charles Carroll, as appears by a petition of his, about the time of the commencement of our border troubles, located a warrant of 10,000 acres on the vacant lands lying on Pipe Creek, and Codorus and Conewago Creeks, and lands contiguous, according to the accustomed_ method used within his Lord- ship's province. This location was in pos- session of the surveyor of Baltimore County and was renewed from time to time. Charles Carroll states in his petition that, apprehending some cultivation made during t^e former location, which the said warrant could not effect, he had obtained a special warrant to take up the same on express terms. About the 14th of June, 1732, he and John Ross went to view the lands, the better to inform themselves how to finish a survey of the same, and on the 21st of that month they came to the house of John Hen- dricks, on the Susquehanna River. The com- plaint of Carroll was that while they were at Hendrick's house several persons came there with a warrant from Justice Wright to arrest John Tradane, of the province of Maryland, resident at Monochasie, and which they were told was intended to try whether they would interfere, by objecting to the power of Pennsylvania. But they took no notice of the proceedings. Carroll com- plained that John Wright, Jr. , a son of the Justice, had said " that in case the hominy gentry hindered their executing the warrant, they themselves should be put in prison, and that the best of their hominy gentry in Mary- land should not get them out, and that if the Governor were there they would serve him in the same manner; that they would teach them to come to take their lands, and that neither they nor their Marylanders should come there to make a hominy country of their lands." He complained also, he said, of other reflecting and abusive language to that purport. The complaint of Carroll also set out that one James Pattison, who came over, said that all the lands thereabout belonged to Mr. Penn. That Mr. James Logan advised the people of Pennsylvania *I Archives, 331. to stand up manfully against the Marjland- ers, and that Pattison said, for his own part, he would fight to his knees in blood before he should lose his plantations on either side of the river. Carroll asked him if ever he had a patent under Mr. Penn for his planta- tion or the lands he claimed, or had a war- rant for taking it up, to which Pattison an- swered that he had neither warrant nor pat- ent, and Carroll then said that Mr. Logan's advice was dangerous. This memorial of Charles Carroll was presented for the purpose of praying protection from the Maryland government in executing his warrant, and settling the lands, aa they, the petition said, would have to repel force by force."* James Patterson, or Pattison as above called, had been settled, .according to Gov. Gordon, on Springetsbury Manor about fifteen years, but because it was a manor he had no patent, f The titles within this manor are elsewhere explained, Patterson had a plantation on this side of the river, but resided on the east side. He had, it appears, a number of horses necessary for carrying goods and skins in his trade with the Indians. Some of the family of John Lowe killed his horses, whereupon he came in the night time with a warrant, and the sheriff's posse, to arrest two of Lowe's sons, Daniel and William Lowe. But they also seized John Lowe, the father, and he, being brought before Justices Blun- ston and Wright, and nothing appearing against him, was discharged. Affidavits made by John Lowe and Thomas Cressap were sent to Gov. Ogle, representing the ar- rest to have been made with great violence. In Cressap' 8 affidavit it is represented that Patterson had said he would let them know that they were prisoners of Pennsylvania. Cressap said that if Lord Baltimore would not protect them in their rights and land, they, the inhabitants of the west side of the river, must appeal to the King. To which Patterson answered "that they had no busi- ness with the King, or the King with them, for Penn was their King." Such were the representations sent for the grave considera- tion of the proprietary and authorities of Maryland. John Lowe, in his affidavit, rep- resented that the party came in the dead of night and arrested him in bed, and violently dragged him on the ground and over the river on the ice and kept hinl in custody the re- maining part of the night. The consequent struggle arising from the resistance to the arrest was made the ground of complaint for *I Archives, 333. fl Archives, 338. 50 HISTOBY OF YORK COUXTY. riot in Maryland. The affair was communi- cated to the Lord Baltimore, and a letter was received from him by Gov. Gordon. As this letter came from a person of such dig- nity, and as it contains his own opinion of his rights, and his claim to obedience in this particular, it is given in full: Annapolis, Deer, ye 15th, 1733. Sir: — By the enclosed precept, founded upon In- formation given upon Oath to a Magistrate here, you will see that a most outrageous Riot hath lately been eommitted in my Province, by a great number of People calling themselves 'Pennsylvanians. It appears by the same Information that some of your Magistrates, instead of preventing or discouraging these violences, Countenance and abet the Authors of them ; whether with or without the approbation of your Government, you best know. For my own part, I think myself in Honor and Justice obliged, and I am determined, to protect such of his Maj- esty's subjects who are my own Tenants, In all their Rights, and therefore, to the End the Persons com- plained of may be punished, if upon a fair tryal they shall be found guilty, I desire that they-or such of them as can be foimd in your Province, may be sent without loss of time into this, as the Only and proper place, where the fact with which they are charged is cognizable, and where my Officers will be ready to receive them, particularly the Sher- iffs and Justices of my Counties of Baltimore and Cecil. I also desire that such of your Magistrates as shall appear to have Encouraged the commission ef these or any other violences In my Province by the people of Pennsylvania, may be punished for their abuse of Authority, and that you'll favor me with a Categorical answer to these my just demands by this bearer. Your Humble Servant, Baltimore. Addressed thus: To his Excellency Patrick Gor- don, Esq., at Philadelphia.* The letter enclosed a precept for the arrest o£ the persons concerned in the alleged riot. Lord Baltimore was then at Annapolis, and was of course acquainted with the location of the scene of this affair. In a subsequent let- ter, he speaks of it as having taken place in the province of Maryland. At a meeting of the Provincial Council held at Philadelpia on the 9th of January, 1733, the Governor acquainted the Board with the letter of Lord Baltimore, together with a report of the affair from Messrs. Wright and Blunston. The statements of this report are material to the consideration of the question regarding the claims of the respective prov- inces, to allow settlements within the ter- ritory west of the river Susquehanna, and north of Philadelphia. The substance of it is as follows : In the year 1729, when the county of Lan- caster was formed, the southern boundary was, ' by the order, to be Octoraroe Creek and the province of Maryland, and including the in- habitants, to lie open to the westward. But as the line between the provinces was never *I Archives, 893. run. nor the exact boundaries known, no au- thority was claimed over those few families settled to the northward of Octoraroe, by or under pretense of Maryland rights. They remained undisturbed, though many inhabit- ants of Pennsylvania lived some miles to the southward of them. At that time there were no English inhabitants on the west side of the Susquehanna River, in those parts, for, about two years before, Edward Parnell and several other families who were settled on the west side of the river near the same, at a place called by the Indians Conejohela, were at the request of the Conestogoe Indians re- moved by the Governor — the Indians insist ing upon the same to be vacant for them. But about two years since, Thomas Cressap and some other people of loose morals and turbu- lent spirits came and disturbed the Indians who were peaceably settled on those lands from whence Parnell and the others had been removed — burnt their cabins, and destroyed their goods and drove them away. The for- mer settlers were good citizens of Pennsyl- vania, and before Cressap and his company none had settled by a Maryland claim, so far to the northward by nearly thirty miles. These men would fly to our laws for redress against their own party, and they who had fled from their creditors into this province, when creditors would pursue them hither, would cry Maryland. They disturbed the peace of the government, carried people out of the province by violence, took away guns from friendly Indians, tied and made them prisoners without any offense given, and threatened all who should oppose them. They killed the horses of such of our people whose trade with the Indians made it necessary to keep them on that side of the river for carry- ing their goods and skins, and assaulted and threatened to look after them. That this usage obliged James Patterson to apply to them for a warrant to apprehend and bind to the peace the two young men who had been most active, Daniel and William Lowe, and they were dismissed on security for their good behavior and appearance at court. They then say, that if they had supposed the issuing of their warrants would have given the least of- fense to Lord Baltimore, or that he would have looked upon those persons as his sub- jects and under his protection, they would have represented the case to the Governor and waited his direction.* With this re- port they sent affidavits which were read before the Board. The affidavits showed that Patterson was informed that his horses, were killed near Lowe's plantation and that his *III Col. Eec, 470 et. seq. BORDER TROUBLES. 51 sons said they would kill all the horses that came upon that land, and would tie and whip all he should send over thither. The consta- ble, Charles Jones, to whom the precept was directed, having formerly met with resistance from these people and fearing new insults, for Thomas Cressap and his associates had threatened to shoot any officer who should come into those parts to do his duty, though he only took' his staff himself, yet he thought it necessary to have a suitable strength, took in all nine men with him. Amongst them were only three guns, and these not loaded, serving only as an appearance of defense. They went quietly to the house of Lowe, the father, and the door being opened appre hended Daniel and William Lowe, ^his two sons. They made no disturbance but what was occasioned by the resistance of the pris- oners, and those who came to their relief. That Lowe's house, where his sons were taken, is several miles more northerly than Philadel- phia (which appears by a well known line that had been rua about forty years since on a due west course from the city to the Susque- hanna, in order to a more certain discovery of the country) and that there are about 400 people living more southerly than Lowe's house who pay taxes in the county of Lancaster, and have always acknowledged themselves inhabitants of Pennsylvania. The Council having fully considered the said let- ters and affidavits and remarking on the style and manner of Lord Baltimore's letter, which they conceived too peremptory, were inclinable to think that his lordship had left room for no other answer than barely to ac- quaint him that the supposeii riot was com- mitted within the reputed and known bounds pf Pennsylvania; and consequently not cogniz- able by him. Lord Baltimore, in a letter of the 15th of February, 1733, says " that it is the first instance in His Majesty's plantations, when rioters and people levying war against any of his subjects, have been denied to be delivered up to the government in which the offense was committed, on proper application, and such I make no doubt mine will appear to have been indue time." These facts appear upon the records of the Provincial Council, and are of no importance historically, except so far as they bear upon the conduct of the government in relation to them. The excited state of the parties im- mediately concerned in these quarrels is man- ifested by their violence of language. Con- sequently we find- the depositions on either side laying stress on words used. Several witnesses deposed that they heard Cressap say, that if the sheriff of Pennsylvania or any other officer from thence, came to take any person on the west side of the Susque- hanna River he would shoot them, for they had pistols and guns and would use them in their own defense. And with regard to a higher person in authority it was deposed, that Cressap said he had been at Annapolis, and in council Lord Baltimore assured him that as he had re(!eived money for the land on which Cressap lived, he would defend him from the proprietor of Pennsylvania, although Lord Baltimore did believe that when the di- vision line between the provinces was run, Cressap's lauds would fall in Pennsylvania. But until that line was run, he would protect him, and thereupon gave him a commission of the peace, as a magistrate for the county of Baltimore, and with it gave him a strict charge to apprehend any person coming out of Pennsylvania, bearing arms, or commit- ting the least offense whatsoever, and be sure to take no security of them but such as were freeholders in Maryland. * On another occasion Cressap said he had been at Annapolis since the arrival of Lord Baltimore, had been very kindly received by his Lordship, and had got his com- mission to be a Justice of the Peace, and added that his Lordship would never execute the agreement made between him and the proprietors of Pennsylvania, be- cause they had cheated his Lordship by im- posing a false map of the country upon him, and that his Lordship . would rather choose to pay the £5,000 forfeiture, mentioned in the agreement, than comply with the terms of it. And that he, Cressap, had heard this at Annapolis from gentlemen of note there.f At a meeting of the Provincial Council; held at Philadelphia on the 14th of Febru- ary, 1733, the Governor informed the Board that he had received, a letter from the Lieu- tenant-Governor of Maryland, enclosing one from Lord Baltimore, by which it appeared that his Lordship, notwithstanding what had been written to him, continued to insist on the demands made in his former letter, of delivering up. those persons concerned in the execution of the warrant issued against the sons of John Lowe. In this communication Gov. Ogle says : " His Lordship cannot but be surprised to find your magistrates are jus- itfied in issuing warrants for the apprehen- sion of persons in his Lordship's province before the lines are run and bounds settled, which are stipulated by the articles to be done, and that probably such may fall with- in the government of Maryland, when the •I Arohives, 356. tl Archives, 376. 53 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. lines are run. If this is the case, his Lord- ship thinks it should not be so useful and necessary to name commissioners or to run the line intended by the articles, since every magistrate may, on the one hand, take upon them, though no lines are run, to distinguish the bounds and each government protect them."* The Council expressing their surprise that Lord Baltimore should, without taking the least notice of what the Governor had writ- ten to him, have thought fit to insist on the former demands in so peremptory a manner, came to the unanimous resolution that for the reasons contained in the said letter, his Lordship's demand is by no means to be com- plied with, and that the same should be sig- nified to his Lordship in very plain terms. And they directed, among other things, the Governor to say, in his letter to Lord Balti- more, that the offense was only cognizable in Pennsylvania, the place where it was done, and that his Lordship may be assured that this government shall have such a strict regard to do impartial justice between all its inhabitants, that John Lowe, if the case be as he represents it, on a proper application, may depend on being redressed in due course of law. That the demand of his Lordship was not a sufficient reason for delivering up a freeman of Pennsylvania to be tried in Maryland. That those persons were as inde- pendent of Maryland as were his of Pennsyl- vania, and though his principles and those of the greatest part of the inhabitants of Penn- sylvania, allowed of no force, except that of the civil magistrates, yet, being protected by his Majesty's wisdom and justice, we appre- hend no danger from the different principles and superior strength of Maryland.f We have now come to a tragic incident, in these unfortunate disturbances, which had the effect of prolonging the unpleasant atti- tude of the rulers of the rival provinces to- ward each other, and after a continued voluminous and acrimonious correspondence, and further disturbances, resulted in the arrest of Cressap and his being held for trial. According to a letter from Mr. Blunston to Thomas Penn, proprietary, on the 30th of January, 1734, on information that Cressap and several hands were to be at John Hend- ricks' to square logs for a house and build a float for the ferry, John Wright, with Sheriff Emerson and others, went over the river wi th intent to proceed against Cressap and his party for forcible entry. The workmen were arrested and committed to jail. An attempt ♦III Col. Rec., 481. flbid. was made to arrest Cressap at his house, and one of the Sheriff's men was shot in the leg, from the effects of which wound he died. The unfortuaate man who was shot was Knowles Daunt, and it appeared from the affidavits that he was killed by Cressap. Mr. Blunston wrote that they were extremely con- cerned at this rash and indiscreet procedure, and not knowing what use might be made of it, for they heard that Cressap had set out for Maryland, and would doubtless give a relation far beyond the truth, and that it was possible the government of Maryland might write to our government about it. "Pray don't fail to let us hear from thee at our court, for we seem to be much at loss how to proceed against them we have taken, as well as what to say of the madness of the other." * A letter came from the government of Maryland, as was expected, and some extracts may not be uninteresting from the ensuing correspondence, bearing on the con- troversy. Governor Ogle, February 24, 1734: "It has always been my constant aim and view to prevent all disturbances as much as possible, having always hopes that the quiet and peaceable behaviour of our people, would, at least, induce those under your government to follow their example, and for this reason, notwithstandiijg the repeated violences committed against his Lordship's tenants on the borders, I have given them frequent orders not to offer the least injury to any person whatsoever, but when defending themselves against any unjust attack, which may be made upon them. What gives me the greatest concern is that these people were headed when they came over the river by two persons acting as magistrates under- your commission, Mr. Wright and Mr. Smout. For now that things are come to that pass that magistrates, at the head of a parcel of desperate fellows, come out of one province and attack in the night time a magistrate in another, where blood is shed. Nobody can tell what dismal consequences may follow it, if not prevented in time. Therefore, I hope you will show that discountenance to your magistrates which may effectually discourage others from committing the like offenses. I do assure you I have ordered Mr. Cressap, (by whose hand the death of the person is supposed to have happened) into the custody of the Sheriff of Baltimore County, that he may be forthcoming at the next assizes to be held for that county, on the 1st Tuesday of next April, in order for his trial, and I hope for the satisfaction of justice you will give official orders to compel any witnesses under *I Archives, 410. BORDEE TEOUBLES. 53 your protection to be at the assizes for the discovery of truth. . . I am afraid we should but ill answer His Majesty's gracious appro- bation of us, if we neglect to take the most proper steps in laying before His Majesty the unsettled condition of our confines — making application to our proprietors on this head, and pressing them to procure His Majesty's directions herein." * Gov. Gordon, March 8, 1734 : "It is with a very deep concern that I observe complaints arisin.g and multiplying, and that you seem to charge this province with a prevailing humor to rioting John Hendricks had for several years past, and I think for some years before any settlement was attempted in these parts by any parties from Maryland, been seated on the west side of the Susquehanna, about four or five miles higher up the river above those since made by Cressap and his associates, and had ob- tained a grant and survey for the land on which he now dwells, and where he has lived peaceably until Cressap took it into his head, with divers others, to enter upon the posses- sion of Hendricks, and when they were desired to leave the place, and desist from their unlawful attempts, the owner of the lands was insulted and menaced by Cressap, and such as he thought fit from time to time to encourage in their proceedings. This oc- casioned complaint to our magistrates, who took care to have the best council and advice how to proceed. . ; Accordingly, the magistrates went over, and when they came to Hendricks' land, they found eight men at work, whom I am sorry you call his Lord- ship's tenants, felling and squaring his tim- ber, and building a house within 100 yards of Hendricks' door. ... I am really troubled to find you saying in your letter that I know that Cressap is one of your magistrates. I assure you, sir, that I did not. I know that he has generally been said to be. From our knowledge of him we have no reason to con- sider him other than an incendiary or public disturber of the peace of both governments, and the main cause and prompter of all late contentions that have happened between us, and indeed the first placing of him there has always appeared to us not easy to be ac- counted for. I cannot comprehend in what sense their (the magistrates) going out of one province into another is to be understood, for I never yet heard it alleged that Susque- hanna Eiver was a boundary between Mary- land and Pennsylvania. Nothing can be more certain than that their boundary on the north of the one and south of the other, *I Archives, 414. must be a due east and west line, and there- fore the opposite parts of the shore of that river must necessarily be both in the same province. "To my great trouble I am to observe that I received a melancholy letter from John Hendricks and Joshua Minshall, dated from the gaol at Annapolis, with copies signed by your Sheriff of their commitment by yourself and some members of your Council, dated the second day of last, month, that is three days before the date of your letter, and in this commitment I find the true allegations against them are for having disparaged his Lordship's title, that is, in other terms, as may well be supposed, that they asserted their right to their own settlement under Pennsylvania, about ten miles by our compu- tation more northerly than Philadelphia, where neither his Lordship nor any for him then made, unless it be now done, any claim whatsoever. We have also heard of the manner of taking them, viz. : that the Sheriff of Baltimore County, with above twenty men, armed with gans, pistols, swords and cutlasses, traveled up thither to apprehend two men, who were quietly following their business on their plantations. 'Tis said also, that this is done by way of reprisal, and to intimidate, that is because our magistrates, in a most peaceable and legal manner, re- moved a forced and most unjust entry, you must make a prisoner of the man upon whom that force was committed, and over whom you can claim no manner of right. . . . There must be some certain known limits for the exercise of powers of government, without which his Majesty's subjects cannot possibly be secured in their persons or estates, such known limits as we always had till now with- in these two years, for the proprietors had by mutual agreement concluded an absolute determination of all disputes and differences on these heads, without any regard to which one Cressap has been authorized, or at least countenanced, with a pocket dial, as divers persons of credit have affirmed, to scatter and plant pieces of Maryland and his Lord- ship's tenants, as they are called, where he and they please, and the removal of these abuses, in a legal way, is called rioting. His Majesty's peaceable subjects are hurried off their rightful settlements into distant pris- ons to the danger of their health and lives, and now in the springtime, to the irreparable injury of their families, who depend for their bread on their labor and care. This fur- ther shows the absolute necessity of applying to his Majesty, without any delay. ... In the first place calling for a reparation of this 54 HISTOEY or YORK COUNTY. last injury po Hendricks and Minshall, and that Cressap may be delivered to receive his trial in this province, in which he perpe- trated the murder. I must earnestly beseech you that we may concert some certain, just and equitable measures for preserving peace between his Majesty's subjects in both gov- ernments."* MISSION OF MESSES. HAMILTON AND GEOEGES. Thomas Penn, proprietary, on the 14th of May, 1734, informed the Council that the business then to be considered by them re- lated to some very unneighborly proceedings of the province of Maryland, in not only barrassing some of the inhabitants of this province who live on the border, but likewise extending their claims much further than had heretofore been pretended to be Mary- land, and carrying off several persons and imprisoning them. That some time since they carried off John Hendricks and Joshua Minshall from their settlements on Susque- hanna, and still detain them in the goal at Annapolis. The proprietor said he in- tended to make use of the opportu- nity of Mr. Hamilton's going to Annapo- lis, (Andrew Hamilton, Esq., who was to appear for the prisoners), to press the Lieu- tenant-Governor of Maryland to enter into such measures as should be most advisable for preventing such irregular proceedings for the future, and as he designed that his secre- tary, Mr. John Georges, should accompany Mr. Hamilton, he had drawn up instructions for them. Whereupon the Council desired that credentials be granted for the purpose mentioned. f Messrs. Hamilton and Georges made their visit to Maryland, and on their return made a full report to the proprietor. J Mr. Hamil- ton attended the Council, and made a narra- tive verbally of the proceedings had in the Provincial Court of Maryland against those who were carried off prisoners from this gov- ernment, and the arguments he had advanced for obtaining their discharge. Messrs. Ham- ilton and Georges reported that they arrived at Annapolis on the 20th of May about sun- set. Soon after coming to their lodgings they went to speak with John Hendricks and Joshua Minshall in prison, but were not suf- fered to see them un^l the next morning, when, going again, they were after some time admitted to the speech of the prisoners, who gave an account of their uneasiness in a most unwholesome prison; as likewise the best ac- *I Archives, 417. tin Col. Eec, 542. JIII Col. Eec, 547. count they could of the several charges al- leged against them. They waited upon Gov. Ogle, and delivered him a letter from the Lieutenant-Governor of Pennsylvania, and acquainted him that they were sent to concert proper measures for the peace and good neighborhood between the two govern- ments, and to desire a discharge of four of our inhabitants who were imprisoned at An- napolis. To which he was pleased to answer that he was mighty ready to cultivate any measures with the government of Pennsyl- vania which would answer that purpose; and at the same time took occasion to say that our inhabitants were imprisoned for much greater offenses than probably they were aware of. To which they answered that they had no other way of coming at the knowledge of the cause of their imprisonment but by their sev- eral commitments, and by those, as they con- ceived, there seemed scarce a color for such proceedings as had been taken against them. They added, further, that supposing the of- fenses were really committed, and as great as his Excellency was pleased to allege, yet the place where they were committed, as well as the place where the men were taken, was clearly beyond all the former claims of Mary- land, and therefore it was their opinion the men were very hardly dealt by. Gov. Ogle began to enumerate the many abuses the in- habitants of Maryland had suffered from those of Pennsylvania, and that since his ac- cession to the government of Maryland, he' had taken all possible care to be entirely on the defensive side, and was resolved to con- tinue so, but at the same time he could not suf- fer Lord Baltimore's right to be so violently encroached upon, and his character so pub- licly affronted within his Lordship' s own gov- ernment. ' ' For," added he, " we claim no bounds but what are given to his Lordship by the express words of his charter." However, he expressed his willingness to enter into any reasonable measures for preserving the peace; and to show his readiness, proposed their meeting him in council, the nest day, about ten of the clock, at his own house, to which they readily agreed. And then he was pleased to invite them to dine with him, which they did accordingly. They reduced to writing the heads of what they were to propose, and on the day appointed they met Gov. Ogle, and he said to them that he was glad to find our government seemed at last to agree to what he had long ago proposed in his letters to the Governor of Pennsylvania, to lay their unhappy misunderstandings be- fore his Majesty, and in the meantime for- bear making any encroachments upon one BORDER TROUBLES. '. ' ; — another, which he thought was the most like- ly way for preserving peace among the peo- ple; yet he fixed upon nothing certain by which the jurisdiction of the respective gov- ernments could be known. The Governor proposed that they ought to join without de- lay in representing to the King the unsettled state of the two provinces, and the necessity of his Majesty's interposition. They finding this method of treaty was not likely to produce any certain conclusion, de- livered to his Excellency a written represen- tation, which set out the complaints on the part of Pennsylvania : That under the agree- ment of 1724 and that made in 1732, most careful provision was made for the ease and quiet of all his Majesty's subjects, whose es- tates or possessions should be afiected by the same, and that the description of the south- ern boundaries of Pennsylvania might be very nearly discovered without new actual surveys, notwithstanding which two of his Majesty's subjects, to wit, John Hendricks and Joshua Minshall, inhabitants of Lancas- ter County, settled upon lands legally sur- vej'ed and patented to them under the pro- prietors of Pennsylvania, on the west side of the river Susquehanna, had been taken at their homes, which were at least eight miles to the northward of Philadelphia, and about twenty-three miles to the northward of the line agreed upon by the aforesaid articles to be the northern bounds of Maryland, which line runs near the mouth of Octoraroe Creek, to the northward of which Maryland has never exercised any jurisdiction, except over thir- teen families, that is known to Pennsylvania, j;ill within two or three years, about the time when an absolute boundary was agreed upon by the proprietors, though Pennsylvania has maintained its government as far southward as the mouth of the said creek for above these thirty years. In the afternoon they endeavored to speak privately with Hendricks and Min- shall and the two Rothwells, who were in prison. The jail was so noisome they could not go near it, but taking with them gentlemen of Maryland, they prevailed with the Sheriff to speak with them at his own house. They inquired particularly into the manner and cause of their commitment. They all gave the greatest assurances that they had never spoken any time of Lord Baltimore or his government that they could remember ; that they never had any conver- sation with any one about Lord Baltimore or his government but upon their own planta- tions, and Hendricks and Minshall insisted that no person could swear any such thing against them, unless Cressap should be so wicked, who had threatened to ruin them. They applied themselves how they should get Hendricks and Minshall into court, who had been committed by the government and Coun- cil. They attempted to get a habeas corpus and consulted on the law Mr. Oalder, who gave his opinion of the difficulties he appre- hended they might meet with in the defense of the prisoners, which led them into thoughts of employing some other eminent gentleman of the law, who by his credit with the people and acquaintance with the practice of the court might be able to do the prisoners some service. But to their great disappointment they found them all engaged on the side of Lord Baltimore. At least there was none could be prevailed on against him. When their paper was presented, Gov. Ogle went on to enumerate all the differences that had happened upon the borders of the two govern- ments since his coming to Maryland. He alluded to the affair of Patterson and Lowe, and the great abuses he said had been com- mitted in manifest contempt of Lord Balti- more's government upon Cressap. All these he aggravated in such manner as if he had been speaking to men who had never heard of them before. They thought it necessary to show that they were no strangers to these facts, and were not to be imposed upon by such a representation, and answered him as had been represented by Gov. Gordon. Gov. Ogle declared that Hendricks and Minshall were under prosecution in the Pro vincial Court, which was then sitting, and that he would not interpose but let the law take its course. So they parted that day, after which time Gov. Ogle troubled himself no more about the formality of a Council. The Governor delivered to them an answer in writing to their representations, in which he desired them immediately to join with him in an application to his most gracious Majesty. In considering this paper they were not satisfied that it was proper for them to agree to join in such representa- tion, but rather that the proprietors them- selves or their lieutenant-governor should do so, and they concluded upon a paper which they delivered Gov. Ogle at his own house on the 24th of May. The Governor received them without any form and with civility, as if nothing had passed the day be fore, and promised them an answer by the next morning. In this paper they said they were now ready to agree upon any bounds that should be judged reasonable for limiting the present jurisdiction of the two govern- ments without prejudice to the rights of the 56 HISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. proprietor thereof, and that proclamation should be issued to forbid all persons within the respective governments from making any new settlements near the borders under the severest penalties. And that they were ready further to agree to remove any new settle- ments that had been made upon such bounds as should be agreed upon, lest the same may disturb the quiet of their governments, until the boundaries be actually settled be- tween the proprietors themselves or until his Majesty's pleasure be known therein. And as they were well assured that a representa- tion to his Majesty would be most agreeable to their government, they did not in the least doubt but that their proprietors, or their Lieutenant-Governor, would readily join with the Bight Honorable, the Lord Propri- etor of Maryland, or himself, in such a one as may best conduce to put an end to the misunderstandings which have arisen between the governments by reason of the present uncertainty of the respective boundaries. To this Gov. Ogle answered that he had believed that they were invested with a sufficient power to agree to any reasonable proposals for the accommodating the present disputes, and preventing any of a like kind for the future, and upon that hope had offered the particular methods mentioned iu his letter of the 23d inst. as very reasonable and the most proper for those desirable ends. But since he perceived by their paper that they thought themselves not sufficiently authorized to join with him in his just and reasonable proposi- tions, he hoped that on their return they would receive more ample powers for their agreement with him. Messrs. Hamilton and Georges then say, in their report, that they saw from their first waiting on Gov. Ogle, they had no reason to expect any success in the business they were sent to prosecute, and that they saw plainly by his last paper thai Gov. Ogle was resolved to avoid doing everything that might pre- vent any further differences upon the bound- aries, and observing the ill use that he made of their saying that their proprietors or lieutenant-governor would readily join in a representation to his Majesty, and that he had construed those words into their thinking themselves not sufficiently qualified to join with him in what he calls his just and reasonable propositions ; in order to re- move that objection, they drew up a paper and delivered the same to him on the 27th of May, which would have been delivered sooner but they were obliged to give their attendance at court when the case of the prisoners was under consideration. That paper said they were ready on the part of Pennsylvania, at the same time that they agree upon some reasonable boundaries for limiting the jurisdiction of the two govern- ments, to join with his Excellency in a just representation to his Majesty of the uncer tainty of the present boundaries between the two governments, occasioned by not execut- ing the articles of agreement solemnly entered into and concluded between the Eight Honorable, the Lord Proprietor of Maryland and the Honorable the Proprietor of Penn- sylvania, in May, 1732, and to pray his Majesty that he would be graciously pleased to interpose and enjoin the execution of the said agreement according to the true intent and meaning thereof, in such manner as his Majesty should please to direct. After this they heard no more from Gov. Ogle, though they stayed till the 30th of the month. In the meantime they made the most press- ing instances to the Provincial Court to have our people discharged, liut that could not be granted lest it should be understood as giving up bis Lordship's right to the lands in question, as appears by the minutes of these men's case taken at the hearing. Though being denied any relief for the pris- oners by the Provincial Court, and Gov. Ogle having taken no notice of what they said or proposed in their paper of the 27th, they thought a longer stay could be of no purpose and thereupon they resolved to represent to Gov. Ogle a just reason our government had to complain of the unreasonable proceedings of Maryland, and the absolute necessity they were under to take proper measures for the protection of his Majesty's subjects under the government of Pennsylvania, and accord- ingly on the 30th of the month they drew up a memorial. But the Governor, Ogle, being said to be indisposed that day, they waited on him the next morning and delivered it to him, which he received, and, without reading it, desired his compliments might be made to Mr. Gordon and to those that he knew at Philadelphia, and wished them a safe return. In this memorial they enumerated the refusal of the court to discharge the prisoners and that they had used all means in their power to be in some measure relieved from those injuries and violences done to the inhab- itants of Pennsylvania, and to procure the concurrence of the government of Maryland in measures to preserve the peace. It was therefore hoped that none who entertain any just notions of the rights of mankind will blame the government of Pennsylvania, if they take proper measures for protecting his Majesty's subjects under their jurisdiction, BORDER TROUBLES. 57 from the outrages frequently committed upon them by the people of Maryland, and by du- tiful representation of their great patience under those public abuses imploring his Majesty's most gracious interposition, and for the meantime should the government of Pennsylvania, whose principles are well known to be against all force. Mid who next to his Majesty's protection have no means to defend themselves but the authority of the several magistrates, to be laid under a neces- sity for their own safety to avoid what may be deemed unneighborly or to give trouble or uneasiness to his Majesty's subjects, pretend- ing themselves to be under the government of Maryland. "We do declare that it will be entirely to your Excellency's not joining with us in some reasonable and equitable measures for preserving the peace amongst his Majesty's subjects inhabiting near the boundaries of the two governments, and the unreasonable confinement and prosecution of our inhabitants who were without all question taken by your officers within our government of Pennsylvania, and for that reason had they really been guilty of any offense ought to have been discharged." Gov. Ogle, May 30, 1734- : "It is to be wished there had never been a distinction made in your province between the power you have as Governor in other respects, and that in affairs relating to your land office. For the managers of that office not being restrained by the Governor, they themselves had liberty to make what encroachments they pleased, from which alone, I will venture to say, all the riots and disturbances have arisen amongst the borderers of the two provinces. I had the most sensible pleasure when I re- ceived your letter of the 14th of this month, wherein you require me to receive Mr. Hamilton and Mr. Georges, as duly authorized on behalf of your government to concert with us such measures as might effectually secure peace till such time as the division lines shall be run, and our boundaries indis- putably fixed, the ultimate and only certain means of putting an end to all these most disagreeable contentions, or at least till such a time as his Majesty's pleasure is known therein, but to my great surprise I found these two gentlemen so far from agreeing to any settlement whatever for preserving peace upon the border till such time as the division lines be run and his Majesty's pleasure known therein, nothing would content them but the actual running of them directly contrary to the very purport of your letter, and to our duty as Governors, which obliges us to join heartily and sincerely in preserving peace in the meantime that the dispute as to our lines is laid before his Majesty, from whose known wisdom and justice we have all the reason in the world to expect a just and equitable de- termination. As to that humble and dutiful application, I proposed to be made jointly to His Majesty to bring all oar disputes to a speedy hearing, their behaviour was so ex- traordinary, that I shall not take it upon me to set it forth in any words of my own but refer you to their own papers for information.* On the 17th of August, 1734, the House of Representatives made a representa- tion to Gov. Gordon that they had been cruelly disappointed in reasonable hopes that all disputes about the bounds of the provinces of Pennsylvania and Maryland were at an end. They hoped that people who had settled and improved lands under the grants of the proprietor of Pennsylvania and within the constant reputed bounds of this province, and who have never owned any other authority but the government of Penn- sylvania, ought to be protected in the pos- session of their freeholds until it shall appear by some legal decision or determination by some other authority, and as this province knows no other force but the lawful power of the civil magistrate, they requested that the Governor would be pleased to give direc- tions to the Magistrates and other officers of the government that will exert themselves in the protection of the people of this province by a diligent execution of the laws against riots and tumults and for the preservation of the peace within their respective jurisdic- tions. This was accordingly done by the Governor, f During the year 1735 there were many outrages perpetrated under the lead of Cressap, who had been commissioned a Jus- tice of the Peace for Baltimore County, and made a captain -of the Maryland militia. On the 1st of July, 1735, he, with men, women and boys, advanced, and with drums beating invaded the premises of John Wright, one of his Majesty's Justices of the Peace, and although Cressap declared his intention to be to fight Pennsylvanians who had come over the river, Wright as a Justice com- manded them to keep the peace at their peril, and that he would proceed upon his lawful business unless prevented by force, and by his firmness deterred them from proceeding to hostilities. The deposition of Mr. Wright to the foregoing facts was taken in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, on the 24th *I Archives, 434. tl Archives, 666. 58 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. of September, 1735, Daniel Dulaney, Esq., Attorney- General of Maryland, being present. Mr. Dulaney asked whether Thomas Cressap and his people did not assist Mr. Wright in carrying off his grain, to which he answered that Cressap, with those who were armed, being gone out of the field, the persons to whom the wagons belonged offered readily to assist in carrying it to the side of the river, since they said they were disappointed in carrying it where it was first intended.* On the same occasion there was taken before the Supreme Court, a deposition to the following facts : That on the 23d of September, a party of Marylanders had set upon Robert Buchanan, Sheriff of Lancaster County, and rescued some debtors under arrest, beat him and took him prisoner. This was brought before the council, who expressed their resent- ment, and a demand was made on the Gov- ernor of Maryland to set him at liberty, a reward was offered and a warrant issued for the arrest of the rioters. f Another aggression was an attempt to sur- vey lands, by one Franklin, along the river side, on the 6th of May, 1786. He took a course up the river with an instrument, and there were men carrying a chain. Cressap accompanied them with twenty men armed. Robert Barber, a Quaker, who was at the house of John Wright, demanded by what authority the land was surveyed, and was answered by that of Lord Baltimore. Mr. Barber said that the land had long ago been surveyed and returned to the land office at Philadelphia. Cressap said he had orders from Gov. Ogle in person to raise the militia and guard the surveyor from Pennsylvanians. Franklin said, " My business is to follow the orders of the Governor of Maryland, to sur- vey all the lands from the Susquehanna to the Codorus."J The affidavits of several Ger- mans show the wrongs to which they were subjected by reason of these surveys. Balt- zer Springier, in the beginning of the year 1733, by virtue of a grant from the proprie- taries of Pennsylvania, built a house on a tract of land lying on Codorus Creek about twelve miles westward from John Hendricks. He refused to have his land surveyed by Cressap, who pretended to have an order from the Governor of Maryland. But Cres- sap surveyed it to one John Keller, who came and settled thereon. Afterward the Governor of Maryland and the surveyor of Baltimore County told Springier, in the hearing of many people, that Cressap had no *I Archives, 466-70. tin Col. Kec, 612-14. tl Archives, 489. authority to survey lands, yet he was de- prived of his land and improvements. Fred- erick Ebert removed from the east side of the river, and took up a tract of land near Codo- rus Creek, cleared and improved it and sowed a field of wheat with intent to build a house and settle thereon. In May, 1736, the sur- veyor Franklin, with Cressap and others, came and surveyed the land to one Ffelty Shultz, and threw down the fence and de- stroyed the corn, and deprived Ebert of his settlement. Michael Tanner, by virtue of a proprietary grant, dated September 17, 1734, settled on a tract of 200 acres of land, six miles southwesterly from John Hendricks, and built and improved upon the same. Thomas Cressap, pretending to have an order from the Governor of Maryland, came into the neighborhood and surveyed upward of forty tracts of land for Germans living in those parts. Tanner refused to have his land surveyed by Cressap, who thereupon conveyed the land, with buildings and improvements, to Daniel Lowe, who, with his family, came and dwelt in the house, although about the month of September, 1735, the Governor of Maryland and the Surveyor- General told Tanner that Cressap had' no authority to sur- vey lands.* Many Germans, however, were induced to accept of the Maryland warrants and surveys, but not finding things as agree- able as they anticipated under the new pro- prietary, they revolted and acknowledged allegiance to Pennsylvania. THE REVOLT OF THE GERMANS. At a meeting of the Provincial Council held at Philadelphia, August 24, 1736, the President, James Logan, acquainted the Board that he had been informed by Samuel Blunston that the Dutch people, or Germans, who, with others had gone over from this * side of the Susquehanna River to the west of it, had been prevailed on by some agents from Maryland to acknowledge the authority of that province, and had through a consciousness of their mistake, voluntarily and unanimously signified to him and other magistrates of that county, their fixed resolution of returning to their obedience to this government, and \ acknowledging its just jurisdiction in those parts where they are settled, for that they were become truly sensible they of right belonged to Pennsylvania. Mr. Blunston related that immediately after the County Court at Lan- caster, which was held the first week of the month, some of the most principal note amongst those Germans came over to him •I Archives, C22-5. BORDER TROUBLES. 59 and told him that the whole body of the peo- ple, except Cressap, and his relationw, who were but three or four men, were come to an unanimous resolution of acknowledging their obedience to this government, and returning to their true proprietors. He advised them to act openly and above board, and that if they were thus resolved, they should directly and in plain terms make it known to the gov ernment of Maryland with their reasons for their proceedings; that thereupon a letter was prepared for that purpose, which was signed by about sixty hands and dispatched to an officer in Baltimore County to be for- warded to the Governor of Marylaud. At the desire of those Germans, the magistrates of Lancaster had two constables amongst them for the better preservation of the peace. The four men who adhered to Cressap seized Charles Jones, one of the constables,, and were hurrying him away with an inten- tion to carry him off, but, being warmly pur- sued, they fled and left him. It was given out that the Sheriff of Baltimore County was to be up with a number of men on Mon- day (the 23d), and that the Sheriff of Lancas- ter had apprised him of some other motions on the west of the Susquehanna, and was taking horse to meet him to concert proper measures on the occasion. The Council were of the opinion that those people becom- ing sensible of their past mistake, in being induced to own the authority of Maryland over those parts which lie so very far, viz. : about twenty miles to the northward of the limits of this province, ought to be taken notice of, and on their making proper sub- missions should be again received. On Sep- tember 7, 1736, a letter was laid before the Board from the Lieutenant-Governor of Mary- land in regard to this revolt.* ^ Gov. Ogle: "This trouble is occasioned by the inclosed, the original whereof came to my hands a few days ago, subscribed with the names of fifty or sixty per- sons, who some years since importuned me for the grant of lands under the author- ity and government of the lord propri- etary of Maryland. They were so successful in their applications that I directed and empowered them to settle and improve the lands under the government of this province, and which they have from that time held and enjoyed subject to his Lordship's dominion and authority. But now they seem to think fit and resolve, by a most extraordinary kind of illegal combination or association, to disown their obedience to the government from whom they received their possessions, and to trans- *IVCol. Rec, 58. fer it to the government 6f Pennsylvania. Whatever reasons I may have to be assured of this proceeding taking its rise and accom- plishment from the encouragement and pre- valency of some magistrates of your govern- ment, and others pretending to act under the countenance and authority thereof, yet I must own my unwillingness to believe those who have the honor of the administration of the government of Peifnsylvania, would permit or support a behaviour so contrary to all good order and rule of the English Constitution, as must necessarily involve the subjects of his Majesty in struggles and contentions, incon- sistent with that peace and happiness his Majesty so gloriously endeavors to maintain and preserve amongst others, as well as his subjects."* The paper transmitted with this letter is as follows: " Sir: The oppression and ill usage we have met with from the government of Maryland, or at least from such persons who have been impowered thereby and their pro- ceedings connived at, has been a treatment (as we are well informed) very different from that which the tenants of your government have generally met with, which, with many other cogent reasons, give us good cause to conclude the Governor .and magistrates of that province do not themselves believe us to be settled within the real bounds of his Lordship's dominions, but we have been se- duced and made use of, first by fair promises and afterward by threats and punishments, to answer purposes which are at present un- justifiable and will, if pursued, tend to our utter ruin. We, therefore, the subscribers, with many others, our neighbors, being be- come at last truly sensible of the wrong we have done the proprietors of Pennsylvania in settling on their lands without paying obedi- ence to their government, do resolve to re- turn to our duty, and live under the laws and government of Pennsylvania, in which province we believe ourselves seated. To this we unanimously resolve to adhere, till the contrary shall be determined by a legal decision of the disputed bounds, and our honest and just intentions we desire may be communicated to the Governor of Maryland, or whom else it may concern. Signed with our hands this eleventh dav of August, Anno Domini, 1736."t THE INVASION OF THE THREE HUNDRED. There was read at the meeting of the Coun- cil on the 7th of September, the examination of Francis Kipps of Maryland, master of a «IV Col. Kec, 60. tlbid, 62. fiO HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. sloop then lying in Susquehanna River, taken September 4, 1736. That on Thursday last, the 2d instant, in the evening, being in Baltimore County, he saw Col. Hall, a gentleman of that county; at the head of a considerable number of men on horseback armed with guns, marching toward the upper part of the said county, that passing near to Col. Hall, he asked him familiarly if he was going to fight, to which Mr. Hall answered he was going on peaceable terms. That crossing Susquehanna, near the Northeast Iron Works, he came the same evening into Cecil County, where he understood by com- mon report that the march of these men, un- der Col. Hall, was to give possession to one Cressap of a plantation of one Wright; that if the same could not be done peaceably they were to use force. That he heard the militia of Cecil County were summoned to meet to- gether. On the 8th of September, the Gov- ernor laid before the Board a letter, written by the direction of Mr. Blunston, giving the following account: That after the Sheriff of Lancaster, and some people with him, who were gathered together on the report that an armed force from Maryland was coming . up into those parts, had waited some time and were dis- persed, the Sheriff of Baltimore County, with upward of 200 men, under the com- mand of several military officers, arrived on Saturday night last, the 4th of this month, at Thomas Cressap' s, and on Sunday, about noon, came in arms on horseback, with beat of drum and sound of trumpet, to the planta- tion of John Hendricks. The Sheriff of Bal- timore, and several of those officers went that afternoon to the house of John Wright, Jr., where about thirty inhabitants of Lancaster were assembled and demanded the Dutch, gf whom some were then in that house. The Sheriff of Lancaster had sent a written mes- sage desiring to know the reason of their coming in that hostile manner to threaten the peace of the province, to which they had returned answer that they were not come to disturb the peace of the province of Penn- sylvania but to suppress riots, and keep the peace of Baltimore County. Justice Guest, one of the number from Maryland, appointed 10 o'clock next day to speak with some of our people, but about 5 o'clock on Sunday evening, the multitude from Maryland left Hendricks with great precipitation, and returned to Cressap' s. On Monday the Sheriff of Lancaster sent another message in writing, requiring them to peaceably depart, and offering, if any of them would meet the magistrates of the county with some other persons, who were on this occasion assembled with him, and endeavor amicably to settle the unhappy differences at present subsisting, that they should be received civilly. To this message the Sheriff of Lancaster had returned to him a threatening and insolent answer. Soon after this one John Wilkins, an inhab- itant of Lancaster County, who had gone down toward Cressap's, was taken prisoner on pretense of his having been in a former riot, and sent under a guard to Maryland. The magistrates of Lancaster sent a letter to reclaim him, but they refused to receive the letter. It was reported that the Governor of Maryland was waiting in Baltimore County, and was expected up in those parts, on Sus- quehanna, with considerable more force. 'The Sheriff of Lancaster had got about 150 people together at John Wright's, Jr., •where they had continued since Sunday evening. No hostilities had been yet committed, except in taking Wilkins; but the Marylanders had sent word to our people to take care of their buffs. The inhabitants, though unprovided with arms and ammunition, yet endeavored to defend themselves and such of his Majesty's peace able subjects as fled from their houses to them for refuge.* Benjamin Chambersf deposed that some- time in the month of September, 1736, prep- arations were making by training and mustering the militia of Baltimore County, Md., in order for their marching into Lan- caster County to disposses of their settlements sundry families. He was employed by the magistrates to go into Baltimore County to discover what was intended by the extraor- dinary motion of their troops. When he came to the borders of Maryland, he was informed that the place of their muster was near the plantation of Col. Nathaniel Eigbyji at the upper part of Baltimore County, and repaired thither. He was taken into custody and kept during the time of the muster, and held twelve hours, in which he observed a general discontent among the common sol- diers. Col. Rigby called for the muster roll, and upbraided the men with want of duty to the Governor's orders, and thereupon picked off a number of them out of his company, and commanded them, on the penalty of £50, to meet at the same place next Friday with arms and twenty charges of powder and balls each man, to march up Susquehanna *IV Col. Eec, 63. tBenJamin Chambers was the founder of Ohambersburg, then being twenty-three years of age. These depositions weie taken under the authority of the Provincial Council, and were ifausmitted to the agent of the province in London, in support to the petition to his M^'esty. BORDER TROUBLES. 61 Eiver to a place called Conejohela. Col. Rigby said it was very strange that a Quaker government should offer to resist or oppose Lord Baltimore, for' that his Lordship's province of Maryland extended six miles higher or more northward than the plantation of John Hendricks, which lies on the west side of the said river, where on the Sunday following he saw the several troops or com- panies which came up from Maryland, with drums beating and trumpets sounding, were mustering or exercising in the field of the same plantation, from whence, upon the appearance of some men in flats coming over the river from the other side, the troops re- turned to Thomas Cressap's.* Robert Barber, one of the people called Quakers, affirmed on the 11th of September, that on Sunday last several of the inhabitants of the Province of Maryland, to the number of about 300, all armed in a hostile manner, under the command of several officers of the militia of Maryland, with beat of drum and sound of trumpet, marched up to the house of John Hendricks. Some of the magistrates of the county of Lancaster, being at the house of John Wright, Jr., a small distance from the said Hendrick's house, demanded of Col. Edward Hall, who was said to be the commanding officer, the reason of his and the said company's coming up there in so hostile a manner. Col. Hall told the magistrates that they had no orders to treat with any of the magistrates of Lancaster County, that it was by the Governor of Maiyland's order thev came up there, and that thirteen com- panies of the militia of Maryland were mus- tered, and that twenty men with officers were taken out of each company, and he refused to give any further account. That several of the inhabitants came to the magistrates very much terrified and complained that some of the aforesaid company of armed men had forcibly broken into their houses and threat- ened to burn them, and took from them several pieces of linen. John Ross deposed that he was dispatched with a written message to the Sheriff of Bal- timore County, who was said to have come up with the militia, to know the meaning of this extraordinary procedure of the people of Maryland, and setting forward, with James Pattison for his guide, he met, within a mile and a half of Wright's house, a body of men on horseback to the number of about 300, armed with guns, cutlasses, and some with pistols, marching with beat of drum and sound of trumpet. He saw several per- sons, who were called officers of this militia, * I Archives, 519. or commanders, whose names he afterward learned were Edward Hall and Nathaniel Rigby, called Colonels, and Peca and Guest, called Captains. William Hammond, Sheriff of Baltimore County, was with them. He delivered his message to Col. Rigby, who ap- peared to be the principal person ; Rigby told him they were marching forward to the house of John Wright. Thomas Cressap, who was with the militia, seized Pattison, telling the Sheriff of Baltimore that he was a £50 chap, and bid the sheriff look in the proclamation and he would find Pattison' s name there. The militia, marching on with beat of drum and sound of trumpet in a war- like manner, came to the plantation of John Hendricks, and sent a message in writing to the Sheriff of Lancaster. Some of the mili- tia officers came to Wright's house and de- sired to speak with some Dutch men, Michael Tanner and Peter Gardner. But these people, declaring their apprehensions that the Mary- landers were come to carry them away, be- cause they would not acknowledge the juris- diction of Maryland in those parts where' they were settled, the officers were told they could not see them. But the Dutch sent a message to them in writing. Ross went to the house of Hendricks after the militia was come there, and saw several of them with their swords drawn at the door of the house. Toward evening a considerable number of people, of Lancaster County, came over the river in three flats, whereupon the militia of Maryland beat their drum, and, as he believed, intended to stand to their arms, for they marched toward the river in a body, but after firing a blunderbuss, they thought fit to retreat to the house of Thomas Cressap. The Sheriff and Col. Rigby refused to meet the magistrates of Lancaster in conference. Ross saw several of the militia cutting bars of lead and making bullets, and, enqairing what use they intended for them, he was told they were to shoot Pennsylvanians. The militia of Maryland marched about noon* to the houses of Joshua Mihshall, Mark Evans, and Bernard Weymont. One John Hendricks, who was with the militia, found means to decoy one John Wilkins, an inhabitant of Lancaster County, who was seized and car- ried to Cressap's, from whence they sent him, bound, under a guard, to Maryland. It was pretended Wilkins was one of those for whom a reward was offered by proclamation. The people of Lancaster County, who were met at Wright's house, being grown numer- ous, and resolving to stand upon their de- fense, the militia of Maryland did not think fit to attack them, but separated in two bod- 62 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. ies, one of which went with the sheriff to the houses of some Dutch men, where they took some linen and pewter on pretense of public dues owing to the government of Maryland. The other body went toward Maryland.* Daniel Southerland deposed that he was at the house of Thomas Cressap, when the 300 men who came up from Mary- land were there. That the men who were called the soldiers blamed Cressap very much for the disturbances that had happened in those parts, and they did not think they were obliged to go fight with the people of Penn- sylvania in Cressap's behalf. To which Cressap swore, and said that they were only afraid of their mothers' calf skins, and that it was Lord Baltimore's right he was main- taining, and he disregarded all of them, for he had the Governor of Maryland's orders for what he did. Cressap called Col. Hall, who commanded the 300 militia from Mary- land, a coward for not suffering him to fire with a blunderbuss upon the people of Penn- sylvania, who were coming over the river in a flat toward the Marylanders, who were in arms. He affirmed that Lord Baltimore would soon be over in Maryland, and then he would drive all the Pennsylvanians to the devil, and the court in Philadelphia would be called in Lord Baltimore's name. The invasion of the 300 of the Maryland militia is a remarkable incident of the bor- der troubles. It was made after consider- able preparation. William Hammond, the Sheriff of Baltimore County, declared " that the people of Baltimore County are not come to disturb the peace of the inhabitants of Pennsylvania, but to assist and support me in preserving his Lordship's peace, and oar fel- low tenants, his Majesty's subjects, in their possessions." Yet, before leaving, they des- poiled the houses of the Germans on pretense of public dues. They also threatened to burn them. Michael Tanner talked with them, and they promised, if the Germans would return, a remission of their taxes till they were grown better able to pay, and that they should be better used for the future. Tanner was to give an answer for his country- men in two weeks, " but, at the end thereof, it was threatened, if they did not comply, the Governor would come up with a greater num- ber of armed men, turn them out of doors, and bring up others with him, such as would be true to him, whom he would put into their possessions, "f In the course of the proceedings there was an answer of the Germans to the Governor of *I Archives, 525. flV Col. Rec., 69. Maryland, in which, among other things, it is said: "that being greatly oppressed in their native country, principally .on account of their religion, they resolved, as many others had done before, to fly from it. That, hearing much of the justice and mildness of the government of Pennsylvania, they em- barked in Holland for Philadelphia, where, on their arrival, they swore allegiance to King George, and fidelity to the proprietors of Pennsylvania, and their government. That, repairing to the great body of their countrymen settled in the county of Lancas- ter, on the east side of the Susquehanna, they foirnd jihe land s there generally taken up and po8sessed,^ana~-tberefore some of them, by licenses from the proprietors of Pennsylvania, went over that river, and settled there under their authority, and others, according to a common practice then obtaining, sate down with a resolution to comply as others should with the terms of the government when called on, but they had not been long there till some pretending au- thority from the government of Maryland, insisted on it, that that country was in that province, and partly by threats of actual force, and partly by very large promises, they had been led to submit to the commands of that government. That first one Morris Roberts, pretending to be a deputy surveyor under Maryland, came and run out lands for them, after which Cressap told them those surveys were not valid, but that he had au- thority to lay them out. Then one Franklin (who took pay of them, but it proved all a sham, for he understood nothing of the surr veyor's art.) Yet, notwithstanding all these impositions, they had neither grant nor war- rant, nor would any of those surveyors, real or pretended, give them one line of a certifi- cate, plot or draught, nor had they anything whatever from Maryland more than the bare possession to claim by, and as any of those who came to survey were obliged or other wise they, at their own will and pleasure, turned the possessors off and put others in their place." . . . "Now, this being our case, that on the one hand we are per- suaded in our consciences we are clearly with- in the Province of Pennsylvania, and there- fore cannot but expect to lose our possessions and improvements, if we now pretend to hold them under the Lord Baltimore, and, on the other hand, from the military force lately sent against us from Maryland, we are threatened to be treated by that government like rebels and enemies to our Gracious Sovereign, King George, to whom we have sworn allegiance, if we do not, against those BORDER TROUBLES. 63 maDifest convictions of our consoieuces dis- own the right of the proprietors of Pennsyl- vania to what -we traly believe belongs to them, and resist the authority of that govern- ment, which, were we resolved to do, yet we should not be able. We offer it to the Gov- ernor's consideration whether the treating of a parcel of conscientious, industrious, and peaceable people, like rebels, for no other reason than because we cannot own a jurisdic- tion within the limits of which we very well know we cannot, where we now are, possibly be seated, and because we are convinced of the mistakes we had been fully led into by the false assertions of persons of no credit." * A petition, signed by forty-eight Germans, was transmitted to the President and Council at Philadelphia, asking that their' errors in settling under the government of Maryland be imputed to want of better information, and praying to be received under the pro- tection of our laws and government, where- upon the Board unanimously declared that those Dutch people be received under the protection of this government, and encour- aged in their fidelity to it by all proper and prudent measures. And on the 17th of September, 1736, they issued a proclama- tion setting forth the late invasion from Maryland, in violation of his Majesty's peace, and just rights of the proprietors and people of this province, to the great terror of the inhabitants, and directing the sheriffs of the respective counties of the province, and particularly of Lancaster, where these late commotions had happened, to liold them- selves in readiness with the posse of their respective counties for the preservation of his Majesty's peace and the defense of the just rights and possessions of his subjects within the same, f The following paper was also presented: Whereas, we, the subscribers, are informed it lias been asserted that the late resolutions of the Dutch inhabitants on the west side of Susquehanna River, to put themselves under the protection of the government of Pennsylvania and submit to the laws thereof, was occasioned by the prevalency and influ- ence of the magistrates of Lancaster County, Do voluntarily & solemnly declare that we were chos- en & appointed by the afs'd Dutch inhabitants on the west side of Susquehanna River, Opposite to Hempfleld, to apply in our own and their Behalf to the magistrates of the said count}', that we might be received as subjects of this Government, as we Be- lieved in our Consciences it was our Duty; and we do further Solemnly declare & Affirm that this Asso- ciation & Return was made of theirs and Our Own meer motion and free will, without any previous persuasion, threatening or compulsion from the Magistrates of the said County, or any other per- son in their Behalf , so far as we know; and that the *IArchiyes, 492. letter signed by the Inhabitants afs'd to be Commu- nicated to the Governor of Maryland, was wrote at their own Request & according to the instructions Given. Subscribed the Henry Hendrichs,* 13th day of Sept. 1786. Michael Tanner. In the letter from President Logan, writ- ten by direction of the Council, September 18, 1736, to Gov. Ogle, it is said: "And first we must observe you are pleased to say, these people importuned you for the grant of lands, under the authority and govern- ment of the Lord Proprietor of Maryland, but the success you mention they were fa- vored with consisted, not, it seems, from your words, in any grant of lands, but in your directions only that they should settle and improve the lands under the government of that province, so that all they obtained by this was that they should acknowledge the jurisdiction of Maryland over lands on which we find divers of them had entered by authority of the Land Office of Pennsyl- vania, and as subject to its government, pai~d their levies to the county of Lancaster, wherein they had been seated, and to which it is impossible Lord Baltimore either can or ever could justly pretend any manner of right. The real merit, therefore, of this it seems, consists in putting them on transfer- ring their obedience from their rightful landlord to another, to whom they stood in no relation. That we might be the better able to answer your letter we have waited not only till we could hear of the event of the military expedition of your forces of about 800 men in arms, sent up, 'tis said, against those people, and for some other unjustifiable purposes, but also that we might with more certainty be informed from whence these settlers were, and how and when their settlements had been made. On the last of which we find that they are generally of those Palatines, who a very few years since transported themselves from Hol- land to Philadelphia, and made themselves subjects to his Majesty, King George II, under this government; and 'tis affirmed, they were so far from importuning you for any grant of lands that they were, by very iudirect practices of some emissaries or agents, pretending authority from Maryland, seduced from their duty, and imposed on to believe they were situated within the limits of the Lord Baltimore's jurisdiction, but what applications such persons might make in their names we know not. . . Your proceed- ing, in sending up sucli an armed force on this occasion and their invading the posses- sion of others, where yoa never had the least *I Archives, 75. 64 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. pretense of claim, either in law or equity, must indeed prove astonishing to every man who hears of it, and has any just notion of the English laws, and the privileges of an English subject; but as we shall not here enter into any expostulation on that head (tho' we might properly ask where five or six men going without any manner of arms, or so much as a stick, in their hands, into Mary- land, to try their challengers' prowess at boxing, was twice in a certain letter called levying war, what terms you would think fit to bestow on this march of such numbers 80 accoutered?) We think it incumbent on us to acquaint you, that as we are assured the government of Pennsylvania is vested with equal or like powers with that of Mary- land, though it has hitherto with great pa- tience waited for the decision of the grand dispute in Britain, which it is manifest your Lord Proprietor endeavors to delay, yet now, on so flagrant an insult as this last step of yours, we cannot but think ourselves obliged to put his Majesty's subjects under our care, on measures to prevent the like invasions for the future. For this province, especially those parts, are filled with people of more spirit than to brook such treatment, and if any mischief ensue on their opposition to your attacks, you cannot but well know who must be accountable for it. But further, while all these contentions are owing solely to your own projections to carry your Lord Proprietor's pretentions into lands that not only never had been in possession, but can- not possibly fall within Maryland, and for which, for ending all disputes, he had in the most solemn manner renounced all claim to, and to set these pre.tensions first on foot at a time when the execution of the agreement was in agitation, and to continue them while the whole aflair is under the cognizance of that high court, the Chancery of Great Britain, these we say, carry with them such accumulated aggravations and are so far from admitting the possibility of a justification by colour or varnish of words whatever, that none but your enemies can be pleased with such conduct."* THE CHESTER COUNTY PLOT. At a meeting of the Provincial Council, held at Philadelphia, on the 23d of Novem- ber, 1736, "the President acquainted the Board, that a discovery had lately been made of an association or engagement entered into by several persons living in or about New Garden, in the county of Chester, who, having * IV Col. Eec, 78. received some encouragement from the Gov- ernor of Maryland, and others in authority there, had undertaken to oust by force of arms those Dutch families settled on the west side of the Susquehanna within this province, against whom the late hostile prep- arations of Maryland were intended, and to possess themselves of their plantations, which they proposed to draw lots for, and, acknowledging to hold them in right of the proprietary of Maryland, they were to defend those possessions against this government. For this end arms and ammunition were pro- vided and lodged at the house of one Eigby, in Baltimore County, and everything was in readiness for carrying their design in- to execution. On making this discovery, a warrant was issued, by one of the provin- cial Judges, for apprehending several persons concerned in this unlawful association, par- ticularly Henry Munday, who from the Information given, appeared to be one of the principal persons in conducting it, and such care and diligence had been used in execut- ing the said warrant, that Munday was taken at his house that very day, when he expected a rendezvous of the party, and had sundry papers relating to conspiracy lying before him, and several letters to persons in Mary- land on this subject, just finished and ready to be forwarded, all of which were, with him- self, secured." Edward Leet, another of the persons embarked with him in this design, was likewise apprehended, but Charles Higginbotham, a principal person in it, had escaped. Among the papers found with Munday, was an application signed by thirty-one persons, stating that "being informed that there is some vacant land and plantations near Susquehanna River, that were settled by some Dutch families, and that the said land were by them located by warrants issuing from the Land Ofiice in the Province of Maryland, as of the right and property of the Lord Baltimore; and that since the said Dutch families hath disclaimed the right and property of the said Lord Baltimore, and hath taken umbrage under the proprietary s Penns; that we are informed that the absolute fee and right to the said land is within the limits and bounds of the Lord Baltimore's patent or charter; that the lord's chief agent hath and doth give encouragement for the resettling the said vacant plantations and land. We there- fore pray and request, that you will in our behalf and stead intercede with the Governor and agent to settle us in such vacant land or plantations, and we shall all be willing to pay such fee or rent charge as His Lordship BORDER TROUBLES. 65 usually demands, and we shall with our lives and fortunes defend the same, and be sub- ject to the laws of his province, and defend his right, for which service, Sir, we shall be all your very much obliged. ' ' There was a list of names of several per- sons ranged in three columns, with the fol- lowing certificate signed by Gov. Ogle: "Whereas application hath been made me by Henry Munday, Edward Leet and Charles Higgenbotham, and forty-nine persons by them mentioned, I have given instructions to Thomas White, Deputy Surveyor, to lay out, and in the names of the said persons, 200 acres for each person. " There was a paper signed by Munday addressed to Messrs Betties in these words : " November ye 14th, 1736. If instructions can be sent to Capt. Crissop to return so many of the names of the "vacant plantations, reserving eleven of the best, which is the number of the third column, then every per- son that appears to draw hath his equal chance. " " Capt. Crissop send to the parties to come to draw their lotts by next Saturday. "* Henry Munday voluntarily offered to a member of the Council, to make a full decla- ration under his hand of all that he knew of the affair. His statement was, that in Sep- tember, 1736, Rev. Jacob Henderscm and Squire Tasker, of Maryland, lodged at the house of William Miller, where he met with Thomas Thompson, brother-in-law of Hen- derson. Thompson applied to Henderson for advice in settling a plantation. Parson Hen- derson referred to Tasker, who wrote to some one in Maryland to show some plantations near the Susquehanna, and John Starr and William Downard . joined with Thompson and received the land. John Starr went back to Annapolis and procured from the Governor of Maryland an order to settle for himself, and the others concerned. That he was informed the plantations of the Dutch on the Susquehanna had become vacant by their disowning the government of Maryland. John Starr had made a visit there and to the Governor of Maryland, and was shown by Cressap a very large tract of good land, which was enough to supply several families, and that the Governor would order 200 acres to be surveyed for each person at four shil- lings quit rent, and costs of survey and pat- ent. That he would maintain them in pos- session and give them a lawful right, and assured them the land was within the limits of Lord Baltimore's charter. Munday went to Annapolis to see the Governor, where he •IV Col. Hec, pp. 100-103. met Edward Leet, and Charles Higgiu botham, and joined in procuring an order to the surveyor of Baltimore County to survey 200 acres for them and forty-nine other per- sons named. Munday said he never proposed to settle upon any tract of land settled by the Dutch, but to seat some uncultivated land. The Council were not satisfied with the statement of Henry Munday, and examined Edward Leet, who related that Munday came to him with a petition signed by several per- sons for land which Leet declined to sign; that a few days after Charles Higginbotham came to him and acquainting him that there were to be some lands laid out in Maryland, asked him to go with him to Annapolis, to which he agreed, wanting to take up some land for himself and others. They with others set out for Maryland. They went up the east side of the Susquehanna to the ferry, late John Emmerson's, over against Thomas Cres- sap's house on the west, and, crossing the river, went to his house. In the morning they took a view of the lands in the neigh borhood of Cressap's, and five of them, with one Lowe, went to view the lands where the Dutch people were settled who were said to have revolted from Maryland. They came to Annapolis on Saturday, the 30th of Octo- ber, and went to Gov. Ogle with Cressap. The Governor said he intended to dispossess the Dutch who were settled there, and for that end he was sending up arms, and would very soon give the necessary orders to the Sheriff. He would give 200 acres to each and defend them therein. He gave the names of Blunston and Wright, for the apprehen- sion of whom the Governor offered a reward of £100 for one and £50 for the other. Hig- ginbotham said he knew one of them, and made no doubt he could apprehend him. Cressap received on board a sloop a consid- erable quantity of fire-arms, powder, and ball, which were to be carried to Baltimore County to be used in dispossessing the Dutch, who had revolted from Maryland.. Three drums and two trumpets were sent by land by certain Dutch men who were with them. When Munday came he appeared to be dis- satisfied with Higginbotham for being there beforehand. The Governor said, in a month's time, he would cause possession to be given. Leet, apprehending difficulty, laid aside, he said, all thoughts about the matter.* In this matter, John Coats deposed that Henry Munday invited him to go over the Susquehanna about seven miles to settle on 800 acres of land taken up by Maryland, on which eight Dutch families were settled, •IV Col. Eec, 104. 66 HTSTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. whom the Marylanders would dispossess if they did not sell their interest and be gone. And that Maryland would give arms to all such members of the Church of England as would settle the said land to defend them- selves against the inhabitants of Pennsylva- nia. That the land would cost the survey only, and Munday was to have a gratuity. Jeremiah Starr deposed that Thomas Thomp- son told him that Jacob Henderson, Commis- sary of Maryland, had by letter recommend- ed him to Thomas Cressap, to be shown land on the west side of the Susquehanna, and Thomas Thompson, John Starr and William Downer went and were shown the land which was settled by Dutch people, and Thompson chose for himself a certain piece whereon was a settlement and a corn- mill, and that John Starr told him that he went with Cressap to the Governor of Maryland, who granted him and his friends the land, and if they would be true subjects to Lord Baltimore, he would defend them, and patent the land at four shillings an acre, they paying only survey fees. Henry Munday proposed a way of gaining the lands, and it was resolved that the militia of the government should be readj- about the end of the month to take and give the possession to Munday and his friends. William Miller deposed that Jacob Hender- son acd Benjamin Tasker were' at his house and advised him where persons should settle on land west of the Susquehanna which was settled by the Dutch, and invited persons in Chester County to come and live in Mary- land. * On the 29th of November, 1736, a letter was addressed to the magistrates of Chester County, in behalf of tlie Council: '' The seasonable discovery of the late wicked design, which from the encourage- ment of our unkind neighbors of Maryland was set on foot and upon the point of being carried into execution, for ousting by force of arms those Dutch families settled on the west side of Susquehanna within the un- questionable bounds of this province, and the apprehending of some of the persons who were principally concerned in promoting within your county the association for this purpose, having for the present, we hope, de- feated the evil intentions of those who by such practices would have introduced the ut- most confusion and disorder among his Maj- esty's subjects of this government, we have had it under consideration in what manner those disturbers of the public peace ought to be proceeded against." Thereupon the mag- istrates of Chester County were directed by *I Archives, 500-1. the Council to call before them as many of the associators as they could, and to take their examinations apart, and such as were disposed to live for the future in dae obedi- ence to this government, might, on submis- sion, and on being bound by recognizance, be discharged without prosecution.* THE ABEEST OF CRESSAP. On the 25th of September, 1736, the Jus- tices of the Supreme Court^ issued their warrant to the Sheriff of the county of Lan- caster for the apprehension of Thomas Cres- sap, for the murder of Knowles Daunt, and divers other high crimes and misdemeanors, and under safe conduct convey the said Thomas before them, to be dealt with accord- ing to law.f At a meeting of the Council, held on the 27th of November, 1736, the President laid before the Board a letter from Lancaster County, brought by messengers, who gave an account, that in pursuance of the warrant issued by the prc>vincial Judges for a])pre- hending Thomas Cressap, he had been taken with four others who abetted him in resisting the Sheriff. One of them was committed to the gaol of Lancaster County for a crime charged against him there, and Cressap and the three others were brought to Philadel- phia. The letter stated that the magistrates, upon considering the danger wherewith those parts of that county lying on the west of Su.squehanna near to Thomas Cressap's set- tlement were threatened, if he should be joined bj'' those who had lately entered into a combination for dispossessing the Dutch settled there, and having likewise understood that he had applied to Col. Rigby, a Justice of Maryland, for more arms and ammunition, they judged it absolutely necessary to appre- hend Cressap. The Sheriff of Lancaster had called to his assistance twenty-four persons, and had gone over the river on Tuesday night, the 23d of November, in order to have Cressap taken by surprise early the next morning. But Cressap, with six men, secured himself in his house, and stood on his de- fense. He fired on the Sheriff and his com- pany. The Sheriff set fire to his house, and Cressap, still refusing to surrender, at length rushed out, and after some firing, in which one of his own men was killed, he was appre- hended. The magistrates reported " that noth- ing but absolute necessity and the preserva- tion of so many innocent families, whose ruin seemed to be determined on, could have obliged the people to proceed to such extrem- *IV Col. Eec, H2. fl Archives, 489. BOKDEE TROUBLES. 67 ities in taking this wicked man; that his be- liavior has since showed that he will stick at nothing to gratify hia resentments, and there- fore, unless strict care is taken, it may justly be apprehended that he will atteiapt either firing the prison or any other desperate action, that he can find means to compass." * [XoTE. George Aston, of the county of Ches- ter, in tlie province of Pennsylvania, saddler, aged about fifty years, being one of the people called Quakers, upon his solemn affirmation, according to law, did declare and affirm that, upon some conver- sation happening between Thomas Cressap, Robert Buchanan, and this affirmant on the road, in sight of the city of Philadelphia, upon bringing the said Cressap down from the county of Lancaster, the said Oressap said, "Damn.it, Aston, this is one of the prettiest towns in Maryland. I have been a troublesome fellow, but by this last job I have made a present of the two provinces to the King, and that if they found themselves in a better condition by the change, they might thank Cressap for it," or words to that effect.f Philadelphia, December 3, 1736, taken before me, Clem Plumsted, Mayor. On the representations of the magistrates the Council ordered that Cressap should be put in irons and closely confined in the most secure place, but supplied with what was necessary. J It was left to the Judges to pro- ceed against him and the others taken with him agreeably to law. On the 8th of Decem- ber, 1736, a message was brought from the Assembly, that, finding that the government of Maryland had not shown any real dispo- sition on their part to enter into amicable measures for preventing further differences between the two governments, the House had come to a resolution, that an humble address should be prepared and transmitted to the King, praying his royal interposition for put- ting a stop to these disorders. The petition of the President and Council, and of the General Assembly of the province of Penn- sylvania, together with sundry affidavits about the apprehending of Cressap and the Asso- ciation for dispossessing the Dutch on Sus- quehanna, were transmitted to the King, after the meeting of the Council on the 11th of December, 1736. § MISSION OF MESSRS. JENNINGS AND DDLANEY. At a meeting of the Council held at Phil- adelphia on the 6th of December, 1736, Mr. Bordley, a gentleman of Maryland, attending without with a message for the President and Council, was called on and acquainted the President that he was sent by Mr.. Jen- nings and Mr. Dulaney, who were just come to town from Annapolis with their compli- *IV Col. Bee, 109. fl Archives, 510. tlbld, 111. Ilbid, 125. ments to the President and Council, and to acquaint them, that, having received some commands from the Governor of Maryland, they desired to know when they might have an opportunity of waiting on the President and Council.* Messrs. Jennings and Dulaney, on the next day, attending, deliv- ered an open letter from the Governor of Maryland. This miasion was occasioned by the burning of Cressap's house, and his arrest with other parties, on the 24th of November, as the letter of Gov. Ogle alleged, in BS,lti- more County. Mr. Jennings was the Secre- tary and Mr. Dulaney was the Commissary and Attorney- General of Maryland. The letter represented the transaction as cruel and barbarous, and requested the assistance of the government of Pennsylvania to bting the actors to punishment. A paper was drawn up by them and delivered to the Council to the same effect, and demanding that Cressap shduld be released. The answer to Messrs. Jennings and Dulaney stated that the government of Pennsylvania never acknowledged the place of Cressap's settle- ment to be in Maryland, and recited the attempts to oust the German's; that Cressap was arrested on a charge of murder, and that unless the government of Maryland thought fit to enter into some effectual specific measures with them, it be represented to his Majesty to interpose his royal authority. To this Messrs. Jennings and Dulaney replied that the right and title of Mr. Cressap was founded on a grant from Lord Baltimore many years before the agreement; that the agreement was never carried into execution and the validity of it was under the consideration of the High Court of Chancery. They discuss the act of the Germans in disowning the jurisdiction of the Lord Baltimore, and alleged that Cressap acted in self-defense, and that to two gentlemen sent from hence offers were made which were rejected. In consideration of the paper of Messrs. Jennings and Dulaney, which referred to former pacific overtures on the part of Mary- land, the Council recurred to the transactions at Annapolis with Messrs. Hamilton and Georges in May, 1734, by which it appeared that, though the Governor of Mary- land often used the expression of pacific measures, what was proposed was dilatory and impracticable, and the proposal of this gov- ernment of agreeing on some limits, to which, for the preservation of peace, jurisdiction should extend with a salvo to the right of either proprietor, till the dispute between them should be fully ended, was evaded and *1V Col. Eec, 115. 68 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. declined. The answer to the deputies was based on this view, December 14, 1736: "If your Governor will agree upon some certain boundaries to limit the jurisdiction to the respective provinces, without prejudice to the right of either proprietor, until the whole dispute shall be ended, or upon any other reasonable measures by which his Majesty's subjects may enjoy peace and no longer be harassed in their persons and possessions, we shall cheerfully come into any methods that can be proposed, consistent with the laws and common justice." It was also said " that the Germans, who yearly arrive here in great numbers, wholly ignorant of the English language and constitution, were obliged, on account of our too near northern neighbors, the French, whose language many of them understand, not only to swear allegi- ance to our Sovereign but as a further tie upon' them promised fidelity to our proprie- tors and this government, a practice only used with them and no others." There resulted a very voluminous correspondence, but there is in it merely a recapitulation of mutual claims and complaints. Messrs. Jen- nings and Dulaney informed the President, on the 16th of December, that they were just setting out on their return and delivered a paper to him, in which, in reference to the preceding claims, they say: " You are pleased to mention that this government obliged the Germans only to enter into an engagement of fidelity to your proprietors; we apprehend the allegiance they swear to our Sovereign cannot need the force of an engagement to your j)roprietorB to prevent their desertion to the French, and therefore we are at a loss to comprehend why the Germans are distin- guished from all other nations by the remark- able distrust your government has of their fidelity. " The Maryland Commissioners had 81so charged President Logan with having promised that Cressap's accomplices should be bailed, and then not performing it. The Council, in considering the last paper deliv- ered to the President by Messrs. Jennings and Dulaney, were some of them of the opinion that the unmannerly and malicious reflections in it should receive a proper answer, but the next day, December 21, they concluded that what ought to be said should be represented to the Governor of Maryland. In regard to the question of bail, it appeared that it had been referred to the Judges, who held them not bailable.* The reply of the Council to the letter of Gov. Ogle, crediting the mission of Messrs. Jennings and Dulaney, after refe rring to the papers, proposed a •IV Col. Eeo ,'146. joinder in effectual measures to preserve the peace until the royal pleasure could be known. In the meantime, on December 11, 1736, by the concurring action of the Assem- bly, a petition was drawn in the name of the President and Council and the General Assembly to the King. On the 1st of March, 1737, there came a letter from the Governor of Maryland, dated 24th of December, 1736, requesting the Gov- ernor of Pennsylvania to state precisely what were the concessions they were willing to come into. This letter was not received for ten weeks after its date. The Postmaster, on being examined, said "that the letter had been received last night, and that three mails had come from Annapolis since Christmas. " The Council were of the opinion that what- ever reason the Governor had for antedating his letter or keeping it back, as he declined making any proposals, it was proper on this call from Maryland to make proposals of peace.* A letter was, therefore, written to Gov. Ogle on the 5th of March, 1737, in which reference is made to the committing of hostilities since the date of h^s letter, and since continued by his new Captain, Higgenbo- tham, and his crew, reciting the injuries, and proposing that all those in arms should im- mediately retire as a preliminary.f The fix- ing of certain limits was proposed for the purposes of jurisdiction, and no new settle- ments were to be suffered, save by the same families that were then in possession on the lands they held or claimed before, and no person whatever in or near those parts should on either side be molested on any cause or pretense arising from their disputes or the proprietary claims. On the 11th of March, 1737, Gov. Ogle wrote that "the point is, which of the two governments is in the wrong by refusing to come into reasonable measures, to prevent disorders on the border. That the proposal to Hamilton and Georges was, that the application be made to the King to fix the boundaries and new settlements be prevented. You seem willing not to oppose; ' but that all those who first took up their lands under this province may be allowed to acknowledge this government, only those coming into your province to inhabit it, and going over Susquehanna t6 seek for settle ments, were either forced or decoyed by Thomas Cressap, or others, to submit to this government, ought certainly to be left to those to which they first belonged ' . . . . I am persuaded you did not intend to include within that exception the Germans, who set- *IV Col. Rec, 158. flbid, 164. BORDER TROUBLES. 69 tied under this government on Susquehanna, and who, by a most extraordinary method, pretended to become Pennsylvaniana."* He proposed to meet Mr. Logan anywhere half way between Annapolis and Philadelphia. In reply to this a letter was written to Gov. Ogle, March 22, 1737, by President Logan, under the advice of the Council, showing the impracticability of his proposal. Those in- habitants who at first entered on their pos- sessions under Maryland, should, till the boandaries were settled, be allowed to ac- knowledge that government. And all such as entered on their possessions under this government, should, in the same manner, be allowed to acknowledge it. And all the inhab- itants subject to the late dispute, should be exempt from taxes. Taxes to be assessed and account kept of them, and no further set- tlements be made in those parts.f To this letter, Gov. Ogle responded on the 29th of March, 1737: ."You say you will noW, in full terms, express your meaning, which is, that those inhabitants who at first entered on their possessions under the government of Maryland, should, till such time as the boundaries should be settled, or til) we shall receive orders and directions from a superior authority for establishing peace, be allowed to acknowledge this government; and all such others as entered on their possessions tinder your government, should, in the same manner, be allowed to acknowledge it. In answer to which I can truly say, that I al- ways thought this just and reasonable, that all my endeavors and proposals tended to nothing else but to get your government to come into this very agreement, which, if you had done, I am covinced it would effectually have prevented all the mischief that has hap- pened since that ineffectual conference we had with Messrs. Hamilton and Georges .... But, besides that, such an agreement as this for the public good can never be too plainly and clearly expressed, or disputes about it too carefully avoided; let us consid- er the persons you propose to be excepted, and the reason for so doing. " The persons are those who have been the subject of the late contentions and disputes begun sometime in August last, and the only reason that I can conceive for it must be that these same persons, not liking our 40% poll and other taxes, took it into their heads to renounce all obedience to this government in a formal manner by a paper under their hands. If they had not made this revolt, as they themselves call it, I presume their being *IV Col. Bee, tlbid, 181. 170, excepted more than others would not have been mentioned; so that this being the only reason, the beat way for you to judge of the goodness of it will be to turn the tables, and suppose the same case should happen to yourselves. Suppose a number of your in- habitants, touched with a tender regard for the Church of England and the support of its ministers, should all of a sudden re- nounce your government in the same formal manner that these people did oiirs for con- trary reasons, pray what would your govern- ment do in such a case? Would you think such a renunciation of any validity, or would you proceed against them according to the laws of your province ? Whatever you would think reasonable for yourselves to do in that case, we only desire you to grant us the same indulgence. To do as one would be done by is a maxim so very just and reasonable that it is to be presumed that nobody can dispute it. And this is all we desire of you in the case before us."* Reference was made in the letter of Pres- ident Logan to the committing of hostilities by Higginbotham and his crew, pending the negotiations and correspondence between the provinces, but to these Gov. Ogle made no response. The letters of Samuel Blunston to the Provincial Council contain a full state- ment of these transactions, and, therefore, must be cited in order to obtain a full un- derstanding of the trials of the German set- tlers here. Charles Higginbotham, one of the ring- leaders in the ejectment plot above related, having escaped, became more formidable than his predecessor, Cressap, in acts of violence. He was appointed by Gov. Ogle, a Justice of the Peace and a Captain of Militia. At the head of about twenty men he came up to the settlements of the Germans, and it appears by the letters of Samuel Blunston in Decem- ber and January, 1737, "being daily strengthened by runaway servants and others of desperate circumstances, they threatened to attack some of the Dutch people seated there," and many outrages were committed and forcible arrests made, and they plainly intended to oust every person who refused to acknowledge the authority of Maryland. They broke open the Germans' doors with axes and carried persons off. On account of these outrages the wives and children of the Germans taken and several other families, went over the Susquehanna for refuge, and according to Mr. Blunston, all the settle- ments on the west side would be speedily de- serted unless a sufficient force would be set * IV Col. Eec, 186. 70 HISTORY or YORK COUNTY. on foot to protect them and to apprehend Higginbotham and his party. So grievous were the complaints of injury that he asked the advice of the Council on the 9th of Jan- uary, 1737, whether it would be more eligible to order the removal of all those who were seated under Pennsylvania on the west side of the Susquehanna, than to use further en- deavors for their defense, since it was ap- parent these could not be effectual without coming to blows, and bloodshed in all prob- ability would ensue. The Council, consider- ing the distresses and hardships to which the Germans, by the cruelty of the Governor of Maryland, were at that severe season ex- posed, were of opinion that it was not con- sistent either with the honor or safety of this province to remove those of its inhabitants who were seated within its unquestionable bounds, since such an act might be construed a cession of those parts to Maryland, who would not fail thereupon to take possession of them; and in all probability, from such an encouragement, would endeavor at further encroachments in pursuance to their late ex- orbitant claims. On the contrary, it became the government, in support of its authority and in the just defense of his Majesty's peaceable subjects in it, to raise and support a force sufficient to oppose those violators of the peace and of his people's rights, and to seize and secure them that they may be brought to justice, the conducting of which force ought to be in the sheriff of the county and his officers. And on the 20th of Janu- ary it was ordered that the Sheriff of Lan- caster be called upon to raise a sufficient num- ber of men of his county to be disposed in such places on the west side of the Susque- hanna, under proper officers to be by him deputed, as may prevent further disorders, and that the Sheriff with his officers and as- sistants exert their utmost endeavors for pre- serving the peace, protecting the inhabitants, and use all legal means in their power for apprehending Higginbotham and his asso- ciates, and all others who have been or here- after shall be guilty of committing any acts of violence within the said county." * It was repeatedly pressed in advices from Lan- caster "that some gentlemen of credit and authority should be sent up into that coun- ty, by whose encouragement and counte- nance a greater furtherance might be given to such measures as should be found necessary to be concerted for the preservation of his Majesty's peace and the protection of the inhabitants from those outrages to which they have of late been exposed." On the * IV Col. Eec, lBO-1. 25th of January, 1737, two members of the Council, Messrs. Laurence and Assheton, were prevailed upon to take that trouble. It was recommended to them "to use their best endeavors and give such orders as they should judge most conducive for carrying those measures into execution." Mr. Laurence and Mr. Assheton, on their return from Lancaster, on the 8th of Febru- ary, reported that they met the Justices and Sheriff of that county, and that fifteen men had been got together to observe the motions of Higginbotham and his party, and to pre- vent their further attempts on the inhabit- ants. That he had gone toward Annapolis with his prisoners, and the others kept them- selves shut up in their guard house or for- tress. That their whole force consisted of about twenty-five men. The number of men to assist the Sheriff had been increased to twenty-eight, and Solomon Jennings was made' deputy, and he and his men were so stationed as to be able to prevent any further violences. They said the country had con- ceived such a resentment that many had offered their services to march directly to their fortress and take them.* At a meeting of the Council on the 1st of March, 1737, a letter from Samuel Bluuston set forth that Higginbotham's garrison was then about the number of thirty. That Hig- ginbotham had offered to purchase some of the Dutch people's improvements, by order, as he gave out, of the Governor of Mary- land, and that he had also told some of them if they would stand neuter and not hold by either government, they should remain unmolested. That many having been obliged to leave their houses, it was not with- out the utmost difficulty their families had been able to subsist themselves that winter, and if on the approaching season, they should be prevented by a continuance of such vio- lences from putting in a spring crop, they must either perish, remove, or sxabmit to Maryland. That provisions were extremely scarce, and the keeping of the Sheriff's as- sistants together on the west side of the Sus- quehanna very expensive. They had few or no opportunities of falling in with Higgin- botham's gang, who for the most part kept within their guard house, where the Sheriff would not consent that they should be at- tacked. By a letter a few days before to Thomas Penn, it appeared Higginbotham's party broke into the house of Joshua Min- shall early in the morning of the 12th of February, surprised him in bed, and carried him off prisoner. Thej' were pursued by *IV Col. Rec, 1B3. BOEDER TROUBLES. 71 some of the Sheriff of Lancaster's people, who had no notice of this action till some hours after it had happened, but the gang had got to their guard house before they could be overtaken, and there it was not thought proper to attack them.* On the 17th of March, 1737, some of the people from the garrison went to the house of Martin Shultz and took by force a cask of eighty gallons of rum and two of his horses and conveyed them to their place. "f A letter written about this time by Mr. Blunston gives a graphic picture of the unfortunate state of affaii's in this portion of the province. J He says: ' ' We had given repeated orders to the Dutch to keep -together and stand on their defense." He then relates the incidents of six men get- ting a grave ready for a child. Higgin- botham and his company came upon them, and seized and carried them through the woods, and it was said that they were to be conveyed to Annapolis. The persons taken were Michael Tanner, Conrade Strickler, Henry Bacon, Jacob Welshans, Charles Jones and Joseph Evans. He says : ' ' This unhappy accident has so terrified the rest that they have all left their homes and are come over the river, so that there is none left on that side but women and children, except Joshua Minshall and John Wright, Jr. ; at the house of the latter they keep garrison, expecting every day and night to be attacked. This is the present state of affairs over the river, to which, if we add that the ice is in continual danger of breaking, so as to render the river impassable for some weeks, make things look With but an indifferent prospect. Before this happened, if the sheriff had gone over, he might have had thirty or forty Dutch to assist him, but now he has none but what he takes with him if he can go over." At a meeting of the Council on the 4th of April, 1737, the President acquainted the Board that several of the Germans who had suffered outrages from the Maryland gang from the west of Susquehanna had come hither to represent their great distress. Hig- ginbotham and those under his command had continued to carry on their violences, and would neither suffer the people themselves, their children, nor those hired to plow the grounds, to raise corn for the sustenance of their families. They took away the horses employed in this necessary work, and said the Governor of Maryland ordered it. They car- ried off several young lads from plowing, and detained them in their garrison to give sec'ur- * IV Col. Eec, 156. j- Archives, 534, Affidavit. i I Archives, 316. This letter is erroneously placed as of the date of 1732.— IV Col. Eec, 149. ity to work no more or be sent to gaol. Some of the people carried to Annapolis, let out on bail, were told if they did not work for others they forfeited their recognizance. No- tice was given to the women that three days would be allowed them to carry their goods oiit of their houses, otherwise they would be turned out. The number of the rioters had increased, and infested the neighborhood in small detachments- Their insolence and cruelties were so great that the inhabitants were reduced to deplorable circumstances, it being evident that notwithstanding the nego- tiations of peace now on foot between the two provinces, Higginbotham and those with him were resolved to distress the poor people to such a degree as to oblige them to quit their places that others may enter upon them according to the promise and expecta- tions given them by the Governor of Mary- land. The number of those whom the Sheriff of Lancaster had kept on the west side of the Susquehanna for a restraint on Higgin- botham's gang had lessened, and had not been of the service that was expected. The Council observed that as both governments were then treating on measures for establish- ing peace, and the Governor of Maryland continuing in his several late letters, to make ample professions of his sincere inclination to that end, it could scarcely be supposed, without highly reflecting on that gentleman's honor and candor, that those late violences were carried on by his authority or with his knowledge. His letter was again read, and the essential parts of it, particularly that where he seems to insist that the Germans, without any proviso or stipulation for them, should be left to his government to be taxed or dealt with as they should think proper, being largely spoken to, the President was desired to prepare a draught of an answer to Mr. Ogle.* This answer of Mr. Logan reca- pitulated the correspondence on the subject, and made the proposal that a preliminary, namely, the appointment of persons to adjust the matter, be at once put in execution, and that Commissioners meet on the spot, and de- termine by the strictest and most just inquiry, who of those inhabitants entered on their possessions under the one or under the other government. It noted the fact that he had made no answer to the complaints about Higginbotham, and that since the receipt of his last letter accounts had been received of shocking barbarities committed upon that unhappy people. Upon considering what was represented by Mr. Blunston, the Council were of the opinion that the people ought hy * IV Col. Eec, 189. 72 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. all means to maintain possession of their houses and plantations. That a proper num- ber of people should be lodged in the house late of John Hendricks to defend it against any attack, and the Sheriff be called upon to give all legal assistance. On the 8th of April, 1737, as to those Germans who had come there to pray advice in their present dis- tress, the Council were of opinion that as they came first into this province to settle, they were highly to blame in going over to the other side of the Susquehanna, and there, in contempt of this government, taking up land under Mary- land and acknowledging themselves subjects or tenants under it ; that some of them had not only enlisted under Cressap, but had assisted him on all occasions when called on, and par- ticularly that the party who took Mr. Bu- chanan, the late Sheriff of Lancaster, was mostly made of their people ; that when they thought of returning to their obedience under this government, if Gov. Ogle's word is to be taken for it, who expressly charges them with it, and as for encouraging them in it, their only inducement was their hopes of living more easily under us, in being freed from the forty per cent, poll and other Maryland tases. That instead of defending themselves against the force which had been sent to apprehend them, they had thrown that charge wholly upon this government, who had been put to great expense on that account. That if the Marylanders should proceed to turn them off their plantations, as there is now no possibility of opposing but by open war and bloodshed, their families must be sure no otherwise to give way to it than as they are forced, and if that should prove the case, as it is hoped it will not, care will be taken to order other places for their settle- ment, on their paying a reasonable considera- tion for the same, and that we must wait for a suitable redress from the wisdom and jus- tice of our Gracious Sovereign, whose orders for putting an end to all these disturbances have been long since humbly applied for, and may now in a short time be expected.* On the 15th of April, 1737, a letter from Gov. Ogle retaliates as to violences, by charges of cruelty to Cressap and others: "I shall put into immediate execution every- thing that lies in my power to prevent the renewing of your hostilities. I shall leave wholly to yourselves, such as first settled un- der your government, and shall only look up- on such to be Marylanders at present, as set- tled and held under this government, "f Throughout this curious and voluminous »IV Col. Rec, ISO. tibid, 196. discussion, there was, on either side, a plain determination to maintain the German element of the contention as peculiarly subject to their own control. Pennsylvania was willing to have an investigation into the settlements of each individual, believing that the excep- tions were as to an original settlement under any other title. Maryland, on the other hand, would persist on claiming the whole body of the revolted Germans as their tenants and subject to taxation as such. Consequently the reply to the letter of Gov. Ogle, of the 15th of April, proposed the appointment of a commissioner by each province to ascertain who of the settlers "first entered on their lands under the one, and who under tUe other government," when the commotions began, before August, 1736. MISSION OF MESSBS. PKESTON AND KINSEY. On the 29th of April, 1737, the Coancil considered it advisable to send to Annapolis two persons, who should, in a personal con- ference with the Governor, press him to au explicit and determined answer to the pro- posals that accompanied the concession made on the part of this province and accepted by him. Two . members, Mr. Preston and Mr. Kinsey, were appointed for the occasion. Another letter was prepared and sent to Gov. Ogle. It was proposed that the levying of taxes be deferred and that the forces on either side be withdrawn and that commis- sioners be appointed. The House of Repre- sentatives was called together and a message delivered to them from the President and Council, that notwithstanding all legal means in their power, and those at a very con- siderable expense, had been used to put a stop to the violences on the west side of the Susquehanna, yet there was a continued series of those abuses. The House hoped that it would not be long before the King's pleasure would be known, and that they should always be ready to do what is neces- sary for supporting the government, while the measures taken are consistent with the peaceable principles of the people they rep- resented. A letter of instructions was . prepared for Samuel Preston and John Kinsey, Bsqs., the commissioners. A recapitulation of the mat- ters in controversy is unnecessary. Accord- ing to the report made by Mr. Preston on their return, they were received civilly and dined with the Governor, and had a personal conference with him. They were called before the Council and had reduced their offer to writing. After correspondence between them, articles were acceded to by both governments. THE BOUNDARY LINE. 78 Objection was made to the appointment of commissioners. It was contended, on the part of Pennsylvania, that this was nec- essary to determine who settled under each government, but on the part of Maryland that it might be determined by them and Messrs. Preston and Kinsey, as by com- missioners. The former also contended that it was necessary to examine those who were settled and others. In the personal confer- ence touching the manner of determining who settled on the lands in dispute under each government, Gov. Ogle told them that he thought it would be easy to distinguish them by name in the articles. He said an answer to two or three plain questions would determine it, as to whose they took the land to be at the time of their first entry? To whom had they paid their taxes ? He further said that the Germans entered on the land on which they are under them, but were pre- vailed upon by threats and persuasions of some of the magistrates of Lancaster to re- nounce their government. "He was answered, that matter was very differently represented to us; that one of us had an opportunity since our coming there of enquiring of one of those Germans, who declared that on their first entry on the lands in question, they looked upon them as belonging to the pro- prietors of Pennsylvania, but that Cressap, pretending an authority from the govern- ment of Maryland, threatened to dispossess them unless they would suffer their plan- tations to be surveyed by him as belong- ing to Maryland. That being strangers, who had the right to avoid being dispossessed, they permitted him to make surveys, expect- ing a confirmation of their possessions from the government of Maryland. And we un- derstood that they, having been disappointed in this respect by the government of Mary- land, and their having afterward been fully assured the lands belonged to our proprietors, occasioned their voluntary application to our magistrates for protection from our govern- ment, and that they were not induced thereto by any threats or persuasions whatsoever. " Messrs. Preston and Kinsey proposed that if there was difficulty as to the appointment of commissioners they might agree upon other articles. This Gov. Ogle declined, urging that it was necessary first to distinguish tho persons who settled under each government. They were called no more to confer with the Maryland Council. They dined with Ben- jamin Tasker, one of the Council and Lord Baltimore's agent, and on their return to their lodging, found a paper for them, and being informed the Governor was gone out of town, the Council separated, and they left Annapolis.* As in the former treaties, so in this, the Governor of Maryland insisted that the fail- ure of the negotiations was owing to the want of power or information in the com- missioners, and that when his just offers would bo communicated to the Government of Pennsylvania, it would give proper powers and instructions for perfecting the THE BOUNDARY LINE. THE line which was provided for in the agreement of 1732, was not run on account of the objections of Lord Baltimore, and the consequent suit in equity. The active and acrimonious correspondence between the GoverQors of the two provinces went on, as we have seen, and overtures for fixing a boundary were made by Pennsylvania, without effect. Gov. Gordon and President Logan, by advice of the Council, proposed to have a provisional line run, but it was rejected by the Maryland authorities. There were mutual appeals to the King. The matter was referred to the Lords of Committee of Council on Plantation Affairs, and before them the proprietors and their counsel came to an agreement that the peace and tranquility of the province might be preserved until such time as the bound- aries could be finally settled. This agree- ment was approved by the King, and His Majesty was pleased to order that the respect- ive proprietors do cause the said agreement to be carried into execution. THE ROYAL ORDER. At the court at Kensington, on the 25th day of May, 1738. PRESENT : The King's Most Excellent Majesty. Archbishop of Canterbury, Lord President, Lord Steward Lord Chamberlain, Duke of Bolton, Duke of Devonshire, Duke of Newcastle, . Earl of Scarborough, Earl of Grantham, Earl of Cholmondeley, Earl of Selkirk, Earl of Islay, Earl FitzWalter, Viscount Lonsdale, Viscount Torrington, Lord Harrington, Mr. Chancellor of the Exchequer, Sir Charles Wills, Henry Pelham, Esq., Sir Charles Wager. Upon reading at the Board a report from the Right Honorable the Lords of the Committee of Council for Plantation Affairs, Dated the 4th of this Instant in the words following, Viz.. *IVCol.Eec., 210,223. 74 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY, Your Majesty having been pleased by your orders in Council of the 17th of March, 1736, 1737, and the 21st of July, 1737, to refer unto this Committee several petitions from the President, Council and General Assembly of the Province of Pennsylvania, and likewise from the Governor and Council, and the commissary and clergy of the Province of Mary- land, which petitions represent (among other things) that great Disorders and Outrages have been com- mitted upon the Borders of the said respective Provinces, and humbly Praying your Majesty's most Gracious Interposition and commands, for the preservation of the Peace, on the said Borders until the Boundaries of the said Province shall be finally settled and adjusted. The Lords of the Committee of Council did, on the 29th of the said Month of July, talte the matter of the said complaints into their consideration. And, therefore, Reported to your Majesty what they thought most advisable for your Majesty to Do, in Order to Prevent the further Continuance of the said Disordf rs and to preserve Peace and Tranquility on the sai ' Borders, until the Boundaries^hould be finally settled. And Your Majesty having approved of what was Pro- posed by the said Report was Pleased, by your order in Coiincil of the 8th of August, 1737, to direct as follows, Viz.: "That the governors of the respect- ive provinces of Maryland and Pennsylvania, for the time being. Do not, upon pain of incurring His Majesty's Highest Displeasure, permit or suffer any tumults, riots, or other Outrageous Disorders to be committed on the Borders of their respective prov- inces. But that they do immediately put a stop thereto, and use their utmost endeavours to preserve Peace and Good Order amongst all His Majesty's subjects under their Government inhabiting the said borders. And as a means to preserve peace and Tranquility on the said Borders, His Majesty doth hereby enjoin the said Governors that they do not make Grants of any part of the Lands in Contest between the Proprietors respectively, nor any part of the Three Lower Counties commonly called New- castle, Kent and Sussex, nor permit any Person to settle there, or even to attempt to make a settle- ment thereon, till His Majesty's Pleasure shall be further signified. And His Majesty is further pleased to Direct that this Order, together with Duplicates thereof, be delivered to the proprietors of the said Provinces, who are hereby required to transmit the same forthwith to the governors of the said respective Provinces accordingly. That since the issuing of the said order Your Majesty hath been pleiised to refer unto this Committee an address of the Deputy Governor, and of the Upper and Lower Houses of Assembly of the Province of Maryland, relating to a Continuance of the said Disorders, and also two Petitions, the one in the name of John, Thomas and Richard Penn, Esqrs., Proprietors of the Province of Pennsylvania, Praying Yofir Majesty's further pleasure may be signified relating to your Majesty's afore recited Order in Council of the 18th of August, 1737, and the other in the name of the Agent of tile said Province of Pennsylvania, Complaining of fresh Disorders committed by tlie Inhabitants of Maryland against those of Pennsyl- vania, Wherefore the Lords of the Committee did, on the 23rd of February last, proceed to take all the papers relating to the complaints made by each of the said Provinces into their consideration and were attended by Counsel on both sides, and likewise by the Proprietors of the said Provinces, And the Counsel desiring that some reasonable time might be allowed the Proprietors to confer together, in Order to come to some Agreement amongst them- selves, that so the Peace and Tranquility of both Provinces may be preserved until such time as the Boundarys can be finally settled. The Lords of the Committee thought proper to comply with such, their request, And being again this day Attended by allPartys, the counsel acquainted the Committee that the proprietors of each Province had accord- ingly met and agreed to the following propositions, viz. : "1st that so much of His Majesty's Order in Council of the 18th of August, 1737, as Orders the Governors of the respective Provinces of Maryland & Pennsylvania for the time being, do not, upon pain of incurring His Majesty'sHighest Displeasure, Permit or Suffer any Tumult, Riots or any other Outrageous Disorders to be committed on the Borders of their respective Provinces, but that they do immediately put a stop thereto, and use their utmost endeavors to preserve Peace and Good Order among all his Majesty's Subjects under their Gov- ernment. Inhabiting the said Borders. Do stand in force and be Observed. 2nd, That there being no riots that appear to have been committed within the Three Lower Counties of Newcastle, Kent and Sussex, on Deleware, It is therefore not thought necessary to continue the latter part of the said Order in Council, as to the said three lower Coun- ties, but that the same former Order in Council, so far as relates to the said three Lower Counties, be discharged without prejudice to either of the Pro- prietors, as if the same had never been made. 3d, That all other lands in contest between the said proprietors now possessed by or under either of them shall remain in the possession as they now are (although beyond the temporary limits here- after mentioned); and also the jurisdiction of the respective proprietors shall continue over such lands until the boundarys shall be finally settled; and that the tenants of either side shall not attorn to the other, nor shall either of the propfietors or their ofi3cers receive or accept of attornments from tne tenants of the other proprietors. 4th, That, as to all vacant lands in contest be- tween the proprietors, not lying within the three lower counties and not now possessed by or under either of them, on the east side of the River Susque- hanna, down so far as fifteen miles and one quarter quarter of a mile southof the latitude of the most southern partof theCityof Philadelphia, and ontho west side of the said River Susquehanna, down so far south as fourteen miles and three-quarters south of the latitude of the most southern part of the City of Philadelphia, the temporary jurisdiction over the same is agreed to be exercised by the proprietors of Pennsylvania, and their Governor, courts and oflBcers, and as to all such vacant lands in contest between the proprietors and not now possessed by orunder either of them on both sides of the said River Susquehanna, south of the respective south- ern limits in this paragTaph before mentioned, the temporary jurisdiction over the same is agreed to be exercised by the proprietor of Maryland, his gov- ernor, courts and oflScers, without prejudice to either proprietor, and until the boundarys shall be finally settled, .'ith. That the respective proprietors shall be at free liberty to gi-ant out, on the common and usual terms all or any vacant lands within the said Provinces of Pennsylvania and Maryland in contest between the said proprietors ( that'is to say within their own respective sides of the said several limits mentioned m the last foregoing paragraph). For the which lands and the profits ot the same also each proprietor shall accoont to the other, who may be adjudged to be the proprietor thereof, upon the final determination of the boundarys between the two provinces. 6th, That all prisoners on both sides on account of being concerned in any riots or disturbances relating to the bounds, or for any act or thing done thereat, or for any other act touching the rights of either said provinces in relation to their bounds, lie forthwith released and discharged on entering into their own respective recognizance in a reasonable sum to appear and submit to tryalwhen THE BOUNDARY LINE. 75 called upon by further order from His Majesty. 7th, That this be declared to be a provisional and temporary order to continue until the boundarys shall be finally settled, and be declared to be with- out prejudice to either party. 8th, That His Maj- esty be most humbly moved to discharge so much of the order of the 18th of August, 1737, as varys from the agreement, and that the several other pe- titions of complaint now depending before His Maj- esty in council, relating to any disturbances, may be withdrawn by the respective petitioners. To which propositions the proprietors of each province signified their consent before the commit- ,tee, and declared their readiness to carry the same into execution, if your Majesty shall be pleased to approve thereof; and the committee, considering that the agi-eement may be a proper expedient for restoring peace and tranquility between the said provinces, and for preventing any of the like dis- turbances for the future, do therefore agree humbly to lay the same before your Majesty for your royal approbation. His Majesty this day took the said report into consideration, and in order to preserve peace & tranquility between the said provinces, and to pre- vent any like disturbances for the future, is pleased, with the advice of his Privy Council, to approve of the said agreement entered into between the pro- prietors of the said respective provinces; and His Majesty is hereby pleased to order that the proprie- tors of the said respective provinces of Maryland and Pennsylvania do cause the said agreement to be carried into execution; whereof the said proprie- tors, and all others whom it may concern, are to take notice and govern themselves accordingly, J. A. Vernon. This Royal Order, as wiJl be seen, pro- vided that as to all vacant lands in contest between the proprietors .... "not now possessed by, or under, either of them, on the east side of the Eiver Susquehanna, down so far south as fifteen miles, and one quarter of a mile south of the latitude of th» most southern part of the city of Philadelphia, and on the west side of the said Eiver Sus- quehanna, down so far south as fourteen miles and three quarters of a mile south of the latitude of the most southern part of the city of Philadelphia, the temporary jurisdic- tion of the same is agreed to be exercised by the proprietors of Pennsylvania, and their Governor, Courts and officers, until the boundaries shall be finally settled." The agreement of 1732 fixed the boundary on the line of latitude fifteen miles south of the southern part of Philadelphia, and provided that titles to lands granted by either, and which were ' ' cleared, occupied and pos- sessed" before the fifteenth of May, 1724 should be protected. The date of these set- tlements appears to have been fixed by the date of the agreement made in London be- tween the proprietors on the 17th of May, 1724, " that no surveys should be made on either side in the disputed places till the boundaries should be fixed, for which a time was limited. '' The agreement of 1724, pro- tected only occupiers of land at that time, and since it prohibited all new grants and settlements it was reasonable to expect that the agreement of 1732 would not protect grants and intrusions in violation of it.* And so it was written in the agreement of 1732. f So the matter was viewed by Gov. Gordon in his letter to Gov. Ogle, June 15, 1732, " we have always understood here and so did your immediate predecessor, his Lordship's brother, on our treating on that subject, that the same convention should sub- sist till the matter was further accommodated, aM which, notwithstanding the numerous set- tlements made by those who forced them- selves upon us from Ireland and Germany, has been so punctually observed by our office, that there has not been one survey made^ as. is affirmed to me, by order of that office, within the limits which it is conceived Mary- land either could or would claim. "J This view was ratified by the royal order. In pur- suance of this order of his Majesty in coun- cil " provisional and temporary limits " were, run between the provinces. THE TEMPORARY LINE. On the 5th of December, 1738, Gov- Thomas acquainted the Council that he had received a letter from Gov. Ogle of the 26th of November, informing him that he had ap- pointed Col. Levin Gale and Mr. Samuel Chamberlain to run the line agreed upon, and confirmed by his Majesty's order, as pro- visional and temporary limits between the two provinces. And that he had appointed Law- rence Growden, Esq., and Mr. Richard Petej's, as Commissioners, and Benjamin Eastburn, as, surveyor, on the part of Pennsylvania, to join them in running the said line.§ From the report it appears that the Com- missioners met on the 5th of December, at- tended by the Mayor, several Aldermen and some of the principal gentlemen of Phila- delphia, when the most southern part of the city was ascertained, to the satisfaction of the Commissioners on both sides, by the declara- tion of the Mayor and Aldermen, by the orig- inal draft of the city, by the situation of the dock, and other natural marks, and by the testimonies of several ancient inhabitants, all concurring that a certain post, then showed the Commissioners, stood in the most southern part of the city. It was unanimously agreed •Il.Harris, 367. tlV Archives, 10. JArchivea, 331. gAuthenticated copies of the papers relating to this trans- action were received from Englaud, accompaDied with a iiand* Eomely drawn and colored map on parchment. See litho- graphed copy, reduce to half size of the original. 76 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. to settle the variition of the compass by fix- ing a meridian line by an observation to be made when the pole star above the pole and the first star in the tail of the Great Bear un- der the pole should be in the same vertical circle, or in a perpendicular line, one above the other, and a meridian line was carefully fixed according to that rule and being tried by a theodolite in the possession of Benja- min Eastburn, the variation was found by it to be 5° and 25'. They commenced to run the line with a westerly variation of 5° and 25' and the line was run to a fence belong- ing to Israel Pemberton, about two miles from the place of beginning. They met again on the 12th of April, and the surveyors and chain carriers were quali- fied by oath or afiirmation. They tested in- struments at the post where they had begun before, and found the theodolite of Mr. East- burn to have the same direction and its vari- ation no ways changed, and on the next day, the 13th of April, met at Israel Pemberton' s fence, and all parties being satisfied, by the marks that were left on that fence and on the trees near it, that that was the place where they left off on the 11th of December, the surveyors proceeded on the line. On the 22d of April, at a distance of thirty-one miles due west from the place of beginning, it was agreed that the line was now run enough to the west for avoiding the large waters of Bran- dywine and Christiana Creeks, and that the surveyors should begin to set ofi" the south line of fifteen miles and a quarter. Then a dispute arose concerning the manner of meas- uring the fifteen miles and a quarter. The Commissioners of Maryland insisted that the line should be run on the surface of the earth, without any allowance for the un- evenness thereof, and the Commissioners for Pennsylvania insisting that the said line should be an horizontal line, that is to say, that the altitudes of the hills should be taken and a full and just allowance made for them. Both parties refused to run the line in any other manner than what they had pro- posed. The Commissioners of Maryland de- clared their resolution to proceed ex parte. On the next day being of the opinion that a separation of the Commissioners and the run- ning of two different lines would be attended with all the evil consequences for the pre- vention whereof, his Majesty granted his royal order, it was at last agreed that the line should be run on the surface, and that ».n allowance of twenty-five perches should be made for the altitudes of the hills. On the 4th of May, 1739, the surveyors pro- ceeded on the west line to a field in the pos- session of Robert Patterson, at the distance of about a mile and a half from the river Susquehanna, and on information that there was no place on the western side of that river, but what would give great difficulty to the surveyors in measuring the half mile north, it was judged proper to set it off, and measure it at this place, that there might be no delay to the work on that account, and ac- cordingly the surveyors set off and measured 160 perches due north, and then turned a due west line and proceeded thereon to a distance of about a quarter of a mile from the river. On the next day the surveyors proceeded on the west line and ran the same to the western bank of Susquehanna, to a hickory tree which was ordered to be marked with four notches on each side, and it was unanimous- ly agreed that the west line down so far south as fourteen miles and three-quarters of a mile south of the latitude of the most southern part of the city of Philadelphia, should begin at that hickory tree, "^n the 6th of May, Mr. Gale informed the Commis- sioners that he had, since he came to Phila- delphia, on this line, received an account of the death of a son, and that by a special messenger, he had just now received a fur- ther account that one of his daughters was dangerously ill, and his wife and family in very great distress on that occasion, and pro- posed an adjournment to a further day, for that he was rendered incapable to give such attention to the proceedings on the tempo rary line as his duty required, and therefore declared he would proceed thereon no fur- ther, and Mr. Chamberlain declared that he apprehended he had no authority to proceed otherwise than in conjunction with Mr. Gale, and likewise declined going further with the line. Whereupon the Commissioners of Pennsylvania said that, as Col. Gale had on Friday, the 27th of April, received the ac- count of his son's death, and as they were then apprehensive it would affect him so much as to render him incapable of proceed- ing on the line, and might occasion separa- tion of the Commissioners, they had at that time written an account of it to their Gover- nor, requesting his further orders, in case it should prove as they feared, and had received an answer from his Honor, that he had sent them a new commission (in case of a separa- tion of the Commissioners) to proceed ex parte to finish the temporary line, for that the peace of the government absolutely de- pended thereon. They, the Commissioners of Pennsylvania, therefore declared that they could not adjourn, but as they judged it ab solutely necessary for the peace of both gov- THE BOUNDAEY LINE. 77 ernruents, that the line should be forthwith completed without any delay, and as they had a commission for that purpose, they would proceed ex parte and continue the west line, so run as aforesaid to the marked hick- ory tree, on the western bank of the Susque- hanna, and extend it from that tree as f ai' as the peace of the government shall make it necessary. The minutes of the proceedings of the Commissioners of both provinces, while in conjunction, show that on the day before the separation of Mr. Gale and Mr. Chamberlain it was unanimously agreed that the west line down so far south as fourteen miles and three-quarters of a mile south of the lati- tude of the most southern part of the city of Philadelphia, as mentioned in the King's order of Council to be the temporary limits between the two provinces on the other side of Susquehanna should begin at a certain hickory tree on the western bank of the said river, marked for that purpose by order of the said Commissioners, with four notches on each side. The Pennsylvania Commissioners and the surveyors, making that hickory tree the place of beginning, did on Tuesday, the 8th of May, run a due west line toward the river Potomac, with the very same instrument and variation of 5" and 25' with which the line on the east side of the Susquehanna, in con- junction with the Maryland Commissioners, was run, and causing trees that fell in or near the line to be marked and blazed in the very same manner as was observed in that line. The surveyors proceeded from day to day, and extended the line to tlie top of the most west- em hill of a range of hills called the Kit- tochtinny Hills distant from the place of be- ginning about eighty-eight statute miles. And as this hill was one of the boundaries of the lands purchased by the honorable pro- prietors from the Indians, and no persons were permitted to settle beyond that range of hills, they judged the line to be run far enough to settle the jurisdiction of the two provinces, and to answer all the purposes of their commission, and therefore ordered the surveyors to end there, and several trees to be marked with the initial letters of the names of the honorable proprietaries, as is usual at the close of boundary lines. The Commissioners wrote the 6th of May, 1739, to Governor Thomas, that the Maryland Commissioners, joining with them, ascer- tained the line to all intents and purposes, and made it impossible for Lord Baltimore ever to controvert it so far as it is run, or to propose any other method of running the remaining part than that which is taken by them. They gained 110 perches at the end of the west line, so that the line at the dis- tance of fourteen miles and three-quarters from Philadelphia, on the other side of the Susquehanna, was but fifty perches more north than the end of the Jersey line. Col. Gale, as Chief Justice, had given them a warrant directed to the Sheriff and Constables of Baltimore County and Prince George's County, to take up any persons that should offer to disturb them, and had promised to send the Governor's special protection to a place at the distance of thirty miles off by a special messenger.* The point or corner on the western bank of the Susquehanna, to which the surveyors ran on the 5th of May, 1739, described as a hickory tree, and marked with four notches on each side, and from which it was unani- mously agreed that the west line down so far south as fourteen miles and three-quarters of a mile south of the latitude of the most southerly part of the city of Philadelphia should begin, is now in the State of Mary- land. The Temporary Line at that point having been fixed seventy- two perches more southerly than the present boundary line. This is ascertained from several deeds and surveys,f from which it appears that a tract of land, called the Paw Paw Bottom, ex- tending along the Susquehanna Eiver — 449 perches — was surveyed on the 2oth of De- cember, 1753, to Alexander McCandless, and for which a patent was granted to him on the 31st of May, 1760, recorded in Philadel- phia. This tract of land, after the death of McCandless, was conveyed by his executor, James McCandless, to Thomas Cooper and John Boyd, by deed of the 7th of February, 1767, containing 111 acres of land, situate in Fawn Township. (Peachbottom Township has been since erected.) According to the patent, the tract began at a marked hickory in the Temporary Line on the Susquehanna River, and running from thence by the said line, north eighty-five degrees west, thirty - one perches to a marked hickory corner of land, patented under Maryland, called Coop- er's Addition, thence by several courses and distances north to a marked black oak, a cor- ner of land patented under Maryland, called Elisha's Lot, thence by several courses eind distances north to a marked walnut tree, and by a tract of land patented under Maryland to John Cooper, called the Deserts of Arabia; thence to two poplars on the Susquehanna River, and dovm the river by the several * I Archives, 566-575. fKladly furnished by Levi Cooper, Esq., of Peachbottom Township. 78 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. courses thereof 499 perches to the place of beginning — the hickory tree on the temporary- line. Adjoining this land of McCandless, there was surveyed to Eobert Gordon, on the 22d of July, 1771, a tract of land of which Walter Robinson was entitled to part. The draft of this land thus describes the lines : Beginning at a point comer- of lands of Al- exander McCandless along the Province Line, north eighty-eight degrees, west 133 perches, and on the south along the Temporary Line north eighty-six degrees, west ninety-three perches, and between the Province and Tem- porary Lines south ten and a half degrees, east seventy-two perches, adjoining the prop- erty of Alexander McCandless. By the sur- vey of George Stevenson, made the 20th of December, 1753, from the Temporary Line, which is fixed by the hickory tree corner, there is a course north twenty degrees, east fifty-eight perches to the supposed Maryland line. And in a draft made by Thomas G. Cross, Esq. , on the 3d and 4th days of April, 1774, of the land patented to McCandless, the course and distance from the temporary line to Mason and Dixon's Line are north twenty- one degrees, east fifty- eight perches. The discrepancy here may be owing to the uncer- tainty of the position of the temporary line. The older draft is to be preferred, because the hickory corner for the beginning of the temporary line was then a fixed point, and since then the Pennsylvania Canal had been constructed along the river, erasing that cor- ner. The temporary line, from the course of it, as compared with the fixed boundary line, would cross the latter before it went beyond the limits of York County. The report of the Commissioners, as above given, says "that they gained 110 perches, so that the line on the west side of the Susquehanna was but fifty perches more north than the end of the Jersey line." The Maryland surveys were very early made and lands patented. The Deserts of Arabia, mentioned in the deeds, was patent- ed to John Cooper on the 20th of May, 1724, as being situate in Baltimore County. The Deserts of Arabia and Elisha's Lot were sit- uate one and two miles above the true boundary line. From the fancy of the early settlers in that section, or by Maryland custom, perhaps, names were given to the respective tracts of land taken up, such as those mentioned, and Morgan's Delight, Noble's Craft, Jones' Chance, Walter's Disappointment, Cooper's Pleasant Hills, Eager' s Design, Mary Lot, Buck's Lodge Right, Stallworth Right, Croomay's Intrusion, and other names, as- signed possibly by public opinion of the ven- ture. DIGGES' CHOICE. Among the earlier tracts of land which had been located north of the Temporary Line, under Maryland warrant and survey, was that known as Digges' Choice. The settlement of this piece of land occasioned the first ques- tion of title under the provisions of the Roy- al Order. It became a source of angry con- troversy, resulting in a tragedy, as in the other instances of border troubles. "A petty nobleman, named John Digges, obtained from the proprietor of Maryland a grant of 10, ■ 000 acres of land; it being left to the option of Digges to locate said grant on whatsoever unimproved lands he pleased within the juris- diction of his Lordship. By the advice and under the direction of Tom, a noted Indian chief, after whom Tom's Creek is called, Mr. Digges took up, by virtue of said grant, 6,822 acres, contained at present within the town- ships of Conewago and Germany, in Adams County, and the township of Heidelberg, in York County. Hanover, which before its in- corporation was a part of Heidelberg Town- ship, was situated on the southeastern ex- tremity of "Digges' Choice."* The original warrant was granted to Mr. John Digges, of Prince George's County, Md., on the 14th day of October, 1727, for 10,000 acres of land, and was continued in force by sundry renewals. It was last renewed on the 1st of April, 1732. On the 18th of April, 1732, there was surveyed, in virtue of the said warrant, by Philip Jones, Deputy Sur- veyor, under Charles Calvert, Esq. , Surveyor- General of the western shore of the province of Maryland, a parcel of land said to lie in Prince George's County, called Digges' Choice, in the backwoods, the quantity of 6,822 acres, and the same was returned into the land of- fice, by sundry courses, from one place of be- ginning, viz. : At three bounded hickories, and one bounded white oak, and one bound- ed wild cherry tree, standing at the mouth of a branch, which is commonly known by the name of Gresses' branch, where it intersects with Conewago, and running thence north. The remaining courses and distances are not given. Jones' certificate and returQ were ac- cepted and recorded, and thereupon a patent issued to John Digges, bearing date the 11th day of October, 1735, at the annual rent of £13, 12s, lid, sterling, payable at Lady Day and Michaelmas. The tract fell four miles to the northward of the Temporary Liae as run *GIo88brenner'8 History of York County. THE BOUNDARY LINE. 79 and returned in 1739, agreeably to the royal order. Mr. Digges remained in quiet and un- disturbed possession thereof. But numbers of foreigners coming into these parts, and lands thereby rising in value, he, by petition on the 15th of July, 1745, applied to the of- fice at Annapolis, under color of some error in the survey, for a warrant to correct those errors, and take up the contiguous vacancy, and he obtained a vsrarrant requiring the sur- veyor of Prince George's County to add any vacant land he could find contiguous to the patented tract. In pursuance of this war- rant, there was surveyed on the 1st day of August, 1745, a parcel of vacant land contig- uous to the patented tract, containing 3,679 acres, for which he paid anew consideration. And on the 18th of October, 1745, a patent issued for the same.* It appears, however, that Mr. Digges had applied for a warrant to the land office of Pennsylvania. On the 18th of July, 1743, Secretary Peters wrote to Mr. Cookson, that Mr. Digges had an irregular piece of land at Gonewago, by a Maryland survey, and had applied for such a quantity, all around it, as might bring it within straight lines, but upon such terms as the Secretary was not willing to grant a warrant. However, Mr. Cookson might, at Digges' request, survey for the use of the proprietaries so much as he required — the price to be left to them. On the 20th of April, 1744, Mr. Digges wrote to the Secretary, from Little Conewago, that he had waited at that place to have his lands run round that the vacancy might be reserved for the pro- prietor's own use — and Mr. Cookson pro- posed it now in a different manner, but assured him he should have the preference of any vacancy adjoining, with a request not to grant to any other person until he marked and made known his lines. The further correspondence, in relation to this matter, shows that the Germans settled about Cone- wago Creek, on the lands claimed by Digges, had contracted with him for the purchase of their plantations and given bonds for the consideration money. They had ascertained, by computation, thai the extent of his claim was more than his patent contained, and they requested him to have his lines marked, which he refused to do. They procured an attested copy of the courses of his tract from the land office at Annapolis, and, though opposed by him, a surveyor ran the lines sufficiently to show that several plantations he had sold were without the bounds of his patent. His application to the Pennsylvania office was in 1743, which seems not to have •lArohives, 713—14. succeeded. He then, in 1745, obtained a warrant of resurvey from the Maryland office, and took in by it the plantations left out in the original survey, including several tracts for which warrants had been granted by the proprietaries of Pennsylvania, some of which had been patented. Mr. Digges, however, contended that he had only marked the true courses of the land that had been granted to him, and he proposed the sale of the lands included in his lesurvey. The people com- plained, and wanted a Pennsylvania surveyor to ascertain and mark the lines. Mr, Cook- son wrote that it would pay the proprietarie- to have this done. There was no doubt about the resurvey taking in lands not included in his first survey, but Mr. Digges contended that his original warrant was for 10,000 acres of land and he had located it, and that the mistakes of the surveyor, in not including all his settlements, and giving him his full quantity, should not deprive him of his original right of claim and possession by virtue of his warrant The facts were these (as appeared afterward in a judicial determination of the question in the case of the lessee of Thomas Lilly against George Kitzmiller, before Justices Shippen and Yeates, tried at York in May, 1791)*: The instructions of Lord Baltimore to Charles Carroll, J3sq., his agent, dated September 12, 1712, showed the mode of assigning war- rants, wherein he directed that in each survey the boundary alone should be marked, and the courses and distances specified in the re- turn of survey, as the fairest mode and best calculated to prevent civil suits. It appears that Edward Stevenson, Deputy Surveyor of Maryland, did not return the survey as actually made by him on the ground. The quantity of 10,000 acres was really contained within the lines of the lands run by him, including the lands in question, and upon making his plat and finding the figure to be very irregular, he got displeased, and swore he would not cast up the contents, or return it in that form, and then he reduced a num- ber of lines into one, struck off five or six angles in different places, and made a new plat, differing from the courses and distances run on the land. Of 270 courses contained in the field notes, which were for several years in his possession, he left out about 150 of them, and those notes were afterward delivered to John Digges, the patentee. The irregularity of the tract, it will be remem- bered, is mentioned in the Pennsylvania ap- plication, and Mr. Digges' claims were not without foundation, and all his land would *I Yeates, 28. 80 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. have been secured to liim under the Penn- sylvania system of making proprietary sur- veys. That is, trees were marked on the ground, and where there were no trees or natural boundaries, artificial marks were set up to distinguish the survey. " The Mary- land surveys," as the court said, "were merely ideal, precisely fixed on paper alone. No trees were marked except the beginning boundary." " Lord Baltimore's instructions of 1712, to his agent, Mr. Carroll, showed what his intentions were, and that he was concluded only by the courses and distances returned. The survey was ambulatory, not confined to a certain spot of land, but was governed by the variation of the compass and was con- tinually shifting. The courses and distances returned formed the survey, and determined, on an . exact admeasurement, the particular lands granted as often as thej'' were ran. Those courses and distances were alone binding on the proprietor and consequently on the pat- entee. Any circumstances shown could not establish .a title to lands without the limits of the original survey as returned. " Persons may have bought lands , from Digges even within the resurvey and acquired title by possession and improvements. But all this has been judicially determined since. There- fore, unfortunately for Mr. Diggps, his re- survey was made after the Eoyal Order, and was ineffectual as against the Pennsylvania settlers. There were other facts that gave color to his claim at the time. John Leman, Sr., first settled on the lands in controversy under John Digges, who declared to Digges, in 1752, thai he had settled on the same under a Pennsylvania right. But in the year 1735 or 1736, he had agreed with Digges for 100 acres of land and had received orders from him to his agent to survey the same to him. John Leman, Sr., continued there some time, and had a son born on the land, and afterward sold his improvements to Martin Kitzmiller, who, in 1737 or 1738, came to live on the land. In 1732 or 1733 Robert Owings was directed by John Digges to lay out and dispose of sundry parcels of land, which he did. The lines run did not extend beyond the limits of the first survey, and the lands laid out for John Leman and others were really in the original survey, except a few corners, and Edward Stevenson actually omitted part of the lines run by him. Thomas Prather, exe- cuted the warrant of resurvey, and the orders from Digges were to run the old lines as nearly as possible, and to survey the 10,000 cr es which were actually included in the lines run by Stevenson, In fact, then, the land had been located under the warrant by a proper survey, and therefore, John Digges addressed to the Governor of Maryland a remonstrance on complaint of disturbances made by him on the border, contending that the surveyor omitted lines actually run by him and settlements made within his tract. In this remonstrance he complained that Nicholas Forney and Martin Ullery had tres- passed on part of his land, and destroyed the growing timber, for which he had sued them. These men, at Digges' suit, were arrested by the Sheriff of Baltimore County, and were rescued by Adam Forney, father of Nicholas. It appears by a letter of Adam Forney's, on the 25th of April, 1746, that the Sheriff took his two prisoners to Adam's house, who asked him by what authority he arrested these men, and offered to be bound for their appearance at court if they owed any money. The reply was that they should give their bond to Mr. Digges for the land or depart from it. Adam said that the men had taken up their land five years before from the proprietaries at Philadelphia and it had been surveyed for them. He ordered the two men to return to their habitation. The Sheriff drew his sword and Forney's party drew theirs, whereupon the Sheriff and Digges fled.* Subsequently in the month of Febru- ary, 1747, Adam Forney was arrested at his house by an under-sheriff and posse from Maryland, armed with clubs, and was carried off to the Baltimore jail, for resisting officers of the law. This raised a question of juris- diction. Secretary Peters wrote to Mr. Cookson to go to Adam Forney, with papers directed to Mr. Calder, who was to defend him "at the Supreme Court on a writ served upon him manifestly within this province, and as the affair may greatly affect our Prop- rietor, the whole will turn on this single point — whether the place where Adam Forney was arrested, be or be not within our prov- ince." He then says, that Forney must take along with him two witnesses, at least, to Annapolis, who could swear that the place where he was arrested was within our prov- ince, and at some distance from Digges' tract. The expenses were to be paid by the govern- ment, which also undertook to pay the law- yers. He further wrote that our Attorney- General could not go to Annapolis, as it was our Supreme Court then, but he had given all necessary directions to Mr, Calder. The letter to Mr. Calder stated that as Mr. Digges had thought proper to execute a writ of the Supreme Court of Maryland against Adam *I Arehlves, 656. THE BOUNDAEY LINE. 81 Forney, within the jurisdiction of this prov- ince, Mr. Peters desired to retain Mr. Calder for Adam Forney, and would send him by the first good hand two pistoles. Mr. Tilgh- mau was also to be retained. These counsel were to defend Mr. Forney in such manner as that there might be an appeal to the King in council. It turned out, however, by the witnesses who were secured for Mr. Forney, and who were reported to be "clear, intellig- ible men and spoke English well," that the spot where Adam Forney and his son were arrested was actually within Digges' old survey and patented land. The engage- ment of Mr. Calder, therefore, on behalf of the proprietaries of Pennsylvania, was res- cinded, and Forney, after a rebuke, was' left to defend his own case. Another incident in this case may be noticed. At a meeting of the Provincial Council, held at Philadel- phia, on the 17th of March, 1748, it was reported by an express from Mr. Cookson that Adam Forney was shot dead by an Indian in liquor, as he stood at his own door. The Indian was immediately seized and carried before Justice Swope, at York, and there detained till the (xovernor should give orders what should be done with him. The trouble arose from the fact occurring within the lines of Digges' patent, and the Attorney- General had to be consulted on the question of jurisdiction. In the meantime the report was contradicted. Forney had been shot, but recovered, so nothing further was done. In 1749, a petition was presented to Gov. Hamilton, signed by Hendrich Seller and thirteen others, praying for relief. They were inhabitants of Little Conewago Town- ship, and Digges had threatened to sue them, unless they would pay him £100, Mary- land currency. He had mortgaged the property to Squire Carroll and Squire Dula- ney, and they represented themselves in dan- ger of being carried to Maryland, and there confined and be obliged to quit their planta- tions. * These troubles continued to disturb the set- tlers in that section, and claim the attention of the Governor ^nd Council, without any result, until the killing of Dudley Digges, which occurred on the 26th of February, 1752. In consequence of this disaster John Digges presented a petition to Benjamin Tasker, President of Maryland, representing that his son had been murdered within the limits of that province by Martin Kitzmiller, his son Jacob, and others of his family, and that the 27th of April was appointed for the trial, at York Town. This was communicated *II Archives, 28. to Gov. Hamilton, who answered, "that he had carefully examined into the unhappy af- fair, and had found that Jacob Kitzmiller had killed the deceased, Mr. Digges, to the north- ward of the Temporary Line" and "that he is now imprisoned at York to receive his trial as for an offense committed within that county. That there was a mistake as to the time of trial, and that on the claim of jurisdiction, the trial should be delayed a reasonable time." The reply of President Tasker con- tains an elaborate argument in behalf of the Maryland claim to jurisdiction, and enclosed afifidavits as to the facts already mentioned about the settlement of John Leman and the surveyor, Robert Owings. The Council, on the 27th of September, 1752, after hearing, debating and maturely consid- ering the premises, were unanimously of opinion that the possession of Digges or his tenants, at the time of the Royal Order, of the land where the crime was committed, was not held by any warrant or patent, and notice was given to President Tasker that the court for the trial of the case would beheld at York Town, on the 30th day of October, where persons authorized by the Maryland Govern- ment may lay before the grand and petit ju- ries all legal proof of jurisdiction. On the 30th of October, 1752, the Attorney-General of Maryland, H. Darnall, Esq., appeared and made a petition to the Judges Of Oyer and Terminer and Jail Delivery, then sitting at York Town, in York County, stating that, by the authority of the President of Maryland in Council, he attended the court and was expressly charged to insist that the trial of Jacob Kitzmiller be had in Maryland, where the fact was com- mitted and not in Pennsylvania. With this argument — that the aforesaid Dudley Digges was killed at a place surveyed under a Mary- land warrant before the date of the said Royal Order of 1738, and possessed under a Mary- land right, and that no attornment or other pretest of Martin Kitzmiller, or of any other person or persons after the date of said Order, wi 11 prevent or take away the right of the said Proprietor of Maryland, or can in the least hinder the force, effect and opera- tion of his Majesty's most gracious inten- tions.* Gov. Hamilton had been furnished by Pres- ident Tasker with exemplified copies of the warrants, surveys and patents which had been granted to John Digges, and it appeared that the place where Jacob Kitzmiller killed Dud- ley Digges was in a tract of vacant land that lay to the northward of the Temporary Line *II Archives, 93. 83 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. and which had been granted to Mr. Digges in the year, 1745, in express violation of the Eoyal Order. These exemplitied copies were by order of the Governor produced at the court of Oyer and Terminer, held by the Su- preme Judges, at York, at the trial of Jacob Kitzmiller and his father, who were there- upon acquitted. It appeared from the evi- dence that the killing of Dudley Digges was an accident. At least the doubt as to willful homicide was sufficient to acquit. It was oc- casioned by an attempt to arrest Martin Kitz- miller at the suit of John Digges in a Mary- land affair. This was resisted, and in a strug- gle for a gun, held by Jacob Kitzmiller, it was discharged and fatally wounded Dudley Digges.* By the admitted construction of the Royal Order, the territory within the lim- its of Digges' patent, although four miles north of the Temporary Line, was under the jurisdiction of Maryland. Hence, in this case, the fact committed being in territory outside of his patent was under the jurisdic- tion of Pennsylvania. The Town of Hanover was within the lim- its of Digges' patent, and consequently all delinquents escaping from justice found a refuge in Hanover and were free from arrest. The officers of justice of the County of York could only come within half a mile of that town to execute their warrants. On the 18th of February, 1757, the grand jury took such action as compelled all persons to obey the Koyal Order, by showing allegiance to the province from which they had received titles to their land. THE CASE or NICHOLAS PEBIE. Nicholas Perie was one of the Germans who had been confirmed in the possession of his land by a grant from Thomas Penn, in the year 1736. This grant recited that sun- dry Germans had seated themselves by leave of the proprietor on lands west of the Sus- quehanna River, within the bounds of the manor of Springetsbury, and that a confir- mation of the persons seated on the same for their several tracts had been delayed by rea- son of the claim of the Five Nations, which had been released by deed of the 11th of October, 1736, and Nicholas Perie had applied for a confirmation of 200 acres; Thomas Penn certified under hand, that he would cause a patent to be drawn for the land, on the common terms, so soon as the quantity should be surveyed and returned. Perie had been arrested by a writ issued out of the Supreme Court of Maryland, forrefus- *See aflidavlts II Archives, 76-83. ing to hold this land under Lord Baltimore, and on the arrival of the Royal Order, was discharged on his recognizance, at the same time that Cressap wa.i set at liberty at Phila delphia, by virtue of the said order. Charles Higginbotham, in the year 1748, made claim to the land in possession of Nich- olas Perie: that on the 2d of May, 1737, there had been surveyed to him, by order from the land office of Maryland, a tract of land on the north side of Codorus Creek, by metes and bounds containing 172 acres. On the 5th of May, Lord Baltimore confirmed by patent the land to Higginbotham. At the hearing be- fore the Provincial Council, it appeared that Higginbotham had never been in possession, nor any under him, and that he had never seen the land, but that Perie was arrested on the tract and carried to Annapolis jail for refus- ing to hold under Lord Baltimore, though his land was surveyed by a Maryland war- rant. Col. White testified to having made surveys at the instance of some Ger- mans who had obtained warrants from the land office, at Annapolis, but did not remember ever to have seen Perie. The Germans, ha said, after the survey of their lands refused to pay for them, being as they pretended within the province of Penn- sylvania, and Lord Baltimore gave him directions to return the surveys of those lands to any person who would apply for them. Capt. Higginbotham applied, and Col. White returned the survey of this land to his use, and the patent issued. The Council on the 11th of April, 1748, were unanimously of the opinion that the Royal Order abso- lutely, under the facts of the case, restrained them from dispossessing Pgrie, and so Gov. Ogle was informed by letter.* FINAL AGREEMENT OF 1760. The provisional arrangement under the order in 1738, was simply for the preserva- tion of the peace between the provinces. The pending proceedings in chancery resulted, May 17, 1850, in the decree of the Lord Chancellor, that the agreement of 1732, should be carried into specific execution. The Commissioners appointed by each party under this decree, met on the 13th of Novem- ber, 1750, and agreed on a center in New- castle, from whence the twelve- miles radii were to proceed. * But a dispute arose con- cerning the mensuration of these twelve miles. The Commissioners of Lord Baltimore alleged that the miles ought to be measured superficially. The Penn's Commissioners *V Col. Eec, 225. THE BOUNDARY LINE. 83 alleged that considering the various ineqali- tiea of the ground, such radii could not extend equally, consequently from them no true arc of a circle could be found, and insisted upon geometrical and astronomical mensuration. Thus the proceedings of the Commissioners stopped and they wrote to their respective principals for further instructions relating to that point.* In the meantime Charles, Lord Baltimore, died, and was succeeded by his son, Fred- erick, and there were further proceedings' in chancery, bill of review and supplemented bill. At length, on the 4th of July, 1760, the final agreement between the proprietaries was executed. It recites the original charters to Lord Baltimore and William Penn, and refers to the very long litigation and contests which had subsisted from 1683, and the many orders in Council pronounced relative thereto. The agreement of the 10th of May, 1732, is given at length, and the decree of the Lord Chancellor and other proceedings. And after its long recitals says: "Whereas the parties to these presents, Frederick, Lord Baltimore and Thomas and Kichard Penn, have come to an amicable agreement in manner as hereinafter men- tioned," and then proceeds to describe and make provisions for fixing the circle and running the line, and provides for the attornment of the tenants and occupiers of the lands under the respective proprietaries. This agreement, of 1760, was enrolled in Chancery in Engliand. The original is now deposited with the Secretary of the Com- monwealth."}" *Proud. fit appears in full in the fourth volume of the Pennsylvania Archives, old series. This original agreement was produced in evidence at Bedford, October, 1806, on the trial of Soss' lessee vs, Cutshall, reported in 1 Binney, 390, and admitted after argu- ment, and decided to be proper evidence by the Supreme Court on an appeal, because it was an ancient deed, ascertain- ing the boundaries of the then provinces of Pennsylvania and Maryland, and may be considered in the light of a State paper, well known to the courts of justice, and which had been ad- mitted in evidence on former occasions. (2 Sm. 135), And also in the case of lessee of Thomas Lilly w. George KitzmiMer, at York, in May, 1791), (1 Yeates. 28), a case of title arising out of the Mary- land patent called Digges' Choice. And in the case of Thomas vs. Stigars, in 1846l5Barr, 480), where it was held that the court will take notice of the agreement between Lord Baltimore and Penn relating to the boundary between the two provinces, and that the true interpretation to be put upon the agreement was the one adopted by the State of Maryland, to-wit; that the agreement embraced all cases, the inception of title whereof commenced prior to 1760, and which were completed or consum- mated before the final designation of boundary in 1768. And in the case between the same parties in 1854, fll Harris, 367), in which it was held that the agreement of July 4, 1760, between the Penns and Lord Baltimore, construed under the light of the other agreements and documents concerning that contro- versy does not confirm any Maryland titles to land in Penn- sylvania west of .the Susquehanna, except those that existed by grant and occupation at the date of that agreement, and that are not more than one-fourth of a mile north of Mason and Dixon's Line — the starting point for temporary line on the west side of the Susquehanna having been marked one-half a mile further north than on the east side of the river. This last mentioned litigation, concerning valuable lands in Fulton County, continued until 1861 (3 Wright, 486), in which the case was finally decided by affirming the decision in the last preceding case. MASON AND DIXON'S LINE. The Commissioners appointed under this last agreement met at Newcastle the 19th of November, 1760, and entered upon their du ties. From November, 1760, to the latter part of October, 1763, the Commissioners and surveyors were laboring in attempts to trace out the radius of twelve miles, and the tangent line from the middle point of the west line across the peninsula. As late as the 2 1st of October, 1763, no practical solu- tion of this problem had been effected, though there was a close approximation to the true tangent. On the 22d of October, 1763, the Pennsylvania Commissioners in- formed the Maryland Commissioners that they had lately received a letter from the pro- prietors of Pennsylvania, dated the 10th of August last, acquainting them that they and Lord Baltimore had agreed with two mathe- maticians, or surveyors, to come over and assist in running the lines agreed on in the original articles, who were to embark for Philadelphia the latter end of August, and that their arrival might soon be expected. On the 1st of December, 1768, the articles of agreement were read between Lord Balti- more, and Thomas and Richard Penn, and Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, who su- perseded the former surveyors in the marking out of the boundary lines. They immediately entered upon their duties, and were employed in tracing and marking the lines until the 26th of December, 1767, when they were honorably discharged. To ascertain the most southern point of the city of Philadelphia, the Mayor and Recorder, and two of the city regulators, on the 8d of December, 1763, went with the Commissioners and Messrs. Mason and Dixon to the street called Cedar or South Street, the south side of which street the Mayor, Re- corder, and Regulators informed the Com- missioners to be the southern boundary of the limit of the city. By which information and a view of some old deeds of lots bound- ing on Cedar Street, and of a plat of the city, the Commissioners were satisfied that the north wall of a house, then occupied by Thomas Plumstead and Joseph Huddle, was the most southern part of the city of Phila- delphia. The latitude of the north wall of this house was determined by Mason and Dixon from astronomical observations, in 1763-64, with a zenith sector, to be 39°, 56', 29.1". The point, fifteen English statute miles due south of that parallel, was com- puted by them to be in latitude 39°, 43', 18". This was computed by Col. Graham, in 1850, \ 84 HISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. from knowledge of the dimensions and figure of the earth to be in latitude 39°, 43', 20.3". From the northern extremity of the said due north line, a line was to be run due west, continuing upon a parallel of latitude until the western limits of Maryland and Pennsyl- vania should respectively be reached, which, in the case of Pennsylvania, was defined to be five degrees of longitude west of the river Delaware. On the 24th of November, 1764, the Commissioners agreed that the post set up by Messrs. Mason and Dixon, and by them marked west, shall be deemed and ac- counted fifteen miles south of the parallel of the most southern bounds of the city of Philadelphia, and that Messrs. Mason and Dixon shall be instructed immediately to pro- ceed in running the west line directed by the articles from the said post till it reaches the river Susquehanna, where an observation shall be made by them. And stones shall be set up and marked with the arms of Lord Baltimore on the one side and the arms of the proprietors of Pennsylvania on the other, as the articles require and direct. On the 17th of June, 1765, the surveyors produced their minute books, and it appeared that they had extended the west line to the west side of the river Susquehanna. On the 18th of June, 1765, the Commissioners gave Messrs. Mason and Dixon instructions to proceed with the running of the west line westward of the Susquehanna as far as the provinces of Maryland and Pennsylvania were settled and inhabited.* The consent of the Indians had to be obtained to the line being contin- ued. On the 16th of June, 1767, Sir Will- iam Johnson, his Majesty's agent for Indian affairs, had obtained the consent of the In- dians to the tracing of the west line to its western extremity, that is to say, till it should reach to a distance of five degrees of longi- tude west from the river Delaware. On the 18th of June, J 767, the Commissioners, in giving the surveyors instructions for contin- uing the west line, cautioned them in regard to a conciliatory and proper conduct toward the Indians. On December 25, 1767, the surveyors had extended the parallel of lati- tude to the distance of 230 miles, 18 chains, 21 links' from the beginning of said line, and 244 miles, 38 chains, 36 links from the river Delaware near to a path called the In- dian war-path, on the borders of a stream called Dunham's Creek, but that they were prevented by the Indians deputed to attend them by Sir William Johnson from continu- *There is a tradition tliat the surveyors had with them a bear, which, however, was tame, hut excited much curiosity among the inhabitants along the line. ing the said line to the end of five degrees of longitude (the western limits of the province of Pennsylvania), which in the latitude of the said line they found to be 267 miles, 58 chains, and 90 links — the said Indians alleg- ing that they were instructed by their chiefs in council, not to suffer the said line to be run to the westward of the said war-path. Col. Graham notes that, from onr better knowledge of the dimensions and figure of the earth, we should compute the five degrees of 'longitude to be equal to 266.31 miles, or 266 miles, 24 chains, and 80 links. On the 26th, the Commissioners approved the conduct of he surveyors in desisting from running the parallel upon the opposition made by the Indians; and they agreed to discharge Messrs. Mason and Dixon from their service, they having finished the lines they had been sent over by the proprietors to run. The final report of the Commissioners was made to the proprietaries of the two provinces on the 9th of November, 1768, in which, among other things, in reference to the due east and west line fifteen miles due south of Philadelphia, they reported that they had extended the same 230 miles, 18 chains, and 21 links due west from the place of beginning, and 244 miles, 38 chains, and 36 links due west from the river Delaware, and should have continued the same to the western bounds of the province of Pennsyl- vania, but the Indians would not permit it. They marked, described, and perpetuated the said west line, by setting up and erecting therein posts of cut stone about four feet long and ten or twelve inches square, at the end of every mile, from the place of begin- ning to the distance of 132 miles, near the foot of a hill called and known by the name of Sideling Hill, every five-mile stone having on the side facing the north the arms of the said Thomas Penn and Eichard Penn graved thereon, and on the side facing the south, the arms of Frederick, Lord Baltimore, graved thereon ; and the other intermediate stones are graved with the letter P on the north side and the letter M on the south side. These stones were prepared in England, and sent over as the line progressed. Thirty-nine of them were placed algng the southern boundary of York County, and are mostly well preserved. They were of that species of limestone known as oolite. The country to the westward of Sideling Hill being so very mountainous as to render it in most places extremely difiicult and expensive, and in some impracticable, to convey stones or boundaries, they had marked and described the line to the top of the Allegheny ridge, THE BOUNDARY LINE. 85 which divides the waters running into the rivers Potomac and Ohio; they raised and erected thereon, on the tops and ridges of mountains, heaps or piles of stones or earth from about three and a half to four yards in diameter at bottom, and from sis. to seven feet in lieight -, and that from the top of the said Allegheny ridge, westward, as far as they continued the line, they set up posts at the end of every mile, and raised around each post heaps or piles of stones or earth. During the administration of William' F. Johnston, Commissioners were appointed by the Governors of the States of Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland, to ascertain and refix the boundaries where those States join each other. Joshua P. Eyre, Esq., was ap- pointed on the part of Pennsylvania ; George Head Biddle, Esq., on the part of Delaware; Henry G. S. Key, Esq., on the part of Maryland, and Lieut. -Col. James D. Gra- ham, of the United States Topographical Engineers, was detailed by the War Depart - ment at the request of those States for that particular service. In their report they say that they saw that much science and many intricate mathematical problems were in- volved, that not only required the talents of men as Commissioners distinguished in the annals of our country, and surveyors to carry out the agreement of the proprietary govern- ments of 1760, but finally enlisted the ser- vices of those distinguished mathematicians, Messrs. Mason and Dixon. The report of Col. Graham, from which the preceding account is gathered, presented a general view of the scientific operations of Messrs. Mason and Dixon, and of their predecessors, in tracing the various lines which constitute important portions of the boundaries of the States. He investigated the notes of Mason and Dixon, which were in the archives of the State of Maryland. The following informa- tion, taken from his report, is interesting to us as Pennsylvauians. The Boundary Com- missioners and Col. Graham, proceeded to the northeast corner of Maryland, or point of intersection of the due north line with the parallel of latitude fifteen miles south of the parallel of the most southern limit of Phila- delphia. This point is in a deep ravine, on the margin of a small brook atid near its source. The stone monument, with the arms of Lord Baltimore and Thomas and Eichard Penn graven thereon, which had been placed ■ by Commissioner Ewing, by order of the Board of Oomtnissioners in 1768 to designate this point, was missing. Prom the tradition of the neighborhood, it appeared, that some years ago after it had fallen nearly prostrate from its place, owing to the encroachment of the stream, upon whose margin it stood, some individual had taken it away for a chimney piece. A stake was found firmly planted in the ground, which they were informed by the neighbors near by, occupied its place. In examining the tangent and curve the report says : "With a radius of twelve miles, such a curve is so flat that it is difficult in walking over ground intersected with forest timber, fences and other obstructions, to dis- tinguish without the aid of instruments the deflections of the lines connecting monuments on its circumference nearly a third of a mile apart." An impression prevailed in the neigh- borhood, that the stone originally planted at the point of intersection of the due north line with the arc of the circle of twelve miles radius, corresponding with the true point of junction of the three States of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware, was also missing. The true position of the lost monument was found, and they marked and perpetuated it by planting a new monument. In making the excavation at the depth of about three feet below the surface a cut stone unmarked, was found, of precisely the same form, dimen- sions and quality as the unmarked stones on the arc of the circle, and at the intersection of the circle with the due north line. In turning to the proceedings of the Commis- sioners under the dates of the 17th and 18th of June, 1765, it was found that such a stone was placed by them to 'mark that point. It was not until the year, 1768, that a second stone, marked with the arms of the proprie- taries, was also placed at that point. It was , within the memory of the neighboring inhab- itants that the stone which stood at this point in a tottering posture, to within a few years of 1849, bore the arms, so often de- scribed, upon it. The unmarked stone of 1765 had, says the report, probably been buried at the base of the one bearing the arms, when the latter was placed at the same point by Commissioner Ewing in 1768. The evidence afforded by the disinterment of the old stone showed that the point fixed upon was the northeast corner of Maryland, cor- responding with that originally established by Mason and Dixon. The new stone re-mark- ing this important point was planted with its base resting on each, about five feet below the surface of the ground, and its top rising about two feet above the ground. It is of cut granite and of the following dimensions, viz: about sevenfeet long, and squares sixteen by eighteen inches. It is marked with the letter M on the south and west sides, and the letter P on the north and east sides. Under HISTORY or YORK COUNTY. this letter, oa the north side, the date 1849 is engraved in deep cut figures. There were striking discrepancies between some of the measured distances in 1849, and those of Mason and Dixon. In regard to Delaware, an impression prevailed among her citizens that a considerable portion of her territory had been abstracted by the cur- tailment of her rightful radius of twelve miles around Newcastle. It was determined that the actual length of the radius or dis- tance from the spire of the court house at Newcastle (the center of the town), to the same point on the curve as marked by the old monuments, should be accurately ascertained by triangulation. The records of the U. S. Coast Survey office afforded distances, and the accuracy oE the Mason and Dixon survey was closely tested. The radius of twelve miles had been determined by the simple method of measuring over the surface of the ground with a surveyor's chain, for which purpose a vista was opened through the for- est as the work progressed.* It was a surprise that the length of the radius should have been so correctly obtained by such a method. The report says: "There must have been, by mere chance, a compensation of the errors in- cident to such a measurement over so great a distance." For it appears that the angle formed by the north line and the radius from Newcastle was so near a right angle, that the mark or post was declared the true tan- gent point, but the angle was never actually measured. The report further says: "The tangent stone stands on low ground, very - near the margin of a morass, known by the name of Cat Swamp. Looking from thence to the east, the ground is pretty flat for half a mile, and then it rises by a rapid ascent to the ridge running northward from the sum- mit of Chestnut Hill, distant one mile. This ridge entirely shuts out the view of the whole country to the east of it from the tangent stone and must, at least, have limited the view of the radius when the angles it formed with the tangent and north lines were measured by Messrs. Mason and Dixon. These angles were then probably affected by whatever er- rors in direction may have arisen in running eleven miles from Newcastle." It was then ascertained that the tangent line did not form a right angle with the radius of twelve miles drawn from the spire of Newcastle Court House to the point occupied by the tangent stone. The angle, at the tangent stone formed *The line is stated to have been measured hoHzontally — tlie liills and mountains witli a sixteen and a half-foot level ; and the vista cut through the forest, eight yards wide, was " seen about two miles, beautifully terminating to the eye in a point." —Egle's Hist, of Pmna. by these two lines, differs 8' 32.9" from a right angle. It was found by computation that the small deviation of 46^" in direction, or thirteen feet, one and one-half inch from a straight line at the end of eleven miles in running this radius from Newcastle Court house, would be sufficient to produce the dif- ference in the measurement of the angle at the tangent post, supposing the view to the east to have been limited to the distance of one mile, as it evidently must have been from the nature of the ground. " Even this is in- dicative of a very small error in direction in tracing this radius, when we reflect that it was prolonged through the forest by ranging staves or poles in line one beyond another, as the surveyors advanced with their work ; a method, so inaccurate for tracing a straight line that we are surprised it should have been resorted to in so important an undertaking. This was not, however, the work of Messrs. Mason and Dixon, but of their precedessors, who were less versed in science and in the use of the higher order of geodetic instru- ments than were Messrs. Mason and Dixon. The arc of the circle west of the due north line and the radius terminating in the tan- gent stone, were traced and determined cor- respondent with one and the same center, by the surveyors under the agreement of 1760 and those of 1849, that is to say, the spire of the court house at New Castle. The de- cree of Lord Hardwicke of 1750, touches these two points, and the position of Cape Henlopen. The discrepancies in regard to the arc of the circle west of the due north line and the angle formed between the radius and the peninsular or tangent line, at the tangent stone, cannot be attributed to any difference respecting the center of the circle. The radius run out by the surveyors, in 1761, indicated by a line drawn from the spire of the court house in New Castle, to the posi- tion of the tangent stone, should be revolved about the center of its circle (the spire afore- said), through an arc of 8' and 34" and one tenth of a second to the south, and then produced two feet four inches westward, and the line called the tangent line, should be revolved westward about its southern ex- tremity, at the "Middle Point" of the Cape of Henlopen line through* the inappre- ciable angle of 1.2", and then these two lines would meet at right angles, at the distance of 157.6 feet southward from the present position of the tangent stone. The slight variation thus required in the azimuth of the tangent line, proves the surprising accuracy of its direction as determined by Messrs. Mason and Dixon, and how truly it divided THE BOUNDARY LINE. 87 the provinces, in accordance with the articles of the ancient agreement, as far as it ex- tended, which is given by Mason and Dixon in their notes of survey to be 81 miles, 78 chains and 31 links, or 17.2 yards less than 82 miles. The chord of the arc of the circle west o5 the north line should have begun at a point 157.6 feet southward of the present position of the tangent stone, and have ended at a point 143.7 feet north of the present position of the stone set by Mason and Dixon, and the Commissioners of their day, to mark its termination, and constituting now the point of junction of the three States. The report says : " It is our opinion that the stones on the arc, west of the north line, stand as originally placed." The tangent stone could never have been moved from its original position, and that stone and the in- tersection stone remain in the positions given to them by the surveyors in 1765 . They both stand upon their proper lines of direction, which would have been scarcely preserved had they been moved by mischievous interference. The tangent stone stands precisely upon the same right line, with the three monuments to the southward of it on the tangent line, and the intersection stone stands as truly on the north line. Those who believed that the tangent stone had been disturbed in its posi- tion because of the fragments of stone of a similar character which for some time lay strewed at its base, were not carried so far back by tradition as the period when this point was marked by two similar stones, en- graved alike by the arms of the proprieta- ries, and placed side by side, ' ' the better to distinguish and ascertain the tangent point. " "The fragments, which we were told of while engaged in the reconnoisance, were the re- mains, no doubt, of the missing companion of the one we found a little inclined in pos- ture, but firmly planted in the ground, it was, when taken up, unbroken and perfect in form." In 1764—65, from the tangent point, Mason and Dixon ran a meridian line north- ward until it intersected the said parallel of latitude ait the distance of five miles, 1 chain and 50 links, thus and there determining and fixing the northeast corner of Maryland. In 1765 Mason and Dixon described such portion of the semicircle around Newcastle, as fell "westward of the said meridian or due north line from the tangent point. "This little bow or arc " reaching into Maryland, " is about a mile and a half long, and its middle width about one hundred and sixteen ie»t ; from its upper end, where the three States join, to the fifteen mile point, where the great Mason and Dixon's Line begins, is a little over three and a half miles ; and from the fifteen mile corner due east to the circle is a little over three-quarters of a mile — room enough for three or four good farms."* This was the only part of the circle Mason and Dixon ran. The report of Col. Gra- ham says the error in the curve of Mason and Dixon is not one of moment as regards extent of territory, as it abstracts from Del- aware and gives to Maryland only about 18. 78 of an acre. Their long west line or paral- lel of latitude we have had no occasion to test, except for a short distance, but the great care with which their astronomical observa- tions, contained in the old manuscript at Annapolis, were made, leaves no doubt of the accuracy of that part of their work, " The want of a proper demarcation of the boundaries between States is always a source of great inconvenience and often of trouble to the border inhabitants ; and it is worthy of remark, that as our survey progressed and while making the necessary offsets to houses on the east of the north line, we discovered that there was an impression among many, that the boundary of Delaware extended up to the north line, from the junction to the northeast corner of Maryland. Mr.W. Smith, a gentlemen who has once served as a mem- ber of the Legislature of Delaware, resides a full half mile within the State of Penn- sylvania, measured in the shortest direction from his dwelling-house to the circular boundary. We find also, by careful measure- ment, that Christiana Church is in Penn sylvania, full one hundred yards west of the circular boundary. The dwelling-houses of Messrs. J. Jones, Thomas Gibson, Thomas Steel and J. McCowan, are all within the bounds of Pennsylvania, according to our trace of the circle from computed elements." Under the auspices of the Royal Society of London, in the year 1768, the length of a degree of latitude was determined by the measurements of Mason and Dixon, and astromomical observations made by them. The degree measured 363,763 feet — about 68.9 miles. The difference of latitude of the stone planted in the forks of Brandy wine and the middle post in the west peninsular line, or the amplitude of the celestial arch answering to that distance, has been found to be 1°, 28', 45"."t Messrs. Mason and Dixon were Allowed 21 shillings each per day for one month, from June 21, of the last year, and the residue of the time, 10 shillings and 8 pence each per day, for the expenses, etc., and no more until they embarked *Egle's History of Pennsylvania, 128. fEgle's History of Pennsylvania, 129, 88 HISTORY OF TOBK COUNTY. for England, and then the allowance of 10 shillings and 6 pence sterling per day was again to take place, and continue until their arrival in England. The amount paid by the Penns under these proceedings, from 1760 to 1768 was £34,200, Pennsylvania cur- rency.* The compass used by these distin- guished surveyors is in the land office at Harrisburg. The proceedings had for fixing the bound- ary line were approved and ratified by the King, by his order in Council -on the 11th day of January, 1769. A proclamation to quiet the settlers on the part of Pennsylvania, bears date the 15th day September, 1774. f The Provincial Council had for some time represented to the Governor the absolute necessity of establishing by an ex parte proc- lamation, the lines of jurisdiction between the province of Maryland, and the province of Pennsylvania, according to the lines and boundaries agreed upon, run and marked by the Commissioners. But this proclamation was met with opposition, on the ground of the minority of the then Lord Baltimore, and by order of the King the proclamation was withdrawn. Gov. Penn represented in a letter to the British Secretary of State, that the people living between the ancient temporary line of jurisdiction, and that lately settled and marked by the Commis- sioners were in a lawless State, and that his partial extension of jurisdiction had quieted disturbances and given satisfaction to the people. On the 7th of January, 1775, a letter was received from the Earl of Dartmouth, Secre- tary of State, which says that ' ' the letter of Gov. Penn stated the case respecting the boundary line between Pennsylvania and Maryland, in a very difierent light from that in which it was representifid to me and the King; confiding in your assertion, that the ex- tension of the jurisdiction of Pennsylvania up to line settled and marked by the Com- missioners, had been so far from having the effect to disturb the peace of his subjects and occasioning violence and bloodshed, that it had quite a contrary tendency, and given universal satisfaction, is graciously pleased to approve the arrangement made by your proclamation of the 15th of September, and to permit you to recall that issued on the 2d of November. J Proclamation Vas accordingly issued on the 8th of April, 1775, extending jurisdiction to these boundaries. In 1781, Commissioners and surveyors were appointed *Egle's History of PennBylvaDia, 129. +X Col.Rec, 208. ;X Col. Eec, 240. to run the boundary line between this State and Virginia. They were directed to con- tinue the line from the extremity of Masoii and Dixon's line twenty-three miles west, that is due west five degrees of longtitude from the Delaware River, and then run a meridian line till it strikes the Ohio. This line was extended in 1782. Thomas Jefferson was then Govenor of Virginia, and James Madison was one of the Commissioners. David Eittenhouse was a Commissioner on the part of Pennsylvania. Archibald Mc- Clean, of York County, was a surveyor in these proceedings. Very careful astronomi- cal observations had to be made. The line was not completed and permanently marked till 1784. SPRINGETSBDRY MANOR. AFTER the controversy with Maryland was settled, by the final agreement.between the proprietaries, James Hamilton, Governor of Pennsylvania, on the 21st of May, 1762, issued his warrant for the survey of the Manor of Springetsbury, which was duly returned into the land office in 1768, where it has since remained. By this survey the manor was found to contain 64,250 acres. It extended westward from the Susquehanna nearly fifteen miles, bounded by a north and south line west of the dwelling plantation of Christian Eyster, and east and west lines about four miles distant north and south of York. The town had been laid out for the propri- etor's use in 1741, as within the limits of a manor, and licenses to settle had been issued as early as 1734, and grants confirming titles within it had been given by the proprietary, Thomas Penn, in 1736. It had been recog- nized as a manor, but there was no record of the same. It acquired the name in 1768, if not before. The lines to be surveyed by the warrant then issued were specially directed. It was in the year 1722, when the Maryland- ers were encroaching, surveying their warrants and pushing their settlements along the Sus- quehanna and the Codorus, and within a short distance of the after site of the town of York, that Sir William Keith, Governor of the province, issued an order to survey a manor, after a treaty with the Indians at Conestogoe, for the use of Springet Penn, who was then supposed to be the heir-at-law of his grandfather, "William Penn, as the son of his eldest son, who had deceased. This, as has already been explained, was a mistake ^-■ P^-P"' ? 9 j^JKMpi/nji) /.iftjr (oftmfitfft ^.kWOt )>^fr*fi^rt D L udmifj .^5* a Oft' PZiftjin ^ ' cJit/tihZiftfUr I ^§ O (ttt'rtff f\gfrr « (krut Lovki H»a i' j ^ > '^r' ^ Vr.. **"•** »f P-'l/ I I / I f and fv^iulnim in« to renurvey or i^-^urveT 111*' K\U\ MAiior at:r«^a.t>l« tbe **td Warr.inl I *!i4 ou Iho 1*1 & Codoni^ i><*ek .ind wilhln lUe afon nUi« ill « Willi*' «»%k Tr»v iiiirtteil 1 ilieil M-ventv four ;>^rrhr» and a h^i six rtegn**^ aiul a ha^l \Vr*t one huii lor a coroex near the side oC Todoni of a jwrt-'h tn a hlrkury tree marki by land nf John A Jhium WriRbi de^Ti'e^ Ki.«t ooehunilrod jiiul tliiri and fi>ur letillK of H p«rrh U* a *toi M,*ven perches and out' l*'nth «d a [ perchesi and ihe allowance o( six ; ft behoof thU ISthday of July Ann In teftHroony that t1» a >^ '*'^ ^ ^ U ■',^ --S : \ '.^*# '-'^ k ^^ r^'. -4 , i:.' % i * >^*'' '■■;* , T ■^ ■-.. ', 'y '^*^z^ -' .-< 9 f^ ;; •^-^ //r/Jtr/j (^/Tj/^ftf m^of/jn^r/jefepf ^fffr/f^rfrr^a/Aft/y^/afy/A Cmtiac^ \ S . ^' ■■' ? ' "y cAj/'// / 7" X, .-\ u^y/r/: A- ..i. , 1* .r^ .* ' T- 1 1 - ^ ' 1 ■ ■ >; ■ 1 ,■ ' ^ > ■- ■ ' . I. ^^ ' ■r L h s - 1; It. . Jt- TN rru-si AMK Ola warraiU a( r«»Hiurvfy un.Irr th.» (Kind of .fam0« Hamilton l'%ir U^ut OoTemorof the Tto:rtnc« of Fenn^i^T«ilA»nil the Seal of I »na r.-nilrin« m*»torw^urvfTorcau«*iober<'Mirvi?ye4 ih.- Miliar of Sprmi:'i-^''ury In ihc county of \ork. These mav certify that on the »ev€ i^-^rrev lir m,U\ Manor a«reeailr to ti». anneiPtl Draft cutHininw ilxiy four ihouHand Hve hundrt-a and t«^"<> ;**^r?; »»''t **V^^rii , ^ **,T?i°r5d*'i#* Si- *«id Wamini I did on i ho ui « addav* of July i:»v» re-iurvry a cfrtaJn tract of Und which waji suneyt-d by Thoni»» Cookaoii fin 1.41 and re-? r^loniVr^lndTiM.lnlhcifo^^^ * whetvon the Town of York '» <\"<»VV . J":^m«^^nd**1tSrt' of" SII^l^^^^^ nUxs *t a While UiU Tn .. in irK.d for » r..riH r of h.nd l:iU- lUrtlmlon.f » Maul now olJohn Hays Thence by »h* «»me ^^"^ .^'^'^J^.^^^^'^^^P^f^ died ie "-..() four iM-rrhr,;o.d» hu.f to a IV^ia.M Stone *pt for a conier. tlr'""^' »>>.«.>>• •»»<* »pantr!e„ *"?'*,?"*'*''' *^^»it\'12iT.J*Ih^^»il^'^ .U rtrkrr.-i and .i IkTu W -.1 o,m- hundred :uhI !hlrt»^n |»rrrhe^ to a rorn-r of IWru:.r.l U.wnian* laud Ih.-nce hy the same North el«hty-thr^ dwecTW f or a oo^rr nVJ e Mdc of focloru- cr«'k a lUlIe HlM»Ve a hl^h |H.ini of Kmks ih. n.;e crn*iinK Mid h.^'h i«.»nt and do« n <>»> Wm;1y over the <- reek No of • wrch I. a hickory Irt^ m.-irkr^l for arom-r Ihenn- hv land Int.- of »|. r.n;*n.,s lioitn North Mxty -u d.'>tfeei and a half ^^ wl two hutidml aod bv laAd of John A Jame^ Writflit North forty thrr.« deKr.e* and a half KuvM one hnndnd and one i^enh.-* and nine t*-nlhs of a pjrch lo a Bh dVi^n K.M onchuiidred and Ihlrti^ni^^^^ a Whitl^ oak Stump bv th*« ni.h* of Codorus Oeek afort-Huid thence croA^lng over the juUdCr^l HudXur t;nth"!j r H ^!.^^^^ .noie-ln the hole In which this Mone is v-l U two brick.) thence by the «dd John Hay, h * vr,, w^rVhM ai.d on^ tmth ..f a perch lo the fln*i m.Miiionak and |dac«- of bejrlnnlng eonUlnlnk- within the afoiv*ald bouiidH the quam rH.r^!I.>ran!l7hr allowance of \ii'^^ p rent for it^i-U &c or Kour hundr.-d and furtynix acres A a half neat measure. Keturoetl Into the Sec &l»ftHM4 thl. A r^ -^ ^ \ ■^■% '■ 'H '■'-■■ U • .'^ -. ^ .■^ . ,vv-.^vN e^ ^/ZiA^// /Jf/f/jn/uAsTfTM AifftrA^/m^/4ff^ rfV///Arfr4fJ ^a^^l^ ..* % N -r ' -> > X '^">. ■tf<* . "k '/ . /. / i/l' /■fci irHyttr a '/ M'rifku On [|»>i^A/* AVro' » ■■ uiiilton F>ir Lie.il Unvernor of Ihe Province of IVnn^ylvanl* :,iu\ iho S*'*! of th<» !^d CMBr* d%U^ I^*J^^lVH^',?!*!f 'i".?r.***l*-!!n'iflf rinriiio-M*iiiir\ III ihecraer Ih. nre **"«»;««/ ''K^l tl- Md" of Codoru.^ t'reek aforesaid Ihenre croa.lnif over (he aftid Creek obllM»ely ^nith n»nrl.-j.n dr«r^ Ku*t i«rn > »*« 1;^'^^« n ulnrl thlH \umJ\n «-l 1. two brtrkn thence by the lald John Hay« land N;»rtii Seventy one deKrre. K^ ""1*'""4'V ,!^':' JjiJ ik ind 1 c.'oi b-cimdngcnntjilnliit; within the afort-^ald bound* the .|uantlty of «o»f >»u"dred and t^enty^ie aerwj and thirty •eyen indK-d and forts^U acre* A a half ni- at nira«ure. Uetunmi Inl" the Hecn-Ury'. Office for the "^^"^"•jjj^^l^^r}?^':^ *;f ^» T/^J^ Grut 0**'^'tf9 Hmm ^^. H - h i ' V- py of the oriicn.al remalnUiK on file In the office of the tiuneyor 0«QenU of Icnuajlvauia I have hereunto Wt nn \'»ff ,»f^^.?**^. ."f Vav of Novetnl^ff A l» IMo. •'-^^ UAU-AUt, ^ W. r I \ t »;.*- ' i . '*>T. k -S. •■ f '" -s 'l ^ ^.--''• ■■ .J ■'* ' ,^ l«. '*! ., SPRINGETSBURY MANOR. 89 as to the proprietorship of the province. The original documents, that is those relating to the treaty with the Indians and the warrant of survey, are here given. At a council with the Indians held at Con- estogoe, June 15, 1722. present; Sir William Keith, Bart., Govr. Colo., John French & Francis Worley, Esqrs. The Chiefs of the Conestogoe, Shawana & Gan- away Indians; Smith, the Ganaway Indian, & James Le Tort, Interpreters. The Govr. spoke as follows: Friends and Brothers— Yon say j'ou love me be- cause I come from your father. Wm. Penn, to follow his peaceable ways, and to fulfill all his kind promises to the Indians. You call me Wm. Penn, and I am very proud of the name you give me; But if we have a true love for the memory of Wm. Penn, WE must shew it to his Family & to his Chil- dren that are grown up to be men in England, and will soon come over to represent him here. Last time I was with you at Conestogoe, you shewed nie a parchment which you had received from Wm. Penn, containing many articles of Friendship be- tween him & you, and between his Children & "your Children. You then told me He desired you to remember it well for three Generations, but 1 hope you and your Children will never forget it. That Parchment fully declared your consent to Wm. Penn's purchase & Right to the Lands on both sides Sasquehanna. But I find both you & we are like to he disturbed by idle People from Mary Land, and also by others who have presumed to Sur- vey Lands on the Banks of Susquehanna, without any Powers from William Penn or his children to whom they belong, and without so much as asking your Consent. I am therefore now come to hold a Council & consult with you how to prevent such unjust prac- tices for the future, and hereby we will shew our Love & Respect for the Great Wm. Penn's children who inherit their father's Estate in this Country, and have a just right to the hearty Love & friend- ship of all the Indians promised to them in many Treaties. I have fully considered this thing, and if you approve my thoughts, I will immediately cause to take up a large Tract of land on the other side of Sasquehanna for the Grandson of Wm.Penn, who is now a man as tall as I am; For when the Land is marked with his name upon the Trees, it will keep off the Mary Landers and every other per- son whatsoever from coming to settle near you to disturb you. And he bearing the same kind heart to the Indians which his Grandfather did, will be glad to give you any part of his Land for your own use and Convenience; but if other people take it u^ they will make settlements upon it, and then it will not be in his power to give it you as you want it. My Dear Friends £ Brothers — Those who have any wisdom amongst you must see and be convinced that what I now say is entirely for your Good, for this will effectually hinder and prevent any Person from settling Lands on the other side of Sasquehannah, according to your own desire, and consequently you will be secure from being disturbed by ill neighbors, and have all Land at the same time in your own power to make use of. "This will also beget a true hearty Love & friend- ship between you, your children, and the Great Wm. Penn's Grandson, who is now Lord of all this Country in the room of his Grandfather. It is - therefore fit & necessary for you to begin as soon as you can to express your Respect & Love to him; He expects it from you according to your promises in many Treaties, and he will take it very kindly. Consider then, my Brothers, that I am now giving you an opportunity to speak your thoughts lovingly & freely -unto this brave young man, Mr. Penn's Grandson ; And I, whom you know to be your true friend, will take care to Write down your Words, and to send them to. England to this Gentleman, who will return you a kind Answer, and so your hearts will be made glad to see that the great Wm. Penn still lives in his Children to love and serve the Indians. The Council was continued on the next day, the following being the minutes of that meeting: — At a council with the Indians held at Conestogoe, June 16th, 1722. Sir WILLIAM KEITH, Bart., Governour. Colo. John French & Francis Worley, Esqs. The Chiefs of the Conestogoe, Shawana & Gan- away Indians; Smith and James Le Tort, In- terpreters. The Indians spoke in Answer by Tawenea, as fol- lows. They have considered of what the Govr. proposed to them yesterday, & think it a matter of very great importance to them to hinder the Mary Land- ers from Settling or taking up Lands so near them upon the Susquehanna. "They very much approve what the Govr. spoke, and like his Council to them very well, but they are not willing to discourse par- ticularly on the Business of Land lest the five Na- tions may reproach or blame them. They declare again their satisfaction with all that the Governour said yesterday to them in Council ; And altho they know that the five Nations have not yet any right to these Lands, & that four of the ' Towns do not pretend to any, yet the fifth Town, viz. ; the Cayugoes are allways claiming some Right to Lands on the Sasquehanna, even where they themselves now live; wherefore, they think it will be a very proper time when the Govr. goes to Al- bany to settle that matter with the Cayugoes, & then all Parties will be satisfied. They ask the Govr. whereabouts & what quantity of Land does he propose to survey for Mr. Penn. It is answered, from over against the moufh of Conestogoe Creek up to the Govrs. new settlement, and so far back from the River as no Person can come to annoy or disturb them in their "Towns on this side. They proceed and say. That they are at this time very apprehensive that People will come when the Govr. is gone to Albany & survey this Land, where- fore, they earnestly desire that the Govr. will im- mediately cause the Surveyor to come lay out the Land for Mr, Penn's Grandson to secure them, & they doubt not but the Govrs. appearance & con- duct afterwards at Albany will make all things easy there. Copy of warrant for survey of Springetsbury Mannor Sir Wm. Keith Bart. Governor of the pro- vince Pensilvania &c. To Colo. John French, Francis Worley & James Mitchell, Esqs. Whereas, the three Nations of In- dians settled on the North side of the River Sasqua- hannah, in his Maties Peace & under the protection of this Government, viz.: — The Conestogoes, The Shawanose, & The Cawnoyes, are very much dis- turbed, and the Peace of this Colony is hourly in danger of being broken by persons who pursuing their own private gain without any regard to Jus- tice, Have attempted & others do still threaten to 90 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. Survey and take up Lands on the South West Branch of the sd River, right against the Towns & Settlements of the said Indians, without any Right or pretence of Authority so to do, from the Propri- etor of this Province unto whom the Lands unques- tionably belong. And whereas, it is reasonable & agreeable to former Treaties with the Indians that a sufficient quantity of Land upon the South West side of the River Sasquehannah be reserved in the Proprietors hands for accomodating the said Indian Nations when itmay hereafter be thought proper and convenient for them to remove tneir Settlements further from the Christian Inhabitants. And Lastly, Whereas, at a Treaty held between the Indians and me at Conestogoe, the 15th and 16th days of this instant They did earnstly desire & request me forthwith to Cause a large Tract of Land, right against their Towns upon Susquehannah. to be surveyed & located for the Proprietors use only ; Because, from his Bounty & Goodness, they would allways be sure to obtain whatever was necessary & Convenient for them from time to time. Theseare therefore, by Virtue of the Powers where- with I am Entrusted for the Preservation of his Ma- jesties Peace in this Province, & with a due and perfect regard to the Proprietors absolute Title & imquestionable Rights To Authorize, Impower & Command you, the said Colo. John French, Francis Worley & James Mitchell, with such of the neigh- boring inhabitants as you shall think fit to call to your assistance immediately to cross the River Sac- quehannah, and to survey or cause to be surveyed, marked and Located, the quantity of 70000 acres or thereabouts, in the name & for the use of the Rouble Springet Penn. Esq., which shall bear the name and be called The Mannor of Springetsbury, Begin- ning your Survey as near as you can upon the South West Bank of the River Susquehannah, over against the mouth of Conestogoe Creek ; from thence by Line W. S. W. Distance Ten miles more or less ; from thence by Line N. W. b N. Twelve more or less ; thence by Line E. N. E. untill you meet with the uppermost Corner tree of my Settle- ment called Newberry ; from thence 8. E. b S. along my head Line until you come at my Southern Cor- ner tree in the Wood's ; from thence down the Side Line of my Land E. N. E. until you come at the River Sasquehannah, & from thence by the said Rivers side unto the place where you first begin, which Line will be the fourth Side of the said Sur- vey; and when it is done, & finished. You are to make a Return thereof upon the back of this War- rant into the Govr. & Council of Pennsylvania ; For which this shall be unto you, the sd. Colo. John French, Francis Worley & every of you, a sufficient Warrant Power & Authority. Given under my hand & seal, at Conestogoe, the 18th day of June, in the 8th year of our Sovereign Lord George, Annoq. Dom. 1722. Signed, W. KEITH. THE E.ETURN. To his Excellency the Governor & the Honble Council of Pensilva. May it please your Excellency : In obedience to the within Warrant to us directed, We did, upon the nineteenth & twentieth days of this instant, June, begin & compleat the Survey of the Mannor of Springetsbury upon the river Sas- quahannah. in manner following, viz ; from a Red Oak upon the said River, (by a Runs side called Penns Run) mark'd S. P. ; West South West Ten miles to a chestnut (by a Runs side called French's Run) mark'd 8. P. ; from thence North West & by North to a Black Oak mark'd 8. P. twelve miles ; from thence East North East to Sir William Kelts western Corner Tree in the Woods Eight miles ; from thence along the South East and North East lines of the said Sir William Keiths Tract called Newberry into the River Sasquahanunh again, and from thence along the River Side to the place of Beginning. The whole containing seventy- live Thousand five Hundred & twenty acres, accord- ing to a Plan thereof hereunto annexed, all which is humbly submitted by Y'r Excellency's Most humble & obedient Servants, John Pkbnch Fran. Woble Ja. MiTCHBIiL. At Newberry, June 21, 1732. These proceedings were communicated to the Provincial Council on the 2d of July, 1722. But that body declared that so far as they concerned or touched with the proprie- tary affairs they were not judged to lie before the Board, which acted as a council of state, and not as Commissioners of property. Cpl. French, one of the surveyors, who executed the warrant, then undertook to vin- dicate the conduct of Sir William Keith to the Council, stating that ' ' the warrant speci- fied his true reasons; and that it was, under all the circumstances, the only effectual measure for quieting the minds pf the Indi- ans and preserving the public peace." The warrant and survey could not be returned into the land office at that time; for, it was said, that the land office continued shut from the death of William Penn in 1718 until the arrival of Thomas Penn in 1732. Nor does it appear that they were ever filed in the land office at any subsequent period.* But it is elsewhere said: "It has generally been supposed, that the land office was closed from the year 1718, when William Peinn died, until the arrival of Thomas Penn in the year 1732. It may be suggested that there were other reasons why the survey was not returned into the land office at that or any other time. The warrant itself was not issued from the land office, but under the private seal of Gov. Keith, at Conestogoe. The land had not been purchased from the Indians, the office was not open for the sale of them, and it was out of the usual course to grant warrants for unpurchased lands. The Council on the report of the proceedings seemed cautious about it, and refused to in- terfere further than to permit the warrant, and return of survey to be entered on their minutes. Although Col. French defended the proceedings, because the facts and cir- cumstances recited in the warrant were truly stated, "and in his opinion of Springet Penn, in whose name the warrant issued, was the late proprietor's heir-at-law. And what- ever turn the affairs of that family might take to resettle the property and dominion of *Penu vs. Kliue, 4 Dallas, 4u5. SPRINGETSBURiT MANOR. 91 the province, he did not conceive this meas- sure would be interpreted or deemed to the predjudice of a family for whose service it was so plainly meant and intended. But | although the land was out of the purchases, as the Indians consented to the survey, the J measure itself cannot but be considered as having been founded on the soundest and ' wisest policy, and Sir William Keith con- [ ducted himself with great zeal for the pro- prietary interest. "* The grant to William Penn of March 4, 1681, contained special powers to erect manors. On the 11th of July, in the same year, he agreed with " the adventurers and purchasers" in England, who were in- terested in his grant and the settlement of the province on certain "conditions and con- cessions." The ninth of these was, that "in every one hundred thousand acres, the Gov- i ernor and Proprietary, by lot, reserveth ten | to himself which shall lie but in one place." , The name of " manor" was given to these ' portions of reserved land in its genuine legal j sense. The nineteenth section of the char- j ter empowered him. "his heirs and alienees, to erect manors, with a court baron and view of frank pledge (or court leet), to be held by i themselves, or lords of other manors, and every person erecting such manor, shall grant ] lands to any person in fee simple, to be i held of the said manor so as no further ten- ures shall be created, but further alienations shall be held of the same lord and his heirs of whom the alien did then before hold.''t And such seems to have been in William Penn's own mind when on his last visit he gave a paper agreeing to give land on a quit rent "holding of the said manor, and under the regulations of the court thereof when erected. "J He empowered the Commission- er's of property to erect manors, with juris- diction thereto annexed. But the Commis- sioners declined exercising the power, which would have been repugnant to the freemen of the province. Afterwards in judical opinions, the manors were construed not to mean such in a legal sense with its court and train' of feudal appendages. It was held to mean a portion of country, separated from the rest, so as to be open to purchasers on "common terms," or to settlers. Whatever was granted was by special agreement in the several manors. It was originally intended that title should be given by warrant and *II Smith's Laws, note. fThe court baron was for the redressing of misdemeanors and nuisances within the manor, and for settling disputes of property among the tenants. (90, II Blackstone's Commenta- ries.) JSergeant's Land Laws, 196. survey, but titles afterward grew by settle- ment and improvement. This practice be- came prevalent from 1718 to 1732. They were to be consummated by payment of the purchase money and issuing of the patent. The warrant fixed a price and time of pay- ment, and when there was no warrant, the price at the time was to be paid, which was called "on common terms." The most of the country was opened through the land office, but this did not include proprietary tenths or manors. Two principles were early settled, namely, that no sales were to be made, nor settlements permitted, until the Indian title should be ex- tinguished, and that no title could originate but by grant from William Penn. He and his descendapts were trustees by virtue of the concessions and agreements for such indi- viduals as should acquire equitable rights to particular portions of land. They erected an office, reserving the right to appropriate one- tenth of the whole to themselves, for their private and individual uses. No right could be acquired except by agreement with the proprietaries. In grants of lands to pur- chasers the only distinction was, that the lands not reserved were sold at stated prices, and those reserved, that is within the man- ors, were sold by special contract. Although settlements had become notorious within it, and licenses were issued and titles conferred by grant, the appropriation of the Spriagets- bury Manor was not sufficiently notorious, prior to the warrant of survey of 1762, to effect with constructive notice subsequent purchasers and settlers. The warrant of 1762 affected all persons with notice of the existence of the manor. The judicial diffi- culties arose from the fact, as alleged, that the survey of Sir William Keith, in 1722, was without authority, and that survey was never returned to the land office. The ques- tions involved did not arise antil after the Revolution, and Pennsylvania had become a sovereign State. The eases in which these titles are investigated, both arising in the County of York, are Penn's Lessee vs. Kline, reported in the fourth volume of Dallas Reports, * and in Kirk and Another vs. Smith, ex-demise of Penn, reported in the ninth volume of Wheaton's United States Supreme Court Reports, f In this last case the counsel for the plaintiff were Daniel Webster and Henry Clay, and the counsel for the defendant were the Attorney-General, William Wirt, and John Sergeant, and the opinion was delivered by the Chief Justice, * Page 404. t Page 241. 92 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. John Marshall. The following is the war- rant in that case : Pennsylvania, SS. — By the Proprietaries. Whbbeas, Bartholemew Sesrang, of the County of Lancaster, hath requested that we would grant him to take up 200 acres of land, situate between Codorus Creek and Little Conewago Creek, adjoin- ing the lands of Killian Smith and Philip Heintz, on the west side of the Susquehanna River, in the said county of Lancaster, for which he agrees to pay to our use the sum of £15 10s. current money of this province, for every acre thereof. These are, therefore, to authorize and require you to survey, or cause to be surveyed unto the said Bartholemew, at the place aforesaid, according to the method of townships appointed, the said quantity of 200 acres, if not already surveyed or appropriated ; and make return thereof into the secretary's ofiBce, in order for further confirmation ; for which this shall be your suflBcient warrant; which survey, in case the said Bartholemew fulfil the above agreement with- in gix months from the date hereof, shall be valid ; • otherwise void. Given under my hand and seal of the land oflSce, by virtue of certain powers from the said proprie- taries, at Philadelphia, this eighth day of January, Anno Domini, one thousand seven hundred and forty-two. Gborgb Thomas. To William Parsons, Surveyor-General. The warrant of resurvey of Gov. Hamilton set forth : " That in pursuance of the prim- itive regulations for laying out lands in the province, W. Penn had issued a warrant, dated the 1st of September, 1700, to Edward Pennington, the Surveyor-General, to survey for the proprietor, 500 acres of every town- ship of 5,000 acres ; and generally the pro- prietary one-tenth of all the land laid out, and to be laid out ; that like warrants, had been issued by the successive proprietaries to every succeeding Surveyor-General ; that the tracts surveyed, however, are far short of the due proportions of the proprietary ; that therefore by order of the then Commis- sioners of property, and in virtue of the gen- eral warrant aforesaid to the then Surveyor- General, there was surveyed for the ase of the proprietor on the 19th and 20th of June, 1722, a certain tract of land situate on the west side of the river Susquehanna, then in the county of Chester, afterward of Lancaster, and now of York, containing about 70,000 acres called, and now well known by the name of the manor of Springetsbury ; that sundry Germans and others, afterward seated themselves by leave of the proprietor on divers parts of the said manor, but con- firmation of their titles was delayed on accouQtof the Indian claim; that on the 11th of October, 1736, the Indians released their claims, when (on the 30th of October, 1736), a license was given to each settler, (the whole grant computed at 12,000 acres), promising patents, after surveys should be made; that the survey of the said tract of land, is either lost or mislaid; but that from the well-known settlements and improvements made by the said licensed settlers therein, and the many surveys made around the said manor, and other proofs and circumstances, it appears that the said tract is bounded east, by the Susque- hanna; west, by a north and south line west of the late dwelling plantation of Christian Eyster, called Oyster, a licensed settler; north by a line nearly east and west, distant about three miles north of the present great road, leading from Wright's Ferry through York Town, by the said Christian Oyster's plantation to Monockassey; south, by a line near east and west, distant about three miles south of the great road aforesaid; that divers of the said tracts and settlements within the said manor, have been surveyed and confirmed by patents, and many that have been sur- veyed, remained to be confirmed by patents, for whichthe settlers have applied; that the pro- prietor is desirous, that a complete draft or map and return of survey of the said manor, shall be replaced and remain for their and his use, in the Surveyor-General's office, and also, in the Secretary's office; that by special order and direction, a survey for the proprietor's use was made by Thomas Cookson, Deputy Sur- veyor (in 1741), of a tract on both sides of the Codorus, within the said manor, for the site of a town, whereon York Town has since been laid out and built, but no return of that survey being made, the premises were resur- veyed by George Stevenson, Deputy Surveyor (in December, 1752), and found to contain 436 J acres." After the recital, the warrant directed the Surveyor- General ' ' to re-survey the said tract for the proprietor's use, as part of his one- tenth, in order that the bounds and lines thereof, may be certainly known and ascer- tained." James Tilghman, Secretary of the land office, on the 13th of May, 1768, wrote to John Lukens, Surveyor- General, to pro- ceed with all expedition on the survey, and make return of the outline of the manor at least. The survey was accordingly executed from the 12th to the 13th of June, 1768, and the plat was returned into the land office, and also into the Secretary's office, on the 12th of July, 1768, containing 64,520 acres, a part of the original tract of 70,000 acres having been cut off, under the agreement between Penn and Baltimore, to satisfy the claims of Maryland settlers. This is known as Hamilton's Survey. THE MANOB OF MASKE. Between 1736 and 1740 there were early settlements made on an immense tract of land SPRINGETSBURY MANOR. 93 in the western portion of the county of York laid out for the proprietaries' use, and named the Manor of Maske. When the pro-vincial surveyors arrived for the purpose of run- ning "its lines, the settlers upon it, not under- standing, or not approving the purpose, drove them off by force. Some of the settlers had taken out regular warrants, others had licen- ses, and some were there probabky without either. As a result, the lines were not run till January, 1766, and the return of them was made on the 7th of April, 1768, to the land office. "The manor then surveyed is nearly a perfect oblong. The southerly line is 1,887 perches; the northern, 1,900 perches; the western line, 3,842 perches; the eastern 3,- 954. It is nearly six miles wide, and about twelve miles long. The southern line is probably a half mile north of Mason and Dixon's line, and the northern is about mid- way between Mummasburg and Arendtsviile, skirting a point marked on the county as Texas, on the road from Gettysburg to Mid- dletown, does not quite reach the Conewago Creek. The manor covers the town of Get- tysburgh and Mummasburg, the hamlet of Seven Stars, and probably McKnightstown, all of the township of Cumberland, except a small strip of half a mile along the Mary- land line, nearly the whole of Freedom, about one-third of Highland, the southeast corner of Franklin, the southern section of Butler, the western fringe of Straban, and a smaller fringe on the west side of Mount Joy. Gettysburg .is situated north of the center, and on the eastern edge of the manor, and is thus about five and a half miles from the northern, and seven and a half from the southern. The manor is separated by a nar- row strip on the west from Carroll's Tract, or "Carrolls Delight," as it was originally called, and which was surveyed under Mary- land's authority on the 3d of April, 1732. It was patented August 8,1735, to Charles, Mary and Eleanor Carroll, whose agents made sales of warrants for many years, supposing that the land lay within the grant of Lord Balti- more, and in the county of Frederick. As originally surveyed Carroll's Delight con- tained 5,000 acres.*" A special act of Assembly was passed on thp 23d of March, 1797, relating to the Manor of Maske. It recited that "certain citizens had settled themselves and made improve- ments on the lands comprehended within its limits antecedently to the warrant issuing for the survey of the same, and without notice that any such measure was in contempla- *A. Sheely, in Egle's Hist, of Penna., pp. 381-82. tion," and as doubts had arisen whether the said survey was regular, "and the said set- tlers and inhabitants in whose favor the said exceptions might have been urged, waived the same, and had agreed or are in treaty with, and ready to conclude a purchase for John Penn and Richard Penn,Esq8., There- fore, to remove any uneasiness in the minds of the said inhabitants . that the committee may claim the land to encourage agriculture and improvement, by sending titles free from dispute and remove anyprejudice against the rights derived from the late proprietaries, the lands marked by the survey of the manor in the month of January, 1676, shall be free and clear of any claim of the Common- wealth." But in 1800 all this territory was included in the new county of Adams.* bldihstone's licenses. In 1734 a title originated, which in con- troversies concerning the Manor of Spring- etsbury, became the subject of judicial in- vestigation. The land on the west of the Susquehanna not having been purchased from the Indians, no absolute title, irregular, or otherwise, could be given according to the established usage and law. But the dispute was existing with Lord Baltimore, concerning the boundary of William Penn's charter and the Marylanders were extending their settle- ments up the Susqiiehanna. On the 11th of January, 1733-34,* a special commission was given to Samuel Blunston, a gentleman resident on the banks of the Susquehanna, to encourage the settlement of the country, and most of the titles over the Susquehanna originated in the licenses issued by him, to settle and take up lands on the west side of the river. Not , because the land office was at that time closed as has been generally conceived, but because the office could not be opened for those lands which were not yet purchased of the Indians. He issued many licenses from January, 1734, *Iii Day's Annals it is said that the manor was established by warrant from the Penns in 1740, About the year 1740 a number of the Scotch-Irish made the first settlement on what is now Adams County, among the hills near the sources of Marsh Greek. At that time the limestone lands in the lower part of the county (of York) , now so valuable in the hands of the German farmers, were not held in high estimation , on account of the scarcity of water, and the Scotch- Irish passed them by to select the slate lands, with the pure springs and mountain air to which they had been accustomed at home. Descendants are still cultivating the farms which their fathers opened one hundred years since. l\Ir. McPherson's an- cestors settled about 1741-42, when the patent is dated. Mr. William McClellan, the well known and obliging landlord at Gettysburg, says that his ancestor obtained his patent from William Penn, at New Castle, but did not settle until about 1740. The laud still remains in possession of the family, and the graves of the deceased members are all there." — Days Annals, p. Bs, (mo). fThis was before the begining of the year was fixed by law on the l8t of January instead of the 25th of March, hence old and new style. — II Archives, 08. 94 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. to October, 1737, by which he promised patents on the usual terms, when the pur- chases should be made from the Indians. The lirst license issued by Samuel Blunston was dated the 24th of January, 1733-34, and the last on the 31st of October, 1737, all of which, and they were numerous prior to the 11th of October, 1736, were for lands out of tlie Indian purchase. These grants the pro- prietors were bound to confirm, being issued by their express consent, as soon as they purchased the lands from the natives, upon the clearest legal "principles, as expressed in the case of Weiser's Lessee vs. Moody.* This title was always recognized, and after the purchase made in 1736, the propri- etary confirmed the licenses by regular war- rants. They were likened by some to loca- tions, by others to warrants. They had all the essential parts of a warrant, except in the single circumstance of the purchase money not being previously paid. They contained a direction to make a survey, equally with a warrant, and it was the constant usage of surveyors to make surveys under them, in the same manner as under warrants, and such surveys were accepted in the office, f In the case of Penn's Lessee against Kline, J it is said, "In order to resist the Maryland intrusions, encouragements were offered by Sir W. Keith, and accepted by a number of Germans, for forming settle- ments on the tract, which had been thus surveyed; and in October, 1736, Thomas Penn having purchased the Indian claim to the land, empowered Samuel Blunston to grant licenses for 12,000 acres (which were sufficient to satisfy the rights of those who had settled, perhaps fifty in number) within the tract of lar^d "commonly called the Manor of Springetsbury," under the invita- tions of the Governor. But in addition to such settlers, not only the population of the tract in dispute, but of the neighboring county, rapidly increased." In 1736, Thomas Penn was in Lancaster, and signed warrants taken under Blunston's licenses. The number of Germans who had formed settlements on the tract is elsewhere men- tioned as fifty-two. In Calhoun's Lessee vs. Dunning, § the inception of the plantiff's title depended upon an extract from the record of licenses or grants by Blunston, dated March, 1734-35, which was merely a minute in these words: "John Calhoun, 200 acres on Cunning's Kun, called the Dry Spring, between Jacob Dunni^ig and Ezekiel Dun- *n Yeates, 27. ! Leasee of Dunning vs. Carruthers, II Yeates, 17. IV Dallas, 405. IV Dallas, 120. ning." A number of ejectments were brought for tracts of land, lying in York County, in all of which the general question was, whether the land was included in a tract called and known by the name of a pro- prietary manor duly surveyed and returned into the land office, on or before the 4th day of July, 1776. The titles of the lessors of the plaintiff, to the premises in dispute, were regularly deduced from the charter of Charles the Second, to William Penn, provided there was a manor called and known by the name of Springetsbury, duly surveyed and returned, according to the terms and meaning of the act of the 27th of November, 1779.* On the trial of the cause already mentioned, evidence was given on each side to maintain the oppo- site position respecting the existence or non- existence of the Manor of Springetsbury, from public instruments, from the sense expressed by the proprietaries, before the Revolution, in their warrants and patents; from the sense expressed by the warrants and patents issued since the Revolution; from the practice of the land office, and from the current of public opinion. The general ground taken by the plaintiff's counsel was; First, That the land mentioned is a part of a tract called or known by the name of a Pro- prietary Manor. Second, that it was a proprietary manor duly surveyed, and Third, that the survey was duly made and re- turned before the 4th of July, 1776. . . . The defendant's counsel contended: 1. That Sir William Keith's warrant, being issued in 1722, without authority, all proceedings on it were absolutely void, and that neither the warrant nor survey had ever been re- turned into the land office. 2, That Gov. Hamilton's warrant was issued in 1762, to resurvey a manor which had never been legally surveyed, and was in that respect to be regarded as a superstructure without a foundation. 3, That the recitals of Gov. Hamilton's warrant are not founded in fact, and that considering the survey, iu pursuance of it, as an original survey, it was void as against compact, law and justice,, that the proprietor should assume, for a manor, land settled by individuals. The licenses granted by Thomas Penn, in 1736, to about fifty-two settlers, in different parts of the first, as well as second survey, in which this is called the Manor of Sprin- getsbury was strongly relied upon to show • that, even at that early period, it had acquired this name. The tenor of the war- rants afterward granted for lands within this manor, varying from the terms of the *I Smith's Laws, 480. SPRINGETSBUBY MANOR. 95 common warrants, marked this manor land. There was. testimony to show that the west line of this manor was always reputed to go considerably beyond York to Oyster's. As some of the persons interested in the ejectments brought for lands in Springe ts- bury Manor had purchased from the Com- monwealth, and it would be entitled to all arrears of purchase money if the proprie- tary title should not be established, the Leg- islature had authorized the Governor to employ counsel to assist the counsel of the defendants.' After the decision of the case of Penn's lessee vs. Kline, the Legislature ap- pointed James Eoss and James Hopkins, Esqs., to take defense in the next ejectment, Penn's lessee vs. Groff,* which was tried in the April term, 1806, and upon the same charge, the same verdict was given. The defendant's counsel, having tendered a bill of exceptions to the charge of the court, arrangements were made to obtain a final decision of the Supreme Court, upon a writ of error. It appears, however from the journals, that the Legislature was not dis- posed to interfere any further, and terms of compromise were proposed and accepted by the parties. The resolution appointing Messrs. Eoss and Hopkins, counsel for the inhabitants of Springetsbury Manor, was passed March 31, 1806.t The proprietary manors were reserved by the Legislature after the Eevolution to the Penns, while their title to all other lands in the province was divested in favor of the commonwealth. The royal grant of the province of Pennsylvania to William Penn was an absolute one, and the quit rents reserved by him and his heirs, on the aliena- tion of lands therein, became their private property. By the Eevolution and consequent change of government, the proprietaries lost the right of pre-emption of unpurchased land, inwhich the Indian title was not extinguished. The grant to Penn was in free and com- mon socage; but the Eevolution and the act for vesting the estates of the late proprieta- ries in the commonwealth and for the opening of the land office, passed in 1779 and 1781, J abolished all feudal land tenures, and ren- dered them purely allodial in their character, even as to lands held by the late proprieta- ries in their private capacity. At the com- mencement of the war of the American Eev- olution, the proprietary went to Great Brit- ain, where he remained, and in the year 1779 the Legislature of Pennsylvania passed *rv Dallas, 410. tP. L. 682. 8 Bloren, 474. t2 Smith's Laws, 532. the act ' ' for vesting the estates of the late proprietaries of Pennsylvania in this common- wealth." It was held, however, in the courts, that the lands within the lines of the survey of the manor were excepted out of the gen- eral operation of the act, and were not vested in the commonwealth.* The powers of gov- ernment and rights of property were always kept distinct, the former being exercised by the General Assembly, and the latter by means of an agency, constituting what is called a land office. After the Eevolution, the pro- prietaries had, and still have a land office, to receive purchase moneys and grant patents. The common ffealth did not receive the pur- chase money of lands included within the limits of manors, nor grant patents for them. There were, in fact, two land offices. The act of investiture contained the following: "All and every estate of those claim- ing to be proprietaries of Pennsylvania, to which they were entitled on the 4th day of July, 1776, in, or to the soil and land con- tained within the limits of said province, together with royalties, etc., mentioned or granted in the charter of said King Charles; the Second shall be, and they are hereby vested in the commonwealth of Pennsyl- vania." " There was nothing in the act of 1779, which would lead to the opinion that the legislature was actuated by a spirit of hos- tility against the Penn family. The great object of the act was to transfer the right to the soil of Pennsylvania from the proprietary to the commonwealth. This was the great and national object. In addition to the private estates of the family, to man- ors actually surveyed and to the quit rents reserved on the lands sold within the manors, 120,000 pounds sterling are bestowed on the family amongst other considerations, in re- membrance of the enterprising spirit which distinguished the founder of Pennsylvania. The line of partition between the common- wealth and the Penn family was to be drawn. It was proper that the commonwealth, and Penn, and the people of Pennsylvania, should be able distinctly to discern it.f "To have suffered the Penn family to retain those rights, which they held strictly in their pro- prietary character, would have been incon- sistent with the complete political indepen- dence of the State. The province was a fief held immediately from the Crown, and the Eevolution would have operated very in- efficiently toward complete emancipation, if the feudal relation had been suffered to re- *8 Wright, 500. fMarshall, C. J., 9 Wheaton, 267. HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. mam. It was therefore necessary to extin- guish all foreign interest in the soil, as well as foreign jurisdiction in the matter of govern- ment."* " We are then to regard the Revo- lution and these Acts of Assembly, as eman- cipating every acre of soil in Pennsylvania from the grand characteristic of the feudal system. Even as to the lands held by the proprietaries themselves, they held them as other citizens held under the commonwealth, and that by a title purely allodial. . . . The State became the proprietor of all lands, but instead of giving them like a feudal lord to an enslaved tenantry, she has sold them for the best price she could get, and conferred on the purchaser the same absolute estate she held herself."! Among the proceedings of the Supreme Executive Council, January 25, 1787, ap- pears the following: "A letter from Tench Francis, Esq. , requesting the delivery of a Qumber of counterparts of patents for lands within the Manor of Springetsbury, granted by the late proprietaries of Pennsylvania, now in the keeping of the Secretary of the land ofiBce, was laid before Council; and on consideration, an order was taken that the Secretary of the land office be authorized and instructed to deliver to John Penn and John Penn, Jr., or their attorney the counterparts of all such patents for lots within the Manor of Springetsbury as upon examination shall appear to be entered ; in the Rolls office, taking their re- ceipt for the same. And on September 22, 1788, the following appears: "A memorial from John Penn, Jr., and John Penn, by their agent, Anthony Butler, containing a brief of their title to the Manor of Spring- etsbury, lying north of the city of Philadel- phia, was read together with several inclos- ures; the memorial and inclosures were put into the hands of the committee appointed upon the petition of Thomas Britain and others."! THE TOWN OF YOBK. The warrant for the survey of Springets- bury Manor, "issued by Gov. Hamilton, on the 21st of May, 1762, recited: "That by special order and direction a survey for the proprietor's use was made by Thomas Cook- *Glbson, J., 7 Sergeant and Eawle, 188. tWoodward J., 8 "Wright, 501. JAU the titles of lands in the borough of York are derived from the Penns. The quit rents were reserved and paid. The agency forthe Penns was iflthe hands of Hon. John Cadwala- der of Philadelphia, and the local agent here was Hon. Charles A. Barnitz, and afterward David G. Barnitz, Esq. The last pur- chase of lands within the bounds of the Manor of Springets- bury, was made by Daniel Keller of Windsor Township in 1858, the title to the piece of land before that being only one of occu- Eancy by his father. This occupancy, however, inured to all of is heirs as tenants in common. son, deputy surveyor (in 1741) of a tract of land on both sides of the Cordorus, within the said manor, for the site of a town, whereon York Town has since been laid out and built, but no return of that survey being made, the premises were resurveyed by George Stevenson, deputy surveyor (in De- comber, 1752,) and found to contain 436i^ acres." The original survey was made in the month of October, 1741. Glossbrenna's his- tory says: "The part east of Codorus, was immediately laid out into squares, after the manner of Philadelphia. For doing this the following instructions were originally given: 'The squares to be 480 feet wide; 520 long; lots 230 by 65; alleys 20; two streets 80 feet wide, to cross each other, and 65 feet square to be cut off the corner of each lot to make a square for any public building or market of 110 feet each side; the lots to be let at 7 shillings sterling or value in coin current ac- cording to the exchange; the squares to be laid out the length of two squares to the eastward of Codorus when any number such as 20 houses are built.' On the margin of the original draught of the town as then laid out, are these words: The above squares count in each 480 feet on every side, which in lots of 60 feet front, and 240 feet deep, will make 15 lots; which multiplied by the num- ber of squares, (viz, 16, for the original draught contains no more) gives 256 lots; which together with the streets, at 60 feet wide, will not take up above 102 acres of land.' " "After the town had been thus laid out, if any one wished for a lot therein, he applied at the proper office, or in the words of his certificate he "entered his name for a lot in the town of York, in the county of Lancas- ter, No." &c. "The first application or entry of names for lots in Yorktown was in November, 1741. In that month 23 Iota were taken up, and no more were taken up until the 10th and 11th of March, 1746, when 44 lots were dis- posed of. In 1748, and the two years follow- ing, many applications were made, for York had then become a county town. The names of the persons who first applied for, and took up lots in York, (Nov. 1741,) are as follows, viz.: John Bishop, No. 57; Jacob Welsch, No. 58; Baltzer Spengler, No. 70; Michael Swoope, No. 75; Christopher Croll, No. 85; Michael Laub, No. 86; George Swoope, No. 87, 104, 124, & 140; Zaehariah ShugartNo. 92; Nich- olas Stuke, No. 101; Arnold Stuke, No. 102; Samuel Hoake, No. 105; Hermanns Bott, No. SPRINGETSBUKY MANOB. 97 106; George Hoake, No. 107 and 117; Jacob Crebill, No. 108; Matthias Ouvensant, No. 118; Martin Eichelberger, No. 120; Andrew Coaler, No. 121, Henry Hendricks, No. 122; and Joseph Hinsman, No. 123. "The manner of proceeding to obtain a lot was thus : The person wishing for one, ap- plied for and requested the proprietors, to permit him to " take up a lot. ' ' They then reueived a certificate of having made such application ; the lot was then surveyed for him. "The paper given to the applicant certify- ing that he had entered his name, and men- tioning the conditions, was then usually called " a ticket, " or else the particular ap- plicant was named, as "George Swoope's ticket. " These tickets were transferable ; the owner of them might sell them, assign them, or do what he pleased with them. The possession of a ticket was by no means the same as owning a lot. It only gave a right to build, to obtain a patent, for the lots were granted upon particular conditions, strenuously enforced, "One of the usual conditions was this, viz. : "that the applicant build upon the lot, at his own proper cost, one substantial dwel- ling house, of the dimensions of sixteen feet square at least, with a good chimney of brick or stone, to be laid in or built with lime and sand, within the space of one year from the time of his entry for the same. " A continual rent was to be paid to the pro- prietors, Thomas Penn and Richard Penn, for, every lot taken up. This was a "yearly rent of seven shillings, sterling money of Great Britain, or the value thereof in coin current according as the exchange should be between the province and the city of London. " Beside this, the lot was held "in free and common socage, by fealty only in lieu of all other services. " "When the applicant had built, or in some oases had begun to build, he received, if he so wished, a patent. But this patent most explicitly stated the conditions ; and if these conditions were not fulfilled, he was de- prived of his lot, and it was granted to some one else." The first lot taken up iq Yorktown was that on which the tavern stands, now owned by John Hartman, and occupied by Daniel Eichelberger. Then the adjoining lot toward the court house, was taken up. The next lots were that on which Nes ' Brewery stands, in North George Street, and another east of it, the latter of which is still vacant. Then a lot nearly opposite the German Reformed Church, and the two lots adjoining it on the west. Then were chosen at about the same time, the lot on which Isaac Baumgardner's dwel- ling house stands ; that occupied by the house' of John Lay, on the corner of Main and Water Streets ; that occupied by the house of Doll, gunsmith ; those by Judge Barnitz, Charles Hayes' store, the New York Bank, William Sayres, and the house on the southwest cornerof Main and Beaver Streets, belonging to the estate of David Oassat, Esq. , deceased. "The building of Yorktown proceeded but slowly ; for though many took up lots, yet few were enabled fully to comply with the conditions ; the consequence was, the lots were forfeited, and thereby honest industry discouraged. And indeed the fear of not being able to accomplish, in so short a period, what they wished to commence, deterred many from beginning what might end in folly. It should be remembered that at that time the conveniences for house-building were few. It appears from a statement made by George Stevenson on the lOtb of 7i-pril, 1851, that at that time there were fifty lots built on, agreeably to the tickets. Three of these lots were then occupied by churches, viz. : two by the German Lutheran and one by the German Reformed. Hence there could not have been at that time more than forty-seven dwelling houses in the town of York, and many of them must have been truly miserable. "At about this period York must have been a most desert place, very unlike what she now is in the "splendor of her domes," and the "richness of her profusion." In an old record it is alleged as a heavy offence against George Hoak, that "within the very limits of York, he had cut down the proprietaries' timber in large quantities for burning brick and lime." In a letter written in 1750, it is said that "sundry persons have cut off the wood of the town land to burn brick, and are now burning brick on lots not granted, to the damage of the inhabitants, who ought to have the wood for firing, and of the pur- chasers of the ungranted lots, which are spoiled by clay holes.'' In the first settle- ment of York many inconveniences and diffi- culties arose from persons taking possession of lots without having, in the first place, secured a legal title. Some erected small houses on diiferent lota "without license or entry ;" but for this they were reported to the Governor and were obliged to leave their tabernacles. Of this many instances are HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. found recorded in old j)apers. Thus Jacob Billmayer built on lot No. 55, Jacob Falkler on lot No. 60, and Avit Shall on lot No. 74, "without the proprietaries' license." Bach of them was obliged to deliver up possession; and this they did on the 10th of April, 1751, "to Nicholas Scull, Esq., agent for the hon- orable proprietaries." "The early settling of Yorktown was one continual scene of disturbance and conten- tion ; there were warring rights and clash- ing interests. It often happened that differ- ent men wanted the same lot, and when the lot was granted to one, the others were watchful to bring about a forfeiture. The loss of lots by not fulfilling conditions was for a long time a serious evil, concerning which clamors were loud. "We will here insert a letter dated at Lan- caster, the 24th of April, 1750, and addressed bv Thomas Cookson, ' to Geo. Stevenson, Esq., at York.' "Sir: — Christian Oyster in his life time entered lor a lot in York, No. 82. The time for building expired, but no new entry was made till lately, as I understood, with you. The widow is since married, and her husband h^s put up logs for a house on the lot. He told me that he applied to you, and ac- quainted you with his intentions of building, and that you had promised him that no advantage should be taken of the forfeiture of the lot, and that he might proceed to build, and that since, through neglect, you have suffered another person to enter that lot, who insists on a right to it, notwithstand- ing the building erected on it. I find that taking advantage of the forfeiture of lots is a great spur to the people's building. But where there is an intent and preparation for building, I would not be too strict in insisting on the forfeiture, as the sole intent is to have the town improved ; and if the first tak- ers up of lots will build and settle, their priority of application, should be ;favored. A few examples will be necessary to be made; and they should be made of such persons as take up lots for sale with- out improvement. There are some others here about their forfeited lots. But I am well satisfied that you do everything that is reasonable and equi- table to the people, and for the advancement of the proprietor's interest. Our court being so near, I could not spare time to come to York. Please let me know in what forwardness my home is. I am your most humble servt., Thos. Cookson. "Lancaster, April 24, 1750." George Stevenson wrote to Richard Peters, York, 26th of October, 1754. In answer to en- quiries about Yorktown, and the lands adjac ent: The tract of land whereon the town stands con- tains 4371 acres, or 4l3 acres and allowance. On the 1st of October, 1749, the town consisted of sixty-three dwelling houses of wood, all built on High Street and Water Street (except two), about ten of which were not finished, and also a Lutheran and a Calvinist Church.* All houses had Dutch stoves, but one room in town had a fireplace. All the lot holders were Ger- *VtI Archives, 2d S. mans. There were 210 dwellings, three of brick and two of stone, thirty not yet finished. The Streets were High Street, Uuke Street, Water Street, Prince Street, Queen Street. The following letter is dated at York, the 8th of June, 1764, and is addressed by George Stevenson to William Peters, Secretary of the land office. "Yesterday at 6 o'clock P. M., Mr. Hemel and myself met the two Doudels together, with sundry other inhabitants of the place, to try to settle the difference between them about the lots lately granted to Michael, on west side of Codorus Creek, and south side of High Street continued. After many things said on both sides, Michael pro- posed to bind himself by any reasonable instrunient of writing, not to build a tan-yard on the said lots for the space of five years next to come; which I thought was reasonable. But nothing would satisfy Jacob but the lots, and he offered to give Michael the two opposite lots on the other side of High Street, and to plough them and fence them (for Michael has ploughed and fenced his). This offer gave great oSence to all the company, 'what,' said they, ' is nobody to have a lot but the two Doudels?' For my own part, I do acknowledge they are industrious men, and deserve a lot as well as their neighbors, but at the same time there are other people who have paid dear for lots here, and have improved them well, and deserve lots as well as they. Sundry persons are building on the pro- prietors' lots on the east side of the creek, saying they deserve and want lots as well as the Doudels. I think an immediate stop ought to be put to this, otherwise it will be productive of great trouble to you. I make free to write this account of these things to put you upon your guard, and beg leave to advise you not to grant any other lots until 1 see you, which will be in about two weeks. In the meantime, I shall lay out the Parson's lot for his pasture, and shall bring down an exact draught of it and of all the low bottom lands. Pray let me hear from you about these people that will build, and have built. Fas aus nefat, I am, &c." Samuel Johnston wrote to William Peters, York Town, January 12, 1765, that James Smith had purchased from the people settled thereon, and applied for warrants for laiids within seven miles of York. One tract from Garret Bummell, in Manchester Township. One place belonged to Michael Kamble and a third to one Lichteberger. The letter was written to prevent injury to the proprietary. People were pressing to know the price of lots or half lots, let out at twenty shillings yearly. They would all be taken up on the Main Street in a short time. William Matthews wrote to William Peters, York Town, April 15, 1765, that he had made drafts on the west side of the Codorus, and as Samuel Johnston was not at home he had got Dr. Jameson to go with him and fix the place for the cross streets. And as Newberry Street would suit very well to build upon, he had laid the lots adjoining it the other way, and left a twenty-foot alley at the end of them, which happens just in the swamp. ' ' I have laid the ground Michael Doudel holdfl out into half lots, as well as all the rest on High Street except Jacob Doudel's two lots. It did FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 99 tiot suit to go so nigh Botts' land in that angle, on High Street, as what thee mentioned iu thy instructions, unless there could be some land got of Bott in exchange." That people desirous of knowing the terms " should likewise be glad to know how many lots old Seagler, the brickmaker, has entered for or got the grant of, and the numbers, as he is digging and improving several. If he is suf- fered to go on he will ruin them for anyone else taking them, and then leave them, as he and some other brickmakers have done, one whole square on the creek. If the brick- maker was allowed but two instead of four, it would more likely secure the quit rent." Mr. Secretary Peters wrote to Mr. Johnston of York, June 1, 1765, that the Governor and the agents insist upon twenty shillings quit rent for each inner half lot of thirty-two and a half feet front, on the West side of Ood- orus, and to reserve a whole sixty-five foot lot at each corner of a street for the proprietor. Lots must be taken before the first of July. Daniel Dingle applied for the two half lots. No, 328, joining Jacob Doudel's two patented lots on Codorus, but as Jacob and Daniel Doudel had applied for a lot or two there, their resolution required whether they will take any moi'e there at twenty shillings per half lot. Samuel Johnston wrote to William Peters, York, June 8, 1765, that Daniel Doudel thought the terms too high, and would not take up the lots, and Dingle could have them. There was a project on foot to alter the present road from about Newberry Street to Carlisle and toward Lewis Ferry, to pass through Wright's land, which would be a great hurt to the town, and the proprietary interest. There should be an application to the court to prevent it. June 6, 1765, petition by inhabitants of Yorktown, from the court house upward, for a road to cross the Codorus, at the north end of George Street, thence to run until it intersects a road which leads from York to John Garretsons, at Big Conewago Creek. There was another from the inhabitants of the lower part of Yorktown, near the bridge, and another from the inhabitants of West Manchester Township for a road to be laid out to the north part of Manchester and New- berry Townships, to cross the Codorus oppo- site Water Street, and that they had raised a subscription for building a bridge and main- taining it seven years. The last two peti- tions were presented in order to prevent the first from taking effect, as the inhabitants in the lower part of the town have at present the first offer of everything coming to market. Mr. Johnston himself desired a lot on the north side of the main street, on the rise of the hill. , The Governor's orders to Mr. Johnston, of York, on the 9th of September, 1765, were to give notice to brickmakers to desist till application and its reasonableness were con- sidered ; to prevent any waste being com- mitted in the timber on any of the proprie- tor's land near York. At the time of the execution of the warrant of survey of Springetsbury Manor, namely, from the 12th to the 13th of June, 1768, there was another survey of ' ' the tract of land sit- uated on both sides of the Codorus Creek, whereon the town of York stands," returned into the land office. The survey was made by John Lukens, and it was found to contain " the quantity of 421 acres and thirty-seven perches, with allowance of six per cent for roads and highways, 446|^ acres, neat meas- ure. " FEENCH AND INDIA.N WAE. THE removal of the Indians to the western portion of the state, particularly of the Delawares and Shawanese, and the hostile attitude of these savages towards the English, through an alliance with the French, assumed a terrible shape when war began for the posses- sion of the Ohio Valley. The French claimed the right of possession to that territory, by virtue of the discoveries of La Salle, extending to the Allegheny mountains, and of Marquette and Joliet on the Mississippi, with the trib- utary claims. The British claimed by virtue of their purchases from the Indians and through traditionary Indian conquests.* The encroachments of the French upon the prov- ince, and the building- of forts by them within the same, occasioned alarm which had already roused the neighboring colonies to take active measures to displace them. Not- withstanding the call of the ]3ritish govern- ment, and of the proprietaries, and appeals from the adjoining colonies for means and men for the defence of Pennsylvania, the General Assembly failed to make the necessary preparations. On the one side it was con- tended that it was the fault of the Assembly, which was composed almost exclusively of Quakers, who ostensibly opposed all assistance and all measures looking to supplies for the purposes of war. Indeed, it was asserted by them that they could live amicably with the * Irying's Life of Washington, Vol. I, Page 44. 100 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. Indians, through the policy of the founder of the commonwealth, and apparently they failed of any apprehension of danger, not- withstanding the threatening aspect of th§ French invasions and the Indian outrages. On the other hand, it was asserted that the object of the Quakers was to maintain their power, and that it was their jealousy of the proprietaries, and of the proprietaries' gov- ernment and its military dependents, that prompted their refusal. The Assembly con- tended that measures of defense were impeded by the proprietaries themselves, who in concert with the board of trade sought con- trol of the revenues of the province, and the regulation of the paper currency. The Assembly were firm in their position. So bitter was the controversy, that it was said they "would rather the French would conquer than they would give up their privileges to the proprietaries."* They made money redeemable by the excise tax in a limited number of years, but these supplies, under the terms, the Governor refused to accept. Benjamin Franklin, as agent for the province in London, presented ou the 20th of August, 1757, "Heads of Complaint," among which was the following: "That the proprietaries have enjoined their deputy by instructions to refuse his assent to any law for raising money by a tax, though ever so necessary for the defense of the country, unless the greatest part of their estate is exempted from such tax. This to the Assembly and people of Pennsylvania appears both unjust and cruel." To this the answer was given: "The proprietaries conceive that the last paragraph of the complaint is extremely injurious to them, and very un- just, as it insinuates that they would not contribute their proportion to the defense of the province. It is true they did instruct their Lieutenant-Governor not to assent to any law by which their quit rents should be taxed. This they did because they thought it not proper to submit the taxing their chief rents due to them, as Lords of the fee, to the representatives of their tenants. But that there might not be the least shadow of pre- tense for accusing them of cruelty and in- justice, they ordered five thousand pounds to be paid for the public service out of the arrears of that very fund.f "It was also said at the time, that the Quakers had influenced the Germans to cake part with them in sup- port of the independence of the Assembly, by causing them to believe that it was to their interest to do so, if they wished to preserve their farms; that the intent was to enslave *II Archives, 258. fVIII Col. Eeo , 278—280. them and force their young men to be soldiers and make. them work upon the fortifications and suffer as tBey did in Germany. That at one time nearly 1,800 Germans voted in Philadelphia, which threw the balance ou the side of the Quakers, though their oppo- nents voted 500 more than ever lost an election before; and that the French based their hopes on the Germans, who thought a large farm the greatest benefit in life. Soon after the defeat at Great Meadows and the capit- ulation of Fort Necessity, July 3, 1754, a petition from 1,000 families in the back part of the colony, praying that they might be furnished with arms and ammunition, was rejected, although it was reported that the French were within 225 miles of Phila- delphia with 6,000 men and a great body of Indians. Some Germans, of whom many were Mennonites, had the same principles as the Quakers, holding it unlawful to take an oath or to take arms.* We do not know how far this conduct of the Friends and Germans affected the people of York County, where were settled so many of the latter. It appears, however, by the subse- quent events of the war, that they were active in raising men and means for the defense of the province, led by citizens of the then already important town of York. Notwith- standing the peaceable and friendly policy of William Penn, there were things beyond his control and that of his successors. The abuses committed in the Indian trade, the unjust dispossession of them of their lands, as well as the instigations of the French, to- gether with other instances pf wrongs, caused the alienation of the Delawares and Shaw- anese, whom we will find foremost in the fierce and bloody attacks upon our frontiers. The Iroquois, as early as 1744, had warned the government of Pennsylvania that these tribes would join the enemy. To this it may be said, in fact, . that it appears the Six Nations drove them to desperation. The Delawares had to redeem their character as men. In 1754, millions of acres, includ- ing the hunting grounds of the Delawares and other tribes, were sold without consulting them, f Gen. Braddock arrived in this country in February, 1755, and immediately demanded supplies from the Pennsylvania Assembly to dislodge the French from their fortifica- tions in this province. In order to accom- plish this purpose, it was necessary to open roads from the inhabited parts of it westward * Briet account of the state of the Province from a gentle- man in Pennsylvania to a Friend in London, 1755. I Day's Annals. Proud. FRENCH ANB INDIAN WAB. 101 towards the Ohio, not ouly for the march of troops, but to facilitate the supply of provis- ions. Two regiments were sent to America, and two were to be raised in the colonies, of regulars, and inducements were tendered vol- unteers. At this time the province contained 300, 000 inhabitants and enough provisions to supply an army oE 100,000. It was bur- dened with no taxes, not only out of debt, but had a revenue of ^£7,000 a year, and £15,000 in bank* The expense of the mil- itary roads was to be paid by the Assembly. Among the officers who accompanied Gen. Braddock was James Ewing, then a citizen or York County. On the 26th of April, 1755, Benjamin Franklin, under the authority of Gen. Braddock, issued an advertisement for the hire of wagons and horses for the service of his Majesty's forces, with notice that he would atttend for that purpose, among other places, at York, from Thursday morning till Friday evening, stating the terms. Frank- lin also issued an address, in which among other things, he said, that at the camp at Frederick, the General and officers were ex- tremely exasperated on account of their not being supplied with horses and carriages, ex- pected from this province, through dissen- sions between the Governor and Assembly, and it was proposed to send an armed force immediately into Lancaster, York, and Cum- berland Counties, to seize as many of the best carriages and horses as should be want- ed, and compel as many persons into the service as would be necessary to drive and take care of them. He then refers to a com- plaint among the people of the back counties, of the want of a sufficient currency, and says that the hire of the wagons and horses would amount to upwards of £30,000, which would be paid in silver and gold of the King's money. He proposed that one fur- nish the wagon, another one or two horses, and another a driver. This wise scheme met with success, and the expedition of Gen. Braddock began under favorable auspices, f The same counties were also called upon for laborers, who were employed in the construc- tion of a military road at the wages of half a crown a day and victuals. { In a letter from Gen. Braddock, June 3, 1755, he says: "I sent a man into the counties of York, Lan- caster and Cumberland to purchase up 1,200 barrels of flour," which was obtained. There was delay in delivering flour, and in not clearing proper roads, and the wagons and horses to attend Gen. Braddock over the «VI Col. Eec, 336. til Archives, 294. tVI Col. Eec, 379-107. mountains, having been secured, there was great inconvenience in not having a road from Philadelphia to Mills Creek, the march of the wagons being delayed. The history of this expedition is familiar to all Americans. A letter from Capt. Robert Orme to Gov. Morris, dated July 18, 1755, contains the following account of the defeat of Braddock : ' ' The 9th instant we passed and repassed the Monongahela by advancing first a party of 300 men, which was immediately followed by another 200. The General, with the column of artillery, baggage and the main body of the army, passed the river for the last time about one o'clock. As soon as the whole had got on the fort side of the . Monongahela we heard a very heavy and quick fire in our front. We immediately advanced in order to sustain them, but the de- tachment of the 200 and 300 men gave way and fell back upon us, which caused such confu- sion and struck so great a panic among our men that afterward no military expedient could be made use of that had any effect upon them. The men were so extremely deaf to the exhortations of the General and the officers, that they fired away in the most irregular manner all their ammunition, and then ran off, leaving to the enemy the artil- lery, ammunition, provision and baggage; nor could they be persuaded to stop until they got as far as Guest's plantation, nor there, only in part, many of them proceed- ing as far as Col. Dunbar's party, who lay six miles on this side. The officers were absolutely sacrificed by their unparalleled good behavior, advancing some times in bodies and sometimes separately, hoping by such example to engage the soldiers to follow them, but to no purpose. The General had five horses killed under him, and at last re- ceived a wound through his right arm, into his lungs, of which he died on the 13th in- stant. Poor Shirley was shot through the head. Captain Morris was wounded. Mr. Washington had two horses shot under him, and his clothes shot through in several places, behaving the whole time with the greatest courage and resolution. Sir Peter Halket was killed upon the spot. Col. Burton and Sir John Sinclair wounded."** After the defeat of General Braddock, the Indians fell upon the province and abducted and murdered families. People from York County fled to the thickly settled parts of the province, some to Wright's Ferry, from whence the women and children were re- moved as an unsafe place. The Western settlements were opened to the horrors of *VI Col. Eec, 487. 103 HISTOEY or YORK COUNTY. Indian invasion, and numbers of people from Cumberland passed through York; while in the midst of these alarms, arms and am- munition were not to be had. Marsh Creek, in Adams County, became the frontier; the country beyond was deserted. Able-bodied men enlisted in companies and grilled daily. There was great consternation, and reports of outrages grew apace. News was received at Lancaster that the Indians had massacred and scalped many of the in- habitants not more than forty miles above Harris' Ferry. A petition from the magistrates of Yprk County, Geo. Stevenson, Henry Updegraff, •Thomas Armor, James Smith, John Adlum,* to Gov. Morris, dated York, Saturday, 11 o'clock, P. M., 1st November, 1755, sets forth, that a numerous body of Indians and some French were in the province, which put the inhabitants in great confusion, the prin- cipal of whom had met sundry times and found that many had neither arms nor amu- nition. That the Indians were encamped up Susquehanna, within a day or two's march of Harris' Ferry. That there were men enough to bear arms and go out against the enemy, were they supplied with arms, ammu- nition and reasonable allowance for their time. That a company was going from the town and parts adjacent next day, to the as- sistance of the inhabitants on the frontiers, and will take almost all the arms and ammu- nition with them. They therefore pray the Governor to order them some arms and am- munition, otherwise they must desert their habitations. A letter from Geo. Stevenson, dated the same day, York, 12 o'clock Satur- day night, to Mr. Peters, says: "By the ex- presses which came more than daily from the frontier parts of the province, you can conceive the confusion, horror and distress with which every breast is filled. All possi- ble attempts have been made to stockade this town, but in vain. On receipt of the Gov- ernor's summons, the sub-Sheriff was dis- patched to David McConaughey's, knowing that Mr. Hamilton was over the hills. While they where signing the petition sent down, they received the express from Harris', "f On the 2d of November, 1755, a place called Great Cove, in Cumberland County, was destroyed by the savages. A letter of Mr. Thomas Barton at 3 o'clock in the morn- ing, November 2, 1755, says: "Mr. Hans Hamilton marches this morning with a party of sixty men from Carlisle to Shippens Town. Mr. Pope and Mr. McConaughey came over * 11 Archives, 449. t Ibid. with me to raise reinforcements in order to join Mr. Hamilton immediately."* A letter to Governor Morris from John Armstrong, Esq., at Carlisle, 2d of November, 1755, says : "At 4 o'clock this afternoon, by expresses from Conegachege, we are informed that yesterday 100 Indians were seen in the Great Cove; among them was Shingas, the Dela- ware King. That immediately after the dis- covery as many as had notice fled, and look- ing back, from an high hill, they beheld their houses on fire, heard several guns fired and the last shrieks of their dying' neighbors. Mr. Hamilton was here with sixty men from York County when the ex- press came, and is to march early to-morrow to the upper part of the county. I'm of opinion that no other means than a chain of block-houses, along or near the south side of the Kittatinny Mountains from Susquehanna to the Temporary Line, can secure the lives and properties even of the old inhabitants of this county; the new settlement being all fled except Sherman's Valley, whom (if God do not preserve) we fear will suffer very soon."f The intelligence from Benjamin Chambers, November, 2, was that houses were in flames. " They |are Delawares and Shawanese. . The part that came against the Cove are under the command of Shingas, the Dela- ware King. The people of the Cove, that came off, saw several lying dead. They heard the murder shout, and the firing of guns, and saw the Indians going into houses that they had come out of. I have sent ex- press to Marsh Creek, so I expect there will be a good company from there this day, and as there is but 100 of the enemy, it is in our power to put them to flight if you turn out well in your parts. "J A letter from George Stevenson, York, Monday, Nov. 3, one-half hour past 11 A. M., says : ' ' Herewith you have a copy of Ben. Chambers' letter, received about an hour ago. We have formed a council here of the prin- cipal inhabitants, who join in begging you to deliver the petition, and copy of letter here- with sent, to the speaker of the Assembly, and pray them, in our names and behalf, for God's sake either to send us arms, ammuni- tion and blankets, and a letter to encourage the people, and assure us of what we may expect, or else our country will be deBerted."§ And he writes to K. Peters, in a letter dated York, 11 o'clock A. M., Wednesday, Novem- ber 5 : " We have sent fifty -three men, well filled, from this town last Monday, 2 o'clock *VI Col. Eec, 67B. tibid, 676. ilbid, 6T5. pi Archives, 461. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 103 P. M., and a doctor, some medicines and what ammnnition we could spare, to Tob's Hendricks' to join the main body of English tories on the most needful part of the fron- tiers. Mr. Adlem is with them. Mr. Ham- ilton is gone toward Conigogeeg last Sunday with a company. Mr. Bay yesterday with, and at head of another. We are all aloft and such as have arms hold themselves ready, but also they are few in numbers. Forty men came here yesterday willing to defend, but had but three guns and no ammunition, and could get none here, there- fore went home again; we stay all here yet, how long God knows; six families tied from their homes, distance about fifteen miles, via Conewago, last night. The last came into town about daybreak this morning. A few of us have pledged our credit for public ser- vices; if we are encouraged we will stand till we are cut off; if not, some of us are bound to the lower parts of Maryland immediately, if not scalped by the way." Herewith you have another of our petitions to the Assembly, all I shall say about it is that the biggest part of its signers are Menonists, who live about fifteen miles westward of York."* On the same day, York, 3 o'clock P. M., Mr. Stephenson wrote to Eev. Mr. Smith: The grand quaere here now is, whether we shall stand or run. Most are willing to stand, but have not arms nor ammunition. This is the cry of the people. We have sent fifty- three men to Harris' last Monday from this town. Such as have arms stand ready, and we watch night and day. People from Cum- berland are going through this town hourly in droves, and the n«ighboring inhabitants are flocking into this town, defenseless as it is. I must add that Mr. Barton heads a company, Mr. Bay another, "f At a meeting of the council held at Phil- adelphia, Sunday, 2d of November, 1755, sundry petitions from the most respectable persons in the several counties of Cumber- land, York, Lancaster, and Chester, setting forth the dismal condition of the inhabitants were read, and sundry companies were formed and commission granted to such as were re- commended for Captains, Lieutenants and Ensigns. J And at a meeting of same, on the 6th of November, it appeared that the Gov- ernor had caused the inhabitants of several counties to be told that if they would enter into associations, form themselves into com- panies and recommend fit persons for their officers, he would grant them commissions, *II Archives, 614. flbid. 466. tVI Col. Eec, 670. and give them all the encouragement in his power. He had received a great number of petitions for companies, and to the officers recommended, he very readily granted com- missions, who all took the oaths to his Majesty and subscribed the declarations required by law.* On the 25th of November, 1755, the Assembly passed a militia law, which the Gov- ernor pronounced impracticable, but signed. The Penn's sent an order for £5,000 as a gift to the province, and the Assembly, on the 27th of November,1765, passed an act grant- ing the sum of £60,000 to the King's use, to be disposed of with the Governor's approba- tion, and not otherwise, by persons named in the act,f and Provincial commissioners were appointed, of whom Benjamin Franklin was one, to disburse the same. In the list of officers and soldiers in the provincial service, in 1756, appear the follow- ing: Second Battalion : Capt. Hance Hamil- ton, January 16, 1756; Lieut. William Thompson, January 16, 1756; Ensign, John Prentice, May 22, 1756; Serg. William Mc Dowell, Private John Kelly, killed at Kit- tanning. Third Battalion: Capt David Jameson, May 19, 1756. Lieut. William Clapham, Jr., August 20, 1756; Ensign Joseph Scott, May 24, 1756. The following is a list of the men of Capt. Jameson's com- pany, killed or wounded near McCord's Fort, April 2, 1756: John Barnett, James Campbell, Matthew Gutton, William Hunter, Henry James, John McDonald, William Reynolds. James Blair, killed; William Chambers, killed; Daniel Mackey, killed; James Pierce, killed; John Reynolds, killed; James Robertson, (tailor) killed; James Robertson, (weaver) killed. J At a meeting of the Provincial council, on the 8th of April, 1756, the returns of seven associated companies of foot militia, in the County of York, were read, the officers ap- proved, and commissions ordered to issue. The want of powder and amunition is set forth in all the returns and a petition for a supply referred to the Commissioners. On the 9th of April, 1756, Hance Hamil- ton wrote from Fort Littleton, 8 o'clock P. M., to Capt. Potter: " Theee come to inform you of the melancholy news of what occurred be- tween the Indians, that had taken many captives from McCord's Fort, and a party of men under the command of Capt. Alexander Culbertson, and nineteen of our men, the whole amounting to about fifty, who came *IV Col. Eec, 680. til Archives, 516, 531. JII Archives, Second Serifs, 540. 104 HISTOKY OF YORK COUNTY. upon the Indians with the captives, and had a sore engagement, many of both parties killed and many wounded, the number un- known. These wounded want a surgeon, and those killed require our assistance as soon as possible to bury them. We have sent an ex- press to Fort Shirley for Dr. Mercer, sup- posing Dr. Jameson is killed or mortally wounded in the expedition, he being not returned. Therefore desire that you will send an express immediately for Dr. Prentice to Carlisle, we imagining that Dr. Mercer cannot leave the Fort under the circumstances that Fort is under. Our Indian, Isaac, has brought in Oapt. Jacob's scalp.* In another letter he states that the Indians had taken and burnt McCord's Fort, and taken many captives, upon the news of which, Dr. Jame- son, with nineteen men, went over Kay's, near Sideling Hill, and came up with the Indians and captives, and a sore engagement happened. Only five of our men returned, mostly wounded. Capt. Culbertson and Dr. Jameson were thought to be killed, having received several wounds. Our men engaged two hours, being about thirty-six in number, and would have had the better had not thirty Indians come to their assistance. Some of our men fired twenty-four rounds apiece, and when their ammunition failed were obliged to fly.f On Wednesday morning, 5 o'clock, August 19, 1756, Hance Hamilton wrote to Adam Hoops: "We are scarce of powder arid lead at our forts, There is a party of Capt. Mercer's company here, and on our receiving this latter we march directly, taking with us twelve beef cattle and what pack horses belongs to the two forts. The rest is to be brought up by Capt. Potter's and Steel's men." J From Fort Littleton, on the 14th of September, 1756, Col. John Armstrong wrote an account of the expedition against Kittanning. This expedition is classed among the heroic acts of the war, in which Hanoe Hamilton participated. The notorious chief, Capt. Jacobs, and Sbingas, a faithless ally of Washington, headed the Indians. Here were fitted out incursions, and prison- ers and plunder were continually brought in. Two hundred and eighty Provincials marched under Col. Armstrong, with whom was Dr. Hugh Mercer, subsequently a renowned gen- *VII Col. Rec, 77. This last appears to have been a mistake. Capt. Jacobs was killed at Kittanning, infra. fThe Dr. Jameson reported killed by the Indians near Mc- Cord's Fort was David Jameson, a captain in the provincial serv- ice, "was also a surgeon or doctor, and was from York. Alex- ander Culbertson, reported also killed, was a cai)tain in the provincial service, from Cumberland, and a relative of Capt. Jameaon's.—II Archives, 011. tlbid. 753. eral in the war of the Eevolution. The men were led secretely over the mountain from Fort Littleton in the night time, and waited for the cessation of the revels of the Indians, some of whom were scattered in parties through the cornfields. Towards the break of day the Indians were attacked. Their houses were set on fire. The Indians re- fused to surrender. One of them said he was a man and would not be a prisoner, and that he would kill four or five before he died. The Indians were driven out by the fiames. When the fire became . too hot, Capt. Jacobs tumbled himself out of a garret or cock-loft window, at which he was shot. The powder- horn and pouch taken off him were identified as his, which things he had lately got from a French officer in exchange for Lieut. Arm- strong's boots, which he Lad carried off from Fort Granville. His scalp was such as no other Indian wore his hair in the same man- ner. They also knew his squaw's" scalp by a particular bob, and the scalp of his son, a giant seven feet high. Capt. Hugh Mercer was wounded in the arm in the early part of the action. Of Capt. Hamilton's company, John Kelly, from York, was killed. * On the I8th of October, 1756, there was read in council the following letter from David Jameson to Edward Shippon, October 13, 1756, from Port Halifax: ' ' As Col. Clapham is at Carlisle, and it being reported here that his honor, our Gov- ernor, has gone round by York, and there- fore not knowing when he will receive an express that is sent to him from Shamokin, I have thought fit to send an abstract of Maj. Burd's letter to me that arrived here at daybreak this morning, that the gentlemen and militia of Lancaster County might take such steps as they might think most prudent. I thought it proper to acquaint you with a piece of intelligence that I have received by old Ogaghiadariha, one of the Six Nations' Chiefs, who came here yesterday in the af- ternoon, and is as follows: that about 10 days before he left Tioga, there was two Del- aware Indians arrived there, who was just come from Fort DuQuesne, and informed him that they before they left said Fort there was one thousand Indians assembled there, who were immediately to march in conjunction with a body of French to at- tack this fort (Fort Augusta), and he, Ogaghiadariha, hurried down here to give us the information. He says further, that the day before he came in here he saw upon the North Branch a large body of Delaware Indians and spoke with them, and they told * II Archives, 767. FREN CH AND INDIAN WAR. 105 him that they were going to speak with ye Governor of Pennsylvania ; whatever inten- tions they have, they are marching towards our inhabitants." N. B. — The Major's letter is dated the 12th inst., in the afternoon. Directed on his Majesty's service, to Mr. Edward Shippen, Esqr., or any Captain in the Militia in Lancaster Town, to be forwarded with all expedition."* In the minutes of the Council of the 18th of October, it is stated that an express arrived from Maj. Burd, with letters giving an account of our old friend Ogagbiadariha's coming a second time to Fort Augusta, on purpose to tell several things of consequence which he heard at. Diahoga. This honest Indian's intelli- gence, with the examination of two English prisoners who had escaped to that fort, was read and ordered to be entered, f The in- formation was in substance that contained in Capt. Jameson's letter. Capt. Hance Hamilton and Capt. David Jameson, as already stated, were officers in the provincial service from York. There were three battalions. The first was com- manded by Lieut. -Col. Conrad Weiser; the second by Lieut. -Col. John Armstrong; and the third by Lieut. -Col. William Clapham. Hance Hamilton was commissioned January 16, 1756, and was in the Second Battalion, which was at McCord's Port, and made the successful attack upon Kittanning, an account of which has been given. David Jameson was commissioned May 19, 1756, and was in the Third Battalion, known as the Augusta Regiment, which marched against the Indians at Shamokin, and rendezvoused under the immediate command of the Governor of Pennsylvania, Robert Hunter Morris. They marched from Harris' Ferry, now Harrisburg, to the west side of the Susquehanna, and recrossed in batteaux where the town of Sun- bury now stands. Fort Augusta was built by Col. Burd, at Shamokin, and after it was finished the battalion remained there in gar- rison until the year 1758.J Following is a list of Associated Compa- nies in York County, November 4, 1756: Isaac Sader, Captain; Archibald McGrew, Lieu- tenant; William DufEell, Ensign; sixty private men. Hugh Dunwoody, Captain; Charles McMullen, Lieutenant; James Smith, Ensign; sixty-six private men. James Agnew, Captain; John Miller, Lieutenant; Sam Withrow, Ensign; sixty private men. York Township — David Hunter. Captain; John Correy, Lieutenant; John Barnes, Ensign; 100 pri- vate men. * III Archives, 9. tVII. Col. Eec, 282. jll Archives, N. S. Col. Burd's Journal. Shamokin was on the east side. Samuel Gordon, Captain; William Smiley, Lieu- tenant; John Little, Ensign; 100 private men. Shrewsbury Township — Andrew Findley, Cap- tain; William Gamell, Lieutenant; Moses Lawson, Ensign; 106 private men. Mount Joy Township— William Gibson, Captain; William Thompson, Lieutenant; Casper Little, En- sign; fifty private men. Francis Holton, Captain; Joseph Ross, Lieuten- ant; John McCall, Ensign; 100 private men. The above is a true list. Richard Pbtbks, Secretary. Col. Armstrong wrote from Carlisle, June 30, 1757, that a large number, consisting of French and Indians, with baggage horses, left FortDuQuesne about the 9th inst., bend- ing their course by the old Allegheny path, which leads from that place toward Rays- town,* on the departure of which detach- ment the French fired their cannon ; that lest Loudoun or Littleton should be attacked, he sent all he could from his battalion as far as Littleton, and as much farther as requi- site, not to exceed three days' march from the inhabitants; that Capt. Hamilton com- manded the party, consisting of 200 private men and a sulficient number of officers. They were then encamped somewhere near Rays- town, and nothing was yet heard from them. On the 11th of July, he wrote: "Our people are returned from Raystown, without making any other discoveries than the tracks of very small parties at a considerable distance." Gov. Denny wrote frojn Easton, July 21, 1757 : " Mr. Barton comes express, with an application from the inhabitants of York County for a further protection of their frontier during the harvest. They offer to raise a company of fifty men, if they may be allowed the same pay as the provincial troops. I strongly recommend this to your serious and immediate consideration, as that gentle- man waits only for an answer, and is very much wanted at home. " The Commissioners replied to this, that they had considered the letter respecting the raising and paying a company of fifty men for the protection of the frontier inhabitants of York County dur- ing their harvest, and were desirous that everything might be done for them that could be, consistent with the law. It was not in their power to pay more men than the law directs, and therefore they knew of no method of relieving those frontiers from their threatened distress, but sending some of the provincial troops already raised or to be raised, to their assistance. Or if the battalions were defective, and the Governor should think proper to raise the company proposed, they would have no objection to paying them, provided the company did not *Now Bedford. 106 HISTORY OF YORK COUJSTTY. make the number of the provincials exceed 1,400 men.* The Commissioners here mentioned were those appointed by law for the Province of Pennsylvania, by act of 27 November, 1755, to dispose of the 60,000 pounds voted for his Majesty's use. BILLETING OF SOLDIERS. Hostilities had waged in America two years before war was formally declared, on May 17, 1756. Governor Morris laid before the council on the 28th of June, 1756, a letter from the British Secretary of State, dated March 13, 1756, giving information of the King's having appointed the Earl of Loudoun to be commander in chief of all his Majesty's forces in North America, and that Major- General Abercrombie was to be next in com- mand to him.f Loudoun was appointed military dicafcor. J His commission estab- ~ lished a military power throughout the colo- nies, independent of the colonial governors, and superior to them. The king required of them a general fund, to be issued and applied as the Commander-in-chief should direct, and provision for all such charges as might arise from furnishing quarters. The British troops were kept in the colonies and quartered at pleasure. In Philadelphia there was consid- erable trouble occasioned by the billeting of soldiers. The public houses were not suffi- cient in number to quarter them all. Some of these houses were kept by very poor peo- ple, and the soldiers had to be quartered in private houses. The latter order greatly surprised the inhabitants. But resistance was useless, as they would have been tB,ken by force. § The commissioners appointed to dispose of the public money provided quar- ters. By a letter from Lord Loudoun to Gov- ernor Denny, October 2, 1757, he says: "As the season is so far advanced, I do suppose you will not be able to furnish your barracks this season, and it will be of the less conse- quence, as, by my present plan of quartering, I do propose, in case some motion of the enemy do not alter my disposition, to have the greatest part of the troops I send into your province quartered in the back settle- ments, in Reading, Lancaster and York, in order to cover them from any inroads of the enemy or Indians, which I think will be an essential service to your province, so that I imagine, one battalion will be as much as I shall send to Philadelphia. " There appear * III Archives, 236, 236. 1 VII Col. Rec, 179. tBancroft's History, United States. |VII Col. Rec, 369 et seq. to have been no complaints as to the billeting of soldiers in York. A bill was passed by the Assembly to equalize the burden of quartering soldiers on the public houses. Another trouble that embarassed Lord Londoun in Pennsylvania was the continued troubles regarding militia law and the bill appro- priating £100,000 for his Majesty's use, on account of the continued differences between the Governor and Assembly.* By a letter from Col. John Armstrong to Governor Denny, October 11, 1757, he says: "I shall immediately put in execution your Honor's order in regard of the new company in York County, which can be conveniently done by an express from Fort Morris." And on October 17, ''Captain Hamilton is now at Littleton, settling with and paying off his company at that place. He has orders to repair with all expedition to Marsh Creek, in York County, in order to discharge the new company there stationed, which I should have done in his absence, only to give him (as he is acquainted) an opportunity of en- listing some of them for three years, which it's probable he may do."f In December, 1757, Hance Hamilton, under a commission dated December 6, 1757, with Lieut. Jacob Snyder and Ensign Hugh Crawford, was posted west of the Susque- hanna, J and David Jameson, with Lieut. Wm. Reynolds and Ensign Francis Johnston, at Fort Augusta. A letter from William Pitt, Secretary of State, to Governor Denny, dated "Whitehall, December 30, 1757, states: "The King had judged proper that the Earl of Loudoun should return to England and his Majesty had been pleased to appoint Major-Generai Abercromhie to succeed his lordship as Com- mander-in-chief of the King's forces in Amer- ica, and General Forbes to command those in Pennsylvania and the South." This was received and read in Council on the 7th of March; 1758.§ April 11, 1756, Huntington, || Rev. Thos. Barton, wrote to Rev. R. Peters: That they were all in confusion; within twelve miles of his house, two families, consisting of eleven persons, were murdered and taken. And in the counties of Lancaster and Cumberland, the people were daily alarmed with fresh ravages and murders. The poor inhabitants were flying in numbers into the interior parts. He prevailed upon the inhabitants of Cone- wago and Bermudian to assemble themselves *VH Col. Rec, 402, 464, III Archives, 120. till Archive-, 290, 297. JVIII Col. Rer., 26. |VIIICol Reo^26. iHuntington Township, now Adams County. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 107 together and form themselves into compa- nies to guard the frontiers of this county,till they saw what would be done by the troops, who were going upon the western expedition. He hoped by this means to be able to keep the settlements from breaking up. That Mr. Alricks told him he was determined,pro- vided he could obtain the Governor's permis- sion, to go out to Ohio a volunteer in defense of his King and country, and as he was cer- tainly a man of resolution and valor, a man who could undergo hardships and fatigues, and moreover a man whom had an interest with, and an influence upon the county peo- ple, and is likely to raise a number of them as any man,, he stood well entitled to a com- mission.* George Stevenson wrote to Richard Peters, York, April 30, 1758 : That Archibald Mc- Grew signified 'his inclination to serve his King and country in the station of Captain of a company of rangers in the pay of this province' for the ensuing campaign. Mr. Stevenson certified that he had known Mr. McGrew in his private character as a neigh- bor, as a juryman in court and as a Coroner. He also commanded one of the companies in the pay of this county the last fall, in all which stations he had behaved himself to the satisfaction of the people as well as Steven- son's. That he could raise a company who would go with him in defense of our good cause as much from principle as love of re- ward. He thought four or five good com- panies could be raised in a very short time here if proper officers were chosen. That he had brought about a resolve of the Justices and Commissioners that forty-five men be immediately raised, paid and maintained at the expense of this county, to range along the frontier for the defense of the inhabitants. ' ' But, what is most remarkable, four leading Quakers (John Wright the first), have signed the resolves, and we have spent but four hours in our deliberations, therefore I con- cluded our very little Government here have outdone the lower county little Government, if not in unanimity, surely in dispatch, "f Richard Peters wrote under date of 3d of May, 1758, that, in compliance with the recommendations of the gentlemen who had written in favor of Mr. McGrew, the Governor had granted him a Captain's Commission — his Lieutenant, Alexander McCain, and his Ensign, James Armstrong. "You write that four or five companies can be easily raised in York County, and offer your services in raising them. Col. Armstrong and I were "III Archives, 377. tibid, 385. considering, before your letter came, with great care, what persons might be the like- liest to raise companies fit for the service and most acceptable to the people, and being asked our opinion by the Governor and Council were mentioned Thomas Armour, Robert Stevenson, Joseph Armstrong, David McConoway* and Thomas Minshall. " "Thomas Minshall was nominated thinking Mr. James and John Wright would be obliged by it, and assist him in raising his company. Mr. Armour, Robert Stevenson and Mr. Min- shall, if they accepted, must each, or two of them, have, at least, one German subaltern officer to engage the German inhabitants. Mr. Robert Stevenson must have Mr. Benja- min Smith, of Slate Ridge, either for his Lieutenant or Ensign. Sheriff Thomas Hamil- ton's commission is so far made out as to have his name inserted, leaving it to him to be appointed under the Captain that may be in Marsh Creek, provided it be either Mr. David Conaway,* or Mr. Joseph Arm- strong. In filling up the commissions take care that the date of the Lieutenants' and Ensigns' be the same with the Captains, as the rank is settled here, and cannot be altered, and the Sheriff, Hamilton, be the first of the Lieutenants. And if any of the gentlemen should refuse, and a good German Captain cannot be obtained for the benefit of the service, then, in that case, Mr. Hamilton is to have a good company. But if one full set of officers of German farmers and free- holders can be had and it is judged the best for the good of the whole, pray let it be brought about. The ministers should be de- sired, in different and proper parts of the country, and at proper distances, as their congregations may be seated, to appoint meetings and animate the people to raise levies with all possible dispatch, as they are designed by one vigorous effort to dis- possess the enemy, regain the Indians, and establish a durable and advantageous peace. The great regard for the inhabitants of the County of York had induced the Governor and Council to reserve their commissions, though there are many persons applying of good interest and proper for the service. " Six hundred pounds are sent with Mr. Mc- Grew to be delivered, after taking his share, to you, and by you to the Captains, who shall be named in the commissions, "f Mr. Steven- son wrote to Mr. Peters on May 7, 1758, that the commissions were received on the 6th of May, for the officers of three companies. Mr. Armour and Mr. Joseph Stevenson, begged ♦McConaughy. till Archives. 387. 108 HISTOKY or YORK COUNTY. to be excused from accepting their commis- eions, not thinking themselves sufficiently qualified. David Hunter was appointed in the room of Stevenson, an able-bodied man, a German, and a man of influence and inter- est. Benjamin Smith, to be one of the sub- alterns; the other, to be appointed by the advice of the principal inhabitants, who wore to convene on the next Saturday, to meet Sir John St. Clair on other business. George Stevenson applied to the leading Germans, told them it would look ill, if they did not exert themselves, and desire them to spirit up their people, and name officers who could get men. By this means, he would probably raise a German Company in the room of Mr. Armour's, and on May 8, 1758: That Sheriff Hamilton, chooses to go with David MoCon- aughey, rather than with Joseph Armstrong. And if Joseph Armstrong refused, Hamilton Was to have his commission. " Must the men buy green clothing ? I fear this well hurt us very much. I think linen stockings, red below the knee, petticoat trowers reaching to the thick of the leg, made of strong linen, and a Jailor's frock made of the same, would be best. Young men that have clothing, (especially Dutch), will not like to lay out their money for more."* And by letter, dated York, May 15, 1758. "Last Thursday, Sir John St. Clair was here. A great number of the principal inhabitants came together to meet him. Upwards of seventy wagons were engaged for the campaign. Recruiting went on as well as could be expected. Capt. Mc- Grew had near half his men. Capt. Hunter, had about twenty. Joseph Armstrong would not accept. David McConaughy accepted, and set out to recruit on Friday. His sub- alterns were not fixed upon. Sheriff Hamilton was recuiting. He had accepted in the room of Mr. Armour. His subalterns were Victor King, and one McDowell, who was at Kittan- ning, as Sergeant with Capt. Hance Ham- ilton, recommended by him and other reputa- ble persons of the west end of the county. Thomas Minshall's accepting a commission, was very disagreeable to Mr. John Wright, and raised up a worthless fellow, Ludwig Myer, of Conedoghela.f There was a scheme to keepMinshall at home, and thereby oblige the women of Susquehanna, Quakers, who were against his going into the service. The money was almost out. The men want drums, colors, and other common instruments of war. Drums they needed much."J On May 21, 1758, David McConaughy had refused his commission. Thomas Minshall, had resigned much against *III Archives, 391. fConedacbly ? fill Archives, 395. his inclination, and blamed his Susquehanna friends, who influenced his wife. He would nevertheless forward the expedition to the best of his power. By advice from Mr. Bay, Mr. Armor, Mr. Barton and others, Robert Mc- Pherson, a very worthy young man, took Minshall's commission. His Lieutenant was James Ewing, who had been in the service, and was recruiting in Donegal, and other places where he was acquainted. The Ensign was Peter Meen, who recruited amongst the Germans, in and about York. Adaija Finley, Capt. Hunter's Lieutenant, brought fourteen recruits to town, which com- pleted that company. Capt. Hunter took Hadden for his Ensign. By accounts from Capt. T. Hamilton, he had twenty men. Upon the whole four companies from York County, viz: Captains Hunter, McPherson, McGrew and Hamilton, and as all these had their sub- alterns, there were no vacanies in the four companies for the German Cadets. "The Rev. Mr. McCraddock gave me the pleasure of a visit and preached an excellent war sermon from Mr. Listry's pulpit on Friday last, in the hearing of Messrs. Barton, Bay and Listry; he went with Mr. Barton yesterday, is to deliver another sermon to the same purpose to day from Mr. Barton's pul- pit."* Mr. Barton was the rector of the Huntington Parish, in Adams County, and was appointed July 9, a Chaplain by Gen. Forbes, f On the 2d day of June, 1758, the return of the garrison at Fort Augusta, shows Capt. David Jameson there with fourteen men fit for duty. On the 6th of June, he was in York. RETURN OF OFFICERS 1758. York, 6tli, June, 17i58. Yesterday Capt. Hunter's men were received by Mr. Jameson, at Yark, and thirty-four wagons were contracted for with the people. Returns will be made to the Governor, agreeable to his desire, as soon as the Men shall be collected together and pass Muster. The names of the Officers are as fol- lows, viz: David Hunter, Captain; Andrew Finley, Lieu- tenant; Wm. Hadden, Ensign. Commissions bear date the 25th April, 1758. Robert McPherson, Captain ; James Ewing, Lieu- tenant; Peter Meen, Ensign. Commissions bear date the 10th May, 1758. Thomas L -nilton. Captain; Victor King, Lieu- tenant; Will li "Lowell, Ensign. CommiBsions bear date the 16th Ma\ 1758. The commissions 'or the Captains were dated when I received them. The Offlcers are all sworn. Hunter's and McPherson s Companies are full, and if they had Clothing and Accoutrements, are ready for Action. I *III Archives, 400. tlbid, 451. jlII Archives, 408. PRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 109 "I go with Mr. Jameson to Review, twenty-two Miles West of York, on Thursday, next, there to con- tract for Wagons, in pursuance of power from Col. Bouquet for that purpose. Thirty-five Contracts were signed here yesterday. The bearer, Mr. Lieut. Ewing, goes to buy Clo.hing for Capt. McPherson's Company. ... I have kept a War office near five weeks, without Fee, Reward or hope thereof; thank God the Expedition looks better than it did; the Store Ships, I hope have brought the arms.* . . . York Town, ye 6th June, 1758. David Jameson, to Got. Denny, 1758. Sir: Agreeable to Orders, I received from Col. Bouquet, 1 arrived in this Town last Saturday; I yesterday examined and passed forty-four of Capt. Hunter's Recruits, there is more of them to be in Town this day, then will compleat his Company. Capt. McPherson's Company he informs me is full; Capt. Hamilton and Capt. McPherson's Companies I am informed, is not yet near full; The recruits are so scattered throughout the Country, that I believe that it will be the lat- ter end of the Week before they will arrive in Town. I find it extremely difficult to keep the recruits in order, for want of Sergeants that under- stand duty, and have not so much. as a single drum; None of the recruits are furnished with Clothing, or any necessaries for marching. I was desired by Col. Bouquet to try, if possible, to get the Recruits to find their own Arms, but I find this impractica- ble; of the forty -four that passed yesterday, not one- third of them had arms, or could be prevailed on to get them, therefore, I shall find it extremely dif- ficult to get as many arms as is necessary for the men that are to escort the wagons this week to Fort Loudon. f Areturnof the Garrison at Fort Augusta, commanded by Capt. Levi Trump, the 1st day of July, Anno Domini, 1758. Among the Captains David Jameson; sixteen men fit for duty, total, eighteen; two sick. | At a meeting of the Provincial Council held at Philadelphia, Monday, th« 6th of November, a letter from Gen. Forbes, dated Eaystown Camp,, the 22d of October, was read. Among other things he said: "The number of the King's troops under my com- mand does not exceed 1,200 men, the greatest part of which must be sent down to the inhabited parts of the country to recruit and fit themselves out for the ensuing campaign. Whether Fort Du Quesne is taken or not, the Forts of Loyal Hanna, Cumber- land, Eaystown, Juniata, Littleton Loudon, Frederick, Shippensburgh, and Carlisle, ought to be garrisoned, beside those on the other side of the Susquehanna. "§ A letter was read at the meeting of the Council on the 21st of December, from Gen. Amherst, announcing his appointment as Commander in Chief of all his Majesty's forces in North America. II In the month of September, 1758, the army under Gen. Forbes, including the Second and Third Battallions of Pennsylvania, Cols. James Burd and Hugh Mercer, moved against *III Archives, 410. tlbld, 412. tibid, 431 ■ fvill Col. Rec, 244. jlbid, 236. Fort Du Quesne. David Jameson was Major, under commission dated June 3, 1758, of the Second Battalion. Lieut. William Reyn- olds of his company, was wounded at Grant's defeat, near Fort Du Quesne, September 14, 1758. James Hughes was Ensign. In the Third Battalion, James Ewing was. Adjutant; Robert McPherson, Captain; Peter Meem, Ensign; Archibald McGrew, Captain; Alexander McKean, Lieutenant; and James Armstrong, Ensign and Captain, Thomas Hamilton; Victor King, Lieutenant; and William McDowell, Ensign, who had been a Sergeant in Capt. Hance Hamilton's Compa- pany, at the capture of Kittanning. Of the new levies, there was Capt. Armour of York County.* The following list appears: "Old Levys," First Battalion, Colonel, John Armstrong; Lieutenant-Colonel, Hugh Mercer; Major, Hance Hamilton. Officers of the Pennsyl- vania Regiment, 1759: Second Battalion, Major, David Jameson, ' 'to have brevet dated 24th April, 1759. "t By the 5th of November, the whole army had arrived at Loyal Hanna, fifty miles from Fort DuQuesne. Gen. Forbes, on the 26th of November, 1758, from Fort DuQuesne, then Pittsburgh, had the pleasure and honor of acquainting the Gov- ernor with the signal success of his Majes- ty's troops over all his enemies on the Ohio, by having obliged them to burn and abandon their Fort DuQuesne, which they effected upon the 24th inst., and of which he took possession with his little army the next day. The enemy having made their escape down the river, part in boats, and part by land, their forts and settlements on the Mississippi being abandoned, or at least not seconded by their friends, the Indians, who had previously been engaged, to act a neutral part, and who seemed all willing and ready to embrace his Majesty's most gracious protection. J A letter from Col. Burd, of the 2d of De- cember says: "I have the pleasure to inform you, that on Friday last, our army being within ten miles of Fort DuQuesne, the enemy thought proper to blow up the Fort, and went off bodily in their battoes. They entirely destroyed the works and rendered everything useless."§ INDIAN ABDUCTIONS. In the year, 1755, occurred the abduction and massacre of the Jemison family, in *II Archives, N. S., 559-565. tIbid. 677, 583. JVIII Col. Bee, 232. glbid. 234. no HISTOET OP YOKK COUNTY. Buchanan Valley, now Adams County, The father, the mother and the daughter and the sons were carried ofif by the Indians. All were killed but the daughter, who was car- ried into the Indian country, brought up among them, and married an Indian chief, and was Jiving in the year 1824. An account of this abduction and of its horrors and dis- tresses, and the subsequent life of the daughter among the Indians, was published in the last mentioned year, entitled, "The Tragical History of Mary Jemison." Emi- grants to the territory of that part of New York, now embraced by the counties of Genesee and "Wyoming, found the wife of an old Indian warrior to be a white woman, called the White Woman. She was possessed of a large tract of land. Her associates and children were Indians. This was in the year 1823, and she was then eighty years old; to them she recited her history, which was published in book form. We are indebted to the Gettysburg Compiler of December 4, et seq., 1879, for a graphic account of this cap- ture and massacre. The following facts in Mary Jemison's case appear : The first settle- ments on the southwestern portion of York, now Adams County, were made by the Scotch- Irish. The father of Mary Jemison was one of these settlers. He settled near Marsh Creek, cleared and cultivated a large farm and resided there ten years. His family consisted of four sons and a daughter. One day in the Spring of 1755, they were alarmed by the discharge of a number of guns. William Buck, a neighbor was killed. Jemi- son was seized, as also were the mother and two brothers, the sister and neighbors with • them. The marauding party consisted of six Indians and four Frenchmen. They were Shawanese Indians. The two older brothers escaped. The captured family suffered un- der great distress from fatigue and want of food. They were lashed by the Indians, and hurried, or rather dragged to a fort in Cum- berland County, either Fort Conococheage, or Fort Chambers. Eight of the captives were murdered and scalped. Mary Jemison and the little child of Mrs. Buck were spared. After a painful journey of seven days and a half they reached Port DuQuesne. Mary Jemison was taken possession of by two Indian squaws and treated as one of the tribe. They were of the Seneca Nation. At first she had a desire to escape whenever she met persons who talked English. When she was fourteen or fifteen years of age, she was married to a Delaware Indian, to whom she became attached, and to whom she bore children. She said that the labor required of her was not severe. But she had another time to undergo an exhausting and fatiguing journey of several hundred miles from the Ohio river to the Genesee. The Senecas were the allies of the French. The war came to an end in 1760. In the meantime her husband had died. She defended the moral character of the Indians and evaded opportunities of being released by the whites. In 1763 she married an old Seneca warrior. She was twenty years old and he was fifty-five. He died at the age of one hundred and three. The war of the Revolu- tion again subjected her to hardships. The Six-Nations joined the English. After the Revolution she refused to return to the whites, and was given a large tract of re- served land. She was known as Dick-e-wa- mis, or the White Woman of the Genesee. Richard Baird, who was "captivated " in April, 1758, from, Marsh Creek, returned, having made his escape some where about the Allegheny Hills. He had been so much beaten and abused by Tedyescung's friendly Indians, that his life was despaired of. Some of them told him that they had been lately to Philadelphia, that they would treat with the English as long as they could get pres- ents, and scalp and captivate as long as the French would reward them; that they loved their white brethren so well that they wanted a few of them to hoe corn for them. Rich- ard Baird was a young man of twenty- two years of age, of Hamilton Ban Township, his habitation being at the foot of the South Mountain, on the southeast side. On Thurs- day, the 13th of April, 1758, about 7 o'clock in the morning, he was at his house with his wife and infant child, and several children. In his field were Samuel Hunter, and Daniel McMenomy, laborers. A party consisting of nineteen Indians came and cap- tivated the laborers in the field, and afterward came to the house. After some resistance they surrendered, on the promise of the Ind- ians not to kill any of them. They tied them and took them up the mountain. The Ind- ians killed the children, and Samuel Hunter, and drove the captured party over the Alle- gheny Mountains, a day and a half, and on Monday night, Baird escaped. In nine nights and /'days he got to Fort Littleton. On the way he had no food, other than snakes or buds and roots. His affadavit was made at York, on May 12, 1758.* In a letter from General Amherst, from Al- bany, June, 15, 1761, it is said: "Amongst the children lately sent from Canada, that had been in the hands of the Indians, and •III Archives, 395. FRENCH AJSTD INDIAN WAR. Ill some that had been secreted by the Cana- dians, he found that there were six that were taken in the government of Pennsylvania, and two in Virginia, all of whom he sent to Gov. Hamilton. In the return, appears the name of John Mann, of Marsh Creek, in Pennsylvania, taken in 1758, by Indians.* On the 13th of April, 1758, there was a man killed and nine persons abducted near Archibald Bard's, at South Moantain. On the 21st of May, one man and five women were taken from the Yellow Breeches. On the 29th of May, 1759, Mr. Dinwiddle, and one Crawford, were shot by two Indians in Carroll District, YorkCounty.f August 17, 1758, William Waugh's barn was burned, in the " Tract," York County, by the Indians. J PONTIAC'S WAR. The transfer from the French to the English of the posts between the Great Lakes and the Ohio, led to a war which broke out in 1763, and lasted several years, and took its name from that of the great Indian chief, who planned and conducted it. This war cost the colonies much in men and money, but they gained by the struggle. The exploits of the colonists themselves gave them con- fidence. The Pontiac war gave great alarm to the whole country. Massacres were dreaded, and the towns were crowded with refugees. The forts at Bedford, Pittsburg, and Loyal Hanna, resisted the savages, and the panic was allayed. At a meeting of the Council, on the 20th of June, 1763, Gov. Hamilton laid before the board sundry let- ters of intelligence from the frontiers, con- taining accounts of hostilities, committed by the Western Indians, on his Majesty's sub- jects within the province, and of the suspi- cious behavior of the Indians, settled in the upper part of the Susquehanna. And on the 6th of July, 1763, the Governor laid before the Assembly a letter from Col. Bouquet, at Carlisle: "I am sorry to acquaint you that our posts at Presque Isle, Le Boeuf, and Venango are cut off, and the garrisons mas- sacred by the savages, except one officer and seven men, who have escaped from Le Boeuf. Fort Pitt was briskly attacked on the 22d ; had only a few men killed and wounded, and dispersed the enemy. Fort Ligonier has likewise stood a vigorous attack, by means of some men, who reinforced that small garrison from the militia of Bedford. The Indians expect a strong reinforcement to make new attempts on these two posts. If the meas- *VIII Col. Eec, 628. tLoudon's Narrative, Vol. XI., pp. 57, 65. IBupp's Hist, of York County, p. 590. ures I had the honor to recommend to you are not immediately put into execution, I foresee the ruin of the province on this side of the Susquehanna, and as York County would be covered by Cumberland, I think they ought to join in assisting to build some posts, and saving the harvest. It would not be less necessary to send immediately arms and ammunition to be distributed to the in- habitants to defend their reapers."* Col. Bouquet, with about five hundred men, mostly Highlanders, marched to the relief of Fort Pitt and Detroit. On the 5th and 6th of August, 1763, he was nearly overwhelmed by the savages at Bushy Eun, who were re- pelled by the bayonet charges of the Highland- ers, but the numbers of the enemy were so great that they would have been routed, but for the stratagem of the commander of the British, who feigned retreat.f This victory led to peace, and the Indian ravages ceased. THE CONESTOGOE MASSACRE. On the 19th of December, 1763, the Gov- ernor, John Penn, agreeably to the advice of the Council, wrote the following letter to the Magistrates of York, Lancaster and Cumber- land Counties. " Having received information that on Wednesday, the 14th inst. , a party of men, armed and mounted, did, without cause or provocation, in defiance of all authority, proceed to the Conestogo Indian Town, in Lancaster County, and murder six of our friendly Indians, settled there under the protection of this Government, and its laws. I do hereby direct and require you immediately to exert yourselves on this occasion, and to issue warrants and take all other measures in your power for the apprehending of all the principals concerned in the murder of the said Indians and their accomplices, and se- curing them in some of the gaols of this Province, that they may be brought to justice and receive a legal tryal for the crimes they have committed."! The Indian hostilities of 1763 were marked by great cruelty, and suspicion and hatred followed even the neutral Indians. The repeated murders perpetrated by the Indians roused the men of the Paxton settlement to revenge. In Lancaster County still dwelt a large body of Indians, known to us already as the Conestogoes. On Wednesday, the 14th of December, 1763, a body of men entered the town of Cooestogo, and massacred all the Indians they could find there. The major- ity were absent. Those on their return were «IX Col. Eec, 35. fBancroft's Hist. U. S. JIX Col. Eec, 92. 113 HISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. taken in charge by the Magistrates of Lancas- ter County, and were placed for safety in the workhouse at Lancaster. The Paxtan men with a larger force, from 50 to 100 men, on the evening of the 26th of December, galloped into the town, "seized the keeper of the workhouse, overpowered him, rushed into the prison, and speedily accomplished the work of death. The poor Indians, to the number of fourteen, were butchered in cold blood, and the Paxtan men elated by their success, left the town in the same haste with which they had entered it." A number of Indians on the frontier had, at their own request, been removed from their habitations and taken to Philadelphia, and were seated for a better security on Province Island and in other places in the neighborhood of the city. Threats were made by the insurgents to march down and destroy them. The Assembly took measures to resist them. The Indians petitioned to be sent to England. Gov. Penn ordered them to be taken to New York. The people of New York became offended at this. Gen. Gage directed two companies of the royal Americans to re-escort them to Philadelphia, where they were secured in the barracks. The barracks were fortified, and regular troops protected them. The insurgents went to Germantown, and learning of the large force opposed to them, after listening to remonstrances, promised to return home, and left two men, Matthew Smith and James Gibson, to lay their griev- ances before the government, which they did, in the name of the inhabitants of York, Lan- caster and Cumberland Counties. The two representatives, in behalf of themselves and his Majesty' s faithful and loyal subjects, the inhabitants of the frontier counties of Lan- caster, York, Cumberland, Berks and North- ampton, presented their remonstrances and grievances before the Governor and Assem- bly, on the 13th of February, 1764 :* That they were attacked and ravaged by skulking parties of Indians ; that the Indians were taken under the protection of the govern- ment J that the trial was to be removed from Lancaster County. They protested against Indians living within the inhabited parts of the province ; that no provision was made for the care and cure for wounded men ; that there was in this war no reward for Indian scalps ; that John Penn abetted the Indians, and made unauthorized treaties with them ; that Fort Augusta had furnished little assis- tance, with no reflection against the com- manding oJBficer, who was directed by those from whom he received orders. There was *IXCol.Eec., 138. another memorial with 1,500 signatures. The county of Berks, by its Grand Jury, pro- tested against it. The Assembly considered the remonstrance and protest, but nothing was done to bring the parties concerned to punishment.* In the letter of Gov. Penn, January 5, 1764, he says : Our back inhabi- tants, who have indeed suffered a great deal by the Indian war, have got it into their heads that one Indian should not be suffered to live amongst us, and have carried their resentment so far as to go and kill some Indians who lived under the faith and pro- tection of this government for sixty years, in an Indian town near Lancaster. At request of Indians, they were sent to the protection of Sir William Johnson. It was necessary, in the opinion of the Governor, to extend the English riot act to the province, to apprehend the murderers and to quell the like insurrections in the future. f Such an act was accordingly passed by the Assembly. THE EEVOLUTION. YORK, as one of the frontier counties, had participated with great spirit in the military measures to resist the inroads of the savages and the encroachments of the French. Though the means of inter-commu- nioation between the colonies were very lim- ited, according to the present views of expe- dition, intercourse was ' constant and cor- respondence continuous, as it was between this frontier region and Philadelphia. News arrived slowly, but it impressed deeply the minds of the leading citizens, and that news cemented more and more firmly the bonds of union. After the close of the French and Indian war it was not long before the parliament of Great Britain commenced those measures that so com- pletely estranged the colonies from the moth- er country. The strife with the Proprieta- ries and Lords of Trade began in Pennsyl- vania in 1760. J The great Franklin had appeared before his Majesty's Council for Plantation Affairs to' defend the liberties of our people. But the restrictions on trade from time to time and the arbitrary means used to enforce them by writs of assistance, caused American resistance. The notorious stamp act had been passed in 1765, and on •Gordon's History of Pennaylyania. fix Col. Eec, 112. JVIIICol. Eeo.,554. THE KEVOLUTION. 113 the 22d of March in that year, the King being then insane, it had received the royal assent by commission.* The military power in the colonies had been placed above the civil. The claims of American representation had been scoffed at by the ministry, as was also the assent of the American Assemblies to any manifest internal regulation. There had been proposed in Massachusetts, a Con- gress of committees from each of the colo- nies, and the plan had prevailed. The Penn- sylvania Assembly accepted it, and declared it an inherent right not to be taxed without consent. This was in the month of Septem- ber, 1765. "j" The Congress had met in New York, in October, 1765, by which the stamp act was annulled. J In attempts to enforce the act the officers had been severely handled by the people. The first cargo of stamped pa- pers had arrived under protection of a man of war, in this province, on the 5th of Octo- ber, 1765. Mr. John Hughes had been ap- pointed to distribute them, and so unpopular did he become that his house was surrounded by a mob and he was burnt in efSgy. When the ship arrived, the vessels in the harbor put their flags at half mast, and the bells of the city of Philadelphia were tolled^ An immense meeting assembled at the State House, and John Hughes was requested to resign. He denied having any commission, and as there was no place of security on shore, the Governor ordered the stamps to be taken on board one of the ships of war. Mer- chants of the city agreed not to import goods till the act was repealed. § After fluctuations in the minds of the official powers in En- gland, the act had been repealed in the month of March, 1766, and the repeal cele- brated by bonfires and the ringing of bells. There had been public satisfaction and gen- eral rejoicing in England, as well as in Amer- ica, yet to maintain the principle that there existed the power to bind the colonies, in July, 1767, among other things, the fatal tax of three pence a pound on tea had been adopted, and a board of customs established in Boston. The people of that city had as- sembled and voted to forbear importation, and the Assembly of Massachusets Bay had addressed a circular letter to the several As- semblies in America, which was dated the 11th of February, 1768. This circular, con- taining an early declaration of the principles of the American Revolution, will be found *Bancroft. fix Col. Eec, 300. ■ tibia. gIV ArcMyes, 242 ■, IX Col. Eec, 298 ; Egle's Hist. Penna., among the published Archives of this com- monwealth.* During the colonial difficulties, John Penn, son of Richard Penn, one of the pro- prietaries, and who had 'been born in Philadelphia, and was known as the Amer- ican Penn, was Lieutenant-Governor of the province, having been appointed in 1763, and he held the office to the end of the proprietary government. He was in- tensely loyal, so rnuch so that during the Revolution he suffered imprisonment and re- moval from the State rather than sign a pa- role.f There was great jealousy entertained at Court of popular representation in any way. Hillsborough, Colonial Secretary of State, rebuked the Governor in the name of the King, for communicating to his Council and Assembly the letters received from the Secretaries of State, and also for the sending of addresses and petitions to his Majesty, otherwise than through the channel of the proprietary or his deputy. The Assembly of Pennsylvania had sent a petition to his Maj- esty, on the subject of the acts of parlia- ment, which had been delivered by Dr. Franklin. This was declared by the cabinet as tending to deny and draw in question the supreme authority of parliament to bind the colonies by laws in all cases whatever, and "when applied to taxation was the less to be expected from the province of Pennsylvania, as there was a clause in their charter saying to the crown such impositions and customs as by act of parliament are and shall be ap- pointed. "J A copy of the circular from the colony of Massachusetts Bay to the other col- onies was transmitted by Hillsborough to Gov. Penn, stating that his Majesty] consid- ered " this measure to be of a most danger- ous and factious tendency, calculated to in- flame the minds of his good subjects in the colonies, to promote an unwarrantable combi- nation, and to excite and encourage an open opposition to, and denial of the authority of Parliament, and to subvert the true princi- ples of the constitution. And that it was his Majesty's pleasure, that the Governor should prevail upon the Assembly to take no notice of it. That the Pennsylvania Assembly had given repeated proofs of their reverence and respect for the laws, but if there should ap- pear a disposition to receive or give any countenance to the seditious paper, it would be his duty to prevent any proceeding upon it by an immediate prorogation or dissolu- tion. This letter was dated April 21, 1768. § *IV Archives, 286. tXI Col. Eec, 264. ilV Archives, 311. |IX Col. Eec, 546. 114 HISTORY OF YOBK COUNTY. In September, 1768, the Assembly declared by resolution that the Governor of the province had no constitutional authority to dissolve the Assembly:* The British cabinet finding that the duties on their own manufactures of glass, paper, and painters' colors were con- trary to the true principles of commerce, agreed that they should be repealed. But there still remained the duty on tea. Al- though intensely interesting, we need not fol- low the course of the ministry in their per- sistent determination to enforce this tax. A large number of the best of English states- men warmly espoused the cause of America; Chatham, Camden, Conway, Burke and Barre. But the Lord Chancellor, Thurlow, called it rebellion, and that had to be quelled by the military power. Troops had been sent to Boston, and by their insolent bearing, pro- voked hostilities. On the' 5th of March, 1770, had occurred an event that sent a thrill through the colonies — the first fearful news of the shedding of blood, in the Boston Mas- sacre. This seems to have awed them over the water for a time, and there was apparent conciliation, so much so, that it was supposed that the spirit of liberty was dead on the re- sumption of commercial intercourse. But the ministry were blinded by a false assump- tion of submission, while the fires were only slumbering. The crisis was brought about by the tax on tea. The non-importation on the part of the colonies had caused a great accumulation of that article in the stores of the East India Company, and it was author- ized to export tea to America, with a draw- back of the duty — payable in England — but three pence per pound was payable in the colonies. Consignments were made to Charleston, Philadelphia, New York and Bos- ton. In Philadelphia the people met in the State House, and condemned the duty, and declared every one who should countenance its imposition, an enemy to his country, and the agents of the company were compelled to resign. t On the 16th of December, 1773, had taken place in Boston Harbor that ever memorable event, known in history as the Boston Tea Party. Three tea ships were taken possession of and 340 chests, the whole quantity imported was emptied into the har- bor. The tea ships were driven by a storm off the coast from New York, and in South Carolina, the tea perished in the cellars in which it was stored. On the 25th of Decem- ber, 1773. the ships destined for Philadel- phia approached that city. The pilots were «IY Archiyes, 334. +1V BaDcroft. 269. warned not to conduct ?hem into the harbor. A town meeting of 5,000 people was held, and the ships, with their cargoes of tea, were compelled to sail back to England.* In May, 1774, Geti. Gage entered the har- bor of Boston with vice-regal powers; he and his army and the civil officers no longer amenable to the American courts of justice. The port was closed on the 1st of June, which was made a day of fasting, humiliation and prayer. Again an appeal came from Massa- chusetts to her sister colonies, and a close correspondence was maintained by them with her. The Bostonians called upon the other colonies to unite with them to stop all impor- tations from Great Britain until the port act should be repealed, and if they should do so it would prove the salvation of North Amer- ica and her liberties. These troubles trans- pired during the Tory administration of the Duke of Grafton and Lord North. The Whigs supported the cause of the colonies.f The name of Whig became incorporated into American politics. That party had its origin nearly a century before, and one tra- dition attributes the name to the initials of the motto, ' ' We hope in God, " at one time borne upon its banners. It was the liberal party, the party of reform and progress, and the Tory party adhered to the establishments in Church and State. Hence, those who maintained our cause were called Whigs, and those who adhered to the crown and op- posed separation were styled Tories. There were Tories here as well as elsewhere, many good and wealthy citizens; but what was called loyalty in England became treason on this continent ; and when independence was declared, the estates of such were confiscated. The archives of the State contain acoounbs of their names and properties. But for us here let them rather rest in oblivion. A class of men appeared here who played their parts nobly in the history of the great struggle for liberty, who taught the people, or rather guided them, for they already held a power not to be relinquished. Among these was a man who had come to reside here, whose biography is intimately connected with her history — James Smith, for some time the only practicing Attorney in York.J We *IV Bancroft, 281. tCampbell's Lord Chancellors, vol. 7, p. 37. JGraydon, in his " Memoirs," tells us, that being a student at law, to enable him to pursue his studies without interrup- tion, his uncle advised his spending the approaching summer in Yorktown. Mr. Samuel Johnston, the prothonotary, was a E articular friend, who had been in the practice of the law and ad a very good library ; and tendered his books and services, and complimented him with a dinner. " It was in the spring or 1773 that I was transferred to this pleasant and flourishing village." . . . " There were several young men in the town, whose company served to relieve the dreariness of my solitude ; for such it was compared with the scene from which I had re- THE REVOLUTION. 115 can imagine how the beanty of the situ- ation of Yorktown brought families to it, iuid young men of intelligence and enter- prise seeking new places for the exercise of their talents. Among such was Thomas Hartley, who came to York from Reading at the age of eighteen years, commenced the study of the law under Samuel Johnston, and and was admitted to the bar in 1769. For some time he and Smith were the only prac- ticing lawyers in the county, Mr. Johnston being then, and for some years after, pro- thouotary. In this last mentioned year, Henry Miller moved to York from Reading, and was also student at law under Mr. John- ston ; and soon after came another law student of his from Lancaster, John Clark. COMMITTEES OP CORRESPONDENCE. In all history it appears that popular pro- gress has been achieved by the spontaneous action of the citizens of a country outside of the constituted forms of law and government. The vox populi must be heard, because no government has that within it that can pro- vide for all emergencies. The public meeting has always controlled, sooner or later, legis- lative action. We have already seen that on this continent and in this province whatever was accomplished in support of freedom, was done by the assembled inhabitants through their committees appointed to do the work. It is a peculiar feature in American history that united action was maintained in the earlier contests ^vith the British Government, with a spontaneity and enthusiasm that no organized system could have secured. The factors were committees of correspondence. The intercourse between the colonies and the different parts of a colony was thus conduct- ed, and there was a sympathetic response to the appeal of Boston. The committee of moved. These" (no doubt Hartley and Clark and Miller), "for the most part (1811), are yet living, generally known and respected. There was also in the place an oddity, who, though not to be classed with its young men, I sometimes fell in with. This was Mr. James Smith, the lawyer, then in considerable prac- tice. He "was probably between forty and fifty years of age, fond of his bottle and young company, and possessed of an -original species of drollery." He then describes with some minuteness some of the pecul- iarities of Mr. Smith in the way of jokes. One in particular, practiced upon Judge Steadman, of Philadelphia, a man of read- ing and erudition, who in a full display of his historical knowl- edge was set raving by a monstrous anachronism. "Don't you remember, Mr. Steadman, that terrible bloody battle which Alexander the Great fought with the Russians at the Straits of Babelmandel ?" "What, sir!" said Steadman, repeating with the most iuelfable contempt, "which Alexander the Great fought with the Russians ! Where, mon, did you get your chronology ? " "I think you will find it recorded, Mr. Stead- man, in Thucydides or Herodotus." On another occasion, being asked for his authority fpr an enormous assertion, in which both space and time were fairly annihilated, with unshaken gravity he replied, " I am pretty sure I have seen an account of it^ Mr. Steadman, in a High Dutch almanac printed at Aleppo, his drawling way of pronouncing Alej)po." Every one laughed, says Graydon ; but the Judge, who resided in Philadelphia, and was ignorant of Smith's character in this particular, thought him the object of the laughter, so all parties were pleased. correspondence for the city of Philadelphia, addressed the following circular to the sev- eral counties : ' ' The Governor declining to call the Assembly, renders it necessary to take the sentiments of the inhabitants; and for that purpose it is agreed to call a meeting of the inhabitants of this city and county at the State House, on Wednesday, the 15th inst.* And we would wish to have the sen- timents and concurrence of our brethren in the several counties, who are equally inter- ested with us in the General Cause, we earn- estly desire you to call together the princi- pal inhabitants of your county, and to take their sentiments. We shall forward to you, by every occasion, any matters of conse- quence that come to our knowledge, and we should be glad you would choose and appoint a committee to correspond with us. Signed by order of the Committee of Correspon- dence for the city of Philadelphia. Chas. Thompson, Clerk. The call was very promptly responded to by the citizens of York, and of the county, f Yorktown, June 24, 1774. In consequence of a letter from the com- mittee of Philadelphia, the inhabitants of this town met on Monday, the 21st ult. ; Michael Swope, Esq., was appointed chair- man, who explained the design and cause of the meeting; the distressed state of the in- habitants of Boston, and the nature and the tendency of the Acts of Parliament lately passed. After due deliberation, the follow- ing resolves were come into, nem. con. 1. That we will concur with our brethren of Philadelphia and sister colonies in any con- stitutional measure, in order to obtain re- dress. 2. That it is the opinion of this meeting, that the inhabitants of Boston are now suffering in the common cause of liberty. 3. It ii directed, that to obtain the sense of our fellow inhabitants of York County upon the present important and alarming occasion, notice shall be given to the inhabitants of this county, that they, or such as shall be delegated by the several townships in the county, do meet in the Court house in York- town, on Monday, the 4th of July next, at 1 o'clock in the afternoon, to enter into such resolves as may be for the public good, and tend to restore the liberties of British Amer- ica. J A committee of thirteen persons was then appointed for this town, to remain till altered by any other general meeting which they were authorized and directed to call. The ■flnne, 1774. fMumbert's Hist, of Lane. Co., 199. JBupp's Hist. York County, 662. 116 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. committee of correspondecne again, on the 28th of June, enclosed to the different coun- ties the resolves passed at a meeting held in State House Square, on the 18th of June, by which it was left to the committee " to deter- mine on the most proper mode of collecting the sense of this province, in the present critical situation of affairs, and appointing deputies to attend the proposed Congress" — and submitted two propositions: 1. That the Speaker of the honorable House of Eep- resentatives be desired to write to the several members of the Assembly in the province, requesting them to meet in this city as soon as possible, but not later than the Ist of August next, to take into their consideration our very alarming situation. 2. That letters be written to proper persons in each county, recommending it to them to get com- mittees appointed for their respective coun- ties, and that the said committees, or such number of them as may be thought proper, may meet in Philadelphia at the time the Representatives are convened, in order to consult and advise on the most expedient mode of appointing deputies for the General Congress, and to give their weight to such as may be appointed. That the Speaker of the Assembly in a very ready and obliging man- ner had agreed to comply with the request in the former of these propositions, that on ac- count of the Indian disturbances, the Gov- ernor had found it necessary to call the As- sembly to meet in their legislative capacity on Monday, July 18, being about the same time the Speaker would probably have invited them to a conference or convention in their private capacity. That they requested that if the mode expressed in the second propo- sition was approved, the whole or part of the committee appointed will meet the com- mittees from the other counties at Philadel- phia, on Friday, the 15th of July, in order to assist in framing instructions, and prepar- ing such matters as may be -proper to recom- mend to our Representatives at their meeting the Monday following. They further wrote: "It is with pleasure we can assure you, that all the colonies from North Carolina to New Hampshire seem animated with one spirit in the common cause, and consider this as the proper crisis for having our differences with the Mother Country brought to some cer- tain issue, and our liberties fixed upon a per- manent foundation."* To this provincial meeting, which convened on the 15th of July, 1774, James Smith, James Donaldson, and Thomas Hartley, were sent as deputies from this county. Mr. Smith was made one of *Mumbert, 204. the committee to prepare a draught of in- structions on the situation of public affairs to their Representatives, and request them to appoint a proper number of persons to attend a Congress of deputies from the sev- eral colonies, under the ninth resolve of the conference, viz: That there is an absolute necessity, that a Congress of deputies from the several colonies be immediately assembled to consult together, and form a general plan of conduct to be observed by all the colonies, for the purpose of procuring relief for our grievances, preventing future dissensions, firmly establishing our rights and restoring harmony between Great Britain and her colo- nies on a constitutional foundation. They also agreed that if redress was not granted they would make the sacrifice of a suspen- sion of commerce, and join with the other colonies " in such an association of non-im- portation and non- exportation to Great Bri- tain as shall be agreed upon at the Con- gress. "* A General Congress had been proposed by the "Sons of Liberty" of New York,— a title suggested by the famous speech of Barre. This was in the month of May, 1774, and upon the receipt of their letter, a, meeting was called in Philadelphia, at which it was read, as well as the letters from Boston. The two measures for discussion were, that of New York for a Congress,and that from Boston for an immediate cessation of trade. That for a Congress was received with applause. John Penn, the proprietary Governor, was re- quested to call together the legislature. This was of course refused. A committee of cor- respondence, after the manner of Boston/was proposed, to be named for the several coun- ties in the province, and a committee was appointed for intercolonial correspondence. By July, 1774, all the delegates were chosen, and Massachusetts appointed the time and place, which were fixed, the Ist of Septem- ber, at Philadelphia. The Congress met in Philadelphia on the 5th of September, 1774. The members assembled at Smith's tavern and chose Carpenter's Hall as the place for their deliberations. There were there, George Washington, Patrick Henry, John and Samuel Adams, Jay and Rutledge, and others, men of wisdom and eloquence. Though Congress showed a desire for a con- ciliation and a desire to subvert the colonial system, they approved the opposition of Massachusetts to the Act of Parliament, and declared if the same shall be attempted to be carried into execution by force, all Amer- ica ought to support them in their opposition. *Mumbert, 209. THE EEVOLUTION. 117 A declaration of rights was agreed upon, they threatened to stop imports and exports with Great Britain, discontinued the slave trade, prepared a petition to the King, and an address to the British people. This rec- ognition of the people as a source of author- ity was a new principle in politics. The Congress adjourned to meet in Philadelphia on the 10th of May following.* Agreeable to notice given to the free- holders and inhabitants of York County, entitled to vote for members of Assembly, a respectable number of them met at the court house, in York, December 16, 1774. James / Dickson, Philip Eothrock, John Hay, Mich- / ael Hahn and Richard Bott were appointed judges of the election. Whereupon the elec- tors proceeded to vote by ballot, and the fol- lowing persons were duly chosen as a com- mittee for the county: Henry Slegle, Joseph Donaldson, George Eichelberger, George Irwin, John Hay, Archibald McLean, David Grier, David Kennedy, Thomas Fisher, John ,Kean, John Houston, GgOTge Kuntz, Simon /Coppenhefifer, Joseph JeBeries, Robert / McCorley, Michael Hahn, Baltzer Spengler, Daniel Messerly, Nicholas Bittinger, Michael Davis, Jacob Dahtel, Frederick Fischel, James Dickson, William McClellan, of Cum- berland Township, William Cathcart, Pat- V' rick Scott, Michael Dautel, Michael Bard, Casper Reineeker, Henry Liebhard, John Maxwell, George Oge, John O. Blenes, Will- iam Dill, Henry Banta, Sr., William Kil- mary, William Chesne, Francis Holton, Peter Reel and Andrew Finley, and ten of whom with their President or Vice-President(if their attendance can be had) to do business, except in such cases in which other regularities may be made. "This committee is chosen in such a man- ner, that there is at least one of that body in each township of the county, so that the in- habitants of the several districts will have the earliest intelligence of any material trans- actions, or may be assembled upon impor- tant business on the shortest notice." On the day following the election, the committee met at the same place, when they elected James Smith, President; Thomas Hartley, Vice-President; John Hay, Treasurer, and George Lewis Lef ler, Clerk of the Committee. They formed rules to direct them in the course of their proceedings,entered into meas- ures for the raising of a fund to defray the expense of communicating intelligence, and gave instructions for the forwarding the sub- scriptions for the poor in Boston. They then adjourned to Thursday, the 29th day of December, instant, of the court house, York. * "GEOKaE Lewis Leflek, " Clerk of Committee. " The Committee of Correspondence of Philadelphia, on the 22d of December, 1774, addressed a letter to the several counties, transmitting the following resolves; That this committee thinks it absolutely necessary that the committee of the counties of this province, or such deputies as they may ap- point for this purpose, be requested to meet together in Provincial council as soon as converiient. That it be recommended to the county committees to meet in said convention on Monday, the 23d day of January next, in the city of Philadelphia. From a view of the present situation of public affairs, the committee have been induced to propose this convention, that the sense of the province may be obtained, and that the measures to be taken thereupon may be the result of the united wisdom of the colony, f There were chosen as delegates to this convention, from York, James Smith, Thomas Hartley, Jos- eph Donaldson, George Eichelberger, John Hay, George Irwin and Michael Smyser, who attended the convention which continued in session six days. The Provincial convention of the 22d of January, 1775, resolved, that this convention most heartily approve of the conduct and pro- ceedings of the Continental Congress; that we will faithfully endeavor to carry into execu- tion the measures of the association entered into and recommended by them; that as it was necessary to lay a restraint on importa- tion and supply of articles necessary for sub- sistence, clothing and defense must be pro- vided, it was resolved that no person should use, sell, or kill for market any sheep under four years old, and recommended that woolen manufacturies be set up, especially, coating, flannel, blankets, rags, or coverlids, hosiery and coarse cloths ; that flax and hemp be raised; that salt be made in the manner used in other countries; that saltpetre be made; that gun powder be manufactured as largely as possible; the manufacture of iron into nails and wire; the making of steel; of dif- ferent kinds of paper, and that old linen and rags be preserved for that purpose; that more glass houses be set up; the manufacture of wool combs and cards; of copper into sheets, bottoms and kettles; the erecting of fulling mills, and mills for breaking, swing- ing and softening hemp and flax, and the making of grindstones; that as the brewing of malt liquors would tend to render the con- •Bupp 603-4. fMumbert. 118 HISTORY or YORK COUNTY. sumption of foreign liquors less necessary, that proper attention be given to the cultiva- tion of barley; that all the inhabitants of this province promise for themselves to use our own manufactures, and those of the other colonies, in preference to all others; that societies be established and premiums be granted in the several counties to persons who may excel in the several branches of manufactory; that any manufacturer or vender of goods shall take advantage of the neces- sities of this country, to sell his merchandise at an unusual or extravagant profit, shall be considered an enemy to his country, and be advertised as such by the committee; the making of tin plates; that printers use the types made by an ingenious artist in German- town in preference to any which may be thereafter imported. That the commitee of correspondence of Philadelphia be a standing committee tor the several counties, and to give notice if a Provincial council is rendered necessary.* At a meeting held at York the 14th of February, 1775, the Committee took into consideration the proceedings of the late Provincial convention. Resolved unanimously. That we heartily approve of the proceedings of that con- vention. 2. The Committee, apprehend- ing, that' from the non- importation agree- ment, and the present state of public affairs, unless great care be taken, there would, in a short time, be a scarcity of gunpowder, which is so necessary to our Indian trade, and the hunters of this province. Therefore Resolved, That we recommend it to the several members of this Committee, that they in their respective townships, with the assist- ance of the Township Committee men, do discourage the consuming of that article, but for the most useful purposes. 3. It being represented that sundry persons in this county had formed themselves into military associations, and that they would discontinue them, if disagreeable to this Committee; upon consideration of which, Resolved unanimously, That we would by no means discourage these proceedings ; on the contrary we are of the opinion, that said associations, if conducted with prudence, moderation, and a strict regard to good order, under the direction of a man of probity and and understanding, would tend much to the security of this country against the attempt of our enemies. Resolved unanimously. That we recom- mend to the inhabitants of this county, a strict adherence to the Association of the ♦ Humbert. Continental Congress, and the -directions of our late Provincial Convention; and that, in case any Township Committee, should meet with obstructions in carrying the same into execution, that we will, and the rest of the county ought to assist them. Resolved unanimously. That the Town- ship Committeemen in this county ought, as soon as possible, to collect the flour and grain subscribed for the poor of Boston, and convert same into cash; and that they imme- diately lay such cash and all other moneys sub- oribed into the hands of Messrs. John Don- aldson and George Irwin, who with the direc- tion of any ten of the Committee are to remit the same in Bills of Exchange to the Committee of Boston, for the poor of that place. Resolved unanimously. That in case the committee of correspondence of this Province appointed at the last convention shall think proper, or if a majority of the county Committee shall consider it expedient that another Provincial convention shall be held, we do appoint James Ewing, Michael Swope, James Smith, Thomas Hartley, and Henry Slegle, Bsqrs., and George Irwin, Georg6 Eichelberger, David Kennedy and John Houston, or any five or more of them, as the deputies of this county to attend such committee, and to agree to such matters and things as may be deemed necessary for the safety and welfare of this province, or the common cause of American liberty. Extracts from the proceedings of the said Committee. Geokge Lewis Leflek, Clerk of Committee* The following is the letter to the Boston Committee: YoRKTOWN, April 13, 1775. Honored Friends and Countrymen: Sony are we to hear that the hand of oppression still bears hard on your city, and that the distresses of your poor are not yet alleviated. If your misfor- tunes and sufferings could be divided, the inhabit- ants of this county would cheerfully bear a part. This, it seems, cannot be done; your destined town must stand the shock alone. We want words to express the high sense we have for your conduct and virtue; few men in the world would have op- posed despotism and stood the torrent of ministerial vengeance with so much steadiness, untrepedity and resolution, as the inhabitants of your town and coiintry have done. You have true notions of liberty. You have purchased it. You ought to enjoy it. The noble stand made by the Massa- chusetts Bay, if faithfully adhered to, has laid the foundation of establishing American liberty on the most firm basis. The other colonies will be equal gainers by a favorable termination of the conquest, and will not desert you in the time of danger; they will doubtless grant you the most effectual assist- ance.- This county, upon the earliest intelligence of » Eupp, 604-6. THE REVOLUTION. 119 your distress, forwarded subscriptions for the port of Boston. Grain was generally subscribed; we expected to have sent it last fall, but could not col- lect it in any seaport before the winter season came on, so that the shipping of it was postponed till spring. Upon the meeting of the committee of this county in February last, shortly after the receipt of the King's speech to the Parliament, it was thought it would not be safe to send grain. The committee, therefore, determined to convert the grain into cash, and remit the sum in specie or bills of ex- change to you. Your poor have suffered much by this resolution, as the price of wheat is greatly fallen. The subscriptions of but a part of the county are yet come in. We send you the sum of 246 pounds, 8 shillings and 10 pence, to be remitted to you by bills of exchange, or specie, by Messrs. Jonathan B. Smith, and John Mitchell, merchants of Philadelphia, which, be pleased to distribute among our poor and unhappy countrymen in your town, or in its neighborhood in such manner as you shall think proper. As there are a few disaffected people in this province, we must trouble you to publish the receipt of the donations, as is mentioned in the enclosed paper. Your friends here are numerous, and most heartily interest themselves in your favor. As soon as the rest of the subscriptions in the county are paid, we shall cheerfully remit the same to you. We wish you a speedy relief from all your suf- ferings, and are, gentlemen, with the greatest re- spect, your real friends, and most obedient humble servants; Jambs Smith, President Committee. George Eichelberger, Michael Daudle, David Grier, Michael Irwin, Jamea Donaldson, Michael Smyser, Balzer Spangler, John Hay, Committee of Correspondence of York County.* The committee of Boston received the sum of £246, 6s. , lOd, valued at the rate of Penn- sylvania money, being donations from a part of the county of York, in the Province of Pennsylvania, to the poor of Boston, and its neighborhood ; subscribed as follows : Yorktown £124 lOs 9d Heidelberg Township 36 17 5 Germany Township 16 2 Manheim ; By the hands of Adam Eichelberger 5 15 6 By the hands of Michael Karl 5 9 9 By the hands of David Newman. . 3 16 3 Manchester Township from the following: By the hands of Michael Smyser. . . 6 12 1 By the hands of Simon Cappennoffer 2 17 6 By the hands of Jacob Hark 6 18 6 Shrewsbury Township 10 Dover Township 6 9 Fawn 6 Codorus 2 16 6 Dover Township, 62J bushels of wheat, and^bushelof rye ; Manchester Town- ship, 39i bushels of wheat ; Paradise Township, 20 bushels of wheat ; Codo- rus Township, 5 bushels of wheat, and i bushel of rye ; York Township, 4 bushels of wheat, part of which grain was made into flour and sold here.f . ... £16 13s 3d Total £346 8s lOd The Pennsylvania Assembly, which met on * Eupp, S99. tibid. the 8th of December, 1874, was the first Pro- vincial Legislature to which report of the congressional proceedings were made, and the Assembly unanimously approved them, and delegates were appointed to the next Con- gress* which was to meet on the 10th of May, 1775. In the meantime, events were hasten- ing on with startling rapidity toward open war. The attempt of Gen. Gage to de- stroy the public stores at Concord, roused the people to resistance, and after a battle the British troops were compelled to retreat, and "Lexington and Concord" were names borne throughout the land to arouse patriots and be forever watchwords of liberty. The troops were driven into Boston, and by the next day the Americans had that city in a state of siege. To this camp rushed the men of Massa- chusetts, and as the news spread over the country, volunteers flocked to this great open- ing scene of the war of independence, and from our own town of York went a band, whose march and career form one of the brightest incidents of American history. To the Pennsylvania Assembly on the 2d of May, 1775, John Penn, the Governor, sent a message, accompanying a resolution of the House of Commons, proposing a plan of rec- onciliation to this effect, that an exemption from any duty, tax or assessment, present or future, except such duties as may be expe- dient for the regulation of commerce, shall be the immediate consequences of proposals on the part of any of the colony Legislatures, ac- cepted by his Majesty, and the two Houses of Parliament, to make provision according to their respective circumstances, for contribut- ing their proportion to the common defense, and the support of the Civil Government of each colony, f This was the first assembly on the conti- nent, to which this resolution was comuni • cated. The assembly replied, that " if no other objections to the plan proposed occurred to us, we should esteem it a diBhonorable de- sertion of sister colonies, connected by an union on just motives and mutual faith, and conducted by general councils, for a single colony to adopt a measure so extensive in con- sequence, without the advice and consent of those colonies engaged with us, by solemn ties in the same common cause. For we wish your Honor to be assured that we can form no prospect, appearing reasonable to us, of any lasting advantages for Pennsylvania, however agreeable they may be at the beginning, but what must arise from a communication of right and property with the other colonies, *Egle'a History of Pennsylvania. fX Con. Eec, 252. 120 HISTOET OF YOEK COUNTY. and that if such a prospect should be open to us, we have too sincere an affection for our brethren, and too strict a regard for the in- violable performance of our engagements, to receive any pleasure from benefits equally due to them, yet confined to ourselves, and which, by generously rejecting them at pres- ent, may at length be secured to all." These noble words of union were three days after followed by the election of the noble champion of our rights in England, Benjamin Franklin, just returned from her inhospitable shores, unanimously a deputy to the coming Congress. Events, civil and military, are here closely blended, and the hearts of the people and their representatives were cheered by tidings of the capture of Ticonderoga with its valu- able cannon and stores, on the 10th of May, 1775, by Ethan Allen, and his undisciplined volunteers "in the name of the Great Jeho- vah and the Continental Congress." "Whatever discussions there may have been as to separation, or reconciliation with the King, as war was actually existing, the Con- gress which met on the 10th of May, 1775, took measures for organizing and paying a Continental Army. George Washington was made Commander-in-Chief on the 15th of June, 1775. On the 17th of June, 1775, oc- curred the famous battle of Bunker Hill. PROCEEDINGS TO FORM AN INDEPENDENT GOVERN- MENT. A Provincial Conference was held at Phila- delphia, which began on the 18th of June, 1776, and continued until the 25 th. This is the minute: " This day a number of gen- tlemen met at Carpenter's Hall, being depu- ted by the committees of the several coun- ties to join in the Provincial Conference, in consequence of a circular letter from the committee of the city and liberties of Phila- delphia, inclosing the resolution of the Con- tinental Congress of the 15th of May last.* 'In Congress, May 15, 1776: Whereas, His Britannic Majesty, in con- junction with the Lords and Commons of Great Britain, has, by a late act of Par- liament, excluded the inhabitants of these United Colonies from the protection of His Crown. And whereas, no answer what- ever, to the humble petition of the col- onies for redress of grievances and recon- ciliation with Great Britain, has been, or is likely to be given, but the whole force of that kingdom, aided by foreign mercenaries, is to be exerted for the destruction of the ♦Constitutions of Penn., p. 36. good people of these colonies, now to take the oaths and affirmations necessary for the support of any government, under the Crown of Great Britain; and it is necessary that the exercise of every kind of authority, un- der the said Crown should be totally sup- pressed, and all the powers of government exerted, under the authority of the people of the colonies, for the preservation of internal peace, virtue and good order, as well as for the defense of their lives, liberties and prop- erties against the hostile invasions and cruel depredations of their enemies. Therefore, Resolved, That it be recommended to the re- spective assemblies and conventions of the United Colonies, where no government suffi- cient to the exigencies of their affairs has been hitherto established, to adopt such gov- ernment as shall, in the opinion of the repre- sentatives of the people, best conduce to the happiness and safety of their constituents, in particular, and America in general. By or- der of the Congress. John Hancock, 'President. ' " The deputies from York County to this Conference were, ^Col. James Smith, Col. Robert McPherson, Col. Eiehard McAlister, Col. David Kennedy, Col. William Rankin, Col. Henry Slagel, Mr. James Edgar, Capt. Joseph Read and Mr. John Hay. The Chair- man, Thomas McKean, Dr. Benjamin Rush, and Col. James Smith were made a committee to draft a resolution, declaring the sense of the conference, with respect to an independ- ence of the province from the Crown and Par- liament of Great Britain. The resolution reported by them declared unanimously: " Our willingness to concur in a vote of Con- gress declaring the United Colonies free and independent States; provided the forming of the government and the regulation of the in- ternal police of this colony be always re- served to the people of the said colony." This conference resolved, that it is necessary that a Provincial convention be called for the express purpose of forming a new govern- ment in this province, on the authority of the people only. It was recommended to the convention to choose and appoint delegates, or deputies, to represent this province in the Congress of the United Colonies ; and also a Council of Safety, to exercise the whole exec- utive powers of government, so far as relates to the military defense and safety of the prov- ince, to continue six months, unless a govern- ment should be formed within that time. It made provision for raising 4, 500 militia in obedience to resolutions of Congress, of the 3d and 4th of June, 1776, for establishing a Fly- ing Camp, to consist of 10,000 men, in the THE REVOLUTION. 121 middle colonies. Messrs. Bayard, Rush and Smith were appointed a committee to draft an address to the associatora of the prov- ince on the subject of embodying 4, 500 men. This address has been said to be a master- piece of the kind, and as it contains the sen- timents of our own representative, who was one of the committee, it is given in full.* The address of the deputies of the com- mittees of Pennsylvania, assembled in Pro- vincial Conference, at Philadelphia, June 25th, 1776. TO THE ASSOCIATOES OF PENNSYLVANIA. Gentlemen: — The only design of our meeting together was to put an end to our own power in the province, by fixing a plan for calling a convention, to form a government under the authority of the people. But the sudden and unexpected separation of the late assembly has compelled us to undertake the execution of a resolve of Congress, for calling forth 4,500 of the militia of the province, to join the militia of the neighboring colonies, to form a camp for our immediate protection. We presume only to recommend the pi an we have formed to you, trusting that, in a case of so much consequence, your love of virtue and zeal for liberty will supply the want of authority delegated to us expressly for that purpose. We need not remind you that you are now furnished with new motives to animate and support your courage. You are not about to con- tend against the power of Great Britian, in order to displace one set of villians to make room for another. Your arms will not be enervated in the day lof battle with the reflection, that you are to risk your lives or shed your blood for a British tyrant; or that your posterity will have your work to do over again. You are about to contend for pennanent freedom to be supported by a govern- ment which will be derived from yourselves, and which will have for its object, not "the emolument of one man or class of men only, but the safety, liberty and happines^ of every individual in the community. We call upon you, therefore, by the respect and obedience which are due to the author- ity of the United Colonies, to concur in this impor- j tant measure. The present campaign will probably decide the fate of America. It is now in your power to immortalize your names by mingling your achievements with the events of the year 1776, a year which we hope will be famed in the annals of history to the end of time, for establishing upon a lasting foundation the liberties of one-quarter of the globe. Remember that the honor of our colony is at stake. Should you desert the common cause at the present juncture, the glory that you have acquired by your former exertions of strength and virtue will be tarnished; and our friends and brethren, who are now acquiring laurels in the most remote parts of America, wiU reproach us and blush to own themselves natives or inhabitants of Pennsylvania. But there are other motives before you; your houses, your fields, the legacies of your ancestors, or the dear bought fruits of your own industry, and your liberty, now urge you to the field. These can- not plead with you in vain, or we might point out to you further your wives, your children, your aged fathers and mothers, who now look up to you for aid, and hope for salvation in this day of calamity, only from the instrumentality of your swords. * Constitution of Penna. p. 44. Remember the name of Pennsylvania. Think of your ancestors and of your posterity. Signed by an unanimous Order of the confer- ence. Thomas McKean, President. June 25, 1776. It was on the 7th of June, 1776, that in Congress independence was proposed, and this was opposed by some Pennsylvanians of prominence, who still thought of reconcili- ation. Yet we have seen that the march toward independence, had been steady on the part of the people, and the various manifes- toes issued by the Congress itself, as in the resolutions of the 15th of May, 1776, com- municated to the several colonies recommend- ing the formation of governments, virtually declared separation. The military prepar- ations and organizations went steadily for- ward. On the very day, that is celebrated by the nation as having given birth to our independence, the 4th of July, 1776, there was a meeting at Lancaster of the officers and privates of the Fifty-third Battalion of the Associators of Pennsylvania, to choose two Brigadier-Generals to command the battalions and forces of the State. The delegates from York County, were Cols. Smith and Diehl, Lieut-Col. Donaldson, Majs. Dinwidiiie, Jefferies, Andrew, Finley, and Craft; Capts. Smyser and Campbell; privates, W. Scott, fiwing, Clingham, Hamilton, Little, Schley, Nealor and Messery. The officers and pri- vates voted by ballot, singly. The two Brig- adier-Generals were voted for at the same time, and the highest in votes was declared the commanding officer. Daniel Eoberdeau of Philadelphia, was elected First Brigadier, and James Ewing of York, Second Brigadier, with power and authority to call out any number of the associators of this province into action, and that power to continue until superseded by the convention, or by any authority under the appointment. And it was resolved to march under the direction and command of our Brigadier-Generals, to the assistance of all or any of the free and independent States of America; that the associators to be drafted out of each com- pany by the Brigadier- Generals, shall be in the same proportion as directed by the late Provincial Council. * FIRST CONSTITDTION OF PENNSYLVANIA. The convention to frame the first constitu- tion of Pennsylvania was held in Philadel- phia, on the 15th day of July, 1776. The delegates from this county were John Hay, James Edgar, Francis Cragart, James Smith, *Rupp8. Hist, of Law. Co., pp. 406-407. 123 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. "William Rankin, Henry Slagle, Robert Mc- Pherson and Joseph Donaldson. The con- vention unanimously chose Dr. Benjamin Franklin, President. Col. James Smith was one of a committe of eleven, to make an essay for a declaration of rights, and also for a frame or system of government. Among the constitutional provisions was one for a Supreme Executive Council, to consist of twelve persons to be chosen by ballot; the freeholders of the counties of Lancaster, York, Cumberland and Berks, to elect one person for each county respectively, to serve as coan- cilmen for two years. And another for a council of censors consisting of two persons chosen by ballot, in each county on the sec- ond Tuesday in October, 1783, and every seventh year thereafter. Among the duties of this council of censors was that of inquire ing whether the constitution has been pre- served inviolate in every part, and whether the legislative and executive branches of gov- ernment had performed their full duty as guardians of the people, or assume to them- selves, or exercised other or greater powers than they are entitled to by the constitution. They were also given power to call a conven- tion, if there appeared to them an absolute necessity of amending any article of the con- stitution. But their organization was not to be effected for seven years.* The conven- tion completed its labors on the 28th of Sep- tember, 1776, and the constitution went into immediate effect as the act of the people. There was some dissatisfaction with the frame of government, and the transition from the Colonial to the State administration, was not without its difficulties. Its acceptance, how- ever, and the popular approval of it, man- ifested indignantly when an attempt was made to interfere with it, is one of the eviden- ces of the capacity of the people for self gov- ernment. The constitutional convention of 1776, by an ordinance passed the 3d of September, nominated and appointed all the then members of a newly established coun- cil of safety, among them Miohael_Swppe, Justice of the Peace for the State at large, and a number of other persons to be Justices of the Peace for the several counties in the State. Benjamin Franklin and John Dick- enson, were among others, appointed Justices for the city and county of JPhiladelphia, which indicates the dignity of the office at that period. For the county of York there were appointed Robert McPherson, Martin Eich- elberger, Samuel Edie, David McConaughy, Richard McAlister, Henry Slagle, Matthew • The Censors for York County were Thomos Hartley and Richard McAllister. Dill, William Rankin, William Lees, Will- iam Bailey, William Scott, William Smith, William McCaskey, Josias Scott, Thomas Latta, William McClean and John Mickle, the younger esquires. The acts of these Jus- tices in the acknowledgement and proof of deeds, were subsequently validated by act of Assembly From the letters of John Adams, the fol- lowing extract is made of the date of Octo- ber 4, 1776: "The 1st of October, the day appointed by the charter of Pennsyl- vania, for the annual election of representa- tives, has passed away, and two counties only have chosen members, Bucks and Ches- ter. The assembly is therefore dead, and the convention is dissolved. A new conven- tion is to be chosen the beginning of Novem- ber. The proceedings of the late convention are not well liked by the best of Whigs. Their constitution is reprobated, and the oath with which they have endeavored to prop it, by obliging every man to swear that he will not add to, or diminish from, or any way alter that constitution, before he can vote, is execrated. We live in the age of political experiments. Among many that will fail, some I hope, will succeed. But Pennsylvania will be divided and weakened, and rendered much less vigorous in the cause by the wretched ideas of government which prevail in the minds of many people in it."* The charter of privileges granted by William Penn to the inhabitants of Pennsylvania, provided for an assembly to be chosen yearly )9y the freemen upon the 1st day of October, forever. The constitution just adopted pro- vided for the choice of representatives annu- ally by ballot, on the first Tuesday of Novem- ber for the first year and on the second Tuesday in October forever. This latter the people accepted and hence members of as- sembly were not chosen on the 1st of Octo- ber, which John Adams supposed to be a lapse. The oath prescribed in the constitu- tion, to which he refers in his letter just quoted, to be taken by every officer, was "to be true and faithful to the commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and not directly or indirectly do any act or thing prejudicial or injurious to the constitution or government thereof, as established by the convention," At the first meeting of the Legislature members ex- pressed some scruples with respect to taking this oath of allegiance, apprehending they would thereby be precluded from taking measures to obtain the sense of the people with respect to calling a convention, and they were allowed to take the oath with a • Letters of John Adams, p. 168. THE KEVOLUTION. 123 reservation. This was afterwards condemned by the council of censors.* Throughout the State for a few years there was a clamor on the part of some for a convention to remodel the government. The first assembly was, however, regularly elected. The members I from York County were Archibald MeClean, / Michael Schwaabe, David Dunwoodie, James Dickson, Michael Hahn, John Read. The J first session of the first General Assembly of the commonwealth under the constitution of 1776, began at Philadelphia, November 28, 1776. Under the militia laws there was ap- pointed and commissioned one reputable freeholder to serve as lieutenant of the mili- tia of each county, and a number of citizens, not exceeding the number of battalions, to serve as sub-lieutenants. Richard McAlister was made the First Lieutenant of York County. There was dissatisfaction to the frame of the new government here, and also some con- fusion of the courts and records; but the troubles of putting in force the new laws ex- isted throughout the commonwealth, and is evidence of the independent spirit of the people and jealously of any thing they con- sidered oppression. The difficulties of enforc- ing the militia laws, viewed in the light of the experience of our own day arose from the necessity of drafting troops. The reasons given for opposition, were in many instances weak, and were an attempt at an excuse for not wanting to go to war against one's will. The reasons, however, given by the Germans as appears in tlie correspondence of the period has more force than appeared to their British fellow-citizens, English or Irish, who had not been obliged to swear an oath of allegiance to the King of Great Britain, an abjuration of which was required by the new test; and then, perhaps, have to swear again to the King.f COUNCIL OF SAFETY. The first meeting of the Council of Safety constituted by the Convention of 1776, con- sisting of twenty five persons, was held in Philadelphia on the 24th of July, 1776. David Eittenhouse was the first Chairman, and on the 6th of August, 1776, the board elected Thomas Wharton, Jr., President, and David Rittenhouse, Vice-President. This Council of Safety continued until the Su- preme Executive Council under the Constitu- tion was inaugurated. This took place on the 4th of March, 1777. On the 5th of *Cou8titutions of Penna., 94. fSee Correspondence, V Archives, 512-752. March, the Supreme Executive Council and the Assembly met and elected Thomas Whar- ton, Jr., President, and George Bryan, Vice- President. This was proclaimed with great ceremony at the court house, at noon, on the 6th of March; and there was a celebration and procession, and rejoicings, which are de- tailed in the Gazette of the period. The style and title by which the President was proclaimed was: His Excellency, Thomas Wharton, Jr., Esq., President of the Supreme Executive Council of the Common- wealth of Pennsylvania, Captain-General and Commander-in-Chief in and over the same.* ASSOCIATIONS FOR DEFENSE. The Assembly, on the 30th of June, 1775, ''''Resolved, That this house approves the Asso- ciation entered into by the good people of this colony, for the defense of their lives, liberty and property. That if anj' invasion or landing of British troops, or others, shall be made in this or the adjacent colonies dur- ing the present controversy, or any armed ships or vessels shall sail up the river Dela- ware, in an hostile manner, and such circum- stances shall render it expedient, in the judg- ment of the committee hereafter to be ap- pointed, for any number of the officers and private men of the Association within this colony, to enter into actual service for repel- ling such hostile attempts, this house will provide for the pay and necessary expenses of such officers and soldiers performing such military duty while in such actual service. That the pay of the officers and privates while in such actual service shall not exceed that of the army raised by the Congress of the United Colonies for the defense of the liberties of America. That this House do earnestly recommend to the Board of Com- missioners and Assessors of each county in this province that have not already made the provision hereinafter mentioned; and they are hereby enjoined, as they regard the free- dom, welfare and safety of their country, im- mediately to provide a proper number of good, new firelocks, with bayonets fitted to them ; cartridge boxes with twenty-three rounds of cartridge in every box ; and knap- sacks, not less than (enumerating the city and counties) 300 for the County of York; to be under the care of the commanding officers of thn battalions of the said counties, for the immediate use of such officers and soldiers as shall be drafted from the battalions from time to time for actual service. And the said Commissioners and Assessors shall *XI Col. Rec, 174. 124 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. produce their accounts for furnisliiDg the arms and accoutrements aforesaid to the com- mittee hereinafter appointed, which being approved by the said committee, they shall draw orders on the Treasurer for the pay- ment thereof; and he is hereby enjoined to pay the same out of the Bills of Credit to be emitted by the resolution of this House. That this House do earnestly recommend to, and enjoin the officers and committee of each county in this province, to select a number of minute men, equal to the arms, etc., pro- vided for the same, to be in readiness upon the shortest notice, to march to any quarter in case of an emergency.* " The Assembly then by resolution appoint ed a committee of safety, consisting of twenty- five gentlemen, among whom were Anthony Wayne and Benjamin Franklin, and from York County, Michael Swope, for calling forth such and so many of the associators in- to actual service when necessity requires, as the said committee shall judge proper; for paying them and supplying them with necessaries while in actual service; for pro- viding for the defense of this Province against insurrection and invasion, and for encouraging and promoting the manufacture of saltpetre; which said committee are hereby authorized and empowered to draw orders on the Treasurer, for the several purposes above mentioned. " The first meeting of the Committee of Safety was held at Philadelphia, on the 3d of July, 1775, and Benjamin Franklin was chosen its President.f In Congress, on the I8th of July, 1775, it was "Resolved : That it be recommended to the inhabitants of all the United English colonies in North America that all able-bodied effective men, between sixteen and sixty years of age in each colony, immediately form themselves into regular companies of militia, to consist of one Captain, two Lieutenants, one Ensign, four Sergeants, four Corporals, one Clerk, one Drummer, one Fifer and about sixty- eight privates. That the officers of each company be chosen by the respective com- panies. That each soldier be furnished with a good musket that will carry an ounce ball, with a bayonet, steel ramrod, worm priming wire and brush fitted thereto, a cutting sword or tomahawk, a cartridge box that will con- tain twenty-three rounds of cartridges, twelve flints and a knapsack. That all the militia take care to acquire military skill, and be well prepared for defense by being each man provided with one pound of gunpowder, and *X Col. Ecc, 279. flbid , 282. four pounds of ball fitted to his gun. That as there are some people who from re- ligious principles cannot bear arms in any case, this Congress intend no violence to their consciences, but earnestly recommend it to them to contribute liberally, in this time of universal calamity, to the relief of their distressed brethren in the several colonies, and to do all other services to their oppressed country, which they can consistently, with their religious principles."* The Friends claimed complete exemption, but it appears that the Mennonites and German Baptists were willing to contribute pecuniary aid. Many persons rich and able to perform mili- tary duty, claimed exemption under pretense of conscientous scruples, and the associators of Pennsylvania claimed that the liberty of all was at stake and that the burdens of maintaining it should be borne equally bv all.f ORGANIZATION OF THE MILITIA OF THE COUNTY. At a meeting of the committee and tho officers of the militia companies of York County, at York, the 28th and 29th of July, 1775, there were present forty-five County Committee men, besides the said officers. James Smith, Esq., was in the chair. The committee and officers divided the county into five districts or divisions and formed five battalions, the committee then, with the officers of the militia companies of the respective districts and battalions, ap- pointed judges and proceeded to vote by ballot for field officers to be commissioned, when James Smith, Esq., was chosen Colonel; Thomas Hartley, Esq., Lieutenant-Colonel, and Joseph Donaldson and Michael Swope, Esqs. , were chosen Majors of the first battal- ion. Robert McPherson, Esq., Colonel; David Kennedy, Lieutenant- Colonel, and Moses McGlean and Hugh Dunwoodie were chosen Majors of the second battalion. Richard McCallister, Esq., Colonel; Henry Slazel, Esq., Lieutenant-Colonel, and John Andrews and Joseph Jefferies were chosen Majors of the third battalion. William Smith, Esq., Colonel; Francis Holton, Lieutenanb- Colonel, and Jacob Gibson and John Finley were chosen Majors of the fourth battalion; and William Rankin, Esq., Col- onel; Matthew Dill, Esq., Lieutenant- Colonel, and Robert Stephenson and Gerhard Graeff, Majors of the fifth battalion. The committee and the officers of the said *X Col. Eec, 292. tX Col. Eec, 349. THE REVOLUTION. 125 militia companies thereup6n proceeded to vote for the field officers of the battalion of minute-men for York County proper, to he commissioned, when Richard McCallister, Esq., was chosen Colonel ; Thomas Hartley, Esq., was chosen Lieutenant-Colonel, and David Grier, Esq., was chosen Major of the said battalion. The committee then proceeded as follows : Eesolved, That in conformity to the direction of the Assembly of this province, and with a regard to the regulations of the Continental Congress, we do direct that five companies of Minute Men, formed out of the several districts of this county, that is to say, one company in each division, by draughts or volunteers from the several militia companies, each company to consist of a Captain, two Lieutenants and an Ensign, four Sergeants, four Corporals, a Drummer and Fifer and sixty-eight or more privates ; and it is expected that if there be a defect oJE arms for these men, when there is a necessity of going into service, that the respective Battalions, to which they belong will furnish them with the necessary arms. That if the County Committee men and Assistant Committee men, or a majority of them In any district, are at any time of opinion that an additional company or companies of Minute Men can be raised in their district, they may order the same to be done, which company or companies are under the same Field Officers or rules and regulations with the said other companies of Minute Men. The whole Battal- ion of each division or district are directed to meet some time in the next week following,, and draught the volunteers or proper persons as minute men for the respective companies, who are to sign an Attest- ation similar to that mentioned in the proceedings of this Committee. The subscribers are to proceed to choose the Officers of the respective companies, and make return of their names to the Field Officers of the said Battalion of Minute Men, in order that they may be commissioned. Mesolved, That in order to prevent confusion and disorder that no new companies of militia be formed in any township without the consent of the Com- mittee men of the township and three or more of the County Committee men. N. B. — The companies of Yorktown, Manchester, Windsor, Codorus, York aud Hellam Townships form the first Battalion ; the companies of Cumber- land, Hamilton's Bann, Strabene, Menallen, Mount Joy and Tyrone Townships form the second Battal- ion ; the companies of Heidelberg. Berwick, Parad- ise, Mount Pleasant, Manheim and Germany Town- ships, the third Battalion ; Chanceford, Shrews- bury, Fawn and Hopewell Townships, the fourtrh Battalion ; and the companies of Dover, Newberry, Monnonghan, Warrington, Huntington and Reading Townships the tifth Battalion. Geo. Lewis Leflbr,* Clerk for the Committee. James Smith (Chairman) to Delegates in Congress, 1775: Yorktown, August 1, 1775. Oentlemen: Our County Committee met the 28th ult., and after going through the other business they were called for (which will be the subject of another letter herewith sent), they proceeded to consider in what manner the recommendation of the Assembly and the Continental Congress, touching those people (in this county) who conscientiously »IV Archives, 689. scruple bearing arms, should be carried into execu- tion. It was expected that some offer would have been made by those people, but as no such oflfer was made on their part, it was recommended, that they should be applied to in every township in this county, to see if they would voluntarily propose any mode of contribution agreeable to the recommenda- tions aforesaid. But since the breaking up of the County Committee, it has been suggested to the committee of correspondence and observation, by some worthy people of that persuasion, that all such applications would be fruitless, as those people equally scruple subsci'ibing as bearing arms, but apprehend that if the Commissioners and Asssessors would lay a reasonable sum as a tax on those who refuse or cannot, consistent with their consciences, bear arms, that it would be submitted to without reluctance, and consequently requested the commit- tee to reccommend that step to the Commissioners and Assessors. In so delicate an affair, where on the one hand any harsh measurosmight tend to infringe the rights of conscience & be construed to be taking money out of our brethren's pockets without their con- sent ; and on the other the impropriety of one part of the community defending the whole, in a struggle where everything dear to freedom is at stake, added to this the danger of the militia laying down their arms, finding the burthen so unequally borne & that others won't so much as touch it with their little finger ; others (they say) who have as much at stake & are in many instances abler than themselves to assist in the public conflict. The committee thought it of too much importance for them to proceed without the dii-eclion of Con- gress, or at least of the delegates of this Province, more especially as the same difficulty must occur in every county of the Province ; aud we doubt not but the subject has been thought of by those so much more capable than the Committee of framing an expedient to avoid the evils on the one hand & the other. That suggested to us would be agreeable here, & the Committee wish that the same or some other might be speedily recommended, to quiet the minds of people here & prevent inevitable con- fusion. We are, Gentlemen, Your most obed't h'ble Servants- (Signed by order of Committee) J.^mes Smith, Chairman* Michael Swope to Committee of Safety of Pennsylvania, 1775 : Yorktown, August the 2nd, 1775. Gentlemen: On Friday last the Militia Officers and Committee of the County of York, besides a number of the most reputable free holders of the County met here, and proceeded as in the enclosed paper is mentioned ; the Field Officers they have chosen for the several Battalions of the County are very agreeable to the people, and are the persons that ought to be commissioned ; the choice in gen- eral is very judicious, as well as being acceptable to the militia. The most of us have our discipline and military skill yet to acquire, but are willing to be as serviceable as we can to our country. There is a sufficient pumber of men associated already (and more are daily associating) to form five good Battalions. The conveniency of the inhabitants has been considered in forming the Battalions, so that they have not too great a distance to march to muster in Battalions. The Field Officers for the Minute Men, which we had formed into a Battalion to meet upon proper occasions, were chosen by the officers of the Militia, and the Committee, and tlie people depend upon them to command them ; the *IV Archives, 640 126 HISTORY OF YOEK COUNTY. companies of Minute men are to be increased, as it may be found convenient, so that we liope to have a very respectable Battallion of them ; the Privates are to be engaged for six months, for the Officers have no time limited, unless they choose to resign after six months. As the Congress have directed the Committee of Safety, in case of the recess of the Assembly, to commission the Field Officers, I would be glad if you would as soon as possible send commissions to the persons chosen as aforesaid in this County, which I apprehend would tend much to the service of the common cause. I am. Gentlemen, Your most humble Servt, Mich. Swope.* Michael Swope, to Committee of Safety, York, August 12, 1775 : The Colonel of the Fifth Batallion of the York County Militia, Matthew Dill, Esq., and Lieutenant- Colonel, William Rankin, Esq. : The greatest part of the minute-men directed to be raised in this county by the committee has already enrolled themselves and signed attestations. "lex pect to be able in a few days to inform you that we have a body of upward o E 400 men, composed of some of the most respectable inhabitants of the county, ready to march where their country may call them on the shortest notice." He says, minute-men are absolutely necessary to raise troops, f ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION. To regulate the military organization known as the Associators of Pennsylvania, articles were adopted by the Committee of Safety on the 19th of August, 1775, the character of which and of the organization is indicated by the following preamble : "We, the officers and soldiers, engaged in the present associa- tion for the defense of American liberty, being fully sensible that the strength and security of any body of men, acting together, consists in just regularity, due subordination, and exact obedience to command, without which no individual can have that confidence in the support of those about him, that is so necessary to give firmness and resolution to the whole, do voluntarily and freely, after consideration of the following articles, adopt the same as the rules by which we agree and resolve to be governed in all our military concerns and operations until the same, or any of them, shall be changed or dissolved by the assembly, or Provincial Convention, or, in their recess, by the Committee of Safety, or a happy reconciliation shall take place between Great Britain and the col- onies. J These articles then provide for the fines or disgrace that shall attend insubordination, *IV Arohives, 642. tl Arohives, N. S., 545. IX Col. Eeo., 308. and for courts martial, and that all ofiicers and soldiers of every battalion, troop, com- pany, or party of associators, who shall be called into actual service, and be on pay, shall be subject to all the rales and articles made by Congress for the government of the continental troops. The Committee of Safety, on the 26th of August, 1775, adopted rules, for establishing rank or precedence amongst the Pennsyl- vania Associators, in which it is provided that " all officers already chosen or appointed in York County, to rank before officers of equal dignity, in any other than Lancaster, Ches- ter, Bucks and Philadelphia County, Phila- delphia City and districts. And as there may happen occasions wherein it may be neces- sary to call out a part of the associators to actual though temporary service, it was rec- ommended that the battalion and companies be numbered by Lots 1, 2,3, 4, so that orders may issue to send the first or second, or any number of companies as shall be wanted, each serving on such calls in its turn.* Inhabitants of York County to Committee of Safety of Pennsylvania, 1775: YoKKTOWN, September 14, 1775. Oenilemen: — We take this opportunity of return- ing to you an account of the number of Associations, and a list of the Officers names of this county: The number of Associators that has been received by the Committee is 3,349. There is a greater number of Associates than the foregoing whose names we have not received; for the present we mention that number. There were about 900 non-Associators returned to the committee on the 28th of July last, many of whom have since associated; we cannot at this time undertake to return an exact list of the non-Associators, but shall do the same as soon as possible. The Associators and the non-Associators that we have an account of are chiefly taxable. We enclose you the proceedings of the Committee and Officers of the Militia Companies of this county. The divisions or battalions were formed and the seniority of each battalion fixed on by a unanimous vote; tlie mode fallen on was tliat each battalion shsuld take rank according to the time of a major- ity of its companies having associated— this gave universal satisfaction. We, who now addi'css you, are members of one or another of the Battalions, and are very sensible that if seniority were now to be fixed by lot, it would tend to create confusion and injure the common cause, therefore, hope that commissions may be granted agreeable to the regu- ations of the commltte and officers. In forming these battalions, great regard was had to the sit- uation of the County and convenience of the inhab- itants. The battalions, do not all consist of an equal number, but none of less than 500 men, which you will see by the enclosed papers — the three first battalions are large enough for regiments, but you may give them what names you think pi'oper. In the said list we return you the names of the offi- cers according to seniority, agreed to in their re- spective battalions, in order to be commissioned. One of these battalions has but five companies, yet they are so very large that a single company may act as a grand division until they can be divided *X Col. Eec. , 320. THE REVOLUTION. 137 with satisfaction (ind conveniency to tlie inhabi- tants, in which the field officers, when commissioned can very much assist. The particular townships of each battalion are to be regarded. The persons appointed for officers are generally agreeable to the people. We have been given to understand that Capt, James Dill, the officers of his company, and some others, are dissatisfied with the choice of Matthew Dill, Esq., for Colonel of the Fifth Bat- talion, that they were desirous of a new election and had written to you for that purpose. As to this, we can inform you, that without any confusion or disputation, and with the greatest fairness, Mat- thew Dill, Esq., was chosen Colonel of that divis- ion. A new election would answer no good pur- pose, but would tend to encourage faction, which we have happily avoided in this County. We also enclose you a list of the officers' names in the Minute men of this County, raised in pursuance of the direction of the Assembly of this province, and the recommend- ation of the Continental Congress. These are the offi- cers and men raised by them— the persons that are ready to be first called forth from this County for the service of the Common Cause. We are also of opinion that in the country it will not be so con- venient to cast lots for whole companies that are to march in case of a call, as the discipline of all the companies are not alike ; many have not the same advantages or opportunities to be taught, and a number in every company could not possibly go, so that lot might often fall on companies that the community could have no reliance on ; we therefore apprehend it will do betterto fix on individuals that are to act in the first instance as Minute men. We have hitherto been unanimous, and hope that the conduct of this County will receive your counte- nance and approbation. There are nearly 100 per- sons associated in Germany Township, but as there is some little confusion concerning their officers, we shall defer sending their names for some time. We are, gentlemen. Tour very humble servants, George Eichelberger, Martin Eichelberger, Baltzer Spangler, Joseph Jeffries, Archibald McClean, Michael Smyser, Jolin Kean, Nicholas Bittinger, George Slake, John Pinly, James Smith, Philip Albright, Richard McAlister, Daniel Messerly, Thomas Hartlev, John Hay, William Rankin, And others. Directed to Benjamin Franklin, Esq., and to the Committee of Safety of the Province of Pennsyl- vania. * On the 3d of November, 1775, the returns of twen- ty-six townships were received at Tork, whereby the following gentlemen appear to be chosen as a committee for York County, to continue for the space of one year, unless they shall think it expe- dient to dissolve themselves sooner, viz. : Michael Swope. James Smith, Thomas Hartley, John Hay, Charles Lukens, David Grier, Joseph Donaldson, George Irwin, John Kean, William Lease, William Scott, George Eichelberger, Philip Albright, Michael Hahn, David Candler, Baltzer Spangler, John Huston, Thomas Armor, John Sohultz, Christopher Slagle, Andrew Rutter, Peter Wolfe, Philip Jacob King, Zackariah Shugart, John Herbach, William Johnston, John Spangler, James Dickson, Francis Orezart, George Brenkerhoof, John Semple, Robert McPherson, Samuel Edie, William M^Clellan, Thomas Douglass, John Ag- new, David Kennedy, George Klinger, George Kerr, Abraham Banta, John Mickle, .Ir., Samuel McCon- aughy, John Blackburn, William Walker, Richard M'AlIister. Christian GraflE, Jacob Will, Henry Sla- *IV Archives, 656. gle, John Hamilton, John Mintceth, Thomas Lilley, Richard Parsel, Charles Gilwix, John M'Clure, William Shakly, Frederick Gilwix, John Hinkel, John Hoover. Patrick M'Sherry, James Leeper, Joseph Reed, Patrick Scott, James Egan, Benjamin Savage, Andrew Thompson, Peter Baker, Jacob Kasel, William Mitchell, John Williams, Lewis Williams, William Rankin, James Nailer, Baltzer Kuertzer, Henry Mathias, George Stough, Daniel Messerle, John Nesbit, William Wakely, John Chamberlin, Andrew Thompson, Alexander Sand- erson. . On the same day the committee met at the court house in York , when James Smith was chosen President, and Thomas Hartley Vice-President of the committee. COMMITTEE OF COHBESPONDENCE. The following gentlemen were unanimously elect- ed as a Committee of Correspondence for York County, viz. : James Smith, Michael Swope, Thomas Hartley, Joseph Donaldson, George Eichelberger, Charles Lukens, David Grier, George Irwin, Thomas Armor, William Lease, George Clinger, John Nesbit, James Leeper, Francis Crezart, Peter Wolfe, DavidM'Conaughy, andfive or more of them were empowered to act. The committee adjourned to the first Thursday in December next, to meet at the court house in York. Thomas Armor, Olerh.* RESOLUTION OF COMMITTEE OF YORK OOTTNTY, 1776. At a meeting of the Committee of Correspond- ence for the county of York, the 5th of February, 1776. The committee taking into consideration the state of the county, are of opmion that several companies, beside the two already ordered, might be immedi- ately raised in this county for the Continental serv- ice, provided they were officered in this county. That, considering the zeal and patriotic spirit of the people, we think that in the late appointment of officers in the troops to be raised in this province, this county has not had its proportion. Therefore, Resolved, That the chairman of this committee do write a letter to the Delegates of this province in Congress inclosing this resolution, to be laid be- fore the Congress, and expressing the willingness of this county to exert themselves to the utmost in de- fence of the Common Cause, with the request that if any more troops are soon necessary to be raised in this province in the Continental service, that this county be honored with the officering six com- panies, and recommending the Field Officers of the battalion, as we make no doubt but the greater part of the men for the companies might be raised in York County. Resolved, That a letter be written by the Chair- man to the Committee of Safety, requesting their weight and concurrence with the Congress in favor of the above application. Thomas Armor, Clerk.] INHABITANTS OF TORK COUNTY TO COMMITTEE OF SAFETY, 1776. Oentlemen: — The inhabitants of this county, who have been always ready to grant their assistance in favor of liberty since the commencement of the present unhappy dispute between GreatBritain and these Colonies, consider that on account of the shortness of the. notice given by the board, that they have not their proportion of the officers ap- pointed in the different battalions. The service *Eupp, 609-10. ■fIV Archives, 711. 138 HISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. suffers by tMs. The best men and the flower of the youth will not engage with strangers. The two Companies ordered in this county are already near- ly completed; but Oflaoers from other counties will not be equally successful. Had more companies been ordered in York County, and the Officers rec- ommended from hence, we apprehend they would have been in great forwardness. This county is not very ambitious of having officers, but still it gives disgust to many persons to see numbers in the other counties, not even equally qualified, and who have done nothing in the common cause preferred, and themselves unnoticed. The Committee of Correspondence met on the 5th Inst., and came to the resolutions, which I beg leave to inclose, and hope that they will meet with your approbation and weight. As it is probable from tlie present situation of Mr. Swope's family that he will not be able to attend you soon, Mr. Hartley, the bearer, will be ready to wait on the Board, and give them some material information relating to the above, as also some other matters of consequence. I am, Gentlemen, with the greatest Respect. Your most Humble Serv't, James Smith, Chairman* AID TO BALTIMORE FEOM YOKE. In March, 1776, Capt. Squires, the com- mander of the British sloop of war Otter, who had been craising about in various parts of the bay, made a demonstration in the Pat- apsoo Riverwith various boats which produced a very great alarm in the town. Capt. Nich- olson, the commander of the Defense, a ship belonging to the State of Maryland, was at that time in Baltimore. He soon got under weigh to drive these marauders from the river, which he did in a short time, and captured four or five of the boats. It was the occasion of this alarm that gave rise to the necessity of throwing up batteries on Fell's Point; the fortifying of Whetstone Point f with eigh- teen guns and the sinking of vessels at the fort. These defenses were considered at the time as invulnerable, and the aid which the militia of the surrounding country afforded called for the grateful thanks of the people. From Harvard County a battalion marched to Baltimore, whose services it afterward be- came necessary to accept. J Nor was this devotion to Baltimore con- fined in the hour of her need, to the citizens of her own State. The borough of York wrote on the 30th of March to the committee: " Our committee resolved instantly to raise a good rifle company, to be ready to make march on an hour's warning to your province, in case you should judge it necessary, and sig- nify the same to our committee." This is not a solitary instance of this patriotic borough's *IV Archives, 710. +Fort MeHenry now. jA narrative of events which occurred in Baltimore Town during the Revolutionary war. By Robert Purviance — 1849. offering her valuable aid to Baltimore. In the war of 1812, a company sent by her united with the Baltimore troops, on the day of her celebrated battle with the British army near North Point, and no troops on that day were more entitled to the honors which their valor won than those from York. The following letters were exchanged: YoBKTOWN, March 10, 1776. Oentlemen: — This moment we received Mr. Alex- ander Donaldson's letter of the 9th inst. At the time of writing our former letter to him it was un- certain, from the intelligence, what force might be sent against Baltimore, and judged it would be proper for this county to have in readiness detach- ments from the several militia battalions to the amount of five hundred men. "We are glad to hear that it is only the buccaneer Squire that payed you a visit, of whom we hope to hear Capt. Nicholson give a good account. But as a greater force may be sent to harass you in re- venge for Capt. Squire's bad success, in pursuance of the desire of your committee, communicated to us by Capt. Donaldson, our committee resolved in- stantly to raise a good rifle company, to be ready to march on an hour's warning to your province, in case you should judge it necessary and signify the same to our committee. The officers chosen are, Joseph Donaldson, Cap- tain; William Rankin, First Lieutenant; JohnKean, Second Lieutenant; Wm. Baillie, Third Lieutenant, and Jacob Holtzinger, Fourth Lieutenant, and none are to be admitted but expert riflemen. By order of the Committee, James Smith, Ghairman* To the Committee of Inspection, Baltimore: Baltimore, March 12, 1776. Oentlemen: We have just now received your ac- ceptable favor of the 10th, per Mr. Donaldson, and return you our wannest thanks for your ready of- fers of succour in defending us from the incursions of Capt. Squire, who, after taking many prizes at the mouth of our river, was obliged to relinquish the most valuable on the appearance of the gallant Capt. Nicholson, of the ship Defence, who has first had the honor of displaying the continental colors to a British-man-of-war without a return. The County of York have always stood in the foremost rank for zeal and attachment in the glori- ous cause of liberty, and this committee would do them an injury in refusing the rifle company to march at the first notice: they cheerfully accept then, the generous offer, and will, on any appear- ance of danger, inform them by express. By order of the Committee, Wm. Lux, Deputy Chairman. To the Committee of York: YORK COUNTY MILITIA. The following account of the companies from York County and of the Flying Camp is taken from Glassbrenner's History: As early as December, 1774, a company was formed in the town of York, the object of which was to make soldiers who would be well disciplined for battle in case the disaf- fection then existing toward England, should proceed to open hostilities. The officers of this company were James Smith. Captain; *IV Archives, 710. THE REVOLUTION. 129 Thomas Hartley, First Lieuteuant; David Green, Second Lieutenant; and Henry Miller, Ensign. Each of those officers thus early attached to the cause of liberty, was much distinguished in the subsequent history of our country. The first was a signer of the Declaratiou of Independence; the second was a Colonel in the "Revolution, and for eleven years a member of Congress; and the third and forth were each distinguished officers, and "acquired a fame and a name" con- nected with the cause they supported. The second company formed in the town of York was in February, 1775, the officers of which were Hartman Deustch, Captain; //Mr. Grabb, First Lieutenant; Phillip Sutler, ' - -' Second Lieutenant, and Luke Rause, En- /sign. / // In December, 1775, the third company was formed in Yorktown, entitled "The Inde pendent Light Infantry (Company belonging to the first battalion of York County." This company drew up and signed a constitution consisting of thirty two articles, the original manuscript of which, with the signatures of all the officers and soldiers, lies now before U8. It was signed on the 16th of December by the following persons : James Smith, Colonel; Thomas Hartley, Lieutenant Col- onel; Joseph Donaldson, Major; Michael Swoope, Major; George Irwin, Captain; John Hay, First Lieutenant ; William Baily, Second Lieutenant; Christoph Lauman, En- sign; Paul Metzgar, Henry Walter, Jacob Gardner, and John Shultz, Sergeants; and William Scott, Clerk; then followed the names of 122 persons, private soldiers, a catalogue of which w_ould be too lengthy. The company was commanded in 1777, by William Baily, Captain; Christoph Lauman, First Lieuten- ant; and William Scott, Second Lieutenant. Mr. John Hay being elected a member of the State Convention held in that year. Companies were already formed through- out the country, and everything spoke of freemen under arms for liberty. But confin- ing ourselves to Yorktown, we will mention the other companies which were formed here at the commencement of the Revolution. The fourth company was formed in the spring df 1776, and its officers, Michael Hahn, Captain; Baltzer Spengler, First Lieutenant; Michael Billmeyer, Second Lieutenant; and George Michael Spengler, Ensign. The fifth com- pany was likewise formed in the spring of 1776, whereof Charles Lukens was Captain; Christian Stake, First Lieutenant; and Cor- nelius Sheriff, Second Lieutenant. The sixth company was formed in May of the same year, and was commanded by Captain Rudolph Spangler. The' first and second companies formed in town, had long since been dissolved, and the soldiers thereof joined and became a part of the fifth and sixth com- panies; so that in June, 1776, there were four different military associations in the town of York. The third, fourth, fifth and sixth companies constituted a part of those five battalions which marched to New Jersey in 1776 to form the flying camp. Though they thus marched oiit of the county, yet it was no warlike field, the only object was to form other companies, which shall be men- tioned in their places. In 1776 the counties of York and Cum- berland were required each to raise four com- panies for the forming of a regiment. Of this regiment, Wm. Irwine, at first, was Colonel; Thomas Hartley, Lieutenant Col- onel; and James Dunlap, Major. Of the four companies raised in York County, David Grier was Captain of the first, Moses M'Lean, of the second, Archibald M'Allister, of the third, the name of the Captain of the fourth we cannot give. These companies, which were enlisted for fifteen months, left the county to follow the fate of war in the latter end of March. In the year 1777 this regiment formed the 11th regiment of the Pennsylvania line, and its officers were Thomas Hartley, Colonel ; David Grier, Lieutenant Colonel ; and Lewis Bush, Major. Early in May 1776, a rifle company, which had been enlisted to serve fifteen months, marched from the County of York to Phila- delphia, where it was attached to Col. Miles' Rifle Regiment. The Captain of the com- pany was William M'Pherson, and the Third Lieutenant was Jacob Stake. In July, 1776, five battalions of militia marched from York County to New Jersey. Out of these five battalions there were formed in about six weeks after their arrival, two battalions of the Flying Camp; those who did not belong to the camp returned home. The reason of so many more than there was occasion for, being called forth from all the counties seems to have been firstly to try the spirit of the people, and secondly to show the enemy the power of the nation they warred against. As the Flying Camp is closely connected with the honors and the sufferings of many men in this county, we will briefly state its history. Congress, on the 3d of June, 1776, " Resolved, that a Flying Camp be immediately established in the middle col- onies, and that it consist of 10,000 men," to complete which number, it was resolved that 130 IIISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. the colony of PerPbsylvania be required to furnish of the militia, 6,000 Maryland, 3,400 Delaware , 600 10,000 The militia were to be engaged until the 1st of Deceniber following, that is, about six months. The conference of committees for Pennsylvania, then held at Philadelphia, re- solved on the 14th of June, that 4,500 of the militia should be embodied, which, with the 1,500 then in the pay of the province, would make 6,000, the quota required by Congress. The same conference on the 25th, recom- mended to the associators of York County to furnish 400 men. Thus, York County furnishing 400 The other counties, and Philadelphia city, in all 4,100 Troops under Col. Miles 1,.500 Total 6,000' The convention of the State, on the 12th of August, resolved to add four additional battalions to the Flying Camp, York County being required to furnish 515 men toward making out the number of 2,984, the amount of the four new battalions. On the same day Col. George Ross, Vice President of the Convention, Col. Thomas Matlack, of Phila- delphia, and Col. Henry Schlegel, of York County, were chosen, by ballot, commission- ers to go to headquarters in New Jersey, and form the Plying Camp. The Flying Camp was accordingly soon formed: it consisted of three brigades. The Brigadier-General of the First Brigade was James Ewing, of York County; his brigade consisted of three battalions, the first of which was commanded by Col. Swope, of York County; the second, by Col. Bull, of Chester County; and the third by Col. Watts, of Cumberland County, father of the late David Watts, Esq., of Carlisle. Of the other brigades and battalions, we are not at present able to speak with much certainty. As the two battalions formed from the five battalions of York County Militia which marched to New Jersey, underwent the hard fate of severe war, we will be somewhat par- ticular concerning them: First Company — Michael Schmeiser, Cap- tain; Zachariah Shugart, First Lieutenant; Andrew Robinson, Second Lieutenant; Will- iam Wayne, Ensign. Second Company — Gerhart, Graeff, Cap- tain; Kauffman, Lieutenant. Third Company — Jacob Dritt, Captain; Baymiller, First Lieutenant; Clayton, Sec- ond Lieutenant: Jacob Mayer, Ensign. Fourth Company — Christian Stake, Cap- tain; Cornelius Sheriff, First Lieutenant; Jacob Holtzinger, Second Lieutenant; Jacob Barnitz, Ensign. Fifth Company — John McDonald, Cap- tain; William Scott, First Lieutenant; Rob- ert Patten, Second Lieutenant; Howe, En- sign. Sixth Company — John Ewing, Captain; John Paysley, Ensign. Seventh Company — William Nelson, Cap- tain; Todd, First Lieutenant; Joseph Welsh, Second Lieutenant; Nesbit, Ensign. Eighth Company — Capt. Williams. The officers of the Second Battalion were Col. Richard McAllister (father of Archibald McAllister, already mentioned) Lieut.-Col. David Kennedy, and Maj. John Clark.* The Captains were Bittinger, McCarter, MoCos- key. Laird, Wilson and Paxton, from York County. To this battalion were added two companies from the county of Bucks. Thus each battalion consisted of eight companies. The above list, as to both battalions, is very imperfect; but there is not a document in existence by which it can be made better. The above information, as likewise all that follows, has been communicated to us by a few men of silvered hairs, whose memories are still fresh with respect to the warlike hardships and dangers of their more youth- ful days. The battalion of Col. Swope suffered as severely as any one during the Revolution. The company of Gerhart Graeff belong- ing to that regiment was taken at the battle of Long Island, and but eighteen of the men returned to join the regiment. Not one of this company is now alive. But the place which proved the grave of their hopes was Fort Washington, on the Hudson, near the city of New York. The officers belonging to Swope's Battalion, that was taken at that place on the 16th of No- vember, 1776, were the following fourteen: Col. Michael Swope, Maj. William Baily, Surgeon Humphrey Fullerton, Capt. Michael Schmeiser, Capt. Jacob Dritt, Capt. Christian Stake, Capt. John M'Donald, Lieut. Zacha- riah Shugard, Lieut. Jacob Holtzinger, Lieut. Andrew Robinson, Lieut. Robert Patten, Lieut. Joseph Welsch, Ensign, Ja- cob Barnitz, Ensign and Adjutant Howe, En- sign Jacob Meyer. Of the company of Capt. Stake, we are enabled to give the names of those, beside the three officers already men- *We perceive by a number of letters, now in our possession, from Gen. Washington, and Gen. Greene, etc., to Maj. Clarlt, tliat tlie latter gentleman stood very high in the confidence and esteem of the American Commander-in-Chief. He "was employed rluring the war, in duties for which no individual would have been selected who was not deemed true as steel. THE REVOLUTION. 131 tioned, who were taken prisoners: They were Sergt. Pater Haak, Sergt. John Dicks, Sergt. Henry Counselman, Corp. John Adlum, Da- vid Parker, James Debbins, Hugh Dobbins, Henry Miller, (now living in Virginia) John Sfcrohman, Christian Stvohman, James Berry, Joseph Bay, Henry Hof , Joseph Updegraff, Daniel Miller, Henry Shultze, Bill Lukens, a mulatto, and a waiter in the company, with perhaps some more. The company of Capt. Stake consisted mostly of spirited and high- minded young men from the town of York and its vicinity. Though each party suffered much, and the mutual slaughter was great, yet but two offi- cers of the Flying Camp were wounded on that day. The first was Capt. McCarter, who was from the neighborhood of Hanover, and was about twenty- two years of age. He belonged to the battalion of Col. McAllister, and commanded the Piquet Guard, when he was shot through the breast. His wounded fellow-officer, who lay by his side, saw him stiffened in death on the fifth day. The other was Ensign Jacob Barnitz, of the town of York. Mr. Barnitz was wounded in both legs, and laid for fifteen months a comfort- less prisoner without hope, his wounds still unhealed and festering. After his return he lived for years to enjoy the confidence and esteem of his fellow-citizens; but, after suf- ferings which wrung him to the soul, he was obliged to commit himself to the skill of the surgeon, and to suffer the loss of one of those members which had once borne the hero and the patriot, as he proudly waved to the winds the ensign of the country's liberty, • ' The stars and stripes, The baaner of the free heart's only home."* On the 1st of May, 1777, Ei chard Mc- Allister, Lieutenant of the county, wrote from Yorktown that they were just finishing the dividing of the county into districts, and should not lose an hour that can be applied in forming the militia according to the law provided, but how the quota will be raised before this law is got in force he was at a loss to know. That the militia of the county could not be brought together before the elections of choosing their officers, at which time he would do everything in his power to raise the quota of volunteers and fill the other orders. President Wharton wrote in reply that the quota was to be brought out under the militia laws and not as volunteers. He says: "The enemy's real intentions we are yet ignorant of; if they should be to invade this State, which is the opinion of many, I have no doubt from the strength of *GlossbreDner. our army under Gen. Washington, together with the assistance of our militia and that of the neighboring States, we shall make them sorely repent of such a step."* In Congress, on the 22d of August, 1777, it was resolved, among other things, that the State of Pennsylvania be requested to keep up 4,000 of their militia to assist in repell- ing the threatened attack of the enemy by the way of the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays; that these rendezvous at Lancaster, Downington and Chester, as the Council of the State shall direct, and that they be sub- ject to the orders of Gen. Washington. In Congress, April 24, 1777, it was earnestly recommended to the President of the Supreme Executive Council and the Board of War of Pennsylvania to call out 3,000 militia of the State (exclusive of the city militia), one-half of the said troops to rendezvous at Chester on the Delaware, and the other half at Bristol. Agreeable to which resolve and with the advice of the Board of War it was determined that the counties of Chester, Lancaster and York should form a camp at or near Chester. York County was to furnish 500 men with as many arms and accoutrements as could be procured in the county. A blanket was to be procured for each man, to remain the prop- erty of the State. If they could not be pur- chased they were to be impressed and their value paid. This order was to be complied with with all possible expedition, as the enemy were preparing to make an immediate attack upon the State. On the 27th of August. 1777, the Su- preme Executive Council wrote to the Lieu- tenants of the several counties that Gen. Howe having landed an army in Maryland, less than seventy miles from Philadelphia, it was necessary to draw out more of the militia of the State to replace those then in the field, but whose term of two months was passing. That Philadelphia, Lancaster and Bucks had third classes embodied and in service, and it was but equal to make like calls on other counties, and it was probable that the Council would be under the neces- sity of ordering a second class of the militia of each county, and perhaps a third.f And on the 6th of September, as it was then become certain that the intention of the enemy was to invade the State and get pos- session of the city. Congress, by resolution, recommended to give orders to all the militia of the State to hold themselves in readiness to march at a moment's warning. On the *V Archives, 333. fV Archives, 615. 132 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. 12th of September, as the enemy was ad- vancing rapidly toward the city, the Council had determined to call out the strength of the State, and commanded the Lieutenants to order out the militia of the third and fourth classes and march them without loss of time to the Swede's Ford, unless they should receive other orders from Council or Gen. Washington to rendezvous elsewhere. In the schedule annexed to this requisition, York County was called upon for the third 3lass.* On November 8, 1777, in the Council of Safety, at which James Smith, Esq., was present, it was ordered that the persons here- inafter named in the respective counties be authorized and required to collect without delay from such of the inhabitants of the respective counties as have not taken the oath of allegiance and abjuration, or who have aided and assisted the enemy, arras and accoutrements, blankets, woolen and linsey woolsey cloth, linen, shoes and stockings, for the army; that they appraise the same when taken, etc. In the county of York — Joseph Donaldson, George Erwin, Thomas Stockton, Frederick Gelwix, Thomas Weems, John Nesbit, Henry Cotton, Jacob Staley, John Andrew, Robert Smith. f On November 12, 1777, McAllister wrote from Hanover: "His Excellency had men- tioned that if the fourth and fifth classes did not turn out pretty generally, then the other two classes should be sent forth also. The two classes had turned out past expectation; some parts of the class made up a company, but for the greatest part he threw two classes together, when they were like to be small companies, and made one large one, and made the officers cast lots who should go. But in the whole, he believed about one-half, or some better, were gone in those two classes, perhaps three parts in four; the great num- ber of Quakers, Menonists and Dunkards in this county occasions the companies to be so hard to be filled up, the others in the upper end of the county, which is mostly Irish people and Dutch, go pretty generally. "J ASSOCIATIONS FOE DEFENSE. By letter from the Committee of Safety, dated Philadelphia, 29th of September, 1775, to the Committee of York County acknowl- edging the return of the officers of the asso- ciation, it is said: "The spirited and firm behavior of the inhabitants of York County in support of the righteous cause in which *V Archives, 767. tX Col. Rec, 840. JV Archives, 767. America is embarked, has the full approba- tion of the Committee of Safety and merits their just esteem." And on the 14th of October, 1775, it is said: " The very public-spirited exertions in their country's cause, which have distin- guished the County of York leave us no room to doubt but they will readily acquiesce in the justness of this measure, and we are satisfied that their views are too liberal, whilst their county is comparatively secure, to wish to withold from any of their countrymen the necessary means of defense." This was with reference to an order upon the county for powder and lead for the pro- tection of the counties of Northumberland and Northampton against the attacks of in- truders from Connecticut, who threatened to overrun that country and settle themselves by force on the West Branch. In Committee of Safety, ) Philadelphia, June 14, 1776. [ Gentlemen: From every appearance of the enemy's mo- tions we have reason to apprehend an attack upon this city, which has determined the board to form a magazine of stores at Ger- mantown, the present place of residence of Lieutenants Boger and Ball, two Navy officers who have been made prisoners, from that circumstance it is thought most advisa ble to remove them. Your town is fixed upon as the most proper place, as it is likely to be remote from the scene of action, and pf course not a ready channel either to convey or receive -intelligence that may be injurious to us, but more especially on account of the virtuous and determined attachment of your good people to the cause of American Liberty. They will be escorted by an offi.cer of Col. Atlee's Battalion, who will hand you this. They are to remain on the same footing as the other officers at Yorktown, who are upon parole, to have the same allowance, and be- fore they leave Germantown are to take the parole of which a copy is enclosed and to be under your care and observation. To the Committee of York County. FIRST BATTALION OF YORK COUNTY MILITIA. Revolutionary Soldiers, Col. James Thompson; Lieut. -Col. Samuel Wilson; Maj. James Chamberlain. First Company — Capt. William Dodd ; 1st Lieut. Neily; 2nd Lieut. Neily; Ensign Joseph Dodd. Rank and file 104 men. Second Company — Capt. Daniel Williams ; 1st Lieut. James McNickle; 2d Lieut. George THE REVOLUTION. 133 Glenn ; Ensign, James Read. Rank and file 78 men. Third Company — Capt. John Shaver ; 1st Lieut. Henry Smith; 2nd Lieut. Jacob Stray- er ; Ensign, Jacob Miller. Rank and file 05 men. Fourth Company — Capt. Daniel May ; 1st Lieut. Andrew Melhom; 2nd Lieut. Henry Yessler ; Ensign, Frederick Spaar. Rank and file 89 men. Fifth Company — Capt. James Parkinson ; 1st Lieut. James Fagen; 2nd Lieut. Alexander Nesbit ; Ensign, John May. Rank and file 206 men. Sixth Company — Capt. Benjamin Heable ; IstLient. Henry Shaver; 2nd Lieut. Lawrence Oats. Rank and file 75 men. Seventh Company — Capt. Francis Boner; Ist Lieut, George Robinet; 2nd Lieut. John Shroeder; Ensign, William Brandon. Rank and file 120 men. Eighth Company — Capt. John O'Blainess; let Lient. John Polk ; 2nd Lieut. William Johnson ; Ensign, William. Beathy. Rank and file 106 men. Number of men in regi- ment 873. SECOND BATTALION. York County Militia — Col. William Ran- kin ; Lieut.-Col. John Ewing ; Maj. John Morgan. First Company — Capt. William Ashton ; 1st Lieut. Michael Shelly; 2nd Lieut. James Eliot ; Ensign, John Carroll. Rank and file 91 men. Second Company — Capt. John Rankin ; 1st Lieut. Joseph Hunter; 2nd Lieut. John Aston ; Ensign, Daniel McHenry. Rank and file 88 men. Third Company — Capt. Simon Copenhaver ; 1st Lieut. Michael Schriver; Ensign, Andrew Smith. Rank and file 60 men. Fourth Company — Capt. Jacob Hiar (Hyar) let Lieut. Adam Ban; 2nd Lieut. Jacob Com- fort ; Ensign, George Hias. Rank and file 66 men. Fifth Company — Capt. Emanuel Haman ; Ist Lieut. William Momer; 2nd Lieut. John Brodrough ; Ensign, Harman Hoopes. Rank and tile 81 men. Sixth Company — Capt. John Mansberger ; let Lieut. Henry Mathias; 2nd Lieut, George Mayers ; Ensign, Jacob Hepler. Rank and file 73 men. Seventh Company — Capt. William Walls ; Ist Lieut. Henry Liphart; 2nd Lieut. John Jordon ; Ensign, Jacob Shultz. Rank and file 60 men. Eighth Company — Capt. Yost Harbaugh ; Ist Lieut. Peter Sholtz ; 2nd Lieut. Jacob Rudisil ; Ensign, Michael Ettinger. Rank and file 56 men. Whole number of men in regiment 514. THIRD BATTALION. York County Militia — Col. David Jameson; Lieut.-Col. Albright; Maj. William. Scott. First Company — Capt. Jacob Beaver ; 1st Lieut. Nicholas Baker; 2nd Lieut. John Bare ; Ensign, George Lafever. Rank and file 106 men. Second Company — Capt. Gotfried Pry ; 1st Lieut. John Bushong ; 2nd Lieut. George Spangler ; Ensign, James Jones. Rank and file 65 men. Third Company — Capt. Peter Frote ; 1st Lieut. Christ. Stear; 2nd Lieut. Andrew Hartsock; Ensign, Jacob Welshans. Rank and file 66 men. Fourth Company — Capt. Christ. Lauman ; 1st Lieut. Ephian Pennington ; 2nd Lieut. John Fishel : Ensign, Charles Barnitz. Rank and file 72 men. Fifth Company — Capt. Alexander Ligget; 1st Lieut. Robert Richey; 2nd Lieut. Robert Stewart ; Ensign, Peter Fry. Rank and file 75 men. Sixth Company — Capt. George Long ; 1st Lieut. Samuel Smith ; 2nd Lieut. Conrad Keesey ; Ensign, Samuel Mosser. Rank and file 62 men. Seventh Company — Capt. Michael Halm ; 1st Lieut. JohnMimm; 2nd Lieut. ; Ensign, Christian Zinn. Rank and file 75 men. Number of men in regiment 521. FOURTH BATTALION. York County Militia. — Col. John Andrew; Lieut.-Col. William Walker; Maj. Simon Bonorsdal. First Company. — Capt. First Lieut. William Hamilton; 2nd Lieut., Jo- seph Pallack: Ensign, Adam" Heaver; rank and file 58 men. Second Company. — Capt. John King; 1st Lieut. James Eliot; 2nd Lieut. Battzer Hetrick; Ensign, William Niely; rank and file 64 men. Third Company. — Capt. William Gilli- land; 1st Lieut. Matthew Mitchell; 2nd Lieut. William Helmery; Ensign, Nicholas Glasgow; rank and file 67 men. Fourth Company. — Capt. Samuel Morri- son; 1st Lieut. Peregin Mercer; 2nd Lieut. John Armstrong; Ensign, Stephen Gilpin; rank and file 64 men. Fifth Company — Capt. John McElvain; 1st Lieut. John Range; 2nd Lieut. Francis Clapsaddle; Ensign, James Geary. Rank and file 74 men. 134 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. Sixth Company. — Capt. John Stockton; 1st Lieut. John Anderson; 2nd Lieut. David Stockton; Ensign, Elisha Grady. Bank and hie 64 men. Seventh Company. — Capt. Samuel Erwin; 1st Lieut. Wm. Hougtelin; 2nd Lieut. Henry Forney; Ensign, William Read. Rank and tile 79 men. Eighth Company. — Capt. Thomas Stock- ton; 1st Lieut. Jacob Cassat; 2nd Lieut. Daniel Montieth; Ensign, Andrew Patter- son. Rank and file 59 men. Whole num- ber of men in regiment 529. f IFTH BATTALION. York County Militia. — Col. Joseph Jef- fries; Lieut. -Col. Michael Ege; Maj. Joseph Spangler. First Company. — Capt. John Maye; 1st Lieut. ; 2nd Lieut. Abraham Bolinger; Ensign Daniel Hamme. Rank and file 55 men. Second Company. — Capt. Adam Black; 1st Lieut. William Lindsay; 2nd Lieut. David Jordan; Ensign, Robert Buchanan. Rank and file 60 men. Third Company. — Capt. William Mc- Cleary; lat Lieut. David Blyth; 2nd Lieut. Benjamin Read; Ensign, William Hart. Rank and file 64 men. Fourth Company. — Capt. David Wilson; 1st Lieut. Robert Rowan; 2nd Lieut. John Thompson; Ensign, John Crowan. Rank and file 64 men. Fifth Company. — Capt. Joseph Morrison; 1st Lieut. James Johnston; 2nd Lieut. John McBride; Ensign, John Buchanan. Rank and file 59 men. Sixth Company. — Capt. William Miller; 1st Lieut. James Porter', 2nd Lieut. ; Ensign, Barabas McSherry. Rank and file 59 men. Seventh Company. — Capt. Thomas Orbi- son; 1st Lieut. Robert McElhenny; 2nd Lieut. Joseph Hunter; Ensign, Robert Wil- son. Rank and file 68 men. Eighth Company. — Capt. John Paxton; 1st Lieut. James Marshall; 2nd Lieut. Will- iam McMun; Ensign, Thomas Forgus. SIXTH BATTALION. York County Militia. - liieut. -Col. ^- — -Col. William Ross; — ; Maj. First Company. — Capt. Laird; 1st .Lieut. H. William Reed; 2nd Lieut. ; Ensign, David Steel. Rank and file 84 men. Second Company. — Capt. Casper Reineka; 1st Lieut. Jacob Rudisill; 2nd Lieut. Simon Clear; Ensign, Elias Davis. Rank and file 89 men. Third Company. — Capt. ; 1st Lieut. ; 2nd Lieut. -; Ensign, Rank and file 85 men. Fourth Company. — Capt. Frederick Hurtz; 1st Lieut. Matthew Baugher. Rank and file 85 men. Fifth Company. — Capt. Peter lekes; 1st Lieut. John Mullin; 2nd Lieut. Jonas Wolf; Ensign, George Harman. Rank and file 84 men. Sixth Company. — Capt. Leonard Zenew- ern; 1st Lieut. John Wampler; 2nd Lieut Jacob Newcomer; Ensign, Ludroy Wampler. Rank and file 86 men. Eighth Company. — Capt. Abraham Sell; 1st Lieut. Jacob Ketzmiller. Rank and file 66 men. Whole number in regiment 630 men. SEVENTH BATTALION. York County Militia — Col. David Kennedy; Lieut. -Col. James Agnew; Maj. John Weams. First Company — Capt. Thomas Latta ; 1st Lieut. Robert Fletcher ; 2nd Lieut. Samuel Cobeen. Rank and file 69 men. Second Company — Capt. Thomas White ; 1st Lieut. Robert Jeffries ; 2ad Lieut. John Jeffries ; Ensign, Alfred Lea. Rank and tile 57 men. Third Company — Capt. John Miller ; 1st Lieut. Peter Smith; 2nd Lieut. John McDon- ald ; Ensign, Qui Her Whimney. Rank and file 60 men. Fourth Company— Capt. Peter Aldinger ; 1st Lieut. David Amer ; 2nd Lieut. Joseph Baltzer ; Ensign, Anthony Snyder. Rank and file 64 men. Fifth Company — Capt. John Arman ; 1st Lieut. Daniel Peterman; 2nd Lieut. Michael Lech; Ensign, George Arman. Rank and file 65 men. Sixth Company — Capt. George Geiselman ; 1st Lieut. Fred Heiner ; 2nd Lieut. Henry Simrow; Ensign, Valentine Alt. Rank and file 63 men. Seventh Company— Capt. Jacob Ament ; 1st Lieut. ; 2nd Lieut. Nicholas Andrews ; Ensign, Adam Klinefelter. Rank and file 55 men. Eighth Company — Capt. John Sherer ; 1st Lieut. Jacob Hetrick; 2nd Lieut. Frederick Mayer ; Ensign, Jacob Bear. Rank and file 70 men. Whole number in regiment 489. EIGHTH BATTALION. York County Militia — Col. Henry Slagle ; Lieut. -Col. ; Maj. Joseph Lilly. THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. 135 First Company — Capt. Nicholas Gelwix ; 1st Lieut. AdamHoopard; 2nd Lieut. George Gelwix ; Ensign, Henry Feltz. Rank and file 86 men. Second Company — Capt. Josh Reed ; 1st Lieut. Robert Smith; 2nd Lieut. ; Ensign, Samuel Collins, Rank and iile 53 men. Fourth Company — Capt. "William Gray ; 1st Lieut. James Patterson; 2nd Lieut. Hum- phrey Anderson ; Ensign, William McCul- lough. Rank and file 69 men. Fifth Company — Capt. ; 1st Lieut. Andrew Warrick; 2nd Lieut. Samuel Moor ; Ensign, Thomas Allison. Rank and file 64 men. Sixth Company — Capt. John Reppey ; Lieut. John Caldwell. Rank and file 44 men. Seventh Company — Capt. Joseph Reed. Rank and file 59 men. Eighth Company— Capt. Thomas McNery. Rank and file 54 men. Whole number of men in regiment 487. Whole number of men of York County Militia 4,621. Return April, 1778. The associators were originally volunteers, but Congress having recommended the organ- ization of companies of militia, and persons claiming exemption from conscientious scru- ples being compelled by the Assembly to pay, the association became a compulsory militia, and they were divided into classes, and then were drafted by the county Lieutenants. In 1777 and 1778, and subsequently, the York County associators or militia were called out to guard Hessian prisoners. THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. ITS SESSION AT YOEK OCCUEEENCES AND PEO- CEEDINGS WHILE HEBE. EVENTS were occurring toward the close of the year 1777, which conspired to bring into conspicuous prominence the town of York, and make it for a time the capital of the now independent states of America. The Continental Congress was in session here for nine months, and its proceedings were of great importance, while the occur- rences during its sittings were of intense interest. Information gleaned from various sources shows how much of anxiety was centered here, and how the salvation of the country depended upon the wisdom for which that Congress is noted. The advance of Sir William Howe on Philadelphia brought the Congress to York. On the 23d of August, 1777,* John Adams from Philadelphia: "It is now no longer a secret where Mr. Howe's fleet is ; we have authentic intelligence that it is arrived at the head of the Chesapeake Bay, above the river Patapsco, upon which the town of Baltimore stands. We have called out the militia of Virginia, Maryland, Delaware and Pennsylvania to oppose him, and Gen. Washington is handy enough to meet him. " And on the 26th : " Howe's army, at least about five thousand of them, besides his light horse, are landed upon the banks of the Elk River. The militia are turning out with great alacrity both in Maryland and Pennsylvania. They are distressed for want of arms. Many have none, others have only little fowling pieces. " And on the 29th : " The militia of four states are turning out with much alacrity and cheerful spirits. " And on September 2 : " Washington has a great body of militia assembled and assem- bling, in addition to a grand continental army. " On the 11th of September, 17.77, occurred the great battle fought upon the bloody field of Brandywine. John Adams wrote on the 14th of September: "Mr. Howe's army is at Chester, about fifteen miles from this town. Gen. Washington is over the Schuylkill, awaiting the flank of Mr. Howe' s army. How much longer Congress will stay is uncertain. If we should move it will be to Reading, Lancaster, York, Easton or Bethlehem, some town in this State. Don't be anxious about me, nor about our great and sacred cause. It is the cause of truth and will prevail. If Howe gets the city it will cost him all his force to keep it, and so he can get nothing else. " On the 14th of September, Congress re- solved to leave Philadelphia and meet at Lancaster on the 27th. They were in session at Philadelphia on the 18th of September, and had adjourned for the day. During the evening word came that the enemy would be in Philadelphia before the next morning. The members assembled at Lancaster, under a resolution adopted on the 14th. They met at Lancaster on the 27th, the day the city of Philadelphia was occupied by Gen. Howe ; but they resolved that " the Susque hanna should flow between them and the enemy, '' and on the same day adjourned to York. They met in the old court house in Centre Square on the 80th of September, *Letters of John Adam", Vol. 1, p 250. 136 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. 1777, and continued in session here until the 27th of June, 1778.* COKKESPONDENCB OF JOHK ADAMS FKOM YORK, YOKKTOWN, Pena., .\ Tuesday, SOth of Septemper, 1777. In the morning of the 19th instant, the Congress were alarmed in their beds by a letter from Mr. Hamilton, one of Gen. Washington's family, that the enemy was in possession of the ford over the Sclmyllciil and; the boats, so that they had, in their power to be in Philadelphia before morning. The papers of Congress belonging to the Secretary's of- liee, the War office, the Treasury office, etc., were before sent to Bristol. The President and all tlie other gentlemen were gone that road, so I followed with my friend, Mr. Marchant, of Rhode Island, to Trenton in the Jerseys. We staid at Trenton until the 21st when we set off to Easton, upon the forks of the Delaware . From Easton we went to Bethlehem, from thence to Reading, from thence to Lancaster, and from thence to this town, which is about a dozen miles over the Susquehanna River. Here Congress is to sit. In order to convey the papers with safety, which are of more importance than all the members, we were induced to take this cir- cuit, which is near 180, whereas this town, by direct road, is not more than 88 miles from Philadelphia. The tour has given me an opportunity of seeing many parts of this country, which I never saw be- fore . . This morning Maj. Troup arrived here with a very large packet from Gen. Gates, contain- ing very agreeable intelligence, f which I need not *Iii a paper prepared by I Barnitz Bacon for " Frank Leslie's Chimney Cvmer," we have the following information: "Mr. Smith's law office was at the south side of the old square ; McClean's residence was on the north side. They were both ardent patriots. Within the daily view of each of them, on the pavement beside the court house, rested a bell, presented to the English Episcopal congregation by Queen Caroline in 1774, which had not yet been placed in position on their church. Im- mediately after the passage of the Declaration, Smith and McClean, with other citizens, hoisted the bell to the court house cupola, and rang out a peal summoning the people to ratify in. dependence. Then they removed the royal escutcheon and the broad arrow, and enlisted a battalion for the Continental Fly- ing Camp, which forthwith marched to defend the City of New York " During the session of Congress here the same paper says: "The mansion of Archibald McClean" became the t.eat of the "Treasury, while, just across the square, the office of James Smith was occupied by the Board of War and the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Tom Paine was secretary of that committee, and there wrnte several numbers of "The Crisis." ■"Our Picture' (and this applies to the illustratiim in this work) is a view of the original, with the exception of the wea- ther vane, which at first represented the 'broad arrow' of En- gland, a mark of sovereignty, which was removed in 1776. .Vfter the Revolution two additional gables were elevated over the north and south fronts, and a loftier and more elaborate cupola was built up." .... Pulaski and Armand recruited their legions of horse from the country round, and their success and fame gave to the court house its crowning and enduring revo- lutionary ornament. A gilded dragoon, in panoply of sword and helmet, was elevated as a vane to replace the broad arrow on the top spire It was widely known as ' The Little Man,' and there it remained till the demolition of the court house in 1840. It is now preserved as a sacred relic of the times." JGen Roberdeau, writing fron Yorktown, October 1, 1777, says, " Gen. tiates' letter, with enclosure to Congress per ex- press this day, are referred to the Committee of Intelligence for publication. The express gives a verbal account that two spies were descried by some continental troops round our Gen. Clinton's quarters, habited like unto the British soldiers for the very purpose. The spies asked for Gen. Clinton, and when they came into his presence, with such surprise, they said he was not the Gen. Clinton they enquired for. He replied he could do their business, and accordingly ordered them to be hanged in an hour, but upon discovering some importantintelligence, they were respited — via consequence of this information Gen Clin- ton Gov. Clinton and Gen. Putnam were suddenly in motion. He then relates what he calls a singular anecdote- -One of the spies, when discovered, swallowed a small silver ball, which he was made to disgorgeby the immediate application of an emetic, it contained intelligence from the British officer Clinton, who commanded at. the Highlands, to Gen. Burgoyne. These anec- dotes will not be published, nor are th^y said to be depended upon, nevertheless, as I believe them, they are offered for your amusement.— V. Archives, 630 ; Wilkenson's Memoirs, Vol. 1., p. repeat, as you have much earlier intelligence from that part than we .havg. I wish affairs here wore as pleasing an aspect. But alas, they do not. I shall avoid everything like history, and make no reflections. However, Gen. Washington is in a condition tolerably respectable, and the militia are now turning out from Virginia, Maryland and Penn- sylvania in small numbers. All, the apology that can be made for this part of the world is, that Mr. Howe's march from Elk to Philadelphia, was through the very regions of passive obedience. The whole country through which he passed is inhabited by Quakers. There is not such another body of Quakers in all America, perhaps not in the world. I am still of opinion that Philadelphia will be no loss to us. I am very comfortably situated here in the house of Gen. Roberdeau, whose hospitality has taken in Mrs. S. Adams, Mr. Gerry, and me. Yorktown, October 25, 1777. This town is a small one, not larger than Ply- mouth. There are in it two German churches, the one Lutheran, the other Calvinistical. The congre- gations are pretty numerous, and their attendance upon public worship is decent. It is remarkable that the Germans, wherever they are found, are careful to maintain the public worship, which is more than can be said of the other denominations of Christians, in this way. There is one church here erected by the joint contributions of Episco- palians and Presbyterians, but the minister, who is a missionary, is confined for Toryism, so that they have had for a long time no public worship. Con- gress have appointed two chaplains, Mr. White and Mr. Duifleld. the former of whom, an Episcopalian, is arrived, and opens Congress with prayers every day. The latter is expected every hour. Mr. Duche, I am sorry to inform you, has turned out an apostate and a traitor. Poor man ! I pity his weak- ness and detest his wickedness. . YoKKTOWN. October 26, 1777. . . . Congress will appoint a Thanksgiving; and one cause of it ought to be, that the glory of turning the tide of l rms is not immediately due to the Commander-in-chief, nor to Southern troops. If it had been, idolatry and adulation wouldhave been unbounded, so excessive as to endanger our liber- ties, for what I know. Now, we can allow a cer- tain citizen to be w se, virtuous and good, without thinking him a deily or a Savior.* Yorktown, October 28, 1777. We have been three days soaking and poaching in the heaviest rain that has been known for severw '*"This is the only letter, in the large collection of Mr. Adams' private correspondence with his wife, which makes any allusion to the position of Gen. Washington in Congress at this time. It is very well known that the Conway cabal, in its origin, exclu- sively a military intrigue, with very base motives, obtained its greatest source of influence in Congress from the coincidence in time between the defeats of Washington at Brandy wine and. Germantown. and the victory of Gates over Burgoyne in the North. Mr. Adams does not appear ever to have favored that cabal, but he always looked with some apprehension upon the powers with which Washington had been invested. In a man- uscript sketch of his character, drawn by Dr. Benjamin Bush, it is stated that a motion was made in Congress, on the 19th of February, 1777, to surrender to the General the power pf ap- pointing his own oltlcers, but no such motion appears on the journal. It is more probable that the proposition was made in (he course of the debate that took place on that day upon going into the election of five Major-Gener^ils, but was never put into form, and therefore was not recorded TJpou that proposition, Dr. Rush reports Mr. Adams to have said these words : " There are certain principles which foUow us through life, and none more certainly than the love of the first place. We see it in the forms in which children sit at schools. , It prevails equally to the latest period of life. I am sorry to find it prevail so little in this house. I have been distressed to see some of our members disposed to idolize an image which their own hands have molten. I speak of the superstitious veneration which is paid to tien. Washington. I honor him for his good qualities, but in this house I feel myself his superior. In private life. I shall always acknowledge him to be mine "—Note to Adams' Letters. 'I'lIE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. 137 years, and what adds to gloom is, the uncertainty in which we remain to this moment, concerning the fate of Gates and Burgoyne. We are out or pa- tience. It is impossible t6 bear this suspense with any temper. I am in Comfortable lodgings, which is a felicity that has fallen to the lot of a very few of our mem- bers. Yet the house where I am is so thronged that I cannot enjoy such accommodations as I wish. I cannot have a room as I used, and therefore cannot find opportunities to write as I once did. . . . The people of this country are chiefly Germans, who have schools in their own language, as well as prayers, psalms and sermons, so that multitudes are born, grow up and die here, without ever learning the English. In politics they are a breed of mon- grels or neutrals, and benumbed with a general tor- por. If the people in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware and Jersey had the feelings and spirit of some people that I know, Howe would be soon en- snared in a trap more fatal than that in which, as it is said, Burgoyne was taken. Howe is completely in our power, and if he is not totally ruined, it will be entirely owing to the awkwardness and indolence of this country.* From Moore's Diary of the Revolution is extracted the following: the resignation of president hancock. October 29, 1777. This morning President Hancock took leave of the Congress in the following speech : "GcBtle- men, Friday last completed two years and five months since you did me the honor of electing me to fill this chair. As I could never flatter myself your choice proceeded from any idea of my abilities, but rather from a partial opinion of my attachment to the liberties of America, I felt myself under the strongest obligations to discharge the duties of the ofiice, and I accepted the appoint- ment with the firmest resolution to go through the business annexed to it in the best manner I was able. Every argument conspired to make me exert myself, and I endeavored Ijy industry and attention to make up for every other deficiency. As to my conduct, both in and out of Congress, in the execution of your business, it is improper for me to say anything. You are the best judges. But I think I shall be for- given, if I say I have spared no pains, expense or labor, to gratify your wishes, and accomplish the views of Congress. My health being much im- paired, I find relaxation so absolutely necessary after such constant application; I must therefore request your indulgence for leave of absence for two months. But I cannot take my departure, gentle- men, without expressing my thanks for the civility and politeness I have experienced from you. It is impossible to mention this without a heart felt pleasure. If in the course of so long a period as I have had the honor to fill this chair, any expressions may have dropped from me that may have given the least offense to any member, it was not inten- tional, so I hope his candor will pass it over. ■ "May every happiness, gentlemen, attend you, both as members of this house and as individuals ; and I pray Heaven that unanimity and persever- ance may go hand in hand in this house ; and that everything which may tend to distract or divide your councils, may be forever banished."-|- On the first of November, Congress elected Henry Laurens to the chair made vacant by Hancock's resignation. *Letters of John Adams, Vol. II, pp. 7-17. f Moore's Diary. British Account of Hancock's Speech: — Deacon Loudon* has taken upon himself to give, in his ex- traordinary Packet, a garbled account of the late squabble among the Congress rapscallions, which terminated in easy John's leaving the chair. As this production is calculated to mislead the public, we are happy to present to our readers a statement by an eye-witness, who has been watching the Con- gress since it left Philadelphia: "As soon as the rebels learned that the British fleet was at the head of the Chesapeake, a motion was made in Congress for an adjournment to some place at least lOU miles from any part of God's kingdom where the British mercenaries can possibly land; which, after some rapturous demonstration, was carried nem. con. Immediately the Congress commenced the retreat, leaving old Nosey Thomson to pick up the duds and write promises to pay (when the Congress should return), the Congress debts. In the flight as in the rebellion, Hancock having a just apprehension of the vengeance which , awaits him, took the initiative and was the first to carry out the letter of the motion of his associates. "In four days they met at York. At the opening of the session, the President, having performed his journey on horseback, and much more like an ex- press than a lord, was unable to take his seat, and for several days the chair was filled by a. pro tem- pore. On the return of Hancock he gave many in- dications of the intense fright he had experienced, and was observed to assume the chair with more than usual care and quiet seriousness, whether from soreness or a desire for the further remove of the Congress, his best friend could not tell. "Out of this silent discontent, murmurs soon sprang, and one day before the dinner hour of Con- gress, he offered a motion 'that this body do ad- journ, until the troops under the Howes, now pur- suing the freemen of America, retire altogether from the State of Pennsylvania.' This was not adopted. Hancock then arose and delivered the following, which is a fair specimen of rebel elo- quence, and 'much to the p'int,' as the Yankee par- sons say: 'Brethren, freemen and legislators: — It's now more'n two years sence you done me the honor of puttin' me in this seat, which, however humbly I have filled, I was determined to carry out. It's a a responsible situation, and I've been often awak- ened of nights a hearin' them reglars a comin' fer my head. I can't bear it. It's worked on me, and already I feel as though I was several years older than I was. My firmness, which has made up for all my other infirmities, has been the cause of many heartburnings, which I am sure the candor of those among you who don't like it, will pass over. As to the execution of business, I have spared no pains, and shall return to my family and folks with that satisfaction. In taking leave of you, my brethren, let me wish that we may meet soon under the glo- ries of a free, but British government.' After re- questing Congress to pass around his chair and shake his hand, the afflicter of his country retired, satisfied as usual with himself and the Congress, who, with equal satisfaction, welcomed his de- parture." GEN. GATES AND THE OAEAL. That session of Congress held the fate of the natioj^ and the fame of Washington in its hands. One of its members has said that the history of its proceedings regarding Washington would never be written. "As the old Congress daily sat with closed doors, *Editor of the New York Packet. 138 HISTORY or YORK COUNTY. the public knew no more of what passed within, than what it was deemed expedient to disclose." "From the first to the last there was a most bitter party against him." The Fabian policy of the Commander-in-Chief gave umbrage to some in Congress, and in the army. The disastrous defeat and retreat from Long Island had been brilliantly atoned by the masterly stroke of crossing the Dela- ware and the capture of the Hessian forces at Trenton. But the loss of the bloody field of Brandy wine; and the failure of the attack upon the enemy at Germantown, contrasted strongly with the brilliant, if not decisive, achievements of the Northern army at Ben- nington and Saratoga. The unanimous thanks of the Congress, assembled here, had scarcely been given "to Gen. Washington, for his wise and well concerted attack upon the enemy's army near Germantown, and to the officers and soldiers of the army for their brave exertions on that occasion — Congress being well satisfied that the best designs and the boldest efforts may sometimes fail by unforseen accidents, trusting that on future occasions the valor and virtue of the army will, by the blessing of Heaven, be crowned with complete and deserved suc- cess," — than it became their duty to present "the thanks of Congress in their own name, and in behalf of the inhabitants of the thir- teen United States, to Maj.-Gen. Gates, commander-in-chief in the northern depart- ment, and to Maj.-Gen. Lincoln and Arnold, and the rest of the officers and troops under his command, for their brave and suc- cessful efforts in support of the independence of their country, whereby an army of the enemy, of ten thousand men, had been totally defeated; one large detachment of it con- quered at Bennington, another repulsed from Fort Schuyler, and the main army of six thousand men, under Lieut. -Gen. Bur- goyne, reduced to the necessity of surrender- ing themselves upon terms honorable and advantageous to these States, to Maj.-Gen. Gates ; and that a medal of gold be struck under the direction of the board of war in commemoration of this great event, and in the name of the United States, presented by the President to Maj.-Gen. Gates." This gave occasion to the enemies of Wash- ington' to concert their plans; and it is said that a movement was in progress, supported by members of Congress, signers of the Dec- laration, and by general officers of the army, for the supplanting of the Commander- in Chief. A cabal, which took its name from an Irish-French soldier of fortune, Gen. Conwav, is said to have exercised its intrigues here at that time. Gen. Gate was summoned by Congress to York, as the bead of the board of war. Here he held bis court, an accomplished soldier and scholar, a man of fine presence, social and popular. The hilarity surrounding his reception and sojourn here, was iu striking contrast with the gloomy prospects and dreary encamp- ment of the Commander-in-Chief at Valley Forge, with his reduced and wretched army, exposed to hunger, nakedness and cold. A far different scene was transacting in York, where ovations were paid to the conqueror of Burgoyne. The name of Horatio Gates lin- gers here, for he had many friends, and the glittering renown of his late victories, in that dark period, made him the rising sun. Here, too, at that time, came Lafayette, who was summoned by Congress to York, to further the plans of new conquests and lead an expedition to Canada. The faith and devotion of this young and gallant French nobleman never faltered toward the man whom he so loved and honored. A feast was given in his honor, at which, in spite of the frowns and silence accompanying it, he gave as his toast: "The Commander-in-Chief of the American armies." The movement; however, was not so formidable as it appeared. It ended in personal questions of honor, as one incident, which happened here, will illustrate. The bearer of the despatches to Congress, of the victory at Saratoga, was Maj. Wilkinson, a young man of a keen sense of honor and of his own merits. A man since not unknown to fame, for he after- ward became, by seniority, Commander-in- Chief of the United States army — a fame not without blemish from his supposed conni- vance with the conspiracy of Aaron Burr. It is related that so many days elapsed after the surrender before he presented himself with a great flourish before Congress, that the eclat of his mission was considerably broken. They had the news before his arrival at York. When it was moved to present him with a sword, Dr. Witherspoon said "ye' 11 better gie the lad a pair of spurs." Wilkinson was at that time the Adjutant- General, and a warm friend and admirer of the hero of Saratoga. Shortly after this, in a convivial mood, he betrayed some of the secrets of the cabal to an aid de camp of Gen. Sterling, Maj. McWilliams, who con- sidered it his duty to disclose the matter to Lord Sterling, who in his turn, felt bound, in regard to the public interest as well as impelled by private friendship, to communi- cate it to Gen. Washington. This he ac- cordingly did in a note containing a memo- THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. 139 raudum of the words from Conway"s letter, as repeated to Mc Williams, by Wilkinson, as follows: "The enclosed was communicated by Col. "Wilkinson to Maj. McWilliams; such wicked duplicity I shall always consider it my duty to detect." In consequence of this disclosure, and with no other view than to show Conway that he was apprised of his intrigues. Gen. Washington wrote to him as follows: Sik: — A letter which I received last night con- tains the following paragraph : "Heaven has deter- mined to save your Country, or a weak general and bad councillors, would have ruioed it." In Dr. Duer's Life of Lord Sterling*, is the following: " A correspondence now en- sued between Gens. Washington, Gates, and Conway; but the letter itself was not at that tiine produced. It was afterward shown by Gen. Gates, in confidence, to Mr. Henry Laurens, the President of Congress, and some others; and although it appeared not to have been exactly quoted by Maj. McWil- liams, yet, in substance, it proved the same. Gen. Washington never communicated the letter to Lord Sterling, or the information it contained to any officer of the army out of his own family, except the marquis de La- fayette, and to him it was shown under an injunction of secrecy; but from the circum- stances attending the affair, it could not be long concealed. Kumors respecting it got abroad, and the public sentiment was ex- pressed in a tone so indignant as to compel the conspirators to abandon their mischievous and ambitious projects. Although there is no reason to believe that any other officers of the army were di- rectly engaged in this conspiracy, yet it is evi- dent, from the proceedings of Congress, that it was favored by a considerable party in that body. Deeming his honor deeply wounded by the course of Gen. Gates, he determined to de- mand satisfaction. He was speedier with his business than with his war despatches. The account of the meeting of Gep. Gates is given by Gen. Wilkinson himself in his "Memoirs" in these words: I immediately proceeded to Yorktown, where I purposely arrived in the twilight, to escape obser- vation; there I found my early companion and friend Capt. Stoddert, recounted my wrongs to him, and requested him to bear a message to Gen. Gates, whose manly proffer of any satisfaction Imightre- quire, removed the difficulties which otherwise might have attended the application; he peremp- torily refused me, remonstrated against my inten- tion, and assured me I was running headlong to destruction; but ruin had no terrors for an ardent young man, who prized his honor a thousandfold more than his life, and who was willing to hazard *P. 182. hi^ eternal happiness in its defense. Pardon me. High Heaven, in pity to the frailities of my nature. Pardon me, divine Author of my being, for yielding to the tyranny of fashion, the despotic prescription of honor, when I sought, by illicit means tovindi- cate the dignity of the creature, whom thou hast formed after thine own likeness; for the first time in our lives we parted in displeasure, and I accident- ally met with Lieut.-Col. Burgess Ball, of the Virginia line, whose spirit was as independent as his fortune, and he willingly became my friend. By him I addressed the following note to Gen. Gates, which I find with date, though it was delivered the same evening (the 23d); "I have discharged my duty to you and to my conscience; meet me to-morrow morning behind the English Church, and I will there stipulate the satis- faction which you have promised to grant. "I am "Your most humble servant "James Wilkinson." " Genbbal Gates." The general expression of this billet was calcu- lated to prevent unfair advantages, for, although Gen. Gates had promised me satisfaclion, I deter- mined to avoid unnecessary exposition; and there- fore Col. Ball was instructed to ad.iust thetime, and circumstances, and made no difficulty about ar- rangements. We were to meet at 8 o'clock with pistols, and without distance. We arose early the next morning, had put our arms in order, and was just about to repair to the ground, when Capt. Stoddert called on me. and informed me Gen. Gates wished to speak with me. I expressed my astonish- ment and observed it was "impossible"! He re- plied with much agitation, "for God's sake, be not always a fool, come along and see him." Struck with the manner of my friend, I inquired where the General was? He answered, "in the street near the door." The surprise robbed me of circumspec- tion; I requested Col. Ball to halt and followed Capt; Stoddert; -I found Gen. Gates unarmed and alone, and was received with tenderness but mani- fest embarrassment; he asked me to walk, turned into a back street and we proceeded in silence till we passed the buildings, when he burst into tears, took me by the hand, and asked me "how I could think he wished to injure me?" I was too deeply affected to speak, and he relieved my embarrass- ment by continuing "I injv.re you? it is impossible, I should as soon think of injuring my own child." This language not only disarmed me, but awakened all my confidence, and all my tenderness; I was silent, and he added "besides, there was no cause for injuring you, as Conway acknowledged, in his letter, and has since said much harder things to Washington's face." Such language left me noth- ing to require; it was satisfactory beyond expecta- tion, and rendered me more than content; I was flattered and pleased, and if a third person had doubted the sincerity of the explanation, I would have insulted him ; along conversation ensued, i a wliich Lord Sterling's conduct was canvassed, and my purpose respecting him made known, and it was settled I should attend at the war office, in my capacity of secretary, a few days, and then have leave to visit the camp at Valley Forge, where Lord Sterling was. I attended at the war office, and I think found there the honorable Judge Peters and Col. T. Pick- ering, but my reception from the President, Gen. Gates, did not correspond with his recent profes- sions; he was civil, but barely so, and I was at a loss to account for his coldness, yet had no sus- piciiin of his insincerity.* *Willcinson's Memoirs. 140 HISTOEY or YOEK COUJSTTY. It is related by Mr. Dunlap, in his " His- tory of New York," upon the authority, it is prestimed of the late Gen. Morgan Lewis, that a day had been appointed by the "Cabal" in Congress for one of them to move for a committee to proceed to the camp at Valley Forge to arrest Gen. Washington, and that the motion would , have succeeded had they not unexpectedly lost the majority which they possessed when the measure was determined on. At that time there were but two dele- gates in attendance from New York: Francis Lewis, the father of the late Gen. Morgan Lewis, and "William Duer, the son-in-law of Lord Sterling — barely sufficient to entitle the State to a vote, if both were present. But Mr. Duer was confined to his bed by a severe and dangerous illness. His colleague, Mr. Lewis, had sent an express for Mr. Gouvern- eur Morris, one of the absent members, who had not, however, arrived on the morning of the day on which the motion was to have been made. Finding this to be the case, Mr. D. inquired of his physician, Pr. John Jones, whether it was possible for him to be carried to the court house where Congress sat. The Doctor told him it was possible, but it would be at the risk of his life. " Do you mean," said Mr. D., " that I should expire before reaching the place ? " " No," replied the Doctor, " but I would not answer for your leaving it alive.'' " Very well, sir," said Mr. D., "You have done your duty and I will do mine. Prepare a litter for me; if you will not somebody else will, but I pre- fer your aid." The litter was prepared and the sick man placed on it, when the arrival of Mr. Morris rendered the further use of it unnecessary, and baffled the intrigue that had induced its preparation."* In Kapp's " Life of Steuben, "f is the following: " Steuben left Portsmounth on the 12th of December, 1777, and set out for Boston by land, where he arrived on the 14th, and was received as cordially as at the for- mer place. He met there the illustrious John Hancock, who had just retired from the Presidency of Congress, and received Wash- ington's reply to his letter, by which he was informed that he must repair, without delay, to York, Penn., where Congress was then sit- ting, since it belonged exclusively to that body to enter into negotiations with him. At the time Hancock communicated to Steuben an order of Congress that every preparation should be made to make him and his suite comfortable on their journey to York, and Mr. Hancock himself with great care made all the necessary arrangements." *Life of Lord Sterling. fPage 97. They (the Baron and suite) arrived at York February 5, 1778. Steuben stayed at Yorkuntil the 19th of February, 1778. "The Congress of the United States," continues Diiponceau, " were not at that time the illus- trious body whose eloquence and wisdom, whose stern virtues and unflinching patriot- ism, had astonished the world. Their num- ber was reduced to about one-half of what it was when independence was declared — all but a few of the men of superior minds had disappeared from it. Their measures were feeble and vacillating, and their party feuds seemed to forbode some impending calamity. The enemy were in possession of our capital city; the army we had to oppose to them were hungry, naked and destitute of every- thing. No foreign government had yet acknowledged our independence — everything around us was dark and gloomy. The only ray of light which appeared amidst the dark- ness was the capture of Burgoyne, which cheered the spirits of those who might other- wise have despaired of the Commonwealth. But that brilliant victory had nearly pro- duced most fatal consequences. Gen. Gates became the hero of the day. Saratoga was then what New Orleans has been since — the watchword of the discontented. A party was formed even in Congress to raise the conquer- or of Burgoyne to the supreme command of our armies. But the great figure of Washington stood calm and serene at his camp at Valley Forge, and struck the conspirators with awe. With the exception of a few factious chiefs, he was idolized by the army and by the nation at large. The plot was discovered, and the plan frustrated without a struggle. Without any effort or management on his part and by the mere force of his character, Washington stood firm and undaunted in the midst of his enemies, and I might also say, looked them into silence. Such was the state of things when we arrived at York. Parties were then at their height, but as Congress sat with closed doors, the country at large was not agitated as it would otherwise have been. ' There were not wanting out of doors disaffected persons, who railed at King " Cong ' ' and the bunch of " kings " (such was the slang of the day among the Tories), but the great mass of the people was still in favor of the Revolution, and the press did not dare to utter a senti- ment inimical to it. The fame of Baron Steuben had preceded him to York. He was welcomed and courted by all, and I well remember that Gen. Gates, in particular, paid him the most assiduous court, and even invited him to make his THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. 141 house his home, which he prudently declined. "Please accept my grateful thanks" — such are Steuben's words, in a letter to John Hancock, written a day after his arrival at Tork — " for all the kindness you have shown me during my stay at Boston. In this very moment I enjoy the good effects of it, having taken the liberty of quartering myself in an apartment of your house in this town. My journey has been extremely painful; but the kind reception I have met with from Con- gress and Gen. Gates, on my arrival here, have made me soon forget those past incon- veniences. Now, sir, I am an American , and an American for life; your nation has become as dear to me as your cause already was. You know that my pretensions are very mod- erate; I have submitted them to a committee sent to me by Congress. They seem to be satisfied and so am I, and shall be the more 60 when I find the opportunity to render all the services in my power to the United States of America. Three members of Congress have been appointed for concluding an arrangement with me to morrow; that will not take long, my claims being the confi- dence of your General-in-Chief." "The committee in Congress just men- tioned by Steuben, which consisted of Dr. Witherspoon, the Chairman, and only person who spoke French, Messrs. Henry, of Mary- land, and Thomas McKean, waited upon Steuben the day after his arrival, and de- manded of him the conditions on which he was inclined to serve the United States, and if he made any stipulations with theii: Com- missioners in France? He replied that he had made no agreement with them, nor was it his intention to accept of any rank or pay; that he wished to join the army as a volun- teer, and to render such services as the Com- mander-in-Chief should think him capable of, adding that he had no other fortune than a revenue of 600 guineas per annum, arising from places and posts of honor in Germany, which he had relinquished to come to this country; that in consideration of this, he expected the United States would defray his necessary expenses while in their service; that if, unhappily, this country should not succeed in establishing their independence, or if he should not succeed in his endeavors in their service, in either of these cases he should consider the United States as free from any obligations toward him: but, if on the other hand, the United States should be fortunate enough to establish their freedom, and that if his efforts should be successful, in that case he should expect a full indem- nification for the sacrifice he had made in coming over, and such marks of their liber- ality as the justice of the United States should dictate; that he only required com- missions for the officers attached to his per- son, namely, that of Major and Aid-de-camp for Mr. D. Roumanai, that of Captain of Engineers for Mr. De 1' Enfant, that of Cap- tain of cavalry for Mr. De Depontiere, and the rank of Captain for his Secretary, Mr. Dupbnceau; that if these terms were agree- able to Congress, he waited for their orders to join the army without delay." The committee applauded the generosity of Steuben's propositions in thus risking his fortune on that of the United States, and made their report. The next day. Congress gave him an entertainment, after which the President, Mr. Laurens, told him it was the desire of Congress that he should join the. army immediately in conformity with the following resolutions: Whereas, Baron Steuben, aLieutenant-General in foreign service, has in a most disinterested and heroic manner offered his services to these States as a volunteer. Besolved, That the President return the thanks of Congress, in behalf of these United States, to Baron Steuben, for the zeal he has shown for the cause of America, and the disinterested tender he has been pleased to make of his military talents, and inform him that Congress cheerfully accept of his services as a volunteer in the army of these States, and wish him to repair to Gen. Washington's quarters as soon as convenient. " Congress received Steuben with every mark of distinction," says Richard Peters, in a letter dated Belmont, October 30, 1875, " and paid more particular attention to' him than I had known given to any foreigner. Much pleasure was expressed at the arrival of a person of his military knowledge and expe- rience, at a time when the want of discipline in our army, and the economy it produced, were severely felt and regretted." Steuben set out for Valley Forge on the 19th of February, 1778, and arrived there on the 23d. " On our journey," says Depon- ceau, "we passed through Lancaster, then considered the largest inland town in the United States. Having arrived there early in the afternoon, the Baron was waited upon by Col. Gibson and other geiitlemen, who in- vited him and his family to a subscription ball to take place that evening in honor of his arrival. The Baron accepted, and we accordingly went. There we saw assembled all the fashion and beauty of Lancaster and its vicinity. The Baron was delighted to converse with the German girls in his native tongue. There was a handsome supper, and the company did not separate until 2 o'clock the next morning." 142 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. On the 11th of June, 1778, Philip Liv- ingston, a delegate from the State of New York, and one of the signers of the Declara- tion of Independence, died while here, and was buried in the burying-ground of the German Eeformed Church, where a monu- ment of white marble, surmounted by an urn, was erected to his memory, with this inscrip- tion: Sacred To the memory of the Honorable PHILIP LIVINGSTON. who died June 13, 1778, Aged 63 years, while'attending the Congress of the United States, at York Town, Penna., as a Delegate from the State of New York. Eminently distinguished for his talents and rectitude, he deservedly enjoyed the confidence of his country, and the love and veneration of his friends and children. This monument, erected by his grandson, Stephen Van Rensalaer. James Smith lived to a good old age, hav- ing died in the year 1806. He was buried in the Presbyterian church-yard, where his tombstone is readily discovered with this sim- ple inscription: JAMES SMITH, One of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, Died July 11, 1806, Aged 93 years. PROCEEDINGS OF CONaBESS WHILE IN YOKE. "Retiring beyond the Susquehanna to fork, Congress presently authorized Wash- ington, in addition to his other extraordinary powers, to seize, to try by courts martial, and to punish with death all persons within thirty miles of any town occupied by the British, who should pilot them by land or water, give or send them intelligence, or furnish them with provisions, arms, forage, fuel or stores of any kind."* " Congress, meanwhile at session at York, on the west side of the Susquehanna, deter- mined to establish a new Board of War, to be composed of persons not members of Con- gress. John Adams, thus released from his arduous duties, as head of the War Depart- ment, was sent to France as one of the Com- missioners to that court, Deane, being re- called to give an account of his conduct, especially in the matter of the extravagant promises which he had made to foreign offi- cers."f "The Articles of Confederation, the consid- *Hildreth's Hiat. U. S., Vol. 3, p. 221. tibid., 226. eration of which had been resumed in April, having been agreed to at last, after repeated and warm debates, were now sent out with a circular letter, ui-ging upon the States imme- diate ratification. But, on the part of some of the States, ratification was long delayed."* York, November 13, 1777, William Clin- gan and Daniel Eoberdeau wrote, ' ' we have the happiness to inform the State that Con- federation has this evening passed Congress." A copy of the Confederation was received by the Council on December l,f and referred to the Assembly for their approbation. "A subject of earnest deliberation at York was that of finance, and the pressing wants of the soldiers, and the extortion of the public agents and traders. J The town of York had been a center well known to the colonies before the assembling of Congress here. A New England conven- tion had been held at Providence at the beginning of the year 1777, at which a scheme was agreed upon for regulating the prices of labor, produce, manufactured arti- cles and imported goods. In Hildreth's His- tory of the United States§ is the following: " The doings of the New England Conven- tion having been laid before Congress, their scheme for regulating prices was approved. The other States were advised to imitate it, and to call for that purpose two conventions, one from the Middle, the other from the Southern States. In accordance with this recommendation, a Convention for the Middle States, in which New York, New Jersey, Del- aware, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia were represented, presently (March 26, 1777,) met at Yorktown (York, Penn.), and agreed upon a scale of prices. But this scheme, though very popular, was found wholly im- practicable." The anxious deliberation of the committee of Congress during more than two months at Yorktown, with the report of the Springfield Convention before them, produced only a recommendation adopted in November (the 22d), 1777, that the several States should become creditors of the United States by raising for the Continental treasury $5,000,- 000 in four quarterly instalments.! The following resolutions appear upon the journals of Congress (Glossbrenner's His- tory) : OCTOBER 4, 1777> Resolved, That a letter be written to Gen. Gates informing him that Congress highly approve of the prowess and behavior of the troops under his com- *Hildreth, Vol. 3, p. 227. iV Archives, 770: X Col. Eeo., 379. Ibid. 132 IIBancroft's Hist. U. S., Vol. 2, p. 167, THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. 143 mand in their late gallant repulse of the enemy under Gen. Burgoyne. Resolved, That the thanks of Congress be pre- sented to Gen. Stark of the New Hampshire militia, and the officers and troops under his command, for their brave and successful attack upon, and signal victory over the enemy in their lines at Bennington; and that Brigadier Stark be appointed a Brigadier General in the army of the United States. OCTOBER 6, 1777. Resolved, That it be recommended to the Legis- latures of the several States to pass laws declaring that any person, his aider or abettor, who shall will- fully and maliciously burn or destroy any magazine of provisions, or of military or of naval stores be- longing to the United States; or if any master, officer, seaman, mariner or other person intrusted with the navigation or care of any continental ves- sel shall willfully and maliciously burn or destroy, or attempt to or conspire to burn or destroy any such vessel, or shall willfully betray, or voluntarily yield or deliver, or attempt to conspire to betray, yield or deliver any such vessel to the enemies of the United States, such person, his aider or abettor, on legal conviction thereof shall suffer death with- out benefit of clergy. OCTOBER 8, 1777. Resolved, Unanimously, that the thanks of Con- gress be given to Gen. Washington for his wise and well concerted attack upon the enemy' s army near Germantown on the 4lh instant, and to the officers and soldiers of the army for their brave exertions on that occasion. Congress being well satisfied that the best designs and boldest efforts may sometimes fail by unforseen incidents, trusting that on future occasions the valor and virtue of the army will, by the blessing of Heaven, be crowned with complete and deserving success. OCTOBER 14,- 1777. Whereas, The British nation have received into their ports, and condemned in their courts of admi- ralty as lawful prize several vessels and their car- goes belonging to these States, which the mariners, m breach of the trust and confidence reposed in them, have betrayed and delivered to the officers of the British Crown; Resolved, Therefore. That any vessel or cargo, the property of any British subject, not an inhabitant of Bermuda, or of any of the Bahama Islands, brought into any of the ports or harbors of any of these United States by the master or mariners, shall he adjudged a lawful prize and divided among the captors in the same proportion as if taken by any continental vessel of war. OCTOBER 17, 1777. Resolved, That the Committee of Intelligence be authorized to take the most speedy and effectual measures for getting a printing press erected in Yorktown for the purpose of conve3dng to the pub- lic the intelligence that Congress may from time to time receive. OCTOBER 31, 1777. The Secretary laid before Congress a copy of the speech with which Mr. Hancock took leave of Con- gress, which was ordered to be entered on the jour- nals. It was then Resolved, "That the thanks of Congress be presented to John Hancock, Esq., for the unre- mitted attention and steady impartiality which he has manifested in discharge of various- duties of his office as President since his election to the chair on the 34th day of May, 1775." NOVEMBER 1, 1777. Congress proceeded to the election of a President; and the ballots being taken, the Hon. Henry Lau- rens was elected. NOVEMBER 4, 1777. Resolved, That the thanks of Congress, in their own name and in behalf of the inhabitants of the thirteen United States, be presented to Maj.-Gen. Gates, Commander-in-Chief in the northern depart- ment, and to the Majs.-Gen. Lincoln and Arnold and the rest of the officers and troops under his command, for their brave and successful efforts in support of the independence of their country, whereby an anny of the enemy of 10,000 men has been totally defeated, one large detachment of it, that strongly posted and intrenched, having been conquered at Bennington, another repulsed with loss and disgrace from Fort Schuyler, and the main army of 6,000 men, under Lieut. -Gen. Burgoyne, after being beaten in different actions and driven from a formidable post and strong entrenchments, reduced to the necessity of surrendering themselves, upon terms honorable and advantageous to these States, on the 17th day of October last, to Maj-Gen. Gates; and that a medal of.'gold be struck, under the direction of the Board of War, in commemora- tion of this great event, and in the name of these United States presented by the President to Maj.- Gen. Gates. Resolved, That Gen. Washington be informed, it is highly agreeable to Congress that Marquis de Lafayette be appointed to the command of a di- vision in the Continental army. DECEMBER 11, 1777. The Board of War report: " That in their opinion the public interest will be promoted by erecting in the town of York temporary barracks or sheds suffi- cient for containing 600 men, for the purpose of accommodating such recruits, and other troops as may be from time to time stationed or detained at the said place, either as guards or for the purpose of equipment and discipline," whereupon. Resolved, That the Board of War be directed to cause the said barracks or sheds to be erected, with all possible dispatch, and in the most reasonable manner they can devise. JANUARY 14, 1778. Whereas, Baron Steuben, aLieutenant-General in foreign service, has, in a most disinterested and heroic manner, offered his services to these States in the quality of a volunteer. Resolved, That the President present the thanks of Congress, in behalf of these United States, to Baron Steuben, for the zeal he has shown for the cause of America, and the disinterested tender he has been pleased to make of his military talents, and inform him that Congress cheerfully accepts of his service as a volunteer in the army of these States, and wish him to repair to Gen. Washington's quar- ters as soon as convenient. FEBRUARY 6, 1778. That Mathew Clarkson and Maj. John Clark be appointed Auditors for the army under the command of Gen. Washington; and that they be authorized to appoint two clerks, and allow each of them $50 a month and two rations a day. MARCH 28, 1778. Resolved, That Count Pulaski retain his rank of Brigadier in the army of the United States, and ' that he raise and have command of an independent corps, to consist of sixty-eight horse and 300 foot. 144 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. the horse to be armed with lances, and the foot equipped in the manner of light infantry; the corps to be raised in such way and composed of such men as Gen. Washington shall think expedient and proper; and if it shall be thought by Gen. Wash- ington that it will not be injurious to the service that he have liberty to dispense, in this particular instance, with the resolve of Congress against en- listing deserters. JUNE 12, 1778. Congress being informed that Mr. P. Livingston, one of the delegates for the State of New York, died last night, and that the circumstances require him to be interred this evening; Besolved, That Congress will in a body attend the funeral this evening, at 6 o'clock, with a crape round the arm, and will continue in mourning for the space of one month. JUNE 27, 1778. Adjourned to Thursday next, to meet at the State House in Philadelphia. York, in Pennsylvania, Nov. 8, 1777. Dear Sir: — The following books are much wanted by some gentlemen of Congress, and are not to be procured in this place; if they are to be found in j_e Pennsylvannia Library, which, we are informed,is removed by order of your Excellency to Lancaster, I shall be much obliged to you for ye loan thereof, being, With respect. Your Excellency's Very humble servant, E. Gerrt. Vattel's Law of Nations, Qrotius, PuffendorfE. Directed, His Excellency Thomas Wharton, Esq., Lancaster.* Gen. Roberdeau made the same request by letter. The books were received, though the General seems to have been more interested in obtaining for him- self lighter literature, namely, Ovid and Virgil. f TOWN MAJOR. In a letter from David Jameson and Jacob Eichelberger to President Keed, Yorktown, July 1, 1779, it said: "This has been, till lately, a great thoroughfare for troops, par- ticularly militia, in marching from the south- ward to the main army." It was thought proper when the Congress was here to have a Commissary of Purchases, another of Issues, a Quartermaster, Town Major and a Physician, which officers have since been continued."J On the 3d of June, 1779, a letter from the Council to the Board of War, observes that Mr. John Brooks, of Yorktown, styles him- self Town Major. The novelty of this char- acter took the attention of the Council and led to some inquiry. Mr. Hahn, of that place, told them that the appointment was made during the residence of Congress, and on the occasion of quartering some soldiers. The Board of War replied that Mr. Brooks was appointed Town Major by order of Oon- *V Archives, 754. tibid, 772. JVII Archives, 530. gress during their residence in Yorktown. They intended to have discharged him on Congress leaving that place, but on examin- ing into the matter found it would be neces- sary to have a careful person there to rectify returns of provisions, &c., for passing troops.' It appeared that between 2,000 and 3,000 soldiers had passed through, and drawn rations at that post oh their way to and from the southward, within a few months, and they believed that saving more than equal to Mr. Brooks' appointment had ensued from his being stationed at the post. They had it, however, in contemplation to discharge him, in order to avoid the appearance of keeping of unnecessary officers.* CONTINENTAL TROOPS. THE war of the Revolution began with the retreat of the British from Concord, and when they sought refuge in Boston, it was the signal for American tr9ops to rally there spontaneously, and form that great Contin- ental Army, under Washington, which main- tained that ever memorable siege, and ultim- ately achieved our independence. A letter from John Adams, June 17, 1775, says : "I can now inform you, that the Congress have made choice of the modest and virtuous, the amiable, generous and brave George Wash- ington, Esq., to be General of the American Army, and that he is to repair as soon as possible to the camp before Boston. This appointment will have a great effect in cementing and securing the union of these colonies. The continent is really in earnest. They have voted ten companies of riflemen to be sent from Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia, to join the army before Bostbn. These are an excellent species of light in- fantry. They use a peculiar kind of musket, called a rifle. It has circular bore or grooves within the barrel, and carries a ball with great exactness to great distances. They are the most accurate marksmen in the world."f RIFLEMEN. Col. Thompson's Battalion of Riflemen was enlisted in the latter part of June, and be- ginning of July, 1775, in the pursuance of the resolution of Congress, of June 14, for raising six companies of expert riflemen in Pennsylvania, two in Maryland, and two in *VII Archives, 4B6, 459. tLetters of John Adams, Vol. I, page 44. CONTINENTAL TROOPS. 145 Virginia, which as soon as completed, were to join the array near Boston. By resolution, dated June 22, Pennsylvania was to raise two more companies, which, with the six, were to be formed into a battalion, and be commanded by such officers as the assembly or convention should recommend. The com- missions to the officers are dated June, 25, 1775. The commissions were signed by John Hancock, President, and the form of enlist- ment was : " I have this day voluntarily en- listed myself as a soldier in the American' Continental Army for one year, unless sooner discharged, and do bind myself to conform in all instances to such rules and regulations as are, or shall be established for the govern- ment of the said army. " Each company was to consist of a captain, three lieutenants, four sergeants, four corporals, a drummer or trumpeter, and sixty-eight privates. The battalion afterward was made to consist of nine companies. One company, Capt. Doud- el's, enlisted in York. The patriotism • of Pennsylvania was evinced in the haste with which these companies were filled to over- flowing, and the promptitude with which they took up their march for Boston. The Phila- delphia Evening Post of August 17, 1775, publishes a New York item "that between the 28th of July, and 2d inst. the riflemen under the command of Captains Smith, Lowdon, Doudel, Chambers, Nagel, Miller and Hendricks, passed through New Windsor (a few miles north of West Point) in the New York government, on their way to Boston."* This battalion became the Second Regiment (and after the first of January, 1776, the First Regiment) "of the Army of the United Colonies, commanded by his Excellency, George Washington, Esq., General and Com- mander-in-Chief. " Foremost among the volunteers : Captain Michael Doudel's Company left York for Boston, July 1, 1775, arriving at Cambridge, Mass!, July" 25, at one P. M. The following letter was addressed by the committee of York to their representatives in Congress : YoKKTOWN, July 1, 1775. Oentlemen : We had the honor of receivmg your favor of the 15th ultimo, enclosing a resolve of the Continental Congress of the 14th ultimo. "We immediately sum- moned the commiitee of this county, and laid be- fore them your letter, etc. The committee pro- ceeded to the choice of officers fit to be recommended to the Congress, to command the company of rifle- men to be raised, and appointed six companies to provide the necessaries for them. Every resolve passed in committee with the greatest unanimity, and the gentlemen of Yorktown, after the meeting *Archives, 2a S., 3-4. dispersed themselves through the county, and assisted the olficers in recruiting. The spirit of the people, on this occasion, gave the committee infinite spirit. The men seemed actuated with the greatest zeal, and thought them- selves honored in having their names enrolled among the sons of liberty, who are to fight for their country, and in defense of their dearest rights and privileges. The only uneasiness they feel is, that they are not this moment at the scene of action. From the spirit of the soldiers, we entertain the most flattering hopes that they will prove service- able to the cause of liberty, and reflect honor on this county. The principal people here have caught the spirit of the honorable Congress, and in their small circle have done everything in their power to animate their neighbors to stand forth in this day of despot- ism, and resist the arbitrary and unjust measures of Parliament with all the power which Heaven has given them. And we have the pleasure to inform you that their labors have not been in vain, and that the county is ready to strain every nerve to put into execution any measures which the Congress may judge necessary to our common defence. The officers now take the liberty to recommend to you, Captain Michael Doudle, Lieuts. Henry Miller, John Dill and John Watson. They are men whose Courage we have the highest opinion of. The company, including the officers and soldiers, are beyond the number fixed for this county, and as Gen. Gates thought it improper to discharge any, we have sent all. We request the favor of you that proper care be taken that none are draughted out of their company into another. This is the request of the inhabitants of this county, many of them having their dearest friends engaged in the service, and would not by any means have them taken from their present officers. We hope no alteration will be made in the officers. The captain has behaved very well on this occasion, and has done all in his power, by advancing money, etc., to forward the important common cause. Mr. Miller is known to some of you gentlemen. The other officers are men of worth and property ; they have all wives and families, and are entitled to the warmest thanks of their country. The commissioners appointed to provide missions for the men, will forward their accounts as soon as they possibly can. We are, gentlemen, your most humble servants : James Smith, George Irwin, John Kean, Joseph Donaldson, Thomas Hartley, Michael Hahn. P. 8. — The company began their march the near- est road to Boston this day.* In Frothingham's ' ' Siege of Boston "f is the following: "The Southern riflemen at- tracted much attention. They had enlisted with great promptness, and had marched from 4 to 700 miles. In a short time large bodies of them arrived in camp. They were remarkably stout, hardy' men. dressed in white frocks or rifle shirts, and round hats, and were skillful marksmen. At a review, a company of thera, while on a quick advance, fired their balls into objects of seven inches diameter, at a distance of 250 yards. They were stationed on the lines, and became terrible to the British. The ac- counts of their prowess were circulated over *X Archives, N. S., fPage 227. 20. Bupp. 607, 146 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. England. One of them, taken prisoner, was carried there, and the papers described him minutely, as a remarkable curiosity." A letter, July 19, says: — "The general uniforms are made of brown Holland and Osnaburghs, something like a shirt, double- caped over the shoulders in imitation of the Indians; and on the breast, in capital letters, is their motto, ' Liberty or Death.' "* " On the 29th of July, the British planted a bomb battery on Bunker Hill, advanced their guard on Charleston Neck further into the country and began to throw up an abatis to protect it, cutting down large trees for this purpose. Washington, in the evening, ordered the York county rifle company to cut off these outposts, and bring off a prisoner. The company attempted this service in the following manner: Oapt. Dowdle and thirty- nine men tiled off to the right, and crept on their hands and knees to the rear of the enemy's works; Lieut. Miller, with a party, in a like manner, got behind the sentries on the left. But just as the two divisions were about to join, a party of the British came down from Bunker Hill to relieve the guard, and discovered the riflemen. Both sides tired. The riflemen killed five and took two prisoners and retreated, having one man cap- tured. Gen. Howe, in general orders the following day, stated that had his directions relative to the relief been complied with ' the soldiers could not have failed to destroy a number of the rebels last night, "f"' '' Moore's Diary of the Eevolntion contains the following: "July 25th, 1775— Gapt. Dowdle, with his company of riflemen, from Yorktown, Pennsylvania, arrived at Cam- bridge about one o'clock to day, and since has made proposals to Gen. Washington to at- tack the transport stationed at Charles River. He will engage to take her with thirty men. The General thinks it best to decline it at present; but at the same time commends the spirit of Capt. Dowdle and his brave men, who, though they just came a very long march, offers to execute the plan immediately. J" " July 30, 1775 — Last Friday the regulars *Iii "Keminiscences of New York in the Olden Time,'' by J. Barnitz Bacon is the following : ''Presently, more drums— rfrom the direction of Dey street, this time. It must be the General ! No! it was only a rifle company from Pennsylvania on their way to Roston. Capt. Doudel's company from Yorktown, with Lieut. Heury Miller in command — the first company from west of the Hudson — belong- ing to Col Thompson's regiment, afterward Hand's, and bear- ing the first commission issued by. Congress after Washington's. Yorktown offered so many men, that the young Lieutenant- he was only twenty-four— chalked a very small nose on a barn- door, ' I'll take only the men that can hit that nose at one hundred and fifty yards I' said he. ' Take care of your nose, Gen. Gage!' said the new.=papers at the time. Both York- town and Lieut. Miller afterward became noted in Revo- lutionary history. A hundred rifles filled his ranks as they, too, marched on to Kingsbridge." fSiege of Boston, 228. jf. 119. cut several trees and were busy all night in throwing up a line and abatis in front of it. In the evening, orders were given to the York County riflemen to march down to our ad- vanced post in Charleston Neck to endeavor to surround the advanced guard and bring off some prisoners, from whom we expected to learn their design in throwing up their abatis in the Neck. The rifle company divided and executed their plan in the fol- lowing manner: Capt. Dowdle with thirty- nine men, filed off to the right of Bunker's Hill, and creeping on their hands and knees, got into the rear without being discovered. The other division of forty men, under Lieut. Miller, were equally successful in getting behind the sentinels on the left and were within a few yards of joining the division on the right when a party of regulars came down the hill to relieve their guard, and crossed our riflemen under Capt. Dowdle, as they were lying on the ground in Indian file. The regulars were within twenty yards of our men before they saw them, and immediately fired. The riflemen returned the salute, killed several, and brought off two prisoners, and their arms, with the loss of Corporal Creuse, who is supposed to be killed, as he has not been heard of since the affair."* "Aug. 9, 1775— The riflemen from York County have annoyed the regu^lars very much. By a gentleman who left Boston yesterday, we hear that Capts. Percival and Sabine, of the marines, Capt. Johnson, of the Royal Irish, and Capt. LeMoine, of the train, were killed on Monday. Capt. Chetwyn, son of Lord Chetwyn, is mortally wounded. The number of privates killed this week we have not heard. The regulars have thrown up a breastwork across the neck at the foot of Bunker's Hill to secure their sentries and advanced guards. "f" The roll of Capt. Doudel's Company does not comprise more than one-half of its strength. Research has failed to complete it.f Michael Doudel, Captain, resigned on account of ill health soon after the company reached Cambridge. Henry Miller, First Lieutenant, promoted Captain. John Dill, Second Lieu- tenant. James Matson, Third Lieutenant. John Clark, Third Lieutenant, afterward Ma- jor in Col. McAllister's Battalion, and aide to Gen. Greene. In February, 1778, Auditor of Accounts died December 27, 1819, at York, Penna., aged- sixty-eight. Walter Cruise, captured in front of Boston, July 29, 1775, a prisoner seventeen months ; pro- *P. 119. fP. 124. ix Arch., N. S., 21. CONTINENTAL TBOOPS. 147 //// moted Captain Sixth Pennsylvania. Eobert Armor, John Ferguson, George Armstrong, Robert Graft, John Beverly, John Griffith, Christian Bittinger, Joseph Halbut, Wil- liam Cooper, Eichard Kennedy, George Dougherty, Thomas Kennedy, John Douther, Abram Lewis, Abel Evans, John McAlister, John McCrary, Joshua Minshall, John Mo- Curt, James Mill, Edward Moore, Matthew Shields, Daniel Lelap, died January 29, 11776. John Brown, captured in September, 1775, in front of Boston. Thomas Campbell afterward Captain in Fourth Pennsylvania. William Cline, re-enlisted and discharged March, 1777 ; died in 1826 in York County. David Ramsay, discharged July 1, ]776, en- listed in Col. Hannum's battalion and taken at Brandywine; in York County, 1818, aged sixty-nine. Jacob Staley, Andrew Start, Tobias Tanner, John Taylor, Patrick Sullivan, enlisted June 24, 1775; re-enlisted First Pennsylvania. Isaac Sweeny, promoted Lieutenant in Hartley's Regiment. Cor- nelius Turner, taken with Corp. Cruise, and carried to Halifax. The Commander-in-Chief 's guard, organ- ized by Gen. Washington, in 1776, consisted of 180 men. Among them were John Dother, of Marsh Creek, and William Kernahan, formerly of Miller's riflemen, of York County. This was also called Washington's Life Guard. Their uniform consisted of a blue coat with white facings, white waistcoat and breeches, black stock and half-gaiters, and a round hat with blue and white feather.* THE PENNSYLVANIA KIFLE REGIMENT, under the command of Col. Samuel Miles, was raised for the defence of the province. In this regiment was the company of Capt. Philip Albright, who was appointed from York County on March, 19, 1776, and re- signed January 23, 1 777. The Second Lieu- tenant of this company was William Mc- Pherson, who was captured August 27, 1 776, at Long Island, and exchanged April 20, 1778. He died at Gettysburg on August 2, 1832, and was buried in Evergreen cemetery. In this company was Charles Stump, who was wounded August 27, 1776 ; lost a finger, was missing since the battle of August 27, 1776, and who resided in York County in 1788. In Capt. Shade's company, in this regiment, was Henry Dull, April 1, 1776, who resided in York County, in 1818, aged seventy-one. Just before the battle of Long Island, Col. Miles was ordered with his rifle- men to watch the motions of the enemy, and *Custis' Ee(!ollections. on the 27th was overcome by a superior force and surrendered. Col. Miles was exchanged April 20, 1778.* On the 12th of March, 1777, the Su- preme Biecutive Council had aid before them, from the Council of Safety, the list and arrangement of the field officers of the twelve Pennsylvania regiments in the Continental service. First Regiment, Col- onel, Edward Hand ; Lieutenant-Colonel, James Ross ; Major, Henry Miller. Seventh Regiment, Colonel, William Irwin ; Lieuten- ant-Colonel, David Grier ; Major, Samuel Hay.t CONTINENTAL LINE- - FIRST PENNSYLVANIA EEGI MENT. Capt. Henry Miller, with his company of riflemen, was attached to the First Regiment of the Pennsylvania Line, commanded by Col. Edward Hand, and he was promoted to be Major of the regiment. In the " Mem- oirs " of Gen. Wilkinson, the gallantry of Col." Hand and Maj. Miller is graphically described, in checking the pursuit of the American Army by the British, in the mem- orable retreat across New Jersey. J At the battle of Monmouth, as Maj. Miller was ascending, in company with Lieut. -Cols. North and Bunner, a hill from which the British were driven, he had two horses shot under him, and Col. Bunner, by his side, was killed. From Major of the First he was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel of the Second Regiment of the Pennsylvania Line, July 1, 1778. He resigned in the month of Decem- ber, 1778, but was afterward Quartermaster of the western expedition. He commanded a brigade of militia in defence of Baltimore in 1814'.§ John Clark, of the York Riflemen, was made a Second Lieutenant in the First Penn- sylvania, and was afterward a Major in the battalion of Colonel McAlister, in the Flying Camp, and was promoted Aid to Gen. Greene. He died on the 27th of December, 1819, at York, aged sixty-eight. Capt. John McClelland was promoted from Lieutenant, in this regiment, October 1, 1779. His company left York, under Gen. Wayne, in 1781, for the southern campaign. He retired from service January 1, 1783, and resided on Marsh Creek, York County, in 1791. Andrew Johnston, Quartermaster, appoint- ed October 2, 1778, wounded in left leg at «X Archives, N. S., 199. fXICol.Eec., 179. jWilkinson's Memories, Vol. 1, p. 136. gX Archives, 2d, S., 397. 148 HISTOKY OF YORK COUNTY. Paoli, and in the right leg at Monmouth, re- sided in York County in 1813. John Jacob Bauer, wounded in left hand by bayonet and sabre wound in head, resided in York County in 1824. John Beaty, died August 30, 1829, aged 74, in York County. Edward Cave- naugh, from Thompson's Rifles, served two years, resided in York County in 1808. John Cavanagh, wounded at Brandywine, resided in York 1835, aged 83 years. John Devinney, from Fourth battalion, served until the end of the war; died in York County February 15, 1825, aged 69. William Smith died in York County July 4, 1821, aged 71. Michael Warner, resided in York County 1835, aged 75. Major Henry Miller was pro- moted from First Pennsylvania, ranking from March 1, 1777, Lieutenant-Colonel of Penn- sylvania Line, Second Regiment. Capt. Jo- seph McClellan's company left York, Penn., under Gen. Wayne, May 26, 1781, for the southern campaign. Names taken from his journal: James Allison, Phillip Briulls, John Davis, John Farmer, Nicholas Howe, Samuel Lacount, Valentine Miller, Daniel Nether- house, Jas. Sedwick, Matthew Turney. Taken from list in Secretary's office: John Anderson resided in York County, 1787. John Brown, resided in York County, 1834, aged eighty four; Martin Duhl, resided in York County 1835, aged seventy-nine; Christopher New April 1, 1777 to January 1781, in Capt. Pat terson's company, resided in York County 1818, aged sixty-five, died in York County, Dec. 1, 1826, aged seventy-three. Henry Snyder resided in York County, 1835, aged seventy-eight. John McMehan resided in York County in 1789. Ezekiel Sankey of York County. John Wren died in York County July 9, 1827, aged eighty-nine. CONTINENTAL LINE FOURTH PENNSYLVANIA REGI- MENT. In this corps were Capt. Joshua Williams, commissioned May 25, 1775, Adjutant of the Fifth Battalion of Associators of York County, and Captain of a company in the Flying Camp. He then raised an independ- ent company, of which Alexander Ramsey was a Lieutenant, which was annexed to Fourth Pennsylvania, October 21, 1777. Capt. Thomas Campbell January 1, 1781, retired January 1, 1783 — Senator from York County, 1810, died at Monaghan, York County, 1815. John Cavanagh resided in York County, 1835. Andrew. Crotty enlisted in 1776; wounded at Stoney Point in the hip; discharged August 18, 1783; resided in *York County, 1812. Christian Pepret, 1777 to 1783, resided at York in 1818, aged sixty-seven. William Smith resided in York, 1818, aged sixty-nine. George Seittel resided in York County, 1822. Andrew Shoeman died in York County, May 16, 1832, aged eighty. CONTINENTAL LINE FIFTH PENNSYLVANIA REGI- MENT. John Deveny, discharged 1783 ; resided in York County, 1821, aged sixty-five. CONTINENTAL LINE SIXTH PENNSYLVANIA REGI- MENT. William Brown, wounded at Paoli, left the army April 1, 1780; resided in York County, 1822, aged seventy -seven. Joel Gray, dis- charged at Lebanon, April 1, 1781, after serving his term; he belonged to the British Army; died in York, October 9, 1820. CONTINENTAL LINE- -SEVENTH PENNSYLVANIA REGI- MENT. Lieut.-Col. David Grier, ranking from October 2, 1776, retired January 1, 1781 died at York, June 3, 1790, aged forty-eight John Brown, August 15, 1779-81; wounded resided in York County, 1813. CONTINENTAL LINE— NINTH PENNSYLVANIA REGI- MENT. John Tate, ensign, York County, 1777-78; Stephen Stevenson, of York County, from Ensign promoted Captain-Lieutenant,October 10, 1779; he signed a paper as retiring officer, January 30, 1781, but was appointed subsequently Captain in the Fourth Penn- sylvania. Adam Davidson, . twenty -three, farmer, Scotland; York County) 1780. Sam- uel Jamieson, Sergeant, forty-five; farmer; Jersey, England, York, 1776. George Hef- flefinger, at Green Springs, July 5, 1781; re- sided in York County, 1814. CONTINENTAL LINE — TENTH PENNSYLVANIA REGI- MENT. James Lang, of York County, from Lieu- tenant in Atlee's regiment, December 4, 1776, commissioned. John Lockhart, March 7, 1777-81; died in York County, June 1, 1830, aged seventy-six. Samuel Spicer; dis- located his wrist while building huts at Morristown, 1779 ; resided in York County, 1835, aged ninety- seven. CONTINENTAL LINE ELEVENTH PENNSYLVANIA REGIMENT. Robert McMurdie, brigade chaplain, July, 1779; resided on Marsh Creek, York County, now Adams, Jan. 1791. CONTINENTAL TROOPS. 149 CONTINENTAL LINE THIRTEENTH PENNSYLVANIA REGIMENT. Matthew Farney, from Marsh Creek. THE SIXTH PENNSYLVANIA BATTALION. In service from Jaauary 9, 1776, to March 20, 1777, was commanded by Col. William Irvine. Lieut-Col. Thomas Hartley was commissioned January 10, 1776. He was promoted Colonel of one of the sixteen addi- tional regiments. Major David Grier, of York, was promoted from Captain; and af- , terward, Lieutenant-Colonel of the Seventh Pennsylvania. Capt. Grier's Company was raised in York County in January and Feb- ruary, 1776. The officers, commissioned March 20, 1776, were four, non-commis- sioned officers and privates eighty-eight, total strength ninety-two. In this battalion was also Capt. Moses McClean's Company, which had many York County men. The First Lieu- tenants were Barnet Eichelberger, who re- signed, and John Edie, Second Lieutenant, John Hoge, Ensign, Eobert Hopes. This battalion was raised under the authority of Congress, by resolution of January 4, 1776. Six companies were to be raised, four in Cumberland and two in York County. Letter from Lieut. -Col. Thomas Hartley to Jasper Yeates, Esq. Camp at Sorbl, June 13, 1776. A detachment under Gen. Thompson was sent down the river.* The corps under Col. St. Clair was to join in, and, if the General thought it expe- dient, he was ordered by Gen. Sullivan to attack the enemy at Three Rivers .... Col. St. Clair's division advanced, but the fire was too heavy. Part of Col. Irvine's division, especially the riilemen, went up toward the enemy. I understood the army was in confusion. I consulted some friends, and led up the reserve within a short distance of the enemy. Capt. McClean's and Grier's company advanced with spirit; St. Clairs' men took the best situation, and within eighty yards of the en- emy, exposed to the fire of the shipping, as hot as hell. I experienced some of it. Not a man of Mc- Clean's company behaved ill; Grier's company be- haved well. Several of the enemy were killed in the attack of the reserve .* . . . but a retreat was necessary. Col. Wayne and. Allen gathered some hundreds together, and I got as many in my division as I could, with several others amount- ing to upward of 200 .. . Lieut. Eddie, of the York troops, I fear is killed. He was a fine young fellow and behaved bravely. He approached the enemy's works without dismay, several times, and remained in the swamp to the last. He was in the second engagement, where it is supposed he was killed. Ensign Hopes, of the same company, was wounded near the breastwork when I led up the re- serve. I cannot give too much commendation of him. He showed the greatest courage after he had received several wounds in the arm. He stood his ground and animated his men. He nobly made good his retreat, with me, through a swamp of nearly eighteen miles long. The ball has hurt the *St. Lawrence. bone. Several of our men were killed — I appre- hend between thirty and fifty. The rest, missing, have been taken, quite worn out with fatigue and hunger." P. S. June 13. Last night, a sort of flag of truce came from the enemy. Gen. Thompson, Col. Ir- vine (William), Dr. McKenzie, Lieutenants Edie, Currie and Parson MeCalla(of the first) are prison- ers. They were taken up by some of the rascally Canadians in the most treacherous manner.* Lieutenant Edie mentioned in this account was in Moses McClean's company from York County, was taken prisoner on the 8th of June, 1776, and exchanged on the 10th of April, 1778 — afterward became Gen. Edie. He resided in Adams County in 1814. En- sign Hopes, of whom Col. Hartley also writes in other letters, and whom he was de- sirous to promote an account of his gallant conduct, was Ensign 3f Moses McClean's company, and was made Quarter-Master of the battalion, by Gen. Gates, on November 17, 1776. He was afterward promoted Cap- tain in Col. Hartley's additional regiment on the 13th of January, 1777, and was killed at the battle of Brandywine. In this battalion, one of the companies from Cumberland was commanded by Capt, Samuel Hay, an iron master, afterward promoted to be Major of the Seventh Pennsylvania. This is the Major Hay of whom Col. Hartley makes mention in his letter. On the 11th of October, Hart- ley still maintained his post; having found in the woods some cannon lost in the French war, with great labor he had roads cut, and transported them to Crown Point, and had a battery of six guns ready for visitors, not any too soon, for on the same day the British attacked Arnold's fleet, on Lake Champlain, compelling him to retire toward Crown Point to refit, the next day, almost totally destroying it before it got there. On the 14th, Col. Hartley set fire to all the houses at and near Crown Point, and retired to Ti- conderoga. After threatening which place, the British retired into winter quarters. The army was moved to Ticouderoga the 6th, under Lieut.-Col. Hartley, was posted at Crown Point, where it remained the bal- ance of the summer and" fall, the sentinel regiment of Gen. Gate's army. On the 6th of September, Lieut. -Col. Hartley desired Gen. Gates to send to Crown Point either Gen. Wayne's battalion or the second, and he would defend it with them. Gen. Gates gave him positive orders to retreat if the British reached that point. The British did not come, however, and on the 22d Irvine's reg- iment was still at Crown Point, f *NoTember 3, 1775, prisoners taken at St. John's were sent to York, of His Majesty's Twenty-sixth Regiment, and of the Royal Highland Emigrant Regiment — the officers on parole. — Archives, N. S., 74. Force's Am. Archives. tlbid, 78. 150 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. CAPT. MOSES m'cLEAn's COMPANY. Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. First Lieutenants — Barnet Eiohelberger, York County; commissioned January, 9, 1776; re- signed February 5, 1776. John Edie, com- missioned February 5, 1776, taken June 8, 1776; exchanged April 10, 1778; afterward Gen. John Edie resigned in Adams County in 1814. Robert Hopes, Ensign, commis- sioned January 9, 1776. Appointed by Gen. Gates Quarter-master November 19, 1776, promoted a Captain in Hartley's additional regiment, January 13, 1777, from Sixth Battalion; killed at Brandywino. EOLL OP CAPT. DAVID GKIEr's COMPANY. Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion (raised in York County, in January and February, 1776), March 20, 1776, officers commissioned, four, non-commissioned officers and privates, eighty-eight, total strength ninety-two. Captains — Grier, David, commissioned January 9, 1776 ; promoted Major, October 25, 1776. Alexander, William, from First Lieu- tenant, Capt. Eippey's Company. First Lieutenant — McDowell, John, Janu- ary 9, 1776. Second Lieutenant. — McAlister, Abdiel, captured opposite Isle Aux Noix, June 21, 1776; exchanged May 8, 1778. Ensigns. — Nichols, William, commissioned January 9, 1776; promoted to captain, Bush's company, June 21, 1776. Hughes, John, commissioned June 21, 1776. Sergeants. — Walker, Andrew, Yorktown, age twenty-one; enlisted January 30, 1776. Knox, John, York County, age twenty- three; enlisted February 20, 1776. ' Jefferies, Robert, age twenty-one; enlisted January 25, 1776. Hayman, John, enlisted February 21, 1776. Corporals. — Lawson, James, Berwick, York County, age twenty- three; enlisted January 20, 1776. McIIhenny, Felix,born in Ferman- agh, County Derry, Ireland; enlisted from Hopewell January 20, 1776; age twenty; taken June 8, 1776; paroled August 9, 1776. Lethew, David, Hopewell, age thirty-two; en- listed February 24, 1776. Tomson, Ezra, York County, cutler; age twenty-five ; enlisted January 20, 1776; taken June 8, 1776. Drum and Fife. — Hamilton, James. Wright, Mathias, taken prisoner Jane 8, 1776. Privates, — Anguis, William, age twenty- two; enlisted February 5, 1776, Barnes, Patrick, Cumberland County, age thirty; en- listed January ],9, 1776. Baker, George, age twenty- one; enlisted January 19, 1776, Bacheldor, Ebenezer, age twenty- eight; enlisted January 25, 1776. Barry, James, enlisted January 29, 1776. Beard, Robert, age eighteen ; Fawn Township, enlisted Feb- ruary 7, 1776. Brian, John; Campbell, Archibald, Berwick; age twenty- four; enlisted February 14, 1776. Clemmonds, John, York- town, cooper; age twenty-one; enlisted January 19, 1776. Conn, Adam, York County; age twenty; enlisted February 8, 1776, Courier, George, Reading Township; age twenty-three; wagon maker; enlisted March 9, 1776; taken June 14, 1776. Con- way, Charles, Reading Township; age twenty-four; enlisted January 23, 1776. Cooper, George, Chauceford, York County; age eighteen; enlisted February 2, 1776. Corrigan, Cornelius, age twenty-two; enlisted January 25, 1776. Davis, David, age nine- teen; enlisted January 25, 1776. Dulany, Thomas, Donegal, Lancaster County; enlisted January 24, 1776; taken June 8, 1776; Dorce, John, or Deis, resident in York County in 1818, aged sixty-two. Dougherty, Charles, enlisted February 12, 1776. Dougherty, John, Yorktown, age twenty-two; enlisted February 2, 1776; taken June 8, 1776. Essen, Alexander, Hopewell; age twenty; enlisted February 20, 1776. Falkner, John, age twenty-five; enlisted January 22, 1776. Frick, John, Yorktown; age twenty-eight; enlisted January 16, 1776. Forsyth, Robert, Yorktown; age thirty-five; enlisted January 21, 1776. Geddes, Joseph, enlisted January 20, 1776; resident in Huntington County, May, 1818, weaver, aged seventy-five years. Grant, Peter, age twenty-seven; enlisted January 25, 1776; taken June 8, 1776. Guscager, Charles, Paradise Township; stone- cutter; February 14, 1776. Gyfinger, Charles, taken June 8, 1776. Harkins, James, age twenty-six; enlisted January 23, 1776. Hickenbottom, Edward, enlisted from Cum- berland Township, January 23, 1776; age twenty-five; taken June 8, 1776. Hodge, Isaac, Baltimore; age twenty- five; enlisted February 20, 1776. Hay, Thomas, Hagers- town, York County; age twenty-five; enlisted February 16, 1776; Jackson, Archibald, age nineteen; enlisted February 5, 1776. John, ston, Robert, Hopewell, age twenty ; enlisted February 24, 1776. Johnston, William, Reading Township, York County, age eighteen; enlisted February 16, 1776. Kelly, Thomas, Baltimore; age twenty- three; en- listed March 30, 1776; taken June 8, 1776. Kelly, George, Yorktown; shoemaker; age twenty; enlisted January 16, 1776. Leeson, James, enlisted February 12, 1776; taken June 8, 1776. Mason, William, Barrens, CONTINENTAL TROOPS. 151 York County, age forty; enlisted February 12, 1776; taken June 8, 1776; paroled Aug- ust 9, 1776. Matthews, Jacob. McCall, John, age twenty-live; enlisted January 26, 1776. McCoy, William, age eighteen; en- listed February 16, 1776. McDaniel, John, York County, age twenty -three; enlisted Feb, ruary 5, 1776. McGowan, Samuel, Hopewell, age twenty-three; enlisted February 24, 1776. McKissach, Henry, Hopewell, age twenty-two; enlisted February ,24, 1776. McMeehan, Michael, age twenty-six; enlisted January 23, 1776. McMullan, James, York County, age tweaty-one; enlisted January 27, 1776. Mealy, Lawrence, Eapho, County Donegal, Ireland; enlisted from Hopewell February 23, 1776; age twenty; taken June 8,1776; paroled August 9, 1776. Murphy, Michael, Grunpowder Falls, ago twenty-nine; March 30, 1776. Murphy, Dennis, Yorktown : shoemaker; age twenty-live; enlisted January 18; taken June 8, 1776. O'Loan, Patrick, Yorktown; weaver; age twenty; enlisted January 22, 1776. O'Neal, Peter, Cumber- land Township, age twenty-one; enlisted February 1, 1776. Pearcy,John, age twenty; enlisted January 19, 1776. Price, James, enlisted February 12, 1776. Qaigley, Will- iam, Chanceford, age twenty-three; enlisted January 29, 1776. Redmond, Murtough, age twenty-six; enlisted January 23; taken June 8, 1776. Robinson, James, age twenty- five; enlisted February 7, 1776. Roney, Patrick, Hopewell, age twenty-one; enlisted January 29, 1776. Russell, Joseph, York County, age nineteen; enlisted February 23, 1776. Scullion, Patrick, age twenty-four; enlisted January 31, 1776. Schregh, Peter, age twenty-one; enlisted February 4, 1776. Shaw, Archibald, York County; enlisted February 15, 1776. Shaw, James, age eighteen; enlisted January 25,1776. Stand- ley, Francis, Hopewell, March 5, 1776. Shive, Philip, Yorktown, age twenty- two; enlisted January 16, 1776. Schregh,Michae], age eighteen; enlisted February 5, 1776; resided in York County 1818, aged sixty-one. Scidle, Peter, age seventeen; enlisted Feb- ruary 7, 1776. Schneider, John, Yorktown; age twenty-one; enlisted January 17, 1776, re-enlisted in Capt. Farmer's company, Hazen regiment; resided in York County in 1818; aged sixty-seven. Spencer, Edward, Codorus, forgeman; age eighteen; enlisted January 20, 1776. Stevenson, James, enlisted Feb- ruary 7, 1776. Swank, Baltzer, Yorktown; saddler; age eighteen; January 30, 1776. Swartz, George, Yorktown; clockmaker; age twenty- two; enlisted January 16, 1776. Swartz, Peter, Rapho Township, Lancaster County; mason; age twenty-two; enlisted March 26, 1776. Taylor, John, age twenty- one; enlisted January 31, 1776; taken June 8, 1776; Trees, Jacob, York, enlisted Janu- ary 22, 1776. Wade, Joseph, age twenty-six; enlisted January 23, 1776. Weaverling, Adam, Yorktown, age twenty; enlisted Janu- ary 31, 1776. Welch, Edward, age twenty- four; enlisted January 19, 1776. White, Isaac, Yorktown, age twenty; enlisted Jan- uary 20, 1776. Wilkinson. William, York County, aged twenty one; enlisted January 25, 1776. Wilson, Joseph, York County, age nineteen; enlisted January 29, 1776. Wor- ley, George, Windsor Township, age twenty- three; enlisted February 9, 1776. Wright, Matthias, York County, enlisted February 7, 1776; taken June 8, 1776. CONTINENTAL LINE SEVENTH PENNSYLVANIA BEG- IMENT. This regiment was organized by the re-en- listment of the Sixth Battalion. The Col- onel, Irvine, had been captured at Three Rivers, June 8, 1776. In January, 1777, Lieut.-Col. Hartley was appointed to com- mand one of the additional regiments, and Maj. David Grier became Lieutenant-Colonel, and had charge of the regiment until Col. Irvine's exchange. The regiment returned to Carlisle from Ticonderoga in March, 1877. Capt. Moses McClean was returned prisoner. He was exchanged March 27, 1777. Maj. Hay wrote to Col. Irvine, September 29, 1777, from camp at Trappe, in regard to the Paoli night attack and Maj. Grier: "The annals of the age cannot produce such a scene of butchery. All was confusion. The enemy amongst us, and your regiment (the Seventh) the most exposed, as the enemy came on the right wing. The enemy rushed on, with fixed bayonets, and made use of them as they intended. The party lost 300 privates in killed, wounded and missing, be- sides commissioned and non-commissioned. Our loss is Col. Grier, Capt. Wilson, and Lieut. Irvine (who received seventeen bayonet wounds), and sixty-one non-commissioned and privates killed and wounded, which was just half the men we had on the ground fit for duty. The 22d I went to the ground to see the wounded. The scene was shocking. The poor men groaning under their wounds, which were all by stabs of bayonets, and cuts of light horsemen's swords. Col. Grier is wounded in the side by a bayonet, super- ficially slanting to the breast bone."* After the actions of Brandywine, Paoli and Ger- mantown, the return reported four Captains, *X Archives, N. S., 595,698. 153 HISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. three Lieutenants, eighty-nine privates fit for duty. Col. Grier retired January 1, 1781. He died at York, June 3, 1790, aged forty- eight. In G. W. Parke Custis' " Eecollections and Private Memoirs of Washington," is related a circumstance which places Col. Hartley in intimate relations with the Commander-in- Chief. Years previous, in 1770, when Wash- ington, a« Colonel, received an embassy from the Six Nations, the grand sachem referred to the time when on the battle-field their rifles had been levelled at him in vain, and said, "Listen! The Great Spirit protects that man and guides his destinies. He will be- come the chief of nations, and a people yet unborn will hail him as the founder of a mighty empire! " This made a deep impres- sion, and at the battle of Monmouth, Dr. James Craik expressed great faith in the Indi- an's prophecy. Curtis says: "During the engagement on the following day, while W^ashington was speaking to a favorite officer, I think the brave and valued Col. Hartley, of the Pennsylvania Line, a cannon ball struck just at his horse's feet, throwing the dirt in his face and over his clothes; the General continued giving his orders, without noticing the derangement of his toilet. The officers present, several of whom were of the party the preceding evening, looked at each other with anjsiety. The chief of the medical staff, pleased with the proof of his predic- tion, and in reminiscense of what had passed the night before, pointed toward heaven, which was noticed by the others, with a grat- ifying smile of acknowledgement." "Of the brave and valued Col. Hartley, it is said, that the Commander-in-Chief sent for him in the heat of an engagement, and addressed him as follows: I have sent for you Colonel, to employ you oh a serious piece of service. The state of our affairs renders it necessary that a part of this army should be sacrificed for the welfare of the whole. You command an efficient corps (a fine regiment of Germans from York and Lancaster Counties). I know ■ you well, and have therefore selected you to perform this important and serious duty. You will take such a position and defend it to the last extremity." The Colonel received this appointment to a forlorn hope, with a smile of exultation, and bowing, replied: "Your Excellency does me too much honor; your orders shall be obeyed to the letter," and repaired to his post. I will not be pos- itive as to the location of this anecdote, hav- ing heard it from the old people of the Rev- olution, many years ago, but think it occurred on the field of Monmouth, but of this I am not certain. I have a hundred times seen Col. Hartley received in the halls of the great President, where so many Revolutionary worthies were made welcome, and to none was the hand of honored and friendly recol- lection more feelingly offered; on none did the merit-discerning eye of the Chief appear to bear with more pleasure than on Hartley, of York."* ADDITIONAL BEGIMENT COL. THOMAS HAETLEy's. On the 27th of- December, 1776, Congress authorized Gen. Washington to raise sixteen additional battalions of infantry, and to ap- point the officers. On the 11th of January, 1777, he issued commissions to Lieut. -Col. Hartley and Maj. John Patton, of Miles' Rifle Regiment, to raise two regiments. Hart- ley's regiment was in the First Pennsylvania Brigade, Gen. Wayne's Division, Hartley commanding the brigade in the battles of Brandywine and Germantown. The regiment did heavy fighting at Brandywine from its loss of officers and men. In this regiment was Robert McCuUoogh, who was discharged in 1781, and resided in Yale County in 1817, and Michael Enrich, of York; feet frozen at Wyoming.f Col. Thomas Hartley's Regiment was or- dered to Sunbury in July, 1778, on the West Branch, and remained in service there until incorporated with the New Eleventh. On the 8th of October, 1 778, the Colonel wrote to Congress an account of his operations in defense of the frontier extending from Wy- oming to Allegheny. He asked for a Con- necticut regiment to garrison Wyoming, and said, "My little regiment, with two classes of Lancaster and Berk's County militia, will be scarcely sufficient to preserve the posts from Nescopake Falls to Muncy, and from thence to the head of Penn's Valley. Thomas Hart- ley, Colonel Commandent on the Northern Frontiers of PeDnsylvania."t An unanimous vote of thanks to him was passed by the Su- preme Executive Council on the 10th of De- cember, 1778, "for the brave and prudent *Custia' HeeoUections, p. 304-306. tXhe following is from Glossbrenner's History: Michael Eurich (father of Michael Eurich, director of the poor-house in 1821-22) enlisted in 1777 as a soldier in Col. Hartley's Eegi- ment for the term of three years, or until the end of the Eevo- lutionary war. While he was on command at Wyoming, in the winter of 1780, his feet, through the inclemency of weather were nearly frozen off, in consequence of which he was unable to continue in the service of his country. As Mr. Eurich he- came by this misfortune unable to provide for himself and his family, and as he had never received any donation land, the Legislature of Pennsylvania, on the 29th ol March, 1804, granted to his heirs the donation land to which he would have been entitled, had he served to the end of the Revolutionary war In remembrance, and as a reward for his services, the Legislature of Pennsylvania, on the 29th of March, 1824, granted to his surviving wife, the widow Catharine Eurich, the sum of $40 immediately, and an annuity of $40 for life. }V Archives, 8. CONTINENTAL TKOOPS. 153 conduct in covering the northwestern frontiers oE this State, and repelling the savages and other enemies; and that he be requested to inform the officers and men, who have been under his command, that this Council is highly Bensible of the difficulties and hardships of the duty which they have performed, and the courage and zeal which they have shown dur- ing the last campaign."* THE NEW ELEVENTH CONTINENTAL LINE. On the 16th of December, 1778, Congress resolved that Col. Hartley's regiment, with some independent companies of Pennsyl- vania, be incorporated into a regiment, the Eleventh of the Pennsylvania Line, to form a complete battalion. This was styled the New Eleventh. Col. Hartley resigned on the 13th of February, 1779, after the regiment was taken into line. THE NEW ELEVENTH. In this regiment were the following men: Joel Gray, resided in York County, 1818, aged seventy- five years; Martin Blumenshine, York County; William Brown, from Ireland, resided in York in 1805; Robert Casebolt, April 7, 1777, York County; John Richcreek, Dover Township; John Snyder, died August 11, 1827, in York County, aged seventy-six; Dedlove Shaddow, died August 11, 1827, in York County, aged sixty-nine; was also in Hazen's Regiment. Col. Hazen's Regiment was called "Congress' Own," because it was not attached to the quota of any of the States. It served during the war. Maj. James R. Raid in it was from York County, promoted from Captain. AKTILLBEY. Independent Company of Artillery, Capt. Isaac Coren; James Bahn, July, 1777, ser- vant of William Waugh, Sr., of Hamilton Township, York County, now Adams; resided there in 1814 Patrick Dixon, York County. Corps of Artillery Artificers, raised by direction of Gen. Washington in the summer of 1777; Maj. Charles Lukens, of York. Col. Benjamin Flower's Regiment; Capt. Thomas Wylie's Company of Artillery and Artificers. Andrew Patterson appointed gun- ner, April 26, 1779; wounded in the wrist, discharged after three years' service; resided in York County in 1807. Invalid Regiment — John Richcreek, from German Regiment. Second Regiment of Artillery — Col. John Lamb, March 15, 1778. John Bennington, Mattress, York County; John Johnson, Bom- bardier, Fawn Township; John Kelly, Bom- *XI Col. Eec, 640. bardier. Fawn Township; Michael Kyal, Ser- geant, Fawn Township; Samuel Laughlin, Matross, Fawn Township ; Alexander Martin, Matross, Fawn Township; James Ryburn, Matross, Fawn Township; George Stewart, Matross, Fawn Township. Capt. James Lee's Company. Robert Ditcher, resided in York, 1818, ag'ed fifty- seven. PENNSYLVANIA STATE REGIMENT OP ARTILLERY. Col. Thos. Proctor; William Bergenhoff, resided in York County, 1816; Frederick Leader, in York County, 1834, aged seventy- four; John Lochert,Duffy's Company,1776-79, resided in York County, 1818, aged sixty- eight. ARMAND'S LEGION FRENCH. Gottlieb Morris, Surgeon, was promoted from Surgeon's Mate, resided in York County in 1808; Leonard Bamagartel, resided in York County in 1835; John Glehmer, resided at York in 1828 ; Conrad Pudding, died in York County in 1828, aged seventy-four; Philip Shafier, resided in York County in 1828 ; Lewis Shelly, died in York County in 1825; Conrad Stengle, died at York, Pa. , ante 1826. Von Ot- tendorf's Dragoon Corps — Armand's Legion. Owen Cooley, York, March 25, 1777; John Eirach, York, March 9, 1777; Adam Brand- hef er, York, February 26, 1777 ; John Michael Koch, January 25, 1777, died in York County, 1827. PDLASKl's LEGION. Frederick Boyer, 1778 to 1783, resided in York County, 1835, aged eighty-seven. Mar- tin Miller, resided in York County 1885, aged seventy-one. Edward Smith, died June 26, 1832, in York County, aged seventy-six. Pulaski's Legion was recruited chiefly in Pennsylvania and Maryland. By a resolu- tion of Congress, while in session in York, March 28, 1778, Count Casimir Pulaski was authorized to raise and organize a corps of sixty- eight light- horse, and two hundred foot. In 1779, the Count made York the rendezvous of his legion, before his march to South Carolina. In the assault upon the British before Savannah, October 3, 1779, Pulaski fell mortally wounded; he was carried on board the U. S. Brig, Wasp, where he died. His legion was merged into other corps after his death. During the stay of the legion in York, there were complaints about the behavior of the men, and the Board of TYar directed en- quiry to be made in regard to it. It appeared that they had been recklessly foraging to the alarm of the people. A letter from Col. Thomas Hartley to Pre- 154 HISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. sident Eeed, dated Yorktown, March 17, 1779, says: " Upon my arrival here I found many inhabitants much dissatisfied with the determination of Council concerning the York plection. They thought it hard that a majority of the electors should be deprived of a Representative in Council for .... years. They knew they had been as patriotic as any; that the York district had armed the first in Pennsylvania, and had furnished more men for the war, and lost a greater number of men in it, than any other district on the continent of the same number of inhabit- ants. At Fort Washington, only, they lost 300 men, not fifty of which have ever re- turned (their distressed parents and widows daily evince the melancholy truth). Yet in a matter of such high concern as a Council- lor, they were without a Representative. As to the taking the oath before the 1st of June, they were well convinced that more persons had taken the test in the York district in due time than in any other county, and that many who made the most noise had done the least in the contest. They talked of petitioning from the county; should that be the case, a large and respectable number would appear as signers. I have endeavored to reconcile matters. I have recommended unanimity and the fullest exertions of every individual to support and carry on our Government. If there are defects in our Constitution they will appear. They can be remedied by a ma- jority of the people on a proper occasion." On the 1st of August, 1780, Colonel Will- iam Scott who succeeded McAllister as Lieu tenant of the county, wrote to President Reed that he "had paraded one company of volunteers, and ordered them to march this morning for Bedford ; but they are now to set off this evening for Philadelphia, under the command of Captain James Mackey, a gentleman who has served several years in our army and was recommended to me as one who behaved with bravery. His sub-men are Lieutenant Uavid Coulson and Ensign Philip Gralacher, both of which have done duty in the army some time past. The com- pany consists of fifty men, exclusive of offi- cers. The other company are not yet full, and as soon as they can be collected, we will send them also. 1 have this morning sent expresses to all the sub-lieutenants in this county, requiring them to call out the mili- tia, according to orders.* On the 18th .of June, 1781, Brig. Gen. Irvin represented to the Council that a num- ber of spirited inhabitants "west of the Susque- hanna signified their intentions of equipping •XI Col. Eec, in. themselves to act as light- horse and volun- teers. During the summer a company of light-horsemen was raised, half at Hanover, and the rest in Marsh Creek. The officers were William McPherson, Captain ; Robert Morrison, Lieutenant; James Gettys, Cornet. BEVOLT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA LINE. On the first of January, 1781, occurred the remarkable incident known as the revolt of the Pennsylvania Line. It was an armed mutiny, at Morristown, New Jersey, of about 1,500 soldiers, under the lead of their ser- geants, with artillery, and hence it was for- midable. It was occasioned by arrears of pay, want of clothing, and of sufficient food, depreciation of the currency, and a demand for the discharge of the three years' men. They threatened to march to Philadelphia and demand redress from Congress. Gen. Wayne, commandant, behaved with great coolness in the emergency. President Eeed, with surprising readiness, yielded to their demands. In a letter to Gen. Washington, May 17, 1781, in relation to the affair, he said that before the mutiny the Pennsylva- nia Line was " deemed the fiower of the army," particularly the appointments. The march of the Line to the southward had been an object of great anxiety. During the in- subordination, the British sent emissaries among the soldiers to incite disaffection to the Continental cause, but the Line remained true, and they hung the British as spies. After this, the Line was reduced to six regi- ments of infantry, one of artillery, one of cavalry, and one of artificers. They came to York in May, and marched on the 26th of that month, under Gen. Wayne, through Lit- tlestown and Frederick, southward, with 800 effective men. In February, 1781, orders were given for the rendezvousing of the Pennsylvania troops under Gen. Wayne, at York, previous to join- ing the Southern army under G(3n. Greene. The delay of the State Auditors, who were appointed to settle and pay the proportion of the depreciation. due the troops, caused some little trouble, but by the 7th of June this force, amounting to only 1,100 formed a junction with Lafayette. From the journal of Captain Joseph Mc- Clellan, May 26, 1781: Marched from York at 9, A. M., under the command of Gen. Wayne, and encamped eleven miles on the road to Fredericktown, (with about 800 effec- tive men.) May 27th. The general beat at daylight, and the troops took up the line of march at CONTINENTAL TROOPS. 155 sunrise, and halted near Peter Little's town, it being fourteen miles. From there they continued the march through Taneytown to the Monocacy, and "passed through Frederiuktown about 8, where was a number of British officers, pris- oners, who took a view of us as we passed through the town." " On June 10th they formed a part of the Marquis de Lafayette's troops,ahout 11 o'clock, and arrived about the 12th of September in the neighborhood of Yorktown." The regiments of the Pennsylvania Line were reduced to six, January 1, 1781, and re- enlisted. On the 5th of April, 1781, orders were issued for a detachment of the six regi- ments to hold themselves in readiness to march to York, Pa., immediately. The pro- portion of officers and men each regiment was -to furnish, will be found in Gen. St. Clair's order (Penn'a Arch. O. S. Vol. IX, page 60). It waa to amount to 960 men besides officers. Lieut.-Col. Robinson, of the First ; Ool. Walter Stewart, of the Sec- ond ; Lieut.-Col. Harmar, of the Third ; Col. Richard Butler of the Fifth, and Col. Hump- ton of the Sixth. When Wayne was about leaving York, May 26, 1781, there was some insubordina- tion, which he promptly quelled by shooting down the offenders.* ORDKKS OF GENEEAl. ST. CLAIR. Hbadquartbhs, Philadelphia, April 5, ITSl. A detacliment of the Pennsylvania Line to hold themselves in readiness to march to and assemble at Yorktown immediately. First and Second Regiments are to form One Battalion. 8 comp. of 40 R. & File each 320 men. Third & Fifth Do. One Battalion 330 men. Fourth & Sixth Do. One Battalion 330 men. 960 By Order Ma jr. -Gen. St. Clair. Joseph Haemar, Lt.-Col. General Wayne wrote to President Reed : Yorktown, 26th May, 1781. ■ Bear Sir: I steal a moment whilst the troops are marching thro' the town to acknowledge your favor of the 21st Instant and to thank you for the inclosed intelligence. We have a rumor this moment from Baltimore that Genl. Philips and Lord Cornwallis have formed a junction in Virginia, which is very probable, as they were but Eighty miles apart yesterday two weeks. I am happy to Inform yon that harmony and Discipline again per- vade the Line — to which a prompt and exemplary punishment was a painful tho' necessary prelude. I must beg leave to refer you to Genl. Irvine for particulars who can precure a Return of the Detach- ment from the Board of War if necessary. Pei-mit me to wish you all happiness, & believe me yours most sincerely, Akthony Wayne. 'Letter to President Eeed, Ar. IX, p. 673. Arch., N. S , and note, VII Ar,, 288. Copy p. 28S— X In Major Denny's Journal,* is the follow- ing : Carlisle, May 1st, 1781. The Pennsylvania Line, after the revolt and dis- charge of the men, last winter, were reduced to six regiments ; the officers ordered to different towns in the state to recruit. An appointment of Ensign in the 7th had been obtained for me in August last; the 7th and 4th were incorporated, and, under com- mand of Lieut.-Col. Comt. William Butler, rendez- voused at this place — companies now about half full. The effective men were formed into four companies, and marched to Little York ; I was arranged to one of the marohiag companies, Samuel Montgomery, Captain, and George Bluer, Lieutenant. All the recruits, fit for service, from the different stations, were brought to York, formed into two regiments of eight companies each, destined for the State of Virginia. A few days spent in equipping, etc., and for the trial of soldiers charged with mutiny, Gen- eral Anthony Wayne, the commanding officer, influ- enced no doubt by the experience of the revolt last winter, expresses a determination to punish with the utmost rigor, every case of mutiny or dis- obedience. A general court martial continued sit- ting several days ; twenty odd prisoners brought before them ; seven were sentenced to die. The regiments paraded in the evening earlier than usual ; orders pa.ssed to the officers along the line to put to death instantly any man who stirred from his rank. In front of the parade, the ground rose and de- scended again, and at the distance of about 300 yards over this rising ground, the prisoners were escorted by a Captain's guard ; heard the fire of one platoon, and immediately a smaller one, when the regiments wheeled by companies, and marched round by the place of execution. This was an awful exhibition. The seven objects were seen by the troops just as they had sunk or fell under the Are. The sight must have made an impression on the men ; it was designed with view. York, May 1.5. Provisions for transporting baggage, etc., and other necessary preparations, commenced our march for Virgmia ; the weather pleasant and the roads tolerably good. Passed through Frederick Town (Maryland), where were some British prison- ers quartered, they turned out lo see us. Next day reached the Potomac ; here we were detained for want of craft — boats few and in bad condulon. The artillery passed over first (a battalion of artil- lery accompanied the brigade). The secondflat-boat hadleft the shore about forty yards, when the whole sunk. Several women were on board, but as hun- dreds of men were on the bank, relief soon reached them ; none were lost — got all over. Proceeded a few miles and encamped. Struck our tents every morning before day. About 8 or 9 o'clock, as we found water, a short halt was made ; the water-caK beat, parties, six or eight from each company, coiv ducted by a non-commissioned officer, with can- teens fetched water. Seldom allowed to eat until 13 o'clock, when the arms were stacked, knapsacks taken off and water sent for by parties as before. Officers of a company generally messed together, sometimes more ; one of their servants carried cooked provisions for the day, no cooking until night. Not acquainted with the country on our route, but understood that we W' re marching muck about — very circuitous — keeping off the Blue Ridge close on our right. This to avoid the enemy ami secure our junction with the Marquis Lafayette. In "The Yorktown Campaign," is the fol- lowing: "The delay in the arrival of Wayne *P. 237, Joined the First Pennsylvania Regiment at Tort as Ensign. 10 156 HISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. and his corps was to be referred mainly to these common and vexing causes which had embarrased American operations from the beginning of the war — lack of supplies, quar- ter-master's stores especially, and unsat- isfied pay-rolls. This oificer had been ordered southward in February, but could not leave until May. His force, composed of the greater part of the Pennsylvania line, as reorganized since its mutiny in January, con- sisted of three regiments — in all a thousand men — commanded by the brave and experi- enced Colonels, Bichard Butler, Walter Stewart, and Richard Hampton. Nine offi- cers and ninety men, with six field pieces, from Proctor' s Fourth Continental Artillery, completed the detachment. Nor, when all was in readiness, were the men to leave in the best of humor. They had recently been paid off in the current notes without their depreciated value added, and dissatisfaction at once ran high. Certain leaders went so far as to manifest the old dangerous spirit of insubordination, which called for and received prompt and effective treatment. A drum-head court-marshal was held in camp, and seven of their number tried and executed. This disturbance quelled, the troops left York, Pennsylvania, in the morning of May 28, 1781, and on the 30th were at Frederick, Maryland. There, in reply to urgent letters to push on to Virginia, Wayne wrote as fol- lows toLafayefct: "I well know the necessity of an immediate junction, and beg leave to assure you that our anxiety for that event is equal to your wishes ; may it be speedy and propitious. I wish our numbers were some thing more ; however, we must endeavor to stem this torrent ; and if we have it not in our power to command success, I trust, my' dear Marquis, that we shall produce a conviction to the world that we deserve it." BRITISH PRISONERS. In 1781, an act of Congress directed that the British convention of prisoners in Mary- land and Virginia be removed to Yorktown, Pennsylvania, from fear of rescue by Corn- wallis, and the York county militia were orderd out to guard them. It appears by a letter from President Kecd to William Scott, lieutenant of this county, June 28, 1781, that these prisoners were ordered to be placed in huts near York* Four and a half miles east of town, in Windsor Township, about twenty acres of woodland were cleared and cultivated by them, surrounded by a picket fence fifteen *Col. James Wood wrote from Lancaster, on the 80th of June, 1781, that he intended to "hut" the prisoners near York ; and subsequently a spot four and a half miles east of the town was selected. feet high. The huts were mostly of stone. Some of the timber of the fence and stones of the huts yet remain. While there a plague of some kind broke out among them, and a large number of them died. Their graves are still visible, marked with stones. Until within some thirty years past, a scaffold, con- sisting of two trees cut off, with a cross piece, was standing there. The story told, is that one night a party, supposed to be marauders, came to the house of William Morgan, (one of the family of that name said to have been the only English one that settled in Kreutz Creek. valley,) and called for something to eat. Morgan perceiving that they were Hes- sians, shut the door upon them ; whereupon they fired through the door, wounding him, and then left. A neighbor rode to camp and gave informationof the occurrence to the offi- cer in charge. The roll being called it was readily found out who were missing ; and on the return of the party they were court-mar- tialed and hung. England did not carry on the war for the subjugation of the American Colonies alto gether with her own soldiers, but employed mercenaries, known to us as Hessians. The profession of a soldier has always been held honorable, and is none the less so because he retjeives pay. He is under obligation to give his life, if need be, to the government that employs him, and is authorized by the law of nations to take life in open war. It is not the pay of the individual soldier that makes him a mercenary; it is the hire of his services by his sovereign to another poten- tate. The price of such hire in the case of the Hessians who were engaged to fight our people was enormous. The Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel kept up a splendid court on the price he received from the British Govern- ment, some $15,000,000, for the hire of 20,- 000 soldiers and upward. From time to time during the war large numbers of prisoners, principally Hessians, were brought to York, under the escort of the militia. In individual instances, by per- mission of the Council of Safety or the Board of War, prisoners were discharged on parole and allowed to take up a residence from choice; and some Hessians settled in York County. By the convention made at the surrender of Burgoyne to Gates, several thousand pris- oners fell into the hands of the Americans, called the ' ' convention prisoners. " The militia of the several counties, Philadelphia, Bucks, Chester, Lancaster and York, were ordered to escort them through the limits of each county, the York County militia being CONTINENTAL TROOPS. 157 ordered to meet them at Wright's Ferry. But by subsequent arrangements these pris- oners passed, under escort of Continental troops, through York and Hanover to Fred- erick, Md. Wherever the Hessian prisoners passed, the people thronged to see these ter- rible beings, and they were hooted as hire- lings to the trade of blood. Some of them were nien of education and intelligence, who published accounts of their experience in the American war. They tell in particular of the scoldings they received from the women for coming to rob them of their liberty. Gen. Washington had to cause notices to be put up through the country that they "were in- nocent of the war and had joined in it not of free will, but through compulsion.''* In Lieut. Anberry'sf " Travels in Amer- ica" is the following: Febdekicktown, in Maryland, ) December 25, 1778. f My Dear Friend : After we left Lancaster, we crossed the Susque- hannah, which, though a large, broad and beautiful river, is extremely dangerous on account of the rapidity of the current and innumerable small rocks that just make their appearance above the surface; in crossing it we were not without our fears, for a scow belonging to the Second Brigade, in which Lord Torphinchin and a number of officers and soldiers of the Twenty-first Regiment was near being lost bj' striking on one of these rocks. This river falls into the Chesapeake, and forms the head of that vast water, which, though one of the largest and most beautiful rivers in America, is the least useful, as it is not navigable above twelve or fifteen miles at the farthest, and above that scarcely so for canoes; the utility of this river would be great if the navigation, even for canoes, was practicable, as the source of the last branch of this river in the Mohawk country, and from thence to the mouth in the Chesapeake, is near 700 miles. After we crossed the Susquehanna we arrived at Yorktown, which was some time the seat of Con- gress. This is reckoned the second inland town in America. It is not so large as Lancaster, but much pleasanter, being situated on Codorus Creek, a pretty stream which falls into the Susquehannah. This town contains between 2,000 and 3,000 inhabitants, chiefly Irish, intermixed with a few Germans. Here was formerly more trade than in Lancaster, and notwithstanding the troubles, it has still more appearance of it. As we came into the town at 4 o'clock in the afternoon, and marched the next morning, you may easily imagine I had but little time to make any very particular observations; but in walking about I saw the court house, and a few churches, which are very neat brick buildings, and I remarked the houses were much better built, and with more regularity than in Lancaster; of the two, though, York is considerably less than the other. I should give it the preference for a place of residence. As I observed in a former letter, it was with a view and hope that the men would desert that the Congress marched us at this inclem- ent season; numbers have answered their wishes, especially the Germans, who, seeing in what a com- fortable manner their countrymen live, left us in *Irving's Life of Washington. tLient. Anberry was taken prisoner at the surrender of Burgoyne's array at Saratoga. great numbers as we marched through New York, the Jerseys and Pennsylvania. Among the number of deserters is my servant, who, as we left Lancas- ter, ran from me with my horse, portmanteau, and everything he could take with him. By letter of July 8, 1781, the Lieutenant writes: "As we imagined, orders are arrived for the removal of the army to Yorktown and Lancaster, at which places the officers are to be separated from the soldiers," and in a subsequent letter describes the separation as distressing.* In Lamb' s "Journal of the American War' 'f is the following: But my joy was of short duration. Scarcely was 1 settled (at Frederick, Md.) in my hut (in some de- free of ease and comfort, in comparison to my ormer sufferings) when I was ordered to be moved under a guard to Winchester, where the regiment to which I belonged was confined. The officers and men were all glad to see me; they had heard of the hardships which I had endured in attempting my es'cape, and they condoled with me; part of the British troops remained here until January, 1782, when Congress ordered us to be marched to Little York, in Pennsylvania. I received information that, as soon as I fell into the ranks to march off, I should be taken and confined in Winchester jail, as the Americans were apprehensive that when I got to New York, I should again attempt my escape to that place. I was advised by my officers to conceal myself until the troops had marched. I took the hint and hid myself in the hospital among the sick; here I remained until the American guards had been two days on their march with the British prisoners. I then prepared to follow them, but at a cautious distance. The troops arrived at Little York, and were confined in a prison which I have already de- scribed in page 208,| only a little more limited. About two hundred yards from this pen a small vil- lage had been built by the remains of Gen. Bur- goyne's Army, who were allowed very great priv- ileges with respect to their liberty in the country. When some of my former comrades of the Ninth Regiment were informed that I was a prisoner in Lord Cornwallis's Army, and that I was shortlj' ex- pected at Little York, they immediately applied to the commanding officer of the Americans for a pass in my name, claiming me as one of their regiment. This was immediately granted, and some of them kindly and attentively placed themselves on the watch for my arrival, lest I should be confined with the rest of Lord Cornwallis's Army. When I en- tered Little York I was most agreeably surprised at meeting my former companions, and more so when a pass was put into my hands, giving me the privi- lege of ten miles of the countiy round while I be- haved well and orderly. I was then conducted to a hut, which my poor, loving comrades had built for ♦Interior Travels through America, p. 502. f P. 397. Lamb -was a sergeant in the Royal Welsh Fusileers. He was taken prisoner at the surrender of Cornwallis at York- town. |The description of the pen, described on page 208, is as fol- lows; "A great number of trees were ordered to be cut down in the woods; these were sharpened at each end, and drove firmly into the earth, very close together, enclosing a space of about two or three acres. American sentinels were placed on the out- side of this fence, at convenient distances, in order to prevent our getting out. At one angle a gate was erected, .and on the outside thereof stood the guard-house; two sentinels were con- stantly posted at this gate, and no one could get out, unless he had a pass from the officer of the guard, but this is a privilege in which very few were indulged. Boards and nails were given to the British in order to make them temporary huts, to secure them from the rain and heat of the sun," 158 HISTORY OF YOEK COUNTY. ine in their village before my arrival. Here I remained some time, visiting my former companions from hut to hut; but I was astonished at the spirit of industry which prevailed among them. Men, women, and even children, were employed making lace, buckles, spoons, and exercising other mechan- ical trades, which they had learned during their captivity. They had very great liberty from the Americans, and were allowed to go round the coun- try and sell their goods; while the soldiers of Lord Cornwallis's Army were closely confined in their pen. I perceived that they had lost that animation which ought to possess the breast of the soldier. I strove, by every argument, to rouse them from their lethargy. I offered to head any number of them, and make a noble effort to escape into New York, and join our comrades in arms, but all my efforts proved ineffectual. As for my own part, 1 was de- termined to make the attempt; I well knew from experience that a few companions would be highly necessary. Accordingly I sent word of my in- tention to seven men of the 33d Regiment, who were coniined in the pen, and that I was willing to bring them with me. I believe in all the British Army that these men (three sergeants and four privates) could not have been excelled for courage and intrepedity. They rejoiced at the idea, and by the aid of some of Burgoyne's Army they were en- abled, under cover of a dark night, to scale their fence and assemble in my hut. I sent word of my intention to my commanding officer, Capt. Saum- arez of the 23d, and likewise the names of the men whom I proposed to bring with me. As my money was almost expended, I begged of him to ad- vance me as much as convenient. He immediately sent me a supply. It was on the 1st of March, 1782, that I set off with my party." On the 21st of November, 1782, a petition from John Fishel, of this county, was re- ferred to the Secretary of War, staling that said John Fishel was inveigled into the British service in 1771; that he was captured with Gen. Burgoyne, and had returned to his native place; that he had married and had now several children; he therefore prayed to be restored to his rights as a citizen. He produced certificates of good behavior, took the oath of allegiance, and was again in- vested with the rights and privileges of an American citizen. Armand's Legion of French troops, was quartered at York, from January to Novem- ber, 1783. The following petition, dated October of that year, explains itself: That a number of Troops (commonly called Armand's Legion)have been quartered among Your Petitioners about ten months ago; and that many of said Troops are very mischivious and trouble- some to Your Petitioners, but they contrive it so Crafty that it is a hard matter to discover the Fact, and have them brought to Justice, and which they conceive would be equally dangerous. And that Your Petitioners have been very Subtilly deceived at first, being only required to keep them for a few Days, but have been here ever since and no likeli- hood of being yet removed. And that many of Your Petitioners might have had the Benefit of Letting some Apartments of their Dwellings, was it not that some of said Troops were Quartered therein. And that Your Petitioners presume to be highly injured in their Property and deprived of their Libertyf (which they conceive to be equally entitled to enjoy the same, as other faithful Citizens of this Common-Wealth,) if the said Troops are not im- mediately removed from this Place. And that Your Petitioners would be willing to bear the Burthen with patience, were it General throughout this Common-Wealth. Your Petitioners therefore most earnestly solicit Your Excellency and the Honorable Council, to lend an Ear to their excessive Burthensome Griev- ances, and Order that the said Troops may be Quartered in Barracks, which Your Petitioners pre- sume would be more convenient and agreeable to the Troops, and less Injurious to Individuals, and would Relieve Your Petitioners of a very heavy and disagreeable Burthen, in which they most humbly Pray Redress. And Your Petitioners as in duty bound, &c. will pray. But all the citizens of York borough were not unfriendly to the men of Armand's Legion, as the following will show: York Town, Nov. 18th, 1783. To Brigadier General Armand Marquis De La. Rouerie. Hearing that your legion is about to be dis- banded, and that you will soon return to your native country, we, the inhabitants of York, in Pennsyl- vania, express to you the high sense we entertain of the strict dicipline, good conduct and deportment of the officers and soldiers of your corps, whilst stationed amongst us for ten months past. We return to you our hearty thanks, as well for the service rendered to America in the field, as for the attention you have paid to the property and civil rights of the people. Be pleased to commu- nicate our sentiments to Major Shaflner, and all your worthy officers, and assure them we shall ever hold them in the greatest esteem. We pray that you may have an agreeable pas- sage across the ocean, and that you may receive from your illustrious actions, performed in support of liberty and the honor of the allied arms, and are with great regard your most &c. James Smith, Thomas Hartley, Archibald M'Clean, and others. Gen. Armand inade the following reply to these- kind words: York, Nov. 19th, 1783. Gentlemen — I received your polite address of the 18th, and from its impression on my feelings, and of the oifl- cers and soldiers of the legion, I am truly happy in. giving you our united and most hearty thanks. If the legion has observed that good conduct, which merits the applause you give it, I conceive- that, in so doing, they have only discharged their duty, and obeyed punctually the orders and inten- tion of His Excellency, Gen. Washington, whose exemplary virtues, talents and honor, must have raised ambition to some merit in those, who, like the corps I had the honor to command, placed all their confidence in him. Permit me to say, gentlemen, that soldiers can- not be guilty of misconduct, where the inhabitants are kind to them, also are attatched to the cause of their country, and so respectable as those of York. I think it my duty to thank you for the good be- havior of the legion whilst amongst you, for it was encouraged and supported by your conduct towards them. I shall only add, that although the greater part of us will shortly return home, the conclusion of the war rendering our longer stay unneccessary, we shall be happy again to join the army of Ameriea,. CONTINENTAL TROOPS. 159 if in future our services should be deemed of im- portance. I have the honor to be with, ifcc, Armand, Makqdis Db La Rouekie. l-ENSIONEES. The following is a list of Pensioners of the Eevolutionary war, from Glossbrenner's His- tory : Congress on the 18th of March, 1818, passed ' ' an act to provide for certain persons engaged in the land and naval service of the United States in the Revolutionary war. " "We will here mention those of the inhabitants of York County, who became United States' Pensioners under this act and its supplement, and who were alive at the passage of the act. John Schneider, served in Col. Hartley's regiment, Capt. Grier's company, from 11th November, 1775, until the end of one year and three months. He afterward served in the regiment commanded by Col. Haren, in Capt. Turner's company, from the early part of the year 1777, until the end of the war. In 1818, aged sixty-seven. Christian Pepret, served in Col. Butler's regiment, in Capt. Bush's company from the year 1779 until the close of the war. In 1818, aged sixty-seven. John Jacob Bauer, served in the First Pennsylvania regiment commanded by Col. Chambers, in Capt. James Wilson's company, from September, 1774, until the close of the war. In 1818, aged seventy-three. John Deis, served in Capt. David Grier's company, in the regiment commanded by Col. Hartley, from March, 1776, until the end of one year. In 1818, aged sixty-two. George Lingenfelder, served in Capt. Michael McGuire's company, in Col. Brooks' regiment, of Maryland, from June, 1780, until the close of the war. At the battle of Brandywine he was severely wounded. In 1818, aged fifty-nine. David Eamsey, served in the First Rifle Regiment, under Col. Edward Hand, the company under Capt. Henry Miller, from Ist of July, 1775, until July, 1776. Being then discharged, he joined Ool. Mannum's regi- ment, and was in service until taken prisoner at the battle of Brandywine. Besides this battle he was present and took part in those of Bunker Hill, Long Island, and at Flat Bash, at one of which he was wounded in the head. In 1818, aged sixty-nine. Humphrey Andrews, enlisted in Chester County, Pennsylvania, on 26th January, 1776, for the term of one year, in the com- pany then commanded by Capt. James Taylor, in the Fourth Pennsylvania Regi- ment, commanded by Col. Anthony Wayne. From Chester County he marched by the way of New York, Albany, Ticonderoga and Crown Point, to Montreal, at which place they met the troops under Gen. Thompson who were returning from the battle at the Three Rivers. He thence returned, with his fellow soldiers, to Crown Point, where he remained until the 24th of January, 1777, stationed between the two armies of Burgoyne and Howe. Marching to old Chester, in Pennsylvania, he was discharged on the 25th of February, 1777. Andrews was engaged in a skirmish with the British in November, 1776. In 1818, aged sixty-three. Jacob Mayer, enlisted in York County, served in Col. Wagner's regiment, in the company commanded by Capt. James Taylor, from February 1776, to the end of one year, when he was discharged at C Lester. In 1828, aged sixty-seven. Robert Ditcher, enlisted in the spring of 1777, in Capt. James Lee's company of ar- tillery then in Philadelphia, attached to the regiment commanded by Col. Laub. He was present and took part in the battles of White Plains, Staten Island, Monmouth, Mud Island and Germantown, and was several times wounded. In 1818, aged fifty- seven. John Taylor, enlisted in February, 1778, at Mount Holly, in New Jersey, in the com- pany of Capt. John Cummings, and in the Second Regiment of the New Jersey line attached to the brigade commanded by Gen. Maxwell ; and he continued in service until October, 1783, when he was discharged near Morristown in that State. He was at the battle of Monmouth, and at the capture of Cornwallis at Yorktown ; he likewise served as a volunteer at the storming of Stony Point, by Gen. Wayne, at which he was slightly wounded. In 1818, aged seventy-one. Dedlove Shadow, served from the spring of 1776 until the close of the war, in Con- gress Regiment commanded by Col. Moses Hazen, in the company commanned by Capt. Duncan. In 1818, aged sixty-two. James Hogg, served from 26th January, 1779, in the First Regiment of the Maryland line, commanded at first by Col. Smallwood, and afterward by Col. Stone. His company was at first that of Capt. Nathaniel Ramsay, and afterward that of Capt. Hazen. In 1818, aged sixty-three. Michael Schultze, served in Col. Hartley's regiment and in Capt. Grier's company from January, 1776, for the term of one year. In 1818, aged sixty-one. 160 HISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. Mathias Kraut, served in the Tenth Regi- ment of the Pennsylvania line, commanded by Capt. Stout, from the year 1776 until the close of the war. In 1818, aged fifty- eight. Thomas Randolph, served in the Seventh Regiment of the Virginia line commanded by Col. McLellan, in the company command- ed by Capt. Peasey, from the year 1775 antil 1778. In 1818, aged seventy-one. "The Soldiers' Friend " thus describes this old, old pensioner in 1818: Thomas Randolph — better known here as old Tommy Randall, the standing bugbear of children and likely to rival the most celebrated " Boog-a-boos " of any past age. We sincerely hope his sooty note of ' sweep O — sweep O ' will soon be exchanged for more cheerful ones. Indeed he has scarcely a note of any kind left, as he is now a tenant of the poor house, having been some time ago gathered to that pro- miscuous congregation of fatherless, mother- less, sisterless, brotherless, houseless and friendless beings, each of whom is little less than oiviliter mortuus. Samuel Ramble, served in the First Regi- ment of the Virginia line, under Col. Camp- bell, in the company commanded by Capt. Moss, during the three last years of the war. In 1818, aged sixty. Frederick Boyer, served in the detachment under Col. Almon from 1777 until 1779, when he enlisted in a corps of cavalry under Capt. Selincki, and under the command of Gen. Pulaski ; he served in the corps until nearly the whole of it was destroyed. In 1818, aged sixty-seven. Henry Doll, served in the First Regiment of the Pennsylvania line under Col. Stewart, and in the company under Capt. Shade, for about one year. In 1818, aged seventy- one. John Lockert, served in Col. Proctor's Regiment of Artillery in the Pennsylvania line, in the company of Capt. Duffie from June, 1777, until June, 1779. In 1818,' aged sixty-six. ■ Thomas Burke, served in the Tenth Regi- ment of the Pennsylvania line commanded by Lieut. Col. Hazen, from June, 1778, until 1781. In 1818, aged fifty-eight. Jacob Kramer, served in the regiment com- manded by Capt. Hausecker, and afterward by Col. Weltman, in the company commanded by Capt. Paulsell and afterward by Capt. Boyer. The term of his service was from 19th July, 1776, until 19th July, 1779. In 1818, aged sixty-two. Joseph Wren, served in the Seventh Regi- ment of the Pennsylvania line, in the com- pany of Capt. Wilson, from January, 1777, until tbe close of the war. In 1818, aged eighty. Joseph Wren made his original application for a pension through Samuel Bacon, formerly an attorney of York. Mr. Bacon thus writes concerning the old soldier in 1818: " Joseph Wren. — This old man's body and spirit seem to be equally light. He can travel his thirty miles a day with ease. His appearance reminds you of the Egyptian Mummies so celebrated for their fresh and life-like appearance after the lapse of cen- turies. During the deluge (not Noah's flood, nor yet Ducalion's, as you might have supposed from his ancient date, but the deluge which buried a third part of our town in ruins, on the ever memorable 9th of Aug- ust, 1817,) old Wren, like the lively little bird of his own name, perched himself in a snug corner of the garret of a two- story house, and went to sleep. The house rose on the bosom of the deep, plunged all but the garret into the waves, and was dashed from surge to surge till it lodged against a tree. Five persons were drowned; side by side they lay in a room of the second story of the house. Joseph slept on. " At length when the God of nature held out the olive branch of hope to the terror-struck tenants of the roofs of the tottering houses, and the flood subsided so that ' the dry land appeared ' — when the mighty ocean that had been as it were created in a moment and precipitated upon us, gathered itself into the mild and unassuming Codorus again, Joseph's abode of death, when youth and health, and female excellence and manly virtue, had been buried in the waves, was visited, — and still he slept. When he awakened he rubbed his eyes, not certain they were his own, or whether he was Joseph Wren any more; for he knew not where he was, unless it might be in some place on the other side of the grave. Thus, indeed, has Joseph Wren had hair- breadth escapes, in the forest wild and city full, and is spared to be made glad by some- thing very unlike the ingratitude of repub- lics." Conrad Pudding served in Armand's legion, in Capt. Sheriff's company from the spring of 1781, until the fall of 1783, when the army was disbanded. In 1818, aged sixty-four. Michael Warner served in Capt. Jacob Bower's company of the Pennsylvania line from October, 1781, until October, 1783. In 1818, aged fifty-nine. John Devinney served in the Fourth Regi- ment commanded by Col. Anthony Wayne, in CONTINENTAL TROOPS. 161 Gapt. Thomas Robinson's company from the fall of 1775 until the close of one year, at which time he entered in the Fifth Regiment, in Capt. Bartholemew's company in which he continued to serve until the close of the war. In 1818, aged sixty-two. William Brown enlisted at Philadelphia in the autumn of 1777 for the term of three years, in the company commanded by Capt. John Doyle and the First Regiment of the Pennsylvania line commanded by Col. Hand. He was at the battle of Brandywine, at the taking of the Hessians at Trenton, and at the battles of Princeton, Monmouth, Stony Point and Paoli, at the last of which he received several wounds. Having continued to serve six years, he was discharged at Lancaster. In 1818, aged seventy-three. John Beaty served in the Sixth Pennsyl- vania Regiment commanded by Col. Irwin, in the company of Abraham Smith from Febru- ary, 1776, until February, 1777. In 1818, aged sixty-three. John Ohmet served in the Tenth Regiment of the Pennsylvania line, commanded by Col. Richard Hampton, in the company of Capt. Hicks, from May, 1777, until the close of the war. In 1818, aged sixty. Jacob McLean served in Col. Hauseeker's regiment called the "German Regiment," in the company of Capt. Benjamin Weiser, from July, 1776, until the year 1779. In 1818, aged sixty. Frederick Huebner, served in Gen. Ar- mand's legion, in the company of Capt. Barron for the term of about three years. In 1818, aged sixty-four. Adam Schuhman, served in the Fifth Penn- sylvania Regiment commanded by Col. Richard Butler in Capt. Walker's company commanded by Lieut. Feldam, from the spring of 1776 until the close of the war. In 1818, aged sixty-six. Joel Gray, served in Col. Hartley's regi- ment of the Pennsylvania line, in the company of Capt. Bush, from October, 1778, until the 1st of April, 1781. In 1818, aged seventy-live. Poor Joel was a client of Mr. Bacon, who thus writes of him in 1818: "Joel Gray — He may indeed be addressed in the style of the old ballad, and they may make the same response. why do you shiver and shake Gaffer Gray? And why does your nose look so blue? " I am grown very old, • And the weather 'tis cold, And my doublet is not very new." This old man, in 1818, says: " I have one chest worth about a dollar. I have no trade or any business whatsoever. I have no children or friends to give me any kind of assistance. My pension and the poor-house are all I have to depend upon. ' ' Michael Weirich, served in the Sixth Regi- ment of the Maryland line under Col. Will- iams and Col. Stewart, and in the company of Capt. Rebelle, during the last five years of the war. In 1818, aged sixty-four. Zenos Macomber, served in Col. Carter's regiment from May, 1775, until January, 1776, when he enlisted in Col. Bond's regi- ment of the Massachusetts line. Having served in this regiment about two months, he was removed and placed in Gen. Washing- ton's foot guard. Here he continued until January, 1777, when he enlisted in Gen. Washington's horse guard in which he served three years. In 1818, aged sixty-one. Anthony Lehman,served in the Fifth Regi- ment of the Pennsylvania line under Col. McGaw, in the company of Capt. ' Deckart, from February, 1775, till January, 1777. In 1818, aged sixty-five. Samuel Spicer, served in the Tenth Regi- ment of the Pennsylvania line, under Col. Hampton, in Capt. Weaver's company, for about one year before the close of the war. In 1818, aged eighty-one. Christopher Nerr, served in the Second Regiment of the Pennsylvania line, com- manded by Col. Stewart, under Capt. Patter- son, from April, 1777, until January, 1780. In 1818, aged sixty- five. William Smith, served in the Second Regi- ment of the Pennsylvania line, under Capt. Watson from February, 1776, until the expiration of one year. Being then in Can- ada, he returned home and enlisted in the Fourth Regiment of the Pennsylvania line, commanded by Col. William Butler, in Capt. Bird's company. In 1818, aged sixty nine. Martin MuUer, served in Count Pulaski's legion, in Capt. Seleski's company, for the term of eighteen months. In 1818, aged sixty- nine. Ludwig Waltman, served in the Sixth Regi- ment of the Pennsylvania line, commanded by Col. Butler, in the company of Capt. Bush, from the fall of 1777 for the term of three years and a half. In 1818, aged sixty. Wiiliam Kline, served in Col. Wayne's regiment, in Capt. Frazers company, from December, 1775, until March, 1777. In 1818, aged sixty-three. res HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. SUBSEQUENT MILITARY HISTORY. THONTIEE DEFENSE. IN 1790, the General Assembly took action , in regard to the defense of the frontier, the Indians having continued to harass and distress the inhabitants. A conference was had by Gen. Washington on the 10th of Jan- uary, 1791, with the chiefs of the Seneca Nation, Cornplanter, Half Town and Great Tree, without much result. The troops un- der Gov. St. Clair were defeated, and there was great alarm. The quotas of the several brigades of Pennsylvania, toward forming a detachment of 10,768 militia, officers in- eluded, agreeably to the requisition of the President of the United States, May 19, 1794, were to be in readiness to march according to the following divisions: Second Division, First Brigade, Brig.-Gen. Miller, County of York, 822 men, County of Lancaster 756 men.* WHISKY INSUEEECTION. The excise laws had been enacted for the purpose of providing revenue, and laid a tax on spirituous liquors manufactured in the province, before the Revolution, and during the war it was necessary, on account of large quantities of grain consumed, and of the depreciation of the currency. Resistance be- gan in the western counties with the enthu- siasm of the opposition to the British tax on tea. The morality of making and drinking whisky was not then questioned. Although the Constitution of the United States made all taxes uniform, yet the tax on one article would be oppressive in particular sections of the country. In 1791, a law of Congress laid an excise of 4 pence per gallon on all distilled spirits. Among those who opposed the law were such men as Albert Gallatin and Judge Brackenridge. Public meetings were held in opposition to it and a conven- tion of delegates met at Pittsburgh. Col- lectors of excise were tarred and feathered, and also those who undertook to serve process against the rioters, who were called " Tom, the Tinker's men," from the mending the feroken stills. The President of the United States issued a proclamation enjoining per- sons to submit to the law. The excitement eaused bloodshed. The State and natronal authorities conferred, and committees of dis- tinguished citizens were sent to the West to investigate and negotiate. A call for troops followed. *IV Archives, N. S , 764. Under the requisition of the President of the United States, 5,200 militia were called from Pennsylvania. The fourth division, Lancaster and York. Second Brigade; Yorke quota-22 cavalry, 550 officers, musicians and privates. The whole detachment of militia were to constitute one division, to be formed into three brigades, to be in readiness to march at a moment's warning. The third brigade, York, Gen. James Chambers, 500 men. Cavalry Corps, Russel's, York. 1 colonel, 2 majors, 1 ensign, 4 sergeants, 4 corporals, 1 paymaster, 1 surgeon, 25 pri- vates. York county, furnished, on this occasion, a regiment of well appointed militia, and two companies of volunteers. The regiment was commanded by Col. Daniel May. One company of volunteers was commanded by Capt. Andrew Johnston. Of this company Charles Barnitz was first lieutenant, and John Greer, ensign. Of the other, (which was a rifle company,) James Cross was cap- tain. * Col. Alexander Russell to Gen. Harmar: Yorktown, September 6, 1794. "Five hundred to 1000 stand of arms and accoutrements care- fully put into hands of select volunteer com- panies would give new vigor to the troops and cheerful compliance with a call."f Sep- tember 11, 1794. — Orders of Gen. Josiah Harmar, adjutant-general of the militia of Pennsylvania, on requisition of the Presi- dent of the United States, for assembling the quota of militia, drafted. The quota of York County to assemble at Yorktown, there to be furnished with arms, equipments and camp equipage, and to proceed direct to Car- lisle. Each company complete will be al- lowed one covered wagon with four horses, which is to carry their tents and camp kettles, but to be encumbered as little as possible with baggage, and every man is to carry his own pack. J Secretary of War Hamilton, wrote to Gov. Mifflin, September 18, 1794, " that a detach- ment of the troops of the United States, under the command of Lieut. Daniel Bissell, is to march from this city as an escort to a train of artillery and military stores, intended for the Maryland and Virginia Militia called out against the Western insurgents. This detach- ment will march through Lancaster and Yorktown and from thence to Williamsport, in Maryland. I have to request that your excellency would be pleased to give instruc- tions to the commanding officer of the militia at York, to furnish a reinforcement from his *Glos8brenner. flV Archives, N. S., 263. 1282. SUBSEQUENT MILITARY HISTORY. 163 militia to the said escort, if Lieut. Bissell should think it necessary, for the protection of his important charge." This was com- municated by Gov. Thomas Mifflin to Alex- ander Russell, Esq. , brigade inspector of the county of York, the same day. Gov. Mifflin VFrote to Gen. Edward Hand, on the 27th of September, that he had " just received a letter from the brigade inspector of York County, informing him that he was in want of rifles, and requesting that an order might be given for putting into his possession from fifty to one hundred of those which you have contracted for in York "* On the 29th of September, 1794, Secretary Dallas wrote to Dr. "Wales, of York, from Yorktown: "The governor has received a very honorable recommendation, for issuing a commission in your favor, as surgeon to the Marsh Creek troop of Horse, on the Western expedition, and he. directs me to in- form you that the recommendation shall be complied with upon our arrival at Carlisle, "f A conference was held by the governor with the brigade officers of York County, at York, on the 29th of September. On the 10th of October, President Wash- ington was at Carlisle, having passed en route through the upper part of York County. He left there on the 11th for Ohambersburg, and went as far as Bedford, where he re- mained two or three days. But the people of the West had yielded and consented to obey the law, and orders were issued for the return of the troops on the 17th of Novem- ber. J THE WAK OF 181'2-14. The prosperity of the United States, after the achievement of their independence, was interrupted by the war between England and France, during the career of Napoleon. Those nations mutually declared each other's ports to be in a state of blockade, which closed them against American commerce. The British government claimed the "right of search" — to take from American vessels the sailors they claimed to be of English birth and impress them into their service, The American people demanded " free trade and sailors' rights," and the outrages perpe- trated were so great that they insisted upon a surrender of the British claim of search. The Government of the United States refused to negotiate on the subject, an embargo was laid upon all ships in American ports, and war was declared by Congress against Great Britain in June, 1812. •IV Archives, N. S., 321. t381. James Madison, the President of the United States, issued a proclamation calling on the militia of the several States. In May, 1812, a draft of 14,000 men, as the quota of Pennsylvania of 100,000 militia, had been ordered by an act of Congress, and Gov. Snyder had issued his general orders for their organization, and volunteers from all parts of the State had tendered their ser- vices to the Government by the time war was declared. This war with Great Britain re- sulted in great gJory to the American arms on sea and land, as in the celebrated naval battles of the Constitution and Guerriere and of Lake Erie,* on the water, and of Fort George, Lundy's Lane, North Point and New Orleans, on land. The war was opposed by the Federalists, but York County was Republican, and it required but the near approach of the enemy to rouse their patriotism. This did not occur until the summer of 1814, when the enemy inva- ded the country by the way of the Chesa- peake Bay and the Potomac River. The City of Washington was captured by Gen. Ross, on the 25th of August, 1814, and the capitol was burned, the President's house and other public buildings, and then an expedi- tion was undertaken against Baltimore, which that ill-fated general boasted he would make " his winter quarters, and that with his command he could march where he pleased in Maryland." When word of these outrages, and of the threatened danger to a neighbor- ing city came here, companies were speedily formed and ready to march to its defense. On the 18th of August, 1814, Gen. Win- der, commanding the Tenth Military District of Maryland, wrote from Washington City to Gov. Snyder, that, " In consequence of the arrival of large reinforcements to the enemy at the mouth of the Potomac, I am author- ized and directed by the President to require from you, immediately, the whole number of the militia of Pennsylvania designed for this district, out of the requisition of the 4th of July last, to wit : 5,000 men. . . . The danger to the capital of our country is extreme, and I am authorized by the Presi- dent, without regard to the designated quotas of the late requisition, to call such militia aid qs may be necessary. In the present state of things, therefore, and the imminent danger which threatens my district, I must *A flag borne in the battle of Lake Erie is now in the poa- session of descendants of Com. Elliott, residing in this borough. Eilliott commanded the United States Frigate Niagara, in that brilliant engagement, and for his gallant conduct was voted a gold medal by Congress. It was from the Lawrence to the "Niag- ara, that the celebrated transfer of the flag, inscribed '-Don't give up the ship," by Com. Oliver Hazard Perry, in the heat of the engagement, took place. Com. Elliott subsequently commanded thefarfamed frigate. Constitution. 164 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. beg you to call out and send to me, from the counties nearest my district, either as volun- teers, or in any otlaer manner, all the force yoii can detach." In consequence of this, the Governor issued the following general order: GENERAL OKDEES. Hakrisburg, August 86, 1814. To John M. Hyneman, Adjutant- General: — You are commanded, la conformity to a requisition from the constituted autliorities of the Union, to have pre- pared for marching, and to have marched to York- town, in the county of Yorli, the place of rendez- vous, 5,000 men, Pennsylvania militia, from the Second Brigade, Third Division, and from the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Divisions, which detach- ment is to consist of volunteers who have, or who may tender their services of flank companies, in- fantry and riflemen, who are to march in compan- ies, and of drafted militia designated for service under general orders of the 33d of July, last past, which shall be organized into one division and two brigades (if not as herewise directed), on the 5th day of September next, agreeably to law, and con- formably to the regulations prescribed for the Uni- ted States Army. For the command of which division, I designate Maj.-Gen. Watson and Brig.-Gens. John Forster and John Addams. The major-general and the offi- cers and men under him are to obey the commands, and execute the orders of Gen. William Winder, Commandant for the United States, within the Tenth Militia District. The troops may be marched from York, either in division after organization, or in small bodies be- fore organization, if it further the service, and Gen. Winder shall so direct, and to such place as by him shall be designated. The term of service to be six months, unless sooner discharged by the authority of the United States. Simon Snyder, Oo-oernor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. On the same day orders were sent to Archibald S. Jordan,* Brigade Inspector of York County, to " direct such volunteers and flank companies, as soon as practicable, to march on toward Baltimore, or to such other point as your information may enable you to judge most proper at this crisis, without any regard to the time fixed for the general ren- dezvous, and direct the commanding officer of each company or detachment to report himself to Gen. Winder, or any other officer commanding under the United States." And on the 27th, on behalf of the adjutant gen- eral, it was communicated to the same, with regard to making arrangements to provide provisions for the men as they shall arrive at the place of rendezvous. All the camp equi- page belonging to the State was at Philadel- phia, and had been ordered to York.-f Among the general officers of the war of 1812-14, in the roll of Pennsylvania Volun- teers, are the names of Christian Hetrick, Brig. -Gen. York, 1812, and Archibald S. Jor- dan, York, brigade inspector, 1812. *He was from Hopewell Township. fXII Archives, 2d. S,, 714. Volunteers at Baltimore, 1814. — Head quarters at York, September 16, 1814. The detachment of Pennsylvania militia, ordered to rendezvous at York were organized into four regiments and one battalion, forming two brigades, under command of Maj.-Gen. Nathaniel Watson. First Brigade, Brig-Gen. John Foster. Second Brigade, Brig-Gen. John Addams. The companies at York, in September, 1814, of the First and Second Brigades of Pennsylvania militia, were from Lebanon, Bucks, Dauphin, Schuylkill, Lancaster, Berks, Chester and York Counties., and companies of riflemen, from Lancaster and other counties. These were in service from September 1, 1814, to March 1, 1815. On the 6th of September, 1814, Gov. Snyder, issued an order to the keeper of military stores at Carlisle, to deliver to the order of Gen. Nathaniel Watson such number of muskets and equipments as he may require to supply the militia under his command at York, who have been called into the service of the United States. And also such a num- ber of tents and camp equipage as he may require for the accommodation of the men.* War Department, September 13, 1814. Maj.L.Marstelleb, Quartbemaster-Genbral. Sir.: — All the arms which are at Fredericktown' will be immediately transported toward Baltimore, reporting their progress to the commanding general at that place, that his direction may be given in re- lation to their final destination; reporting, also, that the arms are for the use of the Pennsylvania troops, marching from York to Baltimore. Should there be less than 5,000 stand of arms at Freder- icktown, the balance, to make up that number, must have the same direction from Harper's Ferry. The commanding general of ordinance has been directed to send 10,000 stand of arms from that place to Carlisle, the above order will embrace a part of that number. The residue of the 10,000 you will have imrnediately transported, one half to Fredericktown and one half to York, in Pennsylvania. You will report to me your proceed- ings under this order as soon as practicable. I am respectfully Your obedient servant, James Mon ROBf The following in relation to "The York Vol- unteers" who had marched in the meantime, and participated in the battle of North Point, fought September 12, 1814, is from Gloss- brennar' s history of York County. The "York Volunteers" were nearly one hundred strong, and were composed princi- pally of young men, "the flower of the county," and were commanded by Capt. (afterward colonel) Michael H. Spangler, of the borough of York. This gallant company marched from York on the 29th of August, 1814, without any provision other than that *XArchives, 2dS., p 734. tibid 781. SUBSEQUENT MILITARY HISTORY. 165 contributed by the citizens of the borough. Immediately upon their arrival at the city, they tendered their services to the general in command, and in consequence of their respec- table appearance and discipline, were solicited to attach themselves to the Fifth Regiment, a fine body of Baltimore troops, under the command of " Col. Sterett. They vrere marched with their regiment to oppose the enemy at North Point, and, until overpow- ered by numbers, fought with the braverj of veterans. Notwithstanding the formidable host opposed to them, they resolutely main- tained their ground, until a retreat, thrice ordered, became absolutely necessary to pre- vent their being surrounded and cut off. Two of their number were taken prisoners and severely wounded, one very severely. After the battle, and until the enemy retired, their duty was of the most severe and arduous kind, and they acquitted themselves in a man- ner fully satisfactory to their commanders and highly honorable to themselves. In tes- timony of the gallant bearing of the "Yol- unteers" at Baltimore, we subjoin the dis- charge of Gen. Smith, a private letter of Maj. Heath, and an extract from the regi- mental orders of the brave Col. Sterett of September 20, 1814. Hbadquaetebs, Baltimore. September 20, 1814. Capt. Spangler and his company of volunteers from York, Penn., having honorably performed the tour of duty, for which they had offered their ser- vices, are hereby permitted to return to their homes. In taking leave of this gallant corps, the major- general commanding has great pleasure in bear- ing testimony to the undaunted courage they dis- played in the affair on the 13th iust., and in tender- ing them his thanks for the essential aid they con- tributed toward the defense of the city. S. Smith, Maj. -Gen. Commanding. Baltimohe, September 30, 1814. To Capt. Spangler: Dear Sir — Hearing that you are about to dspart from our city with your brave corps, I can not do justice to my own feelings without expressing the obligations I am under, to you and them for the promptness with which you uniformly executed my orders, your readiness at all times to perform your duty, and the cool and manly conduct manifested by tlie officers and men under your command during the action with the enemy on the 13th inst. May you all return in health to the bosoms of your fam- ilies, and long enjoy happiness uninterrupted. I am. Sir, with sentiments of sincere respect. Your friend and humble servant, R. K. Heath, First Major, Fifth Regiment. Regimental Orders — Fifth Regiment. Baltimore, September 30, 1814. Capt. Spangler's company of York Volunteers having permission to return to their respective homes, the lieutenant-colonel can not permit them to depart without thanking them for their soldier- like and orderly conduct. The few days they were attached to the Fifth Regiment was a momentous period of trial— they not only had to face the dan- gers of battle, but to bear the inclemencies of weather, and suffer all the inconveniences of fa- tigue, watching and hunger, to which the soldier is liable in the hour of alarm — these were met and borne by them with manly fortitude, which does them honor and entitles them to the gratitude of Baltimore, and particularly to the friendship and esteem of the oiBcers and men of the Fifth Regi- ment, which are thus publicly and cheerfully ac- corded to them." Two companies marched out of Hanover for Baltimore, in September; and were at- tached to a Maryland regiment participating in the battle of North Point — of one Freder- ick Metzgar was captain; John Imniell, first lieutenant; of the other, John Bair, captain, and Henry Wirt, first lieutenant. These companies contained from fifty to sixty men. The following is a list of the ofiicers and men composing the company of "York Vol- unteers," when that company marched from York on the invasion of Baltimore — August 29, 1814: Michael H. Spangler, captain; Jacob Bar- nitz, first lieutenant; John M'Curdy, second lieutenant; George F. Doll, ensign. Musi- cians: John A. Leitner, Daniel Small, G. P. Kurtz. Non-commissioned officers: John Hay, Adam King, Joseph Schall, David Wilson, Charles Kurtz, Michael Hahn, John Kuntz, Daniel Updegraff. ' Privates: Peter Lanius, Henry Sleeger, James Gibson, G. W. Spangler, Hugh In- gram, John Briekel, Thomas Miller, Jacob Lehman, Jacob Wiesenthal, Jacob Frey, George Dunn, John M' Clean, George Holter, Michael Miller, John Devine, John M'Anul- ty, John Linn, Anthony T. Burns, Jacob Gart- ner, Peter O'Conner, Charles Stroman, Enoch Thompson, Henry Wolf, David Hoffart, Rich- ard Coody, James Dugan, Andrew KaufEman, Charles Stuck, Hugh Stewart, Jacob Lolt- man, Jacob Sheffer, Peter Siers, Jacob Rei- singer, William Burns, Jacob Glessner, Eman- uel Raab, Jacob Rupp, Grafton Duvall, Sam- uel Hays, George Beard, Christian Eshbach, Joseph Kerr, John Taylor, John Byron, Dan- iel Coyle, Jacob Herbst, Peter Grimes, Hugh M'Cosker, Abraham Keller, Henry Mundorf, G. M. Leitner, Walter Bull, William Ness, Aaron Holt, Daniel Heckert, James S. Connel- lee, David Trimble, I. W. Altemus, Thomas Thompson, Chester Smith, E. W. Murphy, Robert Pierson, Daniel Baumgardner, Fred- erick Witz, Frederick Kircher, Jacob Noell, George Ilgenfritz, Joseph Woodyear, Joseph M'Conniken, John Fisher, JohnGiesy, Jacob Levan, Jacob Stocar, Peter Cooker, Hugh M'Alear, Sr., Hugh M'Alear, Jr., David 166 IIISTOKY OF YORK COUNTY. Kauffman, William Watson, Dennis Kear- ney.* On the 28tli of November, Gen. Wat- son, who had commanded the troops rendez- voused at York, received the order of Gen. Winiield Scott for the payment and discharge of his division. He issued his orders that the First and Second Brigades of Pennsyl- vania militia, under Gens. Foster and Addams, should, when mustered and paid, proceed forthvs'ith to York and be discharged. He thanked them for their uniform good conduct. "The men had borne the severity of the wet and inclement season in their tents with patience and forbearance, "f MEXICAN WAR. Texas had declared independence in 1836, and was acknowledged an independent repub- lic by the United States. That independence bad been achieved by American settlers, so that it came asking for admission at the first congress in the new administration, and was made one of the States of the Union in 1845. The year following found the government embroiled in a war with Mexico. Volunteers were asked for and all parts of the country quickly responded. York county furnished her proportion of brave men to carry the flag of the United States to the halls of the Montezumas. Sev- eral volunteers left the borough of York for the Mexican war, who were attached to the First Pennsylvanian Eegiment under Col. Francis M. Wynkoop, Lieut. -Col. Samuel Black, in Company C.,Capt, William A. Small. Theie were nine of them and they partici- pated in many bloody but victorious battles, under the great chieftain. Gen. Winfield Seott, from Vera Cruz to the city of Mexico, through the ba\tles of Cerro Gordo, Churu- busco. National Bridge, Molino del Eey, Chapultepec, Contreras, Huantla, where the renowned Oapt. Samuel Walker was killed, and at the siege of Puebla, where William Eurich, one of their number, was killed and Jacob Danner died. Peter Ahl, Esq., was the last survivor of this band of brave men. Col. Thomas A. Ziegle was one. The others were Albertus Welsh, Daniel Craver, Will- iam Patterson, Robert Patterson and Samuel *Capt. Michael H. Spangler died on Sunday, the 7th of Sep- tember, 1834, and was attended to his grave on the following Tuesday by a vast concourse of mourning relatives and friends, by the oiiicers of the Ninety-fourth Eegiment, Pennsylvania Militia, by the survivors of the " York Volunteers," and by the following volunteer companies of the borough : the Washington Artillerists, commanded by Capt. Jacob Upp, Jr.; the Pennsyl- vania Volunteers, commanded by Capt. John Evans ; the Citi- zen Guards, commanded by Capt. Samuel Hay ; the National Greys, commanded by Capt. Alexander H. Barnitz ; the York Bangers, commanded by Capt. Samuel E. Clement. tXIt Archives, 2d S., p. 785-^. Stair. Weirich Pentz was in the 4th Ohio, Colonel Brough and David Hays were in one of the Ohio Regiments. Edward Haviland was a member of the Philadelphia Grays, Captain Scott, attached to the First Pennsylvania volunteers. Col. Albert 0. Ramsay, a resident lawyer of some distinction, commanded a regiment, in which were some men from York County; it was the Eleventh Regiment of the line. George John- son, a soldier from York in that regiment was killed at the battle of Molino del Rey. Theodore D. Cochran was a captain of volti- geurs attached to the same regiment. There were officers of the regular army from York in the Mexican war. Maj. Gran- ville O. Haller was captain of tne Fourth infantry. William B. Franklin, a graduate of West Point, of 1843, was first lieutenant of topographical engineers. H. G. Gibson, a graduate of 1847, was second lieutenant of the Third artillery. The officers of the navy from York who served in that war, were George P. Welsh, Samuel R. Franklin and William Gibson. The Mexican war ended in 1848. It added to the Union immense tracts of territory and rich States, the golden land of California and the silver mines of Nevada, and opened for us that great transit across the continent to the Pacific, with still more momentous political results to the gov- ernment and nation. THE WAR FOR THE UNION.* THE news of the firing upon Fort Sumter, which occurred on the 12th of April, 1861, followed by the proclamation of Presi- dent Lincoln on the 15th, calling for 75,000 troops, aroused the patriotism of our people. Gov. Curtin made a requisition upon the organized companies of Pennsylvania, and the citizen soldiers of York, consisting of the Worth Infantry, Captain Thomas A. Ziegle, and the York (Penn.) Rifles, Capt. George Hay, responded unanimously to the call, and obeyed with alacrity the order of the governor. On the evening of Thursday, the 18th, in pursuance of a general call, the people of York assembled in great numbers in the court house, for the purpose of expressing their sense of the condition of the national gov- *This narrative of the events of the late war is from the edi- tor's " Historical Sketch," prepared in 1876, and published by 0. stuck & Son, THK WAR FOR THE UNION. 167 ernment, and to offer aid to those called into the service. John Evans, Esq. , was called to the chair, and other prominent citizens were made oiEcers of the meeting. Patriotic reso- lutions were adopted, and measures taken to provide means for the support of the families of volunteers. The borough authorities appropriated $1,000 for this purpose, the commissioners were recommended to make an appropriation of 15,000, and committees were appointed to collect money by voluntary subscription from our citizens, and over 12.000 were contributed. The union feeling in York was intensely strong. Flags were suspended from the principal buildings, places of business and private residences, and poles were erected from which the stars and stripes floated proudly to the breeze. •The ancient borough of York was not behind any of her neighbors in patriotism and zeal. Events thickened and aroused intense feeling. The Sixth Massachusetts Regi- ment while passing through Baltimore, on the I9th, was attacked by a mob, and the passage of some of the cars obstructed. The soldiers who were obliged to form for the purpose of marching through the city, being assaulted with increased violence, fired upon the crowd. Two of the Massachusetts sol- diers were killed and seven persons in the crowd, some rioters and some who were look- ing on. On that night a portion of the track of the Northern Central Railway was torn up between Cockeysville and Baltimore, and a number of the bridges on the road were set on fire and burned down for the purpose of impeding the passage of troops from the North. The military companies from this place received orders on Saturday evening, the 20th, to hold themselves in readiness to march, and at 11 o'clock at night they left in a special train, going toward Baltimore, and were stationed in squads at the several bridges along the route of the road, and some at Cockeysville. Ten or twelve trains with troops passed through York on Sunday, from early in the morning until late at night, pro- ceeding as far as Ashland and Cockeysville, concentrating some 3,000 men at those points. But on Monday these several regiments returned to York, and encamped on the fair grounds. At the meeting of the court on Monday, the 22d, the president judge, Hon. Robert J. Fisher, in charging the grand jury, referred to the distracted state of the country, and urged upon them the necessity of providing for the comfort and support of those who had so promptly obeyed their country's call. He stated that the citizens of York had sub- scribed several thousand dollars, and that the borough authorities had appropriated $1,000, and recommended the grand jury to request the commissioners to make a liberal appro- priation for the same purpose out of the county funds, and said that he had no doubt the appropriation would be legalized by the Legislature. Several members of the bar also addressed the grand jury. The scene was a very impressive one. The grand jury the next day recommended that the commis- sioners appropriate $10,000, which was promptly done. Hanover and Wrightsville made liberal appropriations, making about $15,000 in all. The Legislature subsequently ratified these proceedings. The troops which had passed through York to Cockeysville on Saturday and Sunday, were the First, Second and Third Regiments of Pennsylvania Volunteers, for the three months' service, composed of organized com- panies from nearly all the cities and princi- pal towns in the State, the military compa- nies of Easton, Allentown, Reading, Harris- burg, Lancaster, Chambersburg, Gettsyburg, Columbia, Bloomfield, West Chester, Belle- fonte, Hollidaysburg, Altoona, Johnstown, East Liberty, and other places — some unat- tached — together with our own military com- panies who were as early as any of them in the field. They came from comfortable homes and were unaccustomed to exposure and hard- ship. The commissary arrangements were not sufficient for so largo a body of men sud- i denly thrown together, and they depended to some extent on voluntary supplies from our own people. The hospitality of the citizens of York, on this occasion, extended to these new recruits, has frequently been mentioned by them in complimentary terms. The encampment here was for the purpose of instruction, and was j called Camp Scott, in hoDor of the veteran I commander-in-chief of the United States Army. The town assumed a warlike appear- ; ance. Other troops came on the 26th of ! April, the Twelfth and Thirteenth Regiments from Pittsburgh arrived, and by the 7th of May there were 5, 500 men in camp here. In addition to these was Capt, Campbell's bat- tery of twelve pieces of artillery. The Sec- ond Regiment, Col. Stumbaugh, of Cham- bersburg, had been organized on the 21st of April. The York Rifles, George Hay, cap ! tain, John W. Schall, first lieutenant, and i Jacob Emmitt, Jr., second lieutenant, were i attached to it here as company K. 1 The material of which the Sixteenth Regi- i ment was formed, was also encamped on the 168 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. fair grounds. Five compaBies were from Schuylkill county, one from Mechanicsburg, Capt. Dorsheimer's, the first company in the State that enlisted for three years, and four companies from York County. These were Company A (Worth Infantry), captain, John Hays ; first lieutentant, Solomon Myers ; second lieutenant, John M. Deitch. Com- pany ¥ (Marion Rifles of Hanover), captain, Horatio Gates Myers ; first lieutenant, Joseph Renaut ; second lieutenant, Jacob W. Ben- der. Company G (Hanover Infantry), cap- tain, Cyrns Diller ; first lieutenant, Henry Morningstar ; second lieutenant, Joseph S. Jenkins. Company H (York Voltiguers), captain, Theodore D. Cochran ; first lieuten- ant, Michael Gallagher ; second lieutenant, Andrew D. Yocum. The regiment was or- ganized at Camp Curtin on the 3d of May, by the selection of Thomas A. Ziegle as col- onel. A. H. Glatz was made quartermaster, and Charles Garretson, assistant quartermas- ter. The regiments here were all ordered to Chambersburg and left about the 1st of June, with every demonstration of encouragement, amid cheers and waving of handkerchiefs^ — the Rifles leaving with their regiment ; but the Sixteenth remained for a few days. This regiment had already acquired great proficiency of drill under the care of its accomplished commander. On Saturday, the 8th of June, it marched into town to take its departure for the seat of war. In the morn- ing a flag was presented to the regiment by the ladies of York. A perfect storm of flow- ers fell upon the soldiers as they marched through the streets, every one had a bouqtiet in his musket. The Sixteenth was in the brigade of Col. Miles, U. S. A., First Division, and the Sec- ond 1 egiment was in a brigade of the Second Division of the army of Gen. Patterson in the campaign of the valley of the Shenandoah. They moved from Chambersburg to Hagers- town and Williamsport. At the latter place Albertus Welsh died on the 27th of June, the first soldier from York who died in the war. He was a member of the Worth Infantry, and as already mentioned was one of the nine veterans from here in the war with Mexico. The Potomac was crossed on the 2d of July by fording it, and an ad- vance made to Martinsburg, arriving about the middle of July at Bunker Hill, driving in Johnston's advance guard. The regiment then made a forced march toward Harper's Ferry, the enemy's pickets retreating before them, and encamped at Charlestown, on the 17th of June. They were constantly threat- ened with attack, but no action took place. When their term of service expired the Sec- ond and Sixteenth Regiments returned to Harrisburg and were mustered out. The Worth Infantry and York Rifles arrived home on the 27th of July, where they were wel- comed by the ringing of bells, firing of can- non, speeches and a banquet. The Volti- geurs arrived home on the 2d of August, their commander, T. D. Cochran, was subse- quently appointed a captain in the regular army. Capt. H. G. Myers, of the Marion Rifles, had been left ill at Hagerstown, where he died on the 8th of August. Thomas Brannon, a member of his company, died at, the same place, on the 17th of July. Thus ended the campaign of the three mouths' men. Though our soldiers were not engaged in battle, and we were glad to see ■ them home safe and sound, events showed that they might have been. The demonstra- tions of Johnston in the neighborhood of Harper's Ferry were only feints, as was proved by his opportune arrival on the battle field of Bull Run, on Sunday, the 21st of July. Instead of the army of Gen. Patterson engaging him and preventing him from rein- forcing Beauregard, he_ was permitted to retire with all the appearance of a retreat. The great embarrassment under which Gen. Patterson labored, and perhaps an altogether sufficient excuse for him, is found in the fact of the expiration of the term of enlistment of so many of his men just at the time of that battle, which after all, some have considered a Providential reverse. There had already been a call on the part of the Government for men to serve for three years unless sooner discharged. The Thir- tieth Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers otherwise known as the First Regiment of the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps, organized on June 9, 1861, at Camp Wayne, Ches- ter County, was represented by Company D, recruited in Lancaster and York Counties. The Forty-first regiment, the Twelfth Re- serves, was first raised for the three months' service. Samuel N. Bailey, of York County, Was made lieutenant-colonel. Company G., Capt. Charles W. Diven, afterward major, was recruited in York County. To enumer- ate the battles of this renowned corps would be to relate the greater part of the history of the war. It is sufficient to say that York County had men in the Pennsylvania Re- serves. The Forty-third Regiment, known as the First Pennsylvania Artillery, was formed under the call for volunteers of April 13, 1861. One company was recruited in York THE WAR FOR THE UNION. 169 by Alfred E. Lewis, who at the organization of the regiment was made senior major. The colonel was Charles T. Campbell, who, it will be remembered, was here with a bat- tery during the encampment of troops on the fair grounds. He had enlisted twenty or more men here who were attached to battery A, commanded by Capt. Easton, which per- formed gallant service at Drainesville, and Gaines' Mill, where Capt. Easton was killed. The other company recruited here became Battery E, Capt. Thomas G. Orwig, and served in the Peninsular Campaign, under McClellan, and in the army of the James, rendering valuable service at Drury's Bluff and Fort Harrison, and at the siege of Peters- burg and Richmond. It was the first battery that entered the capital, reaching there before the enemy' s flag was pulled down, and hastening the retreat of his rear guard, who had intended to fire the city. , Two companies of infantry for three years' service were recruited in York County early in 1861 — one in York by H. Clay Mclntyre, and the other in Hanover by Cyrus Diller, immedi- ately after his return from the three' months' service. These companies were attached to the Seventy-sixth Regiment, which was raised under a special order of the secretary' of war, and was known as the Keystone Zouaves, John M. Power, of Cambria County, colonel. Charles Garettson, of York, was made quar- termaster, who, while serving with it, was appointed a captain in the regular army. The captains of Company D were successively Cyrus Diller (afterward major), William S. Diller and Charles L. Bittenger; of Com- pany I, H. Clay Mclntyre, Jacob J. Young, Frank J. Magee and Harrison Stair. On the 18th of November, 1861, the reg- iment received its colors from the hands of Gov. Curtin, and proceeded to Fortress Mon- roe, sailed from there to Hilton Head; as- sisted in taking Fort Pulaski at the mouth of the Savannah River; participated in the attack on Charleston under Gen. Wright, and engaged the enemy with heavy loss in an expedition to sever communication between Charleston and Savannah. On the 6th cfi July, 1863, it moved to Morris Island, and on the 10th it took part in the memorable assault on Fort Wagner, which it charged in gallant style. They received the order to charge as the flash of the artillery fire was seen, knelt and permitted the discharge of the guns to pass over them, then started for- ward with a yell. The ranks were thinned at every discharge. The moat was reached and crossed, and many fell on the parapet beyond; 130 men and five oflicers were left behind. A second assault took place on the 18th of July, with a similar result. Frank J. Magee acted as aid to Gten. Strong in the engagement. Company I went in with thir- ty-six men and but twelve escaped. Twelve regiments were afterward ordered to take the fort by storm, but were repulsed with great loss. Fort Wagner was a heavy sand fort, bomb proof, covering several acres. It was ultimately demolished after a fierce cannon- ading of fifty days' duration, when it was discovered that it had been abandoned by the enemy. In May, 1864, the Tenth Corps, to which the Seventy-sixth was attached, was ordered to Virginia. The regiment took part in the battle at Drury's Bluff, where Capt. J. J. Young, of Company I, was killed, also in the sanguinary engagements at Cold Harbor, Deep Bottom, and numerous other localities on lines before Petersburg and Richmond. Capt. Magee served as aid-de-camp on staff of Gen. Terry, commanding corps; also was for a time with Gen. Ames. The Seventy- sixth, under command of Gen. Penny- packer, assisted in the capture of Fort Fisher, in January, 1865. It was disbanded at Har- risburg, July 23, .1865, after one of the long- est terms of service in the war. After the departure of the regiments quar- tered here, a company was organized by Capt. James A. Stable, called the Ellsworth Zouaves, after the brave but ill-fated officer of that name. This company became Com- pany A, of the Eighty- seventh Regiment. Capt. George Hay immediately after the re- turn of the Rifles on the 19th of August, 1861, received a commission as colonel. The project originally was the raising of a regi- ment for the purpose of guarding the North- ern Central Railway, in relief of other reg- iments recruited for the war. By the 12th of September there were five companies mus- tered in. J'ohn W. Schall was made lieuten- ant-colonel, and Charles H. Buehler, major. Eight of the companies were from York County and two from Adams. The officers commanding this regiment successively were colonels, George Hay, John W. Schall and James Tearney; lieutenant- colonel, James A. Stable; major, Noah G. Ruhl; adjutant, Ja- cob Emmitt, Jr. Company A, captains, John Fahs, James Tearney, George J. Chalfant. Company B, captains, Jacob Detweiler, Lewis Maish, Zeph. E. Hersh. Company C, An- drew J. Fulton, Murray S. Cross, Findlay S. Thomas. Company D, James H. Blasser, Edgar M. Ruhl. Company E, Solomon Myers, Charles J. Fox. Company F, William J. Martin, James Adair. Company G, V. C. 170 HISTOET OF Y«RK COUNTY. S. Eckert, H. Momingstar. Company I, Thaddeus S. Pfeiffer, William H. Lanius. Company H, RosS L. Harman, Wells A. Far- rah. Company K, John Albright. The first duty assigned them was the guard- ing of the railroad, relieving the Twentieth Indiana. On the 28th of May^ 1862, the regiment was moved to Baltimore, and thence to West Virginia, and was kept actively em- ployed and moving from point to point, un- der great fatigue and exposure, until it went into winter quarters with Gen. Milroy's Divi- sion at Winchester, about the 1st of January, 1863. Here they performed picket duty dur- ing the winter under very severe exposure. In May, 1863, by the resignation of Col. Hay, John W. Sohall became Colonel, James A. Stable, Lieutenant-Colonel, and Noah G. Ruhl, Major. Maj. Buehler was made Colonel of the One Hundred and Sixty-sixth. If the army of Gen. Patterson in 1861 ought to have engaged the enemy, it may be said that the command of Gen. Milroy, in 1863, ought not to have hazarded an engage- ment. He was over sanguine of holding liis position, and by the consent of Gen. Schenck, disobeyed an order to rttreat. The advance of Gen. Lee's forces for the invasion, of the North, flushed with success, could not be checked by his comparatively small force. June 12, 1863, the first of a series of battles was fought by the Eighty -seventh, at Middletown, ten miles distant from Winchester, with the advance guard of Ewell's army, and on the 13th and 14th they behaved with great gallantry in the battle of Winchester. On the 14th a brilliant charge was made by it at Carter's woods, in which Col. Schall had a horse shot under him; Capt. Farrah and Lieut. Slothower, of Com- pany H, were killed. The regiment joined the Army of the Potomac in July, 1863, and was attached to the Third Corps, Gen. French, and was in the battles of Manasses Gap, Bealton Station, Kelley's Ford, Brandy Sta tion. Locust Grove, and Mine Run. Afterward assigned to the Sixth Corps, Gen. Hancock, it was in the battles of the Wilderness, and at Cold Harbor where Col. Schall was wounded and Capt. Pfeiffer was killed, and the regiment sustained a loss in killed and woiinded of nearly a third of its strength. On the 6th of July, the battle of Monocacy was f oaght against superior numbers, the loss of the regiment being greater than in any other battle. Among those who lost their lives at this battle were Adjt. Martin and Lieuts. Haak, Dietrich, Spangler and Walte- meyer. In September the regiment was with the army of Sheridan at the battle of Ope- quon, where the enemy were defeated, and on the 22d at Fisher's Hill, where he was again routed. The next day the term of serv- ice expired, and the remnant of the regi- ment returned home, arriving at York on the 27th of September, 1864, where a reception was awaiting them — their arrival announced by the ringing of bells. The old flag which they bore through all their battles was carried in the procession torn in shreds. Few regi- ments saw more active service and work or sufi"ered more. The veterans who had re-enlisted, and the new recruits who remained at the seat of war, were consolidated into a battalion of five companies, under command of Capt. Edgar M. Ruhl, who was killed while gallantly leading them in the battle of Cedar Creek, October 19, 1864. The regiment being re- cruited to its full strength, Capt. Tearney was commissioned colonel, and it participated in the charge upon the works before Peters- burg, where Lieuts. Keasey and Nichol were killed. It was mustered out on the 29th of June, 1865. After his return from the three months' service. Col. Thomas A. Ziegle received au- thority to recruit a regiment. One of the most experienced and accomplished volun- teer officers in the service, he assisted in the organization of troops at Harrisburg, and March 5, 1862, was given the com- mand of the One Hundred and Seventh. Company A, Capt. Jacob Dorsheimer, had volunteers from York County — Oliver P. Stair, first lieutenant, George C. Stair, second lieutenant. On Sunday, the 9th of March, the regiment passed through York, for the seat of war, moved to Wash- ington, and on the 2d of April crossed the Potomac, and was assigned to Duryea's brigade, Ord's division, of McDowell's corps. After the defeat of Fremont and Banks by Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley, the regiment reached Front Royal by forced march, on the 1st of June, where Jackson had retreated. The regiment encamped at difi'er- ent places, and while near Warrenton, on the morning of the 16th of July, Col. Ziegle died. The whole reginient were devotedly attached to him, and he was regarded as one of the most efficient officers in the brigade. He had been identified with the military of York for so many years, that his career was regarded with expectations of unusual suc- cess. He has already been mentioned as one of the volunteers in the Mexican war from York, where he had displayed remarkable coolness and bravery, and became captain of THE WAR FOR THE UNION. 171 his company. Immediately after that war he raised the military company known as the Worth Infantry, whose discipline and drill were not excelled by any corps in the Union. The Worth Infantry was the equal in their peculiar drill of the gallant Ellsworth's com- pany of Zouaves. His readiness and that of his company on the breaking out of the war for the Union, their services, the organization of the Sixteenth Regiment and its service have already been mentioned. His remains were brought home and were interred with impressive obsequies in Prospect Hill Ceme- tery, on July 20. 1862. The One Hundred and Seventh Regiment became part, of the army under Gen. Pope, and was first under fire at Cedar Mountain on the 9t,h of August, 1862, and was in the second battle of Bull Run, and at Chantilly, South Mountain and Antietam. In October, 1862, it took position in Gen. Franklin's grand division, and was at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. It was in the First Corps, Gen. Reynolds, at Gettysburg, en- gaged the first day on Seminary Ridge, and on the third to the right of Cemetery Hill. In February, 1864, nearly the entire regi- ment re-enlisted, and after the veteran fur- lough, was with Grant in his movement across the James, heavily engaged, and before Pe- tersburg. At Weldon Station Lieut. George C. Stair was captured, and with other officers made his escape through the enemy's lines. Oliver P. Stair was promoted to captain and made brevet major. James Crimmons was wounded at Antietam, taken prisoner at Get- tysburg and Weldon Station, and was made first lieutenant in July, 1865. The regi- ment was mustered out on the 13th of July, 1865. In the summer of 1862 a company was raised in York by Col. Levi Maish, and about the same time companies by Capts. Hamilton Glessner and Lewis Small, and a company in Hanover by Capt. Joseph S. Jenkins, which were mustered into the service at Harrisburg about the middle of August. These, with five companies from Cumberland County, and some recruits from other counties, were formed into the One Hundred and Thirtieth Regiment, Henry J. Zinn. of Cumberland, colonel; and Levi Maish, of York, lieutenant- colonel; and John Lee, of Cumberland, ma- jor. Company B, Capt. Glessner; lieuten- ants, William H. Tomes, Henry Reisinger; Company C, Capt. Jenkins; lieutenants, Benj. F. Myers, William Bossier; Company I, Capt. Small; lieutenants, D. Wilson Grove, Frank- lin G. Torbet, Jere Oliver; Company K, Capts. Maish, David Z. Seipe; lieutenants, James Lece, John J. Frick. The regiment proceed- ed at once to Washington, and was moved across the Potomac. After the retreat of Pope it was assigned in September to French's division of Sumner's corps, and on the 16th, but one month after its formation, was in front of the enemy at Antietam, in the center. The One Hundred and Thirtieth were post- ed on the 17th upon the crest of a hill, with a field of corn in front, and the enemy lay at the further edge behind a stone wall. Com- pany K was 100 yards from where the enemy lay in the rifle pits. The regiment held this exposed position for hours. " The shot and shell flew like heavy hail, and the men be- came deaf from the roar of musketry and cannon." Gen. French said: "The conduct of the new regiments must take a prominent place in the history of this great battle. There never was such material in any army." The officers from York County wounded, were Col. Maish, Capt. afterward Maj. Jen- kins, and Lieuts, Seipe and Tomes. Maj. Jen- kins afterward was attached to the One Hun- dred and Eighty-fourth regiment, and was killed in November, 1864, in front of Peters- burg. At daylight on the 11th of December, the regiment moved to within sight of the spires of Fredericksburg, at night assisted in lay- ing a pontoon bridge opposite the upper end of the city, and on the following morning crossed with the division and bivouacked in the streets of the city, part of which was still burning, and at night occupied the ruins of a large brick building on Caroline Street. The great battle began on the morning of the 13th by the firing of the artillery on both sides, and when the infantry was put in mo- tion, the division of Gen. French was in ad- vance, which was exposed to a terrific cross- fire of shot and shell, but pressed on with broken and thinned ranks until it was com- pelled to fall back. Among the killed were Col. Zinn, commanding the regiment, and Lieut. Torbet, of this county. Levi Maish was promoted to colonel on the 3d of February, 1863. When the command of the army devolved upon Gen. Hooker, the regiment was moved to Chancellorsville, and it was engaged in the furious battle of the 3d of May, 1863, when Col. Maish was again wounded. On the 12th of May the regiment was re- lieved from further duty. The special order of Maj. -Gen. French, relieving the One Hundred and Thirtieth and One Hundred and Thirty-second, said: "The General command- ing the division takes pleasure in promulgat- ing, in orders, their gallantry, soldier-liuj 1 1 172 HISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. bearing and efficiency, during their entire term of service." And after referring to the great battles in which thej had been engaged, said: " Soldiers, you return to your native State v^hich has received lustre from your achievements, and by your devotion to your country's cause. This army, and the divi- sion to v?hich you are attached, although they lose you, v^ill always retain and cherish the credit which your military bearing on all oc- casions reflected on them." On the announce ment of their return a town meeting was held for their reception, and on Saturday, the 23d of May, 1863, they received a handsome and hearty welcome. The bells were rung, busi- ness suspended, a procession formed under a military and civic escort to the United States Hospital, where a collation was served by the Ladies' Aid Society, and speeches of welcome were made and responded to by the Colonel in praise of the the bravery of his men in their great battles. In all great wars, as was remarked in not- ing the events of the Revolution, the first volunteers are not sufficient to the con- duct of a prolonged war, and especially in the recent war, carried on upon such an im- mense scale, a draft was necessary. On two occasions there was a draft in York, on October 16, 1862, and in August, 1863. There were other calls, and partial drafts, but, generally, on the announcement of the quota for any district it was filled either by volunteers or by means of subscrip- tions for the purpose. Many took their chances of the draft and went in person when drawn. It is the experience of army officers that men raised by this means are as steady and efficient as any other troops. The One Hundred and Sixty -sixth Regiment was formed, in large part, by men raised under the draft of 1862. It was organized on the 29th of November in that year, on the fair grounds, named Camp Franklin, after Maj. Gen. William B. Franklin, with the fol- lowing field officers: Andrew J. Fulton, late captain of Company C, of the Eighty-seventh, colonel; George W. Reisinger, lieutenant- colonel, and Joseph A. Renaut, Major. The troops comprising this regiment were exclu- sively from York County, and proved them- selves to be good soldiers. On the 8th of November, the regiment proceeded to Wash- ington, and from thence to Newport, and under Gen. Peck, to Suffolk, which place was besieged by Gen. Longe^reet for more than three weeks, who failed to reduce it. While there, companies of the One Hundred and Sixty-sixth were engaged in heavy skirmishes with the enemy, and sustained considerable loss in killed, wounded and prisoners. Companies D and I had a severe conflict on the 14th of May, near Carnsville. After further service in the destruction of railroads leading North, during which they were exposed to the fire of the enemy, especi- ally at Hanover Junction, while engaged in destroying the Richmond & Fredericks- burg Railroad. At the expiration of their term of service, on July 28, 1863, they were mustered out. The regiment left with over 800 men and about 650 returned — 9 were killed, about 25 died, and others were left sick at Fortress Monroe. In the meantime, events at home gave our people work to do; and in all cases when called upon to furnish provisions or give aid to the sick and wounded, they were ready with abundance, and with sanitary help. The Second Regiment of the Ira Harris cavalry (Sixth New York) took up winter quarters here about Christmas, 1861. In the course of the winter barracks were erected on the commons for their accommodation. This regiment had occasion to express their appreciation of the hospitable attention they received from our citizens. Gen. Havelock, a distinguished British officer, a volunteer on the stafl" of Gen. McClellan, as Inspector- General of Cavalry, visited York, in March 1862, for the purpose of superintending the transportation of the New York regiment, which soon after left us. The barracks erected for them were converted into a mili- tary hospital, in the course of the summer, in which many hundreds of soldiers were placed. The ladies of the borough formed a society for the relief of sick and wounded soldiers, Mrs. C. A. Morris, president, which was perfect in organization and effectiveness, and the attention, sympathy and aid afforded by it have been gratefully remembered. Great apprehensions were excited by the retreat of the army under Gen. Pope, in Sep- tember, 1862, and still further increased by the crossing of the Potomac by the rebels in large force, and the occupation of the city of Frederick. In consequence of the reported advance of the enemy toward the Pennsyl- vania line, a meeting of the citizens of the borough was called, on September 8, 1862, and it was resolved to form companies in the respective wards, and voluntary organ- izations were thereupon immediately formed, in the First, Second, Third, Fo urth and Ffth Wards, two in the Fourth, and an independ- ent company being the seventh, called the Keystone Guards, and a cavalry company called the Videttes. The captains of these companies secured 700 stand of arms THE WAR FOR THE UNION. 17a and necessary accoutrements. Places of business were closed at 6 o'clock, to give an opportunity for drilling, and to acquire proficiency in case the companies were needed. They were all mustered into the serivce on September 12, 1862, and were not discharged until the 24th. The Keystone Guards were fully armed and equipped ready to march when the order to move was counter- manded. The reception of the news of the battle of Antietam, and the retreat of Lee across the Potomac, quieted the country. In June, 1863, our people were again thrown into a state of excitement from an apprehended rebel invasion. Two military departments were erected and Gen. Couch was given command of the eastern depart- ment, and orders issued for the formation of the army corps of the Susquehanna, but the enemy moved with more rapidity than was expected. Dr. Palmer, surgeon in charge of the United States Hospital, received orders to remove the patients and stores to a place of greater security, the rolling stock of the Northern Central Railway was removed north- ward, and citizens were warned to take care of their valuables, especially their horses. A large meeting was held on the loth of June, and a Committee of Safety formed. Maj. Granville O. Haller, Seventh United States Infantry, who was in York at this time, was placed in command of military preparations here by order of Gen. Couch. Gen. William B. Franklin, U. S. A., was also present in York. These officers met in consultation with the Safety Committee. Large bounties were offered by the borough and county authorities. A company under Capt. Seip was organized and sent to Harrisburg, and a company of horsemen acted as scouts. But be- fore any further organizations could be effect- ed, the rapid movements of the enemy brought him to our doors. They came nearer and nearer, heralded by flying families, and horses and cattle, removed by the orders of Gen. Couch, to the east of the Susquehanna. On the 26th of June, Gettysburg was occu- pied by a large force. Ijate at night the Philadelphia City Troop arrived with jaded horses, and reported that they had been chased several miles this side of Gettysburg. Maj. Haller arrived at midnight, having narrowly made his escape from that place. The enemy were reported the next day, Saturday, at Abbottstown. The troops here, consisting of the Patapsco Guards, about 60 men, and 200 convalescents of the hospital and some citizens, the City Troop, a cavalry company from Gettysburg, in all about 350 men (companies of citizens were not ordered out) were at first moved westward, but it was deemed that such resistance as they might make would likely result in disaster to the town, and they were moved toward Wrights - ville. On the 28, June, 1863, the rebel army entered York. They marched into town about 10 o'clock, on Sunday morning, entering the west end of Market Street ; the church bells had commenced ringing and the citizens crowded the streets. Ladies on their way to church stopped on the porches and sidewalks. The whole population soon thronged the streets, and men, women and children looked with curious eyes, mingled with undefined apprehensions, upon the motley procession of cavalry, infantry and artillery marching up Market Street, the soldiers looking curiously from side to side, astonished not less at their observers than their observers were at them. The people were in holiday or Sunday costume, the ladies in all their fashionable finery, and the men looking well dressed and comfortable, in strange contrast with the ragged and worn appearance of the invading army. These first troops that entered the town were Gen. Gordon's brigade of 2,500 men, who marched up Market Street and on toward Wrightsville. The Union flag was floating in the center square and was taken down and carried off by them. Two regiments of infantry, with ten pieces of artillery, followed, and with them, Maj.- Gen. Early, commander of the division. This last brigade took possession of the hos- pital grounds, the commons. Gen. Early established his headquarters in the court house. York was the only place of any con- siderable size and wealth they had in their grasp. They saw the rich valley, and the evidences of prosperity all around us, and made their demands accordingly. Although the men were restrained from violence and citizens were treated with respect, the iron hand of an enemy was felt. A requisition was made for provisions and articles of cloth- ing and $100,000 in money. Our prominent business men, by their efforts, partially filled the requisition, raising some 128,000. Threats were made of burning the railroad buildings and car shops, and prudence dictat- ed compliance as far as possible. Four brigades were in York and vicinity, commanded by Gens. Gordon, Hayes, Smith and Hoke. The brigade of Gen. Gordon marched to Wrightsville, reaching there about 6 o'clock, in the evening. The few Union troops there retreated across the bridge, after the exchange of a few shots with the enemy. The bridge was fired about midway, and soon 174 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. the whole was enveloped in flames. • The in- vading troops left hastily on the morning of Tuesday, the 30th of June, between 4 and 5 o'clock. There were some incidents connected with the rebel invasion of the borough of York, which gave rise to much excitement and mis- representation at the time and afterward, and as a part of the res gestae, as the lawyers say, cannot pass unnoticed. Sufflcient time has elapsed since the war, to view the proceed- ings calmly. A visit was made to the camp of the enemy, on the evening preceding his entry into town, by the request of the Committee of Safety, in order to assure the alarmed citizens of the safety of persons and property, an assurance which accounts for the calm manner in which the presence and control of a hostile foe, was viewed by our people the next day, and the flag, in Centre Square, was left flying to show that the town was not surrendered. It was soon after replaced by another flag, presented by W. Latimer Small, Esq., to the borough. The following is a copy of the requisition made upon the borough of York by Gen. Early, during his occupancy of the town, also a list of the articles and amount of money he received: RBQ0mBD FOB THE TJSB OF EATJLY'S DIVISION. One hundred and sixty-five barrels of flour, or twenty-eia;ht thousand pounds baked bread. Thirty-five hundred pounds of sugar. Sixteen hundred and fifty pounds of coffee. Three hundred gallons molasses. Twelve hundred pounds salt. Thirty-two thousand pounds fresh beef, or twenty-one thousand pounds bacon or pork. The above articles to be delivered at the Market House on Main Street, at 4 o'clock P. M. Wm. W. Thobnton, Capt. & A. C. S. REQUIRED FOB THE USE or MAJ.- GEN. BABLY'S COM- MAND: Two thousand pairs shoes or boots. One thousand pairs socks. One thousand felt hats. One hundred thousand dollars in money. C. E. Snodgrass, Major & Chief Q. M. Early's Division. June 38, 1863. Approved, and the authorities of the town of York will furnish the above articles and the money required, for which certificates will be given. J. A. Bably, Major-General Commanding. A meeting of prominent business men was called, and a committee appointed to fill the above requisition. After every effort was made with unexampled labor on their part, a sum of money and the following articles were furnished, with which Gen. Earley expressed satisfaction, viz.: Twenty-two thousand pounds of beef, 3,500 pounds sugar, 1,200 pounds salt, 2,000 pairs boots and shoes, 1,000 hats, 1,000 pairs socks, 165 barrels flour, and 300 gallons molasses, 3,500 pounds sugar, 1,650 pounds coffee, and $28,610 in money. The Confederate army evacuated York early on Tuesday morning, and our people were cat off with communication with the outside world and news from the army until Tuesday evening, July 2, when a scouting party of twenty of Kilpatrick's calvary, from Hanover, came galloping into town. The feelings of our people were worked up into a fever of excitement, and the scouts were received with great joy. A collation was at once spread for them in the market house in Centre Square, and as the hungry men were about to partake of it, the sentinel on duty a short distance down Market Street gave the alarm, that a body of horsemen were approaching from the west. The officer in command, gave the order "to horse" and quicker than it can be written, every man vaulted into the sad- dle, and with drawn sabre and carbine in readiness, were in line, eager to make a dash down- the street, upon the reported advance of the enemy. The officer poised his field glass, but instead of an enemy, discovered a peaceable farmer coming into Bottstown, with a load of hay, drawn by six horses. The soldiers laughingly dismounted, and did full justice to the viands spread for them by the patriotic people of York. After ascertaining that the army under Earley, had left this sec- tion of the country the cavalry left for Han- over, to join Kilpatrick and take a hand in the bloody fight at Gettysburg. The Committee of Safety of the borough of York, organized in June, 1863, for the defense of the borough of York, for the in- formation of the public, published the fol- lowing statement : On Monday evening, the 15th of June, 1863, at the call of the chief burgess, a large meeting was. held in the court house, which resulted in the ap- pointment of the following Safety Committee : First Ward— Frederick Stallman, William H. Albright, Gates J. Weiser. Second Ward— David E. Small, John Gibson, E. H. Weiser. Third Ward— Thomas White, Jacob D. Sohall, W. Latimer Small. Fourth Ward— Col. D. A. Stillinger, Gen. George Hay, George A. Barnitz. Fifth Ward— Fred. Baugher, Lewis Carl, Joseph Smyser. The Safety Committee met at 9 o'clock on Tues- day morning, and issued a call in obedience to the governor's proclamation, for the formation of mili- tary companies to be sent to Harrisburg for the defense of the State. A company of men for six months was organized in the borough, under Capt. Seip, and sent to Har- THE WAR FOE THE UNION. 175 risburg, who are now in the service of the United States. They also used every effort with the commission- ■ers of the county to secure to every volunteer a bounty of |25, in which they did not succeed. They, however, through a town meeting called by them, on the evening of the 17th of June, obtained from the town council of the borough of York a sum sufficient to pay the required bounty, Which was accordingly done. The committee further recommended the citizens of the borough and county to form a company of horsemen, to act as scouts. This latter company was immediately organized, and were very service- able to the committee in furnishing them with in- formtion. Despatches were, from time to tiqje, received from Maj. G. O. Haller, Seventh United States In- fantry, at Gettysburg, of the movements of the enemy. Maj. Haller had been appointed aid to Gen. Couch, and placed in charge of the defenses here, and he frequently consulted and advised with the committee as to the means to be used for the protection of the borough. The committee met twice a day, and all information received by them, by telegrams or otherwise, was immediately given to the public. On the 23d of June, 1863, an order of Gen. Couch was published, by hand-bills, to the people of the county, ' ' directing that all horses, except those for cavalry or scouting purposes, and all cattle, be sent north or east of Harrisburg," thus giving ample notice to all persons to place in security property most liable to capture by the enemy. On the 34th of June, reliable information from Oettysburg was received through Maj. Haller that the enemy were on the South Mountain with a large force, consisting of infantry, cavalry and artillery. The committee, at that time, not apprehending anything more than cavalry raids in this vicinity, issued a call to the citizens of the borough to form companies of minute men for home defense. To effect this, places of business, at the request of the Safety Committee and of the chief Burgess, were closed at 6 o'clock P. M. The next day, Friday, June 26, the places of business were closed at 12 o'clock, noon, and those desirous of joining mili- tary organizations for the defense of the borough, were requested to meet at the court house, at 2 o'clock P. M. A large gathering of citizens re- sponded to the call, and the company rolls were opened. During the meeting, a dispatch from Maj. Haller was received, informing the committee that the enemy were moving upon Gettysburg with infantry, •cavalry and artillery, and urging the citizens of York to organize and arm themselves, that perhaps York County could be saved. A meeting of citi- zens assembled at 7:30 o'clock in the evening, at which addresses were delivered and the rolls again opened. One company, numbering seventy men, under Capt. John Hays, was organized. At a late hour on Friday night information was received of the occupation of Gettysburg and of the retreat of our forces from that town. Places of business were closed on Saturday during the entire 74, James S. Leiser, Peter Leber, son, Corp. Charles Anderson, Corp. George ^ ' •- « N. Tuttle, Corp. Fleming Mathews, Corp. John E. Foust, Corp. Wm. McGuirk, Corp. Wm. Tateman, Corp. Harlow Moon, Corp. James Wereham, Corp. Ephraim Oakley, Corp. Francis Rick, Corp. Barton Beck, Corp, H. D. Gochemus, Corp. Tilghman Jacoby. Corp. C. A. Keampher, Corp. Joseph R. Mil- ler, Corp. And. D. Townsend, Corp. Geo. B. Barkley, Corp. Patrick Kane, Corp. H. E. Esbenshade, Corp. John Flannegan, Corp. Howard Smith; Bnglers— Adam Seegar, Charles T. Seitz, Wm. G. S. Allen, John Harris; Artificers — Jos. W. Bryant, Allen Stoner, Edward B. Hart, Stephen Redson; Privates. — James Armstrong, Henry Arm- prister, George Auble, William Auble, Fred- erick Arnet, Erastus Ames, Eobt. A. Anderson, Patrick Allen, James Barnes, Milton Bassett, Silas T. Bemus, Silas Beerup, Andrew F. Birch, Stephen Blanchai'd, Thos. R. Blauvelt, Edw. O. H. Boose, Henry L. Boyce, Joseph Brohel, Geo. W. Broadbent, Henry P. Brown, Joseph E. Brown, Jacob Butt, Eli H. Burt, Hollis Barrett, Daniel Burke, William Brien, John H. Benson, Robert Burnett, Henry Beck, Thomas Boyle, Patrick Breen, William H. Blake, Penfield Burchinal, Adam Byen, Byron Burr, Curtis Beebe, Curtis Buly, Charles Bettinger, Hosea M. Benson, John M. Clark, Andrew J. Clark, Philip Coyle, Jacob Cover, George AV. Cogley, C. Cunningham, Wm. O. Combs, John Cox, Charles Clark, Lorentus S. Cole, William F. Cline, Hart Cole, Samuel Craig, Theodore Denaere, Andrew Derringer, Andrew Day, Charles Deem,Edward DeForce, Melvin P. Demick, Eli Ditman, Daniel Don- ohue, William Dull, Robert Davis, Frederick Deihl, Daniel Daniels, Daniel A. Everett, Philemon C. Lovell, George Lafayette, Edwin Lyman, William H. Larraba, Henry Martin, S. T. Mayberry, Jacob Mowrer, William Murphy, Samuel Murphy, John W. Murphy, T. McAndrews, William McKay, A. J. McCollough, Edward McGraw, Wm. D. McLain, Thomas Murphy, Jacob Myer, Harrison McCord, Philip Miskell, Henry Mcllheany, Wm. H. Meyers, Edward Marks, John Marks, Joseph Marshall, James H. McGee, Conrad Mouse, Nervin Miller, Will- iam Murphy, Joseph Michaels, Richard McConnell, John D. McGeehan, William Nichols, Patrick O'Donnell, Adam Onstott, William Phillips, James Poleman, Courtl'd W. Potter, Jesse Reed, Robert A. Reed, Chas. L. Robinson, William G. Roper, Cornelius Robinson, Francis Ramish, Henry S. Reynolds, Josiah Reber, John Ripple, Benj. P. Roberts, Michael Robinson, Will- iam A. Rarey, Henry Robinson, Henry Ritter, Jas. A. S. Ratcliff, Salathiel Sankey, Benja- min F. Siler, Valentine Shadle, Jacob W. Stauffer, Solomon Shary, Andrew Shick, Adam Shriver, Gideon Stanley, John S. Stafford, Theoph. H. Stees, Wm. E. Stiner, H. Stoutzenberger, Samuel Stuck, Henry Smith, Charles Stroube, Thomas Simpson, John Sullivan, Samuel H. Slifer, John Sav- age, Jr., Elijah Solliday, Charles Smith, John Smith, Fred. Summers, Wm. Stabler, Tru'n W. Stafford, Edwin Spear, Wm. Stine- berger, Levi Stump, Martin Swick, D. H. Shneberger, Edwin Stees, John Tatnall, John H. Turner, W\ H. H. Thompson, Joseph Townsley, Jack. M. Vanhorn, Thos. M. Wat- son, John H. Weidle, John Weller, George Willey, Michael Williams, Wm. D. Woodring, John H. Wise, George Wire, John F. Wentz, John Wiley, William Worl, Frederick Wei- THE WAR FOR THE UNION. 18» ler, Jacob Weller, John S. Wade, George Wolf, Peter White, Mark Wasner, Samuel Yoder, Thomas Zules, Jacob Zimmerman. seventy -sixth regiment, company d — three years' service. Officers. — Capt. Cyrus Diller, Capt. Wil- liam S. Diller, Capt. Chas. L. Bittinger, First Lieut. Sam'l T. Kleckner, First Lieut. Jas, J. M. M'Cormick, First Lieut. Luther Y. Diller, Second Lieut. M. T. Heintzelman, Second Lieut. James E. Gordon, First Sergt. Joseph A. Slagle, Sergt. John J. Bussler, Sergt. Benj. Minsker, Sergt. Edward K. Boyer, Sergt. Valentine Cook, Sergt. Noah Waltersdorf, Sergt. Jacob M. Duck, Sergt. Oliver R. Millhouse, Sergt. Henry D. Miller. Corp. Jackson Williams, Corp. Obediah A. Hines, Corp. Edward Lee, Corp. Henry Strouse, Corp. William Alleman, Corp. John F. Benner, Corp. John O'Donald, Corp. Wil- liam H. Friede, Corp. Joseph Stone, Corp, William Rhell, Corp.. Henry Eichenger, Corp. George Frederick, Corp. Jacob Lechner, Corp. William Simpson, Corp. Oscar E. Hil- dreth, Corp. Ira H. Woodward, Corp. Curtis Sanders, Corp. William Cromie, Corp. Abner Aurand, Corp. Christ'r Hynicka, Corp. Hen- ry Spect. Privates. — Edward S. Allen, George At- kinson, William J. Berry, Zachariah Bloom, Samuel Bowersox, Andrew Brown, Hor- ace Burehell, George Baker, Henry Bly, Frederick Boyer, Patrick Barrett, Lot Burns, Jacob Banofe, Cornelius Bollin- ger, Jos. Buehenmeyer, Joseph Bolander, Jacob Brown, Michael Burns, James Coxey, John Crook, Richard Collins, James Coch- ran, Rodney Campbell, Emerson Campbell, George Crouch, Andrew Crick, Edward Ches- ter, Charles Caldwell, Andrew Cregar, Fran- cis Cramer, Jeremiah Cramer, Isaac Dobbs, Thomas Dawson, George Dresher, Patrick Donahue, James A. Deitrick, Hiram Erisman, Henry Ernest, John Ernest, John A. Eline, William Fisher, John Fisher, Henry Fisher, Patrick Finn, Michael Fiedler, Jeremiah Fisher, John Garra, Daniel Gallagher, George Green, John Gross, Charles Groff, John Greenmiller, Daniel Gallagher, Joseph Gra- mer, John E. Hand, Jonathan Hardin, Jacob Hehr, Peter Hauser, Thomas C. Horan, Sam- uel Hoyman, David Hildebrand, Lewis Hall, George Hallonbach, John Hamlin, Fred'k Hendricks, George Holtzman, James Hughes, Charles Helsby, Morris Hickard, William Ir- vine, Benjamin Jones, Harvey Joslin, Morris Jackson, James Karney, Henry King, Thomas Kelley, George Koch, Mich'l Krinbechin, Noah Klinefelter, Uriah Krebbs, Isadore Kreever, David King, Moses Kister, Joshua Knedle, William Kantner, Charles W. Law- son, Amos F. Leschey, Martin Long, William Langhrey, William Lyons, Henry Lamber- ton,Chas. Lewensdorf, Thomas Martin, Joha W. Moyer, Joseph L. Moyer, Charles Meyer, Sam'l Musselman, Isadore Markard, Isaac Musselman, Stephen Maroney, Wm. Mum- mert, Jacob Morningstar, Henry Morningstar, Isaac Miller, James Miller, John Miller, Daniel Meyer, Matthew M'Donald, John M'Glaughlin, Thomas M' Adams, John M'Ca- ley, John Nolan, Henry Petzold, Maris Pic- card, Thomas Powell, Cornelius Price, John Pollard, Christian Packard, John Pf arr, Wm. K. Parker, James Quirk, William Raub, Thomas Reily, Franklin M. Roberts, William Roberts, Wm. Reuheubach, John C. Rhell, Adams C. EeincBhl, Lewis Rake, Charles M. Eeilley, Frederick Sanders, Robert Smith, Samuel Stitzan, Frederick Swartz, George Sickel, William Sickel, Charles W. Smith, Charles Snyder, James A. Stewart, Henry Sherwood, H. Schmidtman, William Shiver, Fred'k R. Smith, Edward Shaffer, M'Age Slade, Joseph Spitz, Henry Schmidt, Robert Slutman, James P. Tracey, Adam Variier, Geo. Veiteugruber, Hugh Walkar, Lewis Walton, Tjewis Wambaugh, Dallas Watson, Andrew Warner, John Wilson, Pius Wonner, George W. Wilson, Solomon Williams, James Wiltner, Jacob Wendle, Wesley Wagner, Rob't Wittenmeyor, Henry Yocum, John Yorger, John Zett. COMPANY I. Officers. — Capt. Henry C. Mclntyre, Capt. Jacob J. Young, Capt. Frank J. Magee, Capt. Harrison Stair, First Lieut. Joseph H. Ensign, First Lieut. Paris Rudisill, Second Lieut. J. W. Morningstar, First Sergt Wm. H. Zeigler, First Sergt. Henry Birnstoek, Sergt. John Loucks, Sergt. John Lee, Sergt. Henry Haines, Sergt. Dan. Lichtenberger, Sergt. Robt. Smith, Sergt. Elias Spangler, Sergt. Silas M. Smith, Corp. David R. Pal- mer, Corp. William Naef, Corp. Henry Reicherd, Corp. Jacob. Oampman, Corp. John H. Simmons, Corp. Leander Lewis, Corp. George D. Zeigler, Corp. Sigmund Myers, Corp. Albert H. Mann, Corp. Wm. H. Al- bright, Corp. Joseph London, Corp. Andrew B. Frey, Corp. Ira H. Woodward, Corp. Henry James, Corp. William H. Smith, George Bier- nan, musician. ' Privates. — Isaac Adams, Pherick Adams, Julius Bentz, Levi Berkenheiser, Andrew Bechtol, Edwin B. Burr, Jeremiah Bowser, Porter Bender, Thomas Burrows, John Bru- ner, Hiram E. Bixler, John W. Baum, Wm. 184 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. Blanck, Jr., James E. Barnitz, Charles J. Beals, Patrick Cawley, Stephen Crumay, James Coslow, Michael Conroy, James Con- nelly, Wm. H. Carlington, John Cook, Den- nis Curtin, William J. Carver, Samuel Del- linger, Joseph Dunham, Anthony Dorman, James A. Decker, John Duncan, Andrew J. Duden, Edwin C. Duncan, George Deitz, Francis Doonan, William H. Eishel, John Fry, Patrick Fargus, George Foust, Rufus B. Frank, Patrick Finne, James Frederick, Edwai-d Fournace, Harvey Ford, Michael Golden, William Gray, John M. Gompf, Frederick Guyer, James B. Gamble, Leo Gleason, Daniel Heffner, H. M. Hullenbaugh, Jarius D. Horton, John Hetz, Francis M. Hudson, Edmund Heikus, John Hoffmaster, James Hogan, Michael Hullihen, Calvin Harris, Edwin Harris, Jacob Hulsinger, John Jocobs, William Jones, George John- ston, William Joseph, Patrick Kelley, Fran- cis Kane, Rudy Kennard, Edward Keis- ter, John Lippy, Anthony Leiban, James Lowe, Frederick Lumber, Morris Lent, Peter Lynot, Samuel Law, Franklin Lyman, William Lewis, Charles Lorick, Samuel Min- ichan, Charles Martin, Patrick Middleton, Charles Markle, Henry Matteson, Michael Miller, Henry Murray, Samuel B. Moore, Samuel Medlow John J. Miller, Michael M'Dermot, Charles M'Genley, John Oertel, James K. Oatman, John O'Brien, John Pow- ers, Thomas E. Palmer, Gfeorge Peters, James S. Patterson, Edmund Peters, Wm. K. Pom- eroy, Thos. J. Pennington, Bernard Roberts, Percival Romberger, John W. Reynolds, George Rhine, Henry Reatz, Samuel S. Ro- gers, Alexander Rider, Wm. F. Reisinger, John Reed, Jesse Rhodes, John Stough, Enoch Sweesey, John C. Spencer, James Slack, John F. Snyder, David Shook, Robert Sut- ton, Stephen Sybert, Reuben Stough, John Sandford, Isaac Sears, John Sharp, Fred- erick Sultybaugh, David Savage, Daniel Sloat, John J. Stengle, Thomas Stevens, G. W. Shenberger, Oscar R. Stearns, Reuben Snell, Peter Thompson, Byron Turner, Syd- ney W. Thomas, Henry Thompson, Jesse Weiser, Roland Wilcox, Henry Wooley, James Wiseman, James Willis, Henry H. Writer, Adam Weaver, Louis Welsh, George Warner, John Weigel, Jacob Weigel, James Walsh, Pardon Welsh, Enoch Wood, Eli Wilhelm, George White, Wesley L. Webster, Henry Zorger, Samuel Zell, John Zeigler. eightt-sevintb; eegiment — three yeabs' SERVICE. Field and Staff Officers. — Col. George Hay, Col. John W. Schall, Col. James Tear- ney, Lt. Col. James A. Stable, Maj. Charles H. Buehler, Maj. Noah G. Ruhl, Adj. Jacob Em- mitt, Jr., Adj. A. M. Martin, Adj. George C. Stroman, Adj. William C. Waldman, Quar- termaster Peter Ford, Quartermaster James Hersli, Quartermaster William E. Culp, Sm-- geon William H. M'Curdy, Surgeon David F. McKianey, Surgeon Theo A. Helwig, As- sistant Surgeon Harris C. Steadman, Assist- ant Surgeon B. J. Campbell, Assistant Sur- geon Nicholas M. Hoover, Chaplain James A. Brown, Chaplain John F. Baird. Chaplain David C. Eberhart; Sergeant-Majors — Joseph Welsh, Findlay L Thomas, C. H. Stallman, Rob't Slaymaker, Franklin Geise, Charles P. Stroman; Quartermaster Sergeants — Albert Ford, Daniel Bonge, First; Commissary Ser- geants — Michael Smyser, Wm. M'Gonigal; Hospital Stewards — John A. Weakley, Sample P. Gable; Principal Musicians — Lewis J. Renant, George Kraus, John Deiner, Joshua Happoldt, James C. Maguire. COMPANY A. Officers. — Captains — James A. Stable, John Fahs, James Tearney, Geo. J. Chalfant; First Lieutenants — Jacob Hay, Jr. , John F. Spangler, Lewis Rasch; Second Lieutenants — Wm. Bierbower, Chas. P. Strorjian; First Sergeant — Alexander Kipp ; Sergeants — Frederick Hubley, Elijah Francis, Joseph Berkheimer, Wm. F. Zorger, Henry Shultz, George Tawser, John J. Schall, Lewis Frey, Benj. P. Frick, Edward Monaghan; Corpor- als — Joseph Hare, Jeremiah Carbaugb, Rey- nolds Pilgrim, Charles Metzger, William Brubaker, Chas. A. Laumaster, Alfred Jame- son, Harriscm Heidler, Daniel Bonge, First, Charles Dennis, Rob't S. Slaymaker, S. Baumgardner, William F. Smith; Musician — Franklin Barnhart. Privates. — Samuel Andrews, Howard An- drews, Jos. G. W. Burns, Christian Ball, Hend'n Barefield, John Barefield, Simon Bendon, John C. Baker, Reuben Bertzfield, John Bittinger, John Berry, Edwin Beitzel, Frederick Bonge, Alexander Brown, Peter Bott, John Brown, Geo. Butterbaugh, John H. Brown, Richard Brown, Chauncy Breed, Alex'r Bushdorf, Daniel Bonge, Second, Eman'l Coleman, James B. Cassidy, Jacob Clapper, Edward Carr, Martin Dissinger, Hemy H. Denlinger, William Dennis, Charles Dellinger, Alfred Enrick, Christian Eiseman, Samuel Evans, Henry Everhart, Henry A. Ensigner, Hugh Emery, John W. Fillei', Julius Feige, William Felty, Abraham Frick, Jacob Fritz, George Feathers, Oliver Fissel, Henry Fink, Hamilton Fahs, Jacob Glassmyer, Henry Ginter, Charles Gotwait, THE WAR FOR THE UNION. 185 James Galloway, Samuel Ginter, Sample P. Gable, Jackson Hunter, George Hite, David Hinkle, Martin Horbstritt, William Hol- kamp, David Hoke, Milton H. Hamilton, John Hoover, Philip Hersch, Charles Hyde, James Hawkins, Henry Hamme, T. Hend- rickson, James Hudson. John Hugo, Wm. H. Ilgenfritz, James Irvrin, George Johnson, Daniel G. Keasey, Michael Kessler, David Kohr, William Kahili, Henry Keller, James Keller, Stephen Keller, Harrison Kramer, J9hn Kipp, George Koch, George Knodel, Fidel le Keller, Benj. H. Lintner, Daniel Laumaster, Henry Lilly, Andrew Luft, Joseph Lark, Andrew Miller, Michael Myers, William Moffitt, George Miller, Jr., George Miller, Sr., George Miller, John A. Morgan, Michael Marva, Samuel Miles, William Mor- gan, Jacob M'Williams, Jos. H. M'Clintick, William M'Cleary, Hazzard P. M'Clure, John M'Cluskey, Daniel M'Bride, Henry Neiman, George Noel, Jacob Philips, Stephen L. Parks, George Platts, Henry C. Pentz, Henry Poleman, James Patterson, Hugh Quinn, Abraham Rhodes, Simon Eichey, Amos Eupert, Thomas Eutledge, George Ehinehart, Luke Eouse, Thaddeus Eobinson, Joseph Eichey, William H. Eice, Abraham Ehodes, J. Shellenberger, Joseph Seninger, Charles Seeman, John H. Stauffer, Geo. W. Seichrist, Jacob Shrom, Abraham Smith, George Strayer, William Shuman, Herman Sauppe, Charles Spahr, Emanuel Smith, Joseph Stroup, William Schriver, Charles Snyder, John Shillenberg, Samuel Stoner, Lewis M. Smith, Jacob Shadel, Michael Tomes, Henry Thompson, J acob S. Upp, James Wilson, Henry Wise, Jacob P. Wise, John W. Weller, Samuel W. Weller, Peter Witman, John H. Winters, John H. Wolf, John F. Welsh, William Zechman, Ed. Zimmerman, Daniel Zellers, Martin Zeigler, Jacob E. Zeigler. COMPANY B. Officers. — Capt. Jacob Detwilter, Capt. Lewis Maish, Capt. Zeph. E. Hersh, Eirst- Lieut. John Crull, First Lieut. George C. Stroman, First Lieut. James Tearney, First Lieut. Edward F. Coe; Second Lieut. Eobert K. Slagle; First Sergt. Milton J. Yeager, First Sergt. Samuel F, Keller, First Sergt. Henry Epley; Sergt. David N. Thomas, Sergt. Wil- liam K. Parker, Sergt. George W. Schriver, Sergt. James S. Grimes, Sergt. Theo. A. Gardner, Sergt. Edward T. Eudy, Sergt. Wm. Drabenstad, Sergt. Sobieski Leib, Sergt. Eobert D. Greer, Sergt. William Walters; Corp. Aug. Winogardner, Corp. Henry C. Shatzler, Corp. Jacob Harman, Corp. Thomas Malotie, Corp. John G. Motter, Corp. Frank M. Peters, Corp. Joseph M. Funk, Corp. John A. Mathias, Corp. Lucas Shurer, Corp. William H. Zorger, Corp. John A. Hiney, Corp. Samuel Madlam, Corp. John Smith, Corp. John Lees, Corp. John Snyder, Corp. William Lef ever, Corp. George Toomey, Corp. Daniel W. Keiter, Musicians Wm. C. Barringer, John Walzer. Privates. — Bernard Atrogge, Edward T. Ayers, John Arnold, Andrew M. Ball, Sam- uel Bare,Chas. Bartholomew, Daniel Blouse, Eobert J. Boyd, Thomas Burns, Adam Bluste, Montgomery Bottsh, William E. Byers, Ephraim Bankart, Eobert Burge, Jonathan Barnitz, John Bently, John Callan, William Connelly, William Cotton, Harris J. Cook, Eichard Crone, James B. Corl, John Clune, Addison Christ, William Carroll, Moses Co- ble, David Clarenden, Charles H. Carter, John Dorfort, Christopher Drake, Frank Dra- benstadt, Lewis H. Diehl, Eli Diehl, Benne- ville C. Epler, William Eicholtz, Jacob D. Epler, Wilson Evans, James A. Fellers, Silas Fisher, Jeremiah Foor, George Fecher, Eobert Falmer, William Griffith, Daniel Gauntz, Frederick Glazier, Levi Gastrock, John Gallagher, Benson Hanks, William Hoover, John - A. Houck, Joseph Hummel, Samuel Hursh, Mathias Hull, Michael Hei- man, John Hurley, John F. Hunter, John Herrold, Joseph C. Hann, Lewis Hanig, George Hann, James Hayes, George Hender- son, David Henderson, Edward Jones, Wil- liam B. Jones, Jacob Johnson, Charles Kuel- ler, Jacob Kineman, James Kendrick, Cyrus W. Kipple, Jacob Karstetler, James Logan, Edward Lewis, Abraham Lonkart, Jacob Lewis, Henry H. Lenhart, James A. Long, W. Luckenbaugh, Thomas W. Lucas, David Moore, James Morrison, William Miller, Levi Mansberger, Franklin Milliken, Silas Mattis, John Myres, W. Meisenhelter, An- drew Mummert, Jefferson Mort, Peter Myres, Rannell M'Donald, Joseph McElroy, Jacob M'Coy, William M'Clane, Thomas J. M'll- vain, David Nagle, Oriel G. Newell, George Nicholas, Urias E. Nichols, Alexander Nauss, John A. Noel, James Oren, John Oxenrider, Samuel Payler, Jay B. Preston, Thomas Price, John Plain, John Powers, Ackinson Powell, Gideon Quickel, Richard Quinn, Frederick Reidhinger, James Richardson, Adam Roush, Jacob Roush, Abraham Roat, George W. Rouch, William Ramsey, John K. Rupp, Adam Eenninger, Henry H. Richard, John Eoozell, Blisha Snow, John C. Shrom, Augustus Snyder, John C. Simmons, Wil- liam F. Spayd, Bernard Smith, Levi Spang- ler, Thomas S. Smith, Thomas Sayers, 186 HISTORY OF YORK tOUNTY. John Schmuck, John Sheets, Thomas Updegrove, John Voglesong, Nathan- iel Veoman, WilJiam W. Watson, William Weaver, Thomas Williams, Henry W. Woal- den, Henry C. Welker, Augustus Wise, Henry Wilhelm, Gottleib Wertz, Andrew B. Will- iams, Thomas Watts, Thomas Webster, James Wilson, Francis M. York, Samuel Zartman, George Zorger, Peter F. Zorger, David Zook, Isaac "U. Zorger. COMPANY 0. Officers. — Capt. Andrew J. Fulton, Capt. Murray S. Cross, Capt. Findlay I. Thomas, First Lieut. Samuel Saylor, First Lieut. William E. Culp, First Lieut. Jonathan J. Keeaey, Second Lieut. Wm. E. Patterson, Second Lieut. Chas. H. Stallman, Second Lieut. Isaac Wagner, Second Lieut. Ramsay Hannagan, First Sergt. Andrew J. Wetzel, First Sergt. H. F. Waltemeyer, Sergt. Jeffer- son Martin, Sergt. Josiah Landen, Sergt. John Aker, Sergt. Jacob Huntzberger, Sergt. William A. Haack, Sergt. Adam H. Carman, Sergt. Hays Edie, Sergt. Adam H. Stiffler, Sergt. John 0. Brown, Sergt. Eli Ream, Corp. Eli Ream, Corp. Artemus Hildebrand, Corp. Morris J. Powell, Corp. Ephraim Stouffer, Corp. Rufus Grim, Corp. Elijah B. Gibson, Corp. Henry Linn, Corp. Samuel F. Nevin, Corp. James L. Handley, Corp. Fran- cis A. Hersey, Corp. Pius N. Minnick, Corp. Steward Griffith, Corp. Samuel B. Ruhl, Corp. Isaiah Hoif; Joseph Reinhart, musi- cian, Greenberry Lovel, musician, Jacob H. Snyder, musician, James C. Maguire, mu- sician. Privates. — Thomas Applegate, Beniah K. Anstine, Wm. Anderson, George Armbuster, James Bates, James E. Barnes, Edward Bilby, Henry H. Bortner, Wm. H. Breneman, Henry E. Blaney, Thomas Bull, Oram G. Blake, John N. Blausser, Jesse Beck, Henry Breal, James Bell, John B. Burke, Freder- ick Bush, William J. Case, Jacob Covolt, Samuel Cross, William Clement, Henry W. Comfort, John A. Crowl, Thomas O. Crowl, David S. Carbaugh, John Calvin, George Duttenheiffer, Martin Davis, Daniel Dice, Van Buren Danner, John E. Edie, John Ensig, Edgar C. Farnham, Richard M. Fisher, Samuel Flinn, Richmond Flinn, Jeremiah Flinn, Lewis C. Frey, David G. Fulton, Porter Fluck, Eli Farrer, William Glancy, Jacob Grove, Absalom Gardner, Anthony Grim, Samuel Glassmyer, William Ging, Thomas Guinn, Robert Gemmill, Henry Hib- ler, Alexander Housiell, Conrad Hank, Jo- seph H. Himes, C. Hauseholder, William Housiell, Michael Hose, James Hays, Enoch C. Hartman, Michael Hostler, Andrew Isen- baugh, Harris Jenkins, Jacob J. Kragle, Henry Krider, Henry Kohler, Joseph Kook, Robert Keech, Oliver Keesey, N. J. Klin- dinst, Samuel D. Louck, John Loucks, Will- iam Lutz, John Meltzheimer, Jacob Moore, Thomas H. Mills, Paris A. Minnick, An- drew D. Meyers, Valentine Meyers, Daniel March,Barnabas Montooth, John Murphy, John Mangle, Frank M' Guigan, John M' Girk,Norris M'Girk, John M'Guigan, Samuel D. M'Ginley, Henry Noel, George H. Ochell, William Pen- nington, William H. Poet, F. Pfaffenbaugh, Michael Poet, John Poet, Timothy Perry, D. Rogers, George Riddle, Peter Ream, Fred- erick Rineharfc, Adam Ream, Zach Reichard, John Rinehart, Andrew Shive, James Shep- stone, Franklin Seip, John Stroup, Philip Song, Charles D. Snyder, Franklin Stump, David Saylor, Levi Snyder, Jacob Sheets, Henry Shaffer, John B. Shadle, Jonathan Stoner, Daniel Spotts, Jesse Snyder, Gran- ville Switzer, Ephraim Strayer, Isaac Tome, James Tarbet, Jas. A. Thompson, Levi Tyson, William H. Varjan, Peter Venety, Isaac Wagner, William H. Witters, John White. Eli White, David A. Wilson, Patrick Whalen, Wm. Waltemeyer; Rolandus Wagner, David Wallis, William Waight, M. Waltemeyer, Henry Wagner, James H. Weakley, J. C. Waltemeyer, Michael Washes, John Weaver, Wm. H. Warden, Ferdinand Zeigel. COMPANY D. Officers. — Captains — Noah G. Ruhl, James Blasser, Edgar M. Ruhl; First Lieutenants — Peter Ford, George Blasser, Andrew G. Shull; Second Lieutenants — Henry Seitz, Wm. H. H. Welsh, Benjamin D. Dull, Samuel W. Keasey, Wm. C. Waldman; First Sergeants — J. R. Nonemaker, James B. Beck; Ser- geants — Henry Stine, Emanuel Ludwig, Wm. T. Moorhead, John Keller, James H. Hen- drix, Robert M'Donnell, James Grove, Henry Hildebrand, Joseph Ashley; Corporals — Wm. S. Stewart; Henry Shultz, Adam Shaffer, Henry Spicer, Henry Smith, Joseph Fox, Clay- ton Hartman, And. J. Almony, Nathaniel Z. Seitz, Newton Krow, John T. Allison, Squire Bamford, Franklin Geise, Charles W. Moore, Leonard W. Watson, Joseph F. Welsh, Henry N. Bailey, Henry C.Young; Musicians — Lewis J. Renant,. Geo. W. Almony. Privates. — Charles R. Allison, Henry Al- bright, Valentine Anstine, George Armer, Jere- miah Bittner, Edward J. Bittuer, Francis Bitt- ner, Samuel Brooks, John Beitzel, George W. Brenize, George Bollinger, Esau Bailey, Will- iam Bodein,Ephraim Bailey, William Butcher, William Beverson, Jacob Brown, John Bur- THE WAR FOR TOE UNION. 187 bage, Israel Baublitz, Henry W. Bowers, Owen Bishop, John Coffey, John Crichfield, Franklin Cayton, James Clark, Horace J. Crook, "William Connelly, Solomon Deal, John Dunn, Frederick Dolla, Levi W. Dubs, John Dettinger, Wm. H. Douglass, Peter W. Deckman, Frank Dittenheifer, George W. Eaton, John W. Ettinger, Conrad Eckert, William Eaton, John Edwards, John Ferdi- nand, Francis Fallenstine, Charles Fagan, Adam Glock, Edward Gafferny, Jos. A. Glad- felter, Jonathan Gable, Jeremiah Grove, Syl- vester Golding, James Gordon, Jerome Herr, William Haley, Henry Hartman, Peter Hed- . rick, Albert D. Hartman, John Henn, Isaac Hedrick, Frederick Hanke, Henry Hilde- brand, Lewis V. Holter, Lewis J. Humm, Joseph Hoffman, Amos Innearst, Solomon Innearst, Granville Jackson, Nathaniel Jack- son, William Kuentzler, Patrick Kelly, Joseph H. Kelley, Albert J. Kelly, Lewis C. Klinedinst, Alexander Klinedinst, Isaac Krout, Jdo. W. Klinefelter, Daniel M.' Keasey, Augustus Kauffman, Nicholas Leopold, Franklin Lentz, Jacob E. Lowe, Adam Leicht, John Leopold, Joseph T. Little, Henry H. Miller, Max Myers, Jacob H. Miller, Lewis Miller, Peter Miller, George Matson, Lud- wig Miller, Francis Midwig, William H. Metcalf, Jonathan S. May, James K. Muntia, John Mitzel, James H. Moody, Henry Marta, Jacob N. Marsh, James M'Cormick, Allen M'Gee, John M'Conneli, John C. M'Cay, Emanuel Nell, Amos Ness, Samuel Over- lander, John A. Orwig, Ignatius Olversdaffer, Milton Eandall, Cyrus Eeher, Jacob Euth, Owen Eobison, Elias H. Eedding, Eobert J. Einehart, Peter G. Eeever, Charles Eofhbirth, William J. Shaffer, F. H. Suidmiller, Fred- erick Shoffstall, James Seeley, John Sharkey, John Swope, John Swearer, George Snyder, Charles P. Saxton, Peter Shoemaker, Jarius Shockey, Jacob Spotts, John Sherwood, John Smith, Michael Scheel, John Shaffer, Chris- tian Style, James Scollard, Abraham Test, James Thorne, William Wolf, Jacob J. Wint- rode, Daniel Williams, Henry Williams, Emanuel W'ilderson, John H. Wike, Fred- erick Weinreich, John G. Weaver, L. W. Waltemyer, W^illiam Wagner, Stephen M. Wilson, Thomas Williams, George E. Ying- ling. COMPANS E. Officers. — Capt. Solomon Myers, Capt. Charles J. Fox, First Lieut. Wm. F. Frank, First Lieut. Isaac Hull, First Lieut. Alex'r Strickler, First Lieut. Peter Nichol, First Sergt. Isaac G. Simmons, First Sergt. Ben- jamin D. Dull, Sergt. Daniel P. Eeigle, Sergt. Henry A. Zercher, Sergt. George Blotcher, Sergt. William H. Gray, Sergt. Frederick Bridling, Sergt. William Baum, Sergt. John W. Coover, Sergt. Benjamin J. King, Sergt. Michael Eitter, Sergt. Wm. D. Holtzworth, Corp. John H. Baughmao, Corp. Samuel Cramer, Corp. Chas. W. Schultz, Corp. Henry H. Smith, Corp. Henry Welcomer, Corp. Henry Streater, Corp. Al- bert D. Stoufftsr, Corp. Henry Smith, Corp. George Bruner, Corp. John- Danner, Corp. Daniel Whitenight, Corp. Daniel N. Boose, Corp. W. N. Aughenbaugh, Corp. Albert Ford, Corp. John G. Bobb, Corp. John E. Snyder; Bertram Ilgenfritz, musician; Sam- uel Sprenkle, musician; Joshua Happoldt, musician. Privates. — William Brison, James Bowers, Samuel Bender, Jefferson Brunner, Samuel Bricker, Eli Bear, Elias Byerts, George Buz- by, John Bridling, C. Brenneman, Wm. H. Brunner, William Berner, John K. Baker, Edward Beaverson, .John N. Bruno, George Bettinger, John Cousler, David A. Cornman, Alexander Crouch, John Crone, Levi M. Coover, Edward Callahan, Eoland Dixon, Julius Diideck, Henry Dellinger, Benj. P. Eshleman, John Everhart, Jacob G. Eppley, Samuel Fisher, Peter W. Fry, Abraham Fox, Peter Free, Peter Farrel, Samuel B. Gray, Herman Gerht, Frederick Gerth, Cyrus M. Gipe, Joseph Grove, Peter Gipp, Edward Gipp, Jacob Gray, Jocob Horlbein, F. O. Hendricks, James S. Huber, Charles Hoover, Lewis Haupt, John Hoffman, Wm. Hassiu- ger, Moses M. Huber, William Harris, Will- iam Hamper, Augustus Hemple, William Ilgenfritz, David L. Jones, George Johns, Augustus Keiser, George Kahler, A. G. Kauff- man, Aaron Keesey, Casper H. Klefman, William Krebb, George Kraus, Henry Kidd, Charles B. Little, George T. Little, William Long, George Long, John B. Lutz, Jas. H. Moorhead, Henry Myers, William Miller, Joseph Mack, Andrew Miller, Benjamin Minnich, George S. Markel, Henry Miller, James E. Mundorff, Samuel E. Miller, Paul Mosebaugh, John W. Moses, Charles March, Joseph B. Murphy, William Myers, John M'Laughlin, John M'Donald, Thomas Neely, Edward Owens, Sig'd Powermaker, Joshua Peeling, Isaac Plank, Jacob G. Palmer, John Quickel, George W. Eeed, George Eobison, Augustus Eodewick, Valen- tine Eoush, Wilson Eupp, John C. Eupert, Jacob Eico, Jesse D. Snyder, Frederick Sny- der, Sam' 1 Shoemaker, John C. Shultz, James Sensabaugh, Daniel Stouffer, Alfred A. Shaffer, Thomas Shaffer, John F. W. Shultz, Henry Sipe, Frank Stininger, Will- 188 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. iam Strater, Philip M. Shive, Peter Slyder, Augustus Shultz, Aaron Stahl, Pred'k Steg- enmyer, Milton Spichert, Henry Snyder, Peter W. Seig, John Treadway, Royal Wyk- off, Robert Waters, Fred'd Witmyer, Wil- helm Winzer, Michael Welsh, Wm. Wenner- hold, Peter Weaver, George A. Welsh, Will- iam M. Wolf, Charles Werner, Herman Wentz, Jacob Witmer, Henry B. Wilkinson, Christian Wagner, Henry H. Warden. COMPANY G. Officers. — Captains — Vincent C. S. Eckert, H. Morningstar ; First Lieutenant — Robert A. Daniel ; Second Lieutenant — Wm. C. Waldman ; Sergeant — Wm. P. Eckert, Chas. F. Ropp, Isaac Wagner, George W. Stine, Daniel L. Welsh ; Corporals— Jacob Shultz, John L. Kunkle, Andrew G. Shull, Henry Stine, Sam'l W. Keasey, Wm. T. Moorhead, John Keller, L. W. Watson, Charles W. Moore, John A. Eaton; Musicians — Howard Stahl, Lewis J. Renant. Privates. — Henry Armprister, Martin Aus- tin, Charles Booth, Sam'l Burkheimer, John Bupp, Owen Bishop, Thomas Callen, John Dunn, John Deeper, Henry Everhart, John W. Ettinger, Jacob W. Evans, Henry Paik, Joseph Pox, John Ferdinand, Jacob Pry, Daniel D. Fries, Robert S. Friches, Valentine Grove, Adam Glock, Philip Grove, Oliver Glassmyer, Sylvester Golding, William R. How, William Hampton, James H. Hooper, John C. Hoffman, Lewis J. Humm, Clayton Hartman, Jerome Herr, Conrad Hoover, C. Himmelwright, George Hodges, Thomas Ilgenfritz, William Irwin, John Jacobs, David P. Kerr, L. J. Klinedinst, Daniel M. Keasey, Wm. Kuentzler, Augus's Kauffman, Valentine Kisner, Wm. H. Lafever, Jno. Litchanberger, Samuel Law, Peter K. Law, George Livingston, Benedict P. Myers, A. Morningstar, Jacob H. Miller, Lewis Miller, George Matson, Samuel C. Moore, Patrick M'Cabe, Conrad Nichol, William Newman, Henry Norwig, Samuel W. Parks, Jacob Reed, John A. Russ, Jacob Ruth, Milton Randall, Charles Rose, Henry Ruhl, John Stahl, Calvin Stahl, John Snyder, George Sweitzer, Daniel Stine, Henry Stroman, Hen- ry Spicer, Pred'k Schoffstall, Henry Shultz, Abraham Test, Henry Tyson, John A. Wilt, Joseph F. Welsh, Jacob J. Wintrode, William Wolf, William Wagner, Silas C. Yingling, George E. Yingling, Jonathan Yeaple. COMPANY H. Officers. — Captains — Ross L. Harman, Wells A. Farrah, Philip Gentzler. First Lieuten- ants — R. S. Slaymaker, Andrew B. Smith, Daniel P. Dietrich, William E. Culp. Sec- ond Lieutenants — John L. Shillitto, Harvey J. Harman, M. S. Slothower, Isaac Wagner. First Sergeant, Ear nst G. Henkel; Sergeants, George A. Mowrer, Henry Z. Bowman, Jacob H. Hoffer, Jacob M. Herr, John M. Griffith. Corporals— John C. Kes- ser, Daniel Smith, William Gill, David Pentz, John Naugle, Benj. S. Kauffmann, Abraham B. Coble, Joseph B. Hobson, Jo- seph Henry, John Denues, George L. Shu- gars. Musicians — George B. Lightz, Mich- ael D. Aker, Joseph Reinhart. Privates. — William Anderson, George S. Anderson. Daniel Arnsberger, John Aker, Frederick Brecht, Philip S. Barnes. Michael Brickner, Albert T. Barnes, John Bochoffer. Ephraim Coble, Christian C. Coble, Samuel Cassal, Thomas O. Crowl, Henry W. Com- fort, George C. Carroll, John A. Cooley, Frederick Dietrich, Tempest L. Forrer, Is- rael Firestone, Eli Forrer, Jos. Faus- nanght, John Good, Peter Gardner, Al- fred M. Hunter, John Hoffman, Jacob B. High, Jacob Huntzberger, William Hartman, Lewis Henica, Samuel John- son, James A. Kerr, Wesley F. Keller, John W. Keller, N. J. Klinedinst, Augustus Keiser, Geo. L. Litz, Jesse R. Lentz, Josiah Landen, Peter Martin, Francis J. Moore, Andrew D. Myers, Jefferson Martin, Jacob Moore, Valentine Myers, Daniel March, Da- vid M. M'Clellan, Sam'l D. M'Ginley, Henry Noel, George Prowell, Gacob H. Peters, Chas. E. Pederson, John L. Ritter, Daniel Runk, Martin Reinhart, Wm. B. Ramsey, John Robinson, Alexander Raver, John W. Smith, Jeremiah Spahr, John A. Sibbet, Reuben Stough, William G. Small, Jacob B. SlotL- ower, Lafayette Schlosser, Henry Snyder. Ephraim Stouffer, Andrew Shive, Henry Shaf- fer, George Sherman, John K. Shive, Henry Smallbrook, Emanuel Troup, Edward Wise, Daniel S. Mickey, Rolandus Wagoner, A.n- thony Wolf, I'eter H. Zell. COMPANY K. Oificers. —Captains — John W. Schall, John Albright. First Lieutenant— John E. M'll- vain, Charles F. Haack. Second Lieutenant — Jacob Emmitt, Jr., Charles P. Stroman. First Sergeant — Charles Busey. Sergeants — Lewis R. Haack, Franklin Ginter, Wm. H. Schriver, George W. Welsh, William Marck- ley, David Fox, William Clapper. Corporals — Peter S. Baum, Jerome Heidler, Michael S. Deringer, Samuel Decker, M. Morningstar, Cornelius Pecker, George Gibbons, Christian List, Lawrence Kerber, John A. Weakley. Musicians — John Holder, Chas. J. Barnitz. THE WAR FOR THE UNION. 189 Privates. — Eli Brown, Henry Billinger, Ul- rioh Blockinger, John Blookinger, George H. C. Brant, Thomas Z. Burse, John Barry, John V. Beck, John W. Carey, Dennis Crim- mons, Jacob Clopper, Henry Dobbins, Wm. H Dixon, Josiah Diehl, Jacob Dobler, Jacob Diehl, Wm. H. Eppley, Wm. Emenheiser, G. E. Elchelberger. Samuel Fox, Nathaniel Foust, John W. Filler, Jacob Foos, Matthew Foos, Alexander Greeson, John Glosser, Nicholas A. Hahn, John B. Hanson, Joseph H. Helker, Joseph A. Heidler, David Hoff- man, W^m. H. Ilgenfritz, Wm. A. Knudson, Conrad Kissenger, Henry Kissner, John C. Koons, Jacob Koons, Daniel G. Keasey, John Kendig, John H. Kendig, Levi Kendig, Jacob J. Kunkle, William Lesh, Jacob List, John List, William Laucs, William Mona- ghan, Henry Miller, David M'Creary, John M'Cormick, Charles Odenwalt, Rudol's Pat- terson, Thomas Palley, Hugh Qainn, John Runk, William Eamsom, Simon Roth, Sam- uel Ruth, Martin Ronscher, Lewis Rasch, Frederick Rehm, John Rudolph, Henry Strat- myer, Harrison Spangler, Henry C. Spang- ler, E. Shanerbrook, Isaac Sweeney, John Stallman, Geo. W. Seichrist, Benjamin Snyder, George W. Simons, Benjamin Tyson, Thomas J. Taylor, Nath'l Thompson, John Wilson, John H. Wolf. D. Woodmansee. NINETY-SECOND REGIMENT (nINTH CAVALRy) COMPANY E. Privates.- — David Fox, Christopher Fox, W. J. Kirk, George E. Sherwood, Lewis A. Trone, George W. Thomas. ONE HUNDRED AND THIRD REGIMENT, COMPANY C THREE years' SERVICE. Officers. — Captain — George Shipp. First Jjieutenant — Jefferson M. John. Second Lieu- tenant — Owen M. Fowler. Sergeants — C. H. Crosthwaite, James Harris, Henry W. Burns, Azariah Campbell, Henry Shipp. Corporals — Henry P. Raup, Ephraim P. Faulk, John L. Lehman, John Hancock, Thomas Harris, Thaddeus S. Ready, John Harris, Neil M'Isaac. Musician — Daniel Wenrich. Privates. — Ephraim N. Anker, Orrin B. Bolton, John Breatz, William Base, James Buggy, Henry Basin, William Gulp, Benja- min Christ, Valentine Clark, George W. Campbell, Christian Deets, Adam Denk, Ambrose Dettery, John Defczler, Henry K. Erdman, William Fogle, Joseph K. Fry, Amos Fanesworth, Henry W. Fry, Henry G. Fry, Samuel Frederick, George K. Fagely, Eli S. Grubb, Perry Grubb, Aaron Hennin- ger, Morgan A. Jones, John Jones, George W. Kreiger, Daniel Kashner, George Kramer, Simon Kramer, Charles H. Leibig, George H. Leibig, William Leiflee, Amos M. Mitch- ell, George A. Miller, Christian Miller, Charles Miller, Alexander Mowrer, Bbenezer Matthews, Charles Marks, William Mitchell, John Murray, Samuel M'Dowell, James Nor- inger, William Ready, Andrew Rinehart, Edmund Rocks, John Rudisill, John Rocke, Jacob Smink, Christian Snyder, Isaac Sawer, Theodore Salters, Jonathan S. Sharp, Cyru,s B. Salters, George Shock, Jacob Shock, Lewfis S. Stine, Tillman Shrawder, Edwin O. Trei- bley, Andrew Tully, William Tharp, Benja- min F. Week, Joseph K. Week, John Weir, John Weidenhafer, Christian Warner, David E. Winriche, Thomas Wright, Jacob Yeager. COMPANY D. Officers. — Captain — Emanuel Herman. First Lieutenant — -Edmund Rutter. Second Lieutenant — Charles W. P. Collins. Ser- geants — Jacob H. Smith, Joseph N. Reed, William Rhoads, James Shaub, David Hoff- man. Corporals — Benjamin F. Tyson, John A. Beitzel, Charles Markle, August F. Got- walt, Cyrus A. Shaub, S. M. Livingston, Abra- hamHayes, Joseph Soule. /Musicians — Mal- colm O. Smith, Francis Tredway. Privates. — Henry Arnold, William Arnold, Franklin Bender, Augustus C. Bell, David J. Barnett, Elias Blouse, Reuben Blouse, William L. Bentzel, Leonard Bruder, Isaac Beoker, James R. Blaney, David W. Day, F. Emenheiser, David Ellis, Samuel Flury, John V. Gemiuill, Harris Gingerich, Eph- raim Good, Jonathan Gable, Henry Givins, Joseph Grim, David Hoover, Jonathan Hilde- brand, Benjamin F. Harting, Amos M. Her- man, Solomon D. Johnson, Adam King, Dan - iel Knaub, Benjamin Knaub, Henry Krebs, William Kilgore, Israel Kling, Valentine Keizer, Edward A. Keasey, George Kauff- man, Jacob Lyman, Joseph Loucks, William Leightner, Joseph Lower, Henry Malehorn, Levi Malehorn, Emanuel Myers, John C. Miller, Joseph A. Murphy, Alexander Mon- roe, James F. M'Kinley, Noah Ness, C. Overlander, Hugh C. Patterson, Jacob Poat, John Reichart, Samuel Reichart, Samuel Richcreek, Samuel R. Rinehold, Milton Ray, Henry H. Shoff, George Seipe. Henry Smith, William E. Smith, John Stephens, William Shultz, John Snyder, James Steward, Henry Trout, Henry Tschop, James Taylor, John Taylor, George Wrey, Emanuel Warner, Adam S. Warner, Philip Welty, John Wanghtel, Henry Wilhelm. 190 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. ONE HUNDEED AND SEVENTH BEGIMENT, COMPANY A —THREE YEAKS' SEEVICE. Officers. — Captains — Jacob Dorsheimer, Theo. K. Scheffer, Samuel Lyon; First Lieutenant — Oliver P. Stair; Second Lieu- tenant — George C. Stair; First Sergeants — James Crimmins, Ford Buckinham; Ser- geants — Peter A. Hinkle, John jVI;. Mohler, Samuel F. Ruth, Solomon E. Hough, Alfred A. Collins, Charles W. Conrad, Andrew C. Wolfe; Corporals — Christian Shearer, Amoe Whalk, William Edwards, Isaac Supplee, Edward Jacoby, William Seifert, Adam F. Smith, James Hagerty, Jerald M. Burton, Devan N. Bentz; Musicians — William C. Stair, Samuel Simons, John Warner, Alex- ander Wolf. Privates. — William T. Adams, John H. Anderson, Joseph Albert, Edward Blythe, Daniel Burke, Michael Barrett, Michael Browne, Thomas Brummel, Jacob Bush, James Brady, Ohas. W. Brewster, Henry W. Baily, Ernest Baumbaok, John P. H. Beighley, James K. P. Boring, William Butler, Joseph Barmetler, George Barnabas, Benjamin R. Baily, Mahlon P. Baily, Michael Costello, John Clark, William Corcoran, James Carlin, Ruf as Conrad, Aaron Case, John S. Clarkson, Francis Cosgrove, Gerald F. Conrad, J. Oscar Conrad, Benj. O. Carpenter, Daniel H. Coo- vadt, David Davis, Thomas Doyle, Thos. Dougherty, James Dugan, Thomas Dickson, William Dull, Thomas Defner, Philip Dia- mond, John Davis, Henry R. Davidson, Aaron L. Ebersole, Isaac Evans, John C. Eiler, Benjamin Fleck, J. R. Flemming, Nathaniel Finch, John C. Ferris, George Fake, Abra- ham Fennel, Thomas Firth, Patrick Gressing, Faber Gregg, Joseph Gilmore, Seeley Gale, Ezra Green, Thomas Griffith, Cornelius B. Gromey, Joseph Hagerty, Joseph M. Hunt, Martin Harrigan, John Harman, Fidell Haine, A. C. Heltmeyer, Ira Hardy, David N. Hardy, Casper Hahn, John Hartung, Elias Hinkley, Peter B. Hinkley, Jacob B. Hawes, George Hossler, John J. Harman, William Jones, Joshua M. Jones, Francis Jenkins, Samuel F. Jamison, Samuel F. Johnson, James P. Kennedy, Frederick Kechner, Charles Kobler, William Kerley, John G. Kline, PetracJus. Kline, Ira Knight, John Kline, George Kun- kle, David Lynch, William Laufer,Levi Long, Geo. W. Lancaster, Chas. Luchterhan.Adam Leonard, Samuel Morgan, J. W. Mulholland, Francis Mier, Aaron Mayberry, John Mullin, Patrick Murphy, William March, Elias Miller, A. M' Bride, John M'Garry,Thos. M'Cormick, Perry M'Near, John M'Kinzie, James 0. M'Closky, James Niekson, Barney Pearl- stone, Edward Page, Edwin W. Pierce, Will- iam D. Port, Russell Phillips, Wm. H. Pat- tent, Chas. W. Ridgway, John H. Robbins, Charles Regan, Seneca Race,TJriah Ridgway, Andrew C. Rudolph, Hiram Race, Wm. H. Reesinger, Isaac A. Secor, Charles Smith, James Sullivan, John St. Clair, Levi Spang, ler, John Solier, Thos. Smallwood, Emanuel Smith, Henry Sage, Sidney 0. Slocum, John Smutzer, John Smay, Joseph Schirmskie, Thomas A. Smith, Cornelius Smith, Madoram C. Secor, Wm. B. Snodgrass, John L.Thomas, William Tasson, Allison Tiffaney, William Troxell, Isaac Vanarsdale, Jacob Varner, F. Vansalkenberg, Thomas Willet, Jacob Welsh, John T. Williams,Henry Wolf, Carl Waffiter, William Wallace, Thomas Wright, Thomas Wagoner, John L. Willey, Frederick A.Wil- moth, Ira V. Waterman, George C. Worley, Albert Weiser, Harrison C. Weist, Jacob Wier, Thomas Weidman, John Wardnon, John Yohe, George W. Zinn. ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTH REGIMENT, COMPANY I THREE years' SERVICE. Officers. — -Captains — Daniel Herr, Wm. I. Reisinger, Edward A. Minnich; First Lieu- tenants— Charles W. Butts, Frank P. Farrell; Second Lieutenants— John L. Roper, Daniel L. Schriver, Daniel W. Balmer, William Meekins ; First Sergeant — John B. Slay- maker, Samuel Brenizer; Quarter-Master Sergeant — William A. Wright; Commissary Sergeant — William Heeps; Sergeants — Charles Meyers, Terrence Duffy, John Hagen, 1st, Wm. Hutcheson, Henry D. Bray, Francis H. Kettler, William B. Witmer, William H. Apewzell, Stewart B. Shannon, John G. Diemer, Henry Hemple; Corporals — JohnF. Chamberlin, Andrew Seitz, John Gerhart, Lewis Andrews, Conrad Heiser, George W. Brough, Lawrence Smith, Adam Doll, John Hagan, 2d, Abraham E. Garrett, George R. Harrison, John Knox, Jacob B. Anderson, Aaron H. Hann, Thomas F. Brown, Nathan- iel Spindler; Blacksmith — Henry Weidner; Farrier — Elijah Hastings, Littleton Brown; Saddler — Gideon C. Angle; Buglers — Alfrfid M. Vanscoten, Andrew J. Weaver, George Monroe, Gideon J. Dean. Privates. — John Augustine, Richard Ansell, Arnold Anssia, John B. Brink, Benjamin B. Burgess, Isaac Baugh man, William Brandes, George W. Bupp, Jediah W. Baker, Stephen Breece, John R. Bear, Jacob Beverson, James Burke, James S. Clayton, Samuel Clark, William H. Croll, George L. Coons, William P. Crabb, H. R. Casselberry, Patrick Coyle, Thomas C. Coleman, Lewis Cline, John Clay- ton, John P. Dickey, Christian Dritt, Jeffer- son Ellis, Enos E. Ellis, Louis N. Entres^ THE WAB FOR THE UNION. 191 William Frame, Frederick Gilbert, Edwin Green, Stephen Green, Harrison Green, Ellis F. Gormaii, Henry D. Good, John J. Gompf, James B. Hooper, Harvey H. Howser, Henry Hames, George Harris, Benjamin E. Harding, Christopher Hinckle, Louis Hallett, Parker H. Hensell, John Hall, Alexander Hodgen, John Harrison, Peter Haldabourn, Andrew Hird, Henry Harris, Lewis C. Irwin, Edward Jacoby, Henry Keister, John L. Knapp, Frank Keglin, Jacob Leibby, Andrew Laird, James B. Laid, Benjamin Lehman, John G. Loff, John B. Lehman, Joseph Lehman, Henry Lyle, Charles F. Leakway, Jacob Lich- tenberger, Jacob Luckenbaugh, Frederick Lemla, Henry Leakway, Michael Laney, George Meyers, Daniel M. Moore, John Meyers, Byron Mood, Christian H. Mann, Aaron Martin, William Meyers, Samuel M'Mahon, Patrick M'Laughlin, Jesse J. M'Clenry, Michael N. O'Donnell, William Owens, Charles H. Peterman, Joseph Palmer, Otis G. Palmer, Henry Pearce, Henry Rose, Edward Reese, Zebulon P. Ryder, John H. Robeson, John J. Rohrbaush, William F. Reed, John Reimes, William F. Reisinger, George Rabine, William L. Slack, David Setzer, Lewis Stine, Isaac Shimer, William Shallman, Henry Sickman, Jacob Speace, James Slack, George L. Setch, William Schmale, Nathan R. Shiery, James Thorpe, James E. Tiffany, Samuel Terry, Samuel A. Thompson, Joseph F. Ulrich, Anthony Wha- len, Jacob B. Wright, Alonzo R. Wright, Frank Wise, Albert White, Thomas Winin- •ager, Thos. A. Williams, Bernard J. Ward, Frederick Webber, Edmund P. Welsh, George G. Wright, Michael Whalen, George Whitacker, Michael Wenk, William H. Will- ard, William M. Young, William H. Young, Henry Young, Thomas J. Ziegenfuss, Jesse J. Zordman. one hundbed and thirtieth regiment nine months' service. Field and Staff Officers. — Colonels — Henry I. Zinn, Levi Maish ; Lieutenant Colonel — John Lee ; Major — Joseph S. Jenkins ; Ad- jutants — H. Clay Marshall, John S. Low, John Hays ; Quartermaster — JohnR. Turner; Surgeon — John S. Ramsey ; Assistant Sur- geons — Frederick L. Haupt, J. H. Longen- ■ecker, Peter Winter ; Chaplains — George W. Chalfant, George M. Slaysman ; Sergeant Majors — William G. Rosier, William H. Eisenhart ; Quartermaster Sergeant — Will- iam F. Cutler ; Comissary Sergeant — Joseph C. Halbert ; Hospital Steward — John G. Barr. COMPANY B. Officers. — Captain — Ham. A. Glessner ; First Lieutenant — Wm. H. Tomes ; Second Lieutenant — Henry Reisinger ; First Ser- geant — George K. Shenberger ; Sergeants — Henry R. Weaver, Henry Oaks, Augustus Flury, Charles Harkins, Charles Shetter, Charles Austin ; Corporals — Levi H. Rankin, Jona. Shenberger, John Sharp, Lyman Humes, Martin Bheuler, John H. Keller, Henry Kidd; Musicians — Charles Watson, Frederick Snyder. Privates. — George Altland, George A. Ber- lin, John H. Bisker, Jacob Bitner, William P. Butt, Samuel Berger, Matthias Blum, Jacob Coble, Jesse Coble, Van Buren Dan- ner, William A. Flury, Adam Fitzkee, Oliver Freet,Adam G. Fitzkee, George Flinn, Joshua Flury, George K. Franklin, Franklin R. Gohn, George Grim, Alonzo Grace, Josiah Grouver, John Y. Gardner, Henry Hibner, Henry A. Hammer, William Hyde, Emanuel Heppenstall, Barton Herr, Daniel Hostler, John Harkey, Samuel Hoover, Hiram Hoops, Joseph Hopson, Barton Jacobs, Andrew B. Jack, Henry Kendig, George B. Krall, Jo- seph Krall, Jacob Kohr, John Kinard, Sam- uel Loncks, Abraham Lonkard, Peter R. Lentz, Henry Leithart, Andrew Lentz, Jacob G. Leber, Samuel Leinhart, Leander F. Miller, Alfred Moore, Daniel Moul, Aaron Neff, Noah Ness, Henry Otstoi, William Owens, William A. Phillips, Christian Pluf- fer, William Petry, John Petry, Edward C. Ropp, John Snyder, Charles St. Clair, Henry Stavner, Michael Steward, William Sheetz, Henry C. Smith, Jacob Shutter, Washington Sutton, Eli Strike, John Soulia, Frederick Sleegar, Franklin Spyker, Cornelius Troup, David Troup, Thomas Toben, John Tray, John K. Upp, Philip Wertz, Joseph Whit- comb, Thomas Wilson, Thomas J. Wilson, H. Woodmansee, Henry Zeigler. COMPANY C. Officers. — Captains — Joseph S. Jenkins Thomas B. Griffith; First Lieutenant — Benj F. Myers; Second Lieutenant — Wm. G, Bosler;* First Sergeant — Clinton Keister, Sergeant — John S. Forrest, Charles Fiscus Adam Reiling, Jos. W. Klinefelter; Cor porals — Albert D. Kohler, Benj. F. Dean Henry J. Koutz, Levi Rinely, Frank J. M' Clain, Wm. H. Griffith, Henry Wagner, Wes ley Taylor, Wm. Metzgar, Christ'n H. Shus ter; Musicians — David A. Miller, George W. Stahl. '^Lieuts. Myers and Bosler, with about twenty men of this county, were from Chester County. 193 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. Privates. — George Aubel, Franklin Ayres, Jacob Austin, Lyman Brubaker, George E. Bell, Milton K. Brubaker, Samuel Boll, Henry C. Burger, John L. Childs, Alfred Childs, Chas. H. Conway, Wm. B. Caskey, Henry Coble, Josiah D. Day, Henry C. Day, John J. Dinwiddie, John E. Edie, Thomas Eaton, George Folk, Martin Fortenbach, Michael Friscan, James H. Gable, Joseph S. Gibbs, William A. Gibbs, John Grey, Thomas Haley, Henry Hamm, George W. Heiss, John Ham- ilton, Thomas Henry, William Ilifif, Henry Jennings, Joseph Jontz, John Kane, Calvin Keister, Henry Kohler, James M. Leapson, Jacob Lefever, Lewis C. Leschy, John A. Leapson, Charles H. Miller, William R. Myers, Louis Miller, Adam Myers, Andrew Mit^ell, Bloomfield Miller, Isaiah Miller, Har- man R. Miller, William Morris, Thomas Numbers, Lewis Phaff, Isaac Rutter, John Rapp, Noah Ruhl, William N. Seitz, Mich' I Shenberger, William Seifert, Emanuel Sweit- zer, John C. Sadler, Peter Stegner, William J. Smith, William Shanley, Daniel L. Smith, JohnE. Smith, William Smith, Henry Smith, Harvey Tomlinson, William Trim, Benj. Tomlinson, James Toll, Robert Towson, Har Vanartsdalen, Lewis Watts, Edward Wiley, Albin K. Wite, George E. Wentz, George Wagner, Ad. H. Waltemyer, Michael Welsh, William N. Zeigler. COMPANY I. Officers. — Captain — Lewis Small ; First Lieutenant — D. Wilson Grove; Second Lieu- tenants — Franklin G. Torbert, Jeremiah Oliver; First Sergeant — Osborn E. Ste- phens; Sergeants — John M. Torbit, Samuel C. Monroe, Samuel Ilgenfritz, Nathan B. Wails, Christian B. Miller, William W. Clark; Corporals — James E. Anderson, Jo- seph B. Grove, James C. M'Curdy, John A. Channell, John Bell, Thomas A. Morgan, John H. Geesy, Sam'l Warnbaugh, James E. Watson, Sam'l B. Montooth; Musicians — David Kane, Joseph W. Stokes. Privates. — William Blackburn, John F. Burkholder, Thomas H. Brooks, Thomas Barton, Wells N. Boyd, Edward Burkins, William H. Cripple, James C. Channell, Thomas J. Collins, John R. Cooper, Charles T. Downs, Hugh Edgar, Joseph E. Evans, Daniel Edwards, Roland's Eichholts, John G. Evans, Robert Fantom, Joseph E. Fres- ton, Edward Fisher, Henry Gibson, Warring- ton Geesy, James E. Gordon, Henry C. Gor- don, William Grim, Robert W. Griffith, Fred- erick Hunter, William A. Harvey, John O. Hughes, William Hart, Charles A. Hitch- cock, Charles Hart, Charles Hortz, Thomas T. Jones, William D. Jones, Samuel E. Kop- lin, Nelson S. Kilgore, Conrad Keene, George Krone, Thomas V. Knight, Alexander Lehr, Augustus Meyer, Alfred Minich, George Miller, John Mitchell, Jacob M'Cullough, Wm. J. M'Kinley, Matthew H. M'Call. Geo. W. M'Caulay, Wm. A. M'Cauley, Henry R. Ness, Eli Olph, Christian Peterson, Robert Posey, Samuel G. Rowan, Henry G. Rhoades, Bzekiel G. Ruff, William Rent, Samuel Smeigh, Marion Sherwood, Michael Schriber, Christ'r Schwerin, Richard M. Smith, Adam Wisman, Elijah H. Wise, William H. Wails, Chas. A. Wisenall, John T. Wiley, Jacob H. Wise, Henry M. Wilson, Wm. H. Wilson, Daniel T. Yost, Peter W. Zeigler. COMPANY K. Officers. — Captains — Levi Maish, David Z. Seipe; First Lieutenant — James Leoe; Sec- ond Lieutenant — John J. Frick; First Ser- geant — James P. M'Guigan; Sergeants — S. S. Ensminger, C. Jabez Epley, Benj. F. Spangler, Lewis B. Smyser, Wm. H. Eisen- hart; Corporals — Alex. C. Ward, George Dosch, Charles M'Creary, J. T. Hendrickson, John H. Schultz, James M' Comas, Joseph A. Drexler, Thomas Doran; Musicians — John M'Hale, Vinton Welsh. Privates. — George K. Bratton, Jo hn Butt, Stephen S. Barnett, Wm. Berkheimer, John Beers, John Bupp, Adam Brown, Lewis Cline, Wm. Clemmens, Sam'l C. Campbell, Adam Diehl, John T. Dugan, Harrison Fickes, John R. Fetrow, H. Folckemmer^ Robert N. Foster, Alexander Frey, Andrew Grove, Edward A. Garretz, Jacob Goff, Chris- tian Good, David R. Horn, Charles Horn, Henry Horn, 1st, Henry Horn, 2d, John D. Hammer, George Hubley, William Harris, Geo. A. Hedrick, Russell Hammond, John C. Herman, Philip C. Hoover, Wm. T. Ilgen- fritz, Andrew Jennings, Burger Jennings, Jacob Kister, Marion Kline, Christian Krall, Henry Levenight, George Lauman, William H. Miller, Jonathan J. Millard, Jesse B. Miller, Elias B. Miller, Jacob Miller, George Myers, Joseph E. Manifold, Eli W. Myers, Charles Palmer, Rankin C. Potts, Wm. W. Palmer; Henry D. Repman, Wm. T. Rut- ledge, Peter S. Richard, E. T. Raffensberger, Jacob G. Reever, Walter B. Ruby, D. T. Raffensberger, Jacob Seipe, Herman Seipe, Abraham Sutton, Edw'd W. Spangler, Ed- ward Shuler, Wm. H. Stallman, Augustus Steig, Benjamin Spangler, Jacob Smith, Thaddeus Stroman, John H. Watson, John A. Walters, George E. Young, ^William H. Young, Edward J. Young. THE WAK FOE THE UNION. 193 one hundred and sixty- sixth eegiment nine months' service. Field and Staff Officers. — Coionel, Andrew J. Fulton ; Lieutenant Colonel, George W. Reisinger; Major, Joseph A. Eenaut; Adju- tant, William E. Patterson; Quarter Master, Milton Sultzbach; Surgeon, Abram Harsh- berger; Assistant Surgeons, Joseph Swartz, A. H. Whitman; Chaplain, David J. Lee; Sergeant Major, J. O. McLaughlin; Quarter Master Sergeant, Jacob H. Schriver; Com- missary Sergeant, William H. Duhling; Hos- pital Steward, James R. Schmidt. COMPANY A. Officers. — Captain, Alonzo L. Ettinger ; First Lieutenant, John Herman ; Second Lieutenant, Samuel Leitner; First Sergeant, Charles A. Myers; Sergeants, Manassas Hol- ler, Charles H. Matthias, William Hess, John Baymiller ; Corporals, Jacob Barnhart, George Graybill, David Heindel, Eli Gott- wald, Emanuel W. Sipe, William Lory, Joseph Graybill, George Bruaw; Musicians, John Matthias, Jacob F. Fink. Privates. — Joseph F. Beck, John Basehore, George Burns, George Brown, John Copen- haver, Jacob Cockley, Daniel Carter, James Coffee, William Cahill, William Darone, Emanuel Delp, Michael Dellinger, Jacob Deiainger, Daniel M. Drayer, Fred Dessen- berger, John Drayer, William Dixon, Frank- lin Ettinger, John Farst, Daniel F. Fink, Alexander Free. Jacob Free, Adam Fols, Jacob N. Fry, Jacob L. Fry, Reuben Flohr, David Fink, Harris Ginerioh, Peter Grass, John Gray, John Good, John Grayman, John Hask, John A. Hoover, Francis Holler, David Hoke, David Hoffman, Andrew A. Hoover, Philip A. Hoover, William James, Daniel Knaub, Adam King, Metalus Knaub, George Kraft, Anthony Kreager, Washington Kraft, William Kunkle, Edward Koopee, William Ludwig, George Malehorn, David Morgen- thal, Augustus Miller, Anthony Mohr, Fred- erick Neiman, Charles Neiman, Andrew Patterson, John Plymier, Barnhart Rauser, Louis Rauhauser, Zebulon P. Eodes, Henry Repman, John Kowe, Frederick Shipe, Sebastian Schlund, Augustus Smyser, Daniel Sipe, John G. Shlaustine, John A. Stare, John Spahr, Peter Seiple, John Sipe, Eman- XTel Stough, Alexander Shepp, Daniel Snyde- man, Samuel Snyder, Solomon Toomy, Henry Witmyer, Jacob Wintermoyer, Benjamin C. Weisen, Zachariah Wilt, John Winner, John Wilson, George Yinger, Eli Zeigler. COMPANY B. Officers. — Captain — Rufus J. Winterode; First-Lieutenant — Jacob N. Slagle; Second- Lieutenant — John M. Kauffman; First Ser- geant — Samuel S. Matthews; Sergeants — Henry Runge, Edward Steffy, Jacob D.Welsh, Frederick Smith; Corporals — Daniel Petry, Andrew Waldtron, Alex Wilhelm, Charles Bortner, Elijah Howe, William Grimm, Au- gustus Schwartz, Jacob Doll, Oliver Bressler, Gideon Price, Ephraim Price; Musicians — John A. Cramer, Johu Wireman. Privates. — David Auer, Jacob Anspacher, Samuel Baker, Josh Baumgardner, Samuel Baldin, Amos Bartner, George Brant, Henry Bubb, Nicholas Cams, Daniel Dubbs, Wesley Dick, Henry Dennis, Conrad Fuhrman, Au- gustus Fogle, Isaac Grumrine, Nelson Green- platt, John Gible, Joseph Grupp, Michael Grove, Lewis G. Garrett, Lewis Grogg, Sam- uel Hamms, Joseph Hiukle, Francis Hunt, Solomon Keller, A. C. F. Kirchner, Edwin Kessler, Martin Kerr, Henry Kirchoff, Louis Krebs, William Keller, George W. Kohler, Bernhard Libley, John G. Loft, Samuel Luckert, Valentine Miller, John S. Matthias, Frederick Mehring, Henry Marks, Charles. Miller, John Miller, William Matthews, Mich- ael W. Myers, Lewis Myers, Conrad Myers, Jacob C. Myers, Adam Markle, Israel Nune- maker, William O'Donnell, Jesse Rohrbaugh, William S. Rechard, Cornelius Smith, Daniel Swartzbaugh, Zachariah Schwartz, Anthony Sheetz, George W. Shultz, George W. Siech- man, George F. Shearer, John Sheaffer, Michael Sterner, Thomas Snodgrass, Abdiel Smith, Frederick Smith, Elias Saltzgiver, Frederick Trump, Elias Taylor, David H. Weaver, Daniel Wearner, Alexander Weiser, Henry K. Wontz, William W. Wagner, Dan- iel Williams, Granville Weiser, Joseph Wishore, Daniel Wolfgang, Dennis Wolford, William Whorley, Jacob R. Werner, Henry Yeagle, John Zimmerman, Philip Zimmer- man. COMPANY C. Officers. — Captain — Peter Z. Kessler; First Lieutemant — Andrew D. Yocum; Second- Lieutenant — John Gable; First- Sergeant — Daniel Rutledge;Sergeants —Michael F.Fink, William H. Smyser, Henry S. Swartz, George W. Smyser; Corporals — William Drorbaugh, Samuel R. Frysinger, Henry S. Wilt, Charles Williams, Henry Shaffer, Harvey Bell, Jacob Henry, Henry Free; Musicians — William Kiester, Michael D Fishel. Privates. — D. N. Aughenbaugh, G. N. Anghenbaugh, Elias Brenneman, William H. Becker, George Brougher, William Bott, J. C. Brenneman, Jacob Coppenhaffer, Jabob H. Cacklin, Tempest Cumfort, William Crown, Levi Densell, John B. Davis, Levi Doll, John 194 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. Eisenhour, William Ehrhart, John L. Eekles, Israel Emig, Charles Fake, Samuel Free, Ephraim Fink, Jesse Gruver, John Gates, Henry Gross, Levi Gerber, John E. Glatfel- ter, John Gentzler, William Glatfelter, Will- iam Gise, Israel S. Henry, Isaac Haar, Elias Heilman, George Haar, Henry Haar, George W. Hale, Andrew Heiges, William Hosier, Samuel Harrold, Jesse Hamme, Jacob Irwin, Michael Kline, Emanuel Kohler, George Kircher, George W. Koch, William Kohler, Peter Leckrone, Abraham Lillich, Jacob Laurer, Jacob Miller, George Mitchell, James M'Curdy, George W. Null, Joseph Newcomer, Henry L. O'Hail, Frederick Oberlander, Levi Eauhouser, George Reed, Andrew Rupert, Martin F. Ramer, Andrew Schrum, Henry Shofi'ner, William B. Strine, Israel Spangler, William Shaffner, Albert Spotts, Isaac Sheely Jacob Swart?;, Henry Steffee, Joel Steffee, Adam Starry, William Shoffner, Israel Senf t, Henry Spangler, John Stambaugh, Michael Wrightsone, Solomon Wire, Adam B. Wal- lace, Henry Wolf, John Wigord, Thomas B. Williams, Barnhart Zorger, William B. Zel- lers, Henry Ziegler. COMPANY D. Officers. — Captain — Gilbert W. Branyan; First Lieutenant — William H. Becker; Sec- ond Lieutenant — Jacob Diehl; First Sergeant — Henry Hubley; Sergeants — Henry Kanf- mann, John Weyer, David B. Gladfelter, John J. Hess, Edward D. Trimmer, Samuel R. Weiser; Corporals — John K. Lau, Charles Martle, Daniel Miller, Daniel Roberts, Mi- chael Shrome, Israel Marshall, Christopher Hinkle, Joseph Berkeimer, Ed. Strausbaugh, Charles A. Lau, Peter H. Lau, Jesse Glad- felter; Musicians — Oliver Ness, Dietrich Wilhelm. Privates. — Adam Alexander, H. A. Alex- ander. David Buck, George Baublitz, George Bupp, Michael Beck, Conrad L. Bailey, Henry A. Bailey, Eli Behler, Christian Bort, William H. Bear, John N. Bailey, Daniel Bear, Henry Bear, Lewis Barnes, Adam Case, William Connelly, Edward Emig, Henry Focht, Henry F'ishel, John Fultz, Peter Fockenroth, Franklin Gipe, John Gladfelter, Henry B. Gladfelter, Jacob B. Gladfelter, Henry Greenblade, George Gross, Henry Hall, Samuel Harman, Emanuel Heilman, Emanuel Hamm, Adam Hoff, Jacob Hosier, Herman Bonnes, Nathaniel Klinedinst, Henry Klinedinst, Theodore S. Krebbs, Levi Krebbs, John Kessler, Jacob Kessler, John F. Lau, William Laughman, John H, Lloyd, H. Luckenbaugh, George Luckenbaugh, Peter Moul, Emanuel Mitzel, Michael Mesberger, Elias Myers, Abraham Myers, Benjamin My- ers, John Miller, John H. Miller, Jacob Noss, Samuel Robinson, William Ramble, Lewis Rapprecht, Joseph Shelley, John Senft, Peter Senft, Henry Senft, Jesse Snyder, John W. Smith, Jacob Smith, Charles Siechrist, George Schonwitz, H. Strickhouser, George Sham- baugh, Andrew Ulrich, Peter Wilhelm, Frank- lin Walter, Martin Walter, Michael Wentz, Henry Winter, Reuben Zeck, Adam Ziegler, Donant Zerlant, Peter Zeck. COMPANY E. Oncers.— Captain— Samuel E. Miller; First Lieutenant — JohnForry; Second Lieutenant — Emanuel Wallack ; First Sergeant — John Burg; Sergeants — Peter Wambaugh, Henry S. Barshinger, Michael S. Mick, Washington E. Morrison; Corporals —Benjamin Seitz, Zachariah Howard, John Landes, Henry Perree, Joseph Grim, James Crawford, Henry Laucks, Henry Howard; Musicians, Franklin Reichard, Zachariah D. Jacobs. Privates. — Richard M. Adams, James Allen, Samuel Brubaker, George Burk, Peter Bear, John Beaverson, Jacob Beaverson, Alfred Baker, Daniel Brillhart, Benjamin Craily, Daniel Conrad, George Depp, David Ellis, John Evans, Emanuel Erb, Samuel Flinchbaugh, Lewis Fake, William B. Flinchbaugh, John M. Fisher, Simon Fake, Jesse Falkenstein, George Foose, John Ful- lerton, Charles Gable, Charles Gentzler, Solomon Glatfelter, Philip Grim, Jacob Grim, William M. Glatfelter, Peter T. Good- ling, Charles Geesy, Henry Hivner, Henry Ilgenfritz, John S. Imswiller. Jacob Knicely, George Koons, Henry S. Kinard, Andrew Keener, Abraham Kline, William Keener, Patrick Kennedy, William Kelly, Peter Lehr, Henry Like, Benjamin Laucks, William Laucks, Henry Landis, John Minker, John McCarty, Henry Ness, Henry Olewiler, Daniel Oberdorf, Josiah Portner, Joseph Poff, George Reisinger, Adam Reisinger, John Reichard, Joseph Rider, Lewis Reed, David Shultz, Charles Snyder, Henry Seitz, Frederick Stubly, Henry B. Sechrist, Eman- uel Smith, Harvey Schnell, David Shoaf, William H. Smith, Levi femith, Andrew W. Shaw, Samuel R. Smith, William Schmuck, Joseph Spate, Jacob S. Shoaff, Frederick Shoaf, Emanuel Stiles, Henry Tsohoff, Ben- jamin Tyson, Samuel Winter, Samuel Wal- lick, Jacob Waughtel, Joseph Ward, Conrad Zelch. COMPANY F. Officers. — Captains — Joseph A. Kenaut, Jeremiah Kohler; First Lieutenant, George THE WAR FOR THE UNION. 195 A. Smitli: Second Lieutenant, Simon J. Cil- ler; First Sergeant, George L. Koons; Ser- geants, John Anderson, Theodore F. Howard, Samuel Croll, Daniel J. Barnitz; Corporals, Francis Sherman, John B. Shrum, Barnitz Young, William Truman, Thomas Wymau, Jacob H. Yohe, Michael Hoke, William E. Bair; Musicians, David Hoke, Henry Beard. Privates. — John Arthurs, Peter Allen, Christian Arnold, John Adams, Andrew S. Altlandt, John C. Biirns, John Burns, Daniel N. Bittinger, John Bear, William C. Butler, John Brown, Emanuel Bowers, Na- thaniel Burke, Philip Collins, Timothy Con- ner, George Coleman, Barney Cowley, Ed- ward Conner, Thomas Clark, George L. Curtis, Daniel Dnnahoe, William H. Duh- ling, James Felix, Eel^ben Flickinger, Ham- mond Frye, Daniel Grcfve, William Gitt, George Griffith, William Grey, Frederick Hartman, Andrew Hoke, John Horn, Charles Henry, Mark Kanay, Theodore King, Joseph Kaufl'man, John Kelley, J. Luckenbaugh, Charles Lake, George W. Lee, William H. Myers, Henry Newcomer, George Nichols, William Oliver, Lewis Overdeer, Henry Paff, Hezekiah Rickroad, Charles Robinson, Thomas Rosenburg, H. Strausbaugh, Henry Smith, Edward Stambaugh, Valentine Shultz, Francis Schmidt, Franklin Steiner, Alexander Shorb, David Shaffer, Henry Snyder, 1st, Henry Snyder, 2d, James E. Schmidt, Frederick Shepherd, Andrew Stewart, Wil- liam Shultz, James Sullivan, Henry Seigle, George Smith, Joseph Taylor, James A. Thompson, Alfred E. Traverse, Charles Thompson, Elias Uttz, John Wagoner, Michael H. Weaver, Robert Wilson, John Wynant, Charles B. White, John West, John Wiltraus, James Welsh, George White, George Zeinn, Jesse Zortman, Levi Zortman. COMPANY G. Officers. — Captains — George W.'Resinger, Daniel M. Spangler; First Lieutenants — James N. Kincaid, John N. Taylor. Second Lieutenant — Richard F. Elcock; First Ser- geant — Henry H. Stouffer; Sergeants — Sam- uel Wilt, William A. Spangler, H S. Heidlebaugh, William W. Kline; Cor- porals — Levi G. Knisely, George Runk, John B, Metzgar, John Knouse, Henry S. Barnes, Adam F. Stough, Henry Crumlich, William Hertz: Musicians — Virtue C. Grove, Samuel B. Urich. Privates. — Henry Atland. Washington Bebder, Jacob N. Bentzel, Reuben Boose, John Blymyer, Paul Barnhart, Henry Bry- ans, Lewis Bierbrower, Jacob Brubaker, John Beeler, John Blessing, William J. Bradley, John Cupp, Frederick Crook, Edward Con- way, Samuel W. Danner, John J. Deiner, Cicero Darone, Andrew S. Dice, George Ensminger, John Engleman, Hammers Fry, Jacob S. Fry, Matthias Fry, John D. Fire- stone, John Flanigan, Emanuel W. Gross, Eli Geesey, Edwin D. Geesey, Emerson A. Greist, Thomas Grady, Earnest Gorn, Moses Hess, Alexander Hess, Daniel Hummer, Reuben Hummer, Abel V. Hartman, Charles Heindel, Peter Himes, Peter Harl, John F. Hughes, Noah Innerst, John Jones, Henry King, Da- vid B. Keister, John Kline, William Kra- mer, Joseph P. Miller, Andrew B. Millard, Michael Minich, Henry Myers, James Mitch- ell, Joseph M'Clellan, William M'Gregor, Daniel Neise, Josiah Peeling, George Reidle, Frank Rivers, John Robinson, Henry Smith, Christian Smith, William Spotts, Eli Shirey, Emanuel Shetrone, Henry C, Springer, Will- iam Smuck, Henry Shuman, Daniel Shean, Michael Thompson, Henry Weily, Will- iam R. Wiley, Robert L. Wiley, Henry Welk, Jacob Wood, John Wrightstone, Charles Wilson, Geoi-ge Williams, Wm. Wainvwight, John Yinger, William E. Zinn, Erhart Zanner. COMPANY H. Officers. — Captain — ^Theodore G. Gauss, First Lieutenant — George S. Kehm; Sec- ond Lieutenant — Henry Haldman; First Sergeant — Perry Tripp. Sergeants — Peter M. Binder, Edgar Mobley, Peter Ginter, Jo- seph B. Stretch, Jacob H. Schriver; Cor- porals — George A. Ginter, Jacob Shaffer, Isaac Lerew, William Knaub, John Crowl, Lewis B. Kurtz, Andrew Noel, Garret'n C. Walker; Musicians — Henry Lau, Henry Aker. Privates. — Jacob Arnold, Wm. H.Arnold, Henry L. Arnold, Henry Anderson, David L. Asper, John L. Allen, George W. Baish, John Blauser, William H. Blentz, William Blau- ser, John B. Blauser, William Baish, Jacob Baker, Lewis Baker, Charles Burkins, John C. Boyd, George Boyd, Louis Burrows, Jackson Coulson, John Craig, Isaac Crewson, William Clark, John Dick, Nelson Dinsmore, Charles A. Dyer, James Edlebate, John B. Findley, And. Freysinger, Isaac Fishell, John D. Gregg, D. G. S. Gochenauer, James Gibson, George M. Heiges, Daniel Hershey, George Hoffman, George W. Heiges, Tem- pest Hoffman, William Heiges, Peter S. Hershey, Ricket Hutton, John Holland, John Hardin, Milton S. Johnson, August Jasper, Abel Jones, Joseph Johnson, John King, George Kimmell, Henry Kinter, George Klugh, George Koons, Jacob Law, John 196 HISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. Lannahan, Frank Lewis, Patrick Mackin, Worth Miller, Isaac L. Myers, Patrick Mitch- ell, William Moon, Henry Myer, William M'Call, John M'Neal, Lewis Ostman, Will- iam Parker, Edmund B. Ehoades, John Rock, Hezkiah Snyder, George Stoke, Raph- ael Seciliania, Henry Smith, Daniel W. Shaub, Reuben Shank, Jacob Shaffer, Will- iam Shaffuer, Ernest Scoble, Charles F. Smith, Andrew Wagoner, William Wagoner, Wm. E. Walker, William Wilson, Anthony Westa, Charles E. Wolf. COMPANY I. Officers. — Captain — Michael M'Patridge; First Lieutenant — James A. Grove; Second Lieutenant — S. B. M'Laughlin; First Ser- geants — Stephen Morton, Noah Klinefelter, James Haines, Alfred Bond, Wm. C. Morton, J. O. McLaughlin, John B. Hersey; Corp- orals — Richard Ruff, Josiah W. Easton, Mat- thew J. Clark, Lewis Schmidt, Jacob A. Jam- eson, Benjamin Pymer, Samuel Adams, Oli- ver Hannegan ; Musicians — John S. Reichard; Emanuel Mitzel. Privates. — Jacob Adamire, William Ailes, Reed Anderson, Jas. P. Alexander, Valentine T. Blouse, John Blymire, Robert Bell, James P. Baker, Jonathan Blymire, David Bortner, Joseph Barclay, Henry Criswell, James Car- ry, Gideon R. Downs, William Eberts, Chas. Emerson, John Finney, Edwin S. Gemmill, Francis Grove, John Grove, Henry Grove, John C. Gebhart, Robert G. Hill," Jeremiah Hoffman, Michael Hake, Samuel Hake, Will- iam Hubert, Wm. T. Hammond, William Hawkins, James J. Howett, Frederick E. Her- man, Christian Hebrick, Samuel Hoffacker, John M. Jenkins, William Jones, William W. Jones, David King, Adam Klinefelter, Daniel Krout, James Kerwin, John H. Lloyd, William B. Logan Lewis Lloyd, Edward R. Lentz, James S. Morrison, William H. Met- zel, William Metzel, Wm. H. Monroe, Wesley Menich, William Munson, And. F. M'Leary, John T. Norris, Henry C. Proudfoot, Wm. S. Reichard, Samuel Reichard, Edward Shank, Martin Shaub, Joseph K. Stermer, George Shank, Harrison Sutton, Samuel Smith, Sam- uel Stifler, Charles Swartz, Daniel Swarfcz, Norris Smith, Solomon Sweeny, Thomas San- ders, Robert Sill, John Tompkins, John Trout, James J. Tarbert, John W. Tarbert, Alex. Thompson, Mitchell K. Walters, Philip Waltemire, Henry Waltemire. George Wolf, John A. Walters, George Walters, Robert Williams, Henry K. Zeigler. COMPANY K. Officers. — Captain — Daniel L. Stoud; First Lieutenant — Jere'h Hanigan; Second Lieu- tenant—Benjamin Geipe; First Sergeant — Jacob Lowe; Sergeants — William Kassaum, John A. Ort, John F. Shaffer; Corporals — John Barnd, John Gantz, Isaac Becker, John Docker, John P. Werrick, Joel Youston, Sol- omon Whesley, George W. Briggs; Musicians — Alexander Drayer, Crull M.Harss. Privates. — Mordecai Almony, George F. Austin, Charles Amos, Francis R. Blasser, Jacob Blaure, John D. Baker, Elias Beard, Frederick Bans, James Brown, Samuel Beck- er, Evans B. Cooper, Levi Coleman, Patrick Callow, John Carroll, Barney Cowley, Henry G. Crawford, William Clark, John Drayer, John Dougherty, Christian Eberly, James Evans, Charles Emerson, Levi Fry, John W. Fisher, Edward Fissman, William Gath, Lewis Grund, John Grear, Wm. H. Humell, Christian Heisler, Jesse Heilderbrant, George Holston, Aug. Howdell, Henry Hengst, Chas. Henry, Bradford Jonas, William Jackson, John Keichner, Henry Kline, Henry Kneis- ley, John Kerns, Henry Kunkle, Henry Kra mer,01iverLove,IsraelLaw,S. J. Lamberden, Adam D. Myers, Jonathan Miller, Henry Mil- ler, Aquilla D. Meads, Randolph Mortimer, Alexander Martin, Richard Martin, Wm. C. Martin, Wm. Matthias, Francis Morgan, Jesse Myers, Francis M'Gara, Peter Natch- our, James Norris, W. Y. Nonemacher, Levi Ness, John Neiderberger, Frederick Otter- miller, John Peters. Aug. Rickstein, Daniel Rhorbach, William Robison, Franklin Ram- sey, John Rice, Henry Shaffer, Cyrus E. Shaub, Edward Shank, F. Spenkenbyer, Ja- cob Swemly, John Smetzer, Elias Shirey, Thomas Smith, Cornelius Smith, Frantz Smedtz, Patrick Shean, George Tyler, Alfred D. Traverse, George Wohlford, George Wag- ner, George Wall, Jonathan Wire, Joseph Ward, John Wireman, P. W. Wilkinson. ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-SECOND EEGIMENT, COMPANY A. Officers. — Captain — John A. Bell; First Lieutenant — Hugh W. M'Call, lawyer; Sec- ond Lieutenant — Samuel N. Kilgore; First Sergeant — William M. Colwell; Quartermas- ter Sergeant —Franklin Springer; Commis- sary Sergeant — Thomas J. Collins; Sergeants — James Moore, James Kilgore, John F. Barkholder, Lafayette Johnson, Henry Mani- fold, Charles Johnson; Corporals — Will- iam Pechert, David Knepper, Aaron Ott, Fred. Christman, Henry C. Gordon, Thomas A. Graham, Samuel M. Manifold, Daniel Null; Alphonso F. Updegraff, Bugler; Elam B. Kendig, Blacksmith; George W. Boyer, Farrier. THE WAR FOR THE UNION. 197 Privates. — Charles W. Barnes, Samuel Broadhead, Elijah Blanchard, Henry T. Burnes, Charles H. Brown, George W. Baker, Cassins M. Cole, William H. Clem, David Dityson, Henry Dennis, George ■ Deddum, James T. Dorris, Abraham Doo- bar, George Farnham, John W. Grove, Jacob Grove, Beniah Grove, Marshall Gro- ver, Josiah Hovefcer, Richard Hall, John Houekman, John W. Himes, Alexander Kyle, John Kendrick, Augustus D. King, John B. Levi^is, Jesse Lay den, Edward A. Mitchell, William Marsh, Robert J. M'Col- lum, George M'Fadden, Daniel M. M'Girk, James M'Ferren, John R. Nevon, James O'Neal, John E. Ogle, John Priest, Henry Randall, John Roberts, Emanuel E. Roath, Samuel M. Ream, Alexander S. Smith, Leon- ard Stork, Joseph Smith, John G. Strong, Thomas Sechrist, Francis Smith, Michael D. Trout, Isaac Thatcher, Clarence E. Updegraff, Thomas Walker, Benj. F. Walters, Thomas Will, Jacob Wolfe. ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-SEVENTH EEGIMENT, COMPANY B — THEEE YEAEs' SERVICE. Officers. — Captain — David Z. Seipe; First Lieutenants — Samuel J. Adams, Matthew H. M'Call ; Second Lieutenants— Wm. W. Tor- bert, Jonathan J. Jessap ; First Sergeants — Samuel C. Ilgenfritz, Daniel Keller ; Ser- geants — Thomas Rupert, Josephua Burger, Henry Wagner, Charles Horn, Samuel Keef- er ; Corporals — Thomas H. Brooks, George K. Grove, Henry M. Kister, Lewis H. Mil- ner, John J. Hess, Nathan B. Wails, Thad- deus Fry, William Boyer, John B. Shillen- berg ; Musicians — Cornelius Amich, W^ilmot Ayres. Privates. — Henry Apple, John Apple, Sam- uel Amprister, Andrew Anderson, Joseph A. Andrews, Augustus Amich, Charles Albert, Henry C. Berger, George Berkheimer, Will- iam H. Blain, Simoii Burger, John Bowen, James L. Bryant, James Boyd, JohnM. Camp- bell, Jos. W. Cambell, Jacob Crone, Wm. T. Channell, John W. Dudrow, Geo. D. D. Deck- er, Darius Drawbaugh, John Dugan, Fred. Eshenbaugh, Owen Feathers, James H. P. Fulton, Peter Fue, Henry Gable, William H. Gilbert, Charles Groover, Daniel Horn, John F. Heidler, Wm. H. Hamilton, Jacob Hummer, Joseph J. Hunter, Wm. J. C. John- son, William W. Jones, Oliver Keesey, Har- rison Keesey, Abbington Keesey, Warrington Keesey, John H. Keesey, George H. Klay, Oliver Kramer, Henry S. Kunkle, Edward Kliner, William Kerlin, Charles Lehman, Lewis S. Lloyd, Henry Levenight, Henry Laudis, Augustus Myers, William Morgan, William H. Nauss, John Platts, William Palmer, David Pyle, Andrew Patterson, Abraham L. Pyle, Frederick Riapp, Adam Ream, Milton B. Reynolds, Walter B. Ruby, Solomon Reiser, Sylvester Sprenkel, Jacob Sourbeer, Otto Stiner, John Sweeney, Aaron Seifert, William R. Stump, Michael G. Sei- fert, Samuel Sourbeer, Lewis Sporleder, John Shillinberger, William Trump, Isaac W. Torbert, W. H. Torbert, Daniel Welcom- er, Jacob H. Walters, Henry Wood, Wm. H. Wilhelm, Charles Wilson, Howard Welsh, Thomas W. Wails, Henry M. Wilson, John Wright, John G. Wails, Henry C. Young. TWO HUNDREDTH EEGIMENT ONE YEAE's SEEVIOE. Field and Staff Officers.— Colonel — Charles W. Diven; Lieutenant-Colonel — Wm. H. H. M'Call; Major — Jacob Rehrer; Adjutant — Chas. L. Buffington; Quartermasters — Daniel B. Miller, Benj. F. Eberly; Surgeon — A. Stokes Jones; Assistant. Surgeons — Peter C. Snyder, Alonzo H. Boyer; Chaplain — Stephen H. Smith; Sergeant Major— John Wimer; Commissary Sergeant — -John Bentz; Hospital Steward — John H. Lightner. COMPANY A. Officers. — Captains — Adam Reisinger; John Wimer ; First Lieutenants — William Reising- er, Edward Smith; Second Lieutenant — Jere- mian Oliver; First Sergeants — William Toombs, George Rudisill; Sergeants — Geo. Armpreister, Philip Piflfer, Andrew J. Gott- walt, Henry Horn; Corporals — Jacob Lehr, William Oliver, Samuel N. Jessop, Lewis H. Epley, Edward Lehman, Charles D. Elli- ott, Franklin Zeigler, Bernard M'Farland; Musicians— Wm. S. Temple, Emerson J. C. Rudy. Privates. — William Albrecht, Peter Allen, Richard Boyd, George Burkhart, Jacob Buser, Henry Buser, William Chaney, John B. Conly, Charles Cook, John A. L. Eck, Eman- uel Erb, Wellington Erwin, John Frash, Mar- tin Fry, Jacob L. Puller, Jesse Gentzler, Augustus Grieman, Emanuel Heilman, Levi Heilman, Washington Hess, Samuel Hess, Charles N. Hibner, Andrew J. Haak, Jesse Hamm, Andrew Isaac, Colum's Ilgenfritz, George M. Jacobs, William Kendig, Jacob Koons, Jr., George H. Koons, Jesse Krofft, Edwin Kessler, Michael Kessler, Tobias Kalinder, John Lehr, Edward Leiben, Carl Liking, Daniel Lukenbach, George N. Mere- dith, John E. Miller, Abraham Musser, John M. S. Nevms, George Odenwalt, Philip F. Odenwalt, James S. Perago, William H. Per- ago, Daniel Platts, Samuel Platts, Thomas 198 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. Powell, George W. Powell, Peter Ehinehart, "William H. Eively, John Seigle, Alexander Seipe, Daniel Seipe, Aaron G. Simon, Adam Slouk, Israel E. Smith, M. J. K. P. Smith, John Snyder, Charles H. Spangler, Lewis Spieae, Frederick Spiese, William Sponsler, Joseph Sponsler, Joseph Shangfelter, John A. Stiles, Isaac Stroman, Jacob Stroman, Henry Stine, Samuel Swartz, Stephen Swee- ney, Jacob Spiese, William Warner, Christian Warner, Edward Werrer, David A. Wilhelm, Charles Zeigler. COMPANY D. Officers. — Captain — William H. Dnhling; First Lieutenant — Martin L. Dnhling; Sec- ond Lieutenant — Wm. H. Drayer; First Ser- geant — George Beck; Sergeants — David Hin- del; Henry S. Wilt; William James; Peter Mat|hias; Corporals — Jacob Coppenheffer; Benjamin Hake; George Yinger; Daniel R. Frysinger; John Forcht; Daniel S. Gross; Henry Pealer; Jacob W. Gohn; Musicia:ns — Eli j". Miller; Michael F. Fink. Privates. — Matthias Altland, Samuel K. Bare, Daniel M. Baker, Matthias Baker, Ben- jamin Bashore, George Bashore, Reuben Boose, Charles H. Beck, Elisha Bare, George Burns, William Bower, Paris E. Beecher, David K. Bruaw, Eli Billet, John Bentz, David Bricker, Petel Corl, Zacharias Crone, William Darene, Charles Dellinger, John Everhart, Henry Erwin, Benj. Eisenhower, George Eckhart, George W. Bicholtz, Henry Faught, Edm. Finfrock, Israel Finfrock, Matthias Fry, Daniel Fry, John A. Gross, Jacob Greser, John Gohn, George H. Gross, Daniel Gross, John F. Gross, George Heil- man, Levi G. Hake, Samuel Hartman, Sam- uel Heltzel, John Hahn, George Hoffman, Henry Jordan, Daniel B, Knaub, Henry Kern, George Knaub, Jacob W. Kohr, H. H. Kochenour, S. H. Kochenour, John A. Krafft, Samuel Mummert, John G. Malehorn, John Malehorn, Solomon May, George Mat- thias, Daniel Miller, James Maize, Thomas Medlow, Peter S. Moody, John Nease, Jacob Newcomer, Henry Nieman, Henry Ruby, Daniel Rudy, J. Shellenberger, Henry A. Shafifner, George H. Schroll, Jacob Schroll, Daniel Schroll, Darius C. Shetler, Daniel B. Shuler, Alexander Seiffert, Daniel Sipe, Rob- ert N. Sipe, Adam Steffee, Peter Z. Strine. Eli B. Sipe, David Strine, Austin Shelly, Enos Shelly, Abraham D. Stover, Zacharias Shipp, Andrew Stough, Edm. Snellbaker, Washington Thomas, Abraham Westhafer, Daniel B. Wallace, Elias B.Wallace, Deweese Worner, David B. Wallace, Samuel Yinger. COMPANY H. Officers. — Captain — Jacob Weist; First Lieutenant — James M' Comas ; Second Lieu- tenant — Wm. H. Smyser ; First Sergeant — Albert Young ; Sergeants — Lafayette B. Schlosser, George Krone, G. W. Aughen- baugh, G«orge W. Epley ; Corporals — D. A. Strausbaugh, Charles E. Smyser, John F. Durr, John F. Kottcamp, Alexander Kidd, Adam F. Strough, Wm. A. Spangler, Amos Witzel, Henry W. Gottwalt. Privates. — John E. Andrews, Wm. H. Banner, Emanuel Berry, W. F. Bockhouse, Fred'k Bockhouse, Oliver Brown, Joshua Bennett, Henry A. Berry, Benj. F. Broomell, Jacob W. Brenner,Alexander D. Bush, Edwin Baum, Charles' Brandt, Jacob Berry, And'w Brenneman, Atwood Broomell, Henry Carls, John L. Callahan, Edward Callahan, Philip Devers, Jesse C. Dyer, George R. Erwin, Alexander Emig, William Eberly, Her'n A. Eisenhart, William Ehrhart, John Frederick, John G. Fried, Charles Grottrey, John H. Gross, Amos S. Glassick, Jon'n M. Glatt- felter, Casper H. Gottcamp, Charles Hein- zinger, William J. Harkins, Joseph Hotch- kiss, Michael Hoffman, William Hyde, Dan- iel Hibner, Eman'l G. Heilman, George Hibner, Daniel Hinkle, Daniel Heilman, John Harkins, Asher Hinkle, J. J. Hossel- baugh, Joseph B. Hautz, Wm. F. Ilgenfritz, Lewis Kraber, Chris'n Kottcamp, William H. Kessler, John L. Kraber, Gottlieb Kleff- man, Henry Kottcamp, Jacob Kling, Henry S. Kidd, Fred'k Kottcamp, Albertus Kraft, Henry Koerper, Jacob Kraut, Howard King, Edwin Lenhart, Franklin Myers, Wm. W. Morrow, Daniel Miller, John G. McCreary, Henry Obendick, Chan'g J. Picking, John Rodewig, Eman'l Rhinehart, David Richard Jonas J. Spencer, James B. Schlosser, George Smith, John C. Schrceder, Charles F. Schriver, Henry Schrceder, Henry Sleeder, Edwin Sharp, Michael Smyser, Emanuel Smith, George W. Strine, Peter Wise, Sam- uel Young, Abraham Young, John A. Zinn. COMPANY K. Officers. — Captain — Hamilton A. Glessner; First Lieutenants — George J. Spangler, Au- gustus C. Stieg; Second Lieutenant — Zach- ariah S. Shaw; First Sergeant — William H. Swartz; Sergeants — George W. Feistel, Henry M. Shelly, Alfred Minnich; Corporal Michael Shrom. Privates. — Samuel Brenizer, John Banblitz, Henry Brant, Michael Buser, Christian Boll, Edward Blensinger, James Bell, Henry Bren- izer, Henry Bentzel, Nathan F. Buch, John Baymiller, Jacob Bortner, Daniel Barnhart, THE WAR FOR THE UNION. 199 Charles Bookmyer, Daniel Bentzel, Frederick Crawford,Chri8tiau Coble, Albert B.Conaway, George B. Copp, John Deitzer, John Drayer, John Doup, Henry H. Doll, Henry Doup, Martin Emig, Franklin S. Fry, George J. D. Fastre, L. S. Flinchbaugh, Jacob Flinch- baugh, John Frem, Joseph M. Greybill, George Greybill, Charles Glatfelter, Samuel Gremmill, John W. Graham, Franklin Gipe, John Greybill, William H. Glessiok, William Grim, James E. Gordon, Edwin Hummer, David Hasking, William Hartz, Nicholas Hoffman, Augustus Hartman, Abel V. Hart- man, George W. Ilgenfritz, Hamilton Inners, Samuel N. Kilgore, Christian E. Kohler, Vincent Kemmerer, Fred. W. Knodt, Charles Kline, Samuel H. Kirk, Aaron King, Joseph Krouse, Jacob H. Kopeman, George M. Kopp, George B. Kline, Penrose Kroft, George P. \ Koontz, William H. Law, John Minen, Sam- uel Y. Miller, Michael Minnich, James C. Metzel, Isaac Minnich, Samuel K. Ness, William W. Newbury, Henry W. Newbury, Joshua Peeling, Adam Rubert, Christian Bausher, Henry C. Both, George A. Richart, John Roth, Ralph Sanders, ' Franklin Senft, George J. Spangler, Newton W. Stoner, Jacob D. Slyder, David K. Stroman, Alf. Strokebrand, John A. Sharp, Henry M. Schid- ing, Philip Snyder, William Sechrist, George Snyder, Eli Stroch, Daniel W. Shaub, David M. Shaub, Henry Shwartz, William H. Thompson, Isaac G. Vale, John Wagner, Alexander Wolf, Charles Weiser, George J. Zellers, Joseph Zutelyt. TWO HUNDEED AND SEVENTH REGIMENT, PANY E — ONE tear's SERVICE. COM- Officers. — Captain, Lewis Small; First Lieutenant, Richard C. Ivory; Second Lieu- tenant, William L, Keagle; First Sergeants, Michael Harman, Charles H. Ilgenfritz; Sergeants, Joseph S. Childs, Henry Dennis, Daniel Brian, George J. Horning; Corporals, Tobias Rudy, Ellis Mervell, John Harman, Jacob E. Smith, Laban M. Sykes, Elias F. Graham, Joseph Hoffman, George Miller. Privates. — John F. Blanehard, Charles F. Cox, Frederick Snyder, Jeremiah Alexander, John Anderson, Edward Allen, Jonathan Black, John Bush, Edward Black, Frank B. Bradfield, Charles Brian, George W. Bower, William Butcher, James Curry, William Clark, Albert E. Comstock, Daniel W. Can- field, Osee Oortwright, William A. Decker, Andrew Dennison, Charles Everly, Jacob Emick, Thomas Edwards, William Eichelber- ger. Nelson Foulkerson, Henry Fishel, Nicholas Fessler, Marcellus Fried, J. B. Far- ronsworth, Alfred Foulkerson, H. L. Farrons- worth, John George, Henry Gruver, William T. Ginnis, Albert M. Gottwalt, Thomas Green, Samuel Hake, Henry Hamilton, Aaron Henry, Ames Henry, Michael Hake, Israel Hartman, Daniel A. Helker, Henry Hershey, James L. Ilgenfritz, Cornelius Kimble, Elias C. Koller, Josiah Koller, Michael M. Keesey, Frantz Kaiser, Alex Kauffman, Samuel Krei- dell, Jacob Kunkle, William King, Lewis. Krise, Solomon Lehman, William Lehman, Jacob Linck, Cornelius Lefever, Benjamin Long, Henry F. Mackey, Charles Morris, Winfield S. Mackey, John Mannerval, John McCarthy, Lewis Rupprecht, Jacob Ribble, Michael Richard, Harrison Sipe, Frank Shaffer, Benjamin Stover, John L. Shider, Urias Smith, John Soulcer, Christ. V. Schwener, John G. Schladstine, William W. Seaman, Franklin Sheffer, Theodore J. Shef- fer, George A. Thomas, Augustus Voss, John Wilhelm, Benjamin Weast, John Wagoner, John WaRman, David Wagner, Samuel Wal- lace, William White, Granville Weiser, Will- iam P. Wheeland, Charles D. Wheeland, Lewis Watson, Daniel H. Withers, John Wageman, Augustus Waltman, George R Wheeland. TWO HUNDRED AND NINTH REGIMENT, COMPANY B ONE year's service. Officers. — Captain, Henry W. Spangler ; First Lieutenant, Thomas J. Hendricks; Sec- ond Lieutenant, William S. Douglass; First Sergeant, William B. Morrow; Sergeants, William Campbell, Henry E. Keasey, J^ohn R. Edie, William H. Smith ; Corporals,. Reuben Shank, Peter A. Latshaw, Jacob R. Hildebrand, David S. Fulton, Daniel McKin- ley, Benjamin F. Ebaugh, William Wolf, Andrew Hason. Privates. — Henry Abel, James P. Alexan- der, William S. Anderson, James Armstrong, Peter Buvenon, Frederick W. Brier, John C. Baldwin, Frederick Biggert, Peter Bucks, Michael Burns, Michael Beams, Joseph Burns, John Brown, Jacob S. Bose, Patrick Bradrick, Henry Coles, William Darr, Frank- lin Denst, Jesse Dierdoff, David Dutton, John Dougherty, Absalom Dethmore, George Ertzerley, William Fleesick, Henry Frank, George Fry, Charles Friday, Elias Fisher, Samuel Fleming, Jacob Fry, William Gross, Joseph Gross, Evans G. Gemmill, John Gib- bons, George Gemmill, John Gibbon, John Gifford, Patrick Gheerlyer, Charles Hindle, Henry H. Hunter, William Hertzel, George Hoffman, John Hanegan, Jacob Hummer, Thomas Harvey, John Harper, Isaac Hani- gan, Barnabas Johnson, Arthur Johnson, Michael Johnson, Peter Kretz, Thomas. 200 HISTOEY or YORK COUNTY. Kelley, Benjamin W. Lynes, Bberhart Miller, David A. Miller, William H. Mitzel, John Morrison, George Mitzel, John W. Miller, William E. Morrison, Samuel A. Martin, Thomas MuUer, Thomas Mazzen, Joseph McClain, John McLaughlin, Felix McGrier, Patrick McGachy, Thomas McCarty, Henry McGee, Obrien McLaughlin, Jacob Nichols, John Ness, Daniel Oberlander, Thomas Phil- lips, Butter S. U. Eambo, Samuel Riddle, William Eiddle, Jamas P. Ream, John W. Rineholt, Conrad Runkle, Hubert Rian, William P. Schall, William Snyder, Charles P. Strayer, Jacob M. Snyder, Peter Simpson, John W. Smith 1st, John W. Smith 2nd, Thomas Smith, Charles Smith, David E. Torber, John M. Torber, William W. Wise, John C. Wagner, William H. Wails, Jacob W. Workinger, David Zortman. COMPANY I. Officers. — Captain — John Klugh; First Lieutenant — George W. Heiges; Second Lieutenant — Henry L. Arnold; First Ser- geant—Jacob Law; Sergeants — Andrew Wag- ener; Jacob P. Baish, George W. Reed, John Law; Corporals — Sear. M. Chronister, Martin L. Arnold, Benjamin Apple, Wilson Trwin, Elias Lehmen, William P. Reitzel, Henry Heiges, Jr., James G. Kunes. Privates. — Martin Arnold, Benjamin F. Anderson, Franklin Arnold, Solomon Arnold, Frederick A. Asper, Emanuel W. Bowman, Jacob H. Rentz, John Blauser, Lewis Blauser, Michael Blauser, John Bupp, George Bupp, John Burgard, William Baish, Sam- uel Baugher, George Byers, Abraham Byers, Godfried Bishop, Augustus Boland, William M. Bleany, William S. Cadwalader, Daniel Chronister, William B. Chronister, John L. Crist, Henry Crist, Absalom Cleaver, John W. Cook, George Ditmore, Frederick H. Darr. Jacob Darr, George W. Evans, William Fickes, Christ' er Fortney, Elias Filler, James Gettis, John Garberick, David Heiges, Henry Heiges, Peter Heiges, Samuel Heiges, John HoUinger, Jr., Jacob N. Herman, Edmund Hershey, Tempes Hoffman, Lewis Heiges, Henry Hess, Jacob Haar, Lewes Koch, Alfred Kapp, Henry Kapp, David Kochenour. Jacob King, John King, Michael Kinter, Henry King, Henry Law, Lewis Leer, John Murray, Cornelius Murray, Timothy M'Car- thy. Hector B. M'Cay, Archibald M'Monicle, Lewis Peterman, George Ritter, Henry S. Reed, Uriah Shearer, George P. Spangler, George W. Snyder, Henry C. Snyder, Ben- jamin Sear, John H. Siner, William O. Sheaffer, John Shill, John Sowers, George Stokes, Cyrus Sollenberger, Joseph B. Sluth- ower, Lewis Sluthower, Jacob Trumph ; Peter Wagener, Michael Wagener, Levi Wagener, Andrew R. Weimer, John Wehler, Frede- rick Wehler, Joseph Wolf. INDEPENDENT COMPANIES. Organized September 12, 1862, discharged September 24, 1862. Officers. — Captain — Jacob Wiest; First Lieutenant — Emanuel Smith; Second Lieu- tenant — Augustus Loucks; First Sergeant — Henry Shelly; Sergeants — Edward J. Chal- fant, William F. Shatter, Benjamin Allison, John Kraber ; Corporals — Charles H. Weigle, Michael Wiest, Daniel Sourbier, Jacob H. Shetter, John H. Wanbaugh, David Kiel- holtz, George F. Baugher, Charles Metzel; Musicians, Abdel Myers, George Shetter. Privates.— SenTy Abel, John R. Andrews, Moses Arndt, Joshaa Bennett, Edward Baum, John F. Derr, Jacob Ernst, George W. Ep- ply, John Frederick, John P. Frick, Edward Graybill, Charles Gresly, Albert Glass- meyer, Elias F. Graham, Michael Hoffman, Franklin B. Harlacher, John Harkins, Will- iam Harkins, John Hessler, William Hosaler, John Hawkins, David Jamison, "William Keister, Frederick J. Kottkamp, Henry Kotf- kamp, Sr., Jacob Kauffelt, Frederick Kleff- man, Henry Kottkamp, Jr.. Edward C. Lau- man, Henry Lint, John Meeter, George F. Motter, Henry Neater, Edward Neas, Henry Ness, Charles A. Pentz, David P. Shultz, George L. Stough, Samuel Sourbier, Jacob Sourbier, Jacob Sherefy, Henry Strine, Sam- uel Shaffer, Henry Schalle, Henry Shaffer, John C. Schroeder, Henry Scheeter, Charles Spangler, Henry Strelig, Daniel Withers, Martin L. Weigle, Jacob D. Welch, Daniel Wampler, J. Frederick Yingling, Albertus Young. Officers. — Captain — Jacob Hay; First Lieutenant — William Gilberthrop; Second Lieutenant — Daniel B. Immell; First Ser- geant — Washington Beirbower; Sergeants — George Weirman, Thomas E. Cochran, Will- iam Hay, Abraham W. Rudisill, Edward Stuck; Corporals — William M. Frysinger, John Fahs, John Shive, James Kell, William W. Dingee, Jacob Andrews, George Horn; Musician — William Poleman. Privates. — John Busser, Emanuel C. Beck, John Borland, John W. Buckingham, John M. Brown, William C. Fischer, James Groff, Henry Ginter, Henry Gresl^, John Hay, Jacob Hantz, Samuel Kara©, Henry Haker, Daniel Heckert, George W. Ilgenfritz, Mar- tin Ilgenfritz, Harrison Ilgenfritz, Samuel Kitzmiller, Jacob Keeney, Simon Kopp, Jacob L. Keuhn, Alexander Kidd, Charles THE WAE FOR THE UNION. 201 Laumaster, Anthony Leiben, George Mun- dorff, George W. Neff, Jonathan Owen, Thomas Owen, Sr., John Platts, George Kud- isill, Henry Eutledge, John W. Schall, Charles F. Sheafer, Jacob Spangler, John Schall, Alexander Shetter, John Small, Isaac Shelly. John Stvickler, William Shelly, Lewis Shive, Daniel Stough, John Truett, Oliver P. Weiser, Thomas White, Martin H. Weiser, William Wolf. Oncers.— Captain — D. Wagner Barnitz; First Lieutenant — George J. Spangler; Sec- ond Lieutenant — John W. Shirey; First Ser- geant — George H. Maish; Sergeants — Levi Striekler, John Strickler, Albert Hay, John A. Beitzel ; Corporals — Frederick Klinefelter, Oliver H. Wells, Jerome Fisher, Amos Mit- zell, Henry Buck, Alexander Hildebrand, George Wagner, Milton Johnston. Privates. — William H. Albright, Jacob Assemen, Adam K. Baylor, Jacob Blauser, » William Call, John Carr, John Connelly, Charles Cook, George W. Bietz, L. Doll, Jacob B. Fishel, Joel E. Fisher, George Foose, William Frame, William Fried, George S. Frey, Martin Frey, Augustus F. Gotwalt, Joseph W. Ilgenfritz, George Ilgen- fritz, Albert Ilgenfritz, William Jacobs, Vic- tor V. Kelton, William Koch, William Lloyd, Adam B. Mayers, David Myers, Andrew J. M'Laughlin, Bernard M'Farland, George Odenwalt, Philip Odenwalt, August House, Daniel Rittenhouse, Josiah W. Sleider, George P. Smyser, William Straber, Edward Straber, Louis Shenberger, George W. Steig, Luther A. Small, Albert Small, William Sponsler, Henry Swartz, Charles A. Strack, John G. Schaffer, John Schott, Michael Seitz, John Tomes, Hamilton H. Treager, John Vandersloot, Charles Wagner, Louis E. Waguer, Marcellus G. Weiser, George Weiser, Howard H. Welsh, Lewis Weller, Emanuel C. Yessler, John Zeller, Walter Zimmerman. Officers. — Captain — William H. Albright; First Lieutenant — George Smith; Second Lieutenant — John H. Klinedinst; First Ser- geant — William Swartz: Sergeants — Charles W. Stebbins, Lewis L. Sears, William H. H. Erwin, Samuel Kudy; Corporals — Samuel Funk, Henry Beily, Charles N. Brannon, Isaac Goodman, John Heckert, Charles O. Fields, Frederick Bastean, John Epply; Mu- sician — Harry A. Spangler. Privates. — John W. Bittenger, Charles H. Bressler, Martin Basehore, John Crone, Clay- ton Craver, Howard Duvall, John G. Ernst, James Ensminger, Emanuel Erb, Robert Fields, Romanus Greenawalt, George W. F. Gray, Albert Heckert, Edward Helfrich, Alfred Helsel, Frederick Hibner, Christian Hinkle, Daniel C. Ilgenfritz, Daniel Jacobs, James Johnston, George Koons, Jacob Kraft, John Kline, Emanuel Kissinger, William T. Laumaster, Philip Lehr, William H. Loch- man, William Loy, Samuel Myers, John Miller, Albert Metzel, William M'llvaine, John B. Oswald, Andrew Piile, John Rouse, Andrew J. Eeiley, George W. Reichenbach, John Siegle, Henry Stine, Augustus Strack, Adam Spangler, Jacob Smith, Alexander Smith, .William Warner, Samuel H. Welsh, David A. Wilhelm, Jeremiah Yaple, William Zeigle. Officers. — Captain — John Hays; First Lieutenant — John M. Deitch; Second Lieu- tenant — James H. Fisher; First Sergeant — Alexander Duncan; Sergeants — Edward G. Smyser, George W. Ruby, Zacharias Dugan, Daniel D. Doudel; Corporals — Peter M'Gui- gan, Nathaniel Weigle, William Beitzel, Henry L. Fisher, Andrew J. Bashers, Thomas M'Cann, Andrew K. Glessner, Alfred Koch. Privates. — George Albright, Henry Baylor, George A. Barnitz, George Beck, William B. Carter, Barney Conley, Jeremiah Cullison. Daniel Crerand, Daniel Densel, Patrick Dawson, Henry Everhart, Abraham Forry, Charles Fishel, Enos M. Frame, William Froelich, Martin Frey, Jr., Jacob E. Fisher, Samuel Gotwalt, Jacob Gotwalt, Sr., Daniel Gotwalt, John Horn, Jr., Jeremiah Hess, Abraham Hearshy, Joseph Heard, Samuel Ilgenfritz, Henry Ilgenfritz, James W. Kerr, Adam Klinefelter, Augustus Knudson, Charles W. Karg, George A. Karg, August Leibhart, William Leidlich, John Minnon, Moses Morritz, John Morrow, Abraham Mus- ser, Henry Philby, Frederick Plitt, August Plitt, Alexander Reisinger, John F. Rien- berger, Barnard Bhodenhouser, Jacob Reich- ley, Michael Schall, David Small, Peter Schoch, Charles Spangler, Ambrose Smith, William Small, Henry Spangler, Henry Schuyler, Charles Schnable, Frederick A. Steig, Walter Shaeffer, Henry Stallman, Lebrecht Treager, Alexander Underwood, John A. Wilson, James West, Joseph Welsh, Joseph Watt, William Watt, Henry Weltz- hoffer, Anthony Weaver, William Wagner, Sr., Jacob Wagner, Jacob Yunker, John Zim- merman. Officers. — ■ Captain — John Gibson ; First Lieutenant — Charles A. Stair ; Second Lieu- tenant — William H. Jordan ; First Sergeant ■ — George P. Smyser ; Sergeants — William L. Stough, Charles S. Weiser, George Fisher, Samuel I. Adams ; Corporals — Francis M. Eppley, Edwin R. Burke, Edward C. Eichel- berger, William Fahs, George W. Heiges, 203 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. George L. Hay, Edwin Hockert, Thomas S. Meyers ; Musician — David A. Decker. Prwates.— Murray S. Adams, Charles Ans- ley, Emmett B. Bossier, John Brillhart, Chauncey F. Black, Crayton W. Brandt, Will- iam Chambers, Charles Donnell, Edward D. Eppley, Lewis H. Eppley, Weter Eck, Martin S. Eich elberger, Isaac A. Elliott, Silas H. Forry, George Foose, Henry K. Gardner, "William H. Griffith, Ccjrnelius Garretson, Ivan Glossbren- ner, HoUingsworth Gipe, Alfred Gartman, Johns Hopkins, Henry Haker, John C. Jor- dan, Milton S. Johnson, Charles A. Keyworth, Willian H. Kurtz, James Kell, Daniel Keller, Nathan T. Keesey, Jacob E. Lehman, James W. Latimer, Edward B. Meyers, George Meredith, William Meredith, Peter M'Intyre, Jr., Martin P. M'Creary, John M'Intyre, Samuel Owens, William N. Porter, George H. Pentz, George Rudisill, Albert W. Ru- disill, Thomas J. Rupert, James B. Small, John H. Strayer, Thomas B. Schall, Jr., Lewis W. Schaeffer, W. H. Strickler, Henry W. Spangler, Joseph G. Small, James F. Shunk, Joseph H. Strubinger, George W. Stouffer, Jacob A. Wilt, L. Edward Wag- ner, Charles F. Welch, Geoffrey P. Yost, A. Duncan Yocum, Herman Zeigler. Officers. — Captain — Charles M. Nes ; First Lieutenant — John Brillinger ; Second Lieu- tenant — Samuel Warring ; First Sergeant — Martin Quinn ; Sergeants — Edward Brillin- ger, A. B. Farquhar, Henry J. Loucks, Will- iam Loucks; Corporals — Alfred Erwin, Eman- uel A. King, A. Hamilton Nes, John B. But- ter, W. L. Small, Martin H. Weiser, Erastus H, Weiser, Thomas Williams' ; Buglers — Jacob Romau, Philip Hecker. Privates. — Jacob Brillinger, N. F. Burn- ham, Daniel Cookes, John T. Erwin, Arthur N. Green, James Groff, Philip Herman, Henry Hertzog, Edward G. Hersh, Thomas Holland, John Herman, Jonathan Jessop, — Jessop, William S. King, George Koons, Vincent K. Keesey, Anthony Lieben, Samuel Leitner, Josiah E. Myers, Henry Myers, Jr., Leander H. Myers, Daniel A. Bupp, James Rupert, Edward P. Smyser, Frederick Stall- man, Milton Sultzbach, William Smith, Michael Schall, Jacob D. Schall, James Schall, Alexander W. Underwood, Amos Un- derwood, John Wanbaugh, Thomas E. White, — Welsh, Henry Wagner. COMPANY I. Emergency troop of 1863. Officers. — Captain — JohnS. Forrest; First Lieuteuant^John Q. Pfeiffer ; Second Lieu- tenant — Alexander T. Barnes ; First Ser- geant— Jool Henry ; Sergeants — William H. M'Causland, Howard N. Deitrick, Napoleon B. Carver, Charles Young ; Corporals — Jo- siah Rinehart, Thomas Sneeringer, Henry Schultz, David E. Winebrenner, Henry C. Bucher, Amos F. Klinefelter, Charles T. Kump, Charles W. Thomas. Privates. — William Althoff, Noah Allison, William Bair, William H. Bastres, William F. Baum, William A. Beard, James Blair, John F. Blair, Edward Bollinger, John Bond, David F. Forney, William G. Forney, Jacob Freet, William Gantz, Jacob Gardner, Mar- tin Graybill, Lewin Heathcote, Martin Hi tzel, Addison M. Herman, John J. Hersh, Josiah D. Hersh, BarthabusHimes, JohnH. Hinkle, Lewis V. Holter, William H. Holter, Wash- ington J. Johnson, Lewis B. Jones, Isaac Jones, William Leader, Isaac Loucks, Henry C. Metzgar, Jacob H. Michael, Michael D. Myers, William A. Myers, Aaron M'Lean, Mahlon H. Nail, Hezekiah Ports, Henry H. Pfeiffer, John J. Sanders, George W. Sher-' man, George E. Sherwood, Henry W. Shriver, William H. Snyder, Eli Snyder, Daniel J. Snyder, Ovid Stahl, George E. Trone, Oliver Trone, Samuel E. Trone, Fabius N. Wag- oner, Samuel Weigle, John Willing, Calvin Wirt, William C. Wolf, Cornelius Young, Martin Zimmerman. LIST OP OTHER OFFICERS FBOM YORK COUNTY. Assistant Surgeon, William F. Smith, Twenty-eighth Regiment; Surgeon, J. A. Wolf, Twenty-ninth Regiment; Assistant, G. W. Jackson, Fifty-ninth Regiment; Surgeon, G. W. Jackson, Fifty-third Regiment; Second Lieut., Robert W. Smith, Thirty-fourth Reg- iment; Second Lieut., T. Brandon Hurst, Thirty-sixth Regiment; (Brevet First Lieut, and Capt.), Thirty- sixth Regiment; Lieut. Col., Samuel N. Bailey, Forty-first Regiment; Assistant Surgeon, James M. Shearer, Forty- first Regiment; Capt., William G. Moore, Fifty- fifth Regiment; Assistant Surgeon, W, P. Nebinger, Fifty-sixth Regiment; Capt., Nathan Z. Seitz, Sixty-seventh Regiment ; Assistant Surgeon, T. M. Kern, Sixty-eighth Regiment; Assistant Surgeon, John E. Mc- Ilvaine, Sixty-eight Regiment; Adjutant, Frederick R. Smith, Seventy. sixth Regiment; Surgeon, W. D. Bailey, Seventy- eighth Reg- iment; First Lieut., William H. Myers, Eighty-second Regiment; Surgeon, Jared Free, Eighty-third Regiment; Capt. Will- iam H. Lanius, Company I, Eighty-seventh Regiment; First Lieut., Benjamin Geipe, One Hundred and First Regiment; First Lieut., Samuel S. Matthews, One Hundred ard Third Regiment; Assistant Surgeon, Will- iam F. Smith, One Hundred and Fifth Reg- HOSPITAL WORK. 203 iment; First Lieut., D. "VV. Oberlander, One Hundred and Thirteenth Regiment; Second Lieut. , Henry Brunner, Thirteenth Cavalry, One Hundred and Seventeenth Regiment; Assistant Surgeon, G. K. Thompson, One Hundred and Thirty-second Regiment; Lieuc. Col., W. A. McCartney, One Hundred, and Thirty-third Regiment; Assistant Surgeon, W. J. Underwood, One Hundred and Fifty- first Regiment; Assistant Surgeon, F. W. Vandersloot, One Hundred and Fifty-second Regiment; Assistant Surgeon, August R. Nebinger,One Hundred and Fifty- eighth Reg- iment; Assistant Surgeon, S. F. Meely, One Hundred and Sixty-fifth Regiment; Assistant Surgeon, S. M. Murphy, One Hundred and Eighty second Regiment; Chaplain, Isaiah L. Kephart, One Hundred and Eighty-second Regiment; Second Lieut., Alexander I. Barnes, One Hundred and Eighty- fourth Regiment; Second Lieut., David J. Bossier, One Hundred and Eighty-sixth Regiment; Capt. Henry Fox, One Hundred and Eighty- eighth Regiment; Second Lieut., John B. Metzgar, One Hundred and Ninety- second Regiment: Assistant Surgeon, F. S. Smith, One Hundred and Ninety-fourth Regiment; Second Lieut., James C. Channel, One Hun- dred and Ninety-foarth Regiment; Capt., R. B. Hoover,Two Hundredth Regiment ; F irst Lieut., Daniel L. Stoud, Tvfo Hundredth Regiment; Second Lieut., Joseph H. Krafft, Two Hundredth Regiment; Second Lieut., Fred. A. Hershey, Two Hundredth Regiment; Second Lieut., Peter Ginter, Two Hundredth Regiment; First Lieut. , Samuel B. 'Urich,Two Hundred and Second Regiment; Surgeon, Washington Burg, Two Hundred and Seventh Regiment. INDEPENDENT BATTERS. Capt., F. Robert Polack; First Lieut., Daniel L. Stair. HOSPITAL WORK.* OCCUPATION OF YORK BY THE REBELS, 1863. IN response to President Lincoln's call for troops in April, 1861, Gov. Curtin, of Pennsylvania, made an earnest appeal to the volunteer companies of the State. The citi- zen companies of York, the Worth Infantry, Capt. T. A. Ziegle. and the York Rifles, Gen. George Hay, reported immediately for active service. * By Mrs. Mary C. Fisher. On Saturday, the 13th inst., Maj.-Gen. Keim came up from Ashland, Md. Gen. Hay ordered the companies to muster at the armory, from whence they were marched to the railroad station to await a special train from Harriaburg, with troops destined to check an advance of the Southern forces, and to protect the railroad and the bridges. At 11 P. M. , the train started oif, amid the cheers and good wishes of the bystanders. The town already began to wear a military aspect. Flags were suspended from the pub- lic buildings, and places of business. Poles were erected in central positions displaying the stars and stripes. On Monday the troops were all ordered back to York. As they marched through the streets to the fair grounds, the people stood at the street cor- ners, and the doors of their dwelling houses, with hot coffee, bread and cakes for the half- starved men. At Camp Scott, christened Camp Delight by the men in contrast to Camp Misery, at Cockeysville, they found a cordial welcome, and a hot supper ready for them. From this date began the hospital work which filled our hearts with pity, and our hands with labor for the following five years . On the 26th of April, the Twelfth Regi- ment Pennsylvania Volunteers, Col. David Campbell, and the Thirteenth, Col. David Rowley, arrived from Pittsburgh. Early in May over 6,000 troops were stationed at Camp Scott, including Capt. Campbell's battery of flying artillery. The commissary arrange- ments were necessarily very inadequate to meet the wants of the large body of men, and they depended upon the citizens for many comforts and for special diet for those on the sick list. The spring of 1861 was peculiarly wet and inclement. The soldiers sufiered severely from rheumatism, contracted by lying on damp straw, and from colds and in- termittent fevers. As there were no arrange- ments for a hospital at this early date, the sick boys were often taken into private houses and nursed gratuitously, and in many households a meal was rarely eaten without one or more guests from the camp. A meeting of ladies was promptly called to organize a system of relief for the men. Mrs. Charles A. Morris was elected president. A committee was chosen consisting of one person from each ward, the number to be increased at option. From the First Ward, Mrs. Dr. Roland ; Second, Mrs. Samuel Small ; Third, Mrs. Knause ; Fourth, Mrs. George Barnitz ; Fifth, Mrs. Ellen Smyser. As the number of patients increased the committee was enlarged, a temporary hos- ts 204 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. pital was arranged in the agricultural build- ing on the fair grounds. Early in the sea- son there was a demand for stockings, shirts and other garments. Private stores were soon disposed of and making up new mate- rial commenced. The work was systematized, and a committee of ladies appointed to take charge of it. The firm of P. A. & S. Small gave them a commodious room in Small's building, which was always open and filled "with busy helpers in the good cause. The •entire community entered heartily into the work. Little children left their play to scrape lint and roll bandages. Parties and tea-drinkings were neglected for meetings at ■the work rooms and at private houses for cut- ting and sewing garments, and packing the stores contributed by the town folk and the country people. Thanks to their generosity the supplies never failed, and the constant appeals from the front for aid were always promptly answered. In many a country farm house the treasured stores of linen were brought forth from the great chests packed in Germany, and freely given for the use of the suffering, wounded boys. In December, 1861, the Sixth Eegiment New York Cavalry, Col. Devens, was ordered to York for the winter. The regiment, 900 strong, arrived on Christmas day. An extract from the notes of Maj. Daily says: "He met with a hearty welcome. The citi- zens had provided a hot dinner of turkeys, meats, and the delicacies of the festive sea- son, the ladies who provided the dinner serving as waiters on the occasion." Bat- talion First, Maj. Daily, was quartered in the agricultural building. The Second, Maj. Conardin, and the Third, Maj. Clarkson, occupied the public school buildings, the schools having been closed by order of the school board. In -January Gen. Simon Cameron, secretary of war, ordered barracks and stabling to be erected on the public commons. Before the completion of the quarters a temporary hospital for the troops was established in the Duke Street school- house, which was daily visited by the citi- zens. The soldiers spoke in the most grate- ful terms of the kindness and generous help and sympathy of the ladies of York. Many cards and testimonials of their appreciation appeared in the journals of the day. After the departure of the cavalry an offi- cer was sent to superintend the removal of the barracks ; but his report of the coiiveni- ent situation, healthy locality and advantages of the quarters for hospital purposes was favorably considered. They were fitted up and ready for occupancy in June, 1862. The stabling was removed under the supervision of Dr. Alexander Small. On the 27th of the month the York General Hospital was organ- ized by Dr. C. W. Jones, officer in] charge. His staff was composed of Brigade-Surgeon Henry Palmer, U. S. A., surgeon in charge; Assisting Surgeons C. S. DeGraw, U. S. A.; E. L. Peltier, U. S. A. ; Acting Surgeons H. T. Bowen, H. L. Smyser, A. R. Blair, Jacob Hay, Jr., George Jacoby, clerk; D. Jerome Bossier, hospital steward ; E. C. Grevemyer, commissary; L. K. Morris, ward master ; medical cadet, Dr. Weil. Eutter Herman had charge of the barracks before this time. Dr. Weil arrived with the first consignment of nineteen patients July 1st. July 7 a large number were forwarded from Washington, Baltimore' and other stations further south. The long rows of cots were filled day by day till every room was full. The days were crowded with touching inci- dents in the lives of the poor fellows who engrossed our time and attention. The La- dies' Aid Society, organized in November, 1861, was much enlarged. All ranks and ages joined in attentions to the brave defend- ers of their homes and of the country's honor. Among the prominent names were Mrs. Charles Morris, Mrs. Daniel Durkee, Mrs. Samuel Small, Sr. , Mrs. Walter Frank- lin, Mrs. Solomon Oswald, Mrs. Dr. Eoland, Mrs. Fulton, Mrs. David B. Small, Mrs. Spangler Wagner, Mrs. John Weiser, Mrs. William Welsh, Mrs. Eobert J. Fisher, Mrs. George Eisenhart, Mrs. Benjamin Weiser, Mrs. George Wantz, Mrs. Henry Lanius, Mrs. E. A. Pierce, Mrs. Kate Garretson, Mrs. David Eupp, Mrs. Kurtz, and the Misses Amelia and Catherine Kurtz, the Misses Dur- kee, Mias Latimer, Miss Mary J. Lewis, Miss Sallie B. Small, Miss Cassie M. Small, Miss Annie Thornbury, Miss Julia Hay, Mrs. George Heckert, Miss A. Fisher, Mrs. David Landis, Mrs. Kell, Mrs. Weigle, Mrs. Smith, Mrs. Jenks, Mrs. Ed Smyser, Mrs. Eutter Herman, Mrs. Laumaster, Mrs. Thomas Zie- gle, Mrs. David Frey, Mrs. Angus Barnitz, Mrs. Weorhly, Lizzie Brown, Kate Connelle, Isabel Gallagher, Lizzie Gardner, Miss A. XJpp, Amelia Doudel, Miss Mary Eupp, Miss Stine, Miss Carrie Hay, Miss Jen- nie Templeman, Mrs. William Smith, Miss Sarah Sayres, Miss Theodocia Weiser, Mrs. Bumgartner, Miss Belle Gallagher, Mrs. Ann Krabee, Miss Eliza Smyser, Miss Sue Chalfont, Mrs. Lucy Davis, Mrs. Martin Weigle, Miss Ellen Funk, Miss Jen- nie King, Miss Anna King, Miss Doudel, Mrs. Albert Smyser, and many others. Some persons were untiring in their labors at HOSPITAL WOEK. 205 home who could not go out to the hospital personally. Miss Jane Weiser had charge of the aid room. From this time constant j,c- cessions to the hospital were received from the various bloody fields. None but an eye- witness can conceive the horror that hung over the death-freighted cars. The worst cases were immediately after the battle of Antietam. The wounded men, brought di- rectly from the battle field, were laid upon the floors of the cars, which ran with blooil from many an uncomplaining hero. One by one the sufferers were tenderly taken and placed upon stretchers to be carried to the hospital, followed by a compassionate pro- cession, eager to do something for their relief. An inner row of barracks was erected, and the Odd Fellows' Hall was granted for a tem- porary hospital. On August 30, after the disastrous second Bull Run battle, a call came from Washington for volunteer sur- geons. Drs. William S. Roland, E! H. Pentz, S. G. Rouse, O. M. Johnston, James W. Kerr, Jacob Hay, Jr., W. D. Dailey and M. C. Fisher left at once, reaching their destination early the following morning. On Sunday Dr. L. M. Lochman, G. W. Bressler, 0. C. Brickley, Jonas Deininger, W. J. Un- derwood, C. M. Shafer, J. W. Vandersloot, S. R. Jones, R. B. Hoven, A. 0. Hetrick and J. W. Brickly followed. Transportation was furnished by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. The following card from the Secretary of War, Col. Thomas A. Scott, proves his appreciation of their prompt re- sponse: Philadelphia, August 31, 1862. To Mr. Henry Welsh, York, Perm.: Your borough has responded nobly to the call for surgeons, and deserves great praise. If there are more willing to go, send them here lo-night. Their services for the next few days will be invaluable beyond price to our wounded, suffering soldiers. T. A. Scott. During the winter, the York hospital had its full quota of patients. Surgeon Palmer, assisted by the ward physicians from town, spared no effort to make it a pleasant home for the boys, often furnishing treats of ices, fruit and other luxuries from their own purses, and devising ways to relieve the weary days of convalescence. Various amusements were provided to while away the lonely win- ter evenings — readings, lectures and musical entertainments. A library and reading room were established. Inthe spring many of the impatient boys were able to join their regi- ments for the eventful campaign of 1863. Those incapable of field duty were detailed as nurses and clerks, or filled other positions in the hospital. In June the air was filled with rumors that scouts had appeared oppo- site Williaiusport, Maryland, and it was evi- dent that an invasion of Maryland and Penn- sylvania was contemplated. Gov. Curtin, by direction of the President, issued a call for 50,000 volunteers, for defense of the State. The Confederates had entire possession of the Shenandoah Valley, and the advance forc€is had reached Hagerstown. A large command was organized in the Cumberland Valley under Gen. Couch. He called upon all citizens between the ages of eighteen and sixty years to join an army corps, embracing cavalry, infantry and artillery, to serve dur- ing the pleasure of the President, or contin- uance of the war. When not really needed for the defense of the department, they were to return to their usual occupations, still subject to the orders of the commanding gen- eral. They were required to drill regularly and keep up an organized militia ready for service in an emergency. A panic ensued in the Cumberland Valley. The State archives were removed from the capital. The post- office was closed, and the merchants sent away their valuables. A portion of the hos- tile force crossed over to Connelsburg, raided the district, and captured large numbers of horses and cattle. The line of the Susque- hanna was guarded from Ha rrisburg to Peach Bottom. The imminent danger of invasion, made York an unsafe position for the sick and wounded men. On the 15th the medical stores and commissary supplies, with the pa- tients, were taken to Columbia in charge of Dr. Blair. They reached Columbia at mid- night, where they met with a hospitable reception. The ladies furnished food, bed- ding, etc., for immediate use. The Odd Fel- lows opened their hall to the fugitives until quarters could be fitted up in the fine new school. building, which was occupied by them for several months. Dr. Blair filled the po- sition of surgeon in charge, as Dr. Palmer remained in York with five patients, who could not be removed ; they were held pris- oners of war while the Confederates occu- pied the town. Dr. Palmer was released on parole. In view of the threatening aspect, the bank directors thought it advisable to re- move the deposits and securities of their respective banks to a place of safety. On •the 15th, the York Bank and the York County Bank were taken to Philadelphia, by Messrs. John A. Weiser and William D. Elliot, who deposited the assets of the York Coanty Bank in the Northern Liberties; and Mr. Alfred Gartman and Mr. Lewis Carl took the York Bank to the Western Bank of Philadelphia. The York County Bank had several hundred 206 HISTOEY OF yore; COUNTY. thousands of the paper circulation of the York Bank, in $1 and $2 notes. The bulk was a serious obstacle in the way of trans- portation. The directors did not relish the idea of leaving so much money to fill the pockets of the invaders. As there was no time for consideration, the whole quantity was put into an immense carpet bag, and thus carried to Philadelphia in'safety. All persons having private boxes and valuable deposits of silverware, or other articles, were notified to take them away, as the bank offi- cers could not assume the responsibility of removing them. There was a large tin box unclaimed. As it could not be identified, and was too heavy to take, it was left in the safe. Some months afterward a prominent citizen of York called for his box. After a long search it was found hidden away, and proved to be the one left. It contained gov- ernment bonds to the value of many thou- sands, and a large amount of gold and silver coin. It would have well paid Gen. Early if he had taken a fancy to inspect the inte- rior of the bank. The banking house of Weiser Sons & Carl was taken to Easton by Charles Weiser, Jr., who reached there too late at night to deposit in any of the banks ; the hotel safes being packed with valuables from the refugees, he was compelled to watch his precious load all night in his bed cham- ber. It is impossible at the present day, with almost hourly trains, and perfect facili- ties for safe conveyance and travel, to realize the obstacles in the way of the hurried re- moval of so much treasure in cars crowded with an excited multitude fleeing from dan- ger. All the banks resumed business on the 3d of July, but the securities remained in Philadelphia some months. The second re- moval of the bank treasures occurred just before the burning of Chambersburg. The deposits were then taken to Reading. The postoffice was taken to Lancaster on the even- ing of the 27th, as the situation hourly be- came more threatening. Mr. Alexander Frey, the postmaster, ordered everything to be packed ready for instant removal, but con- tinued the distribution of the mails as they came in. About 5 P. M., as he was shutting up the office, some one came to him in great excitement, and told him the Confederates had reached Bottstown Gate, Maj. Haller's command in their retreat being taken for them, when they first appeared at the edge of the town. Mr. Frey went out into the street, and saw the mounted troops, which were re- ported to be the enemy's advance. There was no available means of transportation ; I e ran to the express office. The wagon w standing there with the horse in the shafts. He could see nothing of the agent, Mr. Eus- sell, and without waiting for consent, took possession of the wagon, loaded up his mail- bags, and drove in great haste in the direc- tion of the Columbia Pike. Mr. Russell soon came back to move his valuables, but could find no trace of his wagon. Hearing from a bystander of its seizure he hurried after, and overtook it below Freystown. Fortu- nately for the mail-bags, Mr. John H. Small was driving toward town with Mr. David E. Small. Mr. Frey pressed them into the ser- vice, and Mr. Small gave up his wagon and both gentlemen went to Lancaster with Mr. Frey. Mr. Frey had requested Mr. Kaufif- man, who was in the postoffice, to remain, and, if possible, bring up the business to the end of the quarter, but on Sunday, finding that no mails were permitted to come in, Mr. Kauffman was advised to leave. He walked to Lancaster, and joined Mr. Frey that even- ing. Previous to this dace, the situation grew daily more threatening. Many persons sent away their plate and jewelry. On the 26th and 27th, a large proportion of the horses and stock were put beyond reach. "When Gen. Gordon's command was really ap- proaching, we had become so accustomed to the rumor, "The Rebels are coming," that we hardly credited the oft-told tale, until positive proofs wore brought in by our scouts, who reported the advance force but a few miles from town. Mr. Arthur B. Farquhar started immediately and succeeded in getting through the lines. I here insert his letter in part : On Saturday morning, June 27, 1863, the excite- ment liad increased. Rumors were rife of the immediate invasion of the rebel troops. I proposed to Mr. Samuel Small and others that a representa- j tive should be sent out to meet the invaders and i learn their purposes, and arrange terms, as we had no means of defense. One of the Committee of Safety asked, "Who would bell the cat?" referring,. i I suppose, to the old fable, and a celebrated remark I of one of the Douglasses. As I was familiar with ' the country, having driven over it several times, and believed that several of my old schoolmates were in the rebel army, I undertook the mission; reached the advance guard of Gordon's brigade at Abbottstown; obtained an introduction to Gen. Gordon, and secured, in writing, an outline of terms of occupation, in substance that no private property should be destroyed, that the ladies should be respected (to use Gen. Gordon's own words, " the slightest indignity offered to any of our ladies would be punished with immediate death)," and if the army was supported and supplied with provis- ions and clothes, private property would be re- spected. Securing Gen. Gordon's signature to this written aMeement, and having it verbally approved by Gen. Early, I obtained the password and re- turned, running the gauntlet of the pickets, who had orders, it appears, not to pass me. Upon my arrival in town I reported to Maj. Haller and the Committee of Safety at Small's store, and it WM HOSPITAL WORK. 207 decided (wisely, Itliink, now) to send a committee out to complete terms of occupation. This delega- tion was composed of our Chief Burgess: Mr. David Small, "William Latimer Small, Gen. Hay, Thomas White and myself. We found the troops had fallen back two miles from where I passed the pickets, deciding to encamp there for the ni^ht, it appears, although when I left them they anticipated reach- ing town that evening, and our committee expected to meet them near town. We found Gen. Gordon in bed at his headquarters, a little farmhouse at the side of the road, and, after a full talk, in which he reiterated what he had promised me, repeated his assurances about the protection of property in case the army was maintained; promised again particu- larly that none of our people should suSer the slightest indignity under any circumstances, the thing I was most particular about, and gave us per- mission to return to town. They kept faith in the main, but insisted upon the army being paid, as well as clothed while with us, and in greenbacks instead of Confederate currency, as we would have preferred. Private property was not molested, nor was there any disorder. Gens. Gordon and Early made it a condition upon protecting our factories and other property that we were not manufacturing for the government. I assured them of this, but, finding that some cars were being made to be used by the army, although not made directly for the government, we had hard work to save the shops. Yours very truly, A. B. Fakquhar. These gentlemen went by order of the Committee of Safety, which was composed of fifteen of the most prominent members of the community — Gren, Hay carried the white flag of truce. Some person.^ had left town, but the greater part of the inhabitants remained calmly awaiting whatever might come to them in the fortunes of war. It was a brilliant June night when the committee returned with Gen. Gordon's assurances of safety, providing his commands were not molested, and no resistance was made to the occupation of the town. Inasmuch as we were utterly without means of defense, there was not much danger of opposition. Morning dawned clear and beautiful. A Sabbath stillness reigned over the ancient borough. At the usual hour for worship, the bells rang out the call to service, the streets were filled with the church-going people, when they were suddenly startled by a furious rider dashing through Main Street, shouting, "The rebels are at Bottstown Gate. " He vanished down the pike to carry the news to Wrightsville and Columbia, and a moment after, on the distant hills, a line of glittering bayonets flashed in the morning sun, and the superbly mounted cavalry of Gen. Gordon rode rap- idly into town and halted in Centre Square under the flag which boldly proclaimed a loyal community. As they were approaching, Mr. John Evans, who lived at the corner of Cen- tre Square, implored the citizens to take ■down the flag. In a voice choked with emo- tion the venerable old gentleman said, ' 'Is it possible I have lived to this day to see the flag torn down and trampled in the dirt V A number of citizens gathered around, and joined with him, urging that we were an overpowered town, and our flag would be taken away. A gentleman standing by said, "Let them take the flag and I will replace it," (which was done by him, and within a month a superb new flag floated in the breeze never again to be lowered by a disloyal hand). It was quickly seized by a Confeder- ate officer and born away in triumph as a trophy of a defenseless town. Gen. Gordon and his escort continued their advance to Wrightsville. Gen. Early followed the ad- vance immediately into town with the flower of the Confederate Army. As the streets filled with his forces, we fully realized that we had not fallen into the hands of a demoral- ized horde of starving hirelings, but a disci- plined army with nerve, vigor and brain, fully equal to the emergencies of war. They had indeed made a field night of it, and had fort- ified the surrounding hills, thus placing the town entirely at their mercy, under the fire of their guns. W hat might we not fear from these desperate men, smarting with memories of distant, desolate homes and ruined vil- lages, and fired by the energy of despair in this last supreme effort to assert their inde- pendence. At a signal the infantry threw themselves down on the pavement, resting their heads on their knapsacks. After a brief rest they were assigned to stations in different parts of the town. A large force occupied the hospital barracks. The arms that were left there were broken by the order of Dr. Palmer. One lot of very fine rifles had been loaded on wagons for re- moval to a place of concealment. While the men were dragging them away (there were no horses on this side of the river) Gen. Gordon's advance entered town. The wag- ons were hastily run down the hill to an out- house, where they remained untouched until after the departure o f the Confederate troops. Gen. Early assumed military command. He looked like a plain, country farmer in his worn and dusty military undress and felt hat, with broad, flapping rim shading his rugged face. He greeted the bystanders in a bluff, off-hand manner, but his keen, black eyes, peering from under the shaggy broWs, took in every detail of the situation. He was much impressed with the evidences of thrift and prosperity in the beautifully built borough with its clean, regular streets shaded with trees, and with the comfortable well-to- do air of the citizens, and expressed great surprise at the crowds of ladies in their hand- some costumes hurrying home from the 208 HISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. churches. He at once decided that such a community could well afford to pay a good rouud sum for their personal safety, and the preservation of their homes and public build- ings. Accompanied by his staff, he went di- rectly to the house of the chief burgess, who courteously invited him in. Gen. Ear- ly went in without his escort, and had an amicable conference with Mr. Small. He asked for $100,000 in money. Mr. Small told him that the banks had been removed, and that it would be impossible to obtain sach a large sum of money. "What," said he, "in such a rich country as this these people must have laid by immense sums. I am sure you can find it hoarded up in the farmers' canvas bags and housewives' Sitock- ings." "But," remonstrated the burgess, ' 'these hard-working people have not earned their money to give it to you." Early de- clared in his proverbially forcible language, that he must and would have it. An hour was fixed upon for a meeting of the citizens to settle terms with him. While Gen. Early was taking some refreshments, some one in the crowd outside dropped a pistol. He started to his feet in an excited manner, thinking an attack upon his escort had com- menced. At the appointed hour a meeting took place at the court house. The Committee of Safety and many influential citizens gathered there to confer with Gen. Early, who made his demands upon the authorities of the town with threats, and said: "I am in the enemy's country, and my men must be fed and clothed. I know the things which I have demanded are here. I know where they are, if you do not supply them, I must and shall take them." There was no alternative, we were utterly in his power, and the authorities were forced to comply with his requisitions. Refusal and remonstrance were alike impos- sible, under the circumstances. He was clothed with the full power of a military dic- tator, which he promised to administer in good faith if he was met in like manner, but woe be unto the community, if any other line of action were attempted. Guards were stationed in different portions of the town to protect property. A sentinel was placed before the door of our house, pacing his beat with ceaseless step, occasion- ally halting to rest against a tree. I tried to learn the reason for this patrol. His reply was : "I must obey orders." I offered him food as the day wore on, and he contin- ued his measured tread. He civilly replied: "I thank you madam, we are not allowed to accept anything." I learned subsequently he was stationed to prevent the escape of Dr. Roland, who was in the United States Army service, as well as for the protection of the house. Hour after hour passed. Save the tread of sentinels and march of troops the town was hushed in silence. We knew not how soon might come a signal to unleash the dogs of war in our midst, and give our homes a prey to the invader; although Gen. Early had ordered the saloons and beer shops to be closed, and the soldiers were forbidden to encroach upon private dwellings, we feared an outbreak. The discipline, self-control and endurance of the troops were marvelous. All that long, hot day they stood at their posts, starving in the midst of plenty, with- out even a cup of cold water, until the demand for supplies had been filled, and flour and beef carried to the headquarters. At night the men were summoned to the first hot cooked meal of bread and meat they had eaten for many a day. Flour was furnished by the firm of P. A. & S. Small. On Sunday after- noon much excitement was occasioned at the sight of Samuel Small, Jr., riding through the street, escorted by Maj. Snodgrass, quartermaster of the Confederates, and the colonel of a Louisiana regiment. Gen. Early ordered the firm to send one of their mem- bers to the mills, which were guarded by their employees, to see the flour delivered. The following morning reports came to town that the mills had been sacked and the flour thrown into the run, and great damage com- mitted. Mr. Small went to Gen. Early, who ordered him to go and look after his property. He naturally objected to a journey of several miles through a country occupied by an enemy's forces. Gen. Early said, ' 'You must go, but I will give you a pass.'' The pass read as follows: Permit Samuel Small, Jr., to pass to Loucks and Codorus to procure flour for the C. S. A. By order of Maj. -Gen. Early. W. G. Galloway, A. D. C. Mr. Small had secreted a horse for a pos- sible emergency, in the old stable behind the drug store of Charles A. Morris. He, there fore had the satisfaction of riding his own horse to the mills. He found the story a canard. The mills were safe, and nothing disturbed. On the way he had continual offers to swap horses, and was frequently stopped and his right of way challenged, but the pass from Gen. Early was all powerful. A countryman came in on Sunday evening, and reported that his mules had been taken. He was referred to one of the officers, a cap- tain in the regiment, to whom he made his complaint. ''How many did you lose?" was HOSPITAL WORK. 209 the inquiry. "Two," "Two mules! what an example of the patriotism of these North em heroes! I have staked everything on this issue, houses, lands, negroes, money, every- thing I have in this world, and you complain of two mules," said he, with pathetic irony. "Go to the court house and tell your wrongs to Gen. Early. I think you can get your mules." They were restored to him at once. They expressed great surprise at the thickly inhabited country and numbers of men. One of the officers approached a party of young men and said, " What are you doing here, why are you not in the service ? are you disabled ?" "Oh, no, " said one jokingly, ' 'we are not needed yet, our services have not been called for. " The long day, so full of anxious fears, ended at last, but there was not much sleep that night. On Monday Gen. Early sent for the president judge of the district, and made a demand for the keys of the offices of the court house. Judge Fisher asked why he wanted them. He replied that he in- tended to destroy the records. When asked the reason for the barbarous intention, he said, the Union soldiers had burned Fairfax court house, with all the deeds and archives of the county, and now was th6 time for retaliation. After an earnest appeal to his sense of honor and justice in an unresisting, helpless community, he consented to at least defer the work of destruction, and inquired if there was not some property there that was contraband of war. He was informed that there was a large lot of cigars. "Ah," said he, " that is good, let us have them. Where were they made ? " When told they were York County cigars, he shrugged his shoulders, and drily said, " I think we won't rob you of them." The day dragged along and we were still at the mercy of our captors. The town was disturbed by fright- ful rumors. Now it was said that orders had been issued to cut ofif the water pipes, and fire the town; then, that the soldiers had rebelled and were about to sack the town. Some amusing incidents occurred in the dealings with the shopkeepers. One old gentleman, who kept a clothing store, had concealed most of his stock, and declared be had nothing to sell, but was tempted by a liberal offer in gold, for some shirts, from a Confederate officer, who went back to the quarters, and reported where shirts could be obtained. A posse of " Louisiana Tigers" went and asked for shirts. When the old gentleman refused to sell, they got into his store to search for themselves^ In addition to clothing, he kept a small supply of fine old whisky, and other choice liquors, which the boys discovered in their search for the shirts. He objected to giving them any, and they turned him out, and looked the door, and indulged in a royal spree. A great crowd gathered round his premises to dis- cover the cause of the disturbance, which doubtless gave rise to the report that a loot had commenced. At one place several men bought a large quantity of goods, selecting the best of the stock, assuring the owner that they would pay for everything they had selected. They asked for an item bill to be made out and receipted, and paid the amount in Confederate notes, which were received with a rueful countenance, nothwithstanding the assurances of the officers in charge of the men, that the day would come, when he would be glad to have some Confederate money in his hands. They usually paid for all articles for private use, in greenbacks, but everything purchased for army use was paid in their own currency. The portable machinery of the car-shops, and the rolling stock of the railway were taken to Columbia on Friday, the 26th. Fred. Scott, who had charge of the shops, railroad machinery and rolling stock at the station, hid the tools, with a large quantity of oil and some other property, which could not be moved for want of time, and means of trans- portation, in a pile of cinders and a sewer trench, which had just been dug. The Con- federates took possession of his office, but did not do any damage. They seized a Union flag, which he always kept there, but finally returned it to him uninjured. He still shows it as a reminder of the days when he was a subject of Jeff. Davis. On Monday afternoon it was reported that the car-shops and buildings at the rail- road station were about to be fired. A panic ensued in the neighborhood. The people filled casks and tubs with water and began to remove their furniture. As the posse of Early's men "marched down street, women and children were crying and begging for help to save their property. Gen. Early had gone to the station to examine the location of the two car-factories, and the railroad depot, and ascertain if they could be burned with- out burning private houses. He took the chief burgess with him and directed him to have his fire engines on the spot to prevent the fire from spreading if he decided to burn the two factories, etc. His requisition upon the town had been complied with, ex cept of the demand for' 1100,000 in money, only $28,000 had been paid to the Confed- erate quartermaster. Gen. Early says, 210 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. after examining the localitj', "I was satisfied that neither the car-factories, nor the depot, could be burned without setting fire to a number of houses near them, some of which were of wood, and I determined not to burn, but thought I would make a further effort to get the balance of the $100,000, so I took a seat in the railroad depot, which was filled with a large number of boxes containing goods, that had never been opened, and said to the mayor. ' If you will pav me the balance of the $100,000, I have called for, I will save these car-factories and depot.' He replied, ' General, I would do so very will- ingly, but the fact is, I have raised all the money I could raise in town, and a good deal of it has been contributed in small sums. I don't know any man in town who has more than one dollar.' During this con- versation a messenger from Gen. Ewell brought a dispatch ordering me to retrace my steps and join Gen. Lee. I then took the mayor to one side, and told him I had deter- mined not to burn as I was satisfied it would endanger the safety of a considerable por-' tion of the town. York could not have raised the money, if T had prolonged my visit and staid there several days. " The soldiers made a bonfire of some old cars which had been used for government transportation. After receiving his dispatch from Gen. Ewell, Gen. Early rode hastily away, and it was evident that some impor- tant news had been brought him. During the night the constant rumbling of the heavy artillery wheels, and hurried march of the soldiery, proved that they were changing their position. About 6 A. M. on Tuesday morning Gen. Gordon and his staff passed through in great haste. We were rejoiced to once more see our streets free from hostile soldiery, and to breathe the air of freedom. But we were left in entire ignorance of the movements of either army. It was rumored that the Con- federates had met the Union Army, and that a battle was then being fought in the imme- diate neighborhood. We lived in an isolated world. Wo had no means of communication beyond the limits of the town. For three days and nights we listened with strained ears and boating hearts to the constant roar of artillery, which told of the terrible con- flict raging between the armies. Beyond this we knew nothing; unofficial reports reached our ears from time to time, and it was rumored that the victorious enemy were returning on their track to lay waste and plunder the fertile fields and fair homesteads that lay in their way On Friday night we heard of our glorious victory, and that the invaders were retreating across the Potomac in discordant haste. On Saturday the glad tidings were confirmed, but with the confirmation came the horrible story of suffering and destitution among the wounded men of both armies lying in the field hospitals at Gettysburg, accompanied with an urgent appeal for help. The entire community began to prepare and pack sup- plies. The stirring town presented a strange contrast to the silent gloom which had hung over it for a week. Centre Square was filled with wagons, packed by willing hands with supplies of every description. A train of forty wagons was soon ready to start. By 3 o' clock in the afternoon horses were brought back, and the last wagon soon disappeared over the hills to carry relief perchance to the very men who a week before had marched into our midst with flying colors and martial music, now wounded prisoners left to the mercy of their foes. Thus ended one of the most thrilling events in the annals of York. After the withdrawal of the Southern troops arrangements were made for the recep- tion of patients from Gettysburg. A large number of tents were put up. Every day brought trains tilled with patients, as they were removed from the field hospitals. We had a few prisoners here from a North Caro- lina regiment. They were quartered in the Odd Fellows' Hall. We found them grate- ful, quiet and respectful in deportment. Great care was taken to preserve the limbs of the patients, and many a man left the hospital unmaimed, who would have been laid upon tlie amputation table but for the extreme caution of the surgeons. At one time seventy two men with compound frac- tures of the thigh were transferred to York from the field hospital at Gettysburg. They were treated by "conservative surgery"; in most cases the cure was complete, although the patient ever after bore the mark of his honorable wounds. As th6 autumn winds again blew across the stubble fields the boys were again shut up in the hospital. Some who had left here in the spring, able for active service, were returned to swell the ranks of the wounded and invalid corps. The familiar scenes and well known faces of old friends in attendance upon the hospital wards, were greeted with pleasure by the poor fellows, and they exerted them-- selves to make a home-like place of their quarters. Pictures, flags, and crayon sketches adorned the white-washed walls. Flowers and vines blossomed and thrived in the little casements, and a general air of comfort HOSPITxVL WOEK. 311 reigned throughout the premises. In Novem- ber, 1863, Dr. Blair returned to the work in York, and was made executive officer. After leaving Columbia he had gone to the Army of the Potomac, and while there had a severe attack of bilious fever, which rendered him incapable of duty for a time. Dr. Blair was born in Strasburg, Lancaster County. (His father shortly after left Strasburg for Har- ford County, Maryland.) He received a thorough education at the classical academy in New London, Penn. He was a student in the office of Dr. Theodore Haller for some time; was a graduate of the Jefferson Medi- cal College, at Philadelphia. In 1853, he commenced practice in York, with flattering prospects. He took a lively interest in com- mon schools and the cause of popular educa- tion. He was elected county superintendent in 1855, and continued to fill the office with general approval until 1862, when he resigned to enter the volunteer service as a sur- geon. He continued his work with unsel- fish devotion until the close of the war, when he resumed practice in York. In 1864 he married Cassandra M. Small, third daughter of Philip Small. As executive officer. Dr. Blair was most happy in resources to relieve the tedium of the monotonous life. His hands were sustained by an efficient corps of surgeons. Amusements and employments for the mind were provided for as carefully as for the healing of bodily diseases. As time wore on, the constant demand upon the community for funds for the sani- tary commission, developed plans for raising them. A fair was held in the Odd Fellows Hall. It was a gratifying success. The whole was beautifully decorated with ever- greens and draped with flags of the national colors, and those of different nations. Por- traits of military and naval heroes, framed in laurel wreaths, adorned the walls. A pro- fusion of flowers and fancy work embellished the tables. Booths, representing various nations, with attendants in appropriate cos- tumes, contained curiosities to tempt the lover of bric-a-brac. The lunch and supper tables were supplied with the choicest viands, donated by the citizens. A grand entertain- ment of music and tableaux vivants was a popular feature of the week. (The county commissioners granted the use of the court house for the exhibition.) The fine amateur talent, for which York has always been cele- brated, was brought out, and the stage repre- sentations were fully equal to professional effort. The soldiers who were able, entered the work with great zeal, and made themselves generally useful. The proceeds of the fair amounted to $4,675. In March, 1864, the first number of the Cartridge Box was issued, edited and printed by the soldiers. It was a spicy little sheet, brimming over with fun and patriotism. It was published weekly, and was continued until the close of the hospital. In the month of April, 1864, many vacant places were left by the boys, who returned to their regiments. Those who were still unable for field duty, took great delight in improving the external appearance of their temporary home, and showed much pride in keeping the grounds neat. They had a fine garden with vegetables and flowers. In May, preparations were ordered for the reception of 1,500 patriots. One hundred additional tents were put up. At that time there were 2,500 patients with twenty-two surgeons. The ward committees redoubled their exertions in behalf of the suffering mul- titude. The liberal citizens always were equal to the emergency. The farmers in the vicinity and the neighboring towns of Lan- caster and Columbia sent timely contribu- tions of clothing, bedding, old linen, band- ages and lint, and a great abundance of dried fruit, vegetables, butter, eggs, in fact, every- thing needed by the patients requiring special diet. The demand upon the general hospital fund was much less than in any other hospital. A large surplus fund was accumulated and sent to supply the deficien- cies in other hospitals. The bloody battle of the Wilderness fur- nished many recruits to the invalid ranks. They reached here in a most deplorable con- dition, many of them were reduced with chronic diseases, and in some cases, gangrene had appeared. A marked improvement was soon apparent. The high situation and pure atmosphere of the hospital in York had a sal- utary influence upon the health and spirits. In June a thousand additional patients were sent. Under the excellent management of the officer, the condition had continually improved. The mess table seated 800, and was filled three times at each meal. A track was laid through the center of the table, with miniature cars to convey the food ; this model invention was much admired by the visitors. But few deaths occurred during the summer. Some hopeless cases appealed to our sympathies, and day by day we saw the night approaching, which would end the last struggle of the gallant boys. In July, 1864, the border towns were in imminent danger of another invasion, and droves of cattle, and wagons piled with household goods, and farming implements, continually passed through the town on their 213 HISTORY OF YOEK COUNTY. way to safe regions beyond the river. The military authorities at the hospital called on the citizens to defend their homes from the invaders. The call was answered by 500 men. Three hundred and fifty were sent to Glen Kock to guard the Northern Cen- tral road. A dispatch from Gen. Couch to the surgeon in charge' at the hospital, expressed his great satisfaction at this prompt and patriotic action on the part of the citi- zens of York, and his desire that the organi- zation might be kept up, and thus constitute a reliable force for any future emergency. In September, Surg. Palmer was grant- ed a furlough of sixty days to recruit his health. Before leaving. Dr. Palmer addressed the following circular to the officers and attendants under his command. United States Army, General Hospital, York, Penn., Sept. 7, To the officers and attendants of the United States Army General Hospital, York, Penn. In taking my leave of absence for sixty days, allow me to express to you my sincere thanks for the energetic, faithful manner the duties assigned you have been performed, since we have been asso- ciated together at this hospital. The duties you have been ordered to perform have heen laborious, and at times unpleasant, but the promptness and cheerfulnesswith which every order has been obeyed; your hearty co-operation in every movement to relieve the sufferings and increase the comfort of your sick and wounded fellow soldiers, entitles you to the confidence and esteem of those who have been under your care, and the thanks of the surgeon in charge. Henry Palmek Surgeon United States Army. Drs. Blair, Smyser, Rouse and Ker were included in the corps of physicians. Dr. Palmer was succeeded by Dr. St. John Min- zer, who continued the improvements of the buildings and grounds. He laid out regular streets, planted trees, erected a fountain, and beautified the grounds with flower and foli- age beds. On the 27th of September, the Eighty -sev- enth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers returned. This regiment was principally recruited from the town and county : the men were royally welcomed with a grand proces- sion, speeches, and a sumptuous dinner served in the chapel, which was hung with flags. In January, 1865, the beautiful chapel was dedicated. The library was removed to the eastern part, which was used as a reading room, and furnished with con- veniences for writing. The west end was utilized as a school room. Competent teachers were employed, the head-master was a grad- uate of Yale college. The curriculum embraced the full English course, and a class in German. The school was fully attended by the boys, many of whom had left their studies to enter the service, and who gladly improved the opportunities to make good their lost advantages. Divine service was held on Sabbath morn- ing and evening, and on Tuesday evening. In the interim the chapel was used for public entertainments, which were largely patron- ized by the citizens as well as soldiers. The best orators of the day were procured to deliver lectures. The hospital was a minature world in itself, with postoffice, printing office, cabinet, car- penter, paint and tinshops. All the work of of the various departments was done and the grounds kept in order by the convalescents, without one dollar of additional expense to the government, and not a man was employed who was fit for field duty. In the spring of 1865, the number of patients was greatly reduced, the term of enlistment of many of the men expired, and they gladly exchanged the blue uniforms for the citizen's dress. The fall of Richmond, successive surren- ders of the Confederate commanders ended the war, and the mission of the York military hospital was f alfilled. Although a score of years have passed since its close, the recol- lections of its benefits still live in many a grateful heart. It has, perhaps, the most gratifying records of any general hospital in the coun- try. Of 1,500 inmates during the three years of its existence, but 200 deaths occurred, and the general health was remarkably good. The barracks have long since been taken away. The scenes which were once a vivid reality, are now but a memory of the past. GEN. STUART'S DETOUR THROUGH YORK COUNTY.* ENGAGEMENT AT HANOVEE. ON Tuesday morning, June 30, 1863, the sun rose bright and clear, and began to send forth his gentle rays over the quiet and inter- esting town of Hanover, but not a citizen then thought that day was to be the most eventful one in the entire history of the borough. The secotid northern invasion of Gen. Lee's army was anticipated, after the disastrous defeat of the Union Army at Chancollorsville, Va., in May, but the position of neither army was generally known to the citizens of southern Pennsylvania on *By George H. Prowell. GEN". STUART'S DETOUK. 213 the day of the engagement at Hanover. For several days before this event, trains of wag- ons and many people with valuable household articles and horses passed through town on their way beyond the Susquehanna River to a place of security from the invading foe. On Saturday, the 27th of June, Col. White, commanding about 250 Confederate cavalry- men, came into town from the west. In the Public Square they halted a few minutes; he made a brief speech to the citizens who had collected and inquired of them if there were any Union soldiers about the town. He seemed to be an excitable, impetuous sort of personage, of large build and auburn com- plexion. In his brief address, he claimed that his soldiers were gentlemen, and would be inoffensive to private citizens. His lan- guage, however, was more forcible than «legant. Visiting stores and obtaining articles of clothing, cutlery, etc., they went to Hanover Junction, and destroyed the bridges on the Northern Central Eailway, and from thence went toward York, where they joined Early's army. On the 28th of June, Maj. Gen. Kil- patrick left Frederick, Md., leading the advance of the Union Army; passing through Taneytown, and Littlestown, he en- tered Hanover about eight o'clock on the morning of the 30th, at the head of his army, consisting of the Eighteenth Pennsyl- vania, First Virginia, Fifth New York, First Vermont, Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Michigan, and other cavalry regiments, and two batteries of artillery. The entire division numbered about 5,000 men, brave soldiers, who had participated in many a hard-fought battle south of Mason and Dixon's line. Tired and weary of their long and tedious marching, their spirits were much enlivened by the en- thusiastic welcome they received from the people of Hanover, who for several days were kept in anxious suspense, on account of having no telegraphic communication with the outside world. Regiment after regiment passed up through Frederick Street, and halt- ed a few minutes in Center Square, where they were generously fed by patriotic citi- zens. Few of the soldiers dismounted, but partook of the proffered food as they sat on their horses. They were not retreating from a dangerous foe, but, on the contrary, search- ing for him, and were courageously led by a bold, impetuous and skillful commander, in whom every soldier had implicit confidence. Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, the Confederate cav- alry commander of Lee's army, with -Gen. Fitz Hugh Lee, second in command, had crossed the Potomac River, at Seneca, with 8,000 cavalry, on June 28th, at the same time that Gen. Kilpatrick left Frederick for Hanover. Stuart moved northeast to the right of our army as far as Westminster, Md., burned seventeen canal boats, robbed and burned 168 Union Army wagons, and cap- tured a number of straggling soldiers. From Westminster his army moved toward' Hanover; the main body encamped for the night of June 29th, at Union Mills, Maryland. The ad- vance had moved farther northeast and en- camped a few miles southwest of Hanover. On the evening of the 29th, from the hills a distance south of the town, the Confederate advance caught sight of the Union cavalry, but the Union troops were unaware of the near approach of the enemy. About nine o'clock the next morning, a Union sharp- shooter by deliberate aim picked off a Con- federate officer, about three and one-half miles south-west of the town. This was the first bloodshed on free soil during the civil war in an engagement, and was the first victim of the day. The Eighteenth Pennsylvania Cav- alry formed the last detachment of Gen. Kilpatrick's army. They were at first attacked in the rear by a squad of Confederate soldiers, dressed in the national uniform, and carrying an American flag. This occurred at the union of Westminister and Littletown roads and utterly demoralized the regiment, which extended from the point of first attack to Center Square. The advance of this regi- ment were in the center of the town, some of them dismounted, enjoying the hospitable bounties of generous citizens. The square and streets were lined with people, to feed and welcome the Union soldiers, unconscious of the fact that the enemy were attacking the rear. At this instant. Major Hammond, of the Fifth New York, mounted on a black charger, rode across the Square and in loud and measured tones exclaimed, "The citizens will please go into their houses; the rebels are about to charge into town." Confusion and consternation followed, and in an instant there was a clash of arms on Frederick Street, and the enemy came dashing forward with a terrific yell, capturing a number of the Eighteenth Pennsylvania in the square; the rest, becoming utterly demoralized, were driven as far north on Abbottstown Street, as the railroad. On this first charge, a number of men were killed and wounded on the streets of the town, but providential it must have been, not a single citizen was injured, even though balls were flying in all directions, and most of them did not heed the advice of the officer who requested that they should go in their 314 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. houses. Brig. -Gens. Farnsworth and Custer, who had gone through town, soon came to the rescue. A part of Gen. Farnsworth' s brigade, consisting of the Fifth New York, the Eighteenth Pennsylvania, the First Vir- ginia and the Tenth Vermont Eegiments, quickly countermarched, and with great cour- age and impetuosity drove the Confederate Army out of the town, and amid the shouts of the other Union soldiers, pursued them in hot haste to the Confederate artillery force, a short distance out on the Westminster road. There was then a lull of about half an hour. In the meantime, Gen. Kilpatrick, who with the advance guard of his army had gone as far as Abbottstown, and when within a few rods of the toll gate on the York turnpike, east of that town, received a message that Gen. Stuart had attacked the rear of his army. At this instant the booming of the guns was heard at Hanover, when, quick as a flash, the intrepid oflScer took in the whole situation at one grasp; ordered his lines to countermarch, and he, at the head of a small band of heroic followers, to avoid the con- fusion of returning to his rear on the turn- pike, which was filled with soldiers and wag- on trains, dashed across the fields; his spirited charger, by jumping the fences and ditches, and passing through fields of full-grown wheat and grass, conveyed his master with inconceivable rapidity to the scene of action. The faithful animal, though he perfomedan important act, never afterward recovered from the fearful strain. Kilpatrick in the midst of the confusion located his headquar- ters in room 24, of the Central Hotel, while Gen. Custer was in the house of the late Jacob Wirt (now Robert Wirt's home), and Gen. Farnsworth in the house of William Wirt (now owned by William Boadenh amer). In the meantime, the Eighteenth Pennsyl- vania occupied the town, and were barricad- ing York and Baltimore Streets to impede the progress of the enemy in advancing on another charge. A rebel cannon or two were planted at a lime-kiln to the rear of Karl Forney's barn, and a number of shots were fired into town. At the expiration of half an hour from the time of the first charge, another charge was made by the Confederates, many of them coming from the direction of Stuart's headquarters, west of the cemetery. They entered the town through the alleys and by-ways, and a confused hand-to-hand en- counter again took place on the streets and in Center Square. Farnsworth' s brigade, above mentioned, including two Michigan regiments and the First Vermont, did valiant service in repelling the Confederate troops and driving them for the last time out of town. During this charge many thrilling and exciting hand to hand encounters took place. The guns of the Union Army were placed to tho northwest of town, and the Con- federate artillery on the Baltimore turnpike and west of the cemetery. For a short time rapid cannonading took place, exchanging shots between the two batteries which caused only a few casualties. The conflict continued from 10 A. M.,to about noon, when Stuart gave up the contest, taking with him his wounded, whose number cannot accurately be given, but was not less than the Union loss. Leaving his dead lying scattered in the town and surrounding country, he went south and then east, crossing the Baltimore turnpike at the Brookley farm, about three and one-half miles south of Hanover. Here with some Union citizens as prisoners, and captured sol- diers, he marched toward Jefferson, from thence to New Salem (Neffstown), arriving there at 8 P. M., and remaining one hour, long enough to receive the news from some citizens, that Early and his Confederate Army had left York and was on his way to join Lee, but Stuart did not know where his commanding officer was. From New Salem the army slowly plodded along, the last arriving in Dover at sunrise next morning. At this point all the Union prisoners were pa- roled and they marched to York. It was now the first day of July, the event of the first en- gagement at Gettysburg. Stuart, however, still uninformed as to the true situation of affairs, and of the whereabouts of Lee, moved on northwest through Warrington Township, taking from the farmers all the horses that could be captured, as they bad done all along the whole route. The number of captured animals now numbered over a thou- sand. He continued forward through Dills- burg toward Carlisle, only to hear that it was evacuated by the Confederates. He then turned southward in time to take but a small part in the great conflict of Gettysburg, where his commanding general so much need- ed help, a fact which Gen. Lee often lamented. It will thus be seen that the engagement at Hanover, which was the first battle in the State of Pennsylvania, since that at German- town in 1777, was really the beginning of the great conflict at Gettysburg, and as such should go into history. It had much to do in deciding that great contest. Gen. Lee many times said that what he so much need- ed the first days of the battle of Gettysburg was his cavalry. Stuart's absence, and Gen. Lee's not knowing of his whereabouts, caused much uneasiness on the part of the command- ing general. GEN. STUART'S DETOUR. 215 Gen. Kilpatrick after the engagement moved northward, to intercept the retreat of Gen. Early toward Gettysburg to join Gen. Lee. He struck the rear of Ewell's division by the village of Hampton, about ten miles north of Hanover, where a few shots were exchanged. He then proceeded west, and on the second and third days of the battle of Gettysburg, located southwest of the town on the extreme left of Gen. Meade's army. Gen. Farnsworth, one of his division commanders at Hanover, was killed at Gettysburg. ARRIVAL or THE SIXTH CORPS. On the evening of the 30th a messenger bearing dispatches from the forces at Han- over to Gen. Schenck, then in command at Baltimore, was killed by mistake about 12 o'clock at night, in Codorus Township,on his way to Baltimore. He was mistaken for a Confederate straggler or spy. On the even- ing of Jane 30th, the Sixth Army Corps, under command of Gen. Sedgwick, and the Fifth Corps, under Gen. Stykes, encamped at Union Mills, eight miles southwest of Han- over. On the following night Sedgwick's corps encamped a few miles west of Hanover and Stykes' corps, which occupied the ex- treme right of Gen. Meade's army, moved toward Hanover. He had 15,400 men, with an immense train of wagons, containing pro- visions, munitions of war, and artillery. He encamped for a short time on the meadows, west of town, and on the level fields adjoin- ing Plum Creek, intending to rest his horses and soldiers, when a dispatch-bearer brought a message to him from Gen. Meade, asking 'him to hasten to Gettysburg as soon as pos- sible, which he accordingly did, arriving on the field of battle at 3 o'clock P. M., on July 2nd. CAREER AND FATE OF SOME OF THE OFFICERS. Gen. Sedgwick was killed in the battle of the Wilderness, in Virginia, in May of the next year, as was also the aged veteran, Gen. James S. Wadsworth of New York. Gen. Farnsworth, whose military bearing and courtly manners had won the hearts of many citizens at Hanover during his brief stay there, was killed at Gettysburg. The country's salvation claimed no nobler sacrifice. He significantly said to the barber at Hanover, when he shaved him, " my days of fighting are nearly over." Gen. Kilpatrick, who was but twenty-seven at the time of the battle of Hanover, afterward did valiant service while in command of the cavalry on Gen. Sherman's famous ' 'March to the Sea. " He died a few years ago of Bright's disease of the kidneys, while representing the United States as minister in the Republic of Chili, South America. From him many of the facts of the engagement at Hanover were personally obtained. Gen. Custer, who after the war closed remained in the regular army, while commanding the Seventh United States Cavalry on a march against the Sioux Indians, in Montana, fell a victim to a horrible butchery on June 25, 1876, in the hands of the savages who greatly overpowered him in numbers. After a struggle, equalling in desperation and dis- aster any other Indian battle ever fought in America, he and his entire command were killed. It was generally believed that he was the last to fall. The surgeon in charge of the Hanover hospital of the army of the Potomac, made the following official report to the government of the engagement of Hanover: LIST OF KILLED. Alexander Gall, adjutant, Fifth New York Cavalry. Selden Wales, sergeant. Fifth New York Cavalry. E. S. Dye, sergeant, Fifth New York Cav- alry. . • . . George Collins, sergeant, First Virginia Cavalry. John Laniger, private, Fifth New York Cavalry. William Crawford, private, Eighteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry. David Winninger, private. Eighteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry. Jacob Harniy, private, Eighteenth Penn- sylvania Cavalry. 0. Eathburn, private. Fifth Michigan Cav- alry. John Hoffacker, corporal, Eighteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry. One unknown. I'lotal u amber of Union soldiers killed — 11. Joh II HoiFacker, one of the killed, lived a few miles south of Hanover. LIST OF WOUNDED. J. H. Little, Eighteenth Pennsylvania, Com- panyB, saber cut in head and shoulder. E. Jeffries, Eighteenth Pennsylvania, Com- pany A, gun-shot in arm. William Smith, Eighteenth Pennsylvania, Company I, hit with shell in hip. William Cole, Eighteenth Pennsylvania, Company A, a saber cut. John Herrick, Eighteenth Pennsylvania, Company B, gun-shot in back. 216 HISTORY or YORK COU:^fTY. Jere Develan, Eighteenth Pennsylvania, Company I, saber cut in head. John Montgomery, Eighteenth Pennsyl- vania, Company F, saber cut in head. A. W. Stone, Eighteenth Pennsylvania, Company B, gun-shot in temple. A. 8etterball, Eighteenth Pennsylvania, Company F, bruise from fall of horse. S. Eodbaugh, Eighteenth Pennsylvania, Company M, bruise in face and head. S. Jones, Eighteenth Pennsylvania, Com- pany P, gun-shot in back. J. Conner, Eighteenth Pennsylvania, Com- pany D, saber cut in head. M. B. Maswell, Eighteenth Pennsylvania, Company G, contusion in back. Moses Harrison, Eighteenth Pennsylvania, Company A, contusion in head. Chadrack Tellers, Eighteenth Pennsylvania, Company G, leg broken. J. W. Brooks, First Virginia, Company L, bruise from shell. Thomas McGu ire, First Virginia, Company M, gun-shot in thigh. Henry Holman, First Virginia, Company L, gun-shot in face. H. Bucher, First Virginia, Company F, pistol shot in thigh. Lieut. Max Carroll, First Virginia, Com- pany F, wounded in thigh. James Livingston, Seventh Michigan, Com- pany F, gun-shot. Jasper Brov^n, Fifth Michigan, Company D, shot in breast. Maj. White, Fifth New York, gun-shot, serious. Thomas Eichey, Fifth New York, Company A, bruise in leg. Brad Wessart, Fifth New York, Company A, saber cut in head. James Hayes, Fifth New York, Company A, saber cut in shoulder. Corp. McMullen, Fifth New York, Company F, saber cut, head and shoulder. Henry Tuthill, Fifth New York, Company T,bruise from horse falling, on the charge. P. Schemmerhorn, Fifth New York, Com- pany D, bruised by carbine. Corp. Updegrove, Fifth New York, Com- pany D, wound in hip. J. B. Updike, Fifth New York, Company D, saber cut in head. William Sampson, Fifth New York, Com- pany H, saber cut in arm and foot. Corp. Kistner, Fifth New York, Company C, saber cut in neck, serious. George Gardells, Fifth New York, Com- pany B, gun shot, serious. William Lively, Fifth New York, Com- pany H, saber cut in arm and neck. Corp. N. Barrum, Fifth New York, Com- pany G, gun shot in arm and neck. Sergt. Owen McNulty, Fifth New York, Company C, gun shot in arm and finger. Corp. James McKinley, Fifth New York, Company D, gun shot in arm and head. Emilie Portier, Fifth New York, Company F, gun shot in arm and breast. Sergt. J. S. Trowbridge, Fifth New York, Company E, leg amputated. H. W. Monroe, Fifth New York, Company E, wounded in side, serious. B. Alexander, Fifth New York, Company E, saber cut in head. A. C. Rowe, Fifth New York, Company E, saber cut in face. THE HOSPITAL AND ITS INCIDENTS. The entire number of Union soldiers wounded was forty- two. The government authorities at once used Concert Hall and Marion Hall as hospitals, and the wounded were placed in them. Pleasant Hill hotel was afterward secured and was used for a considerable time as a government hospital in charge of a surgeon, who was removed from his position in August. Soon after the engagement in Hanover, and the battle of Gettysburg, 150 wounded soldiers were placed here. Sergeant J. S. Trowbridge of the Fifth New York Cavalry, whose leg was am- putated, died five days after the battle, while still in the hospital. Some of the Confeder- ate Wounded were admitted to the hospital; of these Isaac Peel, of the Second North Car- olina, died of a wound in his head. The patriotic ladies of. Hanover ministered to the wants of the sick and wounded, and were un- ceasing in their efforts to comfort them. An army officer reported, in relation to this hos- pital, "that every desired comfort is fur- nished with great abundance, and every lux- ury, with which the country abounds in rich profusion, is supplied by sympathetic people, and in most instances, administered to the suffering wounded by devoted women. A heartier response to the calls of humanity, never came from a more generous people than we have witnessed here. The Ladies' Aid Society every day bring bed-clothing, band- ages and other necessities." On 4th of August, the unfortunate death of E. Cady, of Eighteenth Pennsylvania Cav- alry, occurred, after intense suffering. It is related as a sad sight: A few hours before his death an affectionate sister arrived to minister to the wants of her wounded brother, only to find that she was too late. • She then revealed the fact that her dead brother was the sole support of herself and her widowed GEN. STUART'S DETOUR. 217 mother, whom she stated would want the re- mains conveyed to her home, but lack of funds forbid it. Some generous-hearted and sympathetic citizens immediately raised a sufficient amount to have the body embalmed, and it was sent home for interment. This was but one of the many similar distressing and heart-rending scenes that took place dur- ing the dark times o f the civil war. Cowell, a deserter, who was shot by a guard in Hanover while trying to escape, also died in hospital. On August 15, the soldiers of the Hanover hospital were transferred to Gettysburg. Soon after the terrible battle of Gettysburg, about 12,000 wounded soldiers passed through Hanover, and were placed in the United States hospitals in Wilmington, Bal- timore, Newark, York, and Philadelphia. A violent rain storm followed, as is customary after every great battle. The Bermudian and the Conewago creeks became very high. The former overflowed its banks and did more damage to mill property than was ever known before. THE BATTLE OV GETTTSBDRa. Within the old Marsh Creek country, which for just one-half a century belonged to York County, was fought the great and decisive battle of Gettysburg. It immediately fol- lowed the attack at Hanover, of which the latter really was the begining. The interest of the greater conflict at Gettysburg so engrossed the public mind at the time, that the importance of the engagement at Han- over was overlooked. Had Gen. Stuart known that Lee's army was so near him, and gone to Gettysburg from Hanover, on the night of the 30th of June, instead of making the detour across York County to Carlisle, and from thence to Gettysburg the result of the' battle of Gettysburg might have been different, or at least much more stub- bornly contested on the first and second days of that eventful struggle. It was on the hal- lowed soil, around that now world-renowned borough, that the flower of the Southern chivalry, 90,000 strong, under the command of a disciplined and able general, for three long [hot summer days closely contested the ground. The result from the first two days seemed to hang on a balance, but the mas- terly skill of Gen. Meade was shown on the third day's struggle. The Potomac army, with him as commander, which position was conferred upon him by President Lincoln but a few houts before the engagement, was eager to meet the enemy on Northern soil. The particulars of this battle need not here be recounted, but the civilized world knows the result. 25,000 sons of the South were lost in killed, wounded and cap- tured in that eventful conflict. At the same time. Gen. Pemberton surrendered about the same number of men to Gen. Grant at Vicksburg. The Confedrate Army thus lost, in all, nearly 70,000 men in three days. These men could never be replaced, and from that time forth, the Confederacy was on the wane. INCIDENT or THE INVASION AT JEFFERSON. On Saturday, the 27th of June, 1863, Col. White, with about 250 cavalrymen, passed through Jefferson on to Hanover Junction, where they burned the railroad bridges. Re- turning the same evening, they crossed over toward York, after knocking in the heads of two barrels of whiskey belonging to Jacob Ee- bert, and setting fire to a car-load of bark, owned by Henry Eebert, at Jefferson Station. On Tuesday afternoon, on the 30th of June, at about 4 o'clock in the afternoon. Gen. J. E. B. Stuart entered the town from the west, a few hours after the engagement at Hanover. He immediately took possession and planted cannon on the hills north and south of the village, expecting soon to be attacked by Gen. Kilpatrick's cavalry. Guards were stationed all around the town, and no one permitted to leave it. Many persons of this locality had been deluded by the pretensions of a league, which claimed to be able to protect them from injury and their horses from capture if they joined it. In consequence of this, very few horses and valuables were taken eastward to avoid capture. It was a rich harvest for the mar.auding hordew, and about 100 horses were taken in the town and vicinity. The behavior of the Confederate soldiers here was not in keeping with their conduct elsewhere in the county. Many of them were exceedingly tired and hungry from the exhaustive march. They demanded all the food that could be obtained, stopped several market wagons, and robbed them, even went to the bee-hives and took the honey, and ransacked the stores of William Christ, Al- bert Kraft and Jacob Eebert. The last of this army passed through the village about 8 A. M., Wednesday, from thence to New Sa- lem, to Dover, to Dillsburg, to Carlisle, and from thence to the battle of Gettysburg. On Wednesday night, or rather on Thurs- day morning, the villagers were awakened by the arrival of a squad of 1,000 Union cav- alry, belonging to Gen. Gregg's division. They came north through Manchester, Md. , and Codorus Township, and were on their 218 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. way to York. A few miles east of Jefferson they were intercepted by a courier with a message demanding their presence at Gettysburg. It was on the early morning of the 2d of July, and was the dawn of the second day of the great conflict at Get- tysburg. The moon was shining brightly as they entered the town of Jefferson from the east. The advance guard was singing the familiar hymn, " Dear fathers, will you meet us." The rear, in answer, sung the refrain, " We will meet in the prom- ised land." They passed on west through Hanover, and on the afternoon of that day this band of soldiers joined the main body of Gen. Gregg's army, and partici- pated in the terrible cavalry battle at Bon- neauville, a few miles east of Gettysburg, where many hundreds of patriotic sons " yielded up their lives that this nation might live." It is memorable as one of the most terrible cavalry bsttles of the civil war. INCIDENTS OF STUAEt's BAID AT DOVEB. The advance guard of Stewart's Confeder- ate Cavalry entered Dover at 2 o'clock, Wed- nesday morning of July, 1863, and by 8 o'clock the entire force was encamped on the level plains surrounding the town. Stuart was on his way to Carlisle, still not knowing the position of Gen. Lee's acmy. Most of his men were poorly clad. They came to Dover from Hanover, by way of Jef- ferson and New Salem, and early in the morning paroled twenty-one Union prisoners who had been captured at the engagement with Kilpatrick's army at Hanover the day before, and released a number of citizens who were captives. The paroled troops went immediately to York. The Con- federate soldiers fed their horses from the best of oats and corn Dover Township af- forded, obtained from the citizens of the town and vicinity the choicest food they could furnish. In a very short time all pre- pared victuals were exhausted, and the women were put to baking and cooking for their un- invited guests. Dover Township was soon scoured, and a rich harvest of 387 horses ob- tained. Many a Dover Township horse and his Southern rider fell in great cavalry con- tests at Bonneauville and Hunterstown, near Gettysburg, the next day. During the fore- noon a small squad of Gen. Pleasonton's Union Cavalry came in sight of Dover, and an engagement was momentarily expected near the Dover churchyard, the silent resting place of Capt. Greaff, and many of his brave Revolutionary patriots. The Union troops being inferior in numbers withdrew toward Gettysburg. About this time Gen. Wade Hampton, who has since been a governor of and United States senator from South Caro- lina, vsTote a message in the office of Dr. John Ahl, and sent it off with a courier. At 1 P. M., the Confederate "soldiers took up their march toward Carlisle on the State road, but sending out predatory parties on the right and left flanks, Gen. Fitz Hugh Lee com- manding one of them. For the valuable draught horse an old worn out " nag " was frequently exchanged, with which the farmer was compelled to cut his ripening harvest. THE PENNSYLVANIA GERMANS. 219 THE PENNSYLVANIA GERMANS. BY H. L. PISHEK. THEIR ANCESTRY, CHARACTER, MANNERS, CUSTOMS, DIALECT, ETC. ^HHAT industrious, thrifty, patriotic and J- generally intelligent portion of our pop- ulation, known as Pennsylvania Grermans, are descendants of those hardy pioneer set- tlers who immigrated hither from various German States, commencing as early, at least, as the year 1683; and we find that September 29, 1709, at a council held at Philadelphia, the Hon. Charles Gookin, Esq., lieutenant-governor, approved a bill for naturalizing the Germans — Francis Daniel Pastorius and about ninety others, residents of the counties of Philadelphia and Bucks. Francis Daniel Pastorius was the learned young German advocate who founded Ger- mantown. He was made first bailiff, and Jacob Tellner, Dirk Isaacs op den Graff and Herman op den Graff, three burghers were, ex officio, town magistrates. Day in his historical collections, also gives the follow- ing curious paper: We whose names are to these presents subscribed, do hereby certify unto all whom it may concern that soon after our arrival in this province of Penn- sylvania, in October, 1683, to our certain knowledge Herman op den Graff, Dirk op den Graff, and Abra- ham op den Graff, as well as we ourselves, in the cave of Francis Daniel Pastorius, at Philadelphia, did cast lots Sor the respective lots which they and we then began to settle in Germantown : and the said Graffs (three brothers), have sold their several lots, each by himself, no less than if a division in writing had been made by them. Witness our hands the 29th of November, A. D., 1709. Lenhart Abrets, Jan Lbnsbn, Thomas Hundus, WrLIjIAM Streygert, Abraham Tunes, ,Tan Luckbn, Rbinbb Tysen. These immigrants must have been arriving in alarming numbers, for we also find that at a meeting of the provincial council held in Philadelphia on September 17, 1717, the Hon. William Keith, then lieutenant-gover- nor of the province, took occasion to observe to the board "that great numbers of for- eigners from Germany having lately been imported into this province daily dispersed themselves immediately after landing, with- out producing any certificates, from whence they came or what they wore; and as they seemed to have first landed in Britain and afterward to have left it without any license from the government, or so much as their knowledge, so, in the same manner they be- haved here, without making the least appli- cation to himself or to any of the magis- trates; that as this practice might be of very dangerous consequence, since by the same method any number of foreigners from any nation whatever, as well enemies as friends, might throw themselves upon us. The gov- ernor therefore thought it requisite that this matter should be considered by the board, and accordingly it was considered and 'tis ordered thereupon, that all the masters of vessels who have lately imported any of those foreigners be summoned to appear at this board, to render an account of the number and character of their passengers respect- ively from Britain. That all those who are already landed be required by a proclamation to be issued for that purpose, to repair within the space of one month to some magistrate, particularly to the recorder of this city, to take such oaths appointed by law as are necessary to give assurances of their being well affected to his Majesty and his govern- ment. But because some of these foreigners are said to be Menonists, who cannot for con- science' sake take any oaths, that those per- sons be admitted upon their giving any equivalent assurances in their own way and manner, and that the naval officer of this port be required not to admit any inward bound vessel to an entry, until the master shall first give an exact list of all their pas- sengers imported by them." (Col. Rec.,_ Vol. Ill, p. 29.) That. " At a council held at Philadelphia September 9, (?) 1777, Capt. Richmond, Capt. Tower, and Capt. Eyers waited upon the board with the list of the Palatines they 330 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. had imported here from London; by which list it appeared that Capt. Richmond had imported 164, Capt. Tower 91, and Capt. Eyers 108." Total, 363 (Ibid). At a meeting of the council, "February 19, 1724-25," a petition from divers Palatines was read, praying that the governor and council would recommend them to the favorable usage of the proprietors' agents, and that they might be allowed to purchase lands in this province, which was referred to Mr. Logan and the rest of the proprietors' agents to consider thereof, and to report their opinions to the board concerning the same (Col. Eec. Vol. Ill, p. 241); but no further action ap- pears to have been taken thereon. On the 14th day of September, 1727, Patrick Gordon, then lieutenant-governor, called the provincial council together, "to inform them that there is lately arrived from Holland a ship with 400 Palatines, as 'tis said, and that he has information they will be very soon followed by a much greater number, who design to settle in the back parts of this province; and as they transport themselves without any leave obtained from the Crown of Great Britain, and settle them- selves upon the proprietors' untaken-up lands without any application to the proprietor or his commissioners of property, or to the gov- ernment in general, it would be highly neces- sary to concert proper measures for the peace and security of the province, which may be endangered by such numbers of strangers daily poured in, who, being ignorant of our language and laws, and settling in a body together, makes, as it were, a distinct people from his Majesty's subjects. The board, taking the same into their serious considera- tion, observe, that as these people pretended at first that they fly hither on the score of their religious liberties, and come under the protection oE his Majesty, it's requisite that in the first place they should take the oath of allegiance, or some equivalent to it to his Majesty, and promise fidelity to the proprie- tor, and obedience to our established consti- tution; and therefore, until some proper remedy can be had from home, to prevent the importation of such numbers of strangers into this or others of his Majesty's colonies: 'Tis ordered that the masters of the vessels importing them shall be examined whether they have any leave granted them by the Court of Britain for importation of these foreigners, and that a list shall be taken of the names of all these people, their several occupations, and the places from whence they came, and shall be further examined touching their intentions in coming hither; and further, that a writing be drawn up for them to sign, declaring their allegiance and subjection to the King of Great Britain and fidelity to the proprietary of this province, and that they will demean themselves peaceably towards all his Majesty's subjects, and strictly ob- serve and conform to the laws of England and of this government." At a meeting of the council held at the court house, Philadelphia, one week later, September 21, 1727, a paper being drawn up to be signed by those Palatines who should come into this province with an intention to settle therein, pursuant to the order of this board, was presented, read and approved, and is in these words: " We, subscribers, natives and late inhab- itants of the Palatinate upon the Bhine, and places adjacent, having transported ourselves and families into the province of Pennsylva- nia, a colony subject to the Crown of Great Britain, in hopes and expectation of finding a retreat and peaceable settlement therein, dp solemnly promise and engage that we will be faithful and bear true allegiance io his present Majesty, King George II, and his successfars. King of Great Britain, and will be faithful to the proprietors of this province. And that, we will demean ourselves peaceably to all his said Majesty's subjects, and strictly observe and conform to the laws of England and of this province, to the outmost of our power and best of our understanding. " "In hopes and expectation of finding a retreat And peaceable settlement " 109 Pala- tines (who with their families made about 400 persons, lately arrived in the ship " Will- iam and Sarah"), then repeated and sub- scribed the foregoing declaration. (Col. Rec. Vol. Ill, p. 283-4.) On September 27,1727,53 Palatinates; Sep- tember 30, 70; October 2, 53; October 16, 46; August 24, 1728, 80; September 4, 30; Sep- tember 11, 42; August 19, 1729. 75; Sep- tember 15, 59; August 28, 1730, 77; Sep- tember 5, 46; November 30, 24; August 17, 1731, 39; September 11, 57; September 21, 106; October 14, 83 ; May 15, 1732, 13; August 11, 106; September 11, 70; September 19, 112; September 21, 72; September" 23, 57; September 25, 115; September 26, 61; Sep- tember 30, 55; October 11, 42; October 17, 61; August 17, 1733, 90; August 27, 58; Au- gust 28, 84; September 18, 67; September 28, 43; September 29, 54; October 12, 15; September 12, 1734, 89; September 23, 49; and on May 29, 1735, 54 Palatines and Switzers repeated and subscribed the same declaration of intention and allegiance. THE PENNSYLVANIA GERMANS. 231 All these with their families numbered (ac- cording to the records) about 6,927 souls. (Col. Eec. Vol. Ill, p. 8, "Emigration of palatines. In each instance the names of all the males (only, and no occupations) are given, and among them we find many of local famil- iarity, such as Andreas, Ammon, Alberts, Alt- land, Albrecht, Abel, Appell, Bender, Baer, Bigley, Baire, Begtol, Beyer, Braun, Bouser, Bastian, Baumgartner, Beeoher, Bischofif, Bahn, Bock, Bassler, Breckley, Buricholder, Bfechbill, Berndheisel, Bott, Bower, Besaker, Ijucher, Bricker, Becker, Brenner, Bortener, Burgbart, Bihlmeier. Bulinger, (K) Coch, Castle, Carl, Christ, Croll, Carver, Christ- man, Carl, Conrad, Dillinger,', Dubs, Durr, Doll, EbersoU, Egelberger, Ewald, Bshel- man, Ebert, Emich, Erdman, Everman, Eck- ert, Emmert, Frye, Fritz, Fultz, Franz, Funk, Fikus, Fischer, Fetter, Fry, Flick- inger, Fizer, Foss, Friedle, Frank, Frick, Fause, Frederick, Fuchs (Fox), Good, Gratz, Gering, Glaser, Gertner, Gruber, Graff, Graaf, Gyger, Gerhard, George, Gossweiler, Glasbrenner, Gilbert, Gatz, Gross, Hoifman, Hoover, Horlacher, Hoif, Histant, Hensell, Herman, Helzel, Hayes, Has, Hendrick, Hess, Hass, Hartman, Hillegas, Hartranft, Ham, Heck, Hunsucker, Heininger, Heistand, Horsch, Hauk, Hubert, Holzinger, Hetrich, Heneberger, Heillman, Hornisch, Huber, Hartzell, Horn, Ishelman, Joost, Kuntz, Kie- ' ner, Keyser, Keer, Keeler, KitzmUler,TEeim, Keil, Koor, Keller, Koppenhaffer, Kulp, Kreemer, Krafffc, ELobell, Kern, Keesey, Eeiffer, Keefer, Kreider, Kraiis, Klein, Key- ser, Kling, Kolb, Kressler, KoDer, Kunst, Koch, Krieger, Leaman, Longnecker, Leath- erman, Landish, Leeman, Lowman, Lat- show, Lanius, Lautermilch, Lehman, Lutz, Lederman, Liebenstein, Lentz, Lower, Lohr, Lang, Landis, Lichtner, Meyer, Miller, Mayer, Marten, Middlekaff, Morgestern, Moeser, Moore, Mack, Minigh, Michael, Mumma, Mentz, Messinger, Moritz, Messer- bchmid, Moser, Neff, Nagell, Nehs, Noll, Overholzer, Oswald, Obermiller, Pixseler, Peifer, Penz, Quickie, Ruhl, Reser, Eeemer, Rank, Rohrbach, Rice, Rutter, Riegel, Roth, Reyter, Reichonbach, Rousch, Rudi, Rauch, Siegler, Stoufer, Sigrist, Shultz, Siegle, Smith, Sneyder, Schenk, Strickler, Swyzer, Stork, Schlosser, Sullinger, Stock, Sholl, Seller, Shoemaker, Seyller, Schram, Steyner, Sherer, Schryock, Seltzer, Scheive, Saner- milch, Steiner, Sybert, Schwartz, Soldner, Snively (Schnable), Schirch, Staal, Sohitz, Strack, Schmidt, Souder, Sadler, Schweitzer, Stambach, Steger, Trockenmiller, Thomas, Tarller (Michael), Tysen, Ulrick, Vogel, Wolf, Webber, Walter, Wanner, Weis, Wor- ley, Wyant, Warner, Weightman, Woldman, Wentz, Weyser, Wilhelm, Wannamaoher, Wirtz, Westheber, Witmar, Weaver, Wagener, Wild, Weyer, Weybrecht, Young, Zugg, Zell, Zaartman, Zinn, Ziegler, Zimmerman, Zigell. In view of the temper of the times, the jealous precautions adopted by the provincial government were, perhaps, neither unjust nor surprising, but the objectionable manner in which the immigrants came and "dispersed themselves immediately after landing" (with- out producing any certificates from whence they came or what they were; and first land- ing in Britain and again leaving it without any license from the government, or so much as their knowledge), seems to have betrayed a thoroughly German characteristic, both simple and amusing. Conscious of their own honesty and fidelity, they assumed the same virtues in others, and utterly failed to realize or appreciate, as their descendants largely do to this day, the importance or necessity for any more "red-tape" formalities in affairs of state than in the commonest affairs of every- day life. And to the lasting credit of our German ancestors (many of whom, as appears from these same records settled here, in what was all Lancaster County then), so far as they were concerned as a " people, " all the fears and apprehensions of the colonial govern- ment as to their "numbers," their "charac- ter " and their " intentions" were wholly groundless. The governor and council were pleased to speak of them as " strangers, ignorant of our language and laws," who, "pouring in daily and settling in a body together,'' make, as it were, a distinct people from his Majesty's subjects, and whose pres ence rendered it highly necessary to concert proper measures for the peace and security of the province, which might be endangered thereby." Had the governor and his coun- cil not been ignorant of the language and true character of these people, no such measures would have been deemed necessary; on the contrary, the very fact that they were Germans, Palatines, would have been a suffi- cient ' ' certificate from whence they came and what they were," as well as guarantee of their honest intentions; and instead of enact ing laws in restraint of their immigration, or looking for some " remedy from home to pre- vent their importation," his Majesty's col- onies would have received and welcomed them with open arms. It was not long, however, until the colonial authorities learned the high character and noble intentions of these ' ' strangers, " nor were they slow to acknowl- 233 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. edge them; for at a meeting of the council on January 13, 1729-30, a petition of several Germans, praying to be naturalized, having been presented to "The Hon. Patrick Gordon, then lieutenant-governor," his honor, after strict inquiry into their characters and ad- vising thereon, thought fit to send the fol- lowing message to the house: " Upon application made to me in behalf of several Germans, now inhabitants of the county of Lancaster, that they may enjoy the rights and privileges of English subjects, and for that end praying to be naturalized; I have made inquiry and find that those whose names are subjoined to a petition that will be laid before your house are principally such who,many years since, came into this province under a particular agreement with our late honorable proprietor at London, and have regularly taken up lands under him. It like- wise appears to me by good information that they have hitherto behaved themselves well, and have generally so good a character for honesty and industry as deserves the esteem of this government, and a mark of its regard for them. I am therefore inclined from these considerations to favor their request, and hope you will join with me in passing a bill for their naturalization. "I have likewise received a favorable char- acter of John Neagley, Bernard Eeser and John Wistre, of Philadia County, whose names be inserted in the said bill with those now recommended." (Col. Rec. Vol. iii, p. 374) A similar message was sent by the gover- nor to the legislature on January 9 ,1730-31. (Id. pp. 392-93.) Among these immigrants will be readily recognized the names of very many of our best citizens of all occupations and profess- ions at the present day, especially farmers and mechanics, and it is evident that their ancestors were among that large number of hardy, fearless, and enterprising Palatines and Swiss immigrants, who, after landing at Philadelphia and subscribing the declaration of allegiance, boldly pushed onward in the face of the treacherous aborigines into what was called the ' ' back parts" of the settle- ment, all the territory of which was then em- braced within the limits of Chester County, and out of the western parts of which Lan- caster, York, Cumberland and other more western counties have been since erected. The honor of having made the first settle- ment in York County has been claimed for the English (see Carter & Glossbenner's History), though the much more rapid influx of the Germans, as well as their superior success as farmers, has been, generally con- ceded. A close examination of the record, however, will show that it is by no means certain that our first settlers were English. Day, in his valuable and authoritative Penn sylvania Historical Collections (p. 693, York County), says : " John and James Hendricks, in the spring of 1729, made the first author- ized settlement in the county, on Kreutz Creek, in Hellam Township, on the same tracts from which the squatters had been removed. They were soon followed by other families, principally Germans, who settled around them within ten or twelve miles, along Codo- rus Creek. The rest of the lands were in the undisturbed possession of the Indians ; even in the white settlements they had their huts. " That the Hendrickses may have been, and most probably were Germans, is evident from the fact that the name Hendrick, either as a (christian, or surname, frequently occurs in the lists of German immigrants found in the Colonial Records. Thus : Hendrick Hass ; Johan Hendrick Schmidt ; Hendrick Meyer ; Hendrick Wolfe ; Hendrick Pen- hort ; Hendrick Fultz ; Hendrick Hoffman ; Hendrick Warner; Hendrick Slingloff; Hen- drick Sootera ; Hendrick Holstein ; Hen- drick Peter Midledorf ; Hans Hendrick Ubera ; Hendrick Plino ; Hendrick Doabs ; Christopher Hendrick ; Jarick Henrick ; Jiir- gen Hendrick. So also in Rupp's Collection of 30,000 names of immigrants, etc. Hen- drick Wookman, George Henderick, Abraham Hendrick, John Nicholas Hendrick, John Hendrick, etc. The difference in spelling (Hendricks) cannot weaken this notion in view of the well known great and numerous- modifications in the spelling of proper sur- names ; e. g. , Meyer has changed to Meyers, Myer, Myers, Mayer; Schmidt to Smith ; Hefner to Potter ; Simon to Simons, Sim- mons ; Spingler to Spangler, etc. But it is unnecessary to rest this view on inference alone, for we find among a large number of German ' ' inhabitants of the province of Pennsylvania," who were naturalized by " an act for the better enabling" of them " to hold and enjoy lands, tenements and plantations in the same province," — September 29, 1709 — (beginning with the name of the afterward celebrated Francis Daniel Pastorious, the founder of German town), the names of William Hendricks and his sons Hendrick Hendricks and Lawrence Hendricks. (Col. Rec. Vol. II, p 493.) And in Rupp's Col- lection (Appendix No. 11, p. 351) where the names, copied from the original lists, are- doubtless spelled correctly, we have them thus : Wilhelm Hendricks, Henrich Hen- THE PENNSYLVANIA GERMANS. 233 dricks, Loren(t)z Hendricks, showing con- clusively by the German spelling of the Christian names, Wilhelm and Lorenz, that the Hendrick, or Hendrickses credited with the honor of the first settlement in York County were not English, but German peo- ple. The ''squatters" (Mr. Day mentions) were Michael Tanner, Edward Parnell, Paul Williams and Jefferey Sumerford, who had acted under Maryland titles. The name of Michael Tanner, however, is found among the German immigrants. The weight of evidence would, as to the first settlement of our county, therefore, appear to be in favor of the Germans. Carter and Glossbrenner in their history say. "Most of the German immigrants settled in the neighborhood of Kreutz Creek, while the English located themselves in the neighborhood of Pigeon Hills. In the whole of what was called the Kreutz Creek settle- ment (if we except Wrightsville), there was but one English family, that of William Morgan." But it would, probably, be diffi- cult to locate the alleged English settlement " in the neighborhood of Pigeon Hills," for it is well known that a more thoroughly German settlement than that, is not to be found in the county. The Germans settled, not only in the neighborhood of Kreutz Creek (which takes its rise in Windsor Town- ship, and flows, by an exceedingly winding course, through Spring Garden and Hellam Townships and empties into the Susquehanna near Wrightsville), but westward throughout this broad, rich, limestone valley extended, and indeed, wherever the best farming lands, whether of limestone or red shale, were to be found; but chiefly along the principal streams — the Codorus, the two Conewagos and their branches; though doubtless their first princi- pal settlements were upon the finest farming lands in the county — in the Kreutz Creek valley, where, as early as 1734-3.5 two Ger- mans, John Schultz and Martin Schultz, each erected a (lime) stone dwelling-house, one of which, still standing and somewhat modernized, is the old revolutionary relic of Continental Congress fame (belonging to the Glatz estate) and bearing the names of the builders, ' ' Johannes Schultz und Chris- tina his E-Frau" on a stone tablet set in the rugged wall, under the front cornice; and was, according to both history and tradition, the first stone house erected within the limits of the county. It were useless to repeat here the oft- told tale of the wrongs, the hardships and the sufferings endur«d bv our Pennsylvania German ancestors during those early times, not only at the hands of the unfriendly and treacherous Indians, but at those of the neighboring colonists of Maryland, and, even of the local government itself.* The uralt ancestors of our Pennsylvania Germans undoubtedly belonged to what is known as the Indo-Germanic, a branch of the great Aryan race. Sime, in his history of Germany says: "die Deutschen are a branch of the Teutonic race, which, again, belongs to the Great Aryan family." The name, Deutsch, was first applied by the Gauls to a particular German tribe with which they were at war, and afterward to the whole people. The word (Deutsch) meant the people. The ancient German tribes, though without a common name, claimed a common origin as the children of Mannus, the first man, and son of the god Tuisco. Mannus had three sons, from whom sprang the three principal Germanic groups, the Istoevones, the Ingcevones and the Hermi- nones, each including many tribes. The former occupied both sides of the Rhine. The Ingcevones were settled along the shores of the North Sea and on the banks of the Weser and the Ems. The Herminones, em- bracing many more tribes and much more numerous ones than either of the other two, were dwellers in what is now Central and Eastern Germany, Bohemia, Lusatia, Bran- denburg, the Thuringian forest, etc., etc. In stature, the ancient Germans were tall and vigorous, " with long fair hair and fiercely blue eyes. They wore mantles of fur or coarse woolen stuff, thrown over the shoulders and fastened by a thorn or pin. Their dwellings were wooden huts of slight construction, the inner walls of which they roughly colored, and in which cattle were sometimes accommodated with the family. War and the chase were the favorite occup&- tions of the men; and when engaged neither in fighting nor in hunting they often lay idly by the hearth, leaving peaceful work to women and to males incapable of bearing arms. They liked social gatherings, but after a time, conversation usually gave way to drunk- enness, quarrelling or excessive gambling. Although violent and cruel in moments of excitement they were rarely treacherous and in the ordinary intercourse of life they ap- pear to have been kind and considerate, They cherished the memory of illustrious ancestors and listened often with delight to songs celebrating their famous deeds." (Enc. Brit. Vol. X, p. 425.'/ Some of these rough traits may be noticed in the Pennsylvania *See General History, Chapter V. 324 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. German character even at the present day, but so also their bravery, their religious de- votion and their attachment to home and kindred. Such were the great ancestors of the Ger- man emigrants, who, driven by oppression and persecution from their beloved Vater- land ' ' transported themselves and their fam- ilies into the Province of Pennsylvania," (and, many of them, into these parts of it, now York County), "in hopes and expecta- tion of finding a retreat and peaceable settle- ment therein. " No more just, true, and graphic descrip- tion of the character of the German emi- grants can be given than is found in the writings of an eminent historian of a neigh- boring State,* from which copious extracts are here given. "It is almost agreed by historians and philosophers that the capacity of a race of people to adjust itself to new environments is the proper test of the race's vitality. Dead races, as population increases and new land to take up diminishes, rot off and disap- pear, as has been the case with our American Indians. Living races transplant themselves into a new place, emigrate and continue to thrive. Judged by this test, the Germans have a greater vitality than any other race, for they have been the emigrating, race par excellence, ever since the authentic history of man began. * * * * The Germans, when they came into Europe, probably were deterred from entering Asia Minor by the barrier of the Caucasus, and when they had flanked that, the serried legions of Rome in Dacia and Pannonia pushed them far to the north. Behind them the Selavonians pressed for an outlet as they do to-day, and behind the Slavs the Mongols pressed. Warlike as the German races have been, it has been solely upon compulsion. They have had, and still have the pacific impulse to sit down upon and improve and enjoy the land which they occupied. * p * * ^n the groat emi- grations have pursued a westward course, and the Germans have been the greatest of the migratory races. * * The Slavonic races are continually advancing in Europe and the German races continually recede before them. The Mennonite immigrations into this country, of the last few years, are the immigrations of German colonies in Russia, squeezed out by the Slavs. * * The pressure upon the rear of German Europe is steady and irresistible and it is responded to by German immigration into the United States. * * * * «Col. J. Thomas Scharf of Baltimore, Md. As Hegel says in his well known lectures on the Philosophy of History, "The German spirit is the spirit o£ the new world. Its aim is the realization of absolute truth as the un- limited self-determination of freedom — that freedom which has its own absolute form it- self as its support. The Greeks and Romans • had reached maturity within, ere they direct- ed their energies outward. The Germans, on the contrary, began with self -diffusion, del- uging the world and overpowering in their course the inwardly rotten, hollow political fabrics of the civilized nations. Only then did their development begin by a foreign culture, a foreign religion, polity and legis- lation. This receptivity of the German races made them the best immigrants in the world. Wherever they went they conquered the peo- ple, but adopted and assimilated their insti- tutions. They became Gauls in Gaul, Brit- ons in Britain, and they learned how to be- come Americans in the United States. ' 'Penn was a very shrewd man, who looked before and after. When he came to plant his colony and found that there were not Quakers enough willing to migrate to make his proprietary government profitable, he re- membered the German Quietists whom he had studied in his travels in youth. Less liberal, but more practical than Lord Balti- more, he sought successfully to fill his colony with people who, if not exactly coreligion- aries, were as nearly as possible assimilated in faith to his own. He remembered that in his travels he had met and approved the doc- trines and practices of the Labadists of Here- ford and he esteemed highly the quiet pietists of the Palatinate, even where they were not of that particular sect. He was strongly in- clined toward the German Protestants of all sects, but he did not fancy the violent prac- tices of Knipperdoling, nor the wild f anati ■ cism of the Anabaptists of Munster. He re- membered that in the course of his tour, he had met and admired the followers of Simon Menno, who have commanded sympathy re- cently by their migration out of Russia into Kansas and Minnesota. He remembered also the tenets and practices of the Baptists of the sect of the pious Spener, the Dunkers and many other of the contemporary sects. These were the people whom Penn invited into his colony when the Quaker immigra- tion failed to bear sufficient fruit, and from these people descended the earliest and the best of the German settlers in Maryland and Baltimore. It was not until about the pe- riod of the war of the Revolution that the new immigration set in from Bremen and Hamburg. THE PENNSYLVANIA GERMANS. 22.1 "At first the immigration of Germans into Pennsylvania was confined to the Sectaries, the Quietists and the other religious denomi- nations, who, on account of their extremity in doctrines of (and) practice, found it difii- eult to get along with their more conservative Protestant brethren. The Labadists, for in- stance, were followed by the Mennonites, who took up much land, and formed many com- munities in York, Lancaster and Adams counties; by the Seventh Day Baptists, the followers of Spener, who established their monastery at Ephrata, by the Voltists and the Oocceians, and by the hundred other sects of the day. But after these Sectaries came the deluge. The Germans had found out that there was a land of peace on the other side of the Atlantic, and they knew by sad experience that their own country was a land of war. The peace of Westphalia had turned out to be only a hollow truce after all, as far as Protestant Germany was con- cerned. A man was not only deprived, practically, of the enjoyment of his own re- ligion, he was robbed also incessantly of the fruits of his labor. No matter how fore- handed, how industrious he might be, he could not certainly lay aside anything for a rainy day. This was a state of things which he naturally rebelled against, and emigration afibrdedhim relief. "The religious fanaticism of Louis XIV, which so long desolated the low countries and which deprived that monarch (when he revoked the edict of Nantes) of half a million of his best and most thrifty subjects, broke in upim the Palatinate in the shape of the most deso- lating war of which we have any authentic record in history. What is told of Tamerlane was practiced by the "enlightened" monarch and his able but savage lieutenants. Tur- enne, Saxe, Vendome, Villars, Villeroy, Tail- lard, Marsin, Berwick, Noailles, Luxembourg, each in his turn helped to desolate the Pala- tine and to contribute immigrants to the col- onies. The homeless and ravished peoples of Germany sought and found homes in the new land of peace and plenty. At one time the immigration of German Palatines into Pennsylvania and Maryland was in excess of all other immigration. As a rule they brought their own means with them, but sooner than not immigrate they were glad to indenture themselves as redemptioners. Many hundreds thus came into Maryland, many thousands into Pennsylvania. They came chiefly from the harried Palatinate, but also from Alsace, Suabia, Saxony and Switz- erland. There were Wittembergers and peo- ple from Darmstadt, Nassau, Hesse, Eisenberg, Franconia, Hamburg, Manheim — all classed as 'Palatines.' They brought the Heidelberg catechism with them even if they brought nothing else, and many of them were so plundered in transitu that they were not able to bring anything else. Prof. Rupp, in his notes to Dr. Rush, says: "Many who at home had owned property were robbed by ship-owners, importers, sea captains and neulander. The emigrant's chests, with their clothes and sometimes their money, were put on other vessels and left behind. These chests were rifled of their contents. The German emigrants thus treated, on their arrival at Philadelphia, were obliged to submit to be sold as Loskaeuflinge Redemp- tioners, they and their children, to pay their passage money. This was the practice for more than fifty years." "The number of these immigrants was prodigious. In 1731 there were 1.3,000 members of the German Reformed Church in Pennsylvania from the Palatinate. Rupp and Kapp note, in order to show the rapid rate of the depopulation of these provinces on the Rhine, that in 1709, from the middle of April to the middle of July, there arrived in London 11,294 German Protestants, males and females, who were vine dressers and hus- bandmen, bakers, masons, carpenters, shoe- makers, tailors, butchers, millers, tanners, weavers, locksmiths, barbers, coopers, saddlers, lime burners, glass-blowers, hatters, brick- makers, smiths, potters, turners, etc. More than one-half of these came to this country. In 1790 there were 145,000 Germans in Pennsylvania, the total population not exceeding 435,000. These included the Sectaries above referred to, the Palatines, the Dunkers and the Hes- sian soldiers who preferred not to be exchanged after the Revolution. These Ger- man Huelfs-truppen or subsidiary troops, were bought in Brunswick Hanau, Anspach, Wal- deck, Anhalt, Hesse-Cassel, Hesse-Darmstadt, Brandenberg,etc., in large numbers. They cost George III 18,100,000 and 11>000 of them died or perished in battle. A great many of these people settled in Pennsylvania, Mary- land and the Valley of Virginia after the war. The other immigrants were German Calvin- istn, Moravians, Schwenkenfelders, Omisb- ites, Dunkers, Mennonites and Separatists (or Seventh Day Baptists). "Up to about 1760 the Germans in Mary- land were supplied from these plentiful sources. A good many Palatines came in by direct consignment to Chespeake Bay, but the great majority of the Germans drifted down from York and Lancaster. They came into Baltimore county in small parties, but they 226 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. settled in Frederick Ooanty and the Valley of Virginia by the wholesale. Many of our best people came to Baltimore in this way from Frederick County. We need only allude to such names as the Schleys, Stoiners, Shrivers, Slingluffs, "Warners, Pipers, Eaborgs, Reinharts, Lurmans, Miltenber- gers, Yeisers, Littigs, etc." To show still further, the enterprising spirit and intelligence o£ our Peansylvania Grer- man ancestors, some additional quotation's from the historical writings of Mr. Scharf may be appropriate, and, in view of the existing and increasing social and commer- cial relations between our people and those of Baltimore, will, it is hoped, not prove wholly uninteresting to the former, Among the Germans named in connection with the early history of that great and growing city, will be recognized many worthy and honora- ble ones, familiar to our readers at the pres- ent day. " The immigration of Germans must have been rapid. In 1748 we find Leonard and Daniel Barnitz, from York, Penn.. erecting a brewery on the corner of Baltimore and Han- over Streets. In the next year Thomas Schley (from Frederick), in partnership with Ma'j. Thomas Sheradine (es-sheriff and one of the most considerable men in the county, presid- ing justice, town commissioner, etc.,) bought eighteen acres from Hurst and added them to the town. In 1752 the town of Baltimore looks very small and insignificant on Mr. John Moale's map, but the county then had a population of 17,238, and the town had much more than the twenty-five houses and 200 people given it by Mr. Moale. That probably only included the little nucleus of a town around the basin; but the part east of the falls was larger and more populous and there the majority of the Germans congregated. In that year, among known inhabitants, were the following Germans: George Strebeck, wagoner; Jake Keeports, carpenter (afterward rich, and purchasing agent for the Continental Army. He built a house in South Gay Street in 1757); Conrad Smith (also built on South Gay Street); Philip Littig (whose wife was the German midwife) and Hilt Stranwick. Next year we find mention of George M. Myers (Meiers), a Pennsylvania German, and Valentine Loersch (Larsh) coming to town. Myers went into the milling business. Larsh built a tavern, corner Baltimore and Gay Streets. In the same year came in Andrew Steiger, butcher, who built corner Charles and Baltimore Streets, but in 1756 bought 'Steiger's meadow,' a aixteen-aore tract, then east of the Falls and still called ' The Meadow. ' Frederick and Peter Myers, John Schley and Conrad Smith are also named as having come in about this time and as having added, built and improved the town. y^ ^ ^ "^ 7p "We find Melchior Keener, fresh from Pennsylvania, in 1761, building a wharf and warehouse as well as dwelling. These enter- prising Germans were at work in extending the city long before the Purviances, Patteis sons, Lawsons, Spears, McLures, Calhouns and other Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, to whom the city owes so much of its prosperity, had come over. Keener and Hartz were among the managers for the lottery in 1763 to build a new market house-, Steiger in 1756 was Jones' Falls commissioner; Isaac Griest, Vanbibber, Keener and Myers, were found tak- ing up lots along the water-front and improv- ing them, and in 1769, when the first fire com- pany, the old Mechanical, was organized, Deaver and Lindenberger are among the cor- porators. It is Steiger and Yeiser who undertake to change the course of Jones' Falls; it is Dr. Weisenthal who, after long and distinguished services, lays the foundation for the Medico Chirurgical Society and the University of Maryland; it is Jacob Fite who builds Congress Hall ; it is Leonard Harbaugh and Michael Diffenderfer who cut Calvert Street through, leaving the court house perch- ed on a rock and inaccessible to any but those who require justice and equity or marriage licenses. Of those who subscribed to the cost of this underpinning, we find the largest sum but one to have been given by Engelhardt Yeizer, who gave £125. Henry Speck also contributed, Adam Fonerden, Peter Hoffman, George Presstman and Erasmus Uhler. This was in 1784. This Peter Hoffman was the founder of the house of Peter Hoffman & Sons, and of the honored Hoffman family in Baltimore. He came from Frankfort-onthe Main, settled first in Frederick County, came to Baltimore in 1778, and established a flour- ishing dry-goods trade. His store and resi- dence were where Hamilton Easter's now stands. ' He was a commissioner of Baltimore Town, along with Englehardt Yeiser and George Lindenberger and one of the found- ers of the Calvert Street Spring, once so fash- ionable as an evening resort. George Presstman was the first member of the family of that name, and came from Pennsylvania. " About this time there was an important accession to our German population of young and enterprising men, like Hoffman, ' of the mercantile burgher classes, who came direct from Germany, from Hamburg, Bre- men, Frankfort, etc. They were attracted THE PENKSYLVANIA GERMANS. 327 by the fant that the Germa,n population of Frederick County imported largely of Ger- man goods byway of London, and that Balti- more was the port through which the Germans of York, Lancaster and the Cumberland Val- ley of Pennsj'lvannia entered their goods. These young men were educated, had some capital, commercial enterprise, spirit and knowledge, and were in a position to extend remarkably our commercial intercourse with the continent. Our people, besides, would not take British goods, and being forbid to manufacture," had the more need of those of Germany. We notice among those now arriving, besides names previously given, those of Garts, Rathel, Sohaeffer, Eichel- berger, Hultz, Stenhouse, Gildert, etc. The Presstmans were among the original purchase ers of the lot for the Baptist Church, built in 1773, where the shot tower now stands, and Isaac Griest was one of the commis- sioners appointed by Baltimore Town to spend ^ll.OUO in laying out roads in Balti- more County. ' ' This was in 1774, on the eve of the Eevolution, and we find the well known names of Frick, Diffenderfer, Eaborg, Ley- poldt, Schultze, Heide and Schaffer as among Germans who came to us from Europe just as the war broke out. The part which our German fellow-citizens took in that great struggle was manly, patriotic, distinguished. They furnished a great many soldiers, and the Baltimore, Frederick and Lancaster Ger- mans fought face to face with the Hessians on many a bloody iield. The majority of the battalions of sharpshooters which Daniel Morgan and Michael Cresap took to Cam- bridge as soon as Bunker Hill was fought, was recruited from among the Germans in Frederick, Connocheague and the Valley of Virginia. Maryland had nearly a full Ger man regiment in service during the whole war and Baltimore always had one company and sometimes two in this regiment. These brave fellows were among the sturdiest and slernest fighters who fought under the ban- ners of Smallwood and Gist. John Jacob Astor landed in Baltimore from Waldorf in 1783. Gartz & Leypoldt established their sugar refinery in the same year, and John Fritz Amelung brought over a ship-load of glass blowers for his works on the Monocacy. Cruse, Peter Hoffman's nephew, tried to set up a steam flour-mill. David Stoddert, the first secretary of the Navy, set up a ship-yard, at which Abraham Vanbibber launches Indiamen of 600 tons. Thomas Butter was elected sheriff of Balti more County at the same time that Col. Howard became governor of the State. In 1789, under Town Commissioners Harbaugh and Diffenderfer among others, the paving of the streets is begun at an expense of £2,799, and in the same year the German churches and societies raised lots of money by lotteries. In the first anti-slavery society of Maryland, founded this year, we find the names of Isaac Griest, Adam Fonerden and James Eichelberger. In 1790 Yeiser, Garts and yiuby are named among the incorpor- ators of the bank of Maryland ; Jacob Hart and John Strieker, incorporators of the Falls turnpike. In Thompson & Walker's " Baltimore Town and Fell's Point Directory" for 1796 we find, besides the German names given above, others which are still current in the com- munity, such as Alricks, Altwater, Bantz, Bausman, Beck, Eiselin, Horne,Emich,Engle, Fischer, Fowble, Forney . Foss, Getz, Hart^ man, Hershberger, Heiner, Heintze, Kaufman, Keilholtz, Kolb, Keyser, Kurtz, Lowderman, Lurman, Lutz, Messersmith, Miltenberger, Baltzer, Munnikhuysen, Mumma, Riddle- moser, Rinehart, Reinecker, Rutter, Schwartz, Schriver, Seidenstricker, Schryock, Sumwalt, Sourwein, Steever, Steeger, Stump, Strieker, Stouflfer, Sultzer, Uhler, Klopper, Ziegler, Zimmerman, Zollicoffer, etc. Henry Stouf- fer's daughter was Robert Garrett's wife and JohnW. Garrett's mother — a cross of Scotch- Irish Presbyterian upon Pennsylvania Dutch Reformed that is by many considered to yield the sturdiest race in the world. In James Robinson's Directory for 1804 tlie German names have greatly increased, but we cannot attempt to single them out. Balti more was now a city; it had a population of 30,000; it was incorporated and had a munic- ipal government; it is not possible to cata- logue individuals any longer. We must now confine ourselves to dealing with groups. In the city government of that year we find George Presstman in the second branch of the city council, Henry Stouifer. William Lorman, George P. Keeports, Christopher Raborg, Baltzer Schaeffer, John Schrin and John Mackenheimer, in the first branch; Peter Frick is a city commissioner; A.dam Fonerden, a health commissioner; Frederick Sumwalt, a pump superintendent ; John Esender, a sweep master. "We have treated the sources whence our original German population was derived, and set forth the honorable and important part which it played in the foundation of our be- loved city. It remains now to show that our German citizens have as large a share today in developing our industries, maintaining our 338 HISTORY OF YOKK COUNTY. manufactures, commerce, credit and civic re- pute and standing, as they had in originally establishing it. The facts are ample for the purpose and they must convince every one who is not a skeptic wilfully and from prepense malice. The population of Baltimore of German descent constitutes our most indus- trious classes; they are productive far beyond their ratio in the aggregate popnlation ; they produce more, consume less, and consequent- ly save more per capita, than the other i classes of people. It must follow that they are accumulating capital more rapidly, get- ting rich faster than the other classes. In- dustry and economy are their rules, but they do not spare enterprise, and they put their thrifty hands upon every branch of trade. There is an old Grerman proverb which says: 'Nurnberg's Hand geht durchjedes Land, ' but 80 does the German hand go into every land, and we find it most prosperously employed here in every industry, from Wilkens' hair factory to Knabe's piano works; from Schu- macher's Bremen steamers to Knapp's school. We see it in the intelligent and elaborate network of German charities, in the brilliant German social organizations. We see it in the German signs upon our business houses and the German faces upon our busy streets. The descendants of Germans in Pennsylva- nia are 1,200,000 strong. Within the last forty years 2,000,000 have come into this country, every man of them with four hands. This population is 'a giant asleep.' They are one-third of us and the heaviest third, too. Nearly all the direct immigration to Balti- more of late years, and the larger part of the indirect immigration has been of Germans. For the three months ended December 31, 1877, of 497 immigrants landed in Baltimore 384 were from Germany and Austria, and this is about the normal proportion — four- fifths, and over one per cent, per annum in the aggregate. * * * * "They come from every part of Germany and Austria, and they are of all trades except those of gentleman, idler and tramp — artists, clergymen, engineers, doctors, teachers, scientists, bakers, blacksmiths, butchers, carpenters, clerks, mariners, masons, painters, shoemakers, tailors, weavers, unskilled labor- ers, etc. When business revives and this country ofifers again its old chances for a livelihood to all, you must multiply this immigration by five to restore it where it ; was in 1872; by ten to put it where it prob- ably will be. These people nearly all have j trades; nearly all bring a little money with them. They are the most valuable immi- i grants that the world affords." What has been so well said by Mr. Scharf about the enterprise, intelligence,and patriot- ism of the German settlers of Baltimore is equally true of those of York, whence many of them wont. Leonard Harbaugh, whom he mentions in connection with the wonderful achievement of "cutting Calvert Street through, leaving the court house perched on a rock" was the seventh sott of the elder Yost Herbach, the great grandfather of the late Rev. Henry Harbaagh D. D. as also (on the mother's sidey of the author of this sketch. Doctor Harbaugh, in his Annals of the Har- baugh Family, gives a brief account of his granduncle Leonard, furnished by one of the latter's sons, (Benjamin,) then (1853) still living in Baltimore; the substance of which, together with other interesting facts in rela- tion to the Harbaugh family, owing to its intimate connection with the early settlement and history of the county, will probably, not be deemed out of place here. Yost Harbaugh, the elder, was a Swiss immigrant who first settled in Maxatawny Valley, (now) Berks County, in the year 1736. from whence, about the year 1748, he removed to "Hallam" Township, on Kreutz Creek, this county, where he became the owner of a tract of nearly 200 acres of land near where Kreutz Creek Church now stands. The land was originally taken up (in 1736) by John Huntzecker, and after passing through various ownerships, became vested in Stoner, in the possession of whose descendants it still remains. YOST HEBBACH. Yost Herbach, once the owner of this l&nd, died in 1762 in possesion of it. He left to survive him ten children, of whom seven were sons, some of whom and their descend- ants may claim more than a mere passing notice. George, Ludwig, and Jacob, the eldest three, were born in Switzerland and came with their parents into the province of Pennsyl- vania, and to the old homestead just de- scribed, where they grew up to manhood and then removed to and settled in a beautiful little valley, nestled among the winding and broken ranges of the South Mountain, partly in Frederick County, Md., and partly in Adams County, Penn., where they became land owners, prosperous farmers, the heads of large and respectable families, and partici- pants in the founding of churches and schools. So numerous did their descendants become and so firmly attached to their new mount- ain home, that the valley itself took their name and will, probably, continue to be known through all time as Harbaugh's Val- THE PENJSrSYLVAKIA GERMANS. 320 ley. The descendants of Jacob alone, of whom Dr. Harbaugh was one, when the lat- ter compiled his family annals in 1856, were 321. The traveller or the excursionist as he is swung round Horse- shoe Curve, near Sabillasville, on the Western Maryland Rail- road, approaching Penn-Mar, enjoys a fine view 6t this picturesque and peaceful little vale. All the descendants of Yost Herbach (the elder) in America, living and dead, num- ber several thousands. But few of them re- main in York County, and the name has, probably, entirely disappeared from the local tax lists and current records, though several families, descendants of the original settler, (Y'ost) reside in Pittsburgh, Allegheny, Col- ambiana County, Ohio, and other parts of the West. Rev. Dr. Henry Harbaugh was a son of George Harbaugh, a worthy farmer, a de- voted Christian, and highly respected citizen of Franklin County, Penn. , and a son of Jacob who was the third son of the elder Yost Her- bach. Dr. Harbaugh, though brought up on his father's farm, was a student while a plow -boy, and it is said a carpenter; from his very childhood he was religiously inclined and by dint of his own rigid application and perseverence he became an eminent scholar and theologian, and the author of several well written books: 1, "Heaven, Or an Earnest Scriptural Inquiry into the Abode of the Sainted Dead." 2, ''The Heavenly Recognition, Or An Earnest and Scriptural Discussion of the Question, "Will We Know our Friends in Heaven?" 3, "The Heavenly Home, Or the Employments and Enjoyments of the Saints in Heaven." 4, "The Future Life," (three vols.) 5, " The Birds of the Bible." 6. "The Fathers of the German Reformed Church in Europe and America." 7, "Union W^ith the Church, the Solemn Duty and Blessed Privilege of All Who Would be Saved." Their very titles show the ruling feature and bent of his mind, and that he lived, so to speak, rather in the future than in the present world. There was, however a humorous as well as a pathetic side to his nature. He was a poet, but courted the Muse only too seldom ; yet he wrote quite a number of fine pieces in verse, chiefly in the Pennsylvania German (his native dialect) which, since his death, have been collected and published in a neat little volume entitled Harbaugh's Harfe. John Harbaugh, the fourth son of the great ancestor Yost, was born in 1735, in Switzer- land, or on the passage hither. After his mar- riage he owned,and resided for many years on the mill property,now Small's, in Springgarden Township. In 1777 he was commissioned a magistrate, which office he held for a number of years. During the Revolutionary war he was a member of a "committee of sympathj', support, and safety for York County, " and was very active in correspondence with, and furnishing aid to our army. He died in 1808 and was buried in the old German Reformed graveyard on North Beaver Street. Some few of his descendants, children of his daughters, Mary, the wife of the late William Johnson, Sr. and of Elizabeth, who was the wife of John Adam Bahn, deceased, live in, or near York. Yost, the sixth son, was born on the homestead on Kreutz Creek in 1741. In 1755, when he was but fourteen years old, he did duty as a teamster in Braddock's expedition; also to Bloody Run in the Indian wars, and, during the Revolution he was a captain in actual service. In 1799 he represented York county in the State legislature. He was a very large man, fully six feet in height and well proportioned. His dress continued throughout his long life to be of the old con- tinental style, and his habits strictly temper- ate, his diet plain and frugal, and his temper and disposition calm and sober. H& was a man of robust frame and health, industrious ways, and great powers of endurance. Even in his old age, he was accustomed to make an annual trip, sometimes on horseback and some- times on foot, without overcoat or umbrella, from his residence near York (now Mr, Jacob Yost's, just north of the Chicken Bridge) on a visit to a daughter (Mrs. Benjamin Emmert,) then residing on what is now the historic An- tietam battle-field. Though he was what is usually called an uneducated man, he pos- sessed great native vigor of intellect, abund- ance of strong, practical, common sense, keen, ready wit, a high notion of personal honor and integrity, a deep sense of moral and re- ligious obligation, and, withal, a wonderfully retentive memory. He remembered, and, in his extreme old age, loved nothing so well (unless it was his accustomed bowl of mush and milk) as to sit, on winter evenings by the big fire on the hearth, surrounded by groups of merry young folks, and tell them tales of the olden times, of times and things when he was young, of the early days when the Indians were still about ; of the little Indian village on Canoe Run, near Kreutz Creek church ; how the town of ' 'Little" York had to be guarded and defended against their hostile incursions ; how some sturdy, robust farmer of the neighborhood cS,me with his rugged plow with a 'wooden mold- board, and drew a furrow "around the town along which the armed sentinels 330 HISTORY OF YOBK COUNTY. paced to and fro, in the dead of night, ready to sound the note of alarm and give the terrible warning of the approach of the savage foe. How, when he still lived on his farm, now Samuel Rutter's, near Emigsville, where still stands the old Swiss stone barn erected by him in 1793, and which still bears his name carved in a stone in the gable, the children (of whom the writer's mother was one) went to gather whortleberries in the woods on the hill beyond the Codorus, and found in the leaves and bushes several pretty little puppies, as they supposed, which the girls took pity on and carried home, where they were told by him, to their great surprise and consternation, that the little foundlings were young wolves! How some of the har- vest hands .proposed to kill them, and how he, on the score of prudence as well as humanity, accompanied by several of the men with loaded rifles and an ample supply of ammunition against a not improbable emer- gency, carried the mistaken and unwelcome pets back to their forest home, and left them as nearly as possible where they had been found ;. fortunately without encountering the old wolf- folks. For many years afterwards that hill was known in the neighborhood by the name of "der Wolf Berg" (Wolf-hill). In those days, he said, it was nothing unus- ual for wolves to attack and destroy sheep at night, if left exposed in the fields, and even to carry away the younger lambs. To the young, there is nothing so entertaining and fascinating as tales of wild and startling adventure, and often did our still more wild and startling midnight-dreams take on the hues and shapes of the stories we had lis- tened to in breathless silence, broken only by our beating hearts, at the knee of grand- father Harbaugh, when gathered around the old-time family hearth-fire on a long winter evening. Well and sweetly did Scotland's greatest poet sing : Thus while I ape the measure wild Of tales that charmed me, yet a child; Rude though they be, still with the chime Return the thoughts of early time; And feelings roused in life's tirst day Glow in the line and prompt the lay. All these tales of our venerable grandsire, were told in our native dialect, then compara- tively in its infancy. Grave and stern as he was, none the less fond of a good practical joke, and he excelled most unlettered men of his time in quick, keen wit, sarcasm and repartee. He lived to the great age of al- most ninety,, (eighty-nine years, nine months and nine days), and died in the full posses- sion of all his senses and mental faculties on August 16, 1832, of Asiatic cholera, after an illness of four days, at the residence of his daughter, Mrs. Benjamin Bmmert, and lies buried now, side by side with many of those who fell in the cause of their country on the bloody field of Antietam. He lived and died in the faith of the German Reformed Church, to which his ancestors and nearly all ot his posterity, the latter now numbering more than 200, belong or did belong, while living. Among the survivors are some of the descend- ants of his daughter Eve, late wife of Daniel Wolf, of West Manchester Township, (de- ceased); of his son John (deceased), Adams County; of his son Jacob, late of York County (deceased), namely: Mrs, Sarah Spangler (widow), of Jackson Township, and her children : Caroline, wife of Reuben Lauer; Henry W. Spangler, Esq. ; Susan, wife of Charles E. Smyser; Sarah, wife of Martin Smyser; Julia Spangler; Leah, wife of William Eyster; Dr. Benjamin F. Spang- ler; Edward W. Spangler, Esq. and Dr. Ja- cob R. Spangler, all of whom except four (three of whom are unmarried) have children. Mrs. Sarah Spangler, the venerable mother and grandmother, now in her seventy -eighth year, her daughter Julia and son Henry, still reside in the old Mansion House, formerly and for many years kept, and so well and favorably known as the ' ' Seven-Mile House, " a good and true old-time country hotel; a pleasant and popular resort for sleighing par- ties from towns and villages of the surround- ing country. Many and pleasant are the memories inseparably associated with the place. And, As the shingles lie close to the rafters, And to gable the ivy clings fast, So the heart of the lone, widowed mother, To the homestead will cling to the last. LEONARD HABBADGH. Leonard, the seventh son of Yost Harbaugh, the elder, was born on the old homestead on Kreutz Creek, May 10, 1749, and married Miss Rebecca Rinebeck of Germantown. He was the same person named among other prominent Pennsylvania Germans, by Mr. Scharf, as having settled in Baltimore at an early day. From one of his sons, Benjamin, who still resided in that city as late as 1853, it was learned that his father removed from York to Baltimore about 1775, where he resided until 1792. He was an architect and builder, and undertook by contract, the con- struction or reconstruction of many large public and private edifices. He was ingen- ious in planning and designing, and skillful in execution. On the spot where Battle Monu- THE PENNSYLVANIA GERMANS. 28 1 menfc now stands, stood a very large two-sto- ried brick building which was used as a court house. From immediately under this house he removed all the earth and replaced it with stone arches, forming a basement; after which the building and basement continued to be used for about fifteen years, when it was removed. Many of the private residences built by him have also been removed to make room for streets and more fashionable dwell- ings. Among the buildings and improve- ments erected by him in Baltimore, were several churches, hotels, warehouses and bridges. He also designed and constructed the first mud or dredging-machine that was used for cleaning out and deepening the har- bor for vessels and other purposes. In 1792 he removed to Washington, D. C, and was soon engaged in the erection of numerous public and private buildings; among others, the war and treasury offices, which were afterward destroyed by the British troops, (in 1814). He was also engaged (with others) in the erection of the President's house, the original Capitol buildings, and the recon- struction thereof after their destruction by the British. Under a contract with the Potomac Company, he cut a passage through an immense wall of rock that stood across the river at Big Falls, just above Georgetown, and made the Potomac navigable for long- boats up to and even beyond Cumberland. Afterward he commenced a similar enter- prise in the Shenandoah River at Harper's Feny and made that river navigable (for long-boats) by building locks and cutting canals for a distance of more than one hun- dred miles above the ferry. After the com- pletion of this work, he removed to the settle- ment on the Monocacy, near Frederick, Md., where he erected an immense stone bridge for a turnpike road company, across the Mon- ocacy Creek, at a cost of $55,000. Finally he returned to Baltimore and resumed the building of various kinds of houses. At the time of his death, however, September, 1822, he was engaged as superintendent of the carpenter work on the rebuilding of the Cap- itol. His death was caused by mortification in the joint of one of his toes. He preferred death to amputation, at the age of seventy- six, and was buried in the Congressional Cemetery at Washington, He was the father of fourteen children, thirteen of whom were sons. Some of them, or their numerous descendants, are still living in or near Balti- more and Washington. Rev. Reck Harbaugh, one of his great-grandsons, was living at Prince- ton or Burlington, N. J., in 1852, and was pastor of a Presbyterian congregation. Leon- ard, the great-grandfather, was also a devout man, and, during the first period of his resi- dence in Baltimore, was a member of and exhorter in the church of Rev. Otterbein, of blessed memory. Benjamin Harbaugh, one of Leonard's sons, formerly of Baltimore, married Mrs. Elizabeth Reynolds, daughter of Maj. William Bailey of York, an officer in the Revolutionary Army attached to the Pennsylvania line, under the command of Col. Swope. Mary Elizabeth, the oldest daughter of the original settler, Yost, was born near York, on Good Friday, 1753, and became the wife of Godfrey Lenhart, an old and well-known citizen of York, among whose descendants, are the late Mrs. Kuntz; Mrs. Genther; Mrs. Louis Sudec of york]Ttfrs. Elizabeth Bailey ,^ and her daughter Catharine, who was the wife of the late distinguished Prof. Samuel Tyler, LL. D. (of Frederick, Md.) author of Baconian Philosophy, Life of Barnes, and various legal treatises; Rev. Henry Lenhart, late of Williamsport, Penn., and his son, Rev. L. Lenhart, for seventeen years a chaplain in the navy, and who while serving in that capacity went down with the Cumberland, in Hampton Roads, in the spring of 1864; Will- iam Lenhart, the distinguished mathemati- cian; and Catharine Lenhart, wife of the late John B. McPherson, so long a prominent and highly honored citizen of Gettysburg, cashier of its bank, and father of Hon. Ed- ward McPherson; William C. McPherson, his son; Hon. John B. McPherson, associate law- judge of the Dauphin and Lebanon District; Mrs. Andrew Mehaffy, (formerly of Columbia, now of New York City); Elizabeth, wife of Gen. Albion P. Howe, United States Army (Cambridge, Mass.); J. B. McPherson, Esq. (New York City;) Catharine, wife of Dr. Nor- man B. Scott; Dr. J. McPherson Scott; Mrs.. Alexander Armstrong, and Norman Bruc& Scott, Esq., all of Hagerstown, Md. WILLIAM LENHABT. The eminent scholarship and somewhat remarkable career of William Lenhart (al- ready referred to) claim special and extended mention. The few octogenarians among us will remember an humble log-house that once stood at the northwest corner of North George Street and Center Square, where, nearly a century ago, lived Godfrey Lenhart, " der Silwerschmidt und Uhremacher " — the silver- smith and clock-maker, and many a '• grand- father's clock," after a long banishment, now recalled by the growing love for the antique, bears upon is broad open, smiling face, the in- scription "Godfrey Lenhart, Yorktown.Ponn."' y 383 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. That humble log-house (so faithfully sketched by Louis Miller in his " Chronics ") no doubt was the birthplace, January 19, 1787, of a child, whose powers of intellect, but for his physical misfortunes and scanty pecuniary resources, would probably have enabled him to "illustrate the name of his country throughout the scientific world." His father, Godfrey Lenhart, though a highly respectable citizen, and by the free suffrage of his fellow citizens, chosen to the (then) honorable and responsible office of high sheriff, which he held and faithfully filled from 1794 to 1797, was nevertheless a gentleman of limited means, and, therefore, really unable to give his children more than the ordinary and very meager common pay-school education of the day About the year 1801, however,, when William was not above fourteen, Dr. Adrian, then obscure, but afterwards famous as a mathematician, opened a school in York, and William Lenhart became one of his pupils. He at once began to develop that extraordinary talent, especially for the science of mathematics, in which he made such rapid progress that, before he quit Dr. Adrian's school, and before he had attained his six- teenth year, he had become a contributor to the"M'athematical Correspondent," a scientific periodical published in the city of New York, and when only seventeen, he was awarded a medal for the solution of a mathematical prize question. About this time he quit Dr. Adrian's school, and being an accomplished penman and accountant, accepted the offer of a posi- tion as clerk in* a leading mercantile house in Baltimore. At this period of his life, it is said he was remarkable for his personal attractions, and, always, for excellence of manners and good conduct. As might be expected, however, he soon tired of such a business, and, though but little bettering his situation, accepted a position in some clerical employment in the sheriff's office. He re- mained in Baltimore about four years, during all which time, however otherwise employed, his leisure was devoted to reading, his favor- ite study, mathematics, and contributions to the Mathematical Correspondent and also to the Analyst, published by Dr. Adrian in Philadelphia. Afterward, he became book keeper in the commercial house of Has- ainger <& Eeese in the latter city. As clerk and book-keeper his proficiency was un- rivaled, his salary was doubled at the end of the first year, and the accounts he made out for foreign merchants were long kept by his employers as models of perfection ; and in view of his eminent personal services, the firm, at the end of the third year, admitted him as a partner, without other capital Before entering upon his duties, however, and while on a visit to his parents at York, an unfortunate accident befell him which, doubtless, proved to be the turning point in a career which would, otherwise, have shed undying luster on his name and on his country. While enjoying a rural drive, his horse became unmanageable, ran away, break- ing the carriage, throwing him out and fract- uring one of his legs. On his supposed re- covery he returned to Philadelphia, and, sometime after, while engaged in a game of quoits, was suddenly seized with excrutiating pain in his back and partial paralysis of the lower extremities. After eighteen months of the most skillful medical and surgical treatment by Drs. Physick and Parish, his recovery was pronounced hopeless. What wonder that his cup of misery overflowed in view of the fact of his engagement at the time to a young lady of most estimable character, and to whom he had been attached from early life. The injury he had received from the fall from his carriage, most proba- bly caused his spinal affection from which, and a subsequent injury, he was destined to sixteen years of sufiering and torture, and eventually to pine away and die at an age when men, ordinarily, are in their prime. But incredible as it may seem, we are assured on the highest authority that during all that long interval of constantly increasing pain and suffering, he not only cultivated light literature and music, but, as before, devoted much time to mathematics. In music he made great proficiency and was considered the best parlor flute player in this country. In 1828 he sustained a second fracture of his leg, in consequence of which, and his already existing complication of disorders, his suffer- ings, at times, almost passed the bounds of endurance. He was now passing most of his time with his sister, in Frederick. But his very lips became at length paralyzed from the progress of his disease, and even the pleasures of his flute were denied him. What must have been the talents, moral energy, and force of will, which, under bodily afflictions like these, made such ad- vances in abstruse science as to confer im- mortality on the name of their possessor? During the last year of his life he thus wrote to a friend : " My afflictions appear to me to be not unlike an infinite series, composed of com- plicated terms, gradually and regularly in- creasing — in sadness and suffering — and becoming more and more involved; and hence THE PENNSYLVANIA GEKMANS. 238 the abstruseness of its summation; but when it shall be summed in the end, by the Great Arbiter and Master of all, it is to be hoped that the formula resulting will be found to be not only entirely free from surds, but per- fectly pure and rational, even unto an inte- ger." Durinc the sixteen years from 1812 to 1828 he did not, of course, nor could he, devote himself to mathematical science. But after- ward he resumed these studies for the pur- pose of mental employment, and continued his contributions to mathematical journals. In 1836 the publication of the Mathematical Miscellany was commenced in New York, and his fame became established by his contribu- tions to that journal. "I do not design," says Prof. Samuel Tylor, " to enter into a detail of his profound researches. He attained an eminence in science of which the noblest intellects might well be proud ; and that, too, as an amusement, when suffering from aiflictionis which, we might' suppose, would have disqualified him for intellectual labor. It will be sufficient for my purpose to remark that he left behind him a reputa- tion as the most eminent Diophantine Alge- braist that ever lived. The eminence of this reputation will be estimated when it is recol - lected that illustrious men, such as Euler, Lagrange and Gauss, are his competitors for fame in the cultivation of the Diophantine analysis. Well might he say that he felt as if he had been admitted into the sanctum sanctorum of the great temple of numbers, and permitted to revel among its curiosi- ties." Notwithstanding his great mathematical genius, Mr. Lenhart did not extend his investigations into the modern analysis and the differential calculus as far as into the Diophantine analysis. He thus accounts for it: " My taste lies in the old fashioned pure geometry and the Diophantine analysis, in which every result is perfect; and beyond the exercise of these two beautiful branches of the mathematics, at my time of life, and under present circumstances, I feel no incli- nation to go." The character of his mind did not consist entirely in the mathematical tendency, which was developed by the early tuition of Dr. Adrian. Possessed, as he was, of a lively imagination, a keen susceptibility to all that is beautiful in the natural and intellectual world, wit and acuteness, it is manifest that he wanted nothing but early education and leisure to have made a most accomplished scholar. He was also a poet. One who knew him well says: "He has left some effusions which were written to friends as letters, that for wit, humor, sprightliness of fancy, pungent satire, and flexibility of versification, will not lose in comparison with any of Burns' best pieces of a similar kind." Mr. Lenhart was of a very cheerful and san- guineous temperament, full of tender sympa- thies with all the joys and sorrows of his race, • from communion with whom he was almost entirely excluded. Like all truly great and noble men, he was remarkable for the simplicity of his manners. That word, in its broad sense, contains a history of character. He knew he was achieving con- quests in abstruse science, which had not been made by the greatest mathematicians, yet he was far from assuming anything in his intercourse with others. "During the autumn of 1839, intense suf- fering and great emaciation indicated that his days were almost numbered. His intel- lectual powers did not decay ; but like the Altamont of Young, he was " still strong to reason and mighty to suffer." He indulged in no murmurs on account of the severity of his fate. True nobility submits with grace to that which is inevitable. * * * Lenhart was conscious of the impulses of his high intellect, and his heart must have swelled within him when he contemplated the victories he might have achieved and the laurels he might have won. But he knew his lot forbade that he should leave other than "short and simple annals" for posterity. He died at Frederick, Md., July 10, 1840, in the fifty-fourth year of his age, with the calmness imparted by philosophy and Chris- tianity. Religion conferred upon him her consolations in that hour when it is only by religion that consolation can be bestowed; and as he sank into the darkness and silence of the grave, he believed there was another and a better world, in which the immortal mind will drink at the very fountain-head of knowledge, unencumbered with the decaying tabernacle of clay by which its lofty aspira- tions are here confined as with chains. * LEWIS MILLEB. Mr. Miller was an "old Yorker'' and a very remarkable man, well known to many of our old readers, to whom the following sketch of his family, life and character will doubtless be interesting : Lewis, or "Loui," Miller as he was famil- iarly called and known among the peo- ple of York, was the eighth son, and the tenth and youngest child of John Ludwig Miller, a native of Nuremberg, Germany, and *For most of the materials in tlie slcetch of the Lenhart'a, I am indebted to Hon. Edwaid McPherson. H. L. F. 234 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. his wife, Catharine Rothenberger, of Heidel- berg, Geruaany. The parents were married in 1770, by Eev. Joseph Miller in Erbach, in the Odenwald, a wild and romantic tract of Upper Germany, the seat of the famous family of Katzenellenbegen, and of the castle of the Baron Von Landshort, aronnd which our immortal Irving has woven his en- chanting romance of "The Spectre Bride- groom." John Ludwig Miller was born A. D. 1747, was educated at a gym- nasium, or high school, founded by Melanch- thon, and was u classmate of Heinrich Sehu- bart. At a very early age he was appren- ticed to learn the "art and mystery" of making white crockery- ware, (or as ' 'Loui" says in a recent letter, "China, to set on tables"). LEWIS MILLER. Soon after their marriage, in 1771, John Ludwig and ,his wife, Catharine, emi- grated to North America, taking ship, first at Rotterdam, last from- Cowes, England, in the ship "Minerva," Capt. Johnson, bound I for Philadelphia. On the voyage their first I child, Michael, was born, baptised, died and buried in the briny deep. Their next child, I Elizabeth, was born in Philadelphia in 1775. ' She became the wife of John. N. Kolb, of York, by whom she had seven children, all sons, several of whom survive and reside in New York City. Elizabeth died in 1864, or 1865, aged about ninety years. The family of John Ludwig Miller, must have resided in Philadelphia for several years, for it appears that beside Elizabeth, two sons, David 'and Philip, and probably John, were born there, David in 1777 and Philip in 1780. These were the stormy "times that tried men's souls," and ah! how much more interesting the family tradition would be, could it now be gathered from the lips of Ludwig and Catharine who so peace- fully sleep in the little graveyard in the rear of the old German Lutheran Church. Between I78O and 1782 the family must have removed to Montgomery County, Penn. , for there, on the Rittenhouse farm, in the latter year, his brother John died; and there, in 1784, was born his brother Joseph, who removed to Montgomery County, Ya., and there died in 1842, in his fifty-eighth year. Sometime between 1784 aod 1787 the fam- ily removed to York; since here, in the latter year, was born another son, Benjamin, who emmigrated to Upshur County, W. Va., where he died in 1864, aged seventy-six years and seventeen days. John M. Miller (a second John), was born in York in 1790, emigrated to Rockingham County, Va., where he died in 1866, at the age of seventy-five years, nine months and ten days. Catharine, the second sister, and ninth child, was born in York, January 8, 1793, died at the age of eleven months, and lies buried in a little school- house graveyard near the old John Roth mill, Manchester Township. Her father, John Ludwig Miller, was the "schoolmaster at that schoolhouse at that time; but the schoolhouse is no more to be seen," says "Loui." Lewis Miller, the principal subject of this sketch, was born on the 3d day of December, A. D. 1795, in York, in a small one-story frame, weather-boarded house, then and for many years afterward, standing on the east side of South Duke Street, where the neat little cottage of Rev. John Fritz now stands. On the rear end of the German Lutheran Church-lot, stood a small schoolhouse, where, according to a time-honored and pious Ger- man usage, a parish school was kept, some- times by the chorister, foresinger or organist, of the congregation. Whether Louis's father served in any of these offices is not known ; but certain it is that for many years he bore the high, more digaified and honorable one of Schulmeister, in the little old log school- house that once stood in the rear of the Ger- man Lutheran Church. Here he taught both German and English at one and the same time, and here it was that "little Loui" graduated. German and English in the same school at the same time by the same master! No won- der our good old Pennsylvania German dia- lect became sadly mixed up, for this was a common practice in many parts of the State. On the completion of his education, Loui was apprenticed to his brother John (M.) to THE PENNSYLVANIA GERMANS. S35 learn the art and mystery of house-carpenter- ing. After the completion of his term of apprenticeship, he ^vorked at the business as a journeyman, successively, for Peter Small, Henry Small, George Small, Abraham Gart- mau, Jacob Gartman, George Jacobs, James Connelly, and, perhaps others, for a period of nearly forty years, and was employed on most, if not all, the principal public and private buildings built or rebuilt in York during that period. His father died in 1822, aged seventy-five years; his mother in 1830, aged eighty years, and they (as already said) and their daughter Catharine (Mrs. Kolb), lie buried in the Ger man Lutheran graveyard in York In 1840 Loui and several other Yorkers, among them Mr. Henry Hertzog and the- late Dr. Alexander Small, crossed the Atlantic, and Loui made a tour chiefly on foot, of some of the principal countries of Europe. They took passage at New York in May, in the good ship " Garrick," Capt. AS. Palmer, bound for Liverpool, making the passage in twenty-two days. In Liverpool they " put up " at the Waterloo Hotel, kept by William Lyon. "Thence," as Loui says, '' io Bir- mingham, etc., etc., to London, etc., etc., and saw all in England." Dr. Small, after spending a few days in London, parted company with the rest and went to travel on the continent. Loui and Hertzog remained in London about a week, seeing all that could be seen in that time. During their strolls about; the great metropolis, Hertzog, occa- sionally in doubt about their own whereabouts, inquired as to the names of the streets, etc., whereat Loui, lest the distinguished Ameri- can travelers might be mistaken by their English cousins for ignorant country-Jakes, became very indignant. And, as Mr. Hert- zog says, on an occasion of unusual excite- ment in the streets — great crowds of people, splendid civic and military displays — he ventured to inquire the cause. A policeman very politely answered that the Queen was passing on her way to the palace. This was too much for Loui, who, though remarkably observant, and, as we all know, booked everything, was ever too proud to seek infor- mation at the hands of those whom he con- sidered his inferiors. Prom London they went to .Holland, up the Ehine to Mainz, where they parted, Hert- zog going to Strasburg (France), his native place, and Loui proceeding further up the Rhine, visiting all the chief towns and cities of Germanj', Switzerland, Austria, Bo- hemia, Bavaria, France, Italy and Poland : keeping a complete diary and making numer- ous sketches of places, monuments, and other objects of historic, interest. The parties all returned at different times. Hertzog in No- vember, 1840, Loui in the fall of 1841, and the doctor, perhaps, somewhat later. On his return, Loui resumed his trade, and continued to work at it in the employ of the principal bosses then carrying on the carpen- ter business in York. He was a man of a very social and genial nature, though withal, some- what peculiar, eccentric, and at times even comic. In his humorous mimicry he was almost perfect, and with a little stage training would have rivaled Owen himself. As a Pennsyl- vania " Dutch " Solon Shingle, he would have been unsurpassed and unapproachable More- over, he was a man of quick and keen per- ception and aesthetic taste ; an ardent lover of all that was grand and beautiful in art and nature, or noble in human conduct. Though a lover of the sublime, he had a keen and lively sense of the ridiculous. He was an amateur of no mean skill in the arts of rustic drawing, and painting in water col- ors. "Loui Miller's Books, or Chronics," as they are familiarly known to many of our peo- ple, are two large rustically illustrated manu- script folios, and now occupy(or should)a place in the Cassat Library. They have been the source of a vast deal of genuine amusement, as well as of much valuable information on topics of local and family history. To Loui Miller, the temptation to "picture oif," or transfer to paper, in some comic, awkward, and inimitably ludicrous manner, the gro- tesque images made upon his peculiarly sus- ceptible brain by queer people in queer pre- dicaments, was so perfectly irresistible as to amouftt to a passion, and the good natured and harmless manner in which he " took off " with pen or pencil, India ink or camel's-hair brush, many of our old citizens, not a few of whom are still living, would, in almost any other person, have been considered, and per- haps even treated as grossly libelous. Neither Punch, Puch nor Harper, could rival some of thesequaint caricatures in their way. For these (as many of the old masters had for their favorite subjects), Loui had a genius, a talent and a style peculiarly his own. The first book opens thus: " The Beginning of the Chronic, from the year 1799 to 1870." At the top of the first page is a neat pen- and-ink sketch of his old home and birthplace on South Duke Street. It was a small one- storied log, weather-boarded house, and many will remember the unique and elaborate legendary carvings in wood, which the skill- ful and cunning hand of old Loui Miller 236 HISTOKY OF YORK COUNTY. executed and placed above its humble doors aud windows. He then proceeds: "All the pictures con- tained in this book * * * are true sketches, I, myself being there upon the places and spot, and put down what happened, and was close by, of the greatest number, saw the whole scene enacted before my eyes — that man is but a picture of what I can see, who taught me by times to visit, and improve the mind. I see all is vanity in this world. " 'Be good yourself, nor think another's shame Can raise your merit or adorn your fame; The man whose mind on virtue bent, Pursues some greatly good intent With undiverted aim." " Written i by Lewis Miller, Jr. , in South Duke Street, York, Penn., April 6, 1816." The stanza seems to be incomplete, but coutaine quite enough to show the serious turn of his mind, even in his early manhood. Under date of 1799 are the following (illustrated) entries: " Rev. Jacob Goering administers baptism in the old Lutheran Church to a child. " Singing the 306th hymn. " ' Das Lied. — Nun lasst uns froelich singen, Von Wunder grossen Dingen, Die aus der Taufe liommen, Zu Nutz un Trost der frommen.' " Ich taufe dich in dem Namen Gottes, der Vater der Sohn und Heilege Geist, Amen." " Old Mrs. Bannix, the sexton's wife, and I, little Loui Miller, standing close behind the minister." Another: ' ' May 26, 1799, was baptized a son of George Finnefrock and bis wife, Elisabet. The sponsors were Jacob Miller and wife, Sa- binn. The little son was born April 22. "Ludwig Miller, school-master, Lewis Shive and John and George Bernitz were also present, assisting Ludwig in the singing." How wonderful it now would be. Could we Time's rusty bars unlock, Or lift his dusky veil and see The fate of little Finnefrock! One more. This was the occasion of what Loui calls " the holding of the first Demo- cratical meeting ever held in York." He says it took place in the old log-house, lately standing on the Weiser property, on the north side of East Market Street, between the banking house of Weiser, Son & Carl and the Central Hotel, in the fall or winter of 1799. His record of the event is substantially as follows: "burying the black cockade." •'The first Democratical meeting in York in 1799 at Furry's tavern in East Market Street. The chairman was Col. George Spangler; secretary, John Weyer; and the following persons were also present; Martin Hellman, Daniel Stauffer, George Dietz, Peter Dietz, Conrad Welshhans, Michael Edwards, John Stroman, Henry Weiser, John Mosey, Jacob Spangler, Frederick Laumaster, Peter Wilt, Henry Sheffer, Philip Kissinger, Peter Small, Jacob Shultz, Jacob Cremer and Maj. Eocke. After the meeting, burying the Black Cock- ade in Furry's Garden." (Here follows Loui's picture of the funeral procession,) and then the solemn funeral dirge sung at the grave — all the more sol- emn for its being in German : "Nun, schwarzer — Seidner Kokarde, Wir legen dich, jetz, in den Garten; 'Warst lang genug schon auf dem Hut, Fuir dieses bist du nicht mehr Gut. Du Schwarzer must f ergraben werden ; Staub und Ashe must du werden, Wie der weise S-o-l-o-m-o-n! Schlafe ruhig in der Erde, Staub und Ashe must du werden Wie der weise S-o-l-o-m-o-n!" Such was the f unernl hymn sung by young Democracy at the grave of old Federalism in 1799. Much of the true poetic spirit of the song must necessarily be lost in any attempt ai translation. The sense of a tolerably free English ver- ison woLild be about this: Thou Black — thou silken Black cockade. Thou must be in this garden laid; Our hats thou must no more adorn, Nor must we thy departure mourn: Thou sombre symbol, it is best That from thy labors thou shouldst rest; Thou dust and ashes must become, Like the mighty So 1-o-m-o-n! May thy slumbers peaceful be. For corruption thou must see. Like the mighty S-o-l-o-m-o-n! In 1799 Lewis was but four years old, and it was hardly possible he was present on the ground on all these occasions. Like his father, Lewis Miller was a inan of considera- ble learning and ability. He had a taste for history and poetry, and was a firm believer in the Holy Scriptures, as the only rule of faith and practice. He was strictly virtuous, hon- est in all his dealings, and of intensely religi- ous feeling. He was a Lutheran by religi- ous training, and a member of the German branch of the congregation worshiping in Christ's Lutheran Church. He never mar- ried, and for some years past made his home with his niece, Mrs. Craig, at Christiansburg, Va. , but occasionally he visited York, and the scenes of his childhood and youthful pleas- ures. THE PENNSYLVANIA GERMANS. 237 To see the altered places And the few familiar faces Still lingering on the shore; To tell of other days — Of old and better ways And talk them o'er and o'er. In all this, his wonderful memory and powers of mimicry were great helps to him ; and as he warmed up with the subject, he could re-enact a scene of sixty years ago, so graphically and humorously as to move crowds to roars of laughter; and this he did during his last visit a few years ago (as many can bear witness), and that without even the least indelicacy of thought or expression. But, alas! at the age of eighty, man's spirit must be drowsy, and his bursts of humor short-lived, indeed; and such was the case with our old friend Loui. Soon he would relapse into apparent stupor and abstracted- ness; and melancholy, indeed, must have been the mood in which he wrote in one of his books the following stanzas: ' 'The hand of Time upon my brow may trace its lines; Trom Memory's page efEace fond recollection's tear, But not the treasured thoughts of friends who yet can cheer This saddened heart of mine." "Well I will bear what all have borne. Live my few years and fill my place; O'er old and young, affections mourn, Rent, one by one, from my embrace, 'Till suflEeringends and I have done With all delights beneath the sun, ' 'Whence came I? Memory cannot say; What am I? Knowledge will not show; Bound whither? Ah ! away, away, Far as eternity can go ! ) Thy love to win, thy wrath to flee, 0!God, Thyself my helper be!" He was a chronicler, indeed, and in mat- ters pertaining to local history he was always in the harvest field, gleaning and gathering and storing as he went, "line upon line and precept upon precept, here a little and there a little," and not always without a moral; his pencil and his scrap of paper ever at hand, on which he carefully and particularly noted down whatever of local interest he saw or heard. Many of these scraps have fallen into the hands of the writer, but the contents of only a few will be here given. "The first settler, a mile from York, was old Balthazer Spangler; he took up a large tract of land, (had four sons, the eldest, George, came with his father from Germany,) and built a small house this side the run. I saw the ruins of it in my time, not far from the Kock Spring. His sons, George and John, kept the land, Kudolph and (young) Balthazer were in town. When William and Richard Penn laid out the town of York, they were at the old house of Balthazer Spangler, and gave to Mrs. Spangler a pound of "tea to make for supper, and she, never hav- ing seen tea before, took it for greens, and put it all in a small kettle and boiled it with bacon. At that time there were Indians about, and came to Spiingler's for some whisky. Spiingler had a small still he brought along from Germany. Next was old Herbach, Esq. ; and out west of York, Ebert, Eichelberger, Michael Schmeiser, and his brother Martin Schmeiser, and Mr. Hoch, Fishel, Schank, Weler and Kuckes at the mill." " The first settlers in York, 1730 to 1755, Jacob Billmyer, he was owner of one square east, now Market Street. He had two sons, Michael and Andrew. Michael was a printer in Philadelphia. Next comes Mr. Maul; he was owner of the land from the lower end of Water Street, running to the east as far dis tant as Freystown. Old John Hay, Sr. , was married to his (Maul's) daughter and became owner to all the land. Now comes George Adam Gosler, Michael Daudel,old Mr. Hahn, Mr. Schwab, David Candler, Mr. Stege, Charles Barnitz, Kevs. Rauss and Kurtz, Charles Hartley, Maj. Clark, James Smith (signer of the Declaration of Independence), Peter Dinkel, Jacob Lottman, Conrad Leder- man, George Lewis LefSer, Philip Kraeber, Jacob Codex, Killian Schmall, Jacob Endler, Peter Mundorff, (the first druggist), Abraham Miiller, Herman, Funk, Fackler, Wagner, Grabill, Weber, Gartman, — Moontz, Esq., Fischer, Kuckis, Wampler, Eudisil, Baron Von Biihlen and Joseph Schmidt. The old est doctors in York were Revs. Rouss and Sensenig, old Drs. Jameson and Fahnestock, and now in my time, (1795, on) John Rouss, Pentz, Spangler, Morris, Thomas Jameson, Kenada, Adams, Joseph Miiller, son of Lewis MuUer, Sr.; Dr. Martin, Dr. McDoule and Braks, he was a tailor by trade for a number of years, and when old he practiced as a doctor, a quackery, all of these doctors from 1794 till 1804-1809, so on till they died." The old Lutheran preachers as far back as 1730 and 1748 wei'e Revs. J. S. Rouss and Kurtz; after them Jacob Gohring; in 1809 George Schmucker, then A. Loehman. The first (Lutheran) church was of logs built. The second was a rough stone building — torn down in 1811 — stood fifty-three years. The third is a large brick building — all on the same lot of ground in George Street. The mason work was done by Epley and Michael Enrich, and the carpenter work by Peter Schmall. "Old citizens of York in my time — Deutch : 238 HISTORY or YORK COUNTY. Striebeg,Staal,Briekel,Breniz;e, Tans, Welsch- hans, Lanmeisters, Fischers, Koch, Scheib, Kunz, Lenbart, Rothrock, Schmuck and so on, Rankin, he was a tory in 1776; his land was confiscated by an Act for public use and sold; one mile from town, at the mill. He disap- peared and went to Canada. The men that bought the land were George Barnitz, Con- rad Lederman, Hahu, Funk, -. Grbringer, Wagner, Capt. Albright, ■ Jameson, Pentz and James Kelley, Attorney.'' "I saw three hung in York for murder. In 1805 Charles Cuiiningham, and in 1809 CONRAD LEDEIl^rAN. John Charles, a Creole from France, and a woman, Elizabeth M., a mulattress, for poi- soning her child; the last two at one time." "In my time the Reformed Church-in York burned down, the poorhouse was built and a stone bridge on North George Street, and afterward two wooden bridges at the same place; each in its time, called Chicken bridge, because, at the time of the Michael Schall and William Laumaster were chosen directors, and in 1877 Samuel Gott- walt. In 1878 no change. In 1879 F. S. Weiser and George H. Wolf were elected directors, and in 1880, F. G. Polack. In October, 1881, the president, Mr. Will- iams, died, and in November following, was succeeded by Joseph E. Rosenmiller, W. H. Kurtz (of C) having as vice-president acted as president in the interim. In thisi year there was no change in the directorship. In 1882 W. E. Patterson was elected, and Dr. W. S. Roland was re-elected, director, and in 1883 James A. Dale. In 1884 there was no change. In 1885 David Rupp was elected, but declining to serve, James H. Fisher was chosen in his place. On the 10th day of March of this year, Mr. Rosen- miller resigned the office of president, and was succeeded by Dr. Roland. The present officers are W. S. Roland, president; James A. Schall, cashier; Isaaa A. Elliot (who succeeded Mr. Schall in 1839), teller. Mr. Lewis Eppley is and has been book- keeper since January 22, 1873. The present board of directors are Dr. W. S. Roland, W. H. Kurtz, Joseph E. Rosen- miller, Samuel Gottwalt, Enos Frey, W. E. Patterson, James H. Fisher, James A. Dale and William Laumaster. Daniel Lehman who died some years ago, had been messenger and watchman from the 358 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. organization of the institation to the time of bis death, a period of some twenty-five or thirty years. He was succeeded by Lewis J. Wampler, since whose death Mr. John Graver, the present incumbent, has held the position. Of its seven presidents, four were gentlmen of Grerman descent. Only two of the whole number survive — Messrs. Roland and Eosen- miller. Of the same descent were both its cashiers. As nearly as could be ascertained seventy-six different persons — medical doc- tors, merchants, manufacturers, mechanics, farmers, and ex- editors, some of them gen- tlemen of fortune and leisure, have served as directors; and of these seventy-six, at least sixty, or 78 per cent, were of German descent. Including cashiers, tellers, book-keepers, and watchmen, eighty- three different persons have been concerned and employed in the control and management of the institution; sixty-five, at least, of whom are, or were, apparently of Gennan ancestry. The First National Bank of York was chartered February 24, 1864, with a capital t)f $200,000, which was the same yeair in- creased to 1300,000. Its first president was Eli Lewis; first cashier, Hy. D. Schmidt; elerk, S. B. Hopkins. First board of directors: John L. Mayer, Daaiel Hartman, David E. Small, D. A. Kupp, W. Latimer Small, J. D. Schall, Isaac Frazer, and Z. K. Loucks. In 1867 (after the death of Mr. Lewis) Hy. D. Schmidt became president, Jacob Bastress, cashier, and C. E. Lewis, teller. In the same year, also, the presidency ehanged again from Mr. Schmidt to David E. Small, and from the latter to Z. K. Loucks. In addition to these already named, Eli Lewis Hy. D. Schmidt, S. S. Hersh, W. G. EoBs, John H. Small, Jacob Loucks, N. H. Shearer, J. M. Danner, C. M. Billmeyer, and Eobert Smith have acted as directors. In addition to S. B. Hopkins, J. B. Bas- tress, C. E. Lewis, John J. Frick, W. H. Souder, H. D. Kupp, H. C. Niles, R. H. Schindel, Ivan J. Glossbrenner, and H. K. Fox have served as clerks. Messengers, Samuel Coble and Caleb Kep- ner. The officers now are: president, Z. K. Loucks; cashier, J. Bastress; teller, J. J. Frick; book-keeper, R. H. Schindel; discount elerk, Ivan Glossbrenner. Capital, $300,000; surplus, 1100,000. Of its four presidents, three were Pennsyl- Tania Germans; also, at least, one of its two cashiers; and of some eighteen different directors at least twelve. Of about twenty- eight different persons who have been con- nected with the bank, in one capacity or another, at least sixteen appear to be of Ger- man descent. The Farmers'' National Bank of York. — The certificate of the comptroller authorizing the bank to commence business, bears date the first day of March, 1875; capital, |200,- 000; surplus fund, $30,000: undivided prof- its, $14,040.11. V. K. Keesey, president; E. P. Stair, cash- ier. Directors: John A. Weiser, W. H. Jor- dan, M. S. Eichelberger, M. B. Spaher, N. Lehmeyer, Charles Spangler, S. H. Forry, Horace Keesey and V. K. Keesey. The bank commenced business on the 25th of Murch, 1875. The above has been kindly furnished by the president of the bank, to which let it be added, that here too, it will be seen that more than half, indeed, nearly if not all, the gentlemen who have been instrumental in the establishment of, and who have hitherto so successfully conducted the business of this, as yet young but fiourishing institution, are of German descent. Western National Bank of York. — The preliminary meeting which led to the forma- tion of this bank, was held April 6, 1875, at the American House, northwest corner of Market and Newberry Streets. Between this time and July 22, 1875, the stock was sold to ninety-four subscribers, and on this latter date the bank was organized by the shareholders signing the articles of association and the organization certificate furnished for this purpose by the comptroller of the currency. After the above named instruments were executed, the shareholders held an election for the first Board of Directors, which re- sulted in the following named gentlemen being chosen: J. H. Bear, Israel Laucks, William H. Emig, Clay E. Lewis, Frederick Greiman, Albert Smyser, John Fahs Jr., Si- las H. Forry, Daniel Kraber, Charles A. Klinefelter, H. B. Schroeder, Solomon My- ers and George W. Ruby. October, 1875, the bank was chartered, and on Monday, November 29, 1875, the bank was opened for the transaction of business. Jacob H. Baer, was elected president and M. J. Skinner, cashier. On May 5, 1877, the Board unanimously deposed Mr. Baer, and on May 12, 1877, Al- bert Smyser was elected president, and so continues. M. J. Skinner died January 11, 1879, and January 13, 1879, Clay E. Lewis was elected cashier, and so continues. During the existence of the bank, in addi- THE PENNSYLVANIA. GEEMANS. 259 tion to the men who were first elected as di- rectors, David Smyser, Samuel Liohtenber- fjer, William H. Bott, Frederick Klinepeter and James A. Dale, have served in that ca- pacity. The present Board of Directors is com- posed of Albert Smyser, Samuel S. Sprenkle, William Eyster, Michael Miller, Israel Laacks, William H. Miller, Charles A. Kline- felter, Albert Smyser, John Zellar, E. L. Schroder, John Pahs, Solomon Myers and Frederick Greiman. Both the presidents, but neither of the cashiers, were Pennsylvania Germans; al- though Mr. 0. E. Lewis, the present cashier, speaks, the dialect. Of some twenty-six different persons who have served as directors (including the present board), twenty-four are of German descent, and all except one are Pennsylvania Germans. Of about thirty different persons who have served this bank, either as officers, directors, or employees, at least twenty-five were of German descent. The Drovers and Mechanics' National Bank of York, was organized May 22, 1883, with N. F. Burnham as president and J. V. Giesey as cashier. The first board of direc- tors were Samuel Lichtenberger, Edward Smyser, H. J. Gresly, Dr. B. F. Spangler, W. H. Bond, George F. Shive, Israel F. Gross, Frederick Grothe, Jacob Brodbeck and George W. Holtzinger. Edward Smyser has since died ; H. J. Gresly and Dr. B. F. Spang- ler have resigned, and Frank Loucks and Samuel Butter have taken their places. A glance at the names shows that all the officers except the president, and all the directors ex- cept perhaps, one, are Pennsylvania Ger- mans. THE DIALECT. This is made up, chiefly, of words from several of the foreign German dialects, such as the Allemannisch, the Pf iilzisch, the Sch- wabisch, etc., as well as Some from the Ger- man proper, or south German ; and, as spoken here, with a rather free admixture of English. Its mixed character is, of course, owing to the mixed character of the original German settlers; people, as we have seen, from all parts of Germany. It is sometimes claimed to be a true dialect of the south German— a language more prolific of dialects than, per- haps, any other — but strictly this claim is hardly well-founded, inasmuch as the term dialect would seem to imply a somewhat nearer relationship to the parent language than the Pennsylvania German does to the south, or high German. It might, perhaps, not inappropriately be ranked as a collateral rather than a lineal relation of the pure Ger- man. Or, if lineal, then a descendant in the second, rather than the first degree. With this single qualification (somewhat reluct- antly introduced), there can be no more faith- ful description of the real character of Penn- sylvania German and its relation to south German than that given by Prof. J. H. Stahr, in a very ably written article on the subject, and printed in the Mercersburg Review, Octo- ber, 1870, from which (with his kind permis- sion) the following quotations are made: It might naturally be supposed that the Pennsyl- vania dialect would undergo important changes during the lapse of so many years, so as to vary considerably from its original form or forms. Dia- lects change rapidly, particularly when there is no written language to keep them in proper bounds, * * * But that the type of Pennsylvania German is south German, and that no changes of any im- portance except the introduction of English words, have taken place, is put beyond all doubt, by the fact that there are now dialects spoken in south Germany, which, not only bear a striking resem- blance to Pennsylvania German, but are really almost identically the same, particularly thePfalzer dialect. * * * ■v\re find these difEerent dialects throughout the entire history of the German nation, from the earliest period down to the present time. * * * ■ Pennsylvania German, as a High German dialect, having its origin and history altogether sep- arate from the Dutch, gives expression to a partic ular phase of German life, molded by the plastic hand of culture, custom, soil, climate, etc. As such it has, perhaps, elements of strength, advantage and excellencies not now found in the literary High German; whilst it is no doubt also deficient in many of the best traits of the cultivated High German. * * * If we ask, now. What is the literary value of Pennsylvania German? it is not difficult to find an answer. As its construction is simple, and less involved audits words shorter, it is, of course, more fluent than High German, It flows easily and naturally, so that it seems to be the easiest thing in the world to talk on the part of Pennsylvania Ger- mans, whilst High German is rather precise and cumbrous. * * * High German may be com- pared to a well-trained horse, saddled and bridled, moving regularly, according to the most approved principles of horsemanship; whilst Pennsylvania German reminds us of an unbridled steed careering over the fields, for his own gratification, in joyous freedom. High German bears us along with the stately step of the regular soldier, in close ranks, according to the drill of some famous sergeant, whilst Pennsylvania German allows the freedom of the route step, and puts us more at ease. The straightforwardness of the Pennsylvania Germans, their honesty and want of ceremony, are all ex- pressed in their dialect; must be expressed there if the principles above laid down are correct. Let it be borne in mind that these people are Germans, among whom "vows bind less than clasped hands;" people who hate hypocrisy, deceit and pride; of every kind. If some of them have degenerated, "the moro's the pity." (He might have added but such degeneration is not peculiar to them.) * * * Now, just as we find the people do we find their language, and neither can be understood without understanding the other. But is Pennsylvania German adapted or qualified, if we may use that word, to become a literai'y lan- guage? We do not hesitate to answer in the nega- tive; and yet we do not wish to tie classed with 260 HISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. those who sneer at Pennsylvania German poems and call them mere .iargoa. The dialect has now its literary language — High German — and this answers every purpose as fully as if Pennsylvania German Itself were exalted so as to become a literary lan- guage. It must, therefore, remain a dialect, but as such it is not excluded from the domain of literature. It has its office as a dialect, a work, a mission to which we have already referred. It is to give expression to a particular phase of German life; to serve as the organ or mouth-piece of feel- ings and states of mind which lie deeper, become more special than those expressed by high German philosophy, theology, and the loftier themes of poetry lie bej'oud its domain; but it claims, and has a right to claim, a domain of its own, within which popular songs, lyric poetry in different forms may appear from time to time, manifesting a poetical power in the bosom of a single community which sings what is peculiar to it in strains as sweet as those in which Goethe expressed the consciousness of the whole German nation. It has always been thus. Popular songs and popular poetry are made, not for the people, but by the people; whether this be done by the whole community, so that poetry grows insensibly, as was the case in the first clas- sical period of German literature, or whether one individual becomes the organ of the rest, and thus expresses what all feel. * * * There are ele- ments of feeling, phases of life, which appear only in a certain sphere, and these can best be expressed in particular dialects. Thus we find Scotch poetry, than which none can have charms more sweet to the native of fair Caledonia, or to him who has learned to understand and appreciate this dialect. We find in German literature a Hebel and a Clau- dius, who labored in similar fields; and we have to-day Fritz Renter and others who make use of particular dialects, and carry the hearts of the peo- ple with them as they could in no other way. It is not surprising, therefore, that the attempt should be made here in America. Indeed, the only wonder is that it was not made much earlier." The reason would seem obvious enough. High German scholars, as a class — the regu- lars, those who mount and ride the " well- trained horse, saddled and bridled, according to the most approved principles of horseman- ship," or who move along "with the stately step of theregular soldier, "have always been influenced by a prejudice (against the dialects, and especially the Pennsylvania German), similar to that cherished by the soldiers of the regular army against the ' ' homespun militia," and,, consequently, they not only refrained themselves, from speaking or writ- ing in the despised " mongrel," but sneered at every attempt to do so on the part of others, until finally. Dr. Harbaugh, whose heart was ever with the common people; who never be- came ashamed of his rustic origin, nor forgot the debt of gratitude and reverence he owed to his plain, honest and faithful Christian parents, and who, though he commenced his studies in the rugged furrow, attained to the first and highest scholastic honors, boldly, defied the ridicule and narrow-hearted con- tempt of many of his learned contemporaries, and gave vent to his feelings on his homely harp while singiug to us, " 'S Alt Sohulhaus an d'er Krik " and "Heemweh" in the dear old dialect he had learned at his mother's knee. In the production of these and other poems in the dialect he became at once the pioneer in Pennsylvania German literature, as well aa an inspiration to all others who have since attempted or produced anything worthy of the cause. It may not be deemed out of place here, to give some illustrations showing the similarity of our Pennsylvania German (when properly written) to several of the foreign German dialects, and first the Allemannisch, a dialect which is spoken in that nook or corner of the Rhine between Frickthal and what was formerly Sundgau and beyond, even as far as to the Alps, throughout Schwarzwald and a great part of Swabia. Take, for example, a few stanzas from Hebel's " Der Wegweiser." " Weisch wo der Weg zum Mehlfass isch, Zum voile Fass im Morgeroth? Mit 'Pflueg und Charst dur's Weizefeld Bis Stern und Stern am Himmel stoht." Whilst there are some strange words and forms of expression here, we readily recog- nize the f amilar Pennsylvania G. " zum " for the H. G. zu dem, and our broad " isch " for the polite German ist. "Me hackt se lang der Tag eim hilft. Me luegt nit um un blibt nit stoh; Druf goht der Weg dur's Schiirtenn Der Kiiche zu, do hemmer's jo!" Here we have " hackt " for hauet, "druf" f or darauf , and, "do hemmer's jo!" instead of the stilted H. G. " da, (or hier) haben wir es, ja wohle! "Isch," is peculiar to certain lo- calities and even families; in others they use iss. "Doch wandle du in Gottesfurcht! I roth der, wasi rothe cha; Sel Platzli het e gheime Thlir Und's sin no Sachen ehne dra." In this last stanza we find our familar "sel," for the Gerrhan solches; and "s'sin" for es sind. In the three stanzas there are, say, eighty- four words, about thirty of which are Allemannisch, and the rest High German. In Alt Bayerisch we find such words as bissel, ebbes, glei, hi (for hin), is (for ist), kumma, mei, nimma, nix, raar, rari, sell, sell'n, thu, etc. In the Schwabisoh we meet with many quite as familar to the Pennsylvania German reader: e. g. AUabot (every whipstitch), bitzla (biss- ili), Hutzla, Krotteschinder (a cheap pocket knife for urchins), Schtoffel (Christopher), freyli, Freed, derbey, nix, Bix (gun), Bua, drumm, Hanswurst, Jammerthal, knitz (mis- chievous), Briefle, Alleweil, Sohnee, Got- THE PENNSYLVANIA , GERMANS. 261 ziger, 'n Gotziges, etc. Gascha (Gosch), Kotz (mouth), Luder, namma, nemma, nau, sott (for solt), Schlag (a whipping), Mad, Madchen, etc. Plattdeutsch bears, perhaps less resem- blance to our dialect than any other; and yet in one of Fritz Reuter's latest works (in Plattdeutsch) are foand not a few words and ' phrases in very common use among Pennsyl- vania Germans: such as Fedder, Knewwel, krigt, so seggt er, kum, Frede (n), Dochter, Dflchter, Anner, sin, hadd, grad, un, de. Brill, Wohr (heit), Deuker (Deuhenker, the mild for devil), woll, kinner, Latern, Johr, Kop, Ver- stannig, iss, Scharmant, Wunner, Disch, Kirl, (Kerl), Kleder, Jeder, Wedder, Lewen, gewen, dorwedder, etc. The Vienna dialect also abounds in words substantially identical, both in spelling and pronunciation, with those of similar signi- fications in the Pennsylvania German, e. g. , abg'schafft, abg'ledert, abg'legt abg'rennt ; a'lege, ablege, a'schaffe, a'g'schafft, a'schpinne, a'g'schpunne ; allerweil, allzeit, allemol, allebuff ; a'narre, a'g'narrt ; a'stelle, a'g'stellt ; balwirn, Bed'l, Bagaschi, Bett- brunzer, Bind'l, bred, breder, Brennessel, Deck'l, desmal, derweil, Dreck, dreckig, Drecksau, Dunner; ebba, ehnder, Fid'l fid'ln, fix, fixunfertig ; Gaff gaffen, Ganzhautig, Ge- plapper ; Hack, hacken, Hemad, heund, heundigs-dags ; is; kaput, kitzlich ; Laab, Lauskerl, Lis'l (Lisi) ; maustott, Mich'el, Miirschaam ; Nix (Mir nix un dir nix), Aud'l, Nud'l ; drucker ; Ox, Ox'kopf ; pfutsoh, Pud'l, Pud'lerei, Purzelbam, Kapp'lkop, rapp'lkbpf- isch. Rudi (Rudolph), Rumm'l; Sack, Saper- ment; Sau.Saukerl, Schib'l, Schinder, Scluck- er, Schliffel, Schleck, Schlecker ; Schmier- kas, Schmunzler, Schnaderganz, Schnauz- bart, Schneeball'n, Schnitz, Schunk'n, Sun, Summer, Ald-weibersummer; Tapper, Tripps- trill ; umschmeise, umschnappe, umadum, umbatzle, unhaspel'n, umkumma, Unkraut. It is to be observed that neither in the Ger- man nor any of its dialects, does the digraph, sh, occur (as in the English). The- intermedi- ate c is always present ; thus, sch. The Ger- man sound of h is hah (or haw), and that of s is the same as in English, and the two will no more combine than those of s and f . Authors who attempt to force such a combination by writing such words as Schuul, "Shuul," Schnee, "Shnee," Scho, shay, etc., are in error. They constitute what is known as the "Pit Schweffelbrenner" school, of whom E. H. Ranch is the leader. But even he (like the rest of us), is, as yet hardly consistent with himself ; for, although he spells schb, shay, schnee, shnay, and so on, when he comes to write his own (sulphurous) nom-de-plume, he spells it Scli(weffelbrenner). But using the Latin letters ay as German letters, s-h-a y, must be pronounced shoy, S-h-n-a-y, shnoy, than which nothing could be much more absurd. It is much to be regretted that Prof. Horn, and probably a few other German scholars, who have written and published more or less in the dialect, should have followed this mode of spelling, which seems to be done rather for the purpose of bringing the dialect down to the reading capacity and limited compre- hension of the most illiterate (half-English- half -" Dutch ") mongrel, than of keeping it up where it really belongs, among the hon- ored dialects of the pure German. As practical illustrations of the Schweffel- brenner style, specimens are given below from Prof. Horn's otherwise excellent chapter on the Pennsylvania-Germans in the recently published history of Lehigh County. "Ducter in der kronke shtoob. Well, was is letz mit der Annie ? ' 'Mooter om side f um bet. Eei ich wais g'wiss net wo's failed. Se hut gaclang'd geshter der gonsdawgun awdieletshtnaucht, hut kupwae un fever, un es coomd mer aw fore era hols waer g'shwulla. Ducter (Feeld der pools). Yaw, se sheind a wennich fever- ish tzu si. Annie, weis mer amohl dit'zoong. Yaw, so is 's. Hut de Annie ebbas g'essa den morya?" etc. — Rauch. It would be "love's labor lost" to criticise the above further than to point out one ab- surdity in it as a sample of at least a score. It will be observed that the Due — (why not Duck?) ter, is represented as inquiring of Moot — (why not Moott) er, what is the matter with Annie. And that "Mooter" in her an- swer is represented as trying to say (among other things) that she thinks Annie's throat is swollen. But by misusing o for a (aw) in Hals, (throat), we have Hols, (Holz, wood), instead of throat; so that literally, the mother is made to tell the doctor that she thiaks Annie's wood is swollen. And, further on, that she is afraid from this, Annie has diph- theria! From Prof. Horn's " Pensilf awnish Deitsh Buch" (Part II, p. 70), the following is taken : DIALOGUE IN THE PALATINATE DIALECT. In order to show how much the language spoken in the Palatinate, the section of country from which the Pennsylvania Germans came, resembles the Pennsylvania-German, we make the following brief extract from "Piilzishe G'schlohte," a book written by Franz von Kobell, and published at Mu- nich in 1863. S63 HISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. Goost'l Is a young lady using the Palatinate dia- lect. Philip speaks high German. Des shtik is do gewa zu baweisa, dos se in d'r Pols 'aw so shwetsa, os we mer do in IPensilfawni. *GoosfL—'Och Philip, mit d'm goota Sems'r hob ich de dawg 'n shpos g'hot, des mus ich d'r arzala. 'Er hut m'r wid'r fum heirawta forgebob'lt; un um 'n los zu wara, sawg ich, a olti baws' de Kot'ren, het m'r g'sawcht, won ich heirawta wil, sul ich yu d' farshtond prefa fuh mein'm zookinf- tiga mon, don won m'r do nit goot zomashlima data, war's niks. D'rnuoli'r frocht 'r, we ich don des awfonga wul. Yetst hawb ich g'sawcht, de baws het m'r rats'l gaba, de sul icli rota lusa, un on dem det ich 's kena, un sawg 'm de rats'l, de hut awch de Kotrin warklich selb'r gemocht. Philip. — Noon daw bin ich begerig, awber ich bita dich, zal nicht dorouf, dos ich se herousbringa. Goost'l. — Ei bewawr. Yets geb ocht. 'S sin drei. Des arshta is, wos is des? Zoo Weisaborg im Dum Do wochst 'n gali blum, Un war de gal blum wil hoba Dar mus gons "Weisaborg f arshloga. Gelishibsh? Now, in order to show how much the laa- gnage (the Pfalzer dialect) spoken in the Palatinate, as given above . by Prof. Horn, does not resemble the dialect as found in the very book from which he professes to have correctly quoted, the corresponding part from Franz von Kobell is here given liter- ally: Gust'l. — Ach Philipp.mit dem gute Semser, hab' ich die Tag'n Spasz g'hat.desz musz ich der erziihle. Er hot mer wiedder vum Heurate' vorgebablt un, um 'n los zu werre', sag ich, ii alte Bas', die Katrin, hatt mer gsacht, wann ich heurate will, soil ich jo de' Verstand priife vun mein'm kiinftige' Mann, dann wann mer do nit gut zamestimme thate, wiir's nix. Dernocher frocht er, wie ich dann desz a'fange woll. Jetz't hab Ich gsacht, die Bas' hatt mer Rathsl gebe', die sol ich rothe'losse, un' an dem that Ich's kenne', un sag'm die Rathsl, die hot aach die Kathrin werklich selber gemacht. Philip. — Nun da bin ich begierig, aber ich bitte dich, zahl nicht darauf, dasz ich sie herausbringe. Ovst'l. — Ei bewahr. Jetz geb, Acht, 's sin drei. Desz erschte is, was is desz ? Zu Weiszeborg im Dum, Do wachst e' geeli Blum, Un' wer die geel' Blum will habe, Der musz, ganz Weiszeborg verschlage. Gel' is hiibsch ? The intelligent reader will instantly ob- serve how the spelling of almost every word in Prof. Horn's quotation, has been *Gust'l tells Philip Berger about the fun she had with Cas- per Semser (a wine-merchant) who had been talking matrimony to her; and how, to get rid of him, she had told Semser that old Kathrin had told Aer, if she contemplated such a step, she should be sure to first test the good sense (smartness) of her future (kunftige) husband ; and if he didn't stand the test, then 'war's nix " (no good). That Semser had asked her how she was going to go about lltat. To which she had replied, that Kathrin had given her three Hddles, which she should propound to her suit- or, and from his answers to these she would know; and further, she had told Semser that Kathrin had made these riddles her- self. The first riddle was the above : At Weisburg in n dome. There grows a yellow flower ; He who would pluck that flower, Must break the Weisburg dome. Answer. — An egg; the yolk is the flower, the shell the dome. changed from the original to make it corres- pond with that of the "Schweffelbrenner" school. Even so with the part spoken by Philip which, as he (Prof. H.) says, was in High German. The truth is, even the part spoken by Gustl, as written by Kobell, is much nearer High German than the writings of Nadler, also an author and poet in the same dialect. It may be that to write the Pennsylvania dialect as written by Kaach and his school, is much easier than to write it as here contended to be the proper way, but that can be no excuse for writing it in such a manner as to bring it into contempt and reproach. It may be, too, that in some respects the "Schweffel- brenner style approximates more nearly the ordinary style of speaking and pronouncing the dialect, but what of that? What good author would, for a moment, think of writing any language or dialect literally, as it may be commonly spoken? In the Pfalzer it is, however, that a Penn- sylvania German finds himself most at home. This dialect is used within certain parts of the Palatinate, thus described by Nadler: On the South, a line drawn from the opening out of the Annweiler Thai into the lowlands of the Rhine; thence along its right bank through Germersheim and Philippsburg to- ward Wiesloch. On the North, a line drawn from near Grunstadt; and passing thence through Worms, toward Heppenheim at the Bergstrasse. On the East a curved line from thence through the front, or southwestern part of the Odenwald to the vicinity of Wimpfen; and from thence westwardly through Sinsheim toward Wiesloch. Within these limits are jovial Pfalzer Bauern, whose motto, or shibboleth is, "Prolich Palz, Gott Erhalt's. " To show more plainly the close re- semblance between the Pfalzer and tlje Penn- sylvania German, some specimen stanzas from Nadler's humorous poems are here given: " Es war emol en alder Bauer Der hodd en Acker ghatt mit Ki-aut, So scho, er selwer hott ken schoners Sein Lebbdag noch im Feld gebaut." (P. G.) Es war emol en alter Bauer Der hot en Acker g'hat mit Kraut, So scho, er selwer hot ken schoners Sei Lebdaag noch im Feld gebaut. Wer ausem Dorf Vorbei is gange Is schtehn gebliwwe un hot gsacht " Des Kraut, des dorf sich sehe losse!" Dem Bauer hot des Frod gemacht. (P. G.) Weer aus der Schtadt forbey isch gange Isch schteh gebliwwe un hot g'saat; " Des Kraut, des dorf sich sehne losse! " Dem Bauer hot des Frod gemacht. THE PENNSYLVANIA GEKMANS. 263 Doch, " licht der Wein nocli nit im Keller," Sacht's Schprichwort, "is er nochnitmeini" So geht's aa do; e Schloszewedder Fallt scharf in die Gemarkung nein. (P. G.) Doch, " ligt der Wein noch net im Keller," Sagt's Schprichwort, "isch er noch net mei !" So geht's a'h do; en Schloosewedder Piillt ung'fahr uf den Acker nei. D er Bauer hiitt verzweifle moge, Laaf t in seim Schliiwwel hin un her Un dobt : "wie werd mein Kraut aussehne ! Wann ich nor uf meim Acker war! " (P 6.) Der Bauer hiit ferzweifle moge; Laaft in seim Schtiiwli hi 'un heer Un doobt; "wie wert mei Kraut aussehn! Wan ich juscht in meim Krautschtick war I " Er geht an's Fenschder, guck't an Himmel, Geht widder wech, guckt widder naus; Ja, liewer Gott, 's is nix zu mache, Dann 's regent noch firbarmlich draus. (P. G.) Er geht an's Fenschter, gukt an Himmel, Geht widder week, gukt widder naus; Ja, liewer Gott's isch nix zu mache, Es reegert noch erbarmlich draus. Kaum war der argschde Guss voriiwwer, Dolangt er g'schwind sein Wammes her Un laaft so nuwwer uf sein Acker, — Vun Kraut war do keen Schtumbe mehr ! (P. G.) So g'schwindt as seller Schuck forbei war Do langt er 'mol sei Wammes heer Un laaft 'mol in sei Krautschtick niiwwer — Fun Kraut waar do ke' Schtumpe mehr! "O Je! mein Kraut! Verfluchte Schlosze! Mein Kraut is hin, die Aerwet aach!" Wie er so Klagt, thut s' aus de Wolke En Blitzer unen laude Schlag. (P. G.) Je! mei Kraut! ferfluchte Schloose! Mei Kraut isch hi' die Aerwet ah!" Dann kummt emol aus d' schwarze Wolke En Blitz un a'h en laud'r Schlaag. O ! Seid nor ruhig, ihr, do drowwe, Was haww ich dann jetz Welders g'sacht? Mar dorf doch um sein Kraut noch redde. Wo so viel Miih eem hot gemacht! " (P. G.) O! seid juscht ruhig, ihr, do howwe — Was hawwich aus'm Weeg gesaagt? Mer dorf doch, denk e' Weenig fluche — Des Kraut hot mir flel Druwwel g'macht!" The similarity, approxitnating identity, will be readily seen from these examples. The use of o instead of a; e. g., in emol for ein- mal; in hodd or hot, for hat, hatte; of w and WW for b and bb; e. g. in Selwer for Selbst; gebliwwe for geblieben; niiwwer for 'niiber, binilber, Schtiiwwel for Sttibchen; sch in- stead of s, as in Fenschder for Fenster, etc., etc. That the Pennsylvania German, though a mere dialect of the south German, like the Pfalzer and others, is capable of being made the vehicle of intelligent and intelligible thought and ideas, and even of poetic humor, feeling and sentiment, is beyond successful dispute or denial. A few stanzas from Har- baugh's Harfe will suffice to show this: Wie heemelt mich do alias a' ! Ich schteh, un denk un guck; Un was ich schier fergesse hab, Kummt widder z'riiok wie ans'm Grab, Un schteht do wie en Schpuck! Ich schteh wie Ossian in seim Dhal Un seh In's Wolkeschpiel, Beweegt mit Freed un 'Trauer — ach! Die Dhreue Kumme wan ich lach — Kanscht denke wie ich flehl. Do bin ich gauge in die Schul, Wo ich noch war gans Idee; Dort war der Meeschter in seim Schtuhl, Dort war sei Wip un dort sei Ruhl, — Ich kan's noch alles seh'. (Alt Schulhaus an der Kriek.) Als Pilger geh ich widder hin In's Haus wo ich gebore bin — Do tret mer awer leis! Mei Herz tregt, wie'n heillg Ding, Die G'flehle, die Ich mit mer bring, Heem fun der lange Reis! Bal bin ich froh, bal dhut's mer leed. So halb in Forcht, so halb in Freed, Geh ich die Treppe nuf ! Die Dheer grad owe ah der Sohteeg — Mit Seifze ich die Schlenk a'reg, Mit Dhreene mach ich uf ! Du Alte Schtub! wie manche Nacht Hab ich im Schlof do zugebracht, Wo ich noch war en Kmd! In sellem Eck, dort war mei Bett; Wann ich's ferigesse kennt — war's net 'N arge Schand un Sind! (Alt ScMofsaMub.) In these and other poems, the author car- ries us back to our childhood's days; to the old schoolhouse near the sparkling rivulet that issued from the western base of the South Mountain, and wended its way past the old\ schoolhouse, down through his father's farm in the Cumberland Valley ; and also to the old bed-chamber where he slept and dreamed the bright dreams of youth, when the storms howled without and the raindrops pattered on the roof. Thither he made his annual pil- grimage from an undying love for his old home, and a deep and holy reverence for the memory of his ancestors. All honor to the man and to his memory, whose harp, though it has long hung on the willows, still awakens soft, sweet echoes in the hearts of the people. 264 HTSTOKY OF YORK COUNTY. Some excellent translations from English authors have recently been made and pub- lished by T. C. Zimmerman, Esq., of the Reading Times, into Pennsylvania German. Following is a specimen: DIE NACHT foe' CHKISCHDAAG. ' S waar die Nacht for Me Chrisclidaag un dorch es gans Haus Verreegt sich ke' Thierli, net emol en Maus Die Scbtrtimp waare schnock im Schornschtc gehanke, In der Hoffning der " Nick " dheet gjraad runner dchumpe, Die Kinner so schnocli waare all scho ira Bett, Fon Zuckerschleck draame un was mer, doch, wbtt ; Die Mamme im Schnupduch un ich in der Kapp, Hen uns juscht hi geleegt for'n lang Winter's Nap — Dan draus in 'm Hoof waar so 'n dunnerse Jaclit, Das icli ufg'schprunge bin, zu schue wiir's macht. An's Fenschter graad scbpring ich so schnell wie'n Flasch — Die Ljide ufg'risse, ufg'scbmisse die Sasch! Der Moond uf der Brutcht dem neug' fallne Schnee Macht Helling wie Mitdaag, iiwwer alles, so schb. Im e' Aageblick Kummt, jetz, un rund wie e' Kersch E' Fuhrmann im Schlidde un acht kleene Hersch — E' Mannli in Pelze, so freundlich un frey — 'Hab graadeweck g'wiisst 's muss der Pelznickel sei ! "Wie Aadler, so schnell, sin die Herschlin zusamme, Un er peift un'r ruuft, un'r nennt sie mit Naame: " Jetz Dascher, jetz Danzer ! jetz Pranzer! jetz Vixen ! * Uu Komet ! un Kupid ! un Dunder ! un Blitzen ! " An der Porch isch er nuff un die Mauer ge falle — "Jetz schpringt eweck! schpringt eweck! schpringt eweck alle ! " Wie laab for'm e Windschtorm — der wildscht das mer scht, Wann ebbes im Weeg isch un's Himmelwerts geht. Zum Hausgiwwel nuf sin die Herschlin wie g'iiooge, Mit'm Schlidli foil Sach un der " Nick " rait gezoge ; Im e' Aageblick hSrscht uf m Dach — owwedfowe — En Gescherr un Gedanz wie mit Hblzene Glowwe. Mei Kop ziegich nei, guk um mich im Haus — Un im Schornschte, do kummt'r warhaftig schun raus! Mit Peltze ferwickelt fon Kop bis zum Funsz, Un alles ferschnuttelt mit Aesche un Kuusz ! Uf 'm Buckel en Bundel foil allerhand G'schpiel — 'S hot geguckt wie 'm Kremer sei Kramm— artlig fiel. Sei Maul, wie 'n Kersch, un sei Dimple die lache — Sei Aage die, blinzle, un wie Kosa, sei Backe. Gans rund war sei Miiuli un roth wie der Klee, Un 's Schnurbardli weisz wie woll, oder Schnee; En schtumpiges Peifli, fescht zwische de Zeh. Un der Schmook scbteigt in Einglin so schb in die Hbh. Sei G'sichtli so breed un sei Biiuchli e' bissel, Uewerm Lache hot g' shittelt wie Dschelly in der Schllssel. So dick un so rund war des luschtige Elfge, Muss lache, graad ans un kan's gaar net helfa. Sei Kbpli waar eifrig un schwiitzig mit Niicken — Sei Aage, gaar freundlich mit Blinzele un Blicken ; Die Schtrump hot ' r g'fiiUet, un mit Irblichem Braus, Da schprUngt inschtandig, den Schornschte hinaus; Er schprungt uf sei Schlidde, zu der Fuhr peift en Pift'el, Dann fliege sie fort wie Duun fon der Dischtel : Doch eh' er gans fort waar, sei Grusz hott'r g' macht — "En herrliche Chrischdaag! un zu alle, Guut Nacht! As has been shown, considerable diversity of opinion exists among the writers of our dialect, as to the proper manner of spelling it, and hence the unfortunate lack of uni- formity in that respect, noticeable in their productions. To establish and maintain uniformity of orthograi)hy, the true rule, undoubtedly is, to adopt thePfalzer as a gen- eral standard, and use the Latin characters as far as possible so as to give each its proper German sound. In order to do this it fre- quently becomes necessary to double certain vowels: as (aa) in Aag (Auge), aarm (arm, poor), Aarm (Arm, an arm), aartlich (artig), waarm (warm). Exceptions to aa occur in such words as Schprooch (Sprache), nooch (nach) Schloof, (Schlaf), in which the idiom of the dialect requires the use of o, or oo, instead of a. But such words as Schlaag (Schlag), maag (mag') are not within the ex- ception so as to justify the substitution of o for a, aa, thus: Sclog, mog, sog, etc. The following are instances of the doub- ling of e: Eecb (Eich, oak), Eernt (Ernte; harvest), beete (beten, to pray), Gebeet (Ge- bet, prayer), breet (breit, broad). Bee (Bein, leg), Beese (Besen, broom). The following are examples of the use of 00 instead of o in the German: hooch (hoch, high), Kroon (Krone, crown), loos (los, loose), Gottloos (Gottlos, godless), groos (grosz, great), Amboos (Ambosz, anvil), Loob (Lob, praise). The following are examples of the doubling oru: Schuul (Schule, school), Bluut (Blut, blood), Hunt (Hut, hat). The substitution of w, and ww for b is very common, as in driiwwer (dariiber and iiber, over), Grawe (JKraben dig; ditch), hawwe (haben, to have), drowwe (daroben, above), Druwwel (Trub6l,'trouble). Double i, (ii) is almost, if not entirely unknown in the Ger- man, but occasionally occurs in some of the dialects, as in the Vienna, in Miir (Meer), Miirfad'l, Miirschaam, Miirwunder. Moreover the use of the umlauts is essen- tial in such words as Bar (a bear), bos (an- gry), Biichs (a gun), driiwwer (tiwwer, over). Bam (trees), grti (green), Scho (pret- ty, etc), Hoh (height), Ertihjo (spring-time), hor (hear, etc.). The substitution of ee or ae for a, or for o, or ui or ee for u, is erronous, and leads to many a ridiculous and absurd pronunciation, destructive of the true sense of the text. Should this view be objected to as too high German, let the answer be in the words of Fritz Eeuter: "Es schadet das vor- laufig nicht, ich weisz ich bin auf gutem Wege, denn ich liebe meine Sprache mehr, als meinen Dialekt." As the following verses by the writer of this chapter, suggested during a trip through Kreuz-Krik Valley and up to Chimney Rocks, in the autumn of 1881, are not entirely foreign to the subject-matter of this history, their insertion here,merely as a further illus- tration of his view of the ptoper manner of spelling the dialect, may, it is hoped, be par- doned by the indulgent reader. KRBUZKRIK WiELLI UU SCHOENSCHTB FBLSB: IIVI ALTB WBTWBE-SUMMBE. Ach! geh mit mir dorch Kreuzkrik-Dhaal — Ich weis der was isch scho; Die Winter-daage Itummebald, Dann kbnne mir net geh. Ich schpann der Schimmel in die Kutch — Do hucke mir uns nei; Er schpitzt die Ohre wie en Hutch— Guckt flink un froh un schprey. THE PENNSYLVANIA GERMANS. 265 Mer fahre dorch die WiUli naus, Wu's Kreuzkrik Briinli quellt; Die Kreuzkrik Wiilli isch, dorchaus, Die schonscht in dere Welt. Die Pennsylfaanisch Deutsche, die. Sin a'li net juscht so dumm; Es Recht un's Ehrlich liewe sie, ITn hasse's Schlecht un's Krumm. Do leewe sie so mascht as wie "Die reiche Herr imDeich;" 'S sin kenne so guutab wie die Im Fritz seim Konig-reich. Es isch ke' besser Kalkschtee-land Das icli der weise kann; Un juscht so ehrlich wie ihr Band, Die Baure, Zume' JVIann. Die Pennsylfaanisch-Deutsche Bauer, Die wohne do daheem; So schtandhaft wie die Kalkschtee-Mauer, Un wie die alte Bam. Ja, wie die Bam, so dick un rund Am Bach, so frisch un grii; Mit Wurzle dief im maschte Grund, Un Kdpp hooch in der Hoh. Mer fahre do, dorch's Schuitz-Deich nuf. An Kreuzkrik-kerch forbey; Un do schteht's Dhoor am K!erch-Hoof uf, Un des sot net so sey. Des isch, jo, Gottes-acker, un Do gebt 's mol groosse Ernt; (Der scho Ferglich, den hawich fun De Kerch-Hool'-Dichter g'lernt.) Do schloofe manche alte Freund, Unner de alte Bam; 'S isch alleens ob m er for sie weint — Sie sin jo all daheem. Doch, mir sin alsnoch uf der Reiss — Jetz, Schimmel, jetz, bassuf ! Leeg dich in 's Kummet, un, mit Fleiss, Zieg uns die Berge nuf. Die Berge nuf, des, miisse mir, Un do maag's geh wie's will; Mer fahre Heut juscht for Plesier, Un neme unser Fiill. Do drehe mir erscht links nort rechts- Mer neme 'suf G'rothwohl; S maag krumm geh odder iiwerecks, Doch finne mer's e'mol. Am Schornschte-Felse sin mer, nau— Do, uf'm hochschte Berg; O, was 'n G'heimnissf oiler Bau — En wunderbaares Werk! Es G'maant em fiel an Zion's Berg, An jenem schone Ort, Un an die Triumphirte Kerch Uf selle Hvigel, dort. Wie scho, die Werke Gottes Hand! Wie wunderbaar un fiel! En Felse im a drock'ne Land — Sei Schatte, ach, wie kUhl! Warum schteht, dann, der Felse do, Allee, im schtille Wald! Bedeckt mit Lichen, rauh un groh, Un Gott wees schun wie alt! Warum schteht der do in d'r Hoh! — Geheimnissfoller Gschtallt! Warum schteht der do all allee, Un in der Mit ferschpalt? Er hot en Felsig Fundament — Der Felse, der, do schteht, Un bleibt, a'h, bis am groosae End — Wan Himmel un Erd fergeht. Do waar er schun — wie lang, wees Gott — Schun seit der alt Sund-Fluth; Do waar er eh' das Chrischtus hot Am Kreuz for uns gebluut. Do schtehn die Lohrbeer, um 'n rumm — Die Keschte un die Schpanne; Do schtehn die Eeche, alt un krumm. Die Fichte un die Tanne. Die Lohrbeer, bllihe friih un scho Un wachse uf de Felse; Die Kornelkersch-Blum, weiss wie Schnee, Die, do im Friihjohr schmelze. Die Haase un die 'FUohs, die, sin Wie Nochbare, do, daheem; Un so, schun, dausedjohrig, sin Die Fogel un die Biim. Ach ! alter Felse, saag mer, doch. Was isch dann dei Geschicht? Ach ! saag 's, un dann f erzeich ich 's noch Un sohreib's in mei Gedicht. Ach! wunterbaarer Felse, kumm, Weescht du net was ich will? Du alter Felse, ach! warum Bischt du so schtumm un schtill? Die Biim, die, kleede sich mit Laab, Die Fogel singe scho; Doch du, wie 'n Denkmal-schtee am Kraab,. Schteescht schtlmmloos in der Hoh. Un doch hoscht du en schone Lehr, Im schriftliche Ferglich; Der uralt Felse, hor! 0, hor! Geschpalte waar for mich! Mer schteige uf die Felse nuf, Un schaue gans dort anne. Bis wu die Schtrahle glanze uf Der scho alt Susquehanna. Mer schteige alsnoch hiicher nuf, Un schaue, breet un weit, Als dorch des Kreuzkrik-dhaal hinuf— Foil aller Herrlichkeit. Mer schaue uf den schone Wald — Fiel-farbich, — geel un roth; Bald isch der Winter do, un bald Sin Laab un Blume doot. Der scho alt Weiwer-summer, seenscht, Wie die Auszehring, ferbt Er alles was 'r a'reegt 's schonscht, Im Schpootjohr, wan 's bal' schterbt. Doch schaue mir als widder uf Des herrlich Kreuzkrik-Dhaal — Dorch schone, helle, Luft un Duft Un goldne Sonneschtrahl. Die Sun, die, geht schun unnersohig — Bal'isch sie hinner 'm Berg; Zum End geht alle weltlich G'schicht. Un unser Lewes-werk. 266 HISTORY or YOEK COUNTY. Die Fiichs, die, hen ihr Locher hiei- — Der Fogel hot sei Nescht, Un ich baab mei Zuflucht in Dir — Mei Pelse un mei Fescht! Jetz fahre mir, dann, wieder z'riick, Dorch 's Dhaal, so a' geneem; Dann, zur fergniigenheil un Gliick — Ke' Blatz, ke' Blatz wie Heem ! DISTINGUISHING CHABACTERISTICS, ETC. The distinguishing characteristics of the Pennsylvania Germans (as a rule), are indus- try, economy, honesty and morality. Their industry manifests itself chiefly in the pros- ecution of some sort of manual labor — agri- cultural or mechanical — and in the rural districts, mostly in the former. Time was, when farming was the employment, almost exclusively, of old and young, rich and poor. In those days, however, none were rich in the present sense of that teim; but by contrast with the ordinary mechanic or day-laborer, a man who owned a well-stocked farm of a hundred to two hundred acres, and was out of debt, was, in rural parlance, called rich — en reicher Mann, en reicher Bauer. As the chil- dren grew up, the sons were anxious and accustomed to do as their fathers before them — each in his turn, to become the owner of a farm, though of moderate size, and the hus- band of a Randsome and, above all, a virtuous country girl — en scho, braaf M'adel; so wie die Mamme waar; and every daughter equally so to become the wife of a well- to do, nice and respectable young farmer — en neiser, fleisiger, schtandhafter junger Bauere-kerl, so wie der Fater waar. Mere personal beauty was not, nor is even now, so much regarded as sound health and unblemished character. Although it was formerly the practice of a majority of farmers' sons to incline to and choose the vocation of their fathers, yet almost as a rule, in families where the num- ber of sons was disproportionate to the father's means, one or more, but seldom the older ones, went to learn trades, that is, became apprenticed to some mechanical business; mostly either the "art trade and mystery" (as the indentures had it,) of wagon-making, blacksmith ing, milling, stone-masoning, house or rough carpentering; or if, perchance not deemed sufficiently robust for either of these ('' delicate" or sickly ones were almost unknown then) he was apprenticed to a tailor, a weaver, or a shoemaker. Nor were the tastes and inclinations of the young folk much, if at all, consulted as to these matters in the olden times, the choice of a trade, as well as of a wife or a husband, being often largely made by the parents themselves. It was but seldom indeed that a farmer's son chose or indeed, was allowed to choose a profession. One reason, of course, being the lack, real or imaginary, of the necessary pe- cuniary means. Another was, at least so Ear as concerned law and medicine, the great and dangerous temptations to which a rustic would be exposed while pursuing his studies away from home and in a town or city. An- other was the natural diflSdence and lack of confidence on the part of the youth himself, to go from the plain and simple haunts of a rural life and its society, or, perhaps more properly, associations, and mingle with the learned and the fashionable, — die schtolzeun die hoochgelernte; where he would be almost certain to become incurably homesick unless allowed to return, and, in that case, subjected to the taunts and ridicule of his former com- panions. Besides, there was in those days, especially among our Pennsylvania Germans, more steadiness and singleness of purpose — to be either one thing or the other, farmer or mechanic; and if a farmer's son went to learn a profession, it was considered so much out of the usual order of things as to pro- voke the inquiry " Ei! was isch letz? gleicht er's Baure (odder' s Handwork) net? — Why! what is wrong? don't he like farming or a trade? And still another reason was the pious prejudice and conscientious scruples (as already intimated) against the lawyer, and the aversion to the fearful responsibili- ties and the painful duties of the physician and the surgeon. As for teaching an old- time country school, that was a business rather beneath the dignity of the average Pennsylvania "Dutchman," and considered fit only for a moderately refined Irishman, whose "delightful (winter's) task" it was "To rear each tender thought And teach the young idea how to shoot," rather by raising welts on the pupil's back with a "hickory," splitting wooden "rulers" on his hands, and other barbarous tortures too numerous and too disgusting to name, than by any attempts at moral suasion or appeals to reason. A sense of this disgust, as well as a want of space (but no painful recollections of personal experience) forbids enlargeinent on this subject and these truths, which have ever been a reproach to our old system of common school education; and it shall be dismissed with the somewhat mortifying admission, that the disposition of our Penn- sylvania German ancestors themselves, to in- sist upon strict filial respect and obedience, enforced by a rigid, though much milder dis- cipline, and their almost religious aversion to encouragement of insubordination in any THE TENXSYLVANIA GERMANS. 267 form, often carried them to the opposite ex- treme — a sorely mistaken and unfortunate in- difference to the cruel and inhuman punish- ments inflicted by some of the old Irish school "masters" (not teachers), upon their children at school. And the poor, outraged children, conscious of this, seldom com- plained, and so parents and guardians often remained in equally blissful ignorance of crimes against their children and their wards, as well as society at large, which should have been followed by prompt and severe punishment in the courts of law. But then, such a proceeding was almost unheard of, for the reasons just stated, and such a proceed- ing is seldom or never heard of now, because of the unchristian beast, the inquiry might have become pertinent, whether they had reference to the Bucks or "Chester County breed." Nevertheless, and irrespective of that question, William Penn and his com- patriots thought "these people" good col- onists nearly two centuries ago; but what fools thej' were in comparison with these more modern savants of Bucks and Chester and the itinerant prophet of the Buffalo Courier who seems to have received his in- spiration "while passing a country school- house only a few days ago." In speaking thus of the old Irish school- masters, it is not meant that there were no exceptions, but they were rare. And it is TO CHURCH ON HORSEBACK. German civilization "Pennsylvania Dutch ignorance and barbarism," have driven Irish cruelty, "intelligence and refinement," out of the schools. What wonder if children, the dull little Pennsylvania German disciples of such enlightened and refined Irish "masters," had grown up, ignorant and un- couth boors? And, considering the natural and inevitable influence of such training and association, it must be further conceded that the highly respectable, polite and intelligent journalists referred to in the quotations below, put it quite mildly when they say these people "live like pigs more than like human beings." Had they used the stronger term descriptive hardly necessary to add that, by nothing con- tained in this chapter is any, the slightest, reflection intended upon the people of other nationalties; all that is intended is to state such facts, with brief incidental comments, as are apparently called for to set our Penn- sylvania German people, as a people, in their true light in this history, and at least in some sort defend them against the false aspirations of ignorance and prejudice from whatever source. Whatever else may be said of the German school teachers of former times, their mode of teaching (whether English or German, — and both were frequently taught by the same 368 HISTOEY or YORK COUNTY. teacher in the same school), their manners toward and treatment of their pupils was entirely different. While- intoxication, pro- fanity and undue severity were not uncom- mon among the Irish, the teachers of German descent were, almost without exception, sober, temperate, moral and even religious; for not unfrequently, as was the custom in the Vaterland, the schoolhouse was virtually a part, and a most important part, of the ehurch (a sort of " annex "), and the offices of Prediger and Schul-lehrer (pastor and teacher) were united in the same man. Then it was when the old-time school was the nursery of the church — practically an every- day Sunday-school, at least during the three winter months. Then it was, when the school was opened with singing and prayer, and the rustic schoolhouse of logs and chinks and daubs of mortar, and the adjacent woods, resounded'with the simple and almost unlet- tered voices of the rustics, with prayer and praise, and when and where were formed and matured some of the most genuine Christian characters that have ever gone to enjoy the rewards of the just around the Throne of Grod. Then it was that der Schul-lehrer, if without a home and family, like the tailor and the shoe-maker "whipped the cat," board- ing and lodging from house to house am'ong iis patrons, was the ever-welcome guest. And whether of the better class of. Irishmen ©r a Pennsylvania German, He was the folk recording scribe, And Solon of the hearth ; And O ! what nervous pains he took To enter in the Sacred Book, A marriage, death, or birth ; And how all stood, with bated breath While he recorded Mother's death. He wrote the annual interest notes, And kept the book accounts ; He framed the solemn covenants, Presided at the settlements And verified accounts ; He sat as umpire in disputes, And saved the fees and costs of suits. I often see him as I sit And muse upon the past ; Or dream I see him there again, With ink-horn, knife and quill, as plain As when I saw him last — That very same old snow-white quill, With which he wrote my father's will. "* If, in addition to delicacy of health, or a disinclination to labor (the latter being some- times easily mistaken for the former) a farmer's son was habitually sedate, thoughtful, mel- ancholy or morose ; or if, even without these latter qualities, he was talkative, witty, of ready repartee ; and above all, if he was much inclined to read, not much difference what, his parents and friends were ever only too ready to conclude that he was providen- tially designed for the ministry, in their own rude parlance, " ausg'schnitte for en Parre," (cut out for a preacher). Such, how- ever, were exceptional cases,- for the great body of Pennsylvania German clergymen was, and is composed of men of undoubted ability and fair scholarship ; and many of those already named not only so, but men of great ability, scholarship and piety. Such were the Milhlenbergs and the celebrated Michael Schlatter, Zinzen- dorf, Heckewelder, Bishops Nischman, Cam- merhoff, Spangenberg and others, bold and fearless pioneers in the work of the Lord, and who laid the foundations of the Luther- an, German Reformed and Moravian Church- es, deep and strong in America, yea, in Penn- sylvania, when it was as yet almost a howling wilderness ; nobly aided in their arduous work by the intrepid German-English-Indian interpreter, Conrad Weiser, and the fearless little band of Moravian missionaries, headed by Ranch, Mack, Senseman and Ziesberg. And such were the noble army of Christian soldiers, the Kurtzes, Bagers, Schmuckers, Krauths, Schaums, Hoshours, Hochheimers, Rauses, Hornells, Goerings, Oswalds and Loch- mans; Lischies, Wirtzes,Otterbeins,Wagner.s, Stocks, Droldeniers, Geistweits, Mayers, Rei- ly. Cares and Harbaugh, Friaufs, Dobers,' and a host of others, through whose labors the (originally), German churches so founded, have been built up and extended until, as from "a grain of mustard seed'' planted in eastern Pennsylvania a century and a half ago, a mighty tree has grown, spreading its branches, not only into all the States of this great Union, but, through a great foreign missionary work, back to heathen lands, far beyond those from which our fathers came. Time and space will not admit of any extended notice of other German branches of the church and its Pennsylvania German ministry ; such as the United Brethren in Christ, the Evangelical, and the various sects of Baptists. As for the Roman Catholic and its numerous lay membership of the very best class of Pennsylvania Germans, they are not omitted from any feeling of sectarian predjudice, but from the fact that Pennsylvania Germans are not usually found among the clergy. Altogether, the Pennsylvania Germans, like their Palatinate and Swiss ancestors, are a decidedly religious people — sound in THE PENNSYLVANIA GERMANS. 269 faith and doctrine, however many of Ihem, like their weak and erring brethren of other nationalities, may come short in practice. In all the counties named and some others, there are numerous churches in which the Gospel has been from their beginning, and still is, preached, and indeed, all the accompanying services conducted in the German language. True it is that the Pennsylvania Germans do not pay their preachers big salaries, and, as is the case among other Christian people, there are and ever have been individual in- stances of niggardly meanness in the matter own vernacular, "for was fallt"; that is, for whatever should happen to be contributed. And, inasmuch as these contributions were often made in the shape of provisions, so, as tradition has it, an unsophisticated rustic bridegroom once assumed that the preacher might be willing to take his marriage fee "in trade," also; and accordingly went provided with a bushel of schnitz, which, as soon as the ceremony had been performed, he offered the worthy parson in payment as a modus, or commutation for the cash, telling him how much he would gain by the swelling of the EXTERIOR OF AN 0LD-TI5IE CHURCH. of contributions or stipends; yet generally their|ministers are enabled to live comfortably with their families (which nearly all have) on their regular salaries and marriage fees, together with the numerous gifts and dona- tions of provisions they, according to a time- honored German custom, are accustomed to receive. As for marriage fees, no particular amount or charge has ever been fixed; and time was (and perhaps is) where even the amount of salary, or what should be paid in lieu thereof, was left equally uncertain; the pastor, after a more primitive practice, trust- ing to Providence or the generosity of his parishioners, or to both, agreed to render his services for what they chose to give him, or could raise; or, as it was expressed in their schnitz in boiling. But the minister, not be- ing able to see it, declined the generous offer. "Whereupon, the verdant youth inquired how much it was; "well, wie fiel isch's?" and, on being told that he had no price — "ich hab ke' Preiss, " the thrice happy bridegroom thanked him for hia kindness and went on his way re- joicing, with his bride, his money, and his schnitz. His conduct admits of several con- structions; and those who know least of the true Pennsylvania German character will, of course, make the worst of it; but, "evil to him who evil thinks." Similar conduct on the part of Irishmen or the S(!otch-Irish, so far from being considered as an evidence of ig- norance or meanness, has ever been regarded as the highest proof of wit and shrewdness. 370 HISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. Nor does the comparatively meager compen- satioD, given by the Pennsylvania Germans to their pastors, necessarily .prove them avarici- ous, unjust or ungenerous. It must be remem- bered that they are not, generally speaking, rich people, and usually live in all respects, strictly within their means. To pride and show, oatentation and extravagance, especially in matters pertaining to the church and divine worship, they are and ever have been relig- iously opposed. Economy, neatness, plain- ness, but solidity in all things, have always been among their marked characteristics. They are not insensible to the beautiful, but as for the church and all her ceremonies they believe that "loveliness Needs not the foreign aid of ornament, But is, when unadorned, adorned the most." The expression of their peculiar ideas in these respects not unfrequently became the occasion for jolly joke and jest, as well as rasping repartee. In the olden time, when Big John Herbach,* who was somewhat of a wit, and fond of cracking his jokes at other people's expense, had lately received a jus- tice's commission, one of the old German ministers, then resident in York, was riding on horseback past the new squire's residence, when Herbach thus accosted him, in the vern acular : ' ' Herr Parre, ich mecht ihn doch emol was frooge — mer leest in der Schrift das unser Heiland en Esel geritte hot, un in alter Zeit hen die Parre ah Esel geritte, jetz reite sie die schenschte Gaul; wie kummt sel? To which the preacher promptly re plied: "Daskanich ihm gleich sagen. Zu dieser Zeit sein die Esel ein wenig rahr, und ist hie und da einer zu linden, ho macht der Gouvernor schon bald ein Juschtes von ihm," and immediately rode on. All of which, be- ing interpreted, is this — Herbach said to the preacher: "I would like to ask you. a ques- tion; We read in the Scripture that our Saviour rode on an ass, and so did the preachers in former times; now, I see, they ride fine horses; why is it?" To which the preacher instantly replied: "That I can tell you at once; in these days asses are a little scarce, and should here and there one be found, the governor immediately commissions him a justice of the peace." The hit was a capital one, and well- deserved, but unfortunately for the preacher he tnld it to a friend, who informed him that Herbach was a notorious wag, and could make up a good story without a moment's * Family tradition say he was at least six-feet-six, and well proportioned, and lived at what is now Small's Mill in Spring- garden Township. reflection. So, on a subsequent occasion, the preacher met him again, and after a short conversation, just as the former was about to pass on, he turned and asked the squire whether he wouldn't be good enough to tell bim a good story quickly, and if it should be a lie. The squire promptly replied, " No, in- deed, I haven't time, my neighbor, , across here, fell off the barn and broke his leg, and I must first do some work that can't be postponed, and then I must go ov,er and see him. By the by, it would not be much out of your way to call there yourself; he would no doubt be glad to see you.'' The preacher expressed surprise at the painful news, and hurried on to call on the man with the broken leg. When he arrived there, and in all seri- ousness inquired of the man's wife how he was, she said he was out in the field plowing, and if he was particular about seeing him she would blow the horn for him. But the preacher, finding that the squire had got even with him, evasively turned about and went his way. He never told that joke, but Herbach did. One more instance illustrative of this pecu- liar (pecuniary) relation between pastor and people may be excusable. Some years ago, a minister in Brush Valley, who was preacli- ing "for was fallt," became greatly dissatis- fied with his compensation, and especially with the very meager contributions of a num- ber of the richer members of his congregation, who, to avoid 'being personal, shall be named Smith. After having made the usual pungent appeals to his people to pay up bet- ter, but without success, he concluded to dis- solve the tender relation existing bet^ween him and his flock, and seek richer pastures. Accordingly he announced his abscheid Pre- dig (farewell sermon), at which there was a large attendance and an unusually big turn- out of the Smiths. The text and the gen- eral discourse were, of course, admirably suited to the occasion; all apparently favor- able scripture passages that could be found and by any means tortured into denunciations for not paying the preacher better, were quoted, but apparently without effect. To use the language of Burke, "his enthusiasm kindled as he advanced, and when he arrived at his peroration, it was in full blaze." That peroration was short, sharp and to the point: " Geld regiert die Welt, un Dummheit die Brush Valley; un do Schmidte kann mer's im a'gsicht leese. AIs Kelwer hawich sie a'genomme, als Ochse muss ich sie ferlosse! in Gottes Namen, Amen!" The English of which is: "Money rules the world, and ignorance rules Brush Valley ^ THE PENNSYL^^VNIA GERMANS. 271 I?^TERIOE OF AN OLD-TIME CHURCH. as for the Smiths, you can read it in their faces. As calves I received them, and as oxen I leave them; in God's name, Amen?" On one occasion this same plain-spoken old preacher,* whose eyesight was somewhat impaired, presided during a meeting of classis, at which one of his clerical brethren, old Mr. Gerhart, as also his good wife, whom he always took with him (as lay delegate prob- ably), were in attendance. The president, who supposed (and no doubt correctly), that this was one among Gerhart's notoriously economical habits, had determined to avail *Ola Mr. Fries. himself of the first good opportunity of giv- ing brother Gerhart a " dig in the rib " about it. So, one morning when classis had met and enjoyed the usual preliminary devotions, and was apparently ready to proceed to busi- ness, it was observed that the president ap- peared to be somewhat abstracted; when one of the brethren rose and called his attention to the fact that classis was waiting his o-ood pleasure to proceed. "Whereupon the p*resi- dent looked inquiringly about the room, and then said, "Well, is Mrs. Gerhart here, too? If she is, we will proceed to business; the dark will bleas call the roll." 272 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. A vast majority of Pennsylvania German Christians are members either of the Lutheran or (German) Reformed denomination. Their church edifices, especially in the rural dis- tricts are, usually very plain and simple, but neat and substantial, and like those of other denominations, much more comfortable than in former times. The old goblet-shaped pulpits with their over-hanging sounding- boards, the long side galleries, high, stiff- backed pews, brick, or tile floors, and huge, unsightly box-stoves (for burning cord sticks), the "fore- singer's," latticed nook, and the Klingelsacks (or black velvet collection bags with great black tassels, deftly concealing the little silver-plated bell, carried by the deacons at the end of long poles), have all disappeared, and been succeeded by more modern and fashionable conveniences. Brick churches are gradualy taking the place of wooden ones, and in many instances they are surmounted by neat belfries and spires, and now, even in the country, the stillness of the Sabbath morning and evening is broken by the sweet sounds of the church-going bells, reverberating through the glens and dales, and the remnant of the fast-falling forests where the fathers of these people, little more than a century ago, worshipped in log huts, guarded by their shot-guns and their rifles against the tomahawk and the soalping-knif e of lurk- ing and ever-threatning Indian foes. In almost every such Pennsylvania German congregation there is a well-organized, well- attended and well-regulated Sunday-school, in which all the exercises are successfully conducted by teachers, male and female, of Pennsylvania German parentage, in the Eng- lish language. A special feature of these (as well as of other Sunday-schools) is the singing by the children; the deep interest taken by their teachers in teaching them vocal nausic ; and in very many even of these humble little churches, the singing both at regular service and Sunday-school is accompanied with instrumental music — organ or melodeon. Another remarkable feature is the almost incredible number of English Scripture verses which many of these little Pennsylvania "Dutch" boys and girls memorize from Sab- bath to Sabbath, and the ease and grace with which they recite them. And still another remarkable feature of these country Sunday- schools is found in the fact that many of the children and teachers who do these things are members of families in which the Penn- sylvania dialect is spoken almost exclusively; and, although owing to severity of weather and badness of roads, the schools are necessar- ily suspended during the winter months, they annually revive, and the children return with the. spring as naturally and as joyfully, aye, and as freely and beautifully, as the birds and the flowers. Young women of Pennsylvania German descent are, largely, the pride and the hope of the race. There can be no doubt that the habits and customs, yea, and the costumes of modern fashionable life, are rapidly under- mining the moral and physical health of society. Happily the young woman, whose home and employments are in the country, is far less exposed to these influences and temptations than she who lives and labors (if, indeed, she does labor) in a large town or city. The daughters, like the sons among these people, are naturally, as well as by training, inclined to active employment, and they seek it and find it either at home or abroad. Much is said nowadays about respectable employment. In the estimation of Pennsylvania Germans, perhaps more peculiarly than of any other class of people, almost any honest employment is more re- spectable than idleness or ignoble ease. Even Solomon's glowing, poetic descriptions of a virtuous woman, would hardly be too strong to be sung of many a noble mother or daughter of our goodly land. " Her price is above rubies; the heart of her husbarid doth safely trust in her; she will do him'good and not evil all the days of her life. She seeketh wool and flax, and worketh willingly with her hands. She gJi-deth her loins with strength and strengtheneth her arms. She layeth her hands to the spindle, and her hands hold the distaff. She maketh fine linen and selleth it, and delivereth girdles unto the merchant. Strength and honor are her clothing, and she shall rejoice in time to come; and her children shall rise up and call her blessed." Thousands of the best wives and mothers that ever thus blessed a family were Pennsylvania German women who have gone to their reward, and tens of thousands such there are now living in this great Commonwealth, who though they may never have traveled beyond its limits, or figured in fashionable society, or been with- in the walls of a theater, are nevertheless the Marys, who have chosen that better part which renders their worth above the price of rubies. And thousands of them were at one time poor hired girls doing general house- work at low wages, who, when the day's work was done, instead of folding their hands in idleness, or wasting their time in useless or hurtful amusements, however pop- ulur, were busied with the needle or the dis- i taff, providing for themselves the handsome THE PENNSYLVANIA GERMANS. 373 quilt, the fleecy coverlet, the snow-white linen and other needful things against the day of their own marriage, and the furnishing of their own house and home. Not only so, but in hundreds of instances they have been known to contribute, for years, of their meager earnings toward the support of indi- gent, aged and enfeebled parents. Nor are they all married to farmers or mechanics, living in rural obscurity. Who does not know, however some would fain conceal it, that many, very many, who once were just such noble-hearted, hale, hardy, industrious country-girls, are now the honored wives of ministers, lawyers, doctors, editors, mer- chants, bankers, and the mothers of some of the fairest and best of our youth ? The world cannot yet afford to ridicule and contemn such wives, mothers and daughters, merely because they are Pennsylvania Germans, have not been abroad, and are not "smart." May that time never come, nor the day when men or women shall be ashamed of honest labor, or seek to conceal the fact of their German ori- gin by changing the manner of spelling their names. But no insinuation could be farther from the truth than that Pennsylvania Germans, as a rule, do not go abroad, but spend their lives where they were bom. Every day's observation on all the lines of local travel and on all trains between eastern Pennsyl- vania and all parts of the great West, proves the contrary; and of some twelve or fifteen residents of York County, mostly from the borough of York, who have traveled abroad (in foreign lands) within as many years, at least ten were Pennsylvania Germans. Pennsylvania Germans are not opposed to education, nor are they generally prejudiced against the English, or opposed to their children learning to speak, read and write the national language. The very avarice of which they are accused, would seem to con- tradict such an assertion, for how otherwise could they successfully deal with only Eng- lish-speaking people? A careful examina- tion of the subscription lists of the York Daily and York Weekly newspapers reveals the fact that at least seventy per cent of the regu- lar issues of these papers go into Pennsyl- vania German families. An examination of the subscription lists to this history shows that at least sixty per cent of the subscrib- ers are Pennsylvania Germans. A similar state of things, doubtless, exists throughout all sections of our country occu- pied by these people, and it is simply due to our admirable system of common school education, to the large circulation of English literature among them, and their disposition to avail themselves of the uses, benefits and advantages of these things, that the large body of Pennsylvania German-speaking peo- ple, speak and write English about as well as their very respectable and intelligent neigh- bors of other nationalities. There is hardly a family in which a family Bible containing a family record of marriages, births and deaths, and at least a limited number of standard religious and historical works are not found ; besides in many families more or less of the current Sunday- school literature of the d&y; and it is no un- common thing now, in passing these quiet, peaceful Christian homes at twilight, or on the Sabbath, to hear the voices of the young people mingle in sacred song with the solemn melodies of the cottage or the cabinet organ. Such exercises, together with social readings, spelling-bees, Sunday-school picnics, and surprise parties, have, let us hope, for the better, taken the place of the ruder, though in their day, equally enjoyable customs and amusements, of the huskings,the apple-butter- boilings, the country-dances, the singing- schools, the quiltings and the carpet-rag parties of the gay and goodly oldem times. It is conceded that while Pennsylvania Germans have not been opposed to educa,tioin, they have been, and probably are, generally speaking, so far indifferent to the educatioa of their children in the higher branches (im which they formerly included everything be- yond reading, writing and arithmetic), aa, virtually, to amount to opposition. And is some of the more thoroughlyGerman localities this feeling of opposition — rather, however, to being taxed for the supposed superfluous education of other people's children — mani- fested itself with considerable stubbornness at the time of the proposed adoption, or ac- ceptance of the provisions of the law estab- lishing a system of common school education. And although the arguments against it were not without plausibility, if not soundness, there is probably not a district remaining ia the State to-day that has not accepted those provisions; and far indeed would the traveler have to go now, before he would find even a childless tax payer who would presume to utter a word against it. And the encouraging fact is worthy of mention, just here, that one sect even of the Tankers — "The Brethren," have advanced s® far in the matter of education as to establish an institution of learning (called, it is believed, a Normal College), at Huntingdon, conducted on the general plan of other 274 HISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. similai- schools, and which is under the exclusive supervision and control of men of that particular faith. Elder James Quinter is its president, who together with H. B. Brumbaugh, Dr. A. B. Brumbaugh, J. P. Oiler and J. B. Brumbaugh, constitute the board of trustees, and W. J. Swigart treas- urer; all Pennsylvania Germans, except per- haps, Elder Quinter. The number of students during the year just closed was 205 (107 males and 98 females). At the recent annual commencement exercises " the college chajpel was beautifully and profusely decorated with flowers and evergreens; the attendance was large. The exercises consisted of essays, orations, declamations, etc., by members of the graduating class, interspersed with music by the Normal Choir, the Donizetti Club, and a vocal trio. Degrees were conferred upon the members of the graduating class by the president of the college." During a series of similar exercises at Muhlenberg College, at Allentown, in a grad- uating class of fourteen young men, fully one-half were Pennsylvania Germans; and at a like recent occasion at the Keystone Normal School, at Kutztown, (Berks County) out of twenty-nine male and female graduates, more than half were Pennsylvania Germans, Indeed, it is hardly conceivable that a people forming, confessedly, So large a pro- portion of the entire population of a great commonwealth, and having free access to all the advantages of a system of education, the value of whose school property approximates $30,000,000, embraces nearly 20,000 free schools, with over 21,000 teachers, many of whom have been trained in the (fourteen) Normal schools; the annual expenditures of all which amount to about $9,000,000, with a school-going population of nearly 2,000,- 000, and an average daily attendance of near- ly 700,000, could be an ignorant people. And when it is considered that there are, in addition to all these, some twenty-eight col- leges, seventeen theological seminaries, a law department in one of the universities, and five medical colleges, besides hundreds of private classical and select schools, it is not surprising that the percentage of illiterate persons, over ten years of age, in Pennsylva- nia, should compare quite favorably with that of her great and intelligent sister common- wealth of Ohio, and even of New York; that of Ohio being 4, of New York 4.8, and that of Pennsylvania 5.8. Connected with each of these colleges and seminaries, there are of course extensive and valuable libraries. Besides, there are numerous public libraries in various parts of the State, of these it would not be in place to speak of further here. But among the writer's personal ac- quaintances there are many Pennsylvania German gentlemen, residents of the counties specially mentioned in this chapter, who have large and well-selected private libraries, and which are by no means (as is too often the case) mere matters of ornament, but sources of constantly increasing knowledge and en- joyment. They contain works historical, bi- ographical, poetical, philological, scientific, religious, political, etc. As to the habits, manners, customs and general mode of life among the Pennsylvania Germans, little need be said. Enough has been shown, if indeed there had been need for it, to prove that they are good citizens; but to be simply a good, quiet citizen, is like being merely a good,quiet Christian — a merit not generally much esteemed. To go into details on this subject' would necessarily pro- tract this paper (already too long), still much farther beyond its originally intended limits. Suffice it to say, that as a body, they are among the best, trustworthy class of people in this or any other country. Their ambi- tion is, ever has been, and may it ever con- tinue, to be good rather than great, solid rather than brilliant, honest rather than rich. As practical farmers, they are unsurpassed; as mechanics, they are skillful, reliable and re- spectable; as merchants and financiers, they have shown equally with others that truth, candor, honesty and fair-dealing are the very handmaids of success in business. As sol- diers and civilians, as clergymen and lay- men, and, indeed, in all the various relations of life, we have seen them, on the average, equal to emergencies as they chanced to arise, and fully abreast of the times with their fellow citizens of other nationalities. As colonists and pioneers in the great work of civilization they were behind none of them. As the miners follow the richest veins of ore, so the Pennsylvania Germans from their first settlements have followed the most fer- tile valleys in pursuit of the bast farming lands. Thus, we find them in the great cen- tral Nittany, Kischicoquillis, Canoe, Kreuz Creek, Sinking Spring and other smaller val leys, and in Morrison's Cove, Friends ■ Cove, McConnell's and other Coves — the " remarka- ble limestone threshing-floors of Pennsylva- nia." Says a writer in the American Reprint of the Encyclopedia Britannica" (vol.xviii, ar- ticle Pennsylvania): "The limestone plain of Lancaster spreads west across the Susque- hanna into York County, and east into Berks and Chester Counties to within twenty miles THE PENNSYLVANIA GERMANS. 375 of Philadelphia. The whole plain swarms with life; the houses are small, but the stone barns are of colossal size, 100 and even 150 feet long and from 30 to 50 feet high, the barnyard wall supported on ranges of heavy columns, while on the other side of the building an earthen slope ascends to the great barn door." Without stopping to criticise the assertion of a " barn-yard wall " being " supported on ranges of heavy columns," exception must be taken to the statement that " the houses are small." Of course, farm-houses are meant, and BO far from these being small, the fact is that a large proportion of them are substantial structures of brick or limestone, almost as colossal in size as the barns A few hours' ride along the great turnpike-road leading through the heart of Kreuz Creek Valley — from the Susquehanna twenty miles westward toward Gettysburg, would alone be sufficient to demonstrate this to the traveler. Not only are these Pennsylvania farm- houses and barns large, airy and commodious, but almost invariably in good order and repair, well painted or stuccoed, and usually wearing an air of comfort and cheerfulness conspicuously absent about the homesteads in many other portions of the country, notably in even the richest limestone valleys of Vir- ginia, where many Pennsylvania German farmers are settled, and whose homes, as is often remarked, can be readily distinguished, even from a distance, by their resemblancej in this respect, to those in our own valleys. Almost everywhere the homestead premises of Pennsylvania German farmers are models of neatness and order, with, moreover, a gen- eral appearance of thrift and prosperity. Their houses are usually well furnished, ac- cording to their means, with good beds and well-supplied tables as specialties. The women are noted, the world over, as good cooks and thrifty housekeepers, and especially for their cleanliness in all things. Who that has lived among them has not seen a crock of milk, cream and all, dashed into the swill- tub, because, forsooth, an insect had dropped into it, or a cathad touched it with her tongue? The very atmospheres of theirspring-houses, cellars, dairies and kitchens are appetizers; and scrubbing, and scouring,, and washing and cleaning, so far from being regarded as menial labors, appear to be enjoyed as pleas ant pastimes, especially by the buxom young country lasses. So far from living in rude, filthy, floorless huts or houses, their very kitchens are carpeted, and that with home- made. Indeed, so careful are they in this respect, that during the season of flies, they occupy summer kitchens in neat out-houses, built apart and arranged specially for the purpose ; and here, unless strangers or visit- ors are present, they eat their meals, and enjoy them too, with weary limbs and sweat ed brows, often, it may be, but with clear consciences and good digestions withal. Nor are these people less noted for their hospitality. Friendly visiting, and receiving and entertaining visitors, are good old cus- toms, and the many social enjoyments inci- dent thereto are among the pleasures and amusements that lend to their holidays their sweetest charms, and serve to lighten the toils of every-day life. Their custom of furnish- ing.meals, that sometimes almost rise to the dignity of feasts, at funerals, and at vendues of the estates of deceased persons, is so old, popular and well established, that it has, to some extent, become a law, at least so far as that courts have, in some instances, allowed the reasonable expenses thereof out of the estates. And while no people are more dis- posed to discourage and discountenance idle- ness, indolence, beggary and crime, such is their Christian charity and fellow-feeling that, with many, the rule of the household is, to turn no one, not even a well-behaved tramp, empty away. Again, the same writer says: " The eight counties which lie along the face of the South Mountains, in the southeastern region of the State, are in the highest state of cultivation, and resemble the most picturesque rural dis tricts of England — a country of rolling hills and gently sloping vales, with occasional rocky dells of no great depth, and low cas- cades, utilized for grist-mills, factories and machine-shops ; a country of wheat, rye, maize, potatoes, tobacco, turnip-fields, or- chards, meadows and patches of woodland ; a country of flowing water, salubrious, fer- tile and wealthy; dotted with hamlets, vil- lages and towns, and with the country-seats of affluent citizens." If to this, so far a true picture, had been added churches, schoolhouses, col- leges, seminaries, academies, normal schools, railroads, canals, turnpike-roads, "colossal" bridges, telegraphs, telephones, iron-ore mines, furnaces, forges, rolling mills, foun- dries, palatial alms-houses, and hospitals, for the care and maintenance of the indi- gent poor, and that a very large propor- tion of the people who inhaJait these coun- ties, and have borne their full share in establishing, maintaining, operating and governing. all these things, are Pennsylvania Germans, the descendants of the Palatinate colonists, the statement would still have been 276 HISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. strictly withiu the bounds of historical truth. Without recurriog again to the specially enterprising Pennsylvania Germans of other counties, mention should be made of the Pricks and Geisers, of Franklin. George Fnck, the inventive genius, founder and general superintendent of the Waynesboro Steam-engine and Boiler Works, is a native of Lancaster County, a Pennsylvania German farmer's son, vcho removed to Franklin County vyhen George was twelve years old. George learned the mill-wright trade, but soon after began building agricultural im- plements, and for his own use, and from his own patterns, and guided by his own native skill and ingenuity, built a stationary steam- engine. Such was his success in business that in a few years he was enabled to lay the foundations of the present extensive works. "Eclipse" steam engines, (stationary and traction), being the great specialty, are of the highest reputation for safety, complete- ness and efficiency, and many of which are shipped to foreign parts. In 1870 C. F. Bowman, another Pennaylvania German, was taken into co-partnership, and in 1873 a stock company, of nearly all such, with a capital of 1100,000 was organized, and has since been incorporated with a largely in- creased capital, under the name of the Frick Company. Its works have been much enlarged and are now simply immense. It employn several hundred hands who turn out an almost incredible amount of work, the reputation of which, for superiority, like that of the pro- prietors for honesty, responsibility and fair dealing is rapidly becoming world-wide. George Frick was also the founder, in (I860,) of the extensive business establishment in the same place, now and for a long time past conducted under the name and auspices of the Geiser Manufacturing Company. This also is a company of enterprising and intelligent Pennsylvania German business men, consisting, formerly, of Daniel Geiser, B. E. Price, Josiah Fabrney, Joseph Price, J. F. Oiler, A. E. Price, Daniel Hoover, John Phillips, J. S. Oiler and others. They were incorporated in 1869, with a capital of $134, - 000; their buildings alone cover about two acres of ground; they employed about 200 workmen in 1878, building agricultural im- plements, chiefly the celebrated Geiser Thresher and Separator, turning out notJess than four such machines a day; the number of hands employed and work turned outlare now much larger. \ And so, coming back to York, and goipg through our extensive car-building shops, foundries, variety iron works, rolling mills, lumber yards, chain works, shoe factory, carpet factories, haircloth faotorj', agricul- tural implement-works, breweries, tanner- ies, cigar manufactories, furniture establish- ments, candy manufacturies, clothing houses, hardware, forwarding and commission houses, drug and dry good houses, our extensive sys- tem of flouring mills, our agricultural soci- ety and its splendid annual fairs, our gas works, paper-mills, and our wonderfully improved water- works, and we shall see that they have been nearly all originated, organ- ized, and are being successfully carried for- ward, chiefly by Pennsylvania German labor and capital. And who are our principal contractors, builders, architects, and civil engineers, but men of the same national- ity? The Schmalls, Dietzes, Gottwalts, Weigels, Ettingers, Dempwolfs, and many others. There is perhaps scarely a public building, church, or fine private residence now standing that was not designed, erected and adorned by the skill and handicraft of Pennsylvania German mechanics. And none have ever fallen from unskillful work- manship or bad materials. And going back to the records we shall find that none of our clergy have ever been convicted of heresy or involved in private or public scandal. No judge has been im- peached, and not one of the great host of our public servants, high or low, has been con- victed of misdemeanor in office. In all our history, one man was declared a traitor, and he was not a Pensylvania German; three were defaulters, of whom one was a Pennsyl- vania German. Follow these people to their settlements in Canada, and all over the great and grow- ing West, and we shall everywhere find them, as a people, what we have shown them — or rather what they have shown themselves — to be, here, in these so-called German counties, the same brave, honest, plain, and industrious citizens; yet always ready and willing to recognize their superiors in wisdom and knowledge, and to sit at their feet and learn. These German counties are the Pennsylva- nia Palatinate. Among the Rhine Palat- inates their motto is : Frolich Palz, Gott erhalt's ! Let ours be the same, and let us fearlessly sing: Die Pen nsylfaaniscli Deutsche, die, Sin a'li netjuscht so dumm ; Es Recht un's Elirlicli liewe sie, Un hasse's Sclilecht un's Krumm. Ignorance and prejudice, with an audacity THE PENNSYLVANIA GERMANS. 277 rarely eqiiallyd, have led certain journalists in eastern Pennsylvania and western New York to indulge, within a few years past, in publications like the following, concerning the Pennsylvania Germans : They live in low, squalid log-cabins with earthen floors, and know of nothing belter. * * * They live more like pigs than human beings. * * * * — "Westchester Local Newa, Bucks County IntelK- THE PENNSYLVANIA DUTCH — A CLASS OP NATIVES THAT SPEAK A DIFFERENT LANGUAGE. Dauphin County, Pbnn., December 34,1884. — In this great America of ours, and in the very heart of its oldest and highest civilization there are whole communities whose present inhabitants, as well as their ancestors for a century past, were born where they now reside, and yet are almost entire strangers to the English language, hundreds and even thou- sands of them not being able to speak or under- stand a word of it. Take the counties of York, Lancaster, Lehigh, Berks, the northern half of Bucks, and the southern half of Dauphin, besides several other counties in the State, and four-flfths of the people will be found to entirely ignore the English language among themselves, and in many communities the English-speaking traveler will scarcely be able to find anyone to whom he can make himself understood, certainly no women. These people are what are known as Pennsylva- nia Dutch. They have no written language, their speech being simply a dialect, the only analogy of which with anything else of human antecedents lies in the fact that an occasional English, German, French or Spanish word has been sandwiched with strange discordance into it. A great number of the people are bitterly opposed to their children's learn- ing to speak English, and If allowed to go to school at all it is to a private one with a Dutch teacher, and even at the public schools, where, of course, English is taught, the children relapse into their native jargon upon the play-ground, as was observed by the writer while passing a country schoolhouse only a few days ago. In fact, in passing through this entire section of central Pennsylvania the ordi- nary American will find his surroundings, as regards both language and the social customs of the people, ,iust as strange and foreign to his ideas as though he were in Westphalia or Norway. And not only this, but he will find that he is looked upon with the same degree of half suspi- cious curiosity, and as being as much of an inter- loper as would be the case in the foreign countries mentioned. This condition of things embraces a territory of many thousands of square miles of the very finest section of this great commonwealth and a population of more than 300,000 people in the very heart of our civilization. The masses of the Southern people have ever labored under the im- pression that during the late unpleasantness our army was very largely recruited from foreign coun- tries. This view lias been held up to the writer on innumerable occasions, and made to explain our ability to place such overwhelming armies in the field. This belief arose from the frequent capture of these Pennsylvania Dutchmen, who could not in many cases speak English, and in their contact with several regiments of troops raised in this re- gion . And yet the ancestors of these soldiers for generations back were born upon tbis soil. In fact, so far as the matter can be traced, this language is indigenous to this section, as no people using the same or a similar dialect are known anywhere else on the face of the earth. The native Hollander, be he of either higb or low Dutch origin, can no more understand the people here than can the ordinary American. As a rule they are not an agreeable people to mingle with either in business dealings or in social Interconrse. Ignorance, selfishness and greed are their governing traits.— ^afa^o Courier. It was not, nor is it the purpose of the writer of the foregoing chapter (on the Pennsylvania Ger- mans) to enter directly into any controversy with the authors of such productions as those above given. They have, however, induced him to set the truth, as taken chiefiy f rom the records, some- what more fully and sharply in contrast with the libels manufactured by the irresponsible and anony- mous scribbler who seems to have obtained his in- formation from observations made "'while passing a country schoolhouse." Even the average Pennsyl- vania German farmer, who lives in his spacious and comfortable brick or stone homestead, with all the modern conveniences, and quite as many of the luxuries as are worth having, can well afford to smile at, and even pity the ignorance or malice of such traducers. 278 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. FRIENDS OR QUAKERS. BY GEORGE E. PROTELL. THE Society of Friends, or Quakers, arose in England about the middle of the seventeenth century, a time of consider- able religious excitement, when the honest- hearted were aroused by the general preva- lence of vice and immorality, in which the king and court were but examples. The term Quaker {i. e., Trembler) was first used in 1650, and was given to Friends in derision by Justice Bennet, of Derby, because George Fox, the founder of the society, bade him and his companions to tremble at the word of the Lord. Its application was further induced by the fact, that some of the early preachers and others trembled violently when under strong religious exercise. They even accepted the name Quaker, so far as to style them- selves " the people called Quakers, " in all official documents intended for publication to the world at large. The early form of mar- riage certificates contained the expression "the people of God, called Quakers," but in 1734 the Yearly Meeting for Pennsylvania and New Jersey agreed " that ye words ' of God ' in marriage certificates, between ' people ' and ' called Quakers,' be left out of that form for the future." In 1806 the expression was changed to the "religious society of Friends." Some of their principal characteristics, as differing from other professing Christians, was in opposition to all wars, oaths and a paid ministry; and a belief in the " light withm," or grace of God, which is given to every man as a guide to salvation, (xeorge Fox says, ' ' moreover when the Lord sent me forth into the world, he forbade me to put off my hat to any one, high or low; and I was required to thee and thou all men and women, without any respect to rich or poor, great or small. And as I traveled up and down, I was not to bid people good morrow or good evening, neither might I bow or scrape with my leg to any one; and this made the sex and professions to rage, but the Lord's power carried me over all to his glory, and many came to be turned to God in a little time; for the heavenly day of the Lord sprang from on high, and broke forth apace." For refusing to pay tithes in England, the goods of Friends were taken to many times the value; for absence from the national worship a fine of £20 per month was im- posed, and when brought before the courts, the oath of allegiance was tendered to them as a pretext, upon their refusal to disobey the injunction "swear not at all," for the imposition of further penalties. Meetings of the Friends were broken up, and in many cases they were shamefully abused. The sober, upright lives of Friends were a con- stant reproach, and aroused the hatred of many around them. It is probable that fully one-half of their sufferings were due to this cause, as their persecutors certainly cared little for religion. In 1659 a petition was presented to Par- liament signed by 164 Friends, offering their own bodies, person for person, to lie in prison instead of such of their brethren as were then under confinement and in danger of their lives therefrom. More than 250 died in prison, and while some in England were sentenced to banishment, it was only in New England that a few were hung and others had their ears cut off. THEIR EMIGRATION TO AMERICA. Persecutions were continued with more or leas severity until the accession of William and Mary to the throne of England, when an act of toleration was passed in 1689. Prior to this, however, many Friends had sought a home for religious liberty in America, and when William Penn established his colony in 1682, it was but natural that a large number should have been attracted thither. The settlement at first near the Delaware River, and largely by Friends, gradually extended backward, and though the Scotch-Irish and Germans, after thirty years, began to pour into the country, the Friends wielded the political power of the Province of Pennsylvania for more than seventy years. At length, when others by unjust treatment had aroused the savage nature of the aborigines, and the mother country had become involved in a war with France, the pressure brought to bear upon the Province, by England and the FRIENDS OR QUAKERS. 27» neighboring' colonies, was too great for a continuance of a peaceful policy; warlike measures must be enacted, and yielding to the inevitable, several Friends withdrew from the halls of legislation in the Pennsylvania As sembly, leaving their places to be filled by those not opposed to war. THEIR EMIGKATION TO YORK COUNTY. Friends were among the first settlers in York County, and they came from New Cas- tle County, Delaware, then a part of the "Territories" of Pennsylvania, and the southern part of Chester County. We naturally think of them as coming up to York County by the rich valleys of the Pequa and Conestoga to their new settlements on the "west side of the Susquehanna, " and in the northern part of York County, extending their settlements on west into what is now Adams County. When Friends emigrated from one place to another in which they wished to locate, permission was granted by the meetings to which they belonged, and the record of it was placed on the minute books. Among the first emigrants who came to this country are recorded the names of Garretson, Day, Cox, Bennet, Finch er; Hussey, Frazer, Hodgin, Carson, Davison, Elliot, Mills, Key, Smith, Underwood and others. John Day built the first mill, in the north- ern part of the county, before 1740. It was twelve and one-half miles north of York. He became the first president justice of the York court. Nathan Hussey opened a ferry in 1736, near the present village of Golds- boro. At that point some of the early Quaker emigrants crossed the Susquehanna. John Wright, who in 1730 obtained a right for a ferry at the present site of Columbia, and who named Lancaster County, and after- ward for sixteen years was president justice of the county court there, was a Quaker, and many of his Society, as well as Germans and Scotch-Irish, crossed the Susquehanna at his ferry. Another prominent Quaker was Samuel Blunston, the agent of the Penns, who granted permits for lands west of the Susquehanna for several years, and had a controlling influence in the settlement of York County, from 1730 to 1735. He lived at John Wright's Ferry. John Wright, Jr. , located at the present site of Wrightsville. Nathan Hussey, Thomas Cox and he, all Friends, became three of the five commis- sioners who laid off York County in 1749. Few people now living have a correct idea of the number of Friends who emigrated to, and resided in York County a century ago. About the beginning of the present century the western emigration fever began to draw them away, and hundreds of them helped to establish new meetings in Ohio, Illinois, Iowa and other points. Much earlier than that many of them moved to North Carolina, Virginia and western Pennsylvania. PLANS OF OEOANIZATION. The organization and subordination of the meetings of Friends are as follows: One or more meetings for worship constitute one preparative meeting; one or more preparative meetings constitute one monthly meeting; several monthly meetings constitute one quarterly meeting; several quarterly meetings constitute one yearly meeting, which is an independent body; yet the different yearly meetings maintain more or less of corres- pondence with each other. The preparative meetings are held monthly, and generally in the week prior to the re- gular monthly meeting, for the preparation of reports and other business, to be presented thereat. The monthly meetings are the principal executive branch of the society for the exer- cise of the discipline over the members, and keep regular and voluminous minutes of their proceedings as also records of births, deaths and marriages. "Indulged" meetings for stated periods are held by sanction of monthly meetings, but all meetings subordi- nate to, are established permanently by authority of the quarterly meetings, and these in turn by the yearly meeting. FIRST MONTHLY MEETING IN YORK COUNTY. The first monthly meeting established in what is now York County, in 1747, was called Warrington, composed of the preparative meeting at Newberry, the meeting for wor- ship at Warrington, and "indulged" meeting at Menallen,and perhaps one at Huntingdon, (York Springs). These all then belonged to Chester (now Concord) quarterly meeting and Philadelphia yearly meeting. In 1758 the western quarterly meeting was established and held at London Grove in Chester County. Warrington and Fairfax quarterly meeting was set apart 1776, the first meeting being held at Warrington, 3 mo., 18 da., 1776. This was again divided in 1787, and Warring- ton quarterly meeting held afterward at War- rington, this county, and Pipe Creek, Md., the first being held at the later place 5 mo. , 28 da., 1787. In 1789 it was agreed that Ihe quarterly 280 HISTOEY OF YOEK COUNTY. meetings of Warrington and Fairfax should be joined to the Baltimore yearly meeting, they having theretofore, been branches of the Philadelphia yearly meeting. Tracing back the line of settlement, we find that Warrington monthly meeting was formed in 1747 by division of Sadsbury meeting in Lancarts County, which itself was formed in 1737, from New Garden in Chester County, and this in tarn in 1718 from Newark (now Kennet). Newark monthly meeting was estabished in 1686, by authority of Chester quarterly meeting, the members thereof being at that time mostly within the county of New Castle (now Delaware). In 1827-28 the Society of Friends was divided into what are popularly known as "Orthodox" and "Hicksite" branches, the latter being so called from Elias Hicks, a noted preacher among them. Neither party accepts the distinctive title applied to it, but simply that of "Friends." In York County the Orthodox members were so few that they did not, so far as is known, hold meetings. NEWBEEEY MEETINS. The name of this meeting on the Friends' record books is spelled two ways, viz. : New- berry and Newbury. The former is now used. Sir William Keith in 1722, and then gov- ernor of Pennsylvania, had surveyed for his own use a tract of land in the northern part of what is now York County. He was there himself once, and dated a letter "at my settlement called Newberry, August 12,1722." From that source the name originated. The following sketches of the Friends' meeting- houses in York County are largely abstracts from the minutes of proceedings. They were obtained after searching through more than a dozen large record books. At Sadsbury Monthly Meeting, 3 mo. 7th, 1739: "There being Divers families of friends of late settled on the west side of Susquehanna; some of them have produced Certificates to this meeting from Kenett meeting, where they formerly Dwelt, their being four mentioned In one Certificate bear- ing Date ye 10th of ye 2 mo., 1788, Viz. ; Nathan Hussey, Ann hi s wife, John Garretson & Content, his wile; John Day and Ann, his wife; Christopher HiLSRey & An n, his wife , & another Cerlificare from the sameplace bearing date ye 4th of ye 5 mo. 1738, Recommends Joseph Benett & Rebecka, his wife; all wch this meeting receives in membership with U.S. •' The Friends of that Settlement being desirious of a Toleration from this meeting to keep meetings of worship Every first day and fourth day of ye week for six months time wch request Is Granted." 9-.5-1739: "The new meeting setled on the west side of Suskahana, haveing had some time past a toUeration from this meeting to hould meetings of worship Every first Day and fourth day of the week and ye time being Expired, att the request of sev- eral of them, being in this meeting, friends allows them twelf monts longer to be held as afore." 6-5-1745: "Andrew Moore, Calvin Cooper, Jonas Chamberlin and Thomas Bulla are appointed to visit the meetings on the west/side of Susquahana, to see how they fare in the Truth, and report to next meeting." 8-7-1745: " Friends Expressed their Satisfaction in respect of a visit made to friends on the west side of Susquahana." 9_4l_1745; "Friends of Newbery Requests to have a meeting settled, sent to ye Quarterly meet- ing for aprobalion." At Concord Quarterly Meeting, 9-11-1745: "Lea- cock [Sadsbury] Monthly Meeting Concurring with the friends on the west side of Susquehannah who Continues their 'request of having a meeting for worship and a preparative meeting settled amongst them, in regard thereto this meeting appoints our friends, John Smith, John Baldwin, Jacob Way, John Way, Joseph Gibbons, William Levis and Robert Lewis, to give those friends a visitt and Con- sider how far they may be able to keep up a meet- ing with reputation; as also to view and judge of a place sutable to build a meeting-house on, and make report thereof at our next meeting." 12-10-1745: "The Friends appointed by the last Quarterly Meeting to visitt friends on thewest side of Susquehaunali report they gave those friends a visitt, and after some time spent and Considera- tion had on the afllair, do judge as it appeared to them that the friends of Newbery and those of Warrington may keep up a meeting for worship, as also a preparitive meeting with reputation, and Lea- cock Monthly Meeting Continuing their approba- tion of the afEair this meeting agrees that the friends of Warrington build a new meeting-house for worship on the -land agreed on when friends were there, and to keep their meetings of wor- ship on every first and fourth days of the week, and that Warrington and Newbery have liberty to keep one preparitive meeting till further order." At Sadsbury Monthly Meeting; 1-3-1745-6: "The Request that went to Last Quarterly Meeting was Granted, i. e. that Newbery Meeting has Liberty to hold meeting of Worship every first day and fourth days of the week, as Warrington has on Every first day and fifth days of the week, and those two meet- ings to make up one preparative meeting: To be held at each place turn about." 2-7-1 746: "Newberry preparative meeting recom- mends John Day and William Garretson for over- seers in that meeting, which is approved on in this meeting till further orders." At Warrington Monthly Meeting,2-9-1771: "This meeting received written answers from each of our preparative meetings except Newberry; and it ap- pears that the care of tbis meeting towards that meeting is necessary, which is left under considera- tion until next meeting," 4-13-1771: "William Garretson, William Under- wood, William Matthews, William Willis, William Penrose, John Griest and Peter Cleaver are ap- pointed to attend Newberry Preparative meeting and give such assistance as tiiey may be enabled to do." .5-11-1771: "Four of the committee appointed to attend Newberry Preparative meeting, reports they did, and that the cause is not yet removed; this meetingLeaves the case of that meeting under con- sideration until next meeting." 7-13-1771: " Newberry meeting continued under care of a committee." 12-14^1771; "The former committe is Continued to visit Newberry preparative meeting and William Matthews, William Penrose, William Nevit, William Willis and Harman UpdegrafE, is added to their assistance; and this meeting also appoints them to FRIENDS OR QUAKERS. 281 visit Monallin and Huntington Preparative Meetings and make report to next meeting." 5-9-1773: "Part of the Commi tee appointed 'to visit Newberry preparative meeting reports that they have performed that service, and also reports that they decline answering the quaries, as they ap- prehend it will cause a breach of unity amongst them, which is to be hinted in the report to the Quarterly meeting for their advice and assistance. 6-13-1772: ''Agreeable to the request of last meet- ing part of a committee from the Quarterly Meeting attended this meeting, and after some time in delib- eration on the affair advised the meeting to appoint a committee to sit with Newberry and Huntington friends at their preparative meetings, proceeding the Quarterly Meeting, which is left under consid- eration till next meeting." 10-10-1772: "Three of the Committee appointed to visit Newberry preparative meeting, reports that they have performed that service and also report that they are of the mind that a visit of solid friends would be of benefit to that meeting, therefore this meeting appoints William Willis and Benjamin Un- derwood, Ann Steer and Miriam Hussey to sit with tiem at their next preparative meeting and make report to next meeting." 1—9—1773: The case of Newberry meet- ing left under solid consideration. 7—8 — 1775: "Some friends living a consid- erable distance from Newberry meeting, near Yellow Britches request to be indulged with holding a week-day meeting at the house of William Maulsby." This place was in what is nowFairview Township. At the last session of the monthly meeting, Isaac Ev- erett, Peter Cleaver, John Garretson Sr., Joseph Elgar, John Underwood, Record Hussey and William Underwood were ap- pointed to sit with them at the place pro- posed to hold said meeting and report. Of the female members of the committee were Mary Chandlee, Jane Taylor, Joanna Heald, Ann Penrose, Hannah Oadwalader and Mar- tha Everett. A favorable report was granted to allow them to hold a meetiiig on the fifth day of each week, except the day of Newberry pre- parative meeting, which they were urged to attend. William Mathews, Ellis Lewis, Herman Updegraff, Timothy Kirk, William Garretson, William Penrose were asked to attend their meeting at William Maulsby's house whenever convenient. Of the female members Hannah Mathews, Sarah Kirk, Lydia Updegraff, Ann Penrose, Mary OhancT- lee, Rebecca Machlon and Miriam Hussey were appointed to meet with them and join the male friends appointed to that service. A discussion arose about building a meet- ing house near the residence of Widow Maulsby's house, in what is now Fairview Township, the religious services having before been held in her house. In 1780 the meeting was changed to the house of Samuel John near the same place. This meet- ing was held at this place because the New- berry meeting house was not central enough for all members. It continued at the house of Samuel John until 6—12—1784, when a committe consisting of Joseph Updegraff, William Willis, Elisha Kirk, Joseph Elgar, Peter Cleaver, William Kersey, James Thom- as, William Underwood, Daniel Ragan, Ben- jamin Walker, Hannah Willis, Ruth Kirk, Deborah Thomas and Hannah Matthews re- ported that in their judgement this "in- dulged", meeting "would best be discontinued and friends in that locality meet in the old Newberry meeting house. It would thus tend to the preservation of unity but recom- mend the building of a meeting house at a more central place for the body of Friends. 9 — 13 — 1794: Newberry meeting stated that there was but one surviving trustee, Samuel Garretson. James Wickersham and Ezekiel Kirk were then appointed. 12 — 19 — 1810: Newberry preparative meet- ing desired to sell land where old meeeting house is built, and purchase other in a more central place, whereupon Jesse Wickersham and George Garretson were appoined trus- tees, who also were requested to secure the passage of an act of legislature to sell the land connected with the old meeting house. 4 — 23 — 1828: Joel Garretson and Jesse Wickersham were appointed trustees of New- berry burying ground. In 1830 Job Hdopes and Benjamin Gar- retson became trustees of meeting house prop- erty. .5 — 31 — 1840; "Newberry friends informed the monthly meeting that they have enclosed a grave- yard at the New Meeting House, and propose clos- ing the former one, it being full." In 184S Thomas Garretson was appointed trustee. A proposition to discontinue this meeting in 1855 was withdrawn. WARBIN&TON MEETING. This and Newberry meeting formed one preparative meeting in 1745-46. A warrant dated July 5, 1745, was given by John Penn to Thomas Cox. intended to be in trust for the Society of Friends, but he (Cox) procured it in his own name, hence for his own use. He was disowned by the Society and the land by proclamation declared vacant, after which it was patented January 22, 1767, to William Garretson, William Underwood, William Penrose and Peter Cleaver, and their successors, in trust for the Society of Friends. The deed calls for twenty- nine acres, 156 perches and allowance; was signed by John Penn, then lieutenant-gover- nor. The land mentioned is located where the Warrington meeting house now stands. 283 HISTORY OF YOKK COUNTY. The following list contains the names of some of the original members, who contrib- uted toward paying for the land warrant and survey : We, the subscribers, knowing tlie necessity of public worship, and being destitute of a piece of land to set a meeting house, do, each of us, unite to pay the respective sums under written, in order to get a warrant for twenty-flve acres of land adjoin- ing StephenAil's (Eyle's)land, as witness our hands. John Earl Us. Alexander Underwood 3». Thomas Cox Ma. Joseph Garretson 5s. William Garrettson 5s. Christopher Hussey 5s. James Prazer 4s. Hall Cox 3« Samuel Underwood 3«. Thomas Cook 3s. Richard Wickersham 3s. William Underwood 3«. Peter Cook Is. Gd. Warrington : 6—10—174.5. Received of Thomas Cox two pounds, eight shil- lings and six pence in order to take out a warrant for twenty-five acres of land on a branch of Cone- wago, nea'r Stephen Eyle's. Thomas Cookson. 6—20—1745. At Warrington monthly meeting, 2 — 16 — 1748: "friends of Warrington meeting requests to have a preparative meeting settled among them, and friends of Minallen requests to have their meeting settled: the requests is gon in the report to the Quarterly meeting." At quarterly meeting, 3 — 9 — 1748: The friends of Warrington perticular meeting, ■with the approbation of. their monthly meeting request that they may have the liberty of keeping a preparitive meeting amongst them, which this meeting allow of till further order." At Warrington monthly meeting. 4 — 13 — 1782: A committee is appointed to make addi- tions and repairs to Warrington meeting house to accomodate the quarterly meeting. 11-13-1784:" The Committee appointed to repair this House and build the addition, requested that some Friends might be appointed to settle with them. Therefore James Hancock, HarmanUpdegraff, Jacob Worley, Joseph Updegraff and Samuel Miller are appointed to that service, to report to next meeting. " 8-13-1785: Report.— "We of the Committee appointed to settle the aocompts with the Trustees who were appointed to have the care of Building the addition and repairing Warrington meeting- house, met, and after examining the accompts find that all the meetings have paid in their Quotas except Warrington, which is yet behind the sum of £8: 1: 8, which is due to Benjamin Underwood; and it appears that there yet remains the further sum of £9; 13: 8, due from the Monthly Meeting to him,the whole amounting to £17: 14: 4. Signed by James Hancock, Joseph Updegraff, John Marsh, Harman Updegraff, Samuel Miller." 6-8-1793; "Warrington preparitive meeting informs that they apprehend it may be needful to appoint an additional number of suitable friends as trustees for the Land belonging to their meeting, as three of the former are Deceased: this meeting therefore, after considering that Case appoints Benj. Walker. Thomas McMillan, Joshua Vale & John Cleaver to that trust." 9-7-1805: "As there has often appeared a diffi- culty with Warrington preparative meeting in rais- ing money necessary for the purposes of Society, under consideration of which this meeting appoints Samuel Garretson, Samuel Miller, Thomas Mc- Millan, Robert Vale, John Cleaver, Wm. Edmund- son, Elisha Cook, James Bane & Isaac Kirk to apportion the members of that meeting as justly and nearly agreeable their circumstances as may be, and make report to next meeting of their care therein." 3-30-1833: "Warrington preparative meeting submits the following proposition to this meeting (to wit): propose that the families of friends in the western end of that particular meeting be indulged with a meeting for worship, which being considered this meeting appoints Jesse Wickersham, Thomas Leech, Zephaniah Underwood, Aaron Eraser, Sam- uel Garretson, John I. Garretson, Thomas McMillan, Samuel Copk, Willing Griest and Amos GriiBth to unite with a like committee of women friends (Hannah Leech, Phebe Wickersham,Ann Garretson, Sarah Cook and Ruth McMillan) in considering the subject and report their prospects thereon to next or a future meeting." 5-33-1833: "The committee on the subject of an indulged meeting requests assistance; this meeting, therefore, adds Nathan Thomas.Thomas Garretson, Daniel Cookson, John S.Garretson, Jacob McMillan, Joseph Taylor, John Cleaver and Josepli Garretson, Sarah ■ Cookson, Anne Griest, Susanna Cleaver, Deborah Griffith, Martha Vale, Sarah Walker and Anne Wickersliam to that committee." 6—19—1822: The Committee on the in- dulged meeting report they ' 'cannot unite in believing the time is yet come for a division of Warrington meeting." 3 — 18 — 1830: John Cookson and Cyrus Griest are appointed, trustees for Warrington meeting house and land in the room of Ben- jamin Walker and John Cleaver, deceased. 4-33-1835: "Warrington preparative meeting proposes Jacob McMillan and Asabel Walker, trus- tees for Warrington meeting house and land in the rooms of Thomas McMillan and Joshua Vale, deceased, which is concurred with and they appointed to the trust." 3 — 21 — 1839: Daniel Garretson, Solomon Griest and Josiah Griest are appointed trustees for Warrington meeting house prop- erty in the room of Cyrus Griest, Jacob Mc- Millan and John Cookson. 5—18—1843: John Cook, Sr., and Will- iam Armitage are appointed to have care of Warrington grave-yard and funerals, those formerly appointed having removed. 5 — 18 — 1854: William Cadwalader, Asabel Walker and George W. Cook are appointed, on request of Warrington meeting, to have care of the graveyard and oversight of, funerals. 4 — 23 — 1856: William Cadwalader is ap- pointed trustee for Warrington meeting house property in room of Daniel Garretson. Warrington Monthly Meeting.— This meet- ing, composed of Newberry and Warrington preparative meetings, was established by FRIENDS OR QUAKERS. 383 authority of the quarterly meeting. In 1747 Sadsbury meeting appointed a committee to visit Friends west of Susquehanna. A favor- able report was made by this committee, 9 — 9 — 1747, and liberty granted to organize the meeting "for discipline and the affairs of truth." The first monthly meeting was held 10 — 9 — 1747, William Underwood was chosen clerk. The Warrington meeting-house was nearly a central point of the settlement of Friends in the northern part of this county at that time, hence it was decided to hold the monthly meeting there, although it was some- report whether this request be granted. It caused great discussion. Bzekiel Kirk, James Hancock, Miriam Hussey, Deborah Thomas, Ruth Bane, Jane Hussey, Abigg,il Whinnery, Sarah Williams, Anna Wicker- sham and Sarah Thomas, were added to the committee. In 1794 they report that they " could not unite in sentiment with said re- quest. " In 1795, once every three months, the Warrington monthly meeting was ordered to be held at Newberry meeting-house. In 1805, it was ordered by the quarterly meet- ing, that the monthly meeting be held alter- nately at Newberry and Warrington. ISA- jT* Ptf* «» , 't WAllRINGTON JEEETING HOTJSE. times held at Huntingdon (York Springs), and frequently at Newberry. The Warring- ton monthly meeting 4 — 12 — 1783, agreed to pay £100 toward building an addition to Warrington meeting house, and £10 for re- pairing old meeting house, which was ordered to be brought to the next monthly meeting. In 1793, Newberry meeting requests that the monthly meeting be held in their meeting house. Jesse Wickersham, Edward Jones, James Thomas, Benjamin Underwood, Peter Cleaver, Samuel Garretson, Jonathan Marsh, Joseph Garretson, Thomas Leech, James Bean, John Cleaver, Cornelius Garret- son, Thomas McMillan, William Nevit, Ben- jamin Walker, Ann Marsh, Ann McMillan and Margaret Underwood, were appointed to YOEK MEETING. In the early history of the settlement of York County, nearly all the emigrants who located north of the Conewago Creek, were members of the Society of Friends. Some came from England, but the vBst number of them from New Castle and Chester Counties. As early as 1738, what are termed " indulged meetings" were organized in the townships of Newberry and Warrington. Inasmuch as the province of Pennsylvania was largely at this time under Quaker rule, when the county was organized, three of the five persons ap- pointed as commissioners to make the divis- ion were members of the Society of Friends. John Wright, of Wright's Ferry, was one of them; Thomas Cox, of Warrington, was 18 284 HISTORY or YORK COUNTY. another, and Nathan Hussey, of Newberry, was the third. When the county-seat was located at York, and the courts organized, they manifested their importance in the man- agement of the county affairs. As the courts were held by justices appointed for that pur- pose, the name of John Day, who resided then (1749) at his mill property, twelve and a half miles north of York, was first on the list. In consequence of this, he became the first presiding court justice. He was a mem- ber of the Newberry meeting. John Black- burn, one of his successors, was a member of the Warrington meeting. Business brought ' them to York, and a number of them soon purchased property in the town and vicinity. Prominent ainong the first was Nathan Hus- sey, who had settled in Newberry in 1735, coming from Newcastle County, Del. He, William Willis, and a few others, located in the vicinity of York about 1750. In 1754 they obtained permission of the Warrington monthly meeting to hold an ' ' indulged meet- ing'' in York. The original meeting-house, which is yet standing, is located on West Philadelphia Street, opposite the high school building. Meetings are still kept up, though the society is very small at present. The eastern part of the lot on which the meeting house stands was purchased in the year 1765, from Nathan Hussey, and his wife, Edith, for the use of the Society of Friends. During the follow- ing year the eastern part of the present building was erected. The records give the following-named persons as contributors: Nathan Hussey, £15 ; William Willis, £15 ; Joseph Updegraff, £15; Joseph Garretson, £12; William Matthews, £13; Herman Updegraff, £12; .Jesse Falk- ner, James Love, John Collins, Joseph Collin. All the best bricks in those days were im- ported from England. The ones which form this building came from there, and were laid by William Willis, whose business was that of a brick-layer and farmer. He owned the land on which the Prospect Hill Cemetery, at York, now is. The familiar Willis' Spring, in that locality, received its name from him. His son, Samuel Willis, a kind-hearted man, whose face and generous disposition are yet remembered by some of the oldest citizens of York, succeeded him in the ownership. In 1773 the western portion of the lot on which the meeting-house is built, was donated to the Society of Friends forever. Ten years later the western division of the pres- ent meeting house was added. By this time the membership had greatly increased. War- rington monthly meeting included the pre- parative meetings of York, Newberry, War- rington, Huntingdon and Menallen. Among the leading preachers who con- ducted services in this meeting house, during the days of the past, were Peter Farnell, Margaret Elgar, William Matthews, deputy State surveyor, Elisha Kirk, Ann Jessop, Jesse Kersey and. Thomas Wetherald. Characteristic of all Friends' meeting- houses, records of births, marriages, deaths of this one, were carefully kept, as well as minutes of regular meetings. They are still in existence, except those taken away with the flood of the Codorus, in 1817. Job Scott, one of the most celebrated preachers of the Quaker faith, made a tour of America, visiting the different meetings of his society. In 1790 he came to York County. The following is from a journal published by him the same year: Coming: north from Virginia, I had very good meetings in the meeting houses at Menallen, Hunt- ington (Adams County), Newberry, Warrington and York; at each of these places to my great satis- faction. At York I had three meetings, and remained some days. I formed a good opinion of the town. On the 6th day of the first month, 1790, I went to a place called Wright's Ferry, on the Susquehanna River, where I had good meetings at the house of the widow Wright. The York meeting house was built on lots Nos. 175 and 176 of the town of York. They were patented by Thomas and Richard Penn to Nathan Hussey, 1763, and by him deeded to William Willis, Joseph Garretson, Her- man Updegraff as trustees " for the use of the society of Friends forever." In 1764 the York "indulged" meeting became a meet- ing for worship, but ordered " to remain members of the Newberry preparative meet- ing as before." The meeting-house was completed in 1766, and in 1767 the York preparative meeting established. In 1783 York meeting requested to have afternoon meetings on first days, to begin at the third hour, which was granted, desiring "that Friends of that meeting may take their children and families with them to meeting." In 1784 they request that a monthly meet- ing for discipline be settled among them, which was granted. York Monthly Meeting. — This meeting was established in 1786 and ordered to be held "on the fourth day of the week preceding the second first day of each month, and known as the York Monthly Meeting." The first meeting was held on fifth day of seventh month, 1786. Persons appointed to the meet- ing were Edward Jones, James Hancock, John Garretson, Benjamin Underwood, John Marsh, William Nevitt, Samuel Cookson. The women appointed were Miriam Hussey, Elizabeth Cook, Sarah Williams, Euth Cook, FRIENDS OR QUAKERS. 285 Lydia Garretson and Hannah Kirk. Will- iam Kersey was appointed clerk of meeting in 1786, and John Lone overseer, Elisha Kirk succeeded as clerk, and Joseph Upde- graff overseer. William Welch veas ap- pointed in 1786 to record births and deaths. Herman Updegraff was appointed elder in 1787, Thomas Owen in 1814 and Amos Far- quhar clerk in 1814. In 1793 this meeting was informed that a number of Friends had settled at Wright's Ferry, and permission was granted them to hold "a meeting for worship," Jacob Worley, Caleb Kirk, Jon- athan Jessop and John Love were appointed to visit the Friends at Wright's Ferry and assist them in 1797; Jonathan Jessop was appointed clerk of York meeting in 1797, "in room of Eli Kirk who died." The meeting at Wright's Ferry, in the house of Andrew Moore was continued until 5__8— 1798. The following death records were reported at dates named: "Our esteemed friend Han- nah Willis, an elder, departed this life 5 — 10 —1798. William Willis, an elder, died 9— 25 1801, in the seventy-fourth year of his age. Herman Updegraff, an elder, died 5 — 20 — 1811, aged seventy-three years. Joseph Elgar, a minister, died 7 — 13 — 1811, aged eighty-ou^ years. Ann Love, an elder, died 8 — 14 — 1821. Margaret Elgar, a minister, died 3 — 29 — 1821, in the eighty-second year of her age." Marriages. — The following is a list of the marriages, at York meeting, as far as re- corded: John Cope, of the borough of Lancaster, in the county of Lancaster, son of Caleb Cope and Mary, his wife, and Marj'.Updegrafi, daughter of Harraan Updegraff and Lydia, his wife; 9-13-1786. Daniel Ragan of York Town, in the county of York, and Ruth Worley, widow of Francis Worley, late of the same place; 11-14-1787. Joel Willis, of the borough of York, son of Will- iam Willis and Betty, his wife, the latter deceased, and Hannah Jessop, of same place, daughter of Thomas, deceased, and Ann; 12-13-1787. John Bentley, of Warrington, son of John and Tamer, deceased, and Susanna Jones, of the borough of York, daughter of John and Elizabeth; 10-22- 1788. Josiah Jordan, of Manchester, son of James, de- ceased, and Charity, and Lydia Miller, of Manches- ter, daughter of Solomon and Sarah, deceased; 6- 17-1789. Ellis Cleaver, of Gwynedd, son of Ezekiel and Mary, deceased, and Elizabeth Miller, daughter of Solomon, of the borough of York, and Sarah, de- ceased; 4^7-1791. Caleb Bracken, of the horough of York, son of James, deceased, and Mary, and Rebecca Miller, of the borough of York, daughter of Solomon and Sarah, deceased; 8-14-1793. Jonathan Jessop, of theborough of York, son of Thomas, deceased, and Ann, and Susanna Upde- grafE, of same place, daughter of Joseph and Mary; Thomas Walmsley, of Byberry, Philadelphia County, and Ruth Kirk, of the borough of York, daughter of Solomon and Sarah Miller, and widow of Elisha K.; 6-5-1794. Slie died 6-18-1798, in her forty-seventh year; a minister about twenty-three years. Alexander Underwood, of Warrington, son of John, deceased, and Mary, and Rhoda Updegraff, of York, daughter of Harman and Lydia, deceased; 10-23-1794. William Farquhar, of Pipe Creek, Frederick Co., Md., son of William and Ann, deceased, and Lydia Willis, daughter of William, of York County, and Betty, deceased; 13-8-1796. Harman Updegraff, of the borough of York, and Susanna Mills, of same place, widow of William Mills, late of Lancaster County; 1-14-1801. Tliomas Conard, of the Northern Liberties of Philadelphia, son of Mathew and Mary, deceased, of Philadelphia City, and Sarah Welch, daughter of William and Hannah, of the borough of York; 9- 9-1801. AV'illiam Farquhar, of Frederick County, Md., son of Allen and Phebe, deceased, and Sarah Upde- graff, daughter of Joseph and Mary, of the borough of York; 10-7-1801. Thomas Leech, of Warrington Township, son of Thomas and Phebe, and Hannah Garretson, of East Manchester, daughter of Cornelius and Margaret, deceased; 2-10-1802. John Worley, of York County, son of Jacob and Ann, and Elizabeth Coats, of the borough of York, daughter of Aaron, deceased, and Mary; 7-6-1803. Daniel Hainj, of Frederick County, Md.,.son of Nathan and^flah, deceased, and Rachel Updegraff, daughter of Ambrose and Elizabeth, deceased, of York County; 10-38-1806. Timothy Kirk, of York Town, son of Timothy and Mary, of Harford County, Md., and Editti JCirk, widow of Eli, and daughter of Joseph and Susanna Updegraff, deceased; 3-16-1808. Samuel Jefleris, son of William, deceased, of Pennsylvania, and Priscilla, and Lydia Cope, daugh- ter of John, deceased, of York borough, and Mary; 9-18-1809. Amos Griest, of York, son of Joseph, of Latimore, Adams County, and Rebecca, and Phelje Swayne, of York, daughter of James and Hannah, deceased; 10-18-1809. Mordecai Williams, of Warrington, and Mary Holland, of York Town; 8-14-1810. Samuel Cook, of Warrington, son of Sa\nuel and Ruth, deceased, and Sarah Garretson, daughter of Cornelius, of Anne Arundel County, Md., and Margaret, deceased; 4-17-1811. Amos James, of Baltimore City, son of Thomas, deceased, of Harford County, and Ann, deceased, and Mary Cope, widow of John, and daughter of Harman Updegraff, deceased, of York, and Lydia, deceased; 6-12-1811. John Gillingham of Baltimore City, son of James and Elizabeth, of same, and Mary Updegraff, daugh- ter of Joseph and Mary, of York, the former de- ceased; 9-21-1814. Benjamin Garretson, of Newbury, sOn of Samuel and Alice deceased, and Orpah Smith, daughter of Samuel, of Spring Garden Township, and Ruth; 8- 13-1823. Obadiah Dingee, of Iiampeter, son of Jacob and Elizabeth, deceased, of East Marlborough, and Han- nah Welch, daughter of William, deceased, and Hannah, of York; 13-11-1823. Phineas Davis, of York, son of Nathan andMary, deceased, of Grafton, N. H., and Hannah Taylor, of York County, daughter of Libni and Sarah, of Clearfield County, Penn.; 11-15-1836. 286 HISTORY OP YORK COUNTY. THE FAWN MEETING. At a western quarterly meeting, held at London Grove, Chester County, 8-15-1763, Deer Creek (Md.) monthly meeting mentions, that a few families of Friends settled in Fawn Township, York County, were desirous of having the privilege of holding a meeting, having selected a spot of ground on which they designed to build a meeting-house. John Jackson, Thomas Barrett, Joshua Brown, Thomas Carlton, William Samborn, William Swayne and Isaac Whitelock were appointed to visit them and make a report. ll-^Sl-1763, the committee reported: That hav- ing met and viewed the place purposed by them to build a meeting house on (which place being not yet secured and the winter season approaching), they are of mind that is best for this meeting to defer granting their request till the spring; yet that Deer Creek monthly meeting may allow them the same liberty as formerly, and have a watchful eye over them to see whether they maintain the priviledge granted 'em with reputation, which report was signed by all the committee, and being twice read and considered, it is particularly recommended to Deer Creek monthl}' meeting to make a close inspec- tion how the friends of Fawn Township keep up their meeting the ensuing winter, arid make report thereof hereafter to this meeting. 3-30-1764: The case of the Friends in and near Fawn Township in York County is still continued under the care of Deer Creek monthly meeting. There is no further mention of this meet- ing in the minutes of Western quarterly meeting up to 5th mo. 1779. In Levi K. Brown's brief account of the meetings, belonging to Baltimore yearly meeting (1875) it is stated that: This meeting, a branch of Deer Creek monthly meeting, was probably held as early as 1780 (then a branch of Gunpowder monthly meeting). In 1790 the first meeting-house was built, and in the fifth month (1792) the preparative meeting was estab- lished. In 1870 there were thirty-four families and parts of families. Total, 100 niembers. Midweek meetings fourth days, at 10 o'clock summer, 11 win- ter. (It probabh' never belonged to Gunpowder monthly meeting.) At Warrington monthly meeting, 1-8-1785: Our friend, Ruth Kirk, in a solid manner, expressed a concern that hath for some time attended her mind to attend a little meeting of Friends in Fawn Town- ship, and to visit the families belonging to it. And our friend, Hannah Willis, having expressed a free- dom to go with her, which, being considered in this meeting, there appeared a uniting therewith, and Joseph Updergrafl appointed to accompany them therein. The Fawn meeting-house is located in the village of Fa'Wn Grove, in Fawn Township. Recently a new house of worship was erected. First day and fourth day meetings are regu- larly held and a regular organization kept up. EARLY MAEEIAGES OF FRIENDS IN YORK COUNTY. According to the custom of the Society, the marriage ceremony is always performed at a public meeting, and the certificate of marriage signed by the members and others present, as witnesses. The following is a list of a few of the first marriages in York County: Robert Hodgin, of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, carpenter, and Theodate Seal, widow of Joseph Seal, were married 5-29-1740, at a meet- ing at .John Day's house in Manchester, with the following witnesses:* Rebecca Bennett, Anne Hussey, Hannah Fincher, Nathan Hussey, Mary Cox, John Hussey, Rebecca Cox, Christopher Hussey, Esther Davis, Content Garretson, Anne Garratson, Ann Day, Martha Garratson, John Day, Sarah McAnabley, Thomas Fioland, Elizabeth Price, Peter Worrall, Margrett Carson, Thomas Cox, James Clemson, John Noblet, Francis Fincher, Ann Noblet, Joseph Bennett, Ann Hussey, William Garretson, Margret Hussey, Joseph Garretson, John Garretson, William Griffith, William Cocks, James Moore, Samuel Cocks. Thomas Riley, John Baley, Jacob Youngblood, James Ashton, William Baley, Charles McAhele, James Baley, Patrick Carson, James Frazer, of Manchester Township, in Lan- caster County, and Rebeckah Cox, daughter of Thomas Cox, of Manchester, were married 8-32- 1740,^ "in a Public and Solemn assembly of ye aforesaid people, and others mett together at ye house of William Garretson, in Manchester, in ye County of Lancaster." Witnesses: Eleazer Mires, Thomas Cox, Joseph Garretson, Alexander Fraizer, Joshua Kenworthy, Mary Cocks, Francis Fincher, Alexander Frazer, Edward Mullenaex, Isaac Cox, William Griffith, John Cox, Andrew Rogers, Rebeckah Bennett, Christopher Hussey, John Fincher, Jphn Garretson, Jane Fincher, Joseph Bennet, Nathan Hussey. John Earl, Mary Cox, Samuel Underwood, Ann Noblet, John Noblett, Content Garretson, Charles Phillips, 'Theodate Hodgin, William Garretson, Mary Craig, Daniel Early, Anne Waakin, George Alford, , Esther Garretson, Ann Cox, Rebecca Rogers, Thomas Davison, of Warrington, in the County of Lancaster, blacksmith, and Sarah Eliot, daughter of Sarah Farmer, of Manchester, spinster, were married 9-9-1743, at a publick meeting house in Manchester, f Witnesses: Joseph Bennett, Jane Carson, John Noblitt, Anne Day, Patrick Carson, Mary Carson, Thomas Leech, John Davison, Peter Stout, Sarah Farmer, Anne Hussey, Benjamin Eliot, Content Garretson, Jacob Eliot, Theodate Hodgin, John Parmer, Rebecca Bennett, John Day. *It has always been the custom for parents and near rela^ tives to sign on the right hand of the certificate, under the names of the persons married, tit was in what is now Newberry Township. FRIENDS OR QUAKERS. 287 Alexander Fraizer, of Pennsbury (now In Fair- view Township), in Lancaster County, yeoman, and Phebe Eliot, of Manchester, were married 10-10- 1743, at a publick meeting house, in Manchester. Witnesses: Joseph Bennett, Nathan Hussey, John Day, William Garretson, Thomas Leech, Edward MuUenax, Patrick Carson, James Bennett, Edmond Fitzizaurice, John Noblett, John Garretson, Mary Garretson, Sarah Davison, Rebecca Fraizer, James Fraizer, Isaac Eliot, Benjamin Eliot, Jacob Eliot, Abraham Eliot, Rebeekah Bennett, Content Garretson, Neoma Garretson, Martha Garretson, Susannah Mills, Cathern Eliot, Jane Carson, Mary Carson. Moses Key, of Newberry, in the County of Lan- caster, labourer, and Susannah Mills, of the same township, spinster, were married 3-23-1744, at a publick meeting house in Newberry. Witnesses: Rebecca Bennett, Joseph Bennett, Ann Hussey, Patrick Carson, Content Garretson, William Bennett, Jane Carson, Isaac Bennett, Susannah Hussey, Natljan Hussey, Jr, . Na-than Hussey, John Day, Jr., John Day, Robert Mills, Jr., John Garretson, Robert Mills, Mary Mills. Joseph Garretson, of Warrington Township — yeo- man, and Mary Mills, of Newberry, were married 7-25-1745, at Newberry meeting house. Wit- nesses : Jonas Chamberlin, Robert Mills, John Earl, Nathan Hussey, Thomas Cook, John Garretson, Robert Hodgen, William Garretson, Calvin Cooper. Christopher Hussey, Thomas Prowell, John Day, Andrew Moore, Nathan Hussey, Jr., John Nohlit, Samuel Cox, Francis Fincher, Susanna Hussey, Hannah Fincher, Mary Cox, Thomas Bulor, Elizabeth Willy, Benjamin Eliot, Mary Hussey, Patrick Carson, Sarah Bennett, Joseph Key, Isaac Bennett, John Day, Jr., Ann Day, Sarah Mills, Sarah Cook, William Bennett, Susanna Key, Abram Noblit, Jane Carson, Isaac Cox, Moses Key, Thomas Cox, William Cox, Joseph Heald, Olive Underwood, Martha Garretson, Jane Underwood, Neomy Garretson, Joseph Bennett, Anne Hussey, Mary Carson, Content Garretson, Mary Devison, Mary Garretson, Pheby Frazer, Rebecca Bennett, Sarah Farmer, Margaret Stout. Isaac Cox, son of Thomas Cox, of Warrington, and Olive Underwood, daughter of Alexander Underwood, of Warrington, were married at War- rington meeting, 9-27-1746. (Names of witnesses not copied). William Smith, son of John Smith, deceased, of Warrington, and Jane Underwood, daughter of Alexander, of same place, were married 8-9-1747, at Warrington meeting. (Made their marks): Rebecca Bennett, Alexander Underwood, Mary Garretson, Joseph Smith, Joseph Garretson, William Underwood, Samuel Cox, Thomas Cox, Isaac Cox, William Griffith, Joseph Bennet, John Wright, John Cox, Sr., John Cox, Jr., Benjamin Underwood, Soloman Shepherd, William Ferrall, Peter Cook, Rebecca Bennett, Mary Garretson, Olive Cox, Anne Hussey, Mary Garretson, Margreat Carson, Sarah Mills, Hannah Cox. John Pope, John Beals, Richard Cox, Thomas Cook, Samuel Cox, son of John, of Huntington, and Hannah Wierman, daughter of William, of Hunt- ington, were married at Huntington meeting, 8-32- 1747. (Witnesses names not copied). Robert Vale and Sarah Butler were married in Warrington 8-10-1749. He was born in London, was an excellent classi- cal scholar. They became acquainted on board the ship while immigrating. In a note Robert Vale says, " when he came to York County it was a wilderness of woods, and Indians came to see them afterthe marriage." William Beals to Mary Mullineux, 10-1- 1749. Nathan Hussey, Jr., to Susanna Heald, 2-26-1749. John Garrettaon to Jane Carson, 6-22-1749. William Ozburn to Rebecca Cox, 10-5- 1750. Benjamin Underwood to Susanna Greist, daughter of John Greist, 7-1-1750. There are recorded in one of these books 296 marriages, extending from 1747 to 1849. In this list the name Garretson occurs 45- times ; Greist, 25 times ; Griffith, 18 times ;' Hussey, 17 times ; Updegraff, 20 times ; Willis, 10 times; Vale, 21 times ; Wright, 10 times ; Wickersham, 18 times ; Mills, 10 times ; Morthland, 7 times ; Cook, 25 times ; Blackburn , 25 times ; Hammond, 6 times ; Kirk, 13 times ; Penrose, 7 times ; Cadwala- der, 11 times ; Alkinson, 15 times ; Cleaver 10 times ; Marsh, 6 times ; Jones, 7 times; McMullin, 19 times; Underwood, 20 times; Thomas, 10 times ; etc. Notes from Records. — Johanna Heald died 1781, in what is now Fairview Township. She was a noted Quakeress preacher. In 1779, sixteen acres of land were pur- chetsed on which to build a schoolhouse. The trustees appointed were Ellis Lewis, John Garretson, William Lewis and James Kingsly. This schoolhouse was built at Lewisberry, which then was a hamlet in Red Land Valley. James Thomas was a highly esteemed preacher in 1795. Edward Jones was an estimable gentleman and highly respected preacher. After the removal of the Newberry meeting farther west he lived in the old Newberry meeting- 388 HISTOBY OF YORK COUNTY. house. He was thrown out of a carriage and his leg was broken 7-29-1823, and died soon after, aged eighty-three years. Peter Cleaver, who came from Upper Dub- lin, Philadelphia County, was for -thirty years, a clerk of Warrington and Newberry monthly meeting. William Underwood was clerk from 1747 to 1775. Susanna Elgar, Isaac Everett and Abel Thomas were noted preachers in 1780 and before. Dur- ing the latter part of the Eevolutionary period Abel Thomas visited friends in North Carolina, and afterward acted as a guide to Geii. Greene in his re- treat northward across that State when pur- sued by Cornwallis. He afterward passed through the British lines to remain with Friends, and protect them during the war. Many Friends had emigrated from York County to that State years before. John Day was appointed elder of New- berry meeting 1748, and Peter Stout svas made overseer same year. Thomas Wilson, John Blackburn, William Delap, Daniel Winter, Patrick Carson and others, located in York County, 1736, coming from Calahagan, Ireland. Henry Clark built a saw-mill in Warring- ton, 1748. He came from Chester County. He sawed the timber for the new court house at York in 1753. Aaron Frazer produced a certificate from Newark meeting, and lo- cated in York County, 1748. The following is the form of marriage cer- tificate used in 1780: Whereas, William Squibb, of the Township of Warrington, and County of York, in Pennsylvania, (son of William Squibb and Sarah, his wife), and Jane Morthland, of the township and county afore- said (daughter of William Morthland and Ruth, his wife). Having appeared before several monthly meetings of the people called Quakers (at Warring- ton), and declared their intention of marriage with each other, according to the good order used amongst them; and having consent of their parents and par- ties concerned, their proposal of marriage was al- lowed by the said meetings. Now these are to cer- tify whom it may concern, that for the full accom- plishment of their said intention, they, the said William Squibb and Jane Morthland, appeared at the public meeting at Warrington, in the County of York, on the twenty-fourth day of the second month, in the year of Our Lord One Thousand Seven Hundred and Eighty. And then and there, in the said Assembly, the said William Squibb taking the said Jane Morthland by the hand did in a solemn manner, openly promising with the Lord's assistance, to be unto her a loving and faithful hus- band, until death should separate them. And then and there, in the same Assembly, the said Jane Morthland did in like manner declare, that she took, him, the said William Squibb, to be her husband, promising with the Lord's assistance, to be to him a loving and faithful wife until death should separate them. And moreover, they, the said William Sqtiibl) and Jane Morthland, she according to the custom of marriage, assuming the name of her husband, did then and there to these presents set their hands. William Sqitibb, Jane Sqtjibb. And for a further confirmation we, whose names are also here underscribed, who were present at the solemnization of the said marriage and subscription, have as witnesses, thereunto set our hands the day and year above written. William Squibb, George Newcomer, William Morthland, Jacob Underwood, Ruth Morthland, Benjami-n/W^allicr, William Underwood, Ruth Walker, Alexander Underwood, Rebecca Cox. Rebecca Morthland, Ruth Underwood, Robert Morthland, Benjamin Underwood, Robert Squibb, David Cadwalader, John Marsh, Sarah Cadwalader, Joseph Bradley, Joshua Vale, Mary Squibb, Jonathan Mash, Jane Yarnell, Margaret Lerew, Mary Godfrey, Miriam Hussey, Sarah Thomas, Sarah Williams, Martha Morris, William Garretson, John Marsh, John Vale, Robert Vale, John Godfrey. Recorded on page 61. Most of the early class of Friends who set- tled in York Coufity, were an excellent class of people, and carried out the mode of dis- cipline of the society in respect to war, in- temperance, marriage, etc. The following notes will illustrate a few points and will doubtless be read with inter- est: Patrick Carson, a Scotch-Irishman, though a member of the Society of Friends in 1748, "passed the lie" on Thomas Cox, a fellow- member. This caused a difficulty. John Day and Richard Wickersham appointed to bring them to '' terms of peace." They were obliged to go to Chester County, where the trouble originated. Upon their return, Pat- rick was made to subscribe his name to an apology, which he did in order to remain in "friendly unity with the society," but after- ward "he regretted to believe that his allega- tions were true." Joseph Bennett, 7 — 10 — 1748, signed a doc- ument as follows: "I acknowledge with great sorrow that I was overtaken with the effects of spirituous liquor in the harvest field, reaping for John Eankin in Red Land Valley (Lewisberry) last harvest. It was a hot day. I drank more than I should have to drive out the sweat to make me in better capacity to follow my work, but it produced the contrary effect, so that I was for a time light in the head and I talked foolish. Wishing to re- main in unity with the Friends, I hereby acknowledge my error." Thomas Cook was reproved in 1747 by Newberry meeting, for drinking spirituous liquors, and John Day was appointed to over- see him. Richard Carson in 1765, was required to FEIENDS OE QUAKEES. 289 acknowledge in public at meeting "his great error for having a fiddling and dancing party at his house.'' A certain member was disowned by the Society for failing to pay a debt to Joseph Button, in 1758. Joseph John, a member, was made to apologize for his error in "for running off with and marrying a woman that some one else intended to marry." John Blackburn and John Pope, in 1755, joined the forces from York County to quell the Indian troubles along the northern and western frontier. They were the first to violate the laws of the Society of Friends. According to the principles of the great founder of Pennsylvania, the Indians were to be treated with, and not quelled by force of arms. A committee was appointed to persuade them " in love and amity that they might see the error of their ways." These two men, however, would not yield. John Blackburn afterward became one of the president court justices of York County, and during the Eevolution was one of the firs! of the Friends to join the American Army. Thomas Noblet appeared before Newberry meeting, 8 — 21 — 1756, and said : "I ask par- don "for not keeping the principles of truth, and giving way so far to the enemy, to enlist as a soldier, contrary to the good order kept among'the Friends for which I am very sorry." Abraham Noblet entered the military serv- ice during the French and Indian war. A committee was appointed by the monthly meeting, to treat with him and endeavor to bring him to a sight of his error. He ac- knowledged his error after retiring from service. "Dear Friends: — Whereas I have been educated in the way of truth among the Society of Friends, butter want of keeping to the principles thereof, in my own heart, have gone far astray, being much surprised as to the reports of the Indians being in the neighborhood, I took my gun in order to defend myself, for which I am sorry, and give this for the clearance of truth. I hope to be more careful of my conduct in the future. Armael Finohee. 6—8—1758. Henry Underwood enlisted as a soldier in 1756. He afterward at meeting acknow- ledged it to be "a great wrong to bear arms against his countrymen, and kill them." Henry Clark on 2 — 18 — 1758, acknow- ledged his great wrong in being overtook with strong drink, and got his gun to defend himself against the Indians, "whereof I am sorry and ask to be forgiven." Abraham Noblet acknowledged his error in being married "by a priest to a woman not a member of the Society of Friends." He appeared at Warrington monthly meet- ing and made an apology, which by order of meeting was to be read publicly at the New- berry preparative meeting by Joseph Ben- nett, and Noblett reinstated in meeting, which was done. Francis Fincher and William Bennett had to submit to a public censtire in meeting " for drinking too freely and using bad words. " Samuel Underwood and William Griffith were appointed to treat with them. James McGrew in 1757 acknowledged his error "for taking too much drink while with others and singing improper songs." John Powell asked permission of Warring- ton meeting to go to New Garden, Chester County, "to take a young woman for a wife" in 1749. Granted. John Greist produced a certificate from Concord, Chester County, 1749, and located in Warrington. John Willis became a member of Newberry meeting in 1756. John Eankin 10—7—1771, bought a slave, which was contrary to the rules of Friends. Timothy Kirk, William Lewis, William Penrose and John Hancock, were appointed to treat with him, but their report was unfavorable, and he would not concede his error. John Rankin afterward became a colonel in the Third Battalion of York County Associators, during the Eevolution, but in 1778 became a Tory. An attempt was made to capture him, but by aid of his slave Ralph, be escaped and went to Long Island. He afterward sent an order manu- mitting his slave. Col. Eankin and his brother, Col. William Eankin, were quite influential during the early part of the Eevo- lutionary period. Jedadiah Hussey who lived in Warrington about 1800, could lift a barrel full of cider to his mouth and drink out of it. 290 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. THE SCOTCH IRISH. BT R. C. BAIK. LITTLE is generally known of the Scotcli- Irish. They have left to history no in- scribed records. It is possible to know who they were, and measure the breadth and depth of their influence upon mankind. In- jected as they were by force among the sects and races, their short career of distinct- ive provincialism was full of momentous possibilities. The Scotch -Irish are no longer an individual people; they are a lost and scattered clan. The world has ab- sorbed them; they are part of the leaven of its mighty development; of them it can truly be said: "The good men do lives after them, the evil is oft interred with their bones. " The investigation of unwritten history to the devout mind affords a solemn realization of its vast depth and grandeur, as well as its obscurity. The history of all ages and peo- ples is replete with mystery and sacred truth. Time has piled his monuments of wreck and ruin in every kingdom of the earth. Through these shall future genera- tions solve the past. Men delight to un- cover the secrets of vanished years. History re- views the Pantheon, repeoples the Coliseum, and digs again the catacombs. She towers above a fallen empire, and, trumpet-tongued, resounds the fame of Eome. England, Scot- land, Ireland, too, are rich in fame of legend and historic lore. It has been said: "Egypt, from whence came all the knowledge of the world." But truly, England, from whence came greatest influences — influences that shall endure to shape the future, the destiny of mankind, till latest posterity forget its Anglo-Saxon blood and tongue. The dev- otee, who begins the search after a buried past, has, it is true, bright hope to lead and glad success to urge him on, but he cannot feel else than inexpressibly sad that there are so few vestiges left behind, and that all of them are blood-stained. If it were possible for me to take you to the source, the fountain head of my subject, in the rugged mountains of Scotia, and come down the ribboned rivu- let to the wider stream of thought, then into the deep channel of events, and point out the clear-cut verges of its devious course, finally bringing you to the open bay, where we now stand looking upon a bound- less eternity of future action — it would be a sweet realization. Gome with me to Scotland, then a little while to Ireland, and we will come back to our own America ipdeed, to the very hills and fields that stretch round about us. Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, was the mother of James Darnley, who, when he was thirteen months old, became King James VI, of Scotland. He reigned thirty-four years. In 1603, upon the death of Queen Elizabeth, when he was thirty -six years of age, he be- came king of Great Britain and Ireland, with title James I., of England. While he was yet boy king of Scotland, that good old country was fearfully rent with disputes and war between the Catholics and Protestants. His mother, Mary, had been a violent Cath- olic, when she was driven from the throne, (abdicating in favor of her son). Protestant- ism, which had long been oppressed and ground down, rebounded with astounding vigor. These church wars left an indelible influence upon the times, out of which grew the events we propose to relate. James Darnley was the only surviving blood of the once famous Tudors — .James, the great grandchild of Henry VIII. The years of his young manhood in Scotland were circum- spect and becoming a king. He was High Church Episcopal. He gave us the trans- lation of our Bible. In the frugal land of his birth, he was kind, earnest, thoughtful. But when he was called to the highest throne in Christendom, his head was turned. He became frivolous, self-indulgent, unblushing in shamelessness, and disgraced himself by the excesses of his passions. Being outwardly such a man, he was at once surrounded by sycophants and miserable "toadies," who applaud kings and strive to ingratiate royal confidence. But James was shrewd, and tb all who sought to secure from him patronage or exclusive privilege, he became a startling surprise. He was called ''the wisest fool that wears a crown in Europe." Taking the throne upon the death of that remarkable queen, Elizabeth, he found himself sur- rounded with the beginnings of mighty events, and borne upon by the responsibili- ties of growing Christianity and accumulating independence. It was written in his time: THE SCOTCH-IRISH. 291 "Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown." The kingdom which had be^n ruled 120 years from Henry VII. by a most illustri- ous family, had a high measure for excel- lence. So that when out of hardy Scotland came a young prince to govern "Great Eng- land," the smile of satisfaction or demonstra- tive joy cannot be said to have been uproar- ious. The kingdom was nervous and uneasy; religious discussion was fiery; strife inces- sant; conscience and thought stirred to unbounded activity and fervor. It is to be questioned if a country was ever thrown into greater disorder and religious uncertainty than England upon the accession of James. Great hopes had been raised; much was expected of him by all sects. Many were sure to 'be disappointed. He had called the Protestants the "sincerest kirk in the world;" he had censiired the Catholicity of England as an "evil-said mass;" he had promised the abased Puritans "rest and favor;" he had said: "Scotchmen shall be of my table," and declared that "Ireland should render an ac- count." The hungry hounds of office bayed at his heels; Episcopacy looked up to him and held her hands for succor; all eyes were upon him, and all hearts beat with expectan- cy. Chagrin stifled the hopes of all. He was a great schemer. A thinker, he evolved many strange conceits and administrative policies. One of these whimsical hobbies we must observe, as it is the starting point in the succession of events we are about to follow. It was' about the only one he had tenacity of purpose enough ever to carry out. That it had been long with him, even before he was able to practice it, his books give evidence. Between 1607 and 1608 James executed a pet idea of his life that changed the lives and fortunes of many thousands, and destined a new branch of the human family to hold the plow instead, as had unnumbered generations of its forefathers, the sword; a branch whose sturdy worth and stout sectarianism has ever produced men loyal and brave for their country, devout and heroic in their church. Let me group ionr events. In 1607, when Capt. Champlain entered the gulf of St. Lawrence; when Henry Hudson pressed into the Polar Sea; when John Smith and Sir Christopher New- port sailed into Chesapeake Bay, James I, of England, resolved on an action that gave to civilization and God the Scotch-Irish. You will remember that between Scotland and England lies a wild and extensive tract of land, one-half heath, one-half upland, in old times called the "Borders." The clans who had ever dwelt there were composed of splendid specimens of hardihood and valor, — men whose determined purpose and strength were as astonishing as their feats of daring. Accustomed, as they were, to wage almost in- cessant warfare upon each other (those on the north against those on the south), they were all great muscular men and of towering height. It is not to be supposed these Scotch and English bordermen were different in their characteristics, or that one was j less brutal than the other. It is impossible for two nationalities to dwell side by side, whether at peace or war, without growing like each other in instincts and habits. So that while the rugged Englishman might find some royal veins beneath his garter and the brawny Scotchman trace far back his High- land ancestral blood, yet in their dress, their gait, their accent and manners, it would have been difficult to tell the giant with the broadsword from the every-inch-a-ehief who swung the claymore. When the glens of Scotland would rush down like a torrent upon the English lowlands, or like a mad whirl- wind the lowlands sweep into the Scottish hills, then would the " debatable border land " resound with clash and crash of terri- ble foes. To this day the headless skeleton of many a Johnstone, mingled with the skulls and bones of Graham and Armstrong, is exhumed from the sandy plain 'twixt the rivers Esk and Sark. On the very night Elizabeth died, the Clan Graham, thinking now a Scotchman would] be king — imagining the rich plunder they couid seize — made a fierce incursion into England toward Perth, ravaging and destroying in avarice as well as hate. In this they were anticipated by their old enemies who, strengthened by a strong force of soldiers, met and horribly repulsed them. Cut to pieces they staggered and fell. The old clan of Graham, which had fought many a cruel combat and carried many a trunkless trophy on their spears, had rained their last blows of death upon the kith and kin of the Briton. James (now four years king), long aware of the tumultuous war- ring of these unconquerable clans, discern- ing that they would yet keep the north of his kingdom in even greater uproar than in times past, at last saw his opportunity to silence them forever. He knew the Grahams were helpless. He also knew the remarkable re- cuperative power of such men. Broken and defeated as the Grahams were, he caused them to confess to this singular indictment: "that they were unfit persons to dwell in the country which they inhabited," and asked them to pray him to remove them "else- where where his paternal goodness should 293 HISTOBT or YOEK COUNTY. assign them subsistence." The whole clan, consisting of many families (a few individu- als excepted), were thus deprived of their homes and lands and at once transported out of the country. Walter Scott says: "There is a list somewhere in existence, which shows the names of every one of these people, and the rate at which the county of Cumberland was taxed for their exportation." He further remarks : ' ' The poor Borderers were driven away in herds like so many bullocks." Scotch- Irishmen, behold your ancestors! In the early spring of 1608 (the same year of the Graham's removal), the native chieftains of Ireland at the north broke into rebellion against the power of. the king. They arose in a most cruel and bloody out- burst. Their subsequent conquest and ban- ishment restored a vast territory of hill country to the crown. Five hundred thou- sand acres were thus subjected and seized as property of England. The wild Irish were driven into the waste places among the bogs and fens, and their old province of Ulster was left empty and deserted. This was the condition in Ireland at the time the downcast Grahams prayed to be "taken away else- where." In the fulfillment of his majestic laws, God always supplies materials, when He is ready to accomplish great designs. Numerous Scotchmen to be provided homes and a land to dwell in — Ulster, Ireland, 500,000 acres 'vacant! What think ye? Here was the opportunity of the king. If he was frivolous, if he was timorous, if he was shameless in the immodesty he indulged, he performed his part in the labor set aside ex- clusively for kings. If he was impractical and ideal, God gave him wherewith to perfect the experiment of his dream. Born, as he was, to live in an age when the culminating changes of a benighted world began to make history fast and hurry on the times, big with astounding possibilities; born to be the link in events welding the old past and joining the new future; born to be the link, the life, that would come between the license of the Tudors and merge the lax morality of the Stuarts — he was in the hand of Deity. Few kings have lived ', amid such remarkable changes — ascending the throne when the cycles of time were closing an epoch; ruling when men, like an ocean, were restless, swelling with the impulses of mighty convic- tions; ruling when old forms of thought and feeling were breaking up and being dissolved; ruling when the boundless realm of truth was a wild chaos of detached doctrines, theories and beliefs; swaying the sceptre and attempt- ing to shape policies, when the immutable forces of Omnipotent law were crystallizing marvelous achievements. Doubtless he little knew that his life stood in the shadow edge of the dark ages, or that through the years was dawning the light of a new era. He did not see the activity of time, as it began to lead out of the future strange events. How could he? This James, pronounced "incomparable for learn- ing among kings," but whose insincerity hid from him plain truths. How could he see wonderful results growing out of his shrewd schemes and calculations, when he put the Grahams into Ireland? He did not. The Puritan had gone to Germany. What of it? He declared " We are glad to be rid of them on any terms." No, he could not see what his action would evolve. In filling Ulster Province with Scotch, one thing he did intend to accomplish. England had always been entered in time of war by way of Ireland; Ireland herself has never failed to aid a foreign foe in his attempts to despoil the British Isles. James knew and every other man knew the Celt of Erin ever ready to stab old England in the back. To over- come this constant menace, he put the loyal Scotchmen there to watch treason. The Irish were lazy; the Scotch would stimulate • industry and thrift. In order that the few loyal Irish might be appeased and now more heartily support the king, he gave them the level parts of Ulster most easily tilled, they being indolent. To the Scotch he gave the hilly northern part. It was rugged and wild. They made them homes, however, and were comfortable. Peculiar privileges were granted. Free schools were erected. A university was endowed. Linen was their chief industry. Flax culture their reliance. In distinction to other Scots they were called "Irish Scots." After a long residence in Ireland they came to be called Scotch- Irish. The wild Irish, whom they dislodged and upon whose tracts they dwelt, frequently assailed them. Their old skill in such affrays would quickly nerve their arms, and the Irish always got the worst of it. The prosperity of these old clan warriors was marked. Their fields were amply tended and their towns hummed with busy spindles. March 27, 1625 — King James is dead. A new chain of circumstances begins. From 1641 to 1649 Ireland is rent from one end to the other. The heavy tread of Oliver Crom- well's mailed soldiers is heard by the Scotch- Irish. They had stood loyal to the crown of Charles. After the king was beheaded, Cromwell went among them to subdue them and confiscate their lands. He drove them out THE SCOTCH-IEISH. 293 on the rocky west coast of Conn aught, where they lived eleven years, enduring most abject wretchedness. When Charles IL came to the throne upon the "Restoration," he called the Scotch-Irish back to the estates his uncle James had given them. A formid- able difficulty confronted them. Many false claimants had come over from Scotland dur- ing their absence, and now presented them- selves as entitled to the lands upon which they had settled. A compromise was made and the property redistributed. After the "divide," those who formerly owned one hundred acres owned less than twelve. The population had largely increased. Poverty began to spread among them. Three seasons had failed to bring them crops; the famine of 1725 stared thousands in the face. The Scotch exiles had lived 119 years in their Irish country happily, and now there was no work. Mills were closed. The distress among the laboring class was terrible; grow- ing poorer and poorer; food grew dearer and dearer, and gaunt starvation came upon them. The Duke of Ulster saw a new disaster spring up. In haste he .wrote thus to Londou : "American agents are seducing the people with prospects of better homes across the Atlantic. They have been able to excite them the more by reason of their dire extremities. The preceding sammer 3,100 left for America and now seven ships are lying at Belfast, which will carry 1,000 more to Boston and Philadel- phia. The worst of it all is, it only affects the Scotch-Irish Protestants." Thus he wrote, and he wrote the truth. The God-fearing people who had. dwelt (if not always at peace) for four generations contented and happy, were now miserable and almost broken- hearted. The old grandfathers of the home- stead, long ago were laid under the sod ; their sons and their sons' sons were aged and infirm, and now in their homes was unutterable distress. Mothers and fathers besought alike the young men and women, praying "Haste away to the new continent; we have butalittle whileheretostay; go then, dear ones, that we may see you go." Thus parental solicitude urged them. Stern necessity drove them with remorseless lash. Hope had gone out of them, and, flying to the free land of America, it beckoned them there and held out its arms in welcome. The will of a wise Creator in the great plan of glorifying Him- self through the spread of manhood and liberty in the world was working in strange ways toward accomplishment. "God moves in a mysterious way His wonders to perforin." Thus he was employing poverty and wretch- edness to go into a far country and plant a ■vigorous church. The wants of their lives, the claims of the future and posterity, oper- ating upon them, forced them to the last resort of the helpless : to leave country and kindred and seek abode among strangers. As the Grahams 119 years before had prayed of James, so they prayed now : ' ' Lord, take us away where thy paternal goodness shall assign us subsistence." They, poor, halting souls, were encouraged on every hand. He who has to go away leaving feeble parents in tears behind, knows why they halted. But the old people (though it was like tearing the heart from its net of nerves) said, " Go.'' These were the words of advice in the homes and pulpits. " Well, children, you are gang- in' awa'. Your fathers left bonnie Scot- land and the auld kirk and kin and came here tofi.ght the wild Irish and plant religion and have homelands of their own, and they got them. Go : with your strong arms and stout hearts you will yet secure even greater blessings than they. Had it not been for their loyalty to their king (which is no sin to be repented of), their children, you, would have possessed them still. In your ways you seem to be gangin' the auld gait they trav- eled before ye : it is a joy in our cup of sor- row. Make up your mind for hardships and fear God. Sure it is, the savages we hear so much about can be no worse than the wild Irish by whom so many of us were murdered. In your grief be of good cheer. Take with ye the Good Book and always look to Him out of whom comes every perfect love and hope, and without whose blessing nothing prospers. Good-bye, God be with ye ; the seed of the righteous will never be forsaken." Sad parting. Once again the children of the Grahams and Armstrongs, the McCraes, the Maxwells and McDonalds (as their fathers from Scotland a century before), were com- pelled to leave the island of their birth and set out upon a new career toward a strange land. Bidding the old and feeble, whom they could not take with them, farewell for- ever, they turned their backs upon the past, and with gloomy hearts leaving the green gardens and flowers behind, they went down from their native hills to the sea to return no more save in tender memories. Almighty Providence is sending them away to be materials in the wise economy of the world for building commonwealth and great nationality. We will not make the slow and tedious journey with them on the perilous oceancrowded as they were to suffo- cation in leaky ships and beating about from 394 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. September to November. We will go to America, while they make the lonely voyage hither, that we may see the country they are sailing toward and be there when they come. The country to Avhich they were going had waited long for such as they — poor and lowly of men. It raised its bold outlines from what was then the farthest verge of ocean. Eugged and forbidding, the high coast ranges of the continent loomed against the horizon and from seaward descried distant approach. The tips of these Appalachian ridges in that remote and indistinguishable period, when the waters shrunk lower and lower into the hollow o£ the sea, were first to expose themselves above the surf to the power of light and moisture. Down, down, age by age, to the base the waters fell, and next came forth the foot- hills : lands like our York County hills. Ten thousand times unnum- bered years sent down their beating rains on these. And in that age none can contemplate, when the last departing wave was taken to the dark Atlantic's restless bosom, there stood forth, tier upon tier, a chain of mountains ; a bench oE broad plateaus; and nostled beneath, lovely valleys, leading toward the rivers and the sea. The rigors of time had scoured the bald old mountains, the remorseless elements had washed virtue and fertility from the bench lands and the young valleys had gathered to themselves the riches and soil of the depleted hills. Geologically this was the condition of America and Pennsylvania at the time of its settlement. Whoever came first should select its charms and secure infinite advantage. In 1680, the Quakers and Swedes made exclusive colonies along our rivers, erecting towns. In 1710, the Germans appropriated the rich alluvial vales in the limestone country. The Scotch-Irish, coming last, would find the available valuable land already pre-empted and dwelt upon, and nothing but the bench lands — the older and poorer — unoccupied. They did not know this, nor did it matter to them. They were too poor to find fault or grumble at fate. Be this as it may be, is it not remarkable when we observe the facts that the very kind of country the early set- tlers rejected was the heart's desire and would have been the first choice of our wanderers ? Pennsylvania through Peon's agents had sent them greeting and kind invitation to the province. Indeed, Penn himself had been among them in 1677, and a few had come over about 1711. Brotherly love and friends are what they sought. West from the Dela- ware 'and Susquehanna was a land in which they would find the object of their search. But three counties, Philadelphia, Chester and Bucks, comprised this vast region in 1727. The settlers who had already made them homes here were a gentle folk, Germans and Quakers, with Irish and Scotch. The poor, down-trodden Scotch-Irish could come among such and find hospitality and friends. In November, 1727, toward the capes of Henlo- pen and May, that brin^ the tides of ocean lapping the shores of Pennsylvania, were pointing the bows of our emigrant ships. Those who entered the Delaware landed at New Castle and Philadelphia. Those who would have gone into Boston were refused; "No Irish emigrants or ships,'' were the words hurled at the homeless strangers by the authorities. Turning out of the harbor in their ship, the "Eagle," they went northward to Maine. The country along the York and Penobscot, Bivers beceme their abiding place. Where the towns of Saco and Gor- ham stand they began their settlements in dense pine forests. From these sprung that vigorous New England manhood not already claimed by the Puritans. It is desired more particularly to notice those who came to Pennsylvania. They were kindly received by the Swedes and Quakers. They were eager for acquiring location on lands. They went at once into the woods and settled on what are now described as Londonderry, Oxford, Highland and Wallace Townships in Chester County. The more enthusiastic and energetic pressed close up toward the foot hills of the mountains and occupied territory which Irish before them had called Donegal. Where- ever thej' settled in fertile valleys, they dwelt but a little while. In no single instance were they not pressed upon and superseded by the Germans. Later another part, mi- grating from the older settlepoents in Chester County, came to the southern section of what is now Lancaster County. Colerain and Drumore will eyer maintain their names as a testimony to their Scotch-Irish ancestry. What are now Northampton, Lehigh, Leba- non and Northumberland Counties were first settled by the Scotch-Irish. In brief, these were the first Scotch-Irish settlements in America. It cannot be said no Scotch-Irish were here lief ore, — a scattered few had come (1711 to 1714), but there was no distinctive immigration prior to 1727. After this time they began to pour into Pennsylvania and locate from what is now Snyder County to Maryland, along the west bank of the Sus- quehanna River. . In 1729 Lancaster County was organized, including York County and all the country lying west. The unbroken wilderness THE SCOTCH-IRISH. 295 west of the Susquehanna had already been entered from Maryland by intruding survey- ors and others from Lord Baltimore's colony. It was a vast tract of land extending from the river to the Blue Eidge. It was hilly, interspersed with high plateaus, deep grooved valleys and ravines; wild streams, bordered with extensive forests of chestnut, ash, hick- ory, oak, sassafras, poplar, dogwood, birch and beech, drained the remote interior and wound by devious courses through a secluded country unfrequented and unexplored. The Colonial Assembly of February 28, 1728, characterized country like it "barren or un- inhabited." They designated the uninhabited parts of Chester County (those near the Car- narvon Hills) '■ barrens." In fact, the unin- habited portions of the province beyond the mountains were described thus. I cannot quibble with those who think the name of "barrens" a title which has long misrepre- sented the "Lower End," grew out of the Indians having burned the timber for huntr ing purposes. The character of the Indian refutes such an idea. The surface and soil were indeed like to that in old Ulster, Ireland. The hills were steep and stony. The land, when cleared, was thin; broken rocks pro- truded everywhere, and winter swept the hill-tops mercilessly. It is conjectured by many that the striking similarity between the two regions had much to do with winning the Scotch-Irish to the unkindly country. Prior to 1720 the country of Chanceford, Lower Chanceford, Fawn, Hopewell and Peach Bottom had remained unknown, save to the prowling Indian, who hunted game in its fastnesses, or had his solitary wigwam near its pure springs of water. The dismal owl and catamount echoed the hills, and fero- cious wolves roamed the rocky ridges undis- turbed. Early in 1721 the woodsman and Maryland surveyor broke the primeval si- lence with voice and ax. The country was in dispute. The Calverts claimed it by iheir charter. The parallel 40° north latitude runs through Lower Windsor Township. The grant of Maryland, it was claimed, extended to it. Among the first surveys of Maryland was one, ' ' Son James' Park" (named after King Charles' son), surveyed along the river and stretched from "Rapid Creek" to "James Creek." This tract included the romantic and picturesque scenery from some stream near Muddy Creek " flowing into the Susque- hanna " to the stream with the waterfall at York Furnace. I have in my possession a Lord Baltimore survey mark — -a copper im- age — found on Duncan's Island ninety-eight years ago. It was intended for and was used in establishing permanent points or corners. It clearly shows the course and bearing of one Seldon's compass, surveying north — Sel- don's name is stamped upon it, together with degrees and minutes. Disputes multiplied between Pennsylvania and Maryland. August 17, 1724, Maryland, through Charles II, granted to Thomas Larkin and Benjamin Tasker the famous " Solitude '' tract, embrac- ing the country north of Muddy Creek, west of Son James' Park, 5,000 acres. The north- ern point was in a swamp near the large spring on the property of John Bair, Esq.; the western upon lands owned by the Misses Pedan, sisters. This northern corner was at one time lost, and another adopted, 100 chains northwest. Through this an impor- tant series of lawsuits began among the Scotch-Irish, notably that of "Ankrine and Mcllhenny." In 1874, while workmen were ditching the marsh, the "old corner" was found buried in muck two feet below the surface. Troubles were increasing between the set- tlers and proprietaries. Pennsylvania, in order to cut ofi' further encroachments on the part of presumptuous Marylanders, began June 19, 1722, opposite the mouth of Conestoga Creek, to survey the south- ern boundary of Springetsbury Manor,, including the valley of York and Wrights- ville. As time went on the feuds became more violent, and some blood was shed. By 1730 the continual uproar between those claiming title under Baltimore County, and those under Lancaster County, began to attract general attention. Such a state of affairs, such tumultuous escitement, kept peaceable and quiet settlers out of the terri- tory. Not BO the Scotch-Irish; to them it had allurements. What were they? They would "rather fight than eat." Mitchel and Wor- ley, their kinsfolk, had been through its woods. "It looked like Ireland." The quarreling settlers (interlopers) were already called "wild Irish." The land was in con- tention. Timber was sparse upon the high lands. A home could be selected without money. There was an open chance to take possession where they might find it. No rents to pay; nor would they be compelled to recognize authority. The clannish nature could be gratified; they could join their lands and live in common. Together they could watch the furore of the borders, and evade the law. To them our "lower end" of York County was most temptingly desirable; to it they came. Being a law unto themselves, they summarily enforced the squatter law in many instances. They chafed under author- 296 HISTORY or YORK COUNTY. ity, and refused to recognize it. They would not pay quit rents. This is proven by the fact that many of them lived fifteen to twenty years on their settlements before they were granted titles to their lands. The condition and the state of disquiet of the " barrens beyond the river" was very suitable to their wishes, and to it they began to move themselves from Northampton, Chester and Lancaster Counties in 1734. The peculiar eccentricities of the Scotch-Irish are to be accounted for. Usage makes habit, and custom makes law. In Ireland these people had paid no land rents for 119 years. Their homes were theirs by right. Taxe^ there were none, and over them the only power, save that of God, they recognized was the king's prerogative. There is little wonder that, accustomed to the rights of man upon untaxed soil, and reared to believe in the generosity of their ruler, they should imagine that here, upon the boundless continent of free America, they had equal rights with all mankind to possess its wide domain. In- heriting the blood of contention from stub- born forefathers, they found the possibilities for exercising contrariness in the disputed country west of the Susquehanna. It is not to be denied they made themselves very un- pleasant to the governor and his tax-gatherers. Hardiest and boldest of the early settlers, they always pressed forward upon the wild fron- tier. They were foremost in the acquisition of dangerous country, and measured their fields beyond the most remote outposts. When they had resolved upon an action no terrors turned them from their enterprise. Independent and fearless, they were fit strength to pioneer civilization into the wilderness, and there lay the foundations of a rugged church. The Indian named the streams, the bays and rivers; he left his records on the rocks and waterfalls. But the Scotch- Irish, bold in his endeavor to uphold sturdy truth, has left his landmarks not so much in sterile fields, old chimney stacks, decaying orchards and lonesome fence rows, straggling through the woods, as upon the history of his times, the character of his posterity, the glory of his country. He too, indeed, "has left his rude, though sweet, me- lodious Celtic names, where no devastation nor invasion can be obliterated. They did not build towns, as the Germans did. They clanned upon wide scopes, and never huddled in villages. Where they lived was no "habi- tation without a name"— Allen, Hempfield, Latrobe, Connaught, Conemaugh, Westmore- land, Monaghan, and beyond doubt, Chance- ford. The names they gave were clear-cut and full of dignity. Go where you will, you will find vestiges of this people in every section of the State. Who knows the names of Armor, Aikin, Taylor, Armstrong, Mitohel, Mcin- tosh, Cowen, McConnell, Livingston, McClel- lan. Boss, Graham, Pedan, McKimm, Gal- braith, McPherson, Ewing, Lowery, Stewart, McKellum, Mclntyre, McCleans, Mcllhenny, MoKeen, McCuUoch, McCall, Wilson and Bu- chanan — who knows these and does not know the old blood of Graham and Armstrong is in their veins? Peculiar people, these Scotch-Irish, poor, but intelligent; needy, but independent; paupers, but princes; men, not weaklings — they had their power within themselves. The influences of education in the schools King James had given to Ulster were upon them. Lancaster County for years drew upon this stock of intelligence for its schoolmasters, and it has not been long since every schoolhouse within her bor- ders had its " Irish pedagogue from York County,'' or elsewhere. Their big Scotch brains and native wit, their warm, passionate natures, their intense zeal and earnestness, marked them with distinctive individuality. No other nationality had greater integrity of purpose, more enthusiastic ardor or un- daunted force of character. They were young men of vigor and stout principles. Most of them brought young wives from Ireland. The women of their hearts were their only possession, and rich treasures of love and fidelity they were. They were the women who reared boys with broad shoulders and brave, honest hearts. It was they who poured into their breasts the pure impulses of patriotic devotion, and kindled the fires of American independence. Yes, they were poor; they had left Ireland, because to have staid meant to starve. They came to found homes. Homes were their greatest need. They had no homes. They came, leaving no estates in trust; they had no property; they left none behind. They brought the little they had with them — a spinning wheel, a saw, an ax, £10 in money and the hemp clothes they wore. They left nothing but misery, and really had nothing but hope. This explains why few, if any, Scotch-Irish ever looked for or received legacies from the " Ould Kentry." The German had treasure in the "fatherland," but the Scotch -Irish had none. They built stone houses and stone churches. These enduring structures indi- cate they had come to stay; their old grave- yards, likewise, that they had made their resolves to die amid their works. They tilled the land, and when it was starved out in one place they abandoned it and cleared THE SCOTCH-IRISH. 297 another, farming Jikewiae until it would no longer grow their crops. Corn, buckwheat and flax were about all they could grow. The sickle was their "Champion" mower, the flail their steam-thresher and the palms of their hands their patent corn-sheller. Piety and industry was the story of their daily life. The "good old times" they had, the trials and hardships, withal, the contentment and happiness in their simple lives, their strug- gles for a homestead and patrimony, are subjects for delightful contemplation, and have afforded themes for endless winter night tales by the fireside. What were their influences upon the early times and the men with whom they dwelt? What were their relations to the land they had joined others in occupying? Indeed, what mysterious agencies evolved the possibilities of American greatness through them? The correctness of their judgment, the unchange- ableness of their decisions, the nobility of their convictions, their intellectuality and depth of spirituality, joined to vital physical force — these were the bases of their influence and character. Ever since mankind began to band in families, in clans, and finally into that vast organization we call society, the energy of events was moulding and shaping a people — population eventually — for a great new continent. The ages grew necessities and the world contributed to the upbuilding and glory of American nationality. Out of the old- loins children of fate came — came to an inheritance of fame and fortune upon our native soil. To Europe we trace our forefathers and all there is of American gene- alogy. The Atlantic slope appropriated to its grand expanse the best head and heart of Teu- tonic, Gallic, Anglican and Celtic monarchies. The voluminous past is only known. If you were to ask what in it were the mightiest forces employed in laying the foundations of our republic, of vitalizing its genius of strength, of surmounting its imposing struc- ture with the glory of American ideas, I would answer, there were four. These were the four: the Puritan, which was pure; the Huguenot and Waldense, which was sturdy; the Quaker, which was passive, devout; the Scotch -Irish, which was belligerent and God-fearing; the Puritan for intellectuality and courage; the Huguenot for labor and worth; the Quaker for peace and unselfishness; the Scotch-Irish, for impetuosity, fire, valor, war, freedom, heart. Where the Puritan would build a church, the Waldense would plant a field. Where the Quaker would turn his cheek to a smiting blow, the Scotch-Irish would knock down and paralyze. While the New Eng- jander would give birth to pure principles and lead out the virtuous ideas of liberty, the powerful Scotchman backed them up with muscle. While the German lived in fertile valleys, growing rich, the Scotch-Irishman dwelt upon the poorest hills, producing brains. While the Quaker loved freedom, he hated strife. The Scotch-Irish rushed boldly in, quelling disorder, battering the heads of cropped bullies, silencing the mouths of blatant pugilists, grasping the throats of hoarse tyrants, crushing the breath out of every kind of arrogance, despotism or trea- son. They have all filled a wise purpose and these four are the bed rock of American society in its every relation to politics, religion, peace or war. It is difficult to say that one could have done well without the other; or that our national character would have so grandly developed to what it is, had any been left out. This we can say: none were dere lict in their heaven-imposed duty. But as our choicest blessings of freedom were secured to us by force of arms, the sons of Graham and Armstrong performed their conspicuous part with determination, bravery and honor. The Puritan came with his laws, the Vau- dois with his wheat, the Quaker with his fel- lowship, the Scotch-Irish with his shoulders and arms. They all came with their Bibles; and here is the genius of our strength. They all came with pure, unfettered thought, and on their coins, as in their breasts, they wrote: "In God we trust;" and here is the glory of the American national idea. Jehovah has blessed the constitution of the Pilgrims, the fields of the Teuton, the brotherhood of Will- iam Penn, the zeal and fidelity of the Celt. The one believed in prudence and preaching; another in perseverance and plowing; another in peace and persuasion; the Scotch-Irish in pluck and power. They all believed in prayer and Providence. The Scotch-Irish always asserted, "God helps him who helps himself ," and depended outside of himself only for the blessing that would reward his integrity of purpose. They knew it a good thing to trust in Providence, but they were practical, and, as one of .their deacons said whose horse ran away with him, "I held on to Providence till the harness broke, then I jumped out." The Puritan gave wisdom to counsel, the German sobriety to judgment, the disciples of George Fox simplicity to worship, the Scotch-Irish dignity to impulse and fortitude to every struggle. Born to all the attributes of true men, they were workers; an earnest worker is a God-fearing man; courageous thinkers, they were good preachers; good preachers, they were heroic fighters. Beneath rugged exteriors gleamed the sunshine of gentleness and affection, tenderest sympathy and un- 298 HISTORY OF YORK COUKTY. selfish generosity. They carried fine metal in their tongues, and high spirit in their breasts. With towering wrath for treason, they had all the graces of love and loyalty. When through the land the fiery whirlwind swept that British guns had flashed at Lex- ington, righteous indigation blazed upon their arms and seized the flaming women in their homes. The Scottish nature was aroused — the soul burned — down the old flint-lock came and hurrying to the scene of action, Scotch Irish were among the first to hurl their hate on English foes. American patriots and Scotch-Irishmen are synonymous. Their devotion to this land of liberty, the freedom with which they gave their lives and sons a sacrifice to virtue and independence, will stand as long as time endures, and the names of Ewing, Warren, MoCulloeh, Montgomery and Hamilton live immortal. Christianity always called strong men to do her oflBce, make her history and career. Freedom ever called upon the monarchs of the land for bat- tle, and never called in vain. When freedom called from Concord hills, the plow stopped in the furrow, and from a thousand fields went war's proudest heroes. The character of the Scotch-Irish was the character of the Eevolution. Hardiest, they were most enduring in every conflict. Brave, they were ever bayoneting or clubbing guns with their enemies. Devout, the hymns of Calvin and psalms of David arose in every camp. The Scotch-Irish of Maine, New Hampshire, Ver- mont and Pennsylvania had no superiors in strength or resistless madness in attack. Their "on! on!" was slaughter, and their charge death. Go, read of that Ticonderoga Ethan Allen; of Stark, whose "Mollie Stark would be a widow," if, ere the sun went down, the day was lost at Bennington; of that Long Island, where York County men fought nobly and went down. Read of that Brandywine and Saratoga. Take up the records of the army in the North, and restore that Valley Forge and all the cruel rigor of an eight years' war, and from the horrid day at Lex- ington to that famous day at Yorktown, where Cornwallis laid his laurels at the feet of Washington, you will find Scotch-Irish cov- ered themselves with glory, and won the abiding praise and love of a grateful nation. Future generations will revere them even from the French and Indian war to that great Rebellion in which God cursed with His wrath the crimes and iniquities of the tiroes. They joined in every great attempt. They signed that sacred chart, the Declaration of Independence, and in its risks and dangers took their part. In that immortal assemblage (born in Pennsylvania, Scotland or Ireland), sat George Ross, George Taylor, of North- ampton, James Smith, of York, James Wil- son, John Witherspoon, Matthew Thornton and Thomas McKean. These were the in- fluences and resultants of King James, brought out of enfeebled Ireland to be used as chief corner-stones in that enduring temple — designed by virtue, builded in the might of the two-fold power vox populi, vox dei, the government of the United States. Can the world leave them go? Can colonies and commonwealths they gave to the Union see them vanish forever? Can those who are their children, or we who live upon their an- cient settlements know so little of them? Should men who were the first in war' to pay tribute blood to freedom, should they be for- gotten or lie within their graves their fame unsung? Conscientious and honorable, by them no man was ever cheated of his confi- dence. Quick to resent an injury, they never forgot the kindness of a friend. With charity for the defenseless, they could penetrate and course skillfully the villainy of a knave. Rigid in the control of family, they grew sons of wisdom and worth. They trained daughters, wives to flrst statesmen in the commonwealth. Being patriotic, they were sure tyrrany was the lowest limit of baseness. Being brave, they believed, where justice was the standard, heaven was the warrior's shield. Being noble, they realized "the beauty of truth is, nothing can rest upon it save eternal jus- tice." When the Scotch-Irish decided they wore right, I defy facts to show me they were ever proven wrong. They scanned enemies and friends alike; they saw motives behind every action, and principles beneath every pledge. Their heads and hearts were boldly strung. In politics and government, in theology and ethics, in the capitol and home, in the grain- field as on that other field that drank their life, they prayed to be a "benefaction to mankind." Their prayers were answered. From our hills, from our Susquehanna hills, we can look over the Scotch-Irish realm. Among all people are scattered their de- scendants. Along the slopes their churches stand. The little graveyards with their silent slate slabs show where the last of the Grahams and Armstrongs halted to rest. Their foot-prints are to be traced from the Atlantic seaboard to the remote valleys and summits of the Alleghanies. The old patri- archs are gone. If we but follow with half the zeal they pressed on to excellence, our footprints will yet be seen winding along the earth, till at last they, too, shall be lost upon the sunlit tops of the highest mountains. 'RKfc: ci ^eeTi ^v FAI R\a o IDDONSPURG [ rONAG GASftOUL: DILLSBXJ^G Il\ .\ / • GOLDSBOno, OLKWTSBERR hE^^B ERR VVBERFTT VOBti ^^ (« l.^^ - i^-t FKAKKLI VAFt :sK ^. ^ iN R09SV1LI.1 9 weiLl s Vi ljl e O" GaNE\\:\Go / ' , y \ MANCaB*TER & f L. OLL, O L^^l lNC ST E^GSVILLE "^^ UETjIzj x\ y .OVER © / WRTGHTSVIL 0HF.TJ.AM. 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BROGUEVLLLE d: & r JEFF \. 7HAX\p\^: »E1\W COD OR \ WGLCN BOCK •nVCHEEK \^ AIRV5X.L AN "H Q PE^V ^^E KI MANHE .EN\ tTSBU "*EA\^ART S T O WN .7^ S'caif> \» lu 3 »a 4Vg "^V«?e8t©atii^^' N CN :N'EW t-REEl^O NT TAWNGROVF, X)EEr J ' EXPLANATIONS BOROUGHS ® VILLAGES o RAILROADS STREAMS. . v^ PEACR BOTTOM SPECIAL HISTORY. B"z" a-:E30E,c3-:B la. ipiso'wexjXj. ERECTION OF COUNTY— CIVIL LIST— PUBLIC INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS— AGRICUL- TURE— EDUCATIONAL-JOURNALISM— RELIGIONS-HISTORICAL BIOGRAPHIES- BENCH AND BAR— MEDICAL— TOPOGRAPHY AND GREAT FLOODS— GEOLOGY— IRON INDUSTRIES— CENSUS BETUBNS— NOTES PROM EARLY COURT RECORDS— SLAVERY AND REDEMP- TIONERS— SECRET ORDERS— FIRE INSUR- ANCE COMPANIES, ETC., ETC. PRELIMINARY HISTORY. CHESTER, Bucks and Philadelphia were the three original counties established at the first settlement of the Province of Pennsylvania, under the direction of its dis- tinguished founder, William Penn. These counties were organized within two months after the arrival of Penn, under the char- ter granted him by Charles II., king of England, on March 4,~~1681. It was then, he said, in a letter directed to the inhabi- tants of Pennsylvania, that they should be governed by laws of their own making, and that he "would not usurp the right of any." Chester, the first county formed, obtained its name from the following interesting inci- dent: The landing-place of the proprietary was at Upland (now Chester City), and he resolved that its name should be changed. Turning around to his companion, Pearson, one of his own Society of Friends, who had accompanied him on the ship "Welcome," he said: "Providence has brought us safe here. Thou hast been the companion of my perils. What wilt thou that I should call this place?" Whereupon Pearson, in remem- brance of the city from which he came, in England, exclaimed, "Chester." Penn re- plied that it should be called Chester, and that when he divided the land into counties, one of them should be called by the same name. Eucks, the next county laid out, took its name from a district in England, from whence came a number of passengers in the " Welcome," who located within the limits of that county. Philadelphia is a scriptural name, and was selected by Penn himself to designate the city which he founded. It means "brotherly love." By the treaty of 1718, with the In- dians, the western boundary of Chester County was not definitely established until the erection of Lancaster County, from Chester County, by act of May 10, 1729. There were then no authorized settlements west of the Susquehanna, within the present limits of York County. As far as the treaties with the Indians were instrumental in estab- lishing county boundary lines, the Susque- hanna was the western limit of Chester County before 1729. Lancaster County, the first county formed after the death of William Penn, owes its name to John Wright, a prominent and influential settler, who emi- grated from Lancashire, England, and to- gether with Samuel Blunston and Robert Barber, located at the present site of Colum- bia. When the commissioners were appointed to divide Chester County, John Wright was made one of them, and he then petitioned to have the new district called Lancaster County, after his native place. He served for twelve years as the first president justice of the Lancaster Court, and in 1730 obtained a charter to his ferry at the present site of Wrightsville. At the conclusion of the Indian treaty in 1736, the limits of Lancaster County were extended indefinitely westward. It included all of the present counties of York, Cumber- land, Adams and Dauphin, and a large por- tion of Berks and Northumberland. The 300 HISTOEY OF YOKE COUNTY. Indians then being peaceful, the fertile lands west of the Susquenanna were soon occupied by immigrants, and in an incredibly short time hundreds of industrious farmers were clearing the lands and planting their crops. In a few years a number of petitions were presented to the Provincial Council, signed by influential, citizens of "Lancaster County, west of the Susquehanna," asking for the erection of a new county. The causes of these early petitions for the formation of a new county were owing to the rapid increase of the population west of the river, troubles and difficulties that arose among settlers, and the long distance to Lancaster Court, where a redress of griev- ances might be obtained. One of the peti- tions to the Governor and General Assembly for the division stated ' ' how difficult it was to secure inhabitants against thefts and abuses, frequently committed among them by idle and dissolute persons, who resort to the remote parts of the province, and by reason of the great distance from the court or prison frequently found means of making their escape." The first petition was presented in 1747, but it was unheard. In 1748 a strong and urgent request was made, whereupon favor- able action was accordingly taken, and on August 19, 1749, the act obtained the official sanction of James Hamilton, deputy governor of the Province, and the new county, the first west of the Susquehanna River, and in order of date the fifth in the Province of Pennsyl- vania, was formed. The county from which it was detached had the historic name of Lancaster, after a shire on the west coast of North England. East of Lancashire is the grand old district of Yorkshire, rendered ^ memorable by the War of the Euses, its mag- nificent cathedrals and castles of the thir- teenth and fourteenth centuries, and for its ancient manufacturing city of York, where the first English parliament assembled in the year 1160. It has been for a long time, and is' to-day, the largest county of England. It has now a population of more than 2,500,- 000, and an area of nearly 6,000 square miles. By the unanimous consent of- the petitioners for a division of Lancaster Coun- ty, in Pennsylvania, and the commissioners, who formed the division, making low water mark on the west side of the Susquehanna the boundary line, York County was named after Yorkshire, in England. The town of York was laid out and named eight years be- fore this event The commissioners named in the act to carry out its provision and lay off the new county were Thomas Cox, of Warrington To^vnship; Nathan Hussey, of Newberry; John Wright, Jr., of Wright's Eerry; George Swope, of York, and Michael Tanner, who then lived near York, but soon after removed to the vicinity of Hanover. To him that town owes its name. The first three were English Quakers. The others were Germans. They all became court justices. Tanner was the first leader of the German Baptists, or Dunker Church, in York County. COUNTY LIMITS. The boundaries of York County, as then formed, which included the present county of Adams, according to act of Assembly, embraced "all and singular the lands lying within the Province of Pennsylvania, to the westward of the river Susquehanna, and southward and eastward of the South Mountain, bounded northward and westward by a line to be run from the Susquehanna River, along the ridge of said South Mountain to the Maryland line, and from thence eastward to the Susque- hanna." The northern boundary line was not definitely established, until after the erection of Cumberland County, which was also formed from Lancaster County, by act of March 27, 1750, and named after a maritime county of Northern England. The commissioners to view and lay off York County viz. : Thomas Cox, Michael Tan- ner, George Swope, Nathan Hussey and John Wright, Jr., met the commissioners of Cum- berland County near the site of the present village of New Market, Fairview Township, in ]750, to fix the northern boundary, but they disagreed. The commissioners of Cum- berland County wished the dividing line to begin opposite the mouth of the Swatara Creek, and run along the ridge of the South Mountain (Trent Hills). By this demand a greater portion of what is now Fairview Township would have been included in Cum- berland County. Much of the land now embraced in that township was originally taken up under the name of Pennsborough Township, Lancaster County, which township was laid out in 1739. It was the first town- ship laid out within the present limits of Cumberland when it yet belonged to Lancas- ter County, and then embraced the whole of what is now Cumberland County. This is what gave rise to the contention and division of sentiment. The York County Commis- sioners wished that the Yellow Breeches Creek should form part of the dividing line. The difficulties were finally settled by a ERECTION OF COUNTY. 301 special act of the Provincial Assembly dated Feb. 9, 1751. STATISTICAL. York County, when first formed according to above specifications, including Adams County, and contained 1,469 square miles, or about 950,000 acres. In 1749, the year of its formation, it had 1,466 taxable inhabitants with an entire population of about 6,000. In 1750 there was 1,798 taxables, and in 1751 there were 2,043 taxables and entire populatiOQ of over 8,000. This will illus- trate how rapidly immigration into the county took place, as the increase of population in two years was 33^ per cent. Immediately after the close of the Revolutionary war in 1783, by an action of the county court, the township assessors were required to take an enumeration of in their respective disti'icts. According to their reports the county in that year contained a population of 27,007; of this number 17,007 lived within the present limits of York County. There were in addi- tion to this, 657 colored slaves. The first of&cial census, taken by the authority of the United States Government in 1790, gave York County a population of 37,747, which was -an increase of about 10,000 in seven years. This would seem to be enor- mous, but illustrates that immigration to the county during that period was rapid. The next census was taken in 1800, after the formation of Adams County from York County, when the latter had a popula- tion of 25,643; in 1810, York County had 31,938; in 1820, 38,759; in 1830, 42,859; in 1840, 47,010; in 1850, 57,450; in 1860, 68,200; in 1870, 76,134; in 1880, 87,841. LIMITS 'CONTKACTED. By an act of the Legislature passed Janu- ary 22, 1800, Adams County was erected out of York, with an area of 548 square miles. It was named in honor of John Adams, who was then President of the -United States. This reduced York County to its present area of 921 square miles or 589,440 acres. It is the shape of an irregular quadrangle, with far-famed Mason and Dixon's line for the base, a distance of forty miles, and is the fourth in line westward of the southern tier of counties, with Lancaster and Dauphin Counties on the east and northeast, the State of Maryland on the south, Adams County on the west and Cumberland and Dauphin on the north. The Susquehanna River washes the eastern boundary from the mouth of the Yellow Breeches to the Maryland line, a dis- tance of fifty -five miles. The southern boundary is a due east and west line, located by the astronomical and mathematical calcu- lation of the distinguished English survey- ors whose name it bears. The western bound- ary lino from the southern line north eight and one-half miles, is an exact meridian; from thence the Beaver Creek and a public road from a winding line northwestward to a point oa the South Mountains, where York, Cumberland and Adams Counties meet. From here the boundary is a due northeast line along a ridge oE the South Mountains to the Yellow Breeches Creek, continuing in nearly the same direction along the many remarka- ble bends of this placid stream to its mouth at the Susquehanna, two miles below the city of Harrisburg. According to the census of 1880, there were 498,344 acres of the land embraced in York County improved, and 101,- 096 acres unimproved, leaving one-third of the entire county woodland and uncultivated land. This estimate seems high. The fortieth parallel, which is the latitude of the northern limit of Philadelphia, enters the county at Wrightsville, passes through Emigsville is a short distance above the vil- lage of Dover, and strikes Adams County where the south branch of the Bermudian Creek enters York County. The seventy-seventh meridian, or the line designating the longitude of Washington, the capital of the United States, crosses the county one-half mile east of Hanover, pass- ing out of the county two miles east of Dills- burg. TOWNS AND TOWNSHIPS. The surface area of York County is sub- divided irregularly into thirty-one townships, within whose limits are twenty-one incorpor- ated boroughs, and about forty small villages and hamlets. York, the oldest, the largest town, and the seat of justice, is near the centre of the county, corresponding exactly to the position of York in Yorkshire, Eng- land, after which it was named. Nearly all the original townships were marked by nat- ural boundaries. Many divisiobs and sub- divisions of townships have been made since the erection of the county, but now a num- ber of the boundaries are artificial lines. Al- though there were at least 2,000 settlers west of the Susquehanna in what is now York County before 1739, there is no ofScial record to establish the fact that townships were laid off before that date. On church records, diaries of travelers, and in the correspondence of first settlers and surveyors, the name Conewago set- tlement (Hanover), Marsh Creek (Gettys- burg), Codoras, Newberry and Manches- 303 HISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. ter, appear as names to designate places. A special act of the General Assembly was passed in October, 1739, for dividing the region west of the Susquehanna into town- ships. The name Hallam first appears for that year. Between 1740 and 1744, Chanceford, Fawn, Shrewsbury, Newberry, Dover, Codo- ruH, Manchester, Warrington, Monaghan, Par- adise, Manheim, in what is now York County, and Tyrone, Straban Menallen, Cumberland, Hamilton's Ban, Mount Joy, Germany, Mount Pleasant and Berwick, in the present territory of Adams County were laid off by various surveyors. THE PEOPLE. The inhabitants who first gazed upon the primitive forests, hunted the wild animals that roamed and sported in their dense shade, and caught the fish which abundantly stocked the winding streams, and whose squaws raised small patches of corn and beans, were Indians, a dark copper-colored race, whose origin and historj' previous to the set- tlement of the whites in this section, as far as can be ascertained, will be found in the general history. From the time of the earliest authorized settlements made west of the Susquehanna, York County contained three distinct classes of people. Among the first to enter the county with proper permits to locate land were the English Quakers, nearly all of whom located north of the Conewago Creek ; some of them located in the Redland and Fishing Creek Valleys as early as 1732, and a goodly number of them the following year. They migrated thence from Chester County. A year later Warrington Township, which then included Washington, was settled by people of the same religious society. A few located in Manchester. The Quakers obtained free grants of land from the Penns, on which to locate their meeting houses. One of these is still standing in the village of Newberry- town, one midway between the last named town and Lewisberry, and a third in War- rington, one-half mile from Wellsville. Mon- aghan, which included the balance of the territory in York County north of the Cone- wago, was at first populated by the Scotch- Irish, the same class of people who first settled Cumberland County, and that portion of York now embraced in Adams County. The vast body of the early settlers were Germans, who populated the fertile valleys of the central, western, and southwestern portions of the county, beginning their au- thorized settlements as early as 1731. An excellent chapter devoted to them will be found elsewhere in this book. There were a few English located in and around York. They were either Friends or members of the Church of England. The county of&cers were nearly all English for many years after the county was formed. In the southeastern portion of the county, in the Chancefords, Fawn, Peachbottom and Hopewell, a colony of sturdy Scotch-Irish lo- cated, commencing their settlements contem- poraneously with the Germans and the Eng- lish above them. Some of them had located there and obtained lands under Maryland titles a few years earlier. This section was not at first populated so rapidly, however, the census statistics will show, as the upper sections, which was owing greatly to the ster- ility of the soil, after a few years' cultivation. By the descendants of the same class of peo- ple, of late it has been rendered exception- ally fertile and productive. The Marsh Creek settlement, now Adams County, was almost entirely composed of Scotch-Irish. APPEARANCE OF THE OOUNTV. Dense forests of valuable oaks, chestnuts, walnuts, hickory, poplar and ash covered the hills and valleys of York County, when the whites first came. Many of these the ax of the industrious settler soon felled, in order to clear the land to sow his crops, while yet the red man of the forest was his neighbor. The timber of all of them could not be used, con- sequently such of what would now be of great value, then decayed, as trunks of large trees. Some were hewn into logs to construct rude cabins; the chestnut and the oak to build the fences; the walnut for making articles of household furniture, and a portion for fuel. A large forest of primitive trees is now al- most a curiosity to the prosperous York County farmer. If there be one, some ava- ricious individual is on the alert to purchase it, and fell the grand old trees for gain. An occasional old white oak, a tree which lives the longest in this section, is seen here and there on the farms of- judicious husbandmen, whose reverence for grandeur, beauty, and antiquity, will allow no one to "touch a single bough," and yet it is just the object the in- dustrious wagon- maker loves to feast his eyes upon. There are still a few chestnut trees standing along the fences and road-sides, under whose venerable boughs our fathers' grandfathers rested their weary limbs during the harvest noon, and later in the season their children, dressed in homespun and linsey-woolsey, gathered the precious fruit, while on the alert for the wolf and the deer. The introduction of the charcoal forges YORK COUNTY COURT HOUSE. ERECTION OF COUNTY. 303 and bloom aries, and the vast number of tan- neries erected, ruthlessly destroyed hundreds of acres of valuable timber land, which two hundred years of undisturbed growth could not now replace. On account of the scarcity of valuable bark, the tannery business has greatly declined. Hundreds of cords of bark are yet annually hauled to market. THE FIRST COURT HOUSE. An act of the General Assemby passed August 19, 1749, named Thomas Cox, Mi- chael Tanner, George Swope, Nathan Hussey, and John Wright, Jr., as commissioners to carry out its provisions in forming the Coun- ty of York, and also to purchase land at some convenient place in the county, to be ap- proved by the governor, and held in trust for the purpose of erecting on it a court house and prison. Centre Square of York was se- lected as the site. The sessions of the courts from 1749 to 1756 were held in the houses of the court justices until the completion of the first court house. In April, 1754, the county commissioners entered into an agreement with William Willis, a skillful bricklayer, and one of the first English Quakers, who located in Manchester Township, to erect the walls of the court house. Henry Clark, also a Quaker, from Warrington, entered into a contract to saw and deliver scantlings for the building. He then owned a saw-mill near the mouth of Beaver Creek. John Meem, who generally was called "doctor," and Jacob Klein of York, both Germans, were employed as carpenters. Robert Jones, a Quaker, who lived a few miles from town, in Manchester Township, was engaged to haul seven thousand shingles from Philadelphia. The building was not completed till 1756. Attached to one end of it was a building called, in its day, the State House, and in it were the county offices. At the other end was the market house. This court house stood from 1756 to the fall of 1840 — a period of eighty-four years. The most historic period of its history was from September, 1777, to June, 1778, during which time the members of the Continental Congress held their deliberations within its hallowed walls. This was the darkest period of the Revolution, the account of which is given in the general history. The Articles of Confederation were passed by Congress while sitting here, which alone would make it an historic building. It should never have been destroyed, but the people of York County, like Americans in general, did not, at that time, properly rev- erence historic old landmarks. The walls around the three enclosed sides of the pres- ent court house yard, were made of the bricks that formed the walls of the old court house, and this is all that is left of a building which, if it now stood, would be one of the greates t and most important objects of veneration in the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The State House was torn down in 1842. THE PRESENT COURT HOUSE. When it was decided to erect a new court house, a great controversy arose concerning the location of it. The commissioners finally selected the site where the present one now stands. For the erection of this building Jacob Dietz was master-carpenter, and Henry Small was associated with him. Charles Eppley was master-mason, and George Oden- wall, assistant. The county commissioners then were William Nicholas, John Rieman and John Beck. The bricks and wood were obtained in York County. Part of the gran- ite used in its construction was hauled in wagons to York from Baltimore County, Md. The granite pillars used as supports in the front of the court house were brought from Maryland on the railroad in 1840, soon after its completion, to York. The cost of the building was nearly $100,000. County notes of the denomination of $3 were issued, and also county bonds. It was completed in 1840. The cupola was placed on it and the bell put in position in 1847. The bell on the old court house was brought to York from Eng- land, and belonged to the Episcopal Church. It has since been recast, and now is on St. John's Church, North Beaver Street. COUNTY OFFICES. Prothonotary, Recorder, Register, Clerk of the Orphans' Court and Clerk of the Court of Quarter Sessions. — These several offices were established when the county courts were or- ganized at York, in 1749, and were filled by appointments made by the Governor of the province before the constitution of 1776, and under it, and the constitution of 1790 ap- pointments were made by the supreme exec- utive council or the governor of the com- monwealth. The constitution of 1838 changed this plan to an election by the people. These offices were for the first time filled in York County by the voice of the people at the general election held October 11, 1839. The term of office then began on the 1st day of December after the election, until the adop- tion of the New Constitution of 1873, when the first Monday of January following the election was authorized as the time for as- 304 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. suming the duties of office. It will be noticed from the following lists that during our early colonial history the different offices were tilled by one person for many years. George Stevenson, who was an intelligent English- man, and one of the first men of political influence in the county, and who was also a large land owner and a practical surveyor, served continuously in all of these offices from 1749 to 1764. He soon afterward moved to Carlisle, where he died. rrothonotaries. — The following is a list of the prothonotaries — George Stevenson, ap- pointed in 1749; Samuel Johnston, 1764; Archibald M' Lean, 1777; Henry Miller, 1786; John Edie, 1794; Charles William Hartley, 1800; William Barber, 1806; Michael W. Ash, 1823; Eichard Porter, 1830; John W. Hetriok, 1833; Benjamin Lanius, 1836; Will- iam Ilgenfritz, elected October 11, 1839; Will- iam Ilgenfritz, 1842; John E. Donnell,l845; John E. Donnell, 1848; Elijah Qarretson, 1851 ; Joseph Holland, 1854; Henry G. Bussey, 1857; Henry G. Bussey, 1860; William Ilgen- fritz, 1863; Thomas G. Cross, 1866; James B. Ziegler, 1869: Frank Geise, 1872; W^illiam Y. Link, 1875; Samuel B. Heiges, 1878; W. H. Sitler, 1881; Samuel B. Hoff, 1884. Recorders. — George Stevenson, appointed in 1749; Samuel Johnston, 1764; Archibald M'Lean, 1777; Jacob Barnitz, 1785; Jacob B. Wentz, 1824 ; Frederick Eichelberger, 1829; Charles Nes, 1830; Michael Doudel, 1833; Daniel May, 1836; William Schall, elected in 1839; William Schall, 1842; Edwin C. Eppley, 1845; Edwin C. Eppley, 1848; William Tash, 1851; William Tash, 1854; George Wehrly, 1857; Amos Shearer, 1860; William B. Woods, 1863: Herirv Eeisinger, 1866 ; Noah Ehrhart, 1869 ; William H. Schweitzer, 1872; James E. Schmidt, 1875; Jacob Lanius, 1878, E. C. Grevemeyer, 1881; Wesley Glatfelter, 1884. Registers. — George Stevenson, appointed in 1749; Samuel Johnston 1764; Archibald McLean, 1777; Jacob Barnitz. 1785; Jacob B. Wentz, 1824; Frederick Eichelberger, 1829; WilliamP. Fisher 1830; Jesse Spangler, 1830; Michael Doudel, 1833; James E. Eeily, 1836: John Stahle, elected in 1839; John Stable, 1842; David Bender, 1845; Jacob Glessner, 1848; George Maish, 1851; William Davis, 1854; Abraham Hershey, 1857; Amos Shearer, 1860; William Philby, 1863; Jacob Stickle, 1866; George Pollingor, 1869; John Giesey, 1872; Christian S. Gerber, 1875; (Mr. Gerber died while in office); James Kell, appointed February, 1877; JohnS. Hiestand, elected in 1877; Oliver Stuck, 1880; Henry W. Bow- man, 1883. Clerks of the Orphan's Courts and Court of Quarter Sessions. — George Stephenson, appointed in 1749; Samuel Johnston, 1764; Archibard M'Lean, 1777; Henry Miller, 1786; John Edie, 1794; Charles W. Hartley, 1800; William Barber, 1806; Adam King, 1818; Eobert Hamersly, 1821; Adam King, 1823; Jacob Spangler, 1827; Jacob B. Wentz, 1830; George Frysinger, 1838; George A. Barnitz, elected October, 1839; (Jeorge A. Bkrnitz, 1842; John A. Wilson, 1845; John A. Wilson, 1848; Thomas Jami- son, 1851; Joseph O. Stewart, 1854; John Eeeser, 1857; William Tash, 1860; Samuel Ziegler, 1863; William Tash, 1866; Will- iam L. Keech, 1869; E. D. Bentzel, 1872; B. F. Koller, 1875; William A. Thompson, 1878; J. Alexander Blasser, 1881; William F. Eamsay, 1884. Treasurers. — From 1749 to 1841, a period of nearly 100 years, the county treasurers were appointed annually by the county com- missioners. Some of them were re-appointed several times as the accompanying dates will indicate. An Act of Legislature, passed May 27, 1841, made this an elective office, the incumbent to serve two years. The con- stitution of 1873 extended the term to three years. David McConaughv, appointed in 1749; Thomas McCartney, 1752 ; Hugh White- ford, 1754; Eobert McPherson, 1755; Fred- erick Gelwicks, 1756; William Delap, 1757; John Blackburn, 1759; David McConaughy, 1764; John Blackburn, 1766; Eobert McPherson, 1767; Michael Schwaabe, 1769; Michael Hahn, 1777; John Hay, 177^; Eu- dolph Spangler, 1801; John Forsyth, 1805; John Strohman, 1808; Peter Kurtz, 1811; George Spangler, 1814; William Nes, 1817; Henry Smyser, 1820; John Voglesong, 1823; Peter Ahl, 1826; Jacob Bayler, 1829; Daniel Hartman, 1832; John W. Hetrick, elected, 1841; John MoConkey, 1843; Samuel MoCurdy, 1845; Peter Ahl, Jr., 1849; Samuel Fry, 1851; Edie Patterson, 1853; Alexan- der Wentz, 1855; John Stough,l857; George W. Stair, 1859; Henry Bender, 1861; Zacha- riah Heindel, 1863; George Daron, 1865; John Glalfeller, 1867; John M. Deitch, 1869; Henry Bortner, 1871; Herman Noss, 1773; William Frey, 1875; AdamF. Geesey, 1878; John Landis,l881; Henry Neater, 1884. Chief Ranger. — George Stevenson, who was so much honored in the early days of this country, tilled an office which is now unknown in our laws. James Hamilton, deputy governor of Pennsylvania, constituted him on January 7, 1750, Chief Eanger of and for the county of York ; granting ''full power and authority to range, view and in- ERECTIOK OP COUNTY. 305 spect all our woods and lands within the said county, and to seize, take up, and ap- propriate to our use all and every such wild colts or young horses, cattle, and swine, as shall be found within the bounds of said county, that are not marked by the owners of their dams, and are liable to be seized by law ; and also all marked strays for which no lawful owners can be found, that may be taken up in the said county, and to publish every such stray in the most public places in the said county for the space of one year, and also keeping some public mark of their being strays for the said space about them, hereby requiring you to sue and prosecute all persons presuming to act contrary to law in cutting down and destroying any of our timber, trees or wood, or that shall in any wise invade the powers hereby granted to you within the said county." This commission of Chief Ranger induces us to transcribe a few passages connected therewith from the records of Quarter Ses- sions for the county. " Moses "Wallace of Chanceford Township, his marks for horses, cattle, sheep, swine, &c., a crop on the left ear, etc. Brand an I on the near shoulder and buttocks. April 25,1751." " James Hetrick, his marks, a crop and slit on the off ear, and a slit in the ear. Brand, a fleur-de-luee, on the near buttocks. May 2, 1751." "Alexander Creighton, Shrewsbury Town- ship, his brand for horses, etc. A C on the near buttocks ; and marks for cattle, sheep, swine, etc. , a crop in the off ear, a half penny out of the forepart of the near ear. June 26, 1751." " The marks of Jacob Shetter's hogs and cattle ; the off ear cropt, and the near slit. Entered January 10, 1757." County Surveyors. — The o£Sce of Surveyor General of the State was created by act of April 9, 1784. This office was empowered to appoint a deputy in any county of the State. The first appointment made for York County was Jacob Spangler, in 1800, who was many times reappointed and afterward elected surveyor- general. On April 9, 1850, an act was passed, making this an elective office. The first election was held in October, 1850. The county surveyor under the provisions of this act serves a term of three years. The following is a list of those elected by the people : Christian S. Gerber, 1850 ; Christian S. Gerber, 1853 ; Christian S. Gerber, 1856 ; Benjamin Leese, 1859 ; Benjamin Leese, 1862 ; Samuel N. Bailey, 1865 ; Benjamin Leese, 1868 ; Ben- jamin Leese, 1871 ; William L. Keech, 1874 ; William T. Williams, 1877 ; William T. Williams, 1881 ; James H. Blasser, 1884. THE FIRST COUNTY JAIL. The laws of England were strictly carried out by our Provincial Government, hence it was not uncommon during the early history of otu: county courts, for criminals, convicted of crime, to be sentenced to undergo the excruciating punishment of the whipping- post and the pillory. Some were sold into temporary slavery. There were a few con- victs sentenced to the " county gaol " in 1750, during the second year after the establish- ment of county courts. At the July session of court, 1768, the county commissioners, Joseph Updegraff, Hugh Dunwoodie, and William Gemmill, requested that the "county prison be en- larged, as it was too small for a work-house and prison, and the walls are not safe,'' whereupon the court ordered them to erect an additional building. It was erected of blue limestone, from quarries near York, the next year. The work was superintended by Will- iam Willis. It stood on the corner of South George and King Streets, familiarly known as " the old jail corner," was used until 1855, and torn down a few years later by Ambrose Schmidt, of York, now of Hanover, and ex-sheriff Pfahler. THE PRESENT COUNTY JAIL. The old prison became dilapidated, was too small for the demand and not at a suitable place, consequently in 1854, county commis- sioners, George Dick, John Myers and Felix C. Herbert entered into contracts for the erection of the present jail and work-house, with Jacob Gotwalt, of York. The sandstone in the front wall and in the tower, were furnished by Henry Kochenour, of Conewago Township. The blue limestone used was obtained from John Winter's quarry near York. Edward Haviland, of York, was the architect. The chief contractor let out sub-contracts for work to Peter and James McGuigan and William Gearing, of York. The rough stone- work was done by Joseph Poller, and the tower and sandstone work by a man from Harrisburg. THE MAINTENANCE OF THE POOR. The laws now in force in Pennsylvania for the maintenance of the poor and helpless, were borrowed in their leading features from those instituted in England in the reign of 306 HISTOEY OF YOEK COUNTY. Queen Elizabeth. They were introduced into the State by act of Assembly in 1771. During our early colonial history the poor of each township were maintained by the people of the district, and " overseers of the poor, " one for each township, were ap- pointed by the court justices. At a court of private sessions of the peace held at York, for York County, on March 26, 1750, in the twenty-third year of the reign of George II, before John Day, Thomas Cox, George Swope and Patrick Watson, Bsqrs., the following named persons were appointed overseers of the poor for York County: Yorktown, William Sinkler (Sinclair), and Michael Laub. Hellam, Casper Williart and Peter Gard- ner. Chanceford, Robert Morton, John Hill. Fawn, Alexander McCandless, John Gor- don. Shrewsbury, Hugh Montgomery, Hugh Low. Codorus, Peter Dinkle, John Wothering. Manchester, Peter Wolf, Valentine Crans (Krantz). Newberry, Nathan Hussey, George Thau- ly- Dover, Philip Couf, Andrew Spangler. Warrington, William Griffith, George Grist. Monaghan, James Carrothers, George Co- hoon. Heidelberg, Peter Schultz, Andrew Schrei- ber. Manheim, Samuel Bugdel, Solomon Miller. Paradise, Clement Studebaker, John Rode. There were the same number of overseers ap- pointed for each of the townships in that por- tion of York County now embraced in Adams County. This system of appointing town- ship overseers of the poor is still in force in some counties of the State. THE COUNTY ALMSHOUSE. On February 6, 1804, the Legislature passed a special act which granted to the county commissioners power to levy a tax for the purpose of purchasing land and erecting thereon, and furnishing necessary buildings for the support and employment of the poor of the county. Under the pro- visions of this act, the following named persons were directed to fix upon the place for the erection of a poor house: Martin Gardner, Peter Small, Abraham Graffius, Daniel Spangler, of York borough; Henry Krieger, of Newberry Township, John Henei- sen, of Dover; Christian Hetrick, of Codorus; Samuel Collins, of Lower Chanceford; Peter Storm, of the vicinity of Hanover. The site of the public common was determined upon as an eligible spot for the location of the county almshouse by these men, and they so reported on June 30, 1804. A conflict of claims arose concerning the right to this land, whereupon the Legislature was pe- titioned, and that body by special act, April 1, 1805, empowered the newly elected di- rectors of the poor (Daniel Spangler, Jacob Small and Martin Ebert), to determine upon a site as to them might apjiear eligible, and likewise to cause the erection of appropriate buildings. After short deliberation, on the 16th of April, the same year, they reported in writing that they had purchased the " Elm Spring Farm, "* a certain plantation and tract of land of and from Andrew Robinson, containing 132 acres and 156 perches, for the sum of £4,400 currency. On this tract is located the present county almshouse. The " Elm Spring, " surrounded by large elm trees, was long noted for the crystal beauty and excellent quality of water which it furnished to the early residents of that section. At the same time the directors pur- chased a tract of woodland two miles farther northeast, containing 150 acres and 17 perches, for £600. In the summer of 1805 the first buildings were erected at a cost of 14,761.54, and the poor of all the townships of the county re- moved thither in April, 1806. A hospital building was erected of brick in 1828, at a cost of $7,800. A great deal of the labor in the construction of this building was done by the paupers; thus decreasing its cost. It was considered in those days a model of architecture. Jacob May was the mason, Messrs. Dietz and Straber, carpenters. The original almshouse and hospital build- ings, after various changes and needed Idi- provements are still standing. The first great improvements were made when George S. Morris, of York, was elected resident director. They have now all the best improvements necessary to such an institution. For neatness, cleanliness and efficient management, the present York County almshouse has an ex- cellent reputation. During the year 1885 ap- paratus for the purpose of heating by steam were introduced through all the buildings. A portion of the original "Elm Farm" tract »The history of this farm is as follows: On October 17, •1766, Thomas Penn and Richard Penn granted a patent to John Hahn and Michael Hahn for a tract called " Bigen, "On the 4th of November .Tohn sold to Michael Hahn. On November 20 Michael Hahn sold to Mathias Sitler. On Novembar 27, 1796, Sitler sold to George Bentz. On April 16, 1796, Bentz sold to Henry King. On March 2, 1802, King sold to Andrew Robin- son. In April, 1805, it passed to the directors of the poor. ERECTION OF COUNTY. 307 was sold to a company on which was erected a rolling mill. A handsome new almshouse barn was burned down some years ago, and the present large and commodious one erected. The first election of directors of the poor was held on October 9, 1804. The following is a list of the directors who served since that time, together with the years of their election: Daniel Spangler, 1804; Jacob Small, 1804; Martin Ebert, 1804: Jonathan Jessop, 1808; George Lottman, 1808; Martin Weiser, 1809; George Barnitz, 1810; Gotlieb Ziegle, 1812; Jacob Sheaffer, 1812; George Spang) er, 1813; Philip Kissinger, 1814; Jacob Upp, 1815; Michael Welsh, 1816; William John- ston, 1817; Andrew Kramer, 1817; George Spangler, 1817; Thomas Taylor, 1818; John Fahs, 1819; Jacob Laucks, 1820; Michael Eurich. 1821; Henrv Stover, 1822; Jacob Diehl, 1823: Clement Stillinger, 1824; Casper Laueks, 1825; John Strickler, 1826; Henry Smyser, 1827; John Emig, 1828; Henry Wolf, 1829; Alexander Small, 1830; Nich- olas Diehl, 1831; John Riemaa, 1832; Christian Hildebrand, 1833; John W. Hetrick, 1836; Samuel Myers, 1837; John Lauer, 1838; William Strecher, 1839; Jacob Smj'ser, 1841; Martin Carl, 1842; Peter Peter, 1843; Daniel Loucks, 1844; T. W. Haller, 1845; Adam Free, 1846; Peter Wilt, 1847; George S. Morris, 1848; James Klinedinst, 1849; John Fahs, 1850; George Loucks of C, 1851; Peter Becker, 1852; William Spangler, 1853; Killian Small, 1854; Joseph Mc- Curdy, 1856; Charles Underwood, 1858; James Ross, 1859; William Stokes, 1860; David Small, 1861; James Ross, 1862; William Stokes, 1863; David Small, 1864; Henry Kochenour, 1865; William Kilgore, 1866; David Small, 1867; David Bentzel, 1868; William Kilgore, 1869; David Small, 1870; George Hamm, 1871; Samuel Hively, 1872; F. T. Scott, 1873; A. B. Reynolds, 1874; Mathias Reigart, 1875; John B. Say- ers. 1876; Adam Kohr, 1877; John Henry, 1878; William Gilberthorpe. 1879; Solomon Boyer, 1880; Isaac Hovis, 1881; Alexander Kidd, 1882; Andrew Bentz, 1883, Enos Hively, 1884. The physicians of the hospital connected with the poor-house, have been the following gentlemen, in the order in which they stand, viz. — Dr. John Morris, Dr. Thomas Jameson, Dr. John Rouse, Dr. Martini, Dr. John Bentz, Dr. William Mcllvaine, Dr. Luke Rouse, Dr. William Mcllvaine, (a second time;) Drs. Jacob and Michael Hay; Drs. Mcllvaine and Small, Dr. Alexander Small, Dr. John Fisher Drs. Haller and Luke Rouse, Dr. E. C. Pentz, Dr. M. J. McKinnon, Dr. J. T. Perkins. Dr. John Ahl, Dr. O. C. Brickley, Dr. Z. 0. Myers. COMMISSIONERS. The office of county commissioner in York County has always been elective. At the first election held, there were three com- missioners chosen, who were divided into three classes, one of them to serve one year, one two years, and one three years. From 1749 to 1875, one commissioner was elected annually, to serve for three years. The new constitution of 1873 provided for the elec- tion of three commissioners in 1875, and every third year the same number thereafter. This constitution also provides that the polit- ical party in the minority shall be entitled to one member of the board of commission- ers. The following is a list of the commis- sioners : First Class. George Schaabe, qualified October 31, 1 749 ; Bartholomew Maul, October 29, 1751 ; Peter Shugard, October, 1754 ; Martin Eichelberger, October, 1757 ; James Welsch, October, 1760 ; William Douglas, October, 1763 ; Joseph Updegraff, October, 1766 ; John Heckendorn, October 31, 1769 ; John Hay. October 20, 1772 ; Michael Hahn, October, 1775 ; William Ross, 1776-77 ; Philip Rothrock, October 30, 1778 ; Jacob Schmeiser, October 12, 1781 ; Michael Hahn, October 29, 1784 ; Godfrey Lenhart, October 29, 1787 ; John Spengler. October 26, 1790 ; Joseph Welshhans, Octo- ber 17, 1793 ; John Forsythe, December 6, 1796 ; Daniel Spengler, October 29, 1799 ; Christopher Lauman, October 16, 1802 ; Abraham Graffius, November 4, 1805 ; Jacob Heckert, November 7, 1808 ; Peter Small, November 5, 1811 ; Jacob Spengler, Novem- ber 2, 1814 ; John Barnitz, November 5, 1817 ; Michael Doudel, November 7, 1820 ; Henry Schmeiser, November, 1823 ; John Voglesong, November, 1826 ; Peter Ahl, No- vember, 1829 ; Jacob Dietz, November, 1832 ; Second Class. Walter Sharp, qualified October 31, 1749 ; William McGlellan,* October 30, 1750; John Mikel, October, 1752 ; Thomas M'Cartney, October 28, 1755 ; William Delap, October, 1758 ; George Meyers, October 31, 1761 ; Philip Ziegler, October. 1764 ; Hugh Dunwoodie, October, 1767 ; John Monteith, October 15, 1770 ; Henry Tyson. October 20, 1773 ; John Hay, October, 1776 ; John Sample, October, 1779 ; William Cochran, October 29, 1782 ; Robert * As there was no return of an election in York County in 1750, the court continued the former commissionera; but as Mr. Sharp had died, the surviving commissioners and the assessors elected Mr..McClelIan in his place. Here, by the way, it may be remarked of George Schwaabe that he was requaliiied in October, 1750, for regularly his period of office had terminated. 308 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. Morrison, November 1, 1785 ; William McClellan,* November 1, 1786 ; John Mor- row, October, 1791; Henry Welsh, October, 1794 ; John Edie, December 4, 1794 ; An- thony Hinkle, October 28, 1800 ; Robert Ram- sey, October 24, 1803 ; Christopher Hetriek, November 3, 1806 ; Fredrick Hoke, Novem- ber 7, 1809; John Kau£felt, November 2, 1812 ; Joseph Reed, November 7, 1815 ; Andrew Kitterman, November 2, 1818 ; Michael Newman, November 6, 1821 ; Mat- thew Clark, November, 1824 ; Philip Henise, November, 1827 ; William Patterson, No- vember, 1830 ;■ John Shultz, November, 1833. Third Class. Patrick Watson, qualified October 31, 1749 ; James Agnew, Octo- ber 30, 1753 ; Robert McPherson, October, 1756 ; John Frankelberger,f October, 31, 1758 ; John Adlum, October 30, 1759 ; Samuel Edie, October, 1762 ; Thomas Stoc- ton, October, 1765: William Gemmill. Octo- ber 27, 1768 ; William Nelson, October, 1792 ; James Black, October, 1795 ; James M'Candless, December 3, 1798 ; Samuel Nelson, October 26, 1801 ; Jacob Heckert,J November 10, 1802 ; Jacob Glancy, October 29, 1804 ; William Collins, November 6, 1807 ; John Klein, November 5, 1810 ; Peter Reider, November 2, 1813 ; Charles Emig, November 5, 1816 ; Stephen T. Cooper, No- vember 2, 1819 ; Peter Wolfhart, November, 1822 ; Charles Diehl, November, 1825 ; Daniel Kimmel, November, 1828 ; John W. Hetriek, § November, 1831 ; Samuel Harnish, 1833. The date of the election is given in the fol- lowing list: John Beck, 1836; William Nich- olas, 1837; John Rieman, 1838; Jacob New- man, 1839; DavidMaish, 1840; Henry Logan, 1841 ; Valentine B. Wentz,1842; Thomas Kerr, 1843; Joseph Detweiler, 1844; G-eorge Eich- elberger, 1845; Daniel Ginder, 1846; John Emig, 1847; John Moore, 1849; David Leber, 1850; Philip Sheffer, 1851; George Dick, 1852; Felix C. Herbert, 1853; John Myers, 1854; Aaron G. Blackford, 1855; Jesse Work- inger, 1856; Daniel Meisenhelder,1857; Jacob *Mr. Morrison removed from the couuty shortly after his election to office. To complete his term Mr. McClellan was elected October 10, 1786; and when that term had expired, he was re-elected October 14, 1788, for three years, and was qualified on the 29th of the same month. |Gen. Forbes in 1758, marched with an army from Phila- delphia and reduced Fort Du Quesne, which is now Pittsburgh. As Mr. McPherspn joined him in this, as it was then called "Western Expedition," it was to supply his place as commis- sioner that Mr. Frankelber^er was elected for one year. tMr. Heckert was appointed till the next election to supply the place of Samuel Nelson, deceased ; he was nominated by the commissioners, and the nomination was assented to by the court, gjohn W. Hetriek, was, in 1833, appointed prothonotary, and the two other commissioners (Jacob Dietz and William Patterson), appointed Samuel Harnish to supply the vacancy until the ensuing election. At the election in 18.?3, Harnish was chosen to serve out the last year of the time for which Hetriek had been elected. Greenfield, 1858; Adam Paules, 1859: Adam H. Smith, 1860; John Hyde, 1861; Henry Miller, 1862; John E. Anstine, 1863; Will- iam Reeser, 1864; Henry Hammond,. 1865; Daniel Miller, 1866; William Wintermoyer, 1867; R. Duncan Brown, 1868; Peter Strick- houser, 1869; Lewis Straver, 1870; Jacob Kohler, 1871; David Smyser, 1872; Michael Knisely, 1873; N. E. Leber, 1874; Thomas Piatt, 1875; John Pfaltzgroff, 1875; John Beard, 1878 ; Jacob Lamotte, 1878 ; J. Klinedinst, 1878; Stephen Keefer, 1881 Charles Haines, 1881; Jacob S. Bentz, 1881 George Anthonv, 1884; Henry Anstine, 1884 John P. Beck, 1884. CLERKS TO THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS. This office was appointive from 1749 to 1871. A special act of the Legislature was approved May 16, 1871, providing for the election of one clerk to the county commis- sioners; to be elected every second year, and serve at $1,000 per annum. The following is a list of clerks from 1749 to 1885: John Reed, appointed, 1749; John Red- dick, 1757; Henry Harris, 1757; William Leas, 1764; John Morris, 1776; George Lewis Leoffler, 1780; Jacob Spangler, 1792; Peter Spangler, 1815; George W. Spangler, 1823; Daniel Small, 1829; John W. Hetriek, — ; Christian S. Picking, ■; John M. Heiges, ; Amos Shearer, ; Emanuel S. Smith, Edward D. Zeigler, elected. October, 1871; Emanuel S. Smith, 1873; Samuel A. Firestone, 1875; Samuel A. Fire- stone, 1877; Frank G. Metzgar, 1879; A. Duncan Thompson, 1881 ; A. Duncan Thomp- son, 1883, County Auditors. — The board of county auditors is composed of three members. Op to the year 1809 they were appointed by the judges of the court. An act providing for the annual election of three auditors was passed by the Legislature, March 16, 1809. By a special act of 1814 the law was modified as to require the election of one new auditor annually thereafter. The constitution of 1873 provided for the election of three audi- tors in 1875, and the same number every third year thereafter, the minority party in politics to be represented by one auditor: John M. Anderson, 1836; Adam Paules, 1838; S. McKinley, 1839; Jacob Miller, 1840; Matthias Nes, 1841; Samson Smith, 1842; Jacob F. Krone, 1843; Joseph Hart- man, 1844; Edie Patterson, 1845; George Klugh, 1846; Felix C. Herbert, 1847; J. Gehley, 1848; John Reeser, 1849; Wilham Snodgrass, 1850; James Fulton, 1851; James Ross, 1852-53; John S. Keech, ERECTION or COUNTY. 309 1854; Anthony Dessenberg, 1855; Ezra May, 1856; Z. B. HeindeL 1857; Henry Brubaker, 1858; J. W. Landis, 1859; Calvin Ritohey, 1860; Samuel Newman, 1861; Abraham Klinefelter, 1862; Charles Smith, 1862; Elijah Garrettson, 1864; William B. Mor- row, ; John W. Landis, 1865; David Gemmill, 1866; J. B. Pfaltzgroff, 1867, John Seiffert, 1868; John Heidelbaugh, 1869; Henry Kudy, 1870; Jacob Altland, 1871; William H." Croll, 1872; , 1873; Jeremiah Brown, 1874; Andrew Maffet, 1875; Wentel Gross, 1875; John Stallman, 1875; Thomas Brubaker, 1878; Henry J. Deitch, 1878; J. W. Lamison, 1878; T. B. McDon- ald, 1881; William Kunkle, 1881; William Deuglas, 1881; William H. Croll, 1884; George W. Evans, 1884; Jesse S. Crone, 1884. JURY COMMISSIONEKS. The office of jury commissioners was cre- ated by a general act of Legislature, passed April 10, 1867. Before this time the jurors for the trial of cases before the different courts were selected by the sheriff and the county commissioners from the qualified voters of the county. The first election in York County for jury commissioners was held in October, 1867, when, under the provisions of the act, two persons were selected for a term of three years, and the same number to succeed thom at the end of every third year. They are to select a number of names desig- nated by the court and then place them in a jury wheel in the presence of one of the judges of the court. Grand, petit, and. tra- verse jurors are thus drawn by the sheriff and jury commissioners. MERCANTILE APPRAISERS. From 1749 to 1846,' nearly 100 years, only dealers in imported goods were required, under the then existing laws, to take out a county license, in order that they might sell their merchandise. By act of April 22, 1846, all dealers in goods, wares, and merchandise, were required to take out a county license, and under this act the county commissioners were empowered to appoint a mercantile ap- praiser yearly whose duty it is to assess and classify all dealers, and furnish a list of them to the county treasurer. SHERIFFS. The English laws introduced into the Province of Pennsylvania in 1676 provided that justices of the peace should nominate three persons within their jurisdiction, one of whom the governor may appoint a sheriff to serve for one year. Under the " Charter of Privileges'' granted by William Penn to his new province in 1701, the inhabitants of each county were authorized to choose two persons to present to the proprietary for the office of sheriff, one of whom should be commis- sioned by him to serve for three years. This law was in force until the first State consti- tution was adopted in 1776. This prescribed that two persons should be elected annually in each county, and one of them selected to be sheriff by the president of the State. Under the constitution of 1790 elections were also held, but the term was extended to three years, and the commission issued by the governor. No person was allowed to serve two terms in succession. Under these con- stitutions, it frequently happened that the one who received the lowest number of votes was commissioned. The amended constitution of 1838 provided that but one person should be elected, and under the constitution of 1873 there is no change. Hance Hamilton became the first sheriff of York County, assuming the duties of office at the first session of the York County Court, which opened October 31, 1749. THE RIOT AT THE ELECTION IN 1750. At the election held in October, 1750, a serious riot ensued between the supporters of Hance Hamilton and Richard McAllister, the two candidates for the office. The former lived in the present vicinity of Gettys- burg, and was urgently supported by the Scotch-Irish, the latter lived at the present site of Hanover, which town he afterward founded, and although a Scotch-Irishman himself, was the candidate of the Germans. The whole county, which then included the present territory of Adams County, was one election district. The voting place on this occasion was at the unfinished public inn of Baltzer Spangler in the town of York. The votes were received through the opening be- tween two logs of the building. The dif- ferent clans came riding on horseback into the then small village of York, in squads from the north, the east, the south and west. Some of them rode a distance of twenty-five or more miles, for the purpose of enjoying the elective franchise on this important occasion. The forenoon passed without any disturbance, but by the noon hour, hundreds of gallant fron- tiersmen,nearly every one born on foreign soil, speaking two different languages, and repre- senting four nationalities, after partaking of a meal at one of the six public houses of en- tertainment in the frontier town of York, or as was much the custom in those days, sat by the banks of the Codorus, and ate a cold din- 310 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. ner of victuals they brougM with them, with great determination and impetuosity began to clamor for their favorite candidates, and crowd around the voting place. McAllister's Germans, marshalled by their audacious leader, were bold and defiant, and the impetu- ous Scotch-Irish were at first equally deter- mined and demonstrative. Under this confused state of affairs, Hance Hamilton, who was then the sheriff, assumed an authority for which he was afterward sustained, and refused to go on with the elec- tion. A general commotion and confusion en- sued. A lusty German, insisting on the right to deposit his vote, tripped up the heels of one of the Scotch-Irish guards. An affray began, which in a few minutes become gen- eral and quite exciting. Saplings cut along the Codorus were used as offensive and defen- sive weapons, and blows were dealt with un- sparing hands. Hamilton and his party fled west of the Codorus. During the remainder of the day the Scotch-Irish were not seen east of the creek. There were a few limbs broken and considerable blood was shed, but no lives were lost in the affray. At the time of this riot the Scotch-Irish present were greatly inferior in numbers, as most of them lived a long distance from York, while the Germans were quite abundant in and around the town. Hamilton was not the man to beat a retreat, unless for good cause or from necessity. He was then but a young man of twenty-nine. His future career as a military commander, against the French and Indians, showed that he was a bold, daring and courageous man. On the occasion of this riot, being sheriff him- self and having charge of the election poll, he represented the law-abiding element, and it would seem, showed manly courage, by retreating with his adherents, out of contact with his violent and tumultuous opponents. The Quakers, of whom there were a great number present from the northern part of the county, being a non-resistant class of people, took no part in the affray. Nicholas Eyland, the coroner, who was ap- pointed with Hance Hamilton the year before, opened another election box with new offi- cers, and proceeded to take votes until eve- ning. Nearly all votes cast at this place were in favor of Richard McAllister, who, when the day ended, it was claimed by his followers, was triumphantly elected sheriff of York County. But now came the time for Hance Hamilton to assert his official right. He thereupon declined to assist in counting the votes and make official returos to the Provincial Government at Philadelphia, stat- ing as his reasons that he was " driven by vio- lence from the place of voting," and by the same violence was prohibited from return- ing there, whereby it was not in his power to do his duty, and therefore could make no returns." On a public hearing by the Pro- vincial Governor and Council at Philadelphia it was unanimously agreed "that it was not owing to Hamilton that the election was obstructed, and likewise he could not in his circumstances as proven by witnesses, make a return." The Governor therefor granted Hance Hamilton a commission as sheriff, during his (the Governor's) pleasure. At the next session of court beginning October 30, 1750, the following was ordered to be recorded : Whereas, Hance Hamilton, Esq., high sheriff of this county, hath hy his remonstrance in 'writiaa; to this court set forth, that by reason of the tumul- tuous behaviour of sundry persons at the last election held here for this county, and of the ballots or tickets not having been delivered to the inspec- tors on three several pieces of paper, as directed by an act of the General Assembly of this province, entitled "an act for raising the county rates and levies," he could not make such returns as by the aforesaid act is enjoined: It is therefore considered and orderedj by the court here, that the commis- sioners and assessors who served this county in their several stations the last year, shall (in pursuance of the act aforesaid), serve for the ensuing year, or until there shall be a new election. As a consequence of this riot, York County was without representatives in the General Assembly for that year. Hamilton* served as sheriff until January, 1753, when he was succeeded by John Adlum, but was re- elected in 1755, serving ujitil he led a com- pany of York County soldiers in 1756 to take part in the the French and Indian war. The following is a complete list of the sheriffs of York county, from 1749 to 1885 : Hance Hamilton, elected October, 1749; John Adlum, October, 1752; Hance Hamilton, 1755; Thomas Hamilton, October, 1756; Zachariah Shugard, October, 1758 ; Peter Shugard, Octo- ber, 1759; Robert McPherson, October, 1762: David McConaughy, October, 1765 ; George Eichelberger, October, 1768 ; Samuel Edie, October, 1771 ; Charles Lukens, November, 1774 ; William Rowan, June, 1777 ; Henry Miller, October, 1780 ; William Bailey, November, 1783 ; John Edie, October, 1786; Conrad Laub, October, 1789 ; Godfrey Len- hart, October, 1792; William McClellan, October, 1795 ; Nicholas Gelwicks, October, 1798 ; John Strohman, October, 1801 ; Jacob Eichelberger, October, 1804; Michael Kline- felter, October, 1807 ; Benjamin Hirsch, October, 1810 ; Michael Gardner, November, 1811 ; John Kauffelt, November, 1815 ; Zachariah Spangler, October, 1818 ; Thomas Jameson, October, 1821 ; Michael Doudel, *For his after history see chapter on Hislorical Biography. EEECTION OF COUNTY. 811 October, 1824 ; William Spangler, October, 1827 ; Andrew Duncau, October, 1830 ; Adam Eichelberger, October, 1833 ; Adam Klinefelter, October, 1836; Michael Hoke, October, 1839 ; Jacob Hantz, October, 1842 ; Thomas Jamison, October, 1845 ; James Adams, October, 1848 ; George Albright, October, 1851 ; Daniel Ginder, October, 1854; Samuel Forscht, October, 1857: Will- iam Martin, October, 1860 ; William W. Wolf, October, 1860 ; Charles H. Bressler, appointed January 27, 1866 ; Jesse Engles, elected 1866 ; Christian Pfhaler, ■ 1869 ; George Geiger, appointed (served one year), 1870 ; J. Park Wiley, elected 1871 ; Michael Stanbaugh, November, 1874 ; James Peeling, November, 1877 ; Samuel Altland, November, 1880 ; Jesse Workinger, Novem- ber, 1883. ANOTHER GREAT CONTEST. A great deal of importance has always been attached to the election of sheriffs in York county. In early days there were many lively contests. There were then but few elective offices. The delegate system not being in use, the numerous candidates trav- eled the county from farm to farm soliciting votes. If the canvassing were done about harvest time, the candidates were required to show their skill at reaping in order to make a favorable impression. The election was closely contested in October, 1789, when Conrad Laub was elected. The two can- didates were Conrad Laub and William Mc- Clellan, of whom the former had 2,130 votes, and the latter, 2,111. Immediately after the election a very amusing article appeared in one of the York newspapers. It was written by William, Harris, a York merchant. The full text of it is as follows: THE PIKST CHAPTER OP CHRONICLES. 1. Now it came to pass in those days when George was President, even George the Great, was President over the nation, and John, even John surnamed the steady, who had done, justice and judgment among the people, had fulfilled his time, that there was a great stir among the people, whom they should choose to reign in his slead. 2. Then the Williamite3,who in habited the west- ern country, and the people gathered themselves together, and communed one with another, and said: We will make William to rule over us, for he is a proper young man, and will do justice and judgment even as John has done, whose work is fulfilled. 3. And when these sayings went abroad among the people, there were certain men rose up and withstood the Williamites and said, God do so to us, and more also, if William shall rule over us at this time in the stead of John. 4. Then the governors, the judges, the captains of the fifties, and the rulers of the people gathered themselves together. 5. And so it was that they communed together, even the Sohlegelites, the Rudisellites, the Sher- manites, the Gosslerites, the Milleriles, the Camp- bellites, the tribe of Eli, and John the Lawyer. 6. Now all entered into a covenant, and said, of a truth we will make Conrad our ruler, for he is an upright man, and will do what is right in the eyes of the people. 7. And after these things it came to pass on the thirteenth day of the tenth month, about the eleventh hour, in the fourteenth year after the people had come out of the house of bondage, that the people strove with one another, even the Will- iamites on the one side and the Oonradites on the other. 8. And there was a great slaughter, for the battle continued until the going down of the sun. 9. For the Oonradites came forth by hundreds and by thousands, by their tribes, as sands b.y the seashore for multitude. 10. And so it was, that the army of the William- ites was discomfitted. 11. Now the land will have rest for three years. There were at this time four election polls in the county: one at Nicholson's mill, Muddy Creek Forks; one at York, one at Hanover, and one in the vicinity of York Springs. On this occasion it was again a contest between the Germans and the Scotch- Irish, and the former won. The " William- ites " were the Scotch-Irish, of the Marsh Creek (Gettysburg) country, and supporters of William McClelland, who, it will be ob- served, was elected in 1795. The "Schlegelites" and the "Rudisellites" were the friends of Col. Henry Schlegle and Associate Judge Jacob Rudisell, of Hanover; the " Shermanites " the friends of Conrad Sherman, who lived five miles south of Han- over, in Manheim Township; the " Goss- lerites," the friends of Philip Gossler, who then lived in Hellam Township; the "Mill- erites" the friends of Henry Miller of York; the "Campbellites " the Scotch-Irish of the southeast end of York County, represented by John Campbell; the "Tribe of Eli" were the Quakers of the upper end, and were led by Eli Lewis who founded the village of Lewisberry; " John the Lawyer '' was John Lukens, a young member of the York bar, ad- mitted that year. David McConaughy elected in 1765, was the first collector of excise in York County, being appointed by the General Assembly, on August 19, 1794. Charles Lakens and William Rowan were candidates in 1776. But Lukens, being then engaged in other public services, was pre^ vented from accepting the office; whereupon a commission was granted to William Rowan, although not highest in votes. Congress, in November, 1777, appointed Lukens major-commissary of military stores in the department of Carlisle. It may here be remarked, that although Congress fixed 312 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. upon Carlisle as a proper place for the erec- tion of laboratories and for laying up maga- zines of military stores, yet General Wash- ington, in a letter to that body, dated J anuary 17, 1777, says, " General Knox, and others whom I have consulted upon this occasion, think that Yorktown would be as safe, and more convenient than Carlisle." Sheriff Eowan, who was elected in 1771, not long after the expiration of his term of oflB.ce, removed into the State of Kentucky. His son John, who was born in this county, and who accompanied his father on bis removal, elected by the Legislature of Kentucky, to represent that State in the Senate of the United States in 1826, and served until 1832. Benjamin Hirsh who was elected in 1810, served but one year and then resigned; Jacob Hantz elected in 1842, was the first Whig sheriff; James Adams was elected by the Whig party in 1848, served three years, but died the same evening that his term expired; Christian Phfaler died while in oflfiee, where- upon George Geiger of Peach Bottom, was appointed to serve until the next election; Sheriff Wolf died while in office and Dr. Charles Bressler succeeded, serving nine months and seventeen days. COKONEES. Nicholas Ryland was the first coroner elected, October, 1749; Alexander Love in 1750; Archibald McGrew, 1754; Zacha- riah Shugard, 1754; William King, 1758; Michael Schwaabe, 1761; John Adlum, 1763; Joseph Adlum, 1764. Mr. Adlum continued in office fourteen years — the election for cor- oner in those times was held annually, and there was no limitation to his terin of service. Who was coroner in 1779-80-81, the records do not show. After that time the succession was as follows: Jacob Rudisell, 1782; Eph- riam Pennington, 1784; Andrew Johnson, 1786; John Morris, 1790; Jacob Updegraff, 1796; Geo.Hay, 1799; Geo. Stake, 1802, John Spangler 1806; Dr. Thomas Jamison, 1808. At "the election in October, 1811, the votes for coroner were 1,893 for Michael Gardner, and 1,893 for John Eouse. Mr. Gardner, however, being appointed sheriff, upon the resignation of B. Uirsch, in 1811, did not receive any commission as coroner, by 'reason whereof the person then in office (Dr. Thomas Jameson), was continued: Dr. John Bouse, 1812; Dr. Thomas Jameson, 1816; Dr. William Mcllvaine, 1818; Dr. Luke Eouse, 1821; Dr. Henry Ness, 1824; Dr. James Gerry, 1830; Dr. Theodore N. Haller, 1833; Dr. Andrew Patterson, 1834; Dr. Ben- jamin Johnson, 1836; Dr. H. M. McClellan, 1839; Dr. Theodore N. Haller, 1842; Dr. John Ahl, 1845; Dr. John Ahl, 1848; Dr. ■Edward C. Pentz, 1851; Dr. Samuel J. Eouse, 1854; Dr. Samuel J. Eouse, 1857; Dr. H. M. McClellan, 1860; Dr. H. M. McClel- lan, 1863; Dr. Samuel J. Eouse, 1866; Dr. Samufl J. Eouse, 1869; Dr. Obediah C. Brickley, 1872; Dr. Obediah C. Brickley, 1875; Dr. John Ahl, 1879; Dr. John Ahl, 1882. CIVIL LIST. DURING REVOLUTION. THE deputies to the Provincial Convention, held at Philadelphia, July 15,1774, from York, were James . Smith, Thomas Hartley and Joseph Donaldson. At a Provincial Convention for the prov- ince of Pennsylvania, held at Philadelphia, January 23, 1775, and continued by adjourn- ments from day to day to the 28th, there were present for York County, James Smith, Esq., Thomas Hartley, Esq., Joseph Donaldson, George Eichelberger, John Hay, George Irwin, MicViael Smyser. The committees of the Provincial Confer- ence, held at Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia, June 18, 1775, were, for York — Col. James Smith, Col. Eobert MePherson, Col. Richard McAllister, Col. David Kennedy, Capt. Jo- seph Eead, Col. William Rankin, Col. Henry Slagle, Mr. James Edgar and Mr. John Hay. The delegates to the convention of 1776, from York, were John Hay, William Eankiu, Francis Cragart, Eobert MePherson, James Edgar, Henry Slagle, James Smith ^nd Jo- seph Donaldson. The member of the Committee of Safety, from June 30. 1775, to, October 19, 1775, Benjamin Franklin, president, was, for York — Michael Swope; also from October 20, 1775, to July 22, 1776; also of the Council of Safety from July 24, 1776, to March 18, 1777.' From October 17, 1777, to December 4, 1777, James Edgar, who was also a mem- ber of the Supreme Executive Council, and James Marshall. Of the judges of the High Court of Ap- peals, James Smith, of York, November 20, 1780. The members of the Board of Property, at different times, from 1783 to 1786, were James Ewing and Michael McAllister. Monday, July 8, 1776, was appointed for electing members of a constitutional con- vention. CIVIL LIST. 813 York County was divided into five districts: The first — Yorktown,the townships of York, Manchester, Codorus, Shrewsbury, Windsor, and Hellam, to be held at the court house in Yorktown. The second district — Cumberland, Hamil- ton's Ban, Straban, Mountjoy, Menallen and Tyrone, to be held at the house of Samuel Geddis. The third district — Heidelberg, Berwick, Mount Pleasant, Manheim, Paradise and Ger- many, to be held at Hanover. The fourth division — Fawn, Hopewell and Chanceford, to be held at Nicholson's mill. The fifth division — Dover, Newberry, War- rington, Manahan, Huntingdon and Keading, to be held at the house of Robert Stevenson. The following gentlemen were appointed judges of the election : First division, at Yorktown — Charles Lu- kens, John Hay, Michael Hahn. Second Division at Samuel Gaddis's — William McClellan, John Agnew, James Dickson. Third Division, at Hanover — Joseph Jefif- eries, Thomas Lilly, Frederick Wolf. Fourth Division, at Nicholson's mill — James Leeper, Patrick Scott, James Savage. Fifth Division, at Robert Stevenson's — John Nesbit, James Naylor, William Mitchell. Members of the Supreme Executive Council. — James Edgar, November 14, 1777; James Thompson, February 13, 1779; James Ewing, October 26, 1781; Richard McAllister, Oc- tober 26, 1784; Andrew Billmyer, January 19,1787; Samuel Edie, October 25, 1787. Members of the Council of Censors. — Thomas Hartley, October 20, 1783; Richard McAllister, October 20, 1783. Justices of the Quarter Sessions. — Richard McAllister, president, November 18, 1789; Henry Slagel, president, August 20, 1784. Justice of the Orphans Court. — Richard McAllister, November 18, 1780. Commissioner of the Taxes. — Benjamin Tyson, October 20, 1783. Collectors of Excise. — William Rowan, January 1, 1778; Jacob Rodroch, November 27, 1778; Thomas Armor, November 22, 1779; Matthew Henderson, November 25, 1780; Jacob Barnitz, May 6, 1785; John Forsyth, November 25, 1785; John McClelland, Decem- ber 7, 1786; John Forsyth, August 31, 1787. Dedimus Potestatemus. — Archibald Mc- Lean, June 10, 1777; David McConaughy, June 10, 1777; William Scott, June 10, 1777. Deputy Surveyor — John Huston, April 18, 1784. Auditors of Depreciation Accounts. — Michael Swope, March 3, 1781; Henry Slagle, March 3, 1781. County Lieutenants. — Richard McAllister, June 14, 1777; William Scott, March 30, 1780. Sub-Lieutenant's. — Hance Morrison, March 12, 1777; Robert Stevenson, March 12, 1777; John Hay, March 12, 1777; James McCand- less, March 12 1777; John Carson, March 12, 1777; John Trevis, March 28, 1778; Matthew Dill, May 19, 1779; John Agnew, October 2, 1779: Matthew Dill, March 30,1780; Henry Slagle, March 30, 1780; William Ross, March 30, 1780; James Dixon, March 30, 1780; William Alexander, July 17, 1787. Paymasters of Militia. — Michael Hahn (resigned September 14, 1777); Maj. William Scott, September 16, 1777; William Alex- ander, June 26, 1781. Wagon Masters. — Joseph Jefireys, January 9, 1778; James Chamberlain, June 29, 1780". Agents for Forfeited Estate. -^- Robert Stephenson, May 6, 1778; James Naylor, May 6, 1778; William Chesney, May 6, 1778; Thomas Stockton, May 6, 1778; Thomas Lilly, May 6, 1778; William Mitchell, Aug- ust 4, 1779; Michael Hahn, May 24, 1783. Michael Hahn, of York, was one of the commissioners of exchange appointed April 5, 1779, to facilitate the calling out of circu- lation the emissions of paper monev of May 20, 1777, and April 11, 1778. William Scott April 3, 1780, was one of the army purchasers, and Yorktown a place of delivery. Assistant commissaries, Henry Mil- ler and William Scott, July 7, 1780. The persons to take subscriptions for the continental loan, appointed by the Assembly, December 16, 1777, were, for York County- — William Scott, Robert Stevenson, David Kennedy, James Dill, William Ross, and Henry Slagle. Commissioners to seize the personal efieots of traitors, appointed October 21, 1777, for York County, were — William White, James Nailor, William Chesney, Robert Stevenson, Matthew Dill and John Ewing. The commissioners to collect clothing in the county of York, were, November 8, 1777 — Joseph Donaldson, George Erwin, Thomas Stockton, Frederick Gelwix, Thomas Weems, John Nesbit, Henry Cotton, Jacob Staley, Robert Smith. For paying one-third depreciation certifi- cates—Henry Slagle, April 23, 1781. OP LATEE DATE. For carrying into effect the act respecting the Susquehanna navigation, appointed June 314 aiSTORY OF YOEK COUNTY. 24, 1785 — James Ewing, Michael Simpson, William Bailey, Dr. Robert Harris. The members of Constitutional Convention of 1838 from York County were— John E. Donnell, Samuel C. Bonham. The members of the Constitutional Con- vention of 1873 were — Jeremiah S. Black, del- egate at large; John Gibson and Thomas E. Cochran. Jeremiah S. Black was attorney general in President Buchanan's cabinet ; Jacob S. Haldeman was minister to Sweden from 1 860 to 1864; Thomas E. Cochran was auditor general of Pennsylvania from 1860 to 1863; Chauncey F. Black was elected lieutenant- governor of Pennsylvania in 1882. GUBEENATORIAL ELECTIONS. There can be no truer index of the politi- cal principles of our county, than the votes it has given at different times, for governor of the commonwealth. The office of governor in this State, was substituted for that of president of the council, September 2, 1790, at which time the second constitution of Pennsylvania was adopted. Before pro- ceeding to state the result of the different elections in this county for governor, we will give a list of the provincial governors (i. e. those who exercised the supreme executive power in Pennsylvania prior to the adoption of the constitution of September 29, 1779) and a list of the presidents of the council, an office created by the constitution of 1779. Provincial Executives. — William Penn, from October 24, 1682, to August 12, 1684; council and president, Thomas Lloyd, from August 12, 1684, to December, 1688; John Blackwell, deputy governor, from December, 1688, to February, 1689; council and pres- ident, Thomas Lloyd, from February, 1689, to April, 1698; Benjamin Fletcher, governor, from April, 1693, to June, 1693; William Markham, deputy governor, from June 1693, to December, 1699; William Penn again governor, from December, 1699, to Novem- ber, 1701; Andrew Hamilton, deputy gover- nor, from November, 1701, to February, 1702; president and council, from February, 1702, to February 1703; John Evans, deputy gov- ernor, from February, 1703, to February, 1709; Charles Gookin, deputy governor, from March, 1709, to May, 1717; William Keith, deputy governor, from May, 1717, to June, 1726; Patrick Gordon, deputy gover- nor, from June, 1726, to 1736; council and president, James Logan, from 1736 to 1738; George Thomas, deputy governor, from 1738, to 1747 ; council and president, Anthony Palmer, from 1747, to November, 1748; James Hamilton, deputy governor, from November, 1748, to October, 1754; Eobert Hunter Morris, deputy governor, from October, 1754, to 1756; William Denny, deputy governor, from 1756, to 1759; James Hamilton, again depaty governor, from 1759, to 1764; John Penn, son of Richard, deputy governor from 1764J.to 1771; council and president, James Hamilton, 1771; Richard Penn, governor from 1771 to 1773; John Penn, brother of Richard, governor from 1773 to 1776. Presidents of the Councils, under the Con- stitution of 1776. — There were five different persons who presided, at different periods, over the executive council of Pennsylvania. They were elected and presided in the fol- lowing order — Thomas Wharton, Joseph Read, John Dickinson, Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Mifflin. The first election for governor was held October 12, 1790, at which the votes stood in York County as follows — Thomas Mifflin, Democrat, 1,699 votes; Arthur St. Clair, Fed- eral, 29 votes. Thomas Mifflin was elected. Second Election.— October 8, 1793. F. A. Muhlenberg, Federal, 712 votes; Thomas Mifflin, Democrat, 1,265 votes. Thomas Mifflin was elected. Third Election.— October 11, 1796. Thomas Mifflin, Democrat, 1,124 votes; Peter Dinkel, 12 votes; Henry Miller, 11 votes; F. A. Muhlenberg, Federal, 1 vote. Thomas Mif- flin was elected. Fourth Election. — October 8, 1799. James Ross, of Pittsburgh, Federal, 2,026 votes; Thomas McKean, Democrat, 2,705 votes; scattering, 4 votes. Thomas McKean was elected. Fifth Election.— October 12, 1802. Thomas McKean, Democrat, 1,691 votes; James Ross, of Pittsburgh, Federal, 742 votes. Thomas McKean was elected. Sixth Election. — October 8, 1805. Thomas McKean, Democrat, 1,883 votes; Simon Sny- der, Democrat, 747 votes; James Ross, of Pittsburgh, Independent Democrat, 9 votes. Thomas McKean was elected. Seventh Election. — October 11, 1808. Si- mon Snyder, Democrat, 2,867 votes; James Ross, of Pittsburgh, Federal, 1,651 votes; John Spayd, Independent, 18 votes. Simon Snyder was elected. Eighth Election. — October 14, 1811. Simon Snyder, Democrat, 1,834 votes; scattering, 19 votes. Simon Snyder was elected. Ninth Election. — October 11, 1814. Simon Snyder, Democrat, 1,593 votes; Isaac Wayne, Federal, 1,027 votes. Simon Snyder was elected. CIVIL LIST. 315 Tenth Election.—Ootoher 14, 1817. Will- iam Findlay, Democrat, 2,918 votes; Joseph Hiester, Federal, 1,944 votes. William Find- lay was elected. Eleventh Election. — October 10, 1820. William Findlay, Democrat, 2,621 votes; Joseph Hiester, Federal, 2,131 votes. Joseph Hiester was elected. Twelfth Election.— Octohm 14, 1823. John Andrew Shultze, Democrat, 3,912 votes; An- drew Gregg, Federal, 2,166 votes. John Andrew Shultze was elected. Thirteenth Election. — October 10, 1826. John Andrew Shultze, Democrat, 2,494 votes; scattering, 107. John Andrew Shultze was elected. Fourteenth Election. —Ootohei 13, 1829. George Wolf, Democrat, 1,894 votes; Joseph Ritner, Anti-Mason, 769 votes. George Wolf was elected. Fifteenth Election. — October 9, 1832. George Wolf, Democrat, 2,367 votes; Joseph Eitner, Anti -Mason, 2,357 votes. George Wolf was elected. Sixteenth Election. — October, 1835. Henry A. Muhlenburg, Democrat, 1,658 votes; George Wolf, Independent, 1,070; Joseph ■Eitner, Anti-Mason, 2,665. Joseph Eitner was elected. Seventeenth Election. — October, 1838. Da- vid E. Porter, Democrat, 4,197 votes; Joseph Eitner, Anti-Mason, 3,257 votes. David R. Porter was fleeted. Eighteenth Election. — October, 1841. David R. Porter, Democrat, 3,825 votes; John Banks, Whig, 2,429 votes. David Porter was elected. Nineteenth Election. — October,1844. Fran- cis E. Shunk, Democrat, 4,691 votes; Joseph Markle, Whig, 3,802 votes; F. J. LeMoyne, Abolitionist, 50 votes. Francis E. Shunk was elected. Twentieth Election. —October, 1847. Fran- cis E. Shunk, Democrat, 4,006 votes; James Irvin, Whig, 3,103 votes. Francis R. Shunk was re-elected and died while in office. Twenty First Election. — October, 1848. William F. Johnston, Whig, 4,162 votes; Morris Longstreth, Democrat, 4, 345 votes ; E. B. Gazzatn, Free Soil, 165 votes. William F. Johnston was elected. Twenty-Second Election. — October, 1851. William Bigler, Democrat, 5,738 votes; Will- iam F. Johnston, Whig, 4,728 votes. William Bigler was elected. Twenty -Third Election. — October, 1854. James Pollock, Whig, 4,777 votes; William Bigler, Democrat, 4,707 votes. James Pol- lock was elected. Twenty-Fourth Election. — October, 1857. William F. Packer, Democrat, 5,314 votes; David Wilmot, Free Soil, 1,778 votes; Isaac Hazelhurst, American, 1,332 votes. William T. Packer was elected. Twenty-Fifth Election.— October, 1860. Andrew G. Curtin, Republican, 5,322 votes; Henry D. Foster, Democrat, 5,661 votes. An- drew G. Curtin was elected. Twenty -Sixth Election. — October, 1863. Andrew G. Curtin, Republican, 5,510 votes; George W. Woodward, Democrat, 8,069 votes. Andrew G. Curtin was elected. Twenty-Seventh Election. — October, 1866. John W. Geary, Republican, 5,796 votes; Hiester Clymer, Democrat, 8,780 votes. John W. Geary was elected. Twenty-Eighth Election. — October, 1869. John W. Geary, Republican, 5,561 votes; Asa Packer, Democrat, 8,326 votes. John W. Geary was elected. Twenty-Ninth Election. — October, 1872. John F. Hartranft, Republican, 6,400 votes; Charles R. Buckalew, Democrat, 8, 388 votes. John F. Hartranft was elected. Thirtieth Election. — October, 1875. John P. Hartranft, Republican, 5,268; Cyrus L. Persh- ing, Democrat, 8,285; R. Dudly Browne, Prohibitionist, 92. John F. Hartranft was elected. Thirty-first Election. — November, 1878. Henry M. Hoyt, Republican, 5,960; Andrew H. Dill, Democrat, 9,644; Samuel R. Mason, Greenback, 79. Henry M. Hoyt was elected for four years under new constitution. Thirty second Election. — November, 1882. Robert E. Pattison, Democrat, 10,439 votes; James A. Beaver, Republican, 6,148 votes; John Stewart, Independent, 261 votes. R. E. Pattison was elected. The above statement exhibits the fluctu- ations of political opinion in this county, and affords several remarkable instances of entire revolution in public opinion in a single guber- natorial term of three years. At the lirst elec- tion Mifflin had 1699 votes, at the second 712, at the third 1124. At the second election F. A. Muhlenberg had a majority overlfifflin of more than 500 votes, and three years after that Mifflin beat Muhlenberg 1123 votes, the latter receiving but a single vote. These changes are observable throughout the history of gubernatorial elections in this county. In 1829, George Wolf had a majority over Joseph Ritner, of 1125 votes. In 1832, Ritner had a majority of ten over Wolf. Since 1863 it will be observed the Demo- cratic majority has been very large in York county. Simon Snyder who was elected in 1808, lived in York in 1780, and followed the oc- cupation of a tanner. James Ross, of Pitts- 316 HISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. burg, who was his competitor at that elec- tion was born in Peach Bottom Township. He was an eminent statesman. In the early history of American politics the parties were frequently called Federalists and anti-Federalists. The last-named poli- tical party however was generally called the Democratic-Republican party. NATIONAL EEPRESENTATIVES. The office of representative to Congress was created by the Constitution of the United States which was adopted September 17, 1787, and ratified by the convention of Penn- sylvania, December 12, 1787. The term of office was then made two years, and has not since been changed. The number of repre- sentatives is apportioned among the States according to population. York County for a number of years was a separate congressional district. At present York, Adams and Cumberland form one district. The following is a list of those who represented York County : Thomas Hartley was the first congressman elected to represent York County in 1788, and continued a member until the time of -his death, on December 21, 1800. John Stewart was elected at a special elec- tion held January 15, 1801, to fill Col. Hartley's unexpired term. He was re-elected in 1802. James Kelly was elected in October, 1804, and re-elected in October, 1806. William Crawford was elected in October, 1808, and re-elected in 1810. Hugh Glasgow was elected October, 1812, and re-elected October, 1814. Jacob Spangler was elected October, 1816, and resigned before expiration of term. Jacob Hostetter was elected in March, 1818, to fill the unexpired term of his predecessor, and was reelected in October of the same year. James S. Mitchell was elected in October of the years 1822—24. Adam King was elected in October, 1826, and re-elected in October, 1828 — 30. Charles A. Barnitz was elected in 1832. Henry Logan was elected in 1834 and re- elected in 1836. Dr. James Gerry was elected in 1838, and re- elected in 1840. Dr. Henry Nes, was elected in 1842, and re-elected in 1844, and served until 1850._ William K. Kurtz was elected in 1850, and re-elected in 1852. Lemuel Todd, of Carlisle, was elected in 1854. Dr. John A. Ahl, of Carlisle, was elected in 1856. Benjamin F. Junkin, of Perry County, was elected in 1858 to represent York, Cumber- land and Perry Counties. Joseph Bailey, of Perry County, was elected in 1860 and re-elected 1862. Richard J. Haldeman was elected in 1868, and re-elected in 1870. John A. Magee, of Perry, elected 1872. Levi Maish, of York, elected in 1874, and re-elected in 1876. Frank A. Beltzhoover, of Carlisle, elected in 1878, and re-elected in 1880. William A. Duncan, of Gettysburg, elected in 1882, re-elected in 1884, and died a few days after election. Dr. John Swope, of Gettysburg, was elected at a special election in January, 1885. MEMBERS OF THE STATE SENATE. The office of the State senator was created by the constitution of 1790, which provided that the legislative power of the common- wealth, should be vested in a General Assem- bly, consisting of a senate and a house of representatives, the number of senators in the State not to be less than one-fourth, nor' more than one-third of the number of repre- sentatives. The senate upon its organization was composed of twelve members. In 1801 the number was increased to twenty-five, in 1808 to thirty-one, in 1822 to thirty-three, and so continued until 1874, when it was in- creased to fifty. The term of office was four years, from 1790 to 1838, and three years from 1838 to 1874, when the new constitution increased the term to four years. The first four years to 1794, York and Lancaster Counties formed one district, which was entitled to three senators. York County was constituted a separate district in 1794, and was entitled to two senators. When Adams County was formed, the two counties formed one district, and were allowed two senators, one elected every two years, generally chosen from the counties alternately. In the accompanying list it will be noticed that sometimes elec- tions were held more frequently than biannu- ally before 1838. This was caused by a death or resignation. The following is a list of State senators, who represented York County and the year of their election. For the district composed of York and Lancaster Counties under State constitution of 1790; — 1790, Adam Hubley, Jr., Michael Schmeis- er, and Sebastian Groff; 1794, Michael Schmeiser and Thomas Lilly; 1795, Gen. James Ewing; 1799, Gen! James Ewing; CIVIL LIST. 317 1800, Gen. William Reed; 1803, Rudolph Spangler, 1805, William Miller; 1807, Col. Thomas Campbell; 1809, William Gilliland; 1811, John Strohman; 1813, James MoSher- ry; 1815, Charles A. Barnitz; 1817, William Gilliland; 1819, Frederick Eichelberger; 182 1 , Jacob Eyster ; 1823, William Mcllvaine : 1824, Zephaniah Herbert; 1826, Henry Logan; 1829, Ezra Blythe; 1831. Henry Smyser; 1833, David Middlekauff; 1836, James McConkey, with two associate sena- tors represented York and Lancaster. He was elected in 1836 for York County; 1840, Thomas E. Cochran; 1843, Adam Eby. The following-named persons represented York County as a separate senatorial district —1846, Philip Smyser; 1849, Henry Fulton; 1852, Jacob S. Haldeman; 1855, William H. Welsh; 1858, William H. Welsh; 1861, A. Hiestand Glatz. The following -named persons represented York and Cumberland as one senatorial dis- trict— 1863, George H. Bueher; 1866, A. Hiestand Glatz; 1879, Andrew G. Miller. The next two represented York and Adams— 1872, William McSherry; 1875,. H. G. Bus- sey; 1878, James H. Ross; 1882, James H. Ross. At present York County is the twenty- eighth senatorial district, and under the con- stitution of 1873 the state seaators are elec- ted for a term of four years. MEMBEES OF THE ASSEMBLY. The office of Assemblymen, now generally called members of the House of Represen- tatives, was created by the frame of govern- ment prepared by William Penn before leav- ing England. After the erection of York County it was entitled to two members in the General As- sembly, which then met at Philadel- phia. They were elected annually. The constitution of 1776 provided that in the years 1776-77-78, each county of the State was entitled to six members, and thereafter the number was to be determined by the General Assembly according to popu- lation. In 1779 the number was increased to eigrht members, and again reduced to six in 1786. The constitution of 1790 provided for an enumeration of the taxable inhabitants within three years after the first meeting of the General Assembly, and an apportionment of the members of the two houses created by that constitution, among the counties, ac- cording to the number of taxables, and a sim- ilar enumeration and apportionment every seven years thereafter. The number of mem- bers for York County continued to be six until 1800, when Adams County was formed. The number was then reduced to four, in 1829 to three, and in 1858. to two. The apportion- ment of 1874 increased the number to four. All members were elected anaually from 1749 to 1874. The elections were always held in October, until 1874, when the time was changed to November. Under our present constitution the term is two years. The names of the members who represented York County from the time of its erection to 1885, together with the years of their election are as follows: 1749, John Wright and_John Armstrong; 1750, no sheriff's return nor did any repre- sentative appear; 1751, John Wright and John Witherow; 1752, no return. From 1753 to 1759, John Wright and David Mc- Conaughy. 1760, David McConaughy and John Black- burn; 1761, David McConaughy and John Blackburn; 1762, David McConaughy and John Blackburn; 1763, David McConaughy and John Blackburn; 1764, David McCon- aughy and John Blackburn; 1765, John Black- burn and Robert McPherson; 1766, John Blackburn and Robert McPherson; 1767, Robert McPherson and Archibald McGrew; 1768, Thomas Minshall and Michael Schwaabe; 1769, Thomas Minshall and Mi- chael Schwaabe. 1770, Thomas Minshall and Michael Schwaabe; 1771, James Ewing and Michael Schwaabe; 1772, James Ewing and John Pope; 1773, James Ewing and John Pope; 1774, James Ewing and Michael Schwaabe'; 1775, James Ewing and Michael Schwaabe; 1776, Archibald McLean, Michael Schwaabe, David Dunwoodie, James Dickson, Michael Hahn, John Read. 1777, David Dunwoodie, James Dickson, Michael Hahn, Matthew Dill, JohnAgnew, JohnOrr; 1778, Thomas Hartley, Samuel Edie, Thomas Lilly, Michael Schmeiser^ William Ross, Henry Schlegel; 1779, David Dunwoodie, James Dickson, Matthew Dill, John Orr, Henry Schlegel, James Leeper, John Hay, David Kennedy. 1780, James Dickson, Thomas Lilly, Mi- chael Schmeiser, Moses McLean, Robert Gil- braith, James Smith, William Mitchell, James Ramsay; 1781, Michael Hahn, John Agnew, Thomas Lilly, Michael Schmeiser, Moses McLean, Robert McPherson, James Ramsey, Joseph McGuffin; 1782, Michael Hahn, Thomas Lilly, Michael Schmeiser, Moses McLean, Robert McPherson, Joseph McGuffin, John Hay, Patrick Scott; 1783, Moses McLean, Robert McPherson, Joseph McGuffin, John Hay, Henry Miller, Philip Gardner, David Grier, David McConaughy'; 318 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. 1784, Kobert McPhorson, John Hay, Henry Miller, Philip Gardner, David, McConaughy, James Evving, Henry Tyson, Joseph Lilly; 1785, Henry Miller, Philip Gardner, David McConaughy, Henry Tyson, Joseph Lilly, David McLellan, Adam Eichelberger, Mi- chael Sehmeiser; 1786, David McConaughy, Henry Tyson, Joseph Lilly, David McLellan, Adam Eichelberger, Michael Sehmeiser; 1787, Michael Sehmeiser, Joseph Lilly, David McLellan, William Mitchell, Joseph Eead, Thomas Clingan; 1788, Michael Sehmeiser, Thomas Lilly, Henry Tyson, David McLellan, Joseph Read, Thomas Clingan; 1789, ' Thomas Lilly, Thomas Clingan, Jacob Sehmeiser, John Stewart, William Godfrey, Joseph Eead. 1790, Joseph Eead, Philip Gardner, Henry Tyson, William MoPherson, John Stewart, Thomas Lilly; 1791, Thomas Lilly, John Stewart, William McPherson, Alexander Turner, Thomas Thornburg, Henry Tyson; 1792, Philip Gardner, John Stewart, Alex- ander Turner, Thomas Thornburg, Thomas Lilly, William McPherson; 1793, Thomas Lilly, Philip Gardner, John Stewart, Alex- ander Turner, Thomas Campbell, James Kelly; 1794, Philip Gardner, John Stewart, William McPherson, Alexander Turner, Thomas Campbell, James Kelly; 1795, William McPherson, Alexander Turner, Thomas Campbell, Philip Gardner, William Miller, John Stewart; 1796, William Mc- Pherson, John Stewart, Philip Gardner, Alexander Turner, Thomas Campbell, Will- iam Miller; 1797, Thomas Campbell, Will- iam McPherson, Alexander Turner, Philip Gardner; Jacob Hostetter, James Kelly; 1798, Thomas Campbell, Alexander Turner, William McPherson, James Kelly, Jacob Hostetter, Philip Albright; 1799, William McPherson, Alexander Turner, Thomas Camp- bell, Yost Herbaeh, Alexander Cobean, Jacob Hostetter. 1800, Jacob Hostetter, Frederick Eichel- berger, William Anderson, Michael Gemmill; 1801, Frederick Eichelberger, William An- derson, Michael Hellman, Daniel Stouffer; 1802, Frederick Eichelberger, William An- derson, Michael Hellman, Daniel Stouffer; 1803, Michael Hellman, Daniel Stouffer, Matthew Clark, George Spengler; 1804, Michael Hellman, Matthew Claik, George Spengler, Adam Hendricks; 1805, George Spengler, Conrad Sherman, William Mc- Lellan, Benjamin Pedan; 1806, William Anderson, George Spengler, Adam Hendricks, EobertHammersly; 1807, Conrad Sherman, Jacob Eichelberger, Eobert Gemmill, John McLellan; 1808, George Spengler, Abra- ham Graflfius, Archibald Steele, George Nes; 1809, George Spengler, Abraham Graflfius, George Nes, Archibald S. Jordan. 1810, George Nes, James S. Mitchell, Moses Eankin, Eudolph Spengler; 1811, Adam Hendricks, James S. Mitchell, Moses Eankin, George Stake; 1812, James S. Mitchell, Peter Storm, Jacob Heckert, Adam Hendricks; 1813, James S. Mitchell, Jacob Heckert, Archibald S. Jordan, George Fry- singer; 1814, Archibald S. Jordan, Peter Storm, Peter 'Small, James S. Mitchell; 1815, Frederick Eichelberger, Peter Storm, John Livingston, John Strohman; 1816, Frederick Eichelberger, Peter Storm, Mich- ael Gardner, John Livingston; 1817, Mich- ael Gardner, Frederick Eichelberger, Peter Storm, Moses Eankin; 1818, Jacob Doll, Peter Eeider, Eobert Eamsey, Henry Logan; 1819, Jacob Doll, Peter Eeider, Eobert Eamsey, Henry Logan. 1820. Jonas Dierdorff, William Nes, John Livingston, Peter Storm; 1821, Jonas Dier- dorff, William Nes, John Livingston, Peter Storm; 1822, John Gardner, Samuel Jordan, William Diven, Christian Hetrick; 1823, John Gardner, Samuel Jordan, William Diven, Christian Hetrick; 1824, Samuel Jordan, Christian Hetrick, William Diven, John Kauflfelt; 1825, Christian Hetrick, Simon Anstine, John Eichelberger, Michael Gardner; 1826, Christian Hetrick, John Becker, Peter Wolford, Stephen T. Cooper; 1827, Stephen T. Cooper, Peter Wolford, John Becker, George Fisher; 1828, Stephen T. Cooper, Michael Doudel, Thomas Metzler, George Fisher; 1829, Michael Doudel, George Fisher, Andrew McConkey. 1830, George Fisher, Andrew McConkey, John Eankin, 1831, Andrew Flickinger, John E. Donnel, John Eankin; 1832, John Eankin, John E. Donnel, Daniel Darkee; 1833, John E. Donnel, William McClellan, Henry Snyder; 1834, William McClellan, Henry Snyder, Samuel Brooks; 1835, Jacob Kirk, Jr., Joseph Garrettson, and William Cowan. The last named (1885) is still living in Lower Chanceford at the age of ninety-five years. 1836,-37 Martin Shearer, John Thompson, Samuel Btooks, Jr; 1838, Martin Shearer, James Kerr, George Dare. 1840, Jacob Stickel, William Snodgrass, Robert McClellan; 1841, Isaac Garrettson, Adam Ebaugh, John May; 1842, Adam Ebaugh, Isaac Garrettson,William S. Picking; 1843, Samuel N. Bailey, M. W. MoKinnon, William S. Picking; 1844, William S. Pick- ing, Samuel N. Bailey, Stephen McKinley: 1845, Samuel N. Bailey, Stephen McKinley, John Kellar; 1846, James Starr, William CIVIL LIST. 319 McAbee, George S. Murphy; 1847, William McAbee, William Eoss, Daniel L. Gehley; 1848-49, George F. Carl, David F. Williams, Thomas Grove. 1850-51, Edwin C. Trone, Alexander C. IMcCurdy, Jacob S. Haldeman ; 1852-53, George Kraft, James M. Anderson, Ezekiel K. Herbert; 1854, Jacob K. Sidle, "Vincent C.S.Eckert, Joseph Wilson; 1855,Eli W.Free, William MeConkey, Daniel Eutter; 1856-57 Isaac Beck, Samuel Manear. James Eamsay; 1858-59, A. Heistand Glatz, William W. Wolf. 1860-61, Frederick Sultzbach, John Mani- fold; 1862, J. Dellone, James Eamsay; 1863, Joseph Dellone, A. C. Eamsay; 1864, Daniel Eoiff, John F. Spangler; 1865, John F. Spangler, James Cameron; 1866, James Cameron, A. S. Lawrence; 1867-68, Levi Maish, Stephen G. Boyd; 1869-70, George E. Hursh, B. F. Porter. 1871-72, Lemuel Eoas, Frank J. Magee; 1873-74,* George W. Heiges, D. M. Loucks; 1875-76, John B. Gemmill, Emanuel Myers, Adam Stevens, George Anstine; 1877-78, John B. Gemmill, Adam Stevens, Philip S. Bowman, George E. Sherwood; 1879-80, George E. Sherwood, Philip S. Bowman, William Campbell and John Wieat. 1881-82, William Campbell, John Wiest, Millard J. Blackford, J. C. Deveney; 1888-84, Millard J. Blackford, J. C. Deveney, IMorris M. Hays, William B. Bigler; 1885-86, M. J. McKinnon, S. J. Barnhart, J. P. Eobison, Charles Williams. JUSTICES OF THE PEACE, trNDEB THE CONSTTTU- TION OF 1790. First District.*— Gom^oseA of York Bor- ough and Township, and part of Spring Garden : Andrew Billmeyer, commissioned August 29, 1791 ; Conrad Laub, December 14, 1792 ; William McClean, December 14, 1792 ; Jacob Hay, October 6, 1794 ; George Lewis LeolHer, November 6, 1795 ; Andrew Johnston, November 6, 1795 ; John Forsythe, June 2, 1799; Jacob Heckert, June 18, 1800 ; Peter Mundorff, April 2, 1802 ; Jacob Le- fever, April 2, 1804 ; Ignatius Lightner, April 1, 1806 ; Ephraim Penington, Septem- ber 30, 1808 ; John Stroman, February 15, *The Legislature April 4, 1803, required the commis- sioners of the diiierent counties to lay out their counties in- to districts for justices of the peace, and to make returns to the secretary, etc., containing the number and description of the bounds of each district, the number of acting justices In each, and, as near as might be, the jAace of their residence. In pur- suance of this request, the commissioners of this county met, and after having divided the county into fourteen districts, and collected the intormation required, completed their report, and set their hands and affixed the seal of office thereto October 26, 1803. From the report it appears at that time there were 5,540 taxables in the county and thirly-nine acting justices. 1809 ; Thomas Whitaker, January 3, 1811 ; George Haller, November 1, 1813 ; Daniel Heckert, May 15, 1815 ; Joseph Morris, February 14, 1817 ; Henry Schaeffer, March 31, 1817 ; Charles F. Fischer, December 19, 1819; Martin Boyer, November 1, 1820; John Youse, April 5, 1821 ; Louis Shive, July 17, 1821 ; Henry Euthrauff, August 3. 1821 ; Penrose Eobinson, October 31, 1821 ; George Klinefelter, December 9, 1828; Fran- cis McDermott, December 11, 1823; Jacob Seitz, December 12, 1823 ; Philip Smyser, March 10, 1823; John Smith, March 26, 1824 ; Anthony Knisely, March 26, 1824 ; Michael Gardner, March 21, 1825 ; Francis McDermott, November 9, 1825 ; Zachariah Spangler, August 25, 1828 ; George Lauman, November lO, 1829; Benjamin Lanius, De- cember 10, 1829 : Jacob Eichelberger, De- cember 14, 1829 ; Jacob Lehman, February 19, 1830 ; John A. Wilson, January 23, 1832 ; John Shae£fer, February 25, 1833 ; Benjamin Ziegler, February 25, 1833 ; Second District. — Composed of the town- ships of Heidelberg and Manheim, includ- ing the borough of Hanover. Philip Wolf- hart (The commission is not to be found on record). Henry Welsh, October 29, 1795 ; John Hinkel, January 8, 1803 ; Michael Hell- man, April 1, 1805 ; An thonv Hinkel, Febru- ary 15, 1809 ; Peter Eeider^ May 6, 1814 ; John Hoshauer, December 6, 1816 ; David Shultz, December 18, 1816 ; John L. Hinkel, March 14, 1817 ; Peter Storm, December 21, 1818 ; Michael Lechner, February 22, 1819 ; David T. Storm, December 11, 1820 ; Charles T. Melsheimer, February 18, 1822 ; Michael Bucher, J., November 27, 1823 ; Peter Over- deer, May 5, 1824, Luther H. Skinner, Octo- ber 20, 1825 ; George Freysingr, October 31, 1825 ; John Maul, August 12, 1831. Third District. — Composed of the town- ships of Newberry and Fairview. Martin Shetter, April 23, 1792 ; Henry Greiger, March 8, 1796 ; Michael Simpson, April 19, 1797 ; Eobert Hamersly, February 18, 1799 ; James Todd, March 28, 1799 ; John Spence, April 1, 1805 ; Adam Kister, January 1, 1807 ; Michael Hart, March 30, 1809 ; Eob- ert Thornburg, March 29, 1813.; Isaac Kirk, February 2, 1814 ; Frederick Stoner, Decem- ber 23, 1814 ; Mills Hays, August 13, 1817 ; Isaac Spence, March 2, 1818 ; George Ash- ton, January 7, 1820 ; Henry Etter, October 17, 1822 ; William Culbertson, January 19, 1823 ; John C. Groom, February 7, 1825 ; John Eankin, May 2, 1827 ; Jacob Kirk, Jr., April 15, 1830 ; John G. Kister, April 4, 1831 ; John Thompson, March 30, 1881 ; James Nichols, April 24, 1833 ; Jacob Smith, 330 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. April 24, 1833; Joseph McCreary, January 30, 1834. FourthDistrict-Gomposed of the townships of Cbanoeford and Lower Chanceford: Will- iam Morrison, October 1, 1799 ; William Ross, (commission not recorded). James Patterson, June 18, 1800 ; Joseph Herr, April 1, 1805 ; William Morrison, April 1, 1806 ; William Douglass, October 20, 1809 ; John Geben, March 22, 1814 ; John Pinley, October 9, 1814 ; John Lane, January 11, 1816 ; Hugh Long, February 4, 1818 ; Samuel Nelson, December 11, 1820 ; Andrew Glarkson, April 1, 1822 ; Andrew Duncan, April 1, 1822 ; Hugh Ross, March 31, 1823. Fifth District. — Composed of the townships of Warrington and Washington : E. Under- wood, August 29, 1791 ; John Hippel, June 18, 1800; William Squibb, October 24, 1807 ; George Huber, March 29, 1808 ; Fred- erick Herman, March 28, 1811 ; David Bauer, December 9, 1823 ; Jacob Stickell, December 9, 1823 ; William Ross, March 5, 1830 ; John S. Smith, May 23, 1833 ; Abraham Griffith, February 7, 1834. Sixth District — Composed of the townships of Monaghan and Franklin : Thomas Black, November 22, 1797 ; Francis Culbertson, March 28, 1799 ; John Blackley Jones, De- cember 9, 1799 ; David Meyer, March 10, 1813 ; William McMillan, January 9, 1816 ; William Divin, January 24, 1818 ; Peter Wolfhart, March 15, 1820 ; Matthew Black, April 1, 1822 ; Hugh O'Hail, April 1, 1822 ; Hugh McMullen, December 5, 1823 ; Daniel Bailey, Juno 19, 1827 ; Robert Hamersly, April 23, 1829 ; Thomas Godfrey, Septem- ber 24, 1829 ; James O'Hail, July 15, 1834. Seventh District. — Composed of the town- ship of Shrewsbury, including Strasburg: Henry Rehman, June 18, 1800 ; Caleb Low, April 2, 1807 : George Klinef elder, Novem- ber 1, 1813 ; Jacob Rothrock, May 16, 1818; Joshua Hendricks, May 16, 1818; Jacob Rothrock, June 10, 1822 : Henry Sny- der, September 15, 1828 ; Jacob N. Hilde- brand, May 8, 1833. Eighth District. — Composed of the town- ship of Codorus : John Brien, August 21, 1797 ; Henry Miller, June 18, 1800 ; John Drexler, June 18, 1800 ; Henry Strickhauser, April 2, 1802 ; Peter Reider, March 15, 1809 ; John Hendrick, March 18, 1817 ; Graham McCamant, March 29, 1821 ; Daniel Lease, May 28, 1828 ; George Fisher, February 23, 1833 ; Jefferson Drout, February 25, 1833 ; Jacob Dehoff, March 1, 1834. Ninth District. — Composed of the town- ships of Dover and Conewago: John Sharp, commisBion not recorded; John Bull, De- cember 3, 1799; Henry Stover, February 15, 1809; William Caldwell, January 20, 1814; John McCreary, June 10, 1823; John Aughen- baugh, December 9, 1823; Ross Bull, Decem- ber 13, 1823. Tenth District. — Composed of the town- ship of Paradise: William Ziegler, August 25, 1796; Henry Meyer, June 11, 1809; Ja- cob Ernst, June 11, 1810; Henry Buse, April 4, 1823. Eleventh District. — Composed of the town- ships of Manchester and West Manchester: Yost Herbach, December 19, 1794; George Philip Ziegler, May 21, 1799; Andrew Bit- ter, December 3, 1799; John Weyer, J une 18, 1800;Frederick Eichelberger, January 7, 1808 ; John Quickell, December 19, 1808; Adam Wolff, March 24, 1817; John Weyer, April 2, 1818; Jacob Srayser, June 12, 1822; Charles Bishop, March 26, 1824; Anthony Dessen- berger, February 6, 1833; Samuel C. Bon- ham, March 25, 1833. Twelfth District. — Composed of the town- ships of Hellam and Windsor and part of Spring Garden: Henry Tyson, April 10, 1793; Samuel Jago, June 20, 1797; Jacob Leibhart, December 10, 1799; Henry Leibhart, June 18, 1800; Christian Rathfon, January 2, 1804; Anthony Hines, April 1, 1806; Matthias Baker, March 13, 1809; John Welschans, March 29, 1813; William Wilson, March 2, 1818; William White, March 2, 1821; Chris- tian Hamaker, March 2, 1822; Samuel John- son, March 26, 1824; Jacob Fries, March 26, 1824; John Ruby, February 25, 1828; Adam Paules, August- 3, 1829; George Addig, June 7, 1830; George Shenberger, May 23, 1833; Samuel Landes, July 18, 1834. Thirteenth District. — Composed of the township of Hopewell: William Smith,* Andrew Duncan, (commission not recorded); Thomas Jordan, August 10, 1800; John Smith, August 16, 1821; Adam Ebaugh, Feb- ruary 6, 1834; Henry Fulton, February 11, 1834; Sampson Smith, April 2, 1834. Fourteenth District. — Composed of the townships of Fawn and Peach Bottom: John Gibson, (commission not recorded;) John Boyd, March 17, 1799; William Ander- son, March 29, 1808; James Walton, March 29, 1808; John Livingston, December 20, 1810; Samuel Jordan, December 5, 1815; James Wilson, January 24, 1818; James *Esq. Smith is mentioned in the report of the commissioners October 27, 1803; and they describe his residence as being nearly in the central part of Hopewell Township. When his commission as a justice of the peace for Hopewell was issued, cannot be found; but on December 7, 1764, he was for the first time commissioned as a judge of the courts of York County, and after the revolution he was commissioned to the same on June 10, 1777, and on September 17, 1784. This upright magistrate, and unshaken friend of his country in the days of her darkest adversity, died in October, 1818, In the eightieth year of his age. PUBLIC INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 321 Johnson, March 1, 1820; Robert Cunning- ham, March 31, 1823; William Coulston, December 9, 1823; Joseph James, March 26, 1824; James Ramsey, March 5, 1830; Samuel Irwin, July 8, 1830; Joseph Bennet, April 4, 1832; Thomas Henderson, February 20, 1834. PUBLIC INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. TRADERS' ROUTES. BEFORE permanent settlements were made by the whites west of Susque- hanna, there were traders' and missionary routes, crossing this country from north to south, and from east to west. These generally followed the Indian trails, of which there were several through the present limits of York County. One of these trails extended over what is now McCall's ferry road; another over the line of what after was known as the Monocaey road, through York and Hanover westward. One from the mouth of Fishing Creek, at Goldsboro, through the valleys to the mouth of Yel- low Breeches. Pack horse travel was very common in early days of York County. For nearly half a century after first settlements were made, much of the transporting of goods was done by means of pack horses. Huge sacks, wallets and baskets or panniers were constructed for such purposes. In this way produce was taken to Lancaster, York, Balti- more and Philadelphia. Horsemen would be seen almost surrounded with poultry, flax, butter, pork, etc. ; even live calves and sheep were thus "taken to market." Much o£ the merchandise was transported in the same manner. An old record says as many as 500 pack horses were at one time in Carlisle, and possibly nearly the same number in York, at a very early day, all on their way westward or southward. Some of them carried ' 'bars of iron, crooked over and around their bodies; barrels or kegs were bung on either side of these. Pack horses were generally led in divisions of ten to fifteen horse, each horse carrying about 200 weight, going single file and managed by two men, one going before the leader, and the other to the rear of the last horse. Pack horses generally had bells on them, which were kept from jingling during the daytime, and were put on them at night while at pasture. Wagons came into- use very early in southern Pennsylvania. Of course they had been in use for centuries in Europe, but they were too expensive to transport. Jt will be noticed in an article to follow this, that wagon roads were opened in York County as early as 1745. Sleds were put into promi- nent use during the winter season ; hundreds of them came to York at one time as early as 1760. There was much opposition to the opening of wagon roads by owners of pack horses. As an evidence however that wagons were abundant in York County very early, from ofScial records it is known that in 1755 Benjamin Franklin, then postmaster general of Pennsylvania, obtained 150 wagons, 250 pack horses in York, Lancaster and Cumber- land Counties for Braddock's expedition to Fort Duquesne, now Pittsburgh. Many of the first wagons made by our fore- fathers, were entirely of wood; the wheels formed by sawing the trunks of huge gum, hickory or white oak trees. EARLY ROADS. The road from Lancaster to the plantations of John Wright (Columbia) was laid out in 1734. An Indian trail and a route for pack horse travel and for missionaries was used, which extended across the territory, now em- braced in York County, to western Maryland and Virginia many years before 1789. It was during.that year however, that, under the authority of the Lancaster court, this route, long known as the Monocaey road, was opened upon the petition of numerous settlers west of the Susquehanna in the present limits of York County. The viewers to locate this important road were Joshua Minshall, Francis Worley, Henry Hendricks, Christian Crawl, Michael Tanner and Woolrich Whisler. The road began on the line between the lands of John Wright, Jr., and Samuel Taylor (now Wrightsville); thence west 500 perches, south 72°, west 562 perches to Crawl's Run, south 70°, west 480 perches to a marked white oak, west 76 perches to Canoe Run, south 68°, west 454 perches, west 994 perches to west branch of Grist (Kruetz) Creek, west 544 perches to Little Codorus (Stoney Run), west 684 perches to Big Codorus (York, not yet laid out), continuing westward across Perrin's Run, IJ miles southwest of York, | mile farther to Springer's field, IJ miles farther to the " point of a steep hill;" thence west to Loreman's 'Run, to Christian Oyster's (Eyster's, near Wolf's Church) land, to Nicholas Coucher's Run, to west branch of Codorus Creek, to John Link's Run, by "the Barrens" to Conrad Low's plantation, west 332 HISTOEY OF YOKK COUNTY. 4:^ miles to Adam Forney's land (now the site of Hanover) ; thence nearly due southwest by Kitzmiller's mill, on Conewago Creek, to the provincial line. The entire length of the road was 34 miles, 290 perches. It soon be- came a prominent highway of travel from the east to the south and southwest. This route was taken by Gen. Wayne on his trip with his 900 American patriots on their way to Yorktown, Va., during the Eevolution, and the route taken foi; transporting Hessian and British prisoners to Maryland during the same war; also the course of Gens. St. Clair and Wayne, in 1792, on their way to Ohio to quell the Indian troubles there. During the war of 1812, vrhen the British Army occupied Washington and were threatening Baltimore, immense trains of wagons, conveying cotton from Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, and other points in the South, used this route on their way to Philadelphia and New York. It was the first road laid out within the present limits of York County under the au- thority of Pennsylvania. A petition of citizens of Manheim and Heidelberg, 1766, sets forth that " the road from Conewago Settlement (now Hanover) to Baltimore Town was laid out thirty years be- fore, or in 1736, by order of Baltimore Coun- ty Court, before the temporary line between the two provinces was run, and this was then thought to belong to Maryland; since the running of which line there is about ten miles on north side of line of as useful a road as perhaps any in the Province of Pennsylva- nia, and not on record in this province." Henry Slagle, Esq., Michael Danner, Eich- ard McCallister, Cooper Eeineka, Christian Millheimer and Marks Forney were appoint- ed by the court " to view the road that it might be recorded." It began at the dwell- ing house of Michael Carl, north of Hanover, and extended nearly due south over ,the line of the present Hanover & Baltimore turn- pike. Being laid out first in 1736, it was the first road in the county. At the November session of court at Lan- caster in 1741 a number of inhabitants near Codorus Creek petitioned for a road the near- est way from "the new town on the Great Codorus (York) to William Smith's patented land under Maryland." Smith's land was ten miles and thirty-nine perches south of York. The wishes of the petitioners were granted, and the court appointed WooIricU Whisler.Mi chael Krieger, Michael Taiiner,Michael Eolke, Adam Miller and George Copel to view and lay out the road. 'Their report was confirmed in February, 1742. The road began at a Spanish oak on Smith's land, extended nearly due north by way of Woolrich Whisler's mill, which was about two and one fourth miles south of York, and must have been one of the first mills in the county. From thence it ex- tended to the "end of the street, leading to the })lace intended for a court-house in the town of York, and joining the road to John Wright's ferry." This road was laid out the year after the founding of the town of York. On the 4th day of May, 1742, in answer to ■petition, Eobert McClure, Benjamin Cham- bers, Hance Hamilton, Patrick Carson, and William Bayley were appointed, and soon af- ter laid out a road (the report of which was confirmed), extending from Walnut Bottom, now in Cumberland County, across the Yel- low Breeches Creek at present site of Lisburn to Nathan Hussey's ferry, near the site of Goldsboro. Its entire length according to draft was thirty miles. During August of the following year the report of John Noblet, Joseph Bennett, Joseph Green and James Crawford was confirmed, laying out a road " seven and three- fourth miles in length, from Nathan Hussey's ferry to Thomas Wilkin's ferry, over the Susquehanna belo\v the mouth of Conewago Creek." Upon receiving two petitions signed by many citizens from the Marsh Creek settle- ment (Gettysburg) and vicinity, William Eud- dock, Eichard Proctor, John Sharp, Benjamin Chambers and James Euddock were appointed to view and lay out a road to York and Lan- caster. It was soon after opened, and corre- sponded very nearly to the route of the pres- ent York and Gettysburg pike. The following petition is for the first pub- lic highway southward to the town of York. It was long known as "the Newberry Eoad." The Humble Petition of the Inhabitants ot New- berry and Manchester and others of the West Side of the Sisquehanna river to the Honorable Bench, the Justices now Sitting att Lancaster most humbly Sheweth. Whereas We your humble Petitioners, having great need of aWagon road to yorlt-town, therefore we humbly pray the Honorable court that we may have a road Laid Out the nearest and best way from John Day's Mill to ye said yorktown and we your petitioners, as in Duty bound, Shall Pray. 10 mo., 13 da., 1745. Nathan Husscy, Robert Hodgin, John Day, John Hussey, John Qarretson, Charles Jonas, Joseph Bennett, John Snell, Peter Stont, Bartholomew Maul, James Frazer, Adam Niller, Thomas Rogers, George AUbright, Patrick Carson, George Swope, Andrew Rodgers. This road j started thirteen miles north from York, at John Day's mill crossed the townships of Newberry and Manchester to PUBLIC INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 323 York. It passed William Ewing's mill eight milps from York. John Day became the first president court justice of York County. He was a Quaker, Nathan Hussey, also of the same religious faith, became one of the commissioners to lay off York County. Upon the petition of sundry inhabitants of Warrington, Monahan, Dover and Man- chester townships for a road from Isaac Rutledge's mill to the town of York, the Lan- caster Court appointed Francis Worley, Matthew Lambert, Peter Cook, Baltzer Knetzer and Henry Clark to view and lay out the road. They made their report to the court which was confirmed at the October Quarter Session, 1747. The road began at Rutledge's mill on the Yellow Breeches (the first mill in that section). From that point to Street (Straight) Hill, inWarrington Town- ship, with devious courses was ten miles. It continued from thence across Conewago Creek and top of mountain to York, and corresponded nearly to the present road through Dover, Wellsville and Dillsburg and what is since known as the State road. In 1748 a joint petition, with many signers of the "townships of Hallam and Donegal, was presented to the Court at Lancaster for a road from Anderson's Ferry (Glatz') to join the road from John Wright's ferry to York." On the petition the names of all signers from Donegal are Scotch-Irish, and all except two of Hallam, German. The viewers ap- pointed to open the road were George Swope, John Kelly, Lazarus Lowry, Martin Schultz, and James Patterson. The road was sur- veyed and opened by order of the Lancaster Court April, 1749. In January 4, 1810, in pursuance of an act of assembly, John G. Bull, Anthony Hinkle, and Anthony Slaymaker were appointed com- missioners to view the road from John Park's House in Chester County through Strasburg, Lancaster County to McCall's Ferry on the Susquehanna, thence southwest to Mary- land.' It was opened as a State road, and was intended as a through route from Phila- delphia to Baltimore and Washington. A route very similar to this one had been opened as early as 1748 from Stevenson's ferry (McCall's) to Potapsco, now Baltimore. The following is a petition for what after- ward became the first road from the south- east toward York. It was the last of the roads laid out by the authority of the Lan- caster Court. To ye Worshipfull Justices of the County of Lan- caster now sitting the Borough of Lancaster: The petitioners Having frequent occasion to The Town of New York (meaning the new town of York) and No roads Being Made Amongst us, it is very Difficult for your Petitioners To Travel! Es- pecially in ye Winter for Reason of ye Swamps and Savannahs, That is betwixt us and said Town of York. Therefore we your petitioners, Humbly crave That your Worships Would Be Pleased To Grant an order for laying out and making of a Road from John Nelson's ferry to ye 4 said Town of New York. Therefore, your Petitioners Pray that your Wor- ship your Wisdom would be pleased to Take the Pettition into Consideration, and order your Petition- ers What you shall Think Proper, and your Peti- tioners as in Duty Bound shall Pray. May Sessions, 1749. Daniel Laverty, John Nelson, Paul Martin, Alex. Nelson, John Campbell, Morton Mahaffey, Edward McMahon, Finley Gray, Manasa Lamb, James McCartley, Thomas Carson, Benjamin Saylor, JohD Carson, Daniel Johnson, William Buchannan, Thomas Johnson, Charles Caldwell, James Anderson, Hugh Ross, William Anderson, Matthew Long, George Baughman. The names of these petitioners are all of English or Scotch-Irish origin, except the last one, which is, doubtless, German. They were some of the first settlers, having only been living there a few years. The petition asks for a road from Nelson's ferry (now Mc- Call's) to York. Action was taken by the court, during the May sessions of 1749, and Charles Caldwell, John Campbell, Robert Smart, William Buchanan, Robert Morton and Nathaniel Morgan appointed to view and lay out the road. Their report was made and confirmed at the next session of the Lancaster Court. Its courses and distances nearly correspond to the present Peachbot- tom public road. The Honorable pettition of the people, the Inhab- itants on the Branches of the Burmudian, in Mona- han Township. To the Honorable, the court at Lancaster, now Sitting, we, your humble pettitionars take leave to inform you of our great Disadvantage we labor un- der, for want of a Road being Made or opened from our settlement to York Town, it being our Nighest & best way to Lancaster & Philadelphia, our places of market, & likewise our Court. We humbly peti- tion your Court, that you would grant us an order from your court to open said Bead sufficient for wagons to Travel between Archibald McAllister's Mill and York, and that you would appoint such men as you see best, as prospectors and overseers of said road. We remembering the favours granted to us by your honours already Comfort our selves in the hope of your granting in this favor, & we, as in Duty bound, shall Ever pray. April 7, Anno Domino 1749. John Griest, James Pettit, Andrew Miller, Edward How, Henry Wilson, Joseph Dennis, Charles Coulson, John Douglass, Matthew Dill, John Lease, Tho. Dill, Mathew Mellon, Wm. Underwood, Edward Robbards, John Hendricks, Rich'd Cox, Thomas Pettit, Alexander Underwood, Caleb Hendricks, Jacob Beals, 334 HISTORr OF YORK COUNTY. John Jesper, William Beals, James Hendricks, Samuel Cox, John Powell, Abraham Nesbitt, John Brandon. This petition being made the same year that York County was formed, the Lancaster Court deferred the matter, whereupon a simi- lar petition, which was the first presented to the York Court upon its organization after the erection of the county, was granted, and the road ordered to be opened from "McAllister's mill, on the Bermudian Creek, to the town of York." The viewers were JohnBeales, Will- iam Cox, John Greist, Abraham Lerew, John Lease and James Pettit. This route is what is at present known as the "Shippensburg road." McAllister's mill was in what is now Adams County. The names were all signed in well written English. Upon the petition of Joshua Lowe and others, a road was laid in April, 1750, from his ferry, at what is now York Haven, from Lancaster to Shippensburg. It passed through the site of the present villages of New- berry, Lewisberry and Lisburu. In early history it was a prominent route of travel. In 1794 many of the soldiers, going to quell the whisky insurrection in western Pennsyl- vania, passed over it. In January, 1752, Nathan Morgan, John Griffith, Alexander Wallace, Hugh White- ford and Archibald White were appointed to " view and lay out a road from Peaeh Bottom ferry, so called, to York. They reported at the June session of court that, after viewing said road, are of the opinion that there is a necessity for such road; but the season of the year being so unfit for tak- ing the courses and distances, and being a very busy time for farmers, they asked to have the return of the report made at next session of court. The same year the order was granted to open a road to York to join a road from Chanceford to same point already laid out. A temporary private road was laid out from Peach Bottom Ferry to join the Ashmore Ferry road, in 1749, to York under the authorities of the Lancaster Court before the formation of York County. The road above mentioned, extending south from York to Smith's patented land, was declared "to be crooked and hilly, ajid a good wagon road was needed over more level ground." A petition was pre- sented to court in 1765 to extend it to "the temporary line toward Joppa and Potapsco." Joppa, now a small village on the Gunpowder Eiver, a few miles east of Baltimore, was then the most important town in Baltimore County, and the county seat. The same year, 1752, a road was laid out from George Crogan's place, near the mouth of the Yellow Breeches, to Cesna's fording place by Frazer's mill on same creek; length, three and one-third miles. A road was peti- tioned for in 1752 to pass through Newberry and Warrington from Frazer's mill through the gap in the mountain to intersect the road leading from Eosebury's mill to York between the creeks of Beaver and Conewago. Henry Willis, Allen Robinet, John Farmer, Thomas Heald and Joseph Bennet viewed and opened it. Jacob Miller and sundry inhabitants in and around York petitioned for a road from his mill to York Town. The mill was located about one mile northeast of York. In 1753, the inhabitants of Warrington and Paradise secured the opening of a road from " Christopher Hussey's mill in W arrington, to John Lane's mill, and from thence through the Pidgeon Hills so as to fall in the road that leads to Potapsco." Pidgeon Hills were named after Joseph Pidgeon, an English sur- veyor from Philadelphia County, who assisted iu laying off the first townships in York County. Potapsco is now Baltimore. Alexander McCandless, Nathaniel Morgan and Hugh Whiteford in 1753 laid out a road from Robert Morton' s plantation, in Chance- ford, toward Rock Run and the temporary line. Upon the petition of Peter Wolf and sundry persons, the Monocacy road was changed from its course in 1754, to avoid hills, at a distance five miles west from York, where it forks with the Marsh Creek Road. On September 27, 1754 Conrad Holtzbaum, Baltzer Spangler, Henry Hendricks and Hugh Low presented to the court at York, Patrick Watson president justice, a report of a road review from York, through the townships of York and Shrewsbury to the temporary line between the provinces of Pennsylvania and Maryland. The length of this road accord- ing to their survey was 18f miles. Beginning "at the court house door," it extended nearly in a due south direction. The report was confirmed. Abraham Biirkholder established a ferry across the Susquehanna in the year 1762. In 1766 he petitioned for a road from his ferry "to William Nicholson's mill at the forks of Muddy Creek, and thence to the road lead- ing to Potapsco. " The viewers were Thomas Scott, David Kirkpatrick,John McCall, Will- 'iam Edgar, and William Gemmill. A road had been laid from Stevenson's ferry (now McCall's) to Read's mill, thence to Leeper's mill, about ten years before. In October 1765 "a bridge road was opened from Nicholas Wierman's mill to the great PUBLIC INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 325 road leading through Warrington from Car- lisle to Baltimore, and along said road to the old Friend's meeting house road and along said meeting house road unto Rev. Samuel Thompson's meeting house. " Petitions, in 1769, from a number of peo- ple called Quakers of the townships of New- berry, Warrington, Huntingdon, Tyrone and Menallen, were presented for a road leading westward through the different townships mentioned, for them to pass and repass to and from their different places of worship; to bo- gin at McGrew's mill, thence along by the meeting houses at Huntingdon (York Springs) and Warrington, and to intersect the road leading from Low's Ferry to Car- lisle, at or near the Newberry meeting house. The road was opened by John Blackburn, Ellis Lewis, Charles Coleson, Robert Nelson, and James Rankin. It terminated near the present village of Newberry. A petition of sundry inhabitants of York County was pre- sented to court January, 1769, for a road for the passage of large wagons from Tate's ferry and William Willis' mill, into the great road from Carlisle to York near widow Noblet's house, which would be some miles nearer for the Baltimore trade. " The same year a petition was presented for division of Chanceford and Windsor town- ships, and from parts of both to form a new township, to be called Rossel Township; not granted. In April, 1769, inhabitants of Hellam, Windsor, and Chanceford requested that a road be made from Hellam Forge at mouth of Codorus across said townships toward Rock Run and Baltimore Townships and join the road already laid out to John Fin- ly's tavern. Viewers were appointed and road opened. It is still known as the "old Baltimore road." In 1769 citizens of York and Codorus townships asked for the opening of a road in behalf of Thomas Usher and Joseph Donald- son, who, "at a great expense, had erected a merchant mill on the land formerly owned by Zachariah Shugart near lands of David Jami- son, Esq., Henry Spangler and Michael Hanks. This road would be of great advan- tage to the town of York. " The road was opened. In July, ' 1770, a road was opened from Yonerstown (Dover) to George Ilgenfritz's mill in Dover Township by Michael Quickel and others. In 1767 a road was opened in Chanceford from "John Finley's tavern house to Jacob Grove's mill, lately erected." The same year a road was opened from the Brogue tavern to Nicholson's mill at forks of Muddy Creek, thence to temporary line," by David Kirkpatrick, Thomas Scott, John Mc- Cally, William Gemmill, Benjamin Johnson and James White. A petition, in 1768, of divers inhabitants of Sbrewsberry and Codorus stated that ' 'a road, formerly made by themselves, which led from Maryland road to the mill of Chris- tian Meckley, was stopped up by Peter Seis and others." William Ehrhart, Frederick Fishel, Michael Geiselman, Peter Runk, Kil- ian Divinger and Moses Lawson were ap- pointed by the court to open the road. The inhabitants of Chanceford and Pawn, in 1768, stated, in a petition, that "they needed a road from Samuel Leeper's mill, which is now fitted for merchant work, and has on hand a quantity of flour ;" the road to begin "at the great road leading from York to Peach Bottom Ferry; to pass between Rol- and Huss and James Hill to said mill, and from thence to Provincial Line, where James Webb lives." On motion of James Smith, Esq. , on behalf of Caleb Lowe and others, viewers were appointed April, 1768, to open a road from Lowe's ferry (now York Haven) to intersect the road leading from York Town to Car- lisle." This afterward was known as the "Canal Road." The petition of sundry inhabitants of New- berry and Dover, July, 1768, apprehended that " a road from James Rankin's house to Great Conewago, at or near a place called the wolf pit, and from thence to a ferry on the Susquehanna, would be useful. Where- upon the court appointed James Welsh, Esq., John Garretson, Sr., Henry Entzminger, Jo- seph Hutton, Peter Sneider, and Ellis Lewis, to open such road." It was laid out in Octo ber. Its length was "fifteen miles, three- fourths of a mile, and fifty-six perches." It began at Lewisberry and ended at New Hol- land. In 1769, in answer to many petitions in behalf of James Cooper, who had built a merchant mill near Peach Bottom Ferry, a road was opened from the ferry to said mill. In 1770 a road was opened from Hellam Iron Works, at the mouth of Codorus, to York. James Dickson, at April session, 1769, stated that " he had contracted with commis- sioners, and built a bridge across the Lit- tle Conewago Creek, at Henry Sturgeon's house, for £100, and to uphold the some for seven years ; at the same time had the verbal promise of the commissioners that they would not see him at a loss, for they 336 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. said that it would be wrong to let one man suffer by a county. Aocordingly they told him to lay hia bill of expenses before the grand jury ; that nevertheless he had not yet ob- tained redress." The court appointed six men to view the bridge, whose report was favorable to the contractor, and the court or- dered the county to relieve him. It is doubt- ful if a contractor would be so favored now. CONVEYANCE OF MAILS AND PASSENGERS. In the infancy of our history, letters were carried by travelers or traders, or by mes- sengers specially entrusted with them. The colonial governors began, as early as 1683, to establish post-routes to the interior settle- ment, starting at Philadelphia. There was one to York as early as 1750, and postal affairs were managed by George Stevenson, the intelligent court clerk and surveyor. At first, and for many years, mail was brought to our forefathers on pack horses. Stage coaches without springs ran from Philadelphia to New York beginning in 1756. During the Revolution, York became a very important post town on account of the meet- ing of Congress here, and lines of stages then ran from Lancaster and Reading to York. In 1784 Frederick Sheaffer began to run a stage line from Philadelphia to Lan- caster, which a year or two later was extended to York. William McClelland, and Samuel Spengler, in 1797, started the " Lancaster, York & Baltimore Stage Line. " The trip one way was made in two days, and was begun on Monday, at the house of William Ferree, in Lancaster; fare for way passengers 5J cents per mile. In May, 1800, William Scott started a line from Lancaster through York, Hanover, Gettysburg to Hagerstown and Frederick, Md. The line from Balti more to Harrisburg was a very impor- tant route from 1796 to 1838, when the Baltimore & Susquehanna Railroad was completed to York. There were several com- peting lines over this route. Two rival lines ran between York and Harrisburg after 1838. At one time, on account of cutting rates, one of the owners of a line conveyed passengers from York to Harrisburg for 50 cents, and furnished a dinner in the bargain. Nearly all stage lines exchanged horses every ten or twelve miles. The York and Harrisburg line changed a mile below Goldsboro. Stages on all lines did not forget to stop a short time at the wayside inns "to refresh the. inner man. " . The line from Carlisle through Hanover to Baltimore was an important route, and was opened in 1700, or thereabouts. The arrival of a stage coach at a town or tavern was heralded with great joy. The hardy driver of an influential line always " felt his importance, " but he generally knew very well how to " tip the decanter " as well as to crack his whip to the trot of his noble steeds. A line was started mainly for the convey- ance of mails from York, through Dover, Rossville, Lewisberry, Lisburn to Carlisle in 1815, and also one from York to. Peach Bot- tom. All these villages mentioned became post towns that year under our present pos- tal system. During the days of wagoning to Baltimore, and from Philadelphia to Pitts- burg, the roads and turnpikes of York Coun- ty were brought into very important use. Lines of teams loaded with grain, goods or merchandise might be seen daily, passing over our public highways, with six and even eight horses hitched double, and fre- quently with bells attached to the harness. Sometimes horses were hitched tandem. The stage coach lines have all been discontin- ued in York County. There are still a num- ber of government star postal routes in the County, by which the mails and also passen- gers are conveyed to points where there are no railroads. EARLY PERRIES. Wherever practicable, streams were forded, but when necessary ferries were established. There were a number of them across the Sus quehanna at a very early date. John Wright's ferry, chartered in 1730, was the most important of its day. For one hundred years it was part of the great high- way to the West. Anderson's ferry, at Mar- ietta, was chartered soon after. The Yin- egar Ferry was also much used. Peach Bot- tom Ferry was named as early as 1738; Ash- more's ferry and Nelson's ferry, later known as Stevenson's, White's, and now McOall's, both originated about 1740. Nathan Hus- sey's ferry, near Goldsboro, started in 1740, and many of the Quaker emigrants crossed there. Rankin's ferry, at York Haven, at a later day was much used. This was first known as Joshua Lowe's ferry, as earlv as 1737. There was an important feiTy near New- market, known in early days chronologically as Chamber's, Chesney's & Simpson's ferry. William Chesney, prominent in the Revolu- tionary war, died there in 1782. Gen Michael Simpson succeeded in the owner- ship of the ferry, and in 1794, had the dis- tinguished honor of entertaining President PUBLIC INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 327 Washington over night on his return from the Whisky Insurrection. The Blue Rock Ferry was established by Col. Cresap, the Maryland chieftain, under a charter in 1735 from his own State at the base of the Conojohela Valley, four miles south of Wrightsville; it was afterward known as Myers, and Dritt's Ferry. The Con- ewago, Codorus and smaller streams had ford- ing places until the era of county bridge building. BRIDGES, The first known bridge was built across the Codorus Creek, at Market Street, York, about 1743. A legal record entered in Janu- ary, 1768, petitioning for a new stone bridge, says, " The old bridge of wood at High (Market) Street is much decayed; the sills are rotten, so that it is dangerous to cross with heavy wagons." The stone bridge was built there that year. A bridge across the Conewago, beyond Dover, was built about the same time, the stone one at same site in 1811. Other county bridges were built at an early date. The Columbia Bridge across the the river was built in 1809. It was a covered wooden structure, stood on twenty -three piers, and existed until June 28, 1863, when it was burned by the Union forces under Col. Frick, to prevent the advance of the approaching Confederate force, under Gen. Gordon. A new one has since been erected. By an act of the legislature approved April 2, 1811, a State appropriition was made to as- sist chartered companies in the erection of bridges across the Susquehanna at Harrisburg, at Northumberland and at McCall's ferry in this county; they were all built by the dis- tinguished civil engineer, Theodore Burr, the inventor of the " Burr Bridge plan. " The Harrisburg bridge was commenced in 1812 and completed October 1816, at a cost of $192,- 138. A part of the bridge is still standing. The part nearest the city was taken away by the flood of 1846, and a second one at a subse- quent flood. Mr. Burr and his son soon com- pleting the Harrisburg Bridge, commenced the construction of the one at McCall's ferry, which cost about the same sum. During its short existence, it was considered a remarkable structure, but was taken away by the ice flood of 1817. Theodore Burr who was born at Torringford, Conn., in 1762, and in 1789 mar- ried the grand- daughter of Capt. Cook, the great English Navigator, died at Middletown, Dauphin County, November 21, 1822, while superintending the erection of a bridge across the Swatara there. A bridge was built across the Susquehanna at York Furnace, in 1855, and taken away by a flood the next year. TURNPIKES. No attempt was systematically made to fit the early roads for extensive wagon traffic until 1792. During this year a turnpike was commenced to extend from Philadelphia to Lancaster, sixty-two miles long, and was finished two years later at a cost of $465,000. This was the first stone pike in the United States. The progress of roadmaking in Pennsylvania, however, compares very favor- ably with that of modern European countries. After the decline of the Roman Empire, roads were neglected. One of England's historians says that in 1770 the trip from Liverpool to Manchester was not a little perilous from the bad condition of the road. In Pennsylvania, within forty years after the Philadelphia & Lancaster turnpike was built, 220 companies were chartered to construct turnpikes. The following description and history of the development of these enterprises in York County, arranged in chronological order of construction, was carefully prepared from the official records of the difterent companies: SUSQUEHANNA Hi YORK BOROUGH TURNPIKE COM- PANY. The charter of this companj' was passed by the legislature on March 19, 1804, and letters patent issued to the stockholders there- of by Gov. Thomas McKean, May 16, 1808. At an election held in the court house, on July 23, 1808, Samuel Miller was elected president; Jacob Upp, Daniel Spangler, John Grier, George Bard, Jacob Liephart, Chris- tian Stoner, Christian Hamaker, William Wright, James Wright, Philip Gossler, Christian Brenneman, Thomas P. Cope, man- agers, and William P. Beatty, treasurer. The judges of this election were William Ross and Godfrey Lenhart. Thomas P. Cope, the last named director, was a promi- nent citizen of Philadelphia. The first business meeting was held at " Wright's ferry -house on the Susquehanna," August 22, 1808, — all directors present, ex- cept Thomas P. Cope. On this day the board proceeded to lay out the road, and pro- gressed the first day as far as Canoe Run. The next day continued to York. At the next meeting, September 10, 1808, John Barber, of Columbia, was elected secretary. The macadamized part of the road was made twenty-one feet wide and one foot thick in the center, slanting to the sides. After vari- ous proposals were presented, the one made by John Grier and Penrose Robinson, of 328 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. York, to make the whole road, bridges, aque- ducts, etc., at $11 per perch, and take teu shares of stock, was accepted at a meeting, held October 13, 1808, at the house of George Bard. The charter empowered the company to organize with a capital of $35,000. Jacob Eichelberger was appointed superintendent. Gate No. 1 was erected at Eudy's Run; John Newcomer appointed keeper, at a salary of $160 per annum, and Christian Kreidler to keep gate No. 2. This gate has been dis- continued; it was located on the west side of .Little Codorous, in Spring Garden Township. A committee was appointed by Gov. Simon Snyder, to view the road, who reported it completed according to law, whereupon he issued an order empowering the company to erect gates, and turnpikes, and collect tolls. The first dividend declared was at the ratef of 4 per cent, June 6, 1818; the second in November of same year of 4 per cent; the third in May, 1819, of 4 per cent. The following is a list of the presi- dents of the company in order of succession: — Samuel Miller, elected in 1808; James Wright, in 1817; Jacob Eichelberger, in 1821; James Johnson, in 1829; John Bar- nitz, in 1836; Dr. Jacob Hay, 1849; Philip A. Small, 1875; E. G. Smvser, 1876. Treas- urers:- -William P. Beatty, 1808; John Schmidt, 1817; John Hahn, 1829, and who was made secretary, 1824; Philip Smyser, who was also secretary, 1886; John A. Weiser became treasurer in 1868, and Joseph Smyser, secretary. HANOVER & MAETLAND LINE TDKNPIKE ROAD. An act was passed on February 2, 1808, by the State legislature, then in session at Lan- caster, and signed by Thomas McKean, gov- ernor of Pennsylvania, " incorporating a company to make an artificial road by the best and nearest • route from the town of Hanover to the Maryland line, at or near the place the turnpike road from Baltimore to State will strike the same." Conrad Sher- man, Henry Welsh, Peter Storm, Frederick Wentz, Francis Lamotte, Jacob Metger and Peter Eckard were named in the act as com- missioners, immediately after the passage of the act these men began soliciting stock, and having succeeded in their efforts, an election was held for officers and managers on August 5, 1808. The commissioners appointed as judges of this election were Henry C. Wampler and George Carl; Jacob Metger was elected president and Paul Metger, treasurer and secretary. The mau- agers were Conrad Sherman, Jacob Eichel- berger, Christian Wirt, George Nace, Adam Forney, Samuel Lilly, Samuel Graybill, Henry Welsh, Henry Bowman, Abraham Hiestand and Peter Forney. Three hundred and fifty shares of stock were sold, some of it in Baltimore, but most of it to citizens of Hanover and vicinity. The price of each share was $100. The entire cost of the road, however, seven miles in length, was $37,500. A contract was first made with Conrad Sher- man to construct the turnpike, but he re- signed before the work began, and Edward McCabe entered into a contract to complete it within fifteen months from time of begin- ning. It was completed in November, 1809. Paul Weaver was appointed keeper of gate No. 1, at a salary of $135 a year, and Abra- ham Bixler, keeper of gate No. 2, at a salarv of $140 a year. C. T. Melsheimer was elected secretary of the company; Nicholas Gelwicks was elected president in 1810, and was succeeded by John Danner in 1815; John Scholl in 1817; Jacob Eichelberger in 1818; Henry Wirt, Sr., in 1840; Jacob Wirt in 1861; Henry Wirt, who is now president of the company, was elected in 1870. The rther members of the board are E. Young, E. A. Eichelberger, W. C. W. Welsh, Joseph Broekley, Luther Weigle and W. N. Scholl. Before the rail- road from Harrisburg to Baltimore was built, this turnpike was a part of the leading ronto from Carlisle, and other points north, to the metropolis of Maryland, to which place most of the trade of York, Cumberland and Adams Counties was generally directed. During a portion of its history the company paid large dividends. It is now in excellent condition. Its course is nearly the same as the old road laid out by the Province of Maryland, in 1735, to the Conewago settlement, around the present town of Hanover. YORK & GETTYSBURO TURNPIKE. This turnpike road was organized under the act of 1804, incorporating the Susque- hanna and York turnpike. The provisions of this same act were extended in the charter granted to York & Gettysburg Turnpike Company on March 11, 1815. The letters patent, giving the company power to go for- ward as a corporation, are dated April 23, 1818, and are signed by Gov. William Find- lay. On December 15, 1819, Jacob Cassat, Jacob Hahn and Jacob Metzger were appoint- ed a committee to report in writing concern- ing the building of the road, and between April 23, 1818, and December 15, 1819, the road was completed. On May 2, 1818, at an election held in Abbottstown, the first officers and managers were chosen, as follows — Presi- PUBLIC INTERKAL IMPROVEMETSTTS. 329 dent, Alexander Cobeen; treasurer, George Upp; secretary, Alexander Russell ; managers, William MePherson, George Hossler, John Hersh, Frederick Baugher, Jacob Smyser (tanner), Jacob Smyser (farmer), Thomas /Eichelberger, Henry Wolf, Henry King, Peter Butt, George Dashiells and John Murphy. A. survey of the proposed road was made by Jacob Spangler. The next meeting was held in June of the same year, when the courses and distances of the projected turn- pike road were presented and discussed. The board then proceeded from Gettysburg to Oxford, and from thence to York, making a complete examination of the roate. Several meetings were held for the purpose of raising stock subscriptions, and giving out contracts for constructing the pike. The president was ordered to meet the contractors at Abbotts- town, November 7. April 9, 1819, proposals were received to build the part of the road from Codorus Bridge to the borough line. About this time three new managers, Samuel Smith, Michael Slagle and Philip Frederick, were elected. The other part of the board remained unchanged. Superintendents were appointed, and the building of the pike rapidly progressed. In September, the board met at the usual place in Abbottstown to re- ceive reports from the superintendents. De- linquent stockholders were forced to pay up, and Michael Slagle appointed to notify the governor that the road was ready to be viewed by commissioners. Two toll-gates in York County and two in Adams County were opened. After the work was all done and viewed by the State authorities, a grand ox-roast was indulged in on the farm of George Dashiells, to celebrate the joyful event. Most of the labor of building the toad was done by Irish immigrants. State aid to the amount of $40,- 000 was received. The total subscription to stock was 1103,516 and the entire cost of building the road and bridges was 1107,366. The length, being nearly a direct line from York to Gettysburg, is twenty-eight miles. The income for the first year was $3,515.73; expenditure for the same year $3,459.10i; net income $56,621. The fol- lowing board was elected May 24, 1821 — president, John Demuth; secretary, George Wagner; treasurer, George Upp; assistant treasurer, George Smyser; managers, Peter Butt, Jacob Smyser, Philip Frederick, Martin Ebert, Samuel Smith, Martin Danner, Emanuel Ziegler, Daniel Diehl, A. Campbell, Thomas Everhart, George Welsh and Hy. King. It will be observed that the composi- tion of the board had materially changed from time of the organization. May 24, 1823, John Hersh was made president, and Philip Smyser, treasurer. The number of managers was reduced to six, and Martin Ziegler, Jacob Smyser, Henry King, George Welsh, Daniel Diehl and George Baugher were elected. In 1824, Benjamin Beitzel became one of the managers and Jacob Bichelberger secretary. Benjamin Beitzel was elected president in 1830, and Charles Weiser, secre- tary. The first dividend, one of three per cent, was declared May 4, 1831. L. Pvosen- miller was elected president in 1832; upon his death was succeeded by Charles Weiser in 1858; Joseph Smyser in 1858, became secretary, and in 1868, president, which of- fices he held until 1875 as secretary, and until 1878 as president; Alex. J. Frey was chosen president in 1878. C. E.- Lewis was elected secretary in 1875 and Jere Carl treasurer in 1868. This road was an important route to the South and West, before the time of canals and railroads. The present board of managers, 1885, is composed of John A. Weiser, president since 1883; W. H. Kurtz, Charles Spangler, G. Ed. Hersh, J. H. Mc- Clellan, W. D. Himes and C. E. Lewis. C. E. Lewis continues as secretary and Jere Carl, treasurer. YORK & MARYLAND LINE TURNPIKE. The act incorporating this company was approved by Gov. Thomas McKean, March 31, 1807. The commissioners named in the act for the purpose of receiving subscriptions were Adam Hendricks, George Lorman, George Bard, Caleb Kirk, Philip Frederick, Eobert Hammersly, Jacob Lucks, Isaac Kirk and John Brillinger. The form of the sub- scription was $100 per share. The act states that the road was to be built by the best and nearest route from the borough of York to the Maryland line, at the place the old York road passes. Ten dollars on each share were paid by the original subscribers. The York & Conewago turnpike was con- structed to York Haven before 1814, and in 1838 was extended along the river to Harris- burg pike. These were all important high- ways of travel. BERLIN & HANOVER TURNPIKE COMPANY. The act incorporating this company was passed in 1810. The commissioners named in it were Samuel Fahnestook, John B. Arnold, William Paterson, Borius Fahne- stock, Tobias Kepner and Frederick Baugher. The first recorded meeting was held Decem- ber, 11, 1811, when the following board was elected — President, Samuel Fahnestook ; 330 HISTOEY OF YOEK COUNTY. directors, Peter Becker, Peter Binder, Daniel Baker, John Deardorff, Michael Gyselman, Valentine Hollinger, John Miley, Ludwig Swartz, John Fox, Jacob Hoffman and Will- iam Patterson, who proceeded to locate the road from Berlin to Abbottstown, the courses and distances of that part being decided upon. At a meeting teld September 26, 1812, the road was located from Abbottstown to Hanover. The contract for building the road was concluded and given out October 10, 1812, to the following parties, and at the prices named per lineal perch. Per Perch. James Tuly, first mile from Berlin | 8 33J James Tuly, second mile from Bei'lin 8 73 Cormick McNulty, third mile from Berlin. . . 8 60 William Henry, fourth mile from Berlin. ... 11 84 Cormick McNulty, fifth mile from Berlin. . . 6 85 Cormick McNulty, sixth mile from Berlin. . . 7 10 Richard Murray, eighlh,ninth and tenth miles from Berlin 10 31 The names of the contractors show their nationality. The road was to be twenty- eight feet wide, paved with stone, twenty-one feet wide and one foot thick, six inches bot- tom, to be large stone well laid together, and to be covered with six inches of stone, made small enough to go through a three- inch hole. These prices included the building of all the bridges and culverts on the line. The first installment of $5 per share on the stock was called for payment, January 15, 1813 — to be advertised in the Carlisle, Hanover and Gettysburg papers. Frederick Baugher was appointed by the board shortly after this as the first superin- tendent at a salary of 1199 for the work until finished. He was to see that the con- tractors carried out their part of the contract according to the agreement, and make report to the board from time to time as to the pro- gress of the work. The board contracted with Christian Nagle to put up ten mile stones at such places as the board should designate for the sum of $50: the stones to be sandstone, four and a half feet long, ten inches thick, to be cut two feet nipe inches, and one foot nine inches in ground; painted white with black letters. James Tully, the first two miles from Ber- lin, failed to put in an appearance, and one mile was afterward given to Daniel Manear on the same terms. The other mile was un- dertaken and contracted for by James Heth- erington and William Turner. July 13, 1816, the board resolved to make no further payments to the contractors "until evidence appears from their conduct and in- dustry that they intend finishing their con- tracts, and this evidence to rest with the board." March 23, 1816, the president, Samuel Fahnestock, resigned. At the election held April 25, 1816, to fill the vacancy, Henry Picking was elected president. November 9, 1816, the board contracted with John Fox to finish that part of ths road not completed by Richard Murray, being the , three miles nearest Hanover, at the rate of 118 per perch. November 1, 1817, the board passed a resolution relieving Valentine Hol- linger of his office of superintendent, which he filled to the satisfaction of the directors, the road having been inspected by a commit- tee appointed by the governor and pronounced all right. Arrangements were also made for the appointment of gate-keepers, and the road must have been opened for travel very soon after this date. Thomas Abbot was the first gate keeper appointed. The present officers are president, R. A. Eichelberger; treasurer, Jacob Resser; sec- retary, Henry Wirt; directors, D. N. Bucher, Jacob Resser, Henry Wirt, William Stoner, Reuben Young and Henry Hollinger. YORK AND CHANCEFORD TURNPIKE. Feeling the necessity of a turnpike road towards Peach Bottom, lipon application a charter was granted for that purpose by the legislature of Pennsylvania, through the in- strumentality of Stephen Q. Boyd, who was one of the representatives from this county. It was approved by Governor Geary on May 10, 1867. The charter members who were empowered to receive subscriptions and organize a company, were Joseph Smyser, Jason H. Slusser, Philip A. Small, Samuel S. Hersh and Jacob Craver. The charter allowed a capital stock company of 2,500 shares of 120 each, and required that within a specified time at least five miles of the road be completed. At an election held in the court house De- cember 26, 1867, Samuel S. Hersh was chos- en president of the company, Jere Carl, treasurer, and Joseph Smyser, Stephen G. Boyd, Jacob Craver, Jason H. Slusser and Jacob Weiser, managers. At a subsequent meeting, George A. Heckert was made secre- tary. Upon the resignation of Joseph Smy- ser, Z. K. Loucks was selected one of the managers in March, 1868. On the same day Joseph Russell was appointed superintendent and empowered to»employ workmen. Daniel M. Ettinger was appointed engineer of the proposed road, Jacob Loucks became a mem- ber of the board of managers upon the resig- nation of Jason Slusser, and Z. K. Loucks succeeded S. S. Hersh as president. Part of the road being completed, tollgate No. 1 PUBLIC INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 331 was established and Augustus G. Weiser ap- pointed keeper. The first dividend was declar- ed November 9, 1870. The 28th day of August, 1871, toll-gate No. 2 was erected and Charles Keesey, appointed keeper. Five and one- half miles were completed the same year, and the work was discontinued until 1879, when one-half mile more was added. Peter Grim kept gate No. 1 for many years; in March, 1885, Michael Grim succeeded him. Henry Stabley is present keeper of gate No. 2. The present capital of the company is 140,120 or 2,056 shares. Z. K. Loucks is president, Jere Carl, secretary and treasurer, Jacob Loucks, N. Lehmayer, Jonathan Jes- sop, William E. Patterson and John B. Say- ers, managers. RIVER AND CANAL NAVIGATION. THE CONEWAGO CANAL. One of the most notable events in the history of internal improvements in the State of Pennsylvania was the opening of a navigable canal around the Conewago Falls, on the west side of the Sus- quehanna River at the point, since the year 1814, known as York Haven. It was the first canal built in this State, and, so far as definite records go, the first in the United States. Its history antedates the history of York Haven many years. It was the initia- tory step which inaugurated a great system of artificial navigation and internal improve- ment in our State. Early River Navigation — The original mode of transportation on the Susque- hanna, as on many other rivers, was with the "dug outs." They were > made in im- itation of the Indian canoe, and consisted of a log, usually of pine, with a portion of it dug out like a trough. The Indian traders used them to convey furs and other products down the stream. The "battoe," a sort of flat- boat was used next, and was considered of great value to early settlers and traders along the Susquehanna. But for river navigation on a more extended scale, the "keel-boats" were of great importance in the transporta- tion of goods and products. Many thousands of bushels of rye, oats, corn, wheat and po- tatoes were brought down the river in them. They obtained their name from the fact that the lowest piece of timber in them, named a keel, ran the whole length of the boat from the lower part of the stem to the stern-post, and supported the whole boat. Sometimes two keels were used. On account of the rapids or falls at the mouth of the Conewago creek, these boats could not pass down the river further than Middletown, which, until 1797, was a great port for them. It was about the time of the close of the Revolution- ary war, in 1783, possibly, earlier, that the "dug outs" were succeeded by the "keel boats." The former were no longer consid- ered adequate to the business. The latter were generally built in the valuable wooded districts up the Susquehanna and its branches, and floated down with the current, bearing from five to thirty tons of produce. Middletown, at the mouth of the Swatara, was the lowest port of entry. Here the produce was transferred to the shore and transported overland, by means of wagons, to the Eastern markets. The return trip of these boats was more difficult. They were forced up the current with "set poles," and contained usually a light load of groceries, hardware and other merchandise. Boatmen would start at the head of the boat and set their poles on the bottom of the river, and then walk down what was called "runs," thus forcing the boat up the stream as fast as a person could walk. Many thousands of bushels of wheat, corn and potatoes were thus conveyed down the stream and unloaded at Middletown. The business interests of the town became very important. On account of the increase of the business, some boats were landed on the west side of the Susque- hanna above the Conewago Falls which was the great barrier to further navigation of keel boats. The products from these boats were conveyed to the city of Baltimore. The town of Falmouth was then laid out on the east side of the river, opposite the site of York Haven, by James Hopkins, Thomas Bailey, James Keys and John Greer. But the ex- pense of overland transportation of goods from Middletown, Falmouth and the port of entry on the York County side of the river, was too great to afford merchants much profit on acceunt of competition from other sources. Plans to extend Navigation and remove Obstacles. — Enterprising business men then began to consider the great question and devise some plan by means of which the obstacles to navigation at Conewago Falls might be avoided, and a passage down the Susquehanna Elver to its mouth be accom- plished. Bertram Galbreath, a prominent land surveyor, who lived at Bainbridge, Lancaster County, and other influential citi- zens were appointed by the State authorities a committee to explore the river and report some feasible plan of avoiding the obstruc- tions. The Revolutionary war prevented further action immediately, and the matter was deferred. In the year 1789, Thomas 332 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. Hillings, Bertram Galbreafch and Samuel Boyd were appointed commissioners to ex- plore the Susquehanna and Juniata Rivers. On the 30th of January, 1790, they reported: "The Conewago Falls, about fourteen miles above Wright's Ferry, was the great obstruc tion and bar to the wealth and population of our western country." They urged that a canal should be built around them. This proposition was encouraged by all enterpris- ing citizens who were directly or indirectly interested, and the legislature of Pennsyl- vania was soon petitioned to furnish aid. It became an important subject of discussion among legislators. On which side of the river to construct the proposed canal was a subject which caused considerable debate. The commissioners appointed to view the obstructions recommended that a canal be built one mile long, thirty-three feet wide and nine feet deep, with a fall of nineteen feet. They did not recommend locks to raise the boats to a level with the head of the falls. Gov. Thomas Mifflin, who was elected in 1790, and was a great advocate of further- ing any enterprise that encouraged internal improvement, called to his counsel some of the most stillful civil engineers of the time. They decided that nineteen feet fall in one mile would make it impossible for a keel boat to ascend it against the rapid current. State Aid Received arid, Canal Constructed. On April 13, 1791, the legislature of Penn- sylvania appropriated £5,250 "to improve the Susquehanna Eiver from Wright's ferry to the mouth of the Swatara." One hundred and fifty pounds of this sum were spent at Chickie's Falls, and £100 at Hadleman's riffles. On the 3d of July, 1 792, a contract was entered into by Gov. Mifflin on the part of the State of Pennsylvania and a number of prominent citizens of the commonwealth, most of them from Philadelphia, as follows: Robert Morris (the great iinancier of the Revolution), William Smith, Walter Stewart, Samuel Mere- dith, John Steinmetz, Tench Francis, John Nicholson, Samuel Miles, Timothy Matlock, David Eittenhouse, Samuel Powell, Alexan- der James Dallas, William Bingham, Henry Miller, Abram Witmer and Dr. Robert Har- ris. These gentlemen were appointed a committee to construct a canal forty feet wide and four feet deep around Conewago Falls. James Brindley, their engineer, seems to have estimated the entire cost of the canal at 120, 000. The State appropriated one-half of this amount. The company found, how- ever, that by the time it was completed $102,000 were expended. It was well con- structed, the work being excellently done and the canal substantially built. The bricks used are still in an excellent state of preser- vation, and are now again being put to practical use by the paper-mill company, which is erecting works there. They were made from clay found in the viciriity, the pits being still visible. The canal, when completed, was about one mile long, and contained substantial locks. It was finally completed in 1795 or 1796. It was a great event to the interests of the interior of the State, and became a great cen- ter of attraction. Interesting Events at the Opening of the Canal. — Governor Mifflin Present. — The sig- nificance of this improvement was shown from the importance attached to celebrating its completion and the opening of it. This occurred on the 22d of November, 1797. Thomas Mifflin, one of the projectors of it, , and who was still governor of the State, and a number of distinguished attendants arrived on horseback at the foot of the falls on the Lancaster County side. A large concourse of people from York and the vicinity, had con- gregated along the canal. The commissioners and the Rev. Dr. Smith had already crossed the river to the York County side. Some of the ingenious workmen began to drill holes in the adjoining rocks, which they filled with powder. The governor and his party came across the river in flat-boats, amid the sleet and snow, fully determined, even though the weather was inclement, to fulfill their intentions. Just as he set foot on the York County shore, there was one grand triumphant cheer from the gathered crowd, and a loud explosion from the amateur cannon as a sig- nificant salute. The dignified officer, who had been a general in the Revolutionary Army, and under whom some of the mingled multi- tude had bravely fought in the battle of Brandy wine, was thrice welcome to again set foot on the soil of York County. As he passed up and down the canal in a flat, boat, a number of salutes were fired in order to enliven the occasion. The canal had two locks at the lower end, each eighty feet long and twelve feet wide. When the dis- tinguished guests arrived, they were placed on flat-boats prepared for the occasion, and when they entered the chamber of the first lock and the lower gate closed behind them, they were astonished to find that their boats in a few minutes had risen nine feet. Ice had formed on the canal, and it had to be broken with poles to enable the boats to pro- ceed. They passed up the canal amid the exultant cheers of the multitude, and the firing of salutes from the adjoining rocks, PUBLIC INTEKNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 333 At the head of the canal were several .keel boats, that had come down from Middletown. By the time the governor returned to the lower end again, an audience of over 600 • people had assembled, awaiting a speech from their honored and worthy chief magistrate. Gov. Mifflin was of Quaker ancestry, and was a gentleman of fine literary attainments, and of handsome appearance. He served nine years as governor of Penn- sylvania, and had distinguished himself in other capacities, as a civilian and a soldier of rare distinction. He addressed the de- lighted audience, congratulating them on the auspicious event, and then departed for the Lancaster County side. Navigation to Columbia and to Tide Water Opened. — The canal was now completed and opened for free navigation. A German by the name of Kreider, from the Juniata Valley,soon appeared with a boat heavily freighted with flour, which he safely landed three days later at the city of Baltimore. His success became known, and the following year many others did the same and were handsomely paid for their efforts. Many landed at Columbia, and their merchandise from there conveyed to Philadelph ia. Just what were the conditions of the venture at first cannot now be accu- rately told. Experienced pilots had soon after succeeded in guiding large "arks" safely through the falls of the river. By the charter incorporating the company it was to afford free navigation, and just how the canal company was to be remunerated does not at first seem clear, especially if the arks were successful in passing the falls, and disposing of the produce transported on them to any desired market. Many thousands of dollars were at first lost by the company, and they applied to the legislature for relief. Event- ually some State relief was received, and a small amount of toll charged for each boat that passed through the canal. Prom 1797 to 1814, the affairs were managed by the ca- nal company, and proved quite a success. An attempt was made by James Hopkins, a wealthy personage, during this period, to build a canal around the falls on the opposite side of the river, in which venture he lost a large fortune. It was intended as an oppo- sition canal to the one on the York County side, but proved to be a disastrous failure. A flouring-mill and other buildings were erected in the immediate vicinity of the canal on the York County side, by the company that controlled it. This property, in 1797, was valued at £1,280 currency, which valuation included 150 acres of land. In 1810 a Phil- adelphia company, of which Thomas Willing Frances was president, owned a large mer- chant mill, ferry, and- sundry buildings val- ued at $30,000. The further history of this important busi- ness center will be found under the title of York Haven, in the chapter on Newberry Township. TIDE WATER AND SUSQUEHANNA CANAL. Causes which led to its Origin. — The Pennsylvania Railroad from Philadelphia to Columbia, and canal to the junction there, thence by the Juniata to Hollidaysburg and Portage road to Johnstown, west of the Alle- ghany Mountains, and canal to Pittsburgh, constituted what was, in 1831, known as the "Main Line," and as such is still maintained in the system of internal improvement of Pennsylvania, with the exception of the aban- donment of a part of the original canal de- partment of the works from Pittsburgh east as far as Huntingdon, on the Juniata. The canal, from the junction to Northumberland, thence by the North and West Branch to Wilkesbarre and Williamsport respectively, is known as the North and West Branch Division of the system mentioned. These works were put under contract in the order given, as early as 1826 and 1827. The main line of canal was finished to connect with the Union Canal at Middletown, in 1830, and to Columbia in 1831, the North and West Branch a year or two later. Trade over the line was promptly commenced under the aus- pices of several transportation companies, conspicuous which were "D. Leech & Co's Transportation Line," "Union Line," "Dougherty's Section Boat Line," and in due time several other lines, besides several packet boat lines running from Columbia in connection with the railroad to and from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, thus making the traveling and freight facilities over the main line, complete at that time, and during the subsequent two years to Northumberland, over the North and West Branch of the Sus- quehanna, to Wilkesbarre and Williamsport, the two remotest points on the Susquehanna at that time. The packet lines were thus en- abled to supplant the "old stage coach" lines, stopping at all the regular stations, and eligible points for the accommodation of the traveling public. The lines were cast, and " all aboard," and a blast of the bugle-horn, set them off to the next station, and thus it went on to the close of navigation every fall. Plans for and Construction of the New Canal. — This route was soon discovered to be too long, tedious and expensive, and a great clamor went forth for a canal from 334 HISTOEY OP YORK COUNTY. Columbia down the Susquehanna to the Chesapeake Bay in order that an outlet to a better grain market might be reached and for the development of the coal fields and lumber interests of the north and west branches, for which purpose a stock company was formed in 1824, with a paid up capital of 11,500,000, and the Susquehanna & Tide Water Canal was chartered by the States of Pennsylvania and Maryland, respectively, on April 15, 1835, with the foil owing- named persons as commissioners: Robert Mc- Curdy, James M. Sanderson, Edward Cole- man, Simon Gratz, Charles S. Boker, Henry White, George H. Hickling, of Philadelphia; Jeremiah Brown, James A. Caldwell, Lancas- ter County; Evan Green of Columbia, Lancas- ter County ; Chas. A. Barnitz, York, Jacob M. Haldeman, Harrisburg; Simon Cameron, Mid- dletown; James Hepburn, John C. Boyd, Northumberland County; Joseph Todhunter, William Bose, Samuel Jones, Baltimore; James Evans, Port Deposit, Md. ; Eoland Curtin, Center County, Penn.; Wiliam Mc- Elvay, Columbia County, and George M. Hollenback, Luzerrne County, Penn. At the first meeting of the stockholders after the incorporation, a board of directors were elected and James Hepburn of North- umberland, was made the first president; F. Palmer of Philadelphia, treasurer, and Edward P. Gay, chief engineer. The first survey and location was made on the east side of the Susquehanna, and on March 21, 1836, a supplementary act was passed authorizing the commissioners to change the location to the west side of the river, by means of a dam and a tow-path bridge at Columbia. The work was then let, and the construction commenced immediately in the spring of 1836, and finished so far as to ad- mit the water, late in the fall of 1839. Opening of the Canal. — In order to test the retentive qualities of the bed and banks of the canal, and immediately thereafter the grand opening took place, upon which occa sion were present some of the most dis- tinguished persons , of Pennsylvania and Maryland. It was on that memorable occa- sion, that Hon. Nicholas Biddle, of Philadel- phia, made his famous speech on "Internal Improvements," then a subject of paramount importance, in view of the development of the great material wealth of the States. The excursion was a great success, but the gentle- men composing it, had scarcely reached home, when disastrous breaks occurred, ex- tending along the greater part of the line, the most extensive of which occurred at the Otter Creek aqueduct, at the York Furnace, in lower Chanceford Township, owing to de- fects in the puddling of the wings forming the junction with the aqueduct. The bed and banks of the canal at this point are held in place by winged abutments, and retaining walls of huge blocks of granite, thirty-five feet above the bed of the river. The inter- val embracing the work is four miles long, fifty feet wide, six feet deep, and when a body of water, occupying so large an area gains egress through an artificial earth struct- ure it instantly becomes irresistible, leaving nothing behind but absolute destruction. Even the heavy blocks of stone were washed away into the river. Cost of Construction and Repairs. — Al- though this break was much the largest of the series, it nevertheless cost less to re- pair it than the aggregate cost of the numer oris smaller breaks. It was unfortunate that these disasters should have occurred at a time when there was no money in the treas- ury, no credit, and the company deeply in- volved in debt. Means were nevertheless availed by the directors upon their individual responsibility, and the work was repaired during the winter, and the canal formerly opened to the public iu the spring of 1840, at an entire cost of nearly $4,000,000. Of this sum the Columbia dam cost $220,000. Towing-path bridge, including cost of right to attach the same to the superstructure of the Columbia Bank and Bridge Company's structure, cost $90,000; and the Havre de Grace lock, four miles long, and outlet lock, cost 1500,000. The reason why the work cost so much more than the chief engineer's esti- mate was largely due to untorseen contin- gencies, for the cost of which no provisions were made, and, once under process of con- struction, had to be surmounted at a cost however great. The sudden advance in labor, and the extra cost in suitable material for the bed and banks of the canal, which had to be dug from the fields on the tops of high hills, and dumped into expensive shute-ways to the rocky bed of the canal, and then disposed in carts to such points which were largely defi- cient in material, were also a cause of great expense. More than nine tenths of the work is founded on the foot rocks of the hill-side in the river, and numerous points of bold rocky bluffs were blasted away in order to re- duce the radius within the lines of free and easy navigation. Deep pools and chasms were filled and crossed upon substructures of huge oak timbers, adjusted longitudinally several feet below the lowest stage of the river, upon which many of the high vertical retaining walls are founded, and remain PUBLIC INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 335 intact, except below Conewingo, 100 feet of which slipped from its footing into "Job's Hole," 150 feet deep, in 1861, and although the wall has not been rebuilt, the notch is permanently closed and more reliable than before the occurrence took place. Navigation. — During the season of 1840, the trade was dull, and the revenue proportion - ately small — owing in a great degree to the in- stability of the canal, the want of boats, and a change in the development of the coal and timber interests in north and west branches of the Susquehanna. The trade, however, soon commenced to increase rapidly for many years, until it reached its maximum in 1870, when it was largely divided and gradually dimin- ished, by reason of many railroad lines tap- ping the sources of a large trade created by the opening of the Susquehanna and Tide- water Canals. In the meantime, however, the capacity of the work has been greatly in- creased, boats have descended with cargoes as high as 150 tons, instead of sixty tons in 1850. Description of Canal and its Benefits toYork County. — This canal starts atColumbia,Penn., where it unites with the Pennsylvania Canal, crosses the Susquehanna to Wrightsville, and extends from thence along the river to Havre de Grace, Md. , at the head of Chesapeake Bay. Its length is forty, live miles, of which thirty miles are in York County and fifteen in Ma- ryland. The lower portion south to the State line is the Tide-water Canal. As early as 1814 a route had been surveyed by Baltimore capitalists, with the design of building a canal from the Susquehanna, near York, to Tide- water, for the purpose of attracting the trade of the upper Susquehanna Valley to Balti- more. There was nothing accomplished at that time, and the era of railroads had al- ready begun in York County before this canal was constructed. On its entire line are forty- three locks, four dams, five culverts, eighteen bridges, thirty-three waste-ways and wiers, and six aqueducts. The surface width of the .canal is fifty feet, and its depth five and a half to six feet. The locks are one hundred and Seventy feet long, and seventeen feet wide. In January, 1872, the Beading Eail- road Company leased the canals, and have operated them since. The people of the lower end of York County gave it hearty en- couragement. Before its construction all the lime used in the lower end of York County was hauled in wagons from the valleys around York to the lower townships. Lime became extensively used in the azoic slate soils, and either in the form of the natural stone, or as quick-lime, was transported down the canal from the Canojohela and Grist (Kreutz) Creek Valleys. It had a magic effect on the land at first, and caused the crops of wheat, rye, corn and oats, to produce much more abundantly, soon changing the whole aspect of the " York Barrens. " In this respect the canal was of more real value, correspondingly, to the farmer of the lower part of York Coun- ty, than of financial interest to the stock- holders and officers of the company. The original canal company issued money in the form of " shinplasters," which fell wonder- fully below par at times. Eventually an ex- tensive business was done, and the canal be- came very valuable. D. F. Shure has been the active and efficient superintendent of this canal since 1842. From the description of the Conewago Canal above, and of the Susquehanna and Tide-water Canal herein given, it will be observed that the first canal in Pennsylvania, and one of the last to which much general importance was attached, were built in York County. THE CODOHDS NAVIGATION. A company received a charter in 1825, and soon after constructed a canal from York to the mouth of the Codorus Creek, at the Susque- hanna, a distance of eleven miles. Of this dis- tance three miles consisted of canal and eight miles of slack water. It was soon after built and put into effective operation. Boat loads of lumber and coal were brought to York over this route, and it promised to be an important adjunct to the business interests of the town. For a time an immense business was done, but the construction of the York & Wrights- ville Railroad and in 1849 the York & Cum- berland Railroad to Harrisburg, caused the value of the Codorus navigation to diminish, and it soon after ceased to be operated. HISTORY OP RAILROADS. According to the statistics of 1883, the State of Pennsylvania had 10,056 miles of railway, being exceeded by no other State except Illinois, New York coming third on the list, with 7,215 miles. The topography of Pennsylvania is not naturally favorable to their construction, as it requires great engi- neering skill to surmount some of the difficul- ties. It does not possess the treeless plains which invite railroad operations, like the West, at small cost, but, on the other hand, the surface here is broken by mountain rang- es, cut by broad rivers, and much of the State is covered by forests. Yet the unbounded re- 336 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. sources of the great State has brought forth the business energies of capitalists so as to have surmounted all those difficulties, until every important interest is supplied with rail- road transportation. Of the vast number of miles of railway in Pennsylvania, York coun- ty furnishes 180. Our State, though, early in the history of American railroads became prominent in the construction of them. All efforts at the internal improvement of the State, for the purpose of transportation, met with an encouraging support by the enter- prise of our people. Under the head of ca- nals it will be observed that the first one in the United States was built in Pennsylvania, and that, too, for the navigation of the Sus- quehanna, within the limits of York County, at York Haven, being completed in 1797. Turnpikes, canals and railroads have in large numbers been constructed in Pennsylvania entirely without government aid. INVENTION or EAILBOADS. Railroads made of wood, called tramways, were used in the mines of England to trans- port coal from the pit's mouth to place of shipment as early as 1630, at Newcastle-on- Tyne; built by a man named Beaumont; wagons transporting coal were drawn over this road. They soon became common in England. In 1738 the first rails, made wholly of iron were put into use and a flange was cast on the outside of the rail like the rails of the present city passenger .roads. The flange was soon changed to the inside of the rail. In 1789 flanges began to be cast on the wheel instead of the rail. William Jessop, of England, made this invention. In 1801 the English parliament passed the first legislative act ever made, authorizing the "Surrey Iron Tramway," nine miles long. HAILKOADS IN THE UNITED STATES. In the year 1800, an experimental tramway was set up in the yard of the "Bull's Head Tavern," on Third Street, Philadelphia. It was done by Thomas Lieper. The rails were wood, being oak scantlings, four feet apart, supported on sleepers. The road was only twenty-one yards long. One horse could haul 10,696 pounds on this track. In 1807 Silas "Whitney built a railroad on Beacon Hill, near Boston, Mass.,to haul down gravel. In 1809 a tramway was laid in Delaware County, Penn. , by John Thomson, father of J. Edgar Thomson, late president of the Pennsylvania Railroad. It was sixty yards long with rails of wood, four feet apart. This experiment was successful, and led to many others. A road one mile in length was built at the Crum Creek stone quarries in the same county, and was used for nineteen years. In 1818 a similar road was built at Bear Creek Furnace, Armstrong County, Penn., and one at Nashua, N. H. ,in 1825. The first road of more than local note was Quincy Railroad, in Massachusetts, built in 1826, and used for transporting granit«. It was four miles in length. In 1827 a railroad was constructed at Mauch Chunk, in Car- bon County, from a coal mine to Lehigh River, a distance of nine miles. On this road, loaded cars descended by gravity, and were drawn back empty by mules. The rails were made of wood, strapped with iron. None of the roads mentioned thus far were used to convey passengers. INVENTION OP LOCOMOTIVES. James Watt, of England, perfected his in- vention of the steam engine in 1769. The properties of steam had, however, been known from time immemorial. In 1804 the first locomotive was used upon the Merthyr Tyd- vil Railway, in Wales, by Richard Trevithick, who was a foreman in a tin mine in Cornwall, England. This engine would only answer for a level surface. George Stephenson worked upon his invention from 1814 to 1822, when he successfully introduced the use of locomotives on the railroad of the Holton colliery in England. He then became chief engineer of the Stockton & Darlington Rail- road, and constructed a coal road twelve miles in length, over a rough country. Inclined planes were used in some places to be worked by stationary engines. On the other parts of the road locomotives were used. The rails were rolled fish-bellied, and weighed twenty- eight pounds to the yard. Some oast- iron rails were used ; one of Stephenson's engines would run twelve miles an hour. On Octo- ber 10, 1825, the first passenger car ever used in the world was put on this road. At first it was drawn by one horse. Several were built and then attached to a locomotive the same year. The first locomotive in the United States was run on the road connecting the Delaware & Hudson Canal with its coal mines at Carbondale, Penn. ; the length of this road was sixteen miles. It was completed in 1829. On this road, August 8, 1829, the locomotive "Sturbridge Lion," built in England, was successfully run by Horatio Allen, on a trial trip. It was found to be too heavy for the railroad, and therefore was not afterward used. A part of it is still in existence in Carbondale. PUBLIC INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 337 In 1828 the Baltimore & Ohio Kaih'oad began operations in Maryland, and the same year the Charleston & Hamburg Rajlroad in South Carolina. This was the beginning of important railroad enterprises in America. The Baltimore & Ohio Company intended to use horses to draw the cars on their road. It was supposed that the sharp curves, which were unavoidable in its construction, would preclude, the use of steam engines. Peter Cooper, the great philanthropist, of New York City, then owned considerable property in Baltimore, and became wonderfully inter- ested in the progress and success of rail- roads. He voluntarily offered to construct a locomotive that would round the curves of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. When thirteen miles of the new road had been con- structed in 1829, Mr. Cooper experimented without success, but on August 28, 1830, his new locomotive, " The Tom Thumb, " made a satisfactory trip. This was the first locomo- tive built in America, but it was a mere toy. Its boiler was very small, and the tubes were made of gun barrels. It burned anthracite coal, and ran thirteen miles in an hour and a quarter. It was only an experiment and was never put into practical use. Horatio Allen, mentioned above, induced the South Caro- lina Railroad Company to use locomotives, and employed E. L. Mille^, of Charleston, to superintend the construction of one for trial, which was done in the West Point foundry, on Beach Street, New York City. It was completed by October, 1830, and put on trial November 2, of the same year. The experi- ment was claimed to be a success, and the engine was used for a time. On June 17, 1831, the negro fireman ignorantly weighted the steam, when the boiler burst and injured several men. This locomotive, called the " Best Friend of Charleston," is claimed by some to be the first successful engine built in America. The company, however, contin- ued to use horse-power after the explosion, and in the meantime offered a premium of 1500 for the best locomotive by horse-power. This premium was awarded to C. E. Detmold, who invented a horse-power working on an endless chain platform, like the powers now used for threshing. " The Dewitt Clinton," a locomotive made in New York was put into successful use on the Charleston Road, Au- gust 9, 1831, which was but a short time after " The York " gained its prize on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. FIKST KAILKOADS IN PENNSYLVANIA. The State legislature passed an act March 31, 1823, granting to John Stevens and others permission to build a railroad from Philadelphia to Columbia. The original company did not accomplish anything, and the State afterward completed it. The canal to Columbia was not yet built. The object of the contemplated road was to divert the trade, which came down the Susquehanna at that time in keel-boats to Columbia, from go- ing to Baltimore. On January 4, 1831, the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company issued an advertise- ment to the inventive genius and me- chanical skill of the country, offering liberal inducements for the production of locomo- tive steam engines. It was the first proposal ever issued in the United States for locomo- tives of American manufacture. Four thous- and dollars were offered for the best engine delivered for trial on or before June 1, 1831, and 13,000 for the one adjudged the next best. One of the most important requirements was that the engine must burn coke or coal and consume its own smoke. During the summer of 1831, in response to this call upon American genius, three loco- motives were produced upon the railroad, only one of which, however, was made to answer any good purpose. This engine, called " The York, " was built in York, at the establishment of Davis & Gardner, on the west side of the Codorus Creek, and was the product of Pbineas Davis. It was accepted as the best, which gives to York the undoubted claim of having con- structed the first locomotive ever built in the United States, that burned coal and was put in active use on the railroad. After under- going some modifications it was found capa- ble of conveying fifteen tons at fifteen miles an hour, on a level portion of the road. It was employed on that part of the road be- tween Baltimore and BUicott's mills, and gen- erally performing the trip to the mills in one hour with four cars, the gross weight of which was about fourteen tons. The engine was mounted on wheels, like those of the common cars, of thirty- inches in diameter, and the motion was obtained by means of gearing with a spur wheel and pinion on one of the axles of the road wheels. The curva- tures were all traveled with facility by this engine. Its greatest velocity, for a short time on the straight parts of the road, was thirty miles per hour, while it frequently attained that of twenty miles, and often traveled in curvatures of 400 feet radius at the rate of fifteen miles per hour. The fuel used in it was anthracite coal, which answered the purpose well; but the engine weighing but three and a half tons was found too light 338 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. for advantageous use on ascending grades. The performance of this engine fully con- vinced the board of directors of the Balti- more & Ohio Railroad and its engineer corps that locomotive engines could be used suc- cessfully on railways having curves of 400 feet radius, and from that time forward they began to be used in this country. To Phin- eas Davis, of York, then, was due the credit of successfully introducing the use. of loco- motives that burned coal, in America. He soon afterward became manager of the com- pany's shops, and to him Ross Winans, En- gineer Knight and John Elgar (the inventor of switches, turn tables, chill bearings, plate wheels, etc.), is due the honor of solv- ing most of the problems which presented themselves first in connection with the great system of railroad travel and inland transpor- tation. The first steel springs used in this country were placed upon " The York, " Davis' locomotive and tender, in September, 1832. As an experiment it demonstrated their utility in regulating the motion and greatly diminishing the jar and consequent injury to the road. This experiment, under the superintendence of Phineas Davis, led to another, that of placing steel springs on burden cars, by which it was found they admitted one-third more loading without any increase of damage to the road or car. Three years after Davis ' first experiment, th eBalti- more & Ohio Railroad had but three engines in us?: " The York," "Atlantic," and " Frank- lin." In 1834 a number of new ones were added. " The York " is still in existence and is kept as a relic by the Company. After the death of Phineas Davis, which occurred by accident, on September 27, 1 835, Messrs. Gillingham and Ross Winans took charge of the car shops of the Baltimore & Ohio Company, and continued the manufac- ture of locomotives and railroad machinery so successfully commenced by Mr. Davis. THE NOKTHBEN CENTRAL RAILWAY. This railway io now one of the most impor- tant and most valuable lines which crosses oar great State. It extends from the city of Baltimore to Canandaigua, N. Y, and is the only line that passes across the entire breadth of Pennsylvania in a northerly and southerly direction. It is the grand highway of travel from Baltimore and points south to Niagara and the lakes. Prom York Haven to Williamsport it follows the Susquehanna river. It has contributed greatly to the ma- terial interest of Pennsylvania and especially to York County. The Baltimore & Susquehanna, now a part of the N. C. R. W. , starting at the city of Baltimore and extending to the Pennsylvania line, was chartered by the legislature of Mary- land on the 13th day of February. 1828, and organized as a company on the 5th of May following, with a board of directors whose names are now historic. This is the oldest part of what is now known as the N. C. R. W. On the 9th of August, 1829, the one hundredth anniversary of the passage of theact creating "Baltimore-Town," this rail- road was begun, being thus one of the first roads completed in America. THE YORK AND MARYLAND LINE RAILROAD. The legislature of Pennsylvania, in March, 1832, passed an act to extend a road from York to the Maryland line, to join the Balti- more & Susquehanna Railroad, to be com- pleted, that far, under a Maryland charter. In some respects there were objectionable fea- tures in the act of 1832, and it was not until November, 1835, that a satisfactory arrange- ment was entered into between the legislative body and the stockholders of the road. Rail- roads at this time were in their infancy. Outside of military operations, civil engi- neering had not developed into a science which may explain the cause of some mistakes that arose in the construction of these two roads. The southern division, the Baltimore & Sus- quehanna, was completed to the Relay House, and opened July 4, 1831, and to Owing's mills in 1832. It was the first railroad cor- poration in this country to undertake gradi- ents of any considerable magnitude: a grade of eighty-four feet to the mile for two and seven-tenths miles was overcome, which, in that early day, was considered a marvel. The first locomotive used was imported from Liv- erpool, England. It was ordered in March, 1831, but a vessel to bring it over could not be obtained until six months later. It was the third locomotive put into successful oper- ation in America that burned anthracite coal. Phineas Davis' engine, made at his foundry in York, and described elsewhere in this work, was the first. The railroad was completed to York in August, 1838. A few years before, a survey had been made and a new corporation formed called the Wrightsville, York & Get- tysburg Railroad Co. A line was completed from York to Wrightsville in 1840, and for a number of years was operated in connection with the Baltimore & Susquehanna Railway, which then included York & Maryland line. There was then a continuous line from Balti- more to Philadelphia by way of York and Columbia, joining the Philadelphia & Colum- bia at the latter town. At Columbia the road PUBLIC INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 339 from York communicated with the canal at that point, giving a complete route of traffic from Baltimore to Pittsburgh — another great point gained in the history of internal improvements in Pennsylvania. THE YOEK & CDMBEBLAND KAILBOAD, Extending from York to York Haven and thence along the Susquehanna to Bridge- port, was completed in 1850 — another impor- tant event. This gave a direct line from Bal- timore to Harrisburg. The legislature of Maryland, on the 10th of March, 1854, and the legislature of Pennsylvania, on the 3d of May following, passed a joint act, which read as follows: "An Act to authorize the consolidation of the Baltimore & Susquehan- na Eailroad Company with the York & Mary- land Line Railroad Company, the York & Cumberland Railroad Company, and the Susquehanna Railroad Company by the name of theNorthern Central Railway Company. " It will be noticed the word ' 'railway" is used, a name common to all roads in England, but rare in America. By its extension north in- to New York State, it now passes through rich agricultural and mining regions, and has become a great and important line for the transportation of coal, petroleum, grain and live stock, and, with its connection at Harris- burg with the Pennsylvania railroad, consti- tutes most of the main line to the west, with all the advantages of through passenger and freight traffic. During the civil war it was the main line for the transportation of sol- diers and army supplies from the West and North to Washington and "the front." Hun- dreds of regiments passed over this route. Originally there was but one track. About fifteen years ago a double track was complet- ed as far north as York. It is intended soon to extend it to Harrisburg. The Baltimore & Susquehanna Company, which was organized on the 5th of May, 1828, elected the following directors : George Winchester, Charles Ridgely, S. C. Larkin, Thomas Wilson, James Smith, Justus Hoppe, James B. Stansbury, Thomas T'inley, Hugh W. Evans, James L. Hawkins, Robert Pur- viance and John Kelly. George Winches- ter, a distinguished citizen and lawyer of Baltimore, was chosen the first president. In March, 1828, Gen. Swift examined the topog- raphy of the country between Baltimore and the Susquehanna River by way of York, for the purpose of directing a survey of the pro- posed railroad, of which he afterward proved to be the projector and manager in the con- struction. G. McNeil and G. W. Whisler were engineers from 1827 to 1830; Maj. Isaac R. Trimble was chief engineer in 1834, and surveyed the road to York and continued in service until 1837. J. M. Goldsboro af- terward became engineer and managed the construction of the road from York to Har- risburg. The following is a list of the pres- idents of the several companies from the time of their organization to the consolida- tion into the N. C. R, W. Of the Baltimore & Susquehanna, includ- ing York and Maryland Line. George Win- chester, James Howard, Alexander Nisbet, Charles Howard, R. M. McGraw, R. C. Wright, G. W. Hughes. Of the York & Cumberland: Thomas C. Hambly 1848 to 1850; Eli Lewis, 1850 to 1852; John Herr, 1852 to 1854. Of the Susquehanna, which was above Harrisburg: William F. Packer, 1852 to 1853; Hon. Simon Cameron, 1853 to 1854. Upon the consolidation of the above roads on December 9, 1854, the following is the list of officers and directors of the N. C. R. W. thus formed: President, John P. Ken- nedy; secretary, Robert S. Hollins; treas- urer, John S. Leib. Directors: R. C. Ma- son, Francis White, W. H. Kiegler, Simon Cameron, Michael Herr, R. M, MaGraw, Lloyd N. Rodgers, W. E. Mayhew, William F. Packer, John Herr, William McPhail, Eli Lewis, Zenus Barnum, Johns Hopkins. The successive presidents of the Northern Central have been as follows: John P. Ken- nedy, Zenus Barnum, John S. Giddings, A. B. Warford, J. Donald Cameron, Thomas A. Scott, George B. Roberts. Robert Bruce became the first general agent of the railroad company at York. On May 12, 1846, James Hopkins, of Baltimore, suc- ceeded and was assisted by his two sons, Samuel B. and James G. Hopkins; T. H. Belt followed in 1864. J. K. Gross, the present efficient officer, was appointed gener- al ticket and freight agent of the N. C. R. W. January 1,1873. HANOVER & YOEK BAILHOAD. March 24, 1873, a bill was introduced into the legislature by George W. Heiges, then a member of that body for York County, to in- corporate the Hanover & York Railroad Company. A charter was granted April 21, 1873, appointing as commissioners to organ- ize the company: George D. Klinefelter, Samuel Shirk, H. M. Schmuck, William Young, Samuel H. Becbtel, P. H. Glatfelter, W. Latimer Small, John S. Young, David S. Tanger, E. H. Etzler, William J. Young, David P. Forney, Michael Schall, W. H. Jordan, James W. Latimer and M. B. Spahr. 340 HISTOBY OP YOEK COUNTY. After subscriptions to stock to the amount of $105,000 at $50 a share were received, a meeting was held in Hanover, on Saturday, August 16, 1873, to elect oflScers, which re- sulted as follows: president, JohnS. Young; directors, George D. Klinefelter, William Young, Sr., Isaac Loucks, Dr. J. P. Smith, Samuel H. Bechtel, all of Hanover; P. H. Glatfelter, of Spring Grove; David B. Small, Philip A. Small, A- J. Frey, Michael Schall, all of York; and William McGonkey, of Wrightsvilie. The board of directors then elected Samuel Shirk, treasurer; and Dr. J. P. Smith, secretary. The route was surveyed by Joseph S. Gitt, of New Oxford. The entire line is eighteen miles. When the amount of $200,000 was subscribed, the board of directors gave out the contracts by sections for grading and masonry to different persons. Col. Cyrus Diller, Nicholas P. Fliegle and Jacob F. Frederick, of Hanover, and Eehill & McTague, the former from Al- lentown and the latter from Columbia. On the 5th of February, 1873, the directors con- tracted with the Lochiel Iron Works, at Har- risburg, for 1,600 tons of railroad iron at $62 per ton of 2,240 pounds each. The bridge across the Codorus Creek at York was built at a cost of $5,760. It was a combina- tion bridge of wood and iron. A new bridge was erected a few years ago, which was taken away by the flood of 1884. The present one was built immediately after the flood. Some of the materials of the old one were used. This road, in connection with the York & Wrightsvilie, and 'Hanover & Littles- town, forms part of the Frederick Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, with the main office at York. The town of Hanover, on the summit of an extensive plain of the most fertile and pro- ductive land, is favorably situated for rail- road interests, and has, therefore, become quite a center of trade. The first railroad, which terminated here, was the Hanover Branch, extending from Hanover to the junc- tion with the Northern Central Railway. Then followed the Hanover & Gettysburg Railroad, the Littlestown Railroad, now a part of the Frederick Division, the Hanover & York Railroad, also a part of the same road. The Berlin branch, the BachmanVal- ley, and the Hanover & Baltimore Railroad interests also center here. The main office of these companies is in Hanover, and their cars pass over the line of the consolidated roads, called the Hanover Junction, and Hanover & Gettysburg Railroad. A large number of trains arrive and depart daily. HANOVEK BRANCH RAILROAD COMPANY. In pursuance of a resolution adopted at a previous meeting, a large number of citizens of Hanover and vicinity convened in the public schoolhouse, on Saturday, the 26th of December, 1846, for the purpose of discuss- ing the project of constructing a railroad from Hanover to intersect with the Northern Central at the nearest and most practicable point. Henry Reily presided at this meeting. Mr. Winchester had made a survey of the proposed route. After their report was read, committees were appointed to solicit stock subscriptions. After $100,000 had been sub- scribed, a public mass meeting was held Au- gust 28, 1847, which was addressed by James Cooper, J. J. Naille and Capt. A. W. Eich- elberger. The company was chartered March 16, 1847. The commissioners were Samuel Mumma, Joseph W. Schmidt, Jacob Forney, David Diehl, Jacob Young, Daniel P. Lange, Eli Lewis, F. E. Metzger, Michael Bucher, David Slagle, Jacob Wirt, John R. Hershey, Jesse Frysinger, Henry Reily, A. H.(Barnitz, William S. Jenkins, H. W. Emmert, Joseph Althoff, Peter Flickinger, Amos Lefever, D. M. Myers, George Eichelberger, Samuel Dil- ler, Jacob Dellone, Joseph Bittinger, John Trimmer, Joseph Fink, Henry Leib, Henry Sherman, Jacob Forry, John E. Zeigler, and Andrew Deardorff. Committees were then appointed to visit the cities and canvass the country. Meetings were called and strenuous efforts made to dispose of the stock. It ap- pears, however, that delay was experienced, as it was not until October 18, 1849, that the requisite number of shares (1,000) to incor- porate the company under letters patent were fully secured. An election was held November 10, which resulted in choosing Jacob Wirt for President, and Jacob Young, F. E. Metzger, Philip Kohler, H. W. Emmert, Samuel Diller and Jacob Wortz, as managers. The board organized on the 18th of the same month, but it was not until October 28, 1850, that any definite action was taken to build the road. In addition to other causes, the estimate of the cost of the road made by A. P. Winches- ter, civil engineer, who had made a survey the previous year, and which was Ear in excess of the actual cost, as subsequently shown, con- tributed much to discourage the friends of the project, many of them believing it was beyond the financial ability of the community to build the road. At the meeting of the directors referred to, a resolution was adopted to put the road un- der contract Theophilus Sickels was em- PUBLIC INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 341 ployed as engineer, and negotiations resulted in making a contract with Joseph Gonder for completing the road according to specifica- tions. The agreement was closed March 1, 1851, by Jacob Forney, president protem, Jacob Young, Jacob Dellone, Samuel Diller, Philip Kohler and Jesse Frysinger, as direc- tors, on the part of the Company, with Jo- seph Gonder, Jr. Ground was broken at Jefferson on the 20th of the same month, and October 22, 1852 — about 19 months there- after — the road was formally opened for bus- iness, notwithstanding that some delay was occasioned by the death of the contractor and the loss at sea of a cargo of iron ordered for laying that portion of the track between the York Road and Hanover. The location of the terminus or depot at the latter place gave rise to an animated contest, which was finally decided by a vote of the stock- holders May 13, 1851. The first train after completion of the road arrived in Hanover on Wednesday evening, September 29, 1852, with a large number of passengers. Jacob Forney was elected pres- ident, in 1851, to succeed Jacob Wirt, who resigned. He served until 1853, when Capt. A. W. Eichelberger was elected. He has occupied the same position, continuously, ever since, and is, therefore, the oldest rail- road president, in number of years of service, in the United States. Until April 1, 1855, the road was operated, for a proportion of the earnings, by the Baltimore and Susquehanna (now N. C. R. W.) Railroad Company. The present officers are A. W. Eichelberger, president; R. M. Wirt, secretary; Rufas Eichelberger, treasurer; directors, Stephen Keefer, William Grumbine, Peter Flickinger and Reuben Young of Hanover; C. W. Slagle and William Buehler of Baltimore; Matthew Eichelberger and David Wills of Gettysburg; general superintendent, Hugh D. Scott; general freight and ticket agent, Joseph Leib. THE BACHMAN VALLEY BAILEOAD. The Bachman Valley Railroad was char- tered May 13,1871, and road opened Decem- ber 2, 1872. It extends fromValley Junction on the Hanover Branch Railroad, in Codorus Township, across Manheim Township to Ebb- vale, Md., a distance of thirteen miles, and joins the Hanover & Baltimore Rail- road near Summit station, near the Maryland line. From Valley Junction to Summit station it forms a part of the main line from Hanover to Baltimore. This road is operated by the Hanover Junction, Hanover and Gettysburg Railroad Company, which sup- plies the rolling stock. The main office is at Hanover, Penn. Its officers are as follows: president, A. W. Eichelberger; secretary and treasurer, C. W. Forney; directors, Stephen Keefer, H. C. Schriver, Henry Young, Jo- seph Althoff, J. W. Gitt, of Hanover, Levi Dubs, of Summit; A. W. Boyd and Jerome L. Boyer, of Columbia, Penn.; P. R. Pyne, of New York City; Samuel Thomas, of Hoken- daugua, Lehigh Co. , Penn. ; J. A. Klinefelter and Adam Newcomer, of Glenville, York County. That part of the road from the State lino to Ebbvale in Carroll County, Md., a dis- tance of five miles, is controlled by a different list of directors, with Jerome L. Boyer of Columbia as president. The entire route of this road passes through a country abounding in a good quality of iron ore; immense quan- tities have been taken out and shipped over the road to Hanover Junction, thence to Col- umbia and Danville, Penn. A company had been formed in 1835, and a board of directors elected to build a rail- road from Wrightsville to Gettysburg, and from thence through to Hagerstown, Md. An act of the legislature was passed May, 1836, incorporating it as the Wrightsville & Gettysburg Railroad Company. Hon. Thad- deus Stevens, one of the chief incorporators, became president of the company. The York &Wrightsville and Wrightsville & Gettysburg companies combined in one company to ex- tend the road from York westward, through Abbottstown and New Oxford, to Gettysburg. A survey was made over a part of this route, and a State appropriation granted to the amount of $200,000. The work came to an end after an expenditure of $800,000, mostly for that portion of the route west of Gettys- burg known as the "Tape Worm Road." A resolution, passed by both houses of the legis- lature, ordered further work to discontinue after March, 1839. It was never afterward revived. That portion of the road lying south of •Gettysburg, and which was controlled by the State, was subsequeutly transferred by the legislature to the Gettysburg Railroad Com- pany. A few years ago, all the rights and interests of this road were merged into the Hanover Junction, Hanover & Gettysburg Railroad. THE HANOVEE & LITTLESTOWN RAILROAD. The first survey of this road was made by civil engineer J. S. Gitt, in November, 1855. A charter was soon after received. On the 4th of July, 1857, the work of construction was begun at Littlestown. A speech was first made by William McSherry, the presi- 343 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. dent of the railroad, and two bands discoursed tine music. After a bounteous repast in a grove near by, other speeches were made and the work started. The completion of the road was celebrated just one year from the time of beginning. It joined the Hanover Branch at Hanover, and the first trains were run on July 1, 1858. This road was operated for a number of years after its completion by the Hanover Branch Railroad until its lease by the Pennsylvania Railroad. It now forms a part of the Frederick Division of that rail- road. THE BEELIN BRANCH EAILROAD. This line is under the control of H. B. H. & G. R. R. Co., with the central office at Hanover. The entire line from Hanover to East Berlin is twelve miles. The first five miles of the route is over a part of the H. & (i. R. R. to Berlin Junction. The line from there to Bast Berlin is seven miles. The Company, with a capital stock of 75,000, organized March 30, 1876, with the toUovr- ing board of officers and directors; A. W. Eichelberger, president ; A. W. Storm of East Berlin, secretary ; Jacob Resser, treas- urer. Directors : William Grumbine, P. Flickinger, S. Keefer, R. M. Wirt and Will- iam Bittinger, Dr. Samuel Meisenhelder, and Joseph Dellone. Joseph Gitt was civil engineer, and Cyras Diller, Gonder & Sons, Fleegle & Bittinger, and A. Favorite, con- tractors. The road was completed and opened in August, 1877. The same persons are still the officers of the company. Joseph Wolf, of Abbottstown, Dr. R. N. Meisenhel- der and G. W. Diehl of East Berlin are at present directors, having taken the places of some of the original directors. BALTIMORE & HANOVER RAILROAD. The company which controls and operates this road was organized in the year 1877. It connects the Western Maryland Railroad at Emory Grove with the Bachman Valley Railroad near Black Rock Station, in York County, and these constitute, with the Han- over Junction, Hanover & GettysViurg Rail- roads, a continuous line from Baltimore to Gettysburg. These lines of roads pass through a well cultivated, rich and produc- tive agricultural country. After leaving Emory Grove on the line of the V/estern Maryland Railroad, seventeen miles from Baltimore, the road gradually ascends, run- ning parallel with and in close proximity to the Hanover & Baltimore Turnpike. One great point gained to the southwestern end of York County, by the building of the Bal- timore & Hanover and the Bachman Valley .Railroads, was that they opened up a section of country, in which the soil is susceptible of being highly improved by the application of fertilizers, especially lime and phosphates. The facilities thus offered for their introduc- tion at a moderate cost, were promptly availed of by the industrious and enterprising farm- ers, the results of which are now shown in crops which compare favorably with those raised in limestone land. THE YORK & PEACH BOTTOM RAILWAY COMPANY. For many years the central and western parts of York County had derived im- portant results from being traversed by rail- roads. There was yet a large section of country in the southeastern portion of the county which for 120 years was called the "York Barrens." It is true, Susquehanna Canal had wonderfully helped to improve the river districts, after its completion, in 1839, by furnishing easy means of transportation, But what the sturdy descendants of the Scotch-Irish needed still further to help them develop that now fertile and product- ive region was the means for rapid trans- portation. This has been abundantly sup- plied by the York & Peach Bottom Rail- way Company, an organization that has had manj' struggles and trials, but is yet destined to triumph and be still more highly appreci- ated by the enterprising merchants of York and the business men and the hardy sous of toil of the now prosperous lower end. Stephen G. Boyd, in 1867, a representative in the Pennsylvania legislature from York County, took an active interest in developing a favorable sentiment toward tiie construction of a road through his native section, and worked with great zeal and earnestness, until the much coveted road was built. At a railroad mass meeting held in the village of Fawn Grove, so much interest was manifested by the people of the lower end, that a company was soon after organized and plans laid for constructing the road. The purpose of this meeting was to endorse, the effijrts of Mr. Boyd in securing the pass- age of the bill incorporating the company. The bill passed the Legislature, was approved March 24, 1868, and a supplement to this bill was passed March 29, 1872, which em- powered the new company to construct and operate a railroad from any point on Northern Central Railway, between York and the Mary- land line, eastward through the lower end of York and Lancaster Counties into Chester County, joining any road leading to Philadel- phia, and to extend its main line west, from PUBLIC INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 343 York to East Berlin, Adams County, further west connecting with other roads. The original name was Peace Bottom Railway Company. The line from Oxford, Chester County, to the Susquehanna, was completed first, a distance of twenty miles, and called the eastern division. The line from York to Peach Bottom, forty miles, was termed the middle division. For the construction of this, bonds amount- ing to $500,000 were issued, and Samuel Felton and David E. Small were made trus- tees for the bondholders. The company or- ganized by electing Stephen G. Boyd, presi- dent; Samuel Dickey, of Oxford, vice-presi- dent; William Wallace, secretary; A. C. Manifold, treasurer; and Stephen McKinley, Benjaman Tyson, Henry Neff, Rufus Wiley, of York County; John Alexander, Slater B. Russell, Nathaniel Morgan, of Lancaster County ; Robert Patterson and John T. Wadell, of Chester County, directors. It was then de- termined to construct a narrow guage road of three feet. Work was soon begun by con- tractors, James Preeland, Samuel Smith, D. W. G-rove and John T. Wallace. The cost was 112,000 per mile. On July 4, 1874, seven miles of the road was opened as far as Dallastown Station, by an excursion party from York. By December, 1874, it was completed to the forks of Muddy Creek, and the next summer to Woodbine. A pub- lic meeting was held at Woodbine July, 1875, in order to raise funds to complete the road to Delta. It was extended from Delta to Peach Bottom in 1883. John M. Hood, who was president of the Western Maryland road, was first civil en- gineer in constructing the road. He was followed by J. E. Matthews, and by the present one S. M. Manifold. L. J. Dodson has been a conductor on the road since it was first operated. W. C. Lick- ing, now a conductor, has been an employe of the company since organization. Stephen G. Boyd was president of the company from January, 1871, to January, 1877, when he was succeeded by Charles R. McConkey, of Peach Bottom, who is now the efficient president. The secretaries in order of succession have been, William Wallace, J. V. Geesey, E. C. Bender and F. G. Metzgar. The road is now imder excellent manage- ment, and is considered a deeply felt neces- sity. STEWAETSTOWN EAILROAD. A line is now (1885) being constructed from the borough of Stewartstown to join the Northern Central. THE TELEGRAPH. The electric magnetic telegraph was in- vented by Prof. Samuel B. Morse of New York. The first line ever built was stretched from Washington to Baltimore, and the first news message transmitted was the result of President Polk's election in November, 1844. This lino was extended to York in 1850, and from thence to Columbia and Philadelphia, and also a line from York to Harrisburg. The line to Columbia followed the turnpike. It was soon afterward removed, and now a line follows the railroad. The wires from Balti- more through York were first called the American line. A few years later, this line came into possession of the Independent & In- land Telegraph Company, and subsequently was purchased by the United States Telegraph Company. The Western Union Company purchased all interests about the time of the Civil War, and now own them. There are also private wires on these lines owned by the railroad company, and there are a great many offices at the different railway stations in York County. George W. Schock has been the efficient manager of the Western Union office at York for many years. There are now in the United States nearly 200,000 miles of telegraph wire in operation. TELEGRAPH AT HANOVER. In 1858 a private telegraph company was organized at Hanover, with a capital stock of 1800, to run a line from the Junction, on the Northern Central Railway, to Hanover, and a line was completed in the spring of 1860. The first despatch, received April 10th, of that year, was a congratulatory one from Hanover Junction which was replied to by Geo Thomas, president of the Hanover Com • pany. The interest of the local company was soon purchased by the Inland & Inde- pendent Line, and by them transferred to the United States Telegraph Company, and soon after the last-named company sold their interest to the Western Union. The first operator was W. H. Shock. He taught Daniel E. Trone of Hanover, who soon took charge of the office. For a time Mary Harris was operator. During the time of the Battle of Gettysburg all the important dispatches to President Lin- coln and war department at Washington, and to the New York and Philadelphia journals were sent from this office by the late Daniel E. Trone, as operator. OTHER LINES. The Bankers & Merchants' Line, of two 344 HISTORY or YORK COUNTY. wires, was run from Harrisburg to Baltimore in 1883, extending across Fairview, New- berry, Conewago and Manchester Townships to York. It extends from York to Baltimore, via York & Maryland Line Turnpike. The line is now owned by the Atlantic & Pacific Telegraph Company. In 1884 two more wires were added. The line, which crosses the Susquehanna at McCall's ferry and passes diagonally through Lower Chanceford and Pawn Townships, via Bridgeton and Gatchelville, was originally constructed by the Insulated Telegraph Com- pany in 1871. It contained four wires on plug insulators, which were soon after re- placed by brackets and glass insulators, and at this time the line passed into the hands of the Franklin Telegraph Company, and was operated by it until November 1, 1874, when the Atlantic & Pacific Telegraph Company leased it, rebuilt in the summer of 1880, and added two new wires. The line was then com- posed of six wires. The two new wires are No. 6 gauge, the other four No. 9 gauge. Four of the wires are put on cross arms, with screw pins and screw glass, considered the best insulator made. The Atlantic & Pacific Company was consolidated with the Western Union in the spring of 1881, and this line has been worked by that system ever since. There is one oflfioe along this line near the village of Centreville. It is, however, known as the Airville office, with John M. Easton as the efficient operator.. THE POSTAL TELEGRAPH COMPANY. This company built a line across York County during the winter of 1883-84. It crosses the Susquehanna Eiver at McCall's ferry, and passes through Lower Chanceford and Fawn Townships about half a mile south of the line above described. It was at first composed of two compound wires on four wire cross arras. Two more wires, one com- pound and one of solid copper, were run in the spring of 1884. This is known as the Mackey-Bennet system. It is a main line from the East to the West. There are no offices connected with it in this county. It passes from McCall's ferry through Nailer's fording on the Muddy Creek, into Maryland at a place on Mason and Dixon's line known as Constitution Postoffice. NATIONAL TRANSIT LINES. The National Transit Telegraph Company constructed a single wire line from Millway, Lancaster County, crossing the Susque- hanna at York Furnace, thence via Woodbine to Canton, near Baltimore. It is a private line in connection with the National Transit Oil Company's Pipe Lines and was built during the months of May and June, 1883. There is a test office near Airville of which Mr. Easton is operator. OIL PIPE LINE. There is an oil pipe line from Millway near Litiz, Lancaster County, crossing the Susque- hanna River at York Furnace, extending from thence through Airville and Woodbine in a direct line to Canton near the city of Baltimore. At Millway there are two im- mense oil tanks, each one hundred feet in diameter, and eleven feet high, together with engines and aparatus for forcing the oil to other stations which are located on the lines branching out from this central one. The line from Millway to Baltimore, crossing this county, was laid in 1883. The pipe used, is made of wrouglit iron five inches in diameter. The oil is pumped from Millway, by means of the engines mentioned, to Canton. The company paid land owners in York County 25 cents per rod for right of way. Being laid in the early summer, all destruction to the growing crops, caused by laying the pipe, was also paid for. This is called the Balti- more line, being a branch of the Pennsyl- vania lin^ from Millway. From the great oil region in northwestern Pennsylvania, there are a number of lines directing toward the large cities. There is one from Bradford to New York, one from near the same place via Millway to Philadelphia, under the man- agement of the National Transit Company. The Standard Oil Company, which possibly controls {hem all, has lines extending south, and west. THE TELEPHONE. There have been many new inventions and discoveries during the past half century, but none that startled the world more than the invention and successful use of the telephone, which, like the invention of the electrical telegraph and steam navigation, is the product of American genius. They are all now intimately related to each other, and have an important bearing in the economy of mankind. It is impossible in a short- article to show the relations of the telegraph to the telephone, and of the various forms of electrical or magnetic communication which led to scientific research resulting in these wonderful inventions. The telephone is marvelous for its simplicity, and can be put to so much practical use that it is now a necessity. AGRICULTURE. 345 The practicability of the telephone in York was clearly established, and soon the "Exchange System" was adopted. This system consists of a number of circuits run- ning first to offices, stores, factories and private residences of subscribers to a central ofiice, where they are joined to a switching apparatus by means of which the operator can answer calls and place any two subscrib- ers in communication with each other. J. K. Gross, general freight agent of the Northern Central Railway, in 1882, put the telephone on the exchange system into effect- ive use in York. W. Latimer Small built the first wire from his residence to the Cod- orus Mills, three miles from York. Soon after, a number of instruments were put in position in various business establishments and offices of York. The interest of Mr. Gross was purchased by the Southern Pennsylvania Telephone Com- pany. In January, 1883, this company was consolidated with the Pennsylvania Tele- phone Company, comprising in its territorysix- teen counties, with Hon. Francis Jordan of Harrisburg as president; William Kerr as general manager. At this time Isaac Eudi- sill was chosen general solicitor, and in the interest of the same commenced the publication of the Telephone, a monthly journal. The use of the telephone as a mode of communication soon became popular in York under its new management. Territorial lines were built to connect it with Harrisburg, Lancaster, Reading and other exchanges. In York County, lines were ex- tended to Spring Grove, Glen Roek, Logan- ville, Seitzland, Wrightsville, Hanover, Railroad Borough, New Freedom, Hellam, Paradise, Emigsville, York Haven, Golds- boro, Dallastown and along the line of Peach Bottom Railroad to the river. There are now about 150 instruments in York County. AGRICULTURE. THE art of agriculture is older than his- tory, but the science of agriculture is comparatively modern, and understood by very few who are engaged in its honorable pursuit. Man, soon after his creation, learned to till the soil and raise crops. The art of agriculture and civilization have come down to us through the ages hand in hand, and their combined influences have helped to bless mankind. Even though agriculture is yet conservative, it is the most productive of all industries and the most healthful of all pursuits. It will survive all social or political revolutions, and nothing but the ex- tinction of the human race would discon- tinue it. The methods of agriculture fre- quently have told the social and political history of nations in ancient and mediaeval times, but their growth, progress and develop- ment have not been parallel with that of civ- ilisation. In the infancy of civilization it was the most advanced of the industrial arts, but it did not grow as most other arts did. The human race has advanced enormously during the past 4,0U0 years in general culture, and some of the arts have, from rude beginnings, passed to the highest de- gree of development. Yet agriculture as a whole has not made the same commensurate progress. In foreign countries the system of land tenures, lack of political liberty, and the sopial condition of those who tilled the soil, have been the main causes. The enlightened condition of Egypt at an early day gave direction and tone to the agriculture of the Mediterranean region, and hence that coun- try was the cradle of civilization. As an abstract principle, in early times, labor was glorified. Religious rites were performed by the Greeks and Romans in the special honor of agriculture, but the laborer himself was socially despised. The feudal subjects of the British Isles and central Europe; the unlettered peasantry of France, and the ten- ure-bound serf of Russia, all tillers of the soil, were an inferior people, kept in a de- spised subjection. For centuries the agricul- ture of the world was so conducted that social and political repression seriously affected the vocation. The Elizabethian age of English history and the discovery and set- tlement of America gave a new era to it, and it then began to develop. But invention and improvements necessary were not yet fos- tered. Even the present great staples, In- dian corn and potatoes, native plants in America, were slowly and cautiously intro- puced into Europe. It is wonderful to re- late, that not until the early part of the pres- ent century did they gain sufficient foot-hold in Europe to be considered much of a pro- duct of cultivation, with the exception of maize in Portugal and potatoes in Ireland. Indian corn spread in cultivation more rap- idly at first, among the savages of Africa, and the half-barbarous peoples of Asia, than among the enlightened countries of Europe. The peasantry of America to-day, as a class, are the most honorable of all her people; but it was not so across the Atlantic during the 346 HISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. centuries of the past. As late as J 824, an eminent writer of England, showed by statis- tics, that the number of paupers and the amount of vice and crime were greater in that country among the farm laboring popu- lation than among the manufacturing popu- lation. A "villain" in the middle ages, was merely a feudal tenant, and Blackstone de- scribes in detail two kinds of them. A "heathen" was a peasant who lived on the heaths. The word "peasant" now has an enlightened signification, but originally of ' low social value. A "boor" was a plowman, and a "churl" a tenant-at-will. "Incivility" meant the awkward movements of the unpol- ished countryman. It was because the politi- cal and social conditions were the same down through the centuries, that the art of agri- culture did not progress, and it was. partly the intention of this article, therefore, to show briefly that it was America that taught the world the art and science of agriculture; and in no way more successfully, than by giv- ing to the agricultural classes the political and social standing which they so richly deserve. From that source indeed have come nearly all the great men of our country. By that means, we have taught our mother country and all Europe a lesson which they cannot fail to recognize. From the farms of the United States have come fifteen of our presidents; from the farms of Pennsylvania, three-fourths of her governors have grown to manhood; and from the farms of York County have come most of the men who have been prominent in managing her material and political interests, HISTOKY OF A0RICULTnRE IN YOBK COUNTY. The progress of agriculture in York County is similar to that of the state and country in general, and, like the divisions of our coun- try's history, may be separated into epochs or periods. The first period was during our colonial times, and may appropriately be termed the era of experiment. The second period begins with the Declara- tion of Independence, and extends over a pe- riod of about fifty years, to the time when the cast-iron plow came into regular use. It was the time of great awakening. The third period, of about thirty years, began about 1825 with the complete intro- duction of the cast-iron plow, and extended to the time when the reaper came into common use, about 1855. During this period, thrash- ing machines, which had already been in- vented long before, became almost universally used. Railroads were built, commercial fertilizers came into use, and there was general advancement in agricultural interests. The fourth period began when the reaper became common to the present time— in- cludes the steam-thrasher, improved harvesters and reapers, etc. INDIAN FARMING. In York County, agriculture began with the Indians — with the squaw who tilled the soil in a primitive manner. The Indians cleared patches of land along the streams and flats by girdling and burning down the trees, scratched the ground with sticks, and used sharp stones to hoe the corn and beans which they planted, and in the fall, the corn- stalks were burned with the weeds. Long, hard stones, used as pestles, and concave ones used as mortars, have been found along the Susquehanna and on the islands in it. These were used in grinding the corn into a coarse meal, from which the "Johnny cake" was made. The corn patches were thus kept clear of obstruction by burning, except in some places the scrub oak, which the ordinary fire would not kill. These, the white set- tlers grubbed out when they commenced to till the soil. MARSHES-GEIJBENLAND AND HOLZSCHWAMM. Among the Germans, these places obtained the name of the "Grubenland" from the word "grub," which signifies in German "a small tree." Tradition points out one of these Indian fields in Fairview Township, near the Yellow Breeches, where the Indians of the Shawanese tribes for a long time had an encampm|?nt. The Red Land Valley had one. There may have been numbers of them in the central part of the county. Well authenti- cated tradition locates them in the lower end in the Chancefords, Hopewell, the Windsors, Peach Bottom and Fawn. On these Indian fields, in the north and central portions of the county, thickets grew so dense that cattle and horses of the first white settlers, straying into them, were difiicult to find; hence bells were put on both classes of these animals, that they might easily be found. This was before the era of fences. Some of the streams broadened and produced marshes. A large portion of Paradise and Jackson Townships were composed of swamps, in which grew tall hickory trees. The early German settlers called these tracts "Holzschwamm", meaning a woody swamp. The region they covered is now fertile and productive. Smaller swamps of a similar character existed around the pres- ent town of Hanover, also in West Manches- ter, Hellam, Heidelberg and Spring Garden, and other townships. There were natural AGRICULTURE. 347 meadows where tall grasses matted them- selves into a thick, pompaot sod. These were the deer pastures which the Indians loved to visit. THE rORESTS. In the limestone region, heavy timbers covered most of the land, with occasional meadows and swamps. Lighter wood cov- ered the southern belt of the county and the sandstone regions in the north. There were, however, many places in all sections of the county, where the native ash tree, elm, shell- bark and black walnut contended with the sturdy oak and the spreading chestnut for size and pre-eminence. The progress of the mechanical arts soon demanded the trunks of these monarchs of the forests, until now they are rarely seen, and but few are growing to take their places. CHARACTEKISTIOS OE THE EMIGRANT FARMER. Mostof the emigrants to America belonged to the middle class. They were artisans, traders, farmers, mechanics. Those who came to York County were mostly farmers of three different nationalities,— English, Ger- man and Scotch-Irish, each of which, com- ing from a different country, had their own peculiar modes of tilling the soil. Some of these people had located for a time in* Ches- ter and Lancaster counties; especially was this the case with the English Friends and the Scotch. Many Germans and Swiss came direct from their native lands to this county. Religious persecution, in most cases, was the cause of their emigration. Hence they came to America, with noble aims and, generally, were of high moral character. There may have been notable exceptions, but the imme- diate prosperity that attended them faith- fully illustrates that they were thrifty and industrious. Great wealth in European countries, then, was rare, except among the nobility. The gentry and the warrior, did not emigrate, but the working and business classes did. Some of them were not farmers to begin with, but the necessity of the case made them farmers. They were a class of men who were to work out a great problem in the new world. Neither feudal system nor nobility interfered; every man was lord of his own domain in Pennsylvania, and this is what gave character to the agricultural classes so early in our history. There were a few emigrants from the Palatinate, who belonged to the lower order of peasantry. They came here as redemp- tioners, that is, they bought their own pas- sage to America by selling themselves into temporary servitude. Many a one of them served out the appointed time on the newly formed farms of York County. Their de- scendants may now own the same farms and be prosperous citizens. HOW OUR ANCESTORS CAME, AND WHAT THEY BROUGHT WITH THEM. The Germans vsho came direct from the Palatinate country were inclined to come in colonies of ten or more families direct from their native country. After visiting some friends in Lancaster County, possibly, they made a bee-line for the place of destination, first subscribing to the proper oath of allegi- ance, as it must be remembered, the Friends were in their own bailwick, but the Germans were foreigners, invited here, however, by none less than the great founder of the colony, himself, who paid his. addresses to them, in person, while in their native land, and offered them inducements to emigrate to his province, — a land of pure and undefiled religious liberty. The Germans brought with them large "iron-bound chests;" each family, if they could be afforded, had one of them. They can be seen yet in this county among their descendants. These were tilled with homespuns and some of the most im- portant household utensils. One, two or / more covered wagons, sometimes belonging to the emigrants, frequently the property of settlers in eastern counties of a kindred na- tionality, who hauled their fellow-country- men to their place of destination. In these wagons, including household articles, were stored some of the most essential imple- ments of agriculture, such as the wooden plow, the scythe, the hoe and the sickle. The settlement of a few German colonies can still be located in York County. The Scotch-Irish brought the ox-team, the horse and the most essential implements. Many of the first Quakers rode from Chester County and Delaware on pack horses; the grown and half-grown went on foot. Some of the most active went ahead, when passing into an en- tirely new section, with axes to clear away obstructions. There were in places fallen trees and hanging vines, streams to cross and deep morasses and savannas to wade which now may be embraced in the most fertile farms. SELECTION OF LANDS BY FIRST SETTLERS. Where, to whom, or to what people among the white settlers belongs the honor of break- ing the ground for the first farms in York County, the truthful historian cannot now chronicle. Emigrants located nearly at the 348 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. same time in all sections of the county, and took possession of chosen tracts of land so rapidly from the period between 1730 and 1736, that hundreds of farms were laid off between those dates. The Scotch -Irish se- lected their homes in the lower end of the county, and in the Marsh Creek country (now around Gettysburg) on land with similar characteristics to that of the places of their nativity. The Friends and the Germans, upon emi- grating, frequently sent their representatives ahead to locate land. The Germans natural- ly selected such land as was similar to that from which the more prominent of them came, and hence they fell heir to most of the limestone region, although, as the land war- rants show, there were many English who took up land in the Hallam and York val- leys. They did not long remain in posses- sion of them. Much of the land was taken up by English speculators, who, soon after the first settlemeats were made, disposed of their rights at a profit to the German emi- grants, who came flocking with great rapidity again into this county from 1740 to 1752. There were as many as 2,000 Friends located in the upper end of the county, in Fairview, Newberry, Warrington and adjoining town- ships, before 1760; they were all farmers, largely from Chester County and Newcastle County, Delaware. Most emigrants had some money, with which, after getting the proper warrants, they located lands of their own selection, or purchased them of surveyors, at a very small cost per acre. Much land of the lower town- ships was taken up in 400- acre tracts. Some of the settlers of the limestone regions took up large tracts, but, as a general rule, nearly all land purchased by settlers was taken up in 100, 200 and sometimes 300- acre tracts. The tradition that the ancestors of people now living, took up 1,000 or more acres, is nearly always at fault, and cannot be verified by the records in the land office. The early surveyors and speculators owned many tracts in York County. Among them were Thomas Cookson, surveyor, of Lancaster, Edward ^Jippen, of Philadelphia, and Joseph Pidg- eon, a surveyor of Philadelphia County, after whom the "Pigeon Hills" were doubtless named. George Stevenson, the intelligent Englishman who for sixteen years was clerk of the courts, prothonotary, register and recorder, all in one office, owned at one time as much as 10,000 acres in York Coun- ty, much of which he fell heir to when he married the widow of Thomas Cookson, of Lancaster. But the Fates were not propi- tious with him, as he lost it all by some mis- haps, and died poor, in» Carlisle, just after the Revolution. Michael Tanner, an intelli- gent German Baptist, one of the. commis- sioners who laid off York County and after- ward located at Hanover as the first justice of the peace, was a very large landholder. The land in the lower end, then contained many spots of scrub oak which were left un- burned by the Indians, who annually set fire to patches, on some of which they had culti- vated corn and beans; and some possibly used as hunting grounds were burned, j'et this tradition is of doubtful authenticity. It is far more natural that the Indians burned patches of the land off for farming pur- poses, and such is the opinion of the earliest writers of intelligence. The "York Barrens," which covered a large extent of territory, be- came noted in the annals of York County long after the period of experimental farm- ing. Much land in the Chancefords, Hope- well, Fawn, Peach Bottom, and parts of Codo- rus and Manheim was cleared of wood, and for two or three years produced fair crops of wheat, barley, spelt or corn. It then became poor and would no longer grow these valua- ble cereals. Rye could be cultivated longer; finally it ceased to yield profitably, and then nothing but buckwheat could be made to grow with satisfaction. It was long known as a great buckwheat country. When certain cultivated tracts became totally sterile, they were deserted, and new tracts cleared and cultivated. This is what gave rise largely to the name "barrens." In the southwestern township, the Germans learned to call them "barns." INCIDENTS OF PIONEER LIFE. The first settlers always located near some spring or gentle, running stream of crystal water. Springs were plenty, and Nature's drink was pure and wholesome. For a few days the covered wagon served as a home, oftentimes for more than one family, especi- ally for the children and females. The spreading branches of a large tree sometimes afforded shelter, until the log-cabin — occa- sionally a stone house — could be built. A few red men visited them, and the squaws to gather willow twigs for baskets, and gazed upon the newcomers with wondering admira- tion. But until 1756, during the French and Indian war, their ravages were never feared, and the few that remained, were on friendly terms with the whites. After that event the sight of a wild Indian was terror, even in this county. But within the present limits of it AGRICULTURE. 349 there were only a few incidents of depreda- tions being committed. Hard iind patiently did the settlers go to work, with coats off, arms bare, and sweated brows, to fell the trees from which to hew the logs to erect the future homes. Logs were split, notched and appropriately ar- ranged, and then each settler assisted his nearest neighbor to do the heaviest work. The women who endured this new life were not idle. In homespun clothing and plain white caps, with the open air for a kitchen, and a few collected stones for a hearth, after the custom of the Gypsy of the present day, they swung, with chains and hooks, the pots and kettles brought from their native land, and prepared the coveted and heartily relished food. This food was either brought with them, or furnished by some kindly- disposed neighbor who had located earlier. A large log, a huge rock, or the " end gate" to the emigrant wagon, served as a table. Some- times a huge white oak or chestnut was cut at a proper height, around the stump of which these humble sons of toil, gathered to par- take of their frugal meals, until better ac- commodations were afforded. The men ate first; the women and children came last. Thanks were silently offered and there was but little profanity. The little children wandered into the near woods to observe the new attractions, but not too far from the cabin, lest the voracious wolf, or some un- friendly Indian might cause alarm. The timid deer and the sportive squirrel were fre- quently added to the newly-formed larder, and delicious fish which the aborigines so much loved to catch, were still left in abun- dance in the Susquehanna, the Codorus, the Conewago, and in all the streams. The table of the early settler was frequently supplied with them, as they were easily caught. The iron fish-hook was a necessary article for the emigrant, as was his flint-lock gun. The spade and the hoe, a necessary accompani- ment of the settler, were first brought into requisition, and soon a small patch was cleared and dug and planted with seeds and bulbs, which were ofttimes brought from across the ocean. In some places the abundance of wood necessitated the destruction of some of it by burning or girdling the trees. Much timber was split into rails for " worm fence " to en- close the newly cleared tracts. The under- wood was " grubbed," dragged on heaps and burned, and a large flame from them was a common sight. There were no matches to light them as now. " Punk " and the flint- stone were commonly used to ignite wood, or else live coals were brought from the open fires within the cabin. The age of stoves had not arrived in York County. The era of forges and furnaces came later. Then, as the season progressed, the old-fashioned wooden plow, drawn by the heavy draught horse or a pair of oxen, slowly turned up the soil, most of which, for ages unknown, had been undis- turbed. It is strange to think that the world existed so many thousands of years without her inhabitants even knowing of the richness of her treasures in the Western hemisphere. Stiff" brushes tied together first served as har- rows to level and pulverize the soil. For a few years one plow was used by two or more farmers. The crops were planted or sown by the hand, and covered with a hoe or brush- wood. The soil being naturally fertile, crops grew abundantly without fertilizers, and to the " backwoodsman " the first harvest was a great delight. EARLY MODES OF FARMING. Many of the Quakers came to York County on pack horses, and there is a well authenticat- ed tradition that some of the first wagons they used were made here entirely of wood. The wheels were sawed from the thick trunks of the "gum tree" or the tough "buttonwood." As has been mentioned, some of these set- tlers brought their wagons with them. Spelt- wheat, barley and rye were first cultivated. They were cut with a sickle, thrashed with the flail, and among the very first settlers the chaff was separated from the grain by both being placed on a linen sheet, which two persons took hold of, and tossing the con- tents up in a current of air, a gentle breeze would blow the chaff away and leave the precious grain. Corn was shelled with the hand or by flail. Wheat or corn was ground the first year or two in a "pioneer mill," — a mortar hollowed in the end of a log, or a stump in which it was ground, Indian fash- sion, with a pestle. Soon after the small grist- mill, run by water power, was constructed. During the first season the log-house, was com- pleted about fifteen feet long, ten feet wide and seven feet to the roof, at first covered with heavy bark, and, after the first year's crop, was carefully thatched [with straw. There was no cellar to it. On the garret or "loft," as it was termed, was stored the grain of the first year's crop. The next winter was spent by the husband in clearing more land, and taking care of his horse, cow, pigs, and sheep, which were expected to huddle to- gether, and live harmoniously in one com- mon stable. The wife would "ply her even- ing care" in front of the blazing hearth, on 350 HISTOBY OF YORK COUNTY. which the glowing "back logs" furnished both heat and light. Before their first settlement in this coun- ty, agriculture had a fair foothold in this province. The domestic animals had been put into use, and all the cultivated plants grown in the mother countries, had been tried on American soil. The plants peculiar to their native country were at first planted here. The intelligent reader will observe that the countries from which our ancestors came greatly differed then in modes of agriculture. Many of those differences were illustrated in this county, and hence were experimental, owing to the dif- ferences between the climate and meteorolog- ical conditions of our country with the places of their nativity. Corn, to them, was a new plant, native to America, and cultivated in a small way by the aborigines. Hemp, cotton, rice, spelts, oats, millet, lucerne, sainfoin, flax, mellon, rape, rye, oats, barley and buck- wheat were all experimented with in our own province, and most of them in our own county. Few of them remained in profita- ble cultivation. Hemp struggled a long time, and the old-fashioned "hemp-mill" is still remembered. It was cultivated in abundance in York County as late as 1812. Flax and its valuable product were known much later. It is still cultivated on a small scale. The " linsey-woolsey" made from it was used by our ancestors as an article of clothing. This experimental farming of our ances- tors was so successfully tried before the Revo- lutionary period, that, since then, the intro- duction of tew plants, except sorghum during the Civil war, can now be named. The sugar beet could be cultivated. DOMESTIC ANIMALS. The cows brought here first were long- horned, hooked backward, many of them of brindle color. They were a large-sized, clean- limbed animal. Short-horns were not intro- duced until 1830, Devons much later, and Jerseys during the civil war. Long-wooled sheep were raised. Many farmers during the Revolutionary period owned from ten to twenty of these animals. Merino sheep were introduced from Spain early in the present century. Previous to the settlement of America, the domestic animals of Europe fed on "natural " pastures. The grasses were not culitvated as they now are. The artificial seeding to grass only became common in Europe and America, toward the close of the last century. There were many kinds of grasses indigenous to this section, but they were not well suited for pas- turing purposes; hence domestic animals deteriorated. The faithful horse and the ox, both of which were much used for farming, as well as the milk cow, deteriorated in size and form, and became smaller than their pro- genitors. The native Indian corn was found to be healthful and nutritious food for them, and greatly counterbalanced the influence of the grass food. During the colonial period, the products of agriculture and of the forests constituted the principal articles taken " to market;" first conveyed from our county to Philadelphia and Baltimore on pack horses and afterward on rudely constructed wagons. Since 1870, the fattening of cattle for mar- ket has become a very important business. Thousands of them are sold annually in the town of Hanover and shipped to Baltimore, a few to Philadelphia. In the fertile lands around York, and in many sections of the county, farmers find it a profitable business. DISTILLING AS AN INDUSTRY AMONG TARMERS. The successful introduction of rye, and the gradual increase in the cultivation of In- dian corn, led to the business of distilling liquor from these cereals. Wheat was also used in distilling. In fact, among the agri- cultural classes, it was a very important in- dustry, especially with the Germans and the Scotch- Irish. As early as 1770, there were sixteen distilleries in Dover Township, eighteen in Manchester, and equally as many in Hellam, Windsor, Shrewsbury, Manheim and Codorus Townships. Whisky after being made was hauled to Balti- more. The industrious Teuton and the impetuous Hibernian or Scotchman, did not fail in those days to quench his own thirst with some of the inspiriting fluid. It was a very common drink among the agricul- tural classes, and considered a necessity at harvest time. The whisky of those days, it IS claimed, was pure and undefiled. Those were halcyon days for the manufacture of whisEy. No internal revenue assessor need apply. Strange as it may seem, the Friends used it, but woe unto the one who drank too freely. He was sure to be " put out of meeting." There are a number of cases in the records of the Newberry and Warrington meetings, of members of the Society of Friends, being "brought before meteting" for imbibing too freely of ardent spirits. It was necessary for them to make a public acknowledgement of it, and they were then excused. The business of distilling greatly increased. AGRICULTURE. 351 At first rye was mostly iised. Then corn was found to be especially valuable for the same purpose. From 1810 to 1840, nearly one- fifth of the farmers of York County owned a "copper still," by which they distilled their own cereals into whisky and hauled it to Baltimore. Hundreds of those stills were made in York and Hanover. WAGONING. Wagoning to Philadelphia and Baltimore became a great business, taking to these markets the supplies of grain, distilled liquors, etc., and returning with goods and merchandise for local merchants, or to be hauled to towns farther north or west. Most of the hauling was done in the winter, when the horses were not needed on the farm. The famous "Conestago wagons" were used, and many teamsters made it a business, year after year, to follow wagoning from Philadelphia and Baltimore to Pittsburg. Four, six, and eight- horse teams were common; some of the animals were furnished with bells, fitted so as to form an arch over the collar. The large wheel-horse carried the bass bells, and the other animals had bells producing differ- ent notes, selected to harmonize or chime. The wagons were masterpieces of workman- ship, with the wheels painted red and the bed blue. This wagoning business caused tav- erns to spring up without number along the leading thoroughfares. To men who followed this wagoning, the railroad was an innova- tion and an unwelcome improvement. The following song, which many persons yet re- member having heard, will illustrate the teamster's opinion of the new invention: "May the d — 1 catch the fellow who first Invented the plan To make a railroad or a canal, For they ruin obv plantation wherever they do cross, And they spoil our markets that we can't sell a hoss. Chorus — Can't sell a hoss. "Now come all you bold wagoners that have good wives. Go home to your farms and there spend your lives; When your harvest is over, and your corn is in the crib, You have nothing else to do but to curse the rail- road. Chorus — Curse the railroad.' The bar-room of the wayside tavern was often made to ring with this ballad, as well as the turnpike road in the morning, lined ' ' with these wagons. "Philadelphia was the nearest place to mar- ket," to which the first settlers, until about 1770 conveyed most of their surplus grain. For more than a century of our early history that city was the metropolis of America, and the most important emporium for the exportation of wheat. Later, the tendency of York County farmers was to market in Baltimore, until York Haven in 1811 became a great wheat emporium on account of the merchant mills there. Since 1830 York has been the great center for the sale and purchase of grain; Hanover second in importance. Large quantities are purchased at Goldsboro, Dills- burg, Wrightsville, and at the numerous merchant mills and railway stations at which warehouses have been erected. PLEASURE CABEIAGES. Carriages are a luxury of recent use to the farmers of York County, and yet to-day there are thousands of them owned by farmers and their sons. If our great grandfathers were now to attend a modern camp-meeting and see the array of these modern vehicles, they would be astonished. The old-fashioned gig was owned by a few persons, and some of the wealthy owned a chaise, for a pleasure wagon as far back as 1770. In 1783 there were but thirty of them assessed in the entire county, including Adams County. They were then generally called a "chair." In 1830 the modern carriage began to be made. Previous to that time most of the traveling was done on horseback. People went to church in that way. In the southern part of the county many went in ox carts. Among the Quakers horseback riding was the universal mode. The women of those days became very skillful and daring in the practice. Children were frequently taken along and made to sit in front or behind the rider. Maidens of sixteen or eighteen would take butter and eggs to market in a basket on horseback and heartily enjoyed it. THE OLD TIME HARVESTS. The fields were plowed in " lands " by several furrows being thrown together. In harvest time two or four reapers would take a " land. " The harvest season was a time of great enjoyment. Neighboring farmers as- sisted each other. Ten, fifteen, and some- times as many as a hundred reapers, both meu and women, worked in one field as a gay, lively company. Town people went to assist. One "through" was reaped, the "grips" were bound on the return, and the keg of ardent spirits tapped at the end of each "round." Before the introduction of the cradle, tradesmen and townspeople all tem- porarily dropped their vocations, and went to "help harvest." On the farm of George Hoke, now William Hoke's place, in West Manchester, in 1828, there were 102 reapers, 352 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. men and women, reaping with the sickle in one ■ field. They soon cut the grain of that field, and went to another. About the same time, near by, Peter Wolf had fifty-four reapers at work. They passed along like a moving battle line, and made an interesting sight. A good reaper could cut forty-two dozens of sheaves a day. The German scythe, made of malleable iron, sharpened by ham- mering the edge on a small anvil, was used for mowing. The whetstone was carried by the mower, with a horn containing water mixed with vinegar. For cutting spelts, rye and wheat, the sickle was almost universally used until about the beginning of the war of 1812, or possibly five years earlier, when the grain cradle came into use in York County, and in the country in general. The sickle was indeed extensively used much later. INTRODUCTION OF GRASSES. The following advertisement, which ap- peared in the Pennsylvania Herald, published then in York, dates the successful introduc- tion of clover seed into York County. It had been used by a very few persons as early as 1765, but not much cultivated. The first seed sold at a rate of what is now equivalent to $20 a bushel. Owing to the dry season of 1838, the following year it sold for $20 a bushel in York County, and for $17 during the civil war. CLOVER SBBD. Those farmers who would wish to improve their land and stock, and put money in their purses by cultivating that valuable new article, CLOVER, would be supplied with SEED by applying to the subscriber, near York, or to Samuel C. Updegraflf, in said town. Caleb Kirk. February 14, 1793. Red clover and timothy, native grasses of Europe, were not grown much in Pennsylva- nia before 1800, except to experiment. About this date their introduction became general. In some sections of York County they were never successfully grown until after the era of commercial fertilizers. The German scythe could not out them well, which caused the introduction of the English scythe. These new grasses grew well on upland regions. They were found to be better food for domes- tic animals than the native meadow grasses. Spelt-wheat and barley held sway in York County for nearly a century, when they gave way, in the decade between 1820 and 1830, to red wheat and the blue-stem wheat. The ears were smooth. Many varieties of wheat have since been cultivated with success. In order to yield most abundantly, it is found necessary to change the seed once in five or six years. COLTIVATION OF FRDIT TREES. As soon as a tract of land was cleared and the young fruit trees could be obtained, an abundance of apple, peach, pear and cherry trees were planted. In no country did they grow more luxuriantly than that of our an- cestors. Winter apples, "cherry bounce," "apple jack" and "peach brandy" soon be came plentiful. The "snitzings" and "apple- butter boilings" were parties where mirth and hilarity reigned. THE BIG BARN AND THE SECOND HOUSE. There were no large barns, such as seen now by the hundreds, in York County. The first ones were either log or stone. After a few years, as saw-mills became established along the streams, the huge trunks of the oak and the walnut were sawed into scantlings and boards, and some of the later immigrants, who came from eastern counties of the State, began at once to construct large buildings. The rye, the only winter grain that produced well at first, was very useful. Its straw was used for thatching roofs, for making bee- hives and bread-baskets. A well-made straw roof lasted many years. The second house built was two stories high, of stone or logs, with weather-board- ing. Many of them had a large chimney in the center, after the German custom. The English and Scotch custom was to build chimneys on the outside of the house, one at each gable end. They were made of stone or brick. Among the wealthier classes large buildings were constructed about the year 1812, and even earlier. In York, at a very early day, there were some massive and im- posing structures, with large apartments, spacious hallways and easy stairs. Some of the wood carving was beautifully done, show- ing artistic workmanship. Among the farm- ers, when a large mansion was built, it was always the custom of the owner to honor his wife by placing her name beside his own, with the date of erection, on a tablet at a conspicuous place on the building. PRICE OF LAND AND LAYING OUT OF TOWNS. The price of land varied greatly at differ- ent periods of our history. Some of the most valuable- was purchased of the proprie- taries at a few shillings an acre. Owing to the depreciation of the continental currency, it became enormously high during, and shortly after the war of the Revolution. In this State it rose enormously in price after the passage of the bill in the Pennsylvania legis- lature, in 1814, establishing forty State banks. Gov. Simon Snyder vetoed this bill, AGRICULTURE. 353 but it was passed over his veto. Money in a depreciated form became enormously plenty, and farm land sold for more than double its former and real value. In this county several new, towns were laid out that year on account of the apparent prosperity. Among them were Liverpool, Jefferson, Franklintown, New Market, Sowego, Georgetown, Millerstown, Jacobstown, Siddonstown, and the old town of Manchester. Some of them were only "paper cities," and when the collapse soon after came, their prospects of future great- ness ended. FERTILIZEES. The first fertilizer used was barnyard manure, which is still considered the best. Plaster was applied before the present cen- tury. Lime was used for plastering houses, and for mason work, many years before its virtues were known to generate the necessary sustenance, and furnish it to the roots of the growing crops. In 1817 it was experimented with in Hellam and Spring Garden Town- ships, but it was not much used in the county on the land until about 1828; by 1830 it was put into general use. The conservative sentiment of many farmers prevented them from applying it for many years after, and those who did use it were at first ridiculed as foolish and visionary. Societies and associations for the diffusion of knowledge and the growth of the physical sciences, especially chemistry and geology, about this period, led to great developments in agriculture. From that time forth agri- culture began to be studied as a science, and lime became very extensively used. Bonedust, guano, phosphates, and other artificial fertilizers, are now used in great abundance in York County, and seem to pro- duce especially good results in slate and shale lands. The rotation of crops began with the intro- duction of lime. THRASHING MACHINES, REAPERS, ETC. The introduction of the thrashing-machine, superseding the laborious methods of tramp- ling with horses and pounding with the flail, was a great curiosity. At first only the wealthy farmers bought them. Laboring men and fogy farmers opposed them as an innova- tion, injurious to the interests of the poor man. It was not many years, however, be- fore all enterprising farmers used them, and the laboring man found his task much easier. The same discussions arose when other labor- saving machines were invented. " Taking bread out of the poor man's mouth," was the cry. Most men now would rather not put the bread into the mouth at all, than re- turn to the old methods of sowing, harvest- ing and thrashing the crops. It is quite probable that the ancient Egyptian could thrash and clean his grain, 3,000 or 4,000 years ago, as well as the York County farmer could before the introduction of the thrashing machine, when from six to twelve bushels per day were what one man could thrash out with the flail. By treading with horses, he could possibly treble this amount. Then came the horse-power, thrashing first 100, then 300 or more bushels per day and cleaning it; finally, the steam thrasher of to-day, traveling from farm to farm, and thrashing 600, 800, and sometimes over 1,000 bushels in a day, or 50,000 bushels in a year. The double- toothed, turning grain rake and hay rake succeeded the common hand rake about 1838, and continued in use until 1860. The modern sulky rake, a still greater im- provement, has since been used. The old Colter plow gave place to the present much easier running plow of to-day. All the small cereals were, for an entire century of the history of agriculture in York County, sowed by hand and " harrowed or plowed in." The grain drill came into use in 1843 or thereabouts, and has, like many other implements, undergone many changes since. Perhaps the greatest triumph and the one which created the most curiosity among farmers, was the invention and suc- cessful use of the mower and reaper. If a farmer purchased one of these, all his neigh- bors, for miles distant, went to see it operate. It was then that the would-be friend of the laboringman shook his head and said: "It is taking bread out of the poor man's mouth." The McCormick reaper was the first to be used in this county, introduced in 1853. Various other kinds soon were purchased in Hanover, York and Dover. Reaping ma- chines, like thrashing machines, had been devised centuries before in a crude form, but it was not until the time of the great World's Fair in London, in 1852, where the Amer- ican machinery attracted so much attention, that they came into prominent use. From 1852 to 1855 their circulation was immense, and their manufacture very profitable. In 1855 Conrad Moul, of Hanover, began man- ufacturing the "Hussey " reaper and mower. Ilgenfritz & White, of York, the next year, made the "Atkins." The following year, Flickiuger Bros.,- of Hanover, began making the "Dorsey," and Hoffheins, of Dover, his own invention soon after. The McCormick was invented and tried in 1831, and the " Hussey " reaper in 1833. These were the 354 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. first American machines. A noticeable his- torical fact is that Obed Hussey, the inventor, •was a descendant of Nathan Hussey, who was one of the commissioners to lay off York County in 1749, and one of the first Quakw settlers in the county. The typical York County farmer of to-day is conservative, industrious and, in general, prosperous. He labors hard from sun-up to sun- down, during the summer months; strives to constantly improve his land and make his farm and farm buildings more attractive every year. The Pennsylvania German is now the predominating class, many of them lineal descendants of the first settlers. They pursue their honorable and independent oc- cupation without much knowledge of the science of agriculture, yet by industrj' and frugality have generally prospered. The farm mansions and the large bank-barns, painted in some predominating color, dot every section of York County, and lend great charm to the attractiveness of the landscape scenery. The section occupied by the de- scendants of the Scotch-Irish of recent years, by improved cultivation has been made to produce cereal crops beyond the expectation of the most sanguine landowner of twenty years ago. STATISTICAL. The census of 1880 reports 4,008,907 farms in the United States, 213,542 in Pennsylvania containing 91,791,341 acres, of which land 6,- 368,334 acres are unimproved and generally covered with woods and forests. The value of Pennsylvania farms is estimated at $975,- 680,400. ' The number of farms in York County in 1880, was 7,327, containing 516,269 acres. There were 5,579 farms cultivated by their owners, the rest by tenants. There were •101,096 acres of unimproved land, 91,839 acres of which was woodland, the balance waste land. Value of farms in York County, including lands, fences, and buildings, $31,- 142,021; value of farming implements and machinery, $1,283,115; value of live stock, $2,626,363; cost of fertilizers purchased, $480,576; estimated value of all farm pro- ductions for the preceding year (1879) was $4,623,282. During the same year there were raised in York County, 1,211,340 bushels of wheat, on 81,805 acres; 141,052 bushels of rye, on 13,776 acres; 1,066,110 bushels of oats, on 46,120'acres; 1,739,885 bushels of corn, on 63,053 acres; 55,066 bushels of buckwheat, on 3,425 acres; 471 bushels of barley, on 28 acres. _ There were raised 68 bushels'of flax seed, producing 1,994 tons of straw, or 7,333 pounds of fiber, and 1,200 gallons of sor- ghum molasses made. Of hay, there were 87,617 tons made and 5,543 bushels of clover seed raised; poultry of all kinds, 247,704. Number of eggs laid for the entire year oE 1879 was 1,537,900; honey taken from bees, 22,122 pounds, from which 707 pounds of wax were made. TOBACCO OULTUBE. ITS HISTORY. The tobacco plant, now so extensively cul- tivated in America and Europe, is indigen- ous to our country, being originally found in a wild state by early settlers of the sub- tropical regions. It was introduced into England by Sir Walter Ealeigh, and as early as 1614 its use had become fashionable in England, Spain and Prance. About the date mentioned it became one of the great staples of the Jamestown colony in Virginia. The colonists brought over by Penn engaged in tobacco culture, and as early as 1689 four- teen cargoes of tobacco were exported from this province to the mother country. The amount of these cargoes is unknown, and it soon ceased to be an article of exportation from Pennsylvania, as its cultivation de- clined. The first settlers of our county may have cultivated it to a limited extent, for home consumption, but as far as it can be authoritatively stated, the first tobacco grown in this county was introduced during the early part of the present century. It was of an inferior quality, familiarly known to the common populace as the "shoe-string to- bacco," a hybrid of the Kentucky seed. It was raised principally along the low districts adjoining the Susquehanna River, on both the York and Lancaster County side and on the islands in the stream. It was a heavy, black, gummy product, and narrow in the leaf, hence the origin of the nick-name given to it. The climate here did not seem to be suited to the growth of the pure Kentucky tobacco. The inferior tobacco, after being cured, was sold at low figures ranging from $1 to 13 per hundred pounds. The cigars manufactured from it by unskilled workmen, were of the crudest form, and were commonly called " tobies." They were sold at an average price of $1.25 per thousand, and re- tailed at four for one cent ; no revenue tax was paid on them. Persons who indulged in " the weed, " were usually accommodated with one of the " fragrant tobies," free of charge, at many of the taverns, after partak- ing of a meal and paying for the same. It is amusiilg to hear old citizens relate how rudely constructed those cigars were. They AGBICULTUBB. 3.15 contained a vast amount of nicotine, the stimulating element in tobacco, and were doubtless very injurious to the smoker. A New Era. — Previous to the year 1837, Pennsylvan ia was not known as a tobacco grow- ing State. The early census reports scarcely recognized tobacco as one of the agricultural products of the State. It was the year above mentioned that Benjamin Thomas, father of John F. Thomas of York, who was then an enterprising farmer and tobacconist of Wind- sor Township, York County, conceived the idea that if a finer quality of cigar leaf were obtained, the soil of this county, when prop- erly fertilized, would be specially adapted to the cultivation of tobacco. He accordingly secured some Havana seed, a specimen of Cuban tobacco, experimented with it himself, on his farm, which is now owned by ex- County Commissioner Charles F. Haines of Windsor, and then distributed the seed ho raised the first year among his friends in York and Lancaster Counties, along the river districts. This was really the beginning of the better seed-leaf tobacco raising in Penn- sylvannia, and antedates its introduction into Lancaster County, which county has for many years past become famous for this valuable product. That county has long had a national reputation for the production of an excellent quality of tobacco ; whereas, when the abso- lute truth is known, it is not to-day, and never was superior to the York County to- bacco, if raised and cured by skilful farmers. This is a fact of history which the intelligent farmers of York County should know. The current reports, for many years circulated, which proved to be detrimental to the in- terests of York County raisers, originated thorough the shrewd machinations of design- ing monopolists in the trade, who resided outside of our county, and whose whole pur- pose in misrepresenting the quality of tobacco raised in York County was for the purpose of sending purchasers into the county and buying it at a low price. This was done for many years. As a matter of fair argument, it is self- evident that the product of this county must be, of necessity, similar to that of Lancaster County, for the plain and significant reasons that the meteorological, climatic and geolo- gical conditions of our neighboring county, are the same as those of our county : the soil is similar, containing the same variety, and upon analysis has the same constituent ele- ments. It has lately been discovered that the slate soil of the lower end of York County, at first considered unfit for the raising of tobacco, is now most admirably adapted to its growth. The New Tobacco. — The tobacco Mr. Thom- as introduced, after being raised a number of years, changed its peculiar characteristics from the small Cuban leaf to the larger Pennsylvania leaf, retaining the better qual- ities of the finer seed leaf than that of the old "shoe-string." Mr. Thomas, the first year after distributing his seed, bought up the entire crop of York and Lancaster Coun- ties, in all about fifteen hogsheads. It was packed at that time, peculiar to the style of the South. The crop was subsequently sold to Heald, Buokner & Co., Philadelphia, to- bacco dealers. The manufacturers of that day pronounced it to compare favorably with Connecticut leaf. In the following year it became a fair competitor of the Connecticut tobacco, and the pioneer in this industry found it necessary to pack it in cases as was the custom in Connecticut. The territory of its cultivation was then limited to a few miles of the river shore, on both sides. In 1840, the quantity cultivated had increased to about one thousand cases for that year. The territory then extended from Goldsboro', this county,' down the river to East Prospect, on this side, and from Bainbridge to Turkey Hill, on the Lancaster County side, and east and west about two miles from the river shore. This was then regarded as the full extent of the Pennsylvania tobacco growing district. There was some ground beyond this limit, but considered at that time of an in- ferior quality. From 1840 to 1850 the culti- vation of "Pennsylvania seed-leaf" gradually increased, and at the latter date the product had reached 2,500 cases of 400 pounds each. During this time all raised in York and Lan- caster Counties was purchased by Benjamin F. Thomas, the pioneer in the industry, and packed in York, Wrightsville and Columbia, until 1853, having associated with him a part of the time his son, John F. Thomas. About this time P. A. & S. Small, of York, becoming interested in this industry.oBtained a consider- able quantity of Connecticut seed, which they had their agents distribute among the grow- ers of the two counties. From this dates the introduction of Connecticut seed-leaf into Pennsylvania. From 1853 to 1860, P. A. & S. Small were associated with Messrs. Thomas & Son in purchasing the crop of the two counties. The first-named firm continued in the business until 1865. In 1853-54-55, they tried the experiment of exporting large quan- tities of it to Bremen, Germany, but found the shipping, commissions, and government 356 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. charges so expensive, that the business was considered unprofitable. In those days this tobacco, already incased, realized to the wholesale dealers, wrappers from 6 to 11 cents, and fillers from 4 to 5^ cents per pound. The farmer then received from 3 to 7 cents per pound: a very fine quality was sold for 9 cents. German orders were received for the tobacco seed of Pennsylvania at one time. It was gathered in York County, hermetically sealed, and sent to the city of Baltimore to a representative of the German Government, then located there, who sent it to his country. The Tobacco Product. — From the few thousand pounds raise'd in the Jamestown Colony in 1815, tobacco has continued as an important product until to-day its production in the world reaches 1,500,000,000 pounds, and it has been estimated that 800,000,000 of people or one -half of the population of the globe use it in some form. There is no instance on record of an article that is un- necessary to the human race, to have gained such an extensive circulation in so short a time. It has grown to some extent now in every State and Territory in the Union, and is a staple in sixteen States, which produced in 1884 over 500,000,000 pounds. According to the census report of 1880, during tlie pre- ceding year there were 27, 566 acres planted in tobacco in Pennsylvania, which produced 36,943,272 pounds; of this amount Lancas- ter County produced 23,946,236 pounds, and had 16,992 acres planted. York County produced 5,753,766 pounds, and had 4,567 acres planted. This illustrates that they are the leading counties engaged in the cultiva- tion of tobacco in this State. It is since 1879 that the great boom has taken place in this county. In 1881 there were about 10,- 000 acres planted. In 1840 the total produc- tion returned for the State was 225,018 pounds, of which York County produced 162,748 pounds, or about one-half oE the en- tire crop. Lancaster County grew only 48, - 860 pounds. During the year 1845 there was a great increase in its cultivation, but the Mexican war the following year, caused the growth of wheat to be more remunera- tive, and the prices of tobacco declined for a time. Not a pound is reported for Lancas- ter County in 1850. The amount grown as reported in the census of that year in Penn- sylvania, was 912,651 pounds. This was after the close of the Mexican war. York County again took the lead and is credited with a production of 418, 555 pounds, nearly one-half of the entire amount. Lawrence County came next and Dauphin third. In the decade from 1849 to 1859 great strides were made, as the returns show for the cen- sus of 1860 the amount of 3,181,586 pounds in the State, an increase of 248 per cent in ten years; of this amount Lancaster County produced 63 per cent and has ever since re- mained in the lead. In the same year York County grew 695,405 pounds. The census of 1870 reports for the State 3,467,539 pounds; Lancaster produced two-thirds of all and York County 527,809 pounds. The census of 1880 shows a production of 36,943,272 pounds in the State, or an increase of 965 per cent in ten years. Of this amount York County grew 5,754,766 pounds on 4,507 acres. The crop has gradually increased since that year. Experience has caused great improvement in the cultivation and curing of it. The average price of the crop of 1879 was 10 cents per pound, but the range of prices was from 5 to 15 cents, depend- ing on the skill exercised in curing and handling. The crop has increased from 10 to 25 per cent annually in York County. Varieties Cultivated in York County. — The varieties of tobacco planted are the Connecti- cut Narrow Leaf, the Connecticut Broad Leaf, Hoover Leaf, Broad Leaf, Brooklyn Leaf, Valley Green, Kill Island, Glessner, Pennsylvania Seed Leaf, and during the past few years, the Havana Leaf. There are some other kinds named after individuals; whatever new kind is introduced, the dis- tinctive characteristics are soon lost, and must be renewed with fresh seed every few years. Owing to climatic influences, all va- rieties eventually change their characteristics to what is known as a Pennsylvania Seed Leaf. Cuban tobacco has frequently been tried without success. In some of the lower townships, within the past two years, it pro- duced and yielded very well. It is believed that stalks intended for seed should stand near each other, and not be scattered over a large tract. In that way they fertilize each other and produce prolific seed, true to the original variety. A southern exposure, fac- ing the sun, is always preferred for a seed bed, and the same plant bed can be used sev- eral years in succession. The bed is prepared about April 1st, and the plants ready by the 1st of June. It is believed that early cut tobacco cures into a light color, because the juices dry out more rapidly, and the late-cut cures darker because it cures more slowly. For this reason much tobacco is planted after 10th of June. Preparation of Ground. — Grass lands are preferred by some when plowed down in the AGRICULTURE. 357 Fall; some prefer land on which corn was grown the year before, and thus avoid more the troublesome cut-worm. As a rule, any land that will produce wheat or corn, will grow tobacco. Sod or clayey soil should be manured in the Fall before plowing. To- bacco ground cannot be made too rich. According to circumstances from eight to twenty loads of manure to the acre is neces- sary. Well-rotted barn yard manure is pre- ferable for tobacco to all other fertilizers. Tobacco buyers do not now take kindly to artificial fertilizers. They claim that stable manure produces a pure white ash, other fertilizers do not. Custom demands that quality now. Planting. — When the ground is ready it is thrown into ridges three and a half to four feet apart, and the plants placed on indenta- tions or "hills" twenty-two to twenty-eight inches apart. Plants should have four leaves, and the plants three or four inches across. Some farmers prefer planting on dry ground and watering the plant, which is costly. Most tobacco is planted immediately after a rain. The rootlets of the plants should be spread out and not squeezed together. Cultivation. — The cultivation is a great care, and needs the closest attention. The disastrous cut-worm sometimes plays sad havoc which necessitates replanting. The shovel-plow is run twice between each row. The hoe is used for making near approaches to the plant and to pulverize the large clods near it. The utmost care is demanded while the plant is small. When the danger of the cut-worm has ceased the next great enemy is the tobacco worm. As the tobacco of this State is used Mmost entirely for cigars, the greatest care is necessary to prevent the rav- ages of this insect. No definite plans have been devised to rid a patch entirely of them, so hand-picking is resorted to. Poisons to kill the moths have been used, but not with- out some degree of danger. The hunting of the worms two or three times a week becomes necessary. Topping and Suckering is the next work. Topping is done as soon as the blossom bud makes its appearance. Some top when the desired number of leaves have appeared. If the top is pinched out it will cause less bleeding than by cutting. Dry weather is unwelcome as topping comes on. If such weather occur, the process should be deferred. Most topping is done too high, and too many leaves left on the plant. This is owing to the cupidity of the grower. When this is done a season of drought produces "foxy" tobacco, as it is termed, Topping after a warm soaking rain is most advisable. Cutting the Crop. — This is an important work and needs to be understood. Some years ago farmers let the plant get fully ripe. The careful grower has several ways of deter- mining maturity. When the leaves assume different shades of color and become brittle and break when turned over easily, the plant has matured and should be cut. Of late years much tobacco has been cut when on the point of ripening. This tobacco cures with a darker shade, and is preferred by some. Fashion, as it were, sometimes demands a dark shade, which can be produced by early cutting. It is considered imprudent to cut immediately after a rain, as the gum or resiu secreted by the numerous hair-like glands is dissolved and in a measure washed off. The hanging of tobacco, housing, stripping and bulking, preparing for market and pack- ing are all important parts of the process which need to be carefully understood. Space will not permit to discuss them here. Does Tobacco impoverish the soilf — Scien- tific agricultui'ists now assert that tobacco, though a voracious feeder, does not rnake heavier drafts on the soil than other farm crops. No soil in York County, even in the river districts, has been worn out by it, after twenty years oE continuous raising. It is even asserted that the land where it is culti- vated is growing richer. Where careless farming prevails the case might be different. Tobacco stalks themselves are excellent ferti- lizers. They should be thrown on manure piles or plowed under. Yard scraps are now used by experienced raisers with great suc- cess. A few planters are accustomed to throwing a handful of hen manure wherever a plant is set. It has a tendency to burn the tender plants, especially during a dry season. Phosphates suit some soils, but are considered objectionable by tobacco buyers. Physical Features. — South-eastern Penn- sylvania ie pefeuliarly adapted to the growth of tobacco, for which reason the culture of it is destined to increase in York County. It being a profitable crop, is another -reason for the increase. Our county has some of the best soil in the State for tobacco. Me- sozoic sandstone of the upper end of the county by proper fertilization produces an excellent quality. The alluvial soil along the streams is admirably adapted, the lime- stone of the center and the eozoic chlorite slates of the lower end are noted for their strength and durability. The depth of the soil varies in different places, but they re- 358 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. spond freely to manurial applications, whether natural or artificial, making it well suited for tobacco. The statement for many years made that the limestone land produces a finer quality of tobacco than any other, is somewhat discredited. The white ash, so desirable in the cigar, is due, it is claimed, to the mode of farming and curing. The quality of tobacco sometimes depends on the season ; at times the best and purest kind grows on sandstone soil. The moist atmos- phere that prevails along large streams, the numerous fogs, the low-lying situations, and the rich, alluvial deposits of soil, make the river sections especially fruitful of this valuable product. Island lands are there- fore valuable. The climate is well suited. The summer heat is prolonged late in autumn, and frosts rarely occur before October in this county, giving ample time for the tobacco to mature, even though some is planted as late as July. The Cigar Industry. — No other single in- dustry employs so many persons in York County as the manufacturers of cigars. In certain sections whole communities are al- most entirely dependent upon it for a liveli- hood, and in those places a depression in the trade is a cause of great inconvenience. Many millions of cigars are annually made. The rapid increase of tobacco culture has stimulated this allied industry. It must be considered beneficial in this respect, that it affords employment to many people. THE YORK COUNTY AGBICULTUEAL SOCIETY. The project of forming an Agricultural Society in York County, was first considered at a public meeting , held in the court house on November 22, 1851, the object of the society being, "to foster and improve agri- culture, horticulture and the domestic and household arts." The first regular meeting of the society was held January 5, 1852, at which ofiicers and managers were elected. The first exhibition was held October 5, 6 and 7, 1853, on the Public Common in the Borough of York, and resulted in a net profit of $3,000. The second exhibition was held in 1854, and resulted in a loss, the re- ceipts not covering expenses by $110. No exhibition was " held in 1855, in which year the present location was purchased, origin- ally containing but seven acres and fifty-one perches, but which has gradually been en- larged by purchase, so that at this time fourteen acres are enclosed. The cost of the original tract was $2,057,24, the value of the present $50,000. Since 1855, with the exception of the years of our civil war, viz. : 1861, 1862, 1863 and 1864 (during part of which years the grounds were used by the government, and troops were quar- tered on them), annual exhibitions have been held, up to the present year (1885), which marks the 28th, and now the society distributes in premiums and expenses annu- ally about $6,000. The following gentlemen have been president : John Evans, Esq., from the organization of the society, to the date of his death, early in the year 1876 ; Dr. W. S. Roland, for the years 1876, 1877, 1878 ; Prof. S. B. Heiges, for the year 1879 ; Michael Sehall, for the years 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884 and 1885. The fol- lowing have been secretaries : Dr. "W. S. Roland, from the organization to 1876; Hon. A. H. Glatz, 1876-79; E. Chapin, Esq., 1880- 85. The following have served as treasurer: William Wagner, 1852-55 ; Charles Weiser, 1856-58 ; George A. Heckert, Esq., 1859-83; W. S. Roland, 1883 and 1884 ; Charles S. Weiser, 1885. The profits of the exhibition have always been expended in the improvement of the grounds and buildings, and now this organ- ization can boast of as compact and well arranged ground as any similar organiza- tion in the country, and is free from debt. The race track is but-one third of a mile in circuit, which is the only objection to the present site. Unfortunately the grounds are surrounded by streets and roads, and it is nearly impossible to secure the additional land which seems necessary for the future use of the society. The infiuence of the society has been abundantly manifested, and the advantages offered by the so- ciety, have been profitably appreciated by the farmers, as is evidenced by the improved grade of stock now held by them over those used and kept thirty years ago ; and in im- proved methods of farming. The annual exhibitions not only furnish the exhibitor the means of calling attention to new labor- saving methods, fertilizers, farm machinery and stock, but also serve as an annual re- un- ion, as it were, of friends and relations, who meet and discuss questions mutually inter- esting, arising out of past experiences in farming. The attendance has always been large, and on Thursdays of Fair week, the citizens of the borough always expect the streets to be crowded. Various estimates have been made of the usual crowds on that day, from 13,000 to 23,000. The great suc- cess of the exhibitions of this society are largely due to the efficient and active inter- est taken by John Evans, Esq., who for a quarter of a century was the president of EDUCATIONAL. 359 the corporation. A large exhibitor himself, he neyer accepted a premium, although hun- dreds of dollars had been awarded him by the judges. HANOVER AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. The Hanover Agricultural Society was organized in September, 1884, by electing Stephen Keefer, president; R. M. Wirt, vice president; M. O. Smith, secretary, Joseph G. Keagy, treasurer. The directors, includ- ing the president and vice-president, were William Boadenhamer, W. C. Stick, H. Y. Sprenkle, George Bowman, David Newcomer, H. J. Lilly, George A. Long, L. P. Brockley and E. H. Hostetter. Twenty-eight acres of land were purchased to the right of the York Road, adjoining the borough limits, at a cost of $275 an acre; including land, build- ings and all needed improvements the amount expended by the association was |15, - 000. In 1885 two acres of the land were sold. In the early part of June, 1885, an exhi- bition was held under the management of W. 0. Stick, On this occasion there was a large attendance of people. The regular annual fair was held in Sep- tember of this year (1885). It is thoroughly believed that this fair will be of inestimable value to the rich agricul- tural section around that interesting town. For many years Hanover has been known as a prominent place for the purchase and sale of fine horses. At a recent election John R. Bittinger, A. Schmidt, J. H Schmuck and H, W. Parr have been elected directors to fill positions of those who retired. EDUCATIONAL. THE founder of the great commonwealth of Pennsylvania, was an ardent advocate of schools and education in general. The class of settlers, who represented the Society of Friends in this county, established schools soon after the settlement was formed. They were kept in the meeting houses at first. The Quakers deeply cherished the thoughts and opinions of their great prototype, William Penn. Among the many circular letters he sent to them, one contained the following forcible sentences: "Nothing weakens king- doms like vice. It is the enemy of wisdom and religion. If we would preserve our government, we must endear education to our people. The government is a trustee for the youth of the kingdom." The intelli- gent Friends, some of whom were prominent in the administration of affairs at the time of the first settlement of this county, filled the desires of Penn by encouraging education. The Scotch-Irish, who by nature were an educating people, also brought the church and school with them. Parochial schools, similar to those established in Scotland dur- ing the latter part of the seventeenth century, were organized here. The first German churches also had paro- chial schools, yec no systematic effort was made to improve the schools among the Ger- mans in Pennsylvania until 1751, when Michael Schlatter was sent to this country on that mission and did noble work. A plan was laid by some noblemen of Europe, for the instruction of the Germans and their descendants in Pennsylvania; consequeully, through the efforts of Rev. Muhlenberg on the part of the Lutherans, and Rev. Schlat- ter on the part of the German Reformed peo- ple, parochial schools were very early estab- lished in this county and State. These schools continued in force until the present century. In addition to these parochial schools, private schools were established in places remote from churches or meeting houses. SOME EARLY SCHOOLS AND TEACHERS. The names of some of these early teachers and schools are mentioned elsewhere, and frequently appear in the township history. Rev. John Andrews, an Episcopal clergyman, afterward provost of the University of Penn- sylvania, at Philadelphia, beginning about 1770 and continuing during the Revolution- ary period, taught in York the first classical school west of the Susquehanna River, an important fact in history, and like the Rev. Mr. Dobbins, who opened a similar school in the Marsh Creek settlement, Gettysburg, was a gentleman of great force of char- acter. Both these schools were then in York County, Adams not being separated un- til 1800. While Andrews eagerly taught the rising generation of the better class of people in and around York to con the pages of Latin, Greek and the higher mathematics, Dobbins was doing a noble work for the Scotch-Irish of Marsh Creek. The former trained the minds of many of the early lawyers of the York bar, and some of the early clergy. At least sixty of Dobbins' pupils became profes- 360 HISTOKY OF YORK COUNTY. sional men, and twenty became ministers of the gospel. Eev. Andrews removed from York; Kev. Dobbins died in this county, his remains were interred in the Lower Marsh Creek burying ground near the town of Gett- ysburg, and the old stone building known as the "Dobbins property", in which he taught,, is still standing in the huburbs of the town. These were representative men, who labored zealously and earnestly among our ancestors, to mold the facile minds of the young, in those early days, that they might become the ideal prototypes after which they were created. The teachers of York County, in its early history, especially of the rural districts, were varied in character and ability. They re- mained longer, however, in one locality in many instances than teachers now do. Thomas Garrettson taught twenty-three years in succession, at the Newberry Friends' meetinghouse, in a school kept up by that denomination. He was a mild-mannered, genial gentleman, who generally controlled the boys by moral suasion, and his influence was long felt and not yet lost to tradition. William Underwood, the first clerk of the Warrington Friends meeting, was also the first teacher in that section, beginning in 1740. Zephaniah Underwood and his brother, Eiihu, were men of equal merit and influence among the Warrington Quakers, before and during the Revolution. John Peter Streher taught the children of the first emi- grants to Dover Township in 1758, and after. An educated German, Ludwig Kraft, as early as 1744, began twenty years of continuous work among the early settlers on the banks of the Codorus, at York, when the town contained less than three hundred inhabitants. His school was organized by the celebrated Mich- ael Schlatter. Eev. David Candler, who organized the "Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Conewago Settlement" (now Hauover), taught a school in his log church and school- house, as early as 17B8, near the present site of Hanover. After his death in 1744, John Frederick Wildbahn became the instructor of the youths of that settlement. He also ministered to the spiritual wants of the first German settlers of the community. Bar- tholomew Maul, from 1735 to 1770, taught the early Lutherans in York. Among the Scotch-Irish, from the time of their emigration, schools were established and supported. The oldest one known was in the First Presbyterian Church, then a log building at the Union of Scott's Run with the Muddy Creek. It was in operation before 1750. Schools were supported and consider- able advancement made, at the Presbyterian churches of Guinston, Chanceford, Round Hill and Center. A classical school was opened at the Slate Ridge Church during the latter part of the last century. It was taught by the pastor. Among the pupils were the following persons, who afterward became dis- tinguished American citizens: U. S. Sena- tor James Ross of Pennsylvania; Judge Hugh Brackenridge, and the late Senator Rowan, of Kentucky. Jacob Goering, who became a Lutheran clergyman of rare ability and power, was born of German parents in Chanceford Town- ship in 1755, upon attaininghis manhood, be- came a successful teacher in his own district. The people of Hopewell tell many a quaint story of "Jimmy" McCandless, the poet, fiddler, justice and schoolmaster, known throughout the entire "lower end", three- fourths of a century ago. "Jimmy" Cabot, of the village of Liverpool, was a similar personage about the same time. Lawrence Frost was a successful teacher in "Newberry meeting" long before the Revolution. Elisha Hammond and Isaac Kirk, before 1800, taught at Lewisberry; Hervey Hammond, the son of -the former, and Jacob Kirk, the first county superintendent, and the son of the latter, both followed in the footsteps of their ancestors, and were noted teachers of the same vicinity. John McLaughlin, in 1810, taught the first purely English school in Han- over, partly on the Lancastrian plan. The old Monaghan Church, now the Dillsburg Presby- terian church, had a parochial sehoolhouse connected with it, which in 1809, was a very old building. In 1783, John Beals, was a teacher of this school, and was followed by William Bowman. Samuel J. Kirkwood, now the distinguished ex-cabinet officer, under President Garfield and ex-governor of Iowa, taught in Hopewell Township early in life. The old school house of Jefferson is still in existence, as is the one at Stone Church near by, erected in 1788. The follow- ing advertisement, published in 1771, illus- trates that all teachers were not exemplary characters.. RAN AWAY, a servant man, who had followed the occupation of a schoolmaster, much given to drinking andgambling. One cent reward is oflfered. Well authenticated tradition speaks of many knights of the rod and ferrule, who held power by " switch suasion" in different localities during the early history of our county. To another class the following quotation, from one of the world's greatest poets, would apply: EDUCATIONAL. 361 "Beside yon straggling fence that skirts the way, With blossomed furze, unprofltably gay, There, in his noisy mansion skilled to rule, The village master taught his little school. A man severe he was, and stern to view; I knew him well and every truant know; Well had the boding tremblers learned to trace The day's disasters in his morning face; Full well they laughed with counterfeited glee At all his jokes, for many a joke had he; Full well the busy whisper, circling round, Conveyed the dismal tidings when he frowned. Yet he was kind, or, if severe in aught, The love he bore to learning was in fault; > The village all declared how much he knew — • 'Twas certain he could write and cipher too; Lands he could measure, terms and tides presage, And e'en the story ran that he could gauge. In arguing, too, the parson owned his skill. For e'en, though vanquished, he could argue still; While words of learned length and thundering sound, Amazed the gaping rustics ranged around; And still they gazed, and still the wonder grew. That one small head could carry all he knew. But past is all his fame. The very spot Where many a time he triumphed is forgot," BOOKS DSED AJID MODES OF TEACHING. In the primitive days our histor^ among the Germans and in their parochial schools, books, imported from their native country, were used. About 1800 and later, many of the German susboription schools were taught by Scotch-Irish and English Quaker school- masters. The schools, under the direction of the "Friends' monthly meetings," at Warrington and Newberry, were regularly kept up for three-fourths of a century, and had a good record. The kindly persuasive manner and the gentle dispositions of these good old teachers of the past, are still deeply cherished in the minds of some of the old citizens of the neighborhoods in which they taught. How carefully they tried to con the inviting pages of Webster's, Comly's, Cobbe's spellers; Emerson's, Pike's, Park's and Daboll's arithmetics; Murray and Kirkham's grammar; the English Eeader and the Intro- duction; frequently the New Testament, any history of the United States, or history of any country that might chance to have found its way into the scanty library of the early settlers. The competitive spelling match always gave rise to much interest, and taught the early youths the whole of the speller, possibly much better than spelling is now taught in many schools. There always was a great rivalry in attempting to acquire a knowledge of this art, and he or she who was the "best speller" in a community, was a local hero or heroine, as great in import- ance to the immediate vicinity as Washing- ton to the nation at large. Teaching the spelling of words, without understanding their meaning, is of little value, consequently outside of the emulation it brought about and the amusement it afforded, the value derived may not have been great. There always was great rivalry in the study of arithmetic, and often a healthy spirit of emulation was inculcated. To go ' ' through the book," and have all the " sums " copied, in a large book, specially prepared for the purpose, before any other schoolmate could do it, was considered a meritorious victory. Thus the one who could " cipher the best " in a community, was a person for whom there was much admiration. Until the invention of steel pens, and for several years after this event, in this section the quill was the com- mon instrument of writing. Metallic pens were unknown, and it was an important item for a teacher to know how to make a good quill pen. It is now one of the lost arts, but if we are to judge from the appearance, neat- ness and accuracy of some of the writing of our ancestors, done by a quill, in contrast with much writing now done with the metalic pen, it is a pity that, quill-pen-making is a lost art. An attractively executed old docu- ment has come into the hands of the writer. It contains all the problems of an old Eng- lish arithmetic, copied carefully and sys- tematically on old style paper, made in book form. If Elihu Underwood, who executed this book in the year 1769, at the school ad- joing the "Warrington meeting-house," was not a local hero, he ought to have been con- sidered one. His father, Zephaniah, for many years a famous teacher among the Quakers during the Revolutionary period, and Elihu Underwood became one of the first trustees of the York County academy in 1789. The old fashioned log school houses had the writing desks almost invariably arranged along the side walls of the school houses. These desks were used for writing purposes only. In most cases the writing was done in books made at home by parents or pupils. The firstjwriting exercise waw a straight mark, then a single curve, next a double curve, and the letters taken singly, beginning with "o" and following with simpler ones. Large hand was first taught, then small hand. The teacher made pens and "'set the copies." For the latter, quaint precepts were used. How many times has the reader as well as his father and grandfather seen the following: "Command you may your Mind from Play." "A Man of Words and not of Deeds, is like a Garden full of Weeds," "Desire wisdom from Experience. " In the first log houses, windows were made by having the space be tween the logs cut wider and narrow sash 362 HISTOEY OF YOEK COUNTY. inserted. Thus one window sometimes was made to extend along nearly one whole side of the building. Before glass had become plenty, oiled paper was used. On this, truant boys would often place crude hieroglyphics. Indeed such demoralizing tendencies have not yet entirely disappeared, to deface these temples of learning by impure chirography. THE LENGTH OP THE SCHOOL TEEM. At the church schools and some subscrip- tion schools, in many places the session was longer than the present common school term. In 1806 the one adjoining Slate Ridge Pres- byterian Church was kept open for nine months. The records of a school near Spring Forge show that in 1810 it was in session ten months of the year. A school was kept eight months of the year, 1803, in Fairview Township by the father of the first county superintendent. But these long terms were rather the exception than the rule, as in general the school term was only three or four months of the year, from the time of first settlements until a uniform term was established by act of the legislature. STATE LAWS. From the time of the adoption of the State Constitution of 1790 to 1809, no legis- lative provision of a general nature was made in reference to public schools. During the latter year, an act was passed for the "gratu- itous education of the poor." A report was made by township and ward assessors to the county commissioners, of all children be- tween the ages of five and twelve years, whose parents were unable to provide for their edu- cation. These poor children were sent to the nearest school at the expense of the county. This law was repealed by the act of March 29, 1824, which provided that every town- ship or borough should elect three "school- men," who should superintend the education of poor children in their respective districts. But each county might authorize the "school- men" to divide the township into school dis- tricts, and to establish schools at the expense of the township, to which all the children belonging to the districts, might be taught for three years, at any time between the ages of six and fourteen years. This law was applicable to the whole State, with a few exceptions. A few of the English speaking townships of York County accepted the pro- visions of this act. It was repealed in 1826, and the act of 1809 revived. By the act of April 2, 1831, the basis of a more eflSoient system was laid, under which certain moneys and powers were placed under the direction of Secretary of the Commonwealth, the Auditor General and Secretary of the Land Office. . The Act of 1834 establishing our present system of public schools, caused a great and exciting discussion in the legislature. Its final passage was considered a great triumph by its advocates. It was entitled " an a6t to establish a general system of education by common schools." A convention of delegates assembled in York on Tuesday, November 4, 1834. Jacob Dietz was president and Daniel Small secre- tary. " Will this convention accept the pro- visions of the school law as passed in April of this year, and shall a tax be laid for the ex- penditure of each district ? " was brought up for consideration. Some of the delegates were sent to the convention by certain townships, with the special purpose of preventing its ac- ceptance. The following - named persons voted in the affirmative, in the order given: Samuel Proweil, representing Fair- view; Luther H. Skinner, Hanover; Jacob Emmitt, South Ward, York; Godlove Kane, North Ward, York; James H. Smith, Chance- ford: Robert Gebby, Lower Chanceford; John Livingstone, Peach Bottom — yeas, • seven. The names of those persons are now historic. The first affirmative vote was followed by ap- plause by a few, and marks of disapproval by many delegates. The county commissioner and the follow- ing-named delegates voted in the negative: Comtnissioners. — Jacob Dietz, Samuel Har- nish, John Shultz. Delegates. — Christian Snyder, Manchester; John Walker, Warrington; Jacob Emig, Dover; Ezekiel Williams, Paradise; William Foster, Newberry; Jacob Weltzhoffer, Hel- lara; Jacob Feiser, Shrewsbury; Hugh Mo- Mullin, Monaghan; James Wallace, Hope- well; Thomas Brooks, Fawn; Abraham Burkholder, Franklin ; Charles Diehl, Wind- sor; Samuel Johnson, Spring Garden; Henry Bowman, Heidelberg; Henry Berkheimer, Washington; John Wentz, Manheim; John Fitz, Sr., Codorus; John Kreber, Carroll; Henry Stover, Conewago — nays, twenty- two. On motion, it was then resolved by the delegates who voted in the affirmative, that the sum of $1,300 be raised by tax, agreeably to the provision of said act, to be apportioned among their respective districts, as follows: EDUCATIONAL. York borough, southward f803 99 northward 323 74 $538 38 Hanover 132 74 Chanceford 173 63 Lower Chanceford 138 50 Peach Bottom 81 53 Fairview 354 33 11,300 00 Resolved, That Saturday, the 22d, be the day in which the people meet in their respective dis- tricts, and decide by a majority of votes whether they will raise for the current year a sum in addition to that determined on by the delegates, as above stated. The convention then adjourned. On Thursday, May 28, 1835, a similar meeting of delegates was held in the com- missioners' office, which resulted as follows: Frederick Baugher, North Ward; Israel Gardner, South Ward; Henry Wirt, Hanover; Andrew Clarkson, Chanceford; John Living- stone, Peach Bottom; Stephen McKinley, Lower Chanceford; Dr. Benjamin Musser, Fairview; Joseph Willis, Newberry; Jesse Wheeler, Fawn — yeas, nine. Commissioners. — Jacob Deitz, John Shultz, Christian Inners. John McAllister, Hopewell; Henry Stover, Conewago; Henry Peter, York — nays, six. Some districts were not represented. Monday, May 2,1836, the annual convention of the county commissioners and school dele- gates assembled at the court house. The fol- lowing delegates attending produced their credentials, and took their seats. Commissioners. — John Shultz, Christian Inners, Joseph Small. Daniel Kraber, North Ward; Joseph Mc- Pherson, South Ward; John Stiekel, War- rington; P. Williamson, Peach Bottom; John Thompson, Fairview; Joseph McCreary; Newberry; James E. Mifflin, Hellam; George Klinefelter, Shrewsbury; John Bush, Dover; Joseph Parks, Monaghan; William Allison, Hopewell; Eobert Anderson, Fawn; Martin Carl, Franklin; Michael Paules, Windsor; Henry Leib, Heidelberg; John Grist, Wash- ington; Daniel Bailey, Carrol; Luther H. Skinner, Hanover; Samuel Bear, West Man- chester; Andrew Clarkson, Chanceford; Mat- thew McCall, Lower Chanceford. On motion of Daniel Kraber it was then Resolved, That a school tax be raised agreeably to the act of Assembly, entitled an act to establish a general system of educatioa by common schools, and the supplement thereto. The question being taken by yeas and nays, the vote was as follows: Joseph Small, Daniel Kraber, Joseph Mc- Pherson, John Stiekel, John Thompson, Joseph McCreary, James E. Mifflin, George Klinefelter, Joseph Parks, William Allison, Eobert Anderson, Daniel Bailey, Luther Skinner, Jacob Feiser, Andrew Clarkson, Matthew McCall — yeas, seventeen. John Shultz, Christian Inners, John Bush, Martin Carl, Michael Paules, Henry Leib, John Greist, Samuel Baer — nays, eight. It will also be seen that the common school system was not very popular in the county generally. Of the nine votes cast by the county commissioners, at the three conven- tions, there is but one yea, that of Joseph Small. The delegates of the follo^ving dis- tricts voted to accept the system: Fairview, Hanover, Chanceford, Lower Chanceford, Peach Bottom and York borough. The next year Newberry and Fawn Townships were added to the list. At subsequent conven- tions many districts refused to send dele- gates. At the third and last convention, Warrington, Hellam, Shrewsbury, Monaghan, Hopewell, Carroll and Springfield accepted. In many places bitter controversies arose, and great opposition was manifested in the efforts to establish schools. The remaining townships, with few exceptions, did not accept the system until after the passage of the act of 1848, which contained the follow- ing conditions: "That from and after the passage of this act, the common school sys- tem shall be held and taken to be adopted by the several school districts of this county." Heidelberg did not, however, accept until 1857; West Manheim in 1858, and Manheim in 1870. Attempts were made to vote down the system in some of the German townships. As time progressed, the new system was re- ceived with more favor. The examination of teachers was very imperfectly conducted by the school directors, or some person selected by them. THE COUNTY SUPERINTENDENCT. In accordance with the act creating the office of county saperintendent of schools, the incumbent to be elected for the term of three years by a majority of the school directors of the county assembled, the j&rst meeting was held in the court house, June 5, 1854. There was a fair representation of the directors from those townships, which had accepted the common school system. Daniel Kraber, of York, was chosen president; J. H. Wat- kins and Jacob Greenfield, vice-presidents; John Finley, of Lower Chanceford, and A. A. Glatz, of Hellam, secretaries. There were four candidates named for the position, viz.: Jacob Kirk, Andrew 'Dinsmore, C. B. Wallace and D. M. Ettinger. The law gave the school directors assembled the power to estab- 23 364 HISTOET or YORK COUNTY. lish the salary, which on this occasion was fixed at 1500, whereupon all candidates withdrew, except Jacob Kirk, of the village of New Market, Fairview Township,, and he was unanimously elected. Mr. Kirk was an ex- emplary gentleman, representing an intelli- gent Quaker family of the upper end. He had not been, however, a teacher for a num- ber of years previous to his election, and was not specially prepared to surmount the obstacles in the way of establishing the school system in the county. Two reports were made by him to the secretary of the commonwealth, which officer then filled also the position of State superintendent of com- mon schools. Mr. Kirk's first report was dated December 8, 1854, in which he felt encouraged to say that " the cause of common school education is becoming so interwoven with the interests and feelings of our people as to insure its prosperity. " He suggested that the law be so amended as to authorize the school directors to purchase suitable books with the district funds. There were then 247 schools in the county under his supervision, 223 male and 37 female teach- ers; average salaries of males, $19.17: of females, $13.00. Number of pupils in all the schools, 13,652. There were twenty graded schools in York, and six in Hanover. His second report was made to Andrew G. Curtin, secretary of commonwealth and superintendent of common schools, dated "New Market, August 13, 1855." There were then 279 schools, and Mr. Kirk visited 240 of them. The average school term in the county was a little more than four months. The teachers, generally, he said, "were attentive and industrious, but there are some painful exceptions." The highest average salary, $28.75 per month, was paid in Wrightsville. Mr. Kirk resigned the posi- tion, after having served about one year, and G. C. Stair, editor of the People's Advocate, of York, was appointed to the position. He was familiarly known among his many friends as "Neighbor Stair." He was an ardent supporter of the cause of education, having used the columns of his paper to advance its interests. At the expiration of fifteen months, on account of failing health, he resigtied, and Dr. A. E. Blair was appointed to fill the un- expired term. The second triennial convention was held May 4, 1857; Judge Robert J. Fisher, was elected president, and Dr. G. L. Shearer of Dillsburg and Dr. H. G. Bussey of Shrews- bury, secretaries. There were fifty-six direc- tors present. The salary was raised to $1, 000 per annum, and Dr. Blair elected. During this administration, Heidelberg and West Manheim Townships accepted the school system, leaving Manheim the only non- accept- ing district. In the year 1858, Hanover Borough, Hel- 1am an(^ Dover Townships, organized district insitutes and a union institute was formed by the teachers of Manchester, West Manchester and North Codorus. Twenty-three districts in the county adopted a uniform series of school books; outline maps were placed in 124 schools and twelve districts held institutes twice a month. Whole number of schools in county 310; average length of school term, four and one-half months. York had a nine months' term, Hanover eight. Lower Chanceford and Spring Garden six months. The law required but four months, and most districts did not exceed that number. The amount of tax levied was $42,235 for the entire countyj During this term the York County Normal School was started. The third convention for the election of a county superintendent was held May 7, 1860. V. K. Keesey, of York, was called to the chair. The salary remained unchanged and the incumbent in office. Dr. Blair, was re- elected on first ballot over four competitors; at this session 111 directors were present. In 1862 Superintendent Blair entered the Union Army as a surgeon, and Daniel M. Ettinger was deputized to fill the balance of the term. In many townships in the year 1860, district superintendents made reports to the county superintendent. Among those who reported encouraging progress were W. H. Bond of West Manches- ter, Henery Mosser of Fairview, Charles Mit- zel of Codorus Township, William Linebaugh of Conewago, J. B. Baughman of Paradise, Daniel Rhodes of Manchester and Peter Heiges of Monaghan. Most of these gentle- men were the secretaries of their respective school boards. In 1863 Joseph Wickersham, of Newberry Township, reported that the dis- trict superintendency "had done much to impfove the condition of our fifteen schools. A spirit of emulation has thus been encour- aged. " The fourth convention .assembled May 3, 1863. Judge Fisher was chairman, C. B. Wallace and S. J. Rouse secretaries. The salary remained $1,000. One hundred and six directors were present. D. M. Ettinger, S. G. Boyd, and S. B. Heiges were nominated; Mr. Heiges received a majority of the votes and was declared elected. He had been for a number of years previously a successful teacher in the county. For the year 1867 he reported EDUCATIONAL. 365 as follows: Public examinatioDs, 45; appli- cants examiued, 377; schools visited, 130; institutes held, 31; educatioDal meetings, 18; days officially engaged, 200; miles traveled, 2,100. There were then 353 schools. Dur- ing the civil war many of the most efficient teachers entered the Union Army. In the year 1867, about seventy pupils attended the Normal School conducted during the Spring and Summer months by county superintend- ent, S. B. Heiges, S. G. Boyd and George W. Heiges. At the next election, held in May, 1866, Mr. Heiges was unanimously re- elected and the salary raised to $1,500. In 1868, on account of sickness, he deputized George W. Heiges to serve the balance of the term. The sixth convention assembled in May, 1869. Dr. B. F. Porter of Chanceford was elected president. At this meeting S. G. Boyd who had been an energetic teacher in the county, was elected County Superintend- ent without opposition at a salary of $1,500. In his first annual report Mr. Boyd announced that Wrightsville, in 1870, built a magnifi- cent brick school building at a cost of $22,- 000, including lot on which it stood, and furniture. It is yet a noble monument to the enterprise of the town. During this year, Manheim Township accepted the school sys- tem and took advantage of the benefits which accrued from the State appropriation. He held that year, in the county, twenty-two institutes each two days in length. In the year 1871 the borough of York taking advan- tage of the act of 1867, and seeing the neces- sity of better local supervision, elected W. H. Shelley, Borough superintendent, and after this event the county superintendent had no further supervision of the York schools. The York High school was organized the same year. In 1871 Mr. Boyd was elected Presi- ident of the Peach Bottom Railway and W. H. Kain was made deputy county superin- tendent. At the seventh convention, held May, 1872, ninety- seven Directors were present. A. H. Glatz was chosen President; Wilson Grove, W. J. Arnold and Henry Fortenbaugh secre- taries. The salary was reduced to $1, 200 per annum. W. H. Kain was elected over two competitors. He was a graduate of Pennsyl- vania College and well fitted for the position. On March 28, 1873, the Legislature passed an act requiring the county commissioners of York County to provide and furnish an office for the use and accommodation of the county superintendent. The eighth convention met in May, 1875, Rev. T. M. Crawford, presiding, W. J. Arnold and Dr. B. F. Porter, secretaries. The num- ber of directors ninety-five. The nominees were W. H. Kain, A. W. Gray and George R. Prowell. Mr. Kain was re-elected. In his first annual report he stated that Spring Garden had the best built and best furnished school houses in the county. Fairview ranked next. In 1876 there were 410 schools in the county; average salary paid to male teachers was $33.50 per month and to female teachers $31. 50 per month. There were 20, 500 pupils attending public schools in the entire county, with an average attendance of 18,115. State appropriations $19,025; amount raised by taxation $127,482. The amount paid for teachers' salaries $73, 381. Of the teachers 290 males and 120 females. The ninth convention was held May 8, 1878. At this meeting, Lemuel Ross of Dillsburg was made president, and Capt. Magee, N. Z. Seitz, G. R. McConkey, Millard Blackford and Dr. James Gerry secretaries. There were seven candidates nominated. D. G. Williams was elected. Two hundred and six directors were present. During the previous winter the State Legislature had passed an act allowing the county superin- tendent a fixed compensation for each school under his supervision in the county. At the time of this election, there were 380 schools, exclusive of York Borough. The area of the county is 921 square miles, making the salary 11,671 per annum. At the ninth triennial convention, which assembled in May, 1881, Capt. Magee of Wrightsville was chosen president; H. C. Smyser of Dillsburg and A. D. Thompson of Hopewell, secretaries. One hundred and sixty-eight directors formed the convention. The candidates were D. G. Williams, S. J. Barnett, J. P. Hays and Daniel Simon. Mr. Williams was re-elected. On May 7, 1884, the tenth convention was presided over by B. Frank Koller of Shrews- bury, with William Heltzel of Hanover, H. C. Smyser of Dillsburg, and Capt. Magee of Wrightsville, as secretaries. One hundred and eighty-five directors voted. The candi- dates were D. G. Williams, H. C. Brenneman, D. J. Barnett, M. H. Seitz, D. H. Gardner, J. P. Hays and Jacob Smith. Mr. Williams was again re-elected, and is the present effic- ient county superintendent. There are now 397 schools, and the salary is $1,786.50 per annum. Since 1854 one hundred and six permanent certificates have been granted by the school department at Harrisburg to teachers in York County. There are 144 frame and 220 brick school- houses in the county. The last of the old-time HISTORY OF YORK COUKTY. log houses has disappeared. But a number of those now standing are reported unfit for use. THE COUNTY TEACHEES' INSTITUTE. The first session of the county institute assembled in the court-house, in York, on Saturday, December 23, 1854. According to an account of said meeting in the York Gazette, the following teachers and directors were present: Teachers — John Taylor, Dan- iel Klinefelter, Solomon Meyers, J.N. Taylor, Ephraim Trimmer, Aaron Trimmer, Jonas Deisinger, George M. Ettinger, J. M. Alding- er, W. H. Jordon, L. Haney, S. S. Mathews, John Keller, E. Keller, J. B. Kline, Daniel Beitzel, W. F. Davis, C. A. Ebert, G. Scheffer, W. H. Bond, J. M. G. Wiseman, Zachariah Eudy, Michael Galligher, Charles Alexander, Henry S. Bear, Martin L. Duhling, and John Conoway. Directors —Jacob Dehuff, Wind- sor; E. Garretson, Spring Garden; William Diehl, Seven Valley; Jacob Palcomer, Pine Hill; David Smyser, West Manchester; Dr. W. S. Roland, Alexander J. Frey, J. Jessop, W^illiam Sayres, and Dr. A. R. Blair, all of York. In the absence of the county super- intendent, Dr. Roland was called to the chair, William Diehl and David Smyser were chosen vice presidents; J. W. Graham and Dr. A. R. Blair, secretaries. The institute passed an elaborate set of resolutions, with an exhaustive preamble, complaining bitterly of the same evils that still beset the system. It was resolved to call another county con- vention of teachers and directors on Thurs- day, January 25, 1855, which meeting lasted till Saturday noon, of the same week, and was addressed by Hon. Thomas H. Burrowes and Rev. Charles Martin. From this small beginning the county institute has grown in importance and influence. It is now ac- knowledged to be a strong lever in supporting and encouraging a healthful educational feeling in the county. Since the legislative act has been passed requiring all boards of education of the pablic schools to allow the teachers full time for attending the Institute, nearly every teacher in the county is regularly in attendance for the entire week. The ses- sions are held annually, and continue for five days. Some of the ablest instructors and lecturers in the country are selected. A large number of the citizens of York Borough and the county attend these annual meetings, and Institute week is looked for- ward to with great interest. The State annually appropriates 1200 to its benefit. YORK BOEOUGH SCHOOLS. The town of York was laid out in 1741, but before this time parochial schools were opened in connection with the "Evangelical Lutheran Church of Codorus," now Christ's Lutheran. A school was opened in 1735. Barthol Maul was teacher. The German Re- formed people also had a parochial school in connection with their church, which was opened about the same time. Ludwig Kraft was teacher in 1740, and for many years later. These two schools and others of a similar character, were kept in operation for many years. There were subscription schools in force at different times, but no accurate history of their work can be written, on account of insufficient data. Rev. John An- drews, an Episcopal clergyman, conducted a Latin school in York, previous to the Revo- lutionary War. It was still in operation in 1785, and enjoyed a good patronage. John Dobbins, W. H. Brown, D. B. Prince, Roger Dougherty and John A. Wilson, were success- ful teachers of private and classical schools before the common school law was passed. THE ACT or 1884. After the passage of this act, considerable trouble was manifested. At a public meeting, in the court house, in November, 1835, notwithstanding the most violent opposition, it was resolved, by a considerable majority, that an experiment should be made of the advantages, offered by the law of the preceding year. As the greater part of business, in those days, was conducted on principles of barter or trade, it was doubted by many whether any tax could be collected for school purposes. Many resisted the pay- ment of tax as long as possible, and the col- lector's duty was far more burdensome, and much less lucrative, than in these modern times. The only compensation of the treas- urer was exoneration from militia duty, while the maledictions of rich and poor alike were heaped upon the collector. The follow- ing are the names of the first directors, elected under the provisions of the law of 1834 : Daniel Kraber, Frederick Baugher, John Voglesong, Dr. T. N. Haller, Jacob Laumaster, James Chalfant, Joseph Garret- son, C. A. Morris, Dr. Alexander Small, Dr. Luke Rouse, Jacob Emmett, and James My- ers. The borough, from the organization of the school system, was divided into two wards for school purposes, viz. ; North and South, which division continues to the present time in the purchase, ownership and sale of school property, or erection of new buildings, a separate and distinct tax being levied in each ward for this purpose. EDUCATIONAL. 367 Daniel Kraber, served as an active member of the school boai'd, from the time of his iirst election until his death, a period of forty-four years. William Sayres was the first tax-collector under the law of 1834, and subsequently for a number of years a director. Among those who taught private schools, previous to 1834, may be mentioned : Lewis Miller, J. Hartrick, Michael Bentz, Henry M. Skelton, Abner Thomas, Patrick McDermott, Emanuel Spangler, John Smith, James B. White and daughter, Robert W. Long, How- ard Gilbert, Mrs. Beard, Mrs. Davis, and Mrs. Montgomery. Very few schools at this time were taught bj"^ female teachers. The teachers who were in service imme- diately before the adoption of the law of 1834, were at once employed under the new system, and the directors, in their respective wards, appointed the following teachers : Sarah Jones, Ann Love, Lydia Love, Sarah White, Jane White, Margaret Hunter, Joseph Mc- Pherson, Samuel R. McAlister, G. J. Joint and wife, Patrick McGuigan, Robert W. Long, Benjamin Ziegler, Malona Gowin. Of these teachers, Miss Ann Love contin- ued in the employ of the board until Decem- ber 19, 1870, when her resignation was re- luctantly accepted, after a service of thirty- four years. In a graphic manaer she nar- rated many interesting incidents in the edu- cational work of those early years. Patrick McGuigan taught in the public schools dur- ing thirty-two years (1836-1868), and died while in service. DIRECTORS. Beginning with 1837, the following appear in regular succession, as members of the board in North ward, down to the present time : George Lauman, John G. Campbell, Peter Mclntyre, Rev. J. G. Capito, John J. Cochran, William Sayres, George A.. Heckert, Thomas E. Cochran, Henry L. Fisher, W. Latimer Small, C. B. Wallace, Joseph Smy- ser, John M. Brown, Dr. A. R. Blair, Henry Lanius, Dr. E. H. Pentz, Rev. W. B. Raber, George Meredith, John Demuth, Samuel M. Barnitz, Rev. A. H. Lochman, Alexander J. Frey, George 0. Stair, John Gibson, Israel Loucks, T. K. White, Rev. J. C. Smith, James Kell, W. H. Griifith, David E. Small, Clay E. Lewis, Dr. Jacob Hay, Arthur King, J. B. Rupp, Dr. C. A. Eisenhart, Dr. B. F. Spangler, Bueben Hildebrand and F. Beck. Frederick Baugher served continuously from the first election, held in 1836, until 1859, a period of thirty three years. Charles A. Morris, whose name is also found in the first board, served ten years (1836-1846), and, on February 1, 1847, he was appointed superintendent of the schools of the North ward. He served in that ca- pacity, without compensation, during five consecutive years, and, on his retirement, re- ceived the very hearty acknowledgments of the board, for the efficient and faithful dis- charge of the duties of his office. The following names constitute a list of members of board of directors in the South ward, who served in regular succession from 1847, to the present time : N. P. Buckley, Alexander Hay, Jacob Welsh, Dr. J. W. Kerr, P. Frank, Dr. W. S. Roland, Joseph Root, George Oaks, David Small, V. K. Keesey, David Laumaster, George A. Barnitz, W. C. Chapman, Hon. D. Durkee, William Beitzel, James Adams, William A. Good, Samuel D. Spangler, Abraham D. Forry, Dr. William Johnston, E. G. Smyser, Lewis Carl, Dr. T. N. Haller, Dr. Luke Rouse, William Frysinger, S. Oswald, G. K. Kane, Michael Bentz, David F. Williams, Joseph Garretson, Joseph W. Jessup, Dr. A. R. Blair, Hon. R. J. Fisher, Rev. J. O. Miller, M. B. Spahr, John B. Welsh, Alexander Duncan, William H. Albright, Herman Noss, George W. Reever, Zachariah Dugan, George W. Strubinger, Jacob Erney, James G. Cameron, J. M. Deiteh, W. E. Patterson, Alexander Spangler, F. F. Buckingham, Adam S. Pflieger, and Dr. S. J. Rouse. D. K. Noell, George P. Smyser and J. Frank Gable. Many of the members of the board, both from the North and South wards, were re- elected a number of terms successively. In the year 1849, efforts were made to secure a uniformity of text books in the borough. On December 13, 1836, certificates of teach- ers were ordered "not to be received, unless they qualify themselves to teach geography and grammar." As early as June 25, 1836, it was directed that the schools should be kept open nine months of the year. On August 18, 1837, a separate school was established for colored children at the expense of the borough — -both wards uniting for this purpose. This school has been continued separate and distinct to the present time, with James L. Smallwood as teacher, who has served continuously nearly twenty years. SCHOOL BUILDINGS. The first school buildings were rude struc- tures. In most instances, even in town, they were small, with unsuitable furniture and poorly ventilated. The board of education 368 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. did not own any school property until 1838. Before this time small rooms were rented wherever they could best be obtained. Previ- ous to 1870, many of the buildings in use were unfit. The Central School building, King Street, erected in 1850 at a cost of $2,200, was very acceptable. In 1868 Duke Street building was erected, at a cost of 15,100. The High School building, in 1872, costing $41,796; the same year, West King Street building, costing $11,868; in 1875, Cherry Street building, costing $11,500. Since then several other new and handsome school-houses have been erected. For the year 1884, the valuation of school property in York is estimated at $125,000. The expen- ' diture for school purposes were $34,513, and the State appropriation $3,593. THE BOEOUan SUPERINTENDENCV. From the time of passage of the act, crea- ting the office of county superintendent of schools in 1854, until the year 1871, the schools of York were under the supervision of that officer. The field of labor was too ox- tensive for him to devote much special atten- tion to York. S. G. Boyd, then the superin- tendent of the county, urged upon the York board of education the necessity of tak- ing advantage of the act allowing them to elect a borough superintendent, a part of whose salary would be paid by State appropriations. The board being com- posed of gentlemen of intelligence and enterprise, passed a resolution accepting the provisions of the act, and at once elected W. H. Shelly, borough superin- tendent, by a unanimous vote. He was formerly from York, but at that time was professor of languages in Albion College, Michigan,was thoroughly prepared to fill the honorable and responsible position, and has held it continuously, with great credit to himself and great benefit to the schools since his first election. The schools, fifty-five in number, are now thoroughly graded, and are under effective management. THE HIGH SCHOOL. The High School was organized in 1870 with the Borough superintendent as princi- pal, and Miss Mary Kell, assistant. She still occupies that position, and is a faithful and devoted teacher. Since its organization the following additional persons have occu- pied positions in this school in order named: George E. Prowell, S. B. Heiges, C. F, Chamberlain, Kolce Preston, A. Wanner and H. C. Brenneman. At present Mr. Wanner is principal, Mr. Brenneman and Miss Kell, assistants. The school numbers 120 pupils, and graduates a class every year. TEACHERS. Since the year 1834, the time of the adop- tion of the public school system, about 250 different teachers have been employed. A number of them continued in the same posi- tion for many years. William Kraber, who served continuously for twenty- two years, for a long time teaching advanced grades, died in 1869. Miss Rebecca Welshans, who died in April, 1876, had taught in York thirty years. Miss Rebecca Kraber, who died in 1872, had taught twenty-four years. D. M. Bttinger, the surveyor and mathematician, did good service for fourteen years in York schools, and afterward was professor of math- ematics in York County Academy. THE BOEOUGH INSTITUTE. One of the efficient agencies for promoting the cause of education in the community is the Teachers' Institute, which meets twice each month. At its sessions, topics pertain- ing to the science and art of teaching are discussed, and much benefit thereby derived. THE YORK COUNTY ACADEMY, At the foot of Beaver Street, in York, stands the historic old York County Academy, within whose sacred walls many incidents have transpired, dear to the hearts of a great number of persons of all ages and conditions in life. For nearly three-fourths of a cen- tury, it was the only educational institution, of any continued reputation in the county in which the higher branches were taught. The land on which it is located was lot No. 636 in the original plat of the town of York. In 1777 Conrad Leatherman became the owner of it. In 1785 he sold it to St. EDUCATIONAL. 369 John's Protestant Episcopal Church of York. Eev. John Campbell, then rector of this church, obtained the sum of f 5,000 toward building an academy on this lot and a rec- tory on the adjoining one. The academy building was erected in 1787. The same building, with a few slight changes, is still standing and continues to be used. On Sep- tember 20, 1787, it was incorporated with the Episcopal Church, to which the institu- tion was then attached. The distinguished Revolutionary soldier, Col. Thomas Hartley, was president of the board of managers; Eobert Hettrick, secretary; Henry Miller, treasurer; Hon. James! Smith, Col. David Grier, William Harris and Eev. Mr. Hender- son, visitors. March 1, 1788, Eev. James Armstrong, who afterward was rector of St. John's Church, became the first teacher of the English department and principal of the academy. He was required to teach reading, writing and mathematics. The price of tuition to the children of the town and county was 40 shillings; strangers and their children, £3 per annum. The corporation engaged to make up any deficiency in the gross proceeds below £70. Mr. Eobert Hettrick was engaged at the same time to teach the Latin, Greek and French languages, rhetoric, experimental philosophy, geography, astron- omy and history. Eev. John Campbell was appointed to teach moral philosophy and divinity. He was considered the principal of the school. By a second act of the State legislature, approved March 1, 1799, the academy was tendered as a public school for York County by the rector, church wardens, and vestry- men of the Protestant Episcopal Church, in whom the property by the previous act was vested. By this second act, all right and title to said buildings and grounds were conveyed to and vested in " the trustees of the York County Academy." By specifica- tion in the act, it was established as a ' ' school or academy for the education of youth, in the learned and foreign languages, in the useful arts, sciences, and literature.'' Under the specifications of this charter, it became a representative institution for the education of the young of all denominations in the county of York, and twenty-one trus- tees were appointed as follows: Eev. John Campbell, rector of the York Episcopal Church; Eev. Jacob Goering, pastor of the York Lutheran Church; Rev. Eobert Cath- cart, pastor of the Presbyterian Church; Daniel Wagner, Col. Thomas Hartley, Hon. James Smith, signer of the Declaration of Independence; Hon. John Edie, of York; Gen. John Clark, Dr. Jacob Hay, Sr., Judge Jacob Bamitz and Sheriff Conrad Laub, of York; Hon. Jacob Eudisill, of Hanover; Elihu Underwood, of Warrington; William Ross, of Chanceford; Col. Michael Smyser, of West Manchester; William Pax- ton, of Newberry; Philip Gossler, of York; William McClean, William Scott, John Black and George Bard, of that portion of York now embraced in Adams County. These were " declared to be one body politic and corporate, with perpetual succes- sion in deed and law, as the trustees of the York County Academy." The constitution can be changed by the legislature only. A grant of $2,000 was made by the State in the act of incorporation, and the sum was paid over to the trustees, November 10, 1800. A provision was made by the act that benefi- ciaries, not exceeding seven, should be admit- ted, on application, not to continue longer than two years. Hon. James Smith served as president of the board of trustees until 1800, when, on ac- count of the infirmities of age, he resigned and John Edie was elected. The funds granted by the State were in- vested in United States stocks, and, by judi- cious management, have afibrded sufficient income to keep up the necessary repairs on building and ground to the present time. On January 28, 1801, Mr. McMurray was appointed teacher in the academy at a salary of £130. Tuition per year, in common Eng- lish branches, 18; higher branches, $16. An invitation was published to poor people, to send their children gratis. Eobert Adrain was appointed teacher at this time, and girls were admitted as pupils. The following minute occurs, October 21, 1801, at the close of a public examination of the school: " The pupils exhibited evidence of great improvement, and the teachers, as well as the pupils, have obtained the appro- bation of the board." Examinations were held, first quarterly, then semi-annually, and afterward were continued annually. The following-named persons, in addition to several charter members, served as trustees in regular succession to the present time: Henry Miller, David Cassat, Esq., Ralph Bowie, Dr. John Morris, Andrew Eobinson, Josiah Updegraff, Dr. Maxwell McDowell, William Barber, William Nes, Thomas Taylor, George Small, J. Kelly, Eev. George Schmucker, Charles A. Branitz, Eev. Lewis Mayer, Dr. William Mcllvaine, John Schmidt, C. A. Morris, W. Ash, Dr. John Fisher, Gen. Jacob Spangler, Eev. James E. Riley, H. Spangler, Philip Smyser, H. B. Wentz, Samuel Wag- 370 HISTOKY OF YORK COUNTY. ner, Hon. Daniel Durkee, James B. Webb, George S. Morris, Richard Rush, Philip A. Small, James S. Connellee, Jacob Emmitt, Jacob Barnitz, Charles Weiser, John Vogle- Bong, John Evans, Capt. Donaldson, Jacob Spangler, Peter Mclntyre, Dr. H. Mc- Clellan, Solomon Oswald, Eli Lewis, Dr. T. N. Haller, Thomas E. Cochran, J. G. Campbell, Dr. Jacob Hay, Hon. A. J. Gloss- brenner. Rev. C. W. Thompson, William Wagner, Hon. R. J. Fisher, Rev. C. J. Hutchins, Rev. A. H Lochman, D. D., Ed- ward G. Smyser, Rev. J. O. Miller, D. D., V. K. Keesey, Rev. Jonathan Oswald, Henry Lanius, William Denner, Gates J. Weiser, Charles S. Weiser, David E. Small, M. B. Spahr, Lewis Carl, Israel Loucks, Rev. W. Baum, George F. Leber, Rev. L. A. Gotwald, D. D., W. Latimer Small, Rev. A. W. Lilly, Jere. Carl, W. H. Welsh, W. H. Souder, John J. Vandersloot, John W. Buckingham, Rev. E. W. Shields. David Cassat, Esq., died in office, hav- ing served for twenty- four years (1800-1824). His life was devoted to the public welfare, and his long usefulness in tliis community has perpetuated his memory to the present generation. ^ Among the trustees above mentioned. Rev. Dr. Cathcart died while in office, having served from the organization of the institu- tion (1799-1849), a period of fifty years. He served as president of the board during forty- Jive years, and almost completed a century on earth. Most tender and pathetic resolutions were offered by the board to his memorv. On May 7, 1874, Dr. C. A. Morris, having completed more than fifty years of service as a member of the board, departed from earth. A few months previous to his death, his semi- centennial in the cause of education was duly celebrated at his home, on which occa- sion the trustees and principal of the acad- emy were present as invited guests. November 20, 1819, the name of Mr. D. B. Prince first occurs as a teacher. He contin- ued to serve with eminent ability, in the female department, with an absence of several years until July 18, 1866, a period of forty- five years. On his retirement, the male and female departments, which had been separa- ted during forty-three years(1823-1866), were again consolidated, and Prof. G. W. Ruby, who had served as principal of male department from 1850, was elected to the principalship of both male and female departments. Prominent among the teachers who died while in the service of the institution was Rev. Stephen Boyer, whose faithful labor of twenty-five years (1823-1848), received a worthy tribute from the board of trustees. On April 1, 1870, the female department was discontinued. The following names occur among the teachers of an early date: Hon. Thaddeus Stevens, Messrs. Bacon, Carothers, Steen, Smith, James, Livermore, Beardsley, Morrills Blanchard, Skinner, Prof. Daniel Kirkwood, since known as the great astronomer Kirk- wood, Miss Coulson, and Mrs. Young. Hon. Thaddeus Stevens here began his legal studies, and, as student and teacher obtained the necessary preparation for those positions of honor and trust to which he was subsequently called. George W. Ruby, Ph. D., a graduate of Meroersburg College, occupied the position of principal of the academy for nearly thirty years, commencing in 1850, and served con- tinuously until the time of his death. Dur- ing that period he had under his instruction about 5,000 pupils prepared a large number for college, many of whom graduated and are now holding prominent positions in various professions and occupations. He was much beloved by his pupils and honored by the community. Upon his death, George W. Gross was elected, and served several years with success. C. C. Stauffer was elected principal in 1885. THE LANCASTRIAN SCHOOL. The " Lancastrian System," so called in honor of Joseph Lancaster, a native of Eng- land, who visited Pennsylvania about 1815, was based upon monitorial or mutual instruc- tion. It required that a school should be di- vided into several sections, according to the acquirements of the scholars; over each one of these sections, the head teacher appointed a "monitor," generally the most advanced pupil, whose duty it was to superintend the instruction of his companions in the section to which he belonged. A school of this kind was opened in York, " on Water Street, in the house of Jacob Wampler," on April 1, 1816, by Abner Thomas and Amos Gilbert, two very intelli- gent members of the society of Friends. They were then both intimate associates of Thaddeus Stevens, who was a teacher at the academy. They taught reading, arithmetic, writing, English grammar, and the English classics, and furnished the pupils with books and paper. Amos Gilbert afterward became a noted educator. The school was moved to the building adjoining the Friends' meeting house, on Philadelphia Street. In 1820 EDUCATIONAL. 371 Francis McDermot was teacher. It prospered for a number of years. THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. This institution was founded by an act of the synod of the German Eeformed Church at its session at Bedford, in September, 1824, and commenced its operations in Car- lisle on the 17th of May, 1825, the inaugur- ation of the professor having previously taken place on the 6tli of April. It was removed to York in October, 1828, in pursuance of an act of the synod at its session at Lebanon, in September of the same year. The institution had a library of between 3,000 and 4,000 volumes, chiefly in the German language, among which are some rare works. There were two professors, viz. : L. Mayer, D.D., pro- fessor of Dogmatic Theology, and Rev. F. A. Ranch, D. P., professor of Sacred Literature. A classical school under the auspices of the synod of the German Reformed Church was founded by a resolution of the sy- nod at Harrisburg in September, 1831. It was commenced in May, 1832. Mr. "William Good of Reading, Penn., wasap- appointed teacher. In September, 1832, the synod at Frederick, Md., appointed F. A. Ranch principal of the institution and pro- fessor in the theological seminary. Rev. John H. Agnew, formerly professor of lan- guages in Washington College, Penn., was subsequently appointed assistant, and upon his resignation in September, 1833, the board of visitors elected Rev. H. Miller his suc- cessor. Rev. Charles Dober, pastor of the Moravian Church in York, was also engaged as assistant in May, 1882, and in the spring of 1834, on the resignation of Mr. Miller, Mr. Samuel W. Budd, A. B., was appointed to the vacancy. This institution, which was originated in York, prospered for a number of years, and af- terward was removed to Mercersburg College, where it remained for a time and was then taken to Lancaster. It is now connected with Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster. Of the many students who attended the theological seminary while in York, there is now but one person living, the venerable Rev. Mr. Riegle, pastor of the Reformed de- nominations in and around Dillsburg, this county — who has passed his eightieth year, and is yet (1885) in the vigor of health. The institution was located on the north- west corner of Market and Ponn Streets. YOEK COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE. This institution of learning is locatfed on a very desirable plat of ground on the east side of south Duke Street: From its observ- atory a most beautiful landscape view is afforded the observer. The cost of the building and ground was 150,000, and the present endowment is $70,000. Of these amounts $110, 000 were the direct contribution of Samuel Small, Sr., the founder, the remain- ing sum of $10,000 having been donated by Robert H. Coleman, of Cornwall, Penn. The Cassat library was presented to the institute by Mrs. Small, in honor of her father, the late David Cassat. The philosophical de- partment and library are well furnished. The entire building, composed of brick, consisting of three stories with mansard roof, is supplied with all the modern im- provements in school architecture. It is warmed by furnaces, is well ventilated, con- tains a commodious chapel, recitation and li- brary rooms, gymnasium, etc. The school was opened in 1873, with the following board of trustees : Samuel Small, president ; Rev. H. E. Niles, D. D., secre- tary, and Samuel Small, Jr., treasurer. The other members of the original board were Dr. James W. Kerr, David E. Small, John M. Brown, W. Latimer Small, Samuel S. Hersh, Jacob H. Huber, John H. Small, Revs., J. Y. Cowhick, C. W. Stewart and 0. P. Wing. Rev. James McDougall, then pastor of a congregation at Babylon, Long Island, was chosen president of the Institute. He is a graduate of Princeton College and Theological Seminary, had several years of pastoral experience, and also for some time conducted a private classical school in New York City. S. B. Heiges, extensively and favorably known in this section as an educator, was elected professor of mathe- matics and natural science. The faculty was afterward completed by adding Miss S. L. Ocis for English ; Rev. P. Anstadt, German ; and Miss Mary E. Prince, music ; and on September 15, 1873, the institution was opened for students. The catalogue exhibits four courses of instruction, viz. : classical, scientific, ladies' and commercial. The classical and scientific courses take the students through two years of the regular college course. Many of the graduates of this institution have entered the junior classes at Princeton and Lafayette Colleges. The Phi Sigma Literary Society holds its meetings every week. There is a " Coleman Scholarship Fund " of $10,000, the interest of which is given to aid such students as are recommended by the Presbytery of West- minster as candidates for the ministry, and approved by the faculty and trustees. Many of the students are of mature years. It is 373 HISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. not a sectarian school, and is patronized by various denominations. The president and the teacher of music have occupied their respective positions continuously since the origin of the school. A. B. Garner, a grad- uate of Princeton, in 1875 became professor of mathematics and T. H. Dinsmore in 1879 professor national science. Eev. H. Walker is the present instructor in German. In 1885 S. M. Davis was elected to the position vacated by Prof. Dinsmore. COTTAGE HILL SEMINARY. This institution was started as a young Heiges and W. H. Griffith conducted a nor- mal school in the building. For school pur- poses it was last used by the Misses Thornbury and Mifflin, who had the " Young Ladies' Seminary of York" in this building for a lumber of years, until they removed to their present locality on the corner opposite St. Paul's Lutheran Church. At this place they have now a flourishing and well-conducted school, which is well patronized. York County Normal School was orig- inated by county superintendent A. E. Blair. Its object is to train teachers of this county for the active duties of their profession, and YORK COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE. ladies, seminary by Eev. T. F. Hey of Baltimore. He at once secured the attend- ance of a large number of pupils, and the school prospered for a number of years. Eev. D. Eberly was his successor, and had a good attendance. It was under him a char- tered institution, in connection with confer- ence of the United Brethren in Christ, with the powers to confer degrees upon complet- ing a course of study. Several classes grad- uated during this period. For a time S. B. is kept open during the spring months of the year only. It has been held at Cottage Hill in Masonic Hall, York County Acade- my, and now in Hartman's six-story building in Center square. The attendance is usually about sixty, most of whom are teachers. The principal teachers since its organization have been S. B. Heiges, W. H. Griffith, S. G. Boyd, George W. Heiges, W. H. Kain, George E. Prowell, J. P. Hays and M. H. Seitz. D. H. Gardner is the present EDUCATIONAL. 373 principal, and has been connected with it for the past ten years. STEWABTSTOWN ENGLISH AND CLASSICAL INSTITUTE. In the spring of 1851, Eev. S. Hume Smith, pastor of the Presbyterian Church, se- cured the use of the public schoolhouse in Stewartstown, for a select school, and pro- cured the services of his cousin, J. A. Mur- phy, A. M. , a graduate of Jefferson College, as a teacher. This was the origin of Stew- artstown English and Classical Institute. In the autumn of that year, Rev. Mr. Smith deliv- ered a lecture on " The Past, Present and Future of Stewartstown." On the past and present, he was brief, but of the future, he spent an hour in developing his plan for the establishment of an academy, which was adopted. A building was put up and ready for occupancy by December, 1857. Adam Ebaugh. William Griffith, Joel Mitzel, William H. Leib, Daniel Leib, A. J. Fulton, J. L. Free, Daniel I. Downs, James Fulton, David K. Ebaugh and J. A. Murphy submitted to the court a form of charter of in- corporation, which named Dr. John L. Free, Daniel Leib, David K. Ebaugh, William Griffith and Joel Mitzel as a board of trus- tees. The cost of the original building, with the ground, was f 750. It • served the purposes until 1873, when the number of students so increased that a commodious building to the front of the academy was built at a cost of $1,566, and by the commencement of the fall term, the new building was ready for occupancy. Mr. Murphy taught the first session, was succeeded by William Chandler, ot Lancas- ter County, who taught a single term, when George M. Ettinger, of York, a fine mathe- matician and musician was elected. He, in turn, was succeeded by J. Q. A. Jones of Maryland, and J. W. Edie, of Hopewell. In 1860 Mr. Murphy was again elected princi- pal and continued until 1864, when he took charge of a Shrewsbury academy. Rev. J. Mciyway, of Princeton College, succeeded for two years, when Henry A. Gable was elected. Mr. Murphy returned to Stewarts- town and taught until 1872, and retired from the profession. He now resides in the vil- lage. The trustees then elected R. S. Max- well, of Lancaster County, who served until 1876. Miss Amanda Manifold, Rev. Richard Arthur and W. W. Grove each served at dif- ferent times as assistants. The following- named gentlemen have since been principals : F. N. D. Brovme, a graduate oE Harvard; James Greene, of Dublin University; M. R. Beck, James Elliot, H. T. Dawson and Charles T. Wright. The academy is now ander the principalship of the last-named gentleman. THE CHILDKENS' HOME. The Childrens' Home of York was incor- porated by the legislature, February 2, 1865, for the purpose of educating and providing for friendless and destitute children distinct from the State provision for soldiers' orphans; though it was proposed to send to it those belonging to the county. A. house was rented on the 1st of May, 1865, and on the 18th of the same month, the first soldiers' orphans were admitted. Daring the first two years, on account of limited accommodations, but thirty-one wards of the State were admitted — all very young. The large and commo- dious building was first occupied April, 1867. It was erected on ground donated by Samuel Small, Sr., and under his direction, and prin- cipally at his expense, aided also by contri- butions from the late Charles A. Morris. It cost $40,000. Soldiers' children have been assigned to the home from York, Adams, Dauphin and Cumberland Counties. Since its organization to 1885, there have been ninety soldiers' orphans trained in this school. They are kept in it until the age of ten years, when they are transferred to White Hall or other State orphb,n s'chools. There are now but three orphans of this class in the institution. In all, there have been 207 des- titute children admitted and trained, mak- ing a total of about 300 of both classes. There are now fifty children enjoying its hos ■ pitable care. They are taught by Miss Nettie Stair. The girls who are admitted, of either class, are either kept in the home until they are sixteen years old, or bound out in good fami- lies, but still under the protecting care of the managers, until they are sixteen. During the past year, 1884, Samuel Small built a large play-house and school-room in connec- tion with the home at a cost of $8,000. In addition to the State appropriation, the school is largely sustained by subscriptions and donations from a number of ladies and gentlemen in the community, and from the interest arising from the bequest of $5,000, made by the late Charles A. Morris — who, to- gether with his noble wife, also deceased, was untiring in his devotion to all the inter- ests of the "Home." The following-named persons compose the board of managers: Mrs. Samuel Small, president; Miss L. Durkee, vice-president; Miss Theo. Weiser, treasurer; Miss Sue M. Chalfant, secretary; Mrs. Daniel Rupert, Mrs. Henry A. Hantz, Mrs. D. S. Wagner, 374 HISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. Mrs. D. A. Eupp, Mrs. George Eisenhart, Mrs. George Wehrly, Mrs. Lewis Carl, Mrs. D. F. Wmiams, Mrs. C. S. Weiser, Mrs. John Gehring, Mrs. George Heckert, Mrs. Dr. trustees: Samuel Small, president; B. G. Smyser, first vice-president; Charles S. Wei- ser, second vice-president; Jacob Bastress, treasurer; George Buck, secretary; WilJiam O >^ « o X z i w ^ K ^ P c M a ffi s is c a S Smyser, Mrs. William H. Kurtz, Mrs. Ed- ward Chapin, Miss H. Buel, Miss J. C. Lati- mer, Miss S. B. Small, Miss K. F. Kurtz, Miss Mary Beitzel, Miss S. E. Thornbury, Laumaster, William Smith, (Druggist), W. H. Welsh, A. H. Lochman, D. D., Martin Bender, James Kell, Samuel Small, Jr., George Wantz, Jacob A. Sechrist, George Eisenhart. EDUCATIONAL. 375 SUNDAY SCHOOLS. The York County Bible Society, an or- ganizatiou tributary to the American Bible Society, was formed in York, on August 7, 1817. Its object was " to distribute the Sacred Scriptures, without note or comment, in all sections of the county." The guiding spirit in effecting this organization was Samuel Bacon, who was born in Sturbridge, Mass., July 22, 1782. He came to York from Lancaster, Penn., after graduating at Harvard College. He was principal of an academy, which afterward became Franklin College. Being invited to York to teach the classics in York County Academy, he came here when still a young man. During the war of 1812 he went to Washington, and entered the military service as an oflS.cer of marines. In the year 1815 he returned to York and began the practice of law, having been admitted to the bar at "Washington. At once he became a public-spirited citizen. Having seen elsewhere the successful opera- ations of the American Bible Society, he assisted in organizing meetings in York and in the county, and at once received the hearty encouragement of most of the influential clergymen of the county. While yet in the practice of the law he began the study of the- ology, and in 1817, was ordained by Bishop White as a deacon in the Episcopal Church. Mr. Bacon was a man of striking individu- ality and great force of character. THE FIRST SUNDAY-SCHOOL. The York County Bible Society became the same year "The Bible Charity and Sunday- school Society of York County,' ' and, under a charter granted by the legislature, was per- manently organized by electing Eev. Samuel Bacon president, on August 10, 1817. From that day dates the origin of Sunday-school work in York County. This meeting was held in the building immediately west of the Friends' Meeting House on Philadelphia Street. The first meeting to discuss the question of organizing such a society, was held in the academy. All protestant denominations were invited to lend a helping hand, and a school was established in this building, which was used by the afterward celebrated Amos Gilbert, a teacher of the Lancastrian school. He and Abner Thomas, both members of the society of Friends, conducted such a school in this building at that time. They assisted in the first Sunday-school. The personnel of this, the first Sunday-school, cannot now be given. Under the protecting care of its active super- intendent it prospered. It was not many weeks until more than 100 pupils attended. The clergy of York in general and many lay- men assisted, and others gave encouragement. In the month of April, 1818, the number of pupils had increased to 300, and the school was removed to the York County Academy, and all of the different rooms used. OTHEB SCHOOLS IN THE COUNTY. During the summers of 1818 and 1819, Rev. Bacon used the most extraordinary efforts in establishing Sunday-schools in York County, and, owing to his wonderful exer- tions, during those two years he succeeded in organizing twenty-six schools in the villages and thickly settled country places of the county. In September, 1819, their combined membership numbered 2,000 pupils. A writer of the time said that "Mr. Bacon be- came the admiration of all who knew him." Eobert Foster, a veteran in the Sunday- school cause, remembers his coming to Lew- isberry in 1817 and starting a school there. As a representative of the Bible and Sunday- school Society, he frequently distributed bi- bles free to persons in the county worthy of such charity. Sad to relate, this enthusiastic worker in the cause of christian charity and great advocate of spreading the truths of the Gospel, died of a fever at an English settle- ment in Cape Shilling, on the coast of Africa, on May 3, 1820, at the early age of thirty- eight years. He had been sent there but a few months before by the American Coloni- zation Society as their representative. PROGRESS OF THE FIRST EFFORTS. In the spring of 1819, a number of ladies of the borough of York joined the first school in the academy. This was a new era in its history and greatly increased its mem- bership. This school became a great center of interest in York, and for a number of years was the only one in the town. It was in January, 1820, that Bev. Bacon, left York for Africa, as he was the representative head of the society, although its president for only one year. Of the first organization Wm. Doll was secretary, and Wm. Jones librarian. In the year 1819 the Bible and Sunday School Society elected Bev. George Geistweit president; Revs. J. G. Schmucker, R. Cath- cart and Constantine Miller, vice-presidents; William Barber, treasurer, and Samuel Bacon secretary. Regular quarterly meetings were held and reports read of the progress of the work. Mr. Bacon made his tenth and last re- port to the society, which met in the Episco- pal Church, in October, 1819, at which time 376 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. it was stated that 2,000 pupils in York County belonged to the twenty-six Sunday schools then formed. In the spring of 1822, an election was held at which the following officers were chosen: Eev. Robert Cathcart, D. D., of the Presbyterian Church, president; Rev. Dr. Lewis Mayer and Rev. Geistweit, of the Reformed Church, vice-presidents; Will- iam Barber, treasurer; Jacob Eichelberger, secretary; Rev. Constantino Miller, C. Pret- tyman, Philip J. King, Andrew Cramer, Jonathan Jessop and William Nes, managers. The quarterly meetings were held in the dif- ferent churches of York. For a number of years this society, with the double design of circulating the Scriptures and encouraging the reading and study of them, did eifective work. The combined efforts of all denom- inations seemed to harmonize as well as was anticipated. In the original school at York all the teaching was done in the English language. The precise location of all the schools in the county established in 1818 and 1819 can- not now be definitely stated. The exercises in some of them were in German. In the tenth quarterly report made by Mr. Bacon, the following places were mentioned as hav- ing schools, and as having been supplied with books: Dover, Lower Chanceford, Mechanicsburg (Stewartstown), Strasburg (Shrewsbury), Hanover, Cross Roads (Hope- well), Wellshoffer's School House (Helam), Liverpool, Bald Hills, Warrington (Friends' Meeting House), Newberry, York Haven, New Holland and New Market. In many places churches were not given and school- houses were used. DENOMINATIONAL SCHOOLS. There are still some union schools prosper- ing in York County, but most of them are now denominational schools. In 1824 the Methodist Episcopal Church people were the first to leave the general organization in York and start a Sunday- school in their church. It has ever since maintained a prosperous existence. St John's Episcopal Church followed in 1826 —the English Branch of the Reformed Church in 1828 — the First Lutheran in January 1829 — the Moravians in 1836 — St. Paul's Lutheran in 1836 — and by the Presbyterians, who were the last to leave, in the year 1838. The First Lutheran, under the pastoral charge of the Rev. Dr. Lochman, and Zion Lutheran, under that of the Rev. Mr. Lilly, united their for- tunes together at the time of the seperate organization. In 1842 the Evangelical Association in York organized a Sabbath- school of their own. In 1843 the United Brethren followed their ex- ample — the Baptist in 1853 — the Union Lutheran west of the Codorus in J860^— the First German Reformed in 1864— the Metho- dist Episcopal Chapel Mission in 1861 — the Trinity Chapel Mission in 1861 — St. Luke's Mission in 1862, and the English Reformed in 1867. None of these belonged to the original organization, but organized as sep arate and distinct schools under the auspices and direction of their several churches. And in this connection it will be proper to observe that the African Methodist Episcopal Church of this place established a Sabbath- school as far back as the year 1820, under their own immediate care and supervision, and have since conducted it in a highly cred- itable and successful manner. THE SEMI-CENTENNIAL. The York County Sunday-school Society was organized in April, 1863, in York, when a large audience of people assembled. Dele- gates from all parts of the county were pres- ent. On account of the large attendance, the meeting adjourned to the public common, in order to find a proper place to accommodate the immense assemblage. Another successful meeting was held in April, 1867, at which time it was decided to celebrate the semi-centennial of the history of Sunday-schools in York County with ap- propriate exercises. The following list of ofiBcers were elected to have charge of the ceremonies. Executive Committee. — President-Charles A. Morris, York Borough. Vice presidents — William Herbst, Shrewsbury Township; Samuel M. Eisenhart, West Manchester Township; William Shearer, Codorus Town- ship; Henry Bott, Springfield Township; Michael Etzler, Hanover Borough; George Hengst, Hopewell Township. Re- cording Secretary — Wm. H. Welsh, York Borough. Corresponding Secretary — C. H. Neff, York Borough. Treasurer — Gates J. Weiser, York Borough. S. S. Missionary^ J. B. Baughman, Paradise Township. Business Committee. — David E. Small, David Craumer, E. C. Bender, Jacob Sea- christ, Jacob Bastress, David Fahs, Harvey H. Jacobs, Alexander Spangler. At this fiftieth anniversary the following statistics were gathered: In York, there were 17 schools taught by 437 teachers. There were 2,658 pupils, nearly one- fourth of the population then. In the entire county there were 81 Sunday-schools, 41 of which report- ed at the convention, which assembled in «■■■ J^Jf e^C^ JOURNALISM IN YOEK COUNTY. 377 April preceding, as having 951 teachers and 4,487 pupils. The amount of money raised by them during the year 1866 for missionary and Christian purposes was $4,692.48. On July 4, 1842, the different schools had a dinner and grand festival in Wil- lis' Woods, and, after the ceremonies of the day were over, marched in a column to Centre square, where they united in singing " Oh, That will be Joyful." They then adjourned and retired quietly to their homes. On December 25, 1850, there was a grand assembly of the Sabbath -school chil- dren in the First Lutheran Church in George Street, where Christmas was celebrated. In 1818 Rev. Samuel Bacon started the first Sunday-school in Hanover. It continued about two years, and there was none in suc- cessful operation then until November, 1827, when Miss Mary Blaine, of Carlisle, aunt of Hon. James G. Blaine, while visiting in Hanover, was instrumental in organizing a prosperous Sunday-school of about 100 pupils. W. D. Gobrecht was chosen presi- dent, William Shell and Henry Myers, as- sistants. At first bitter opposition was manifested. It was held in a small room on Frederick street, and, after some chapges, was in progress until 1845, sometimes . being held in the churches, and was supported by all denominations. In 1845 the Reformed Church built a schoolhouse, in which a de- nominational school was started. The con- gregation of St. Matthew' s Lutheran Church organized a denominational school on August 15, 1845, during the pastorate of Rev. J. Albert; the Methodists, under the pastorate of Rev. James Brade, in 1847. A Catholic Sunday-school was started by Rev. Father Dompeiro in 1863. When St. Mark's Church was founded in 1864, a Sun- day-school , was started. Rev. Martin Lohr, who, early in the history of the union schools in Hanover, took an active part for many years, conducted a denominational school in the United Brethren Church. The history and membership of most of the Sunday-schools of the county at present is given in connection with the history of the different churches. Since 1867 the number has greatly increased and the membership nearly doubled. Mr. J. B. BaUghman, Sunday school mis- sionary for York County, furnished the fol- lowing report of the Sunday-schools in this county for the year 1885: Number of Sunday-schools, 250; number of teachers 4,000; number of pupils, 20,000. The first Sunday-school convention was held in 1863; first district convention in 1868. Nearly the entire county is organized into district conventions. ■ JOURNALISM IN YORK COUNTY. rri O write a complete history of the _L press of York County would require great labor and research, and then, on account of the absence of files of many papers which have been published, it is difficult to write an accurate account of them. The press, and its influence as an educator of the masses, cannot be overestimated. There are yet some families in York County in which a newspaper never tegularly enters; yet even in the rural districts, there are now families where as many as eight or ten pa- pers and periodicals are regularly received, and in towns many more. The number of daily papers now read in the county is very large and constantly increasing. The circulation of daily papers from Philadel- phia and Baltimore began soon after the construction of the railroads, but they greatly increased during the civil war. The "His- tory of York County," by Hon. A. J. GIoss- brenner and W. G. Carter, published in 1834, a work of 220 pages, contains valuable facts concerning the early historj' of the press of York. It was evidently prepared with great care, and, like other parts of the same work, has much valuable information, which, if the book had not been published, would not be lost to history. Of the introduction of printing it says: "On the 17th of October, 1777, Congress, then sitting in York, resolved that the Committee of Intelligence be authorized to take the most speedy and ef- fectual measures for getting a printing press erected in York Town for the purpose of con- veying to the public the intelligence that Congress might from time to time receive. The press of Hall & Sellers of Philadel- phia and one of the oldest in the State was shortly afterward brought to York, where divers public communications were printed, as was likewise much continental money.* This was the first printing-press erected in Pennsylvania west of the Susquehanna. *A circumstance connected with the printing of continental money in York, shows that some of the worlcmen employed by Congress, or the agents of Congress, were not so honest as they should have been. In the year 1821, repairs were made to the house in which the continental money had been printed, and under the hearth of a room in the second story of the building bills to the amount of some thousand dollars were found, con- cealed no doubt with the object of filling them up with counter- feit signatures— the execution of which object, it is presumable, was preTented by accident or the fears of those who secreted the bills. 378 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. Congress removed from York in June, 1778, and the press, with all the appurtenances, ac- cordingly accompanied them to Philadel- phia." The Pennsylvania Gazette, originated in Philadelphia by Benjamin Franklin, was published in York during the time that Con- gress met here. The files of it, including the copies printed in York, are now (1885) in the State library at Harrisburg. After the removal of the Gazette ofiS.ce to Philadelphia, there was no paper published in York until 1787, when Matthias Bartgis and T. Roberts established a printing office here. In the month of October they issued the first num- ber of their newspaper, which was entitled the Pennsylvania Chronicle and York Weekly Advertiser. It was "printed and published by M. Bartgis & Co." This paper was con- tinued about two years, when Edie & Wil- eocks, having commenced a paper in York, the press, types, etc., were shortly afterward re- moved to Harrisburg, Penn. The next, paper printed in York was the Pennsylvania Herald and York General Ad- vertiser, the first number of which was issued by James Edie, John Edie and Henry Wil- cocks, on the 7th of January, 1789. The types employed in the printing of the Herald were cast in Philadelphia by Mr. Bane, a gentleman who was educated in Edinburgh, Scotland, and who had been, in this country, a partner of Dr. Wilson. The press was made in York under the direction of Henry Wil- cocks, the iron work being executed by Jacob Small. The printing ink of the first num- ber was manufactured at Germantown. The Herald preserved its title for about eleven years, though as to minor things, such as ownership and the like, it underwent some changes. Thus, for example, we find it, in 1799, "printed every Wednesday by John Edie; price to subscribers 15 shillings per annum." Until the year 1796 there had not been two papers published in York at the same time. In the spring of that year, Solomon Meyer commenced the publication of a paper entitled Die York Gazette. This was the first paper printed in this county in the German language. It afterward passed into the hands of Christian Schlichting, under whom it ended in 1804. In that year, press, types, etc., were purchased by Daniel Heckert, by whom they were sold to Stark & Lange, of Hanover, by which latter gentle- man the Hanover Gazette, a German paper, was established in 1805. The paper next published in the borough of York was Der Volks Verichter, the first number of which was published by Andrew Billmeyer, on July 25, 1799. There are now three papers published together in York one in the English and two in the German language. The Volks Verichter was contia- ued four years. In the year 1800, Mr. Edie took Robert M'Clellan as partner, and changing the title of the Herald they commenced a new paper entitled the York Recorder. The Recorder was in truth the Herald continued; its first number was issued on the 29th of January, 1800. The Recorder continued until 1830. The last editor was Samuel Wagner, Esq. The establishment passed from Mr. Wagner into the hands of Thomas C. Hambly, by whom' a paper was published, at first called the York Republican, and was afterward the Pennsylvania Republican. Mr. Hambly transferred the establishment in 1834 to Sam- uel E. Clement. Der Wahre Republicaner was the third German paper printed in York, its first number being issued on February 20, 1805. This paper which was a continuation of the Verichter, OT rather a revival of it, 'was at ■ first published by Schlichting & Billmeyer, afterward by Daniel Billmeyer alone, until his death, in 1828. Shortly after Mr. Bill- meyer's decease, the establishment was purchased by Samuel Wagner, at that time editor of the York Recorder, who from that time until the year 1830 published an En- glish and German paper, the latter of which bore the title of Der Republicanische Her- ald. At the time that Mr. Wagner transferred the York Recorder to Thomas C. Hambly, as before mentioned, he sold the Republican- ische Herald to Messrs. Glossbrenner & May, by whom the paper was published for about two months, when Mr. Glossbrenner transferred his share of it to Benjamin Flory, and the paper was published by May & Flory, for about one year, when it was pur- chased by Thomas C. Hambley and united to the establishment of the York Republican. In 1834, Samuel E. Clement purchased both papers, and they continued to be published by him for some years, when Thomas E. Cochran and his brother, John Cochran, conducted it as a vigorous journal for many years. It then, in 1850, came into possession of S. J. & W. C. Shay. It was conducted by the former alone for a time. In 1858, it was purchased by Horace Bonham. In 1860, S. H. Spangler became associated in its publication. The Recorder, a daily paper, was issued from this office for a short time during 1861. The Republican was JOURNALISM. 379 afterward published by Lewis Smyser, J. Shelley Boyer, S. I. & M. S. Adams, A. H. Chase and H. S. McNair. At the time it ceased publication, it had nearly reached its one hundredth anniversary, and was always a highly prized journal. Until the year 1808, there had not been two English papers published here at the same time. In the month of May, in that year, the first number of the Expositor was issued, a weekly paper printed and published every Thursday by Daniel Heekert and Daniel Updegraff. The Expositor was con- tinued until August, 1814, when both editors suddenly relinquished their employment, and went forth with signal patriotism to the field of fame and danger. After their re- turn from North Point, whither, with other "hearts of oak," they had marched as vol- unteers, they did not resume the publication of the Expositor. In August, 1810, a monthly literary periodical, the Village Museum, was started by P. Hardt, and con- tinued four years. The German Reformed Magazine, the organ of the theological seminary, was removed to York in 1828, and remained here until the removal of that institution. In the year 1815, a new German paper entitled' Der Union's Freund, was com- menced in York, the first number of which was issued on January 19, 1815, by CharJes T. Melsheimer and James Lewis, at that time joint editors of the York Recorder. This paper was continued nearly two years. The last number of it was issued in October, 1816. The publication of the York Gazette was commenced about May 18, 1815, it is sup- posed by William C. Harris, whose name ap- pears as publisher in No. 29, Vol. I. It was published every Thursday, at $2 per an- num, payable half-yearly in advance. "Advertisements, not exceeding a square, will be inserted twice for $1, and every subsequent insertion 25 ceats; largeronesin proportion." The office was located in the main street, next door to the German Presbyterian Church. Copies of the paper now in the office commence with No. 9, Vol. I, dated Thursday, November 30, 1815, to April 11, 1816. The size of the paper was 20x16 inch- es, four columns to the page; column about fifteen inches in length. On April 1, 1816, the office was removed to South George Street, where Squire Haller kept his office, within a few doors of the court house. An omission here occurs in the file, which recommences Thursday, May 13, 1819, as No. 17, volume I, printed by King & Mallo — Adam King and Daniel Mallo — between the court house and postoffice. This was the first number printed by the new firm. In the interval the paper had fallen into the hands of a successor to Hr. Harris, who died, and whose name is not given, but supposed to be W. M. Baxter. On Tuesday, April 11, 1820, it was announced that "the printing office of the York Gazette will be removed this week to the house of James Loyd, between Judge Baritz's and Presbyterian Church (Zion's Re- formed), and opposite John Eichelberger's tavern in Main Street, west of the court house." The number for April 18, 1820, we find to be Vol. Ill, published by King & Ab- bott. Mr. Abbott succeeded Mr. Mallo in the proprietorship. The file leaves oif at May 21, and recommences May 6, 1823. May 4, 1824, the partnership of King & Abbott was dissolved, and King & Welsh — Henry Welsh — assumed proprietorship. On September 18, 1827, the office was removed to southwest corner Main and Beaver Streets. King & Welsh dissolved partnership April 7, 1829, when Mr. Welsh was succeeded by George A. Baraitz. Tuesday, August 7, 1823, the size was increased to 20|x30 inches — six columns to a page. . In April, 1833, the office was removed to the north side of Main Street, a few doors below the York Bank. King & Barnitz dissolved partnership April 1, 1835, Mr. Barnitz re- tiring. He was succeeded by Adam J. Gloss- brenner. Adam King died May 6, 1835, and was succeeded by David Small, one of the present proprietors, in April, 1836. In September, 1835, the office was removed to the west side of North Beaver Street, op- posite Duncan's Hotel. In April, 1836, it was removed to the east side of North Beaver Street, a few doors north of White Hall. It appeared in enlarged form May 31, 1836, size, twenty-one and one-half by thirty-five inches. Another removal took place during the week between the 10th and 16th of No- vember, 1847. to East Main Street, in the building of Charles Weiser (now Lehmay- er's). April 1, 1858, the sole proprietorship passed into the hands of David Small, who disposed of a half interest April 1, 1858, to William H. Welsh, son of Henry Welsh, one of the former proprietors. August 3, 1858, the paper was enlarged to 26|^x39J eight columns to the page. William H. Welsh was succeeded by his brother, John B. Welsh, early in the year 1862, and with David Small constituted the firm of Small & Welsh, the present proprietors. Owing to the high price of paper during the Eebellion, the size of the Gazette was, on January 13, 1863, reduced to 23|-x38 but was restored to 380 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. its former size January 26, 1864. The of- fice was removed to Jordan's building north- west angle of Centre Square, July 25, 1865, its present location. Its office machinery and variety of printing material are unexcelled. The Gazette, now the oldest paper in York County, is substantial, conservative and re- liable, three very essential requisites to en- lightened journalism. The files of this paper from 1815 to date, have been of inesti- mable value to the author of this article in the preparation of many topics found in this work. The proprietors will, therefore, accept our grateful acknowledgements for the generous courtesy extended to us. Die Evangelical Zeitung, edited by Rev. John H. Dreyer, began in 1828. It lasted two years. In 1830, the Harbinger, an English paper, which originated in Shrews- bury, this county, was removed to York by its editor, William C. Smyth. It existed for a number of years. The York County Farmer first appeared in December, 1831. It was printed in the English language, and edited by A. J. Gloss- brenner. It was discontinued at the end of the second year. • A.n agricultural paper was published in Lewisberry during the year 1835, and a Ger- man paper existed for two years in the vil- lage of Jefferson, beginning in 1834 The Democratic Press was established in June, 1838, by an association of gentlemen for the purpose of opposing the erection of the court house upon its present site. Court had previously been held in the old court house in Center Square in which Continental Congress held its session for nine months of 1777 and 1778, after being driven out of Philadelphia by the approach of the British Army during the Eevolution. The demoli- tion of the old court house was an act of vandalism, and was so considered by this en- terprising journal. The Press was started under the editorial control of Thomas Loyd, who was quite an able writer, but unfortu- nately it only remained under his charge six months, in consequence of a misunderstand- ing among its stockholders, on account of his strong opposition to Charles A. Barnitz, the Whig candidate for Congress that year. Mr. Loyd not being permitted to take as strong sides for the Democratic candidate as he desired, withdrew from the editorship. The paper remained under the control of the stockholders, with Dr. T. N. Haller as its chief, until June, 1839, when Samuel Wehrly (now in the Government printing office at Washingtonjandthe present proprietor, Oliver Stu'ck, became its owiers, and for a year or more thereafter, the late Albert C. Ramsay was its editor. It was published by Wehrly and Stuck until March, 1845, when Mr. Wehrly disposed of his interest to F. E. Bailey, who died a few weeks after. In April following, D. F. Williams, now deceased, purchased Mr. Bailey's interest. The paper was then published by Williams & Stuck, until October 1855, when the pres- ent owner purchased Mr.' Williams' interest and it has ever since been printed and pub- lished under his immediate control and sup- ervision. The mechanical department of the establishment, when Mr, Stuck became the sole owner, contained a double medium hand press, with 500 or 600 pounds of brevier and long primer type and a few fonts of wood and metal job type, with a small subscription list. Since that time the office has prospered and increased from a limited supply of material to a large and influential journal and an office equipped with modern steam presses for newspaper and job work. The York Pennsylvania, a paper very popular with its readers, was started in 1851, in a building located on the corner of Market and Duke Streets, where it continued to be published until 1867, when the office was removed to its present place one door east of court house on East Market Street. The orig- inal projjrietors were Frey & Hunter. The last named gentleman retired in 1853, and Samuel Wehrly purchased his interest and remained a part of the firm for three years, when D. A, Frey became sole proprietor and continued its publication very successfully. In 1881, his son, V. R. Frey became a part- ner, and the paper is now published under the firm name of D. A. Frey & Son. The office is supplied with a Hoe power press and Washington hand press and a Gordon quarter medium, latest improved job press. The size of the paper is 25x36^ inches. It is published weekly, is independent in politics, and contains a great variety of local and general news. The price originally was $1.50 per annum, which was reduced to |1 per annum in the year 1884. The Pennsylvania has a number of well- trained correspondents to its local colupins. The York Advocate was an ardent Whig paper, edited and published by Christopher Stair. It continued several years and was an ably edited journal. The American Eagle, a lively and interest- ing paper, was started in 1856, by Henry F. Thomas. It was an advocate of what was then known as the American party. The True Democrat, a paper of strong Re- publican principles, which soon became a t. ()y. fLY^ JOURNALISM. 381 prominent and influential joutoal in York County, was started during the civil war, as an ardent advoeate in support of the im- periled government. The first number of this paper was issued on June 7, 1864, the same day that Abraham Lincoln was renomi- nated for president of the United States by the National Kepublican Convention, which then convened in the city of Baltimore. It was at first issued by a stock company with Hiram Young as editor. There were at first about twenty employes. Its circulation in- creased very rapidly, and at one time num- bered 3,500 regular subscribers. It was started in the McGrath Building on South George Street, where it remained until 1867, when it was desired by the proprietors to in- trodufce steam as a motor. This was an im- portant event in the history of journalism, it being the first paper printed by steam in York. The office ever since the removal has been at No. 10, East Market Street, York. A few years ago the name was changed to the Weekly Dispatch. The first number of the York Daily made its appearance on October 5, 1870, under the management of J. L. Shaw, C. H. Glass- myer and A. P. Burchell, all of whom were strangers in York. It was printed in a Columbia office, and brought to York on the morning trains. Its original size was 14x21 inches. The business office was in Capt. Solomon Myer's building. No. 304, west Market Street. After a few weeks' existence Rev. J. C. Smith, a highly respected clergy- man of York, and F. B. Eaber, coal merchant, each having a son who was a practical printer, purchased printing material and placed it in the hands of the original firm, with the condition that their sons, John C. Smith and Lewis B. Kaber become partners in the business. The arrangement ceased on ac- count of the expenses exceeding the income, when Isaac Rudisill, in connection with Eaber & Smith, by reducing the size of the paper, continued its publication. Its size after reduction was 15x22 inches. Under this management the press-work was done in the office of the American Lutheran. The paper was enlarged to 18x26 inches and its circula- tion began to increase. John B. Welsh of the Gazette purchased a one-half interest in it, April 24, 1871, and during the following June became sole proprietor, with Isaac Rudisill as local editor. In September, 1871, the office was removed to No. 8, South Beaver Street, where it remained until April, 1874, when it was removed to No. 4, North Beaver Street. During this time new machinery and material were purchased, and associated press news received. On September 4, 1876, the Daily was sold to Isaac JRudisill, John H. Gibson and A. P. Moul, who formed a copartnership in its publication. All of them were at the time employes in the office. April 21, 1877, the paper was enlarged and greatly improved. The Daily had long before be- come a necessity in York, even though for a time during its early history it struggled for an existence. In 1881 it was moved to its present place opposite the court house. On January 26, 1882, it was purchased by its present proprietors. E. W. Spangler, John B. Moore and S. C. Prey. In I'ebruary of the same year it was increased in size, being then made a sheet of 25x36 inches. During the following Julj the price was changed from $3 to f4 per annum, and a more com- plete supply of associated press dispatches received. It thus became one of the largest and newsiest of inland dailies. April 1, 1885, the issue of a twenty-page paper from this office was considered a marvel of enter- prise. The large finely equipped office is now located opposite the court bouse. This paper is independent in politics and the only morning paper published in York. The town of York is justly proud of so enterpris- ing a daily journal. Its news is eagerly read by a large number of subscribers. The York Weekly, issued from the same office, was started in 1876, as a quarto sheet, 26x36 inches in size. When the Daily was pur- chased by the present owners it was included. It was enlarged to a six-page paper, and on October 19, 1883, the form was changed and it was made an eight page paper on a sheet 31x43 inches. The Evening Telegram, edited and pub- lished by George R. Prowell, from Oc- tober, 1873, fo June, 1875, was the first paper in York County to be connected witb the associated press, and regularly receive the telegraphic news. Thirty dollars a week were regularly paid for dispatches. This was a new era in the history of journalism in the county. The paper ceased publication at a time when nearly all the industrial estab- lishments in York had temporarily closed on account of the financial depression. The Teacher's Journal is a valuable month- ly Sunday-school periodical, established in York in 1874, and is still edited and pub- lished by Rev. P. Anstadt. It now contains thirty-two pages, price 50 cents per year. The Lesson Quarterly was started by the same gentleman in 1875. It contains twen- ty-two pages, price 12 cents per year. The Primary Leaf, published monthly at 6 cents a year, and the Children's Guide, an illus- 382 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. trated monthly,, price 25 cents a year, was started by the same authors in 1884. In 1885 Rev. Anstadt published a book of 360 pages entitled " Practical Sermons and Ad- dresses, " by Rev. A. H. Lochman, D. D. The Evening Dispatch was established by Hiram Young on May 29, 1876, the same month the great centennial exhibition of Philadelphia opened. The proprietor having had long experience in publishing a success- ful vfeekly paper soon made his new daily paper an influential joarnal. For neatness of topography and excellence of mechanical execution it has received the most favorable comment in the columns of other journals and from its many patrons. It is also fre- qiiently commended for the excellent selec- tions, and for the variety of its news. When the paper started a limited amount of press dispatches was obtained. In November, 1883, the United Press leased from the lead- ing telegraph companies a wire for the transmission of newspaper dispatches, where- upon Mr. Young then introduced one of these wires into the Dispatch office, and on May 14, 1885, to better protect himself and receive more extended telegraphic reports daily, he became a member of the United Press and secured exclusive franchise for receiving the news from this association for an evening paper in York, thus giving the Dispatch prestige as a prominent and lead- ing journal. Its ninth anniversary was celebrated May 29, 1885, by issuing a twenty- page paper containing a great variety of interesting reading matter. The Commercial Monthly was edited by H. M. Crider, and existed for a year or two. The Record, a daily paper, was published by S. H. Spangler for nine months during the centennial year. It was ably edited by the well known poet, E. Norman Gunnison. The Missionary Journal is now printed in the Daily office. The Age, a vigorous and enterprising Democratic daily paper was started January 24, 1883, by its present editor and proprietor, Edward Stack, son of Oliver Stuck, of the Press, in which office it is published. Mr. Stuck had just returned to York from the position of editor of the Derrick, a daily paper published at Oil City, Penn., for the purpose of establishing a Democratic daily organ in York, which he has since managed with undoubted enterprise and skill. It was a morning journal from January to May, 1883, since which time it has been published in the afternoon. The first year of its history it was a six-column paper, twenty -one inches in length. On January 24, 1884, it was enlarged to a seven-column paper. It contains a great variety of telegraphic, gen- eral, and local news. The Fountain, an interesting and popular illustrated monthly, widely used for supple- mentary reading in schools, is issued monthly during ten months of the year, and edited by W. H. Shelley, superintendent of the public schools of York, and printed at the office of the York Gazette. It was started in September, 1883, price 50 cents per year. HiNOVER JOUKNALISM. The first paper published in Hanover was started in April, 1797, by Stellingius & Lep- per, and was called Die Pennsylvanische Wochinschrift, printed in Grerman. It sus- pended publication in February, 1805. April 4, of the same year, Daniel P. Lange, an intelligent G-erman, and J. P. Stark commenced to issue the Hanover Gazette, a German paper. The type was purchased at York, having been used in publishing a paper that had been discontinued. The partnership of Lange & Stark continued un- til 1816, when Mr. Lange alone continued the publication of the paper regularly until 1842, and from that year to 1846, Augustus Schwartz was associated with him. From 1846 to 1850, Mr. Lange again conducted the Gazette alone, and afterward sold it to Gutelius & Swartz. The first named gentle- man was pastor of the Reformed Church of Hanover, who sold his interest to V. S. Eckert in 1852, and soon after, T. S. Eckert purchased Mr. Schwartz's interest. At the opening of the civil war in 1860, the Gazette changed from a Democratic to a Republican paper; George E. Sherwood, of York, was for a time its editor. It ceased publication in 1864, after an existence of sixty years. Another German paper was started in 1809, and continued only one year. In August, 1818, Rev. Jacob H. Wiestling, pastor of the Reformed Church, issued the first English paper published in Hanover. Its name was the Guardian. In 1819, he sold it to Joseph Sehmuck, father of Henry M. Schmuck, now president of the First National Bank of Hanover and lumber merchant. Joseph Schmuck owned one of the old time Franklin presses. One day, while printing his paper, he over-exerted himself working at the press, burst a blood vessel, and died from the re- sult at the age of thirty-three years. Will- iam D. Gobrecht purchased the paper in 1824. It discontinued in 1825, and soon after the Hanoverian, another English paper, took its place, and was published several years. In 1824, Joseph Schmuck and Dr. / - JOURNALISM. 383 Peter Mueller began the publication of the IntelUgenceblatt. It was soon removed to Adams County. In 1835 another English paper, the -fferaW, was started by George Frysinger, and in 1839, was purchased by J. S. Gitt, and in 1840, by Grumbine & Bart. It suspended in 1840, The Democrat, an English paper, was founded in 1841 ; in 1844, its name changed to the Planet and Weekly News, when it was purchased by Senary Leader, of Baltimore, Md., who had previously founded the Bed- ford, Tenn., Snquirer. He changed the name of the paper to the Hanover Spectator. He died March 20, 1858, and his widow, Mrs. M. Leader, became the publisher, and F. M. Baughman, of Baltimore, the editor, who con- tinued until 1860. Mrs. Leader conducted the paper until her death in 1875, and since then the Spectator has been owned by W. H. & E. J. Leader. It is a large nine col- umn folio, Republican in politics, and now the oldest paper in Hanover. It is printed on a power press. The office is supplied with a large variety of type and machinery. Eev. A. Rudisill, now of York, for several years published the Monthly Friend, begin- ning in 1843. The Regulator, started by J. S. Gitt, in 1848, existed two years. From 1850 to 1861, the English Gazette was pub- lished by Swartz & Eckert. It discontinued. The Journal, the Visitor, the Locomotive and General Advertiser, were other papers that had a short existence. The Hanover Citizen was established in 1861. During that year, George W. Welsh and Joseph Del- lone purchased the York County Democrat, a German paper, then published in Hanover, by Swartz & Bart, and changed its name to the Hanover Citizen and York County Dem- ocrat. The first number of the English Citi- zen appeared January 31, 1861, with F. M. Baughman as editor, and Welsh & Dellone, proprietors. Since that time there has always been an English and German paper pub- lished at this office. The editorial manage- ment of the papers was assumed by the own- ers, February 26, 1863. William Heltzel purchased both papers November 9, 1865, and in December of that year, he sold the one- half interest in the two papers to William Von Monikovski, who took charge of the German department of the office, and so con- tinued until his death, April 25, 1868, when Mr. Heltzel again took charge of both papers. William J. Metzler became an equal partner in the business, March 16, 1869, and sold his interest to A. P. Bange, October 19, 1871, who conducted the German edition till his death. May 4, 1875. Mr. Heltzel again assumed charge of both papers, and published them until June 29, 1879, when, on account of ill-health, he sold the office to Barton K. Knode, the present proprietor. The size of the English paper is 24x36 inches, and the German paper 22x30 inches. They are both Democratic in politics, and are prominent and influential journals. The office is supplied with an excellent selection of job type and all varieties of printing material and machin- ery. In June, 1872, the present Hanover Herald was started by M. O. Smith, of York, and P. H. Bittinger, of Hanover. Mr. Smith had founded the Glen Rock Item in 1870, and sold his interest in that paper to his partner, N. Z. Seitz, to come to Hanover and establish the Herald. The new paper was independent in politics, a seven -column folio in size, printed on a hand press. The growth of the business demanded improved facilities and a power printing press. The first used in Han- over was purchased in 1876, when the paper was also enlargeunty. 490 HISTORY or YOBK COUNTY. The continental currency only the year before had entirely depreciated, consequently all assessments taken after this for a consider- able time were on a specie basis. GOVERNMENT CENSUS EEPOETS. The United States government began taking a census of the entire country in 1790. We have here compiled, with great care, a complete report of the district of York County since 1820. The census of 1820 in this entire county was taken during the month of August by Charles Nes and Penrose Robison. In 1840 it was taken. by Adam Klinefelter, George Maish, and Dr. Andrew Patterson. Carroll Chanceford Codorus Conewa/ro Dallastowu B'r'gh Delta Borough. . . Dillsburg Dover Borough... Dover Bast Prospect. . . . Fairview Fawn Franklintown Franklin Glen Rock Goldsboro Hanover Heidelberg. . ; Hellam Hopewell Jackson Jefferson Bor'gh. Lewisberry Loganville Lower Chanceford Lower Windsor... ManchesterB'r'gh Manchester Manheim Monagban Newberry New Freedom . . New Balem North Codorus. Paradise Peach Bottom. . Penn Railroad Bor'gh Red Lion Shrewsbury .... ShrewsburyB'r'gh Springfield Spring Garden. . . Stewartstown Warrington Washington West Manchester. West Manheim. . . Windsor Winterstown Wrightsville York Township . . York 1248 2133 945 1816 1177 3439 1098 1764 803 973 946 1813 2063 1630 965 1949 1305 1158 1794 1837 928 1988 1374 1061 1073 3096 3107 8546 1874 1489 1131 1068 368 1920 1892 785 1008 1998 859 819 908 1528 1876 1941 1051 2198 1361 1214 1856 1819 2571 1603 1329 1037 1269 3760 1181 4316 1100 1428 1431 1095 110 220 1232 1687 3153 1538 770 1850 1540 3117 1074 1838 1207 1907 1340 1226 1890 1110 1394 1573 971 1364 803 888 370 346 1918 8098 1043 815 1205 1616 1539 3880 164 343 1637 1923 1630 1758 1648 8288 1481 834 893 331 8150 3162 2591 1806 990 2139 3124 2853 1653 1617 473 1841 8393 1570 1339 1858 1250 1350 1950 6968 8110 1840 1388 393 300 3358 1903 1309 83 1014 2695 1091 1030 2182 3253 1306 1874 3926 553 1637 2809 188 1681 1386 1534 1265 1687 1894 3390 8605 3501 2002 1382 387 881 418 3281 1941 1457 181 910 537 "810 1889 3266 1639 3618 1499 387 368 856 3306 3439 406 8427 1159 1028 3144 3476 1300 2366 3550 600 1958 3010 318 1796 1444 1834 1197 3034 1544 3307 1103 1083 8994 2261 1495 482 369 455 419 8378 350 2150 1685 334 953 651 378 8317 916 1963 3773 1836 330 288 330 2471 8338 480 3636 1393 1055 2228 824 384 3550 1873 3130 1962 230 841 8«87 580 1854 4176 803 1885 1450 3476 1202 2155 190 1776 3370 13979 The entire population of York County in 1783 was 27,007: we have here given only the townships now embraced in York County. CENSU.S OF 1783. o u .s a 2 o a s be 1 a So; t- 'A in H ^1 |I 11 ■A ■a 1 s i $■ n s N Codorus Chanceford : . . 199 193 319 118 101 186 191 106 217 367 396 141 189 173 184 128 293 63 '*i iie ■4 30 6 16 4 39 7 5 29 11 32 10 7 ■9 "5 1,304 1,197 1.367 783 665 866 1,204 907 1,381 1,465 1,704 948 976 1,170 1,118 993 1,779 189 139 146 89 86 91 302 208 218 367 116 152 251 311 94 37,975 34,704 33,811 18,100 16,037 45,223 9,030 45,377 37,172 39,723 88,107 19,344 34,239 30,263 33,054 30,309 9tl 5! 3 7| 1 '^ Fawn 8 4!.. Hellam Hopewell Heidelberg .... Manahan Manheim Manchester Newberry Paradise. .• Shrewsbury Warrington. . . . Windsor York Township York 8 4 3 8 16 31 13 5 7 11 16 9 2 i 3 ■3 4 i 2 2 '3 'is 315 8 4 S8 « POSTOFFIOES IN YOEK COUNTY. Under the present United States postal system, which went into effect in 1790, the first office established was at York. On Feb- ruary 16, 1790, Andrew Johnston, a former lieutenant of the Revolutionary war, who was wounded at the battle of Paoli, was made first postmaster. The columns of the York papers frequently contained long lists of advertised letters belonging to persons living fifteen, twenty or thirty miles away from York. In January, 1795, an office was established at Hanover, and Henry Welsh appointed post master. An office was opened at Marsh Creek, Gettysburg, about 1800. In Novem- ber, 1815, Jacob Kirk became the first post- master at Lewisberry, and John Kirk the same year at Peach Bottom. POSTAL ROUTES. On October 2, 1819, proposals were re- ceived for carrying mails from Lancaster by York, Berwick, Oxford, Gettysburg to Cham- bersburg, 77 miles, every day. Prom York to McCall's Bridge once a week; from York by York Haven, New Market to Harrisburg, three times a week; from Belle Air, Md., by Lower Chanceford, York, Dover, Rosstown, Lewisberry, Lisburn, Dillstown and Carlisle, 59 miles, once a week. In December, 1815, a postal route was es- tablished, by authority of the postoffice de- •Forges. fRedemptioners. NOTES FROM EARLY COURT RECORDS. 491 partment, between York and Carlisle. The mail was conveyed once a week. New offices were established along the route at Dover, Rosstown, Lewisberry, Dillsburg and Lis- bum. The postmasters appointed for these places were charged to be economical, or their offices would be discontinued. POSTOITICES AND POSTMASTERS IN TOEK COUNTY IN 1832. PosTOFFicEs. Postmasters. Bermudian Gideon Griest Chanceford Andrew Clarkson Codorus. '. Martin Sherer Cross Roads Alexander Gordon Castle Fin Edward Markland Day's Landing (New Holland). . ..Peter Dessenberg Dillsburg G. L. Shearer Dover E. Melchinger Pawn Grove Thomas Barton Franklintown Martin Carl Farmer's William Snodgrass Guilford (now Stewartstown) Anthony Stewart Hanover Peter Mueller Hetricks John Hershner Lewisberry Samuel CruU Loganville Samuel Keyser Lower Chanceford William Cowan* Manchester J. T. Ubil Margaretta Furnace S. C. Slaymaker Kewberrytown Thomas Wickersham Peach Bottom James McConkey Pidgeon Hill Abraham Bletcher Rossville Michael WoUet Shrewsbury .Philip Folkemmer Siddonsburg '. James G. Prazer Windsor William C. Cornwell Wrightsville James Kerr Wolfram's Gustavus Wolfram York Haven D. Winchester, Jr. York Daniel Small The following is a list of postoffiees in York County during the year 1885, as fur- nished by the department at Washington: Airville, Fawn Grove, Alpine, Pelton, Andersontown, Portney, Bald Eagle, Franklintown, Black Rock, Gatchellville, Bridgeton, Glatfelters, Brillhart, Glen Rock, Brodbeck's, Glenville, Brogueville, GrahamviUe, Bryansville, Hall, Castle Fin, Hanover, Chanceford, Hanover Junction, Clear Spring, Hartley, Codorus, Hellam, Constitution, Hokes, Craley, Hopewell Centre, Cross Roads, Ironore, Dallastown, Jacobs' Mills, Davidsburg, Jacobus, Delta, Keys, Dillsburg, Laurel, Dover, Lewisberry, East Prospect, Loganville, East York, Long Level, Emigsville, McCall's Ferry, Etters, Manchester, Farmers, Menges' Mills, *Mr. Cowan was liYing in 1885, at the advanced age of ninety-five years. Mount Royal, Mount Top, Mount Wolf, Muddy Creek Forks, Mulberry, Newberrytown, New Bridgeville, New Freedom, New Park, Parke, Peach Bottom, Plank Road, Porter's Sideling, Rail Road, Red Lion, Relay, Rockey, Rossville, Seitzland, Seven Valley, Shortline, Shrewsbury, Siddonsburg, Slab, Slate Hill, Smith's Station, Spring Forge, Springyale, Star view, Sterner, Stewartstown, Stony Brook, Strinestown, Thomasville, Weiglestown, Wellsville, West Bangor, West Manchester, Windsor, Winters town. Woodbine, Wrightsville, Xenia, Yocumtown, York, Yorkana, York Furnace, York New Salem. In all 102. MONET OKDEB OFFICES. The following places in York County have money order offices connected with postoffiees, established at the dates herein given: Torl^ July 1, 1865; Hanover, August 6, 1866; Glen Rock, July 31, 1871; Shrewsbury, July 31, 1871; West Bangor, July 6, 1876; Wrights- ville, August 15, 1881; Wellsville, August 7, 1882. The money order system went into opera- tion in the United States in 1864 The pos- tal note system was put into operation Sep- tember 3, 1883. NOTES FROM EARLY COURT REC- ORDS FROM 1749 TO 1770. THE first court of Several Quarter Sessions in York County after its formation from Lancaster County, was held at York before John Day, Esq., an English Quaker, and his associates, commencing on the 31st day of October, 1749. At this court George Swope, Patrick Watson and Walter Sharp were qual- ified as county commissioners. John Ab- bot, William Greer, John Blackburn, Baltzer Spangler, Michael Tanner and Samuel Craw- ford were qualified as township assessors. The following is a list of the grand jury selected for the first court of quarter sessions, October, 1749 : Michael McCleary, William McClelland, James Agnew, Hugh Bingham, James Hall, William Proctor, William Beatty, John Pope, Nathan Dicks. Thomas Hosack, Thomas Sillick, Samuel Moore, James Smith, Richard Brown, Thomas Niely, Jeremiah Louchbridge, Richard Proctor, 493 HISTORY OF YOEK COUNTY. They all were sworn except three who af- firmed. The names are all English or Scotch- Irish. A number of them were Quakers. The following is a list of the names of constables appointed for the different town- ships of York County at the first court : Newberry, Peter Hughs, Warrington, Robert Vale, Manchester, Christian Lowe, Hellam, John Bishop, Chanceford, George Farr, Fawn, James Edgar, Dover, Caleb Hendricks, York, George Greybill, Manheim, Valentine Herr, Mona^han, William Langley, Paradise, John Frankelberger, Shrewsbury, Hugh Low, Codurus, George Ziegler. The following named persons were rec- ommended to the governor as proper persons to keep public houses of entertainment, at the same session of court : Michael SWope, George Mendenhall, John Edwards, Michael Bardt, George Hoake, Jacob Fakler, Samuel Hoake, William Sinkler. There were a number of taverns opened under the authority of the Lancaster County Court several years before. The first case tried was the King vs. Mil- ler and Smith, overseers of the public high- ways. An indictment was preferred against them jointly for neglect of duty. The de- fendants were discharged upon paying costs. The second case was the King vs. James King for assault. This case was settled. The above two cases were the only ones for trial at the sitting of the court. The second court of the quarter sessions was held on January 30, 1750. Hance Hamilton was sheriff, and William McClelland, foreman of the grand jury, which consisted of nineteen men. At this court the first case attached was Dominus Eex vs. John Morningstern. George Stevenson, Esq., is recorded as pros- ecuting attorney for "our Sovereign Lord the King." John Proby was indicted and plead guilty to selling liquor by small measures, without legal authority. He was sentenced to pay a fine of £5 in English cur- rency, which George Stevenson, clerk of the courts received, and was ordered to pay it to the secretary of the province. George Ross and David Stout were attorneys for the de- fendant. In another case at this court a defendant was found guilty by a jury of twelve men "of feloniously stealing one linen shirt and one pair of stockings," and was sentenced "to immediately receive on his bare back, at the public whipping post, fifteen lashes, and to go to the county gaol (jail) twelve days for the costs of the prosecution, being unable to pay them." This case illus- trates how our ancestors put into full force the English laws. The whipping post was in common use in England at this date. It was used quite frequently in this county during its early history. The next court convened on April 24, 1750. Nineteen men formed the grand jury: Will- iam Peters, Esq., was prosecutor for the king. Several cases were tried. In the July sessions 1750, two of- the grand jurors who were drawn, presented themselves, but refused to be qualified according to the de- mands of the court, whereupon they were fined, and were then allowed to depart in peace for their homes. At this session John Law- rence, Esq., was prosecutor for the king. An incident occurred which created considerable confusion — an impetuous Scotch-Irishman, lost his temper while testifying before the court as a witness in a somewhat important case, and used violent oaths, whereupon the court sentenced him to pay a heavy fine which the records show was promptly paid. Margaret Wilmoth plead guilty "to felo niously taking a silk handkerchief, " and was sentenced by the court to receive immedi- ately on her back fifteen lashes. By this sentence it shows that the women, as well as the men, were sentenced to the unmerciful whipping post, by our provincial justices. It does not speak well for the gallantry of the court of those historic days, but illus- trates that the modes of punishment, as well as customs of those days, were imported. At the same sitting of the court all the tavern- keepers of the county were required to give bonds "to not suffer any drunkenness, un- lawful gaming, or any other disorder, or sell any intoxicating drinks to the Indians to debauch or hurt them." This being the year 1750, a few years before the French and In- dian war, there were a considerable number of Indians within the county. Many of them had great inclination to partake of ardent spirits, or "fire-waters," as they were wont to call them. The provision of the court, forbidding the sale of such liquors to them by the whites, was wise and beneficial. In early colonial days, many homes were de- stroyed by the intoxicated red man. At the October sessions, 1750, Hance Ham- ilton, sheriff, remonstrated to the court in writing, setting forth that by reason of tumultuous behavior of sundry persons, at the last election, he could not make such return as by the act of assembly was required." The court ordered that the commissioners and assessors who served the previous year, continue in office during the ensuing year, or until a new election be held. All the NOTES FROM EAELY COURT RECORDS. 493 voting for county officers at that time was done in the county seat; voters from the re- mote places of the county, were compelled to come to York to cast their ballot for county and provincial offices. A bitter contest took place at the election for sheriif between Hance Hamilton and Eichard McAllister. The latter was declared elected, but ou ac- count of fraud in the voting, and violence at the polls, the provincial authorities afterward decided in favor of Hance Hamilton. This \7ill explain the cause of his statement to the court in relation to the election. This was the second election for sheriff. On the death of Walter Sharp, one of the county commissioners, the vacancy was filled by a vote of the surviving commissioners, and the assessors electing William McClel- land, for the current year. The commis- sioners then were George Swope, Patrick Watson and William MqClelland. Alexander Love produced a commission under the seal of "Hon. James Hamilton, Esq, lieutenant governor of the Province of Pennsylvania, and counties of New Castle, Kent and Sus- sex on the Deleware," dated October 9, 1750, declaring him coroner of the county of York. His qualifications, professional requirements and Christian belief, enjoined by law, and ability to faithfully discharge his duties, were certified to in his commission. The next court of quarter sessions, 1751, was held by Patrick Watson, Esq., and his associates. • It will be here observed, that he was the second presiding justice of the court A commission from his majesty King George TI, of England, dated April 25, 1751, assigning Patrick Watson, John Day, John Wright, Hance Hamilton, George Stevenson, John Withrow, Walter Buchanan, John Blackburn, John Pope, William Grif- fith and Herman Updegraff, justices of the peace under the king of England, and also empowered to be justices of the court of common pleas, was read in open court and published. Patrick Watson, John Day and Herman Updegraff, subscribed the oath and took their seats for this court. Their first business transacted was the admission to practice before their court of Edward Shippen, Jr., who already was a mem- ber of the honorable society of the Middle Temple bar of London, John Matthew, Jr., was admitted as an attorney at the same time. At the July term of court Samuel Morris and Joseph Galloway were admitted as at- torneys; Alexander McDonald and Felix Gallagher were granted peddler's license; Bartholomew Maul was elected commissioner at what was termed the "anniversary elec- tion," and was qualified October 29. He was the village schoolmaster of Yorlr. Hugh Bray was admitted as a practicing attorney January 28, 1752. At this court the Grand Inquest made com- plaint that "John Proby forced open the door of the Chamber and treated them in an inso- lent and indecent manner. " The Court or- dered him to pay a fine of 20s. ' 'It was paid the same day to Richard Ferguson, whose house was burned." Proby was a notorious criminal. He was twice tried at the Lancas- ter court, and a dozen times before in York court. Charles Crim, a grand juror, at this session, "for breaking the peace and casting a glass of wine in another juror's face," was fined 20s. BATES IN TAVERNS. The general assembly of Pennsylvania, considering that inn-holders, etc., exacted excessive rates for their wines, provender, etc., made a law on the 31st of May, 1718, by which the justices of the peace, in their quar- ter sessions, should set such reasonable prices as they should see fit. The justices of York County, on the 28th of January, 1752, estab- lished the following rates and prices; we give them from an extract taken word for word from the records of the court of quarter ses- sions: £ s, d. One quart sangaree made with one pint of good Madeira wine and with loaf sugar 1 § A bowl of punch made with one quart water with loaf sugar and good Ja- maica spirits .. 1 ,6 One pint good Madeira wine 1 3 One pint good Vidonia wine 1,0 One pint good Port wine 1 One quart of mimbo made with West India rum and loaf sugar 10 One quart of mimbo made with New England rum and loaf sugar 9 One gill of good West India rum 4 One gill of good New England rom. . .. ;3 One gill of good whisky 3 One quart of good beer 4 One quart of good cider .. 4 One man's breakfast ,6 One man's dinner i,0 ,8 One man's supper ,6 One horse at hay twenty -four hours.. .. IjO One horse at hay one night 8 Half a gallon of good oats 3 "The above rates were settled by the court and proclaimed by the crier in open court of general quarter sessions, in pursuance of aij act of general assembly of this province ii} such case made and provided." The above continued for some years to -be the tavern rates within the county of York. But the statutes requiring them have long since been repealed. A certain defendant at same court was cori^ 494 HISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. victed of an assault to commit a rape. He was sentenced to pay a fine of £5 to the gov- ernment, be publicJy whipped on his bare back twenty- one lashes, on the 28th day of May, 1752; after first punishment, he was placed for one hour in the pillory. This was one of the most severe punishments that could be imposed. The use of the whipping post seems severe, but the pain in the pillory was excrutiating. The pillory, an ancient instrument of punishment, consisted of a frame of wood erected on posts, with mova- ble boards and holes through which the head and hands of a criminal were placed to punish him. The punishment was a pain- ful strangulation. The pillory was used in England until 1837. At the January term 1753, John Adlum was qualified as the second high sherifi* of York County, having been elected to fill the position vacated by Hance Hamilton. Thomas Otway and William Parr were admitted to practice law in York County. Twenty -nine persons were recommended to the governor of the province as proper per- sons to keep public houses of entertainment in the county of York. On October 30, 1753, James Agnew was qualified as county commissioner. Edward Shippen, Jr. , was prosecuting attorney. Thomas McCartney was sworn in as com- missioner, and Samuel Johnston admitted to practice October 28, 1755 . The courts until this year were held in private houses. The court house was completed in 1755. Among the records of 1758 is found the petition of Erancis Whistle, a prisoner in the county jail, being a runaway servant of John Oliver, of Maryland, to whom' notice was sent to come and pay the prison fees and other charges due, amounting to £3 Is. 6d. The petition set forth that Francis Whistle had no money to pay said fees and asked that he might be adjudged to serve a reason- able time, in satisfaction of costs and ex- pense, whereupon the court ordered that the said Francis Whistle be sold to some proper person by the jailer to serve for one year. The purchaser or master to furnish him suffi- cient meat, drink, apparel and lodging dur- ing said term. Whistle was what was then termed a "redemptioner. " The session held during the month of Octo- ber, 1760, was presided over by Thomas Ar mor, Esq., a man of considerable ability as a jurist. He filled several important positions during the Revolution. In 1761 there were forty-four public houses in York Oounty eigh- teen being in the town of lork. During this year, Edward Shippen, Jr., prosecuting attor- ney or attorney for the king, was succeeded by John Mather. At the January sessions 1763 Robert McPherson was sheriff of the county, and Robert Magaw attorney for the king. He was succeeded by George Ross. This year there were fifty-nine persons licensed to keep tavern in the county. At the October session of 1763, John Morris, Jr., of the city of Philadelphia, became prosecuting attorney for York County. The entry on the record is as follows : "John Morris, Jr., of the city of Philadel- phia, attorney at law for our sovereign Lord the King in this court by virtue of a deputa- tion from Benjamin Chew, Esq., attorney general of the Province of Pennsylvania. " John Blackburn, a Quaker, residing in Warrington Township, presided over the next court, beginning October 17, 1764. George Stevenson, Esq., who was prosecut- ing attorney at the first court of quarter ses- sion, and was clerk of the court, register, and recorder since the erection of the county in 1749, presented his resignation to the court on October 30, 1764, after having served in that office sixteen years in succession. The court-records kept under his direction, still in an excellent state of preservation, are examples of neatness and care. The court, after appropriate ceremonies, accepted his resignation, and Samuel Johnston was ap- pointed to succeed him. in office. • Johnston presented to the court his commission "from the Hon. John Penn, lieutenant-governor," at the next meeting of the court, which was read and approved. During the next two sessions, the celebrat- ed Benjamin Chew, attorney-general of Penn- sylvania, was present and conducted the pros- ecution in certain important provincial cases. Alexander Ramsey, keeper of the jail of York County, petitions the July court setting forth, that .A.ndrew McCollins, "a runaway servant boy (redemptioner) has remained in jail for a long time, and has been advertised and notice given to his master," whereupon the court ordered that the said servant be sold to pay the said jailer what is due him for support and maintenance while in prison. In the year 1768, a certain defendant was convicted of stealing from John Spore two gold Spanish doubloons, one gold Spanish pistole, one gold French pistole, one gold coin called a half Johannes, two bills of credit of Maryland, all of which were valued at the amount of £24 in the province of Pennsyl- vania. There, doubtless, was a great variety of money in use during this period. At the January sessions (1768) the citizens of Man- chester Township petitioned the court, set- ting forth that they had learned that ' ' cer- NOTES FROM EARLY COURT RECORDS. 495 tain citizens of Manchester, Dover and New- berry Townships had petitioned the court for a public road, to lead into George Street, York; that the said road from the north, as petitioned for, would lead through James Wright's unimprove'd meadow land, which is low ground, and would have to be cause- wayed, and extend across Codorus Creek, which, during a great part of the year, would be impassable, except the county would build an expensive bridge. The creek at this point is very broad and the banks low. We, therefore, petition the coart to have the road laid out so as to enter High (Market) Street, where there is a bridge." This petition shows that no bridge at this time existed over the Codorus at North George Street, but that there was one on West Market Street. At the April session of the same year, the court, by the advice of the grand jury, ordered that " a good stone bridge be built over the Codorus Creek in York, and appoint David Jamison, Martin Eichel- berger, Michael Rwoope and Samuel John- ston, Esqs., and Thomas Stockton, Joseph Updegraff, Hugh Dunwobdie and "Dr." John Meem to agree with proper workmen, and have the same built as soon as conven- ient, the old bridge of wood being very much decayed, and the sills rotten, so that it was dangerous to cross with heavy wagons." The old stone bridge, which stood so many years at that point, was built the following year; In July sessions, 1768, the county com- missioners requested that the county prison be enlarged, as it was too small for a work- house and prison, and that the walls were not safe, whereupon the court ordered them to build an additional building. This was done during the next year. It was the same building which stood on the corner of South George and King Streets until 1855, when the present jail building was erected. At the October sessions James Pitt was found guilty of counterfeiting a two-shilling bill of credit of the province of Pennsyl- vania, changing it to a ten-shilling bill of credit. The defendant plead not guilty. The case was conducted by Andrew Allen, attorney-general of the province. The de- fendant, upon a trial before twelve men, was found guilty and received the following terrible sentence: "That the said defendant stand in the pillory in York on the 29fch day of November of the year 1768, between the hours of ten and twelve in the forenoon, for one hour. That then he sh all have both ears cut off, and that they be nailed to the said pil- lory. That the said defendant shall then be whipped at the publick whipping-post in York with thirty-nine lashes on the bare back well laid on, and then pay a fine of 100 pounds law- ful money, the one half to the governor of this province for support of the government, and the one half to the discoverer; that the de- fendant pay the costs of this prosecution, and as he has no lands or tenements, goods or chattels to pay said fine, he is hereby ad- judged to be sold for the term of four years to make satisfaction for the said fine of 100 pounds." The penalty for counterfeiting was sure death in England at this time, and until a much later period. Michael Graybill was appointed keeper of the workhouse and the house of correction for York County, to serve during his pleasure, January, 1771. An order to build a bridge across the Co- dorus Creek at William Spengler's mill, on the road leading from York to Baltimore, was granted April, 1772. Eobert McPherson, Esq., of Marsh Creek, now Gettysburg, was then president justice of the court. In 1774 a woman was convicted of stealing two articles of clothing, and was sentenced to re- ceive fifteen lashes at the whipping-post. Extracts from records of a later date might prove interesting but cannot here be given. The presiding officers of the court for the first twenty-five years were all English; Mar- tin Eichelberger and Michael Swope were the first Germans who attained prominence in court matters. We close these notes with a letter sent from Conewago, now Hanover, to George Stevenson, who was one of the "bosses" in couiity affairs. Politics is politics even un- der the King. Friend Stevenson: We spoke with our nebors that you shall Run Sheriff on our ticket if you but in Frederick Gelwix for commissioner that is to say in our parts and if not you shall have no interest more in our parts and if you will Do So send us a few lines back again. So much from your friends. MiCHABL DANNEK. Fred. Gelwix. Conewago, Sept. 14, 1765. The original is in possession of Henry Wirt of Hanover. DB.' DADY. The following account of that noted im- postor. Dr. Dady, is taken from that written by the Hon. John Joseph Henry, then president judge of our courts, and sent by him to Philadelphia with the convicted impostor. Judge Henry wrote the account from notes taken at the trial. Dr. Dady, who was a German, came to this country with the Hessians during the Revolu- 496 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. tion. Possessing a fascinating eloquence in the German language, and being fluent in the English, he was employed as a minister by uninformed but honest Germans,which he laid aside and assumed the character of a physician. He came to York County, and dwelt among the inhabitants of a mountain- ous part (now within Adams .County), where, in various artful ways, he preyed on the purses of the unwary. The following is an account of an Adams County imposition : Rice Williams, or Rainsford Rogers, a New Englander, and John Hall, a New Yorker, (both of whom had been plundering the inhabitants of the Southern States by their wiles,) came to the house of Clayton Cham- berlain, a neighbor of Dady, in July, 1797. In the morningjDady went to Chamberlain's and had a private conversation with Williams and Hall. After Dady had left, Williams asked Chamberlain whether the place was haunted. Being answered in the negative, he said that it was haunted — that he had been born with a veil over his face, could see spirits, and had been conducted thither, sixty miles, by a spirit. Hall assented to the truth of this. In the evening, they had another interview with Dady. Williams told Chamberlain, that if he would permit him to tarry he would show him a spirit. This being agreed to, they went into a field in the even- ing, and Williams drew a circle on the ground, around which he directed Hall and Chamberlain to walk in silence. A terrible screech was soon heard proceeding from a black ghost (!!!) in the woods, at a little dis- tance from the parties, in the direction oppo- site to the place where Williams stood. In a few minutes a white ghost appeared, which Williams addressed in a language which those who heard him could not understand ; the ghost replied in the same language. After his ghostship had gone away, Williams said that the spirit knew of a treasure which it was permitted to discover to eleven men — they must be honest, religious and sensible, and neither horse-jockeys nor Irishmen. The intercourse between Williams and Dady now ceased to be apparent ; but it was continued in private. Chamberlain, convinced of the existence of a ghost and a treasure, was easily induced to form a company, which was soon effected. Bach candidate was initiated by the re- ceipt of a small sealed paper, containing a little yellow sand, which was called "the power." This "power" the candidate was to bury in the earth to the depth of one inch, for three days and three nights, performing several other absurd ceremonies. A circle two inches in diameter was formed in the field, in the centre of which there was a hole six inches wide and as many deep. A captain,a lieutenant and three committee-men were elected. Hall had the' honor of the captaincy. The exercise was to pace around the circle, &c. — This, it was said, strength- ened the white ghost, who was opposed by a black ghost. In the course of their exercises they often saw the white ghost. On the night of August 18, 1797, Will- iams undertook to get instructions from the white ghost. He took a sheet of white pa- per, and folded it in the form of a letter, when each member breathed into it three times. The following is an extract from the epistle written by the ghost. ' ' Go on, and do right, and prosper, and the treasure shall be yours. I am permitted to write this in the same hand I wrote in the flesh for your direction — O .^^^J Take care of your powers in the name and fear of God our protector — if not, leave the work. There is a great treasure, £4,000 apiece, for you. Don't trust the black one.^Obey or- ders. Break the enchantment, which you will not do until you get an ounce of mineral dulcimer eliximer; some German doctors has it. It is near, and dear, and scarce. Let the committee get it — but don't let the doctor know what you are about — he is wicked." The above is but a part of this communi- cation. A young man named Abraham Kephart waited, by order of the committee, on Dr. Dady. The Doctor preserved his eliximer in a bottle sealed with a large red seal, and buried in a heap of oats, and demanded $15 for an ounce of it. Young Kephart gave him 136 and three bushels of oats for three ounces of it. Yost Liner gave the Doctor $121 for eleven ounces of the stuff. The company was increased to thirty-nine persons, many of whom were wealthy. Among those who were duped were, Clayton Chamberlain, Yost Liner, Thomas Bigfaam, William Bigham, Samuel Togert, John M'Kinney, James Agnew, James M'Cleary, Robert Thompson, David Kissinger, George Shockley, Peter Wikeart and John -Philips. All these were in the words of the indictment " cheated and defrauded by means of pre- tended spirits, certain circles, certain brown powder, and certain compositions called min- eral dulcimer elixer, and Deterick's elixer." The following is an account of their pro- ceedings in Shrewsbury Township: Williams intimated that he had received a call from a SLAVERY AND REDEMPTIONEES. 497 ghost resident in those parts, at the distance of forty miles from Dady's. Jacob Weiser was the agent of Williams. He instituted a company of twenty-one persons, all of whom were ignorant people. The same ceremonies were performed by these people, and the com- munications of the ghost were obtained in a still more ridiculous manner than before. The communications mentioned Dr. Dady, as the person from whom they should obtain the dulcimer elixer, as likewise a kind of sand which the ghost called the ' ' Asiatic sand, " and which was necessary in order to give ef- ficacy to the ' ' power. " Ulrich Neaff, a com- mittee-man of this company, paid to Dr. Dady $90 for seven and a half ounces of the elixer. The elixer was 'put into vials, and each person who bad one of them held it in his hand and shook it as he pranced round the circle; on certain occasions he annointed his head with it. and afterward, by order of the spirit, the vial was buried in the ground. Paul Baliter, another of the. committee-men, took with him to Dr. Dady's a SlOO to pur- chase " Asiatic sand," at |3 per ounce. Dady being absent, Williams procured from the Doctor's shop as much sand as the money would purchase. In this instance Williams cheated the Doctor, for he kept the spoil to himself, and thence arose an overthrow of the good fraternity. Each of them now set up for himself. Williams procured directions from his ghost, that each of the companies should dispatch a committeeman to Lancaster to buy " Deder- ick's mineral elixer" of a physician in that place. ,In the meantime Williams and his wife went to Lancaster, where they prepared the elixer, which was nothing but a compo- sition of copperas and cayenne pepper. Mrs. Williams, as the wife of John Huber, a Ger- man doctor, went to Doctor Rose, with a let- ter dated " thirteen miles from New Castle, Delaware," which directed him how to sell the article, etc. The enormity of the price aroused the suspicion of Dr. Rose. In a few days the delegates from the committee ar- rived and purchased elixer to the amount of $740. 33. When the lady came for the money she was arrested, and the secret became known. Her husband, Williams, escaped. A few days after the disclosures made by Mrs. Williams, an indictment was presented in the criminal court of York County, against Dr. John Dady, Rice Williams, Jesse Miller, Jacob Wister, the elder, and John Wister, the younger, for a conspiracy to cheat and defraud. The trial took place in June fol- lowing, and resulted in the conviction of Wister, the elder, and of Dr. Dady — the former of whom was fined $10 and impris- oned one month in the county jail, the latter fined 190, and sentenced to two years in the penitentiary of Philadelphia. SLAVERY AND REDEMPTIONERS, SLAVEBT IN YORK COUNTY. SLAVERY was introduced into Virginia col- ony in 1620, by the arrival of a Dutch trad- ing vessel at Norfolk, loaded with colored Africans. It existed in Pennsylvania under the Swedes and the Dutch, prior to granting of the province to William Penn. The col- onial assembly as early as 1712, passed an act to restrain its increase. The same authority, later, imposed a prohibitory duty on the importation of slaves into the province. This was repealed by thb crown, as slavery was then common in England. The price of an imported negro, 'about the middle of last century, ranged from £40 to £100, Penn- sylvania currency. The Society of Friends who for many years controlled the legisla- tive assembly, took an active part in the abo- lition of slavery, and at an early period, would not allow any of their members to own slaves. The Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery, was founded in 1775. It contin- ued an organization until Abraham Lincoln, in 1863, struck the death blow to slavery, by signing that immortal document — the Eman- cipation Proclamation. The great philoso- pher, Benjamin Franklin, was its first presi- dent, and Dr. Benjamin Rush, the first sec- retary. This society, in 1790, sent a memo- rial to congress, bearing the of&cial signa- ture of Benjamin Franklin, asking that body to devise means for removing the in- consistency of slavery from the American people. On March 1, 1780, owing to the pressure of public opinion, the legislature of Pennsylvania passed an act for the gradual abolition of slavery. This law required that all slaves should be registered in the office of the clerk of the court of quarter sessions, on or before November 1, 1780. The name, age, term of service and valuation of the slave, were demanded; all persons held as slaves for life, or until the age of thirty-two years, should continue as such; but all persons born after that date of slave parents should be free, except children born of registered slaves, who should be servants until they were twenty-eight years old. This 498 HISTORY or YORK COUNTY. law was so modified in 1788, as to prevent persons from taking their slaves to another State; an interesting case to test this law was tried in Lancaster in 1804. The following are the names of persons in York who. owned slaves in 1780, together with the number owned by each, individual: Rev. John Andrews, 3; William Alexan- der, 1; Valentine Crantz, 2; Michael Dou- del, 3, Widow Doudel, 1; Joseph Donald- son, 1; James Dobbins, 1; David Grier, Esq., 1; George Irwin, 3; Joseph Cham- bers, 2; John McAllister, I; Widow Moore, 1; Peter Reel, 1; Michael Swope, Esq., 2; Balzer Spangler, 3; George Stoehr, 1; An- drew Welsh, 1; Bernard Eichelberger, 1. There were 30 slaves owned in 1780, in Manchester Township, which then included West Manchester; 40 in Fawn, which in- cluded Peach Bottom; William Ghesney, of Newberry, who owned the ferry below New Market, 7 — (he was the only slave-owner in the township at that time, which included Fairview); Dover had none; Ephraim John- son, of Menallen Township, Adams County, then a part of York County, owned 2 slaves; one was 110 years old in 1780; Manheim, 14; Monaghan, which embraced Carroll and Franklin, had 21, James Dill owned 9 of them; Windsor, including Lower Windsor, 10; Paradise, 2; Codorus, 5; Heidelberg, in- cluding Hanover, 14; Shrewsbury, 22; Hal- lam, 8; Warrington none, as slavery was opposed by the Quakers; Chanceford, in- cluding Lower Chanceford, 21. Hopewell, 5. In the entire county, which included Adams County, there were 471 slaves in 1783, and 499 slaves in 1790. There were 77 slaves in 1800. In 1810, there were 22. In the year 1820, 6: four females and two males. The last slave in the county died in 1841. He was owned by the father of Karl For- ney, of Hanover. In 1816 Capt. Izard Bacon, a wealthy planter, who resided in Henrico County, Va., manumitted fifty-six of his own slaves. Some of the heirs attempted to hold them in slavery, but the courts finally pronounced them free on June 15, 1819. Charles Gran- ger, a nephew of Bacon, loaded them on wagons to take them to Canada. Fifty-two of them in September, 1819, passed through York, and most of them located in Columbia, where their descendants, the Randolphs, Greens, Pleasants, Haydens, and others now reside. The Columbia Abolition Society procured for them positions when they ar- rived. In 1821, 100 manumitted slaves, from Hanover County, Va., came into York; some remained here, while others of them went to Columbia and Marietta and located. They were employed by the lumber merchants along the Susquehanna. Just prior to the passage of the Fugitive Slave law, in Sep- tember, 1850, several hundreds of them passed north to Canada. In the fall of 1850 William Baker, still living in Columbia, was arrested and taken to Philadelphia, tried as a fugitive slave, and remanded into slavery. This was the first rendition of the new law. His friends at Columbia raised money and purchased his freedom. THE YORK COUNTY COLONIZATION SOCIETY. The American Colonization Society was organized at Washington in 1817, soon after the accession of James Monroe to the presi- dency. He advocated the colonization of freed slaves. Through the efforts of the Colonization Society, the United States government, in 1819, formed the Republic of Liberia, on the coast of Africa, and called its capital Monrovia, after the President. It was intended as a "colony for any free per- sons of color who may choose to go there. " On the evening of August 8, 1819, the celebrated Rev. Dr. Meade, of Washington, delivered a lecture on the subject: "Colo- nization," in the court house at York, and the same evening, an organization was effected, and an auxiliary society formed, called the " York County Colonization Society." The Pennsylvania Society was formed eight years later. A constitution was adopted and the follow- ing-named persons elected as officers and managers: president, Jacob Barnitz, Esq. ; vice-presidents, George Barnitz and Jacob Eichelberger; managers, Charles A. Barnitz, Andrew Creamer, Dr. William Mcllvain and Charles A. Morris; treasurer, John Schmidt; secretary, John Gardner. In 1825 a number of free colored children were kidnapped in Philadelphia, and sent to Mississippi, where they were sold into slavery. This created great indignation throughout Pennsylvania. As slavery gradually ceased to exist in Pennsylvania, most of her people became op- ponents of it, and abolition societies orig- inated in the North. Many persons gave as- sistance to runaway slaves that escaped north of Mason and Dixon's Line. "the underground railroad." A kidnapping case at the borough of Co- lumbia, in 1804, incited the people of that place to protect the colored race. The lead- er in this work was William Wright, a SLAVERY AND REDEMPTIONERS. 499 grandson of the Quaker emigrant, who was one of tihe first settlers there. This plan was designed to allow escaped slaves at that early day protection from the "slave- catcher," who came from Maryland and Virginia after them. This is what gave rise to the expression, "underground railroad," first used by one of the owners of human flesh, who could not find his game, and declared there is an under- ground railroad somewhere. From 1820, or earlier, to the passage of the fugitive slave law in 1750, large numbers of them crossed York County to Columbia. The persons who directed the fugitives were called agents of the underground route and did their work very quietly. York was one of the stations of the route to Columbia. William Goodrich, the col ored man who built "Centre Hall," in York, was one of the agents there; a man named Fis- sel, near town, was another, while many prom- inent persons assisted in one way or the oth- er. William Yocum was an agent of a line to Middletown Ferry. He sent them to ' 'Black Isaac, " north of York, and the latter directed them to Middletown. Another branch of this road passed through Adams County to Dover, where Dr. Robert Lewis was the agent. He sent them to his father. Dr. Webster Lewis, of Lewisberry, and he in turn sent them either to a station near Boiling Springs, Cumberland Couaty, or across the Susque- hanna, at Middletown Ferry. Many of them remained at Middletown, and were employed in the lumber yards. Their descendants are now there. Persons who helped slaves fre- quently imperiled their own lives and liberty. There were a few thrilling incidents in the county, near the village of Lewisberry, where there was an abolition society. A negro slave was shot, though not killed, by his pursuing master, near Lewisberry, about the year 1830. He had jumped out of a garret window of a house now owned by Jacob Garretson. Sixteen shots were taken out of his wound. He recov- ered, and was taken back to the home of his owner in Virginia. About the same time "a slave-driver" snapped a pistol at Dr. Robert Lewis, in the village of Newberry, and then fled. His pistol did not discharge. Some of the persons who came in search of these fugitives were gentlemen, and were simply in search of what they considered valuable property. On one occasion two fine- looking young Southern planters discovered three of their escaped slaves working in the barnyard of a good-natured Quaker, who resided not many miles northwest of York. As they approached the mild-mannered old Friend, they addressed him courteously, and one of them said: "I see you have some of our boys." The farmer replied in the affirmative, and then said to them: "Will thee come into the house and have some din- ner before thee goes ?" They consented. The Quaker had three interesting young daugh- ters; two of them prepared the meal, and en- tertained the visitors so well that the third sister went to the barn, planned the means of escape for the slaves; and to the utter surprise and astonishment of the South- ern gentlemen, after having finished their dinner and went to the barn for their slaves, found they had gone, but they never suspected who assisted in their escape. The fugitive slave law, an act of Congress passed in 1850, imposed a fine not exceeding $1,000, and imprisonment not exceeding six months, upon any individual harboring or giving aid to fugitives, and $1,000 for each slave who was lost to his master by the as- sistance of others. Any one called upon by a deputy marshal was required to assist in re- covering a runaway. If any food was given him, the donor was subject to prosecution. In 1850, an agent of the "underground railroad," in York County transmitted two or three slaves to Mr. Kauffman, of Cumberland County. He allowed them to harbor in his barn, where some member of his family, without his knowledge, gave them food. They escaped northward. Suit was soon af- ter brought against Kauffman for the recov- ery of the value of these slaves, under the new law, by the reputed owner, who lived in Virginia. Thaddeus Stevens was employed for the defendant, and ' 'contested every inch of ground," says our worthy informant, Sam- uel Evans, Esq., of Columbia. The case came before the United States Court at Phila- delphia. Two jurors, one of whom is still living, Abraham N. Cassel, of Marrietta — "hung" the jury for six weeks, and prevented a verdict in favor of the slaveholder. The first martyr in the United States un- der the fugitive slave law, was William Smith, a colored man of Columbia, Penn., who was shot and instantly killed while attempt- ing to avoid capture, by Albert G. Ridgeley, a slave-catcher, from Baltimore County, Md. This occurred on the 30th of April, 1852. It was claimed that Smith was an escaped slava belonging to George W. Hall, of Harford County, Md. After the murder, Ridgeley fled across the river into York County, took the old Baltimore Road from Wrightsville, passed south of York, and was not captured, although the sheriff of York County and his posse were on the alert for him. In his headlong flight he became over-heated, and 500 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. took sick and died soon afterward in Balti- more. This created a great sensation throughout the entire State, Application was made to Gov. Bigler for a requisition, but owing to some complications in the case it was not granted. Slaves continued to escape, and the "un- derground railway" system kept up until the outbreak of the Bebellion. SEEVANTS AND EEDEMPTIONERS. SERVANTS were in great demand during colonial days, and cargoes of laboring peo- ple were brought across the ocean and disposed of in America by indenture. The form was little better than slavery. As recorded in the early taxable lists of York County, they were assessed as personal property the same as colored slaves. Most of them in this ■county were "redemptioners" from Germany; some from other countries. Indentures were prepared before setting sail for this country, binding the subject to serve for a number of jears, rarely less than four. Servitude of this kind existed as late as 1800 iu York ■County. Many European mechanics, as well as farmers, came here under such conditions, and some of both classes, after serving the term of their indenture, became prosperous and well-to-do citizens. In 1760 there were more than 100 redemptioners in York County. In 1781 there were forty-nine. An adver- tisement for the recovery of a runaway ser- vant was very common in those days. Some- times "three cents reward" was offered for their return. The most remarkable case was that of James Annesley, son of Arthur Annesley, (Lord Altham) who, as an, orphan boy, was enticed on board an American vessel by an uncle who wanted to get possession of his legacy. The boy was landed at Philadelphia and sold as a servant by the captain, to fulfill the contract with the uncle. His place of servitude was forty miles west of Philadel- phia, where he remained twelve years. In 1740 he was discovered by two Irish emi- grants to America from his native place. He was taken from his condition of servitude, returned home, and in 1743 brought suit against his uncle for the recovery of his prop- erty, and gained his case; but pending an ap- peal to the House of Lords, he died. A story by the celebrated novelist, Charles Eeade, entitled the "Wandering Heir," was founded upon this incident. The sale of "redemptioners" became a busi- ness during colonial days. They were brought to this country and then taken through the land and sold by indenture. On this account those who sold them were called "soul-drivers." The following tradi- tional story is common to many localities: One of these venders of human beings had disposed of all his drove except one, who proved to be as ingenious at making a bar gain as his owner. Having put up at a tav- ern for the night, the sagacious servant rose first and sold his master to the landlord, re- covering quite a handsome sum. He quickly departed, but first warning the landlord that the servant he sold him had a vicious habit of telling falsehoods, and warned him that he might try to pass himself off as the master. SECRET SOCIETIES. TREE AND ACCEPTED MASONS.* THEEE are traditions of the working of the Masonic brethren in the then Yorktown as early as the year 1777. The Misses Clark, daughters of Gen. John Clark, an officer of the Eevolution, frequently heard their father speak of sitting in a lodge at Yorktown. This might have been one of the traveling lodges of Eevolutionary times, and if so, was in York at the time the Continental Congress held its sessions there. If we are rightly in- formed it was customary in earlier days, when a number of Masons were sojourning in the same place, to open a lodge for fraternal greet- ing, there being no work. On the 27th day of October, A. D. 1810, and of Masonry 5810, a warrant was granted by the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania and Masonic jurisdiction there- unto belonging, " according to the old consti- tution received by his Eoyal Highness Prince Edwin of York, in the Kingdom of England, in the year of the Christian ^ra Nine hundred and twenty and six, and in the year of Masonry Four thousand nine hundred twenty an six," to John Armstrong, Jacob Kline and Thomas McGrath, authorizing and empowering them to form a lodge to be called St. John's, No. 123, to be held in the town of York, "or within five miles of the same, and make Free Masons according to the most Ancient and Honorable custom of the Eoyal Craft in all ages and nations through the Known World and not Contrary wise. " It appears from good authority, that the first *Bj' A. Hiestand Glatz. SECRET SOCIETIES. 501 meeting of this lodge was held in the build- ing now known as the Lafayette House, on South George Street, on the 30th day of November, 1810, and the first officers of the lodge were then installed. They continued holding their meetings at that place for some years, after which they moved into the brick house on the east side of South George Street, one door north of the German Catholic Church, and finally in a building that ad- joined Hartman's store on the same street, owned at that time by George Haller, Esq., father of Dr. T. N. Haller, deceased. The entrance to the lodge room was through an alley between Hartman's and Winer's stores. There the last meeting of the lodge was held about the year 1836, and by reason of the loss of its charter during the anti- Masonic excitement which then, prevailed throughout the State, the lodge ceased to exist. Among its members we find such names as George Haller, Esq., Calvin Mason, David B. Prince, Morris J. Gardnier, Dr. Luke Kouse, Abraham Hiestand, Henry Smyser, Judge Walter S. Franklin, Judge Samuel C. Bonham, George S. Morris and Judge Robert J. Fisher. The warrant for the present lodge. No. 266, was granted by the Eight Worshipful the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, September 6, 1852, and constituted November 4, of the same year. The place of the meeting of this lodge, until September 24, 1864, was in the Odd Fellows' Hall. In the year 1863, the feasibilty of securing a permanent hall was considerably discussed by the members, and on April 7, of the same year, a con- tract was made with Frederick Stailman, a member of the lodge, to build a suitable hall. The corner-stone was laid September 13, 1863. The committee under whose super- vision the hall was constructed, reported that the hall built by Frederick Stailman, "was finished, furnished and ready for 'solemn dedication,' " which was done by the Eight Worshipful the Grand Officers of the Grand Lodge, September 6, 1864. The hall has been purchased from Mr. Stailman, and is now the property of York Lodge, No. 266, F. & A. M. From September 6, 1864, to the present time, the lodge has continued to hold meetings in the same place. York Lodge, No. 266, is the parent of not less than four lodges in the county, of which we give a list. Patmos Lodge, No. 348, held at Hanover; warrant dated June 6, A. D. 1864; A. L. 5864. Shewsbury Lodge, No. 423, held at Shews- bury; warrant dated March 4, 1868. Zeredatha, No. 451, held at York, warrant dated November 24, 1869. Eiverside, No. 503, held at Wrightsville; warrant dated December 26, 1871. Howell Chapter, No. 199, Royal Arch Mason, was constituted September 29, 1864. York Commandery, No. 21, Knights Tem- plar, was constituted January 19, 1865. MASONIC HALL, NORTH BEAVER ST., YORK, PA: The counties of York and Adams constitute Masonic Distict No. 4, with Isaac A. Elliott as district deputy grand master. Following is a complete list of the past masters of York Lodge from the time of its constitution until the present. fGeorge S. Morris, November 4, 1852, to December 27, 1853. fDavid B. Prince, December 27, 1853, t6 December 27, 1855. fPeter Bentz, December 27, 1855, to De- cember 27, 1857. William Smith, December 27, 1857, to De- cember 27, 1859. Eobert J. Fisher, December 27, 1859, to December 27, 1860. William H. Jordan, December 27, 1860, to December 27, 1862. Samuel J. Eouse, December 27, 1862, to December 27, 1863. Michael B. Spahr, December 27, 1863, to December 27, 1864. fThomas White, December 27, 1864, to De- cember 27, 1865. Jere Carl, December 27, 1865, to December 27, 1866. George H. Maish, December 27, 1866, to December 27, 1867. Joseph E. Davis, December 27, 1867, to De- cember 27, 1868. 502 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. Fitz James Evans, December 27, 1868, to December 27, 1869. David P. Shultz, December 27, 1869, to De- cember 27, 1870. John Gibson, December 27, 1870, to De- cember 27, 1871. O. C. Brickley, December 27, 1871, to De- cember 27, 1872. Jacob D. Heiges, December 27, 1872, to December 27, 1873. fMartin J. Skinner, December 27, 1873, to December 27, 1874. Jere W. Brickley, December 27, 1874, to December 27, 1875. Israel F. Gross, December 27, 1875, to De- cember 27, 1876. William Gilberthorp, December 27, 1876, to December 27, 1877. A. Hiestand Glatz, December 27, 1877, to December 27, 1878. Samuel B. Heiges, December 27, 1878, to I December 27, 1879. Charles S. Weiser, December 27, 1879, to December 27, 1881. Isaac A. Elliott, December 27, 1881, to De- cember 27, 1883. James Kell, December 27, 1883, to Decem- ber 27, 1884. The present officers are Samuel I. Adams, W. M.; Richard E. Cochran, S. W.; David O. Prince, J. W. ; Jere Carl, treasurer ; David P. Shultz, secretary; William H. Jor- dan, A. Hiestand Glatz and Jere W. Brick- ley, trustees. The number of members is 115. ODD FELLOWSj ETC.* The Order of Odd Fellows in York County was, from the day of its introduction, pos- sessed of a spirit of energy not displayed by any other secret organization introduced be- fore or after the period of anti-Masonic an- tagonism. The only secret society of which there exists any record, the original Masonic Lodge, of York, had disbanded during the anti-Masonic troubles, and the greater num- ber of her members felt disinclined to face public opinion, then freely and openly mani- fested against all so-called oath-bound or- ganizations. But the spirit and the teachings inculcated by the Masonic fraternity re- mained, and evidently only slumbered, await- ing a favorable opportunity to branch forth in perhaps a somewhat modified form; omit- ting the objectionable, "oath-bound" portion, but retaining strict and implicit secrecy un- der "Honor-Pledge." Many of those who had been looked upon as ardent advocates of the "square and compass," turned their at- , — ^ — . +Deceased. *By George B. Sherwood. tention to the beauties of the so-called "three linked fraternity," and became stead- fast votaries at her shrine. Some time during the early part of Janu- ary, 1842,' some twenty citizens of York (who had been initiated at Baltimore and Philadel- phia) assembled at what was known as the Museum Building, on North Beaver Street, to consult as to the advisability and practicabil- ity of organizing a lodge of the I. O. O. F. The spirit manifested at this meeting showed a decided promise for speedy action, and cul- minated in the appointment of a committee to make the necessary application for a char- ter. On the 5th of March, the committee re- ported the reception of a dispensation grant- ed by the board of grand officers of the juris- diction of Pennsylvania, authorizing the es- tablishment of Mount Zion Lodge, No. 74; Jacob Forrest, noble grand. Gen. George Hay, vice grand, Edwin 0. Epley, secretary, Alexander Klinefelter, assistant secretary, and Abraham Arnold, treasurer, were designated as the officers of the lodge, and their names were duly recorded upon the original charter. Some four weeks after the arrival of the dis- pensation the institution proper took place at said Museum Building, where the meetings took place for a period, and the admission of members followed in unexpected succession. On Tuesday, the 15th day of November, 1842, the lodge room, which had been re- moved to South George Street, near the site of the present German Catholic St. Mary's Church, was regularly dedicated to the pur- poses of Odd-Fellowship, at which time 105 members proved present, participated in the ceremonies, and signed a memorial apper- taining to the services in their own proper handwriting. The power of the order soon developed. The deportment of the members, their stand- ing in the community as citizens, and the ac- tivity displayed by the new converts, many of whom constituted the very best elements of the community, gave the organization a foot-hold so firm, that opposition yielded, and the bit- ter passions of hatred and violence, which felt inclined to beat against her base, ex- pended themselves without doing any harm. Application upon application followed, and continued to strengthen the fort of "friend- ship, love and truth." On the 28th of January, 1845, or just about three years after the institution of Mount Zion Lodge, Mount Vernon Encamp- ment No. 14, was called into existence by a desire to learn and disseminate the princi- ples of the order in their entirety. George S. Morris, chief patriarch, E. G. Smyser, ,^.s ^— S^^^^-/S Officers of the term: George W. Breeswine, N. G. ; Ernst Hein, V. G. ; George P. Spangler, secretary; F. F. Buckingham, assistant sec- retary; F. M. Dick, treasurer and representa- tive to Grand Lodge. Mount Vernon, No. 143. — Number of mem- bers, 99. Capital on hand, $5,403.31. Amount of relief granted during last year, $1,006. Officers of the term: S. D. Ehrhart, N. G.; James H. Moody, V. G.; M. M. Hutchinson, secretary; D. R. Klinefelter, assistant secre- tary; J. H. Hendricks, treasurer and repre- sentative to Grand Lodge. ChihuahuM, No. 317. — Number of mem- bers, 63. Capital invested, $3,608.09. Amount of relief granted during last year, Sf293. Officers of the present term: J. B. Waltman, N. G.; C. S. Glatfelter, V. G.; A. J. Duden, secretary; John K. Upp, treasurer. A. J. Duden, representative to Grand Lodge. Hanover, No. 327. — Number of members, 179. Amount of capital invested, $8,196.51. Amount of relief granted during last year,. SECRET SOCIETIES. 505 $1,072.75. Officers of the term: B. A. Michael, N. Q.; George H. Bowers, V. G. ; W. H. Long, secretary; William A.. Clay, assistant secretary; Carl Erdman, treasurer; F. S. Zinn, representative to Grand Lodge. Humane Lodge,No. 342. — York; number of members, 182. Amount of capital on hand, 121,433.47. Amount of relief granted du- ring last year, $1,216.75. Officers of the present term : McClellan M. Spahr, N. G., J. W. Dennis, V. G., James H. Fisher, secre- tary ; L. H. Sudiek, assistant secretary ; D. P. Shultz, treasurer ; Henry J. Deitch, representative to Grand Lodge. Mt. Hebron, No. 516. — Delta; number of members, 34; amount of capital on hand, $1,000, amount paid for relief during the year, $35; present officers: N. G., W. Wal- lace, Jr.; V. G., H. Sprenkel; secretary, P. J. Gilbert; treasurer, J. H. Gilbert. Goldsboro, No. 791. — Goldsboro ; number of members, 24; amount of capital on hand, $1,159.16; amount of relief granted during the year, $85; officers of the present term: John Ziegler, N. G. ; George H. Grove, V. G. ; John A. Willis, secretary; Ed. D. Brecken- ridge, assistant secretary; Geo. S. Wolf, treasurer ; John A. Willis, representative to Grand Lodge; Harmonia, No. 853. — York; number of members, 57; cash on hand, $1,130.07; amount paid forrelief during the year, $268; present officers: W. B. Euby, N. G. ; John Bender, V. G. ; D. P. Heckert, secretary; Herman Sauppe, assistant secretary; Alber- tus Hibner, treasurer, and J. T. Tracy, rep- resentative to Grand Lodge. Mt. Sinai, No. 90S. — Jefferson; number of members, 46; cash on hand, $1,338.31; amount paid for relief during the last term, $35; present officers: A. B. Miller, N. G.; Henry A. Walter, V. G. ; W. H. Brodbeck, secretary; C. M. Motter, assistant secretary; Henry Eichelberger, representative to the Grand Lodge. Winona, No. 944. — East Prospect; number of members, 24; amount of capital on hand $375.47; amount paid for relief during the year, $15; present officers: Henry Thomas, N. G.; J. W. Kinard, V. G.; Peter J. Gilbert, secretary; Jacob H. Leber, assistant secretary; Michael Shenberger, treasurer; Peter J. Gil- bert, representative to Grand Lodge. Mt. Olivet, No. 997. — Spring Grove; number of members, 54; cash in treasury, $418.57; amount paid for relief during year, $48; present officers: John S. Myers, N. G.; William Hoke, V. G.; William Currens, secretary; George Seller, assistant secretary; Ephraim Stambaugh, treasurer; Jesse G. Williams, representative to Grand Lodge. Mt. Vernon Encampment, No. 14. — York; number of members, 125; capital on hand, $9472.31; amount relief paid $896; present officers: chief patriarch, David Ziegler; high priest, George A. Welker; senior warden, D. P. Heckert; junior warden, William E. Pat- terson; scribe, James H. Fisher; treasurer, George E. Sherwood. Eagle Encdm,pm,ent, No. 158. — Hanover; number of members, 50 ; amount paid for relief, $166; amount on hand, $562.61; present officers: E. D. Melhorn; chief patriarch; W. H. Long, high priest; H. Melhorn, S. W.; Charles J. Myers, J. W.; W. P. Stair, scribe; Carl Erdman, treasurer. IMPROVED OEDEE OF RED MEN. This secret organization claims to be pecul- iarly American in its conception and its lead- ing advocates assert publicly aad privately that it was conceived and born as a genuine American institution, during the dark days of the Eevolutionary period, and that her founders were a band of five Revolutionary officers. The introduction of the order into York Borough occurred early in the year 1857. The flourishing condition of the Ma- sonic and Odd Fellows' Lodges, who had been called into existence during the two preceding decades, and whose direct benev- olence and active aid bestowed and man- ifested toward their respective membership, particularly during the financial crisis of 1856-57, had called general attention and comments and aroused a spirit of imitation fostered to a considerable degree by the members of the existing secret orders, who perchance, felt a curiosity to know and learn the base and principles of the then compara- tively weak and order of Eed Men. During the latter part of the year 1856 a number of citizens met privately to con- sider the probable success of the establishment of a tribe of the Improved Order of Red Men. The views advanced, looking favorable to the project, appeared to receive a hearty support and culminated in an application for a charter, which, after some delay, was granted by the Great Council of Pennsylva- nia and "Conewago" Tribe, No. 37, was duly called into existence, regularly organ- ized by G. T. Zahm, then great sachem of the jurisdiction or Hunting Grounds of Pennsylvania. The institution took place in the building formerly known as " Temperance Hall " on North George Street, at the site at present occupied by the First National Bank; 506 HISTORY or TOEK COUNTY. and the first officers that kindled the council brand were; Dr. Alexander Small, sachem; Christian Markley, senior sagamore; Edward S. Eupp, junior sagamore; Leonard Koons, chief of records, and Isaac Swartz, keeper of wampum. The new organization remained but a short time at their first place of meet- ing, but migrated successively from Temper- ance Hall to the Museum Building on North Beaver Street, to Strack's building, cor- ner of Princess and South George Streets, to Lebach's Centre Hall, and finally to the Odd Fellows' Hall on South George Street, where a wigwam particularly suited and fitted to the initiatory ceremonies was established. The original membership, many of whom are still living, worked hard and faithfully, for the dissemination of the principles inculcated by the order, and succeed- ed in giving it a firm and permanent foot- hold in the community. The tribe numbers at this time 188 members, is possessed of a capital of nearly $6,000, and expends nearly $1,200 annually for the relief of the sick, the burial of the dead, and the education of the orphans. The present officers are : Sachem, William Markley; Sr. Sag., George W. Hess; Jr. Sag., "W. H. H. Graver; Prophet, Edward Neas; C. of E., John Hays; K of W., Jacob S. Wilt; Asst. C. of K, W. H. Albright; First Sanap, Samuel Platts; Second Sanap, Thomas H. Fulton; G. of W., George S. Yeaple; G. of F., Abraham Baker; First Warden, John Geise; Second Warden, Harry E. Wanty; Third Warden, Luther A. Small; Fourth Warden, William A. Mitzel; First JBrave, Levi Ilgenfritz; Second Brave, Edward Yeaple; Third Brave, George F. Geiselman; Fourth Brave, Amos Hoffman. After eight years of labor the membership of Conewago Tribe had increased to such an extent as to make the establishment of a sec- ond tribe desirable, particularly so in view of the fact that a large number of the Ger- man speaking element of the town had ob- tained membership. After a free exchange of opinion the organization of a German Tribe was decided upon. An application for a charter was made and "Codorus" Tribe, No. 78, to be located in York, was called into existence. The institution took place on the 21st of Traveling Moon, G. S. D., 374 (Oc- tober 21, 1865), at which time the following chiefs were raised by Great Sachem M. J. Weaver, of Lancaster: Daniel Decker, sachem ; Louis Hoffman, junior sagamore; William Coose, junior sagamore ; George Plitt, chief of records ; William Tash, keeper of wampum. The present officers of this tribe are John Schott, sachem ; Peter Beich, senior sagamore ; junior sagamore ; Christian Wagner, prophet ; John H. Schum, chief of records ; Augustus Voss, keeper of wampum; Theo. E. Helb, representative to great council of Pennsyl- vania. The present numerical strength of this tribe is small, notwithstanding the fact that it contains some of the most active Ger- man Eed Men of the borough. The wampum belt of the tribe contains about $800. Following the establishment of Codorus Tribe came the organization of Waunepewink Tribe, No. 89, at Shrewsbury, with the following charter officers : sachem, E. H. Gerry ; senior sagamore, Samuel Giesey ; junior sagamore, Frank O. McCleary ; chief of records, Frederick A. Hake ; prophet, Jo- seph H. Blasser ; keeper of wampum, Isaac E. Berg. The prospects for a prosperous tribe appeared to be Battering at the time of the institution, 10 Sleep Corn Moon, G. S. D., 377 (September 10th, 1868), but the hopes of the membership were doomed to disappointment. The council fire ceased to burn some time during 1876, and all efforts to rekindle it have so far proven unsuccess- ful, a circumstance to a greater or less de- gree attributable to the existence of some older institution, and the smallness of the town. In the meantime the English element had invaded the wigwam of Codorus Tribe, and after considerable argument it was deemed best to separate, and application was made for a charter for Conewingo Tribe, No. 93, to be located at York. The institution of this, the third tribe within the borough limits, took place on the 5th Sleep of Traveling Moon, G. S. D., 378 (October 5, 1869), Great Sachem Frank C. Knipo, officiating at the raising of the following chiefs : sachem, John W. Shirey ; senior sagamore, Josiah M. Jones; junior sagamore, William Hose^- chief of records, William L. Keech; keeper of wampum, William Tash. The following officers were elected for the present term: sachem,' A. Patterson ; senior sagamore, Eph. Thatch- er ; junior sagamore, Lewis Sudick ; prophet, J. W. Hetrick ; chief of records, L. E. Eouse ; keeper of wampum, Aug. T. Walt- man ; representative to G. C, W. B White. This tribe now stands as second in the county. On the 10th of May, 1870,Yosemite Tribe, No. 100, of Glen Eoek, was organized by Deputy Grand Sachem John Hays. Andrew Shaw,'W. F. Boecel, Eli E. Miller, John W. Hartman, Henry J. Heiser and A. H. Herbert were the first officers, and Theo. Bol- linger, S. H. Jacobs, George W. Gable, A. E. Bollinger, George Barshinger and Agrippa FIRE INSURANCE COMPANIES. 507 Shauk occupy the stumps at this time. This organization flourished and possessed at the 1st of April, 1885, ninety members and an invested capital of $1,755. Ganaga Tribe, No. 226, of Jefferson Borough was organized on the 25th of Sep- tember, 1874. It, however, never gained a foothold in the community and ceased to exist three years later. The last one of the tribes of Ked Men, Minnewaukuru, No. 250, was instituted on the 7th of January, 1884, at Hanover. Thomas A. McDowell, then great sachem of the jurisdiction, raised the following chiefs: sachem, D. D. Ehrhart; prophet, D. F. Stair; senior sagamore, George W. Tliomas; junior sagamore, 0. W. Gebeusleben; chief of records, A. C Wentz; keeper of wam- pum, John D. Jenkins. This tribe prom- ises to be one of the most active in York County, being principally composed of young men. KNIGHTS OP PYTHIAS. The introduction of the order of Knights of Pythias into York County took place on the 11th of November, 1869. Some thirty citizens, principally members of the order of Odd Fellows, organized a lodge of this fraternity, and for that purpose repaired to Columbia, there to receive the required degrees to enable them to procure a charter, which degrees were conferred by Evergreen Castle. The application ;Eor a charter was granted, and "White Rose Castle," No. 211, located at York, was the first to disseminate the principles of friendship set forth in the well-known poem of "Damon and Pythias.'' The order flourished for some years, and castles or lodges were established at Han- over in 1870; at Glen Eock in 1871; at Seven Valley in 1876; at Siddonsburg in 1879. Some time during 1874 a difiiculty relative to a certain obligation occurred be- tween a number of subordinate castles and the Grand Castle, or its officers, which caused considerable dissension in "White Rose Castle" and finally led to its dissolution. Hanover Castle met with severe losses, finan- cially. The castle at Siddonsburg surren- dered its charter three years after its organ- ization, and Zion Castle, No. 447, of Seven Valley, and Friendly Castle of Glen Rock, No. 287, are the only two whose condition at this time is of such a nature as to warrant the belief that the order will retain active defenders in the future. Friendly Castle, according to its last report, had sixty mem- bers, and Zion Castle retained only twenty- four members in good standing. The order at one time promised to take the lead of all the secret organizations pos- sessed of the beneficial feature; but internal dissensions soon followed and all efforts to remove or dispel them have so far proven ineffectual. OTHER SECRET ORDERS. The county of York may be deemed one of the most fertile spots for the growth of secret organizations in the commonwealth. Independent of the comparatively large num- ber of lodges representing the Mason ic, Odd Fellow and Red Men Fraternities, there exist at present circles of the Union Brotherhood at York and Hanover; a conclave of the American Order of Mechanics; a conclave of the Junior Order of Mechanics; a colored Odd Fellow Lodge, whose charter emanated from the Grand Lodge of Canada; a lodge of the Independ- ent Mechanics; a branch of the Brotherhood of Engineers; a lodge of the Mystic Band of Brothers; a lodge of the Knights of the Mystic Chain; a lodge of Artificers; a lodge of the Sons of St. John; a lodge of the Knights of Labor; a lodge of the Heptasophs or Seven Wise Men; Independent of these there exist three semi-secret associations, viz.: St. Mary's, St. Joseph's and the German Laboring Men's Beneficial Association. FIRE INSURANCE COMPANIES. PREVIOUS to ]840, there was very little insurance on property in York County, even in the town of York. The business had not yet developed in this country. Before that time a subscription paper was circulated among the people after a fire, and money collected for the benefit of those who were unfortunate in losing property by fire. This plan is now almost totally abandoned, and a great amount of the property in town and county is insured. Besides our local com- panies, whose history is herein given in chronological order, there are many other large and substantial companies represented by agents in different sections of the county, YORK COUNTY MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY. An act passed April 4, 1843, incorporated the York County Mutual Fire Insurance Company. Michael Ebert, Peter Peters, Michael Smyser, Sr., George Loucks, Michael Doudel, Joseph Smyser, David Smyser, Henry Ebert, Jr„,Daniel Loucks, Henry Smy- 32 HISTOET OF YORK COUNTY. ser, David Beeler, John G. Campbell and George Loucks (^miller) were the incorpora- tors. September 2, 1843, Gen. Michael Dou- del was elected president, and John G. Camp- bell, secretary. John Vogelsong, Samuel Wagner and John Sleeger were elected mem- bers of the board of managers. Thirty- three persons the same day made applications for insurance, aggregating to $156,200. Philip Smyser was elected first treasurer. Gen. Doudel and John G. Campbell served in their positions until September 30, 1854, when Abraham Forry was elected president, and Joseph Garretson, secretary. John Weyer was secretary from 1856 to 1865, when the present secretary, Silas H. Forry, was elected. Abraham Forry continued as president until his death in 1872, when Jacob Stair was elected. The present board is composed of the fol- lowing named members: Jacob Stair, W. H. Kurtz, David Jamison, E. K. Ziegler, Mat- thew Tyler, Eli Myers, George W. Wantz, John H. Small, B. F. Hantz, W. Latimer Small, R. F. Polack, P. F. Wilt and Eobert A. Stair. When the company was first organ- ized, all insurances was taken on the mutual plan. Premium notes were given, and not much cash required. The original charter was granted for twenty years, and on Feb- ruary 14, 1863, an act was passed extending it twenty years. On February 7, 1888, the charter was renewed perpetually. On November 5, 1873, by application to the court, an amendment to the charter was obtained, authorizing the company to issue policies on a cash basis as well as on the mutual plan. At present the amount of prop- erty insured and in force on the mutual plan is $331,052.83, and on the cash plan $131,- ^ 237.50. Total amount in force 1462,290.33. The assets of the company amounted to $53,- 009.19. Risks are taken from one to five years. The names of the treasurers of the com- pany in order of succession are as follows: Philip Smyser, Charles Weiser and Charles ■S. Weiser, the present treasurer. Insurance is taken in York County only. The company is conservative and careful in taking risks. FAEMEES INSDEANCE COMPANY OF YOEK. This company was incorporated on the 6th day of April, 1853. The directors for the first year were Daniel L. Gehly, H. G. Kauffman, John Landis, Eli Kindig and Karl Forney. Daniel L. Gehly was elected president, H. G. Kauffman, secretary, and John Landis, treas- urer. At the expiration of the first year H. Kraber, Jacob Diehl, Frederick Sultzbaugh and D. Strickler were elected directors. The officers for the second year were as follows: H. Kraber, president, who continued in the same position until 1874; D. Strickler, the present secretary, who has served continuously since 1854; John Landis, treasurer, who served from the time of the organization until 1867, when D. Strickler followed him; G. Ed- ward Hersh succeeded to the presidency in 1874. Insurance to the amount of $428,124 was taken, $104,636 received in premiums and $10,468.42 in premium notes received during the first year of business. There were no losses the first year. The total income for 1884, was, $269,118.79; the amount of losses paid $184,472.35; the amount of property insured $23,954,490. The entire amount of losses paid since time of organization in 1853 to 1885, is $2,959,496.67. Amount of insur- ance in force is $38,114,751. Business is done in Maryland, Pennsyl- vania, New Jersey, New York, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri and Iowa. Insurance is taken by this company with or without liabil- ity to assessment, but mainly on the all cash plan. No assessments have ever been made. The assets on January 1, 1885, were $438,179.93, unpaid losses and other debts 121,157.52. The board of directors for the year 1885 is as follows: G. Edward Hersh, president; William Wallace, vice-president; D. Strick- ler. secretary and treasurer; David Small, Eli Kindig, George D. Ebert, Charles F. Winter, James Keller and D. H. Detweiler. The home office of the company is in the first story of their own building, No. 29 East Market Street, York, Penn. FAEMEES MUTUAL IN8UEANCB COMPANY OF PAEA- DISE. This company was incorporated March 24, 1854. The names of the original directors were John Roth, president; Joseph W. Kraft, secretary; Michael Fishel, Samuel Both, Sr., George Myers, George Hoke, Nathaniel Spangler, Henry Hoke, Joseph Hoke, Henry Shireman, George Sprenkle (miller), Henry Raber. In the year 1874, a new charter was granted by the court. Daniel Heneise was elected president in 1874 and served until 1876, when he was succeeded by Peter Keihl, who continued until 1882, when Martin Eiohel- berger was elected. Benjamin Leese became secretary in 1874, and continued until 1881, when Philip S. Bowman, of Penn Township, near Hanover, the present secretary was elected. FIRE INSURANCE COMPANIES. 509 The names of the first directors under the charter of 1874 were as follows: John Lentz, J. Stover, Benjamin Myers, Christian Bow- man, Peter Keibl, Simon Walter, Henry Weaver, Jacob G. Myers, Daniel Heneise, Henry Bowman, Daniel Bentz and David Martin. Since 1854 there have been 7,579 policies issued. For the year 1885 there were 1,712 in force. The amount of insurance in force on January 1, 1885, was 13,070,358. For the year 1885 the board of directors are as follows: Martin Eichelberger, of Heidelberg Township, president; Philip S. Bowman, of Penn Township, secretary; William H. Mil- ler, of Spring Garden Township, treasurer; Henry Hoke, of Jackson; Michael Striewig, of Warrington; Josiah M. Jacobs, of Para- dise; Henry Hofif, of North Codorus; Will- iam Eyster, of West Manchester; Moses H. Dierdorfif, of Washington: A. J. Myers, of Manchester; Washington Lauer, of Dover; and Michael Saubel, of Manheim. The agents of the company at present are George W. Brown, Henry Moul, Michael Strievig, Daniel S. Dubs, Edward T. Bentz, Henry M. Spahr, Andrew Sauter, M. H. Dear- dorff, George F. Saubel, William Eyster, and Benjamin Gross. CODORUS ANU MANHEIM MDTDAL. Codorus & Manhiem Mutual Protective Insurance Company was organized May 24, 1856. The board of directors consisted of the following-named persons: Henry Stick, Dr. William Allabaugh, Henry S. Keller, Charles Shearer, Jacob W. Werner, Jacob Klinefelter, Adam Miller, John Weigand, Jesse Wentz, Valentine B. Wentz, Cornelius B. Wentz, Jesse Bortner, and John S. Dubs. When the company was organized the ter- ritory over which insurance on property was taken, was confined to Codorus and Man- heim Townships, of this county. As the company began to prosper, the range of ter- ritory was extended to include other sur- rounding townships, and eventually the en- tire counties of York and Adams, excepting boroughs . and villages where houses are built in blocks of three or more. Premium notes are taken from each applicant by this company from 4 to 25 per cent of the insured value. This company now carries risks to the amount of 12,996,483; holds premium notes to the amount of $151,556. 14, and since organization has paid over $40,000 in losses. In 1885 the board of directors consisted of the following members: Jesse K. Wentz, of West Manheim Township, president; L. W. Hershey, of New Freedom, secretary; J. H. Lamott, vice-president; J. D. Ziegler, treas- urer; Levi Dubbs, M. M. Hutchinson, Eli Miller, Jacob Diehl, Casper Weigand, John F. Bopp, Charles Grote, Henry Anstine, John B. Gemmill. DOVER, CONEWAGO, NEWBERRY, EAST AND WEST MANCHESTER MUTUAL. The|,Dover, Conewago, Newberry, East and West Manchester Township Mutual Fire In- surance Company was incorporated in 1856. The directors wereE.Melchinger, Henry Ben- der, John Hoober,William S. Picking, John Reeser, Samuel M. Eisenhart, John A. Hoo- ber, Joseph M. McCreary, Jacob F. Krone, Daniel Gross, Sr. , William W. Wolf, Benjamin Myers, John Neiman, Jonas Stough and David Smyser. A meeting of the commissioners nam- ed in the act of incorporation was held at the house of Henry Hake, innkeeper in Conewago Township, York Co., Penn., on Saturday, the 14th day of June, A. D., 1856, for the pur- pose of organizing the company. Joseph Mc- Creary was appointed president for the ensu- ing year, William S. Picking, secretary and David Smyser, treasurer. The directors for 1885 are Dr. William Lenhart, Alfred Weaver, David Meisenhelter, John Neiman, Charles E. Smyser, George D. Beeler, Morris M. Hays, John Lease, Benjamin Hohr, George Heilman, Henry H. Kochenour, Hem-y Haines, John H. Wogan, Edward Smyser and A. G. Throne. The officers are John Neiman, president; Dr. William Lenhart, treasurer; A. G. Throne, secretary. SOUTHERN MUTUAL. The Southern Mutual Fire Insurance Com- pany of York County, was chartered about 1862. The regular meetings of this company are held monthly in Dallastown. A large amount of insurance has been taken since its organization. The following named persons are its directors: D. S. Mitzel, president: John F. Geesy, vice-president; H. S. Barsh- inger, secretary; A. K. Frey, treasurer; Andrew Barshinger, Daniel Warner, Henry WalJick, William Wineka, Jacob Stabley, Henry Stover, John S. Keech, Henry Wegman. SPRING GARDEN MUTUAL. The Spring Garden Mutual Fire Insurance Company of York County was incorporated April 14th, 1864. Commenced business May 2, 1864. The office of the company is in East-York, 383 East Market Street. The first board of directors were Daniel Gotwalt, A. F. Hiestand, David Witmer, John Flory, John H. Freed, Michael Weidman, John 510 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. Emig, Henry Sleeger, Jr., Samuel Bitter, Ja- cob Dietz, Charles Saltner and ' Samuel Hively. The first president of thel company was John^Flory who held the office up to May 2, 1873, |when he was sacceeded by Elias Ebert who filled the office up to the time of his] death. May 8, 1885. John Freed the first secretary served one year, and was succeeded by Charles H. Fry, who held the office twenty-one years. The present board of directors is as follows : Daniel L. Gehley, Samuel Hively, John Emig, Solomon ■Rupp, A. K. Anstine, Charles Sultner, Charles Haines, John S. Hiestand, Daniel Grotwalt, Levi Cannon and Charles H. Fry. Number of policies in force at present 2,053. Amount of insurance in force 12,410,642. MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS. CONTINENTAL MONEY. FOR the purpose of keeping the patriot army in the field, during the war of the Revolution, continental currency was issued, and while congress sat in York, a great deal was made here. The continental dollar, which at first passed for its face value, was, in Sep- tember, 1777, reduced to 7s. 6d. One month later it had fallen to 7s.; November, to Bs. 3d. It will certainly prove interesting to show its downward tendency. By January, 1778, the dollar was worth 5s. 2d.; Febru- ary, 4s. 8d. ; March, 4s. 3d. ; April, 3s. 9d. ; May, 3s. 3d.; June, 2s. 2d.; July, 2s. 6d. ; August, 2s. 2d.; September, Is. 10 Jd. ; Octo- ber, Is. 7|-d. ;' November, Is. 4d. ; December, Is. 4d. January, 1779, Is.; February, lO^d. ; March, 9d. ; April, 8d. ; May, 7Jd. ; June, 6^d. ; July, 6d. ; August, 5 Jd. ; September, 5d. ; November, 4d. ; December, 3-^d. Jan- uary, 1780, 8d. ; March, 2^d.; and up to May 18, 1780, 2Jjd. After this, as government money, it was not worth anything. In Penn- sylvania, however, as late as February 1, 1781, the supreme executive council resolved that continental money should be received, for public dues, at an exchange of 75 cents for $1 in specie. This rule was in force until June Ist, of that year, when, by order of an act of assembly, only specie, or bills of credit equal thereto, were allowed to be received for taxes or other public dues. Thus ended the con- tinental money. It was greatly through Robert Morris, the eminent financier of Phila- delphia, who placed his own private fortune at the disposal 6f congress, that the patriot cause was triumphant. The depreciation of the continental currency brought great distress upon the government, and many people were ruined. Those who suffered most were the soldiers of the army, who re- ceived it as pay for services. THE MILLERITES. Rev. William Miller, "the prophet" and founder of the Second Adventist, was born in Pittsfield, Mass. , in 1782. He was a man of considerable education; was a brave soldier in the war of 1812, at Plattsburg, N. Y, af- ter which he became an assiduous student of history and the Bible. He began to advocate that the fifth monarchy predicted by Daniel, the prophet, was to be consummated, and that it indicated the end of the world to come in the year 1843. Several different days were set apart, during that year, for the im- portant event. He traveled and lectured on the " Second Coming of Christ," and was listened to by large audiences. Among his first followers in York County, was one Dr. Gorgas, who lived in the village of Yocum- town, Newberry Township. There were a number of other followers; earnest, enthusi- astic religious people, too, most of them, who resided in that section of the county. On the day appointed for the ' ' end of the world" a party of about 100 persons, believ- ers and curious followers, from Middletown, Dauphin County, and that section of York County, went to the summit of ' ' Hill Island," in the river, there to await the momentous event, which, to the delight of all, did not come. PRESENT JUDGES OF YORK COUNTY. HON. PEEE L. WICKES. THE Hon. Pere L. Wickes, president judge of this judicial district, was born August 14, 1837, in Chestertown, Kent Co. , Md. He is the youngest son of Col. Joseph Wjckes, who was a lawyer of distinction in Maryland and a nephew of the late Judge Chambers, who was for many years the chief justice of that State. Judge Wickes was educated at Princeton College, New Jersey, and received the degree of Bachelor of Arts in June, 1856. Subsequently the degree of Master of Arts was conferred upon him by the same insti- tution. He studied law with his brother Judge Joseph A. Wickes, of Maryland, and afterward with the Hon. S. Teackle Wallis, of JfEESENT JUDGES OF YORK COUNTY. 511 Baltimore, and was admitted to the bar of Kent County, Md., April 18, 1859. He con- tinued to practice his profession in Chester- town, until 1866, when he removed to York. Judge Wickes, in a short time became the at- torney for the Northern Central and Pennsyl- vania Railroad Companies at this point, and was in the enjoyment of a lucrative practice, when he was, in the fall of 1875, elected ad- ditional law judge of this judicial district. In January, 1882, at the close of the term of office of the Hon. Robert J. Fisher, Judge Wickes was commissioned president judge of the district, which position he fills at this time. His term of office expires on the first Monday of January, 1886, and he has re- fused to be a candidate for re-election. On the bench. Judge Wickes has displayed abil- ities of the highest order. He will be re- membered as a judge who combined with a quick, active, comprehensive intellect, and unimpeachable integrity, great administrative abilities. Consequently his courts are char- acterized by a speedy dispatch of business, perfect decorum, and an economical admin- istration of the law. He has suffered few re- versals by the supreme court of the State, which is evidence not only of his success on the bench, but also of his fairness as a judge. On February 27, 1862, Judge Wickes mar- ried Henrietta Catharine Welsh, daughter of the late Henry Welsh, of the borough of York, who was for many years prominent and influential in the politics of Pennsylvania. HON. JOHN GIBSON. The great-grandfather of John Gibson on the mother's side was David Jameson, M. D., colonel in the Provincial and Revolutionary forces of Pennsylvania, who was a native of Edinburgh, Scotland, and a graduate of the medical department of its university. He ■came to America about the year 1740, and settled first in. South Carolina. He after- ward moved to York, Penn., and was pos- sessed of a homestead and plantation in York Township, within two miles of the town. He was married to Elizabeth Davis, and his sons, Thomas, James and Horatio Gates, be- came eminent physicians in this neighbor- hood. The last named, the grandfather of Judge Gibson, married Emily Shevelle, of Somerset, and moved to Baltimore, where he founded the Washington Medical College, and spent the greater part of his life in prac- tice there, moving to York a few years before his^ death, which occurred in 1855. His ■daughters were Cassandra, married to Rev. William J. Gibson, D. D., late of Duncans- ville, Blair Co., Penn. ; Catherine, married to Hon. Robert J. Fisher, late president judge of the York Judicial District, and Elizabeth, married to Rev. John Gibson, who died at Duneansville in 1869. His great- grandfather, on his father's side, was Robert Gibson, born in the county of Down, Prov- ince of Ulster, Ireland, whose son Will- iam Gibson, was a celebrated preacher of the Reformed Presbyterian Church,* otherwise called Covenanters, came to America in 1797, and settled in Ryegate, Vt. He after- ward went to Philadelphia, and was pastor of the Reformed Church there. He died in 1838. His sons, Robert, John and William, were all distinguished divines in the Presby- terian Church. John Gibson was the third son of John and Elizabeth (Jameson) Gibson, and wag born in Baltimore, April 17, 1829. He received his education in York (where he came early m life) at the hands of such teachers as C. D. Joint, Daniel M. Ettinger and Rev. Stephen Boyer, and Daniel Kirkwood (the eminent astronomer, now of the University of Indi- ana), at the York County Academy, which is his alma mater. He studied law under his uncle, Hon. Robert J-. Fisher, and was ad- mitted to the bar September 30, 1851, and practiced law at the, York bar until his elec- tion to the bench in 1881. June 22, 1865, he married Helen Packard, youngest daughter of the late Benjamin D. Packard, Esq., of Albany, N. Y., a distinguished jour- nalist and publisher, who founded the Al- bany Evening Journal. He has held no political office. He was chosen a delegate to the Democratic national convention in 1868, held in New York City, and which nominated Horatio Seymour for president. In 1872 he was unanimously chosen a delegate from York County to the constitutional convention of Pennsylvania, together with Hon. Thomas E. Cochran, from York, and Hon. William McClean, from Adams, the three being the representatives from the Nineteenth Senator- ial District; Hon. Jeremiah S. Black, from York, being a delegate at large to the same convention. In 1881 he was nominated by the Demo- cratic County Convention for judge of the Nineteenth Judicial District, composed of the county of York, and was accepted by the Republican convention, and was elected without opposition, succeeding the Hon. Robert J. Fisher, who had held the position of president judge for a period of thirty years, and who was not a, candidate for re-elec- tion. In 1875 an additional law judge was pro- *See Dr. Sprague's Annals of the American Pulpit. 512 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. vided for the district, to which Hon. Pere L. Wickes was elected. Owing to the provis- ions of the new constitution, Judge Wickes became president judge by seniority of com- mission. Judge Gibson was commissioned additional law judge. By the expiration of the term of Judge Wickes, January 1, 1886 (who was not a candidate for re-election), Judge Gibson became'president judge. HON. JAMES W. LATIMEE. James W. Latimer was born in Hamilton Yillage, now West Philadelphia, June 24, 1836. He is of Scotch-Irish and French Huguenot descent. His great-grandfather and two sons were soldiers of the Revolution, and the British offered a reward for their capture dead or alive. Mr. Latimer has lived in York since he was two years old, and was educated in the York County Acad- emy under the late George W. Euby, Ph. D., and Daniel M. Ettinger. He read law with the late Edward Chapin, Esq., was admitted to the bar July 5, 1859, and has practiced at York ever since. He is married to Anne Helen, a daughter of the Hon. Eobert J. Fisher. October 3, 1885, he was elected additional law judge of the courts of York County as an independent candidate, assuming the duties of that office on the first Monday of January, 1886. BOROUGH AND TOWNSHIP HISTORY. BY GEO. E. PROWBLL. BOROUGH OF YORK. THE town of York, having now within'its recently extended limits a population of nearly 20,000, never iu its history of 145 years, has developed so rapidly as during the last decade. Its growth has been slow and sure like that of the century plant and it ex- isted for nearly 100 years without being specially known as a manufacturing place. Since 1850 it has rapidly grown in impor- tance and influence. Its manufacturing in- dustries have steadily increased and devel- oped; new ones were started; until now the full force of its life is plainly observable to the admiring gaze of the oldest inhabitants, who remember it as a small inland borough, populated by a staid and conservative people. It was known half a century ago, mostly on account of its historic associations, and the rich agricultural land that surrounds it, the latter of which greatly contributes to its wealth and influence. The dwelling houses, until within a recent date, showed few signs of im- proved architecture. The town was laid out and built after the style of the old English city, after which it was named. This was done at a time when its founders never dreamed of the advancement in civilization, now known to the enlightened world, to which our American people have contributed so much. Could those sturdy settlers who, coming from a foreign land and were first to populate "ye town on the Codorus," now look upon the industry and energy that have asserted their power, in the rumble of pon- derous machinery, the whistle of the high- spirited iron horse, the hum and whir of re- volving wheels, the stately magnificence of some of the public institutions, and the im- provements in modes of life and living, they would feel gratified that their children's grandchildren are so bountifully favored in this land of freedom and independence, of which they were the hardy pioneers. Great events have transpired m the world's history since the founding of York. Once was our town threatened by hostile Indians, and twice by the invasion of a foreign foe, coming from our mother country. During the Revolution our streets were trod and the old court house occupied by the noblest patriots the history of mankind has ever known. Every intelligent reader knows the personnel of the Continental Congress which sat in York during nine months of the dark- est period of that great struggle, delibera- ting upon momentous questions that after- ward proved to be the foundation stones upon which our constitution, the Magna Char- ta of American freedom, rests. In 1814, thousands of Pennsylvania sol- diers and militia rendezvoused at York,' ready to march at any minute to Baltimore to im- pede the progress of an invading English foe, who, under a bold and unprincipled leader, had devastated the national Capitol; and were then threatening our neighboring city. By thjB skilful soldiery of the Ameri- can patriots then in that city, some of whom went from York, the British were defeated, their commander killed, and the soldiers at York sent home. The second war with Great Britain soon afterward ended. On June 28, 1863, York was invaded and occupied for about two days by a real enemy but not a foreign foe. Nearly 20,000 of our fellow countrymen, valiant sol- diers too as they were Americans, were our uninvited guests, and trod oar streets with more authority than any of our citizens. Tens of thousands of brave boys went through York on their way "to the front" during the four long years of that direful war, and our public common was used for a government hospital. The blessings of peace have changed all these conditions, and now North and South are joined together for the common good of the whole country, and England, proud of her great offspring, recog- nizes the United States, in many respects the greatest nation on the face of the globe. 514 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. THE FOUNDING OF YORK. There were at least 2,000 inhabitants in the present area of York County be- fore it was co'ntemplated to build a town. The proprietaries of Pennsylvania granted permits to settle west of the Susquehanna eleven years before the founding of York, and a number of Germans had purchased lands in the immediate vicinity of the site of York, as early as 1734. Among these was Martin Fry, who owned the land now embraced in the northeast part of the town, having located there in 1734 and obtained a patent for 250 acres on October 30, 1736, from Thomas Penn. He died there in 1739, leaving a wife and three children, viz. : Tobias, Martin and a daughter. The widow married Isaac Eondebush who, on December 19, 1741, transferred his and his wife's rights to Mich- ael Schrwaek, who in 1743 assigned his title to Bartholomew Maul. Some time after Mar- tin Fry's death, and during the orphanage of these children, 137 acres of this land were surveyed by the proprietary's commissioner, contrary to the intent of the warrant, for 'the proprietary's private use and benefitj'and he sold a part of the same on grant to the inhabi- tants of York. Bartholomew Maul, in 1747, had Th6mas Oookson survey this disputed tract. Maul by his will, dated April 4, 1755, bequeathed to his wife and children all his real and personal estate. These various trans- fers brought about conflicting claims to this land; when Tobias and Martin Fry, the sons of the original grantee, became of legal age, they asserted their rights. John Hay, who married Julia, daughter of Bartholomew Maul, in 1762, for £260 purchased a part'of the original tract. Suits and counter-suits were brought by various claimants. The Hon. James Smith and George Stevenson were interested in these suits. John Hay became the owner of the lands northeast of the town, and some concessions were made by persons who owned lots of this land-which they had purchased of the proprietary. Most of the original plat of the town of York was land owned by the Penns, having never been deeded to any one. John, Thomas and Richard Penn, sons of William Penn, and then proprietaries, in October, 1741, directed Thomas Oookson the deputy surveyor of Lan- caster County, which then embraced York County, "to survey and lay off in lots a tract of land on the Codorus where the Monocacy Road crosses the stream." Monocacy Road was laid out and opened in 1739, named after a stream near which it terminated, and extended from Wrightsville through York and Hanover to the Maryland line. In 1741 a road was laid out from York toward Potap- sco, now Baltimore. The site for ihe town of York, as selected by Mr. Oookson, was on both sides of the Codo- rus. He, in 1741, laid out that part oE the original plat east of the stream into squares, by order of the Penns, after the manner of Philadelphia as follows: The square to be 480 feet wide, 530 feet long; the lots 330x65 feet; alleys 30 feet wide; two streets 80 feet wide to cross each other, aud 65 feet square to be cut off the corner of eacb lot to make a square for any public building or market of 110 feet each side; the lots to be let at 7 shillings sterling; the square to be laid out the length of two squares to the eastward of Codorus when any number such as twenty houses- are built. Th^ margin of Cookson's draft contained the following: . The squares count in eacb 480 feet on every sid^ which, in lots of 60 feet front and 240 deep, will malie 16 lots, which multiplied by the number of squares, riaiuely, 16, gives 256 lots in all, which, together with the streets 60 feet wide, will not take up above l02 acres of land." When the town was thus laid out, appli- cants for lots were required to enter their names. The first applications were made in November, 1741, when twenty-three lots were "taken up" as follows: John Bishop, Lot No. 57; Jacob Welsh, 58; Baltzer Spangler, 70;. Michael Swope, 75; Christopher CroU, 85; Michael Laub, 86; George Swope, 87, 104, 124 and 140; Zachariah ShugaTt, 93; Nicholas Stuck, 101; Arnold Stuck, 103; Samuel Hoke, 105; Hermanus Bott, 106; George Hoake, 107 and 117; Jacob Grebill, 108; Matthias Onvensant, 118; Martin Eichelberger, 120; Andrew Coaler, 131; Henry Hendricks, 123 and Joseph Hinsman 123. Each applicant was required "to build upon his lot at his own private cost one substantial dwelling-house of the dimensions of six- teen feet square at least, with a good chimney of brick and stone, to be laid in or built with lime and sand, within the space of one year of the time of his entry for the same." The town of York did not, during the first few years of its history, grow as rapidly as some frontier 'towns . now grow in the great West. Few of the lot owners could comply with the conditions, and some lots were for- feited. The following letter from James Logan to Thomas Penn describes the town of York two years after it was founded: Stenton, 30th, 8th, 1743. May it please your Honor: As you were pleased to commit to me the care and regulation ot ye gentlemen of the town of York on Codoi'us, I presume an account of my Progress of it will not be disagreeable. First then, after ye peo- ple had notice of a town to be laid out, They had a General meeting and entered their Names with me for 70 lots & for promoting immediate Buildings, then the principal persons concerned in applying for ye Town had their first choice of ye Lots, and after them such as first applied with an intent to build immediatel3'. The people were satisfied with this, and we have eleven houses already Built in it, and several others on foot. I annexed conditions on ^-C3f Kng'i bv E G VVillidmsiBra ]T.'i^ ^^%?C^^ BOEOUGH OF YORK. 515 entering their names, that unless they Built in one year, their claim should be void. Water has been got at about 16 feet, pretty near ye highest part of town whidi gives great encourage- ment to those settled from the creek. The houses built are from ye Creek towards ye Centre & several Lots are taken up eastward of ye Centre. The peo- ple are very intent on ye thing and have opened a road to Potapsco (Baltimore). Some trading Gen- tlemen there are desirous of opening a trade to York and ye country adjacent. The inhabitants seem willing to close with them and ye shortness of ye cut not being above 45 miles; from Philadelphia they are aljout 90 miles, beside ye Ferriage over ye Susquehanna. The 3 religious societies of which the town and country adjacent consist, viz.: ye Lu- therans and ye Calvinists (Reformed), have each ap- plied for a Lot for a House of worship which in your name I have promised them, and they are going to build immediately. The prospect of its being a County Town some time or other pleases most of ye people, though some pains are taken to frustrate any such Expectations. I have taken a skillful per- son with me and viewed the Creek well for a con- veniency for a Saw Mill, but can not find a place anyway convenient. There is a fine Run on ye tract adjoining this in ye possession of Bernard Lauman, by virtue of a grant or license by your di- rection under Samuel Blunston, on which a mill might at an easy expense be erected, and very com- modious to ye town. * * * i intend to survey a tract of 600 acres on Great Conewago for ye Pro- prietaries next week. I am informed of another tract of 800 acres of good land high up ye same Creek which I shall also run out. The lands on Bermuddean creek are chiefly settled. The people settled on my district west of ye Susquehanna are hastening to procure warrants for their lands. I will beg leave to offer my Duty & service to your Brothers & to assure you that nothing in my power relating to my office shall be wanting. I shall always entertain a grateful sense of your favors to me. I am Humble Sir Your Most Obedient Jambs Logan.* At the time of the first settlement of York, some persons took. possession of lots without having secured a legal title, and built houses thereon. They were reported to the provin- cial authorities, who required them to com- ply with the law. Among those who built "without license" were Jacob Billmeyer, on Lot No. 55; Jacob Fakler, on Lot No. 60; Avit Shal 1, on Lot No. 74. They were required to deliver up possession on April 10, 1751, to Nicholas Scall, Esq., agent for the propri- etaries, fhere were other local troubles which gave rise to considerable contention among the first residents. It was claimed by some that Thomas Cook- son, who made the first survey of 256 lots *James Logan, who wrote this letter from his county seal named "Stenton" near Philadelphia, was born at Lurgan, Ire- land, October 20, 1674, of Scotch parentage. At the age of thirteen he read Latin, Greek and Hebrew. He afterward became a mathematician, and was well -versed in the French, Spanish and Italian languages. William Penn invited him to conle to Penn- sylvania as his private secretary, which position he filled until 1718, when Penn died. He afterward filled the office of secretary of the province, commissioner of property and chief justice. He possessed uncommon ability and was a great friend of the In- . -i^^^TTSl BOROUGH OF YORK. 531 was calJed King Street, and was an extension of High Street (now Market Street) of York. This sturdy German intended really to establish a town to compete with York, and in order to encourage persons to locate in it, offered a title to one lot of ground to any one who would agree to pay "a yearly quit rent of seven shillings and one penny forever, or the value thereof in coin current according to the exchange that shall be between the province of Pennsylvania and the city of London." The lots were sixty -five feet front on King Street (now West Market) and 460 feet long, crossing an alley. All the rights to quit rent on the south side of the street were afterward purchased by Mathias Smy- ser. The person obtaining a lot was re- quired "to erect a substantial dwelling house twenty feet square, with a good chimney of brick or stone, to be . laid in with lime and sand and to be built within the space of two years from the time the deed was executed." Some of Bott's deeds were printed at the "New Printing Office of H. Miller and S. Holland at Lancaster," and bear date of March, 1763. Many of th« first houses erected were of logs — a few of them are still standing. Bottstown, after an existence of 130 years, finally, after repeated attempts and invitations, was in the year 1884 annexed to the borough of York. It then had a population of about 300. It took 100 years for its population to double. W. H. Bond for many years has kept the leading store. At the time of the annexation, there were a number of handsome residences. BOTTSTOWN IN 1783. A census of Bottstown was taken in the year 1783 by the township assessor. There were then 151 inhabitants. The names of the property holders were Peter Lint, joiner, Michael Wise, Gotlieb Reicherd who owned four horses, Jeremiah Shriack, Gabriel D err, John Ernst, hatter; Mathias Detter, innkeeper; Andrew Wyer, Peter Engelmor, Martin Hap, John Haller, Henry Cunningham, Frederick Horn, baker; widow Hoke, John Detter, saddler; John Kortz, tobacconist; Robert Bailey, gunsmith; Alexander Brown, hosier; Frederick Rothrock, saddler, Andrew Sneider, Robert Lewis, Jacob Bott, son of the founder of the town owned eleven acres of land, one horse, one cow and six sheep and had a family of eight persons- Philip Rothrock, Philip Hoffman, Martin Bauer, George Fink, Nicholas Reisinger, Frederick Roemer, Fred- erick Eichelberger and Mathias Ament. The entire property valuation was £3,554 in Pennsylvania currency. MARKETS. According to George Stevenson's letter dated 1754 to Richard Peters, secretary of the province of Pennsylvania, giving a description of the town of York, there were then two markets held in the town, which at that time contained 210 dwelling houses. John and Eichard Penn, by their lieutenant- governor, Robert Hunter Merris, granted the first chartered privilege of holding markets in the town. The date of their charter for this purpose is recorded as the "eighteenth day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and fifty-five. This grant of privilege states that the inhabitants of the town of York, in the new county of York, are become so numerous that they find it necessary to have a public market established within the said town of York, for the better supplying and accommodating them with good wholesome provisions, and other necessaries, under proper regulations." It then, "upon the humble request of the inhabitants of York, grants and ordains that they and their suc- cessors shall and may forever thereafter hold and keep within the town, in every week in the year, two market days, the one on Wed- nesday and the other on Saturday, in such commodious place or places, as is, shall or may be, appointed for that purpose." An- other clause of the charter reads thus : "And we do hereby appoint John Meem, of the town of York, to be the first clerk of the market, who, and all succeeding clerks, shall have assize of bread, wine, beer and other things, with all the powers, privileges, and immunities, by law belonging to such office." The custom of holding markets on Wed- nesday and Saturday in the center square of York, has been kept up without cessation since 1750. Soon after the completion of the Continental Court House in 1754, near it a market house was built which stood for nearly a century. The present market house, on the eastern part of Center Square, was built by Jacob Dietz in 1842, and that on the western part by Jacob Gotwalt in 1844. The Farmers Market. — An act of assem- bly passed on January 31, 1866, with the following-named persons as incorporators: Jacob Baer, John Winter, Israel Laucks, C. F. Winter, John H. Baer. The name of this corporation was entitled "The Farmers' Market of York." The rapid growth of the borough west of Codorus Creek demanded a market house in that section. The caiptal stock was limited to |80,000. At an electioni held in the store of Christian Bender, on January 14, 1867, a board of managers was chosen consisting of Daniel Kraber, Freder- ick Baugher, Martin Emig, John Winter, Israel Laucks, Philip Eichelberger and Sam- uel Smyser. This board soon afterward organized by electing Frederick Baugher, president; Daniel Kraber, secretary and 53a HISTORY OF -yOKK COUNTY. Israel Laucks, treasurer. This market at once became a great success, being long be- fore needed. It was twice enlarged, until it has reached its present size, being a conspic- uous building on the corner of West Market and Penn Streets. Markets are held regu- larly on Tuesday and Friday afternoons, and well attended by people on both sides of the Codorus. The present number of shares issued is 336 at |50. No market in the town is better supplied, and its interests and im- portance are increasing. The adjoining lot, known as the Pentz property, was purchased for $3,800 in 1880, giving an opportunity of increasing the building eastward if desired. contributed more to effect this valuable re- sult, than the erection of this market house. The old characteristic log-cabins, built by the first settlers of South Duke Street, soon gave place to the handsomely constructed and ornamental brick buildings that are now there. The southern portion of the town having extended its limits, a special desire for establishing a market was felt, which gave rise to a meeting of enterprising individuals, July 16, 1878, on the eligible spot where the building now stands, which for nearly a century and a half previously had been used as a Lutheran burying ground, in which there MAUKET SCENE OENTEE SQUARE. The York City Market. — On a gentle rise of ground to the east side of South Duke Street, stands the York City Market Bnilding. Descriptive writers have a fondness for ex- aggeration, a feature entirely avoided in this work; bxit it can truthfully be said that this building is the most artistic and orna- mental of any one of its kind in the State of Pennsylvania. It is located in a portion of the town which has made rapid strides in the line of improvement within the past few years. Nothing has were a great number of tombs; these were removed to Prospect Hill Cemetery. The meeting organized at the time by electing Dr. W. S. Roland, president. It was at the same time decided to purchase one-half a square of land 250x230 feet for $16,725, and form a company of thirteen directors. At an adjourned meeting the same evening, a permanent organization was made with the following board of directors: president. Dr. William S. Roland; vice-president, James A. Dale; secretary, Charles F. Sechrist; treas- BOROUGH or YORK. 523 urer, Henry Winter; Daniel Keller, George Daron, Z. K. Loiicks, Frank Geise, John S. Hiestand, E. D. Ziegler, P. W. Keller, Henry J. Gresly and Frederick Flinchbaugh. The board still contains the same number of directors. The officers have never been changed. The following-named persons have taken the place of some of the members of the original board: N. Lehmayer, Charles H. Stallman, Benjamin Kissinger, John Burg, James B. Welsh and Henry Bulk. Im- mediately after organization and the purchase of the land, steps were taken for the erection of a building. J. A. Dempwolf was selected as the architect, and his plan adopted. The building, as it now stands, is 225 feet long and 80 feet wide. The inner height of the sides is 25 feet, and the center 65 feet. The architecture is of Gothic style. The open timber roof of excellent Virginia pine, is of most beautiful design. The building is sur- mounted by a well-proportioned tower 140 feet high, from the belfry of which is af- forded a most delightful view of York and the surrounding country. The building committee under whose direction it was constructed, consisted of James A. Dale, David Keller, Frank Geise and the architect; Jacob Seachrist was the carpenter; Philip Odenwalt, bricklayer and James S. Bayley, slater. The bricks used were of the best quality made in the vicinity, and the slate from the Peach Bottom quar- ries. The building was completed and opened for marketing purposes on April 29, 1879, when there was a large attendance. Its cost, was $27,000; entire amount invested is $iO,000. The capital stock, as allowed by charter, is $30,000. The shares are $25 each. The number of butchers' stalls is forty-eight; of farmers' stalls 255. Nearly all are now rented. David Trout was the first market master. He was succeeded by the present one, David Becker. Markets are regularly held on Tuesday and Friday morn- ings, and Wednesday and Saturday after- noons. The Saturday afternoon market is the largest. THE OLD TIME PAIBS. When the town of York was laid out in 1741, the privilege of a fair was granted, which was to be held twice a year for the sale of cattle, etc. The early inhabitants did not take advantage of this until 1765, when Thomas Penn, then lieutenant-governor of Pennsylvania, granted the following charter: Whereas it has been presented to us that it would be of gi-eat service and utility to the inhabi- tants of the town and county of York, that two fairs be held yearly in the said town, for buying and selling goods, wares, merchandize and cattle ; know ye, that we, favoring the reasonable request of the inhabitants, and considering the flourishing state to which the town hath arrived through their industry, have of free will granted, and do, by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, grant to the present and succeeding inhabitants of the town, that they shall and may, foreVer hereafter, have and keep in the said town, two fairs in the year, the one of them to begin on the 9th day of June yearly, to be held in High Street, and to continue that day and the day following; and the other of the said fairs to be held in. the aforesaid place, on the 2d ■ day of November, every year, and the next day after it, with all the liberties and customs to such fairs be- longing or incident. This privilege was very gratefully received by the inhabitants, and those semi-annual gatherings were the liveliest days of the whole year. Traveling dealers in small wares, attended them and disposed of their goods on the streets. Center Square was nearly filled with them, and a large part of Market Street. When the town was incor- porated in 1787, the legislature continued the right of holding the fairs. The manaer and method of holding them degenerated, and on those occasipns, York became the re- sort of many objectionable people, so that the better classes desired a discontinuance of these gatherings. Robert Dunn lost his life at the autumn fair, October 15, 1815, and at the November court, the grand jury declared that the holding of fairs in York was a pub- lic nuisance. Three persons were convicted of manslaughter J by the court for the killing of Dunn. The legislature, on the 29th of January, 1816, ordered that they cease. They were, however, held for some years later. CHURCH HISTORY. The First Evangelical Lutheran Church. — Immediately after permits were granted to purchase lands west of the Susquehanna, in 1731, numerous German emigrants located on what are now the fertile limestone lands of the valley, extending from the Susque- hanna westward to the vicinity of Hanover. With them were some English, as the land war- rants indicate, but the vast bodyof them were Germans — Lutherans, German Eeformed, and Moravians. These people brought with them the principles taught in the fatherland, from which most of them had just come, and in • September, 1733, the Lutherans took steps for the organization of a congregation, the first one of this denomination west of the Susquehanna. The contributors to the purchase of the first record book for the members of this con-, gregation, in September, 1733, together with the times of the arrival of some of them in America, were as follows: 33 524 HISTOEY OF YOKK COUNTY. Martin Bauer 1733 Johannes Bentz 1733 Joseph Beyer 1731 Paul Burkliardt John Adam Diehl. . . .1731 Carl Elsen Christian GroU 1729 Baltzer Knetzer Christof Kraut Gottfried Mauch Nicholas Koger 1733 Jacoh Scherer 1733 Mathias Schmeiser .1731 George Schmeiser . . 1731 Geo. A. Zimmerman Heinrich Schultz. . .1731 Valentine Schultz. .1731 George Schwab . . .1737 Philip Ziegler 1737 George Ziegler 1727 Jacob Ziegler 1727 Michael Walck 1732 Heinrich Zanok 1733 One name illegible . Eev. John Casper Stoever, the firsi pastor, 1733-43.— In September, 1733, Lutheran settlers west of the Susquehanna, were vis- ited by Rev. John Casper Stoever, who formed a congregation called "Die Evan- gelische Lutherisohe Gemeinde an der Katho- res," and served as its pastor for ten years. He was born December 21, 1707, in the upper province of the Electorate of Hesse, at the city of Frankenberg, and was the son of Dietrich Stoever, biirger and merchant, and Magdalena, daughter of Eev. Andrew Eber- wein, pastor at Frankenberg. In his youth he was a teacher at Anweiler, in the Bhenish Palatinate, and while there is supposed to have studied for the ministry. In 1728 he sailed from Rotterdam with ninety Palatines on the ship "James Goodwill," David Crocket, master, and landed at Philadelphia, Septem- ber 11, 1728. His name is entered on the ship's register as "Johann Qasper Stoever, Sancro Sanctse Theologise Studiosus." -*He spent the first year in America, in the vicinity of Trappe, Montgomery County, this State. May, 1730, he was settled on the up- per waters of the Conestoga, near where New Holland, in Lancaster County, now stands. At- this time he served as pastor of the Lu- therans of Lancaster and Berks Counties. In September, 1732, Eev. John Christian Schultze arrived, and, in 1733, he ordained Mr. Stoever in Montgomery County, within a barn then used as a place of worship. Rev. Stoever then proceeded to Lancaster County, and regularly opened church records for the congregations he had organized at Mode Creek, New Holland, Lancaster, and at North Hill, in Berks County. He then re- sided near New Holland, Lancaster County, for many years, until he moved to the Swata- ra, in Lebanon County, where he lived until bis death May 13, 1779, after having organized nearly all the older congregations, from New Holland to the North Mountains, beyond Lebanon, as well as the historic one herein described. Several of the first mem- bers of his newly formed congregation on the Codorus, came across the ocean in the same vessel with him, as Sebastian Eberle, and George Shumacher, and as one of the earliest routes of e migrants through Lancaster Coun- ty led them past Eev. Stoever's home, it is probable that he met them on their way thither, and may have visited them before 1733. There was no building erected as a church when this congregation was organized. The services were doubtless held in the houses of members. York was not laid out then, but there were a number of settlers who located in the immediate vicinity during the years 1730 and 1731, and built dwelling houses of logs. The emigration west of the river was very rapid about this time. In fact it is altogether possible that different homes were used in which this pioneer con- gregation assembled for worship at this early day, and these may have been located either around the present site of York, east or west of it. Many of the original members lived east of York in the region then called Grist Creek Valley, after one of the first English settlers there, and later has been corrupted into Kreutz Creek Valley. As late as 1800, the small stream, a few miles east of York, which crosses the pike, was called the Codo- rus, and the large one at York the Great Codorus. This will explain the tradition that the first church was organized east of York, when the fact, correctly understood, should be that all the German Lutherans, within a large territory, belonged to this one congregation organized by Pastor Stoever. List of male members of congregation in the time of Pastor Stoever, from 1733 to 1743, with date of arrival at Philadelphia, as given in Eupp's "30,000 German Emigrants:" George Amendt 1733 Conrad Aman 1731 Martin Bauer 1733 George M. Beierle . . 1730 Philip Bentz 1732 Joseph Beyer 1781 Melchior Beyer Frederich Bleiblreu. Jacob Braum 1733 Ulrich Buehler 1734 Paul Burkhardt. . . . Barthol Creutzdorf. . John George Cruradt Henry Dewees 1733 John Adam Diehl... 1731 Conrad Dietz Daniel Barley Sebastian Eberle 1728 Michael Ebert 17S1 Charles Eisen Philip Adam Endtler Henry English Michael Fisher Conrad Fry 1733 Martin Fry John Funck 1727 Peter Gaertner Jacob Gaunerner. . . John Adam Giszner. John George Gobel.1733 Adam Gossper Philip Gohn Christian Groll ....1729 Philip Ernst Gruber. Jacob Haurie John Hearken Tobias Hendrick . . . John Herberger 1732 Nicholas Hoeltzel. . . Erasmus Holtzapfel.1731 Leonard Immel .... Christof Kauffeld. . Casper Kerber 1733 Leonard Knady Baltzer Knetzer. . . . John Peter Knobel . Nicholas Koger 1732 Valentine Krantz. . . Christof Kraut .... Michael Krueger. . .1732 John G. Lansbager. Conrad Lau Christian Lau 1733 John Christ. Loeffler.1732 John Q. Loewanstein Bartholomew Maul. 1732 Gottfried Mauck Dertrich Meyer George Meyer William Morgan .... BOROUGH OF YORK. 525 Adam Mueller 1733 Conrad Mueller 1733 Jacob Mueller 1732 Andreas Nebinger. . Christian Neuman. . . George Pflueger. . . .1731 John Jacob Rudisiel. MeyridL Rudisiel. . .1737 John Adam R;qppert.l731 Dietrich Saltzgaber. Jacob Seherer 173^ Mathias Schmelser. .1731 John Geo. Schmeiser Hienrich Schmidt. . .1733 John Geo. Schmidt. 1731 BaltzerShoenberger 1733 John Schryack 1783 JohnShuetz 1-732 John Henry Schultz. Valentine Schultz. .1732 George Schwab 1737 John Scheigardt. . . . Baltzer Spangler. . . 1733 Ludwig Stein Henry Stultz 1731 John Sultzbach. . . .1732 Torek UpdegrafE Michael Walch 1733 Martin Wei^el Ludwig Weisong. . . Mathiaa Weller Jacob "Weller Martin Weybrecht. .1733 V. Winterbauer. . . . John George Wolff. 1737 Wilhelm Wolff John Yost Heinrich Zauch 1733 Jacob Ziegler John George Ziegler. 1737 Rev. David Candler, 1743-44.— The second pastor was Rev. David Candler, who in May, 1743, organized "the Evangelical Lutheran Congregation of the Conewago," the present St. Matthew's Church of Hanover. He resided in "the Conewago settlement," in the vicinity of the spot where Hanover stands, around which a number of Germans had settled as early as 1731. His charge extended from the Susquehanna to the Potomac. He bap- tized seventy children in the York congrega- tion and equally as many at Hanover. His son David, born May 6, 1740, became a prom- inent citizen of York. Pastor Candler's health failed; he died in December, 1744, and was buried in a graveyard one-half mile northwest of Hanover. In 1744 the first log-church was built in York, on the spot where the Christ Church stands. For the first ten years no special house of worship was used, so far as is known, though there may have been one at another point in the great York Valley. The church {in York was built just three years after the town of York was founded. Rev. Lars Thorstansen Nyberg, 1744- 48. — The funeral of Rev. Candler in De- cember, 1744, was attended by many per- sons. The officiating clergyman was Rev. Lars Nyberg, of Lancaster. He was a Swede, and had before entering upon the ministry, been a surveyor, and early in life also studied theology. Through intercourse with Arvid Gradin, he had accepted Moravian views. He was engaged as a teacher by a Swedish court, when a call from the Lancas- ter Lutheran Church was sent to Sweden for a minister. On his way to America he met, in London, Rev. Spangenberg, who became one of the apostles of the Moravian Church in America, and there, it is asserted, confirmed his faith in Moravian doctrine, but soon after became pastor of the Lutheran Churches at Lancaster, York, Hanover and Monocacy In all of these congregations troubles arose on account of his attempts to turn them over to the Moravians. At York the controversy was especially severe and exciting, as Rev. Jacob Lischy, then pastor of the Reformed Church, was of the same faith. In 1746 ai, Moravian Synod was held in Kruetz Creek, and Nyberg brought two missionaries there^ one to be pastor of the York Congregatiou and the other of the Monocacy Congregation. The most determiined opponent at York was Bartholomew Maul, then the parish school- master, who was also empowered to read ser. mons during the absence of the pastor. Rev. Henry Muhlenberg visited York in May, 1746, for the first time. He reports in his. diary that the York congregation then con-- tained 110 families, living over a large ex- tent of country. He baptized several ohiU dren, and confirmed those that Schoolmaster Maul had instructed. In June, 1747, Muh- lenberg again visited York, and went also to Conewago, Monocacy and Frederick. In bis diary for June 21, 1747, he says: "In the afternoon we rode from Lancaster, and in the night reached the newly laid out town of York, some of the people came together in the mid- dle of the night and rejoiced at my arrival, and ex- pected that the Lord's Supper would be adminis- tered to them on the following Sunday. I was now in the district in which the Lutheran congregations, had commissioned Mr. Nyberg. He visited the con- gregations as far as into Maryland. The people* who had been awakened by his methods, clung: very closely to him, were ready to live or die withi him. The stronger party nevertheless locked the church against him." "On Saturday, June27, atnoon,"says Rev. Muh- lenberg, "we arrived at York on our return from Maryland, when the members of the congregation were assembled that they might give in their names to come to the Lord's Supper. I called together those elders and members who were most act- ive, and begged of them to put away all dissensicMt and distraction. Schoolmaster Maul, who had dil- igently instructed the children, and on Sundays, read sermons, was present, and was questioned con- cerning the congregation. Cue or more of the vorsteher had been too loud, and had shown too, much heat in the strife with the Moravians, for' which I reproved them in love and gentleness. The justice of the peace presented himself, but made? complaint against a contentious neighbor, who be^ ing examined, conducted himself rudely, refused admonition and was excluded until he amended^ Those who favored Nyberg did not attend services regularly, and said only by hispreachingwer© their hearts moved. They promised, however, that if a worthy pastor of our United Ministry, came hither to preach, they would come and hear him and fol- low him. At 8 o'clock I went to the church and had a profitable preparation based on Matthew XI, 8; the people were all attention. After the prepare-, tive service I received the group of y onng men whom the schoolmaster had instructed for their confirma- tion. In the evening I edified and refreshed myself still further with the elders and vorsteher in the house. On Sunday, June 28, some persons who lived far off.made application for the Lord's Supper: The church on this day was too small, and nearly half of 526 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. the audience had to stand outside, for a great con- gregation had assembled from a distance even of ten or twenty miles; it was the second Sunday after Trinity. I baptized a number after sermon, and confirmed fifteen persons, and administered the Lord's Supper to 200 communicants, and then closed the services by the whole congregation on bended knees giving thanks to God. In the eve- ning I was invited as a guest by the justice of the peace." The justice mentioned was George Swaab (Swope). After Muhlenberg's departure Bartholomew Maul continued to read ser- mons to the congregation. He was after- ward elected one of the first commissioners ■of York County, and died about 1759. Rev. John Helfrich Schaum, 1748-55.— In May, 1748, the United Ministry sent Rev. Schaum. He was born in Geissen, in Hesse- Darmstadt. His father was preceptor of a school atMunichholzhausen; was educated at the University of Halle, and sent to America with authority to teach in the Congregational school at Philadelphia, where he landed January 26, 1745. He preached in German- town and at Raritan, N. J. He was sent to York with special instructions and minute directions as to how he should minister to the congregation. A prescribed order of services was required to be followed, which was common to all the churches of the Lu- theran Union at that time. On his arrival at York, May 17, 1748, he was accompanied by I^astor Handschuh, of Lancaster, and Schoolmaster Vigera, of Philadelphia. On the afternoon of the 18th the constitution for the congregation adopted by the United Ministers, was presented and put into force, and so continued until 1781. On Ascension day. May 19, the pastor in- stalled the newly-elected elders and vorsteher, and confirmed sixteen persons. On Satur- day Handschuh and Vigera went to Cone- "wago (Hanover) to arrange for its connection "with Yorkj which soon after was effected, as was that of the Lower Bermudian congrega- tion, to which Schaum preached May 31, 1748. For nearly five years the congrega- tion at York had been without an authorized pastor. While on his way to the consecration of a church at, Raritan, N. J., Schaum was severely injured, from which he suffered for years, and for a time was not able to preach. In 1752 he was requested to occasionally visit the congregation at Frederick, which was vacant. In May, of the same year, his wife, Anna Eva, and their young child, Anna Gertrude, died. He was again married August 7, 1753, to Maria Dorotha Stunipf, of Lancas- ter., Rev. Schaum's health failed, and, on account of growing opposition, retired from the pastorate of York, and in April, 1755, he went to Tohickon. Rev. John Samuel Schwerdfeger, 1755- 56. — The opposition to Rev. Schaum heard of the arrival at Baltimore of ,a candidate of theology, John Samuel Schwerdfeger, a young man of twenty- three years, who had been educated as an orphan at Neustadt, in Bavaria, and at the University of Erlangen, where he studied law and theology. He was shipped from Holland to Baltimore with emigrants; being unable to pay his passage would have been sold as a "redempti.oner, " upon landing, when the congregation at York bought his freedom. "He was ordained," says Muhlenberg, "by ministers who called themselves 'Orthodox Lutherans,' and who did not belong to the Synod." The congre- gation was then divided into two factions. Rev. Lucas Raus, of Gosohenhoppen, Berks County, was called to York to settle the strife, but he would not then come. George Ludwig Hochheimer, 1756-58. — The next pastor was Hochheimer, who ar- rived in America November 1, 1755, from Ger- many, where he was a schoolmaster and bar- ber. He came to York in 1756, when the two parties still existed; the majority of both ac- cepted him as pastor. He remained a short time. In 1774, he was pastor of a congre- gation in South Carolina, and had been for many years before. Rev. John Kirchner, another Lutheran pastor, was at York during a part of the same time. He also had charge of Shuster's Church, in Springfield Township, from 1763 to 1767, and probably organized that congregation. Rev. Lucas Raus, 1758-63.— The next pastor, Rev. Lucas Raus, moved to York in April, 1758, met with success in building up the congregation, and excelled any pre- vious pastor. In 1759, he baptized 132, and in 1761, 161 children in the York con- gregation. The congregation then had 300 adult and 250 young members. On June 2, 1760, the corner-stone for a stone church was laid. It was used for baptisms April 30, 1761, but was not fully completed until 1762. During the fall of that year it was consecrated by Dr. Wrangle, of Philadelphia, Revs. Borell,'of Wilmington, Del., Geroch and N. Kurtz. The new stone church which stood until 1812, was 40x65 feet in dimen- sion. It was located where the church now stands, but was placed nearer the street than it. The steeple was taken down in 1805, as far as the bells, and a roof placed over them. In 1763, on account of some difiiculties, Rev. Raus retired from his charge at York, and turned his attention more BOROUGH or YORK. 537 to medicine. He had charge of some country churches, organized the churches at Dover and Quicker 8, and preached at Shuster's church, in Springfield Township, from 1770 to 1787. The record shows baptisms ad- ministered by him at Bermudian, 1758- 1763; Kruetz Creek and "Chockely" 1760; Carlisle, in 1762; in the school house at Jacob Ziegler's, in Codorus Township; at Justice Noblet's house, and held English services in Newberry Township. A bio- graphical sketch of Mr. Raus will be found on page 405. Rev. Nicholas Hornell, 1763-65, was the next pastor at York. He was from Sweden, and came to Philadelphia from Wilmington, and on July 8, 1763, left Phil- adelphia on the Lancaster stage for York, having obtained the Agenda for use at his new charge. Pastor Hornell had been or- dained in London in 1747,served the congrega- tion at Hoor in the province of Scania, was charged of serious wrongdoing and fled to Denmark. This news came to York and interfered with his success. On Juae 30, 1765, he delivered a farewell discourse and retired from the ministry. In 1767 he was living one-half mile from York. The congregation had no pastor from July 1765 to February 1767. During this interim it is supposed certain religious ceremonies were performed by Philip Teiitsch (Deitch) who succeeded Bartholomew Maul as schoolmaster. William Kurtz was teacher of the ■ school in 1756, established in York by the English Society. Philip Deitch continued as school- master until his death in 1789. Rev. John George Bager, 1767-69.— The next pastor, Rev. Bager, had been in charge of the German church in New York City since 1763. Before he went to New York he had been pastor of the church at Hanover, where he lived. In 1769 he re- turned to Hanover. Rev. Bager was born at Niederliriz, in Nassau -Saarbruck, March 29, 1725. His father was a pastor. The son studied theol- ogy at Halle. Muhlenberg said ' ' he was a very worthy and learned man, and was ordained in Germany." He was married to Anna Elizabeth Schwab, born at Geissen in Hesse-Darrflstadt. He arrived in Phila- delphia October 23, 1752, and was met by Rev. Stoever and taken to Lebanon. In December, 1752, he visited Hanover and re- ceived a call on the 16th, moved there soon after and remained at Hanover until he went to New York. His first two children died in Europe, the third, Catharine, was born in Lebanon ; the fourth, Christian Fredrick, born August 29, 1754, in Hanover. Upon the death of his father Rev. Bager inherited money to parohase a farm near Hanover on which he died June 9,1791. During many years he min- istered to scattered Lutheran congregations. He is the ancestor of the Baugher family in York and Adams Counties, some of whom have become prominent clergymen and authors. Rev. John Nicholas Kurtz, 1770-89.— In, April, 1770, Mr. Kurtz took charge of the con- gregation. He was born October, 1722, in Lutzellinden, in the principality of Nassau Weilburg, now in Rhenish Prussia. His father was teacher of the Congregational school. The son spent six years in a clas- sical school at Geissen, and studied theology in the university there, and afterward at, Halle. He arrived at Philadelphia Janu- ary 26, 1745, and went to New Hanover as a teacher, and as a preacher in Montgomery County, Penn. , and at Raritan, N. J. He next went to Tulpehocken, Berks County, and also, preached in Lancaster County. He was or- dained August 15, 1748. When Rev. Kurtz came to York he was in his forty-eighth year; he was a well formed man, five feet ten inches high, with broad forehead, dark eyes and dark curling hair. He had a full, strong resonant voice, and was inclined to preach the law and not abate its terms, as he pos- sessed great firmness of purpose. During his pastorate at York, the- Revolutionary war took place and congress met here. He was at first troubled about the oath of allegiance he had taken to the king of England, but his conscience became clear and, in 1776, he was naturalized. During the meeting of congress when the houses of citizens had to be opened to entertain, his house was the home of Bishop White,then of the Spanish minister, afterward of the French minister, then of a member from South Carolina. In 1777, when money was scarce, and provisions for the soldiers meager, Mr. Kurtz, after a sermon, asked his audience to collect all articles and stores- they could and send them to his house, and a committee, was appointed to distribute them to the suf- fering soldiers according to the authority of his grandson, Dr. Benjamin Kurtz. Mr. Kurtz's work was very successful, he did a great amount of ministerial work in the country west of York. He served as sec- retary of the Ministerium in 1763, and wa- president in 1778, and on the death of Dr. Hs M. Muhlenberg he was accorded the high hon. or of becoming his successor, as senior Minis- terii. In 1789, Rev. Kurtz moved to Balti- more, where he lived with his son, Rev. J. Daniel Kurtz, He died suddenly of apo- 628 HISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY plexy, May 12, 1794, aged seventy-two years. America had in his day very few preachers equal to him. Eev. Jacob Goering, 1783-1807.— The next pastor was the son of Jacob and Mar- garet Goering, and was born in Chanceford Township, York Co., Penn., January 17, 1755. When eighteen years old his father took him to Dr. Helmuth of Lancaster, with whom he remained two years as a diligent student. He was ordained in 1776, and set- tled in Carlisle. He there preached to six con- gregations: Carlisle, Dover, Paradise, Upper ■and Lower Bermudian and Lower Settlement. In 1783, the Ministerium met at York for the ■second time, on which occasion the lirst even- ing service was held of which there is' any record. At this time Mr. Goering had be- come assistant pastor of this charge and had removed to York. On the removal of pastor Kurtz to Baltimore, Mr. Goering became sole pastor. In 1791, he accepted a call to Ha- gerstown, Md. , but he soon after came back to York. In 1798, he had charge of the York, "Chockley" (Conojohela), and Kruetz Creek congregations. The parochial school in 1796, was very strong. Instruction was given in both Ger- man and English. The cougregation was in- corporated in 1804; under it two elders were to be elected each year to serve for six years; the wardens, as the vorsteher are called, to serve for two years. Eev. Jacob Goering died of consumption November 27, 1809. He was a man of very acute and active mind; he wrote three treatises that were published, and a number of others which, before he died, he ordered to be burned. Dr. J. G. Schmucker studied Hebrew with him during his pastorate at Quickel's Church. After his death there was a vacancy for two years. Eev. John George Schmucker, 1809-36. — This gentleman was chosen pastor May 2, 1809, and he received a call while at a meet- ing of the synod at Hanover, on the 28th of same month. His charge consisted at that time of York, Quickel's, Wolf's, Holzchwamm, Kruetz Creek and Chockely. In 1813, he gave up part of the field, but retained five — John Herbst, Jr., it is supposed took one of them. In 1814, Charles A. Morris took charge of Kruetz Creek, and in 1817, Chock- ely had been for some time in Herbst's charge. In 1820, Eev. Sohmucker's charge consisted of York, Quickel's and Wolfs Churches, to which some years later Hoover's was added. In 1811, steps were taken for erecting a new church. George Hay and Peter Striber, were made managers; George Lottman, John Barnitz and Jacob Schmeiser, John Brillinger, Peter Schmeiser, made as- sistants; Ignatius Lightner was elected treasurer. Corner-stone was laid July 2, 1812; the services were conducted by Eev. Drs. H. E. Muhlenberg, J. Daniel Kurtz, George Loehman and the pastor. The new church was dedicated May 1, 1814, by Eev. F. V. Melsheimer, of Hanover, and the pastor. In 1813, a new schoolhouse was built, under supervision of Jacob Upp and Jacob Eichelberger. The cost of the church alone was at least 118,590. In June, 1817, the ministerium of Pennsyl- vania, met for a fourth time in York; Dr. George Loehman, father of A. H. Loehman, was president. The synod of Ohio was formed by authority of this meeting. It was the third centennial commemoration of the Eeformation. The president invited Ee- formed. Episcopal, Presbyterian and Mora- vian people to participate in the commemora- tion. Jacob Barnitz, who had been the worthy secretary and treasurer of the church for many years, died in April, 1828. In 1827, a Sunday-school met in the church for the first time. In 1828, a seal was adopted; in 1829, lamps were bought for evening services. In 1830, land was bought on Duke Street for a burial place; in 1832, the use of the small bell was granted to the Theological Seminary at Gettysburg. When the temperance question came up for discussion, both Dr. Schmucker and Mr. Oswald, assistant, wore deeply interested in it, and very zealous in its advocacy, where- upon the yearly salary was for a time dimin- ished one-half, but they persisted in the cause, and eventually won high honor. English services began about 1820, only in the evening. The time for English services was indicated by a peculiar ringing of the bell. October 7, 1829, Eev. Jonathan Os- wald, D. D., was licensed, and became assist- ant pastor, and also took entire charge of Wolf's and Hoover's Churches, where the services were German, and preached English in York three Sunday evenings out of four. Dr. Schmucker continued at Quickel' s Church. Dr. Oswald, then a young man, is now a highly respected and honored citizen of York, familiar to all our people. In 1836 the ministry of Dr. Schmucker ended. In person he was of medium stat- ure, rather thick set, but not corpulent; his complexion was dark, and his body was very erect. His character was unusually sym- metrical and well balanced, and his temper so placid, or under such control, that even his own household scarcely ever saw it BOROUGH OF YORK. 539 ruffled. He was especially regardful of the feelings of others, and so unaffectedly polite on all occasions that he won the admiration and respect of every one he met. He was careful in the preparation of his sermons, methodical in arrangement, earnest in delivery, tender in feeling, and deeply serious. All" of these elements united to make him an admirable and most useful preacher. He was a great student, and procured books from Europe each year, and had his whole library at com- when he removed to the home of some of his children at AVilliamsburg, where he died October 7, 1854. His remains lie in front of this church. He was married first to Eliza- beth Gross, from Quickel's congregation, by whom he had twelve children; she died in 1819; second, in 1821, to Anna Maria Hoffman, of Baltimore, by whom he had seven children. Eev. Jonathan Oswald, D. D., assistant pastor, 1829-36. — Dr. Oswald was born in Washington County, Md., December 20, REV. A. n. LOCmrAN. mand. He contributed largely to the Evan- gelical Magazine. He published a number of volumes, chiefly connected with the proph- ecies. In the establishment of Pennsylva- nia College and Theological Seminary at Gettysburg, he took a prominent part, and at the time of his death was vice-president of the American Tract Society. He continued to reside at York, still preaching at Quickel's Church until 1852, 1805, son of John and Eve Oswald. His parents were of Swabian and Alsatian origin, and on his father's side of long generations of Lutherans; his mother the descendant of Mennonites. After pursuing theological studies for sixteen or eighteen months, he went to Gettysburg, and was the second the- ological student registered. After pursuing the whole theological course he was gradu- ated and licensed. 530 HISTORY OP YORK COUNTY Rev. A. H. Lochman, D. D., 1836-80.— Mr. Lochman was a son of Dr. George Loch- man and Susanna Hoffman, whose sister was the second wife of Dr. J. G. Sch mucker. He was born October 5, 1802, in the parsonage of Salem Church, Lebanon, Penn., of which his father was pastor. Tn 1815 his father moved to Harrisburg, when the son entered the academy there. In 1822 he entered the University of Pennsylvania, in the junior class, and was graduated July, 1823, and then studied theology with his father, and licensed to preach June 16, 1824. He be- came pastor of a charge in Cumberland Coun- ty in 1825, and was married in July of that year to Anna Maria Partenheimer, of Phila- delphia, and took up their residence in Me- chanicsburg, then a village of a dozen houses. In 1826, upon the death of his father, he became his successor at Harrisburg. In April, 1836, he was called to York, where he continued pastor until 1^0, where he was greatly beloved and eminently successful. He has taken an active part in all the general movements of the Lutheran Church in Amer- ica; was a member of the first board of trustees of Pennsylvania College; was a trustee in Franklin College; has been for a long time one of the board of directors of the seminary, and many 'years its president; was president of the synod of Pennsylvania and of the general synod. The honorary degree of D. D. was con- ferred upon him in 1856, by Pennsylvania College. He has made a number of valuable translations from the German. Dr. Loch- man has retired from the active pastoral office, full of years and of labors, after serv- ing this church nearly half a century. During the first year of his pastorate, the Second Lutheran Church of York (St. Paul's) was formed. In September, 1841, the old town clock was placed on the steeple by the county com- missioners. In 1850 Zion Lutheran Con- gregation was formed. On October 31, 1867, the jubilee of the Reformation was cele- brated with much enthusiasm by the churches in York. In the afternoon all the Lutheran Sunday-school children (1,500) assembled in this church. In 1874 the church was remodeled. On June 12, 1880, Dr. Loch- man resigned his long pastorate. For two years the congregation was served by sup- plies. Eev. George W. Enders, the present pastor, entered upon his duties in 1882. A stairway and sacristy has since been placed on the east side of the chancel. At the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the history of the church, in 1883, Rev. M. Schmucker, D. D., of Pottstown, Penn., grandson of one of the pastors, delivered an historical discourse to this congregation, and to him we are greatly indebted for much of the information herein given. The membership in 1885 is 628, and the congregation very prosperous. The Sun- day-school has fifty-two teachers, and 580 pupils. All of the other Lutheran Churches of York colonized from this church. The First Reformed Church of York, Penn-- sylvania. — The reformed congregation in York antedates the organization of the county, and is connected with the first settle- ment of the town, in 1742. The precise date of its organization cannot be fixed. The Rev. Jacob Lischey, its first pastor, in a record made, 1744, in a book held by the present pastor. Rev. Dr. 3. O. Miller, says " this congregation has been for several years without a pastor." They had an organization prior to his coming to visit them, and they must have worshiped in a private house. In August, 1744, Rev. Mr. Lischey, a "Swiss preacher," visited this settlement and preached for them. The elders, George Meyer, Philip Rothrock,and others, extended to him a call; and a second call, in May 29, 1745, which latter he accepted. The congre- gation ha,d no house of worship until 1746, when a block building was erected on Lot No. 91, granted by the Penns. The congregation passed through many scenes of excitement in the first fifteen years of its history, on ac- count of the conduct of its pastor, and the uncertainty of where he stood, as Reformed or Moravian. He several times offered to resign, but a strong party took up for him and retained him. He finally, under a charge, withdrew in 1760, and organized an independent church, in Codorus Township, and was deposed by the synod. A biography of Eev. Lischey will be found on page 406. The congregation was vacant for one year. They then called the Rev. John Conrad Wirtz, who entered upon his labors. May 9, 1762; and soon brought the congregation into har- mony. The church prospered. The block building was taken down and the corner-stone of a large stone building was laid May 24, 1763. Rev. "Wirtz did not live to see it com- pleted. He died September 21, 1763, and was buried under the altar. A vacancy of two years, of which there is no record, occurred. In September, 1765, Rev. William Otterbein was called, became pastor November, 1765, and served five years. A desire to visit his native land pressed upon him, and without resign- ing he departed for Germany. The congre- gation was occasionnally supplied by the Rev. BOROUGH OF YORK. 531 Daniel Wagner, who preached at Kreutz Creek The Rev. Otterbein returned Ootoberl, 1771, continued to serve this people three years more, and then v^ent to Baltimore. In May, 1774, Rev. Daniel Wagner became the pastor. He was a most estimable man; the church prospered under his ministry. He remained during the period of the Revolutionary war. He resigned in 1786, and accepted a call from the Tulpehocken congregation, Berks County. In the fall of the same year the church was supplied by a young man. Rev. Philip Stock, who remained until November, 1789. And the records show that, in 1790, Rev. George Troldenier was pastor; not much is learned from the records concerning him; his last baptism was on May 31, 1793. The congregation extended a call to their former pastor, the Rev. Daniel Wagner, who accepted, and entered upon his duties August 1, 1793. His second ministry was more successful than the first had been. Dur- ing this period the stone church, built in the time of Rev. Wirtz, was destroyed by fire on July 4, 1797, and all the records were burnt save one book. The congregation at once took steps for a new building, which they reared on the same spot 65x55 feet, with the side to the front, which was dedicated in May, 1800, and which is still standing. In May, 1804, Mr. Wagner resigned and the Rev. George Geistweit took his place. He ministered to this people for sixteen years, until 1820. There is no record from which to estimate the work done. He is kindly spoken of by those who knew him, and the church held its own, but made no progress. Rev. Lewis Mayer, D. D., took charge Jan- uary 8, 1821. It was followed by an awakening and the bringing in of new life. His preach- ing was profound — his energy great. He in- troduced English preaching with the German, built a lecture and school-room on the rear of the lot. He had weekly service for lecture and prayer — also Sunday-school. In the midst of his usefulness he was called to the theological professorship in the seminary. He resigned April 3, 1825. The church was vacant for two years. The Rev. James Reily was called, April 1, 1827. His health failing he had Rev. Daniel Zacha- rias, a licentiate, for an assistant. He resigned July, 1831. A vacancy of one year and a quarter occurs ; when the Rev. John Cares, of blessed memory, was called, October 1, 1832. Ha did an effectual work. The lecture room at the rear of the lot was destroyed by fire December 8, 1837, and instead of rebuilding it the con- gregation resolved to alter the interior of the church, taking off ten feet of the audience room and making lecture and Sunday-school room out of it. The Rev. Cares served eleven years, and on April 5, 1843, died. He was greatly lamented by his people. Now followed an exciting and stormy pe- riod in the history of this congregation. Scarcely had the grave closed over their be- loved pastor, until an effort was made by cer- tain parties, to secure the services of Rev. Herman Douglas, a converted Jew, then pastor of an Associated Reformed Church, at Hagerstown. He was a man of brilliant attainments, and great pulpit ability. This excited serious opposition among a large class of persons ; they resented it and appealed to the classis. Mr. Douglas took charge July, 1843; he remained only one year and a half. January 1, 1845, resigned, and went to Europe. The congregation did not remain long vacant. On January 16, 1845, they called the Rev. William A. Good, from Ha- gerstown, Md. He, like the four who pre- ceded him, preached in both languages, En- glish and German, and likewise served sur- rounding congregations. During his minis- try, the congregation was chartered by the legislature of Pennsylvania, on March 9, 1849, under the title " The First Reformed Church of the borough of York and its vicin- ity," and under this charter, the congrega- tion was authorized to lay out a public cem- etery, under the title of "Prospect Hill Cemetery," which now contains between 80 and 100 acres. In the latter part of Mr. Good's pastorate, it was resolved to call a . co-pastor, to preach exclusively in the English lan- guage. This was unsatisfactory. They then resolved to divide into two sections, English and German, each to call its own pastor, and support him, but to hold their property in common under pne corporation. This called for the resignation of both Messrs. Good and Philips, in the fall of 1851. This opens a new era in the history of this congregation. It was virtually two congre- gations under one corporation in one building. The Rev.David Bossler,of Harrisburg,Penn., was called by the German section, and entered upon his work April 4, 1852; and on November 6, 1852., the Rev. J. O. Miller, of Winchester, Va., was called by the English section, and accepted the position, January 1, 1853. Each section had the use of the audience room on alternate Sunday mornings; the English preached alternately in the lecture room, and in the evening in the church above. A mission chapel was built by the pastor 533 HISTORY OP YORK COUNTY. of the English section for Sunday-school service, 1861, on Queen Street. In the spring of 1862 Eev. D. Bossier resigned, and he was succeeded by the Bev. Daniel Ziegler. The inconvenience of two congregations worshiping in one building became daily -manifest; and steps were taken for a final and entire separation of the sections. Terms were agreed upon — the property, all but the cemetery, should be put up, and the highest bidder of the two sections should have it. The Germans bought it, and paid the English for their rights in the church build- ing, graveyard, and parsonage, |9,725 — the English to retain the corporate title, and the Cemetery (Prospect Hill). The English section, now an independent congregation, went out, and for a year or more worshiped in the court house, and then built for themselves their splendid church, called "Trinity," on the second lot -east of the old building. It is in Romanesque style of architecture, with tower and turret, 60 feet front and 180 feet deep, with chapel attached; a chime of nine bells, organ, •etc., the entire cost $60,000. The building was consecrated during the meeting of the Synod of the United States, October 21, 1866. The pastor is the Rev. J. O. Miller, D. D., who has been with it for nearly thirty- three years since it become a distinct English con- gregation. The congregation is in a healthy, growing condition, with a membership, •confirmed and unconfirmed, of 550 people; two Sunday-schools numbering 520. Zion Reformed Church. — The German section of the original congregation, is now under the pastoral care of Rev. Aaron Spangler, who conducts services in both German and English. The church building on the original site, was remodeled and im- proved a few years ago at an expense of several thousand dollars. The communicant membership of Zion's Church is 498. The elders, for 1885, are William, Reisinger, Charles Yost, John Stouch, Frederick Sake- miller, Peter Moore and Lenhart Himmel- reich; the deacons are George R. Stough, Franklin Quickel, Jacob Spahr, Adam Nay- lor, John L. Shefifer and Charles Craft. The Sunday-school has 301 members. The pastor is president; Samuel G. Hildebrand, super- intendent; H. F. Keesey, secretary; George E. Stough, treasurer; William B. Pry is organist of the church, and Samuel G. Hil- debrand leader of the choir. To the rear of the First Reformed building, Philip Liv- ingston, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, was buried in 1778, while congress met in York. His remains have since been moved to Prospect Hill Cemetery. It will be a matter ~ of great interest to know who some of the original members of this church were. The following is a list of some of the more prominent persons who were members before 1754. They did not all live in York; some were farmers: George Mayer, Casper Kieffer, Christian Wampler, Jacob Ob (Upp), Philip Hintz, John Welsoh, Abraham Welschans, Martin Banner, Peter Wolf, Philip Weber, Henry Glatfelter, George Zinn, George Hoke, Philip Houck, Michael Welder, Philip Ganss, John Welsch, tailor, Killian Smith, Dieter Meyer, Benedict Swope, Ludwig Kraft, school- master, TJlrich Hess, Nicholas Reisinger, Abraham Kieffer, Gerhart Luc, Nicholas Ob (Upp), Jacob Reiffi, Michael Greybill, John Gerber, Nicholas Scheaffer, Henry Bier, Nicholas Wilt, Nicholas Zachariah Shugart, Christopher Welder, John Wahl, George Grimm, John Guckes, Michael Neuman, John Appleman, Christian Dittenhofler, Dewalt Emrich, George Schrum, Jonas Leib, John Bentzel, Jacob Schafler, Michael Kann, George Rudy, Christian Wampler, Sr., Jacob Hildebrandt, Conrad Miller, Henry Everhart, Jacob Welsh, John Wolff, Jacob Wagner, Jacob Shearer, Nicholas Kerr, Henry Wolff, Henry Luckenbaugh, Matthias Gemshem, John Meyer, ' Charles Grimm, Henry Stittler, Henry Linebaoh, Godfry Frey, George Weldey. Schrum. S/. John's Episcopal Church. — It is im- possible to ascertain when the services of the English Church were first introduced into York. When the first regular missionary was sent from England by the "Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts," in 1755, he found a congregation of churchmen, duly organized at York, though enjoying no regular services. In May or June, 1755, Rev. Thomas Barton, who had just returned from England, whither he went to be ordained, instituted stated wor- ship. No record remains of the place where such services were held. For nearly a dec- ade he was the zealous missionary of the "Venerable Society," at Huntington (York Springs), Carlisle and York, and with large- hearted charity, even sought the conversion of the Indians. His letters to the society are full of this truly missionary work among the aborigines of the soil. To his office of priest he added that of soldier, for in the troublesome times _with the French and hos- tile Indians, he organized his people for de- fense against their allied foes; and so much did he distinguish himself in this patriotic BOROUGH OF YORK. 533 service, that his conduct was spoken of in a letter from Philadelphia to Mr. Penn, the proprietary: "Mr. Barton deserves the com- mendation of all lovers of their country, for he has put himself at the head of his con- gregations, and marched either by night or by day at every alarm; nor has he done any- thing in a military way but what hath in- creased his character for piety, and that of a sincerely religious man and zealous minister; in short, he is a most worthy, active and serviceable pastor and missionary." (See chapter entitled "Historical Biography," in this work, page 405.) Mr. Barton was succeeded as missionary by the Rev. John Andrews, who set about at ■once to secure a church. In 1765 a subscrip- tion was opened and in 1766 "an act of as- sembly was obtained for a lottery to raise a sum of money sufficient to build Episcopal Churches in York and Reading and to pay the debts due on the English Episcopal Churches of St. Peter's and St. Paul's of Philadelphia." By this lottery £257 5s. were obtained for York. Through'solicitation on the part of the members of the congregation among their friends in Philadelphia and Lancaster £150 more were secured. The Rev. Mr. Andrews also secured £57 which in addition to the subscriptions from the congregation furnished sufficient funds to complete the church with but a trifling debt remaining unpaid. The ground was secured through the influ- ence of the Rev. Dr. Peters, who had himself subscribed £10. "He applied to the Pro- prietaries and got a lot of ground in York Town — eighty feet front, 250 feet in depth, for the building of said church and for burial ground, at the yearly rent of one shilling sterling if demanded, and the warrant was granted to Samuel Johnston and Thomas Minshall, Esqs., and to Mr. Joseph Adlum as trustees of the congregation." The church was built under the supervision of these gen- tlemen, but whether in 1766 or 1769 is a matter of dispute. The church records in- ■cline to the former, while the tablet on the church tower gives the latter. It is worthy •of note that the English Church at York was, when erected, one of the only four in the colony of Pennsylvania outside of Phila- delphia. It was a small unpretentious brick 'structure situated back from the street, facing the alley and opening thereupon. The chancel was at the opposite (northern) end. The total ■cost of the church was £459. The Rev. Mr. Andrews resigned his missionary charge of Y^ork and Cumberland Counties in 1772, and was succeeded by Rev. Daniel Bat- well, likewise an Englishman. In 1774, the year of Mr. Batwell's induction, a bell was presented to the church by Queen Caroline, consort of George III, but as there was no belfry to the church the bell was hung in the cupola of the Court House in Centre Square where it rang out its patriotic sum- mons to the members of the Continental Con- gress when in session in York. It remained in the Court House for half a century, when, upon the demolition of this temple of liberty it was recovered by the church and placed in its tower, where it has done faithful service ever since. The Rev. Mr. Batwell was a loyalist, and during the early stages of the Revolution so favored his native land and his Tory con- victions, that he ceased not to pray for his Majesty George III, which so enraged the people that he was ducked one night in the neighboring creek and discharged in 1776. From this date until 1782 the church was without the ministrations of a clergyman; but it appears from the church records that the congregation was still active, as "in 1777 a lot of ground was granted by the honorable proprietaries to Robert Jones, Will- iam Johnston and George Welsh, trustees, for the use of the missionary of the said church and for the benefit of the said church, and for no other use or purpose whatsoever, as appears by the ticket for the same signed by Samuel Johnston, Esq." This property was situated immediately opposite the church and had a frontage of 160 feet and a depth of 250 feet. In 1784 a letter was received from the Rev. William White, D. D., on behalf of the clergj- and a special committee of the laity of the Episcopal Church in Philadelphia, asking the church wardens and vestrymen to delegate ^one or more of their body, to assist at a meeting to be held May 24, 1784, for the purpose of proposing a plan of ecclesi- astical government for the Episcopalians generally throughout the United States. Col. Thomas Hartley, William Baily and William Johnston were chosen delegates. In 1784 Rev. John Campbell succeeded for over twenty years. Through his exertions the rectory was built on the lot opposite the church; and also the academy, for the erection of both of which he collected money, princi- pally in the cities of Philadelphia, Balti- more and Lancaster. "Toward the close of his rectorship the congregation somewhat declined, through the proselyting efforts of the sects. A large portion was drawn off at the close of the century and formed the Presbyterian congregation at the other end of the town." He shortly afterward — in 534 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. 1804 — removed to the parish of St. John, Carlisle, where he labored very acceptably until his death. The parish remained without a rector un- til April, 1810, when the Eev, John Arm- strong was chosen, and served nine years. During his ministry the church was presented with a handsome brass chandelier (valued at 1300) by the members of St. Paul's Parish, Baltimore. The church property, in 1810, underwent great improvement. A new floor was laid in the church; the chancel removed from the north to the west side; the entrance changed from the south to the east end, and a gallery erected over the door. This large expenditure was promply met and the records state, >"The church is freed from all incum- brance and is in a flourising condition." The first Sunday-school in York County was established by Samuel Bacon, Esq., August 7, 1817. Mr. Bacon was a lawyer of prominence in York, and a devout member of St. John's Church. The Bev. Grandison Aisquith was rector from 1819 to 1821; Eev. George B. Schaeffer from 1821 to 1823; Eev. Charles Williams, from 1823 to 1825; under Eev. Will- iams the congregation was enlarged, he was elected principal of Baltimore College. The Eev. Eichard Hall 'next succeeded, and enjoyed great popularity for three years. On Easter day 1829, the Eev. John V. E. Thorn was engaged as an occasional supply, after which the parish went very much into decay, and membership greatly decreased by death or defection. In 1884 the Eev. Ben- jamin Hutchins took charge of the parish and served it gratuitously for a year and a half, doing much to restore it to its former condition. The church and rectory were improved at the cost of |900, and a handsome set of silver communion plate was presented by the rector in charge. The Eev. Walter E. Franklin, who served two years, became rector in 1836, and was succeeded in 1838 by the Eev. Edward Way- len, an English clergyman temporarily in America. The Eev. John H. Marsden was rector from 1841 to 1844, and the Eev. John H. Hoflfman from 1844 to 1849. The parish at this time seems to have been somewhat weak, as it accepted aid from the Missionary Society of Grace Church, Philadelphia, to- ward the payment of the salary of the Eev. Charles West Thomson, who entered upon his duties in 1849, and continued for seven- teen years, laying firm and solid founda- tioni of future strength and usefulness. He was a native of Philadelphia, and of Quaker parentage. He possessed gracious gifts of mind and heart, sucb as made him signally success Pul in the high office of a clergyman. The parish soon began to feel the effect of his wise and faithful services. The attendance so greatly increased that, in 1850, the church building was enlarged to more than twice its original capacity. It was still a plain, unpretentious church, with lit- tle pretense to architectural beauty. Attracted by Mr. Thomson's sermonic ef- forts, as well as by his personal character, many who had been strangers to the church, identified themselves with it, and are still among her most loyal members. So rapidly and substantially did the parish increase that, in 1863, it was found necessary to make an- other enlargement of the church. Transepts were added and a recess chancel built, and also a tower. As a poet also, Mr. Thomson gained deserved distinction, and many of his productions have been incorporated in our school readers. All his writings were charac- terized by beauty of sentiment and clearness of thought, clothed in the choicest language. He resigned in 1866, owing to the increasing infirmities of old age, but continued to re- side in the town. He died April 17, 1879, beloved by all and honored by all; and his body was interred in Prospect Hill Cemetery. His wife was Miss Charlotte Prescott, a near relative of the historian. She died June 22, 1880, aged eighty-one years. The Eev. William P. Orrick was called in 1866. He continued in charge for seven years. During his administration the parish building was erected on the church lot, thus giving suitable accommodations for the Sun- day-schools and the other parochial organi- zations. The Eev. Octavius Perinchief was rector from 1873 to 1874. Mr. Perinchief was one of the ablest preachers in the American Church and attracted, wherever settled, uni- versal attention. Eev. Edward L. Stoddard succeeded to the charge of the parish in 1874 and remained until 1877, when he gave place to Eev. W. T. Wilson, who served the parish from 1877 to 1878. The Eev. Henry W. Spalding, D. D., assumed charge in December, 1878, and con- tinued until 1883. The Eev. Arthur C. Powell was called to the rectorship in June, 1888, and still administers to the parish. The parish had assumed such proportions in 1883, that it was deemed imperative to make a radical enlargement of the church. This was begun in September of that year. By this, the third improvement, the edifice was signally changed and improved, until it is now one of the most beautiful in the country. BOROUGH OF YORK. 535 A new organ, new pews and new chancel furniture were added, so that, while on the ancient site, St. John's is practically a new church, though the original church is so in- corporated as to leave portions of its walls still standing. The entire expenditure, including hand- some memorial windows, was about |17,000, which amount was fully raised by the gener- osity of the members, and the church was pre- sented for consecration to Et. Eev. M. A. DeWolfe Howe, D. D., LL. D., Bishop of the Diocese of Central Pennsylvania, on Thurs- day, April 16, and, in the presence of a large audience was solemnly set apart for religious worship, according to the rites and ritual of the Episcopal Church. The instru- ment of donation, on this occasion, was read by the Hon. John Gibson, and the article of consecration by the rector (to whom we are indebted for this sketch). St. John's Parish has arrived at such - strength, that it ranks among the largest and best parishes in the diocese. The First Presbyterian Church. — Its begin- ning may be traced back beyond the date of • the Declaration of Independence. For several years a little band of Presbyterians, without any formal church organization, were minis- tered to by the Rev. Mr. Hanna, of the Pres- bytery of Carlisle. In 1785, George Irwin, William Scott and Archibald McLean pur- chased the lot on the corner of High and Queen Streets "in trust, for the use of the Religious Society of English Presbyterians." On this lot, in 1790, the first house of wor- ship was erected, a plain brick building. In March, 1793, this congregation was united with the Round Hill Church, in Hopewell Township, in a call to the Rev. Robert Cath- cart, of the Presbytery of Philadelphia, which was accepted. Of the twenty -four signers of York to that call no descendants remain, ex- cepting those of Jennet Grier and William McClellan. W^illiam Harris, another of the signers, was grandfather of Hon. S. Morrison Harris, of Baltimore, and Hon. James Smith, another, whose remains are in the church- yard, was one of the signers of the Declara- tion of Independence. In the year 1813, the congregation, was incorporated by the legislature. In 1835, near the close of Dr. Cathoart's pastorate, the old church edifice was remodeled and pre- pared for the accommodation of the synod of Philadelphia, which met in October of that year. This synod became famous for the trial of Rev. Albert Barnes, the distinguished commentator, for alleged heresies of doctrinal opinion and teaching. The entire commu- nity became greatly interested. The trial terminated in a vote of suspension by a majority of the court, to which the accused meekly submitted until it was set aside by the general assembly in the following May, and he was restored to the exercise of his ministry. The sympathies of a large propor- tion of this people were undoubtedly with Mr. Barnes, and when, in 1837, the great division of the Presbyterian Church took place, they,with their pastor, for the most part adhered to the exscinded or new school branch. A minority, however, who preferred connection with the old school, organized a board of trustees, and made an attempt to obtain possession of the church property. An action for ejectment was brought by them in the York County Court (April, 1840, Judge Hays of Lancaster, presiding), but was decided for the defendants, which decision was affirmed by the supreme court at Harrisburg, May, 1841. For several years the old school party kept up a separate organization under the pastor- al care of Rev. Stephen Boyer, but at length the enterprise was abandoned and most of its supporters returned to the other church. Dr. Cathcart, owing to the infirmities of age, resigned his long pastorate in 1837, and was succeeded by Rev. Benjamin J. Wallace, of the Presbytery of Muhlenburgh, Ky. He continued until September, 1845, when he accepted a professorship in Delaware Col- lege. In November of that year.Rev. Daniel Hop- kins Emerson commenced his labors as pastor elect, and continued until April, 1855, when failing eyesight obliged him to accept an agency. He was succeeded by Rev. Charles J. Hutchins, a licentiate of the Presbytery of Erie, whose pastorate of four years was "marked by large additions to the church, and by initiatory steps for the erection of a new house of worship. In December, 1859, Rev.Thomas Street, of Philadelphia,was chosen pastor, and the four years of his ministry are memorable for all the excitement and changes growing out of the war of the Rebellion, and also for the activity and enlargement connected with the erection of the present beautiful church. In December, 1864, Rev. Henry E. Niles, then located at Albion, N. Y., was called to the pastorate. He was installed by the Pres- bytery of Harrisburg in April following, and during the twenty years of his ministry just finished, the church has enjoyed an almost uniform course of prosperity. From Dr. Niles' recent anniversary dis- course it appears that from 117 attending members the church has grown to 440. Its 536 HISTORY OF YORK COU^STTY. Sabbath-school, missionary societies, and work in the mission chapel are well sus- tained, and it has recently sent out twenty- six of its number to form the beginning of the Calvary Presbyterian Church in the southern part of York. The Presbyterian Church building is de- lightfully located on East Market Street. The Sunday-school has been ably superin- tended by Dr. J. W. Kerr for more than a quarter of a century. The parsonage adjoins the church. Calvary Presbyterian Church.. - — This church is located on South Duke Street. It grew from a Sabbath -school, opened on the 6th of August, 1882, in a cooper shop, lo- cated on South Duke Street, just beyond Cottage Avenue. On the first Sabbath of its meeting, there were present twenty-seven scholars and seven men and women interested in the work. These persons were Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Luitweiler, Hattie Luitweiler, Clara B. Cross, Maggie W. Cross, Samuel Small, Jr., and H. S. Myers. Mr. Small was chosen superintendent. The next Sabbath a number were added, viz. : Mrs. B. F. Willis, Mrs. Dr. McDougall, Mrs. Annie Stair, Miss Mary Edie and Miss Belle Small. On a piece of ground, donated by Samuel Small, Sr. , was^ built a chapel at a cost of $2, 500, by a few members of the Presbyterian Church in the town; and on the 19th of No- vember, 1882, the school left their quarters in the cooper shop, and went to the new chapel, which seated about 250 persons. In the spring of 1883, when the work had been carried on only a few months, it was felt necessary to secure the services of a minister. Rev. George L. Smith, then pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, Cedarville, N. J., came permanently in August, 1883. Application was made to the Presbytery of "Westminster, September 25, 1883, for the organization of a new church, to be called the Calvary Presbyterian Church. A com- mittee, consisting of Rev. Dr. Niles, Rev. T. M. Crawford and Rev. Eby (ministers), Samuel Small, Sr., and Mr. Purple (elders), to meet on the 9th of October, and organize the church. Stephen Cunningham, William .Gamble, J. C. Luitweiler and B. F. Willis were elected elders. On the 17th of October the new congrega- tion called the Rev George L. Smith, who had for a time been laboring among them, and on the 30th of the same month the Pres- bytery at Westminster met in the Calvary Chapel, and Mr. Smith was installed pastor. At the installation service, Rev. Mr. Eby, of Columbia, presided; Rev. Dr. McDougall preached the sermon; Rev. Dr. Stewart gav» the charge to the pastor, and Rev. Dr. Niles the charge to the people. The Sabbath -school grew so that the build- ing was too small, and hence during the summer of 1884, by the gifts of Samuel Small, Sr., and his nephew, Samuel Small, Jr., the building was enlarged and improved, giving additional accommodations for perhaps 100 pupils. On the 7th of October, 1884, Isaac W. Allen was ordained a ruling elder. The present membership of the Sabbath- school is 250, and that of the church eighty- seven. During the summer of 1885 a hand- some new church was built by this congre- gation. The Moravian Church. — Among the first Germans who purchased lots in 1741, at the laying out of the town of York, were a num- ber of Moravians. Services were held in this county by Moravian missionaries as early as l744. Many years earlier than this, missionaries of this denomination conducted services among the Indians and the first settlers. Before there were any per- manent settlements there was a trail or route,.- for the devoted missionaries of this church, from their famous settlement at Bethlehem across York County to their settlements in Maryland. Rev. Jacob Lischy who, in 1744, was the first pastor of the German Reformed Church in York, was originally a Moravian. His first membership was composed of Ger- man Reformed and Moravian people. In 1751 Rev. John Philip Meurer was the first regu- lar pastor, and during that year organized a congregation. The same year a clergyman of this faith, whose name cannot now be given, organized a congregation in Codorus Township, which existed for a time. The York congregation worshipped in private houses, until 1755, when a stone house was built on what was then the outskirts of the town, but now located on the corner of Princess and Water Streets. In the adjoining burying-ground are interred the remains of a great many of the early residents of York and vicinity. These graves are all carefully arranged in rows, and numbered according to the original rules of the denomination. The tombstones are all of the same height, and of the same quality of stone. ' The stone building, erected in 1755, and dedicated on December 21, of the same year, was used as a dwelling house for the minister, and in a large hall in it, the religious services were held. A church was built in 1828. "■ The names of the pastors in order of suc- cession since 1751 are Revs. Meuer, Engel, BOROUGH OF YORK. 537 Neisser, Soelle, Schlegel, Schmidt, Herr, Linderueyer, Krogstrup, Schweishaupt, Roth, Eeineke, Huebner, Bochler, Molther, Beck, Eondthaler, Miller, Loeffler, Kluge, Dober, and Van Vleck. From 1835 to 1861 the congregation was served by the following named pastors in the order mentioned: Kev. W. L. Lennert, 1835 to 1847; Rt. Rev. Samuel Eeineke, 1847 to 1853; Rev. Ambrosius Rondthaler, 1853 to 1854; Rev. F. F. Hagen, 1854 to 1861; Rev. S. M. Smith, 1861 to 1866; Rt. Rev. H. A. Shultz, 1866 to 1868; Rev. W. H. Rice, 1868 to 1876; Rev. J. Blickensdorfer, 1876 to 1879; Rev. L. P. Kampman, 1879 to 1884; Rev. E. W. Shields. 1884. The church built in 1828 was used until 1867, 'when under the pastorate of the Rt. Rev. H. A. Shultz a site was purchased on North Duke and the present church erected. It was dedicated by his successor. Rev. W. H. Rice, in 1868. Rev. E. W. Shields, who at present ministers to the con- gregation, entered upon his duties on the 20th of August, 1884. In 1885, the churoh was remodeled, the interior converted into one large auditorium, into a basement story for Sunday-school purposes, and a second story for the church auditorium. The cost of these repairs was $5,000. The congregation has a total membership of 250 persons; a communi- cant list of 150. St. Paul's Evangelical iMtheran 'Church. — The services of the First Lutheran Churchy for nearly a century were all conducted in the German language. In the course of time, however, the English language unsurped the place of the German, and it be- came necessary, especially in order to retain the young, to , conduct part at least of the public services in English. Of this ne- cessity no one was better aware than the Rev. Dr. J. G. Schmucker, then the pastor of the First Church, and hence, as early as the year 1825, he introduced occasionally English preaching, and. in the year 1828, established also an English Sunday- school. This school was held in the old brick schoolhouse which stood in the rear of the church. The super- intendent of this First Lutheran Sunday- school in York, was the late Charles A. Mor- ris. The necessity for English preaching increased, and, in 1829, a call was extended to Eev. Jonathan Oswald, then a student in the Lutheran Seminary at Gettysburg, to act as joint pastor with Dr. Schmucker, and to officiate in the English language. Mr. Os- wald entered upon his duties in July, 1829. He labored in this capacity for about seven years, until 1836. Shortly before the latter date, it became evident, however, that the demand for the use of the English language was not being fully met by the occasional hold- ing of English services in the German church, but that there was a necessity for the establish- ment of an exclusively English church. The first meeting for this purpose was held Feb- ruary 18, 1836, Dr. Luke Eouse was elected president; Frederick Baugher and Adam Eichelberger, secretaries. A board of trust- ees was apppointed, consisting of Daniel Kra- ber, Charles Eppley, Luke Rouse, Michael Sowers, John Immel, Adam Eichelberger, Christian Hildebrand, Christian G. Pfahler, George S. Ziegler, Conrad Shultz, Benjamin Johnston and Abraham Forry. At a meet- ing held February 26, 1836, Charles Weiser, Luke Rouse, George P. Ziegler, Charles A. Morris and Adam Wert, were appointed trus- tees, Lewis Rosenmiller was appointed treas- urer. A congregational meeting was held on Sunday, February 28th, in the lecture room of the Reformed Church, at which the first council of the church was chosen as fol- lows: Elders, Frederick , Baugher, Jacob Weiser, Abraham Forry, Adam Wert, Dr. Luke Rouse, and G. P. Ziegler; deacons Robert W. Long and John Immel. On Feb, ruary 26, 1836, a constiution was adopted and signed by sixty-eight male members. The number of female members who entered into the organization was about thirty. The Sun- day-school was organized in November, 1836, with Eev. J. Oswald, president; Daniel Kra- ber, superintendent; Charles A. Morris, treas- urer, and Mrs. C. A. Morris, female superin- tendent. The exercises of the Sunday-school and of the congregation, from the time they left the old church until they began worship in the lecture-room of. their own church, were held in the lecture-room, and on special occasions in the main room of the German Eeformed Church, which had been kindly tendered for that purpose. A building committee was ap- pointed, consisting of Charles Weiser, Dr. Luke Eouse, Charles A. Morris, George P. Ziegler and Adam Wert. The board of trustees purchased the lot on the southeast corner of Beaver and King Streets, of James S. Conallee. The corner-stone was laid on May 29, 1836, the Rev. Drs. H. L. Baugher and J. G. Morris, together with the pastor and other clergymen of the town officiating. On the 19th of the following December, the first worship was held in the lecture-room of the new building. Rev. Dr. H. L. Baugher, officiating. But "the great day of the feast," in the early history of the church, was June 11, 1837, when the finished building was 538 HISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. dedicated. The ministers officiating, besides the pastor, were the Eev. Drs. Benjamin Kurtz, J. Gr. Morris, H. L. Baugher and C. P. Krauth. The size of the church was 50x75 feet. The present charter of the church was ob- tained on the 24th of May, 1839. In Janu- ary, 1842, a parsonage was purchased, at the northwest corner of George and King Streets, for 12,500. On January 1, 1856, every dol- lar of the church debt was paid. And from a report then prepared and made to the con- gregation by Daniel Kraber, it was ascer- tained that since the formation of the con- gregation, up to that time, the sum of |15,287 had been collected and paid. On December 9, 1857, the organ was bought, and the gal- lery lowered and other repairs made, the en- tire cost of which was $946. In 1858 the church was remodeled, the walls frescoed, gas and furnaces introduced, at a cost of $2,500. On the 4th of November, 1868, a com- mittee was appointed, consisting of Dan- iel Kraber, David Emmit, William Smith, George W. Ilgenfritz and M. B. Spahr, for the purpose of building a new church. The design for the new building was one presented by S. D. Button, of Philadelphia. Nathan- iel Weigle was superintendent and builder; Charles S. Weiser, treasurer. April 4, 1869, the last services were held in the old church. It is an interesting fact in this connection that whilst, as already mentioned, Dr. H. L. Baugher preached the first sermon that was delivered in the old building, his son. Prof. H. L. Baugher, preached the last one in it; and as the father preached at the dedication of the first house, so the son preached the sermon at the dedication of the chapel of the second house. The corner-stone of the old building was relaid June 12, 1869. At the same time a new corner-stone was also laid. The dedi- cation of the chapel took place January 9, 1870, on which occasion, in addition to the $26,000 previously subscribed, $10,000 more were subscribed. The dedication " the church took place March 12, 1871. The ministers officiating besides the pastor, were the Eev. Drs. H. A. Pohlman, J. A. Brown, F. W. Conrad and J. Oswald, together with Kevs. Solomon Oswald, B. C. Suesserott and Prof. H. L. Baugher. Dr. Pohlman preached the sermon; Dr. J. Oswald, read the dedicatory services. The fine bell, weighing over 3,000 pounds, and costing $1,400 was the handsome Christmas gift of the church's faithful treasurer, David Emmit. The cost of the building was about' $60,000. The Sunday-school has steadily grown; it numbers at present about 440 pupils. During the year 1884, the average at- tendance of the school was: officers, 14; teach- ers, 86; scholars, 180; infants, 83; total 312. The present treasurer of the church, David Emmit, filled this position for more than thirty years. The old organ, which was bought in 1857, was, in 1882, replaced by a much larger one, costing $3,600. The first pastor was Rev. Dr. Jonathan Oswald, who still worships with the congre- gation. Chosen pastor by the little band, which almost a half century ago colonized from the old German Church, Dr. Oswald continued most faithfully and successfully to serve the congregation for more than twenty- five years, until June, 1861, when his labors were suddenly interrupted by serious illness. With unfeigned sorrow, his devoted people were obliged to accept his resignation on De- cember 31, 1861. In a recent communication, among other things, he writes as follows: "The old pastor is yet living, and he asks nothing of this generation but that only which John asked of the disciples of his day: 'Little children, love each other.' He wishes for nothing in behalf of this church but that only which Paul supplicated in be- half of the Ephesian Christians. And for himself he asks nothing but that he , may worship with the children, whose fathers he so often directed in the way of truth." The second pastor was the Rev. Dr. W. M. Baum. He began his ministry January 1, 1862, and continued for twelve years, resign- ing in February, 1874. The present beauti- ful church edifice is largely the monument of his tact, perseverance, and ability as a pastor. A large part of the present membership of the church was brought into it through his instrumentality. The present pastor, the Kev. Luther A. Gotwald, D. D,, began his labors in this church on the first Sunday in April, 1874. After an experience of eleven- years, he states that he has found the congregation kind, united, liberal and faithful in the discharge of their Christian duties. St. Paul's Church is one of the finest and one of the most delight- fully located churches in Pennsylvania. Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church of York. — This congregation was organized October 19, 1847, as the English branch of the First Lutheran Church. About 100 members of the old congregation joined the new, and elected E. G. Smyser, Adam Klinefelter, George A. Barnitz and Alex. Demuth, elders;, and W. F. Shetter, Benjamin Ziegler, John Busser and Adam Bott, wardens. BOROUGH OF YORK. 53'J The causes which brought about this or- ganization were, the demand for larger church accommodations, and, on the part of many members, a demand for preaching and worship in the English language, exclusively. Under the arrangement made by the old and new organizations, there were certain franchises granted by the "corporate ves- try",to the new or English branch. All the church property was held in common. This arrangement continued until March 3, 1860, when a committee was appointed, consisting of George A. Barnitz and E. G. Smyser, to procure an "act of incorporation" for the English branch of the congregation, which was granted by the court. This same committee was intended to confer with a similar commit- tee of the "corporate vestry" in relation to a division of the church property. On April 6, 1861, the committees of the two councils met and arranged articles of agreement on the pay- ment of certain church debts, and on the divis- ion of the church property, and such other matters as pertain thereto, which articles were signed by the committees as representatives of both congregations. Afterward these articles of agreement were ratified by the respective church councils. In 1863, the "corporate vestry" of the First Lutheran Church exe- cuted a deed, conveying the church lots fronting on South Duke Street, with Zion Church and the parsonage erected thereon, together with the graveyard, and all the ground then enclosed in fences to the "Second English Lutheran Church" — the corporate title of the English branch. The first pastor was Eev. J. A. Brown, of Baltimore, elected January 22, 1848, and resigned May 10, 1849. Eev. A. Essick, of the Theological Seminary, Gettysburg, was the second pastor. He served from Sep- tember 11, 1849, to April 6, 1850. Kev. Charles Martin, M. D., of New York, was called and entered upon his pastoral work. February, 1851. During his ministry the church on South Duke Street was finished. The corner-stone was laid August 15, 1850, while the congregation was vacant. Rev. Dr. Lochman, pastor of the parent church, conducted the exercises of the corner-stone laying, and contributed much in counsel, encouragement and sympathy, and the par- ent congregation assisted largely in the erec- tion of the building, and both pastor and people continued in the most friendly and sympathetic relation with the young congre- gation during the entire ministry of Dr. Lochman in the old church. The church was dedicated July 13, 1851. Its dimensions were 72 feet in length, and 52 in width, with basement, affording ample ac- commodations at that time for church and Sunday-school purposes. It cost $6,800, and was dedicated Zion Evangelical Luthera Church. Rev. Dr. Martin resigned in Januaiy 1855, after serving the congregation effi- ciently for four years, and considerably in- creasing the membership. Rev. A. W. Lilly, D. D., of Baltimore, the present pastor, was elected on April 17, 1855, and began his pastoral work June 1, following. The work prospered, the congre- gation increased, harmony and good-will prevailed. There was cordial co-operation and the accommodations became inadequate to the necessities of the congregation. In 1869, an addition of twenty-five feet was built to the rear of the church. In addition to this a recess of twelve feet was attached for pulpit and library and pastor's study. With this extension, the auditorium furnishes a larger seating capacity than- any church room in the town. The cost of this enlarge,- ment was about 112,000. At the anniversary, in 1885, the pastor re- ported 445 members. The fact that seven Lutheran congregations occupy this town of 18,000 or 19,000 of a population, invests the material and draws the line closely. But there is room and work for all, and for all other Christian denominations. The Sun- day-school numbers about 450 scholars and forty-eight teachers, and is divided into two adult Bible classes, intermediate depart- ment and infant department. Union Evangelical Lutheran Church. — This church is located in the western part of York, on the south side of Market Street. As that portion of town began to grow rapidly, the members of the Lutheran Church desired a place of worship west of the Codorus. Feb- ruary 12, 1859, a meeting was held in the schoolhouse on the corner of King and Mar- ket Streets for the purpose of effecting an or- ganization; John Weyer, Joseph Smyser, Adam Smyser, Christian Bender, Jacob Her. man and Jacob Kessler were elected elders, and John Kraber and George Leitner, dea- cons; Rev. C. J. Deininger, of York, pre- sided. A charter was granted March 12, 1859. A lot was purchased for $1,000; W, M. Weiser contracted to build the church for $5,636. On Ascension Day, June 2, 1859, the cornerstone was laid, when all the prot- estant clergymen of York were present. In February, 1860, Rev. J. H. Menges was elected pastor, and the church was dedicated the same month. Revs. Kurtz, McCron, Lochman, Oswald, Lilly, Menges and S, Os,- 34 640 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY'. trald were present. The cost of the church and lot was 18,007 ; nearly the entire amount was paid by the time of the dedication. Rev. J. H. Menges entered upon his duties as pas- tor with forty-five members^ In the year 1870 the building was repaired and the audi- ence room frescoed at a cost of 14,062. In 1880 an infant Sunday-school room was built to the rear of the lecture room, at a cost of $1,200. In 1882 the audience room was again frescoed and a new pipe organ pur- chased, all at a cost of |1,900. Rev. J. H. Menges continued his pastorate until August 15, 1874. His successor was Rev. M. J. Alleman, who began his labors November 1, 1874, and served the congregation two years. The present pastor, Rev. A. G. Fastnacht, entered upon his duties February 1, 1877. The membership now numbers 380, and the- Sunday-school has 386 pupils and teachers. During the past'year this church contributed for local and beneficial purposes 13,180. The parsonage adjoins the church. St. John^s German Evangelical Lutheran Church. — On October 27, 1873, a number of German Lutherans resolved to organize a church. At a meeting held at the residence of John Palmtag, on West Philadelphia Street, the resolution was signed by the fol- lowing-named gentlemen, each of whom, at the same time, subscribed a certain sum of money for the erection of a church: Henry W. Grothe, Frederick Ottemoeller, Carl Schmidt, Frederick Strathmann, John Palm- tag, Henry A. Boesch, William Becker, Fred- erick Carls, Will Ottemoeller, Frederick Pape, John Eimerbrink, Henry Kuhlmann, Carl Dempwolf, Sr., Henry Schlueter, Sr., and Louis Plitt, The principal cause which led to this step was the introduction of more English services than had previously been the case, in the Christ Lutheran Church, to which most of the above named members be- longed. Another reason was the dissatisfac- tion among the German Lutherans with the mode in which the services were conducted in the old church, it being, in many respects, different from the customs in the fatherland. A third reason was the desire of German Lu- theran parents to have their children edu- cated in the German language. On Decem- ber 15, 1873, it was resolved to hold public services, and to invite a minister of the Ger- man Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri. The father of Frederick Carls, after having resided in York for a number of years, re- moved West about ten years previously. He there joined a congregation in connection with the synod of Missouri, and subscribed to the Lutheraner, the official organ of the said synod. Mr. Carls sent the paper regularly to York to his son, Frederick, who was pleased with its contents, likewise a few others to whom he handed it. The first services were held in the court house on January 4, 1874, conducted by Rev. C. Schwankovsky, of Har- risburg. Rev. C. Stiirken of Baltimore, visitator of this district, saw that the appointments for preaching were filled.- E. C. Grevemeyer, translated the church constitution into the English language, and had the congregation incorporated by the court. A lot of ground on West King Street was bought for 19,000. Rev. H. Walker of Pat- erson, N. J., who had been pastor of a con- gregation there for seven years, was called to York. The call, however, was returned by Rev, Walker, his congregation not being willing to let him go. At a subsequent meeting the call was renewed. On April 24, Rev. Walker arrived in York, and on the Sunday following was installed as pastor by Rev. Stiirken. ' The plans for the new church were pre- pared by J. A. Dempwolf, architect. N. Weigle was chosen master builder. The church was to be 102x57 J feet. The build- ing committee were Frederick Greimann, Henry W. Grothe, Carl Hiffmeyer, William Oermann, H. A. Boesch, Louis Plitt, Henry Wagner and Carl H. Schmidt ; elders elected were Frederick Strathmann, Fred- erick Westerhold and Peter Breeswine; trustees, William Becker, E. C. Grevemeyer, John Palmtag; deacons, Henry Dollmeyer, Henry Kuhlmann, Henry Miiller, John Henry Ottemoeller, Henry Hiffmeyer and Frederick Meyer. On July 12, 1874, the corner-stone was laid, and on October 17, 1875, the church was dedicated. The cost of the church, with bell and or- gan, was nearly 125,000. -The cost of ground, church, school and parsonage, and other im- provements, approached |40,000. Of this sum a little over 115,000 was unpaid at the time of dedication. Considering that nearly all the members were, and still are, working men, they- have done well. In the year 1878, the debt was reduced 13,000. In 1881, $3,000 were paid off. The year 1883, being the fourth centennary of the birth of the great reformer, Martin Luther, was a great jubilee for the Lutheran Church throughout tbe world, and was everywhere marked by in- creased activity and zeal in church work. The pastor of St. John's Lutheran Church of York proposed to avail himself of this opportunity to induce his people to make a BOEOUGH OF YOKK. 541 final effort to cancel the debt, and he was Buccessful. It is one of the leading features of the Missouri Synod to have their children edu- cated under guidance and direction of the church, and it has been successful in this respect since its organization in 1847. There are now about 1,000 such schools under the charge of this synod. Frederick Etinzel, a graduate of the Teachers' Seminary or Nor- mal School of this denomination, at Allison, 111., was called as teacher of the school con- nected with this church. The pastor also taught for two years. Gr. A. Sehwankovsky was afterward called, and is the present as- sistant teacher. In 1883, A. F. Brouhahn was installed as teacher and organist of the school and church. The school is under the special care of the pastor. This church has this year (1885) 451 communicants; including children, there are 734 members. St. Luke's Lutheran Church is located on Maple Street, between Duke and Queen Streets. The congregation grew from the success of a Sunday-school, started in the armory on Maple Street, on July 16, 1882. David Emmit, a prominent member of St. Paul's Church, purchased a lot for $2,100, and in October, 1888, Eev. M. J. Alleman became pastor of the new congregation formed, which at first worshipped in the ar- mory. In April, 1883, N. Weigle contracted and soon after built the present brick church, 70x40 feet, on the lot presented by Maj. Em- mit, at a cost of $6,000. In 1885 a Sunday- school and lecture-room building was at- tached to the north end of the church, at a cost of $800. Maj. Emmit contributed all the money for the erection of both buildings, with the exception of about $1,700, and in this way has done a noble and good work. The church was dedicated in October, 1883. The officiating clergymen were Revs. Lnchman, Gotwald, Anstadt and Herring, The last-named is the [present pastor. The congregation has about 125 members, and has connected with it a Sunday-school of 200 pupils and teachers. Samuel Ilgenfritz is superintendent, and J. F. Mitzel, assistant superintendent. The First Methodist Episcopal Church. — A reminiscence of the introduction of Meth- odism into York County, is given in an arti- cle in the general history, entitled "Eelig- lous Denominations." There are no records to show the prosperity of this denomination in York from 1781 to 1819. During the lat- ter date, Rev. Andrew Hemphill was sta- tioned here, and the congregation had a membership of 122. Mr. Hemphill was succeeded, in 1821, by Eev. William Pretty- man. In 1822 Rev. Robert S. Vinton and the Eev. Tobias Eeily were appointed by conference, the former to York Station, the latter to York Circuit; in 1823 Eev. Joseph Larkin. In 1824 the congregation numbered 146 members, and was supplied by the Eev. Charles A. Davis. In 1825 Basil Barry was the clergyman of the congregation here, and was reappointed in 1826. In 1827 Andrew Hemphill supplied the congregation, which, at that time, numbered 208 members. Mr. Hemphill was reappointed to this station in 1828. In 1829 Henry Smith and James Brent were sent to York Station. In 1830 Mr. Smith was here alone. In 1831 and 1832 John A. Gere supplied this station. In 1883 conference appointed Edward Smith, and at their session in 1834 reappointed the same gentleman; 1835, Charles Kalfus; 1836, -37, Tobias Eeily; 1838-39, John L. Gibbons; 1840, John Poisel; 1841, John C. Lyon; 1842-43, John A. Henning; 1844-45, George C.Chenowith; 1846-47, Joseph France; 1848, James Sewel; 1850-51,William Wicks; 1852, William D. Clemm; 1853-54, Eobert S. Vin- ton; 1855-56, James Brads; 1857-58, John Stine; 1859-60, Joseph A. Boss; 1861, D. S. Monroe; 1862, Joseph France; 1863, John H. C. Dosch; 1866, N. S. Buckingham; 1868, William E. Mills; 1869, Henry C. West- wood; 1871, W. M. Eyan, M. D. ; 1872, D. S. Monroe; 1874, A. M. Barnitz; 1876, S. L. Bowman, D. D.; 1879, J. H. McGarrah; 1881, S. C. Swallow; 1884, J. Max Lautz. The present church membership is 388. There is a Sunday-school of 421 members; B. F. Frick is superintendant. The first house of worship belonging to the Methodists of York was built on the site of . the first United Brethren in Christ Church, west of the Codorus. That property was sold in 1840 and on an elegible spot on the corner of Philadelphia and Duke Streets, a church was built which was used until a few years ago, when the present handsome church was erected. West Princess Street Methodist Episcopal Church and Eidge Avenue Church grew out of mission work from Beaver Street Church when under the pastoral care of Eev. S. C. Swallow. The Princess Street Church was the direct result of a Sunday-school opened in Septem- ber, 1881, in a schoolhouse in West York, then known as Smysertown. Prof. W. H. Shelley was the superintendent. A church was built and dedicated in 1883. The Sun- day-school now numbers 150 pupils. The Eidge Avenue Church was dedicated in 1884, and together with the Princess Street Church 543 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. form one charge, under the pastoral care of Rev. Metzler. This charge will soon be self- sustaining. At present $250 are paid to it from the First Church. Methodism has grown rapidly and prosper - ouslylin York within the past live years. Duke Street Methodist Episcopal Church. — On March 21, 1861, Rev. W. Maslin Frysin- ger was appointed to York Mission, and preached on the street until July 14, of the same year, when the mission chapel was dedicated, the money and materials being furnished largely by the members from the York Station. A Sunday-school was organ- ized numbering forty scholars. Rev. Fry- singer was elected superintendent. The mission, by the next conference, num- bered 139 scholars. Dr. Frysinger returned the second year, and Gates J. Weiser was elected superintendent of the school in 1862. Rev. W. W. Evans was appointed 1863, and remained three years, his labors being marked with success. The first trustees appointed were Caleb Kepner, John Mitzel, Henry Reisinger, D. A. Warfield, William Gehring, J. W. Buckingham, O. P. Weiser; all of whom were appointed in 1861. Only one remains to the present as a trustee — J. W. Bucking- ham. He has been identified with nearly all the history of this church from its beginning. Rev. E. T. Swartz was appointed in 1866, and served one year. In 1867, Rev. L. S. Crone was appointed and served one year, being succeeded by Rev. J. H. S. Clarke, in 1868. Rev. W. H.',Norcross was appointed in 1870. It was during this year the charge was connected with Goldsboro appointment, and became self-sustaining. Rev. G. D. Pennepacker was appointed March, 1871, and this year the church was commenced; the corner-stone was laid June 19, 1871. The lecture room was dedicated by Bishop E. R. Ames, the following Novem- ber. The work on the church was then abandoned until the next spring, because of the lack of funds. Rev. G. W. Miller, was appointed in March, 1872, and the church was dedicated November 29, 1872, by Bishop Thomas Bow- man. The collections and subscriptions for the day amounted to $4,000, leaving a debt of $1,000. Through the shrinkage in thesub- scriptions, and other debts being contracted, the indebtedness was increased to nearly $3,000. The trustees of the church, at the time of the dedication, were J. W. Bucking- ham, D. S. Coble, Henry Hepperla, Jacob Seacrist, W. H. H. Craver, W. Schenck, S. Decker, A. G. Corpman, and J. J. Frick. The indebtedness on the church was car- ried ten years, or through the pastoral terms of Revs. G. W. Miller, H. R. Bender, T. S. Wilcox and John Vrooman. The last of these finally cancelled it, after being gradu- ally decreased. He served the church one year more, and was [succeeded, in 1883, by Rev. A. R. Cronce. During his pastoral term of three years, improvements were made on the church property to the amount of $1,000, and all debts paid. The following are the names of the present official board: J. W. Buckingham, John Laughlin, John E. Ilgenfritz, John Harris, W. A. Buckingham, M. J. Mumper, Eli P. Grove, Christian Markley, David Feiser, Alfred Bond, Charles F. Sechrist, David S. Coble, W. H. H. Craver, John Morrison, H. C. Ziegler, Levi Pinkerton, H. M. Ney. St. Patrick's Catholic Church. — In attempt- ing to write the history of this church it is difficult to get accurate information. As early as April, 1750, John Moore secured Lot No. 295 (the present site of St. Patrick's Church). On the 20th of June, of the same year, John Moore assigned his right and title to Casper Stillinger, who shortly after erect- ed thereon a stone dwelling house. In 1776 it was purchased from the heirs of Casper Stillinger by Joseph Smith, who presented it to the then small Catholic Congregation to be used as a place of public worship. York congregation was presented with a place for the freedom of worship in the same year that our forefathers were presented with that inestimable boon for which they labored so long, viz.: Liberty and Independence. After considerable remodeling, this old stone dwelling was converted into a place of wor- ship, and dedicated and consecrated. The parish was attended at intervals by priests from Conewago Chapel, near Hanover. In the year 1809, Rev. Thomas Neal, of George- town, D. C. , visited York, and not being sat- isfied as to the legality of the title to the church property, made application and re- ceived a deed, "in trust for his heirs and assigns, to and for the only and proper use and behoof of the Catholic Congregation of the borough of York, Penn., their successors and assigns, forever." This deed remained in the custody of some unknown person for a number of years, unrecorded. The old stone building was continued as a place of worship until the year 1810, when the rapid and large increase of the congregation made it neces- sary to replace it with one of larger dimen- sions — the present church on the same site; The corner-stone was laid by Rev. Father Debrath. From 1810 to 1819 the congrega- BOROUGH OF YORK. 543 tion was supplied with spiritual aid from Baltimore, Conewago, Paradise and other places. The first regularly stationed pastor in this parish was Bev. Lawrence Huber, who came to York in 1819, and remained six months; was succeeded by Rev. George L. Hogan, for two years. Rev. P. J. Divin came in 1822. During his administration, the missing deed to the church property was secured and recorded. Father Divin remained sixteen years. In 1832 the church building was too small to accommodate the congregation, which was composed of Itish, Germans and Americans. It was enlarged by an addition of fifteen feet FatherDivin died February 2, 1838, and his remains were interred beneath the floor in the central aisle of the church. The venerable Father Rafferty was assigned to the pastorate in 1838. Pews were placed in church, an organ purchased, and, in 1840, a steeple and bell were added. Father Raf- ferty was succeeded, in 1842, by Rev. Father Kelly, for eight months. In 1844 Rev. Father McKin was sent, remained but seven months, and was succeeded by Rev. B. A. Shorb, who was a native of York County, and, under- standing the Englishand German languages, was a great favorite. Rev. M. F. Martin came in 1846. He had built the first paro- chial residence, also established a parochial school. In 1854 he was succeeded by Rev. Patrick Reily, and he by Rev. Father Mc- Laughlin. Rev. Sylvester JIagle was stationed here from 1855 to 1866, when he died, and his remains were interred at the northeast corner of the church, where a tablet, designed by himself, marks his resting place. Rev. Father McGinnis came next, and then Rev.' Father Murray in 1867. He remodeled the church. Rev. Thomas McGovern served from 1870 to 1873; his retirement was re- gretted by all his parishioners. Fathers Mc- Ilvaine, Kenny and McKenna, succeeded in order named. Father Shanah an, the present pastor (1885), has made some valuable im- provements to the church property, having erected an additional building for the use of the sisters in charge of the parochial school. He also secured for the congregation a ceme- tery on the suburbs of the town, the old cemetery attached to the church being filled, St. Mary's Catholic Church. — St. Mary's Catholic Church was founded in 1852, Rev. Martin, an Irishman, who did not understand the German language, being pastor of St. Patrick's Church, where the Germans wor- shipped. By order of Rt. Rev. J. H. Neumann, Bishop of Philadelphia, Rev. J. Cotting, S. J. ,of Conewago, Adams County, called a meet- ing of the Catholic Germans, when they decided to build another church. The first resident rector was Rev. Father Wachter, a Tyrolean, who started a German school and bought a lot for a new graveyard on the Baltimore pike, not far from town. The small congregation of German Catholics, who worshipped in a church between New Free- dom and Shrewsbury, and which ' was under the charge of the Redemptorist fathers of Baltimore, was then attended by Rev. Wach- ter, who got for an assistant Rev. F. X. Treyer, a Switzer; the congregation of Dallas- town was also under the charge of these two priests. June 4, 1859, Rev. Treyer died, and was buried in St. Mary's cemetery. Rev. Philip Woerner is mentioned as next pastor. He was succeeded, in 1859, by Rev. Matthew Meurer, a young priest, who had celebrated his first mass in St. Mary's Church under Rev. Wachter. He was rector until October 20, 1861, when Rev. Joseph Hamm was appointed. During his term the old schoolhouse was removed to the rear of the church, and a new two-story pastoral resi- dence of brick was built along side of the church. In December, 1866, Rev. B. Bau- meister from Muenster, Westphalia, became rector. In his time the large Diocese of Philadelphia was divided in other different districts— Harrisburg, Scranton and Wil- mington. The bishop of Harrisburg, Rt. Rev. J. F. Shanahan has under his charge the Catholics of York, and seventeen other counties of Pennsylvania. Rev. J. George Pape, a native of Warrendorf, West- phalia, took charge of St. Mary's congrega- tion of York and missions in November, 1868. In the following year he commenced to build a schoolhouse; gave charge over the school to three Franciscan Sisters of Philadelphia, •Sister M. Hieronyma being the first superior. In 1883, old St. Mary's Cemetery becoming too small. Rev. J, George Pape bought six acres of ground from William Felty (lying along the Baltimore pike, about a mile from the church), for a new graveyard, in which, after being dedicated by the pastor, the dead were trans- ferred from the old one. In 1884,' a fair was held and funds collected for a new church which was commenced in March, 1884. The congregation assisted the pastor with their utmost ability; new bells were purchased by P. Pfeffer and J. Mayer, and blessed by Rt. Rev. Bishop J. F. Shanahan, December 29, 1884. Beautiful stained glass windows and the stations of the cross — oil paintings — were given by different parishioners and friends of the pastor. New Gothic altars 544 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. were presented by the societies. Tiie church has three steeples (the center one 185 feet high, with three bells, and a large gilded cross on top) is built in new Gothic style 57x129 feet; was dedicated on Whit Monday, 1885. The cost of the church was about $30,000; the architect being George Bell; builder, N. Weigle; superinteadent of the carpenter work, M. Little. The brick work was done by Messrs. Garrety, and the steeple erected by John Plonk, a young man of the congregation. The two large chande- liers were procured by J. Mayer, and the iron fence in front of the church by H. Boll. A new organ was bought for $3,000. The Sis- ters, with the help of Edward Eeineberg, purchased a Brussels carpet for the sanctuary and communion-rail. St. Mary's congrega- tion has about 160 families. First Church of the United Brethren in Christ. — In 1840 the Mission Society in con- nection with the Otterbein Church at Balti- more, established a mission in York, and sent Eev. Christian S. Crider to begin the work; at the same time, the Methodist Epis- copal congregation of York, offered their old church for sale. It was located on the site of the present United Brethren Church, and was bought for 11,500. Peter Eahauser, of Dover; Adam Stray er, of Winterstown, and Jacob Ehrhart, of York Township, were chosen as trustees of the York Church. There were, at that time, no members of this denomination in York. Rev. Crid6r soon organized a congregation, and ministered to it for two and one-half years, and was suc- ceeded by Rev. Jacob Ehinehart, who re- mained two years, during which time a par- sonage was built. Rev. Enoch Hoffman succeeded, remaining two years. In 1847 Rev. J. 0. Smith, now a highly respected citizen of York, became pastor. He found a membership of fifty persons. At the expira- tion of four years, the congregation increased to 125 members, through his efficient labors. In 1851 Rev. W. B. Wagner assumed charge, remained three years, and was followed by Eev. W. B. Raber for three years. He was an able clergyman. Eev. J. C. Smith be- came pastor again in 1857; remained four years. When he retired there were 237 members. Rev. Samuel Enterline, suc- ceeded for two years, and Eev. Jacob Erb two years, until 1866, when Eev. J. C. Smith became pastor a third time. Daring this pastorate, a new church was bailt at a cost of $13,000. The building committee were Charles Lafean, Eev. D. Eberly, Jacob Allison, Henry Licking and Eev. Smith. There were then 357 members. Eev. W. B. Eaber was called a second time, and was fol- lowed by Eev. J. P. Smith, a very success- ful revivalist, and he, by Eev. J. P. Miller, an active worker. Under him the church was remodeled at a cost of 11,500. Eev. J. E. Meredith was next called; he remained three years, and in 1885 Eev. I. H. Albright was chosen. The church membership under him is about 400. So far as is known, Dr. Ehrhart was chosen superintendent of the first Sunday-school in this church. D. W. Crider is the present superintendent, and H. Y. Kottkamp, assistant. The membership in 1885 is 410. The Second Church of the United Breth- ren in Christ, of York, was organized by Eev. John H. Young, in 1873. About fifty of the original members of this congrega- tion were drawn from the First United Brethren Church. The Baptist congrega- tion at that time had no regular pastor, and Eev. Young conducted services in their church until the building, in which this con- gregation now worship, was completed on South Duke Street, at a cost of $1,000. Mr. Young had previously purchased the site for $4,000 on which was located a comfortable dwelling house. During two years of pas- toral duty he collected and paid off $2,500, or one half of the indebtedness of the con- gregation, and increased its membership. Eev. A. H. Rice succeeded in 1875, and continued two years, when Rev. J. C. Smith became pastor. The membership was then ninety-eight and the debt was $3,200; of this Rev. Smith succeeded in paying $1,700 during his pastorate of five years. In the meantime the church was repaired. Rev. H. B. Dohner was pastor two years, and was followed by Eev. C. A. Burtner, an active worker. The church membership nuin'bers nearly 200 persons. A Sunday-school was started with the church. The membership of the school, in 1885, was about 195 pupils and teachers, with Jacob Houseman as superin- tendent. Heidelberg Reformed Church. — Heidel- berg Eeformed Church, as a religious body, had its origin coeval with that of its sister church, the Lutheran and is one of the oldest of the Protestant denominations. Doetrinally it belongs to the great family, that holds to modified Calvinism. Its doc- trinal position is stated in the Heidelberg catechism, a confession of faith three centuries old. The Heidelberg Church of York based upon the Heidelberg catechism, was estab- lished in 1867. Its teachings must ever be in harmony with the catechism whose name it bears in its chartered title; always under- { BOROUGH OF YORK. 545 stood in its true historical sense. And to this mission the church has always been faith- ful. In harmony with these views the church was organized in 1867. The first pastor, Eev. A. S. Vaughan, served until 1869, when he resigned and was succeeded by Eev. A. Wanner, D. D. , who served until the close of 1874. It was during this pastorate, that the present beautiful chapel was built. The third pastor was Rev. James I. Good, who served until September, 1877. The fourth pastor, Rev. F. J. Sauber, was installed in October, 1877, and continues to serve the con- gregation, which is in a prosperous condition. It has about 250 members, and has a Sunday- school of 300 pupils and teachers. A large pipe organ has recently been purchased. The congregation is also moving in the way of building a new church. The First Baptist Church. — In August, 1850, Rev. G. M. Slaysman visited York to ascertain how many Baptists were residing in or near the place, intending to return and begin preaching. In November, following, a room was rented in Hartman's Building, Centre Square, which he fitted up with seats and a pulpit. ll[r. Hartman presented a Bible, and T. D. Davis, of Chester, furnished a stove. The room was opened for worship in December, 1850. In January, following, Mr. Slaysman moved to York. Finding a few Baptists in town and in the country de- sirous of forming a congregation, he contin- ued with them. The church was constituted May 21, 1851. The first person baptized was Mary Ann Wireman, June 8, 1851. In the fall of the year others joined the church by baptism. The pastor, during this time, was supporting himself by teaching. An appropriation for the support of the pastor was secured at the rate of $150 per year. This was increased to $250, and again to $350. A lot of ground was bought, in 1852, on which to build a church. Mrs. Mary Young, of Columbia, gave the first $5. The pastor secured enough subscriptions to enable the work to begin July, 1852, and in December the basement was occupied for worship. The buildiug was dedicated on the 14th of September, 1856. Rev. D. Williams, pastor of the First Baptist Church, of Harrisburg, preached the dedicatory sermon, assisted by Rev. W. S. Hall, pastor of the Phcenixville Baptist Church. Rev. Slaysman continued until November 2, 1862, and was succeeded by Rev. Henry Bray, January 1, 1863, for two years. Mr. Slaysman returned to York April 1, 1865, and remained till January 1, 1870. Eev. Andrew J. Hay was called August 1, 1870, and remained two years. The church was without a pastor for nearly four years, when Eev. Henry Colclesser was called, May 17, 1876. He served four years. For another year the church held services with- out pastoral care, when' Rev. E. F. Crane, general missionary for northwestern Penn- sylvania, was sent to York. For three months he continued preaching every even- ing. The church then elected Eev. W. B. Skinner, August 1, 1881, who labored two and one-half years, when, on account of ill health, he resigned, and Rev. L. B. Plumer, of Boston, Mass., a student at Crozer Semi- nary, was called , July 13, 1884. The church has received into its membership since its organization 268 persons. Its present num- ber is seventy members, having a church and parsonage located on South George Street, mainly due to the self-denying labor of Rev. Slaysman. The Sunday-school numbers about eighty- five, with an average attend- ance of fifty. Superintendent, Andrew Watt; secretary, William Hohenrine; librarian, Frederick Hosbaeh, and Thomas Wood, treasurer. Bethlehem Church of the Evangelical As- sociation. — This church was built in 1841, under the leadership of Benjamin Thomas. It is 40x55 feet, and is located on North Queen Street. In the year 1842 George Brickley, who is now a practicing physician of York, at the advanced age of seventy-nine years, had this charge assigned him. He labored until 1844. During his administration he and the trustees of the church — B. Thomas, P. Shafer, C. Strigel, H. Burger, M. Hoke and J. Dunlap — had the church incorporated. The names of ministers who served this con- gregation; from the time the church was built until the year 1885, are as follows: George Brickley, from 1842 to 1844; W. W. Orwig, 1844-46; J. Boas, 1846-47; L. Eber- hart, 1847-49; G. Weirick, 1849-50; C. Hammer, 1850-52; C. F. Deininger, 1852- 54; E. Kohr, 1854-56; H. Althouse, 1856- 58; S. Wolf, 1858-59; D. Kreamer, 1859-60; A. L. Reeser, 1860-62; B. Hengst, 1862-64; J. Young, 1864-66; S. Smith, 1866-68; A. Eairich, 1868-69; J. Bowersox, 1869-70, who was then sent to the State of Oregon as missionary; J. C. Farnsworth, 1870-72; G. Brickley, 1872-73; S. Aurand, 1873-75; C. F. Deininger, 1875-77; A. F. Leopold, 1877 -79; C. Philibar, 1879-80; E. Deisher, 1880-82; J. Koehl, 1882-84; J. Shambacb is the present pastor. The services were altogether German when 646 HISTORY OF YOKK COUNTY. it was organized. For some time they were German in the morning and English in the evening, until 1871, when a part of- the membership was organized into an English mission. At the General Conference, held 1875, this church was added to the newly- organized At- lantic Conference, but in 1883 it was again placed in the Central Pennsylvania Confer- ence. While within the bounds of the At- lantic Conference, the services were alto- gether German, but now they are as before, half English. The membership is 104. In 1868, while Kev. A. llairich was sta- tioned' here, a brick parsonage, was built at a cost of 12,700. Eev. J. Young, Joshua Young and Jacob Sechrist constituted the building committee. Trinity Church of the Evangelical Asso- ciation. — This church was established by the Central Pennsylvania Conference of the Evangelical Association, in March, 1871, Kev. U. F. Sweiigel became its first pastor, who organized the church in the court house August 5, 1871, with fifty- seven members, most of whom had withdrawn from Bethle- hem Evangelical Church, on account of the services being conducted entirely in German, in that church, and they preferred English. A Sabbath-school was organized the same year. The church services and the Sunday- echool were held in the court house until the Ist of October, 1871, when the congrega- tion took possession of the chapel on East King Street, which was dedicated on the 1st of October. The lot and chapel cost $3,400. Rev. H. B. Hartzler preached the dedicatory sermon, and Eev. Jacob Young, P. E., dedicated the church as "Trinity Chapel of the Evangelical Association." Jacob A. Sechrist, Rev. U. F. Swengel, Adam Sechrist, J. M. Ettinger'and John " Sechrist, composed the building committee. Jacob Sechrist, J. M. Ettinger, J. M. Young, Jacob C. Shultz and John Sechrist, the board of trustees, and soon afterward John F. Thomas was added to the board, and at present is its president. Jacob A. Sechrist has held the position of treasurer in the church since its organization. Rev. Swengel served the con- gregation three years, during which time the membership increased to 120, and the Sun- day-school to 150. In March, 1874, Rev. H. B. Hartzler succeeded. During the secoad year of his ministry, there was a great reviv- al. Rev. A. W. Bower, a student of Union Seminary, was appointed by the presiding elder to till the unexpired term. In March, 1877, Kev. E. Swengel was appointed. Rev. S. Aurand succeeded in March, 1878, and remained two years, during which time a parsonage was built. The membership and Sunday-school were considerably increased during his pastorate. In March, 1880, Rev. P. W. Raidabaugh began a pastorate of three years, during which time the remaining in- debtedness on the church property was paid off. In 1883 Rev. A. H. Irvine, the present pastor was appointed. In July, 1884, John F , Thomas, P. W. Keller and John Sechrist were appointed as a building committee, and the church was enlarged and remodeled; fif- teen feet were added to the audience room, and an additional building, whose dimen- sions were 18x80 feet, added to the rear of the church, to be used by the primary depart- ment of the Sunday-school, and for prayer and class meetings. The main audience room was frescoed and the entire floor car- peted. New furniture was placed in the pul- pit and altar. The present pastor, to May, 1885, received 102 members into the church, which now numbers 203 members. The Sunday-school has 300 pupils. The Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. — In the year 1819, the first colored church in York was built on North Duke Street. The building then erected was dedicated on the 28th of November of that year. The trustees of the church when organized were John Joice, John Lindenberger, Edward Young, Israel Williams and Richard Butler. The church services and the colored school were conducted in this building until the new one was built. The members of the congregation who had, for more than half a century, worshiped in this old landmark were now compelled to yield to the onward march of the many increasing manufacturing industries by which their little frame fabric was surrounded. A very liberal offer for the purchase of their property hav- ing been made by the Billmyer & Small Co., was accepted after mature deliberation. Their present place of worship is on East King Street, near Queen. It is a very handsome brick edifice, two-stories high, and built with architectural design, finish, and comfort, at a cost of over 15,000. J. A. Dempwolf was architect, and Jerome Heidler, builder. The supervisory committee for church was A. Howard, G. S. Robinson, I. Gooden, R. S. Wilson and J. L. Smallwood. Ground was broken September, 1880, and corner-stone laid with impressive ceremonies, October 24, 1880. The new churcji was dedicated, Sunday, August 14, 1881, with very appropriate services, followed by en- couraging financial results, entirely liquidat- ing its indebtedness. BOROUGH OF YORK. 547 There is another colored church on the west side of the Codorus. The Young Men^s Christian Association^ — An organization was effected in 1856, but it soon ceased to exist. The present associa- tion was formed March 7, 1869, in the U. B. Church, by young men representing the differ ent Protestant churches of York. A subse- quent meeting was held in "Rupp's Building" on May 14, of the same year, and a permanent organization was effected as follows: Presi- dent, David E. Small; recording secretary, Charles G. Welch; corresponding secretary, Arthur King; treasurer, J. J. Prick; repre- sentatives of the different churches, O. P. Weiser, E. C. Bender, H. C. Adams, M. B. Spahr, H. A Ebert, Joseph Louoks, G. J. "Weiser, R. H. Moffat, J. A. Sechrist, John M. Brown, Andrew Watt, C. C. Kottcamp, George F. Leber, W. H. Welsh, C. L. Thomas, W. Reisinger. The meetings were held at first in the engine houses of the fire companies and by special request in the parlor of one of the hotels. Apartments were secured in "Ebert's Building," where a read- ing room was opened and a library estab- lished. At the end of the first year's work the membership was 198. The first anni- versary was held in Beaver Street Methodist Episcopal Church. Work was accomplished in Freystown that eventuated in the building of a chapel there at a cost $1,500. In 1871, rooms were rented in "Spahr's Building." A well supplied free reading room and library were opened. The first convention was held in May, 1871, in St. Paul's Lutheran Church. David E. Small, the president, was an earnest and devoted worker in the cause, and his labors were very effective. The following year open-air meetings were held on the streets at four places in York, on Sunday afternoons. The suppression of intemperance and Sabbath breaking enlisted the attention of the association. Samuel Small, Sr., pre- sided at a meeting held May 26, 1873, whose subject for discussion was the proper observ- ance of the Sabbath. A petition, in relation to Sabbath laws and intemperance, contain- ing 3,000 names, was presented to the court, by 150 representatives. David E. Small, who earnestly labored in behalf of the principles advocated by the association, resigned the office of president. May 8, 1877, on account of ill health, and was succeeded by David Fahs. A picnic was held in Bumgardner's Woods, July 4, 1878, at which 4,000 persons were present. In the year 1879, the mission chapel, on Princess Street was built, under the auspices of this association. It is a neat frame build- ing, covered with slate, 70 feet front, and 40 feet deep, with a vestibule and belfry. Its cost was $2,750 and was dedicated July 6. In the year 1875, June 20, Judge Fahs began a Mission Sunday-school; at the time of the dedication of this chapel it numbered 200 pupils. Mother's meetings were organ- ized in connection with the school, and chil- dren were taught to sew and make garments, and much good was accomplished. On May 18, 1879, those who had been so successful with the Princess Street chapel, considered the advisability of organizing a mission in Low Street, Freystown. Religious services were first held in the house of Mrs. Greena- walt, on that street. They prospered, and soon after, through the beneficence of Samuel Small, and the active exertions of Judge Fahs, a neat chapel was built and dedicated. George F. Stackpole took charge of the affairs of the Y. M. C. A. August, 1879, and continued until 1880. Henry Small, son of the late David E. Small, was elected to suc- ceed Judge Fahs, who then turned his atten- tion to the two mission chapels. Mr. Small worked earnestly to increase the financial condition of the association, and in order to effectively accomplish this oVijeot, declined re-election, and J. G. Eisenhart became pres- ident in 1881. In 1883 the board of man- agers of the Y. M. C. A. deeded the two chapels to boards of trustees. May 25, 1883, the association lost its most influential member and warmest friend, in the death of David E. Small. A building known as "Temperance Hall," on North George Street, was rented and fitted up. In September, 1883, S. B. Herr was chosen secretary. Twelve thousand dollars were raised, and the residence of the late Will- iam Hay, at No. 122 West Market Street, was purchased. In the public reading room of this building, are now received eleven daily papers, twenty weeklies and ten monthly magazines. The library has 500 vol- umes. The handsome book-case was pre- sented to the association by Mrs. David E. Small, in memory of her lamented husband. The entire building is elegantly] furnished. In the parlor is a piano, and also an organ, and evecything tastefully arranged by the members of the Ladies' Auxiliary Committee. A hall and gymnasium were erected at the rear of the building at a cost of $5,000. A. R. Cochrane, of Boston, is instructor in the gymnasium. The new building with its ex- cellent apartments fully equipped is greatly due to Henry Small and his mother, Mrs. David E. Small. The officers of the association for 1885 are 548 HISTORY" OF YOEK COUNTY. as follows: M. B. Spahr, president; Jacob BastresB, vice-president; G. W. Gross, re- cording secretary; W. C. McClellan, treas- urer; Seremus B. Herr, general secretary. Board of managers: M. B. Spahr, W. H. McClellan, Henry Small, Henry A, Eberfc, David W. Crider, Jacob Bastress, Frank Geise, J. A. Dempwolf, William P. Weiser, Eobert L. Shetter, G. W. Gross, John W. Buckingham, M. E. Hartzler, R. B. Sperry. Total membership. 432. Members taking gymnasium privileges, 156. The officers of the Ladies' Auxiliary Com- mittee are as follows, (March, 1885): Mrs. George P. Smyser, president; Mrs. J.G.Eisen- hart, vice-president; Mrs. John Gahring, vice-president; Miss Lizzie Buckingham, re- cording secretary; Miss Sallie Lanius, cor- responding secretary; Mrs. Rev. F. J. Sauber, treasurer. Membership over 100. The mission schools in the chapels on Princess and Low Streets, not now connected with the Y. M. C. A., are doing an impior- tant and valuable work in York. Prominent among the persons who have been unceasing in their interests as superintendents, teach- ers and supporters of them are Mr. and Mrs. George H. Sprigg, Mrs. Judge J. S. Black, Mrs. Brooks and Miss McCoy. For a nuni- ber of years these schools, by the courteous invitation of Mrs. Black, held their annual picnics on the broad and shady lawns around "Brockie," where the distinguished jurist himself was greatly delighted at seeing the mission children enjoy themselves. He fur- ther showed his philanthropy by defraying the expenses incurred in purchasing refresh- ments for the delighted children. RIOT IN 1786. An affray in the borough of York, in De- cember, 1786, was occasioned by the excise law then existing. Jacob Bixler, of Manchester, was unwill- ing to pay his tax or gather excise; his cow was distrained for the payment. It was to rescue this cow, that the affray happened. The beast was driven by the oiHcer to York, and was to be sold. A company of about 100 men set out from the neighborhood of the animal's former home, armed, some with clubs, others with pistols or guns, and di- rected their march toward York, they crossed Chicken Bridge, and in Indian file marched into town. Their captain, Godfrey King, led them on, with dread determination, and to the place where her vaccina excellence was exposed to vendition. This was the square where Market and Beaver Streets cross each other. They had hardly proceeded to com- mit violence when the whole town was as- sembled. The inhabitants met the riot- ers with weapons, clubs, pistols, guns and swords. Henry Miller, during the affray, struck with his sword at one Hoake, who, leaping over a wagon tongue, just escaped the blow; the sword falling upon the wagon tongue, sunk into it about an inch. After some boxing and striking, the party dispersed, and the whole tumult ended. Frederick Hoake was afterward severely fined for cutting the rope around the eow'a neck, and letting her loose, though the fact was Peter Schneider, Jr., did it. The rioters were taken before justices of the peace, and bound for appearance at next court, on the 23d of January, 1787; and bound before the court of quarter sessions in a considerable sum to appear at the next supreme court to answer to such bills of in- dictment as should be presented against them. They appeared, and with others of tlieir brethren, were fined. Thus ended the affray.. It was in fact a cow insurrection; it brought Manchester and York into a fond and loving union. CONSPIRACV IN 1803. On the 23d of February, 1803, a negro woman named Margaret Bradley, was con- victed of a misdemeanor in attempting to poison Sophia Bentz and Matilda Bentz, both of York; and in consequence thereof, was sentenced to undergo an imprisonment of four years in the penitentiary at Philadelphia. The negroes of the place being dissatisfied with the above mentioned conviction and sentence, determined to have revenge on the whites, and sought it in the destruction of their property. They conspired together to burn the town, of Yor]£. On nearly every successive day or night, for about three weeks, they set fire to some part, of the town. Numerous patrols were established ; strong guards were kept on foot, and the governor ordered out a detach- ment of the militia, which was constantly on duty. The governor of the State, Thomas McKean, offered $300 to any person who should discover those who were engaged in the conspiracy. A negro girl, who had re- ceived instructions to set fire to Mr. Zinn's barn at 12 o'clock, mistaking midday for mid- night, perpetrated the deed at noon; she was arrested and confessed herself guilty, there- by lending a key to the conspiracy. Several other negroes were arrested on suspicion ; and during the following week a number were cast into prison, some pi whom confessed. Fires now ceased. One indictment was pre- sented against twenty-one negroes and mu- BOKOUGH OF YOR-K. 549 lattoes, a part of whom were convicted and sent to the penitentiary. Among the principal fires in York may be mentioned the following: On the night of Sunday the 20th of Feb- ruary, the stable of Richard Koch was burned. On the night of Monday the 7th of March the stable oE Mr. Edie, then in the tenure of Dr. Spangler. The flames were commu- nicated with rapidity to the stable of Dr. Jameson on the west, and to that of the widow Updegraff on the east. Those three buildings were all on fire at the same time, and sunk down in one common ruin. On the 8th of March the academy was on fire, but the flames were extinguished. This was the fifth fire in the town within the period of nine days. On the 14th of March, they set fire to the barn of Mr. Zinn, whence the flames were communicated to the barn of Rudolph Spangler, Jacob Spangler, G. L. Loefiier and Philip Gossler. These five barns, built of wood, filled with hay and straw, and standing near one another, formed "but one fire. This was the fire which led to the im- mediate discovery of the conspiracy. After the fires had ceased, and most of those who had been engaged in the conspiracy were confined in prison, the justices of the peace and burgessess of the borough pub- lished a notice (on the 21st of March) "to the inhabitants of York and its vicinity to the distance of ten miles," requiring such as had negroes "to keep them at home under strict discipline and watch, and not let them come to town on any pretense whatsoever without a written pass," and when they came they were to leave town one hour before sun- down "on pain of being imprisoned." Free negroes were to get a pass from a justice of the peace, in order that they might not be restrained from their daily labor. Suffice it to say that the colored people of a later day in York are a different people. OLD TIME INNS OR TAVEBNS, AND LATER DAT HOTELS. Adam Miller, who was recommended to the governor by the Lancaster Court in 1741, kept the first public house in York. Baltzer Spangler soon after opened a tav- ern, and at his place the first elections were held, at which the whole county voted. There were eighteen persons licensed in 1765, to keep " public-houses of entertain- ment" in York. It will thus be learned, that at a very early date there was an abundance of them. No attempt is here made to give a list of all the most important ones. A few of the old-time taverns are mentioned, some of which will be remembered by the older class of our readers. The Olobe Inn and Stage Office, on South George Street near the square, was taken charge of by Thomas McGrath, in March, 1820. It was first kept by Robert Hammers- ly. The same building is now the residence of the heirs of Mr. McGrath. Thomas Mc- Grath subsequently removed his tavern to "Rupps Corner" in Center Square, where he did a large and successful business. It was the best hotel of its day in York. Gen. La Fay- ette stopped there on his visit to York. The Swan Tavern was located on North George Street near the bridge. It contained eleven rooms for guests, and had a pump in front of the door. For many years, it was owned by Samuel Weiser, and was sold by him in 1815. In front of the tavern, on the familiar sign post, was the image of a swan. Gotlieb Ziegle's tavern on George Street was a popular inn for many years. In April 1819, Clement Stillinger took charge of it and put up the sign of ' 'Gen. Jackson. '' The Sign of the Black Horse was a sub- stantial stone tavern which was located on the site of the wholesale business stand of Jacob Stair on West Market Street. Col. Samuel Spangler was the first proprietor, in 1808. John Koons succeeded in 1818, when he gave notice that he ' 'always kept at com- mand an elegant hack, gig and horses to hire." In 1819 Jesse Evans began to run a mail and passenger stage from this tavern to Oxford and Gettysburg. Joseph Worley was next proprietor and Jacob Stair became his successor in April, 1823. He kept it for a' number of years, when it went bv the name of the "Golden Sheaf Inn." The Union Inn was opened April 1, 1820, by Patrick McDermott. It was located on the corner of George and Princess Streets. Jacob Shultz, Sr., resumed the business of tavern-keeping at his old stand known as the ' 'Cross Keys, " on the corner of Market and Water Streets, April 1, 1820. He was fol- lowed by Thomas Smith. This hotel was kept in the building now owned by Jona- than Owen. Smith had a lumber yard near his hotel, and at Eib's Landing. Black Bear Inn, with the sign of Com. Perry, was kept from 1800 to 1820 by George Brickie. During the latter year Jacob Cramer became proprietor. It was located on East Market Street. The Golden Plough. — On the 1st of April, 1820, Jacob Shdtz, Jr., moved; from the " Cross Keys Tavern " to the " Sign of the Golden Plough " in the stonejhouse on the 550 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. corner of Main and Water Streets. It was us^d as a store by Samuel Nes, and before that by Robert Hammersly as a tavern. Francis Jones built the house in 1770, and for many years afterward kept a tavern in it. The building is still standing. The Sign of the Lamb, or Peter Wilt's Inn was located on East Market Street, opposite the present site of the Presbyterian Church. In 1819 Eobert Wilson advertised that " old Bob was on the spot at his house, opposite Wilt's Inn." He said " he had cryed all his life without weeping." Wilson was one of the popular auctioneers of that day, and was the founder of the town of Loganville. Sign of the Bird in Hand was a public inn on the corner of King and Beaver Streets, kept by Thomas McAleer as early as 1810. He was proprietor as late as 1825. It was a popular resort for Irishmen, who were about that time employed in digging canals and making turnpikes. Sign of the Golden Sheaf was a tavern opened by George Keller, April 1, 1820. He was followed by Peter Wiest, Henry Hantz and Martin Carl, and was long a pop- ular stopping place. This building is now used as a hardware store by Charles Kline- felter. Eyster's Hotel was built neai;ly a century ago, by Daniel Ragan, who married Ruth (Collins) Worley, widow of J. Worley, a grandson of Francis Worley, who was one of the commissioners to survey Springetsbury Manor in 1722, and afterward became one of the first English settlers west of the Susque- hanna. Ragan and his wife were strict members of the Society of friends, and at the time of the "York monthly meetings" their home was a stopping place for prominent persons of the Quaker faith, who came from a distance to attend these meetings. In 1854 Capt. John Myers purchased this house and kept what was known as "Myers' Hotel" until 1860; was succeeded by Frederick Myers, Marshall & Smith, W. T. Williams, and Elias Eyster. Jacob H. Bear is the owner, and his banking establishment is in the building. The States Union was built in 1820, and for a long time was called the "Green Tree Tavern." Charles Strine, was for many years the proprietor. A large swinging sign, had painted on its center the representation of a green tree. Few places were better known to wagoners during the first half of the present century than this tavern. Farmers from a distance, who took their grain and produce to Philadelphia and Baltimore, brought with them, on their return, goods and merchandise which were unloaded and stored in a warehouse adjoining this tavern, under the special supervision of Mr. Strine. In the large yard to the rear of the building, and on the street in front, large numbers of the "covered English bed" wagons°could bej seen at the close of each day. Some were farmers and some regular teamsters, who wagoned as a business from Philadelphia'Jand Baltimore to Pittsburgh, Wheeling, and other points along the navigable Ohio River. Each wagoner had with him his "bunk" on which he slept. In winter, this was spread out on the floors of the hotel, which then was full of lodgers. In summer they slept in the wagons in the open air, in the barn or in the house. The horses, as was the custom of those days, were compelled to endure the cold of mid- winter, by being tied to the rear or sides of the wagon during the night, and eat out of the "feed bos," which was a necessary ap- pendage to every wagon. If it had not been for the profits obtained from the sale of the "ardent," and that possibly at 3 cents, or a "fip" a glass, one would wonder how the hotel man made any money in olden times. The teamster always had with him his horse feed. All he had to pay for was what he ate. An economical teamster would go from the vicin- ity of York to Baltimore with a team of four horses, and return, after having spent only fifteen shillings. He stopped by the wayside to ask the time of day, if he wished to know it, and used a hickory stick for the cane as he trod wearily along beside his faithful horses. His sons, or grandsons, possibly to- day are sporting the best American lever, or swinging a gold-headed cane, as the result of their ancestor's industry and economy. The scenes and incidents here described occurred before the time of railroads, as it was then that the Green Tree Inn, under "mine host" Strine, was known far and wide. The goods stored in his warehouse were loaded on other wagons, and conveyed westward to waiting merchants. Henry Hantz became proprietor for a time, and then removed to Wrightsville, where he died. Daniel Witmyer, Jacob Strine, son of the early proprietor, Frederick Kline- felter succeeded in order named. Eli Kindig is now owner, and Oliver Deardorff proprietor. The Motter House. — Before the year 1800, Mr. Reed kept a hotel in the building now known as the "Motter House." Thomas Smith followed and was the proprietor at the time of the disastrous flood of 1817. It was known as "Smith's Tavern" until 1821, when Jacob Hantz became the owner and proprietor. He did a large business for twenty-one years in succession, until 1842, when he became the sherifi" of York Connty. BOROUGH OF YORK.- 551 Michael Hoke who had just retired from the office of sheriff, then took charge, and was some years afterward succeeded by Charles Underwood. It then came into the hands of Daniel Motter, after whom the hotel has since been called. He died while there. Israel F. Gross purchased the entire interest, and for about eighteen years did a prosper- ous business. In 1882 it was sold to Messrs. Henry J. Gresly and Edward Smyser, when Mr. Landis became proprietor. Mr. Hamme succeeded April 1, 1885. The Pennsylvania House was first used as a private residence, and was owned by Henry Wolf. In the year 1863, Eli H. Free bought it of Mr. Wolf and opened a hotel, which has since been known by its present name. The next proprietor was Robert Kunkel, who, after conducting it for a time, sold it to the German Mannaechor of York, and in 1869 it came into the hands of the present owner, Frederick Hake. It was enlarged in 1873. In this building, some years ago, Barnum's so-called "Feejee chief" died, and one of his "cannibals" forgot himself, and began to talk, telling the bystanders that he would not act cannibal any longer for |12 a month. The Lafayette House, on South George Street, is a very old hotel, originally kept by Sheriff Andrew Duncan, who had, in 1826 and later, as a sign, a full-size representation of Gen La Fayette in uniform. The Farmers^ Hotel was first opened by the present owner of the building, George W. Beever. The Avenue Hotel was started by John Peeling in 1882. The Central Hotel was formerly known as the "Wheatfield Inn," for a long time kept by Daniel Eichelberger, and later by Charles Underwood. It is now kept by Mr. Kohler. The first lot taken up in York was the one on which this hotel stands. Metzel's Hotel was long known as "The Turk's Head," and kept by Thomas Metzel. For many years it was kept by his widow. The Ginder House, lately called the Mar- shall House, was originally named after Sher- iff Ginder, who once owned it. The St. Cloud, near the depot, has long ex- isted with different names. The Washington House, on East Market, has been well known to the traveling public for half a century. Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, Presidents Zachary Taylor and Andrew John- son stopped at it. It was formerly kept by John Koons. For many years it was fash- ionable for city people during the summer. James Kindig kept it for many years. It is now kept by Mr. Wilhelm. The National House, corner of Market and Beaver Streets, was built by Z. Durkee, and long known as the White Hall. It is the largest hotel in York. ' Some of its early proprietors were John Welsh, Daniel Ahl, Daniel Miller, Hodges, Rhinehart, Maish, and Mrs. West. It was called "The Trn- mont House" for a time by one of its propri- etors, who came from Tremont, Schuylkill County. When it was purchased by Freder- ick Stallman, its present owner, the name which it now bears was given it. The great English novelist, Charles Dickens, stopped at this hotel in 1841, and said that he was here served with the best piece of roast beef while on his visit to America. During the Revolutionary war, and many years later, Peter Dinkle kept a store on this site. He was an ardent patriot, and furnished sup- plies to the army. The following is one of his bills presented to the board of war: Dr. The State of Pennsylvania witli Peter Dinkle of York Town, for Belts, Scabbards and Pouches, delivered to the following captains of York Co. Soldiers in the Army and Militia: 1776. April 1. To Capt. Philip Albright, Col. Miles' Battalion £6 4s Id July 13. To Capt. Charles Lukens, 1st Bat- talion Militia 2 18 6 " 16. To Capt. John Wright, 1st Battal- ion Militia 3 186 " 16. To Capt. Michael Smyser, Isl Bat- talion Militia 1 78 " 23. To Capt. Samuel Nelson, 5th Bat. 10 " 33. To Capt. GeorgeLong, 1st Bat. . . 18 Aug. 8. ToCapt.WilliamMcCTellan,3dBat. 40 July 33. To Capt. John McDonald, 1st Bat. 4 17 1 Amount 19 17 11 The following is a receipt from one of these captains: YOBK, July 16, 1776. Received of Mr. Peter Dinkle 13 shot pouches at 4s 6d per pouch, for the use of my company. £3 18s 6d. John Wkight, Captain. The following relic is worthy of insertion here: To Congress, Dr. To John Kerlin for sixty-seven suppers for Captain Smyser's Company of Malishiah on their way to Trenton. Certified July 31,1776, by Michael Schmyseb, Oaptain. THE MILITARY OF YORK AND CIVIC CELEBRA- TIONS. The men of York performed their part well at home and on the battle field during the try- ing years of the Revolutionary war, which lin- gered on with its terrible hardships to the American soldiers, with alternate victory and defeat, in ever memorable battles, until the surrender of Lord Cornwallis to Gen. Wash- 552 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. ington, at Yorktown, Va., on the 19th of Oc- tober, ] 781, caused hostilities to cease, pro- ducing universal joy. This news was received at York with great rejoicings, business was suspended, bells were rang, and a great bon- fire built. Fourth of July, 1788.— To celebrate the adop- tion of the Federal constitution, the borough and county of York became patriotic, and July 4, 1788, was a great and notable day in York, the prog- ress of American liberty being appropriately cele- brated by a grand procession and banquet, with speeches and a series of toasts of almost unending length. The names of the orators have been lost in oblivion, but a copy of the toasts offered on the occasion has been preserved; and as they show the , zealous spirit in which our forefathers enjoyed their new-born freedom, we quote the entire list : By the bearer of the flag of the United States — May our powers explore every inlet of the habitable globe, our flag ride triumphant on every ocean. May impartiality wield the sword of Justice and impetu- osity the sword of War. Flag of Pennsylvania — The State of Pennsyl- vania — may she hold the federal balance, and be- come the arbitress of the continent. Magistrate's Flag — May Justice with the sword protect her scales, may nothing but righteousness turn the beam, and may she write on Sophistry, what convulsed Belshazzar, "Thou art weighed m balance and art found wanting." Farmers' Flag — Perpetual laurels to the men who have "beaten the sword of civil dissension into a plowshare," who have sown the seed of good government — may it'spring up without tares, and may each revolving_ harvest witness its increase. Masons' and Bricklayers' Flag — May the com- ponent parts of the Federal edifice be squared by the plummet of impartial Justice, inseparably at- tached by the cement of citizenship. Clock and Watch Makers' Flag— May virtue be the mainspring of our Government; patriotism keep its works in order. May the popular voice wind up its chain, ahd may its hand point to the public good. Bakers — May an oven "seven times heated," be the fate of him, whose only objects are the "loaves and fishes." Stocking Weavers— May he who first broached the formation of a new government, have a wreath of laurel twisted around his brow, and a garland of honorary flowers wove for his reward. 'Tailors — May Fate with her shears cut the thread of that man's life. Fame dishonor him with the name of Goose, and Society baste him, who en- deavors to Cabbage from this country. Coppersmiths and Founders— May we be brazed together b,y a love of country, as by borax and spelter, and riveted by an energetic government. Potters— As often as the wheel of time revolves this day, let gratitude tell of the heroes, who were proven as by fire; let a tear of remembrance fall for such as were cracked. Rough Carpenters— May his head be divorced from his body with the broadaxe of Justice, who does not square his conduct by the rule of Right. ■ House Carpenters— The new political mansion- May its apartments be commodious; may three rafters be added to the ten which already support its roof; and may its lights be great and many. Blacksmiths— May the thirteen States be welded into one united empire, by the hammer of concilia- tion on the anvil of peace; and may the man who attempts to blow the coals of discord be burned by the sparks. . jjailers — ^May our government be well pomted at and have a good head. Brewers — May he be choked with the grains, or drowned in his ale, whose business it is to brew mis- chief. Painters — The new Constitution in its true col- ors; neither caricatured nor flattered, and may the brush of investigation correct the glare of light given by its friends, and the profusion of shade thrown on it by its enemies. Glaziers — May the Pane remain forever un- cracked, that threw light on the subject of our late war, and may the rays of truth be drawn to a focus by the glass of genius. Saddlers — A curb bit, and a transverse rein to the importation of foreign luxuries; and may the man who denies his encouragement to home man- ufactures, be stirruped round the world. Hatters — May he who twangs the bow of tu- mult, be stripped to the pelt, then dipped into a ket- tle of blacking; may his head be brought to the block, and their union constitute his character. Shoe and Boot Makers — May we wax a great and happy nation; be bound by principles of mutual regard, actuated as by one soul, and may our prosperity as a people last until the end of time. Breechers Makers and Skinners — May he be shorn against the grain, smoked and welted, who has not brains to know that the bands of the old government were loosed. Tobacconists — May the leaves of anti-federalism be twisted together, and fastened by thorns, or be rolled into tubes, and end in a puff. Wagon Makers — Three more spokes to our new wheel; a federal band for its tire, a willing people for its axis, political wisdom to set it in motion; and may its progress never be retarded by the lock- chain of opposition. Saddle-tree Makers — As we are chips of the same block, branches, from the same tree, may we be glued together by a general efiicient government. Blue Dyers and Stampers — May Fame stamp immortality on their names, who have died for our country. Tanners and Curriers — May every limb of that man be hacked, may he be leathered through soci- ety, and have his hide completely tanned, who is mean enough to curry favor. Weavers — Forever honored be the names of those, who, rejecting even the thrumbs of the old web, have cut it out of the loom, and wove another to clothe the political nakedness of their country. Tin-plate Workers — May the shears of liberality and extended policy cut away local prejudices, and may the late heat of political disquisition only tend to melt the cement that is to solder us together. Scythe and Sickle Makers— May the sickle of in- dustry be filled with heavy harvests, until Time, with its scythe, shall mow down empires and ages. Butchers — As the matter is connected with the bone, or one joint with another, so let us be united, and may no cleaver ever disjoint us. Gunsmiths — When the implements of war are req- uisite to defend our country's rights, or resent her wrongs, may coolness take the sight, and courage draw the trigger. Printers— May no government be so potent as to restrain the liberty of the press; or so Impotent as not to be able to check its licentiousness. Barbers — Hot curling irons and a dull razor to the wig they once took upon them; may they re- main as they now are, in the suds. Turners— May the anti-federalists be "turned from the evil of their ways," and be held no longer in the vice of groundless opposition. Coopers — May the new government prove a bind- ing hoop to the States, and never suffer them to go to staves. Brick Makers— The materials which compose our new constitution — msfy they sustain the heat of party BOROUGH OF YORK. 553 rage without a crack, and come out more perfect from the kiln of faction. Rope Makers— May the production of our trade be the neck-cloth of Jiim who attempts to untwist the political rope of our union. Mathematical Instrument Makers — The political compass, as it has been graduated by the finger of accuracy; may it prove our guide in the winds of legislation, and preserve its counterpoise however shaken by the storms of foreign invasion or domestic broil. Joiners — The unanimity which augers that the hatehet shall soon be buried. Surveyors — May the needle of the new govern- ment be magnetized by an honest love of fame, and make the applause of the people its pole; may the sight be taken by the pervading eye of genius, the course be sloped by integrity, and may there be no variations from national honor. Merchants — The new constitution ; may it prove 100 per cent better than the old one; may justice, mercy and wisdom, be found in the invoice of its excellencies; and may its net proceeds be in good order at home, and respected in the councils of Europe. Lawyers — Amild judge, a believing jury, a blun- dering opponent, a good cause, a handsome fee, and a federal client, to every advocate of our infant con- stitution. Physicians — The political physicians, who, in place of mending, have made a constitution; may it retain its health and vigor, with the aid of medicine, and may the quack undergo, at the same time, the double operation of cathartic and emetic, who pre- scribes bleeding. Fourth of July, 1819. — During the first half century of the American Republic, the Fourth Day of July was celebrathd with un- usual pomp and display in all towns in the Union, and especially so in York, which had done so much for the patriot cause. At these annual celebrations, the patriots who had engaged in the battles of the Revolution always occupied a prominent position, and were the most conspicuous personages. The Fourth of July, 1819, came on Sunday. The "York Phalanx," an excellent military or- ganization, commanded by Capt. Doudel, met at the court house, in full uniform, and attended religious services at the Episcopal Church. Monday was set apart for the dem- onstrations. The day was ushered in by a discharge of artillery from the public com- mon, the ringing of bells and the beating of the revielle. At early dawn all the military organizations of the town and vicinity parad- ed, and afterward, with a large concourse of people, assembled at Kraber's Spring, now known as Brockie, home of the late Hon. J. S. Black. There a feast was prepared by ladies. After the dinner was partaken of, a long array of patriotic toasts were proposed and responded to. Dr. John Fisher was president of the meeting, and Michael W. Ash delivered the oration. He was a lawyer of considerable ability, and a member of the York bar. This anniversary was only a typ- ical one, like many others that occurred, both before and after this one. VISIT OF PRESIDENT WASHINGTON AND OTHER DIS- TINGUISHED MEN. Upon his return from his tour through the Southern States, Gen. Washington visited York, arriving here on Saturday, July 2, 1791. He came from Mt. Vernon through Hanover. He was met by a delegation from York at the present site of Nashville, in Jack- son Township. With whom he remained while in York, is not known. Major Clark, Col. Hartley and Hon. James Smith, intimate friends of Washington, were then living. The following bill would indicate that there was an illumination. YoKK, August 30, 1791. George Fry; Bot of Henry Pentz, 41 lbs of candles for illuminating the Court House for the President of the United atates £2 18 He was doubtless received with great en- thusiasm by the numerous patriots in and around York, who had engaged in many battles under him during the Revolution. On July 3d, Sunday, he arrived at Wright's Ferry at 6 o'clock in the evening. A great demonstration was given in his honor at Lan- caster the next day, the Fourth of July. He was presented with an address by the burges- ses, to which his excellency responded. The Pennsylvania Herald and York Gen. eral Advertiser, a weekly paper, published in York in its issue of July 6, 1791, contains the following account of this visit: Saturday last the President of the United States arrived here from Mount Vernon, on his way to Philadelphia. His arrival, which was about 2 o'clock, was announced by the ringing of bells. The Independent Light Infantry Company, com- manded by Capt. Hay, paraded, and being drawn up before his Excellency's lodging, fired fifteen rounds. At night there were illuminations, and every other demonstration of joy. The next morning his Excellency was waited upon by the Chief Burgess and the principal in- habitants, and the following address was presented to him, after which he attended service at the Epis- copal Church, and then proceeded on his journe/. He was accompanied as far as Wright's Perry by a number of the principal inhabitants. To THE President of the United States. Sir: With sentiments of the most perfect esteem and attachment, the citizens of the borough of York beg leave to present to you their sincere con- gratulations on your safe arrival here, after an ex- tensive tour through that country, which owes so much to your brave and prudent exertions in war, and to your wise and just administration in peace. We cordially join in the general satisfaction and joy which all the citizens of America feel in seeing you, and in those universal sentiments of regard to your person and veneration for your character. 554 HISTORY or YORK COUNTY. which dictate the addresses that in various expres- sions have been offered to you. We join in the general satisfaction that every friend to human happiness must feel on finding that the people of the United States do now show a great and convinc- ing proof to all the world that freedom and good government are perfectly compatible. And that a first Magistrate, unanimously chosen by the people, may at once possess their utmost veneration and most hearty regard. We wish you a safe return to the seat of govern- ment, and do sincerely unite with the millions of America in praying tliat the Supreme Governor of the Universe may long continue a life which he has so eminently distinguished, in preserving and securing the best rights and happiness of the citi- zens of this. greatly favoured country. THE PRESIDENT S REPLY, To THE Citizens of the Borough of YoiIk: QentWmen: I receive your congratulations with pleasure, and I reply to your flattering and affec- tionate expressions of esteem with sincere and grateful regard. The satisfaction which you derive from the con- geniality of freedom with good government, which is clearly evinced in the happiness of our highly favored country, at once rewards the patriotism that achieved her liberty, and gives an assurance of its duration. That your individual prosperity may long con- tinue among the proofs wliich .attest the national welfare is my earnest wish. George Washington. Maj.-Gen. St. Clair, accompanied by vis- count Malartie, his aid-de-camp, passed through York from the West on January 17, 1792, on his way to the capital of the Unit- ed States. He was then Governor of the Western Territory, including what is now Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, etc., and major- general and commander-in-chief of the Amer- ican Army, a short time before he had been defeated by the Indians in southwestern Ohio. Gen. Anthony Wayne soon afterwards passed westward through York to the "Ohio Frontier" and defeated the Indians there. It was then that he said that if they were hostile to the whites any time in the future he would rise from his grave to fight them. Mens. Sprrurier, the prime minister of the French Government, passed through York, travelling in a chaise, during the early part of February, 1815. He remained over night with Col. George Spangler. While here he stated that he had fled his country duriug the Napoleonic wars, which were still in prog- ress. He considered himself happy to be absent from his country. Visit of La Fayette. — Early in the year 1825, an event occurred which revived the patriotic feelings of the American people, and thrilled them with emotions of gratitude. It was the visit of La Fayette to this country, and the scenes of his youthful heroism, in behalf of liberty. On Saturday, January 29, 1825, at 9 o'clock in the evening, he 'ar- rived in York, and passed on to Harrisburg, accompanied by Gen. Jacob Spangler;' and Adam King, of York. They crossed th river at York Haven. He returned on Wednesday, the 2d of February, and " our people were gratified with an^ opportunity ai giving to their early friend and protector a reception, of pouring forth overflowing hearts of gratitude and welcome to him whose name is a passport to the heart of every American." He arrived at 4 o'clock at the first turnpike gate, where he was met by the military and citizens. The general ascended a barouche, drawn by gray horses, and the procession entered the town, which was brilliantly illuminated, and all the bells, ringing, moved up George Street, to the court house, and through the principal streets of the town to his place of lodging, at Mc- Grath's hotel. A dinner was there given to him, to which 100 gentlemen sat down. To the following toast he responded: La Fayette — We love him as a man, hail him as a deliverer, revere him as a champion of freedom, and welcome him as a guest. To which he gave: The town of York — the seat of the American union in our most gloomy times — May its citizens enjoy In the same proportion their share of Amer- ican prosperity. He reviewed the military of the town the~ next day, and then left for Baltimore. Th& military companies at that time were, Capt. Nes' Artillery, Capts. Small, Barnitz, Fry- singer and Stuck' s Infantry, and Capt. Smith's Eifles. The remains of Zachary Taylor, who died while president of the United States, passed through York, October 25, 1850. They were taken through Columbia, Middletown and Harrisburg to Pittsburgh, and from thence by steamer to Louisville, Ky. "OldWhitey," his famous horse which he used during the Mexican War, was in the front car of the train. Maj. Andre, the noted English spy, while a prisoner, was in York for a short time dur- ing the Eevolution. He was at Carlisle for a time; was transferred .through York to Lancaster, where he was kept for several months. The remains of President Garfield passed through York on a special train in 1881. Military. — The Americans generally are a military people, and ever ready to obey the maxim of Washington : "In time of peace pre- pare for war." The militia of Pennsylvania BOROUGH OF YORK. 555 have always been the subject of appropriate legislation, and the militia of York County were well organized in brigades, regiments and battalions, with field and commissioned offi- cers of every grade. In order to keep up a martial spirit and teach discipline, the legis- lature, by the act of July 11, 1822, required the militia to be trained and paraded in com- panies on the first Monday Of May, and in battalions on the second Monday of May, called the muster and battalion days. It did not matter at the muster what arms were brought to the field, whether the broomstick, or the cornstalk, or a combination of either with small fire arms, or the genuine musket. This militia training was continued, to the delectation of the exempt, and of urchins, until it was abolished by law in 1842. In the meantime the true military spirit of some citizens induced the organization of companies, uniformed, armed and equipped, who would have resented the term militia, if applied to them. These were thoroughly exercised in the manual of arms and regi- mental maneuvers; not only exciting admira- tion, but constituting that great home growth of military power which made the American volunteer so efficient in war. The companies above named iadicate the military spirit of York. The year following the visit of La Fayette was the semi-centennial anniversary of American independence, and the 4th of Ju- ly, 1826, was celebrated by a memorable military and civic demonstration; its enthu- siasm inspired by that visit, as well as by the attainment of fifty years of independence to the nation, and the yet recent results to the national glory in what was then called the late war, wherein our soldiers were matched with veterans of European wars. The ora- tion on the occasion was delivered by Hon. Charles A. Barnitz. The funeral of Capt. Michael H. Spangler, on the 9th of September, 1834, was attended by the officers of the Ninety-fourth regiment, P. M., by the survivors of the "York Volun- teers," and by the following volunteer com- panies of the borough: Tiie "Wasliington Artillerists," commanded by Capt. Jacob Upp, Jr. "The Pennsylvania Volunteers," commanded by Capt. John Evans. "The Citizen Guards," commanded by Capt. Samuel Hay. "The National Greys," commanded by Capt. Alexander H. Barnitz. "The York Rangers," commanded by Capt. Samuel E. Clement. During the year 1839, the York military paid a visit to Baltimore, which was returned by the Independent Blues of that city, on the 4th of July, in the same year. The Balti- moreans considered themselves treated with 80 much kindness, attention and hospitality by the citizens of York, that they were prompted to make some acknowledgement; and, on the Slst of August, 1839, the Inde- pendent Blues presented a splendid United States flag to the volunteer companies of York. That beautiful flag was in the possession of Gen. George Hay, and was frequently sus- pended in front of his residence on patriotic occasions. The material of the flag is of the finest silk; the head of the staff is a spear of massive silver, elegantly chased with two silver tassels. On the head is the following inscription : "Presented by the Independent Blues to the York Volunteers, August, 1839, as a mark of esteem for the unbounded hospital- ity extended to them during their visit, July 4, 1839." It was presented on the 31st of August in front of the White Hall Hotel, in the pres- ence of the military and a concourse of citi- zens, by a committee of the "Blues," and accepted on behalf of the soldiers by Hon. Charles A. Barnitz. The companies in York at that time were the Washington Artiller- ists, Capt. Upp, the Washington Blues, Capt. Barnitz, the York, Penn., Kifles, Capt. Hay, and a company of horse, the Washing- ton Troop, Capt. Garretson; the admirable bearing and drill of which companies many well remember. An incident that may be noticed in the year 1841 was the removal of' the remains of President Harrison, passing through York on the way to North Bend, under a large escort of military from Washington and Baltimore. The citizens of York manifested deep feel- ing on the occasion. The military and civic associations of all kinds joined the passing escort, the entire pageant was one of the most solemn character and is strongly im- pressed upon the minds of all who partici- pated in it, on account of the occasion itself, as well as the apprehended momentous polit- ical results of the untimely decease of the new president who held his office but one short month. On Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday, August 23, 24 and 25, 1841, there was an en- campment of military on the York common, at which there were seventeen companies present from difierent parts of the State. Maj. Hambrightof Lancaster, an experienced military commander, was commandant by invitation, and reviewed the troops, and also organized new companies. A Lancaster book 35 556 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. of biography says, "it was the finest military display in the State. " There were present companies from Baltimore City. The York County companies were the Susquehanna Riflesi Capt. Druck, of Wrightsville; the Dover Artillery, Capt. Worley; the Independ- ent Blues, Capt. Bott, West Manchester; the Jackson Greys, Capt. McAbee, Shrewsbury; the Hopewell Rifles, Capt. Smith; the York Pennsylvania Rifles, Capt. Hay ; the Wash- ington Blues, Capt. Barnitz; the Washington Artillerists, Capt. Upp. Lieut. Alex. Hay was aid-de-camp to the commanding officer. There was present, Gen. Diller, adjutant-gen- eral of the State. On Wednesday the troops were reviewed by his excellency Gov. Porter, who headed the parade in full uniform on horseback. In the year 1841, Col. Thomas Jameson was brigade inspector. There was at this time a company of cavalry in York, called the York County Troop. , The election of officers of the militia took place on the first Monday of June every seven years. The election of 1842, held June fi, resulted as follows: brigadier-gen- eral, Albert C. Ramsay; First Brigade, Fifth Division, York and Adams Counties; Ninety- fourth Regiment P. M. , colonel, Daniel A. Stillinger; lieutenant- colonel, Andrew W. Spangler; majors, John Eppley and Michael Gohn; Sixty-fourth Regiment, P. M:, colonel, John M. Anderson; lieutenant-colonel, Ed- mund Connellee; majors, Thomas S. William- son and Samuel Gilbert; Twenty-fifth Regi- ment, P. M. , colonel Jacob S. Bear; lieuten- ant-colonel, Joseph Hartman; majors, Samuel Eisenhart anJj Daniel Miller. Chanceford Battalion, major, George S. Murphy. On the 15th of July, 1844, there was a call for volunteers from York for the suppres- sion of the great Native American riot in Philadelphia. The three companies of York already mentioned, the Washington Artiller- ists, the Washington Blues and York, Penn. , Rifles, together with companies from the county, in all 3,000 men, under the command of Gen. A. C. Ramsay, marched as 'far as Wrightsville but returned the same day. The report of the auditor-general, in 1845, gives the expense to the State by the Phila- delphia riots at $45,252.72. The York County troops cost $7, 367. 50, and there was paid to the railroad company for transporta- tion, $512.20. This adventure, brief as it was, is remark- able for the expense it occasioned. Though our troops were not required to suppress the riot, there was bloodshed in Philadelphia be- fore quiet was restored, j^ After the return of Thomas A. Ziegle from the Mexican war, in 1849, he raised a mili- tary company called the Worth Infantry, which was celebrated for its proficiency in drill. Col. Thomas A. Ziegle, whose name is intimately associated with the military his- tory of York, was born September 8, 1824. He graduated at the Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, studied law with James E. Buchanan, Esq., and was admitted to the bar May 28, 1850. His great predilection for military affairs, absorbed a considerable por- tion of his time, and he attained great pro- ficiency in the discipline of the men and corps under his command. His record during the late war is given in the general history. The Worth Infantry and the York, Penn., Rifles were for many years the military companies of York. The latter had disbanded, but a company was organized under the same title in 1860, with some of the members of the old corps. The names of the officers are given in the history of the war. Of the general officers of the Fourth Division, P. M., elected, may be mentioned Gens. Jacob S. Stable, George Hay and A. Hiestand Glatz. In the year 1860, the brigade inspector was Daniel A. Stillinger. On the 3d of September, in that year, there was an encamp- ment, under the general orders of the adju- tant-general of the commonwealth, of the uniformed volunteers of Pennsylvania, called Camp Patterson, held at York, which con- tinued until Saturday, the 8th of September. Maj.-Gen. Williaim H. Keim was command- ing officer. The tents, were pitched on the common. Two field pieces, a six and an eighteen-pounder which were then captured at Cerro Gordo, were there. The camp consisted of seventeen compan- ies — 766 men. The National Rifles of Wash- ington, the Worth Infantry, Capt. Thomas A. Ziegle; the Washington Guards, Lewis- bery,Capt. John Crull, the York Rifles, Capt. John W. Schall; the Marion Rifles, Hanover, Capt. H. Gates Myers; the Hanover Infantry, Capt. J. M. Baughman, and companies from other parts oE the State, were present. Of the officers present were E. C. Wilson, adjutant-general; Lieut. A. N. Shipley, of the Third United States Infantry; acting assistant- adjutant-general; Maj.-Gen. Kim- mell, of Frederick, Md. ; Brig.-Gen. I. C. Wynkoop, Brig. Gen, Bartram A. Shaeffer, of Lancaster; Maj.-Gen. George Hay, of York. There were general parades, in one of which all the surviving soldiers of the war of 1812-14, of the neighboring towns participated. This was the last demonstration of its kind. \" ''' '(§ Wj^f i r- BOROUGH OF YORK. 557 The next year the war breaking out, all the military skill and experience available in the country was required to save the Union, and the noble response of this community has been recorded. After the war several mili- tary organizations were effected without per- manent success. The organization of the National Guards of Pennsylvania, in 1870, has created a system by which the active militia are enlisted in volunteer companies to serve a limited period — live years. The York City Greys, Capt. E. Z. Strine, is attached to the National Guards, from York, as Company A, Eighth Regiment. The Wrights vi lie Greys, Capt. Frank J. Magee, is Company I, Eighth Regiment. Capt. Magee is the colonel of the regiment, hav- ing been elected in 1885. ANTI-JACOBINISM IN THE BOROUGH OF YOBK. The Pennsylvania Herald of April 25, 1798, contains the following: York, April 18, 1798. A number of the respectable inhabitants of the borough of York, and its vicinity, assembled at the court house, on Monday evening, to talse into con- sideration the measures p jrsued by the Executive of the United States, with regard to the French Republic. John Edie in the chair. The following resolutions were unani- mously passed: Resolved, That this meeting highly approve of the instructions, given by the President of the United States, to the late Envoys Extraordinary to the French republic. Resolmd, That John Hay, Sr., James Kelly, Conrad Laub, David Cassat, William Ross, Frede- rick Yonce and Christopher Lauman, be a commit- tee to draught an address, to be presented by the chairman to the President of the United States, expressing the entire concurrence of this meeting In the measures he has adopted, and the zeal mani- fested for the honor and Interests of the United States; and also its fullest confidence In his in- tegrity and unremitting zeal for the public good. Resolved, That the proceedings of this meeting be published. Signed by order of the meeting. John Edib, Chairman. David Cassat, Secretary. In pursuance of the resolutions above stated, the committee prepared the following address, a copy of which was sent bj' the Chairman to the President of the United States: To His Excellency, John Adams, President op THE United States. Sir: We, the inhabitants of the borough of York, and Its vicinity, knowing it to be our privilege and conceiving it our duty on some occasions to ex- press our sense of public measures, have convened for the purpose of considering your official conduct, as far as it stands connected with the French republic. We have seen with pleasure, Sir, in your instructions to the late envoys extraordinary, as well as In other parts of j'our administration, the sincerest desire, accompanied by the most zealous exertions on the part of our executive to conciliate the French, and restore that harmony and mutual confidence between the two republics, which for- merly subsisted; and although we regret that all those endeavors have been unsuccessful, we enjoy a consolation that wisdom with rectitude, energy with moderation, has eminently marked the steps of our government in all its concerns with foreign nations; that a continuance of peace is the first object of our governmeut, next to the preservation of its dignity and independence. Under this conviction and the fullest confidence that a strict regard to national justice as well as national honor will continue as it hitherto has been prevalent in our coun- cils, we hesitate not to declare that, whenever the insolence, violence and aggressions of other nations shall compel our government to resist- ance, we are united in one sentiment — that of supporting its measures with all our energy. May that Superintending Power which governs the iml- verse, continue to direct all your measures; that Power to which we ever wish to appeal at every crisis of our national affairs. the president's answer. To THE Inhabitants of the Borough of York and its Vicinity, in the State op Penn- sylvania: Oentlemen: The independent spirit of ■ this manly address from the inhabitants of the borough of York and its vicinity, as it Is conformable to the exigencies of the times, and comes from a place where I had once some general acquaintance, ia peculiarly agreeable to me. In preparing the instructions for our Envoys to the French Republic, I indulged a pacific, indeed, a friendly conciliatory dispositon toward France, aa far as the independence of this nation, the dignity of its government, justice of other nations, and fidelity to our own indubitable rights and essential interests would permit. The general concurrence with me, in opinion, upon this occasion, as far as there has been opportunity to know the senti- ments of the public, and your approbation in par- ticular, has given me great satisfaction. The con- fidence you express in the wisdom and rectitude, energy and moderation of the government, in all its concerns with foreign nations, is my consolation ag well as yours. After years of depredation and cruelties, iu open violation of the law of nations, and in con^ tempt of solemn treaties, have been borne, without even tolerating the means of self-preservation or the instruments of self-defense— the olive branch has been spurned, and ambassadors of peace and friendship repeatedly rejected with scorn. Can still deeper humiliation be demanded of this country? I most cordially unite with you in your supplica- tions to that Powpr which rules over all, that the measures of the United States may be directed by His wisdom, and that you, my fellow citizens, may- be ever under Hi» benevolent protection. John Adams. Phila., April 21, 1798. BANKS AND BANKING. An act of assembly, passed March 30, 1793, authorized the establishment of the Bank of Pennsylvania, with the main ofiSoe in Philadelphia, and the privilege of estab- lishing branch offices in Lancaster, York and Reading, or such otljer places as might be deemed expedient. I'he only branch offices 558 HISTORY OP YORK COUNTY. established were at Lancaster and Pittsburgh, until a supplement to the original charter incorporating the State Bank, was passed March 8, 1809, at which time the State was divided into eight banking districts, each district to be allowed a bank. On the 21st of March, 1814, a general banking act was passed by the general assembly, authorizing the State to be divided into twenty-seven districts, with forty-two banks. The county of York was made a district, and authorized to establish a bank, to be called the York Bank, which soon after went into operation, and was the only York bank chartered until 1-850. The York National Bank. — This the oldest financial institution in York has maintained its reputation for thorough reliability during a period of seventy-one years. It was estab- lished in 1814, with David Oassatt, president, and John Schmidt, cashier, with a capital of $100,000. In 1850 its capital was increased to $500,000. In 1864 it took a new charter under the national banking act. The bank building occupies one of the old landmarks of the town, now changed into a substantial and handsome three-story brick building with bank offices, and also is the residence of the cashier. The late Henry Welsh was president of this institution for many years. The directors of this bank for 1885 are as follows: G. Edward Hersh, president; Alfred Grartman, Jacob Hay, William Wallace, Edmund Butter, John K. Ziegler, Smyser Williams, David Small, John C. Schmidt, W. Latimer Small, Martin Bender, Adam Her- man; George H. Sprigg, cashier; A. H. Griffith, first teller; John A. Small, book- keeper; Charles I. Nes, clerk. George H. Sprigg, the cashier, was born in Baltimore, Md. , and had experience in banking business in that State before he was elected the cashier of the York Bank in 1859. G. Edward Hersh, the president, was born in Gettysburg, Adams County, in 1822, and came to York in 1848. In 1855 he became a director of the bank, and remained as such until 1878, when he was m^de president. The York County National Bank. — This institution was originally organized as the York County Savings Institution. Chris- tian Lanius was chosen president, and William Ilgenfritz, cashier, who both de- clined to serve, and Charles Weiser was elected president, and William Wagner, cashier. The first board of directors were Daniel Hartman, Christian Lanius, Peter Mclntyre, Michael Doudel, Charles Weiser, Dr. Luke Rouse, Abraham Forry, Thomas Baumgardner, William Danner and John G. Campbell. July 21, 1846, Mr. Weiser resigned the presidency, and was suc- ceeded by Mr. Campbell. In 1849, the name of the institution was changed to the York County Bank, when it became a bank of issue. In 1852 Eli Lewis was chosen president, in place of Mr. Campbell. In 1858 Mr. Lewis resigned the presidency, and was succeeded by Philip A. Small. In 1864 the bank accepted the provisions of the act of congress, and became the York County Na- tional Bank. In 1869, William Wagner, the cashier, died, and James A. Schall succeeded him in that ofiSce, who had acted as teller continuously since February, 1853. In 1875, Philip A. Small, the president, died, and David F. Williams succeeded him. In October, 1881, Mr. Williams died, and in the following month Joseph E. Rosenmiller was elected president, William H. Kurtz, vice-president, having acted in the meantime. On March 10, 1885, Mr. Eosenmiller re- signed, and was succeeded by Dr. W. S. Roland. The present officers are: W. S. Ro- land, president; James A. Schall, cashier; Isaac A. Elliott, teller; Lewis Eppley, book- keeper since January 22, 1873. The present board of directors are Dr. W. S. Roland, W. H. Kurtz, Joseph E. Rosenmi Her, Samuel Gotwalt, Enos Frey, W. E. Patterson, James H. Fisher, James A. Dale and William Lau- mester. Daniel Lehman had been messenger and watchman from the organization of the institution, for nearly thirty years. He was succeeded by Lewis J. Wampler, and John Craver is the present incumbent. Capital stock of this prosperous and reliable institu- tion is $300,000. The First National Bank. — The national administration at Washington, approved an act, February 25, 1863, "to provide a national currency, secured by a pledge of United States Bonds, and provide for the circulation and redemption thereof." An association of individuals at York, accepted the provisions of this act of Congress. At a meeting of the stockholders of the First National Bank, held December 15, 1863, the following board of directors was elected: Eli Lewis, Edward Chapin, W. Latimer Small, Daniel A. Rupp, Zachariah K. Loucks, David E. Small, John L. Mayer, Jacob D. Schall and Daniel Hart- man. On the 10th of the same month, Eli Lewis was elected president, Henry D. Schmidt, cashier, and Samuel B. Hopkins, teller. On the 18th of May, 1867, Henry D. Schmidt was chosen president, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Eli Lewis, and Jacob Bastress was elected cashier; C. E. Lewis, teller. On the 2d of October, 1867, \ ■^ BOROUGH OF YORK. 559 Mr. Schmidt resigned on account of ill health, and removed to Minnesota, whereupon David E. Small -was elected president. Z. K. Loucks was elected vice-president April 17, 1876, owing to the illness of the president; D. E. Small, who resigned on account of con- tinued ill health, December 4, 1876; and Z. K. Loucks, succeeded as president January 15, 1877. John J. Frick, became book keeper, in December, 1867, and was elected teller in 1876, and E. H. Shindel, book-keeper. The board of directors of the bank, for the year 1885, is as follows: Z. K. Loucks, president; J. D. Schall, James M. Danner, Isaac Frazer, Jacob Loucks, John H. Small, C. M. Bill- myer, Niles H. Shearer, Robert Smith and Henry Small. Jacob Bastress is cashier; John J. Frick, teller; E. H. Shindel, book- keeper; Ivan Glossbrenner, book-keeper; Henry K. Fox, assistant book-keeper; Caleb Kepner, messenger, eleven years; capital stock $300,000. This institution has had a very prosperous existence. Western National Bank. — The series of meetings which had for their object the for- mation of a national bank in the Fifth Ward of the borough of York commenced April 6, 1875. On the 22d day of July, 1875, the ar- ticles of association were adopted, the organ- ization certificate filed, and the following di- rectors elected: J. H. Bear, Israel Laucks, William H. Emig, Clay E. Lewis, Frederick Greiman, Albert Smyser, John Fahs, Jr., Si- las H. Forry, Daniel Kraber, Charles A. Klinefelter, H. B. Shroeder, Solomon Myers, and George W. Euby. J. H. Bear was elect- ed president of the board of directors and of the bank, on the 29th day of July, 1875, and M. J. Skinner, cashier. The name agreed upon for the bank is " The Western National Bank of York," and it was authorized to com- mence business on the 8th day of October, 1875. Its bonds as a basis of circulation were deposited October 11, 1875, and con- sisted of the 5's of 1881. On the 29th of November, 1875, the bank was formally opened for business. Albert Smyser was elected president May 12, 1877. On the 10th day of January, 1879, M. J. Skinner, the cashier, died. On the 13th day of January following, C. E. Lewis was elected cashier. The present board of directors consists of the following-named gentlemen; Albert Smyser, president; and Samuel S. Sprenkle, William Eyster. Michael Miller, Israel Laucks, Will- iam H. Miller, Charles A. Klinefelter, Albert Smyser, John Zeller, E. L. Schroeder, John Fahs, Solomon Myers and Frederick Greiman. ' Capital, $100,000. The Farmers National Bank. — The cer- tificate of the comptroller authorizing this bank to commence business bears date March 1, 1875. Capital $200,000. The officers are V. K. Keesey, president, E. P. Stair, cashier. The directors are John A. Weiser, W, H. Jordan, M. S. Eichelberger, M. B. Spahr, N. Lehmayer, Charles Spangler, S. H. Forry, Horace Keesey and V. K. Keesey. The bank commenced business on March 25, 1875. The Drovers and Mechanics National Bank. — This bank was organized May 22, 1883, with N. F. Burnham as president and I. V. Gieseyas cashier. The first board of direct- ors were Samuel Lichtenberger, Edward Smyser, H. J. Gresley, Dr. B. F. Spangler, W.H.Bond, George F.Shi ve, Israel F. Gross, Frederick Grothe, Jacob Brodbeck, and George W. Holtzinger. Edward Smyser has since died. H. J. Gresley and B. F. Spangler have resigned, and Frank Loucks and Sam- uel Eutter are the present directors in their stead. Banking House of Weiser, Son & Carl. — This institution was established by Charles Weiser in January. 1856. In 1861, Charles S. Weiser was admitted as a partner under the firm name of Charles Weiser & Son. In January 1867, Jere Carl was admitted as a member of the firm. In July, 1867, Charles Weiser died, and the business is now con- ducted under the firm name of Weiser, Son & Carl. This banking house began business where the Farmers National Bank now stands. In April, 1867, it was moved to its present location. In the year 1884, the firm built the block known as Weiser's Bank Building, a handsome architectural structure, where they have commodious appartments. Jacob H. Baer had conducted a private bank, west of the bridge, for many years. He was for a time president of the Western National Bank, from 1875 to 1877. Since then he has resumed his private banking. Schall, Danner & Sperry are a firm of bankers and brokers on Market Street. THE POSTOFFICE. York was a post-town under the colonisil system, and during the Eevoluti on, while con- gress was in session here, there was a regu- lar government postal route from Lancaster and Eeading to this place. The present gov- ernment system went into effect in January, 1790, and since that time official records have been kept. The following is an accurate list of the names of all postmasters under the present system in order of succession, together with the dates of their appointment: 560 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. Andrew Johnston, February 16, 1790. Jamies Edie, October 9, 1791. Robert Dunn, January 1, 1794. Gen. Jacob Spangler, January 1, 1795. Peter Spangler, December 14, 1813. Peter Small, December 19, 1814. Thomas McGrath. November 19, 1821. Daniel Small, June 3, 1829. David Small, March 30, 1839. George Upp, Jr., July 2, 1841. David Small, May 5, 1843. Michael Hay, April 3, 1849. John J. Cochran, September 35, 1850. David Small, March 30, 1857. Alexander J. Frey, April 5, 1861. Jonathan Jessop, July 13, 1865. James Kell, February 19, 1884. Within the recollection of the oldest citi- zens, the office was kept at the following places: near Jonathan Owen's Corner; in the house of Mrs. Griffith, adjoining the National Hotel; in a house where the court house now stands; at McGrath' s Hotel, now Eupp's Corner; ia a house on present site of Trinity churchyard; in a stone house, now the site of E. J . Miller's clothing store, in the room now occupied by H. C. Adams as a book- store; in the room now occupied by Alex Fissel as a storeroom, and the present loca- tion. Andrew Johnston, the first postmaster, was wounded at the battle of Paoli, under Gen. Wayne. David Small, first appointed in 1839, was the first newspaper man in the United States who lield the office of postmaster. He re- ceived the appointment three times. Jonathan Jessop held the office the longest, nearly nineteen years. THE FIRE DEPARTMENT, YORK. There are few towns or cities in this coun- try with a volunteer tire department equal to that of the borough of York. There are now four companies, each with a large membership. Four elegant and commodious engine-houses stand as monuments of the enterprise of our people. The beautiful steam-engines are the property of each com- pany, and all other equipments are surpass- ingly good and complete. On many occasions within the past twenty years these companies have checked the progress of fire, which, without them, might have destroyed much valuable property. The Sun Fire Company. — There are no records by which it can for a certainty be determined when the first fire company was organized in York, but, doubtless, the first one that ever did any effective service was the " Sun Fire Company," formed April 3, 1772. According to the minute book of this company, now in possession of S. H. Spangler, its object was for " better preserving our own and fellow townsmen's House, Goods and Effects from Fire." Each member was to supply " at his own proper expense, one Leathern Bucket, one Bag and one conven- ient Basket; the Bag to be made of good Osenbrigs (Osnaburgs) or wider linen, where- of each Bag shall contain two yards at least, and shall have a running string at mouth, which said Buckets, Bags and Baskets shall be marked with our names respectively and Company, and shall be kept ready at hand and applied to no other use than preserving our own and fellow townsmen's Houses, Goods and Effects in case of fire." Each member in default of the above was fined one shilling. If any of the apparatus was lost, it was supplied out of the funds of the company. A part of their duty was to save the property and carry it in their bags and baskets to a place of safety, and detail one of their number to watch it till the owners could claim and care for it. A fine of one shilling was imposed upon every member absenting himself or failing to bring " Buck- et, Bag and Basket " on the occasion of a fire in any part of the " town of York. " Each member in turn in order of their subscription was to serve as clerk and president. He was also fined " five shillings " for neglect of any duty. The original members were Michael Swoope, John Shultz, Michael Hahn, Jacob Doudle, Baltzer Spangler, Frederick House- man, Henry Walter, John Hay, George Stake, David Candler, Peter Dinkle, George Moul, Michael Welsh, Henry Miller, John Morris, Valentine Lees, Michael Weider, Rudolph Spangler, Michael Graybill, nearly every one of whom became soldiers of the Revolutionary war. Jacob Doudel was elected the first treasurer, and received funds to the amount of £1 4s 6d. of which amount 7s 6d was a donation from Samuel Edie, Esq. A " water-engine" was purchased in August, 1772, and a house was built for it in 1773. This engine had a side lever gallery, and was supplied by means of buckets, as hose was then unknown. The Hand in Hand was another company in existence in 1773. Jacob Shultz of this company was provided with a key to the old German Reformed Church, so as to be able to give an alarm by ringing the church bell in case of fire. A fire occurred in York in June, 1773, at which the companies did good service, and another in Bottstown in December of the same year. The Pennsylvania Herald mentions a de- structive fire which occurred in 1797, and BOKOUGH OF YORK. 56t states that the " fire-engine was kept in con- tinual exercise in extinguishing the flames." The people were arranged in two lines, and passed the fire buckets full up one line and empty down the other. The Laurel Fire Company. — This com- pany, now almost one hundred years old, was organized at the house of Henry Miller, Feb- ruary 13, 1790. It was a bucket company, each member was required to furnish his own bucket, on which was painted his name, with the design of a hand grasping a laurel wreath; around the bucket were painted the words, "Laurel Fire Company, 1790." They were to be used only for the purpose of extinguish- ing fires. After the adoption of this style of a bucket, Messrs. George Stuck, Jacob Small, Philip Waltemyer and Frederick Laumaster, were appointed to make fire ladders and hooks. A meeting was held March 1, 1790, for the election of officers, resulting in the choice of Henry Miller, chairman; Andrew Billmeyer, treasurer; John Lukens, clerk; and Jacob Welshans, keeper of the engine. September 6, of the same year, a committee was ap- pointed to purchase material to make fire lad- ders for the company. March 5, 1792, the same officers were again selected. During the succeeding years to 1797, the meetings were held at the house of Mr. Mulerart, at one of which fifteen members were fined for not working their engine at a fire, which occurred August, 1795. The next meeting was held July 8, 1797, when Joseph Welshaus, David Oassatt, Ralph Bowie,^ John Stroman, John Fisher, Jr., were appointed a committee to revise the rules of the company. By this revision the member- ship was increased to sixty. It was compulsory for each member to have the rules placed in his house, near by to his bucket and basket. In the year 1798, an engine was built for the Laurel. On March 7, 1803, Jacob Barnitz was elect- ed president, and John Fisher, Jr., secre- tary. In Februai'y, 1816, the company was reorganized. Col. George Spangler, at whose house the meeting was held, became presi- dent, and D. Heckert, secretary; George Spangler, Kalph Bowie,Peter Small, Dr. John Rouse, Peter Wilt, Samuel Weiser, staff- men; George Small, Jacob Rudy, Jacob Law- master, Michael Bmich, axmen; William Rees, Daniel Fogelsgesang, Thomas Baum- gartner, Adam Lightner, John Lehman, Jacob Lehman, William Spangler, Jacob Spangler, Peter Reigler, Jacob May, John Miller, Jacob Heckert, Jr., Joseph Updegraff, hook, ladder and roof men; Christian Lanius, Henry Small, Jesse Hines, spoutmen. The' following was then unanimously adopted: Resolved, That the last Saturday in each and every month be assigned to examine into the state and make trial of the engine. Martin Weiser, George Heckert, Christian Rupp, Jacob Cramer, Jacob Rudy, Frederick Younee, were property guards. In 1840, Dr. Alexander Small, president of the Laurel, and others, petitioned the legis- lature for an act of incorporation, to exist for fifteen years. A charter was granted by the court in 1874. In 1840 an engine was pur- chased from the Humane Fire Company of Philadelphia. It was brought from Phila- delphia to Columbia on the railroad, and from thence to York, drawn by horses on the tnrnpipe. The late Charles A. Morris was president from 1850 to 1854. In 1855 a large bell was purchased of the Good Will Fire Company of Philadelphia. It rang out an alarm of a destructive fire on October 8, 1856; the bell was recast next year. The uniform of the company at that time, con- sisted of black hats, six inches high with a rim three inches wide, cap with the name of the company on it, and date of incorporation. In 1868 a new uniform was adopted. Under the presidency of Erastus H. Weiser, the steam-engine, '' Old Suz," was purchased and arrived at York. May 11. In 1870, Michael Edwards, one of the original members of the company, visited York. A gold-headed cane was presented him by the Laurel, Hon. John Gibson making the presentation speech. Mr. Edwards died at his home in West Virginia, in 1876, at an advanced age. The first headquarters of the Company was on the corner owned by P. A. & S. Small, next the corner now owned by Jere Carl; from thence moved in 1840 to the engine house on South Duke Street, which was re- modeled in 1856, and used until 1878, when the present engine house, an honor to the borough, and the pride of the members of the company, was built, and its first occupancy celebrated with imposing ceremonies. The presidents of this company of late years in order of succession have been Charles W. Myers, James B. Ziegler and William H. Albright. The Vigilant. — The exact date of the organization of this company is not known, but enough has been gathered for its mem- bers to claim that it had its birth between 1778 and 1781, and that it was first called the Union Fire Company. Soon after its organization a hand engine, built by Richard Mason of Philadelphia, was procured. It was a side-lever engine, and threw its 563 HISTORY or YORK COUNTY. water, which was supplied by buckets, direct from the gallery. Repairs were made to it sometime between the date of purchase and 1791, by the employes of Elisha Kirk, and in 119Q repairs were again made and improve- ments added to it by Jonathan Jessop. The first change in the name of the "Union" was that ordered December 11, 1816, from which date it bore the title of the "York Vigi- lant Fire Company,'' and Philip Smyser was chosen its president. During the great flood of 1817, the records of the company which were kept in Jonathan Jessop's house on the west aide of the Codorus Creek, were lost. The engine was kept at this date and until 1834, on the south side of West Market Street, between Water Street and Codorus, after which time it was located on the north side of Market Street and the west side of the Co- dorus a short distance from its present posi- tion which last was occupied in April, 1871. In 1839 it was reorganized and a constitu- tion and by-laws adopted. On February 6, 1842, application was made for a charter to the Court of Common Pleas, which was grant- ed on April 7, 1842, under the name of the "York Vigilant Fire Company." A new engine was wanted. For this purpose the burgesses donated $1,000 and the committee appointed for the purpose procured one from John Agnew, of Philadelphia, for the sum of iS 1,120. This went into service in October, 1843, and the old "Mason" after sixty years use in York, was sold to the people of Dover, York County, where it still remains. The first alarm bell was purchased of Jones & Hitchcock, of Troy, N. Y., at a cost of 1223.20 and rang its first call to service on Saturday morning, June 7, 1853. In 1856, the engine was rebuilt by John Agnew, who placed upon it the handsome silver-plated gallery and aide badges, which had been purchased of the Vigilant Engine Company of Philadelphia. This engine is still retained by the company. ' In 1867 the first steps toward a steam fire department were taken, and in 1868 Button & Son, of Waterford, N. Y., built to the order of the company a steamer at a cost of $3, 500. In 1868, by order of court, the name was changed to Vigilant S. F. E. Co., No. 1. In 1870 the present building was occupied and a new alarm bell weighing 2,200 pounds and costing 1900 was placed in position. The cost of building exclusive of the ground on which it stands was |7,199.58. The expense of furnishing the parlors of the company was borne by the members themselves. The spider was purchased from C. F. Hartshorne, of New York, at a cost of $450, and it went into service in January, 1878, becoming the property of the company by having been purchased with funds in the treasury of the company. The Button Crane Neck carriage of the company, built by L. Button & Son, was purchased for 1600, and went into service, April 14, 1879. October, 1880, the company celebrated its centennial anniversary, which was the occa- sion of a jubilee, and street parade in con- nection with the other companies of the town and the Humane Company, of Norris- town, Penn. July 1883, the company having in view the introduction of the fire alarm telegraph, had the first alarm station erected on the flag staff in Center Square, to connect with a large gong on their engine house. During the flood of June 26, 1884, the water reached the depth of nine feet on the first floor of the engine house completely sub- merging the apparatus, which was damaged and everything movable swept away. After the flood had receded, the engine was put to pumping water out of the flooded buildings, remaining in service 118 consecutive hours, a work rarely accomplished by a steam fire engine. October 15, 1884, the steamer of the com- pany purchased of L. Button & Son, in 1868, was taken out of service for repairs. March 3, 1885 the new engine was purchased for 14,- 000, of the Button Fire Engine Company, of Watertown, N. Y. Friday evening, March 6, 1885, the company celebrated the recep- tion of the new steamer by a banquet at the Eyster House. The company equipments consist of a dark blue flannel shirt, black frock overcoat, with blue flannel lining, a black patent leather belt with white binding, with the name Vigilant in white letters on a red background, a New York style of hat, black, a nickle shield, with "Vigilant S. F. E. Co.," and a figure "1" in the center. The following named persons have been president ef this company from the date of its organization to 1885: Elisha Kirk, John Hay, Jesse Spangler, Philip Smyser, Martin Ziegler, George Wag- ner. Jonathan Jessop, Charles A. Morris, Benjamin Beitzel, Joseph Morris, Charles Hahn, George Philip Zeigler, Henry Ebert, Michael Doudel, Jacob Smyser, Jacob Baylor, Frederick Baugher, Isaac Garretsop, Will- iam Sayres, Michael Eppley, Daniel Kraber, Daniel Mutter, David F. Williams, Henry A. Hantz, Jere Carl, William A. Stable, Daniel Heckert, George J. Chalfant, Edward Stuck, L. T. Deininger. The honorary life members have been Jere Carl, Jacob Striae, Frederick Zorger, BOROUGH or YORK. 563 Daniel Heckert, E. G. Smyser, Charles Hahn, Henry A. Hantz, Alonzo A. Shultz, Henry Smallbrook, Alexander Strickler. The Union. — On the 'ilst of May, 1855, a meeting was held in the business office of Small & Smyser, now the Variety Iron Works, for the purpose of organizing a fire company in the northern part of York. Dr. Alexander Small was chosen president of this meeting. The amount of $865.50 was raised. John Neviu, George W. Ilgenfritz and Dr. Small were selected as a committee to purchase a suction engine from Rodgers & Sons, of Baltimore, for $1,200. It was brought to York in September of the same year. After ' long and valuable use this engine was sold to the borough of Philips- burg, Center County, for $300. Thomas E. Cochran, John Nevin and George M. Shetter framed a constitution and by-laws, and the organization was named the " Union Fire Company." Upon receiving a charter, the following named officers were chosen: Presi- dent, Hon. Thomas E. Cochran; vice-presi- dent, George A. Heckert; secretary, George M. Shetter; treasurer, George W. Ilgen- fritz; directors, John Eppley, Charles Collars, Gates J. Weiser, George Upp and A. J. Dick. A uniform hat for the firemen was adopted by the company. May 29, 1857. It was ultra-marine blue. On the 4th of July, 1857, the Union participated in a parade and celebration at Chambersburg, Penn., by a special invitation of the Frank- lin Fire Company of that borough. At the out-break of the civil war, many of the mem- bers entered the Union army; the engine house became a recruiting office, and the company had no regular organization until November 2, 1865, when George A. Heckert was chosen president; A. B. Farquhar, vice- president; J. W. Schall, treasurer, and C. H. Stallman, secretary. A bell was purchased in 1868 for $168. During the same year a uniform for the members was adopted. It consisted of black pants, white shirt and black slouch bat; in August of the same year, changed to a green shirt, black pants, white belt, white necktie and navy cap. The first festival of the Union was held ^ in No- vember, 1868, at which $210 were cleared. A steam fire engine was purchased of Jucket & Freeman, of Massachusetts, October 18, 1870, at 'a cost of $3,200. In September, 1876, the company participated in the fire- men's centennial parade, in Philadelphia. In 1882 the present engine house was built on the site of the late George Heckert's resi- dence on North George Street, nearly oppo- site the old engine • house. It is a large. beautiful and ornamental structure. The height of tower is 110 feet, and weight of alarm belt 2,066 pounds. The entire cost of the building was $6,590. The following is a list of the presidents of the company in order of succession together with the date of election : Thomas E. Cochran, 1855; George A. Heck- ert, 1865; Charles H. Stalleman, 1866; James Keli, 1868; I. W. G. Weirman, 1869; Mi- chael Stambaugh, 1870; O. P. Weiser, 1872; J. P. Madsen, 1874; W. H. Eodenhouse, 1875; George W. Cole, 1880; B. C. Pentz, 1882. The Rescue. — This company was organized in 1872. The first meetings of the company were held in the basement of a brick building on South George Street, near the corner of East College Avenue, then occupied as a green grocery. At this meeting John Immel was elected president and W. H. Schwartz, secretary. The school directors seeing the necessity of an additional fire company for the better protection of public and private property, in the fast growing south end of town, kindly granted the use of the public school building on South Duke Street, in which the fourth meeting of the company was held. At this meeting, George Graybill was elected secretary, and the organization of the company perfected. The company soon after rented and remodeled an old one-story frame cooper shop on East South Street, near George Street A committee of the company asked the Town Council for the use of a hose cart, formerly the property of the Eesolution Fire Company, and for several links of the hose, then in possession of the Vigilant Fire Company. The committee's request was granted. A steamer manufactured by Cole Bros., Paw- tucket, R. I., was next purchased and arrived in York on the 22d day of February, 1873, within a year from the organization of the company. The Laurel Fire Company kindly received and took charge of the engine until after it had been tested, examined and ap- proved by the company. With the addition of a hose carriage and hose and other auxili- aries necessary for the proper equipment of a fire company, the old cooper shop was becoming too much crowded, and the boys were cramped for room. A lot was purchased by the company on South George Street, and the handsome and commodious three story brick engine house now occupied by the company built thereon. The equipment consists of a fourth-class Cole Bros, steamer, one crane-neck hose car- riage,8pider and about 1,200 feet of good leath- 564 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. er hose. The uniform consists of black pants, blue shirt with blue shield and white figure 4, white New York style fire hat, white leather belt, white necktie and gloves and dark blue overcoat with brass buttons. They have a splendidly furnished parlor in which the members take great pride. The following is a list of the presidents of the Rescue with date of election; T. Kirk White, 1872; M. L. Van Baman, 1875; T. Kirk White, 1876; George Graybill, 1883; Albert Bishop, 1885. The following is a list of the secretaries: W. F. Eicher, 1872; George Graybill, 1873; John Swartz, 1875; Jacob A. Mayer, 1876; Albert Bishop, 1877; John Swartz, 1880; 0. F. Horner, 1882; William H. Hibner, 1884. MANUFACTURING INTEKESTS. York is now, known as a manufacturing town of great importance, a feature given to it largely through the enterprising spirit of many of her citizens within the past third of a century. It is impossible to note all the manufacturing enterprises which, have ex- isted. Maj. William Bailey, the gallant soldier of the Revolution, made copper stills in abundance in York, a century ago. There was then great demand for them. Gen. Michael Doudel, Jacob Doudel and John Welsh, of the same period, had tanneries. John Fisher, Blisha Kirk and Godfrey Len- hart made the old style clocks. Charles Bar- nitz had a brewery; John Wahl owned a dis- tillery; a half dozen gunsmiths and silver- smiths complete the list of manufacturers in the town during the Revolutionary period. Phineas Davis and James Webb, in 1819, started the first large iron foundry and fur- nace in York. It was located on the corner of Newberry and King Streets. A full descrip- tion of this will be found in an article in this book on the " Early Iron Industries of York County." They employed quite a number of men. The railroad company's shops, near the depot, continued there for a quarter of a ■century, and then were removed to Baltimore. Ilgenfritz & White did a large business in the manufacture of railroad cars, at the foot of Beaver Street. On the same site Michael Sohall, who built and owns the Empire Car Works, h&s manufactured cars in large num- bers within the past twenty years. The Billmyer & Small Company, founded by H. Small & Sons in 1847, and changed to Billmyer & Small in 1857, began that year to manufacture cars, and have since con- tinued, regularly employing a great many men. They recently built large works in East York. David B. Small, a great-great-grandson of Lorenz, great-grandson of Killian, grandson of Joseph, and son of Henry Small, was born December 3, 1824, and died March 25, 1883. He was one of the most enterprising and public spirited men that York has known. At the age of thirteen, he left York County Academy, and entered the store of his fa- ther's cousins, P. A. & S. Small, and became one of the family of Samuel Small. He rose from one position to another, and under the protecting care and wise counsel of his em- ployers, soon learned the important principles of a prosperous business career. In 1845 he engaged with his father in the lumber busi- ness, and two years later the firm became H. Small & Sons. In 1852, he entered into a partnership with Charles Billmyer, for the manufacture of railway cars in York, at which business they greatly prospered. In 1853, while conducting a gentleman through the shops, his clothing caught in rapidly revolving machineiy, from which accident he lost his right arm. He, howevar, resumed business in a few weeks. Upon the death of Mr. Billmyer, the firm became The Billmyer & Small Co., and Mr. Small was its presi- dent. He became a prominent stockholder in the Pennsylvania Railroad, and in 1874 was appointed on a special committee to ex- amine and report the condition of that road and all its branches. He was elected presi- dent of the First National Bank of York, in 1867, and continued as such until December, 1876. Mr. Small was an earnest and consistent advocate of temperance, and wielded a pow- erful infltjence for good in any cause or enterprise he supported. He filled a great many responsible positions, and had a won- derful faculty for the transaction of business. He was chosen president" of the York Gas Company, director in the York Water Company,, director in the Lochiel & Wrightsville Iron Works, a member of the York School Board, trustee of the York County Academy, Collegiate Institute, Or- phan's Home and York Hospital, and presi- dent of the Y. M. C. A. of York. In the year 1876, his nervous system gave way and from that time to his death he never fully recovered his health. He was an active mem- ber of the Presbyterian Church. The York Rolling mill was established in the winter of 1868, by Jacob Jamison, Hon. F. H. Hughes, C. M. Nes and Henry Kra- ber, the last two gentlemen being residents of York. In 1869 the company was char- tered by the State as the York County Iron BOROUGH OF YORK. 565 Company, with W. W. Wickes, president; L. T. Rossiter, secretary and treasurer, and Henry Kraber, vice-president and superin- tendent. The works were then enlarged, with the intention of making steel rails, which was changed to the manufacture of steel, bar and car iron, the business subse- quently being chiefly the manufacture of rails with steel top, which business did not prosper, and the works were for a number of years idle. In March, 1881, Samuel Trescott, M. S. Shuman and J. W. Steacy bought the works from the Farmers Mutual Insurance Company, and commenced opera- tion. Trescott sold his interest the same year to M. Schall, the firm being the Schall Steacy & Co. They manufactured muck bars or puddle iron, and subsequently manufact- ured bar iron, supplying the car shops and the trade through the Baltimore markets. In October, 1881, Mr. Shuman sold his inter- est to John Q. Denney, of Harrisburg, and the present firm of Schall, Steacey & Denney was founded. They remi)deled the works, enlarging and adding a number of furnaces and new machinery, and are now making plate iron exclusively. The firm is in a prosperous condition, and employ about 200 hands on full time. They finish 900 tons o£ finished iron monthly, and 650 tons of pud- dling iron per month. Wambaugh's Agricultural Works, a dozen or more years ago, were an important indus- try in West York. The York Manufacturing Company, near the corner of Penn and Market Streets, was established in 1874, by a stock company. In 1878 Jacob Louoks became president; G. W. S. Loucks, secretary, and John Flook, superintendent. In 1881 the entire business passed into the hands of Jacob Loucks & Son. The organ factory, in East York, is now quite a prominent industry, and large num- bers of them are sold. J. O. Weaver has been in the business since 1873. There are a number of large carriage man- ufactories, among them those of Phineas Palm- er, Charles H. Neff, Alex Spangler, Dick & Rodenhouse, D. P. Frank, etc. The shoe factory, now owned by W. H. Sou- der, employs from fifty to seventy-five work- men. The York Whip Company was started in 1879, by John H. Wellensick and Henry M. Davis. Heffner & Seachrist, cigar-box manufac- turers, began in 1877 what has since devel- oped into a large business. , Root & Case, for more than a third of a century, prospered in the manufacture of weighing-scales, the only establishment of the kind in southern Pennsylvania. The Baltimore Condensed Milk Company, located a short distance north of the borough, started business in 1863. It was owned by William Numsen & Sons, Baltimore, The establishment has lately been used for can- ning fruits. The Variety Iron Works were established in the year 1840, when Elisha Geiger and Samuel Bechtol formed a co-partnership and conducted a business of manufacturing iron into artistic forms, on a small scale. The location of their shops was on part of the present site of the extensive Variety Iron Works, of York, so familiar to the people of the town and county. In 1846 Dr. Alexander Small succeeded Mr. Geiger. Mr. Bechtol died in 1853, and E. G. Smyser then became associated with Dr. Small, under the firm name of Small & Smyser. In 1862 Dr. Small died, and Mr. Smyser became sole proprietor. The original works covered only a small area, but the continual enlargement of the business, required frequent additions and improvements. Large and convenient brick buildings were erected, containing all necessary facilities for improved manufacture, until now the entire works cover an area of five acres of land. It is at present recog- nized as one of the important iron establish- ments of the State of Pennsylvania, and is in continual operation, even under the most depressing times in financial circles and in the business interests of the country. The employes of this establishment are always kept regularly at work. The best facilities are afiorded for the manufacture of various kinds of artistic ornaments and practical de- signs. The different departments are con- nected with one another by narrow-guage railroad tracks, so as to do work with the greatest dispatch, and economy of expense and labor. They manufacture machinery of various kinds, builders' iron columns, stair- cases, window caps and sills, iron railings, wrought beams, vases, fountains, iron build- ings, mill work and machinery, etc., and make a specialty of architectural find orna- mental iron work. In all the departments about ] 30 men have been employed regularly for the past ten years, many of whom are skilled artisans, requiring a monthly dis- bursement of nearly $5,000 for wages. No establishment has done more to increase the reputation of York as a manufacturing cen- ter than the Variety Iron Works. For sev- eral years past Mr. Smyser has had associ- ated with him in business his three sons. 566 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. George P., Henry M. and James A. Smyser. Id 1877 he located a branch house in Balti- more, for the sale of his valuable manufac- tured products. It is now under the man- agement of his youngest son, James A. Smy- ser. < Casper Loucks started business in 1875 and now owns the famous Eagle Pop Works on South George Street. Theodore B. Helb owns a brewery on the corner of King and Queen Streets, which has lately been enlarged. Nes'.now Kurtz's Brewery and Malt Works have long been in operation. J. Busser & Sons' Soap Factory was started by John Busser in 1847. A variety of turbine water wheels have been and are now manufactured in York, which have had a large sale. The paper mil] now owned by Jere Horton, originated more than a century ago. In 1817 when owned by Philip Kings it was partly injured by the flood of that year; a large amount of tine quality foolscap and note paper has been made at this establishment, since its origin. Chains are manufactured by two or three different firms; John O. Schmidt, in East- York, makes them quite extensively. A very important and valuable industry is that of Frey, Motter & Co., jnanufacturers of steam engines, boilers, etc. Enos Frey, the- senior member of this firm', is now largely en- gaged in the milling business flint works near York, and the slate mines in Peach Bottom. He started the business of manu- facturing en-gines, etc., in 1845, in connection with Frederick Baugher. His present part- ners are George F. Motter and Jacob Reichly. They have manufactured machinery in im- mense quantities. A few years ago a large iron steamboat for the Madeira River, in South America, was made in their shops. It was shipped in parts. Mr. Enos Erey, a native of York, is a practical machinist, and has met with great prosperity in his business. The Foundry, Machine Shops and Tannery of Baugher, Kurtz & Stewart are among the most important and valuable manufacturing industries of York. Frederick Baugher, who recently died at an advanced age, purchased the grounds in 1832; there was then a tannery on the site. The foundry and machine shops were built about 1856 by George F. Baugher. The tannery business was then in the hands of W. H. Kurtz. The present works are a valuable acquisition to York, on account of the number of employes required to run them. The Pennsylvania Agricultural Works which have grown gradually, until they are now among the most important manufactur- ing industries of Pennsylvania, are located on North Duke Street, and cover an area of four acres. A great variety of agricultural machinery is made here, and shipped to all parts of the Union, and very extensivly man- ufactured for foreign trade. From 200 to 400 workmen are employed, thus making it a very valuable enterprise to the town of York. A. B. Farquhar, the proprietor of these large works, was born in Maryland, in 1837. He came to York in 1855, and was in the employ of Dingee & Co., then the largest manufact- urers of agricultural implements in York;^ at the expiration of three years he became a partner. The works were destroyed by fire in 1861, but were immediately rebuilt, and in 1862, Mr. Farquhar became sole proprietor. His prosperity continued until 1875, when the establishment was again almost burned down. The actual loss was about 1100,000 to the enterprising proprietor, who, with his charac- teristic energy, had them rebuilt at once and has since continued his business on a still more extended scale with unabated prosperity. Mr. Farquhar superintends the minutest details of his business with, wonderful skill. The firm of P. A. & S. Small, since its- establishment in 1833, has been very promi- nently, identified with the business and man- ufacturing interests of York. "Small's Store" is a familiar name not only in York and this county, but throughout southern and eastern Pennsylvania. This firm since 1840 has purchased a very large percentage of the grain raised in York County, and manufact- ured choice brands of flour in large quanti- ties. The original members of this firm were Philip A. and Samuel Small, both of whom are now deceased. They had one other brother. Dr. Alexander Small, who was also a public spirited and enterprising man. Philip Albright Small and Samuel Small were descendants from the prolific stock of Lorenz Schmall, a German emigrant to America from the middle Palatinate in the year 1743. Lorenz Schmall settled in what is now Hellam Township, about six miles east of York. His family consisted of four sons and two daughters,- the eldest of whom — Kill- ian — settled in the town of York, where he begat seven sons, viz. : Jacob, John, George, Joseph, Peter, Michael and Henry. George Small married Anna Maria, a daughter of Philip Albright, an officer in the Revolutionary army, whose sword remains in the possession of the family. iiiiK'iuSj CAi,t-n ruB CO Ilo-iiteI'/ psizj^ BOROUGH OF YORK. 567 He had four children: Cassandra, Philip Albright, Samuel and Alexander. George Small became a carpenter, and as- sisted his brother Peter in building the Lutheran Church and spire, still standing in South George Street. In 1809, he bought for $1,300, the property at the corner of East Main Street and Center Square in the borough of York, where, subsequently, he went into business with his sons, and where that business has been continued to the present day. Philip Albright Small, eldest son of George, commenced his business life in the employ of Shulz, Konig & Co., of Balti- more, who had an extensive hardware and grocery trade throughout the South. For this fii'm he made collections, traveling on horse back through Virginia, the Carolinas, northern Georgia and Alabama, Tennessee and Kentucky, returning from Cincinnati by boat and stage. He often told, in after life, of reaching Cincinnati on one of these trips, to find that a bank, whose notes formed a large part of his collections, had become ut- terly insolvent during his absence beyond all sources of information. In 1821 he entered into the hardware business with his father, on the corner of East Market Street and Center Square, under the firm name of George Small & Son, which was afterward changed to George Small & Sons, on the second son, Samuel, becoming a partner. In 1833 George Small, desiring to retire irom business, sold out his interest to his sons, and then, on July 1, 1833, the firm of P. A. & S. Small began and has ever since continued its honorable career on "Small's Corner," without blot or stain, without "pro- test" or "extension," without any interrup- tion of its prosperity, or any shadow on its credit. In 1838, the completion of the Baltimore & Susquehanna Railroad, from Baltimore to York, enabled the firm to commence a grain business, buying and shipping to Baltimore large quantities, which has since enlarged into an extensive flour manufacturing and shipping business, with Rio Janeiro and other South American ports. In 1838, the iron manufacture, then grow- ing in importance, was commenced by the firm, first at Manor, York County, then at Sarah Furnace, Harford County, Md. ; and af- terward at Ashland, Baltimore County, Md., where, with Messrs. E. & J. Patterson, they erected their furnaces. The high credit always enjoyed by Messrs. JP. A. & S. Small, made the firm for many years the depository of large sums of money "on call," left with them especially by the farmers from whom they made their purchases of grain ; the amount of cash thus deposited with them ran up as high as $250,000, and this continued until the firm, owing to the decreas - ing value of money and rates of inter-est, de- clined any longer to receive deposits. Philip A. Small devoted his attention principally to the management of the out- door business of the firm. The mills, farms, ore-banks, and furnaces were under his su- pervision. He was always a firm believer in the value of real estate, and much of the large amount of land owned by the firm, was bought at his instance. In all matters con- nected with agriculture he was an expert, and recognized as an authority. One of the originators of the York County Agricultural Society and one of its board of managers, he was deeply interested in the promotion of scientific argriculture. He was a man of singularly genial dispo- sition, of most pleasing and agreeable man- ners, and yet withal of great personal dig- nity. He was peculiarly charitable in his judgments of the conduct of others. Of the most absolute integrity and truthfulness him- self, he could tolerate no falsehood or fraud in any one, yet his kindly disposition made him slow to condemn. He was a man of broad and catholic views on all public questions. In politics, he was first a Whig and later a Republican. A very sagacious business man, he occu- pied many positions of trust in the various corporations in which the firm was interested. He was many years president of the York County National Bank and York Gas Com- pany; was a director and active promoter of the Hanover & York Railroad Company; was many years a director of the Northern Cen- tral Railroad Company and the York Water Company, and president of Ashland Iron Company. His counsel and assistance were always sought, and never vainly, in every en- terprise and undertaking for the advance- ment of the public good. He died on April, 3, 1875, leaving to sur- vive him five daughters and three sons, who now compose the firm of P. A. & S. Small, viz. : George, William Latimer and Samuel, the first named being one of the leading business men of Baltimore. Samuel Small, second son of George Small, and Anna Maria, his wife, was born in York on July 25, 1799. Like his brother Philip, he commenced his business career in the employ of Shulz, Konig & Co., of Baltimore, who, recognizing his ability. 568 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. sent him to Pittsburgh to open a branch store. Here he made a new departure, by removing his stock of goods to a flat-boat, which he floated down the t)hio, stopping at points on the river to make sales. He landed at Cin- cinnati, rented a store, and put in it his stock of goods. While engaged in business in Cincinnati he received letters from his father urging him to return to York. In the year 1826 he returned to York, having sold out his store in Cincinnati, and engaged with the late George S. Morris in the dry goods business where the building occupied by the York County National Bank now stands, which he continued until his entry into the firm of George Small & Sons, succeeded by the firm of P. A. & S. Small, as already stated. Mr. Small's time and attention were mainly devoted to the financial departments of the firm business, to the management of which he was exceedingly well adapted. As a financier, he was shrewd, cautious, and far-sighted, never led into foolish spec- ulations by specious appearances, but in- stictively distinguished the solid from the the merely meretricious. He was acknowl- edged to be the highest authority in this community on all financial matters. On the death of the late William Coleman Mr. Small became guardian of his two minor children. The estate, though immensely valuable, had been grossly mismanaged when Mr. Small assumed control. So skill- fully did he (with the aid of Artemus Wil- helm, Esq.) whom he put in charge, manage the estate, that on the arrival of the heirs at twenty- one he turned over to each upward of a million and a third of dollars, besides their valuable ore lands; and for his years of efficient service he made no charge what- ever. But it is in connection with his noble charities that Mr. Small will be longest re- membered in the community in which he spent his life. His hand was ever open to the appeal of the poor and friendless. No worthy appli- cant was ever turned away unaided. In person and by trusted assistants he constantly sought out the necessitous, in order to min- ister to their necessities. A horse and con- veyance was kept for the use of one of his assistants in this work, in order that he might more readily visit the poor, and money was ever furnished to meet all de- mands. In connection with the lato Charles A. Morris and others, he founded the Children's Home, of York, where fatherless and mother- less, deserted and friendless children have been cared for and educated, and afterward followed into the world with his fatherly oversight. The York Collegiate Institute was exclu- sively founded and endowed by him. Here he endeavored to found an institution where the formation of individual christian char- acter would be the first aim. He endowed it liberally, and provided a fund called the "Coleman Scholarship Fund," to assist young men in their preparatory studies for the ministry. He also, with others, established the York Hospital and Dispensary, donating the build- ing and ground, and subscribing liberally to its support. Early in life he united himself with his father's — the German Reformed — church. Later he became a member and ruling 'elder- in the Presbyterian Church; where, in church, Sunday-school and prayer-meeting,, while in health, his seat was never vacant. He died July 14, 1885. He occuoied a larger place in the public estimation, was more loved and respected throughout the community, has left in his death a greater vacancy, and been more missed than any other individual in the community ever has been or could be. The day of his interment was observed by a general suspension of business and a universal exhibition of grief, THE yOKK GAS COMPANY. For more than a century, York existed with- out being lighted by the town authorities. Itt front of many of the numerous old hotels lanterns, containing tallow candles or lard, were hung by the proprietor for the double purpose of lighting the way of footmen and inviting profitable customers. Saloons in th& basements were not so common then. In front of the houses of some of the wealthy citizens, lanterns were also placed. The inner apart- ments of houses were lighted by tallow can- dles, "fat- lamps," fish oil and sperm oil lamps. The invention of manufacturing illuminating gas from bituminous coal was made in the year ' 1792 by William Murdoch, of Cornwall,Eng- land. In 1798 he successfully proved his ex- periment by lighting a large foundry with artificial gas. A great event in the history of science was the illumination of the Lyceum Theatre, London, in 1803, by which it was first proven that the gas could be conveyed in pipes from one point to another. The first patent was obtained in 1804, and soon after this event the large cities were publicly lighted with gas. On the 24th of January, 1849, an act was BOROUGH OF YORK. 569 passed incorporating the " York Gas Com- pany." Dr. Alexander Small, Daniel Hart- man, Dr. W. S. Roland, Edward G. Smyser, Charles Weiser, William Wagner, Peter Mc- Intyre, A. J. Glossbrenner, Thomas P. Potts, Emerson Case, Dr. Luke Rouse, John Evans, Thomas E. Cochran and Matthew Tyler were the commissioners named in this act. July 3, 1849, Dr. Alexander Small was chosen president of the company; Thomas P. Potts, secretary and treasurer; A. J. Glossbrenner, Samuel Wagner, John Evans, W; S. Roland and Thomas E. Cochran, managers. A con- tract was made with the Trenton Improve- ment Company to build the works at a cost of $23,000. The entire amount expended was $85,000. The gas used until 1857 was made from rosin. The capital stock of the company at first was 120,000 — 400 shares at $50 a share. The capital stock is now $70,000. There are (1885) about 800 con- sumers and 10,000,000 cubic feet of gas are annually burned in York. The first superintendent of the works was Samuel Crull, who was followed by Satnuel Herman, Simon Kopp, John Schall and Jacob L. Kuehn. The last-named gentleman has occupied the position and performed its duties with excellent ability since the year 1856. Philip A. Small was for manj years presi- dent of the company, and was succeeded by David E. Small, who served until his death, when G. Edward Hersh, the present incum- bent, was elected. The board of managers are John A. Weiser (who has been treasurer for nearly thirty years), William H. Kurtz, Latimer Small, George S. Billmyer, John G. Schmidt and Jacob L. Kuehn. Entirely new works have been put up since 1868, at a cost of $70,000, and during the summer of 1885 additional new works were erected in an eligible spot, along the line of the Hanover & York Railway, at a cost of $40,000. An improved process of manufacturing gas has been introduced. PROSPECT HILL CEMETEKY. The site of this delightfully -located bury- ing place for the dead was, for nearly a cen- tury, known as Willis' Woods, owned chron- ologically by William, John and Samuel Willis. A charter of incorporation was granted, a company formed, and the ceme- tery grounds purchased and laid out in 1859. The remains of Capt. Enos Small were the first to be therein interred. There are 10, 000 bodies resting in this silent "city of the dead." It is tastefully laid off, and con- tains many fine and artistically-made monu- ments. The one near the entrance gate, dedicated to the memory of the lamented dead who lost their lives during the civil war, was placed there largely through the infiuence and exertion of some patriotic ladies of York. To the south side of the cemetery rest the remains of Philip Liviogstone, a signer of the declaration of Independence, from New York State, who died while congress was in session in York. His remains were first interred in the graveyard adjoining the Re- formed Church. They were taken to the cemetery soon after it was laid out, and a monument erected to his memory by Stephen Van Renselear, his grandson. Toward the west end of the grounds is the tomb of the late Jeremiah S. Black, the distinguished jurist, publicist and statesman. This cemetery, which now covers an area of seventy-five acres, is well taken care of by Mr. Morningstar. THE YORK CLUB. Among the social institutions of York worthy of notice is the York Club. The fol- lowing is abstracted from a sketch delivered at its twenty-fifth anniversary by William H. Jordan, treasurer since its commencement to the present time: In 1857, a few young men, who were accus- tomed to congregate at the "Old Washington House, " established this club. A room was selected on the second floor of Hartman's Building, and the following-named per- sons each subscribed $10 for the purpose of furnishing the same, viz.: Dr. Alexander Small, Dr. T. Tyrell, John Gibson, Dr. Richard Dingee, W. H. Jordan, E. C. Eichel- berger, J. Milton Bonham, J F. Rosenmiller, D. W. Barnitz, P. A. Eichelberger, J. C. Jor- dan, Peter Bentz, W. H. Strickler, Jacob Em- mitt, Jr., and Jere Carl. The first officers elected were: president, Dr. Alexander Small; vice-president, John Gibson; secretary, Jere Carl ; treasurer, W. H. Jordan; executive committee, John Gib- son, Peter Bentz and E. C. Eichelberger. Of the original members, six have died. Three have retained their membership uninter- ruptedly to date, viz. : J. P. Rosenmiller, J. C. Jordan and W. H. Jordan. April 1, 1872, the quarters were removed to the room which they now occupy in Centre Hall. Two members of the club have been mem- bers of congress, viz. : A. J. Glossbrenner and Levi Maish; four have served as members of the senate and house of representatives of Pennsylvania: W. H. Welsh, A. H. Glatz, Levi Maish and G. W. Heiges— Mr. Welsh 570 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. being chosen speaker of the senate in 1858; Chaiincey P. Black has recently been elected lieutenant-governor of this State; John Gib- son was elected and served as a member of the State constitutional convention of 1873, and in 1881 v?as elected additional law judge for York County, which position he now holds; W. C. Chapman, J. W. Bittenger, and John Blackford, have each held the posi- tion of district attorney of York County; W. H. Welsh, secretary of the American legation at the court of St. James, under Hon. James Buchanan; Jere Carl, chief -burgess of York; James A. Schall, cashier of York County National Bank; G. E. Hersh, president of York National Bank, and Farmers Fire In- surance Company; David Strickler, secretary of Farmers Fire Insurance Company; N. F. Burnham, president of York Opera House Association; E. "W. Spangler, secretary of the same, and now editor of the York Daily ; W. S. Koland, president York County Agricultural Society; A. H.Glatz and E. Chapin,' secretaries of the same; Horace Bonham, United States as- sessor; M. S. Eichelberger, J. W. Bittenger, J. W. Latimer, W. F. Bay Stewart and Daniel K. Trimmer, borough attorneys; H. H. Car- ter, superintendent Middle Division Penn- sylvania Railroad; H. E. Passmore, assistant supervisor Northern Central Railroad; John K. Gross, agent of the same at York, and Alexander Wentz, treasurer of York County. The fame of Edward Havilland as an archi- tect is widely known. Thirteen have given their services to their country in the late war, viz. : Ijevi Maish, John Schall, A. E. Lewis, J. Emmitt, Jr., Henry W. Spangler, A. H. Glatz, H. S. McNair, W. H. Lanius, E. R. Herr, E. W. Spangler, Charles Fox, John M. Young and O. K. Harris. Tbe club itself, in the emergency caused by the invasion of Gen. Lee in 1862, formed a company called the Keystone Guards, and under the leader- ship of John Gibson, as captain, was fully equipped, mustered into the service of the State, and was ready to march to its defense. They were detained at York by a dispatch from Gov. Curtin, and when the emergency ended were disbanded. The visitors , of the club include some of the most prominent men of the country, viz. : Govs, Hoyt, Hartranft, and Curtin, of Penn- sylvania; Cochran and Stenger, members of congress; Coms. Wells and Gibson, of the United States navy; Gens. Kilpatrick, Gib- son and Small, of the United States army; Judges Jere S. Black, Pere L. Wickes, and R. J. Fisher, members of the Grand Lodge of F. & A. M. of Pennsylvania; Capt. J. M. Marshall, of the regular army, and Lieut. Reeder, of the navy; Col. Devin and other ofiBcers of the New York Sixth Cavalry; Col. J. M. Riely, of "Winchester, Va. ; Gilmore Hoffman and H. "W. Corner, of Baltimore, Md. The late Dr. George Griffith, of Cali- fornia, was a frequent visitor and warm friend, and his handsome present, purchased in London, is proof of the esteem in which he held the club. George D. Prentice, Rob- ert Tyler, Park Benjamin and Dr. Shelton Mackenzie, lectured for the club in its earlier days. Among the resolutions adopted by the club, we find the following: "Resolved, that no games of chance or gambling of any kind be permitted in the York Club," which was carried unanimously, and has been adhered to ever since. List of Members from 1857 to 1882— Hv. Alexander Small, John Gibson, J. F. Rosen- miller, W. H. Jordan, Jere Carl. J. C. Jor- dan, W. H. Strickler, J. M. Bonham, D. W. Barnitz, Peter Bentz, E. C. Eichelberger, Dr. T. Tyrrell, F. A. Eichelberger, Jacob Emmitt, Horace Bonham, A. M. Barnitz, Levi Ar- nold, David Strickler, John "W. Schall, W. C. Chapman, S. S. Hersh, A. E. Lewis, John A. Weiser, Alex Wentz, Dr. R. Dingee, O. K. Harris, Robert Gibson, George Fisher, W. H. Welsh, H. W. Spangler, B. F. Spang- ler, John Williamson, A. H. Glatz, A. Gart- man, W. H. Kurtz, William Parrott, L. F. Allen, Charles Sprigg, C. F. Black, John Mclntyre, J. F. Shunk, Martin S. Eichelber- ger, J. W. Latimer, J. W. Bittenger, G. E. Hersh, J. D. Heiges, James Smith, Henry Black, Charles F. Sheafer, H. E. Passmore, L. M. Blackford, John Hough, S. Koohenour, J. A. Schall, N. F. Burnham, G. A. Heckert, W. S. Roland, W. H. Throne, T. K. White, Thomas White, E. Havilland, Charles Bell, G. W. Heiges, J. B. Hauer, William Smith, H. S. McNair, H.'M. Smyser, J. M. Danner, W. H. Lanius, A. J. Glossbrenner, Charles Karg, J. H. Hause, Levi Sprenkle, Charles J. Fox, C. S. Weiser, Jacob Brillinger, E. R. Herr, J. K. Gross, E. Chapin, John Black- ford, Horace Keesey, E. W. Spangler, J. M. Young, H. H. Carter, Levi Maish, W. F. Bay Stewart, D. K. Trimmer, John M. Young. List of Active Members, 1885. — John W. Bittenger, N. F. Burnham, Edward Chapin, James M. Danner, M. S. Eichelberger, Alfred Gartman, John Gibson, George W. Heiges, E. R. Herr, W. H. Jordan, John C. Jordan, Horace Keesey, W. H. Lanius, J. W. Lati- mer, H. S. McNair, Levi Maish, H. E. Pass- more, J. F. Rosenmiller, H. M. Smyser, E. W. Spangler, W. F. Bay Stewart, W. H. BOKOUGH or YORK. 571 Strickler, D. K. Trirumer, Charles Mayer, Grier Hersh, Richard E. Cochran, Schall Wilhelm, Gates B. Weiser. Deceased Members of the Club, 1885. — Dr. Alexander Small, Dr. Thomas Tyrrell, B. Franklin Spangler, D. Wagner Barnitz, Al- bert M. Barnitz, Thomas White, John Hough, Eobert Gibson, Edward C. Eichelberger, Ja- cob B. Hauer, John Williamson, Edward Havilland, Samuel S. Hersh, Louis F. Allen, Levi Sprenkle, Charles J. Fox, William Par- rott, James F. Shunk, Lewis M. Blackford, Frederick A. Eichelberger, Jacob Emraitt, George A. Heckerfc, Samuel Kochenour, Charles C. Sprigg, John Blackford, O. K. Harris. Officers, 1857. — President, Dr. Alexander Small; vice-president, Hon. John Gibson; secretary, Jere Carl; treasurer, William H. Jordan. Officers, 1885. — President, James W. Lat- imer; vice-president, N. F. Burnham; sec- retary, Horace Keesey; treasurer, William H. Jordan. THE OPEKA HOUSE. Od the east side of South Duke Street, dur- ing the year 1882, was built the beautiful and artistically designed York Opera House, now the pride of the amusement-loving peo- ple of the town. It was built by a stock company, who elected as the first officers the following-named persons: N. F. Burnham, president; John Blackford, vice-president; Frank Geise, secretary; Jere Carl, treasurer. The cost of the building was $38,000. There have since been added a number of needed conveniences. It was opened during the fall of 1882 by the distinguished comedian, John S. Clarke. The present officers are N. F. Burnham, president; David Rupp, vice-pres- ident; B. C. Pentz, secretary and C. M. Bill- myer, treasurer. THE FBANKLIN LYCEUM. Among the memorable institutions of York was the Franklin Lyceum, originally the Franklin Debating Society, a literary associ- ation for " mutual improvement," by means of debates, essays and lectures, which held its meetings on the third floor of the York County Academy building. This hall was the public lecture room of York at that time, when a church edifice was not used for that purpose. Many of the young men of that day, pupils of the academy and others, de- rived great benefit from its teachings and discussions. It was formed in December, 1839, and continued in active operation until 1845. In the State House, that stood in the Centre Square, which was torn down with the old court house, in 1841, was the York County Library, a large collection of stand- ard works, which was removed to the room occupied by the Franklin Lyceum. But, in course of time, for want of any library organ- ization, the books were carried off, and no doubt grace many private libraries. Efforts were made from time to time to have this library restored, the members of the Lyceum advertising for the missing books, but with- out success. Among the members of this as- sociation, now deceased, were G. Christopher Stair, David F. Williams, D. Spangler Wag- ner, Joseph Garretson, Charles M. Smyser, William Sayres, David E. Small and Erastus H. Weiser. Among the living, who were members, are Daniel Kirkwood (the great astronomer), Eev. Augustus C. Wedikind, D, D. ; Eev. John Fritz; Commander William Gibson, "United States navy; Gen. H. Gates Gibson, United States army; Thomas Frank- lin, civil engineer; W. Henry Welsh, for- merly State senator from York County and speaker of the senate, and Henry J. Stable, editor of the Gettysburg Covipiler. After the dissolution of the Lyceum, in 1845, there was formed the Franklin Literary Associa- tion, with the same object. This was com- posed of the younger fry and continued in existence until 1848. The Franklin Lyceum was subsequently reorganized in 1849, and continued for several years. THE UNITED LIBEAEY ASSOCIATION. This valuable acquisition to the borough of York was originated through the united efforts. of different secret organizations. George E, Sherwood offered a resolution at a meeting of Humane Lodge No. 342, I. O. O. F., on January 10, 1874,which called for the estab- lishment of a library; whereupon, George E. Sherwood, John M. Deitch, James H. Fisher,. Henry J. Deitch, Franklin L. Seiffert and. Harry Lamott, a committee who secured a union of efforts on the part of the Mount Zion, Hamane and Harmonia Lodges and Mount Vernon Encampment of Odd Fellows, Cone wago, Conewingo and Cddorus Council of Eed Men, York and Star Circles of Union Brotherhood, Eureka Council of Knights of the Mystic Chain, Keystone Lodge, Indepen- dent Order Mechanics, White Rose Lodge, Knights of Pythias, Eose and Codorus Coun- cil of American Mechanics, York and Zere- detha Lodges of Masons and William Pena Lodge of Manchester Unity 0. F.,met repre- sentatives from all these lodges in the wig. wam of Conewago Council and agreed to 36 672 HISTOKY OF YORK COUNTY. establish a library for the special use of their members, and the general use of the public. The first officers elected, were president, George E. Sherwood; vice-president, John M. Deitch; librarian, John Hays; assistant libra- rian, A. K. Burger; treasurer, Charles A. Key- worth; secretary, James H. Fisher; attendant, Walter B. Shaffer; managers, Jacob Dick, Solomon Myers, George E. Sherwood. J. M. Deitch, D. Philip Heckert,W. P. Bay Stewart, Curtis Sanders, Joseph W. Ilgenfritz, John Hays, Jacob Lebach, William H. Bastress, A. K. Burger, Charles Keyworth, James H. Fisher, John Stallman, W. E. Moore, George E. Becker, William H. Albright and J. P. Madsen. Six hundred volumes were first pro- cured, and the library opened to the public. The first rules of the library have been changed by consent of the various bodies interested, and require at this time an annual donation of $20, from the several lodges to secure their respective membership free tickets. All other persons, not members of any of the original organizations, desiring to make usa of the library, are required to pay the nominal fee of $1 per annum, to entitle them to free use of the library. The last catalogue issued shows that there are now over 3,000 volumes in use, classified as follows: Fiction, 1,198; history, 310; mis- cellaneous works, 560; statistical, 690; secret society works, 51; literary and scientific, 149; poetical, 47; German works, 103. The board of officers and managers at this date consists of the following gentlemen: president, George E. Sherwood; vice-presi- dent, John M. Deitch; secretary, James H. Fisher; librarian, John Hays; assistant libra- rian, William H. Bastress; treasurer, Solomon Myers, managers; George E. Sherwood, John M. Deitch, Solomon Myers, Curtis San- ders, Joseph W. Ilgenfritz, Jacob Lebach, William H. Bastress, George A. Sleeger, D. P. Heckert, Albertus Hibner, W. Haaok and John Hays. THE BENEVOLENT ASSOCIATION. The Benovolent Association has been in existence for many years and has done a great amount of good in assisting the poor of York. The late Samuel Small was president of it, and gave liberally of his means. Many thousands of dollars worth of provisions, clothing, wood and coal have been distributed among those deserving of assistance. Judge David Fahs for several years past has taken a great and worthy interest in this work and has done much good. He thus has con- tributed greatly to the comfort and happiness of many a deserving person. THE YOEK WATER COMPANY. A move was made by enterprising citizens of York during the year 1815 to supply the borough of York with water. By act of as- sembly, George Spangler, William Nes, John Barnitz, George Small, C. F. Fisher, Abra- ham Gartman and Jacob Smyser were ap- pointed commissioners to receive subscrip- tions to stock. No member was originally allowed to take more than four shares; $3 on each share were to be paid at the time of subscription. A board of nine managers was elected at a meeting held in the court house on Monday, the 18th of March, 1816; as fol- lows: John Barnitz, George Spangler, Martin Danner, Abraham Gartman, John Demuth, Peter Small, Christian Lanius, George Small, and David Cassat. Contracts for 16,000 feet of trunks or logs, with a bore of four inches, were made at the public house of George Hay, March 19, 1816. David Cassat was first president; John Barnitz, secretary, and George Haller, treasurer. The same com- pany with many changes in management, still supplies the town with water. Within the past few years noted improvements have been made, and the source of supply changed from the original place. At present there are about 3,500 consumers in the town. The engine and water works to obtain supplies from the Codorus were built in 1850; the present reservoir on South Queen Street was constructed in 1852. FRANKLIN INSTITUTE.* The history of what is now known as the Franklin Institute dates back to August 6, 1878, when a secret organization, then known as the Excelsior Literary Society, was organ- ized. The persons who originated this soci- ety, were E. O. Goodling, Samuel Price, Elmer E. Ilgenfritz, Jacob Stager, Jr., Oliver Weiser, George Pinkerton and C. V. B. Aurand. These persons met at the residence of Jacob Stager, Sr., on South Park Alley. E. O. Goodling was elected president; Elmer E. Ilgenfritz, vice-president; C. V. B. Aurand, secretary; Oliver Weiser, assistant secretary; George Pinkerton, treasurer. The society afterward held its meetings in the lodge room of the " Junior American Mechanics," in Lebach's Building, Centre Square, where its name was changed to "Goethean Literary Society, " by which title it was known until it dissolved, November 3, 1879. The founders of the Franklin were Perry J. M. Heindel, E. O. Goodling, C.V. B. Aurand, George Swords, Charles Stager, Jacob Stager, Jr., B. F. Harnish, Jeff. Lee Davis, B. F. Briggs, J. T. •By r. L. Spangler. BOROUGH or HANOVER. 573 Eubie, Jr., F. P. Ilgenfritz and G. Wegman. On the night of February 24, 1879, these persons adjourned from the hall of the Goethean to the parlors of the Central Hotel, opposite the court house, where the following officers were elected: president, E. O. Good- ling ; vice-president, Perry J. M. Heindel; secretary, Jeff. Lee Davis; assistant secretary, George A. Swords; treasurer, Jacob Stager, Jr. On the 28th of April an entertainment was given by the Franklin in Odd Fellows' Hall, from which sufficient funds were real- ized to enable the society to rent and furnish a room on the second floor of 222 West Market Street, over what was then Wallick's book-store. Here the quarters of the Frank- lin remained until April 4, 1881. On April 4, 1881, a room on the fourth floor of Small's mercantile and law building was rented and occupied. This event was also celebrated by special exercises and a banquet. Prof. Thiele's Amateur Orchestra, at this time connected with the society, and largely composed of its members, furnished the music for the occasion. In June, 1884, the fourth anniversary enter- tainment was given in the Odd Fellows' Hall. This entertainment gave an impetus to the progress of the Franklin, from which it has at this date not declined. In December, 1884, the constitution of the Institute was amended so as to admit ladies to full active membership. This was one of the most fortunate steps that the Institute- had yet taken, as it supplied an element in its working material that lends an influence at once refining and elevating in all the social and moral relations of its member- ship. The Institute has at present a list of forty- five active members, whose zeal, energy, and intelligence have made their organization an efficient agency in the moral elevation of the young men and women of the town. THE BOROUGH OF HANOVER. DURING the year 1728, John Digges, a petty Irish nobleman of Prince George's County, Md., obtained a grant for 10,000 acres of the rich agricultural lands which now surround the town of Hanover. When Lord Baltimore gave this grant, the land was thought to be in the province of Maryland. The conflicting claims concern- ing this land and the difficulties of the early settlers, are fully given in an article, headed "Digges' Choice," in the front part of this work, to which the reader's attention is directed. Digges' tract extended into what is now Adams County. A few of the first settlers were Catholics, but as early as 1731, some thrifty Germans, the descendants of whom are now among the most prominent citizens of the community, came and took possession of most 'of this fertile land. The following is a copy of one of John Digges' bonds to give at some future time an absolute title to the land which was granted him: Know all men by these presents, that I, John Digges, of Prince George's County, in the Province of Maryland, Gent, am held and firmly bound un- to Adam Paurney (Forney), of Philadelphia coun- ty, in the Province of Pennsylvania, Farmer and 1 aylor, in the full and Just sum of Sixty pounds current money of Maryland, to which payment well and truly to be made and done, I bind myself, my Heirs, Executors and Administrators, firmly by these presents. Sealed with my seal and dated this fifth day of October, Anno Domino, 1731. The condition of the above obligation is such that if the above bound John Digges, his Heirs, Executors or Administrators, stall and will at the reasonable request of the above Adam Paurney, make & order by sufiicient conveyance according to the custom and common usage of the Province of- Maryland, a certain paroell of land containing one hundred and fifty acres, already marked out by the above named Adam Faurney, near a place known by the name of Robert Owings' Spring, and on the same tract of land where the said Robert Owing now Dwells in the Province of Maryland, then this obligation to be void, otherwise to remain in full force and virtue in Law. JOHN DIGGES, Sealed and Delivered in the Presence of us, Gbokgb Douglass, JOHASN PbTEK ZaRICH. The "Annals of Hanover," by M. O. Smith, to whom we are indebted for many facts in the history of Hanover, gives the following names of persons, who were among the first settlers on "Digges' Choice": Adam Forney and Peter Zarich, in 1731; David Young, Adam Miller, Adam Messier, John Lemmon, 1732; Valentine and Conrad Eyler, in 1734; Henry Sell and Martin Kitzmiller, 1736; Jacob and Derrick Young- blood, Peter Raysher, Adam Forney, 1737; while Charles Jones, Peter Youngblood, Andrew Shriver, Matthias Marker, Peter and William Olers, Jacob Banker, and Peter Welby came before 1737. By 1741, Herman Updegraef, shoe-maker, Peter Shultz, black- smith, Leonard Barnes, Peter Ensminger, Matthias Ullery or Ullrich, and William Loyston, and many others. There was no place in the whole history of Pennsylvania where so many intricate points of law came up for discussion and de- 574 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. cision, concerning the land titles, as around Hanover. These conflicting claims of Penn- sylvania and Maryland were once the topic for discussion by the king in council, and veere supposed to be finally settled when Ma- son and Dixon's line was run, which crosses the turnpike six miles south of Hanover. Ac- tion in the courts continued until nearly the period of the Revolution, when jurisdiction, by royal permission, was extended to the boundary line in 1774. By a letter from William Digges, dated "York Countv, Han- over Town, April 18, 1774," to James Til- inghman, it appears there were yet " unsold divers parcels of the tract of land known by the name of Digges' Choice," and purchasers had offered and contracts deferred on ac- count of the boundaries of the tract not hav- ing been ascertained; he states that he had applied to Archibald McOlean, who is well acquainted with the lines thereof and set- tlements adjoining, and who also resides within the same, for a survey, but who de- clined, without having an order from the proprietaries. (See Affidavits II Archives 76-83). EAELY HISTOBY. About 1763, at the junction or crossing of the high road from Baltimore to Carlisle, and that from Philadelphia and York to Frederick, stood a two-story log-tavern*, in a small clearing, surrounded by a hickory forest. This public inn and store were the "headquarters" of Coaewago Settlement, and stood in the southeastern part of the above- mentioned tract, known as "Digges' Choice." McAllister's tavern was a popular resting place, the roads which crossed there being much traveled. Eichard McAllister, the pro- prietor, was an adventurous Scotch-Irishman, who had located here before the erection of the county in 1749, and had acquired a powerful influence over the Germans, who had al- ready thickly settled in these parts. At what date he came to Digges' Choice, is not known. McAllister had but a single near neighbor, one Schmeltzer, whose one-story log dwelling, stood a short distance down the Frederick road (on the lot now owned and occupied by Mr. John Eckert). Yet one day the Scotch-Irishman announced his in- tention to found a village on his land. This declaration caused a sensation throughout the neighborhood — the stolid Germans de- claring the project a wild scheme. Rev. Wiestling, in his account of the founding of Hanover, written in 1818, gives the follow- *This building still exists, standing at the corner of the fourth alley south of the square, on Baltimore Street. Cased ■with brick, it is still a handsome residence, occupied by the present owner, Mr. Jeremiah Melhorn. ing anecdote, illustrating what McAllister's neighbors thought of his intention: "A very aged and respected lady of a remarkably re- tentive memory, related a few years ago, the following anecdote on this subject: A certain farmer of those days, returning to his family, after some visits through the neighborhood, thus addressed his wife in the presence of the lady above alladed to, 'Mammy' (this was then, and is yet, a very common address of the Germans to their wives); 'Mammy, I have great news to tell you — Richard Mc- Allister is going to make a town !' The wife after some inquiries and observations, said, with a sarcastic smile, which spoke more than words, ' Ha ! ha ! ha ! I am afraid that man will turn a fool at last, I think he will call his town Hickorytown.'" THE TOWN OF HANOVER. Notwithstanding the derision of the set- tlers McAllister laid out the town, in 1763 or 1764. He placed the centre of it on the higher ground to the southwest of his resi- dence, and changed the course of the roads to conform to the plan of the streets. The latter he named from the places to which the roads led; that running toward Frederick being called Frederick Street; that toward York, York Street; that toward Carlisle, Car- lisle Street, and that toward Baltimore, Bal- timore Street. What is now known as Ab- bottstpwn Street, was called "Pidgeon Street," as it led to Pidgeon Hills, although it ended at Harrisburg, or " Harris' Ferry." The original intention of the founders of all towns at that date, seems not to have been so much a desire for fame, or to realize an immediate fortune, as to make an invest- ment that would continue to yield a hand- some revenue forever. Hence all lots were sold subject to a yearly rent of a certain number of shillings. Some property in Han- over is still held under such title, and the rent must be paid to the legal representatives of the estate of Richard McAllister. The deeds also required the purchaser to build a house at least eighteen feet square on the lot, within two years after the date of the deed. The first house, after the lots were staked oif, was on Frederick Street, on the site of the house now owned and occupied by Isaac Wise, was built by John Nusser, who was derisively called the "Governor of McAllister- town," on account of having built the first house in the new town. Several other houses were built soon afterward, all of logs, and each two stories in height. One of these stood on Frederick Street where John BOEOUGH OF HANOVER. 575 Kupp now lives; another where Daniel S. Barnitz now resides, and still another on the site of O'Bold's Building — the last two being on Broadway. Some disorder was occasioned by the dispute as to the jurisdiction of Penn- sylvania and Maryland, but this was not serious, as that trouble had expended its fury before Hanover was laid out as a town. The title of " Eogues' Harbor," or " Rogues' Resort," was given to Hanover, on account of the number of fugitives from justice that found a refuge on this disputed land. The following is from Rev. Wiestling's narrative: " If the sheriff of York County could catch a delinquent half a mite out of town, in a northeast direction, then he might legally make him his prisoner, under the authority of the courts of this county; but neither in town nor nearer the town than that, had he any ministerial power." An anecdote, related by a respectable old gentleman, deserves credit: A number of robbers having broken into McAllister's store, he seized thein and took them to York for confinement, but the sheriff refused to admit them, saying, ' ' You, of Hanover, wish to be independent: punish your villains yourselves." The number of disreputable characters who sought refuge in Hanover must have been considerably exag- gerated by tradition, for, as stated above, the town had but five or six houses in 1764, and in 1768, it was decided to be in Pennsylvania by the running of Mason and Dixon's line. The new town was named Hanover, at the suggestion of Michael Tanner, a friend of McAllister, and a native of Hanover, in Ger- many. Tanner had been commissioned one of his majesty's justices of the peace as early as 1755, and was one of the commissioners appointed to lay off York County in 1749. The Jots of the new town were sold at fair prices. As an evidence of this. Lot No. 22, on Carlisle Street, next lot north of St. Mark's Lutheran Church, now the site of Mrs. M. W. Barnitz's handsome residence, was bought from McAllister by George Blin- singer for £4, on the 19 th day of March, 1794. The early settlers of this locality, and even as late as the founding of Hanover, were frequently visited by Indians, but no record is given of them committing much depreda- tion. One instance of remarkable note, how- ever, was the shooting* of Adam Forney, which occurred on the 17th of March, 1748. A red man, under the influence of intoxicat- ing liquor, called at Forney's house, and asked him for rum. Forney gave him one *This occurred within a few yards of tliefarm houee of Karl Forney, now occupied by his son, Samuel Forney. drink, when he demanded more, which was refused. The Indian became very much en- raged, started away, but soon returned, hav- ing a loaded gun in his hand, and shot For- ney in the breast. The Indian was captured, taken before Justice Swope, of York, and after a hearing, was imprisoned, and was not released until Adam Forney recovered from his painful wounds. Indians frequent- ly Visited Hanover in small bodies, as late as the beginning of the Revolutionary war in 1775, sometimes greatly frightening some of the inhabitants, but doing no injury to them. They came chiefly for the purpose of beg- ging from the whites or trading with them. TAXABLE INHABITANTS IN 178^. The county commissioner ordered a special assessment and census taken in York County during the year 1783. Heidelberg Town- ship, laid off in 1750, included till 1815 the town of Hanover and an area of territory not much greater than "Digges' Choice." Being a rich agricultural section, it was densely populated in 1783. The owners of "lots." as designated in the following list, lived in Han- over. The valuation is on a specie basis. The names here given include all residents of Heidelberg Township, which then extended into what is now Adams County. Valuation. Magdalena Adams, owned 150 acres, 4 horses, 4 cattle, 3 sheep, had 7 persons in her fam- ily. Property valuation, £864 18s. Joseph Adams, 100 acres, 2 horses, 3 cattle, 6 sheep, 6 persons, £545 16s. ' .Tacob Adams, 20 acres, 1 horse, 1 still £156 Frederic Albright, 1 lot, 1 cow, 5 persons 173 Andrew Bear, 2 horses, 3 cattle, 4 sheep, 3 per- sons, £33 4s. John Bauman, 1 cow, 6 persons 30 Michael Bear, 93 .acres, 2 horses, 4 cattle, 4 sheep, 8 persons, £536 4s. Jacob Bayer, 1 horse, 1 cow, 7 persons 37 Jonathan Boilendaum, 165 acres, 2 horses, 2 cattle, 4 sheep, 1 trade. 7 persons 743 Dr. John Baker, 1 acre, 3 horses, 1 cow, 7 per- sons, £183 4s. John Blum, 5 acres, 1 cow, 3 persons, £43 IDs. Christian Bear, 100 acres, 3 horses, 4 cattle, 6 sheep, 5 persons 659 Martin Bayer, 120 acres, 3 horses 3 cattle, 6 sheep, 6 persons 657 John Bowman, 150 acres, 4 horses, 4 cattle, 6 ■ sheep, 8 persons, £957 16s. John Bardt, 4 persons 50 William Bradly, 1 lot, 1 cow, 4 persons 114 George Blintzinger, 3 lots, 1 horse, 1 cow, 7 per- sons 386 Daniel Barnitz (innkeeper), 1 horse, 1 cow, 1 brewery, 8 persons 750 Frederick Berling, 1 lot, 1 cow, 6 persons 109 Christian Bixler, 1 trade, 3 persons 30 David Beaker, 3 horses, 1 cow, 7 persons 52 John Brasser, 1 cow, 3 persons 19 Jacob Boas,l lot,l horse, 1 cow, 1 trade,5 persons 416 Frederic Bentz, 1 lot, 1 cow, 5 persons 299 Jacob Beltz, 1 lot, 1 cow, 7 persons 164 576 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. Valuation. Michael Baargelt, 1 lot, 1 cow, 10 persons £89 Jacob Bahn, 1 lot, 1 horse, 1 cow, 5 persons 373 Thomas Butler, 5 acres, 5 persons 100 Peter Conrad, 160 acres, 2 horses, 3 cattle, 5 sheep, 7 persons, £887 10s. Jacob Clay, 1 lot, 1 cow, 7 persons 141 Simon Clar, 80 acres, 2 horses, 3 cattle, 8 sheep, 10 persons 414 George Carl, 160 acres, 3 horses, 8 cattle,. 5 sheep, 1 slave, 3 persons 979 Abraham Coons, .5 acres, 1 cow, 2 persons. .,. .. 61 Michael Coppenhefer, 1 lot, 1 horse, 1 cow, 1 sheep, 6 persons 289 James Driskel, 1 cow, 6 persons 4 "Vyilliam Digges, 250 acres 1250 Conrad Dottora, 200 acres, 4 horses, 4 cattle, 10 sheep, 8 persons 987 Henry Banner, 1 lot, 8 persons 175 Mathias Deck, 2 lots, 5 persons 100 John Decker. 2 persons Timothy Duffy, 1 lot, 3 persons 100 Andrew Etzler, inn-keeper, 64 acres, 2 horses, 4 cattle, 8 sheep, 8 persons, £482 8s. Michael Emlet, 20 acres, 1 horse, 3 cattle, 2 sheep, 5 persons, £145 12s. JohnEckert,70 acres, 3 horses, 3 cattle, 3 sheep, 4 persons 503 Conrad Eckert, 100 acres, 3 horses, 2 cattle, 5 sheep, 4 persons, £463 10s, Joseph Erman, 20 acres, 1 horse, 1 cow, 8 per- sons 146 George Etzler, 160 acres. 2 horses, 8 cattle, 6 sheep, 10 persons, £1066 8s. Frederick Eyler, 1 lot, 1 cow, 5 persons 298 Jacob Eichelberger, 6 acres, 1 lot, 1 cow, 4 per- sons 379 Leonard Eichelberger, 1 lot, 1 horse, 3 cattle, 1 trade. 8 persons 349 Daniel Eister, 165 acres, 4 horses, 11 cattle, 7 sheep. 10 persons 1000 Conrad Pink, 300 acres, 4 horses, 8 cattle, 10 persons 1310 John Fink, 4 persons 50 Widow Forney, 100 acres, 2 horses, 3 cattle, 4 sheep, 5 persons, £682 4s. Adam Forney, 8 acres, 1 horse, 1 tannery, 1 trade, 1 person 413 George Fletter 5 acres, 3 cattle, 5 persons 68 Peter Freed.lSO acres,8 horses, 5 cattle,6 sheep, 8 persons, £737 16s. Philip Freeman, 5 acres, 1 cow, 8 persons 54 Peter Flickinger, 180 acres, 3 horses, 4 cattle, 8 sheep, 7 persons, £940 8s. Nicholas Feels, 3 lots, 1 cow, 1 trade. 7 persons, 48 Widow Fauble, 1 lot 135 Alex. Forsythe, inn-keeper, 2 horses, 1 cow, 3 slaves, 9 persons 500 John Faller, l lot, 1 horse, 1 cow, 1 trade, 7 per- sons .- 341 John Fiel, 3 lots, 1 cow, 3 slaves, 1 person 104 Michael GrafiE, 1 cow, 1 trade, 3 persons 64 Christian GraH, 193 acres, 1 horse, 3 cattle, 5 sheep, 1 saw-mill, 7 persons, £1140 10s. John Greesmore, 5 acres, 1 cow, 9 persons 49 Leonard Geisel, 180 acres, 3 horses, 3 cattle, 10 sheep, 9 persons 1084 Daniel Glebsaddel, 4 persons 50 Christopher Green, 1 lot, 1 trade, 4 persons 183 Christian Graff. 1 lot, 1 cow, 1 trade, 5 persons. 344 Charles Gelwix, inn-keeper, 1 lot, 1 horse, 1 cow, 10 persons 376 Nicholas Gelwix, 3 lots, 1 horse, 2 cattle, 1 still, 1 trade, 8 persons, £361 12s. Peter Gelwix, 1 lot, 1 cow, 1 trade, 6 persons. . 44 Francis Gillmyer, store-keeper, 1 lot, 6 persons 379 John Great, 110 acres, 1 lot, 3 horses, 4 cattle, 9 sheep, 1 trade, 8 persons, £957 14s. Valuation. Jacob Houck, 1 cow, 1 trade, 3 persons £79 Henry Horn, 10 acres, 1 cow, 3 sheep, 5 persons, £84 18s. Andrew Herger, 3 cattle, 5 persons 8 John Hinkel, 15 acres 75 Conrad Hoke, 1 lot, 1 cow, 1 slave, 1 trade, 10 persons 736 Jacob Hostetter, 50 acres, 1 horse, 1 cow, 11 persons 360 Francis Helm, inn keeper, 11 acres, 1 lot, 3 horses, 1 cow, 5 sheep, 1 oil-mill, 7 persons 697 Philip Helt, 7 persons 50 Jacob Hellman, 1 lot, 1 cow, 1 trade, 7 persons 364 Christian Houck, 8 persons 13 Christian Hoffman, 2 lots, 1 cow, 1 trade, 9 per- sons 279 Henry Hoke, 1 lot, 1 cow, 1 trade, 4 persons. . . 259 David Houck, 2.persons 50 Jacob Hopeman, 1 lot, 1 cow, 1 trade, 4 persons 179 Michael House, Sr., 1 lot, 1 cow 12 Michael Hou.se, Jr., 8 persons 104 Paul Hahn, 1 lot 80 Bernhardt Houck, 1 lot, 1 cow, 1 trade, 6 per- sons 134 Francis Heaslet, 1 lot 100 Robert Irvin, 1 lot, 1 horse, 1 cow, 4 persons.. . 178 Philip Julius, 100 acres, 3 horses, 4 cattle, 4 sheep, 5 persons, £488 4s. Jacob Johnston, 1 lot, 1 cow, 2 persons 309 Martin Kerbach, 150 acres, 3 horses, 2 cattle, 3 sheep, 9 persons 666 Philip Kerbach, 8 persons John Kehler, 3 persons Conrad Kief aber, 150 acres 750 Andrew Kirshweiler, 5 acres, 3 cattle, 3 persons 33 Peter Kehler, 6 acres, 8 cattle, 5 persons 103 John Krafft, 1 lot, 1 cow, 1 slave, 5 persons. . . . 376 Wendel Keller, 3 lots, 1 horse, 3 cattle, 1 trade, 7 persons 845 John Keller, 4 persons 30 Jacob Keagy, 160 acres, 3 horses, 3 cattle, 6 sheep, 5 persons, £1325, 6s. Baltzer King, 1 lot, 2 persons 90 Frederick Kwitz, 1 lot, 1 cow, 7 persons 189 John Kitzmiller, 1 lot 70 George Kuhn, 1 acre, 1 horse, 1 cow, 1 slave, 4 persons 266 Ludwig Klein, 1 acre 200 David Kleindienst, 1 acre, 1 cow, 6 persons. . . . 229 William Kitt, 1 acre, 1 horse, 1 cow, 5 persons. . 356 Joseph Kientz, 1 acre, 1 cow, 4 persons 54 Joseph Lilley, 488 acres 1953 William Little, 1 lot, 1 cow, 6 persons 184 Nicolas Meyer, 1 cow, 3 persons. 13 Andrew Martin, 3 cattle, 10 persons 8 Francis Marshal, 50 acres, 3 horses, 3 cattle, 6 persons 247 Simon Melhorn, Jr., 9 acres, 1 cow, 6 persons. . 84 Simon Melhorn, Sr., 35 acres, 1 horse, 3 cattle, 4sheep, 9 persons 186 Patrick McSherry, 100 acres, ground rent, £15 . 515 Richard McCalister, Esq., 140 acres, 3 lots, 3 horses, 4 cattle, 15 sheep, 5 slaves, ground rent, £75, 3 persons 089 Leonard Middelkauf, 347 acres, 5 horses, 6 cattle, 6 sheep, 6 persons H95 Philip Mielhofe, 1 lot, 8 persons 334 James McLean, 3 horses, 8 cattle, 5 persons — 48 John Miller, Sr., 163 acres, 3 horses, 3 cattle, 9 sheep, 1 grist-mill, 8 persons 1124 Christ. Millheim, 10 acres, 1 horse, 1 cow, 3 per- sons 376 John Milliron, 1 cow, 1 trade, 3 persons 54 Paul Metzger, store-keeper, 1 lot, 1 horse. 1 cow, 7 persons 441 Philip Myer, 1 lot, 1 horse, 1 cow, 8 persons. . . 541 Robert McGrlft, 5 acres, 4 persons 55 BOEOUGH OF HANOVEB. 577 Valuation. Paul Miller, 89 acres, 3 horses, 3 cattle, 6 per- sons £ 436 Joseph Newmiller, 3 persons 15 George Neas, 1 lot, 3 persons. 150 Jacob Nusser, Jr., store-keeper, 1 lot, 1 horse, 1 cow : 170 Mathias.Neas, 8 lots, 1 horse, 3 cattle, 1 tan- yard, IS persons '. 970 Jacob Nusser, Sr., store-keeper, 1 lot, 1 cow, 1 trade, 3 persons 110 David Newman, 1 lot, 1 cow, 7 persons 434 Nicholas Oulenbach, 5 acres.'l cow, 5 persons.. 81 John O'Conner, 5 acres, 1 cow, 8 persons 54 Joseph Obold, 197 acres, 3 horses, 4 cattle, 4 sheep, 4 persons 1137 Sebastian Obold, 3 horses, 8 cattle, 3 persons. . 95 Robert Owiugs, 155 acres, 3 horses, 5 cattle, 18 sheep, 4 slaves, 5 persons 1088 William Owings, 185 acres, 6 horses, 7 cattle, 24 sheep, 8 slaves, 13 persons 1179 Thomas Owings, 3 cattle, 13 sheep, 7 persons. . 11 Philip OflEenbauch, 3 persons Rev. Jacob Pellence, 500 acres, 8 horses, 11 cattle, 30 sheep, 6 slaves, 5 persons 3511 Ludwig Reinhardt, 1 horse, 3 cattle, 5 sheep, 3 persons 46 Andrew Reinhardt, 1 cow, 5 persons 16 Jacob Ritter, 3 persons 60 James Rees, 4 persons John Reisinger, 1 lot, 1 cow, 6 persons 116 Michael Rittelmosser, 1 lot, 1 cow, 5 persons. . . 154 Casper Reinecker, store-keeper, 35 acres, 1 lot, 3 horses, 3 cattle, 1 slave, 7 persons 780 Jacob Rudisill, 1 lot, 1 horse, 1 cow, 1 slave, 5 persons 831 Adam Stump, 150 acres, 4 horses, 4 cattle, 4 sheep, 7 persons 855 Peter Shuey, 113 acres, 4 horses, 3 cattle, 4 sheep, 5 persons 551 Conrad Shreiber, 50 acres, 3 horses, 8 cattle, 5 sheep, 10 persons 343 Henry Staab, 3 horses, 3 cattle, 4 sheep, 6 per- sons 49 John Shorb, 150 acres, 3 horses, 5 cattle, 6 sheep, 8 persons 875 Philip Staab, 50 acres, 3 horses, 3 cattle, 6 per- sons Anthony Shorb, 8 horses, 3 cattle, 3 sheep, 3 persons 48 Benjamin Sells, 176 acres, 4 horses, 4 cattle, 6 sheep, 6 persons ■. 1055 Philip Schlagenhaubt, 3 horses, 3 cattle, 6 per- sons 38 Philip Shlentz, 5 acres, 3 cattle, 3 persons 71 Henry Spitzer, 5 acres, 8 cattle, 5 persons 58 Ludwig Shreiber, 80 acres, 1 horse, 4 cattle, 10 sheep, 1 grist-mill, 5 persons 608 John Spitler store-keeper, 3 cattle, 3 persons. . 830 George Smith, 3 persons Casper Shifler, 1 lot, 1 cow, 1 trade, 8 persons. . 179 Andrew Shreiver, 165 acres, 5 horses, 4 cattle, 13 sheep, 1 still. 11 persons 1030 Peter Shreiver, 130 acres, 3 horses, 3 cattle, 7 sheep, 1 still, 4 persons 753 Christian Stemy, 3 horses, 3 cattle, 6 persons. . . 20 George Stoner, 70 acres, 6 cattle, 6 sheep, 1 slave, 5 persons 405 Peter Shultz, 199 acres, 3 horses, 3 cattle, 6 sheep, 9 persons 1083 Jacob Shuh, 1 horse, 1 cow, 8 persons 38 Henry Shaser, Hot 175 Daniel Sprenkel, 1 lot, 1 horse, 1 cow, 1 sheep, 6 persons 151 Henry Shultz, 8 lots, 1 horse, 1 cow, 6 persons. 816 John Sims, 1 lot, 3 sheep, 8 persons 300 Hill Savige, 1 horse, 1 cow, 8 persons 366 Philip Sholl, 1 lot, 1 horse, 1 cow, 7 persons 366 Valuation. George Shreyer, 1 lot, 1 horse, 1 cow, 1 trade, 7 persons £ 866 John Schmeltzer, 1 lot, 1 cow, 6 persons 97 Frederic Shultz, 1 lot, 1 horse, 1 cow, 3 persons 239 Conrad Swope, 1 lot, 1 horse, 1 cow, 7 persons. 486 George Stater, 3 lots, 1 cow, 8 persons 859 Rev. Daniel Shroeder, 1 lot, 3 persons 125 Jacob Stealy, 45 acres, 1 horse, 1 cow, 6 persons 866 John Thomas, 190 acres, 4 horses, 4 cattle, 6 sheep, 7 persons 1077 Philip Timmons, 6 persons Michael Ulej', 3 horses 33 John Waltman, 1 lot, 1 cow, 3 persons 59 Jacob Will, 3 persons Peter Will, 100 acres, 4 horses, 3 cattle, 4 sheep, 3 persons 586 Henry Will, 3 persons John Wisler, 117 acres, 3 horses, 3 cattle, 5 sheep, 6 persons .' 684 Henry Waltman, 15 acres, 3 cattle, 3 sheep, 6 persons 145 Jacob Wine, 5 acres, 1 cow, 3 persons 35 Peter AVill, Jr., 5 acres, 1 cow, 4 persons 89 Nicholas Walter, 5 acres, 1 horse, 1 cow, "1 trade, 8 persons 71 Nicholas Walter, Jr., 1 horse, 1 cow, 6 persons. 81 Michael Will, 133 acres, 1 person 750 Martin Will, 50 acres, 3 horses, 4 cows, 8 sheep, 4 persons 344 Jacob Will, 130 acres, 3 horses, 6 cattle, 10 sheep, 1 mill, 9 persons 983 John Will, 100 acres, 3 horses. 3 cattle, 6 sheep, 6 persons 533 Philip Werking, 1 lot 135 Valentine Weisang, 1 lot, 1 hoi'se, 1 cow, 1 trade, 5 persons 319 Peter Weinbrenner, inn-keeper, 1 lot, 1 horse, 1 cow, 3 persons 341 Anthony Weaver, 1 lot, 8 persons 106 Jacob Wolff, 1 lot, 1 horse, 1 cow, 5 persons. . . 139 Erhart Winter, 1 lot, 3 persons 135 Balthaser Werner, 7 persons 13 Peter Walter, 1 lot, 1 horse, 1 cow, 6 persons . . 376 Peter Welsh, 1 lot, I horse, 1 cow, 1 still, 8 per- sons 238 John Walter, 1 trade, 8 persons 50 Henry Welsh, inn-keeper, 1 lot, 1 horse, 1 cow, 1 slave, 6 persons 341 Henry Wershler, 800 acres. 3 horses, 4 cattle, 18 sheep, 6 persons, £893 13s. Peter Young, 300 acres, 4 horses, 5 cattle, 10 sheep, 1 still Adam Young, 5 acres, 1 cow, 6 persons 64 Michael Zimmer, 8 acres, 1 lot, 1 horse, 3 cattle, 9 persons 330 George Ziegler, 1 lot, 1 cow, 7 persons 134 SINGLE MEN. Jacob Munder. Nicholas Great. John Miller. Jacob Kook. Jacob Chambers. Adam Bridge. John Breechner. Michael Blintzinger. David Bixler. Jacob Bixler. William Pauler. Andrew Fink. John Fink. Henry Felly. Jacob Gunkel. Adam Ganshorn. Peter Guhn. Lawrence Hofman. Edward Hentz. Jacob Houck. Frederick Heisley. Christian Hoover. Jacob Hostetter. Jacob Heagy. Andrew Smith. Frederic Ungefehr. Henry Wine. Casper Melhorn. David Melhorn. Francis Weigel. John Eckert. Dewaldt Young. Adam Obold. John Ungefehr. Jacob Swope. Jacob Young. 578 HISTORT OF YORK COUNTY. aEOWTH OF THE TOWN. Hanover prospered for the first few years of its existence, although the houses were mostly built of logs. It was quite a village when the Kevolutionary war began, but the war hindered its further growth. From 1790 to 1808 houses were erected more rapidly. The Neiv and Universal Gazetteer, in 1800, says that Hanover "is the second town in York County for size and wealth. It contains about 160 houses, mostly of brick, a German Calvinist (Reformed) and a German Lutheran Church, It consists of five principal streets, two smaller ones and alleys. In the centre of the town is a spacious square." A steady increase in buildings and population contin- ued until about the war of 1812-14, after which the town remained nearly stationary until 1840. Then there was a slight yearly improvement until 1852, when the building of the railroad to Hanover Junction caused a sudden impetus, and the town doubled its population in the next twenty years. Be- sides the many new and handsome buildings erected during this period, many of the ancient log edifices were replaced by brick or frame ones of modern architecture. NOTED IMPEOVEMENTS. Early in the present century the work of paving the sidewalks with flagstones or brick was begun, although there was no regularity of grade or width, and at many places there were no pavements at all. But as the town grew, the people becoming more prosperous became more progressive. On the 14th of April, 1838, the residents of York Street presented a petition to the town council, asking for better pavements. Consequently, May 5, 1838, the council passed an ordinance, decreeing that all lot-holders on York Street, from Dr. Hinkle's (now Metzger's corner) to John Kroh's property (fourth lot beyond third alley), both included; and on the other side (north side) from the corner to the house of Frederick Gable (now Lewis Michael's), both included; and on Baltimore Street, from the house of Christian Wirt (now Wentz & Overbaugh's corner) to that of Peter Shultz (now Middle Street), and from George Gitt's (now J. W. Gitt's) to Gerhard Yost's (now Samuel Shultz's), were to pave their sidewalks at a uniform grade, the pavements to be laid with brick or flag- stones, not less than four feet in width, from the gutter. Carlisle Street asked for a simi- lar ordinance in 1841, and the request was granted, the ordinance fixing the limits from D. Barnitz's (now Bucher's corner of the square) to Rev. Jacob Albert's (now George D. Klinefelter' s), and froiD Jacob Metzger's (now Grumbine & Brockley's) to Mrs. Ban- ner's (now John S. Young's). We are unable to find any record of the paving ordinance of Frederick Street, but the points above given will enable the reader to fix the built up limits of the borough, about forty years ago. These limits had been so far extended in 1851, that the pavements on Carlisle Street were ordered to be laid as far as the borough line, and on Baltimore Street as far as the residence of Adam Forney (now Michael Strubinger's). In 1872, while L. F. Melsheimer was chief burgess, the streets and pavements of the borough were thoroughly regraded; all the streets were macadamized, and the pavements relaid at a uniform grade and of the width of twelve feet. Since this date the roadways and sidewalks have been kept in good repair, and during the past few years iron bridges have been placed over the gutters crossing the streets, and iron foot bridges at the street crossings. It is now the boast of the people of Hanover that no city or town in the State possesses better pavements or more level and solid streets. The beautiful fountain which ornaments the square was a gift to the town by Mrs. Jacob Wirt, A. W. Eichelberger and Jacob Forney. The total assessed valuation of real estate for the borough of Hanover, in 1883, was 11,009,711. INCOEPOEATION. The town of Hanover formed a part of Heidelberg Township from the time it. was first laid out until 1815. On the 4th of March, of that year, it was chartered as a borough by the legislature. The first elec- tion was held at the house of Jacob Eichel- berger, on Frederick Street, and resulted in the selection of George Nace, as burgess; Henry Winebrenner, Peter Winebrenner, Jacob Ritz, George Frysinger, John Scholl, William Young and Daniel Barnitz, council- men; John Bart, was chosen constable. The following- named persons have served as chief burgesses since the incorporation to the year 1885. 1816 — Jacob Eichelberger. 1817 — Hon. Jacob Hostetter. 1818— Dr. Peter Mueller. 1819 — Hon. Jacob Hostetter. 1820 — George Frysinger. 1821 — Charles Barnitz. 1823-24-25— Jacob Eichelberger. 1826— George Eckert. 1827 — George Barnitz. 1828— Henry Wirt, Sr. 1829— Luther H. Skinner. BOROUGH OF HANOVEE. 579 1830— David Shultz. 1831— Jacob Kline. 1S32— George Trone. 1832 to 1838 no records. 1838— Joseph W. Schmidt. 1839— John Flickinger. 1840-41— William Bair. 1842 — George Young. 1843 — Charles Barnitz. 1844 — Michael Bucher. 1845— Jacob Wirt. 1846— David Slagle. 1847 — Jesse Fry singer. 1848— Charles Barnitz. 1849— John Bair. 1850 — George Trone. 1851 — Christian Smith. 1852— Jacob Wirt. 1853— Joseph Althoff. 1854— David Bixler. 1855 — George Metzger. 1856— David Slagle. 1857— Eufus Winterode. 1858— Washington Bair. 1859— Henry Wirt. 1860 — William Grumbine. 1861-62— Jeremiah Kohler. 1863 — Joseph Slagle. 1864— Stephen Keefer. 1865— David S. Tanger. 1866 — Henry C. Schriver. 1867— Cyrus Diller. 1868— William Bange. 1869— Henry Wirt. 1870— Allowies Smith. 1871— D. S. Tanger. 1872-73-74— L. F. Melsheimer. 1875-76— Dr. F. A. H. Koch. 1877— Daniel S. Barnitz. 1878— A. G. Schmidt. 1879— Dr. F. A. H. Koch. 1880— W. F. Stair. 1881 — George Bange. 1882— L. F. Melsheimer. 1883— William Boadenhamer. 1884— Charles Young. 1885— Stephen Keefer. Memberr of the present council: John Warner, Alexander J. Gitt, Samuel Schwartz, Lewis A. Utz, W. Chester Stick, John D. Jenkins, George S. Krug, William Anthony; J. H. Brough, secretary. THE PUBLIC COMMON. Col. McAllister died in 1795. The origi- nal draft of the town having been lost, his ex- ecutors, Archibald McAllister, Jesse McAllis- ter and Jacob Eudisill, caused McAllister's entire tract, including the town site, to be re- surveyed in 1797, and sold off all the land and town-lots belopging to the estate. The tract known since as the " Public Common " belonged to the estate and was partially covered with timber. The citizens deter- mined to secure this tract, which contained twenty-three acres and seventeen perches, as a public common; the executors agreed to sell it for £351 Is. lOd. Over 100 persons sub- scribed to the purchase money ill sums rang- ing from 7s. 6d. to £8. July 17, 1798, the land was granted by the executors to George Carl, Paul Metzger, John Hinkle, Henry Welsh and William Gitt, as trustees, to be held " in trust for the proper use of an open airland free public common for all and every one of the citizens and inhabitants of the town of Hanover and their successors for- ever, and for no other use or purpose what- soever." The land was used for a public cow pasture for many years; at length, about 1839, lots began to be leased by the borough authorities. Parties who leased them gener- ally refused to pay the rent, claming that the land did not belong to the borough, but to the people of the town of Hanover. Suits were commenced and continued for years, with offers of compromise made and agreed to and then rescinded. In 1852, when the Hanover Branch Railroad was built across the common, a depot, warehouse, etc. , were built upon the public 'ground. The borough authorities ordered the railroad com- pany to stop work until the damages were assessed. In 1853 the damages were fixed by a jury at $775. The company would not pay; the borough council entered suit, and then offered to compromise for half the dam- ages' awarded. Finally, March 17, 1858, the matter was settled, the company paying $50 cash, and agreeing ta pay a yearly rent of $12 forever. The railroad being opened, lots on the common, near the railroad, were in demand. This led to a proposition to sell or lease, in perpetuity, the entire tract. The legislature was appealed to, but that body was opposed to having lands leased in per- petuity. Efforts were then made to get au- thority to sell the tract, and Michael Bucher surveyed it and layed it off into streets and building lots, there being eighty of the latter. A strong party of the citizens opposed this scheme and desired to see the land remain a public common. To sell this land in lots would doubtless result in removing the center of the town business thereto, and in thus reducing considerably the value of real estate in parts of the town remote from the railroads, the people of which had contributed liberally toward the building of the roads. The other side urged the unproductive- 580 HISTOEY OF YOEK COUNTY. ness and uselessness of the common as it was, argued that it might easily be made a source of revenue to the borough, and considerably reduce the burden of taxation. Many trips were made to Harrisburg by representatives of both sides, but all attempts to secure legisla- tion failed. In 1854, lots began to be leased at $14 each. Then, in 1858, a contract was made with Evans & Mayer, attorneys of York, to secure a title equal to a fee simple title, to the land for the borough authorities for the sum of $500. An order was obtained from the court, appointing F. E. Metzger trustee for the people of Hanover; and soon after, in accordance with an order of the court, Mr. Metzger offered the tract at public sale. It was bought by Henry Wirt for the bor- ough at the' nominal sum of |5,400. Under this title the borough to-day holds the Public Common. Many lots are leased to sundry par- ties, and on them have been erected dwellings and 6ther buildings. Larger tracts have also been leased for lumber and coal yards, cattle yards and to the railroad. THE POSTOFFICB. The present United States postal system went into force in 1790, when the capital of the United States was at Philadelphia. The statistics of the Post Office Department, at Washington, given below, show that the first quarterly report made by Henry Welsh, the first postmaster at Hanover, was sent in Jan- uary 1, 1795. His appointment was evi- dently three months before this time. The following letter illustrates that the inconje for the quarter mentioned was not very large: General Postofficb, I Philadelphia, May 15, 1795. f Sir — Yours of April 19, with your quarterly ac- count, and one dollar and seventy- five cents, was duly received. I am Sir, Your obedient servant, To Plenry Welsh, Charles Bdrrill. Postmaster, Hanover, Penn. James Bolton was the second appointee. George Nace, the third postmaster, had the oESce in a building on the lot on Carlisle Street, now owned by Samuel Michael. Dr. Peter Muller succeeded, and kept it first on Baltimore Street, where John Bair now lives. He removed it to Frederick Street, and there kept it until his death, in 1842, when his daughter, Mrs. Theresa Myers, received the appointment, holding the office until 1864. The postoffice was thus held by members of one family for over half a century. The Postoffice Department at Washington fur- nished the following information : Postmaster. Date of Appoint merU , Henry Welsh *. January 1, 1795 James Bolton January 1, 1796 George Nace April 1, 1799 Peter Muller February 36, 1813 Theresa C. Myers November 4, 1843 Vincent 0. S. Eokert March 11, 1864 William F. Stair August 39, 1864 John S. Forrest August 28, 1866 Anthony J. Smith August 4, 1868 William F. Stair March 14, 1873 MahlonH. Naill May 26, 1877 The following statistics, compared with report of Postmaster Welsh, in 1795, will give an idea of the growth of the business of the office. In the third quarter of 1872, there were sent 19,766 letters, and 3,000 pa- pers; and 22,730 letters, and 4,200 papers were received. This did not include county papers received, nor town papers mailed from the newspaper offices. In the third quarter of 1884, 7,186 1 cent, 25,044 2 cent, 348 4 cent, 229 5 cent, and 222 10 cent stamps were sold; besides 8,369 postal cards and stamped envelopes, amounting to $177.37. Money orders issued, 179, amounting to $2,- 106; paid, 83, amounting to $1,261.86. Postal notes issued, 252, aggregating $525.74, and 51 paid, aggregating $140.03. Registered letters. sent, 118; received, 212. The money order system went into force in 1864; Hanover became a money order office August 6, 1866, The office, for many years, was kept in the Newman property, west of Central Hotel. It is now on Carlisle Street. Dr. Peter Muller, who, for a period of thirty years, less one day, was postmaster at Hanover, was born in Coblentz, Germany, May 17, 1765. He received a classical and medical education in France, was well in- formed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew, and could converse in three or four modern lan- guages. He immigrated to Norfolk, Va., in 1802; during the following year came to Hanover, and began the practice of medicine there, which he continued until his death, October 14, 1842, having for a period of thir- ty-nine years, enjoyed a large practice in that community. HANOVEK SAVING TDND SOCIETY. A charter for the organization of this banking institution, was granted April 14, 1885, the cash capital being $10,000, with the privilege of increasing it to $50,000. The commissioners under the charter were Benjamin Welsh, W. D. Gobrecht, Charles E. Creamer, Daniel Barnitz, Dr. Henry C. Wampler and Matthias N. Forney. The first *Thisis the date of rendering his first return; unable to give the exact date at which the office was established. BOROUGH OF HANOVER. 581 election was held July 1, 1835, and resulted in the choice of Jacob Eichelberger, Jacob Forry, Martin Klunk, D. P. Lange, Jacob Young, John Sholl, Jacob Newman, Dr. H. C. Wampler and Daniel Gobrecht, as direc- tors. The board organized with Jacob Eich- elberger as president; Matthias N. Forney, as treasurer, and F. B. Metzger, as secretary. The presidents, in order of succession, have been Jacob Eichelberger, Jacob Wirt, Henry Wirt, K. A. Eichelberger. The treasurers have been Matthias N. Forney, F. E. Metz- ger, Matthias E. Trone, R. A. Eichelberger, and J. N. Slagle, who is the present treasurer; H. Y. Sprenkle, teller; Paul Winebrenner, book-keeper. Board of directors for the year 1884: R. A. Eichelberger, president; Henry Wirt, vice-president; E. M. Wirt, sec- retary; Henry A. Young, Samuel Hostetter, Conrad Moul, J. P. Brockley, W. P. Little, Reuben Young. The deposits, August 25, 1875, were $590,228. The bank then paid 5 per cent interest on deposits. Deposits September 29, 1884, were 1502,332. The interest on deposits then paid was 3 per cent. The bank now owns a handsome large new building. Robert M. Wirt was elected president of this institution in 1885, upon the death of R. A. Eichelberger. THE FIBST NATIONAL BANK. This institution was organized 20th day of November, 1883, through the eflbrts of P. E. Metzger, Jacob Forney and Henry M. Schmuck, there being eleven subscribei's to the capital stock of 150,000. At the same time Jacob Forney was ap- pointed chairman, and Henry M. Schmuck, secretary, when the stockholders adopted and executed the certificate of organization, and articles of association. November 25, 1863, Jacob Forney was elected president, and F. E. Metzger, cashier. The latter resigned as cashier February 28, 1866, when J. H. Aulabaugh succeeded until December 1, 1868, when Stephen Keefer was elected, and served till March 19, 1873, followed by 0. W. Forney, serving till May 3, 1876, and succeeded by J. H. Alleman, the present cashier. George Kline- felter is clerk and Frederick Stambaugh assistant and messenger. March 16, 1874, capital stock increased to $100,000 April 88, 1875, ■■' " " " $200,000 March 7, 1877, " " " "$300,000 Jacob Forney served as president until January 13, 1875, when Dr. J. P. Smith was elected. He was followed by Henry M. Schmuck elected January 19, 1881. The present board of directors is composed of Henry M. Schmuck, president; Vincent O'Bold, A. S. Himes, George D. Gitt, A. J. Snively, G. H. Shirk, Andrew Rudisill, John Krug and Samuel Basehore. This institution, now in a very prosperous condition, a few years ago built a large iron front building, in which the bank is kept. CHURCHES. St. Mattheiv's Lutheran Church. — The first German emigrants to this section of York County, about 1731, were soon followed by their religious teachers, and their first serv- ices were held in private dwelling-houses. In 1738,* Rev. David Candler, according to the church record books, now in the posses- sion of Rev. J. C. Koller, pastor of Sc. Matthew's Lutheran Church, preached here. He was a clergyman of very fair ability, having been educated for the ministry in Ger- many. The first permanent organization was effected by him in May, 1743, and called the "Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Conewago." Rev. Candler organized "The Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Monoc- acy," near Frederick, Md., the same year, and then became the regular pastor of both congregations, but resided near Hanover, about one-half mile, northwest of the site of the present town. A log-church and school- house combined, was built the same year of the organization. The location of this building and the graveyard that adjoined it, was on the fork now made by the Hanover & Gettysburg Railroad and the turnpike to McSherrystown. The first elders were Lenhart Barnitz, Johan- nes Morningstar, Andrew Hergar and Freder- ick Gelwix. Among the principal contributors to the erection of the church were Philip Morn- ingstar, Michael Karl, Nicholas Biedinger (Bittingerj and Christopher Schlegel (Slagle), the last of whom was the heaviest contributor, giving £1 3s. 9d. — each of the others gave £1. Among the baptismal records we find that of John Frederick Gelwix, in 1734, and Rev. Candler's own children iu 1738. The first recorded baptism after organization was that of Jacob Euler. The first marriage was Jacob Rohrbaugh to Margaret Bart. Her name is written Bartliu; the termination "in," the Ger- man ending to denote feminine gender, was frequently added to the name of an unmarried female at that time. This church was the Second Lutheran Church built in Pennsylvania, west of th& Susquehanna, taking its beginning a century and a half ago, when Pennsylvania was an infant colony, under George II, of England. *See history of First Lutheran Church at Yorh. 582 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. It was organized under the unaltered Augs- burg Confession. The original log -church lasted thirteen years. Eev. Candler died in 1744, and his remains were interred in the graveyard adjoining the church. There are now no traces of the church, and not even of the historic graveyard. The land is now culti- vated. Eev. Lars Nyberg, a Swede, was the second pastor, under him Peter Schultz, Andrew Hergar, Michael Karl and George Sponseiler were wardens. Rev. Nyberg was at the same time pastor of a congregation at York and Lancaster. He was not true to the Lutheran tenets, and seems to have been justly accused of trying to introduce the Moravian faith. He retired in 1746, and Rev. Nicke preached during the interim, until the election of Eev. Valentine Kraft. During his pastorate the Monocaey Church was separated from this charge. In 1752 Rev. John George Eager, the an- cestor of the Baughers of the Lutheran Church, became pastor. He was then thirty- eight years of age, an emigrant from Nassau, Germany, in which country he received his education for the ministry. He preached in the old log-church until 1756, when a new log-church was built about one mile from Hanover, near the Carlisle pike, on the farm now owned by the heirs of David Sprenkle. It was built eight years before the town of Hanover was laid out by Richard McAllister, and seven years after York County was erected, and was named St. Michael's Church. The German Reformed people were allowed to hold services in it, and any other denomi- nations having regularly ordained ministers. This was about the time of the rise of infi- delity in America; hence we find recorded on the old church books that atheists, deists, unitarians, and such as profess no faith, were forbidden the use of the church. It was dedicated in 1756, and the following-named persons selected as church officers: Nicholas Bittinger, Frederick Gelwix, Philip Morn- ingstar, Jacob Schlegel (Slagle), Jacob Ber- lin, Jacob Lipp, Ludwig Miller, Henry Schlegel, Michael Weybreoht, and Thomas McCartney. Rev. Eager officiated until 1763, when he resigned, and for a time was pastor of a church in New York, and Christ's Luther- an Church at York. He returned again and lived in the vicinity, when he became enfee- bled and died. Karl Frederick Wildbahn, a parochial teacher, who had been engaged to teach in Winchester, Va., but was driven away on account of a raid made by the Indians on that settlement, came to Hanover and was licensed to preach by the special request of the congregation. He remained from 1765 to 1782. The first date marks the passage of the Stamp Act, and the last the close of the Revolutionary war. Among the list of names above recorded as church officers we find several who were sol- diers of that war. When Rev. Wildbahn resigned, Nicholas Bittinger went to the synod, which met in Philadelphia. He was delegated to secure a pastor. Not succeed- ing, he was authorized by that body to read printed sermons from the pulpit, and, if necessary, to perform, other ministerial duties. Rev. Daniel Schroeder became pastor in 1784, of whom not much is known, and for the succeeding six years, the history is not very definite. There are records, however, of Rev. William Kurtz of Baltimore, and Rev. Jacob Goering of York, occasionally preaching. In 1790 Rev. F. Valentine Mels- heimer was called. At his first communion he reports 117 members. The congregation was still worshiping in the log building, which served them forty -five years. The graveyard which surrounded this church is still enclosed. There are now no remains of this, the second church building, in which the congregation so long worshiped, except the outlines of the foundation. In the center of the graveyard, marked by a marble headstone, rest the re- mains of Rev. Eager. He died in 1791, aged sixty-six years. A few of the old tomb- stones are marble, but most of them sand- stone, iwith the inscriptions generally carved in the German language. The familiar names of Young (Jung), Welsh, Slagle, Schlentz, Karl, Metzger, Etzler, Aulebaugh, etc. , are found on the tombs a hundred years old. In 1801 a new church was begun on the site of the present one in the town of Hanover. The lot was donated by Hon. Jacob Rudisill. Col. Henry Schlegel, George Carl and Henry Schultz were the building committee. It cost £1,992 16s. 2d. The spire, w'hioh still stands, was completed soon afterward at a cost of |1,300. The dedicatory services lasted three days, and took place in 1807. Rev. Melsheimer was a learned man, and much respected by the congregation, which he served twenty-five years. His remains lie in the church-yard adjoining the present building. His son, Rev. John F. Melsheimer, succeeded him, and continued twelve years. In 1827, when Rev. Jonathan Ruthrauff became pastor, En- glish preaching was introduced. The name of the church was changed to St. Matthew's, and a charter obtained. Rev. Jacob Albert was elected in 1837. During his pastorate the church was re- BOROUGH or HANOVER. 583 modeled and repaired. In 1848 Rev. Charles A. Hay. now of Gettysburg Theological Sem- inary, was called. He remained one year. The congregation was two years without a pastor, when Rev. D. P. Rosenmiller served sis years. After his resignation Rev. M. J. Alleman was elected, in 1857. The most noteworthy event of his pastorate was the organization of St. Mark's Lutheran Church, in 1865, from the large membership of St. Matthew's. Rev. Alleman became the pas- tor of St. Mark's, and Rev. Samuel Yingling was called to St. Matthew's. The building was partially destroyed by tire, which broke out on Sunday morning during the regular services. The loss was about $1,000. Rev. J. C. Koller, the present efficient pastor, en- tered upon his work in 1877. The next year the old brick church, which had stood about seventy-five years, was torn down, all except the spire, and the present one built at a cost of about 120,000. It was dedicated in No- vember, 1879. The present membership of the church is 800 communicants, the largest congregation in York County. The Sunday-school numbers 400 pupils and teachers. Since Rev. Mr. Koller has been pastor, 425 members have been added, and there has been a net gain during that time of 220 members. A par- sonage was built in 1884, at a cost of $3,500. EmanueVs Reformed Church. — The Re- formed Church at Hanover, though not for- mally organized before 1775, dates its local origin from an earlier period, prior even to the founding of Hanover. As early as the 5th of May,1747, the Reformed people of the vicinity partook of the holy sacrament at the hands of the pioneer missionary, Rev. Michael Schlatter, in a schoolhouse, situated where Christ's Church now stands, near Littlestown, Adams County. The next place of worship was in a build- ing one mile northwest of Hanover. Here, conjointly with the Lulherans. they built a small church, where, at irregular intervals, they enjoyed the ministrations of Rev. Ja- cob Lischy, of York. As soon as the Reformed people learned of Richard McAllister's intention of found- ing a town, they secured from him a plat of ground for a church, a parsonage, a school house, and a grave-yard. Though the deed was not drawn and signed till April 13, 1771, the Reformed members, six or seven years previously, had taken steps toward the erec- tion of 'a church. A subscription list, amounting to £78, was secured in 1764-65. The list is headed with a subscription of £5 by Philip Meyer, followed by smaller sums from Abraham Hull, John Starck, Conrad Hoke, Conrad Starck, John Nicholas Forney, Philip Forney, Marks Forney, Richard McAllister, Adam Forney, Michael Carl, Ja- cob Slagle, Adam Eichelberger, Henry Sla- gle, Esq., George Zacharias, George Wine- brenner, Michael Newman, Peter Shultz, Henry Eckert, George Motter, Nicholas Fisher, Nicholas Newman, Conrad Felty, Henry Forney, Ludwig Schriver, etc., most of whom have living representatives in the present congregation. The date when the log church was begun cannot be ascertained, but there are records which show that it was in an unfinished state in 1766, though occupied for purposes of worship. The bell was imported from Eu- rope at a cost of £62; Col. Richard McAllis- ter and two others contributing £3 each toward it. For nine years there was no regular pas- tor. Rev. Jacob Lischy, founder of the church in North Codorus Township, took great interest in the new Hanover Church, and doubtless rendered occasional services. A baptism administered by him, in 1769, is on the church record. The first notice of the administration of the Lord's Supper is under date of 1770. 1775-81.— April 28, 1775, the hitherto shepherdless flock secured a pastor. Rev. Carl Ludwig Boehme. Rev. Boehme, who was of foreign birth, had previous- ly served the Reformed Church at Lan- caster (1770-1775), from which place he was called to Hanover, where he remained till 1779, resigning to accept a call to Balti- more. It was under Pastor Boehme that the Reformed people at Hanover were formally organized by the election of a consistory — David Newman, Christian Muehlheim, Phil- ip Meyer, as elders; Peter Winebrenner, Jacob Clay, and Abraham Hull, as deacons, were set apart to their respective offices, Oc- tober 29, 1775. In connection with the Hanover Church, Rev. Boehme supplied Christ's Church and the Abbottstown and Lower Bermudian congregations. A school- house built of logs, adjoined the parsonage and church. It is yet standing, being one of the oldest buildings in Hanover. The fact that fifty-eight persons were confirmed by the first pastor, during a ministry of less than four years, is an evidence of his ear- nestness and zeal, and of the youthful vigor of the Hanover congregation. 1779-1807.— Rev. John Christopher Go- brecht, the second pastor, was born in Ger- many, came to America when a young man 584 HISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. of twenty years, and at the age of thirty- three, according to his own words, "was led by the Holy Spirit to enter the ministry, and to win souls to Christ." In 1779 he was called from Lancaster County to Hanover, where he continued twenty-eight years, when he was compelled, by the infirmities of age, to retire from active service. He died here, aged eightj'-two years. His remains rest in the burial ground belonging to the congrega- tion. Rev. Gobrecht was an ardent patriot, and a faithful servant of the church. His field of labor in the Hanover charge, already large when he entered it, was increased from time to time by the addition of other congre- gations. In his time the old log church at Hanover was displaced by a new brick struct- ure. 1809-14. — Eev. Charles Helfenstein, son of a minister of the church, became the third pastor and served about five years. Of his ministry there is no account in the rec- ords of the congregation, except the bap- tisms administered by him. But at Hano- ver, as throughout his ministry of nearly forty-two years, he honored his calling by a consistent, devoted life. During the war of 1812 his love for his country impelled him to urge men, publicly and privately, to rally to the defense of the nation. His "political preaching" aroused partisan hostility, and to some extent weakened his influence. Though sustained by a majority of his con- gregation, he concluded to withdraw, not loving strife. 1815-26. — The fourth pastor was Rev. Jacob H. Wiestling. After serving several congregations in and around Manchester, Md., for a period of three years, he was called to Hanover. Because of some diflfi- culty having occurred during his former pas- torate, he stood disconnected from the synod for some years. But because of his social qualities, and more than ordinary pulpit talent, and notwithstanding the action of the synod, his congregation retained him. In 1822, he was received again as a member of the synod. His death occurred on the 25th of February, 1826. He was buried in the graveyard belonging to the congregation, whence his remains were recently removed to Frederick, Md. During Rev. Wiestling's ministry the first parsonage was torn down, and a brick building erected in its place. 1826-27.— May 28, 1826, Frederick W. Bindeman tendered his services to the Re- formed people, which were accepted; but in less than a year, he was ignominously ex- pelled from pulpit and parsonage. 1828-37.— February 19, 1828, the Rev. Samuel Gutelius became pastor, and con- tinued till June 19, 1837, when he resigned on account of ill health. He was the first pastor who preached in the English language in Hanover. Rev, Gutelius' ministry was acceptable to the mass of the people. Few men of the Reformed Church were more extensively and favorable known than he. From the begin- ning to the end of his public life he enjoyed the general confidence and esteem of the church. At Hanover, as in the seven other charges which he served during his ministry of forty-four years, he exhibited that fidelity and energy which distinguished him as a minister of the gospel. 1887-59.— This period of twenty-two years marks the pastorate of Rev. Jacob Sechler. There are many members of the pres- ent congregation who enjoyed his ministra- tion, and who bear testimony to his upright- ness, earnest piety, and faithfulness in the discharge of his pastoral duties. Rev. Sechler closed his labors at Hanover March 1, 1859. After his resignation, the Hanover charge, then consisting of four con- gregations, was divided into two charges, named Hanover andLittlestown; Rev. Sechler becoming pastor of the latter. During the latter part of Rev. Sechler's ministry in Hanover, the second church was torn down, the old site abandoned, and the third (and present) church built at the more eligible location on Abbottstown Street, near the center of the town. The dedication of this building occurred May 25, 1856. 1859-82.— Rev. William K. Zieber D. D., became the eighth pastor of the congregation, taking charge August 1, 1859, and continu- ing his labors till May 1, 1882, when failing health compelled him to retire from the active ministry; though at the present time serves his church officially as stated clerk of the newly constituted Gettysburg Classis, to which the Hanover charge belongs. At first Rev. Dr. Zieber served two con- gregations; the one in town, the other in the country seven miles distant, By action of classis. May 1866, the coun- try congregation was discontinued, and the Hanover Church, for the first time since its foundation, a period of 100 years, was con- stituted a charge by itself. In 1870 a new parsonage was built on the lot adjoining the church — the third built by the congregation. In 1877 the present church building was thoroughly renewed in the interior, and handsomely furnished. Dr. Zieber's pastorate embraced not only the momentous controversial period in the Re- BOROUGH OF HAKOVER. 585 formed Church, but a period also when his own congregation, with others, was exposed to the high-tide of unchurchly emotionalism and religious sentimentalism which ignored the efficacy of the sacraments, and paid little, if any, regard to the divine factors in the constitution of the church. Planting him- self firmly upon what ho regards as solid, churchly ground. Dr. Zieber, by his positive, christocentric preaching, succeeded in edu- cating his people up to an acceptance and intelligent appreciation of his own position. During his ministry the services came grad- ually to be prevailingly English; there being but one German service a month at the close of his pastorate. The present pastor Rev. J. C. Bowman (to whom we are indebted for this sketch), took charge December 1, 1882. At the annual meeting of Gettysburg Classis, May 1883, at the suggestion of the pastor of the Hanover Church, a committee was appointed to take preliminary steps toward organizing a second Reformed Church in Hanover. This move- ment resulted in the organization of Trinity Reformed Church before the close of the year. The first church contributed to the second all of its German mefmbership, together with a few others (seventy-five in all), and also a liberal amount of money toward the erection of churct buildings. Since the organization of Trinity Church, the services in the mother church have been exclusively English. The present membership is 275. The Sun- day- school, in both departments, 220 scholars, taught by thirty teachers. In addition to the Sunday-school library there is a congregational library, open to all the members of the church. This libra- ry numbers nearly 800- volumes of choice books. A missionary society, composed of mem- bers of the congregation and Sunday-school, meets once a month. It has enrolled about 200 members, and contributes from |300 to $400 annually to the support of missions. Emanuel's Reformed Church is justly considered one of the most vigorous and active congregations of the synod. Its members sympathize with every advance movement, and liberally support the literary and benevolent institutions of the church. St. Mark's Lutheran Church. — This con- gregation was organized in 1864, by mem- bers of St. Matthew's Church, who desired all religious services in the English lan- guage. Rev. M. J. Alleman, w.ho was then the pastor of St. Matthew's, was elected pas- tor of the new congregation. A building com- mittee consisting of William Young, Sr., David Wortz, John Grove, David Myers and Isaac Loucks, purchased a lot on the east side of Carlisle Street, of William Beard, for |2, 100. The corner-stone of the church was laid July 20, 1864. The clergymen at this service were Revs. Daniel J. Hauer, C. A. Hay, Rosenmiller, Henry and Alleman. The building, which cost 114,261, was conse- crated, September 24, 1865, by Revs. Hay, Conrad, Hauer, Alleman, Albert, Rosenmiller, Sheuer and Houck. Rev. Alleman continued pastor until 1868, and was succeeded by Rev. George Parson, of Milton, Penn. A bell which weighed 1,017 pounds, was bought for $600 in 1865. In 1871 an organ was bought for 1500, and a parsonage on Baltimore Street for $3,400. This parsonage was sold, and a new one built on Abbottstown Street, in 1885, at a cost of $8,000, including lot. In July, 1875, Rev. Parson received a call to Williamsport, Penn., and Rev. Daniel Shin- dler, D. D. , became the pastor, and served the congregation until the 13th of May, 1883, when he moved to Lancaster, Ohio. Rev. George Scholl, D. D., of Baltimore, assumed charge of it in January, 1884, and is now the pastor. The membership under him has greatly increased, and now numbers 275 communicants. The church building, during the year 1884, was remodeled and en- larged, at a cost of 118,000, including a large pipe-organ, purchased in Boston. The oriole bell of Baltimore, weighing 2,000 pounds-, was presented to the congregation by William Grumbine, of Hanover, in 1884. It is also the town clock. The Sunday-school which was organized in 1865, now numbers 300 pupils. J. F. W. Sleeder is the super intendent. There is a library of well selected books in connection with this church. Methodist Episcopal Church. — Rev. James Reed, in the year 1808, first preached the doctrines of Wesleyan Methodism in Hanover, holding services in a log-house on Frederick Street, owned by Richard Chester. He preached once a month for nearly a year, when the services were discontinued, and Methodist preaching was not again regularly heard in Hanover until 1825. In that year a young man from Hagerstown, Md. , visited Hanover, and arranged for services. The first minister who came was Rev. Kennerly, an eloquent speaker. In December, 1825, a schoolhouse that stood on Carlisle Street, where John S. Young now lives, was used. Shortly after a schoolhouse on Frederick Street (now used as the Spectator office) was rented from Mrs. Ritz, and therein services were held for five years. In 1827 Hanover 586 HISTORY OP YORK COUNTY. was placed in the Gettysburg Circuit under Eevs. Samuel Clark and George Hildt, and in September of that year the first class was formed of four members. By the end of 1827, the class had doubled its membership. The class meetings were held at the house of Abraham Lammott, on Baltimore Street, and afterward at the house of Alexander Mcllvane, on York Street. In 1827-29 Eevs. W. O. Lumsdon, T. H. W. Monroe and J. H. Brown, were circuit preachers. In 1829-30 Revs. Samuel Kepler and John C. Lyon, and, in 1830-31, Eevs. J. Monroe, E. Clark and Wesley Howe. In 1829 a lot on Baltimore Street was bought for $60, from George Himes. A brick church was built at a cost of about f 1,000, and was dedicated November 27 and 28, 1830, Eev. Monroe, officiating. In 1859 Hanover was made a station. In 1863 Will- iam Wirt presented to the congregation a lot of ground on Frederick Street, and in the spring of 1864 the erection of a new church was commenced thereon, which was dedicated June 11, 1865. The old church on Baltimore Street was sold to St. Joseph's Catholic con- gregation, and is now used for parochial school purposes. In 1867 the church at New Oxford was added to this station. In 1883 the audience chamber was remodeled and the walls frescoed. Church membership, 100. The Sunday-school is superintended by F. A. Ziegler; it numbers 150 members. The following is a list of the names of ministers in charge during the years- named: 1832-33— Charles B. Young and J. L. Pitts. 1834-35— Charles B. Young and J. W. Eichardson. 1835-36 — E. Bond and C.J. Housewest. 1837-38— A. Smith and J. H. Brown. 1838-39— Amos Smith and J. M. Jones. 1839-40— H. Furlong and J. M. Jones. 1841-42— J. Forrest and Wesley Howe. 1842-43— T. McGee and H. Hoffman. 1843-44— T. McGee and T. Eeese. 1845-46 — D. Hartman and J. Boggs. 1846-47— D. Hartman and T. W. Ewing. 1847-48— J. Bards and W. Me winger. 1848-49— J. Bards and J. W. Etcheson. 1850-51— F. Dyson and F. S. Cassaday. 1851-52— F. L. Switzer, William Butlei and Henry Bellman. 1852-53— F. L. Switzer and John B. Dean. 1853-54- J. R. Darborow and D. W, Price, 1854-55 — J. E. Darborow and D. Monroe. 1855-56 -W. M. Gwynn and W. A. Snively. 1856-57— W. M. Gwynn, E. E. Wilson and J. C. Stevens. 1857-58—0. Ege and J. C. Stevens. 1858-59—0. Ege and G. W. Dunlap. 1859-60— Edward Kinsey. 1861-62— J. P. Swanger. 1862-63— J. S. McMui'ray. 1863-64— A. W. Guyer. 1864-65— J. C. Stevens, 1865-66— W\ A. Houck. 1867-68— J. A. Boss. 1868-69— F. Gearhart. 1869-70— J. A. Dixon. 1871-73— W. H. Keith. 1873-76— Milton Frost. 1876-79— A. W. Miller. 1879-81— A. F. Gibson. 1881-83— William McKendree Eeily. 1883— J. C. McCord. St. Joseph's Catholic Church. — St. Joseph's draws its existence from an humble origin. Between 1820 and 1830 the first mass, of which there is any record, was celebrated by Eev. Father De Barth from Conewago Chapel, a shop being used as a place of wor- ship. Father De Barth exchanged Conewago for Baltimore in 1828, and no traces are left of any service till 1853, when Eev. Father Cotting gathered the Catholic children for an occasional instruction in catechism. With the removal of the father from the chapel, the instructions ceased. An entire decade passed away, till Father Dompieri, in 1863, made a successful attempt. The holy sacri- fice of the mass was once more offered up, some thirty persons being in attendance. The place of worship was in the dwelling of the late Jacob Hilt, on Carlisle Street, now the house of Mrs. Joseph Dellone. His zeal and untiring efforts established a regular weekly divine service, held on Wednesday. The room, changed into a chapel, did not grow in dimensions as Catholicity waxed in numbers; and no St. Gregory Thaumaturgus being at hand to push out the walls, the good father, the year following, purchased the Methodist Episcopal Church on Balti- more Street for $900. After the proper re- pairs of the building, the Wednesday service was increased by mass and sermon twice a month, on Sundays. The divine seed did not fall upon stony ground. In 1868 the church was enlarged by an addition of 40x35 feet at a cost of $2, 145. The old church served also as a schoolroom. The school had nearly 100 children, taught by Miss Alice Dellone. A cupola was built and a bell of 1,834 pounds, costing $945, was placed in it. It was the largest in the town uutil 1884. Scarcely seven summers had passed, and the BOROUGH OF HANOVEK. 587 new structure completed by Kev. Fr. Manns, proved to be too short and too narrow for the growth of the Catholic population. Ad- joining lots were secured, with a two story brick building, which was remodeled for school purposes and a dwelling for the teach- ers. A draft was made for a new temple, the limits were staked off (140x54) in spring 1877, and in October following the corner- stone was laid in the presence of several thousand people. The late Rev. Joseph Euders of Conewago Chapel presided on the occasion, beiug the chief promoter of the new edifice. Some folks became prophetic, that by Christmas the building would be under roof. Their inteution was praiseworthy, but material aid did not keep pace with their wishes. The work lay dormant till May, 1878, when it was plied in earnest and with vigor. ^Toward the 4th of July, the walls and tower had reached their proper height, the roof was framed, and in the fall the church was covered. The pastor was pressed on all sides to hasten the work. Money was offered in abundance, but with a little clause — at 6 per cent. Every offer was thankfully declined. The pastor's determination not to contract debt was like a wall of brass. His principle is at present admired by all. It was consecrated November 1, 1880. The extire expense, together with tower and steeple and stained glass windows, reached the sum of a little less than $20,000. The present congregation counts 700 souls, under the pastoral care of the venerable Father Emig. Trinity Reformed Church — This congre- gation was organized on the 4th of January, 1884, with a membership of 125. Of this number, seventy-five were members of Eman- uel' s Reformed Church, of Hanover, who joined the new organization. The 'first eld- ers elected were Dr. O. T. Everhart, Abra- ham Baker and Jonas Kebert; the first dea- cons were William Hoke and Jacob Siegfried. The congregation unanimously called as their pastor. Rev. H. Hilbish, who, at the . time, was pastor of several congregations surrounding Hanover. His charge was re- constructed when he accepted the pastorship of Trinity Church, and still continued to preach for two other congregations, viz.: Sherman's and Bartholomew's. Trinity con- gregation worshipped for a time in the United Brethren Chapel, on Abbotstown Street. A building committee, composed of .Samuel Swartz, A. Baker and Charles Bow- man, was appointed; a lot on York Street was purchased of Peter Flickinger, for $1,800. The corner-stone of the church was laid on Whit-Monday, 1884. The chapel was A cated October 19, of the same year, by Rev^. Clever, of Baltimore, and Rev. Dr. Santee,. of Cavetown, Md. The church, in August, . 1885, is not quite completed, the chapel be- ing still used as a place of worship. The cost of church, when completed, will ba $15,000, The congregation, under the pas- toral care of Rev. Hilbish, is rapidly increas- ing in its membership, and now numbers. 235. The Sunday-school of 165 members is. superintended by Dr. O. T. Everhart. United Brethren in Christ. — A church was. built in 1847. The board of trustees andi building committee were Martin Lohr,. George W. Stouffer and Simon Bishop. The« church was dedicated October 24, 1847, by Bishop Russell. The other clergymen pres- ent were Revs. George Miller, P. E., John Fohl, Samuel Enterline and J. C. Smith, Rev. J. Fohl became the first pastor. A Sunday-school of twenty-five pupils was started in 1851, with Daniel Diehl as super- intendent. The present church was built iiL 1877, with a fund bequeathed to the eongre^.. gation by the will of Rev. Martin Lohr, who. labored long and faithfully for the spiritual- interest of the congregation, and contributed' liberally to the support of the church in gen- eral A Sunday-school is connected with the church, and is superintended by J. C. Hoffman. Rev. Nicholas is pastor. Mennonite Church. — Near the north end of Abbottstown Street, Hanover, stands the, neat, plain and comfortable Mennonite- Church, which, was built in 1881, at a cost of $2,500. It is connected with Bair'sMeet^ ing House in Heidelberg Township,, and Hos^ tetter's Meeting House in Adams County, all the members who worship in three houses mentioned, form a congregation of about lOOii families. Samuel Myers, Martin Whistler and Jacob Hostetter, Sr., are the present, ministers. The services are conducted in, English and German. The committee, who. superintended the building of the Hanover- Church were David Forry, Samuel Witmer and Jacob Fry. The present elders are. Samuel Grove, and Samuel Forry. This re-- ligious denomination being plain and unoa*. tentatious, does not have a dedicator}' serv=.. ice. When a house of worship is completedl it is at once used. The first services in na way differ from the other regular services. In 1883 a Sunday-school was organized and has since then been regularly held. MOUNT OLIVET CEMETERY. This beautifully located cemetery was orig- inated through the efforts of L. F. Melsheiv.-- 37. 588 HISTORY or YORK COUNTY. mer, J. .T. Naille and D. Q. Albright, at a meeting held December, 20, 1858, and a charter was received early the following year. The land, fifteen acres, was purchased of Adam Forney for $2, 146. It lies on the summit of a hill, a short distance south of town, with a commanding view of the sur- rounding country. It was laid out in lots and winding walks, during February, 1859, by Joseph S. Gitt. The dedicatory services occurred on June 2, 1859. The officiating clergymen were Kevs. B. H. Nadal, M. J. Alleman and Martin Lohr. Alfred E. Lewis wrote a hymn which was sung at the time of dedication. Mount Olivet Cemetery is a beauti- ' ful testtmony of the affectionate remembrance which the citizens of Hanover hold for the friends who have departed this life. Many of the lots are enclosed with iron railing and granite curbing, and adorned with choice flowers. The grounds are ornamented with trees and shrubbery, which make the place an attractive resort. There are a large number of handsome monuments of granite and marble worthy of admiration as works of art. The remains of Ool. Richard McAl- lister, the founder of Hanover, repose in this delightful spot, and the graves of himself and family are taken care of by the borough authorities. An iron octagonal pavilion, of tasteful design, is a central figure of the cemetery. This cost $600, and was paid for with money raised at a festival during the jear 1872, by the ladies of Hanover. The first- board of directors was composed of Dan- iel Q. Albright, president; L. F. Melsheimer, secretary; Horatio W. Emmert, treasurer; William Wirt, J. J. Naille, Harry Kurtz, F. M. Baughman, George W. Welsh and Joseph Slagle. Two large swinging iron gates for carriages, and two smaller ones for footmen, similar to those at the National Cemetery at Gettysburg, were placed at the entrance in the year 1877, at a cost of $600, including granite blocks for posts. The board of directors in 1885 is as follows: Levi H. Eokert, president; George N. Forney, secre- tary and treasurer; Henry A. Young, Will- iam Anthony, William F. Stair, Dr. H. Alle- man, Philip S. Bowman, Carl Erdman and Washington Bair. George Zinn for many years was superintendent; at his death his son, John Zinn, the present superintendent, succeeded him. THE SCHOOLS. The first schools in the vicinity were held in connection with the churches, and taught under the superintendence of the minister. The first sohoolhouse in the town of Hanover was built by the Reformed congregation in 1777, on York Street, where it still stands, and owned by Peter Flickinger. This school was not strictly sectarian. In 1810 it was discontinued, and the building was sold in 1825. During later days John McLaugh- lin, taught a private school for many years, and as early as 1816, his school was consid- ered an old established institution. He taught in a log-building on York Street, where now stands the residence of Daniel Flickinger. McLaughlin remained at his post until his death. He was of jovial nature, and related with zest many amusing stories, in which he figured as the hero. Mr. Carr taught on York Street in the room where Miss Mattie E. Grove's select school is now held, for several years, closing about 1828. In the last-named year Seth Forrest opened a school on Frederick Street. Luiftier H. Skinner had a school for some time on York Street, in the same room formerly used by Mr. Carr. George W. Stouffer taught for some years in McLaughlin's old schoolroom. A school building formerly stood on the lot occupied by John S. Young's dwelling, on Carlisle Street, and another stood at the eastern end of York Street. i A few German private schools "were started, but they declined for want of patronage. This was doubtless caused by the fact that the Germans, though jealous of the English language as shown by their opposition to the introduction of English preaching, were yet sensible that the English was the favored language, and that the prospects of their children would be bettered by a knowledge of the ruling tongue. When the common school question came up for decision there were many in Hanover who opposed it. Henry Wirt and Luther H. Skinner were the first delegates to the conventions at York to decide whether Han- over should accept the new system; both voted in favor of it, and it was put into oper- ation in 1836. George W. Stouffer and a Dr. Smith taught the first public schools, one in the Reformed sohoolhouse, on York Street, and the other in a building on the same street, on a lot on which G. H. Shirk has lately built a brick dwelling. In 1847-48, a lot was bought on Carlisle Street, and a two-story brick schoolhouse built thereon, the children having the whole public common for a play- ground. This lot is now owned by Reuben Young, and the building serves him as a stable. George Young and Rev. Martin Lohr were the building committee in charge of the erection of this building — the two schools held in this building were taught at sundry times by BOROUGH OF HANOVEE. 589 Nathan U. Buckley, Matthias N. Trone, George W. Gist and J. Wicker. When the railroad was built in 1852 the lot and building on Carlisle Street were sold to George Young for $2,000. The board, then composed of the following-named members: AVilliam Bange, president; Jesse Fry singer, secretary; Dr. John Swope, John Grove, Henry C. Schriver and Peter Flickinger, bought one-half of the present lot for $300 from John Barnitz, of New Oxford. It was found that this lot was too small, the other half of the lot was bought for SfSOO. On this lot the present schoolhouse was built at a cost of $4,000. Eufus Winterode was the contractor. Peter Bough , the present j ani tor, has served almost continuously since the bouse was built. During the year 1885, the school board, composed of Henry Wirt, Washington Bair, William Heltzel, William A. Slagle, Charles Trone, William Albright, D. D. Ehrhart and William F. Stair built a well-planned school- house ,in the Third W^ard. The lot was bought from Cornelius Young for $2,000. The building, from an excellent design of J. A. Dempwolf, cost about $15,000. Dr. F. A. H. Koch and Howard Young, became members of the board in June 1885. MANUFACTDEES. The rich agricultural lands surrounding Hanover naturally brought about the manu- facture of farming implements. The first in- dustry of importance of this kind was wagon- making. When pleasure carriages became common, and there were great demands for them, a number of persons were engaged in their manufacture. Joseph and Samuel Alt- hoff, William and Andrew Soliday, George Thomas and others each made them on an extensive scale, before the civil war. About 1870 the business rapidly declined, although there are yet a large number made. Tanning was a profitable industry, at an early day. Jacob Forney did a large business half a century ago. He was followed by Hen- ry Winebrenner. Matthias Forney, George Nace, George Thomas and Cornelius Young were engaged in this business on a somewhat extensive scale. Michael Etzler now owns the only tannery in operation in Hanover. Conrad Moul, in 1852, began to make the first reapers that were manufactured in York County. He started this business at his home, then north of the toll-gate, on Abbottstown Street, and afterward built a shop in town. He obtained the shop-right to make the Hussey reaper and mower. The first year he made four machines and sold three of them; the second year he made a few more and dis- posed of all of them. In 1854 he exhibited one of his reapers and mowers at the York County fair, where it attracted great atten- tion, it being the first and only machine of the kind on exhibition. The following year he began to make them in great numbers, and employed many hands to construct them. He afterward made a few of the " Dorsey, " and a large number of the "Ball" and "John- ston" machines. He prepared all of the wood work in his own shops and obtained the cast- ings at the Fitz Foundry, then iu full opera- tion. Daniel Flickinger commenced to make the "Manny" reaper and mower, in 1855, and John and Peter Flickinger the next year began the manufacture of the same machine. They soon after obtained the county right to make the " Dorsey " reaper, which was the first machine to successfully use the self rake. The castings were made in their own foundry, in which they also made a great many thrash- ing machines and other agricultural im- plements. Mr. Mummau started the first foundry in the vicinity of Hanover, about one mile from town, on the York road, and kept it in opera- tion but a short time. Jacob Fitz, as a young man, began the same business in a shop on his father's farm, north of the village of Jefferson. In 1838, he moved to Hanover and started a foundry, which afterward proved to be one of the most extensive manufacturing enterprises the town has ever had. He made many varieties of agricultural implements. Nearly all of the first thrashing machines used over a large section of country, were made at his establishment on Abbottstown Street. In 1848, and for several years later he made as many as 300 thrashers annually and em- ployed from thirty to forty workmen. The large five-story brick grist-mill, near the foundry, was built in 1863, at a cost of $30,000. It then contained four burrs, three for flour and one for chopping. They were driven by a fifty horse-power engine. This mill was purchased in 1885 by George Kline- felter and Charles E. Moul, who refitted it and placed in it improved machinery. Its capacity is ninety barrels of flour per day. Conrad Moul & Co's planing-mill, sash factory, etc., on Chestnut Street, employs about thirty workmen regularly, and is in continual operation. The canning of fruits and vegetables is carried on extensively by David E. Winebren- ner, who employs, during the summer months, from 150 to 200 men, women and 590 HISTORY OF YOEK COUNTY. children. This is a valuable industry to the town. The business of manufacturing cigars gives employment to more persons in Hanover now than any other industry. There are several important factories in continual operation. Among them are those of Daniel F. Stair, Jesse Frysinger, Charles Bowman, J. Bair, Harry Trone and L. Paff. J. S. Young & Co., for a number of years, have made, on a very large scale, flavine and extract of- quercitron from bark. Immense quantities of bark are annually consumed at their establishment, which consists of about a dozen buildings. The same firm conducts a similar business in Baltimore, The large flouring-mill of Welsh, Sleeder & Co. , built a few years ago, is now manu- facturing a superior quality of flour, by the new process. The brand of flour here made has gained an enviable reputation, and is meeting with a large sale. THE FIKE DEPAETMENT. When the first apparatus for extinguishing fire was used in Hanover cannot now be de- termined, but the leather buckets were in readiness for use in 1780. Early in this century an engine was procured. After a fire, in the year 1820, a town meeting was held, and a petition was soon after presented to the council, asking that an engine, not to cost more than |800, be purchased, and that a tax be laid on the real estate within the borough to pay for it. In July, 1830, the town council purchased from Asa Cummings, of Boston, an engine which was called ' ' The Tiger,'' at a cost of 1275. Sometime after- ward another engine was obtained, which was called "The Lion." Both these engines are still in possession of the borough. In 1858 another engine was bought of a Baltimore firm for $450, and a reel to carry the hose was bought for $50. This engine was called "The Washington." The small building used for some years for the tire apparatus, was located on Chestnut Street. On this same spot the handsome two-story building was erected, at a cost of $3,800, by the town authorities, in 1882, under the administration of L. F. Melsheimer, as chief burgess. The upper story of this new brick building con- tains a spacious hall. In the lower story is kept all the fire apparatus ever owned by the company, including the beautiful and orna- mental " Silsby" steam fire-engine, purchased in 1881, at a cost of $3,300; at the same time 1,040 feet of hose were bought for 11,000. THE GAS COMPANY. The Hanover Gas Company received its charter January 8, 1870, and the works were built in the summer of the same year, by John L. Kuehn, of York, along the Littles- town Bailroad, near the depot. Capt. A. W. Bichelberger, was elected president, and L. F. Melsheimer, secretary, at the time of the organization; both have remained continu- ously in office to this writing. The other di- rectors are George N. Forney, R. M. Wirt, John R. Stine, Stephen Keefer and H. Y. Sprenkle. The company consumes about 250 tons of bituminous coal in a year in the manufacture of gas, which is furnished at $3 per thousand cubic feet. There are now about 200 consumers. THE WATEE COMPANY. The Water Company was organized April 25, 1872. The source of supply is an excel- lent quality of chalybeate water, from ' 'Gitt's Spring," on the southern slope of the Pidg- eon Hills, not far distant from a rich vein of iron ore, through which the water passes. It is the ingredient known as protoxide of iron, that gives to this water its healthful and invigorating properties, and is much val- ued as a blood purifier. The water is brought in six- inch iron pipes from the source, 18,000 feet northwest of Hanover. The person who used every energy to organize the water com- pany, was the late C, C. Wirt, who became the first secretary. He also originated other needed public improvements in Hanover, but died early in life. The engineer of the com- pany was R. K. Martin, of Baltimore Water Works. The reservoir is 200 feet above the highest point of the square, in which the beautiful fountain is now located. An ad- ditional reservoir was built during the year 1884, near the first one, to increase the sup- ply. The original board of directors con- sisted of the following-named persons: Jo- seph Dellone, president; C. C. Wirt, secre- tary; Henry Wirt, George W. Welsh, N. B. Carver and W. J. Young. VISIT OE GEN. WASHINGTON. On the afternoon of Friday, July 1, 1791, Gen. Washington arrived in Hanover, com- ing from the southwest, on his return from his great Southern tour to Philadelphia, which was then the capital of the United States. He had but few attendants and re- mained over night with Paul Metzgar who then kept a store and public inn on the corner now occupied by Grumbiue & Brook- ley. This event occurred during the third BOROUGH OF HANOVER. 591 year of his first term as President of the United States. Tradition says, on the following morning he walked down Baltimore Street and ob- served men reaping wheat. Soon afterward he started for York, arriving there at 2 P. M. (See History of Borough of York, page 553.) BALTIMORE DEFENDERS. At the time of the advance of the British on Baltimore in 1814 Hanover and vicinity furnished two companies. The rank and file of the one company was as follows: Captain, FrederiekMetzgar; first lieutenant, Henry Wirt; second lieutenant, George Im- mel; ensign, George Eiler; non-commissioned officers and privates, Joseph Morris, George Hoke, Samuel Himes, Jacob Hostetter, Jr., John Myers, John Bargelt, Tobias Beck, Leonard Buvinger, George Morningstar, John Dines, Thomas Jarvis, Jesse Horn, John Bange, Solomon Kuhn, Daniel Little, Henry Melsheimer, Henry Klein, David Shultz, John Eeider, William , Jacob Waggoner, George Stauter, Benjamin Welsh, Christian Hass, Samuel Hawks, Henry Bange, David Storm, Edward _ Kichard, George Myers, William Hoffman, Anthony Shorb, John Michael, .David Blinzinger, Henry Stock, Jacob Cramer, John Douglass, John Weigle, Daniel Stoehr, Philip Apple, Jacob Hilt. The other company was commanded by Capt. John Bair. The only names that are now known, of soldiers who formed the rank and file are George Frysinger, Frederick Messing, Jacob Young. Frederick Bittinger, George Grove, John P. Storm, Samuel Flickinger, Adam Forney, George Grumbine, Samuel Weigle and John Beard. These two companies left Hanover on foot Sunday morning, August 28, 1814, and reached the city of Baltimore at 9 A. M., Tuesday. September 11, they were marched to North Point, where they lay all night on their arms, and next day, the mem- orable 12th of September, they took part in the engagement with the British, who re- treated soon after, and the Hanover Com- panies together with other companies from York County, returned home after two weeks' service, not being needed longer. For the history of the engagement in Hanover in 1863, see page 212. MILITARY AND MUSICAL. The United Blues was a military company of riflemen, organized by Capt. A. W. Bichel- berger. The company was composed of sixty men, in full uniform, and continued to drill for seven years. The Fourth Dragoons was a company or- ganized in 1852, composed of fifty men. It was a cavalry company, having a full uni- form of blue coat, light blue pantaloons, with cavalry sabres, furnished by the State, and was commanded by Capt. Bichelberger. They drilled once a month, for five years, on the Public Common. The Wan^en Qreys, commanded by Capt. Luther Skinner, was an excellently drilled volunteer company, in grey uniform. The Marion Rifle Company, commanded by Capt. Renaut. was a company in excellent trim. About the time the Civil war began most of the members entered the service. The Union Band was organized in tlie year 1852, through the efforts of Capt. D. Q. Albright, who was its leader. This was an excellent musical organization, and was frequently invited to neighboring towns on important occasions. It was familiarly known as the "Silver Band," owing to thie magnificent Tyrolese silver instruments, which were purchased at a cost of $1,000. One of the pieces, an E-flat cornet, cost $100, and was played by H. Clay Metzger. The elegant wagon used by the band cost $500. In the year 1863, the organization disbanded. This was during the trying times of the Civil war, and many of its members entered the military service. The Hanover Silver Cornet Band is a well trained organization, which has existed for many years. The Citizens Band is a new organization led by Prof. Gundrum. FAIRS. The old-time fairs were kept up in Hanover later than in many neighboring |;owns. They attracted large crowds of people, who spent the time in general enjoyment. The square on these occasions was nearly filled with tables of venders of trinkets, jewelry and merchandise pf various kinds. These fairs finally became a sort of nuisance and were discontinued. HOTELS. The Farmer's Inn was one of the old-time houses of public entertainment on Baltimore Street. It was an important stopping place for drovers and teamsters, who followed the business of hauling produce and grain to Baltimore, and returned with goods and mer- chandise on the way to their homes in nor- thern counties. Teams to and from Pitts- burgh frequently stopped here. J. Lamptte opened this hotel about 1800, andwasfol- 593 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. lowed by George Emmert, and lie by Peter Shultz for many years. William Albright succeeded in 1843; his son, D. Q, Albright, in 1847, and Jeremiah Diehl in 1852. Three years later the hotel closed. The Diller House was built by Major Cyrus Diller, in 1870, at a cost of $14,000. It is a large, tive-story building, heated by steam, and possesses all the needs of a first- class hotel. A. P. Barker is proprietor. The Central Hotel, on Fountain Square, has long been a prominent stopping place for travelers ; Arnold Kleff, proprietor. On the same site, for half a century, stood the tavern known as the "Stage Office." It was the stopping place for stages going east and west, and north and south. Ja- (5ob Eichelberger was then the owner. Davis Garber is the present owner. The Franklin House, on York Street, long kept by Mr. Euth, now by Frank McKinney, and the Drover's Hotel, on Carlisle Street, have long been prominent stopping places for farmers. Heidelberg House is located on Abbottstown Street. BIOGRAPHICAL. Col. Richard McAllister, founder of the town of Hanover, was of Scotch descent. Mac is the Scotch name for son, hence Mac Allister, the original way of spelling the name, means son of Allister. Archibald McAllister and his brother, came from Scotland about 1732, the former settled near Big Spring, Cumberland Co., Penn., and the latter went to Virginia. The eldest son of Archibald was Eiehard, the subject of this sketch, who, on February 23, 1748, married Mary Dill, daughter of Col. Matthew Dill, who lived in the vicinity of the present town of Dillsburg, this coun- ty. Richard McAllister "moved to the vicinity of Hanover about 1745. His chil- dren were Jane, born March 3, 1750, and married Robert White, of Georgetown, D. C; Abdiel, born January 30, 1752; he was commissioned second lieutenant January 9, 1776, and went on Montgomery's expedition to Quebec, during the Revolution; Mary Ann, born February 12, 1754; Archibald, born April 17, 1756, great-grandfather of Dickinson McAllister, who now lives at Fort Hunter, Penn., married Elizabeth Carson, in 1785, and settled near Harrisburg; he was a captain in the Revolution, and commanded his company in the battle of Monmouth, in New Jersey, died 1831; Matthew, born Mav 4, 1758, married Hannah Gibbons, went to Savannah, Ga., and became the first United States district attorney of that State; judge of the superior court of the State, and mayor of Savannah during the war of 1812, and died May 9, 1823 ; Ward McAllister, of New York City, and Col. Julian McAllister, r of the State Arsenal, California, are his sons; Nancy, born Feb- ruary 4, 1760; Elizabeth, born October 10, 1761; Richard, born August 28, 1763; Sarah, born April 28, 1765; Margaret, born February 22, 1767; Jesse, born December 23, 1768. In all, there were eleven children. Richard Mc- Allister soon became one of the most prominent persons in York County. Early in the trou- bles between the colonies and England, he took an active part. He was elected one of the Committee of Observation and Safety in 1775; was chosen a member of the Provin- cial Conference, of June 18, 1775, which met in Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia; was next chosen a member of the Provincial Con- ference, of January 18, 1776, and next became colonel of the Second Battalion of the York County Associators; was elected by the general assembly of Pennsylvania county lieutenant; on June 4, 1778. to siiperintend the organi- zation of the militia of York County, and afterward became one of the committee to settle the accounts of the county lieutenants of the State. He was a member of the Su- preme Executive Council, of the State of Pennsylvania, during the years 1783-84-85- 86, and was a member of the Council of Censors. He was foreman of the jury at the York County Court perhaps more frequently than any other person of his period. He was commissioned justice of the peace and justice of the court of common pleas un- der the colonial government in March 1771, and under the first constitution of Pennsyl- vania in 1776, and on September 17, 1784, be- came presiding justice of the court of the Common Pleas of York County. It will thus be seen that he held many responsible posi- tions and was held in high esteem for his administrative and executive abilities. He died in Hanover at 4 o'clock in the evening, October 7, 1795. His remains lie in Mount Olivet Cemetery. His wife died a few years before him. Gen. Jacob Eyster, eldest son of George Eyster and Mary Slagle (sister of Col. Henry Slagle), was born • near Hanover, June 8, 1782, and was a descendant of John Jacob Eyster, of the kingdom of Wurtemburg. Dur- ing the war of 1812 he was employed by the secretary of war (Armstrong) and the gov- ernor of Pennsylvania, to distribute arms among the militia of Pennsylvania. He was elected a member of the State senate in 1819, was reelected and resigned in 1824, BOROUGH OF HANOYER. 593 being chosen deputy surveyor general of Pennsylvania, and afterward became presi- dent of the bank of Harrisburg. He died in that city March 24, 1858. DISTINGUISHED ENTOMOLOGISTS. Says Dr. H. A. Hagan, professor of ento- mology in Harvard College at Cambridge, Mass. : "The Melsbeimers of York County, Penn., have been considered by the English entomologist Th. Say, to be the fathers of en- tomology in the United States." Dr. Carl Zimmermann the distinguished scientist, in order to know all that could be , learned of the elder Melsheimer, visited Hanover in 1834, before the time of railroads. From his manuscript diary was found the following: "From York, Penn., I walked eighteen miles to the southwest to Hanover, where I arrived January 7, 1834. Introduced to a Mr. Lange, the editor of the Hanover Ga- zette, I was informed that the older Melshei- mer died twenty years before. Mr. Lange had been well acquainted with him, and the widow and several children are still living in the town. The following I copied out from the obituary in the Hanover Gazette: " 'Friedrich Valentin Melsheimer, minis- ter of the Evangelic- Lutheran Church in Hanover, died June 30, 1814, in consequence of a lung disease of thirty years' duration, sixty-four years, ten months and seven days old. He was born September 25, 1749, at Negenborn, in the dukedom of Brunswick. His father, Joachim Sebastian Melsheimer, was superintendent of forestry to the duke. F. V. Melsheimer was sent, in 1756,'to school in Holzminden; in 1769 he went to the uni- versity in Helmstsedt. He received, 1776, the appointment as chaplain to a regiment, which he accompanied to America, and ar- rived July 1st, in Quebec. In 1779 he came to Bethlehem, Penn., and married, June 3, Mary Agnes Mann, by whom he had eleven children. From August 19, 1789, he was minister in Hanover, Pa.' " Dr. Zimmermann called on Mrs. Melshei- mer, and was told by her and her daughter that after his death bis eldest son, John Friedrich Melsheimer, succeec^ed his father as minister, whose love for natural history he had inherited, together with his collection and library. Rev. J. F. Melsheimer is the entomologist quoted so often by Th. Say, in his American Entomology by Anihicus bicolor. The father, F. V. Melsheimer, was in correspondence with the well known Ger- man entomologist, A. W. Enoch, in Bruns- wick, who states in the volume before men- tioned that up to 1801 he had received from him over 700 American insects. He gives still very valuable descriptions of twenty-three species. F. V. Melsheimer published the well known catalogue, "Insects of Pennsylvania," in 1806. It contained sixty pages. This is a work much sought after, but now very rare. It contained a description and classification of 1,363 species of beetles, the first work of the kind ever published in America. Dr. Knoch of Germany printed a book in 1801, dedicated to F. V. Melsheimer; it is now in the Harvard Museum. Rev. John Melsheimer died about 1830 and his brother, Ernst Frederick Melsheimer, M. D., inherited the collection and library of father and brother who had done so much for ento- mological science. He removed to Davids- burg in Dover Township. The celebrated Dr. Zimmermann, when on his visit to Han- over, went to Davidsburg to visit Dr. Mel- sheimer, and in his diary is found the fol- lowing: " The house rudely constructed with boards, painted red, stood all alone in the middle of a forest. His wife was at the spinning wheel. The reception was indeed a very cordial one, and when he heard that his father's book was well known, and mentioned in German, English and French works, which he never dreamed of, he became ani- mated and talked with great interest on entomological matters and books." Dr. Zimmermann wondered at this and soon found that Dr. Melsheimer himself was a devotee of the science as well as his deceased father and brother. They looked over the col- lection of specimens which were kept in good order, and all the labels of his father's hand- writing were correctly attached. Twice more in 1839, Dr. Zimmermann visited Mel- sheimer in company with Rev. D. Ziegler, of York, who then began to turn his attention to entomology. In 1842 the Entomological Society of Penn- sylvania was formed, and Dr. Melsheimer, of Davidsburg was chosen president in 1853. The only survivor of this society now is Dr. J. G. Morris, of Baltimore. The object of this society was to publish a catalogue of the known coleoptera of the United States. Pastor Ziegler and Dr. Melsheimer were co-laborers in this important work, and the book was soop after published, and is now very valuable in scientific circles. The work was revised by the late Prof. S. S. Haldeman and J. L. LeConte in 1853, and published by the Smithsonian Institute at Washington, Dr. Frederick, Ernest Mel- sheimer, the third of the name who won ^94 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. fame in the science of entomology, died at Davidsburg, March 10, 1873, aged ninety one years. He was born in Hanover, 1782, ■and graduated in medicine in Baltimore. •His father, brother and himself were known throughout Europe by the great naturalists. The Melsheimer Collection of entomolog- ical specimens was sold by Dr. Melsheimer in 1864, to the distinguished naturalist Prof. -Louis Agassiz, who also bought the collection ■then owned by Eev. D. Ziegler. They are now highly prized and are in the museum at Harvard College, Massachusetts. The Mel- sheimer collections, when sold, filled 41 wooden 'boxes I0|^xl4 inches and 2 inches high, each one lined inside with Helianthus pith. The .price paid was |250. It contained, netto, *5,302 species with 14,774, specimens. Of this number 2, 200 species belonged to the United ■States; 1,894 species from Europe; 422 from Brazil, 8 from Mexico; 9 from West Indies; 4 from Siberia; China, 74; Java, 8; Africa, 39; Australia, 14. The other insects were, Hymenoptera, 148 species; Hemipteran, 28; European Diptera, 90; Lepidoptera, none. The contents of the Ziegler collection were, after the the same report, netto, 5,802 species, with 11,837 specimens. United States Coleoptera, 1,794 species with 6,262 specimens. From Europe, 1,729 species; Brazil, 378; Mexico, 34; West Indies, 40; Siberia, 21; China, 55; Java, 12; Africa, 110; Australia, 14, besides Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, Dip- tera. The Ziegler collection filled a cabinet with 45 boxes in three rows. The boxes are a little smaller than the Melsheimer ones, the bottom of plain wood, the cover with a pane of glass. Every species had a square written label on the pin, with the name and the locality. Among the former citizens of Hanover who iield official position were associate judges. •Jacob Rudisill, Henry Slagle, John L. Hin- kle and David Newcomer whose biographies appear in the chapter on the "Bench and Bar" in this work. A sketch of Congress- man Jacob Hostetter, appears in the chapter ■on "Historical Biography." Other citizens of note in Hanover Who are now deceased were Dr. Henry W. Wampler, W. D. Gobrecht, Christian Henry and Jacob Wirt; Adam, Philip, Marks, Jacob Forney, and Matthias N. Forney, Jacob Eichelberger, George Nace, Henry Danner, Elder Metzger, Dr. J. P. Smith, D. P. Lange and Dr. Cul- bertson. Jacob Tome, the great financier, who now resides at Port Deposit, Md., was born in Hanover, August 13, 1810, of very humble German parentage. Michael Africa, the grandfather of Hon J. Simpson Africa, secretary of internal affairs, of Pennsylvania, in 1783, lived near Hanover. GENEALOGICAL. The following genealogical record, received too late for insertion in that part of this work, is inserted here: John George Kuntz, one of the first set- tlers on the site of the town of Hanover, emi- grated with his wife Catharine from Germany, together with 171 other Palitines, landing in Philadelphia September 11, 1732, in a sail- ing vessel called the "Pennsylvania." He gave the land for the first Lutheran Church of the settlement around Hanover, and was instrumental in having Eev. Candler, the first pastor, come to America. John George Kuntz died April 7, 1748, and his wife Cath- erine died January 22, 1758. They had one son named John, and two daughters. Eve married Philip Morningstar. Catherine, the eldest child, was born in 1729, and in 1745 married Adam Hubbert, who lived in the vi- cinity of Hanover and died July 13, 1781, aged sixty-six years. His wife died in 1812, aged eighty-three years. Their daughter, Ann Eve Hubbert, born in 1751, married Jacob Rudisill, who became associate judge of the courts of York County. Their eldest daughter, Catharine Hubbert, born in 1748, married Peter Welsh. Christiana, the third daughter of Adam and Catherine Hubbert, was born in 1753 and married Henry Welsh, brother of Peter Welsh, and a son of Jacob Welsh, who came to York County from Europe in 1737. Henry Welsh was a prominent man dur- ing the early history of Hanover. In 1795 he became the first postmaster and afterward collector of excise, justice of the peace and in 1776, during the Revolution, was commis- sioned second lieutenant of Casper Reineka's company in Third Battalion of York County militia, commanded by Col. Richard McAl- lister. Henry Welsh died August 21, 1827, and his widow, Catherine Hubbert, died June 1,1828. They had four sons: George, Henry, Jacob Rudisill and Benjamin. George Welsh, Henry's eldest son, was born in Hanover, and died in Waynesboro, Penn., in 1854, aged seventy- seven years. The late Henry Welsh, of York, was born in Han- over January 13, 1800, was a son of George Welsh. Early in life Henry Welsh moved to York and engaged in the mercantile business, and soon after became one of the publishers of the York Gazette. He was appointed State printer, and at the same time was proprietor of the Harrisburg Reporter. From 1884 to r^ ^>St<^^f-' BOEOUGH OF WRIGHTSVILLE. 595 1838 he was part of the firm of Welsh, Cam- eron & Co., of Philadelphia. In 1842 he was appointed naval officer of the port of Philadelphia. After serving four years he was appointed United States revenue collector of the York District; was a director in the NortherQ Central Railway Company, and for many years president of the York Bank. He was three times a presidential elector. He died at his home in York June 23, 1888, aged eighty-three years. Benjamin, the youngest son of George Welsh, married Elizabeth Myers, lived in Hanover and died February 27, 1843, aged fifty two years, leaving children as follows: Amelia, Henry D., George W.,Agnes and Will- iam C.W. Henry D.Welsh, his eldest son, was born in Hanover ; early in life entered the store of Welsh & Hoff in York; returned to Hanover and conducted a store on Baltimore Street, In 1845 he went to Philadelphia and soon became a prominent merchant of that city, as part of the large mercantile establishment of James, Kent,' San tee & Co. He was presi- dent of the American Steamship Company, and is now prominently connected with the rail- road interests of this State, being a director in the Pennsylvania Railroad Company and other companies, and president of one or two corporations. George Washington, second son of George Welsh, was born February 22, 1826. For many years he was one of the leading merchants of Hanover, and was an enterprising citizen. He died July 5, 1880. His children were Emma, married to G. M. Bair, and Albertus C, member of the firm of Welsh, Sleeder & Co., of Hanover. William Centennial Washington Welsh, youngest son of George Welsh, was born on the one-hundredth anniver- sary of the birth of Washington, Febru- ary 22, 1832, from which circumstance the middle name Centennial was given. He is married to Cornelia Jane McFarland, and has four sons, Harry B., William Ernest Paul and Ivan. Mr. Welsh is the senior member of the firm of Welsh, Sleeder & Co., who ai-e largely engaged in the manufacture of flour in Hanover. THE BOROUGH OF WRIGHTSVILLE.* WRIGHT'S FERRY was one of the first ferries on the Susquehanna, and for many years the most important one over the lower part of the stream. *By W. W. Moore, Esq. In 1726 Robert Barber, Samuel Blunston and John Wright, Quakers, came from Ches- ter County and settled upon the east bank of the river, where Columbia now stands. Wright took up 250 acres lying south of Walnut Street in Columbia, and BJunston, 500 acres north of that street. In two or three years after their arrival, John Wright took up several hundred acres of land on the west bank of the river, extending from the creek up to John Hendricks' land, about 200 yards above the bridge. Although the Proprietaries of the province prohibited any settlement west of the river, and refused to issue a license to any one ex- cept John Wright and John and James Hendricks, several families from Chester County settled in Conojohela (now called Canodocholy) Valley, four miles lower down the river, who were removed in 1730. A number of. German families came over the river and settled in the valley. -These set- tlements having been planted west of the river it was with great difficulty others were restrained from joining them.f John Wright saw the necessity of establishing a ferry and applied for a patent, but on account of the opposition of a rival application at the larger settlement in Conestoga Manor, four mileS below Wright's, he did not procure his pat- ent until 1733. Immediately thereafter Jt)hn Wright and Samuel Blunston petitioned the court to appoint viewers to lay out a pub- lic road from the ferry at the foot of Walnut Street, in Columbia, to the borough of Lan- caster, which road was laid out and confirmed by the court in 1734. John Wright, Jr., son of John Wright, removed to the west side of the river and erected a ferry house at the foot of Hellam Street. He received a license to keep a public house for the years 1736-37- 38-39, and, in 1739, a public road was laid out from his ferry, extending thirty- four miles.' and connecting with the Monocacy road in Maryland, and from thence to the Potomac at the base of the great Virginia Valley. In the year 1729, Joshua Minshall, John and James Hendricks, Quakers, came from the east side of the river. John Hendricks received a license for 350 acres of land ex- tending along the river above John Wright's, and Minshall settled about a mile and a half back from the river on the land now owned by John Strickler and George D. Ebert. John Wright, Jr., was quite a prominent man. He was elected a member of the Assembly for York County at the first elec- tion after the erection of the county in 1749, fFor a history of the troubles of early settlers see article on that subject, pp. 47-73. 598 HISTORY OF YOEK COUNTY. and annually re-elected until and including 1759. He died about the year 1763. Wright's Ferry, during and after the Eev- olationary war was well known throughout the entire country, being the principal thor- oughfare over the Susquehanna, and from the celebrity gained in this way, became one of the points named for the National Capital. Mr. Parton in his "Life of , Jefferson. " gives an interesting account of the proceedings of Congress on this subject, while sitting in New York, in 1789 and 1790. Condensing his language, he says: "A ring loomed up dimly upon the imagination of members, supposed to have been formed 'out of doors,' in order to fix the Capital at Wright's Ferry, on the Susquehanna. The members from New England and New York agreed in pre- ferring it, as the point nearest the center of population, wealth and convenience; and for many days it seemed to have a better chance than any of the other places proposed — Har- risburg, Baltimore, New York, Germantown and Philadelphia. But Wright's Ferry lost its chance through the opposition of the southern members and the ring rumor was the ass jaw-bone which they used to kill the project. The members from New England and New York denied the offensive charge, and contended that Wright had fixed his ferry at the point which would be the center of population for ages to come. With regard to the country west of the Ohio — an unmeas- urable wilderness — Fisher Ames was of the opinioa (and it was everybody's opinion) that it was perfectly romantic to allow it any weight in the decision at all. When it will be settled, or how it will be possible to govern it, said he, is past calculation." Southern gentlemen, on the other hand, denied the centrality of Wright and maintained that the shores of the noble Potomac presented the genuine center to the nation's choice. And so the debate went on day after day. The Susquehanna* men triumphed in the House, but the senate sent back the bill with Sus- quehanna stricken out and Germantown in- serted. The House would not accept the amendment, and the session ended before the place had been agreed upon. The subject being resumed in the spring of 1790, it was again productive of heat and recrimination; again the South was outvoted and the Poto- mac rejected by a small majority. BafHed in the House, Southern men renewed their efforts over Mr. Jefferson's wine and hickory- nuts in Maiden Lane. It was agreed at length that *AccordiDg to the speeches in Beaton's "Debates of Con- gress," the east side of the Susquehanna was designated as the proposed site of the Capital, [lid.] for the next ten years the seat of government should be Philadelphia, and finally, near Georgetown." GEN. JAMES EWING. James Ewing, son of Thomas Ewing, was born 1736, in Manor Township, Lancaster County, about two miles east of Columbia. He married a daughter of John Wright, Jr., and removed to the farm now owned by the heirs of the late William McConkey, near Wrightsville. The land was part of that belonging to John Wright, Jr. James Ewing came from the Scotch-Irish stock in Donegal, and inherited their love for fighting. He enlisted as a private during the French and Indian war of 1755, and was with Braddook. He was also a lieutenant in the company commanded by Capt. Eobert McPherson, under Gen. Forbes, in his expedition to Fort Duquesne in 1758. In the years of 1771- 72-73-74-75 he was elected a member of the assembly. He was an ardent patriot. On July 4, 1776, he was elected second brigadier-general in the Pennsylvania Militia or Associators, and commanded the First Brigade of the Flying Camp. He was at the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, Trenton and other battles in New Jersey. He was a splendid military officer and was greatly esteemed by Gen. Washington. November 7, 1782, he was elected vice-president of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsyl- vania, which position he held with great honor to himself and State, until November 6, 1784, when he was compelled, on account of his health, to decline another election. He was elected a member of the senate for York County, for the years 1795-96-97-98 -99. He died in March, 1806, aged seventy years, upon his plantation near Wrightsville. THE TOWN LAID OUT. Notwithstanding the early settlement of the locality, and the prominence attained by the ferry, the town was not laid out until 1811, and later. The part of the town known as Wrightsville containing 101 lots, lying between Hellam Street and Limekiln Alley and between the river and Fourth Street (except a portion of the square be- tween Front and Second and Hellam and Locust Streets), was laid out by William Wright in 1811, and by him conveyed to Jacob Kline. To the lot owners of this portion of the town belongs to the public ground at the corner of Front and Walnut Streets. "Westphalia," containing ninety- six lots, and "Westphalia continued," were laid out by Susanna Houston in 1811 and BOROUGH OF WRIGHTSVILLE. 597 1812, and embraced all that part of the town south of Hellam Street. ' 'Wrightsville con- tinued," embracing the part of the town north of Limekiln Alley was laid out by William Wright in 1813. "Wrightsville ex- tended," lying between Hellam and Locust Streets, and west of Fourth Street, was laid out by Samuel Miller. It may not- be un- interesting to know that the lots in Wrights- ville were disposed of by lottery, or rather that the lots were sold at a uniform price, and the choice of lots was determined by chance. The first bridge over the Susquehanna at this point was erected, in 1814, and since that time the place has been Ifnown as Wrightsville, instead of Wright's Ferry, as before. This bridge crossed the river at a point higher up the river than the present one, the Wrightsville end of the structure being about opposite the farm-house of the old Wright farm, now owned by Detwilers, North, Crane & Co. , and occupied by Henry Crumbling. This bridge was destroyed by the ice freshet of 1832, and a second bridge was built in 1834, where the present one now stands. INCOEPOKATION. Wrightsville was incorporated as a borough, April 11, 1834, and the first elec- tion was held on the 9th of May, following. At this election Henry Snyder was elected chief burgess, William Wilson, assistant burgess, Tempest Wilson, Michael Clepper, Samuel Sheaffer, George Green and Eobert W. Smith, members of the town council, and Jacob Harris, constable. This council organized on the 12th of the same month by the election of Robert W. Smith, president of the council. The amount of the tax duplicate levied by this council at a tax rate of 2f mills was 1162.87, showing the assessed values of the property in the borough at that time to have been $65,148. These facts may be interesting in comparison with the present. The assessed valuation of real estate for 1884, was $439,560; number of taxable inhabitants 541. A writer describing Wrightsville a few years later (1844), says: "It contains between sixty and seventy dwellings, several stores and taverns. Population about 800. A good turnpike leads from this place through York to Gettysburg, in Adams Coun- ty. This place may, before many years, be- come of some note and distinction." INCIDENT or THE CONFEDEKATE INVASION. During the war of the Rebellion Wrights- ville was visited, in June, 1863, by a brigade of Southern troops, under the command of Gen. John B. Gordon, afterward a United States senator from Georgia. On the 28th of June, the Confederate batteries shelled the town, a number of houses in town bear- ing marks of the enemy's projectiles. The militia, under command of Major Haller, United States army, had thrown up rifle-pits for the protection of the town, but made but little actual defense, soon retreating to the east side of the river, burning the bridge after them in order to prevent the Confeder- ates from crossing the river. The enemy immediately occupied the town, and assisted the citizens who remained in putting out the fire and saving property endangered by the burning bridge. The next day they left again, not having molested any citizens, or disturbed any property where the owners remained at home to take care of it, but doing considerable damage in cases where property had been left unoccupied. CHUECHES. The first church in the town was a brick Union Chapel built about the year 1817 or 1818, on ground donated for that purpose by Susanna Houston, being the same ground that is still occupied as a Union Cem- etery. This church antedated the form- ation of any regular congregation in the town of any of the religious denominations, and was used for several years by both the Presbyterian and Methodist preachers, who visited the town, and perhaps by preachers of other denominations also, as a preaching place. This church, which was afterward used as a schoolhouse, was torn down about the year 1854. The Methodist Church. — There is no record by which the date of the organization of the first Methodist class or society in Wrights- ville can be definitely fixed, but at the time of the erection of the Union Chapel, referred to above, the Methodists had a small society here, and for several years the Methodist preachers had appointments for occasional services in that building. In the year 1828 a lot of ground was purchased from Leonard Rathfon and wife, for the erection of a Meth- odist Episcopal Church. This was the same lot on which the present church building now stands. During the next year (1829), the frame church, which formerly occupied the present site, was erected. At that time, and for a number of years before and after, Wrightsville was one of the appointments on Shrewsbury Circuit. The first record we have is in the year 1840, when Revs. John A. Collins and Penfield Doll were the 598 HISTOKY OF YOKK COUNTY. preachers of Shrewsbury Circuit, to which Wrightsville was still attached. They were succeeded, iu 1841, by Rev. Oliver Ege, as preacher in charge, and Eev. Thompson •Mitchell, as junior preacher. This was the last year that Shrewsbury Circuit extended so far. In the spring of 1842, Codorus Circuit was formed, and Rev. Thompson Mitchell appointed preacher in charge. In 1844 Eev. John Morehead was appointed to Wrightsville, the appointment at that time consisting of Wrightsville and Margaretta Furnace, as it does at the present time. He was succeeded, in 1846, by Kev. I. H. Tor- rence, now secretary of the Pennsylvania Bible Society, during whose pastorate of two years the congregation resolved upon the erection of a new and more commodious house of worship, and the preliminary steps to that end were taken, including the secur- ing of subscriptions and the laying of plans, bat the building itself was erected in the year 1848, during the pastorate of Rev. Dab- ney Ball, who, by the way, afterward joined the Methodist Episcopal Church South, and was a chaplain in the Confederate army dur- ing the Eebellion. In 1849 Eev. E. S. Mc- Clay, now the superintendent of missions in Japan, was appointed to the charge, but re- mained only a short time, when he was sent to another field of labor, being succeeded for the same year by Eev. William Eeed. In 1850 Eev. Franklin Gearhart was appointed, remaining one year; in 1851 Eev. William Gwynn, two years; in 1853 Eev. W. C. Steele one year; in 1854 Eev. W. W. Welsh, two years; in 1856 Eev. D. S. Monroe, one year; in 1857 Eev. W. S. Wilson, one year; in 1858 Eev. S. W. Sears, one year; in 1859 Eev. Oliver Ege, one year; in 1860 Eev. M. S. Drum, two years ; in 1862 Eev.' G. W. Dunlap, two years; in 1864 Eev. Emory Buhrman, two years; in 1866 Eev. J. Max Lantz, three years. During the pastorate of Mr. Lantz, the church was repaired and painted at an expense of between $600 and $700, and the appearance of the building was much im- proved. In 1869 Eev. J. W. Olewine was appointed to the charge, remaining two years, and, in 1871, Eev. H. M. Ash, three years. During his term the congregation erected the convenient and pleasant parsonage connected with the church. In 1874 Eev. Eichard Mallalieu was appointed for two years; in 1876 Eev. E. E. A. Deaver, for three years; in ]879 Eev. J. Y. Shannon, for three years; and, in 1882, Rev. J. P. Moore, the present pastor, was appointed. In that year exten- sive repairs were made to the church build- ing, and it now presents a handsome appear- ance, and is a pleasant and comfortable church edifice. The present membership is a little over 200, while there is in connection with the church a large and flourishing Sunday- school, having thirty officers and teachers and 290 scholars on the roll. C. S. Bud- ding is the superintendent. The Presbyterian Church. — The Presby- terian congregation dates from May 8, 1828, when the Eev. William F. Houston became the pastor of the church, services being held in the Union Chapel, on Chestnut Street, until 1847, when the lot of ground at the north- west corner of Second and Locust Streets was purchased, and a convenient two-story church built. This was occupied by the con- gregation until the year 1882, when it was torn down and the present church built on the same site. This building is still incom- plete, the lecture or Sunday-school room be- ing finished and occupied, but the interior of the main audience chamber has not yet been finished. When completed it will be a hand- some and convenient church building and an ornament to the town. The pastors of the congregation in their regular order have been as follows: Eevs. William F. Houston, G. L. Moore, E. W. Dunlap, Stephen Boyer, Jo- seph J. Graff, Elijah Wilson, John J. Lane, S. Morton Pearce, S. Henry Bell and the present pastor, Eev. George S. Bell. The longest pastorate was that of the Eev. John J. Lane, which continued from 1853 to 1868. The present membership of the church is 120, and the Sunday-school, which is under the superintendency of Mr. James H. McConkey, is in a prosperous condition. The Evangelical Lutheran Church. — The Lutheran Church of Wrightsville was or- ganized on the evening of July 11, 1852, with seventeen members, by Eev. J. B. Christ. The church records fail to show the date of the commencement of the first church build- ing, whicli stood on Chestnut Street, between Second and Third, but it was completed in the fall of 1854, and dedicated to the wor- ship of God on the 7th of October in that year. Soon after the completion of the church building, Eev. Mr. Christ tendered his resignation as pastor, and the pastorate was vacant until Eev. F. Euthrauff took charge of the congregation July 8, 1856. He resigned January 1, 1858, and was suc- ceeded on March 9, 'l858, by Eev. P. Eaby. Mr. Eaby served the congregation until April 1, 1860, and was followed by Eev. L. B. Berry, whose pastorate lasted for over three years. Since that time the several pas- tors of the church have been Eevs. Albert BOROUGFI OF WRIGHTSVILLE. 599 McLaughlin, J. M. Rice, George P. Weaver, L. K. Sechrist, S. E. Herring, and the pres- ent pastor, Eev. D. Stock. April 28, 1870, the church building occupied by the congregation was struck by lightning, and totally destroyed, and the congregation im- mediately took steps to erect a new and more commodious place of worship, and the pres ent edifice was built, the lecture-room being finished and occupied in October, 1871, and the entire building completed and dedicated October 24, 1875. During the pastorate of Rev. D. Stock, which commenced December 1, 1880, the congregation has been growing in numbers and spirituality, and has at the present time over 100 regular communicant members. The Sunday-school connected with the church, of which Mr. William Witman is the superintendent, is also interesting and successful. The African Methodist Episcopal Church. — There is a congregation of the African Methodist Episcopal Church in the town, but there are no records by which the date'of the organization can be obtained. The congre- gation have a neat and substantial brick church, which was built in the year 1855, on Orange Street. The congregation here is connected with that of the same denomina- tion in York Borough, under the pastorate of the Rev. Jacob Wilksheim. , SCHOOLS. Previous to the adoption of the common school system successful schools were in op- eration here, and the town was one of the first to accept the provisions of the law for the establishment of public schools. The schools of the borough, at this time, are seven in number, under the charge of Prof. D. H. Gardner as principal, and are properly graded, and have an active and efficient corps of teachers. The school term is seven months. The district has one of the finest school buildings in the county, having four large schoolrooms on each of the first and sec- ond floors, while the third floor, which is at present not needed for school purposes, will furnish room for four additional schools when needed. SOCIETIES. The societies of the town, which are all in successful operation are Riverside Lodge No. 503, A. Y. M.; Chihuahua Lodge No. 317, I. O. O. F. ; Lt. R. W. Smith Post No. 270, G. A. R., and Susquehanna Council No. 89, Jr. O. U. A. M. BUSINESS INTERESTS. The principal business interests of the town may be briefly stated as follows: The most important business at this time is the manufacture of cigars, of which there are four large manufactories, namely, tboseof S. R. Kocher, Keller & Kline, D. S. Detwiler and Thomson & Bro. , giving employment to more than 200 persons, and making and shipping annually nearly, if not quite, 10,000,000 cigars. In this connection may also be men- tioned the fact that these gentlemen are also packers and dealers in leaf tobacco, and the amount of tobacco purchased and packed by them, as well as that packed here by Messrs. Skiles & Fry, J. Gust. Zook and other Lan- canster County dealers, makes Wrightsville the center of the tobacco trade of York County. Kerr, Weitzel & Co., lime dealers and ship- pers, are largely engaged in the lime busi- ness, and the building lime burned by them has attained such reputation for its white- ness and purity as to create an extensive de- mand. One of the most valuable business plants in the town, the Aurora Furnace, of the Wrightsville Iron Company, is now idle, and there is no immediate prospect of its being put in operation. The foundry of the Wrightsville Hard- ware Company, established for the manufac- ture of staple and builders' hardware, iron toys, etc., is in successful operation, and has a gradually increasing trade. Col. Frank J. Magee is the president of the company. Wrightsville, many years ago, was the cen- ter of the lumber trade for a large region of country, but the changes made in the mode of doing business in lumber, and the rapid exhaustion of the timber on the upper Sus- quehanna, has caused a large decrease in the lumber business here. The large saw-mills belonging to Henry James & Co., of Balti,- more, in the southern part of the town, are now standing idle, and have been perhaps permanently abandoned. The large steam saw-mill of the Billmyer & Small Company is, however, still in the full tide of successful operation, and is perhaps doing a larger busi- ness than any other on the lower Susque- hanna. This company has also a large lum- ber yard in connection with their mill. Mr. H. B. Beidler is also engaged in the lumber business, and keeps on hand at his yards a full supply of all kinds of lumber. The Wrightsville Planing-mill and Cigar Box Factory is in the hands of Weller & Minnich, enterprising young business men, who are ready to receive orders for all kinds of work in their line. The Wrightsville Star, published by Jacob 600 HISTOKY OF YORK COUNTY. Weltzhoffer, established in 1854, is the only newspaper printed in the town. The First National Bank of Wrightsville, Henry Kauffelt, president, George K. Schen- berger, cashier, furnishes banking accommo- dations to the town and vicinity. The remaining business places of the town fire as follows: general stores, Jacob Gohn, William Witman, George Dietz, H. Keller & Son, G. W. &. D. H. Moore, Heppenstall Brothers and L. E. Budding; hardware store, John Beidler; stoves, tinware, etc., Etenry Birnstock; clothing stores, George Dietz and J. L. Weitzel; boots, shoes and gent's furnishing goods, J. J. Jacobs; furni- ture dealer, Joseph Feiser; drug stores. Grant S. Tinsley and P. S. Brugh; brick- maker, Henry E. Weitzel; marble worker, M. P. Decker; coal dealer, Cal. G. Smith; harness-makers, Daniel Kudy and Oliver' Freet; confectioners, William H. Miller, Zach. Olewiler, L. L. Haines, John A. Moore; blacksmiths, John C. Shutter, Alfred Both; wagon-maker, Jerome B. Swartz; butchers, William S. Sweeney, Abram Charles; baker, M. G. Witman; physicians, John A. Thom- son, L. L. Eewalt, J. C. Channell, George A. Eebman, James L. Jamison; justices of the peace, Frank J. Magee, W. W. Moore; shoe-makers, Henry Oaks, Henry A. Hammer, Henry H. Inkrott; tailors, John F. Smith, Frank Eibel; cigar stores, W. E. Waller, Keller & Kline, Thomson & Brother; hotels, Daniel L. Hoke, William Hinkle, Adam Sechrist, James McLaughlin. POSTOFFICE. The following is a complete list of the postmasters of Wrightsville, with the dates of their appointments, as copied from the rec- ords in the postofifice department, at Wash- ington: William White, appointed January 13, 1816; James Jordan, January 30, 1823; James Kerr, May 26, 1828; George W. Hinkle, November 12, 1838; William S. Cochran, May 21, 1841; John Kerr, February 25, 1845; George W. Oberdorff, January 13,1849; Joseph A. Wolf, December 13, 1852; James Kerr, May 11, 1855; Alexander J. Thomson, August 3, 1861; Jacob G. Leber, July 29, 1867; William McConkey, July 15, 1869; John L Smith, December 1, 1879; Jacob H. Freet, August, 1885. THE TOWNSHIP OF HELLAM. THOUGH a considerable portion of the present area of York County was settled before 1739, it was not until that year that the Provincial Assembly of Pennsylvania passed a special act which empowered the county court at Lancaster to lay off "that portion of Lancaster County west of the Susquehanna into townships." Under the provisions of this act, the same year of its passage, the Township of Hal lam, which originally included most of York County and Pennsborough Township, which originally embraced all of Cumberland County, were erected, without any surveyed boundaries. Lancaster County was erected in 1729. The Indian treaty of 1736 extended its limits west of the Susquehanna, in consequence of which all settlers on this side of the river, after permits to locate land were granted, were under the authority of the Lancaster court, and from 1736 to 1739 the authorities of Hempiield Township, which included the present site of Columbia, had authority west of the river. Charles Jones, the constable of Hempfield, lived in the present area of Hel- 1am in 1736. Samuel Blunston, an intelli- gent Quaker, who located at the eastern ter- minus of Wright's Ferry, became an agent of the Penns, by whom he was empowered to grant permits for land to settlers who located west of the river. He was born in the Town- ship of Upper Hallam, in the county of York, in England, after which this township was named. During the lirst thirty years of its history, the name was written "Hallam," in official records, eventually the present mode of spelling became general, though the original would seem preferable and was never legally changed. TOPOGEAPHY. Gradually new townships were formed, and Hellam was reduced to its present size by the erection of Spring Garden, in 1822, out of the western part of this township and the northern part of York Township. Hellam is bounded on the north and east by the Sus- quehanna, on the south by Windsor and Lower Windsor, and on the west by Spring Garden. Extending through the entire northern part of the township is a wooded ridge, known as the Hellam Hills, parts of which furnished timber for charcoal used at the forge, once located at the mouth of the Codorus, whose history will be found on page 484 in this book. The greater portion HELLAM TOWNSHIP, 601 of Hellam is fertile and highly productive. It is crossed by the limestone belt, which enters it from Lancaster County, making the beautiful Kreutz Creek Valley, one of the garden spots of Pennsylvania. Upon these valuable lands the prudent German emigrant located, and soon felled the huge trees of the forest and began to cultivate the cleared tracts which ever since have been continu- ally increasing in value. The use of lime as a fertilizer began here as early as 1825. The winding stream which drains this fertile and historic valley, is now knOwn as Kreutz Creek, which seems to be a corruption of the German word "Kreuz" meaning "Cross." It is mentioned in legal documents at the time of the early settlement and for nearly half a century later, as Grist Creek and the valley as Grist Valley, after one of the iirst Eaglish settlers, John Grist who located near the head of the stream prior to 1721, together with John Powell and a few others, before the proprietaries of the prov- ince, authorized settlements to be made west of the Susquehanna. By the time this township was erected in 1739, the entire valley was thickly settled, mostly by indus- trious Germans, some of whose descendants now own and occupy these valuable farms. The population, in 1880, was 1,963, the value of real estate for the year 1884, was $1,531,480. TBODBLES OF EARLY SURVEYORS. The following document will explain the troubles encountered by one of the early sur- veyors west of the Sasquehanna: To", the Bonble Thomas Penn, Proprietor of the Province of pensilvania, <&e. TE PETTITIONEE HUMBLY SHEWBTH ' That your Pettitioner haveing accepted your benevolent favour of being Deputy Surveyor of all the Lands and Mannors in that part of Lancaster County which lyes on the west side Susquehanna river. When the Same was attended with utmost Difficulty and Scarcity of Bread; Yet notwith- standing 3'our humble Pettitioner hath hitherto Carried on the aflfair'with thfe utmost integrety and Resolution: Have suffered no person to impose on the Interest of the Honble Proprietors in the Ex- ecution of his office; have Endeavoured all peace as possible among the Sittlers; Have laid out the Lands as regular as posible the places will bear- In performance of which your Pettitioner hath many Times been in hazard of Life many ways; Sometimes threatened to be shott by Insolent per- sons Many weeks at a time have seen no sort of bread have Suffered much Cold Lying in the woods many Nights Together Tooli all patiently hopeing to be Continued in the Honble Proprietors good Ser- vice When Times Should mend Bread more plenty and the affair Settled between the Honble Pro- prietors & Lord Baltimore. But your Pettitioner haveing of Late seen warrants Directed to another person to Execute surveys within the Bounds af- forsaid and that on the most valueable part for advantage — proves very Discourageing to Your Pettitioner in his undertaking Now if the Honble Proprietor Out of goodness to your humble Pettitioner Considering the Hard- ships he has undergone will be please to Continue him in your Hons good serviee — according to the Limitts as above sduntill Something Shall appear to make him unworthy of your Lions benevolent favour; And your humble Pettitioner in Gratitude Shall ever pray Zach Butcher Septem 10th 1738 Zachariah Butcher, son of Edmund Butcher of Birmingham, Chester Co., died in East Notting- ham about 1755, leaving seven daughters. He in- vented an instrument called the "Pennsylvania Theodolite." A Philadelphia paper of 1762 says: These are to give Notice, that there is an Instru- ment of Brass called the Pennsylvania Theodolite, invented by Zachariah Butcher that will run any Course by the Sun, without any Variation an Ac- count of Jlines or Minerals, with written Direct tions how to make Use of it. at the House of Robert Oldam, in East Nottingham, where any Person in- clining to purchase * * * Op- portunity so to do at said Robert Oldam's. THE BOEDER TROUBLES. The incidents of the border troubles at the time of the first settlement west of the Sus- quehanna, will be found in a special chapter on that subject in the general history pages 47-73. Most of. the thrilling incidents there narrated occurred in the present terri- tory of Hellam and Lower Windsor Town- ships. The following document concerning the "Chester County Plot" (see page 64) was obtained from the court records at West Chester and contains the names of many of the German settlers west of the river in 1736: County op Chester ) [■ ss. The Grand Inquest for our Sovereign Lord the King, upon their Oath and Affirmacon respectively do present That Henry Munday late of the County of Chester Sadler and Ciiarles Higginbotham late of the same County, Labourer, contriving and with all their might purposing and intending the Peace of (jur Sovereign Lord the King within the Prov- ince of Pennsylvania sd. Majesties just and lawful Authority which of right his sd. Majesty liege Sub- jects ought to bear and exercise as much as in them lay to impugn, due and legal Administration of Justice within the same Province to hinder, & his sd. Majesties faithful Subjects with great fear and terror to have associated to themselves divers other Persons of Evil Name, Fame and Conversation to the Number of forty and upwards, the twenty fifth Day of October in the tenth year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord George the Second by the Grace of God of Great Britain Prance and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith &c., and divers other Days and times as well before as after at the Township of London-Grove in the County of Chester within the Jurisdiction of this Court in Pursuance of their wicked and unjust Intentions aforesaid and being united and confederated together between them- 803 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. selves wickedly and unlawfully did conspire and combine with armed Force & witli a Multitude of People in hostile manner arrayed into the Lands and Tenements of the Honourable John Penn, Thomas Penn and Richard Penn true and absolute Proprietaries and Governors in chief of the Province of Pennsylvania, County of Lancaster on west side of the Susquehanna within the Province of Penn- sylvania then in the quiet and peaceable Possession of Ciiristian Crawl, Henry Libert, Jacob Hunt- hecker, Methusalem Griffith, Michael Tanner, Henry Stands, Martin Shultz, Jacob Welshover, Paul Springier, Andreas Felixer, Ulriok Whistler, Nicholas Booker, Hans Steinman, Conrad Strickler, Caspar Springier, Michael Walt, Peter Kersher. Reynard Kummer. George Hans Pancker. Frederick Leader, Michael Miller, Martin Weigle, Hans Henry Place, Tobias Fry, Martin Fry, Peter Steinman, Henry Pann, Henry Smith, Jacob Landis, Henry Kendrick, Tobias Rudisilly, Jacob Krebell, Michael Springle, Jacob Singler, Philip Ziegler, Caspar Crever, Derick Pleager, George Swope, Michael Krenel, Thomas May, Nicholas Brin, Kilian Smith, Martin Bower, George Lauman, Martin Brunt, Michael Allen, Christian Enfers and Nicholas Cone Tenants holding and occupying the same Lands and Tenemts under the Honourable Proprietaries of the Province of Pennsylvania afd. unlawfully and unjustly with Force an"d Arms &c. to enter & them the sd. Christian Crawl, Henry Libert, &c. * * * and Nicholas Cone from their quiet and peaceable Possession afd. with an armed Force in hostile manner to expell eject and remove and the same Christian Crawl, Henry Libert * * » and Nicholas Cone so being expelled and ejected from the Possession of the Lands and Tenements of aforesaid with^an armed Force to withold & keep out and the Possession of the -Lands and Tenements aforesaid against the said Honourable Proprietaries and against them ye sd. Christian Crawl, Henry Sibert * * * and Nicholas Cone and against all Persons whatsoever claiming or to claim ye sd. Lands and Tenements by from or under the sd. Proprietaries of tlie Province of Pennsylvania afd. violently and with an armed Force to keep hold and maintain and the Persons of them tlie sd. Christian Crawl, Henry Sibert, Jacob Hun- thecker, Methusalem Griffith, Michael Tanner, Henry Stands, Martin Shultz, Jacob Walshover, Paul Springier, Andreas Felixer, Ulricjs Whistler, Nicholas Booker, Hans Steinman, Konrad Strickler, Caspar Springier, Michael Walt, Peter Kersner, Reynard Kummer, George Hans Pauker, Frederick Leader, Michael Miller, Martin Weigle, Hans Henry Place, Tobias Fry, Martin Fry, Peter Steinman, Henry Perrin, Henry Smith, Jacob Landis, Henry Kendick, Tobias Rudisilly, Jacob Krebell. Michael Stringle, Jacob Singler, Philip Ziegler, Caspar Crever, Philip Krenel, Derick Pleager, George Thomas May, Nicholas Brin, Kilian Smith, Martin Bower, George Lowerman, Martin Brunt, Michael Allen, Christian Enfers and Nicholas Cone with Force and Arms, &c., to arrest and imprison In high violation & Contempt of the Laws in Disin- herison of the sd. Honourable Proprietaries to ye great Terror & Disturbance of his Majesties' Sub- jects, Inhabitants of the sd. County of Lancaster to the evil and pernicious example of others in the like Case Delinquents and agt. the Peace of our Sovereign Lord the King who now is his Crown and Dignity, &c. J. GROWDON, Endorsed "Billa Vera." a "Henry Munday.' Test Edward Lbet, sworn. per DNO REGE.* The record shows that this was transferred to the Supreme Court. The following amusing document relates to the Chester County plot: The Examination of William Cooper, of Ken- nett, in the county of Chester in the province of pensylvania on his Solemn affirmation saith that on or about the 20th of January Last past at the house of the widdow Claytons in the Township aforesaid he the said Deponant being at the place aforesaid at which time and place aforesaid one John Fletcher known by the name of fletcher ye poett being their did spak in Great Defemation of our proprietor Thomas Penn saying he was a Scuri- lous Illbreed gentelman & then proseded to the Defamation of our Government and Sung a Song which he said he made himself wherein he Cald the quakers Damb, and the Government a Damnd quaking govrndment, and went on m vindication of Thomas Creasap, Saing wee could not justify our proseedings against said Creasap. I Intrupting him and warmly justeifing the said prosedings against said Cresop: Desiring him to be silent or elce he would Come to Trouble he said he was a poet and could say what he pleased, then Song a Song in prais of the Lord baltemore Ending Every verse with "baltemore for ever:" So after a Litl debete vindicated Charles Hickinbothem and his proseed- ings togeather with his Acomplises calling him and them brave gentlemen. I said that said Hickin- bothem would soon Run the same fate which Crea- sop had: he Dyrectly Answer'd If the said Cresop and Hickembothem were taken aad hanged he the said fletcher would succeed him or them in their plase and would be more cruel than they, mening in exercising more hardships on the Inhabitants over Susquehanah as by his words I understood and further I have not WILLIAM COOPER. Taken before me this 19th day of 13 mo. 1736-7. Samuel Hollingswobth. Note.— This was all written by Cooper except the name of Samuel Hollingsworth. Similar papers were written and dated on the same day by William Webb, of Kennett and Thomas Jackson, Jr., of East Marl- borough, who had been present at Widow (Elizabeth) Clayton's (tavern) on the 20th of January (eleventh month), 1736-37. Webb stated that each verse ended with ' 'Long live Lord Baltimore for ever." The papers were endorsed by Joseph Growdon, attorney- general. It appears that Fletcher was placed under bonds to keep the peace. COL. THOMAS CBESAP. Col. Cresap was born in Skipton, Yorkshire, England, in 1702, and came to Maryland when fifteen years of age. In 1732 he gave his oc- cupation as that of a carpenter. He settled at the mouth of the Susquehanna, where he was engaged in boat-building. In 1725 he married Hannah Johnson, of Maryland, whose father, Thomas Johnson, March 24, 1725, had surveyed to himself Mount Johnson Island, at Peach Bottom Ferry. Cresap *For Our Sovereign Lord the King. BALTZER BEIDLER HELLAM TOWNSHIP. 603 soon after went to Virginia, but lie was not long there before an attempt was made by a dozen or more persons to drive him away while he was engaged in hewing timber for his dwelling. He defended himself, and cleft one of his assailants with a broad-ax; he then returned to Maryland, and took out a patent for a ferry over the Susquehanna River at the head of tide- water, wtich must have been at or near the terminus of the voy- age of Capt. John Smith, of Virginia, up the river in 1608; while located there his restless and roving spirit led him to visit the rich valleys thirty miles farther up the right bank of the river, now in Hellam and Low- er Windsor Townships, and reported the state of affairs there to Lord Baltimore, who con- templated as early as 1721 to extend the northern boupdary of his province on the west side of the Susquehanna to the northern limits of the fortieth degree of latitude. Gradually a few settlers from Maryland moved up to Conojohela (incorrectly Con- odocholy) Valley. They were aggressive to Pennsylvania settlers near them. It was not the policy of Baltimore or his fol- lowers to purchase lands from the Indians; they drove them away by force of arms, and hence we find that the Maryland settlers treated the Indians on the west side of the river with cruelty. They had no person ca- pable of holding the ground they had taken against the Indians or the followers of Penn, who were on the alert to prevent Baltimore from getting a foothold upon this disputed land. Cresap came up to Conojohela Valley in March, 1730, and built a block-house upon the banks of the river three and one half miles below Wrightsville, near the site of Leber's Mill. In the same year he took out a Maryland patent for several hundred acres of land near the river and for "Blue Rock Ferry" at same place. In 1731 Cresap was commissioned a justice of the peace for Baltimore County. After many attempts to capture him, he was finally taken on the 25th day of November, 1736, by Sheriff Samuel Smith and twenty-four armed men. His wife stood by him and fought at his side. At this time he had at least two and per- haps three of his children with hfm, the eld- est being about nine years of age. In the meantime his wife and children resided with his cousin Daniel Lowe, who drove one of the German settlers from his place in Grist Valley (Kreutz Creek), near the Codorus. Col. Cresap's education was limited, but he be- came a land surveyor, and was of great service to Lord Baltimore in extending the western boundary of Maryland from the source of the south branch of the Pbtomar;- due north, which added at least one third* more territory to Maryland. In 1735 he took; out a Maryland patent for a group of islands, at the Blue Rock Ferry, called the ' 'Isles of Promise." Gen. Jacob Dritt afterward be- came the owner of these islands, which were- sold to John B. Haldeman. About 1739' Cresap again moved beyond the frontier and took up about 2,000 acres of land in Mary- land along the Antietam Creek where he es- tablished a store and Indian trading post. He accumulated a large quantity of furs and peltries and shipped them to England, the vessel was captured by the French and he lost everything. He moved farther west to within two miles of Cumberland, where he again embarked in the Indian trade until the French and Indian war when he raised a company of Rangers. He had a number of skirmishes with the Indians and stood his ground manfully assisted by his sons. He was elected a representative for a number of years from Washington County to tbe>. Maryland legislature. When the Frenchi and their savage allies attempted to wrest the entire territory west of the Alleghany Mountains from the English, he and his sons . at their own expense raised two companies ot volunteer soldiers. Col. Cresap became w. very large landholder. He became totally, blind a few year.i before his death. He mar- ried a second time, it is said, when he was eighty years of age. He died in 1790, at his home in Alleghany County, Md., aged eighty-eight. His first wife Hannah Johnson, during^ "Cresap's war,'' frequently mounted a horse and rode with the mounted militia in battle array, with a sword by her side. And when Cresap's stronghold was surrounded ; by militia from Donegal, she knew how to , handle a musket, she never manifested any fear, but superintended the construction . of a house, and the building of some . flats, in the absence of her husband at; John Hendricks', now the upper end ofc' Wrightsville, where forcible possession had been taken of Hendricks' plantation by Cresap. And while there she saw a flat tilled with armed men crossing the river. Sh© mounted her horse and sounded a bugle, and' rode rapidly to Cresap's fort, three miles andl a half further down the river, and returned at the head of the militia. Thomas and Hannah Cresap had five children — three sons and two daughters — as follows: Daniel, remained in Washington County, Maryland, became a very large landholder and a celebrated hunter as well as farmer. 604 HISTOEY OF YOKK COUNTY. He was about fourteen years of age when the family left York County. By his first wife he had one son, Michael, who oom- manded a company in Dunmore's war in 1774, and was afterward colonel of militia. By a second wife he had seven sons and three ■daughters, to- wit: Daniel, Joseph (James C. Cresap, a descendant of Joseph, is now a lieutenant in the United States Navy, and is ■ stationed at Annapolis, Md. The blood of the Cresaps ran through the veins of the late Gen. 'Ord and the late attorney general, Luther Martin), Van, Robert, James, Thomas, Elizabeth, Mary and Sarah. Daniel marched in his uncle's company to Boston in 1775. James was for number of years in the Mary- land legislature. Thomas, second son of Col. Oresap, was killed by an Indian — whom he killed at the same instant. He left a widow and one child. The Brents of Washington come from this son. Michael the youngest son of Col. Cresap was born in Frederick County, Md., June 29, 1742. He was the successor to his father in the Indian trade, and owned a large trading store at "Old Town," a few miles west of Cumberland. He was an Indian fightei; from his youth. In 1774 he employed several men and descended the Ohio River and was en- gaged in the business of erecting houses and «learing lands for the settlers, and while thus engaged he received a circular letter from Dr. Connolly the commandant at Fort Pitt, that there was danger of an Indian war, and that a number of the Indians were upon the war path. The settlers became greatly alarmed; he and his party hastened up to F'ort Wheeling, and anticipated an attack upon them by the Indians, by first striking them. Some of his party killed several Indians near Wheeling, and afterward they went up the river and killed the family of the celebrated Indian chief Logan and sev- eral others. Capt. Cresap, it has since been proven, was not with either of these parties in person at this time. It turned out after- "ward that Connolly was entirely mistaken as to the Indians being on the war path, and he "was the primary cause of the killing of Logan's 'family. It did not take Logan and other Indian warriors long to put on the war paint rafter his family was killed. The border set- itlers suffered fearfully along Cheat River, JDunkard Creek and the Monongahela. Their cruelties were followed by "Dunmore's war." The Virginians fought a great battle at Point Pleasant on the Ohio, which brought about a treaty of peace with the Indians. Col. Con- nolly attempted to shift the blame of inciting the border settlers to destroy the Indians from his own shoulders to Capt. Michael, Cresap. (It is possible that Connolly inherited a prejudice against Cresap. He was born on the eastern side of the Susquehanna River opposite Col. Cresap's fort; Cresap and his men destroyed a dozen or more houses for the Indian trader, James Patterson, who owned a plantation on the east side of the Susque- hanna, where Cresap lived, and had owned it for a dozen years before Cresap came up from Maryland. Dr. Connolly was the son of Patterson's widow by a third husband.) Col. John Gibson, who reported Chief Logan's famous speech, was born in Lancaster. Capt Michael Cresap was held in very high esteem by his neighbors. He was the first person in Maryland to raise a company of volunteer riflemen. He marched at their head to Bos- ton in 1775, where he fought with great bravery. He took very sick and was (iom- pelled to return to New York, where he died. Miichael Cresap left five children — two sons and three daughters, viz. : Mary, married Luther Martin, Esq., the distinguished ad- vocate who defended Aaron Burr; Elizabeth, married Lenox Martin, Esq., brother of Luther, who left a large family; Sarah, married Osborn Sprigg, Esq. — she left four sons. AN HISTORIC OLD HOUSE. The following cut represents the first large stone house, so far as is known, that wap erected within the limits of York County. It was built by John Shultz and his wife Christina in the year 1734, at a time when there were doubtless no other two- story houses west of the Susquehanna. It was originally in Hellam Township. Since the formation of Spring Garden, it is situated in that township and belongs to the Glatz estate. Hon. A. Hiestand Glatz, who takes great interest in the relics of the past, some years ago procured a cut of this land- mark, and upon request kindly allowed its insertion in this work. This house, still in use, is in an excellent state of preservation, even though it is now (1885) one hundred and fifty-one years old. In its early history it was one of the old time public inns, and if it could speak might tell many an interesting story of our colonial days as well as of Revolutionary times. A well authenticated tradition asserts that on the 30th of September, 1777, the members of the Continental Congress, while on their way from Philadelphia to York to make the last-named place the seat of government during the British invasion of Pennsylvania and occupancy of Philadelphia, stopped at HELL AM TOWNSHIP. 605 this house for rest and refreshment. They were traveling on horseback, and the saddles used by those distinguished patriots greatly excited the curiosity of the surrounding populace, who were then unaccustomed to seeing such expensive luxuries. The house is quaint and antique in design, though yet a convenient and comfortable residence. One of the walls contains the following words, carefully caryed on a sand- stone tablet: " 17aao34 Hab ich, Johann Schvltz, vnd Cristina Seine frav dises havs-bavt." Translation: In the year 1734, John Schultz and his wife, Christina, built this house. was used very extensively during the colonial period of our history, as well as much later. It was chartered November 17, 1742. Rich- ard Peters, secretary of the Province of Pennsylvania, in writing to the proprietaries under the above date says "James Anderson's petition for a ferry was presented to Mr. Thomas Penn, and he gave me verbal orders to make out the patent. Gen. Gates, after his success at Saratoga in the capture of Gen. Burgoyne and his army, crossed the river at this ferry while on his way to congress then in session in York. He remained over night with Col. Alexander Lowry, who lived on the Lancaster County side of the river. Many of the congressmen, Not far from this house is the site of the Eevolutionary prison, described in the history of Windsor Township. Anderson's rEHKY. Anderson's Ferry, about three miles above Wrightsville, at Marietta, seems to have been a crossing place as early as 1725. In the spring of 1727 there are records that Pres- byterian clergymen of Donegal, Lancaster County, crossed here to ,vi8it settlers "along the Conewago on the west side of the river." Bertram Boyd ' 'missionated" in York County about the time herein mentioned. This ferry and others who had business with congress also crossed at this ferry. TAXABLES IN 1783. In 1783 there were in Hellam Township 16,037 acres of land not vacant, 101 dwell- ing houses, 86 barns, 8 mills, 7 slaves, 345 male citizens, and 320 females. The follow- ing is a complete list of the taxables for the year named : Anderson & Lowry £ 400 Andrew Alexander 143 Peter Beidler, 300 acres 506 Widow Beidler, 150 acres, 2 stills 533 Jacob Baltzer, 150 acres 456 606 HISTORY or YORK COUNTY. Adam Bahn, 140 acres, 1 still £658 John Bahn, 30 acres 85 Sebastian Brown, 13 acres 40 Craft Billet, 100 acres 113 Michael Blessing. 150 acres, 1 still 310 John Bauman, 75 acres 140 Jacob Bruckhardt, 100 acres, 1 still 205 Frederick Baker 20 George Clopper (weaver) 44 Samuel Crawford 20 Jacob Comfort (innkeeper), 13 acres 50 Adam Klein, 100 acres 53 Mathias Clopper, 25 acres 65 Michael Crow, 50 acres 553 Alexander Crow, 150 acres, 1 still 548 Henry Cann, 357 acres 669 Abraham Coble, 100 acres 139 George Catz, 196 acres 163 Jacob Kauffman, 370 acres 504 George Dietz, 330 acres 619 Philip Decker, 193 acres 673 Michael Durstein, 75 acres 386 Adam Daron, 75 acres 144 George Drilck, 30 acres 119 Joseph Dellinger, 100 acres 134 Gen. James Ewing, 150 acres (silverware £7). . 908 Henry Fisher, 30 acres 431 Jacob Freese '65 Philip Fritz, 100 acres 349 George Freese, 300 acres 233 John Fox, 51 acres 43 David Freese, 200 acres 434 John Flory, 130 acres 453 Isaac Flory, 130 acres 434 Jacob Flory, weaver, 70 acres 864 Abraham Flory, 68 acres 267 Baltzer Fitz, 150 acres, 2 stills 645 Martin Gardner, 300 acres, 1 still 586 William Gallager 80 r Philip Gardner, 350 acres, 1 slave, 8 stills 733 Martin Huber, 190 acres 550 Jacob Heyer 51 John Hall, 98 acres 61 George Heibly, blacksmith 45 Jacob Heibly, 100 acres 164 George Hoyer, 92 acres 150 John Herr, 340 acres 1135 Widow King, 100 acres 57 Christian Kunkel, innkeeper 66 Henry Kindig, 300 acres, 3 stills 390 Godlieb Kunkel, 150 acres 195 Baltzer Kunkle, 150 acres, 1 still 315 Samuel Landis, 10 acres 83 Christian Lehman, 150 acres 846 Valentine Liphart, 180 acres 445 Henry Liphart, 168 acres, 3 stills 632 Jacob Lanius, 150 acres, 1 still 556 Henry Lanius, 150 acres, 1 still 635 Jacob Langenecker, blacksmith 40 Christian Mosser, 80 acres 139 John Mate, 400 acres 334 David Mellinger, 135 acres 460 George Mantel, tanner, 5 acres 375 John Myer 20 Michael Miller, 200 acres 583 John Mate, Jr 30 Casper Mate, 100 acres 533 Ulrich Neucommer, 70 acres 64 John Neucommer, 130 acres 194 Daniel Neas, 117 acres, 1 slave 373 Christian Neucommer, 80 acres 63 Ulrich Neucommer, Jr., 80 acres 74 Christian Bupp, 100 acres 168 Jost Reib, 10 acres 114 Michael Rudy, 190 acres 479 Philip Rupp 20 John Reist . . ., 40 Philip Sultzbach, 184 acres 450 Henry Strickler, 80 acres, 1 grist-mill, 1 saw- mill £603 Jacob Strickler, Jr., 180 acres 644 Christian Stoner, 177 acres, 3 saw-mills 836 John Strickler, 195 acres 483 John Strickler, 180 acres 598 James Smith, Esq., 1,000 acres 600 Henry Strickler, 126 acres 488 Jacob Shultz, blacksmith, 94 acres, 1 slave 615 Daniel Schneitman, 50 acres 66 Adam Swope, 50 acres 43 John Shultz, 200 acres, 1 saw-mill 690 John Shroll, Jr., 150 acres 143 John Sneider, 100 acres 39 Christian Shroll, 50 acres 79 Jacob Statler, 30 acres 40 Jacob Stentz, 180 acres 303 George Shallow, innkeeper, 100 acres 304 George Shallow, Jr 30 Samuel Speiser 20 Michael Zaoharias 80 Philip Thomas, 90 acres 139 Abraham Demuth, 100 acres 139 Jacob Weltzhoffer, 170 acres 673 WolfE Wendel 30 Michael Weiland 30 Samuel Wright, 400 acres 1850 Jacob Witmer 73 John Wright, 500 acres, 3 slaves 3055 William Willis 30 Solomon Williams 78 John Wyland, 99 acres 835 John Steiner, weaver William Holtzinger. , 20 Simon Holtzinger 30 Widow Morgan, 300 acres 450 Tikabat Stater 30 Solomon Williams 30 James Williams 20 Abraham Bruckhardt, 300 acres 309 SINGLE MEN. Christian Reist, weaver. Michael Durstein. Joseph Reed. Nicholas Heltzle. Godleib Rupp. John Fitz, weaver. John Peterman. John Ewing. John Strickler, Jr. Casper Wolff. Jacob Shultz, blacksmith. Jacob Longenecker, black- Henry Bainnie, weaver. smith. Henry Geip. George Druck. OHDROHES OF HELLAM. Th& Lutheran and Reformed Church. — This is popularly known as "Kruetz Creek Church" though it existed nearly a half cen- tury before the name ' 'Kreutz Creek" came in- to use. During the time of the early German settlement, west of the Susquehanna, the Lutheran and German Reformed people of this community worshiped with the settlers near the Codorus, so that it is entirely prob- able that the first religious services by the Germans west of the river, were conducted in this valley until 1741, when the town of York was founded. A synodical meeting was held in this valley in the year 1745. It was between that date and 1751 that the first church was built of logs on a tract of 50 acres, obtained by grant from the heirs of William Penn, "at the rate of £15 lOs. per 100 acres with a quarterly quit-rent of one HELLAM TOWNSHIP. 607 half penny per acre." The land was deeded to Martin Shultz, Jacob Welshoffer, Henry- Smith and George Amend in trusf for the use of the "Beform Duch and Lutheran Con- gregations." In 1777, a stone church was built, which was in use until 1860, when the present brick church, 60x44 feet, with end and side galleries, was erected. It is located at a beautiful site to the left of the turnpike near the -village of Hellam. June 2, 1825, Thomas Cadwalader, of Philadelphia, as attorney for the heirs of Pena deeded "to Jacob Weltzhoffer, Jacob Libhart, Conrad Dietz, trustees of the Ger- man Reformed Congregation, John Bless- ing, Simon Fries and Lawrence Fisher, trustees of the German Lutheran Con- gregation, forty acres and one hundred and thirty-three perches for a consideration of 1108, surveyed and lying within the Manor of Springettsbury in the township of Hel- lam." From the record of the First Reformed Church a t York, it is asce rtained that a con- gregation of that denomination existed here in 1751, and from these records it seems that Rev. Jacob Lischy was the first pastor. He was succeeded in order by Revs. John C. Wirtz, William Otterbein, Daniel Wagner, George Geistweite, Daniel Zacharias, D. D., Daniel Ziegler, D. D., R. Rahauser, E. G. Williams and A. Wanner, D. D. The last- named became pastor, April 1, 1882. The Reformed membership is eighty- eight. The early history of the Lutheran congre- gation, is closely identified with that of the First Lutheran Church of York, to which the reader's attention is directed. It is known from records that a Lutheran congregation was organized there by Rev. Lucas Raus in 1764. The congregation was visited, and chil- dren baptized by Revs. Candler, Handshuh, and Muhlenburg who were followed by reg- ularly elected pastors, viz. : Revs. Hornell and Eager whose term of service is unknown. The following-named pastors succeeded each other in the order given: Nicholas Kurtz, in 1777; Jacob Goering, in 1786; J. G. Schmucker, in 1809; Charles A. Morris, in 1815; John George Ki»ber, in 1818; Jonathan Oswald, in J835; George P. Weaver, in 1869; A. W. Lilly, in 1870. Rev. B. K. Secrist was chosen in 1872, and is the present pastor. The Lutheran membership is 130. The two congregations have connected with them, a Sunday-school of 160 pupils. John W. Gable is the superintendent. Druck Valley U. B. Church. — The build- ing in which this congregation worships, was erected in 1884. It is a well-modeled stone structure, 30x42, and cost $1,200. An or- ganization was effected December 30, of the same year it was built. The membership is about thirty. In 1885 Rev. Isaac H. Albright was pastor. The church is located in the northern part of Hellam Township in the valley after which it was named. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. There are at present ten schools in this district, the names of which are as fol- lows: Kreutz Creek, Rudy's, Musser's, Liv- ergood's, Houser's, Pine Swamp, Beidler's, Druck's, Burnt Cabin, Furnace. For the past year John Stoner, Jr., was presideint of the board of education; David Fisher, secretary; David Newcomer, treasurer; Solomon Kauffman, Jacob Dietz and John Lehman, other directors. The schools are in a prosperous condition. THE VILLAGE OP HELLAM. Near the center of the township, on the Y^ork & Susquehanna Turnpike, within the past few years, has sprung into existence the interesting and attractive village of Hellam. This place had long been the site of a hotel and one or more stores. For several years past the mercantile business has been con- ducted by John W. Gable, who also served as postmaster, and by George Paff, who was recently appointed to this office. Hellam (but why not call it Hallam ?) has a number of new and handsome residences. A large number of cigars are made in the town and vicinity, which tends to increase the prosper- ity of the community. Large crops of an excellent quality of to- bacco are annually raised in this township, the soil being specially adapted to the culti- vation of tobacco. The York & Wrights- ville Railroad crosses the township; one of its leading stopping places is Hellam Station, one-half mile from the village. George Loucks is the agent. A neat and cozy sta- tion house has recently been erected. A new United Brethren Church was built in the village in 1885. The church of the Evangelical association is toward the east end of the township. Dr. John Houston began to practice the healing art in this vicinity, in 1770. The present physicians are Drs. Deisinger and Armstrong. HISTORICAL NOTES. The old homestead of Gen. James Ewing, of Revolutionary fame, is situated in the east end of this township. 608 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. Near the present site of Wrightsville, was a Quaker meeting-house nearly a century ago, of which mention is made in the articles on the Friends in this work. The beautiful valley was the habitation of Indians before the settlements of the whites. Indian relics have been found at different times and places, especially along the streams. In 1835 a brass medal, a human scull and several other articles were dug up near Wrightsville. The medal had carved on one side the words "George, King of Great Britain, and on the other an Indian, with his bow and arrow in the aot of shooting a deer. It appears to have been worn as an ornament for the nose or ears. There were also found near by a brass kettle, a string of white beads, which was one and a half yards in length, some red paint and twenty-live rings, one of which was dated 1716. In December, 1819, Jacob Strickler, of Hellam Township, sent a hired man to Baltimore with a load of clover seed. The man absconded with the proceeds — $400. Christian Noel was killed while hauling logs in Hellam Township, near Wrightsville, November 6, 1819. IRON ORE INTERESTS. In certain sections of this township are rich deposits of iron, ore and large amounts have been taken out. Wilton's Bank, one and a quarter miles southeast of Wrightsville, was opened in 1850; about 12,000 tons of brown hematite ore were taken out by Henry Wilton, who leased the property of Jabez Jenkins. It was afterward owned by Harris Wilton. Benjamin Strickler' s Bank was opened about 1852 by Mr. Bahn, and then leased to Mr. Musselman, of Marietta, who worked it for several years. It is now abandoned. The Stoner Bank, situated three and a half miles southwest of Wrightsville, was opened in 1850, and from that date to 1875 there were forty-two. Seven hundred and fifty tons of ore were taken out by Musselman & Watts. Shafts were sunk at this bank, whose area is about three-fourths of an acre. Rudy's Banks are situated a half mile west of Stoner 's, and coVer an area of about one and one-fourth acres. This bank was opened in 1862 by Musselman & Watts, and worked as an open cut. There were 9,872 tons of ore taken out here, which contains 41 per cent of metallic iron. Ruby's Bank, four and a half miles south- west of Wrightsville, was opened in 1860, and worked four years by James Meyers, of Columbia, as lessee. The bank, though now caved in, was an open cut, at one place 180 feet deep. Near by was Keller's ore pit. Hiestand's Bank is a very large one, situated along the Glatz Ferry road. It covers an area of an acre. Large amounts of ore were taken out by Musselman & Haldeman as lessees. Samuel and Jacob Dietz's Banks were leased by Stephen F. Eagle, of Marietta, in 1868, and 3,000 tons of ore taken out. Fritz's Bank was opened, in ^ 1864, by Meyers & Benson for five years, and after- ward by Benson & Cattrell. A twenty-horse- power engine and twenty men were employed. The ore contained 44 per cent of metallic iron. THE TOWNSHIP OF SPRING GARDEN. SPRING GARDEN was formed from por- tions of Hellam and York Townships, in the year 1822. It lies nearly in the center of Springetsbury Manor. The name, however, was suggested, it seems, from the similarity of its location to York, in comparison with Spring Garden District, originally situated north of the city of Philadelphia, but now within its limits. It is bounded on the north by the Borough of York (to which two sections of it were recently annexed), and Manchester and West Manchester; on the east by Hellam, and on the south by Wind- sor and York, and contains an area of fertile and productive land, mostly limestone, which is unexcelled in Pennsylvania. In 1880 Spring Garden contained a popu- lation of 4,110. In 1883 the number of taxable inhabitants was 1,232; valuation of real estate, 12,265,670; county tax, $8,810; State tax, $372. For wealth and population, it is the banner township in the county. Within its limits are many beautiful subur- ban homes. The history of the villages of this township was written by C H. Fry, Esq., of Freystown. THE VILLAGE OP FREYSTOWN. Freystown, now East York, is situated in this township, adjoining York. It was named Freystown in honor of Godfrey Frey, who laid out part of the town, about 1814. The principal highways are East Market Street, of York extended. Low and East Phil- adelphia extended. The town is about one mile in length and one-half mile in width. The first house was built over 100 years ago, SPRING GARDEN TOWNSHIP. 60S) and was known as "The Fort." It was a two story stone building, thirty-six feet -equare, with an arched cellar under the whole building. The lot of ground, upon which this house was erected, was surround- ed with large sycamore trees. The property was at one time owned by Rev. Dr. Oath- cart, and then by Thomas C. Hambly, and next by Henry Kauffelt, from whom it was bought, in 1867, by C. H. Fry, who tore out the arched cellar. The property is now owned by John Miller. The first engine house, a one-story frame building, stood between Hartman's hotel and George W. Shefler's store, and where the pump on the street now stands. It was bought by Henry Wolhoff, who sold it to John Ness, whose widow now uses it as a summer kitchen. The lot on which the present engine house, a brick building, stands, was bought from John Sleeger by Daniel Loucks, president of the fire company, in 1857, and the company was named "The Good Will Fire Company No. 1." The implements and machinery used to outen a fire were a hand engine, leather buckets and ladders. The hand en- gine was made by Morris Gardner. The members of this company were called by the nickname of "Rats," and afterward "Hor- nets. " They participated in extinguishing some of the large fires in years gone by, such as the Luttman Hotel fire, Motter's fire, west of the bridge, at which they were second to throw water. This company was organized December, 1839. The first president was Jacob Neff; secretary, Christian Sheffer, and treasurer, Michael Boeckel. The officers at present are Emanuel Frey, president; Mar- cellus Fried, vice-president; C. A. Boyer, secretary, and John Miller, treasurer. Num- ber of members at present, thirty -two. The Spring Garden Band was first called "The Spring Garden Silver Cornet Band." It was organized in 1855, with William Frey, president; Emanuel Boeckel, secretary, and John Miller, treasurer. The band enlist- ed, during the late war, with the Eighty-sev- enth Pennsylvania Volunteers. The present officers are E. D. Zeigler, president; L. T. Deininger, A. A. Wasson, Jacob Hose, Elias Eyster, Grier Hersh, and B. C. Pentz, vice-presidents; John Miller, treasurer; Cal. A. Boyer, secretary; Emanuel Kissinger, leader; L. H. Grenewald, drum major. The Spring Garden Relief Association was incorporated December 12, 1866, organ- ized January 1, 1867. The officers are Will- iam Frey, president; Ed Blauser, vice-presi- dent; John Miller, treasurer, and Emanuel Frey, secretary. Membership is ninety-five. The Lutheran Church is a brick building on East Market Street. The land was do- nated for the same by Daniel Loucks. He stipulated in the deed of conveyance that the church was only to be used by the Lu- therans. The membership is 90; Sunday- school, 150 pupils. Bethany Chapel, a union meeting house, is on Low Street, and has a membership of probably 50, and a school of perhaps 100. Ridge Avenue Meth- odist Episcopal Church is a frame building, and is located on corner of East Philadelphia Street and Ridge AVenue. It was built in 1882, and has a membership of about 60, and Sunday-school of about 140 pupils. The present minister of the Lutheran Church is Rev. M. J. Alleman, and of the Methodist Church, Rev. O. S. Metzler. Bethany Chapel has no regular preacher. There are three good brick schoolhouses in the place j in one of the buildings there are four schools; two in the second and one in the third. There are seven schools of about 50 pupils each. The population of the town is about 1,500. In 1865 the population was only about 500; the greatest increase has been in the last seven years. The town has eleven stores, including one drug store and one hotel. The manufactures are Billmyer & Small's Passenger Car Shops, which are the largest in the State of that particular kind of shop; York Paint Manufactory, and Sash Factory. There are a great many persons living in Freystown who are more than seventy-five years old. The basket making business is a great in- dustry on Low Street, as nearly every house of the fiEty-five along this street, on both sides, is a basket manufactory, employing from five to ten hands. This street is known through all York County, and at a great many places outside of the county, as ' ' Bull Frog Alley." This name was given to it about sixty years ago, by one John Frey, who, with his father, lived in a small, one- story frame house — the only one then on the street. The adjoining land then was swampy and marshy, and contained a large number of frogs, so that they kept up a continual noise during the evening and night, and John Frey above mentioned, a boy of about twelve years of age, claimed that he could not sleep on account of the croaking of the frogs, and that he wanted to move out of that "Bull Frog Alley." This inci- dent gave to Low Street that name, by which it is best known ever since. The industry of basket-making on this street yearly amounts to considerable money. The manager of one of these shops reports that he sold in 1884, OlO HISTORY OF YOEK COUNTY. -of his own manufacture, 13,000 worth of baskets. In 1880 he sold $5,000 worth. These basket-makers are nearly all German, and are industrious and prosperous. Those people in Low Street who do not follow the basket-making business, are called gypsies, and have their winter residence on this street, but as soon as spring comes, they pull out with horse and wagon, and roam over the country, the men trading horses and the women telling fortunes, returning in the fall with greatly replenished purses. PLEASUREVILLE, Pleasureville, known all over York County 'Until a few years ago as "Possumtown. " John Myers lived at the place half a century ago, when there were only a few houses, and the surrounding country was covered with a dense forest. His only occupation was "coon and possum hunting," and he had constantly mailed on the front of his house scores of ■opossum skins, and from this circumstance the town got its first name. The town is situated on the road leading from Freystown to Ru'dy's Mill (formerly Brill inger's Mill), about two miles and a half, northeast from York, and has a population of nearly 300. The houses in the place are nearly all frame, and the number of dwellings at present is sixty-three. The town has a two- story brick schoolhouse, in which are a second- ary and primary school. There is also a large three-story frame hall in the place, in which the Mount Zion band meets (of which William leightner is leader, and has nineteen mem- t)ersj,and the Pleasureville Relief Association, which has beeo in existence some fifteen years and numbers eighty-four members. There is a fine frame church in the place known as the United Brethren Church, of which Eev. Jacob Smith is pastor — membership eighty- four. A. Bowers is superintendent of the Sunday school and it numbers 130. There are three stores, one blacksmith shop, one shoo- making shop and four cigar manufac tories. THE GLA.DE8. The place, known as the Glades, is situated along the public road from Freystown to Vinegar Ferry, about seven miles northeast from York. The name of Glades was given to it seventy years ago, by travelers going from York to the river on account of • it being an open passage or space, in what was then a forest for miles around. This region now covers an area of about one mile and a quarter long by fourteen miles wide, and con- tains about thirty houses, with a brick school- house, one store, one blacksmith and wagon- maker shop, and one cigar manufactory. STONY BROOK. Stony Brook is a hamlet of recent origin along theWrightsville Branch Railroad, where it crosses the York & Wrightsville Turnpike. There are ten houses there, including some very fine ones, store, postoffice, coal yard and warehouse. The Mennonite meeting house is a distance south of this place. THE SCHOOLS. The public schools of this township have an excellent reputation and are under good management. The entire valuation of school, property is $21,000. The names of the schools are as follows: Freystown (high school. King Street and ' Philadelphia), Hyde's, Glat- felter'e, Gotwald's, Plank Road, Lef over's, Stony Run, Miller's, IMount Zion, Glade's, Pleasureville and Hiveley's. MOUNT ZION OHUEOH. Mount Zion Church is located in Spring Garden, about three and a half miles north- oast of York, and is owned conjointly by the Reformed and Lutheran denominations. It is a frame structure, built in 1852. The building committee representing the Re- formed congregation were Z. Spangler and Jacob Dietz; on the Lutheran, Thomas Plow- man and A. Sipe. The Reformed congrega- tion was organized by Rev. F. W. Vandersloot in 1852 with eighteen members. Its elders then were William Spangler and Daniel Byerts. A. Dougherty was the first deacon. April 17, 1852, the first communion was held. Since its organization, the following-named ministers of the Reformed Church have served this congregation as pastors : F. W. Vander- sloot, D. Bossier, R. Smith and A. Wanner, D. D. The last named became supply to this con- gregation in 1870. He served in this capacity until 1882, when Mount Zion congregation became united with the Kreutz Creek charge, of which Dr. Wanner was then pastor. At the first communion he held, in 1870, twenty- two persons communed. The congrega- tion now (1885) numbers 102 members, and is in a flourishing condition. A charter was obtained for the two con- gregations in 1867. It gives them equal rights in the ownership and use of the church property. The trustees then were Jacob Miller, Christian Gingerich and John Knaab from the Reformed, and D. Heidelbaugh, ^/, 10/ , MANCHESTEK TOWNSHIP. ill Samuel Gingerich and John Flory from the Lutheran congregation. A large and flourishing Union Sunday- school has been kept in the Mount Zion Church since 1867, and for many years it has been the largest Sunday-school in York Coun- ty outside of the villages. It now (1885) numbers, including officers and teachers, about 200 in average attendance. The pres- ent superintendent is Jacob Drohrbach. The original plat of ground contained one acre, subsequently six additional acres were pur- chased, and a large cemetery" laid off. In No- vember, 1852, Rev. C. J. Deininger organized the Lutheran congregation with eighteen members, which, at the time of his death, in 1885, had increased to 200 members. In his official work for this congregation Rev. Deininger, during his thirty-five years as pastor, baptized 656 infants and 25 adults, confirmed 271 persons and officiated at 215 funerals. Some of the prominent members of the Lutheran congregation who have taken an interest in the church work were Daniel Heidelbaugh, John Fritz, Henry Kunkle, Henry Smyser and Michael Dietz. Rev. J. Henry Leeser was elected pastor in 1885. CHDBCH or THE EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATION. This is known as Green Hill Church, and is situated in the southern part of this town- ship. It originated in 1868, first as a Sunday- school and prayer meeting, in a carpenter shop on the property of Michael Shellen- berger. The same year and the year following Revs. Rearick, J. C. Smith and J. Bowersox, of York, conducted services here. In 1869 Mr. Shellenberger died, and his heirs deeded a tract of land to a committee for a church and cemetery. In 1870 a building was erect- ed at a cost of $1,300. Rev. Farnsworth was then pastor. The following ministers have since served: J. Manbeck, H. W. Shenberger, A.W. Shen- berger, J. Snyder, H. Conrad, N. Young, E. S. Brownemiller, D. P. Kline, S. Aurand, George Carothers, W. H. Lilly, S. Aurand, W. H. Gross, A. Crouse, C. F. Kephart, S. Rearick, C. W. Finkbinder, C. H. Good- ling, H. N. Greeninger, M. J. Snyder and L. E. Crumbling. The church trustees are George Druck, John L. Snyder, S. D. Shellenberger, Henry Campbell and B. S. Shellenberger. Church membership in 1885 was forty. A Sunday- school has been kept in this church, of which, at different times, the following persons have been superintendents: A. Sipe. A. G. Sim- mons, H. Kreidler, H. Conrad, J. A.. Wise, J. S. Geist, J. S. Billet, Amos Druck and Walter Brown. THE TOWNSHIP OF MANCHESTER. MANCHESTER TOWNSHIP was laid out under the authority of the Lan- caster County Court, in 1742, by Thomas Cookson, deputy surveyor, and his assistant. Its original limits are not clearly defined, but seem to have included an irregularly formed parallelogram extending across the north- central portion of what is now York County, then a portion of ' 'Lancaster County, west of ye Susquehanna." Some land, as far west as the Bermudian Creek, was taken up within the original limits of Manchester Township. In 1748, its area was confined to its present territory, and that of West Manchester. It then contained possibly 300 inhabitants, a number of cleared and cultivated tracts, and here and there a few Indian wigwams. The native forests were a dense growth of oak, chestnut, hickory ash, etc. It then formed an irregularly shaped polygon extending diag- onally from the Susquehanna toward the center of the county, near which it terminated, in a point. Its length was fifteen miles and its breadth four and a half miles, with the "Great Conewago and Little Conewago" as its northwestern, the Codorus as its south- eastern and the broad Susquehanna as its eastern boundary, thus being almost sur- rounded by water. Newberry and Dover Townships were north and Hell am and Spring Garden, south of it. The first settlers in the northern part of the township were En- glish Quakers, but the greater portion, was settled by German emigrants, who soon be- came thrifty farmers. In 1783, it contained 267 houses, 218 barns, 21 mills, small and large; 10 negro slaves, 3 redemptioners, 1,465 inhabitants, and 29,723 acres not va- cant. The northern boundary of Springets- bury Manor passed nearly through the center of the original township, south of the 40th parallel of north latitude, which crosses the county a short distance south of Emigs- ville. The township of West Manchester was formed from Manchester, in 1799, leav- ing within Manchester, 350 taxable inhabit- ants. The township at present is one of the most fertile and productive in the county. It contains very little woodland, and no waste land. 613 HISTOKY OF YOEK COUNTY. The northern part is within the mesozoie sandstone region and the southern part in the limestone belt. Grain of different kinds produce well, and within the past ten years an abundance of fine tobacco has been raised in the eastern part of the township. In 1883 the number of taxable inhabitants was 835; valuation of real estate 11,766,464; number of work horses and mules 647, valued at 155,075; number of cows 802, valued at $20,050; State tax $521; county tax $6,738. The population in 1880, including the bor- ough, was 4,066. In point of real estate val- uation it is exceeded only by Spring Garden, and in population is third on the list, Spring Garden and Hopewell being ahead. TAXABLE INHABITANTS IN 1788. The following is a complete list of the taxable residents of Manchester, which in- cluded West Manchester, in 1783: Philip Amend. Reinhardt Bott. Jonas Bott. Abraham Bookhard. Michael Bentz. Daniel Bekemer. John Brown. Conrad Becker. Isaac Brenneman. James Britches. Andrew Bedman. Widow Bierly. Jacob Brown. Valentine Bohn. Nicholas Bahn. George Bumbach. Julius Brukhardt. Joseph Bixler. William Burns. Philip Benedict. James Berden. Widow Cronmiller. John OroU. Nicholas Deh. Andrew Dabber. Thomas Dunn. Michael Driver. Michael Doudel. Widow Doudel. John Deltmer. Peter Dinkel. Frederick Eicheberger. Michael Ebert. George Eyster. Elias Eyster. John Emig, Sr. Valentine Emig. George Eisenhardt. Conrad Entzminger. Philip Ettinger. Peter Elenberger. Jacob Ehrman. Michael Ebert, .Jr. Martin Ebert. Philip Ebert. Widow Eichelberger. John Ehraig, Jr. Michael Egy. Michael Finfrock. Godlieb Fackler. Jacob Feid. John Fetter. Peter Faust. George Frier. George Fry. Stephan Finfrock. Frederick Felker. Joseph Grebill. Dewald Gross. Gerard Gavote. Andrew Grass. John Greybill. Jacob Gottwaldt, Jr. Samuel Gross. George Geiss. Henry Gray. Christopher Greenewald. Michael Ginder. Jacob Gottwaldt, Jr. Jacob Gardner. John Guikes. Hermanns Guikes. David Greer, Esq. Philip Heckert. Philip Heltzel. Barnet Holtzapple. Nicholas Hentz. Andrew Hentz. Erasmus Holtzapple. Emanuel Harman. Andrew Hershy. Jost Herbach. Christian Heiver. George Hake, Esq. Andrew Heak. Jacob Heak. John Humvichhauser. Jacob Hahn. Frederick Hoffman. Jacob Heikler. Michael Hahn, Esq. Ludwig Heetig. Christian Herman. Andrew Hoke. Peter Hoke. George Heihler. Christian Heit. John Heit. Philip Hoffman. Col. Thomas Hartly, Esq. George Ilgenfritz. Martin Ilgenfritz. George Irwin. Jacob Jonathan. Robert Jones, Sr. Robert Jones, Jr. Francis Jones. James Johnston. Elisha Kirk. Caleb Kirk. Valentine Krantz. John Kauffman, Jr. John Kauffman, Sr. Godfry King. Casper Kerver. Henry Keifer. Philip Kreber. Mathias Klein. Jacob Kauffman. Simon Koppenheafer, Jacob Klingeman. Jacob Philip King. Jacob Knab. Simon Koppenheafer, Conrad Klein. Henry Kauffman. Christian Keller. John Kitch. Michael Kolb. Valentine Kohlman. Peter Knuab. Baltzer Koler. George Krantz. George Klingman. Jacob Kern. Andrew Kohler. Henry Kreber. Christian Landis. Anthony Lehman. Michael Low. Leonard Leckron. Ignatius Leitner. Frederick Lenhardt. Peter Long. Andrew Long. Christian Leib. George Liebenstein. Killian Lichtenberger. Caspar Lichtenberger. George Lichtenberger. George Lewis Lefler. Ludwig Myer. Frederich Miller. Peter Marks. Peter Menges. George May. George Maurer. George Millen. Michael Mehlhorn. John Miller. Samuel Miller. George Metzger. Nicholas Moore. Adam Miller. Charles Martin. Jacob Kopp. Michael Klein. Henry Klein. Nicholas Klasser. Casper Knaab. George Nailor. Jacob Neaf. Abraham Neaf. Jacob Oettinger. Peter Oettinger. John Oettinger. Henry Ort. Jacob 0pp. Adam Quickel. , Frederick Remer. Dietrich Rupert. Stephan Reitinger. Michael Romig. Andrew Ritter. Jonas Rudisilly. William Reis. John Reif. Anthony Roth. John Roth. John Rosenbaum. George Ringer. Michael Ringer. Baltzer Rudisilly. Peter Riel. Isaac Stoner. Peter Sprenkle. George Sprenkle. Jr.Mathias Smeiser. John Shrom. Christopher Shlegle. Andrew Smith, Sr. Sr.Andrew Smith, Jr. Daniel Strickler. Peter Shultz. Peter Smith. Michael Shreiver. John Shreiber. Jacob Smith. Jacob Smith (Tory law- Peter Senger. [yer). Philip Snyder. Peter Snyder. Adam Shenck. John Stab. Frederick Shindel. JohnSherb, Sr. .lohn Sherb, Jr. Henry Shultz. James Spikeman. Jacob Smyser. Col. Michael Smyser. Michael Sprenkle. Samuel Updegraff. Ambrose TJpdegraff. Nathan Updegraff. Joseph Updegraff. John Updegroff. Widow Wogan. John Welsh. Francis Worley. Henry Wolf. Michael Welsh. George Weller. Nathan Worley. James Worley. Daniel Worley. Francis Worley. William Willis. ' Jacob Worley. Peter Wolf, Esq. Adam Wolf. Nicholas Wyand. Philip Wolf. Sebastian Weigle. Simon Witmeyer, Sr. Simon Witmeyer, Jr. Martin Weikle. Leonard Weikle. George Witterricht. Michael Wittericht. Philip Wintemeyer. Jacob Weaver. Casper Walter. Jacob Wagnor. Adam Wilt. George^Welsh. MANCHESTER TOWNSHIP. 613 Henry Winiger. Jost Wahl. Frederick Wever. Valentine Wild. Henry Walter. Jacob Zigler. Philip Ziegler Jr. Killian Ziegler. SINGLE MEN. John Oldham John Kann (blacksmith) Christian Reinhart. George Manges. Philip Christ. Andrew Zeigler. Daniel Meyer. George Lekron. Michael Kauffman. Martin Koppenhefer. John Brown. Frederick Heak. Jacob Miller. Adam Lichtenberger. Nicholas Snyder. David Bruckhard. Philip Mohr. Christian Mohr. Andrew Kohler. Jacob Bohn. Conrad Ginder. Jacob Miller. Frederick Ehresman. Jacob Ginder. , Ludwi^ Driver. Frederick Shindle. Frederick Hummel. Jacob Meisel. Joseph Kohler. NEW HOLLAND VILLAGE. Frederick Day, an English Quaker, made a plat of fifty-two lots and disposed of them by lottery, in 1804. The town he called New Holland. In 1814 he la'd out an addi- tional section of 162 lots, which in the printed deeds, was denominated "New Hol- land continued." The village is located on the Susquehanna Eiver, at the mouth of one of the branches of the Conewago Creek, familiarly called "The Gut," and about three miles from the mouth of Codorus Creek. Some of the first settlers in this locality, in 1732, were Quakers, and for a time, a tract of land was reserved by the Penns for a meeting house. For about thirty years New Holland was known as an important lumber emporium. Teams came many miles from the south and west to purchase pine lumber, which was brought down the river and landed at this point. In 1807, Fred- erick Day built the large stone house now owned by Jacob Lichty, who has conducted the village store since 1863. A man by name of Hyder kept the first store. New Holland became a post town named Day's Landing, in 1825, with Peter Dessenberg as postmaster. When a postoifice was estab- lished at Mt. Wolf, two miles distant, this one was discontinued. Adam Wolf, Esq., was for many years a prominent justice of the peace, and had a large lumber yard and tannery here. Fred- erick Gable kept a store and owned a lumber yard. Joseph Schmidt also had a lumber yard. There were at one time four hotels in the town. None have been kept since 1870. "Silver Lake Island," a famous place for shad fishing years ago, is located on the Sus- quehanna, near New Holland. The popula- tion of this village is about 250. In the early part of this century, it was supposed that New Holland was destined to become large, but its lumber interests ceased after the Northern Central Eailway was completed. The cigar business is now an important industry here. The names of the streets running at right angles with the Susquehanna, on Day's draft, when he founded the town, were King, Queen, Prince, York and Market. Those running parallel with the river, were Water, Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Streets. It will thus be seen that plans were made for a large town. Frederick Day was buried in a conspicuous spot in the town and his tomb is marked by an unpretentious head stone, but there are no other graves near his silent resting place. Physicians. — When New Holland was a prominent lumber market, there were always one or two physicians in the village. Dr. De Lassel, a Frenchman, located here in 1810. He was followed by Drs. Rouse, Richardson, Massey, Charles, Cook, Ehrhart and Watson. Dr. William Graffes was the last practitioner, twenty-five years ago. Physi- cians of this town attended the sick of Eib's Landing and Liverpool. Geological Curiosities. — The geological formations around New Holland afford a pleasing diversity. Limestone crops out on John Wogan's farm, which is valuable when burned into quicklime. The old red sand- stone formation is quite prominent. A short distance west yellow sapdstone protrudes to the surface. In the bottom of the stream, and on the cliflfs, excellent specimens of dolerite.are quite numerous. Along the cliffs on the south side of the stream are twin rocks, forty feet in thickness, almost entirely exposed. They are huge specimens of sili- cious conglomerate formation. Near by is a rock of similar structure 100 feet in length, forming an inclined plane with the stream. While musing along the shore, trying to read "the testimony of the rocks," in the alluvial soil on the north side of the creek, the writer was delighted with the discovery of fine specimens of Indian beads, arrow heads of flint, and a large battle ax. In this island, not long since, while workmen were making excavations, at the depth of about three feet, a number of these curiosities were found in close proximity. It was doubtless the grave of an Indian warrior, and his sur- vivors, following the custom of their race, in- terred his implements of war and of the chase with his bones, that he might use them, according to their belief. In the Island of the Blessed In the Kingdom of Ponemah In the land of the Hereafter. 614 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. Csesarville is the name given to a collec- tion of half a dozen houses, near the mouth of Rodes Creek, where it flows into " The Gut." About half a century ago, an aged negro slave by the name of Csesar, who had been freed, dug a cave in a bank at this point, and used it as his place of abode. The old saw- mill here was erected in 1812 by Frederick Zorger. For many years it was owned by the late Daniel Kraber,of York and, was con- nected with Eib's Landing Lumber Yards. eib's landing. Among the early settlers west of the Susquehanna was Peter Eib, who took up the fertile land forming a delta between the mouths of the Conewago Creek. As the lumber intetests up the river were developed, a section of his farm, now owned by George W. Ilgenfritz, of York, became one of the most important landing places for this valua- ble product along the stream. There was a demand for pine timber, and from this land- ing place York, and a broad expanse of country, were largely supplied for more than half a century. But the glory of Eib's Land- ing declined when the steam saw-mills were built at York Haven and at Goldsboro, and when the Northern Central Bailway. was completed. Old citizens of the neighborhood recalled the time when as many as seventy- five teams were in waiting to load lumber in one day. For one mile along the bank were contin- uous piles of boards and building timber. The price, on account of the abundance, was very low in comparison with present prices. Ex- cellent shaved shingles could be purchased at 16 per 1,000, and a fine quality of boards at 18 and |10 per 1,000 feet. During the spring and early summer, busi- ness was most flourishing. For many years there were three hotels to aeommodate team- sters and lumbermen — " Yankees, " as they were termed, who brought the rafts of lum- ber down the Susquehanna. At times ar- dent spirits flowed profusely, and occasions of boisterous hilarity were very frequent. Much sawed timber was conveyed in teams by mer- chants who owned lumber yards in York, Hanover, Abbottstown, East Berlin, and as far away as Frederick, Md. There is nothing now left to mark this, probably the most historic spot in Manchester Township, except the dilapidated remains of a few old buildings at a place where millions of feet of lumber were annually sold. A Paper City. — On Ipart of the original Bib's Landing property, now owned by Jacob Hartman, about the year 1800, a town was laid out, which the founder, from the number of streets planned, expected to grow into a prosperous city. It was laid out as the "Town of Manchester." Eighty-one lots of this proposed town, 50x200 feet each, were advertised to be sold for the direct tax of the United States, at Harrisburg, December 3, 1818. The town was planned at a time when the lumber and fishing interests of the Susquehanna led many visionary land owners to suppose that their farms were to be the sites of flourishing cities in the near future. The same ideas that characterize many ven- turesome and deluded people of our Western States and Territories, were prevalent in Pennsylvania eighty years ago. Two small houses, long since torn down, and an abut- ment beginning a bridge, is all there ever was to represent the " Old Town of Manches- ter on the Susquehanna." The Gut, is a singular freak of nature. Some time, not long before the settlement of York County by the whites, the Big Conewa- go Creek, on account of high water, over- flowed its banks, and cut a deep channel two miles in length, causing this, the southern branch, to flow into the Susquehanna at New Holland, while the main branch of the creek flows into the river, three miles farther up the stream at York Haven. During times of high water the Gut is a rapid stream, but in dry seasons it is sluggish and sometimes alto- gether dry. Within this irregularly shaped delta, is contained about five square miles of excellent alluvial soil. " The Eiver Gut " is a branch of half a mile in length, passing from the Gut to the Susquehanna. A singu- lar phenomenon is illustrated: When the river is high it flows toward the creek, when the creek is high it flows toward the river. It is a true bifurcation. Floods. — The first flood on record, occurred in 1744; the second in 1758; the third in 1772; the fourth in March, 1784; the fifth, known as the "Great Pumpkin Flood" of September, 1786, when all the low places along the river were strewn with pumpkins that had floated down the stream. The sixth flood occurred in 1800; the seventh in 1814; the eighth in August, 1817. . In the spring of 1830, of 1865 and of 1875, the ice floods did considerable damage along the river. Huge piles of ice were forced on the river banks and islands, at different points, and the greatest excitement prevailed. Im- mense numbers of floating logs have been landed along the river when the booms broke at Williamsport and Lock Haven. Shad Fisheries. — Nothing gave more interest to the river settlements in early days than the extensive shad fisheries, an industry MANCHESTER TOWNSHIP. 615 now almost unknown above the dam of the Susquehanna Canal at Columbia. Shad fish- ing has greatly declined south of the dam too, of late years, all caused by injudicious management. On account of the purity of the water and the absence of many manufac- turies along this river, which caused refuse matter to flow into it, the shad of the Susque- hanna River have long been famous for their delicious flavor, large size and nutritious qualities. From York Haven to the mouth of the Codorus, the limits of the eastern boundary of Manchester Township, there was almost one continuous line of valuable fisher- ies. The season lasted from five to seven weeks. Usually, if the season were short, the largest amount of shad were caught. The shad pass up the river annually in large schools from the salt water of the Atlantic Ocean and Chesapeake Bay into fresh water to spawn. They cease to go tip after the middle of June, and sometimes about the first of June. A few have been caught in fish- baskets on their return to the salt water late in the season; but they then are scarcely edible. It was a most interesting sight for fishermen to watch for a "school of fish" to come up stream, and then row around them in a skiff, leaving out a long seine, made with a network of large meshes especially for shad, and quickly pull the seine to shore by the skiff, freighted with hundreds and some- times thousands of this large fish. Before catching a large "draught of fishes," all fishermen were as still and motionless as possible, as the sense of hearing with fish is very keen; but when a large "haul" was made it was a grand signal for a triumphant cheer, and the jolly fishermen were active in counting the number caught. As far back as 1815, these shad brought as high as 12i and 15 cents apiece by wholesale. Dozens of wagons, owned by anxious purchasers, were always ready to buy them at that figure, and take them fifteen or twenty miles south and west to dispose of them. Some of the fisheries were along the shore, but the most profitable ones were near the small islands. The right of fishery was pur- chasable; sometimes the owners of isjiands in the river sold them, but reserved the right of fishing for shad. Lichty's two fisheries, near the mouth of the Conewago, were famous— 1, 500 shad were caught at one haul there in 1825; "San Domingo," a small island of two acres surface, had a noted fishery. The entire island was swept away by an ice flood in 1830. The next in order down the stream was known as "Santa Cruz;" "Black Rock," so called because it was used by colored people as a fishing station for a time. The Indians were accustomed to catch shad here with large "dip-nets." In the days of its prosperity, Black Rock Fishery was owned by William Reeser, founder of the town of Liverpool. Haldeman's pool in the Chestnut Riffles, near the mouth of Codorus, "Forge Island," "Center," "Silver Lake," "Small Island," and "Bald .Eagle" fisheries were very profitable for many years. THE BOROUGH OF MANCHESTER. This beautifully situated and neatly built town for nearly half a century was known as "Liverpool," after the historic English sea- port, first named so by its sturdy founder, Will- iam Reeser. The situation is truly interesting, and the view over a large extent of country fas- cinating in the extreme. Immediately to the east is a narrow and fertile valley,nearly in the center of which nestles the thriving village of Mount Wolf, and through which passes a great highway-the Northern Central Railway. The burghers on the hill must be on the alert or else their neighbor town, which they now look down upon, will outgrow their own. One seems to be climbing up the hill and the other sliding down. They may soon join hands and form one borough. Farther to the east is the broad expanse of the Susquehanna, and the adjoining counties of Dauphin and Lan- caster are unfolded to the observer's view. The Conewago hills loom up to the northeast of Manchester, and to the southwest is the northern part of the great York Valley, un- rivalled for its beauty and fertility. Founding of the Toivn. — The land upon which the town stands was taken up under a land warrant issued to John Nickey about 1740. William Reeser purchased a consider- able tract in 1814, on which was then two or three small houses; York Haven Company had just been formed; the York & Cone- wago Turnpike road had recently been com- pleted; Eib's Landing and New Holland lumber and fishing interests were then in their zenith. All these made this a central point of the different thoroughfares to these places, and led the new owner to follow the example of a number of other adventurers about that time, to found a town. He secured the serv- ices of G-en. Jacob Spangler, of York, who surveyed and made a plan for a town in 1814, the original of which is now in possession of Jacob Mohr, son in-law of the founder. The inscription on it reads as follows: "A plan of the town of Liverpool, situated in Man- chester Township, on the York and Conewago Canal Turnpike road, including the Junction 616 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. of the road leading to the old town of Man- chester.'' The original plan of Liverpool contained 100 lots. Tickets were sold at $100 each one of which drew a lot. The draw- ing took place, July 30, 1814. Founding a town by lottery was a common custom about that time. The ingenious founder it is said cleared $4,000 by his venture, and in 1816 built the large brick mansion at a cost of $5,000, on the angle formed by the union of the "old road" and the turnpike. Here he lived until the time of his death, a few years ago, having reached the advanced age of four- score and two years. His widow, Elizabeth Shelley Keeser, survived him but a few months. Incorporation. — The town was incorporat- ed by action of the court August 27, 1869. At this date it was known as "Liverpool." The charter of incorporation changed the name to Manchester, by which the postofBce had many years been called. At the first municipal election Jacob Mohr was chosen chief burgess, and Dewease Warner, George Yinger, Jacob Good, Elias Hartman and Jacob Ramer, members of the council; Henry Metzgar, secretary. Borough officers for 1885 are Frank L. Jacobs, burgess; J. M. Glatfelter, M. L. Duhling, Peter Mathias, J. Smith, Peter Neiman and Jacob Ramer, councilmen. There are 135 voters; a population of 630. The number of taxable inhabitants in 1884 was 177, and total valuation of real estate in borough $133,154. Business Places. — Charles Bishop, Sr., kept the first store in the village. It was located on the site of George Machlin's house, and was burned. Stores were kept, after this one, by Mrs. Jacobs, Joseph Kraft, John Drayer (for many years), George Beck and by others whose names cannot be recalled. In 1885 J. M. Glatfelter, S. A. Bear & Bro., Jacob Rudy, are merchants; Duhling & Brown, butchers; F. J. Lory, tin and stove store; C. Kauffman & Co., cigars; E. A. Shriver and J. B. Rentzel, cigar manufac- turers — each employ a number of workmen ; D. S. Quickel, dentist; H. S. Bear and M. L. Duhling, justices of the peace; Messrs Frank Yinger, P. M. Altland, John S. Yinger and others are identified with the business interests of this beautiful town. The old "Reeser mansion" has been turned into a Hotel. Many years ago it was a hotel with a large sign on which was a picture of LaFay- ette. This French patriot passed through Liverpool in January, 1825, on his way to Harrisburg. Mrs. Elizabeth Quickel Kuehn, aged nine- ty-six, lives near Manchester. Postmasters. — A postoffice was established at this place in 1822, with Charles Bishop as postmaster. In 1832 J. T. Ubil succeeded him, and was followed by George Beck, John Drayer, Dr. L. M. Lochman, M. L. Duhling, David S. Quickel and Stephen A. Bear. When application was made for a postoffice it was found that one by the name of Liver- pool had been granted in this State to a town by same name in Perry County. The name Manchester was then selected, which was adopted as the name of the town when it was incorporated. John Drayer was recently appointed. Physicians. — Dr. Conner is remembered as the first physician of this village. He was succeeded by many others, among whom were Drs. Roe, Kilgore, Beck, Hall, Haldeman,Ahl (now of Pittsburgh), Hay, Houser, Lochman, Bishop, Prowell, Kain, Warren, Deisinger. Dr. Hall, a successful practitioner built the house now occupied as a store by S. Bear & Bro. Dr. Andrew Prowell, a very skillful and highly esteemed physician, died here in 1871, after several years of successful practice. He was a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, and of Bellevue Medical College, of New York City. His death at the age of thirty- four, was deeply felt by the entire community that he had served so faithfully. Dr. Ehrman, a disciple of Hahnemann, successfully introduced homoe- opathy about the year 1839; after several years of practice he moved to Wrightsville. The physicians at present are Drs. Gress & May. CHDRCHES. Union Church of Manchester. — In Novem- ber, 1820, a number of the citizens of the town met at the house of William Reeser, for the purpose of effecting an organ- ization to build a Union Church and schoolhousG. At a subsequent meeting held March 28, 1821, Charles 'M. Poor, Will- iam Reeser, Jacob Fink, John Gross and Daniel Gotwald were chosen trustees and a building committee. The church was built in the summer of 1821, at a cost of $6r2,and dedicated -January 21, 1822. Rev. Robert Cathcart, Presbyterian, and Rev. J. G. Schmucker, Lutheran, both oE York, were the officiating clergymen. The church was first used by the two denominations mentioned and afterward by others also. Some of the merchants and managers of the mills at York Haven were Presbyterians. A school - house was built on same lot. At the second election William Reeser, Henry Grove, David Nelson, Charles Bishop, Charles M. Poor and Samuel Inloes were MANCHESTEB TOWNSHIP. 617 chosen trustees; Henry Metzgar was formany years secretary. The old meeting house was removed in 1879, and the present Union Church was built. This is used by different denomi- nations. The German Baptists hold occasion- al services. The Evangelical Association is one of the denominations that at present hold services in this church. A class was organized in 1858 by George Young and Frederick Alt- house. The preachers who had charge of the circuit to which this congregation be- longs since then, have been as follows: S. D. Bennington, George Brickley, E. S. Brown- miller, H. Conrad, George Carothers, George Delliuger, Adam Ettinger, John Edgar, Charles Hammer, Peter Heis, Daniel Kreamer, John Kreamer, J. C. Link, L. May, Moses McLean, li. R. Price, H. H. Ream, P. H. Rishel, J. Harlacher, J. Zimmerman, E. Stombaugh, Hornberger, D. L.Reeser,W. Detwiler, J. M. Ettinger, N. Young, A. Krause, Steyman, D. P. Kline, S. Aurund, W. H. Lilly, H. W. Gross, S. Yeariok, C.W. Finkbinder, 0. F. Gephart, C. H. Goodling, H. N. Greninger, M. J. Snyder, L. E. Crumbling. ' Manchester Lutheran Church is a brick building located on Main Street to- ward the south end of town. It was built under the direction of Rev. Dr. A. H. Loch- man, of York, in 1857. The congregation was organized in December of the same year by Rev. C. J. Deininger, and' served by him until December 1865. He was succeeded by Revs. P. Warner, P. Anstadt, E. Lenhart and the present pastor — Rev. W. S. Porr. The cost of the building was 16,000. In 1883 valuable i improvements, costing $1,100 were added and the interior of the church beautified. Membership is about 110. Trustees, Samuel Gross and Henry Cassell. A Sunday-school of 100 pupils is superin- tended by John Frank, with Jacob Smith as assistant superintendent, who is also leader of the Church choir. Miss Emma Eisenhart is organist. United Brethren Church. — About the year 1832 Rev. William Brown began preaching the doctrines of this denomination in Liver- pool; an organization was effected in the Union meeting house, which was used until the erection of the new and handsome church, in the year 1878, at a cost of 11,700. Of this building George Yinger was contractor, J. A. Dempwolf, architect; Col. J. A. Stahle, H. M. Everhart, Charles TMathias, Jacob Eppley and John B. Rentzel, the building committee. The church was dedicated the same year by Bishop Glossbrenner. The following clergy- men have ministered to this congregation since the church was built: G. W. Kirakofe, A. H. Rice, I. H. Albright and T. Garland. Church membership about sixty, and a Sunday-school of 100 pupils, of which Col. Stahle is superintendent. Mennonite Meeting House. — Half a mile north of Manchester stands the old Mennon- ite Meeting House. Some of the early set- tlers of this locality, were members of that religious society. Among them were the Kel- lers, Leibs, Reiffs and Eodeses. Until 1810 religious services of this denomination were held in private houses and in the Union Meeting House, on the site of Hoover's Church. It was during the summer of that year that the present old relic was built, of native yellow sandstone. Mr. Keller fur- nished the land free, and, characteristic of this kind-hearted, economical people, the other members associated together and com- pleted the building with t^eir own hands. From 1810 to 1850, it was regularly used, since then, only occasionally. It is still owned by the society. The present schoolhouse was built before the town was incorporated. In 1870 the bor-' ough board organized by electing John Kohler, president; Peter M. Altland, secretary, and Jacob Hartman, treasurer. Jacob Smith was appointed teacher of the secondary school at a salary of $35, and Miss Mary Free teacher of primary school at a salary of $33 per month. The school board for the year 1884-85 was as follows: Dr. J. C. May, president; D. A. Schriver, secretary; Dr. H. V. Gress, Michael Gross, Michael Kunkel andDewease Warner. The teachers were A. S. ,Quickel and A. C. Hartman. An Old School House. — The north end of the building, for nearly half a century, was occupied as a schoolhouse, in which the youths of the vicinity received the rudi- ments of their education. Many old people, now living, have a tender recollection of James Cabot, familiarly called "Jimmy Caboot," who, after having seen much of the "round world," as an English sailor, for many years taught school. He was a jolly, good-natured personage, who fondled and petted the little folks, even carrying them on his back to and from school. He was at home anywhere and everywhere, and had but one fault — in his own language, he would sometime get "corned," and that, too, on Sunday, so that his Monday's work was 618 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY". not well done. He could play the violin for a midnight party, or assist in a religious meeting, jast as the notion suited him. One summer day, while engaged in religious devo- tion, a hornet stung him. This scientific ex- periment of one little insect was sufficient to disturb and break up the entire meeting, and caused Jimmy to be more impetuous than reverential. For many years the chil- dren of the neighborhood, both winter and summer, attended Jimmy's school, until one paoeful day in June, more than half a cen- tury ago, they laid him peacefully to rest in the burying ground adjoining the Union Church, in Liverpool. He was one of the first to be there interred. The old burying ground was near the Mennonite Meeting House. Asa Johnson and John Anstine taught in same building. CONFEDEEATE INVASION. On the 28th of June, 1863, Gen. Early, while advancing on York, and when at Wei- glestown, sent Col. French, with a detachment of the Seventeenth Virginia Cavalry, across Manchester Township, to the tnouth of the Conewago, to burn the railroad bridges there. They halted, for a time, at Liverpool and Mount Wolf. They took from the stores, boots, shoes, hats, and some other clothing, paid for them in Confederate cur- rency, which they proudly affirmed would soon be "better than your greenbacks, as we are now on our way to Harrisburg, Philadel- phia, and New York, and the war will soon be over." They cut down the telegraph poles, de- stroyed a number of small railroad bridges and the two large ones. They compelled Benjamin Miller, an intelligent farmer, to go with them and direct them to the bridges, which they set fire to with coal oil. In the afternoon they went to York. About 400 Union soldiers had been en- camped on Col. Hoff's farm, to guard these bridges, but they crossed over the Susque- hanna during the early morning of the same day, fearing the approach of a large army. A few shots were fired at the last boat load by the Confederates. MOUNT WOLF VILLAGE. Mount Wolf is a thrifty and prosperous village, on the Northern Central Eailway, one-half mile northeast of Manchester Bor- ough apd seven miles from York. The grade here to the "Summit," about two miles south, is fifty feet to the mile. This is the highest point on the railroad between York and Bridgeport. In the year 1850, soon after the completion of the railroad to Har- risburg, a postoffice was established one- quarter of a mile south of the present rail- road station, and named "Mt. Campbell."' In the year 1852 the firm of Adam Wolf & Sons, opened a store and began purchas- ing grain, and started a coal and lumber yard. The business was continued under this firm until 1863, when William W. Wolf, one of the sons, was elected sherifi" of York County, and removed to York in November of this year. He died before his term of office expired. Adam Wolf, the father and senior member, retired from business. Since then, George H. Wolf has been sole pro- prietor, and has done an extensive and prosperous business. Large quantities of wheat, from the surrounding fertile and pro- ductive country, are annually purchased. Some is manufactured into flour at a mill which he owns near by, and much shipped to Baltimore and elsewhere. Since the decline of New Holland and Eib's Landing, as lum- ber depots, Mt. Wolf has become an impor- tant center for this trade. During the past few years the firm of George H. Wolf & Co., with which John Wogan was associated as partner, purchased large quantities of tobac- co, an important product of this township. A few houses v/ere erected soon after Mt. Wolf became a business center. The town was laid out in 1867, by Samuel Hoff, on an area of thirty acres, with 165 lots, from a survey made by Daniel Ettinger, of York. At present there are about fifty dwelling houses, a church, and a twostory school- house. A few of the houses are brick, but most of them are frame, of attractive design, newly painted, and everything around indi- cates neatness and prosperity. The large grist-mill, a short distance north of the vil- lage, now doing such effective service, was built in 1813, by John Kodes, a Mennonite preacher. It subsequently passed into pos- session of John Gross, George Mathias, and George H. Wolf, the present owner. A few years ago Mr. Wolf built a large house for a depot and store. This being th& station for Manchester Borough, New Hol- land, Starview, and the thickly settled surrounding country, it is an important stopping place for passenger trains. The name, Mt. Wolf, originated in 1852, when the postoffice was removed from Mt. Camp- bell to its present place. The population of the village, in 1885, was 200. About 1820, Christian Rodes built a fulling-mill a short distance above here. It is now owned by a grandson, Zebulon Rodes. MANCHESTER TOWNSHIP. 610 Church of the United Brethren in Christ. — The members of this denomination built a house of worship, in the year 1870, under the direction of Henry Hoff, Sr. , John Spahr, and Samuel Bear, as a building committee. Including bell, it cost |2,800. It was dedi- cated the' same year by Rev. William B. Eaber. The^ church membership is about eighty, and the Sunday-school membership 150, with Jacob G. Kunkel as superintend- ent. The pastors since the church was built were W. H. Craumer, S. T. Wallace, George W. Beatty, Alexander Tripner, A. H. Rice, I. H. Albright and Thomas Garland. EMIGSVILLE. Emigsville is a prosperous village, with a population of 125. Soon after the comple- tion of the York & Cumberland Railroad, in 1850, now the Northern Central Railway, this became a prominent business center and sta- tion for the surrounding rich agricultural region. A vast amount of quicklime has been burned from valuable limestone of the vicin- ity. The town lies on the York & Harrisburg Turnpike, four miles from York and three miles from Manchester Borough. The late John Emig, after whom the village was named, was engaged for many years in the mercantile business at this place, and was also a prominent farmer. The same inter- ests are now continued by his sons. East of the railroad is an attractively built Union Chapel and near by is the village school. B. K. Emig & Co. manufacture agricultural implements here. Round Town is a hamlet of twenty or more houses, about three and one-half miles from York, on the York and Lewisberry road. The houses are built nearly in the form of a circle, from whence originated the name. A fine brick school-house was built here in 1884. Frederick and Peter Kern were among the first to own the property at this place. Fouslown is a collection of houses in the western end of the township, amidst a very fertile region. One of the military companies of the township was called "The Manchester Guards," commanded by Capfc. Eodes in 1834. George Jacobs was first lieutenant, and Jacob Rudy second lieutenant. It existed for seven years. Manchester Township gave 200 votes majority for Gen. Harrison for president. In 1856 there were but three votes for Fremont for same office. MUSICAL. The Manchester Silver Cornet Band is a musical organization composed of eighteen members, and has had a prosperous existence since 1880. The Conewago Citizens Band, composed of seventeen members, was organized in 1881. Starview Band, composed of fifteen mem- bers, with German silver instruments, was formed in 1883. New Holland Band, composed of twelve members, was organized in 1 884. Mt. Wolf Cornet Band was started in 1879. It is composed of fifteen members. Emigsville Band is an excellent musical organization. EEFOBMED AND LUTHERAN CHURCH (hOOVEk's). On the 29th of February 1822, Philip (Huber) Hoover and Peter (Huber) Hoover deeded 44 perches of land for a consideration of II, to Martin Rudy, Michael Bixler, elders and trustees of the German Re- formed congregation, and Peter Moore and Valentine Schultz, elders and trustees of the Lutheran congregation. On this land had been already erected a house of worship called "Christ's Church," in which by special requirements the services were to be held in. "the German language and no other; to be used by the German Reformed and German Lutheran congregations, ana a society called Maniests. " All services in the first church were to be held "before candle light." This church is located on one of the land-marks of Manchester Township, now in the young village of Starview, two miles southeast of Mt. Wolf. It is widely known as "Hoover's Church." The exact time when the first log-church was built is not definitely known, though supposed to be in 1819. The present house of worship, which cost |2,200, was built in 1875. The building committee were Jacob Hartman and John King, Reformed; Harris Gingerich and John Fry, Lutherans. A charter was obtained in 1844; Andrew Dessenberg and Jacob Fry of the Lutheran, and Christian Hartman of the Reformed congregation were trustees. Samuel Rudy, now ninety-two years old and a most worthy member, was one of the first deacons of this church. The present church officers are Jacob Hartman and George Kann, elders; Abraham Hartman and Mr. Diehl, deacons. Revs. Mayer, James R. Reiley, John Cares, David Bossier, Rhinehart Smith, of the Re- formed Church have officated here. This congregation, of fifty-three members, since 1879, has been under the pastoral care of Rev. A. Wanner, D. D., as supply. The Lutheran congregation was served . hy 620 HISTORY OP YORK COUIfTY. Rev. 0. J. Deininger from 1858 to 1866. Its pastors have been the same since then as at Manchester Borough, -who in order of succession were as follows: Eev. P. Wanner, Peter Austadt, E. Lenhart and W. S. Porr, who is the present pastor; members, sixty- five. A sehoolhouse stood by the side of the first church, and a parochial school kept in it for many years. The church was remodeled at a cost of $1,300 lately. There is a Union Sunday- school of 150 pupils, of which Henry Kunkel is superintendent. Jerusalem Church, is located between Mt. Wolf and New Holland, and was built about 1880, on land donated to the congregation by John Dessenberg. It was once burned and afterward rebuilt. emig's gkove campmeeting grounds. June 21, 1880, a charter of incorporation "was granted to the Emig's Grove Campmeet- ing Association, the object of which was " to maintain the worship of God in gatherings ■or assemblies for religious purposes, accord- ing to the discipline and belief of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, and other Evangelical Churches." Fourteen acres of land were purchased of the late John Emig. Thirteen acres have since been added. The location is one mile south of Mount Wolf Station on the line of the Northern Central Railway. The association organized with Rev. C. T. Stearn, president; David W. Crider, J. 0. Smith and Daniel G. May, vice-presidents; J. R. Hutchison, secretary; Col. J. A. Stable, treasurer, and Henry M. Everhart, John Shepp, Charles Lafean, M. L. Duhliug, Henry Reeser, J. B. Rentzel and A. H. Rice, directors. The same officers have held their positions continuously since organi- zation. The directors for the year 1885 are M. L. Duhling, P. Mathias, H. M. Everhart, H. W. Steffey, Joseph Wagner, Henry Reeser, and H. D. Musser. Excellent board tents have been built, and a large number of peo- ple meet annually, during the month of August, for the purpose of worshipping the Ood of their fathers in the serene atmosphere of this beautiful grove — one of "God's first temples." In one corner of the grounds, in a secluded spot, is a mysterious tomb of a soldier of the civil war. It has been sympathetically remem- bered by some patriotic members of the Camp Meeting Association, and marked by a neat and appropriate headstone. His remains were found and interred near the spot, about the time that the Confederate Gen. Early took possession of York, but " oE his name and his fame no one can tell." He was clad in the unifofm of a Union soldier, the but- tons of which contained the coat of arms of Pennsylvania, and his cap the number 65. J j ADOPTION OF THE COMMON SCHOOL SYSTEM. There were other subscription schools similar to the one at the Mennonite Meeting House already described. Before the present public school system was accepted in this township a local plan was adopted and so- called " free schools " were established. They did not however afford equal privileges to all classes. The poorer children were neg- lected. Several attempts were made by en- terprising citizens to secure enough votes, to accept the system under the provision of the act of 1834, but all such efforts were un- successful. The legislative act of 1848 which virtually recognized that every district in the State had already accepted the system, brought Manchester into the ranks. At the spring election of 1849 which was then held at Ludwig Kohr's Hotel, near Emigsville, the system was accepted, and Daniel Rodes, Henry Metzgar, George Mathias, John Emig, Dr. Adam Eisenhart and Andrew Lightner were elected directors, all oE whom are now dead, except Dahiel Rodes, who, at his ad- vanced age, is in the full possession of his mental and physical powers. It was greatly through his determined efforts that the organi- zation of the schools on the present basis was then effected. The conliict that arose was typical of what took place in some other townships, especially in the German sections, where many of the people were averse to accepting the common schools, and preferred the subscription schools or parochial schools. Many, iui fact, preferred a shorter term than the law then required. A great conflict arose when the directors met in Liverpool to organ- ize. A large number of people assembled ; most of them came for the purpose of presenting objections to the plans. After some of the directors conferred, all except two determined to resign. Daniel Rodes, who was elected president, then read the law, which gave that officer the power to appoint any persons he selected to fill the vacancies, which resulted in holding the board together. At this juncture Jacob Kirk of Fairview, who after- ward became the first county superinten- dent of schools, happened along on his way to York. He was an ardent advocate of the system which had been in force in his town- ship fourteen years. He argued in its favor from experience as a director and teacher. The board then went into executive session and WEST MANCHESTER TOWNSHIP. 621 laid a small tax; John Bower was appointed tax collector. His duty was not a pleasant one. In some cases he was obliged to levy on personal property in order to collect the tax, so violent was the opposition. In one or two instances a horse was sold. Eleven schools were put into successful operation and the State appropriation, $100, received. The Mennonite meeting house was rented. One schoolhouse in the township could not be rented. A house was built at Foustown. Aughenbaugh' s meeting house, now used by the Dunkers, was rented, as was also a Meth - odist meeting bouse at New Holland. The rest were opened in such houses as could be obtained. The system soon proved a great success. One of the most singular features of this history was that the president of the board was publicly reprimanded by his fellow church members, and an effort made to have his name stricken from the church roll, on ac- count of the interest he took to advance the cause of education. They failed then, as many now do, to recognize that education and religion go hand in hand. A faithful pastor came to his rescue and prevented action. TOWNSHIP OF WEST MANCHESTER. FORMATION OF TOWNSHIP. WEST MANCHESTER was formed out of Manchester Township. A petition from a large number of signers was presented to the September Court of 1799, Judge John Joseph Henry, presiding, asking for the appointment of viewers to report a division of Manchester Township, which at that time, in the language of the petitioners, "is fifteen miles in length, which is three times its breadth; that there would be 350 taxable in- habitants in the remaining part of township after the proposed division; with such ex- tended limits, it is difficult for road super- visors, tax collectors and other officers to per- form their necessary duties." They, there- fore, asked that the request in petition be granted. It was favorably considered by the court, and Martin Kreber, Jacob Spangler, John Sharp, Esq., John Rudisill, John Roth- rock, and John Henisen were appointed viewers. They made a report recommending a division, which was approved by the court December 3, 1799. The draft of the sur- vey is described as follows: "A line begin- ning at a post on the banks of the Codorus, on Jacob Gardner's land, thence through the lands of Joseph Uppdegraff and William Willis, across the great road leading to Prunk's Mill (now the site of Goldsboro), across Peter Sank's mill dam and lands of Daniel Worley and James Worley, along Green Brier Road to the Little Conewago Creek, crossing lands of Jacob Hahn, John Dobbins, Peter Lindt, and Philip Kreber; thence up the creek to Philip Wolf's planta- tion to the corners of Dover and Paradise (now Jackson) Townships; thence nearly due south to the west branch of the Codorus Creek; down this stream to its union with the south branch of Codorus, and down the Codorus to York Borough line, to place of beginning." The board of viewers, at the instance of petitioners, requested that this new district be called West Manchester. The following letter, concerning the early settlement of this township, will be of inter- est. York Town, Apbil 23, 1746. To Richard Peters: Secretary of the Province of Pennsylvania. The Bearer, Paul Dittenhaver, has purchased an improvement about three miles west from York, and paid £150 for it. The land was settled by Adam Dickinson, who it is said has an entry on your books, by ye Proprietaries Order for settling the same on his obtaining license from ye Indians, who lived thereabout. He applies for a warrant or Order of survey. You may suppose, from ye price, that it's a valuable improvement, and has been Long Settled. If there is any such Entry, I Doubt not the Proprietaries granting it. The land adjoins Casper Springer, Adam Fiel, Jacob Heestand and Nicholas Baghn. As these people have ye Proprie- tors' Grants, they are enroaching upon this Planta- tion on every side & destroying ye Timber so that if he does not Get an Order of survey, the place will be much injured." Thy friend, Thomas Cookson, Deputy Surveyor for Lane. County. TOPOGEAPHY. The township thus laid off is the form of an irregular triangle, with the northeast bor- der as a base, resting on Manchester Town- ship. The western boundary is nearly a per- pendicular line resting against Dover and Jacskon Townships. The southeastern bound- ary line follows the sinuous course of the placid Codorus, and forms a very crooked hypothenuse for oar hypothetical triangle. The land of this township has long been noted for its fertility and productiveness, and is part of the limestone belt which diagonally crosses York County. Nearly every acre of this township is under the highest state of cultivation, and all kinds of cereals grow lux- uriantly. The characteristic large bank barns and brick houses, which indicate the pros- 622 HISTOKY OF YORK COUNTY. perity of the Pennsj'lvania German farmer, are very thickly set. During the months of May and June it is one continuous garden of beauty and plenty. The York & Gettysburg Turnpike crosses this township, as did also the old "Monocacy Road" laid out in 1739, passing through Wrightsville, York and Hanover to Mary- land. The Hanover & York Bailroad also traverses it. A considerable business is done at Graybill's and Bear's Stations. There are a number of large flouring-mills and one Hint-mill within its boundaries. Since the annexation to York of Smysertown, with a population of 998, and Bottstown with 401, there are now no villages in the township. The original settlers were largely German Lutheran, Reformed, German Baptist and Mennonites, many of whose descendants now occupy the lands taken up by their worthy ancestors a century and a half ago. There were, however, some English settlers, as the above letter indicates. ASSESSMENT OP 1800. The first assessment roll of West Manches- ter, in 1800, contains 150 taxable inhabit- ants, who were land owners, and 27 single men who paid a poll tax of II. The entire property valuation then was 197,500. The largest land owner was Frederick Eichel- berger, who was assessed with 1,025 acres, valued at $7,925. Frederick Eichelberger was elected to the State senate in 1819. Martin Ebert owned a distillery, tannery and 500 acres of land. Weiriek Bentz, George Eyster, Valentine Emigh, Philip Ebert, Peter Hoke, Jacob Hoke, Michael Lau, Mathias Smyser, Adam Wolf and George Philip Ziegler, Esq., owned distil- leries. Much of the grain then raised in the township was manufactured -into spirits, and sold in Baltimore. Henry Wolf and Thomas Eichelberger owned tanneries. Henry Bare a fulling mill and hemp-mill, Jacob King, Alexander Underwood and Jacob Steiner owned grist-mills. There was but one colored slave assessed — "Tom," tradition says a good fellow, and outlived his master, Col. Michael Smyser, of Revolutionary fame, who was several times elected to the house of representatives and once to the senate of Pennsylvania. He was one of a committee of twelve men from York County, who col- lected money to send to Boston in 1775, ob- taining £6 28. Id. from his township. The last years of his life he spent quietly and died in 1810 on a farm, on what is now the Berlin road about three miles from York. One hundred and ninety horses were as" sessed and 270 cows in 1801. The census of 1880 reports this township as having a population of 2,476, being ex- ceeded in number of inhabitants, only by Spring Garden, Hopewell, Chanceford, Man- chester, North Codorus and Lower Windsor. ASSESSMENT OP 1884. The assessment taken in 1884 gives a valu- ation of $1,740,000 of real estate and $48,880 of personal property. Number of taxables: 773; horses and mules 473, and their valua- tion $27,325; cows 658, and their valuation $16,450; aggregate amount of valuation assessed for county purposes $1,852,000, ex- ceeded only by Spring Garden and Manches- ter. Martin Miller was the first supervisor of the roads and highways of Manchester Township, in 1749; upon his resignation Henry Bott was appointed by the court to succeed him. ST. PAUL'S LUTHEEAN AND EEPOEMED CHUEOH. This church is locally known in this towa- ship as Wolf's Church, after Peter Wolf, an early settler. In 1762 two and one-half acres were pur- chased from Adam Ziegler for £5 6s. 5d. for church property. In 1763 a congrega- tion was organized by Rev. Nicholas Hornell, then pastor of the First Lutheran Church at York, and a frame church was built. About twenty-five years later this building was en- larged and remodeled. In 1855 the present large and commodious church was built; while the Lutheran congregation was under the pastoral care of Rev. C. J. Deininger, and the Reformed under Rev. D. Ziegler. The ministers present at the corner-stone laying of the present church, were Revs. A. G. Deininger, A. Burg and J. O. Miller; at the consecration were Revs. A. H. Lochman, A. G. Deininger and J. Bossier. The succes- sive pastors of the Lutheran congregation were Revs. Hornell, Eager, N. Kurtz, Jacob Goering, J. G. Schmucker, J. Oswald, A. G. Deininger and C. J. Deininger. Rev. Leeser has lately succeeded to the pastorate. Rev. Deininger ministered to the congregation here from 1846 to 1885, the time of his death, during which period, in connection with his preaching, he baptized 1,010 infants, thirty- nine adults, officiated at 275 funerals and confirmed 611 persons — all connected with the Lutheran congregation of this church. The present Lutheran membership is 400. The Reformed congregation was first served NEWBERRY TOWNSHIP. 623 by the pastors from York, including Eevs. Lischy, Geistweite and others. Of later date Revs. D.Ziegler, W. Kehm, Jacob Ziegler, and I. S. Weisz succeeded each other in the order named. The Reformed membership is about 300. The church is located in a rich agri- cultural region, about Ave miles west of York, one-third of a mile south of the "old five mile house" originally owned by Peter Wolf, on the York & Gettysburg Turnpike. The attendance at Wolf's Church is very large, and it has for 120 years been a central point of interest in this township. SHILOH CHTJKCH. In 1883 this beautiful brick church was built along the Dover road, in this township, and when dedicated, May 27, of the same year, was given the above historic name. The officiating clergymen at the time of ded- ication were Revs. J. O. Miller, I. S. Weisz, G. W. Enders, P. Anstadt. The cost of the church was 14,600. The building committee were Jonathan Wilt, George Leckrone and Jesse Heilman. Religious services had been held in Nei- man's school-house for many years before the church was built, by Revs. Lochman Warner, Anstadt and Lenhart. Rev. W. S. Porr is the pastor of the Lutheran congrega- tion of seventy-five members. AN HISTOEIC OLD MILL SITE. The mill on the road from York to Dover is a very old structure. To the right of the road, on the Little Conewago, and 400 yards northeast from the present old building, was built, about 1738, one of the very first mills in York County, by Martin Weigle, who, only a few years before, had emigrated from Germany. He had tried first to build a mill on the Codorus, near York, but found that stream too large for his pioneer adventure. The Indians, who were his neighbors, came to view this encroachment upon their terri- tory with weird astonishment. The ingenious German gave them a draught of whisky. They^ soon became lively, and then went to work to assist in digging the mill race. For a considerable time that was the only mill west of York. The old stone one now standing was built before the Revolutionary war. The owner oE it, during that period, was not very patri- otic toward the new government, and on sev- eral occasions was censured for uttering words that were questionable. About the time the Revolution closed, a company of soldiers on their march westward and toward their homes, put up with him several days, encamped in a meadow near by, and made the well-to-do host prepare for them the best food his fine flour and other farm products would make. The mill was later owned by Michael Beltzhoover, and in 1802 bought by Dr. J. G. Schmuoker. Daniel Gross and his son, Samuel, were subsequent owners, and in 1847 George Neiman purchased it. John Neiman, the present owner, purchased it in 1856. THE TOWNSHIP OF NEWBERRY. BABLY HISTORY. IN 1717, one year before the death of Willian Penn, Sir William Keith, then a distinguished Scottish nobleman, became lieutenant-governor of the Province of Penn- sylvania. Soon after this event, and before a complete title to lands west of the Susque- hanna had been obtained from the Indians, a tract of land in the northern part of the present area of York County was designated as "Keith's tract, called Newberry." June 15, 1722, Gov. Keith met the chiefs of three tribes of Indians — the Conestogoes, the Shawanese and the Ganaways — a few miles below the site of Columbia, and formed a treaty with them. A few days afterward he directed the survey of Springetsbury Manor, which included the territory now around York. Gov. Keith, in his letter of instructions to the surveyors, directs that the northern limit of the manor shall be the southern boundary of his settlement, called Newberry, which seems to have been in the present territory of Man- chester Township. June 23, 1722, he wrote a letter here, which was carried by a messenger to the governor of Maryland. It related to the troubles and conflicts likely to arise con- cerning the settlement of lands west of the Susquehanna, now embraced within the county of York. This letter was written at "Newberry." He closed it as follows: "My fatigue in the woods has brought a small fever upon me, which an ounce of bark has pretty much abated, so that to-morrow I shall return home by slow journeys, directly to Philadelphia, where I should rejoice to see you." The exact location of the Newberry Settlement can not be definitely stated. It is quite evident, however, that the first author- ized settlements, within the present limits of York County, must have been made by ad- venturers, who were on peaceful terms with the Indians, and located on Keith's tract 624 HISTOKY OF YOEK COUNTY. with some kind of permits to locate land for permanent occupancy. TOWNSHIP FOBMED. Newberry Township was ofiScially laid out by the authority of the court at Lancaster, in 1742, and previous to the erection of York ^ County. It then included within its bound- aries nearly all ^of Pairview and the eastern third of Conewago. In 1783, when its boundaries were still unchanged, it contained 33,107 acres of assessed land, had 15 grist and saw-mills, 296 dwelling houses- -3 more than the town of York then, and more than any other township in the county. The popula- tion at this period was 1,704, a large propor- tion of whom were English Quakers, and an intelligent and industrious people. Even though of a non-resistant class, they early in the Revolution championed the cause of American freedom, and many of the sturdy sons of this township bravely fought in that war. Since the formation of Fairview from it in 1803, and of eastern part of Cone- wago, in 1819, its area is less than one-half of the original size. It is at present of an irregular shape. Its northern boundary, separating it from Fairview, is an artificial line; on the east is the Susquehanna River; on the south Manchester and Conewago Townships, with the Conewago Creek as the boundary line; on the west is a portion of Fairview and Warrington, with the Stony Run as a dividing line. ' Newberry Township contains much fertile land, but the vast portion of it is quite hilly, and there is considerable woodland. In 1884 there were 672 taxable inhabitants, with a property valuation of $727,645. County tax, 12,758. The population in 1880 was 2,244. NEWBIRRT IN 1783. John Ashton. Cephas Atkeson, James Bain, Jacob Burner, Andrew Donaldson, Joseph Thatcher, Henry Krieger, Christopher Heingardner, Adam Holtzapple, William Hanna, John McCreary, Thomas McCad- daids, Hugh McKee, George Michael, John Ross, Jacob Rife, George Spence, Adam Shullar, Hugh Danner, Herman TJppdegraff, James Willis, William Willis, Jesse Wick- ersham, John Wilson, Thomas Watkins, Absolom Hall and Thomas Whinnery, all residents of Newberry (which then included Fairview), were weavers. There were at this time 821 sheep owned by the farmers of this township. Jacob Eppley was a chair-maker; William Baxter and John Driver were wheel- rights; Adam Collpretzer, William George, James Hancock, George Kay, coopers; Thomas Warren, Samuel Nelson, John Mills and John MoMaster, carpenters: Samuel Grove, gunsmith; Joseph Taylor, wagon-maker; Jacob Burger, James Eliot, Jacob Manly, Andrew Miller, Ellis Rogers, George Snyder, cordwainers (shoe-makers) ; John Willis and David Jenkins, masons; Edward Jones, sad- dler; Isaac Bennett, Jesse Hays, Matthias Rustler and William Randals, tailors; Eliza- beth Chesney, (widow of William Ches- ney) owned 4 houses, 470 acres of land, 1 distillery, 7 negro slaves 6 horses, 7 cows, 20 sheep and a ferry — entire, val- uation £2,620 in money, which was the highest in the township. The ferry men- tioned extended across the Susquehanna below- the present site of New Market, in Fairview, and the land owned was afterward known as the Simpson property, later as the Halde- man estate. Eli Lewis who afterward founded the town of Lewisberry owned 850 acres of land, 6 dwelling houses, all valued at £1,018; John Prunk owned 3 dwelling houses, 250 acres of land, a saw- mill and a grist-mill, 8 horses and 6 cows — all valued at £1,104. His property and mill were located at the site of Golds- boro. The town was not built until sixty-five years after this date. Henry Geiger owned seventeen acres of land, a ferry, and the property at the Conewago Falls, where, through individual enterprise, considerable improvement had been made. It was after- ward the site of Conewago Canal Company, and later the York Haven Company. Entire valuation of Geiger's property was £1,018. Henry Forry owned land valued at £1,006; John Harman a tanyard and 200 acres of land, valued at £863; John Nicholas 250 acres of land and two dwelling houses worth £664. Saw and grist-mills were owned hy Christian Fox, Godlove Fisher, John Har- man, William Love, James Mills, William Michael, John Prunk, Martin Shetter and William Willis. The blacksmiths of the townships were Jacob Highman, James Han- cock, Samuel Keller, V/illiam Malsby, An- thony Mbore, Anthony Philips, Valentine Shultz, Frederich Shurger, Nathan Thomas and John Wire. Edward Jones was the only saddler; Dr. Robert Kennedy was the only physician regularly authorized to practice, who then resided in the township, which then had a population of 1,704. Lawrence Frost, who came from Chester County, taught a successful school for the Quakers, during the Revolutionary war, and for twenty years before. There are yet living people of that section who heard their ancestors speak of NEWBERRY TOWNSHIP. 685 his virtues. He was possessed of a good English education. James Webb owned the Middletown Perry which was chartered in 1762. Some of the prominent land owners and farmers, whose descendants still reside there, were William Ashton, John Atticks, Thomas Brinton, Adam Bower, William Brat- ton, Christopher Coble, Simon Crone, Jacob Drorbaugh, George Ensminger, Philip Fet- row, John Fetro, Joseph G-lancey, Cornelius Garretson, John Garretson, William Gar- retson, Jacob Hart, John Hursh, Joshua Hutton, Robert Hammersley, William Hunt- er, Andrew Klein, Michael Kern, Henry Kiester, Ezekiel Kirk, Hugh Laird, John Mills, John McCreary, Robert Miller, George Maish, Jonathan McCreary, George Miller, Henry Mathias, George Mansberger, John Nich- olas, William Nailer, Samuel Nelson, John Plow, John Postlewait, Michael Pollinger, John Rankin, Samuel Ritcheson, Jacob Rife, William Prowell, John Singer, Jacob Shelley, Christian Stoner, John Starr, James Shannon, Abraham Shelley, William Thor- ley, George Thorley, Joseph Taylor, Jacob Tate, William Thorp, Nathan Thomas, Dar- riok Updegroff, Samuel Vernon, Joseph Welsh, William Wilson, Robert Walker, James Welsh and Andrew Welsh. NEWBERRYTOWN. This village was laid out by Cornelius Gar- retson, in the year 1791. It is located near the center of Newberry Township, on a ridge of trap formation nearly two miles in width, and extending from a point north of Lewis- berry to York Haven. On many parts of this ridge are huge boulders of dolerite (granite) and the familiar "iron stone. " A short distance west of town, at a point called "Roxbury," these boulders present to the eye of the observer a novel and interesting sight. A survey was made and forty-three lots laid out by the founder of the town. Soon after- ward the following-named persons purchased one or more lots: James Garretson, Henry Krieger, Esq., John Wilson, William Kline, William Wickersham. Samuel Miller, Will- iam Bratton, Christopher Wilson, Herman Kline, William Underwood, Zephaniah Under- wood, Elisha Kirk, Cornelius Garretson, John McCreary, Samuel Garretson, Jane Willough- by and Eli Lewis. Nearly all of these persons named were Quakers, some of them, or their ancestors, had located there and in the vicin- ity about fifty years before the founding of the town. Henry Krieger was of German origin, and for many years served as a jus- tice of the peace. Zephaniah Underwood and his son were teachers among the Friends.. They belonged to the Warrington Meeting. The streets named in the original plat were Main, on the road to Glancey's Perry, on which the town is built; Union, Mill and Front Streets. Being located on the road leading from Lancaster to Carlisle, crossing the Susquehanna at a ferry chronologically known as Galbreath's, Lowe's, Glancey's and finally as the York Haven Ferry, Newberry- town became an important stopping place. In 1794 about 1,000 soldiers, known as the "Whisky Boys," passed through the then young village on their way to Carlisle, where they joined the army that was reviewed by President Washington, and marched to th& western part of Pennsylvania, to quell the whisky insurrection. Benjamin House ac- companied them as a volunteer soldier. He lived somewhere in the immediate vicinity. There were others who did the same, but their names cannot now be ascertained. The soldiers came from Philadelphia and the eastern counties. It was during the month of October. They encamped one night in a meadow one mile northeast of Lwwisberry, and the next day crossed the Yellow Breeches Creek at Lisburn, thence to Carlisle. AmoDg the Revolutionary soldiers of New- berry and vicinity were William Kline and Frederich Boyer (Byers). William Kline, always known as "Billy" Kline, was one of the original lot owners of the village. In the Continental army he served in Col. Anthony Wayne's regiment, Capt. Eraser's company, from December, 1775, until March, 1777. He lived to a good old age, and died about 1830. He was accustomed to tell many thrilling stories of the daring bravery of his famous commander, and tradition says he afterward, in 1781, joined Gen. Wayne's army at York, on its march to the South. Frederich Byers served in the detachment under Col. Almon, from 1777 to 1779, when he enlisted in a corps of cavalry under Capt. Selinki, and under command of Gen. Pulaski, he served in the corps until nearly the whole of it was destroyed. He lived until after 1820. The nick-name "Hessian," applied to him, was altogether inappropriate, except that he nobly assisted to capture a number of them in the battle of Brandywine. These soldiers both became pensioners under the act of 1818. This village did not grow rapidly, as it is now nearly a century old and does not exceed 200 in population. It is the voting place of the township. The historic old Quaker meeting housa 636 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. and burying ground are in the. east end of the village. For the history of it, the read- er's attention is directed to the article on the "Friends," in this work, page . The first place of meeting was a log-build- ing near the present site of Mrs. Lydia Crull's hoiise. A short distance north of the village, Isaac Taylor, during the civil war and some years later, manufactured a considerable amount of sorghum. Public Well. — Cornelius Garrettson and Hannah his wife, in 1803, for a consideration of 5 shillings, deeded to "the inhabitants of the town of Newberry, and for and in behalf of those persons who may at any time here- after attend the meetings of the Society -of Friends, or for persons who may pass through the town for divers other causes," a well of water lying near the meeting house of Friends. The well is still in public use, and yields good water. It is near the old meeting house. The Postoffice. — When York Haven was in its glory as a manufacturing center, the mail for Newberry and vicinity was obtained at that place. In 1826 Thomas Wickersham se- cured the establishment of an office here. It was on account of the postofSce that the name then became Newberrytown. At this time John Hays, then a youth, obtained a contract to carry the mail from York Haven to Newberrytown, once a week. Thomas Wickersham contioued postmaster for ten years or more, and was succeeded by Adam Stevens, Jesse Hays, John Crall, Jacob Wolf, John B. Crull, Dr. Alfred Myers, Mrs. Crull and Servatus Hays. Stores. — The first store in the village was kept by Henry Krieger nearly a century ago, in the house which has since been remodeled, and is now owned by Mrs. Jane Herman. Henry Kister, Charles Bishop, Mills Hays, Jesse Hays, Joseph McCreary, John Crull, Martin Crull, J. Miller, George Beck, David Updegraff, Servatus Hays and Ambrose Bru- baker. have each conducted the mercantile business in Newberrytown. The Cigar Industry. — During the year 1831, Jacob B. Wolf introduced the manu- facture of cigars in Newberrytown. He came from Strinestown, and brought with him a number of workmen, who had learned the trade. At that time all cigars made in York County were of an inferior quality of tobac- co, and most of the cigars themselves were familiarly called "tobies." A better kind was soon manufactured. This new industry added greatly to the material interests of the village, and soon furnished employment to a large number of the citizens of both sex- es. Christian Shelley married a daughter of Jacob Wolf, and embarked in the business on quite an extensive scale. Abraham Brin- ton and Joel Brinton did a large business, and Alexander Frazer, at one time, employed about fifty workmen. Some of the other manufacturers of importance have been as follows: Julius Kister, Kurtz & Taylor, D. H. Kister, David Updegraff, C. E. Bare, H. S. Byers, A. K. Whisler, R. W. Lease and Koch & Son; Crull Hays at present is en- gaged in the manufacture of cigar boxes. For the past twenty years fine qualities of ci- gars are made. A Pottery. — A lost industry to the village is the manufacture of pottery ware, which was begun by Thomas Wickersham, who for many years employed about half a dozen men. He began his pottery about 1830, and continued until 1851, when he moved to Keokuk, Iowa. In 1838, and one or two years following, he became prominently iden- tified with the raising of the silk mulberry trees, but like the experiments of many oth- ers in the Kedland Valley, and in fact in many other places, it did not prove a success. Jesse May purchased the pottery and worked it. He was followed in the same business by Jesse and Julius Meredith. It has been discontinued for a number of years. The clay used was an excellent quality, obtained along the Hay Run, in Newberry Township. York County Bangers was the name of a volunteer military company, organized in Newberrytown about 1825, and drilled seven years. Alvin Ward was captain; Peter Beard first lieutenant; Ezekiel Sankey, fifer; Eman- uel Sipe, John Funk and D. K. Nooll (now of York), drummers. The company consist- ed of fifty men. The captain became a lo- cal preacher, and the company disbanded. The Newberry Volunteers were commanded by Capt. John Crull. The Captain and most of his company entered the Union ar- my during the civil war. "Paddletown" is a familiar name for a small collection of dwellings near the old meeting house. A long while ago Abigail Miller, of Newberrytown, bad two married daughters, who lived at this place. Their many children "paddled" back and forth to visit the affectionate grandmother, who gave their home the name long since used. Union Meeting House was located a short distance northeast of Newberrytown. In 1833 the house was built by the Methodists, United Brethren in Christ, Baptists and Church of God. It was used until 1884. The first Sunday-school of the vicinity was organized is^^"^^ T^ti ^ ^miAJ J" NEWBERKY TOWNSHIP. 627 in it, and the same building, for a long time, was also used as a schoolbouse. Jacob G. Kister, John S. Nichols and John Machlin were the first trustees. Mills Hays was secretary and treasurer. The land was pur- chased of John Ort. The Bethel Church in the village was built in 1856, and dedicated during the following February. Kev. Carlton Price was then pas- tor. The building committee were Jacob F. Krone, Christian Shelley, Jacob B. Wolf and Samuel McCreary. This church is a part of the East York Circuit of the Church of God, and is served by the same pastor as Goldsboro Bethel. St. Paul's Church, of the Evangelical As- sociation, was built of an excellent quality of native sandstone, under the auspices of the Evangelical Association, in 1873. The build- ing committee were the pastor, Rev. A. W. Kramer, H. S. Byers and H. M. Whisler. The cost was $2,500. Eev. U. T. Swengel preached the dedicatory sermon, in February, 1874. Rev. Kramer was succeeded by Revs. John Irvine, E. Swengel, Stapleton, Samuel Davis, Anthony and L. Dice. The church occupies a commanding position on an emi- nence overlooking the beautiful Fishing Creek Valley, to the north; the picturesque Susquehanna and the fertile fields of Dauphin and Lancaster Counties, on the east. The trustees are Washington Ort, Jacob G. Brin- ton, William Simmons and H. M. Whisler. A Sunday-school is held in the church. GOLDSBORO. In the year 1738 Nathan Hussey, an intel- ligent Quaker, from New Castle County, Del. . who, in 1749, became one of the commission- ers to lay off York County, obtained a grant for land on which the village of Goldsboro now stands, and a short distance above he opened a ferry across the Susquehanna. In 1743 a road was opened from Walnut Bottom, now in Cumberland County, then in Lancaster County, through Fishing Creek Valley, to Hus- sey's Ferry. A grist-mill was built at the mouth of the creek as early as 1750. The fish- ing interests on the islands of the Susquehanna became profitable, and Col. Janies Burd, of French and Indian war fame, who lived at his mansion, called ' ' Tinian, '' located above Middletown, became the owner of the river lands, Nathan Hussey having moved to York, where he became one of the founders of the Friend's Meeting there, in 1764. The mill, for more than a third of a century, was owned by John Prunk, and was known as the ' ' Red Mill." Joseph Glancey, who was elected county commissioner in 1804, lived near this place, and erected a mill further up the stream, and, according to tradition, ' ' had the roads run over hill and valley, to suit him- self." There was a continuous road from York to Harrisburg, along the Susquehanna, as early as 1800, but it was not a much trav- eled route until the turnpike was completed from York Haven to Harrisburg, when it then became a prominent stage route. The ex- change stables were at Crull's tavern, one mile below the site of this borough, and an important stopping place for exchanging horses was at Henry Etter's tavern, one mile north of the town. This is now known as Free's Distillery, an important industry begun there in 1856 by the present owners, H. Free & Co. Henry Etter, as early as 1838, secured the establishment of a postoffice at his tavern, which was named Etter's. When the York & Cumberland Railroad was being constructed, in 1849-50, over the line of the turnpike, the stage line for a year or two left the turnpike route at Etter's tavern, and extended up the valley to Harrisburg. Before 1848 there were two competing stage lines over the pike from Harrisburg to York. At one time passengers were conveyed from one place to the other for fifty cents each and a good dinner in the bargain. The site of Goldsboro, down to 1850, con- sisted of three or four houses and the "old Red Mill. ' ' Martin P. Burger conducted a small store east of the turnpike. This col- lection of houses was humorously called "Martinsville." When the railway was completed, in 1850, the station was called by its present name, in honor of J. M. Golds- borough, the civil engineer of the road. John Prunk died before the town of Golds- boro was dreamed of, and his property came into possession of his daughter Nancy, who married Joseph McCreary. The old burying ground of the vicinity is located within the present borough limits, immediately west of the Grammar School building. On the old "Kister Homestead," now owned by Christian Miller, one of the first graveyards of the valley is situated. Henry Etter died in the spring of 1848, and the postofiQce was removed to Adam Kister's Perry, which was one-half mile north of Middletown Ferry. Adam Kister was a soldier of the Revolution, and complained bitterly of Gen. LaFayette for accepting as a gift a township of land in Louisiana. This was in 1825, on which occasion La- Fayette visited York. He claimed that such unusual attentions to the French patriot would only tend to bring America into an- other war with England. 638 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. When the railroad was completed and busi- ness centered, the postoffice was removed to Goldsboro, but still retains the name Etter's PostolEce. There is a postoffice in Lacka- wanna County, this State, named Gouldsboro, aftter the great financier Jay Gould of New York, who once lived there. John Kister, for many years has been postmaster at Goldsboro; H. C. Shelley at present. Dr. Alexander Small, of York, in 1849, secured the services of Daniel M. Ettinger to make a survey of a plat of ground on which the present town of Goldsboro now stands. , The leading highways were named York Avenue, Broadway and Kister Streets. P. A. & S.Small purchased the "Bed Mill," and soon afterward built a large brick mill, and since then this firm have bought at this mill nearly all the grain hauled to market over a large territoiry of the northern part of the county. The lumber and mill- ing interests caused the village to prosper. It contains several stores, two hotels, two churches and a number of fine homes. A fire destroyed several buildings a few years ago. Drs. Kynard and Warren prac- tice their profession here. Among persons who have conducted stores here are Frazer & Kister, Ford & Sprenkle, C. F. Eehling, J. Z. Hildbrand, William Willis, John Kister, Henry Shelley, J. K. Waidley, George Good, Ernest Yinger and Mrs. Williams. There are now a number of cigar factories. The large town hall was burned. There are several secret societies and a post of G. A. K. The railroad offices do an extensive busi- ness, it being the most important station be- tween York and Harrisburg. Population in 1880 was 378. Number of- taxable inhabit- ants in 1884 was 134; property valuation, $127,236. The Silver Cornet Band is an excellent musical organization. Isaac Frazer, who has been prominently identified with this town since its origin, is owner and controller of the Goldsboro Saw- mill, planing-mill, sash and door factory, and the Atlantic Saw-mill, all of Goldsboro. He was born, May 20, 1820, in Newberry Town- ship, and is the eldest of nine children. His father, John Frazer, and his mother, Pheba (Warren) Frazer, died at the advanced ages of eighty-two and seventy-nine years, re- spectively. Alexander Frazer, his grand- father, was a native of Lisburn, Cumberland Co., Penn. Our subject received his educa- tion in the schools of the vicinity of his home. Early in his boyhood days he turned his attention to mechanical pursuits, assist- ing his father in the manufacture of coffee- mills and door locks. He remained at home- with his father until he was twenty-one years of age, working at this business and receiv- ing nothing but his clothing and board. When he arrived at his majority, with a. capital of $400, he began the mercantile business in a small room adjoining his fa- ther's factory, and continued the same until 1852. In 1849, however, he purchased a lot, and erected a building, in which he and his brother-in-law, the late G. Washington Kis- ter, opened a store of general merchandise at Goldsboro. This was about the time of the building of the Northern Central Rail- road. In the year 1851, Mr. Frazer, taking advantage of an excellent opportunity, erected a large and commodious warehouse at Goldsboro, on the new railroad, and began buying grain and produce. The next year he sold out his store in the township, and devoted bis entire time to his interests in Goldsboro. In the year 1852, he and his. father-in-law. Rev. Jacob G. Kister, rented a saw-mill, and in the following year he built the Goldsboro Saw-mill, which is still in operation. As the business enlarged he in- creased the capacity of the mill, and during the past twenty years has done an immense business. In the year 1873, he leased the Atlantic Saw-mill at Goldsboro from P. A. & S. Small, of York, and operated the same in connection with his other mills until 1881, when it was destroyed by fire. He then leased the ground and rebuilt the mill him- self. In the lumber trade he has done an immense business, supplying not only the purchasers of the surrounding country, but shipping large orders continually to towns and cities. His mills have, ever since their erection, furnished employment to most of the inhabitants of Goldsboro. It was mainly through his industry and thrift that the town prospered. Always manifesting a kindly in- terest in the welfare of his workmen, the rela- tions between him and them have continually been mutual and amicable. In the public improvements of the village of Goldsboro he has ever shown a spirit of commendable enterprise. Endowed by nature with more than ordinary business tact and good judg- ment, which, combined with indefatigable energy and continued application, have not only rewarded Mr. Frazer for his industry in accumulating means, but elevated him to an important position among the influential busi- ness men of our county and State. A de- voted Whig in his early life, he has since been an ardent advocate of the principles of the Republican party. He represented this congressional district in the electoral college- ^Sg' -s=^ NEWBEREY TOAVNSHIP. 629 which re-elected Gen. Grant for president of the United States. To the cause of education he has always given an encouraging word, and lent a help- ing hand. For many years was a member of the school board of Goldsboro, and at one time supported a private academy in his town. The Board of Trustees of Findley College, located in Findley, Hancock Co., Ohio, have lately elected him president of that body. He was a liberal contributor toward the erection of that promising educational institution, and is now devoting considerable time to the welfare of it. Mr. Frazer's ancestors were of the rigid Quaker stock, who emigrated from the east- ern part of Pennsylvania, about 1735, and located on the fertile soil of the Redland Valley. The old homestead, which has passed from father to son since that time, is now his property, which on account of its historic associations, he values more highly than any of the 425 acres of land in Penn- sylvania, or the 560 acres in the State of Iowa, which he now owns. Many years ago he became a communicant member of the Church of God, a Baptist organization, and is now a liberal supporter of that denomination; is chairman of the Board of Publication, a member of the Board of Missions, and an active worker in the interests of his adopted church; Mr. Frazer was married, March 9, 1848, to Miss Susan Kister, daughter of Rev. Jacob G. and Nancy (Bowen) Kister. They have had four children; William, Robert and Cora are deceased. Edgar, the youngest son is now associated with his father in bus- iness. Some years ago Mr. Frazer moved with his family to Mechanicsburg, Cumber- land County. Recently he purchased a lot of ground, and erected an elegant 'residence on Third Street, Harrisburg, opposite the State Capitol building. In this he now re- sides, but continues bis business at Golds- boro. The Biver Meeting House. — A few hundred yards north of the village, for half a century, stood a frame building known far and wide as "the River Meeting House," used for school purposes, and for religious services, by different denominations. It has long since disappeared; Michael Shelley, Henry Drorbaugh and Jacob Kister were the last trustees of it. In it William Chandlee and Asa Johnson each taught school for a num- ber of years. This building became noted for its great revival meetings, under the auspices of the Church of God. Rev. John Winebrenner, the founder of this denomination, himself preached in it on many occasions, as well as Revs. Maxwell, Mullenix, Kister, Weishampel and other fathers of the church. One of the most noted events of its history occurred in November, 1825, when Lorenzo Dow preached to an immense audience in this building, shortly after his European tour, when the nobility of England paid admis- sion to hear that singular yet wonderful gen- ius. The Bethel Church was built about 1860, by the Church of God. There was then an organization and a good membership. Mr. Isaac Frazer contributed largely to its erec- tion. Some of the preachers who have served the circuit to which this church belongs, are Revs. Price, Jones, Keller, Charleton. Owens, Seabrooks, Meixel, Arnold, Carvell, and Fliegle; W. J. Grissinger was pastor in 1885. The Sunday-school, which numbers about 150 pupils and teachers, is superintended by Ross W. Dugan. The school originated in the "River Meeting House," before 1850, and was then superintended by Samuel Bier- brower and George W. Kister. The Methodist Church, built a dozen or more years ago, was first connected with the Duke Street Methodist Episcopal charge, at York. It now belongs to a circuit, and is supplied by the pastor who resides at Lewis- berry. Schools. — ^The schools of Goldsboro have been graded for many years. Two schools are kept up regularly for six months. Jacob Smith of Manchester, has taught the gram- mar school for several sessions. Goldsboro Sandstone Quarry. — During the year 1850, or thereabouts, Mr. Symington, of Baltimore, opened a sandstone quarry, about two miles west of Goldsboro. After a little prospecting he found a large vein of the most valuable sandstone, which he quar- ried and shipped to his native city for build- ing purposes. George Betz came in posses- sion of it in 1858, and worked it properly for a number of years. C. P. Reehling sub- sequently became the owner, and has since sold large quantities of this valuable build- ing material for public buildings and private residences. A Notorious Prize Fight.— The usually quiet village of Goldsboro, long known for the great equanimity and peaceful disposi- tions of the people, was stirred up from center to circumference on a certain Tuesday morning of January, 1867. Four or five years previous to this time, it was nothing uncom- mon to see train after train of Union sol- diers pass through the town on their way "to 630 HISTOKY OF YORK COUNTY. the front." Many a worthy son of the North and the West stopped at this point, while his train was waiting on the arrival of a northern bound train to pass, and engaged in innocent amusements, but what disturbed the peace and harmony of Goldsboro, on this oc- casion, was the arrival of several hundred Baltimore and New York roughs, who came to this place to witness the brutal outrage of a prize fight between Samuel Collyer, of the former, and John McGlade of the latter city. It was a very disgraceful and demoralizing affair. Collyer came off victorious, after forty-seven rounds, and won the prize of §2,000. The fight lasted one hour. The sheriff of York County appeared on the ground with a small posse, but being greatly outnumbered, could do nothing to prevent the contest. A military company, on their way to the inauguration of governor, was or- dered to stop at Goldsboro, but under some misunderstanding, it seems the order was not officially received. It was said at the time that bets to the amount of 1200,000 were won on the result of the disgraceful affair. This money was carried away in triumph by the party from Baltimore. Hay Run. — The name of this little stream which drains the southeastern part of New- berry Township, originated early in the his- tory of the settlement there. There are a great many fertile meadows along its banks. Before the introduction of clover and timo- thy, which grasses were not grown in York County before 1790, these meadows sup- plied much of the hay to the farmers of that section. Hence the name of the stream. The Last Indian. — Along a small stream called "Oil Mill Eun," about three-fourths miles south of Goldsboro, is the site of the last Indian wigwam of Newberry Town- ship. At this place a half- civilized red man and his family lived as late as 1770, long after his brothers had gone "to the westward. ' ' THE MIDDLETOWN FEKEY. The Middletown Ferry was originally Hus- sey's Ferry, opened in 1738. Many of the early Quakers crossed the river at this place, which was an important crossing in colonial days. Middletown was once the site of a Shawanese Indian village. They also had an encampment near the site of Goldsboro. Middletown is midway between Lancaster and Carlisle, and was laid oat in 1755, about thirty years before Harrisburg. Some of the English Quakers crossed the Susquehanna here as early as 1730. Five years later a temporary road was opened on the York County side. Thomas Hall, John McFesson, Joseph Bennett, JohnHeald, John Rankin and Ellis Lewis from Chester County, crossed the Susquehanna from the mouth of the Swatara, and selected lands on the west side of the river in the year 1732. It has often been related of them, that when they arrived at the eastern bank of the river, and there being no other kinds of crafts than canoes to cross, they fastened two together, and placed their horses' front feet in one canoe and the hind feet in another, then piloted the frail crafts, with their precious burden, across the stream by means of poles. The ferry obtained its present name and was licensed in 1760. At the mouth of the Swa- tara and along the Susquehanna, a body of soldiers were stationed in 1756, during the French and Indian war, to prevent the incur- sions of the then savage red men, who had championed the cause of the French, along the western frontier. This occurred after the defeat of Braddock's army, near Pitts- burgh. During the Revolutionary war, in the fall of 1779, a commissary department was established at Middletown, and along the river on both sides of the stream the boats for Gen. Sullivan's army were built, and his troops furnished with provisions and mili- tary stores for the famous expedition against the Six Nations of Indians, in Central New York, who had committed depredations in the settlements in the Mohawk and Wyoming Valleys the year before. Until the opening of the Conewago Canal in 1776, Middletown Ferry was the southern terminus of naviga- tion with the famous keel bqats. The ferry is still a prominent crossing place. A steam- boat is now used for conveying passengers and freight. The ferry was owned many years by Henry Etter, whose house was blown down March 22, 1826, and a young lady killed. About the year 1835 "Black Dan" Johnson, in a jealous tit, killed his comrade "Jim" Brown by cutting him in the abdomen with an ax. Dan was tried and convicted of murder, but died while in prison at York, the night before he was to have been sentenced. PLAINFIELD BETHEL Is located on an eminence at the eastern extremity of Fishing Creek Valley. The followers of John Winebrenner had, for a number of years, prospered by increasing their number at the encouraging meetings held in "the River Schoolhouse," near Goldsboro. Some of the members deter- mined to build a church in "the valley," and in 1849, Michael Burger deeded to William NEWBERRY TOWNSHIP. 631 Kremer, Samuel Kister and Daniel Shelley, a plat of ground upon which the church was built the next year. The congregation that worships here belongs to the East York Cir- cuit, and is served by the same ministers that preach in Goldsboro. A Sunday-school has regularly been held in this church, superin- tended of late years by John Nicholas, How- ard Nicholas and Henry Fortenbaugh. PATRIOTIC DEAD, It is a difficult task, as it is a sad one, to chronicle all the names of the patriotic dead of Newberry and Fairview, "who yielded up their lives that this nation might live" on many a hard fought battle field, or lan- guished in prison during the civil war. Among them were the following: Gardner Bryan came home almost entirely emaciated, after suffering many months in a Confederate prison, and died soon after. Sanford Fisher, a youth of seventeen, while leading the ad- vance line of the Ninety-third Regiment, fell, from a flesh wound, in the battle of Fair Oaks. Mortification followed and he died in the hospital. His brother, Sergt. John Fisher, of the same regiment, was pierced through the heart by the well-directed aim of a Confederate sharpshooter, while lead- ing on a squad of men, in an open plain, during a lull in the famous battle of the Wilderness. He had served three years almost to the day, and had previously en- gaged in about twenty battles and skirmishes. Ross Krieger died in Andersonville prison. Harman Miller, William Palmer and Samuel May were killed in the battle of Antietam, in less than a month after enlistment, in the One Hundred and Thirtieth Penn- sylvania Regiment, nine months' men. William Shanly, of Lewisberry, died of dis- ease contracted in burying the dead after battle. Lyman Brubaker was lost in the bat- tle of Fredericksburg, and his is one of the many "unknown" graves. William Walters was "wounded, and died afterward in a Phila- delphia hospital. Lieut. Arnold, of Capt. Bailey's company, of the Seventh Pennsylva- nia Reserves, fell while gallantly leading the van in battle. His body was carried heroic- ally in the retreat by Henry Gise and George H. Writer, two brave comrades in arms. Being hard pressed by the Confederate ad- vance, they were compelled to drop the body, and it fell into the hands of the enemy. The names of others killed are: John Anthony and Chester Krall, of the One Hundred and Thirtieth Regiment; Thompson Nichols, Elias Fissell, William Grove and John Nicholas. Hugh Machlin was accidentally killed at Fort Sumter, while firing a salute, celebrating the close of the war. THE VILLAGE OF YOCUMTOWN. The village of Yocumtown is located on high ground, overlooking to the north and east the beautiful Fishing Creek Valley. The stream which passes near it was called, by the first settlers, Y Creek, as its course nearly outlines that letter. The valley was also called " Y Creek Valley" says our intel- ligent informant, Joseph Wickersham, whose ancestors settled in the vicinity at a very early date, coming with the tide of Quaker immi- grtats from Chester County, Penn. David Warren, one of the first settlers who lived in this vicinity, was accustomed to put bells on his horses, when he turned them into pasture, in order that he might find them in the thickets. This was before the era of fences. David Richardson, of England, was the first surveyor of this region. Edward Shippen, of Philadelphia, took out warrants for large tracts of land in Fishing Creek Valley, the first settlers of which were nearly all Quakers, who came there as early as 1732, among whom were the Healds, Halls, Barneses, Whinnerys, Husseys, Warrenses, Millses etc. Having few wagons some of the pioneer farmers sawed rings from the trunks of gum trees for wagon wheels, thrashed the first crops of wheat with the flail, and separated the grain from the chaff by means of linen sheets; placing both together, and throwing them up in the air, a gentle, breeze would separate the chaff from the wheat. Thomas Mills, in 1814, built the first house where Yocumtown stands. William Nailer, before 1770, built a fulling- mill along the Fishing Creek near Yocum- town. Elijah Yocum became the owner later, and near by built a meeting house. A woolen factory was afterward attached to the fulling-mill. This industry was subsequently owned by Messrs Arnold, Ginder, Heathcoate and others. A man named Plow accidentally drowned himself more than half a century ago, north of the village, by attempting to drink from a spring near his house, by lying down to the water. He lost his balance, fell headlong into the deep spring and lost his life. The muster grounds of militia times for Newberry and Fairview Townships, were near the old Conrad Brubaker property below Yocumtown. At this place James Mills, in 1739,built the first stone house in the neigh- borhood. He was one of the original Quaker 632 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. settlers. The militia were drilled by Capts. John Weitzel and David Fisher, of Fairview. The company numbered 100 men. David Reeser, who died in Yocumtown a few years ago, was a soldier in the war of 1812, along the Niagara frontier. This town lies on the old and consider- ably traveled route from Lewisberry to Mid- dletown. It was named after Elijah Yocum, who located here about 1816. Some of his first neighbors were Daniel Brookbart, Lee Montgomery, James Mills and Isaiah Yocum. Stores have been kept here by Samuel Kis- ter, Samuel Fortenbaugh, Hiram N. Prow- ell, David Good and others. There has been no hotel for a number of years. Dr. "Will- iam E. Sweiler, an intelligent and successful practitioner, has long been the village physi- cian. A tannery was in successful operation here for many years. The business was con- ducted by Samuel Kister, and later by his son Clinton Kister. The schoolhouse is to the north of the village, near which is the Union Church, a neat and cozy building with a bell and spire. Various denominations worship in it, and a prosperous Sunday- school is held. The old log, weather-board- ed school and meeting house stood on the ,same site for more than half a century. Is- rael Garrettson, now a prosperous farmer and member of the State agricultural board, kept school here eleven years in succession, a long time ago. The population is 140. THE BOROUGH OF LEWISBERRY. Lewisberry is situated near the centre of Eedland Valley, which, early in our colo- nial history, was thickly populated by En- glish Quakers, among whom were the Healds, Halls, Bennetts> Eankins, Lewises, Garretsons, Kirks and others: the first of whom settled there in 1732. Maj." Eli Lew- is, in 1783, owned 850 acres of land, six dwelling houses, all valued at £1,018 sterling, and conducted a store. This ham- let was the center of interest over a large section of country. In 1798 the number of houses in the immediate vicinity had in- creased, and Eli Lewis secured the services of Isaac Kirk, a neighbor, to make a survey and plat a town. Some of the first persons to purchase lots were Jacob and Isaac Kirk, and Messrs. Nicholas, Bennett, Mateer and Sheaf er. The founder of the town, a son of Ellis Lewis, was born in 1750, in this valley. He learned the printing business and, in 1791, started the Harrisburg Advertiser which was the first newspaper published in the capital city. He sold it afterward to Mr. Wyeth, and the name was changed to the Oracle. The files are yet in existence and were of much as- sistance to the writer. Major Lewis, though of Quaker parent- age, was a soldier of the Revolution, and a man of very fair literary ability. In 1791 he wrote a poem of considerable merit enti- tled "St. Clair's Defeat." He returned to his former home, founded the town which bears his name, and died on Sunday morn ing, February 2, 1807, aged fifty-seven years, leaving four sons who won distinction : Ellis Lewis, became judge of the supreme court of Pennsylvania (see "Historical Biography" page 404), James Lewis, a prominent law-, yer, and Eli Lewis, a prominent business man of York, and Dr. Webster Lewis, a lead- ing physician. Ellis Lewis, the ancestor of the family, immigrated to Chester County in 1685. Lewisberry was incorporated April 2, 1832, and thus became the third borough in the county. It thus was the center of an intelli- gent English population and had a number of manufactories. It is situated fifteen miles from York, eighteen miles from Carlisle and ten from Harrisburg. Lewisberry was in the zenith of its prosperity between the years 1830 and 1845. Stores. — Eli Lewis, in the mercantile busi- ness, was succeeded by Robert Hammersly who kept store for many years. For a period of half a century Lewisberry became a great center of trade and several stores prospered; among the names of many persons who en- gaged in the mercantile business down to date are Lewis & Harlan, Hugh Foster, Will- iam Nichols, Elijah Garretson, Lewis Meri- dith, William P. Nebinger, Joseph Upde- graff, M. G. Einstine, George Blymire, Her- man Kirk, R. T. Starr and John Meisenhel- ter. Manufactures. — A sketch of the important manufacture of window springs, originated by Hervey Hammond and now conducted by W. S. Hammond, will be found in their biog- raphies. Frank Wise and J. H. Brown have coach shops; S. & J. Randolph manufacture agri- cultural implements; E. B. Sutton manu- factures earthen ware. TJie first important article of manufacture in this vicinity was the flint lock gun,- for the making of which the town became famous. The business was begun as early as 1760, and many were made here during the Revo- lution, for the army, by order of the Commit- tee of Safety of York County. There were a number of gun barrel facto- NEAVBERRY TOWNSHIP 633 -/ ' f r- OLD ITlIKNDS' meeting IFOUSE, two MILE8 EAST OI'" LEWISBEKRY. 634 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY .- ries along Bennett's Run; among the persons engaged in the business were Samuel Grove, John Rankin, George Blym ire and John Fos- ter. Until 1830 the flint lock gun only was made; after that date the present invention came in vogue. Dr. Lewis and Isaac Loyd first made the new patent here. William Hammond was an expert work- man. Lyman Lewis introduced the manufacture of block brimstone matches, which afterward became an important industry. He was fol- lowed in the same business by Herman Kirk, Moses Magrew, R. T. Starr and Lyman Shet- tle, who at present manufactures them. Ensminger's Tannery was an important in- dustry. Soon after the Revolutic)nary war a num- ber of persons (on a small scale) made coffee mills in this vicinity. Joseph Potts early in the present century made them in large quanti- ties at his home a few miles north of Lewis- berry. He also made what was familiarly known as Potts' "Sausage Cutters and Ladles." His sons succeeded him in busi- ness. John Frazer made coffee mills on an extensive scale a few miles below Lewisberry near the Friends' Meeting House. At this place his son Isaac Frazer, when a young man, began business as a merchant and pianufacturer of coffee mills. The small 8x10 room in which he did so large a busi- ness, competing with the Lewisberry mer- chants, is ^ill standing, and owned by him. Philip and George Shetter now manufacture coffee mills in Lewisberry. John Herman, about a century ago, built the large mill a short distance above town; it is now known as Cline's Mill, and has al- ways done an extensive business. Amos Clarlq many years ago, manufactured large eight-day clocks. The artistic decora- tion on many of them was done by Miss Pa- mela Lewis, an amateur artist and teacher. Aaron Frazer built a mill at the mouth of Bennett's Run in 1760; gun barrels were also made here for the Revolution. Near by now is the well-known Mickley grist and saw-mill. William Smith, in 1835, started a newspa- per in Lewisberry. It was devoted mostly to agriculture, but did not long exist. Indian Relics. — Along the crystal waters of Bennett's Run, here and there, Indian relics can still be found. The writer him- self searched for them and found some beau- tifully formed arrow heads on the farm of Rankin Potts; as many as 200 were found in one cluster. Originally they were slightly covered by the loose earth, a few protruded which led to the precious discovery. For nearly 200 years they were thus concealed, being placed in that position by the sagacious hand of the wily red man, whose skillful archery applied them to war and the chase. Four miles southwest of Lewisberry, on the Conewago, is a small spot called the "In- dian Island," on which the oldest citizens of the vicinity distinctly remember a number of plainly marked Indian graves. Parts of skeletons were found, which physicians iden- tified as Indian. Tradition has it they were in a sitting posture, as was the Indian cus- tom, with the implements of the chase placed in the grave. Indian "Davy," a civilized red man, and a noted hunter, lived somewhere along the South Mountain and visited Lewisberry as late as 1822. He was a noted marksman. It is said of him that he could hit a sixpence with a ball at a distance of fifty yards, if he were allowed to keep it. His visit caused much interest and amusement to the inhabi- tants. Postoffice. — The postofQce was established at Lewisberry November 29, 1815. The following is a complete list of the postmas- ters since then, together with the dates of appointment as taken from the records at Washington : Jacob Kirk November 39, 1815 Eli Lewis May 31, 1820' Pamela Lewis May 16, 1881 Lewis Harry April 25, 1826 Hiram Starr August 10, 1830 Samuel Crull April 20, 1883 William P. Nebinger December 28, 1840 Jacob Prankeberger March 27, 1844 William Nichols July 3, 1845 Joseph S. UppdegrafE January 18, 1849 Jacob Smith July 26, 1853 William Shanelly October 19, 1857 Jacob G. Miller May31, 1860 Isaac K. Hammond June 26, 1861 Jonathan E. McGrew June 20, 1865 Isaac K. Hammond February 16, 1866 Jacob H. Stonesifer June 15, 1868 Robert N. Wright October 6, 1869 Thomas Groome. . . ■. ' November 18, 1870 Herman Kirk December 26, 1871 George K. Bratten September 8, 1877 Elizabeth Bratten February 26, 1880 JohnL. Grove July 18, 1882 Elizabeth Bratten March 31, 1883 Military Organization. — The earliest mili- tary companies of this section cannot be given. About 1825 an organization was effected and named the Lafayette Guards, in honor of that idolized French patriot. It regularly drilled for seven years, was uni- formed and commanded at different times by Capts. Lewis Cline and John Thompson. At the expiration of this time, the Lafayette Rifles were formed, and commanded suc- cessively by Capts. Samuel Beck and John vlSTEWBERRY TOWNSHIP. 635 M. Millard. These companies wove a grey- uniform with yellow trimmings, had fine guns, knapsack, and ostrich feathers for plumes. At the time of the "Buckshot war," in 1839, they marched to Harrisburg, expecting that their services might be needed. It is even hinted that some of the ostrich feathers trembled on that occasion. They returned during the following day. When the militia law was in force, every section had its com- pany; Newberry and Fairview had a number of them. One of these organizations was called the "Cornstalk Guards," another, on account of the limited number, "The Twelve Apostles." The captain of one of them, while mustering, had to stand his men along a fence to get the line straight. The ' 'little muster," as it was called, of all the local com- panies was held on first Monday of May, annually. But if you want to brighten up the countenance of an old militia soldier, ask him to describe the scenes and incidents of "the battalion" or "big muster day" held on the second Monday of May in the village of Lewisberry and regularly at Dover or Dills- burg on some other day with equal regularity. Col. Bailey, of Dillsburg; Col. Steele, of Fairview, or Col. Rankin, of Lewisberry, commanded on these occasions, and a large number of companies participated in the muster, both of volunteer soldiers and the militia. They were all reviewed by the brig- ade inspector, who, in the eyes of the people, was an important personage. It was always a day of great hilarity, with one depreciating feature. Ardent spirits, sometimes, flowed too freely, and the smiling waters of Bennett's Run were slighted. Hucksters were present with their tables loaded with enticing viands and dainties. Ginger-bread was plentiful and cheap, and he or she who sold the big- gest piece for a "big red cent," was the most popular. "Mammy Zorger" introduced the "white sugar cake," which was an event in the art of cooking. She won the prize for the best cakes. The "straight four" dance must be participated in, and Battalion Day was over. Physicians. — Dr. Eobert Kennedy prac- ticed medicine in the Redland and Fishing Creek Valleys before the Revolution, and was possibly the first physician of that section, having located there early in the history of the settlement. He had a family of twelve persons in 1775, and consequently needed a large territory in which to practice the heal- ing art. The first physician of note who located in the village was Dr. Webster Lewis. He was possessed of more than ordinary intelligence and literary culture, and was somewhat of an artist. At one time, he turned his attention to the manufacture of "blister steel," and erected works for that purpose on the Stony Run. In this he was not very successful. Late in life he removed to New Cumberland, where he died. His son. Dr. Robert Lewis, became a prominent physician of Dover. Dr. Robert Nebinger, a gentleman of ex- cellent literary training, practiced many years. The father of Dr. Andrew Nebinger, a dis- tinguished physician of Philadelphia, lived here, and the early days of his son were spent in Lewisberry. Dr. Hall practiced for a while and was followed by the two brothers Drs. William and Augustus R. Nebinger, Dr. George M. Eppley and J. C. Stem. Justices of the Peace. — Joseph Hutton was commissioned a justice of the peace for New- berry Township, under the king of England, in October, 1764. He resided in what is now Fairview. He was followed by Col. William Rankin, who was appointed by the same authority in March, 1771, and in September, 1776, was commissioned by the colonial gov- ernment under the constitution. Col. John Rankin was commissioned in May, 1780, and Robert Hammersly in 1785. These appoint- ments were held for life, or during a term of good behavior, and the justices were liable to be called on to assist in holding the county courts, which were then presided over by jus- tices of the peace and not law judges. iTames Todd was commissioned in 1799; Isaac Kirk, in 1814; Col. John Rankin, Jr., in 1827; Jacob Kirk, in 1830. Until the constitution of 1838 went into force requiring that justices be elected by the people and not appointed by State authority, they all held the olfice for life. Those who were elected to date were John Foster, William Hammond, Herman Kirk, George Smith, and George K. Bratton. Methodist Church. — The Rev. Freeborn Garrettson, a distinguished Methodist divine, introduced the doctrines of that denomina- tion in the Redland Valley in 1781, the same year that he organized a congregation in York. The followers of Methodism here were only occasionally visited by clergymen of the York Circuit until 1794, when the Lewisberry congregation formed a part of the Carlisle Circuit, when they were frequently visited by the Rev. Nelson Reed, presiding elder of the Carlisle Conference, and Rev. Philip Cox. Religious services at first were held in the houses of members, and for a long time in a stone house of Hugh Foster. This old relic, which has stood for a century, 40 636 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. is located on the corner of Front Street and the Harrisburg road. December 28, 1806. Eli Lewis, the founder of the village, donated to the congregation a lot on which to build a church. The following church oflScers constituted the committee who received the grant: Philip Fraukelberger, Hugh Foster, Moses Pike, David Pike, An- drew Holopeter, Frederick Holopeter, Peter Stickel, John Brinton and Thomas Brinton. There was no church built, however, until 1811, when a stone structure was erected, which was used until 1856. The minister in charge was Eev. James Eeid, who afterward became somewhat noted in the history of Methodism. Benjamin Siddon was the mason. August 23, 1856, Eev. Archibald Marlott, president of Irving Female College, at Me- chanicsburg, laid the corner-stone of the pres- ent brick church. November 30, of the same year, Eev. Dr. Charles Callin, president of Dickison College, preached the dedicatory sermon. The cost of this building was $2,031.31. In 1813 the remains of E. Foster and John Pike, two prominent citizens of the village were the first to be interred in the adjoining cemetery. Eev. W. W. Carhart ministered to the wants of this congregation for the past year. The membership is about eighty. Sunday-schools.- — Eev. Samuel Bacon, a man of eminent distinction as a soldier of the war of 1812, lawyer, and afterward as a clergyman of the Episcopal Church, in 1818 organized the first Sunday-school in Lewis- berry, in the schoolhouse. Isaac Kirk, Hugh Foster, Elisha Hammond, William Frankelberger, Daniel Pike, Abraham Stick- el, Jacob Kirk, and others, assisted him. The same school was continued for many years. It was organized a second time, after being discontinued for awhile, by Mr. Jen- nison, in 1832. In 1853, under the ministry of Eev. J. A. Baldwin, it became a denomi- national school, and has since been held in the Methodist Church. Eobert Foster was for many years its efficient superintendent, and was a member of the original school, in 1818. He is still a member. The Lutheran and Reformed Church was built in 1792. In January, of that year, George Ensminger deeded to Jacob Eeiff and John Felker.one acre of ground for a church southwest of town. The building stood more than half a century. Some of the clergymen who ministered to the small congregation were Eevs. Lauer, Kessler, Speck, Wibely, Seiffert, Dasher, and Pfahler. The present church was built in 1873. Mr. Wollet donated the land. It is located a' short distance northwest of the town. It was built under the auspices of John Strominger, Jacob M. Kilmore and Henderson Bare, as trustees. There are now no regular services. Visit of Lorenzo Dow. — This singular and eccentric man, whose name was known in every section of the United States, as an evangelist, visited Lewisberry in the year 1825, and preached to a large audience in the old stone Methodist Church. He re- mained one night with Hugh Foster, and the next day was driven toward Harrisburg. In the northern part of the county he preached in the woods to a small audience. At the conclusion of the service he announced that in two years from that day, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon, he would preach from the same stump. He fulfilled his promise, and an immense audience gathered to hear him, as he came riding up alone on horseback, at the appointed time. In stature, he was a large man, wore an exceedingly long, sandy beard, and parted his long, shaggy hair in the middle. Beards were unusual in those days. To gaze upon a person with so long an one, was a novel sight. His voice, as re- membered by Eobert Foster, of Lewisberry, a highly respected citizen, was loud and deep. It was not particu larly pleasant to the hear- er, on account of the guttural tones. When accosted by some inquisitive inhabitant of Lewisberry as to who commissioned him to preach, he curtly responded, "Who commis- sioned Saint Paul to preach?" v Schools. — A short distance above Lewis- berry one of the first schoolhouaes of the valley stood. In it Isaac Kirk taught soon after the Eevolution. He was followed by Elisha Hammond and others. The habit of "barring out the teacher" was a common sport among boys in bygone days. Very few teachers escaped such adventures. It was attempted on a teacher of this school about three-fourths of a century ago. All his petitions for them to open were of no avail. In order to conquer, he climbed to the top of the roof and dropped some burn- ing sulphur down the chimney, and then placed a board over the top to prevent the fumes and odor from escaping upward. It is sufficient to say that the door was volun- tarily opened, the teacher admitted, and the room ventilated. That teacher was never afterward troubled with such capricious con- duct. In the year 1816 a schoolhouse was built by subscription, on the site where the present one stands. It is still in existence, though removed from its former place. NEWBEREY TOWNSHir. 037 In it Hon. David Flemming, Hervey Ham- mond, Joseph Wickersham, Hon. Jacob Kirk, and other successful teachers, presided. The Public Hall, in which are two school- rooms, was built in 1855. It is surrounded by a large open public common belonging to the borough. Edmund Burke, Arthur Gilbert and others, at different times, taught a select school for advanced pupils in it. The Society of Social Friends. — This was the name of a lyceum formed in the year 1827. Its members were composed of the most intelligent young men and old men of the town and neighborhood, for many miles in circumference. The records of this society are still preserved, containing' the names of the members and the topics discussed in de- bate. It continued as an organization for twenty or thirty years. Among the names we found the following: Dr. Robert Neb- inger, Gol. John Rankin, Gol. John Steel, Capt. John Thompson, Hon. David Flem- ing (now of Harrisburg), Jacob Kirk (the first county superintendent), Joseph Wicker- sham, Herman Kirk, Elijah Garretson, John Eppley, Joseph Foster, Hervey Hammond, Jesse Meredith, Joseph Nichols, William Hammond and Jesse Kirk. This being an abolitionist community before the civil war, the question: "Is slavery a curse to human- ity?'' several times caused spirited debate. "Should the United States encourage pro- tection to home industries?'' was another lively topic discussed during the Clay cam- paigns. It was, without doubt, a literary society that enlightened the community. THE QUAKER SCHOOLHODSE. About one-fourth mile west of the Newberry Friends' Meeting House, for many long years stood the old log-schoolhouse. It has dis- appeared, and now no vestiges of it are left. Who all the teachers were it would be iaterest- ing to tell, if we knew, but even tradition say- eth not. Thomas Garrettson, a kind-hearted and gentle Quaker, for more than twenty years successfully enlightened the minds of the young, belonging mostly to the families of the same religious belief, long before the common school system had been adopted. Kind old Thomas, as he is still remembered as such by a few of the oldest citizens still living, offered the young followers of Elias Hicks an inducement of an extra hour to play, if they would all spend one hour of each fourth day with him at regular meet- ing. His schoolhouse, with its sixty or seventy pupils, was, as nearly as could be expected, an example of neatness. To the. pious Friend neatness is next to godliness. It is said that he once told a boy who came- to his school one morning with soiled hands: "The best way for thee to observe an inter- esting chemical experiment is to wash thy- hands, using plenpy of soap." On the east and on the west side of this characteristic old building, along the walls, were the writing desks, at which the pupils sat for that purpose only. Above them were the long narrow windows, five feet long and two feet wide. Jesse Wickersham taught school in this building about the year 1812. At a much later date Joseph Wickersham, now a prom- inent citizen of Newberry Township, was a. popular teacher o£ this school. THE BALL HILLS'- In the southwestern portion of Newberry Township is a section long since known aa the "Ball Hills" or "Bald Hills." Most of the land is a pure red shale. The "red rock" protrudes to the surface, making some of the hills "bald" or devoid of vegetation. Th» summits of them are the shape of a "ball" so either name may apply. Mr. Ashenfelter, a. dozen or more years ago, introduced the culti- vation of j small fruits in this section, which has since proven to be a productive industry. Besides the immense amount of strawberries raised, large quantities of grapes and peaches are also grown by many farmers. In this section there are two churches, one owned by the Church of God, and the other by the Lutherans and Evangelical Associa,^ tion. YORK HAVEN- This village, located at the foot of the» Conewago Rapids of the Susquehanna, ancl in the extreme southeastern part of Newberry Township, was for more than a third of a een,- tury, one of the most important business cen- ters in southern Pennsylvania. The history of the Conewago Canal once located here is; given in the chapter on "Public Internal Im- provements," page 331. The interests of this place were first managed by the Conewat- go Canal Company, composed of inteJIigente and wealthy men, mostly from the city of Philadelphia. On November 20, 1810, Thomas Willing Francis, of Philadelphia, who then represented and managed the com- pany, whose interests consisted of a large merchant-mill, nail factory, ferry and lands all assessed at $40, 000, transferred all right, and title to John Weatherburn, Thomas Wi\- 038 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. son and Joseph Townsend,of Baltimore, rep- resenting a number of merchants of that city, 'who, on September 24th, of the same year, formed a company for the purchase of this property. The names of these gentlemen ■yrere as follows: William Cole, William Wilson & Sons, William^ Gwynn, Joseph Townsend, Hackman & Hoppe, Isaac Burn- ■ston, Thomas Hillen, John W^eatherburn, Dennis A. Smith, Jacob Stansbury, William McMechen, George Repold, James Nelson, John Davis and Joshua Stevenson. They were prominent and influential citizens of Baltimore, and associated themselves together ■for the purpose of purchasing wheat of this section, and the large quantity that was then floated down the Susquehanna in flat-boats, and manufacturing it into flour in the large merchant-mill already erected, and others which the company designed to build. This new company was formed with a capital of $100,000, divided into twenty-five shares of $4,000. Thomas W. Francis who disposed of the property for the Philadelphia com- pany, retained an interest in the new enter- prise to the amount of four shares, or $16,000. Joseph Townsend became manager for the Baltiniore company; Joseph Weatherburn and John Wilson, trustees. The land pur- chased at this time was a tract of 151 acres, a tract of 64| acres called "Hopewell," and another tract of 12 acres, projecting into the river called " Cape Francis. " The first two triacts were conveyed to Thomas W. Francis, in 1801, by Charles Willing Hare, a lawyer, of the city of Philadelphia. The conveyance, in 1810, granted to the new company all the "ways, woods, water-courses, water, mill-works, rights, liberties, privileges, hereditaments and appurtenances." The contract signed, sealed and delivered in the presence of Elisha Powell and John Amy, before Willigin Tillingham, ■chief justice of the State of Pennsylvania. The interest at once began to loom up. Three new mills were built, one having a capacity of 150 barrels of flour a day ; for that time this mill had the largest capacity of any in the State. Cooper shops, hotels and private residences were soon built. The Tomi of York Haven was laid out in 1814, when a neatly designed plan was pre- pared under the direction of the "York Haven Company." There were two sections: the "upper towa" was located on the hill to the west of the present site of the railroad, and the "lower town" was down by the canal. The lots were thirty feet wide and 130 feet deep. Several hundred of them were laid off. This being before the era of railroads, river navigation was the subject of great public interest, and it was expected that York Haven would become an . important town, and great business center. The names of streets parallel with the river were Canal, Baltimore, Hillen, Stansbury, Wilson, Town- send, Weatherburn, Cole, and Gwynn, after members of the company. The alleys were named after the creeks flowing into the Sus- quehanna. The cross streets were numbered from first to seventh in order. The plan in- cluded a large public square. On the print- ed deeds of the town lots the name David Cassat, of York, appears as attorney for the company. On each of the deeds the com- pany's seal was beautifully stamped, which was circular in form, with the representation of a canal and lock, and an overhanging wil- low tree. The words "York Haven Com- pany" surrounded these. Such was the "paper city" of York Haven, which, if it had not been for the invention of railroads and construction of canals, might have become an important city. Business Industry and other Facts. — There was considerable business enterprise at York Haven for many years. Some of the business men at difierent times were the fol- lowing: Charles M. Poor, who for a time managed the company's store and the large hotel. Samuel Inloes kept a dry goods store and had two or three large cooper shops to make flour barrels, and employed twenty or more workmen, he also owned a distillery. Charles Bishop, Jesse McConkey, owned hardware stores, aild the last-named at one time kept a large hotel. A Quaker named Rummel owned a nail factory. It was run by water-power. He employed a number- of workmen. John T. Ubil who was manager of the company for a time, was a "slave catcher." He afterward moved to Pottsville, became very poor, and turned out a teamster. There were two large saw-mills built on leased lands. One was owned by Andrew Lightner and the other by Elijah Webb; Henry Small, father of David E. Small, of York,jbbught the first-named mill. Lewis Harlan managed the cooper shops belonging to the company. Keel-boats with immense quantities of wheat came down the Susque- hanna; these were run in the canal and un- loaded near the mills. Some of these boats carried 1,000 bushels of grain. Wagoning to Baltimore, to haul the flour to market, be- came an important business. In 1820 80 centsja barrel was paid to haul it to Baltimore. Thirty or forty teams were present at one time. The horses had bells and the turnpike was alive with interest when these teams started off on their journey. The turnpike FAIRVIEW TOWNSHIP. 639 was completed to York Haven in 1812, and the large bridge over the Conewago Creek was built below York Haven the same year, by A. Miller. It was taken away by the flood of 1817, and rebuilt soon after by H. Slayraaker. The "ferry and tavern house" was kept by Philip Etter for many years, to March, 1816, when Peter Veal became the lessee. Christian Fensel was for a long time postmaster. The "Canal Eoad" to Abbotts- town was opened about 1814, The large, fine building owned by the company, for many years known as "Waters' Hotel," was a very creditable building. During the summer season there were many city boarders at it. General LaFayette, when on his way to Harrisburg, in January, 1825, stopped here for a short time. Joseph Major, an intelli- gent gentleman, now living near this place, remembers seeing him come out on the balcony of the hotel. In 1834 Gen. Lewis Cass, while being taken across the Susque- hanna, below the falls, was caught in a dense fog and his ferryman got lost in the stream. They wandered around in the stream for hours, and were finally saved during the night by some people who lived at Eib's Landing. He was then secretary of war under Andrew Jackson, and when he got back to York Haven again, made himself known. He was on his way to visit Simon Cameron. The old time fairs were held here, and ac- cording to the stories of old people, they were days of great hilarity. The love of gam- bling became a mania, especially at the "big hotel," but Kev. John Fohl, an earnest evan- gelist of the United Brethren Church, quelled it in part by starting an enthusiastic revival in the ball room of the hotel. The whole community was aroused. Friday, December 15, 1815, John, a thirteen year old son of Joseph Sturges, of Baltimore, while riding along the canal at York Haven, fell with his horse down the embankment and both were drowned. The business interests at York Haven, after the completion of the canal along the river, gradually declined, and when the railroads were built it entirely ceased. Thomas C. Hambley, of York, was manager of the estate which finally passed into the hands of the Glenns, of Baltimore, who in the spring of 1885, sold it to the Conewingo Paper Com- pany. THE LARGE MILL BDRNED. At 10 o'clock on the night of August 16, 1826, the large mill which was built about ten years before was destroyed by tire. Its origi- nal cost was $40,000, and when burned con- tained 1,200 busliels of wheat and considera- ble flour. ' The total loss was $50,000. Says a newspaper of the day, "It was one of the very largest mills in Pennsylvania, and was capa- ble of manufacturing 150 barrels of flour a day." The mills did not run the entire year, and at the time of the &ee, this one was not going. Mr. Hyson, then the manager, was at his home in Baltimore. The flames broke^ through the roof, before it was seen in any other part of the mill. No fire was used in, the mill that day, hence many thought it was the work of an incendiary. Yet there always was a mystery about this fire. A mill owned by the same company located at Port Deposit, Md. , burned on the same night; both were insured. Daniel Jackson, the good- natured mulatto watchman did not stay at York Haven after this event. "But I'll tell- you, boss, it was a big fire," is all ho could say about it. This mill had six pairs of buhrs- It was never rebuilt. A TERRIBLE TRA&EDY. The fifth story of the large hotel was an immense ball and card playing room. On the night of September 12, 1819, Thomas Frelich, of Washington, D. C, killed Bar- ney Hand, an Irishman. For nearly half a century afterward the blood-stained marks on the floor were shown to the visitor. They were playing at cards, and the stakes were heavy. A large crowd of lookers-on were breathlessly awaiting the result. Hand be- came enraged, seized the stakes and cards, threw them to the far end of the room, and kicked over the table. The excited crowd rushed down stairs, the lights were put out, and the two men engaged in a deadly strug- gle. In the center of the room was left a, pool of blood. Frelich had gotten the bet- ter of Hand and threw him out of the win- dow, and his mangled body was found in a ditch near the house. In the meantime, the^ victor went down stairs, washed his hands, asked for his own horse, and drove away un- molested. He was afterward captured and brought back to York, tried for man-slaugh- ter, but acquitted. And, "as certain as York Haven was once a prosperous place, and we hope will be again, that house was always haunted after that event," says an old resi- dent. THE YORK HAVEN PAPER MILLS. The history of these mills, destined to be one of the most important manufacturing en- terprises in York County, has just begun. The site of the flouring-mills and the right of mo HISTORY or YORK COUNTY. water-power, was purchased from the Glenn ■estate for 130,000 during the spring of this year (1885). About 200 men, for months, have been constantly employed, opening and widening the canal. The water-power, when completed, will be 3,000 horse-power. The fall of water in canal one mile in length, is twenty-nine feet. Extensive mills will toe erected here during the present year Sbt a cost of $400,000. When these are com- pleted the town of York Haven will again become a prominent business center. York Haven Quarries., of pure dolerite, are owned by the Northern Central Railway Com- pany, and were worked by that company for man}' years, to obtain building stones for bridge piers and public buildings. A vein of this stone crosses Newberry, Warrington, and northern part of Washington Townships, into Adams County, and fine quarries are Worked near Gettysburg. F. T. Scott & Co. , ■of York, leased the York Haven quarries in 1882. The following year the firm received «, contract to furnish this valuable stone for «, decorative wall around the Capitol at Washington, and another order was received for a similar purpose in 1884. The piers of the new railroad bridge at Harrisburg were built of the York Haven granite. About thirty men are regularly employed at these quarries. THE TOWNSHIP OF FAIEVIEW. ■rT^HE name first designated by the petition- JL ers for the formation of this township out of Newberry was "Franklin." The town- ship now bearing that name had not then been formed. The viewers in crossing the ridge dividing the Fishing Creek Valley from the -Redland Valley, with delight and admiration began to "view the landscape o'er." The fertile valleys mostly within the limits of the proposed new township, and the broad ex- panse of Cumberland, Dauphin and Lancas- ter Counties were presented within the ex- tended horizon that bounded their field of vision. The name "Fairview" was then suggested as more appropriate. It was accepted and so confirmed by the court. The original settlers here were English and English Quakers, who commenced to locate in the township as early as 1780; by the year 1735 the most valuable lands were occupied. The English language has always been used by citizens of this township. TOPOGEAPHY. The shape of this township is very irreg- ular. The southern boundary is an artificial line nearly in the form of a bow, separating it from Newberry. The remainder of the boundary is natural, with the Stony Run separating it on the southwest from Warring- ton, forming a winding line of about four miles. A portion of the western division is a small stream which divides it from Mon- aghan, a distance of four and one-half miles, and empties into the Yellow Breeches, whose remarkably winding current washes the re- mainder of its western and northwestern boundary and separates Fairview from Cum- berland County. The river, here over one mile wide, for a distance of six miles passes along the north and northeast, separating it from Dauphin County. A ridge of bills crosses the center of the township, and, extending in almost a due north and south direction, illustrates a singu- lar geological feature. It is the only ex- ample in the county of a ridge extending in that direction. The local name given is the "Pinch Mountain," a name, if it ever was appropriate, is not very poetical and not especially noted for its beauty of sound. It was named by early settlers as the "Free Mountain," from the fact that the original occupants of the land along its slopes were squatters, occupying the land for a consider- able time without legal titles. The "River Mountain," a ridge of wooded hills, containing much valuable timber, ex- tends from the Middletown Ferry, skirting almost the entire northeastern boundary. The Northern Central Railway passes along here on the north side of them. One of the characteristic geological features is the abundance of huge bowlders of basaltic rocks. A part of the extreme eastern section is of trap formation. The large crevices in the rocks yet aiford a convenient lurking place for the fox, and the large hollow trees for the raccoon and opossum. The wolf once had his haunts in these forests and much later wild turkeys in the thickets. The township is drained by the Yellow Breeches Creek, Miller's Run, Bennett's Run, Fishing Creek and other smaller tributaries of the Susque- hanna. The soil is generally very fertile and productive, growing all the cereals com- mon to this latitude with equal success. The northwestern or Marsh Creek section is the lower end of the rich limestone region, which extends into Fairview from Cumberland County. The Fishing Creek and Redland Valleys are of mostly red sandstone forma- tion, frequently passing into the red shale PAIEVIEW TOWNSHIP. 641 soil. These valleys are in a high state of cultivation, as is the alluvial soil along the Yellow Breeches Creek. boondaky'^diffioulties. Much of the land now embraced in Fair- view was part of Pennsborough Township which was laid out pursuant to an act of the Provincial Assembly in 1739, and then in- cluded nearly the whole of the present limits of Cumberland County. When first formed it was a portion of Lancaster County. York County, when separated from Lancaster Coun- ty in 1749, had no definitely established northern boundary. Many disputes arose, and these were attempted to be settled by commissioners from York and Cumberland Counties. They met along Yellow Breeches Creek. This occurred in 1751, one year after the formation of Cumberland from Lan- caster County. The Cumberland County commissioners claimed the original boun- dary line which was from a point oppo- site the Swatara Creek through the Fishing Creek Valley, nearly in the same direction of the present dividing line between Fair- view and Newberry. The dispute was final- ly decided by a special act of the Provincial Assembly in 1751, which made the Yellow Breeches Creek the boundary between the counties, and placed the whole of the pres- ent territory of Fairview in York County and annexed it to Newberry Township, of which it remained a part until 1803. THE TOWNSHIP FORMED. In the years 1801 and 1802 several peti- tions, signed by a large number of ci tizens, were presented to the court at York, asking for the formation of a new township out of ' ' the upper end of Newberry,' ' stating fur- ther that ' ' said township was too large for the convenience of the inhabitants." The court appointed on the third Monday of November, 1802, as viewers : John Heck- ert, John Forsythe, Valentine Emig, Col. Henry Beisinger, Eudolph Spangler, Esq. , and Peter Hoke, Sr. The surveyor's draft, made by Gen. Jacob Spangler, represents the dividing line to begin "opposite the mouth of the Swatara at Joseph Glancy's fer- ry, through lands of John Nicholas (now Silas Prowell's), nearly in a direct course to Lewis- berry; thence in a southwesterly direction to Leeche's Fording on Stony Run. The report of these viewers was confirmed at February term of the court of quarter session in the year 1803. The following significant paragraph was published in the columns of many papers a year ago: Fairview, one of the most flourishing townships in York County, is peculiar in many respects. There is not a postoffice or a hotel within its borders. It has one distillery, but persons who wish to imbibe spirituous liquors must go to some other place to be accommodated. It has thirteen school districts, and eight churches belonging to various religious denominations, but no preachers, and no physicians who reside in the township. The justices of the peace and constables have not enough business to keep a record, and are compelled to make a living at some other business. It is very seldom the sheriff has any oflScial business in Fairview, except it is to make an appraisement in the settlement of an estate. It is pronounced the "Eden" of York County. In 1884 the township had 681 taxable inhabitants, with a property valuation of $1,045,381. Population, 1880, was 2,164; State tax, $267; county tax, 13,651. There are postoffices around its borders at New Cumberland, Lisburn, Lewisberry, Yocum- town and Goldsboro. The business interests of this township largely center at Harrisburg, being near that city. THE VILLAGE OF NEW MAEKBT. The land along the Susquehanna from New Cumberland down to the Haldeman farm, was first owned by John Harris, father of the founder of Harrisburg. He was an Indian trader, and at the mouth of the Yellow Breeches was a considerable Indian village, when the first settlements were made. David Priest settled in the vicinity in 1737. Dr. Benjamin Mosser located in the vicinity, coming from Lancaster County about 1775, and became a prominent physician of the neighborhood. This section was then densely populated. He had three sons — John, who also became a physician, and died in 1826; Christian and Henry. Each of these sons in- herited a farm, one of which is now owned by H. E. Mosser, a descendant, another by Dr. E. H. Coover, and the third by Martin Kauff- man. The second son, Henry Mosser, and Will- iam Culbertson, in 1807 laid out the village of New Market in 120 lots. Isaac Kirk made the survey. William Culbertson died July 8, 1824. In 1840, the town had 170 inhabitants; twenty-five dwellings and one store. The York & Harrisburg Turn- pike, then much used, passed through it, over which line the Northern Central Rail- way now extends. Washington Kirk for many years owned a store. A considerable business has been done by various parties since. The Pennsylvania Steel Works are located on the opposite side of the river. Within the past few years a number of the 613 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. employes of those works reside in New Mar- ket, which has caused a considerable increase to its population; now numbering nearly 400. A Lutheran Church was built within the village in 1858. The pastor was Cyrus Write- myer, and trustees H. Mosser, John Row, John Horn and Jacob Grissinger. There are two schools, which are graded. A short distance up the creek is Hake's Distillery, at which a large business is done. Eichinger's distillery in the "Marsh" was a considerable industry. A fine farm near by, now owned by Owen James, was deeded to his grandfather by same name in 1774. The name of its owner has never since changed. The Susquehanna Mills near by were built in 1785. Jacob Haldeman, Sr., started a forge at the mouth of the Yellow Breeches in 1806, and used up a large amount of timber from York County. He laid out the town of New Cumberland in 1814. Much of what is now fertile land below New Market, was at one time a swamp, with the Marsh Run passing through it. Farther down is a small stream called Rattling Run, named after "Jim Rattler," a colored man, who had a cabin along it many years ago. GEN. MICHAEL SIMPSON. Gen. Simpson was a son of Thomas Simpson, an early Scotch-Irish settler, at Paxtang, below Harrisburg, in 1720. Mi- chael was born in 1740. When the Indian forays, following the defeat of Gen. Brad- dock, below Pittsburgh, in 1755, occurred, although yet very young, he became an ensign to a company that marched to the frontier with Gen. Forbes' expedition. In 1775, he became lieutenant in Capt. Mat- thew Smith's company, which marched to Boston, and there soon after joined Gen. Arnold's expedition against Quebec, on that dreary march through the forests of Maine to Canada. After returning, he was made a first lieutenant under Gen. Hand, of the First Pennsylvania Line, and commanded the com- pany at the battle of Long Island. De- cember 1, 1776, he was commissioned cap- tain, and afterward showed great bravery as a commander in the battles of Princeton, Brandywine, Trenton, Germantown and White Plains. He served in the American army six years, during the Revolution. In 1784, soon after the death of William Ches- ney, who also was a patriot of the Revolu- tion, he purchased of the heirs of Chesney, the farm and ferry rights across the Susque- hanna, below New Market, and now known as the Haldeman property, and in 1797 was appointed a justice of the peace, under the constitution of 1790. He was a man of dig- nified bearing, and somewhat haughty in .spirit. He won local distinction as a briga dier-general of the militia of York County, and was highly esteemed as a commander. He built an elegant stone mansion on his farm, and in 1794 had the honor of enter- taining President Washington in it, when on his return from the Whisky Insurrection. He died on his farm, June 1, 1813. His property was valued at $12,900, a consider- able sum for those days. Jacob Haldeman lived on this farm for a number of years. During the civil war be was appointed as minister to Norway and Sweden, by Presi- dent Lincoln. His large mansion, that cost several thous and dollars, was burned a few years ago. A VISIT OP GEORGE WASHINGTON. In the afternoon of October 3, 1794, Presi- dent Washington, accompanied by a portion of his cabinet, arrived in Harrisburg on his way to quell the Whisky Insurrection in the western part of Pennsylvania. In the even- ing he was presented with the address of the burgesses, and to which he replied the next morning. On the 4th he went to Carlisle, and reviewed the troops there. He passed on through Shippensburg and Hagerstown, Md. At Fort Cumberland he reviewed the Virginia and Maryland troops, arrived at Bedford, Penn. , and remained until October 21. By that time the trouble had ended without bloodshed, and he returned. Coming down the Cumberland Valley, he remained over night, October 24, at Shippensburg, and on the night of the 25th, which was Saturday, he was the guest of Gen. Michael Simpson, who then owned what is now known as the Haldeman property. This place was chronologically known in 'early days as Chambers', Chesney's, and Simpson's ferry property, and was on the route of much travel from Philadelphia and Lancaster to Carlisle and points south and west. Whether Washington spent a quiet Sunday there, can- not be definitely stated. It is very probable that he did, as he arrived in Philadelphia on the following Tuesdajf afternoon. There is no record that he spent Sunday at any inter- vening point between the ferry and Philadel- phia, which was then the capital of the United States. CHUECHES. Salem Church. — This church, familiarly known to the community as the "Stone Church," stands near the center of Fishing Creek Valley. It was originally erected as FAIRVIEW TOWNSHIP. 043 a Union Church, but is used almost exclus- ively by the denomination of United Breth- ren in Christ. The doctrines of this sect were first preached in the valley by Rev. John Fohl, who was then stationed at the village of Shiremanstown, Cumberland Coun- ty. David Fisher, Sr., who recently died, and others, having made the acquaintance of Rev. Fohl, invited him to visit Fishing Creek Valley in 1842. Fulfilling their request he be- gan a protracted meeting in the sehoolhouse, which was located one-half mile above the present site of the church. The result of his labors being successful, he effected an organization. The congregation continued to worship in the school for a number of years. At a meeting of the quarterly conference held in this valley April 22, 1844, John S. Prowell, Henry B. Kauffman and Jacob Miller were appointed trustees of the congregation already formed. Mr. Prowell who has served in that capacity forty-one years is still a trustee. On the 4th of October, 1852, the trustees purchased of David Fisher one-half acre of land as a church lot and graveyard. The survey was made by Jacob Kirk, Esq. A convenient stone church was built at a cost of 11,000. Much of the hauling and work was done gratuitously by the people of the vicinity. Rev. J. C. Smith, now of York, Rev. Kessler, Bishop John Dickson and Rev. Daniel Eberly were some of the more promi- nent pastors who have ministered to this congregation. Rev. Wagner for the past few years has officiated. A few years ago the building was much improved, being re- painted, calcimined, and received a new roof. New seats and an organ were also purchased. The present trustees are John S. Prowell, James L. Reed, John W. Prowell, David Kauffman and David M. Fisher. A Sunday- school regularly meets in the church. Mount Olivet Church, known as the "Marsh Church," is located near New Market. Shortly after the Revolutionary war, land was obtained here from one of the Mosser farms, on which was built a union meeting house and sehoolhouse. No services were to be held "during candle light." The oldest citizens remember School- masters Couples and Allison who reigned supreme in this building as early as 1820. Abraham Hursh taught in 1832 and Jacob Ketterman in 1835, first under the common school system. This historic old building, after being used three-fourths of a century, was torn down in 1860. That year Rev. J. Dickson, now one of the bishops of the United Brethren in Christ, increased 'the membership of the congrega- tion here by a series of revival meetings. In the language of the venerable clergyman, "to hold the ground a church was needed," as the old sehoolhouse had become dilapi- dated. The historic old graveyard adjoin- ing it, was the burying place for the inhabit- ants of the surrounding neighborhood, hence others besides members of the United Breth- ren Church contributed liberally, and the present brick church was built in 1,860, at a cost of 11,600. The building committee were A. B. Hursh, Francis Hollar and Rev. Dick- son. It was dedicated the same year by Bishop Glossbrenner; Rev. D. Eberly, J. C. Smith, J. X. Quigley, B. G. Huber, J. Snoke, S. Proffit and Thomas Garland, were some of the succeeding pastors. The Sunday-school was superintended by J. S. McDanel for twelve years; he was fol- lowed by David Strine, Dr. J. W. Roop and H. T. Miller. Mount Olivet Cemetery adjoining the church is a tract of about four acres of land. It was laid out in 1870. The first directors were H. R. Mosser, John Miller, Owen James, Dr. A. W. Nichols, Allen Ross, Dr. George R. Hursh, Elias Hake, Washington Master and Jacob Carpenter. Mount Zion Lutheran Church. — Religious services were first held in a sehoolhouse, about one and a half miles from Mount Zion Church, in Fairview Township. As the mem- bership increased the sehoolhouse became too small, and the people felt the need of a larger building. One acre of ground was bought. A building committee composed of J. Pledger, J. Neff and A. Zinn, was chosen. The corner-stone was laid April 17, 1858, by Rev. C. F. Staver, of Mechanicsburg, and was dedicated in the fall of the same year. In 1873 some repairing was done, and it was rededieated December 7, by Rev. S. E. Herring. The following ministers preached in this church : Revs. Staver, Groft, S. Dasher, N. B. Winten, A. N. Warner, J. E. Honeyeutt, S. E. Herring, G. D. Gross, C. B. King, and A. B. Erhard. Its officers are Messrs. Hoover and Shetrone, elders ; Bent- zel, Neigly, Herring and Hart, deacons. The Sunday-school is kept up only during the summer season ; superintendent, Mr. Kunkle; assistant superintendent, Mr. Bentz. The membership of this congregation is not so large, it having been without a pastor for some time, but it is at the present in a pros- perous condition. Emanuel's Church of the Evangelcial As- 644 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. sociation. — This church is located near the borough of Lewisberry. Its organization dates back as far as 1850. Services were first held in the Pinetown schoolhouse, in the vicinity. In 1871, under the pastorate of Rev. H. A. Dietrich, the present church was built at a cost of 11,200. Rev. Dietrich, John Kline and William Downs formed the building committee. The first trustees were J. Parks, William Bushey and George Seitz. The dedicatory services took place in Janu- ary, 1872. The officiating clergymen were Revs. H.,B. Hartzler, U. F. Swengel and H. A. Dietrich. The pastors who have preached regularly in this church since its erection were Revs. H. A. Dietrich, A. W. Kreamer, J. A. Irvine, E. Swengel, S. E. Davis, B. F. Anthony and L. Dice. The present mem- bership is thirty ; number of Sunday-school pupils thirty-five. Friends^ Meeting House. — On the farm of William Maulsby near the upper end of Fairview was located a Quaker Meeting House. For the particulars of it, the reader's attention is directed to the article on "The Friends" in this work, page 278. INSURANCE. Fairview Mutual Fire Insurance Com- pany. — This company was organized, about six years ago, as a local co-operative associa- tion for mutual protection against fire. The following is a list of the names of the board of managers : Henry Atticks, president ; D. Smith, secretary ; John S. Prowell, treas- urer ; Andrew Sipe, John Eichinger, and John T. Zinn. The company has been re- markably fortunate since its existence, having had only one or two small losses to pay. HISTORICAL FACTS AND INCIDENTS. There were quite a number of Revolution- ary soldiers from Fairview Township, some who lived to old age; among them were Gen. Michael Simpson, Jacob Greenawalt (a farmer, a large man), who lived as late as 1827; William Sharp, J.Enfield. William Smith lived to 1820, or later. He served in the Second Regiment of the Pennsylvania Line, under Capt.Watson, from February 16, 1776, one year, and accompanied Michael Simpson on Gen. Arnold's expedition to Canada. He afterward enlisted in the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment. In 1818, he became a pensioner. A man known as ^'Red Jacket" Miller was also a soldier who lived to an old age. The following discharge of one of Fair- view's soldiers is in the possession of Josiah McDanel : This is to certify that William Hagerty, formerly a soldier of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment and in Capt. .James Parr's company, was discharged from the service while the army lay at Valley Forge, his term of enlistment having expired. Given under my hand, April 19, 1782. James Chambers, Col. The document is endorsed as follows: William Hagerty is not to he molested by any party, as it appears he is discharged from the service. William Butler, Lieut. Col. Fourth Penn. Regiment, Commanding at Carlisle. Carlisle, April 26, 1782. During the war of 1812 Jesse Pearson, who lived a few miles north of Lewisberry, deserted from the military service, and came home. He was followed by soldiers dressed in Quaker suits, but avoided being captured, by concealing himself underneath the floor of a building. Several times a sword was passed up and down along the cracks between the boards; as he was lying along the length of a board, he escaped uninjured, and was never found by the soldiers, even though they were led to believe he was in the build- ing. Col. John Steele, who lived in Fishing Creek Valley, was a soldier on the Niagara frontier in 1812. In old age he moved to the West. James McDanel was in Capt. White's company that rendezvoused at Gettysburg in 1814. He was afterward a captain of mili- tia of Fairview for fourteen years, commis- sioned by Gov. Shulze in 1827. His father, Josiah McDanel, settled in Fairview in 1766, coming from Scotland. He was married, April 14, 1774, to Margaret Hunter, sister of Gen. Hunter, of the Revolutionary army. Philip Fetrow was drafted in 1812. Joseph McAfee went as his substitute. James McAfee, son of Joseph, enlisted in 1812, and came home without leave, and was searched for by soldiers dressed in Quaker suits. Samuel Fisher, now over eighty years of age, remembers when the "River Mountains " were infested with wolves, and when wild turkeys and foxes were plentiful. There is still a sufficient number of foxes. "Robber" Lewis, noted in Cumberland, Perry and Juniata Counties, frequently vis- ited the mountains of Fairview Township, and resorted at a place since known as ' 'Lewis' field. " He was accustomed to rob the rich and give to the poor. In 1825 he es- caped from Chambersburg jail. He had a wonderful career. "In September, 1796," says the Harrisburg Oracle, published then, "several hundred squirrejs per day crossed the Susquehanna from the Cumberland and York County side. FAIR VIEW TOWNSHIP. 645 to f Some of the inhabitants were enabled to catch them as they swam the stream, and salt barrels of them for winter use." In 1803 the yellow fever raged in the ■vicinity of Lisburn and Lewisberry. It was an epidemic in Philadelphia that year. The voting place of Fairview is called ^'The Bunches." A tavern was once kept there by a man who was deformed. He had a "bunch" on his back — hence the origin of the name. PINBTOWN. Pinetown is the name of a small collection of houses in the northwestern part of town- iship. In this vicinity a considerable business is done in the cultivation of fruits and ber- ries, which are sold in the Harrisburg market. THE INDIANS. At the mouths of the Conodoguinet, Paxton and Yellow Breeches Creeks, in 1719, there were Indian villages, when John Harris located on the site of the present city of Harrisburg, who secured a ■charter for a ferry across the Susquehanna, and became an Indian trader. He after- ward purchased the alluvial lands along the •river at New Cumberland and in Fairview Township immediately Jjelow the mouth of the Yellow Breeches. His son, John Harris, founder of Harrisburg, born in 1727, was "the first white child born in Pennsylvania west of the Conewago Hills who attained the age of manhood." John Harris, the father, ■once narrowly escaped being tortured to death by a squad of Shawanese Indians who fvotiW (Came up the river, stopped at his otono man - «*«s aad demanded rum. This being refused the Indians tied him to a mulberry tree and were about to torture him when he was mi- raculously rescued by some friendly Paxton Indians, who were his neighbors. Under that mulberry tree the remains of Harris were interred at the time of his death many years later. The place is still marked by a tombstone surrounded by a fence. The visit of the celebrated preacher, George Whitfield, in 1740, to Harris' Ferry, was a noted event to the early settlers. For many miles in every direction they collected along the banks of the river to hear him preach. In 1742 twenty-one Onondago and seven •Oneida Indians obtained a pass of the au- thorities of Lancaster County, to pass across it (now western part of York County), on ■an expedition against the Tallapoosa Indians in Virginia. The noted Half-King, Monoa- itootha, died at Harris' Ferry October 4, 1754, while there on a visit. His home was at Loggstown, fourteen miles below Pittsburgh. It was believed by his twenty Indian heroes who acoompan ied him, that the French had be- witched him, and they obtained a conjurer to ascertain the cause of his sickness. His re- mains were interred by John Harris. This was the same Indian chieftain that Washing- ton visited in 1753 in order to obtain par- ticulars of Fort Du Quesne. During the French and Indian war in America there was great fear and disturb- ance along the Susquehanna, and, . in fact, in all of York County, of the hostile Indians who were committing depredations in Cum- berland County and up the river. The white settlers of those sections flocked into the secluded places and thick settlements of York and Lancaster Counties, and some went farther east. January 8, 1756, a council with the friendly Indians was held at the mouth of Yellow Breeches. Conrad Weiser, the great Indian interpreter was present. In 1757 many depredations were com- mitted by Indians in Dauphin, Lebanon and Cumberland Counties, and it was contem- plated to massacre the people in Paxton Church, two and one-half miles below Har- risburg, during time of service. The people discovered the plot and went to church armed afterward for many months. April 1, 1757, to avert further trouble, a conference was held with the Six Nations and their al- lies, nine tribes in all, on the banks of the river below Harrisburg. There was an In- dian trail observable to a late date, extending from the mouth of Fishing Creek at Golds- boro up through the valley to the mouth of the Yellow Breeches Creek at New Cumber- land. It was a famous pathway for the Conoy and Shawanese Indians. Indian relics have been found at various places in Fairview. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Fairview Township was one of the seven districts of York County that at once ac- cepted the provisions of the act of 1834, establishing the common school system. Samuel Prowell, who was sent as the delegate to represent the township in the first conven- tion which met in York to take action in the matter, cast the first affirmative vote of that body. There were but six other delegates voted in favor of accepting the system. This occurred in May, 1835. There are now fourteen schools, with the following names: Walnut Grove, Prowell's Cross Eoads, Marsh Eun, Oak Grove, Hick- ory Grove, Cedar Grove, Brick, Navoo, South 646 HISTORY or YORK COUNTY. Point, Locust Grove, Pinetown, and at New Market two— a primary and grammar school. For 1885 the school board was composed of the following- named members: John G. Brenneman, president; D. M. Fisher, sec- retary; Wendell Hehm, treasurer; Samuel B. Hoff, Abraham Reiff, Martin Kauffman. A PAUSE. In one of the fertile valleys of Fairview which, in springtime and summer, is con- tinually clothed in rich verdure, in autumn in radiant beauty, and in winter in still sombre hues, each of which furnish special charms to the writer, was spent the time of earliest hopes and purest joys. Near the rippling waters of a pure mountain stream, a tributary to the Fishing Creek, stood the familiar "old schoolhouse," within whose sacred portals and around it, 'neath the spreading branches of the giant maples, walnuts and oaks, in innocent study and rollicking play, the early school days were spent. The reign of the Yankee schoolmaster with his profound knowledge of the three "R's" — "Reading, 'Riting, 'Rithmetic," had not ended when those days began. It is yet remembered bow well he taught his pupils to pronounce big words, and to "mind the pauses," to write a "large round hand," and to "ci- pher the Single Rule of Three." To him, Cobb's and Comley's Spellers, and Walker's Dictionary, were neist to the Bible in import- ance, and the pupil who did not con them well, would have little time to "slide down hill'' on the snow, or play "town ball" during the noon hour. He had many virtues worthy of admiration. His faculty of talk- ing history to the boys on "rainy days," in- stilled many useful facts in the minds of his pupils. On a hilltop a few hundred yards south stood, many years before the time above designated, one of the first school- houses in the county. No vestiges of it are left, and nothing to indicate the spot where it stood, save the color of the soil, and the taller grain, or grass, that marks it in summer time. The farm of which the-site forms a part, and where the writer spent his early days, was taken up under a title issued by the Penns, to George Hall, in 1732, and has since been owned successively by John Nicholas, Joseph Prowell, Samuel N. Pro- well, and Silas Prowell. While some may sing in raptures of the beautiful Hudson, chant the praises of the "Blue Juniata," wander in silent admira- tion along the mirrored waters of the peace- ful Mohawk, or weave fanciful stories of fairies and angel-loiterers among a thousand "Sleepy Hollows,'' the recollection of the scenes of one's own childhood are more en- dearing than them all. Here, Smiling Spring her early visit paid, And parting Summer's lingering bloom delayed. THE TOWNSHIP OF MONAGHAN.* THE township of Monaghan is bounded on the north by Cumberland County, on the east by Fairview, on the south by Warring- ton, and on the west by Carroll. Its greatest length is five miles, and greatest breadth four and one-half miles. The surface is undulat- ing. There is a rich deposit of magnetic ore in the northwest corner of the township, and outcropping of micacious and magnetic ores at other points. Monaghan formerly com- prised its present territory, Carroll and Franklin Townships. It was organized in 1745, and received its name from a county in the northern part of Ireland. The early set- tlers were the English and Scotch -Irish. Later came the Germans. Among the first two were the McMullins, Dares, Baileys, Parks, Elliots, and others. Among the last were the Myerses, the Kimmells from the "Barrens," the Hartmans, Shaffers, Fort- neys, and Brennemans, who came from Lan- caster and Berks Cotinties. Dennis Cannon landed in America July 4, 1800, and shortly afterward settled in Monaghan. The oldest house in the township, now owned and occu- pied by Jacob Bigler, was built by Benjamin Elliot in the year 1769. The first kilns for burning lime were on the farm now owned by G. D. Shaffer; also on Mr. McMullen's farm, and some of the lime burned was hauled to the Susquehanna, the stone being quarried and hauled from Cumberland County. The early distilleries were Bailey's, Rice's, Fort- ney's, Williams', Smith's,' Coover's, Myers' and Cannon's, with Cocklin's apple and peach distillery. They are all things of the past, as none have been in operation for more than twenty years. Monaghan furnished many brave soldiers to defend and preserve the Union in the war of the Rebellion. Many of her sons lie on Southern battle-fields. Five died -in Ander- son vi lie Prison, and many bear the scars of battle as evidence of their valor. The census of 1880 gave to this township a total population of 1,054; 532 males, 522 fe- males; three of whom were colored. Num- *By James W. Shaffer. fc/Vc^^4 p^d/k^iit^ MONAGHAN TOWNSHIP. 647 ber of births in J880 was 30; number of deaths, 11. In 1783, the year the Revolution closed, there were 106 houses, 5 mills, 12 negro slaves; population, 781, and 17,797 acres of land "taken up." The township then had its original limits. In 1883, 100 years later, there were 317 taxable inhabitants; the real estate valuation was $624,276; county tax, 11,298; State tax, $63.25. SIDDONSBURG. The site on which this village is located was, in early days, a parading ground for militia companies. In 1825 William Divin and Benjamin Siddon conceived the idea of starting a town, which was named after the latter. James Gr. Fraser was the first post- master, being appointed in 1826, and con- tinued many years. There have been a num- ber of changes since. J. A. Myers is the pres- ent postmaster; he also has a general store. The town is about seven-eighths of a mile in length, and the upper end is locally known as Mount Pleasant. According to the census of 1880 there were 147 inhabitants, 72 males and 75 females. Of these, 37 were of school age. Dr. W. E. Prowell practices medicine here. ANDEBSONTOWN, Andersontown is named in honor of Ken- nox Anderson, who built the first house. This town is situated about two miles south of Lisburn, and two and one-half miles east of Siddonsburg. The census of 1880 gave it a population of thirty-five — seventeen males and eighteen females. Several years ago a postoffice was established, with Jacob A. Sultzberger postmaster, who also has a gen- eral store. Many of the inhabitants of the village are engaged in the cultivation of small fruits, such as grapes, raspberries and strawberries. CHUBCHES. Lutheran and Reformed Church, known as "Filey's Church," after the person who do- nated the ground. This church was organ- ized about 1800. The first building was of logs, and served as a schoolhouse and church. It had two rows of desks along the side walls, facing the center desks. The pulpit was a concavo-convex, or like a goblet cut-through the center, it being usually called the "bird cage. '' In 1838 it was thought advisable to build a more convenient house, and more on mod- ern style. The members of both denomina- tions elected a building committee, two of each denomination, to erect a union church. The building committee consisted oE Jacob Hartman, David Fortney, Jacob Coover and Jacob Heikes. The corner-stone was laid August 20, 1838, and the church was dedi- cated the same year. The building is brick. From 1838 to 1885 the congregation was served by the following pastors: Revs. Kemp- fer, Focht, Rightmyer, Bricker, Dasher, Sei- fert, Winton, Dietrich, Heilman,Day, Minter, Stump and Brhard. Its officers at the pres- ent are Lewis Pressel,Michael Coover, Charles Williams, David Bucher, Henry Spahr and David Huntzberger. The membership at the present is eighty-two. There is a large Sun- day-school under the supervision of Charles Williams. The Church of God, at Andersontown, was organized about 1830. Rev. John Wine- brenner, the founder of this denomination, was originally a clergyman in the German Reformed Church. He preached on certain occasions in Andersontown and vicinity. This denomination, according to doctrine and discipline, is an order of Baptists, with no definite creed, but "acknowledges and re- ceives the infallible teachings of the inspired Word of God, as a guide in all matters of Christian faith and practice. " The names of the first members of the church at Andersontown were John Hutton, William Tate, Jacob May, John Ayers, Sam- uel Arter, Henry Beck and a few others, whose names are now forgotten. Others were gradually added, among whom were John P. Wiley, Jacob Traver and wife, George Wiley and wife, and a few others. In 1842 a revival, under the labors of Revs. McElroy, William Miller and D. Maxwell, resulted in the addition of many new mem- bers — William Anderson and Mrs. Ma,ry Kline being of the number. In 1843 a re- vival of three months' duration resulted in the addition of more than 100 members. Prior to 1848 the services were held in the schoolhouse. During that year a new frame church was built at a cost of $600, Elder S. FJeegle being the minister. In 1871 the building was encased in brick, costing $500. Number of members, forty-two. Mount Pleasant Bethel (Church of God). — This church was organized in 1843, in an old building opposite the present public house of W. K. Burns, by members, principally, of the church at Andersontown. The first rul- ing elders were George Myers and James Machlin. Thomas Kerr donated a small tract of ground, and in 1844 a frame meeting house was built, at a cost of about $500. The original number of members, was twelve. 618 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. In 1859 a new brick church was built in the upper end of Siddonsburg, and called the Mount Pleasant Bethel, at a cost of $2,300. During the pastorate of Elder H. E. Reever, in 1882, the buildirig was remodeled at an expense of $1,100. The membership is eighty- eight. Andersontown and Siddonsburg are ap- pointments on the West York Circuit, and are supplied by pastors appointed by the Annual East Pennsylvania Eldership of the Church of God. The following is a list of pastors from first appointment, with date of appoint- ment: David Kyle 1844 A. Swartz and J. H. Hurley 1846 Simon Fleegle 1848 J. H. Hurley 1850 S. Fleegle and J. Plowman 1851 Moses Utley and T. Deshiri 1858 Samuel Crawford and D . Maxwell 1853 G. W. Coulter 1854 Jacob Keller 1856 Jabez Bender 1859 T. Deshiri andS. S.Richmond 1861 .Tohn Ross 1863 John W. Deshong 1865 E. D. Aller 1868 R. White 1870 W. L. Jones 1871 W. P. Winbigler 1872 J. A. McDonnald .■ 1875 W. P. Winbigler 1877 J. E. Arnold 1879 H. E. Reever 1881 O. H. Betts 1884 SUNDAY-SCHOOLS. At present there are three Sunday-schools in Monaghan: Mount Pleasant, Anderson- town and Filey's. A few years ago there were two more schools within the limits of the township (one at Myer's schoolhouse, and one at Siddonsburg schoolhouse), but they have been discontinued. There has been a great deal of interest infused into Sunday-school work since the organization known as the Upper District Sunday-school Association of York County, composed of Sabbath-school workers from the townships of Monaghan, Carroll, Franklin, Washing- ton and Warrington, which meets at least once a year. Mount Pleasant School is su- perintended by W. A. and W. W. Myers; Ida L. Cannon is secretary. Number of pu- pils, 112; teachers, nine. It is kept open the entire year. Andersontown Sunday-school is superin- tended by H. M. Traver; H. S. Moore, secre- tary. Number of pupils, sixty-five; teachers, seven. It is kept open nine months of the year. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. There are five public schools in Monaghan, known as Siddonsburg, Filey's, Freysinger's, Myers' and Andersontown Schools. The buildings are brick. The common school system, under the act of 1834, was accepted in this township in the year 1836, and the subscription schools that were in use prior to . the adoption of free schools, were not very well patronized. The tenth census reports that in this township the number of male in- habitants that can neither read nor write is fifteen, not including five males that can read, but cannot write; and the number of females in the township that cannot read or write is twenty, not including thirty-five who can read^ but cannot write. Nearly all are aged people. The State appropriation for 1884 was $267. Teachers for 1885: Miss C. A. Filler, John K. Cocklin, Bussell Cocklin, Ulysses Myers and William Kimmell. School board for 1884: John Bucher, president; E. H. Cocklin, secretary; James Cannon, John Shaffer, John Strayer, Jacob Bigler. MANUFACrOREBS. At the pottery of Samuel Myers in Siddons- burg was formerly on the farm now owned by Jacob Cocklin, but the buildings were burned a few years ago, and the location waa changed to Siddonsburg by John Elcock, Jr., who carried on the business very successfully for some years, but sold to the present owner in 1882, and went to Illinois, to engage in tile-making. The coach shops of Moore & Bushey in Siddonsburg, sleighs, buggies and spring wagons are manufactured. The shops are the most extensive of the kind in this section. The firm is also engaged in the undertaking business. H. Deitz has a coach shop in Anderson- town. Monaghan Township has three saw-mills: P. Laucks' near Bowmansdale; Levi Lantz's on the Yellow Breeches, and L. T. Fortney's on a small stream a short distance southeast of Mount Pleasant. One of the first grist-mills within the pres- ent limits of Monaghan Township was a small log- structure, with an undershot wheel, built by William Parks on the Yellow Breeches. After some years the log-building was torn down, and a stone one was built, with the same undershot wheel for motive power. John Gardner, Esq., of York, once owned this'mill. The undershot wheel was exchanged and a "center discharge" was used up to 1882, when P. Lauck put in two thirty- inch turbine wheels. The capacity of this mill is 1,200 bushels per day (twenty- four hours). Watts' Mill is situated three-fourths of a CAEEOLI. TOWNSHIP. 649 mile northeast of Sid^onsburg. Robert Bryson built a grist-mill on the site of Clark's sawmill, but taking fire it was de- stroyed, after which the present mill was built by Mr. Bryson. who also built ovens for drying corn and manufactured it into meal; he furnished hundreds of barrels to the city market. LANDIS' OEE BANK. The farm of Daniel Landia was first sur- veyed by Eoger Cook, in pursuance of a warrant dated June 23, 1746, by Thomas and Richard Penn, Esqs., and after the lapse of over one hundred years, the first ore was discovered, when the land was in the posses- sion of Mrs. Mary Knisely. An Englishman by the name of Bosworth effected the first lease on the property in the year 1839, but did not develop the mine, and sold his lease to ex -Gov. Porter, of Harrisburg, who worked it successfully and hauled the ore to Harrisburg on wagons for a few years, and after that to Shiremanstown, and the ore was shipped over the Cumber- land Valley Railroad. The Kniselys re- ceived 25 cents per ton royalty. About the year 1873, the farm and ore bank came into the possession of the present owner, and his first lease was given to H. O. Shelly April 18, 1874, who mined about 1,800 tons, when he sold out to Jackson C. Fuller of Philadelphia, January 10, 1875, for |2,500. At this time there was only one opening, and no machinery; about 500 tons of ore mined. Mr. Landis made a lease to J. C. Fuller, January 15, 1875, who held the property under lease until November, 1882, and mined about 7,000 tons of ore. In October, 1883, Mr. Landis leased the bank to H. O. Shelly. The vein is from ten to fourteen feet in thickness. The ore is mag- netic. FEUIT CULTTIRE. Monaghan has an enviable reputation for the cultivation of fine fruit in great abun- dance. Small orchards were planted early in the history of the township, but it is within the recollection of the older inhabi- tants of this section that fruit culture became so prominent an industry. Jacob Cocklin originated the business here. He planted his first orchard in the township, in the year 1827, and became a citizen of it the follow- ing year (1828), no other nursery being nearer than Carlisle. Since that time he has introduced and grown over 180 varieties of apple, 120 varieties of peach, 80 varieties of pear, 40 varieties of cherry and 10 varieties of apricot trees, besides many other kinds of fruit, timber and ornamental trees. He planted the first vineyard here, importing a great number of his vines from Germany, but was unsuccessful in cultivating the for- eign fruit. The greatest amount realized in one year from his peach orchard was in 1846; commenced gathering August 4, and finished October 10, and sold over -1,500 bushels for 1980, and thirty-five barrels brandy at 75 cents per gallon. Nearly all the farms in the township have apple orchards, and some have been engaged in cultivating the peach. The growing of small fruits, such as the raspberry, strawberry, blackberry and grape, has engaged the attention of quite a number of the inhabitants, and a profitable business has been developed. Thousands of dollars come into the township annually by this in- dustry alone. The following is the yield for 1884, as nearly as can be ascertained by actual canvass: strawberries, 73,000 quarts, or over 2,280 bushels; raspberries, 39,900 quarts, or over 1,246 bushels; black- berries, 8,000 quarts, and about seven tons of grapes were marketed. THE TOWNSHIP OF CARROLL. THIS township was formed out of eastern part of Franklin and western part of Monaghan. The viewers appointed to make the division were William Caldwell, John Aughenbaugh and George Darron. The court confirmed their report in 1881. The names of the petitioners for the new town- ship were Henry Logan, F. Eichelberger, Isaac Prosser, Alexander Cathcart, Samuel Anderson, W. Elcock, Andrew Mumper, John H. Carl, Robert Hamersly, Michael Bender, John Bentz, John Eichelberger, M. Arnold, John Hursh, Henry Smyser, Jacob Lau,' George Klugh, Noah Mumper, James Black, Jacob Shearer, Jacob Knisley, Abraham De- huff and Aaron G. Blackford and others. Carroll joins the county of Cumberland on the north, the townsfhip of Monoghan on the east, Washington on the south, and Frank- lin on the west. The land, which is quite undulating, slopes to the north and is drained by the Dogwood Run and Stony Run, tribu- taries of the Yellow Breeches. The soil in general is very fertile and productive. This township contains some of the finest homes and farms in the county. There are valua- ble deposits of iron ore, much of which has 650 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. been taken out. A bed of marl was found on the farm of John Dill in 1799. The population of Carroll, including Dills- burg, in 1880, was 1,338; the number of tax- ables in 1884, in township alone, 348; valu- ation of real estate, $569,465; county tax $2,146; State tax, $65. The Harrisburg & Potomac Railroad crosses the upper end of this township, and the Mechanicsburg & Dillsburg Railroad pene- trates to the last-named town. The iron interests of Carroll are of special importance, and future developments promise still more favorable results. The following article was carefully prepared by John N. Logan, Esq. IRON ORE MINES OP CARROLL, Iron ore was discovered in Carroll Town- ship by Abraham Mumper, about the year 1847, and very soon afterward by John Mum- per. These were the first known deposits of magnetic ore west of the celebrated Corn- wall mines in Lebanon County, Penn.,and they are supposed to be continuations of the same iron belt. The Mumper farms lie directly east of the town of Dillsburg, and the mines are but one mile from the town. The early discoveries consisted of large deposits lying very close to the surface oE the ground; in fact, one of the very best pockets was only covered by about two feet of sand or gravel. These beds, or pockets of ore, were worked very successfully by the Messrs. Mumper and their sons for a number of years, and the ore hauled on wagons to Mechanicsburg, Penn., a distance of eight miles, that being the nearest railroad station, and in many in- stances it was hauled much farther. Mining operations were conducted with varying success by other parties in the town- ship and a great influx of prospectors followed, but with the exception of the beds of ore just mentioned, nothing of any magnitude was discovered, except a mine on the farm of Martin Smyser, adjoining Messrs. Mumper, and a deposit near the Yellow Breeches Creek in Monoghan Township, near the present mine of Mr. Landis. Subsequently Henry Sidle made a discovery ou what is now known as the Price fai?m,near the mines now worked by Mr. D. W. Cox. The hemetite mines west of Dillsburg were of a much more re- cent date, and the deposit much more exten- sive, and the late developments have clearly shown that they are practically inexhaustible. Dr. Lewis Heck, of Dauphin, Penn., who, bought the Knaub Mine some ten years ago, has proved, beyond doubt, that the hematite ore on the south side of the South Mountain, is both much richer and very much more abundant than was at first supposed, and the McCormick Mine and the Wolf Mine now operated by Maj. H. D. Markley are both showing up rich and abundaot deposits of a very superior variety of hematite ore, and the best territory is yet supposed to be un- touched. These mines are situated about three miles west of Dillsburg. But to return to the Magnetic Mines re- ferred to in the beginning of this article. The panics in the iron trade variously effected them, and although the Messrs. Mumpers worked very successfully, they had many ob- stacles to overcome, and after mining thou- sands of tons of the surface ore, and reap- ing handsome fortunes, finally abandoned the mines, believing the paying ore had all been taken out, and that the cost of further search, and the long haul upon wagons would eat up all the profits. Little mining was done for a number of years, and Messrs. McCormick & Co., of Harrisburg, Penn., did the most of it. In 1867 Alexander Under- wood, Esq., a son-in-law of Abraham Mum- per, bought the Abraham Mumper farm, Messrs. McCormick & Co., having become the owners of the John Mumper ore lands. Mr. Underwood, with his characteristic en- ergy, determined to investigate the property more fully, and sunk a shaft through the "Trap rocks,'' and was rewarded by the dis- covery of the magnificent mine now owned and worked by him. This was a wonderful event in the mining history of the country, and exploded all former theories regarding the finding of ore in this region. Whilst the building of the Harrisburg & Potomac and the Dillsburg & Mechanicsburg Railroads afforded a much needed outlet, by way of transportation to market, for the ore. Mr. Underwood's principal find was made in the fall of 1872, and was succeeded the next year by the important discovery made by John N. Logan, Esq. Mr. Logan had in- herited from his father. Col. Henry Logan, a tract of land known as the " Cotton farm," lying directly east of the Mumper farms, but sold it at a very ordinary price, as the land was not supposed to be worth much, and the "practical miners " thought there was no. ore on it. But as soon as he learned of the find of Mr. Underwood, he at once set to work to make a very careful survey of the surrounding country, and came to the conclusion he had sold the best iron land in the township, and that the great body of the Underwood vein of ore would be found on that tract. He at once determined to buy it back, and paid to Mr. Hafner, what at that and we continue in the bounds of said con- gregation, or in case any of us fail to make payment on the 1st of May aforesaid, we will, before the administration of the sacra- ment in said year, give a note for said pay^ ment on short credit. "Witness our hand April 28, 1791. £. s. d, George Dickey 15 . , William Barber 10 . . James Crocket 10 . . George Crocket 7 It John Crocket 15 . . 656 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. £ 8. d. Matthew Trotter 7 6 William Scott 1 .. .. Samuel Scott 7 6 Tliomas Haines 15 .. Robert Leech 10 .. John Lamb 15 10 William Ross 15 .. John Nesbit 18.. Alex Nesbit , 15 .. William Kelson' 15 . . Alex Ross 13 6 John McClellan 1 . . . . William Mitchell 1 10 . . Andrew Sans 7 6 Allen Torbet 17 6 Charles Brewster 15 .. Peter Leman 15 . . John Fulton 10 . . Dani«l Williams 1 5 .. Andrew Wilson 1 . • John Anderson 18 9 Oraham Anderson 10 .. Andrew Bailey 10 . . Samuel Nelson 1 12 6 Henry Logan 1 2 6 Alex Hannah 10 .. Edward O'Hail 1 •■ .. William Wall 5 6 Isaac Wall, Jr 5 .. James Blair 15 .. William Gillespie 7 6 Jus Dennison 1 2 6 William Farra 1 ■■ •. JohnMay 15 •• Thomas Black 15 .. Thomas Gray 8 4 Joha Cross 15 .. Joseph Dickson 1 .. .. James McMullen 1 2 .. RobertMoody 10 6 Thomas Dill 10 .. Thomas Campbell 1 10 . . James Dill 3 .. Robert Cunningham 1 . . . . John Caruthers 1 10 . . Daniel Carpenter 17 6 James Kennedy 17 6 Thomas Bonner 7 fi John Bonner 10 .. George Robinett 15 .. George Smith 10 .. AlexSanderson 15 .. John Moorhead • 10 Louis Williams 1 10 . Lawrence McCafEerty 10 . William Porter 1 .. . John Porter 12 ( Abram Williams 1 2 J Joanna Young 7 I Jessie Fulton 7 i Daniel McCurdy 1 •• • John Devlin 11 ' George Dill 10 . MattDill 2 10 . Joseph Roseberry 12 William Trimble 12 John Swan 12 John Williams 3 10 . Robert Elliott ^ Thomas Dill 1^ John Wilson 1 10 • John Bailey 2 ' Joseph Elliott 17 John White ^ John Brenkerhoof ^ William Dorson 7 John Blair " William Fleming. . Paul Thompson. . . John McCormic. . . Francis Boggs George Burns John Daugherty. . , Joseph Bradely — Daniel Glass David Ayres James McKin John Mitchell William Parks. . . Thomas Hummer. William Morril. . . Widow Dorson. . . £ B. d. 14 2 15 .. 5 .. 15 10 8 4 11 3 1 3 15 .. 15 7 15 15 7 7 7 6 In 1782, the first year of Mr. Waugh's pastorate, a new church was built and the location changed to the one at present occupied. This was a stone structure, about 50 feet long, 40 feet wide, and 15 feet high to the ceiling, entered by two doors, the one at the south and the other at the east. The pulpit, which was small and elevated, with a sounding board suspended overhead, was at the north side. A small stone building about fifteen square, with a fire-place ill the north- west corner, was attached to the north side of the church. This was called "the study," but was also used as a school- room, a session- room, a prayer-room, and a fuel-room. In March, 1809, the Eev. John Hayes — antecedently Professor of Languages in Dickinson College, where he was graduated in 1805 — became Mr. Waugh's successor, and continued till 1815. He was a poet of no mean reputation. In 1807, he published a volume entitled " Eural Poems, Moral and Descriptive, to which are added Poems on several Subjects. " He resigned his charge on account of ill health and died a few months afterwards, among his friends in Cumber- land, Md. During the pastorate of Mr. Hayes (1813), the church building, described above, was burnt, the fire originating in the small build- ing attached, but in the following year it was repaired, and entirely remodeled inside. After Mr. Hayes retired this church seems to have had no regular pastor for fifteen years. But during much of that time the pulpit was supplied by many different minis- ters. Among these were Eev. Dr. Alexander McClelland, and Eev. Nathaniel E. Snowden, grandfather of Col. A. Louden Snowden. The Eev. Nathaniel Todd, afterward a venerable preacher and teacher in western Pennsylvania, supplied the congregation for some time, and it was during his incumbency that the old and long cherished Eouse version of the Psalms gave way to the Psalms and Hymns of Watts — a measure which occa- sioned no little dissatisfaction and alienated CARROLL TOWNSHIP. 657 some of the members from the church. Of the others who supplied during this long vacancy may be mentioned Rev. Drs. Cath- cart, of York; Krebs, of New York; Duffield, of Carlisle, and DeWitt, of Harrisburg. The next pastorate was that of Bev. Ander- son B. Quay, Which extended from 1830 till 1739. In 1831, this church, in common with the other churches of Carlisle Presby- tery, enjoyed a season of refreshing. The meetings at this church, in 1831, were so largely attended that on one occasion, while Bev. James Williamson, of Silver's Spring, was preaching to those who found room inside the church, Mr. DuflSeld, of Carlisle, was preaching it to those outside. It was during this pastorate, perhapsf that there occurred the first agitation of the temperance cause in this neighborhood. One Sabbath morning as Mr. Quay was about to enter the pulpit, a note was put into his hand asking him to announce an anti -temperance meeting to be held in the church on a certain day. When the proper time came Mr. Quay read the note and then announced: "There will be no anti -temperance meeting held in this church, or, if there is, I will take my little family by the hand, and leave the place im- mediately I" That anti-temperance meeting was held outside of the church. Mr. Quay's pastorate was succeeded by an interval of stated supplies; among them Bev. A. T. McGill, D. D. of Princeton Theo- logical Seminary, and, for two years, Rev. Edmund McKinney, who afterward went as a missionary among the Indians. April 13, 1842, Rev. Joseph Murray, D. D., then a licentiate of the Presbytery of Carlisle, was ordained and installed and re- mained sixteen years. His was not only one of the longest pastorates, but, in many re- spects, the most noteworthy and interesting, though the salary at that time was only $450 per year, this was his first and only charge and was relinquished on account of impaired health. W. D. Patterson a young man then supplied the pulpit for about eighteen months when he died. For a time then the pulpit was filled by Rev. John R. Agnew, an uncle of Mr. Patterson, and in June, 1863, Rev. John O. Proctor was in- stalled as pastor. He, resigning in 1865, was followed by supplies, among whom were Rev. S. S. Orris now of the Princeton Col- lege faculty. In October, 1872, Bev. A. W. Hubbard, now a missionary of the American Board Christian Foreign Mission in Sivas, Turkey, ' began a most earnest and fruitful pastorate of eighteen months. He was followed by Bev. J. Q. A. Fullerton, who remained from June, 1873, till May, 1879, during which time the present very tasteful and commodi- ous parsonage was built. The present in- cumbent, Bev. I. P. Barbor (to whom we are under many obligations for this sketch), began his labors in the autumn of 1879 and was installed pastor June 14, 1880. The names of the ruling elders of this church prior to 1830 cannot now be given, but the following is a complete list of those who have served since that date: George Crockett, James Porter, James Black, G. W. Howard, Gporge Dare, William Boss, Wash- ington Jones, Jacob Bitner, Jacob B. Hurst, James ('lark, Daniel Bailey, Matthew Porter, Washington Williams and John N. Logan. Of the many sons and daughters of this church who have gone forth to honorable service in other fields, may be mentioned Bevs. Calvin W., John and Bobert Mateer of China, Bev. Thomas Black, Bev. Thomas Elcock, now a venerable pastor in Van Wert, Ohio, Rev. George L. Shearer, D. D., of the Amer- ican Tract Society, New York, Bev. Fred. E. Shearer, editor of The Occident, San Francisco, Bev. W. H. Logan of Millerstown, Penn., and Bev. B. B. Blair, who, with Bev. Thomas Blaek, died soon after entering the ministry. October 23, 1882, the 100th anniversary of the occupation of the present site of the church was made the occasion of a very delightful reunion of former members and friends, most prominent among the exercises of which was the delivery of historial ad- dresses by Bev. Drs. Joseph A. Murray and George L. Shearer, from whose manuscripts are gleaned most of the facts given above. Methodist Episcopal Church. — The first Methodist preacher to visit Dillsburg and' hold services, was Elisha Butler, from the Gettysburg Circuit, about the year 1834. The first preaching services were held in the house of Mrs. Marks on Main Street, west corner of first alley west of public school building. Preaching was afterward held in a small house on corner of public square, where now stands the store room of John Smith. After this, in a small schoolhouse east of town, near the old York road. Bevs. Brown and Jones were then pastors. The first class was organized about the year 1836, in the house of Mother McGuire, on South Bailroad Street, and was composed of William Burns, leader, Mrs. Burns, Mother McGuire, Widow Marks, ^nd Miss Eliza Johnson, (now Mrs. Alex Billifelt). In 1843 the church, on West Main Street, was built. Bev. Thomas Myers was then pas- 658 HISTORY 0¥ YORK COUNTY. tor, with Thomas Fulton, class leader. Mr. Fulton afterward entered the ministry, and John McMulIen became leader. The original board of trustees was com- posed of Thomas Jones; John S. McMullen, Jacob Dorsheimer, John Hyer, Jacob Byer, George Webbert and Robert Nelson. The church was dedicated by Dr. Durban, then president of Dickenson College. The first Sunday-school was organized in the church by Miss Eebecca Culver, then a teacher in the public school, from Carlisle, and Miss Eliza Johnson. The church was repaired and enlarged in 1879. The congregation was served by the fol- lowing pastors, viz. : Revs. Elisha Butler, Young, Monroe, Jones, Brown, Myers, Kel- ler, Cook, N. S. Buckingham, C. Graham, R. Norris, (Bishop) Hurst, G. W. Dunlap, Pret- tyman, Alem Brittain, Moorehead, Melville Brittain, J. A. Ross, J. W. Feight, J. B. Shaver, H. R. Bender, C. W. Marshall, G. M. Hoke, F. Rogerson, Dr. Clark, W. A. Carver, R. H. Gilbert, J. Eckerslej' and J. F. Anderson, present pastor. Present member- ship is sixty-iive, with Alex Billifelt as class leader. The Sunday-school numbers 115 with John Mumper as superintendent. St. Paul's Ijutheran Church. — The first religious services under the auspices of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Dillsburg, were held in the schoolhouse, and ' were con- ducted by Rev. J. R. Focht. On the 25th of August, 1855, a meeting was held for the purpose of taking into consideration the question of building a church. Nine per- sons were appointed a committee to solicit subscriptions. Of this number but two, H. C. Smyser and George Lau, are now living. December 1, $760 were raised, and on the 15tb, a building committee was appointed, and on the same day a lot was purchased on which to build a church, which, by contract, was "to be forty-five feet long, thirty-five feet wide, and eighteen and one-half feet high. The comb of the- roof to contain a gallery on one side." The contractor was George Lau. The building was to cost 11,250. The corner stone was laid May 3, 1856; and the church dedicated November 16, of the same year. Rev. Benjamin Kurtz, D. D., of Baltimore, preached the dedicatory sermon. The congregation was not properly organ- ized, until the spring of 1857, when twenty- four members signed the constitution. The following pastors have served it : J. R. Focht, from March 5, 1855, to March 5, 1859; Aaron Finfrock, from May 26, 1859, to November 26, 1864; J. R. Groff, July 16, ]865, to October J 866; J. T. Williams, from November 9, 1866, to July 16, 1867; August Babb, from April, 1868, to March, 1869; J. K. Bricker, from March, 1869, to February 1, 1871; D. Sell, from Januarv 1, 1872, to May 10, 1874; H. D. Kuntz, from April 1, 1874, to January, 1875; E. Studebaker, from February 18, 1875, to January 1, 1876; J. F. Dieterioh, from Janu- ary 1, 1876, to October 1, 1877; E. Minter, from November 15, 1877, to March 29, 1881 ; D. Stock, from May, 1881, to November, 1881; Adam Stump, from November 1, 1881, to present J time. Some of these persons were only supplies. The Sunday-school is in a good condition. * SCHOOLS. The schools of Dillsburg have long had an excellent reputation. The site of the old school building is where the present one stands. In that building Prof. S. B. Heiges andhis brother, George W.Heiges,Esq., who are natives of this village, taught, and greatly assisted in popularizing the cause of education in the town and vicinity. A num- ber of other persons who have since gained more or less prominence, taught here. The fine two-story, brick schoolhouse, lo- cated in the south end of Baltimore Street, was built in 1877, at a cost of 13,500. The teachers of the grammar department since then, have been George W. Nichols, W. W. ' Grove, M. R. Beck, J. B. Firestone, E. For- rest and S. H. Bradley; of the primary de- partment, Ida M. Diller, J. C. Mumper, J. B. Firestone, Kate Gohn and Sallie J. Kerr. The board of directors for 1885 are Dr. M. L. Wolford, president; M. J. Bailey, sec- retary; S. M. Chronister, L. H. Watts, John Atticks and Samuel Altland. CONFEDERATE INVASION. During the invasion of 1863, on a Sun- day evening in June, a detachment of Gen. Ewell's corps of Confederate soldiers, com- ing from Carlisle, entered Dillsburg un- der command of Col. Jenkins. They en- camped south of town a quarter of a mile, and sent out foraging parties through the country and in the mountains to capture horses. There were many horses concealed in the South Mountains, which were taken by them. The day after the engagement at Hanover, a portion of Stuart's cavalry, under command of Gen. Fitz Hugh Lee, passed through town toward Carlisle, and ac- companying them was a part of same troop, under command of Gen. Wade Hampton. The two leading stores were robbed of about CARROLL TOWNSHIP. $300 worth of goods, and $30 were demand ^ ed of the postmaster. They encamped for the night on John Mumper's farm, north of town. The camp was waked up just after midnight, and one party of them took the Mountain road, and the other the State road toward Gettysburg, where the great battle had already begun. MILITAEY. Dillsburg was a noted place for mili- tary parades. Fourth of July celebrations, and encampments of the volunteer compa- nies. Jacob Spidel, half a century ago, had a well drilled company, and Col. S. N. Bailey, at a later date, became a skilled military offi- cer. On battalion days he was frequently the commander of all the militia and volun- teer soldiers that assembled here and at Lew- isberry. During the civil war he entered the service as colonel of the Seventh Pennsylva- nia Reserves.^ Henry Logan, Thomas Campbell, J. Will- iams, James McClure and J. Eslinger, father of Postmaster A. N. Eslinger, were soldiers of the war of 1812, who lived to an advanced age. Mr. Eslinger was wounded in the bat- tle of Lundy's Lane, by a buckshot which struck his forehead and lodged in the crown of his head, where it remained until his death. Probably the most noted military character of Dillsburg was Edward Cave- naugh, an Irishman, and a brave soldier of the Revolution, who died about 1843 at an advanced age. In 1775 he enlisted in Capt. Matthew Smith's company, and joined Gen. Arnold's army in the march from Boston through Maine to Quebec. While on the way thither by a miraculous circumstance, Cavenaugh, or "Honest Ned," as he was al- ways termed, saved the lives of John Joseph Henry, one of his comrades, who afterward became president judge of the Lancaster and York courts, and of Gen. Michael Simpson, whose biography will be found in the history of Fairview Township. The men attempted to swim the Dead Eiver, when both, being overcome with exhaustion, were rescued by Cavenaugh, who himself was captured by the British in front of Quebec, and being a native foreigner, was compelled to enter the British service for a tim6; a few months later, when he was supposed to be true to En- gland, he and a British soldier were put on guard by the palace gate at the outer walls of the city, when Conner, one of Cavenaugh's old comrades, who was also compelled to enter the English army, came and gave the British soldier a drink of rum. At that in- stant Cavenaugh struck him with the butt of his gun, which so stunned him that he and his friend Conner escaped to the American lipes, after making a leap of twenty-five feet from the wall into a pile of snow, and being fired upon by a relief guard. He af- terward became a great hero with his com- rades, and Congress granted him a special pension. The above incident was related by Judge Henry, who was an eye witness to it. In 1810 Judge Henry visited him, when he lived at Dillsburg, but found him very poor, and with great sympathy gave him some money. At the military parades at Dillsburg "Ned" Cavenaugh was the great hero. In 1842 he was taken to an eincamp- ment near town in a carriage drawn by four black horses. The semi-centennial of American inde- pendence was celebrated at Dillsburg, Ju- ly 4, 1826, with imposing ceremonies. The citizens assembled at the house of George Howard. "The Dillsburg Guards," Capt. Bradley, attended the celebration, fol- lowed by citizens with two Revolutionary sol- diers at their heads, and went to the spring on lands of Col. Eichelberger. A meeting was organized and William Diven was chosen president and Col. Eichelberger vice-pres- ident. , The Declaration of Independence was read by Dr. G. L. Shearer, after which they sat down to a repast provided by George W. Howard. The following were among the regular toasts: The signers of the Declaration of Independence. The soldiers of the Revolution. The memory of Gen. Washington. Thomas Jenerson, author of the Declaration of Independence. The day we celebrate. The Union. John Quincy Adams, President. The memory and virtues of our late Gov. Snyder. J. .Andrew Shultze, Governor of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania. May the voice of the people be heard and skullt- ers tremble at the next presidential election. The following volunteer toasts were given: By Sergt. John Cavanaugh, of the Revolution; There is a health to the United States, Likewise to General Gates, Who in the year of seventy-seven, Through the assistance of Heaven, Did conquer the valiant Burgoyne. By Edward Cavanaugh, a soldier of the Revo- lution: The memory of Gen. George Washington and his brothers in arms, who assisted in gaininc; the independence we this day celebrate. May it be handed down to the last ages of time. Toasts were also given by Capt. J. Brad- ley, Lieut, Henry Sidel, Dr. Jacob Sawyer, Washington H. Lewis, Samuel Henry, Jacob Sawyer, John Livingsberger, George Dare, «60 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. Peter Leibner, William R. Gilleland, John Galitin, Martin Carl, Dr. Jacob Weaver, John Cannon, Daniel Brawley, John Vanest, Thomas Methran, G. L. Shearer and Col. F, Eichelberger. COL. MATTHEW STANLEY QUAY. The present State treasurer of Pennsyl- Tania was born in Dillsburg in 1833 in the oldest house in town, now owned by A. N. Eslinger. He is a son of Rev. Anderson B. Quay, who was pastor of Dillsburg Presby- terian Church from 1830 to 1839. He was admitted to the bar in Beaver County in 1854, and elected prothonotary in 1855, and re- elected twice. He enlisted as a lieutenant in the Pennsylvania Reserves in 1861, but soon became assistant commissary general of the State, and afterward private secretary to Gov. Curtin. He next took command of the One Hundred and Thirty-fourth Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers and commanded it at the battle of Fredericksburg, and then was selected by Gov. Curtin, State agent and military secretary, which position he resigned to enter Pennsylvania Legislature from Beaver County. He has since shown great power and influence as a legislator and poli- tician. THE DILLS. Matthew Dill was one of the first settlers of the vicinity of Dillsburg, locating there about 1740. He came from county of Mon- agahan, Ireland. The name "Dill" is Dan- ish. The ancestors moved to England and some of them from thence to Scotland, during the time of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell. Matthew Dill, the immigrant, in 1749 became one of the court justices of York County, but before this had commanded a company against the Indians. He died October 13. 1750, aged fifty-two years. His remains were interred in the Presbyterian graveyard, a short distance west of Dill- burg, and the spot is marked by a marble slab. He had several sons, but none of his descendants by the same name now live in the village. Dr. A. B. Dill, of York Springs, is a descendant. Col. Matthew Dill, son of the settler, was very prominent in York County during the Revolution. Col. Richard McAllister, founder of Hanover, was chosen lieutenant of York County, an office created by the government, to organize all the militia of the county during the Revolution. He was married to a sister of Col. Dill whom he had appointed sub-lieutenant of York County. Col. Dill served in that office from January, 1781, to April, 1783, during which time he paid to various captains of companies |2,136 in government money. The names of those persons, most of whom lived in the upper end of York County, according to his account, paid by the government July 1, 1788, were William Dodds, Alexander Nesbitt, John O'Bleanes, Andrew Wilson, Thomas Gould, John McMaster, William Coulson, Francis Bonner, William Ashton, Daniel Williams, Peter Spese. Col. Dill commanded the Fifth Battalion of York County for three years, and was one of the framers of the constitution of 1790. For his services in the army he obtained a free patent for a tract of land three leagues square, on part of which Dillsburg is built, and on another part is a valuable ore bank. He was also granted a tract of land in Wash- ington County, Penn., now known as "Dill- wood." He married a second time. Late in life he moved to Fairfield, Adams County, where he died and was buried. He left seven sons. Col. Matthew Dill, Jr., Maj. James Dill, Col. John Dill, Capt. Thomas Dill, who was a student at Princeton College, entered the army and was wounded at the battle of Brandywine. He was afterward presented by his father the tract called "Dillwood," where he moved. His daughter Jane Dill married Henry Wilson, from whom descended Rev. Thomas B. Wilson, and whose children are Rev. Maurice Wilson, of Balti- more, and Rev. Calvin D.Wilson, of Harford County, Md. A second son of Jane Dill Wilson, was Rev. Samuel J. Wilson, D. D. LL. D. , late of Alleghany, Penn. , whose son Robert D. Wilson is a prominent lawyer of Pittsburgh. A daughter of Jane Dill Wilson viz. Eliz- abeth, was married to John Paxton, whose sons are Rev. John R. Paxton, a clfergyman in New York City, and Oapt. Wilson A. Paxton, of Washington, D. C. Dr. Armstrong Dill, a graduate of Prince- ton College, was a son of Col. Matthew Dill. He died at the age of twenty- seven years, December 31, 1788. His widow married Dr. Witherspoon, a signer of the Deularation of Independence. The following paragraph is copied from the United States Gazette, pub- lished in Philadelphia, and appeared June, 1791: WITHERSPOON-DILL.— Married, at Philadel- phia, Penn., on Monday evening^ the 30th ult., by Rev. Dr. Nesblt, President of Dickinson College, the Rev. Dr. John ' Witherspoon, President of Princeton College, to Mrs. Ann Dill, widow of Dr. Armstrong Dill, of York County, Penn., a lady of great beauty and merit. On Wednesday after the President's return to Princeton with his amiable wife, a deputation of CARROliL TOWNSHIP. 661 the students waited upon Mm to congratulate him upon the joyful occasion, and he politely gave them two days' holiday. In the evening, in regard to their worthy President, and to testify their joy on this happy marriage, the students illuminated the college, which afforded a grand and beautiful sight to the numerous spectators, who had assem- bled upon the occasion. There were 600 can- dles in the front of the college, which were lighted almost instantly on a signal given by the dis- charge of a cannon, and on a like signal they were all immediately extinguished. During the illumi- nation, which lasted about an hour, a number of students in the belfry entertained the great con- course of people who attended, with a most agreea- ble and delightful concert of music from different kinds of instruments. The whole was conducted with elegance and taste. Joy sparkled in every eye, And every heart was glad. BEAVERTOWN. A short distance above Dillsburg, about a half a century ago, a widow named Rebecca Beavernour kept a little confectionary store, and sold "cakes and beer," which.on account of the excellent quality, were very much coveted by the boys and girls of that day. Gradually a number of houses were built, until at present there are about thirty-live, owned mostly by workmen in the ore mines, and other laborers. The hamlet has had many names, but "Beavertown," using apart of the name of the founder, has been decided upon by the mayor and select council. John Hoffman conducts a store here. About 1876 the Evangelical Association built a "church here. The congregation now has about thirty members. Revs. Schleh, Davis, Wallace, Jarrett and Anthony have ministered to the congregation. CHDECH or THE UNITED BBETHKEN IN CHRIST. This house of worship is situated about seven-eighths of a mile from Dillsburg. In 1856 Micah Arnold, at his own expense, put up a small brick building on the same site, as a place of Union worship. On a marble tablet above the door, he placed the following inscription: : DOGWOOD SPRING MEETING HOUSE. I About this time Rev. Fohl and others be- gan preaching the doctrines of the United Brethren Church, and soon after Mr. Arnold presented his building to that denomination. In 1862, while Rev. Daniel Eberly was preaching on the circuit, an organization was effected. The pastors since then have been •J. Clem, John H.Young, J. O.Farrell, John Fohl, Samuel Young, J. Neidig, S. Bradford, L. A. Wickey, George W. Bingham, John O. Klippinger, William Quigley, and Samuel Wallace. In 1880 the present red brick church was built at a cost of $2,800. It is ecleBiastically known as "Arnold's Church," after the founder. The trustees were John Hoffman, Henry Kinter, Henry Bender, Dr. George P. Arnold and A. N. Bslinger. Membership is sixty. A Sunday-school is held in the church. William H. Weavers i superintend- ent. Pleasant View Chapel, near the Cumber- land line, is now used by the Dunkers and River Brethren. The first named denomina- tion have a house of worship in township called Walgemuth's Meeting House. The schools of Carroll for the year 1885 were under the control of the following named board of directors: Dr. George P. Arnold, president; John Underwood, secre- tary; Lewis Burtnet, William R. Cook, John W. Wireman and Jacob Peterman, Sr. The names of the school buildings are North- ern, Western, O'Hail's, Stony Run, Ham- ma's and Chronister's. The houses are in a very fair condition, and a healthy sentiment favorable to public education, prevails. THE TOWNSHIP OF FRANKLIN. THIS township was originally included in Monaghan. In 1808 a petition was pre- sented to the court asking for the erection of a new township, whereupon Henry Gentzler, Michael Spangler and George Julius were appointed viewers. They presented their re- port of the survey to the court, which was confirmed in 1809, Judge John Joseph Henry presiding. On the original draft "Dill Township" appears as the name, which was crossed and the present name written. Stony, or Fisher's Run, was made the eastern boun- dary of Franklin. In 1810 there were 175 taxable inhabitants in Franklin. The prop- erty valuation was $97,521. This is less than the present assessed valuation of Dills- burg, which then was a collection of but half a dozen houses. Michael Mumper, the larg- est land owner in the district, was assessed with 790 acres, valued at $7,740. Francis 663 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. CouJson was justice of the peace; William Butt, constable; Peter G. Arnold, Jarries Kennedy and Samuel Smith, inn-keepers. William Wireman, who also owned a tan- nery, and Solomon Marteemie were physi- cians; Peter Wolford owned a grist-mill, saw-mill and one slave; John Lease, a saw- mill; Jacob Knoop, a saw-mil] and grist-mill; Adam Ehrhart, a distillery, saw-mill and grist mill; Peter Kline, Michael Mumper and David Myers, each owned a distillery; Thom- as Furgeson was "the village schoolmaster :" Henry Deardorff, Jacob JDollheimer, ' John ;Deardorff, Abraham Frederick, William Heikes, Lemuel Heikes, William Heikes, William Kerr, Michael Kneisly, Jaob Lerew and Jacob Muntweiler were weavers. TOPO&EAPHY. Franklin was reduced to its present quad- rangular shape by the erection of Carroll out of parts of it and of Monaghan, in 1831. It is the extreme northwestern part of the county, with Cumberland County on the northern boundary, Adams County on the western, Car- roll on the eastern, and Washington on the southern. The South Mountains, which still contain wild turkeys, wild cats, and an occa- sional deer, extend across the northern part of the township, at an elevation of 1,000 feet above sea level. The township is drained by small tributaries of the Yellow Breeches and the north branch of the Bermudian. It lies within the Mesozoic sandstone belt, and con- tains much fertile and valuable farming land. In 1884 the number of taxable inhabitants was 390; valuation of real estate, 1421,003; county tax, $1,610; State tax, $116; popula- tion in 1880, including the borough, was 1,186. There are eighty- two townships in the United States, and thirty-one counties, which bear the honored name of Franklin. FRANKLINTOWN. This village is delightfully situated in the eastern corner of Franklin Township, with a commanding view of four townships: War- rington, Carroll, Washington and Franklin, all of which meet it a point, a short distance east of the town. Early in the present cen- tury, William Butt and Jacob Schultz con- ducted a store here, and kept a tavern on the site of the town. In the year 1813 a tract of land was surveyed and laid out in streets, and 186 lots. It being located on the road leading from Harrisburg to Baltimore, the main highway, sixty-one feet wide, was called Baltimore Street. The two running north and south parallel with it, were named Water and Church Streets. The three facing at right- angles to these were denominated North, Spring and South Streets. The town of Dillsburg, two miles north of this point, had already become a business center. The two villages were likely to become rivals. In order to sell the lots off rapidly,, the found- ers of the town, Butt & Schultz, instituted a lottery, and sold the tickets at $30. There were no blanks; each one drew a lot. A ticket for the store, valued at $1,000, and building in which it was kept, was included in the number. The "wheel of fortune"' turned to the original owners the much cov- eted prize, and they continued the mercantile business in the same house. Probably owing to this incident, the town did not at first prosper. The original name given was Franklin, but the disappointed persons who purchased tickets for $30, which was a con- siderable sum in those days for a small plat of ground, called it "Buttstown." This ap- pellation is not entirely forgotten. In 1849, which was thirty-six years after the town was laid out, there were only a dozen houses. About that time Capt. John Klugh purchased a number of vacant lots which had been drawn at the time of the lottery. He built some houses, sold some lots and encouraged building. The town then continued to grow. BUSINESS INDDSTKT. In the year 1826, Martin Carl succeeded Butt & Schultz in the mercantile business, and secured the establishment of a postoffice. He was followed in the same stand by Henry Bitter, David Leidig and Capt. John Klugh. The last-named gentleman who has done much for the interests of the village, was postmaster from 1861 to 1885. In the year 1882 he disposed of his store to his son-in- law, George Lehmer, who has recently fur- nished a new room with a large supply of goods, and succeeded as postmaster. A store has been kept in the northern end of the village in order of succession by Bitter & Leidig, Albert Growl, and for several years past by William Heiges. INCORPORATION. The town was incorporated in 1869, Dan- iel Hershey was the first chief burgess. A re-survey of the town plot was made by Joseph Ritner, civil engineer of Mechanicsburg, son of Gov. Ritner. The streets were graded and paved the same year. Population is 270. There is no hotel in the borough. The town council in 1885 was as follows; chief bur- gess, Jacob Lau; secretary, William Straley;. / >A y^ A^^ux^j±^ FKANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 663 Capt. John Klugh, George Byers, William Heiges, Luther D. Gettys and M. Burtner, councilinen. MILITARY. The Franklintown Guards was the name of a uniformed military company of fifty volunteer members, organized many years ago by Capt. John Hursh. His successors were Capts. George Klugh, George Harbold, and John Klugh. The last-named gentle- man is now a prominent citizen of the com- munity, and during the civil war raised a company that entered the Two Hundred and Seventh Regiment of Pensylvania Volunteers, and participated in the battles of Hatcher's Ran, Fort Steadman and Nottoway River in Virginia. The old Franklintown Guards was a well drilled company of infantry, which existed for fifteen years. CmlEOHES. United Brethren Church was built in 1849 at a cost of 11,000, Capt. John Klugh was the contractor. The building committee were David Heiges, Joseph Brenneman, and Valentine Elicker. The Sunday-school is superintended by Israel Heiges. This church belongs to York Springs Circuit, the pastor residing in the village. Evangelical Lutheran Church was built in 1884. The Lutherans of the village pre- viously worshiped with the congregation at the Franklin Church two miles distant. The pastor of the congregation is Rev. Henry Seiffert. The building committee under whose direction it was built were Capt. John Klugh, Jacob Lau, Frederick Murray, William Straley and P. R. Lehmer. A Sun- day-school of 100 pupils meets in it; George Evans is superintendent. BOEO0GH SCHOOLS. For the past few years a graded system has been adopted. During the last session Wil- liam H. Weaver and William H. Lehmer were the teachers. An annual appropriation of 165 is received from the State. The school board for 1885 is as follows: Peter Heiges, president; Capt. John Klugh, secre- tary; George Lehmer, treasurer; Jesse Wag- ner, A. B. Elicker and William Heiges. THE CHURCHES. St. John's Reformed and Lutheran Church. — This historic house of worship, better known as "The Franklin Church," is situated near the state road, a short distance south of the center of the township. Neither existing records nor tradition seem to es- tablish the date of the origin of the con- gregation that now worship here, nor the time when the first log, weather -boarded church was built, except that "it was more than a hundred years ago." The adjoining burying ground contains tombs that are a century old. Near the old church, for half a century, stood a building in which a school was kept that was supported by the congre- gations. The present two-story brick church was built in 1847, at a cost of $3,000. The building committee were Peter Wolford, George Dick and Jacob Stickel. The Re- formed pastors who preached here, as far back as they could be traced were Charles Helfenstein, Frederick W. Vandersloot and Edward Vandersloot. Since 1839 the vener- able Rev. Daniel Riegle has served the Re- formed congregation, whose membership is now 150. The Lutheran pastors were A. G. Deininger, Gotwald, Weil, Peter Sheurer, A. G. Deininger (second time), John Ulrich, Samuel Henry, J. Williams, Joseph R. Focht, Aaron Finfrock, Peter Warner, Jacob K. Bricker, E. Studebecker and Henry Seif- fert. The Lutheran membership is 120. A Union Sunday-school of about seventy pu- pils, is held in the church. Samuel Heiges is superintendent. South Mountain Union Church was built in 1867, and dedicated by Revs. Warner, Fohl, and Hunter. Rev. Samuel Diller su- perintended the building of the church, which cost |1, 500. There is no church or- ganization here, but services are held in the building by clergymen of the Evangelical Association United Brethren in Christ, Ger- man Baptist and Church of God. John Ar- nold is church superintendent; Jacob Brandt, George P. Weaver, Abraham Flemming, Sam- uel John and J. M. Sollenberger are the trustees. A Sunday-school was organized in 1868. Its membership is sixty- five. G. W. Brandt is superintendent. Harmony Bethel. — This church belongs to the Church of God, an order of Baptists. The house was built in 1877, Abraham Flem- ming being the chief contributor toward pay- ing for the church, whose cost was 1800. The pastors who have ministered to the con- gregation are O. H Betts, William Sanborn, Daniel Mumma, and Frank Bardeens. TOWNSHIP SCHOOLS. There are six school buildings in Frank- lin, in good condition, bearing the following names: Locust Grove, Central, Chestnut Hill, Bender's, Glenwood, and Mountain. For 1885 David Carl was president of school 664 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. board; Cornelius Murray, secretary; Will- iam Weaver, treasurer; J. Gasswent, Abra- ham Flemming and George Spahr, directors. The State appropriation to this township for 1884, was $322. THE TOWNSHIP OF WAERINGTON. IN 1744 Thomas Cookson, deputy surveyor of Lancaster County assisted by William Richardson laid off the township of War- rington. The original shape of this town- ship was that of an irregular pentagon, ex- tending northeast and southeast, and includ- ed the present township of Washington and a small portion of what is now Adams County, with the Conewago Creek as its southeastern boundary, Newberry to the east and Mona- ghan to the north. The names of many first settlers of this and adjoining townships will be found in the article in this work on "The Friends or Quakers." Warrington, like the names of nearly aU the original townships of York County, is English. There is a town and township by that name along the Mersey Eiver, in Lancashire, England. Many ac- tions between the royal and parliamentary forces took place on its soil during the civil wars of England. The Friends of Bucks County, Penn., gave a township the same name, and two or three post villages in the United States also bear it. BODNDART LINE FIXED. Previous to 1770 a small section of War- rington extended south of the Conewago, and gave rise to disputes and inconvenience. The Conewago and the Bermudian formed the dividing line between the early settlements of the Quakers and the Germans, conse- quently a petition, dated the fourth month, twenty-fourth day, 1770, asked the court to establish a definite boundary, con- ceding the ' 'little corner" to Dover Township. The names of the petitioners were Peter Cook, William Griffith, William Garrett- son, William Penrose, William Thom- as, Robert Nelson, Jacob Williams, Samuel Cook, Thomas Atherton, William McClellan, Thomas Bdmundson, Robert McMullin, Thomas Leech, Henry Atherton, Robert Thomson, Richard Ross, Nathan Philips, John Clarke, Robert Madson, Joseph Bentz, William Underwood, William Gardner and Samuel Nelson. The petition was granted. The small tract mentioned is located a short distance below the "stone bridge." It in- cluded only a few farms at the bend of the stream. WAEBINGTON IN 1783. The following is a list of taxable inhabit- ants of Warrington Township for the year 1783, together with the valuation of property and number of acres owned by each person. It includes also the present territory of Washington: John Alcock (weaver) £ 9' Peter Ashefelt, 100 acres 134 Michael Asher, 150 acres Philip Bartmess, 100 acres ■. 13^ Peter Bentz 14 Peter Arnold, 156 acres 313 Joseph Bennet (cooper) 9 Brice Blair, 100 acres 273 Thomas Brunton Peter Bower, 66 acres 138 Abraham Bales, 50 acres _. 635 Jacob Bawman, 150 acres ". 243- John Brinton, 100 acres 94 Charles Brouster (wheelwright), 25 acres 42 William Butt, 100 acres 448 Thomas Black (tailor), 186 acres 81 Henry Beam, 50 acres 45 George Boyd, 50 acres 179' Daniel Brand, 100 acres 34 Andrew Bower, 170 acres 339 Michael Bower, 150 acres 440 Martin Binder, 200 acres John Blair, 50 acres > 61 Jacob Brindle, 150 acres 651 Jacob Brough, 250 acres 543 Jacob Bream, 100 acres 171 Moses Baker, 150 acres 347 Henry Billey (weaver) 16 Peter Beisel 16 Joseph Beisel, 150 acres 179 Joseph Bentz, 150 acres 290 John Bentz, 100 acres 187 Felix Bensley, 200 acres 346 Jacob Bream, 90 acres Ill David Bew, 100 acres 89 James Barkison (Inn-keeper) 841 Peter Cline » Matthew Cooper, 200 acres 13 Nicholas Cimble, 260 acres 353 John Cough 26 William Coxen, 2 acres 450 Jacob Cox 158 Widow Cough, 100 acres 201 Conrad Cronister (cooper) 19 David Cadwalader 15 Samuel Cook, 150 acres 144 Martin Claudy, 125 acres 158 William Clark 32 William Contry 26 John Crawford, 20 acres 9 Widow Cox, 80 acres 180 Abraham Cox, 90 acres 170 William Cox, 200 acres 450 William Cox, Jr., 100 acres 145 Samuel Cooper, 90 acres 64 Adam Cramer, 150 acres 360 John Cramer 16 Peter Clever, 150 acres 225 Joseph Cook (saddler), 100 acres 150 Anthony Deardurf, 150 acres , 135 John Davis, 144 acres 861 ■Toshua Davis Nehemiah Dean, 50 acres £15 10s James Denniston, 263 acres 489' WARRINGTON TOWNSHIP. 665 Walter Denny £ 9 James Driver, 60 acres 154 George Elley, 100 acres , 329 Widow Edmonson, 200 acres 501 Thomas Edmonson, 200 acres 511 Henry Etherton, 100 acres 164 Richard Etherton, 150 acres 358 Widow Blackford 116 James Cadwalader 125 acres 190 Ezekel Frazier, 50 acres 49 Daniel Fahnastock, 100 acres 241 Boreas Fahnastock, 100 acres 208 Benjamin Fahnastock, 100 acres 237 Widow Fahnastock 350 Philip Frankleberg, 50 acres 109 James Fegan (tailor), 24 John Fulweiler, 100 acres 186 Michael Fulweiler, 67 acres (potter) 132 Henry Foster, 50 acres 105 Philip Fqgelsong, 60 acres 182 William Fara, 100 acres 240 Moses Frazier, 200 acres 85 Joseph Green (carpenter) 128 John Garretson, 200 acres 383 Aaron Garretson 38 William Garretson, 250 acres 407 John Garretson (weaver) 26 Daniel Glass, 80 acres , 83 Joseph Grist, 200 acres 337 Hugh Guin 36 Widow Griffith, 250 acres 329 Jacob Griffith, 68 acres 85 David Griffith, 68 acres 68 Abraham Griffith, 68 acres 68 JohnGillespy 17 Peter Gardner, 350 acres 670 John Gilespy Henry Holland, 50 acres 28 Widow Hole, 100 acres 106 Samuel Hole, 57 acres 120 John Hover, 150 acres 149 Dewald Hess, 150 acres 182 Frederic Herman, 150 acres 263 Richard Hussey, 200 acres 216 William Howe, 45 acres 63 Peter HoUow, 230 acres 706 Peter Henry 191 David Jordan, 250 acres (blacksmith) 334 Amos Jones 9 Thomas Kirk (carpenter) 25 Anthony Kneisly 22 Anthony Kneisly, 200 acres 361 John Kneisly 32 Michael King (cordwainer), 200 acres 222 Frederic King 24 James Kennedy 12 Francis Lamnet, 180 acres 160 John Learner 733 Peter Latshaw, 100 acres 338 Thomas Leach, 150 acres 387 John-Moody Samuel Maughlin,200 acres 336 Isaac Morgan 21 Philip Meinhardt, 200 acres 443 William Maughlln, 150 acres 259 John Mash, 140 acres 200 Jonathan Mash, 200 acres 350 George McMullen, 150 acres 230 John McMullen, 200 acres 300 William McMullen, 130 acres 200 Widow Holland, 85 acres 31 Hugh Maughlin, 100 acres 233 John Moody, 295 acres 176 John May, 100 acres 170 Gravener Mash, 250 acres 436 John McFadden 33 Peter Millhouse 22 Peter Mash, 150 acres 341 John Mull (cordwainer) £ John McClellan, 285 acres 502 Matthew McMullen (weaver) 19 Robert McMullen, 100 acres 100 Samuel McMullen, 300 acres 436 Charles McClure, 100 53 James McClure, 50 acres 59 William Morrison, 200 acres 359 Joseph Morris 9 William Nevet, 100 acres 175 Christian Newcomer, 110 acres 618 Robert Nelson, 200 acres .• 236 William Nevet, Sr., 800 acres John Nesbit, 200 acres 390 Alex Nesbit, 100 acres 133 Jacob Nervy 22 Widow Owings ^ 10 Nathan Philips, 50 acres 74 William Penrose, 200 acres 305 John Philips, 50 acres ■. 74 Thomas Penrose 33 Robert Parks, 150 acres 132 Andrew Russ, 150 acres 347 Frederic Russ, 150 acres 858 Alex. Ross, 175 acres 264 Peter Smith, 150 acres 436 John Smith, 150 acres 511 Thomas Shipton 13 William Squibb, 30 acres 48 Thomas Shanks, 150 acres 275 William Smart (carpenter) 26 John StoufEer, 200 acres 389 Philip Sherer, 150 acres , 201 Balthaser Smith, 100 acres 248 George Stickle, 90 acres 183 Peter Stickle, 100 acres 198 Jacob Stickle, 130 acres 233 Widow Stevenson, 850 acres 358 Joseph Spangler, 6 acres 60 Christian Stickle, 50 acres 14 David Sherer 24 William Sims 60 Jacob Swigert, 50 acres 89 Widow Thomas, 50 acres 32 Jehu Thomas, 100 acres 117 Anthony Trimmer, 300 acres 432 Michael Tedrow, 150 acres 274 James Thomas, 370 acres 372 10s Joseph Taylor, 100 acres 163 John Thomas 12 Alexander Underwood, 150 acres 303 Elihu Underwood, Sr., 100 acres 246 Zephaniah Underwood (schoolmaster) 30 Elihu Underwood (schoolmaster) Benjamin Underwood, 228 acres William Underwood, 150 acres William Updegraff 41 Dietriech Uppough, 150 acres 238 Michael Ury, 150 acres 354 Widow Ury 164 Robert Vale, Sr., 150 acres 234 Robert Vale, Jr. (or Veal), 100 acres 129 Joshua Vale 30 William Vale, 100 acres 104 Jacob Vore (cordwainer) 137 Isaac Vore, 150 acres 30 Jesse Vore, 100 acres 123 Henry Weaver, 130 acres 216 Benjamin William, 50 acres 40 A bel Walker, 150 acres 145 Benjamin Walker, 200 acres 342 Adam Wiley, 100 acres 139 William Witherow, 170 acres 141 John Witherow, 150 acres 350 Jacob Williams , 14 Abraham Williams, 100 acres 55 John Wright, 243 acres 399 Aaron Wright, 60 acres ". 18 666 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. Widow Wickersham, 50 acres £ 91 William Webb, 100 acres 64 Mordecai Williams, 128 acres 153 Widow Wissel Peter Sprenkle, 89 acres 289 WilliamFell, 200 acres 100 Jacob Bales, 50 acres 25 Daniel Peterson, 15 acres 10 Isaiah McNeas 10 Peter Bissel SINGLE MEN. Brice Blair. Lazarus Nelson. Jacob Brinley. Mordecai Pew. Josepb Cox. Henry Smith. George Cough. David Shanks. William Enas. Jonah Thomas. Philip Pogelsong. George Uppough.. Samuel Moody. John Underwood. John Mash. John Driver. Jacob Cline. Teaghart Butt, Christian Newcomer. Daniel Davis. Samuel Nelson. John Arnold. David Griffith. John Arnold. Jonathan Mash. Morgan Jones. John Mash. Thomas Jeannians. , James Stephenson. William Kees. Reuben Tedrow. Joshua Kennedy. Philip Uppach. Conrad Leamer. Henry Cramer. John McClellan. Jonathan Mash. George McMullen. Thomas McMullen. Thomas McMullen. Thomas Nelson. Robert Maughlin. John Penrose. Joseph Morrison. Samuel Smith. Samuel Morrison. John Smith. Samuel McAlwa. Daniel Guing. James Nelson. Christopher Bean. Thomas Popp. Conrad Beats. Samuel Beissel. Alexander Ross. Abraham Beissell. Thomas Cox. Michael Pressel. Peter Cough. Manus Smith. Peter Cleaver. James Shanks. Joseph Grist. John Sherer. George Hoover. Michael Tudro. Peter Arnold. Conrad Uppough. Jacob Underwood. Elis Underwood. TOPOGRAPHY. ■Warrington was reduced in its limits in 1803, by the formation of Washington out of the southwestern end of it, and as at present formed has for its northern bound- ary the townships of Carrol], Monaghan and a portion of Fairview, with Newberry to the east, Dover to the south, and Washington to the west. The surface is undulating and portions of it mountainous. There is a great variety of soil, some of which is very fertile. It is drained by the Oonowago and its branches. The general slope of the land is southward. BOUND TOP. Round Top is an isolated peak in the ex- treme northern part of the township, and it may tell its own tale. Tradition is very sel- dom history, but the story of Round Top is true. " You come to me for history; ah! my dear sir, I am older than history, and I know it all; but I have never before spoken. Away back in the dim mists of the past I was born, and being proud of my birth, I tossed my crest heavenward, 1,100 feet above the sea, and 600 feet above the plains immediately around me. Such was my origin. There was then a mighty convulsion of nature, and old mother earth shook from center to circumference. This occurred before the wooded forests, the fowls of the air, the beasts of the sea, the untutored red man, or the adventurous Quaker settler, were present to witness the thrilling scene. Hence, for thousands . and tens of thousands of years, have I been a silent monitor, to guard the destiny of the surrounding country. First to my fold came the birds and the beasts, and then a copper-colored people who built their temporary wigwams around my rooky base. Centuries passed, and to my summit in 1735, came a few white settlers from the East to gaze on the wooded plains below me, and select a spot for their future habitations. The red man was still here, and for a time the scattered few of both races lived in har- mony. The one derived his subsistence from hunting and fishing, and the other by felling trees, clearing the land and tilling the soil. There was a clash of arms between these people, and in 1755, America's great philosopher, Benjamin Franklin, with four other whites, met representative Indian Chiefs, not far to the north, within my field of vision, to make a treaty of peace; but soon your own people passed by my side armed for a conflict with this tawny race. Twenty- one years passed, and my new neighbors de- termined to govern themselves. One year later and the noblest patriots the world has ever seen, came on horseback toward the town of York to make it the capital of the United States, and escape the imminent perils of an invading foreign foe. I gazed down on them with intense interest, and wel- comed them to my dominions, within which they remained for nine long months. The fates were propitious and they returned to the city of brotherly love. Thirty-seven years rolled by and I gazed in weird astonishment upon a motley group of 12,000 citizen soldiers, from the east the west and the north, collecting at York by order of the State executive, to impede the progress of the same foreign enemy, whose unprincipled leader had already destroyed the capitol at Washington. When near the Monumental City, he fell, an inglorious vic- tim to the well- directed aim of two young men, and the gallant sons of toil who had gathered at York were sent home to their farms and work-shops. WARRINGTON TOWNSHIP. 687 Forty-nine years more of peace and pros- perity reigned supreme; my dominions were changed from wooded forests to fertile fields of waving grain and golden corn. The val- leys smiled in vernal beauty, and the hill- sides teemed with a busy people. My joy was unbdunded, when suddenly piercing through the mountain gaps far to the south- west, came an invading army 90,000 strong, marching with hostile intent toward my own beloved county seat. I seemed to know them in their suits of grey, as they were not a foreign foe. From the South, with hasten- ing pace, came an equal number of boys in blue, eager for the coming fray, and within my own horizon there was a booming of cannon, a rattle of musketry and a clash of sabers, such as never before was equaled on the American continent. It was a family quarrel, and the world looked on in silent wonder. It is all ended now, and our nation is at peace. Within my circular horizon now are included parts of two States, and many counties in which liye a thrifty and prosper- ous people, and if I should ever speak again may my story be less thrilling." The golden orb of day was just setting be- hind the western hills, the canopy above was clothed in a roseate hue, the valleys below and all around were bathed in liquid light, the trees were covered with the changing foli- age of variegated autumnal tints, and all nature smiled in radiant beauty, as we re- traced our steps down the steep descent of the mountain on the occasion of a delightful visit October 24, 1884. ROSSVILLE. The regign of country around this village was thickly settled at the time of the Kevo- lution. The town is named after William Boss, who owned the house now the property of Henry Gardner, and also a tannery near 1 by. The name was given to the place in 1815, when the postoflBce was established here, and Samuel Smith, uncle of William Smith, drug- gist of York, became first postmaster, and kept a store. In 1822 his store and Alexan- der Underwood's tavern were burned. The house now owned by Matthew Spangler was used as a hotel for more than half a century. In early days this was a prominent stop- ping place on the route between York and Carlisle. There is no hotel in the entire township now. Michael WoUet became post- master in 1830. W. L. Gardner for a number of years conducted a mercantile business here, and was succeeded in 1884 by George Smith, both of whom were postmasters. John C. Nesbit, who died near Eossville a few years ago, was a mathematician of more than local note. The tannery owned by William Eoss was greatly damaged by the flood of Beaver, Creek for a description of which see article on page 476 in this work. CHUECHES. The Union Church of the Lutheran and Eef ormed, and other denominations near Eossville, was built' in 1819. It was dedicat- ed on the 11th of June, 1820. The officiat- ing clergymen were J. G. Schmueker, D. D., J. McKnight, D. D., and Bev. Ebach. A few years ago the old building was re- moved. The Lutheran Church. — The Lutheran and Reformed congregations worshiped in the Union Church, standing at the road lead- ing from York to Carlisle, about one mile from RossviDe. The Lutheran, numbering then about 200, thought it would be to their advantage if they had a building of their own. A meeting was called by Bev. James Harkey, some time in 1848, when it was agreed to build a church. A building com- mittee was chosen, which consisted of the following: Messrs. D. Hobaugh, T. T. Gard- ner, W. Bushy, J. Bushy and J. Draw- baugh. Mr. Gardner donated the Lutheran congregation one acre of ground to build the church. The work of building began in the summer of 1849, the corner-stone was laid September 29, 1849, by Bev. James Harkey, assisted by Eevs. Keller and S. Harkey, from Fredericksburg, and was dedicated in the winter of the same year. The following min- isters have been elected as regular pastors: James Harkey, J. P. Focht, A. Finfrock, D. Sell, J. K. Bricker, S. Dasher, H. Seifert, J. F. Dietrich, E. Minter, A. Stump and A. B. Erhard. For 1885 the elders are A. Bentz, D. Hobaugh, A. B. Elecker, T. T. Gardner, J. Ritter, J. Weirman, G. Seifort; deacons, A. B. Elecker, J. Moody, A. Bentz, H.'J. Gardner, J. Wierman, W. McClellan and N. H. Spangler. Church membership, eighty- seven. Sunday-school scholars enrolled, ninety-five. Names of superintendents, T. T. Gardner, A. B. Elecker (deceased), W. McClellan. The Reformed Church near Eossville was built in 1869, at a cost of $1,600. • James Comfort and John Spangler were the build- ing committee. The preachers who officiated here since 1869 have been Aaron Spangler, Aaron Leisse, A. Wanner, D. D. and G. H. Derr. The membership is about thirty. L. Spangler was for many years superin- HISTOEY OF YOBK COUNTY. tendent of the Sunday-school. David Wit- mer succeeded him. WELLSVILLE. This town was the direct result of the whip factory here and was started about the year 1843. It is located on land taken up by William Ailes about 1737. The land around it is quite fertile, and the village presents a neat and attractive appearance. It was once visited by a destructive fire. Mr. Harlacher is the village store-keeper and Dr. Garretson has recently been appointed post- master. August 7, 1872, Wellsville was granted a money order office. The popula- tion in 1880 was 125. The town is situated in the west end of the township on the road from York to Dillsburg. Well's Whip Factory — Thisj industry originated in York, in 1837, with Mclntyre & Wells, Judge Mclntyre and Abraham Wells forming the copartnership. In 1841 the factory was moved to Wellsville, the home of Abraham Wells, and John E. Wells became a partner. They also started a tan- nery. In 1859 a branch establishment was started at Pittsburgh. At this time William Riddle became a partner and the firm was changed to Wells, Eiddle & Co. This partnership ceased in 1865. During the civil war this firm did an extensive business in making all kinds of whips for the general trade, and furnished the United States gov- ernment with several large contracts of artil- lery whips and belts. Sixty 'of the em- ployees at different times during the war entered the Union army. About this time, in the establishments at Wellsville and at Pittsburgh, 150 workmen were employed, and, on account of the scarcity of hands, boys from the House of Refuge of Western Pennsylvania were taken and trained to work in the whip factory. When the business, in 1865, was discon- tinued at Pittsburgh, the firm changed again ' to A. & J. E. Wells, and all the interests re- moved to Wellsville. Abraham Wells, the senior member of the firm, died in 1870, and the business was then continued by J. E. Wells & Co. , with James Gowen Wells, a son of Abraham Wells, as a partner. In 1878 the Wells Whip Company was formed, under whose direction the present extensive busi- ness is conducted. Twelve traveling sales- men are regularly employed. The old build- ing first used is still standing near by the new factory, which was erected in 1880. A fifteen horse-power engine, and a thirty horse-power boiler are used as a motive pow- er to run the machinery. The new building is heated by steam. All kinds of whips now in use are made here, and a business of 1100,- 000 annually is done. About forty employes, men and women, are at present (1885) at work in the home factory. The same fiirm^ by a special contract with the legislature of New Jersey, have a leather whip factory in the State prison at Trenton, at which place about forty men are employed. Thirty or forty of the employes at the home factory, at different times, have been boys from Girard College, Philadelphia. The handsome, large dwelling house, of an excellent quality of native sandstone, was erected by Abraham Wells in the year 1868, at a cost of |] 2,000. The manager of the factory, R. J. Belt, has recently built a cot- tage within a short distance of the factory. THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHUBCH. Religious services were held by the Meth- odists in the vicinity of Wellsville as early as 1830. Meetings were conducted by Method- ists in the farm house of Edward Wells (now owned by Jacob Brenneman) and the dwell- ings of Abraham Harman and Mrs. Wolge- muth. Permission was obtained to use the old frame schoolhouse which stood one-half mile northwest of the present limits of the village. For nearly 100 years the Society of Friends was the only religious sect that con- ducted meetings in the vicinity. The Quakers allowed, and even yet permit people of all religious beliefs to inter the remains of their dead in the graveyard adjoining the Quaker Meeting House. This is the only burial place in the neighborhood. Some of the early Methodist clergymen who preached here were George . Cooper, H. Bo^gs, John Monroe and William Prettyman. Arrangements were made to build a church. Abraham Wells presented the lot, and |2, 200 were raised by subscription. The corner- stone was laid in 1852, and the building completed in 1853. The dedicatory services were conducted the same year by Rev. Dr. Wentworth, of Dickinson College. The building committee were Daniel Coover, Abraham Wells, J. E. Wells, George Heyd, Joseph Mosser, Wells A. Farrah, and Jacob Byers. Revs. John Monroe and Will- iam Gwynn traveled the circuit at that time. Many changes have been made since. Rev. Joseph P. Anderson, of Dillsburg, was the pastor for 1885. The church membership is about ninety communicants. E. A. Bell is president of the board of trustees; T. B. Hoover, secretary, and C. F. Ross, treasurer. The flourishing Sunday-school which is WARRINGTON TOWNSHIP. 669 connected with this church, was organized in 1842 in the old schoolhouse, with George Bushey as superintendent, and Catharine Harman, assistant superintendent. It now numbers 165 pupils and teachers. Charles N. Kuhn has been its eflQcient superintend- ent since 1876. MOUNT TOP. This elevated point, located in the extreme western part of the township, near the bor- der of Washington, is a business center for the surrounding country. In the year 1849, Jacob Gensler began store-keeping, which he continued several years, and then moved to the State of Michigan. He was succeeded by Michael Sheafifer, J. Myers and Hezekiah Lau. In 1861, while J. C. Bower was conduct- ing a store here, he applied for and secured a postoffice. It was then that the locality received the name of "Mount Top." In 1864 Michael Anthony became postmaster and proprietor of the store. He was suc- ceeded by his son, C. C. Anthony. MOUNT TOP HORSE COMPANY. A number of the farmers of Warrington and adjoining townships, for the purposes of mutual protection, organized a company with the above title. A charter was received in 1884. The object of the company is a pro- tection to members against horse stealing. The board of directors is as follows: Pres- ident, Millard J. Blackford; vice-president, William Kimmel; secretary, C. C. Anthony; treasurer, Solomon Bentz. The directors from Warrington are Ephraira Smith and John Wireman; from Washington, AV. K. Strayer and Jacob Gochenour; from Franklin, George Grove and John T. Smith; from Carroll, Dr. P. D. Baker and John McCreary ; from Latimore, Adams County, Daniel Stitzel. The regular place of meeting is Mount Top. ALPINE. Alpine is a small village, which received its historic name from the romantic surround- ings. For many years the place was known as Ramsey's Store. The present name was given when a postoffice was secured, during the Centennial year. At this place Joseph Updegrafif commenced store-keeping half a century ago. He was succeeded by Eli Fis- sel, G. Darrone, Isaac Walker,WilIiam Ram- sey and W. W. Ramsey. Alpine is located on an eminence in the eastern part of War- rington, midway between York and Harris- burg, almost on a direct line and thirteen miles from either place. MAYTOWN. Maytown is a hamlet of half a dozea houses in the extreme eastern part of War- rington, on the road from Lewisberry to Rossville. It obtained its name from the fact that families by the name of May have long resided there. In 1871 the present United Brethren Church was built near the village in a beautiful grove, which, when visited by the writer, was clothed in all the variegated charms of autumnal foliage. Before the erection of this church services were held ia a schoolhouse. HOUSES OF WORSHIP-.. The Quaker Meeting House. — The historiffi old building located near the village of Wellsville, surrounded by a beautiful grove of native trees, is one of the landnaarks of the county. For more than a century it was the central point of interest in the township^ A cut of it will be found in the article oni "The Friends, or Quakers," in the front part of this work. Salem Church of the Evangelical Associa- tion. —As early as 1820 religious services of this denomination were held in Warriogtoa in private houses, and in a schoolhouse. The church with the above name was. built iin 1849. The building committee were H. Bierbower, J. M. Ettinger, E, Boring. George Glatfelter and M. Lentz.. The congrega tion was then in the Gettysbuirg Cireudt. The membership is now twenty-one. Trnsinea are Henry Wentz and Daniel Stickel. In 1861 the circuit was divided and the Con.e>- wago Circuit formed. In 1872 the name was changed to Lewisberry Circuit. The names of the pastors in order of sua- cession from 1849 to 1885 are as follows; Daniel Kramer, B. F. Hall, J. C. Sunger, E. B. Wilson, S. W. Seibert, Henry Althous, S. W. Seibert, S. Aurand, George Hunteifj W. C. Detwiler, W. Reeser, J. C. Farns.- worth, A. L. Reeser, H. A. Detirich, A. W. Kramer, J. A. Irvine, H. N. Wallace, S. E. Davis, B. F. Anthony, L.. Dice and J. D, Shortess. Blue Ridge Biethel at Alpine was b»ilt in 1856 by the Evangelical Association. Services were held first in a schoolhouse fof twenty- years before the c-hurch was built. The church lot was surveyed by an erratic recluse with considerable native intelligence, audi known to all the country around as "Sammy Fettrow, the doctor, lawyer and s-urv&yor. '* The building cost $1,000, and was dedioatecj by Rev. Adam Ettinger. The building com- mittee were William Ramsey, Daniel Shettec 670 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. and Ezekiel Boring. The pastor for 1885 was L. Dise, of the Lewisberry Circuit, to which the church belongs. Membership about forty. A Sunday-school is held in the audience room. Mount Airy Church of the Evangelical Association. — This church was built in 1883. About 1868 a class was formed in the vicinity, ■a schoolhouse was purchased and first used as a place of worship, The building committee of the new church were Rev. L. Dise, pastor, C. Bushey, John Ferrence, John Miller and Morris Smith. There is a Sunday-school of seventy pupils. L. C. Bushey is the super- intendent. The church. membership is thirty. Trustees, Frederick Myers, John Ferrence and J. B. John. The church stands on ele- vated ground. Fortney Postoffice was estab- lished here in 1882. A store was kept at this place by Daniel Bierbower for many years. Church of God.— Religious services were held under the auspices of this denomination in Warrington as .early as 1855^ and con- ducted at stated times by ministers who served as supplies until April 1, 1884, when Frank L. Bardens became the regular pastor. The church now owned by the congregation was built through the energies of Elder R. E. Reever at a cost of $1,000, and dedicated May 21, 1883. Elder G. W. Seilhammer preached the dedicatory sermon. David Brillhart and H. Kapp have served as elders of this church, and William Beitner, G. Spangler and Wesley Weigle as deacons. Mount Zion Church of the United Breth- ren in Christ in Warrington was built more than a fourth of a century ago. It is now in York Springs Circuit, and the pastor resides at Franklintown. Pastors' names will be found in history of the United Brethren Church in Carroll. The membership of Mount Zion Church is forty-nine. A Sunday- school of 'sixty pupils is superintended by William Morthland. The trustees for 1885 are Millard J. Blackford, William Beitzel and Philip Altland. VISIT or LORENZO DOW. Rehoboth Meeting House was a place of worship and schoolhouse located in the east- ern part of Warrington. It accidentally caught fire in 1835, was burned, and never after rebuilt. It was used principally by the Methodists. During the winter of 1829-30 Daniel M. Bttinger, the well-known surveyor and citizen of York, was teaching a school in this building when the erratic yet world- renowned evangelist, Lorenzo Dow, visited Warrington and preached to a large audience in Rehoboth Meeting House. His text was, " The end of all things is at hand." In the course of his sermon he related how he and his brother had put an end to a robin's nest on one of his father's apple trees, and for the misdeed received such an application as boys seldom relish or appreciate; but, he said, "the end of that robin's nest was at hand," and he destroyed no more. This visit of Dow was made soon after his return from England, when 5 shillings were paid in that country to hear him preach or lecture. The next evening he preached at Lewisberry. HISTOKICAL FACTS AND INCIDENTS. Among the first immigrants to Warrington was William Griffith, who "took up" land now owned by his descendants above Ross- ville. Another immigrant at same time in 1736, obtained a warrant for the land now owned by Frank Elcock; a third located land near the Conewago. They came from New- castle County, Del. James Lenox, the first surveyor of this section, was an Englishman, and owned large tracts of land which he disposed of to new settlers, as they arrived. Tradition says the first Quaker settlers of this township crossed the Susquehanna at Wright's Ferry, obtained permits for land, passed across the county, here and there meeting an occasional settler. They came either on foot, or on pack horses, camped out, had with them rifles, and a few of the sim- pler agricultural implements. They built cabins, cleared small tracts of land, sowed grain, went back to their former homes to relate their experiences, and prepare to re- turn the next summer, to reap the first har- vest, some of them bringing with them young wives to share their experiences of backwoods life among the Indians who were their neigh- bors. William Griffith, great-grandfather of James Griffith, of Warrington, died in the township at the age of one' hundred and five, and his remains were interred in the Friends' burying ground. He came to Amer- ica with William Penn. He often related the following interesting incident: In 1736 and later, a party of Indians were neighbors to the early settlers about the site of Rossville. Among those who had their wigwams near the site of Ross' Tannery, was a very old Indian. . One day Griffith and his comrades saw the young Indians build a large fire and went to inquire for what purpose, as they were on friendly terms with them. They were horrified with the response, saying, "Burn -old man, no hunt, WARRINGTON TOWNSHIP. 67 i no fish, only eat, no longer good Indian." The kindly intervention of the friendly whites finally caused them to desist from their cruel custom of burning the aged and infirm, which was not uncommon among our aborigines. Many Indian darts and spears made of native blue stone or quartz, have been found in this locality. A number of interesting Indian relics, arrow heads, spear points and hatchets, all of stone, have been found on the farm of Levi Spangler, along the Warrington side of the Conewago, below the stone bridge. On both sides of the stream here, from Emig's Mill to Kunkel's Mill, is the fertile Conewago Valley, containing many beautiful and level tracts on which the Indians frequently en- camped, and pursued their vocation of hunt- ing and fishing. William Griffith, son of the immigrant, was once lost in the dense woods surrounding Eound Top Mountain, remained out over night, and died from the results of exposure and excitement. His son, Abraham Griffith, could read and shoot squirels at the age of ninety-five years, and died aged ninety-six. The property near the foot of the mount- ain, now owned by John Krall, was once in possession of Gen. Henry Miller, of Kevo- Jutionary fame, whose biography appears elsewhere. For half a century or more it was the site of one of the old-time taverns in which was introdliced a " Frank- lin" stove, built in the tire-place, one of the first in that section. Frederick Watt, father of Judge Watt, of Carlisle, once owned it. James Mitchell, one of the first congress- men who represented York County, lived in Warrington on the State road, six miles southeast of Dillsburg. He interested his neighbors by bringing home relics from Washington. David Cadwalader, of Warring- ton, his nephew, owns the cane used by him when a representative in Congress. By an act of the General Assembly of Pennsylvania in 1784, the Conewago Creek was made a public highway aa far up the stream as Emig's Mills. Street Hill is a singular geological forma- tion of dolerite, extending northeast and southwest in Warrington, a short distance north of the Conewago. The name was used as early as 1748 by a surveyor, who lo- cated a road across it toward York. It is now locally known as " Straight Hill. A level course of two miles in length in the east end of Warrington, on the road leading from the Newberry Friends' Meeting House to the Warrington Meeting House, for a century past has been called th6 "Quaker Race- ground." The young members of the society on the way back and forth from at- tending their monthly meetings, used this in- viting place to try the speed of their horses. On the Hobaugh farm in Warrington, exists. a singular geological feature of great inter- est, familiarly known in the vicinity as "Ship Rocks. " They are dolerite rocks, about twelve> in number, some of them of immense propor- tions. The largest ones bear a striking re- semblance to a sailing vessal, from which characteristic the name originated. They lie entirely on the surface. One of them, forty feet long, ten feet high and eight feet thick, lies beside a near neighbor of similar dimensions, from which it was evidently separated by a convulsion of nature during a remote period of the world's history. This cluster of surface rocks covers an area of half an acre. Portions of the wooded tracts in the eastern part of Warrington are nearly covered with bowlders. Fine specimens of copper ore have been, found in Warrington, but not as yet in suffi- cient quantities to be profitably mined. The cultivation of strawberries has become a profitable business in the eastern part of Warrington. In 1884 F. S. Myers raised 4, - 000 boxes on two acres, and 2,000 boxes of raspberries on the same number of acres. Frederick Myers raised 6, 500 boxes of straw- berries the same year; Benjamin Bailetts, 5,000; Jeremiah Boring, a short distance east in Newberry, raised 8,000 boxes of strawber- ries in 1884. The amount of 4,000 boxes of berries to the acre can be raised in a good season. This fruit is sold in York and Har risburg. A court record directs the building of a wooden bridge over the Conewago Creek on, the road to Carlisle from York in' 1765. The- old stone bridge now there, was biiilt between 1811 and 1814. It cost $4,000. The eon- tractor, tradition says, found he was going to lose money, hence he secured all the labor and material he could on credit. When the bridge was completed, he disappeared with the money received from the county author- ities, and did not pay his employes or any creditori. A roo' on the house of Levi Spangler near this bridge is still in good condition. It was placed on the house in 1822. The shingles then cost |5 per 1,000, and boards $7 per 1,000 feet. The same year was the great drought, when the Conewago was without water, and turnips were raised in its bed near the bridge. The wooden bridge over the Conewagft 672 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. Greek at Kunkle's Mill, at the northeast end of the township, did not yield its honored po- sition to the flood of 1884. It rests on two stone abutments, one at either end, and at a height of thirty feet above the water, spans the stream at a breadth of 100 yards. A glen, south of this bridge in the Oonewago Hills, is a romantic spot and worthy of visitation on account of the natural curiosities. Down the stream a distance from this place, was the home of the noted "cancer doctors," Bull and Anderson, who lived in Dover Township. *' Witches" reigned supreme in this region once upon a time, which no one bnt the noted doctor neai- York could drive away. It is not known where they went, but they were driv- en away sure, and it is not many years since they were compelled to take their flight. *'Pow-wowing" did it, and it requires noth- ing but a strained conscience and blind faith to believe in such a remedy or such a disease. A short distance east of the base of Kound Top, at a spot affording a most enchanting landscape view far to the south and west, on one quiet evening of June, 1866, immedi- ately after a thunder shower, was committed the foulest murder known to the annals of York County. The Squibb family, grand- father, grandmother and grandchild, each and all, were the victims. There was no one left to tell the tale of that dreadful homicide. The remains of the victims were interred in one common grave in the southwest corner of the historic burying ground adjoining the Friends' Meeting House. A neat but unpre- tentious head-stone marks the spot. According to the religious principles of the Society of Friends, they were opposed to any kind of military display. John Black- burn and John Pope, and many other early settlers of Warrington, were temporarily sus- pended from meeting in 1758 for "appearing in warlike manner, and going to fight the Indians" during' the French and Indian war. The militia law which compelled every voter between the ages of twenty-one and forty- five, to muster regularly, pay a tine or go to jail, was a cause of great annoyance to the ardent followers of the religion of the great founder of Pennsylvania. A few even accepted the last remedy and went to jail, or allowed some personal property to be sold to pay the fine rather than submit to what they considered an unjust law. The militia muster grounds were at Ross- ville. Joseph Wright and John Koch were captains of two of these companies. The "Warrington Rangers" was a volunteer company, started in 1829, commanded at different times by Oapt. Bla"ck, Baily, James Griffith, Lesley Porter and Martin. It existed for many years. Hugh Morthland, of Warrington, a soldier of the One Hundred and Fifty-second Penn- sylvania Regiment, was accdentally killed at Fortress Monroe in 1865, while firing a salute in honor of the fall of Richmond. The township of Warrington in 1783, including Washington, had 173 houses, 11 mills, and contained a population of 1170. The population of Warrington alone in 1880, was 1825. The number of taxable inhabi- tants in 1883, was 610 ; valuation of real estate, |630,295. THE TOWNSHIP OF WASHINGTON. THE name of this township is very familiar. It has been given to one territory in the United States, thirty counties, the capitol city, twenty-one post villages, and one hun- dred and thirty-one townships. The cause and signification of this is familiar to every one. For sixty years, the area now included in Washington was embraced in Warrington. In 1803, a peti^on was presented to the York court, asking for the formation of a new township which was granted, and the present historic name given it. TOPOGRAPHY. This township is a bent rectangular figure. Its length extending northwest and south- east, with Warrington to the east, the Oone- wago Creek, bordering on Dover and Para- dise to the south, Adams County to the west and Franklin to the north. It is drained by the Bermudian and Conewago Creeks and their tributaries. That section of it north- east of the Bermudian was settled by the Quakers, and the portion southeast of the same stream by the German Baptists as early as 1735. Washington Township has a variety of soil. A vein of black dolerite crosses it, and also a small vfein of copper ore. Iron ore has been taken out at two or three places in large quantities. Most of the land is now fertile and productive, yielding abundant crops. Improved modes of cultivation and increased fertilization, have changed the agri- cultural condition of this township very materially within the past few years. There are a number of grist- mills along the streams. In 1884, there were in this township 432 taxable inhabitants, entire population, 1,457, valuation of real estate, $710,159. WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 673 The Barrens is an area covering about 3,000 acres of pure red shale soil, lying mostly in the northern part of Washington, near the village of Franklintown. The name originated with the early settlers, owing to a lack of the fertility of the soil. Much of it was found by the first white settlers to be a barren waste, destitute of trees, and only here- and there covered with scrub oak, and a sort of prairie grass. This land, by improved methods of cultivation and proper fertili- zation, is now productive. Tracts which fifty years ago were nearly valueless, can now be made to grow twenty-five bushels of wheat to the acre. MULBERRY POSTOFFICE. This place waa known for more than half a century as "Raffensberger's Store." In 1824 , Christian T. Raffensberger began the mercan- tile business, and continued it until 1854, when his son Amos succeeded until 1864, when an- other son, Jacob, followed him for five years, then Amos returned. J. C. Bower was his successor, then Mr. Harlacher, who now owns the property and the adjoining farm. L. W. Lichty began the store buiness in 1881. In 1864, when application was made for a postoffice at this place, a difficulty arose as to its name. A large mulberry tree stood in front of the store, and the venerable Chris- tian Rafiensberger, who is now living at the age of fourscore and four years, asked "Uncle Sam" to call the new postoffice " Mulberry, " in honor of his tree. The old tree passed away before its original owner, but a new one has been planted on the same spot. The large bridge over the Conewago near this place was taken away by the flood of 1884, after having served the public for nearly fifty years. HALL POSTOFFICE. Hall Postoffice is a hamlet near the center of the township, and is the voting place. It is fast growing into an attractively built vil- lage, the local name of which is " Krall- town. " A store was first opened here, by Jesse Krall. The" house, now used as a store and hotel, was built in 1853. Stores have since been kept by John Krall, Samuel Reed, Henry B. Smith, John Straley, and at present by Andrew Straley. The postoffice was estab- lished near Bower's Church, and named"Hall. " Michael S. Bower, who had a store there, was first postmaster. It was moved to Krall- town, and Samuel Reed became postmaster. The name remained unchanged. The village now contains about twenty houses. There is no hotel now in this township. A mail route passes through from York Springs to York. The Union Meeting House near Hall Post- office, is now used by the Mennonites, Evan- gelical Association and Lutherans, pincipally by the first two denominations. The Men- nonite preachers are Jacob Hershey, Samuel Roth and Isaac Kauffman. This building was for a long time used as a schoolhouse. A fine schoolhouse was built in 1881, at a^ cost of 1900. David Newcomer, once associate judge of York County, was born near Krall- town, in this township. When a young man he drilled a militia company, and afterward a volunteer company, in his native township. He died in Hanover. Jesse Krall's mill, on the Bermudian one mile and a half from the village was built by William Butt in 1782. Michael Myers run it for twenty-six years. A mile farther south is Absolom Trimmer's mill. Some of the other industries of the town- ship are Lewis Strayer's wool carding mill on the Bermudian, Cornelius Strayer's tannery, and Diehl's and Eisenhart's mills on the Conewago. HOUSES OF woE8m:p. Bermudian Meeting House.— The German Baptists, or Dunkers, were among the first persons who settled in Washington Town- ship. In the history of that denomination, found in a chapter in this work on that sub- ject, it will be found that an organization was effected near the Bermudian as early as 1738. Religious worship was conducted for nearly a century in the houses of members. In 1857 the present stone meeting-house was built one-half mile from Mulberry Post- office at a cost of $1,500. This denomination do not have dedicatory services. The con- gregation has about seventy-five members. The preachers are Daniel Altland, John Raffensberger, Peter Trimmer and William Wiley. The deacons are William Harbold, John Wolf, Rolandus Altland, George Firestone and Isaac King. A deacon in this denomination is elected for life. See page 388. St. Paul's Lutheran and Reformed Church. — This church is familiarly known as the "Red Run" or "Sower's" Church. The first was given it from the small stream by that name in the vicinity, which flows through the red shale formation of that section. The congregations that now worship in the build- ing were formed in the year 1844; the Lutheran by Rev. Peter Sheurer, and the Reformed by Rev. John B. Albert. The 674 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. corner-stone was laid April 21, 1844, and the building consecrated October 5 and 6 of the same year. The building committee con- sisted of George Sower and John Shive, from the Lutheran congregation, and John H. Smith, from the Reformed congregation. The first church council was composed of the following-named members: Lutherans— John Leib, elder; Jacob Emig and Solomon Gross, deacons. Reformed — Christian Guber, elder; George Spangler and Peter Eiver, deacons. Samuel Sheaffer and John H. Smith have since served as elders, and John Liebenstine and Jacob March as deacons. Rev. Sheurer, who organized the Lutheran congregation, was succeeded by Rev. A. G. Deininger, who continued until his death in 1879, when the present pastor. Rev. D. Sell, was elected. Rev. Mr. Riegle, of Dillsburg, has minis- tered to the Reformed congregation almost continuously since it organized. The Luther- an membership is 225, Reformed about 150. JEinanueVs Church of the Evangelical Association, is knovm as "Bower's Church." It was built about 1855. The building com- mittee were Abraham Byers, Daniel Shelley and M. S. Bower. The membership at pres- ent is small. John Anthony and W. Beau- mont are the pastors. A Sunday-school is held in the church, of which Peter Better is superintendent. Salem Lutheran and Reformed Church, one of the landmarks of "Washington, is what is known over a wide extent of country as the "Barren's Church." The date of its origin was about 1800. It is located near the upper end of the township. The Lutheran pastors who ofiSoiated here, as far as could be ascer- tained, were Revs. Conrad Reiman, in 1807, John Weible, J. Garman, Samuel. Henry, Joseph R. Focht, Aaron Finfrock, Peter Warner, Jacob Bricker, Emanuel Stude- becker, and the present pastor, Henry Seiffert. Membership about 150. Of the Reformed pastors Rev. Jacob Lischy conducted services in the community as early as 1750. Rev. Edward Vandesloot officiated for a time, and was succeeded, in 1839, by Rev. Daniel Riegle, who still ministers to the Reformed people here, having begun his work forty- seven years ago. The member- ship is 125. The old church was torn down in 1863, and the present brick one built. A Union Sunday-school is held in the church. THE TOWNSHIP OP DOVER. THIS township was erected before 1749. Until the erection of Conewago, in 1818, the western two-thirds of that town- ship was embraced in Dover. In 1783, there were in this township 219 houses, 146 barns, 697 male and 670 female inhabitants, 4 slaves, 7 mills and 23,811 acres of land not vacant. The form of Dover Township is irregular, with the southwestern boundary as a base resting upon Jackson and Paradise, Washington and Warrington to the west and north, and Conewago, Manchester and West Manchester to the east. The Conewago Hills begin in the western part of this town- ship and extend in a northeasterly direction to York Haven. From the first ridge of the Conewaga Hills, near Mount Royal, along the public road to Rossville, the observer is afforded a land- scape view to the south, east and west, al- most unrivaled in enchanting beauty. The panorama unfolded includes one -half the area of York County, and equally as much of several other counties. Dover is drained by the Great Conewago ' in the north, and the Little Conewago, which crosses its southeastern extremity. The population in 1880 was 2, 378 ; value of real estate in 1884 was $1,340,784; there were then 741 taxable inhabitants, county tax paid for same year, $4,980; State tax $246. Nearly all land in the township was first settled by the Germans, and the language of that industrious people yet predominates. English is taught in the schools exclusively. THE DOVBB CHURCH, On a slightly elevated spot about three- fourths of a mile southwest of the village of Dover, stands the large and commodious build- ing, familiarly known as the Dover Church (Strayers, or Salem). Here for about 130 years have the inhabitants of this delightful country met in solemn worship. The pres- ent building is the third that has been erect- ed since the formation of the Cbngregation. The situation is peculiarly interesting, as the observer has, from it, an excellent view of the broad acres of fertile fields in Dover Town- ship of which the church is exactly in the cen- ter. The first German settlers of this region located here about 1736, though not many that early. The oldest land warrants bear that date. The earliest religious services were held in the small houses of the first settlers. On the 30th of May, 1757, the following DOVER TOWNSHIP. 675 twenty-eight members of the German Lu- theran and German Reformed denomina- tions, entered into an agreement for the pur- pose of founding a church: Peter Streher. Jacob Hoffman. Martin Reisinger. Philip Jacobs. George Kochener. George Kann. Nicholas Herrmann. Hans Adams Bartipess. Hans George Spaar. Joseph Klepser. Michael Spaar. Jacob Kirstler. Jacob Meyer. Jacob Kimmel. Hans George Stauch. Dietrich Danner. Valentine Flohr. Christopher Kobler. Leonard Shetrone. Henry Shetrone. John Zinn. George Harbold. Jacob Bupp. Andrew Gross. Barnhart Miieller. Michael Bunslob. Jacob Lambert. Henry Kahauser. The first building of logs was located within the old graveyard, west of the present church. The land for it and the church were purchased from die Ecke, the corners of the plantations of Peter Streher, Jacob Lambert and Jacob TJpp. George Spaar and Peter Streher were first elders. Hans Adam Bartmess and Nicholas Hoffmann, first trust- ees. Carl Albert, Wendell Gross and Mat- thew Swartz, deacons. Some of the articles for sacramental service and for other purposes in 1767, were one black altar cloth, bought by congregation, cost £3 English currency; one round altar table, two white cloths for communion, presented by Henry Shetrone; three towels, one bought from Philip Jacob Julig (Julius), by Widow Eahauser; one pewter baptismal font, 15s. ; one great can and cup for communion, one box of wafers, one small plate and two pewter plates and one bell, klingelbeutel. Several Lutheran missionaries conducted services in the locality at an early period, among them Rev. Schaum and Kaus of York, Revs. Candler and Eager, of Hanover, and Rev. Jacob Lischy, the German Reformed missionary. In 1763, Rev. Lucas Eaus organized the Lutheran congregation, and Rev. Lischy, the German Reformed, with the above-named elders and deacons. The original Lutheran Chtu-ch book, written in German, and from which valuable treasure wg,s obtained much of information herein given was found. The title page of this old relic contains the fol- lowing inscription in German, neatly written: "Church Book of the Evangelical Lu- theran Congregation in Dover Township over the Susquehanna in Pennsylvania, was bought in 1763, by me, Lucas Raus." The genealogy of some of the first mem- bers is here given: The asterisks designate the names of those who died in childhood. John Peter Streher was born in the Prov- ince of Starkenburg, County of Sponheim, June 22, 1718. He was married in 1751, on his birthday, to Anna Barbara Burghart, widow of John Nicholas Hantz. The last named died in 1737, leaving four children, John Andreas, Anna Elizabeth, Mary Mar- garetta, Catrina Elizabeth* and Maria Cat- rina. Peter Streher and his family immi- grated to America in 1740. He became the teacher and was empowered with certain privileges to conduct religious services in Dover Church, in the absence of a regular clergyman. His first wife died in 1764, and he married Jacobina Stoueh, in 1766. His children by both marriages were John Nicolaus,* John Mathias,* Anna Catha- rine, John Peter, John Nicolaus, Catharine Elizabeth, John Jacob and John IPeter. Ac- cording to the record these children all died except three before growing to manhood and womanhood. John Adam Diehl, born along the River Moselle, Germany, in 1734, came to America with parents in 1739, married Magdalena Burghart, 1760, she was born, 1740. Then- children were John Nicolaus and Anna Maria. Math'as Hartmann, born in Frederick Tal, in Hohenlohe, Germany; 1718, came to America, 1749; married Anna Catharine Horcb, in 1750; children were Maria Doro- thea, Catrina and Elizabeth. George Spaar, born in Altenberg, three hours from Tuebingen, in Germany, on the 11th of December, 1699; married, in 1724, to Mary Catrina Kauffman, who was born in 1703. He immigrated to America in 1740. Their children were John Frederick, Anna Maria,* Maria Barbara,* Eva Margaretta, Sophia Margaretta,* Susan Maria, Maria Catrina,* John George, John Casper,* John,* John George,* John Casper, John, Philip, Adam. Martin Reisinger, born in Heyebronn, Germany, in 1722, came, with his father, to America in 1737; married in 1747 to Anna Magdalena, daughter of Lorentz Bingmann. They had nine children: John, Barbara, John Martin, John Conrad, Mary Magdalena, Mary Margaret, Catharine, Anna Elizabeth, Anna Maria. John George Stauch, born in 1717 in Bueb lingen. Kingdom of Wurtemburg, Germany, married Anna Margaretta Deish in 1774, immigrated to America and came to Dover Township in 1752. The ship called "Brothers," set sail from Rotterdam in Hol- land, from which city nearly all German emi- grants embarked, especially the Palatines. His children by his first wife were Maria 676 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY'. Jaoobina, Maria Barbara,* John George,* John George. These children were born in the fatherland. He brought with him three children then living, and one year after their arrival, married Maria Catrina Winegarten, by whom he had four children, namely: John Leonard, John Andrew, John George and John Jacob. Gotfried Stauch, born in Germany, 1724, married in 1751 to Anna Maria Dartl, came with his brother to America in 1752, al- though he did not sail in the same vessel with his brother. It was the ship, "President," commanded by Capt. Donlap. He had one child by his first marriage, John George. This boy, while yet an infant, and his mother died on the sea while on their way to Ameri- ca. He was married in Dover Township to Charlotte Kessler, on Christmas day, 1754, it being her birthday. They had four children, namely: Elizabeth, John, Philippina, Su- sanna. Some of the first births recorded were John, son of John and Susanna Lenhardt, born February 18, 1762. Susanna, daughter of Casper and Anna Barbara Banner, born April 8, 1762. John William Grim, born June, 1762. Ten births are recorded for the same year and about twenty each of the fol- lowing years to 1766. The first death re- corded, was that of George Frederick Scheatl (Shettle), who died of apoplexy, May 20, 1763, aged fifty years, buried on Whit-Sun- day, "In die ne.ue Kirchof." "There was a large assembly of people present," says the record book. The second death was that of a child of John Peter Streher, Jul}' 5, 1763, aged five years, ten months and fifteen days. George Adam Diehl and Christine Spangler were married May 30, 1758. The first marriage on record. Matthew Meyer (widower) and Christine Dorothea Nueller were married November 19, 1758. The first confirmation services on record were held November 7, 1762. The persons confirmed were George Adam Oberdier, sev- enteen years old; Susanna Oberdier, fifteen years; Margaret Gensart, Mary Barbara Gensart, Cabrina Burgart. On Ascension day, 1765, there were twenty-eight persons con- firmed, most of them children, and new set- tlers. April 13, 1766, there were twenty- two confirmations; many of them from "Peter Wolf's Church, in Manchester Township." April 26, 1767, there were thirty-six confirm- ations. Confirmation services were held once every two years, John Peter Spaar and Andreas Gross, young men, were designated on record of confirmation in 1767 "children of good hopes." The following is a copy of a legal record: I, Peter Streher, nf Dover Township, in the county of York and t'rovince of Pennsylvania, farmer, in consideration of the esteem and affection I bear toward the German Lutheran and German Reformed congregations of said township, for the Sum of 5 Shillings paid by George Stouch and Adam Bartmess, trustees and representatives of the Lu- theran congregation, Jacob May and Jacob Meyer, trustees and representatives of the German Re- formed congregation, do convey unto them and their successors forever in trust for said church con- gregations, 3 acres of land. The deed of the three acres as a site for a church and burying ground, was dated Janu- ary 5, 1765. Upon the death of Peter Streher, his two sons, who inherited his property, had the church, land surveyed, and in accordance with letters patent on the 8th day of May, 1797, executed another deed in trust for same tract of land to John Overdier and Ja- cob Stouch, trustees of the German Lutheran congregation, Peter Upp and Jacob Lauer, trustees of the German Reformed congrega- tion. The second indenture was made in order tp make the title to the church proper ty good after the surrounding land was pat- ented. A charter of incorporation was granted to^ the two denominations that worship in Salem's Church, on the 29th of May, 1824. The persons named in the charter were as follows: Peter Streher, Frederick Stough, Peter Lecron, John Shefifer, elders; Nicholas Hoffman and John Hantz, wardens of the Lutheran congregation; John Lauer, Jacob Zinn, Christian Hamm, William Caldwell, elders; Jacob March and Jacob Kann, war- dens of the Eeformed congregation. The pastors of the Lutheran congregation were Lucas Eaus from organization to 1776; Jacob Goering from 1776 to 1783; N. Kurtz and John Groop. A. G. Deininger, for fifty- two years, consecutively until his death in 1880, aged eighty-five years. D. Sell is the present pastor of the Lutheran congregation, whose communicant membership is 8O0. As many as 500 persons have communed in one day. The Reformed congregation as nearly as can be determined, was served by pastors Vandersloot, Charles Helfenstein, Daniel Ziegler, D. D., for twenty -seven years; Jacob Kehm, four years; Jacob Ziegler, eight years, and by I. S. Weisz, the present pastor for twelve years. The Reformed membership is 400. The combined membership of this church is over 1,200 communicants, the highest num- ber of any church in York County. Jacob Fink died in Dover, in 1882, aged ninety-two years, seven months and eighteen DOVER TOWNSHIP. 677 •days, he and his wife, Elizabeth, had been man-ied, sixty-seven years at the time of his death. Near the center of the burying ground adjoining the Dover Church, rest the remains of John G. Quickel, who died November 7, 1870, aged one hundred years, eight months and eleven days. In this graveyard two acres in area, there were about 3,000 interments from 1763 to 1883. A beautifully located cemetery was laid off by Dr. Lenhart, a short distance southeast of the church. The first interment was the remains of Elizabeth Nei- mau, who died September 6, 1870. There are now many fine monuments in this cemetery. Daniel Hamme, who died in 1874, aged nine- ty-five years, was here interred. THE BOROUGH OP DOVER. In 1752 Gerhart Greaff, who afterward wrote his name Graves, petitioned ' ' the worshipful justices of the county of York, to grant him their recommendation to the Governor of the Province of Pennsylvania, for a lycence to Keep a public house, on the road leading from York to Carlisle, being greatly Burthened with travelors passing. To remedy that inconvenience he has furnished himself with Liquor and other Necessaries suitable for the Entertainment of travellers, and is desirous of Keeping Tavern." His petition was granted and doubtless "mine host" Gerhart kept an orderly house. He also started the first store there. In 1776 he organized a company of soldiers in his township, which joined Col. Swope's regi- ment, then forming in York. Before leaving Dover for York, however, his men made a certain Tory stand on a stump and give three cheers for Gen. Washington, and the Con- tinental Army. Capt. Greaff and his brave German soldiers, all except eighteen, were captured in the battle of Long Island, and for a time languished in a British prison. Before the Revolution, and during the year ]762, Gerhart Greaff had a new neighbor in the person of Jacob Joner (pronounced as in German Yoner), who purchased 203f^ acres of land, and in the year 1764 laid out the town of Dover. This was twenty- three years after the founding of York, and one year after Hanover. Joner had his new town regularly platted, and sold the lots subject to a quit- rent. The deeds were printed at Ephratae, Lancaster County, he having lived in Lea- cock Township, that county, before moving to York County. Dover was the original name of the town, and is so mentioned in Joner's deeds; "Joner's town" and "yoner - etettle," for more than half a century, were the names locally used. In fact the town was rarely called Dover, until 1815, when a postoffice was established there. The orig- inal deeds, called for an annual quit-rent of 7s. 6d, and required that a house of at least sixteen feet square, with chimney of brick or stone, must be built by the purchaser of a lot, within three years from date of purchase. Joner's signatures were in a clear legible hand. Most of the original houses of the town were built of logs, and a few of these old relics are still standing. DOVEE IN 1783. In 1783 the village of Dover contained a population of 81 ; of this number 44 were males, and 37 females. Jacob Joner owned twenty-five lots and a house on the square. Various trades were represented. Nicholas Joner and Henry Matthews were cordwain- ers, and made boots and shoes for the sur- rounding populace. George Marik owned a house and six lots. John Gross, Samuel Wilt and Jacob Bigler were weavers, and with the old style tread machines, manufac- tured the cloth for the wearing apparel of themselves and neighbors. John Swan, a good-natured Irishman, was the village blacksmith. While diligently working at his trade, he related many stories of his war history to the little boys and girls who frequently gathered around him. John Urban was a locksmith. Joseph Spangler and Barnhart Rudy, inn keepers; Martin Reisinger, tailor; Peter Trien, tanner, John Cook, Thomas Metzler, Michael Gross, James Montgomery, John Stewart, Conrad Miller, Abraham Fisher and George Stouch, each owned houses and lived in Dover. Daniel May was justice of the peace. INCORPOHATION. The town of Dover was incorporated in 1864, just one hundred years after it was founded. Reuben Hofflieims, now of York, was the first chief burgess, and Jacob B. Fink, secretary of the council. There are now two hotels and several stores. It is a very pleasant village, with a population of 550, and a real estate valuation of 1125,776. The hotel on the square was kept by George Darrone, father, son and grandson, from 1809 to 1859, without change of name. It has been kept in the Wiest name, father and son, for thirty years continuously. Dr. Lewis, a prominent physician of this town, was the agent of the "underground railroad,'' through Dover daring times of slavery in the South. 678 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. The oldest person of the village, Elizabeth Fink, is ninety years; Daniel Gross is eighty-six and John Rodgers eighty. The Dover cornet band was organized, and at first was connected with Capt. Worley's vol- unteer military company. It now has a memboj'ship of eighteen, with Roman Bower- sox as leader. Carriage building for many years past, has been an important industry, and large num- bers are now being made. Reuben Ho£f- heins, in 1858, began the manufacture of a reaper of his own invention. In 1860 he began to make also the "Ball reaper" in large quantities. The postoffiee was established in 1815. Soon after the Revolutionary war, Israel Melchinger, an ex-Hessian soldier located here, and so far as can now be stated, be- came the first postmaster. He was still, in ofiSce in 1830; he prospered in business. His son Englehart Melchinger, succeeded him. O. J. Yost and Samuel Aughenbaugh were also postmasters. A destructive fire occurred in Dover, in March, 1844. Two houses, a tavern and a stable were destroyed, on the Public Square. Soon -after this event the town purchased the old engine from the Vigilant Fire Company, of York. It is kept in an engine house on the square. The carriage shop of Theopholus Gross burnt down a few years ago. There being too small a supply of water in the vicinity, the engine could not' be effectively used. As early as 1770 a parochial school was started in a building connected with the Dover Lutheran and Reformed Church. At this place most of the youths of the vicinity received their mental training. Early in the present century schools were held in the private houses of the villagers. A house was built in the northern part, and another in the southwestern part of town. They con- tinued in use until they became very much dilapidated. There arose a great contention about the erection of a new graded school building. In the year 1881, during the same night, both old buildings were destroyed by tire, and the same year two new ones built on the same sites, at a combined cost of 12,200. Near the village of Dover was a noted place for the "big musters" and other mili- tary parades. The battalions drilled on the most eligible fields. As many as ten or fif- teen companies of militia and some volun- teer companies annually collected here during the month of May, and were reviewed by Brigade Inspector Archibald S. Jordon and later by Cols. Henry Stover, S. N. Bailey and George Hay. The local companies, toward the last of militia days, were commanded by Capts. John Worley John Sharp, Samuel Miller and others. These annual gatherings ceased about 1856. Conrad Kline, the last Revolutionary soldier of Dover Township, died in the village at the advanced age of ninety-seven years. His remains were in- terred with the honors of war by a local vol- unteer company. He was one of many brave Germans who, early in the war for American independence, championed the cause of. their adopted country. He followed the occupa- tion of a gunsmith. WEI6LEST0WN. This is a hamlet near the southern bound- ary of Dover Township, about five miles from York. Among the first settlers in this sec- tion were two men by the name of Weigle. One of them was a tavern keeper, and the other a blacksmith. The village received its name about 1825, at which time there was a collection of half a dozen houses. It is lo- cated on an inclined plane of the character- istic mesozoic red sandstone, of which most of the township is composed. The first store was kept by John Noss. The postoffiee was established in 1878, and William Weigle appointed postmaster. He still fills the position, and keeps a store and tavern. In the same spot where his house now stands there was recently removed an old stone one which was erected by Jacob Weigle near the middle of last century. At the sou^ih end of the village, in 1878, St. Paul's United Brethren Church was erected. It is the only house of worship in the village. The pres- ent population is about 100. A few hundred yards north of Weiglestown, at the forks of the Dover and Shippensburg roads, Capt. Sharp was killed in the autumn of 1814. The circumstances of his unfortunate death were as follows: He was commander of a company of militia of Dover Township. At the time of the approach of Gen. Ross with the British Army to Baltimore, his company, tiOgether with all others in the county, was called to the place of rendezvous at York, where many thousands of soldiers had col- lected. Upon the news of the death of Ross and the retreat of his army from Baltimore, nearly all the soldiers who had gone to York were discharged. On his way home Capt. Sharp was riding a race, when the horse, at the forks of the road, threw his rider against a tree, and he was instantly killed. DOVER TOWNSHIP. 679 DAVIDSBURG. This is an interesting little village on the Shippensburg road near the west end of the township. It was the home of Dr. Frederick Ernst Meleheimer, the distinguished ento- mologist, a sketch of whose life will be found in the history of Hanover, in the medi- cal history in this work.. There are two stores here and a tavern. The population is about 100, a short distance south is the pleaeant little hamiet of New- port or 81abtown. RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. Mennonite Meeting House. — On the 10th of May, 1825, John Lethra, Henry Sipe and Joseph Hershey as trustees for the Menno- nite congregation of Dover Township pur- chased of John Brnbaker for II, eighty perches of land on which to build a meeting-house. The land was deeded to the above named members in trust, and to their successors forever who may be appointed by a majority of the members of said congrega- tion after the death or resignation of said trustees. The land was located on the road leading then from Jacob Frick's Mill to Philip Symser's Mill. This church now belongs to the Godorus charge, which includes a church in Washington and one in Codorus. Daniel Bare and Abraham Both were among the early preachers of this church in York County organized in 1753. Next ministers were Josiah Hershey, Benjamin Hershey, John Frantz, Isaac Kauffman, Jacob Hershey and S. L. Both. The last three are the present ministers. The membership is forty-five. Rohler's Union Church. — This church is lo- cated in the northeast end of the township, was built in 1870 of excellent native sandstone at a cost of |800, and dedicated by Revs. Eaber, Craumer and Brickley. Philip Crone and John H. Myers, did the mason work. The trustees and building committee were Samuel Runkle, John H. Myers and Henry S. Crone. It is now used by the United Brethren in Christ only. There are thirty members. On the 19th of March, 1800, Jacob Eohler for 1 pound and 10 shillings deeded "one acre of land adjoining a graveyard to Hugh Laird, John Eichcreek and John Miller, trustees, on which land was to be built a new schoolhouse and Union meeting-house for any that preach the gospel." Near this same spot the old Dover Baptist congregation worshiped, of which mention is made on page 384. Lutheran Church. — A few hundred yards west of Eohler's Church stands the new Lutheran Church, built in 1870. The con- gregation previously worshiped in the Union Church built in 1800. The new church cost about 11,000. The following named clergy- men have officiated here : Eevs. Finfrock, Focht, Dasher, Seiffert and Ehrhard. United Brethren Church is located on the Bull Eoad, in Dover Township, near the boundary line with Conewago. It was built in 1858. INDIAN RELICS. On the road leading from Dover to Strines- town. on farms now owned by Henry Stouffer and Henry Eahauser, along Fox's Eun, In- dian graves, mounds, arrow heads and other traces of our aborigines have been discovered. That section was doubtless a f avorate hunting ground, and evidently for a time the site of an.Indian village. A mortar, which was the common instrument used by the Indians to grind corn or maize, was found on this spot by George Ensminger of Strinestown. There is a large stationary mortar near Harmony Grove Church, in this township. It was hewn out of a large rock. SMALL FRUITS. Strawberry raising has lately become an im- portant industry in the northern part of Dover Township. In 1884 Jesse Crone, county audi- tor, raised 7,700 boxes on two acres, which were disposed of at 1^ cents a box. Henry "Wilt, of Conewago, raised 2,500 boxes; Henry Fahs, of Dover, 1,300 boxes ; Joseph Boring, of Newberry, 8,000 boxes on four acres of land. The Ball Hill country, mostly lying in New- berry Township but adjoining Conewago and Dover, is noted for the raising of small fruits and peaches. The land here is a pure red shale, and generally slopes to the south, ab- sorbing warm rays of sunlight during the early spring time. By proper cultivation the strawberry crop on this land yields luscious fruit abundantly. • The sandstone, for the trimming of the Harrisburg Court House, was quarried in Dover Township by Philip S. Crone. Fur- nace stone containing sixty cubic feet were also obtained years ago near the base of the Conewago Hills. A quarry was opened on the Drawbaugh farm in 1884. Some years ago a live toad was found in a hole without a vent in the center of a large sandstone, in this town- ship. INTRODUCTION OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. John Sharp, who, in 1885, was living at the age of eighty-one, served thirty-two years as a school director for Dover Town- 680 HISTORY or YORK COUNTY. ship. He is a son of Capt. George Sharp, who was killed in 1814 by being thrown from a horse near Weiglestown. The pres- ent public school system, under the act of 1834, was not accepted in Dover Township until the passage of the act of 1848, which recognized all school districts in the State as having accepted the system, and during the winter of 1849-50, the great contest arose in this township, to introduce the "free schools." John Sharp, Peter Stough, Peter Boyer, Jacob Emig, George Beck and Sam- uel Meisenhelder, composed the first board of directors. Schools had been regularly kept up before this time, under the super- vision of two directors. Andrew Dinsmore, of York, in the fall of 1849, held the first examination. The incidents of this examin- ation would no doubt be interesting to re- late, but we forbear to give any of them here. Some of the directors were not favor- able to accepting all the provisions of the school law, and resigned. The court then appointed John Sharp, Moses Hoover, Adam May, Sr. , Jacob Sheaffer, and Henry Bender, to serve. Two of these resigned on account of opposition to the system. There are now fifteen schools in this township. emig's mills. For more than three-fourths of a century one of the old-time houses of public enter- tainment was kept at this place, first by Derrick Updegraff, who "took up" the land in 1745. A store has been kept here for many years, and is now owned by Henry Emig. Jacob Emig purchased the mill site in 1831, of Jacob Frick, who bought it of Adam Speck in 1813. Tempest Tucker was the owner of the property for many years before this time. The mill originated in colonial times. Martin Emig is the present owner. The covered wooden bridge across the Conewago at this place, was built in 1848, by John Finley. By a special act of the legislature of Pennsylvania, the Cone- wago is a public highway as far up as the mouth of the Bermudian. The picturesque point formed by the confluence of the Cone- wago and Bermudian, is familiarly known as ihe "picket." THE TOWNSHIP OF CONEWAGO. THIS township was formed out of a por- tion of Newberry and Dover. The east- ern third belonged to the former, and the western two-thirds to the latter township. It contains 11,000 acres, according to the survey- made in October, 1814, by Jacob Spangler and Daniel Small. Viewers were appointed whose report was confirmed at the January term of court in 1818. It was named after the winding streams that course its northern, southern and eastern boundary. The name is of Indian origin and means "at the rap- ids." The Big Conewago flows into the river at the foot of the rapids. This town- ship has the form of a wedge, blocked in be- tween Manchester and Dover. Newberry forms its northern boundary. Conewago- Township at the time of its formation con- tained 245 taxable inhabitants. The assessed valuation of real and personal property was 1185,000. Col. Henry Stover was the largest land owner — 328 acres valued at $6,275. Frederick Hevel and Henry Miller were inn keepers. Frederick Shetter owned a carding- mill; Philip Fettrow a saw-mill and hemp- mill; Andrew Miller an oil mill; John Beck- er, and Stoehr &Demuth, saw-mill and grist- mill; Daniel Eeeeer, gristmill; John Datis- man, tailor; John Keener, tailor; Samuel Parks, nail- maker. The coopers of the town- ship were Peter Wilt, George Fink, David Gross, John Hoffman, Michael Weyer, and George Finck. The weavers were George Benedict, William Barnes, Henry Brenneman,. Peter Fink, Jacob Frysinger, Jacob Peters, Adam Keener, Jacob Meyer, Jacob Eupert, Jacob Schlothour, Henry Vickers, George- Wintemeyer, John Finck, Michael Benedict, David Miller and Jacob Wentz. The follow- ing persons owned distilleries: Peter Grass,. Frederick Ilgenfritz, Martin Meyer, John Eeeser, Henry Stover, Michael Shettle, Hen- ry Schmidt, Jacob Stover, Michael Wilt and Peter Zarger. CHURCH HISTORY. Zion, Lutheran and Reformed Church. — Near the banks of the little Conewago, on a gentle elevation with a commanding view of the surrounding country, stands a large and handsome building, long since known as "Quickel's Church," owned by the Lutheran and Eeformed denominations. Three early German settlers, Frederick Eichholtz, Lud- wig Weir and Henry Shunk, in 1767 pur- chased a tract of land containing thirty acres for £7 15s. 9d. This land is now a part of Jacob Bear's farm, and was at the time of the purchase located in Dover Township, as Conewago was not formed until forty years later. Upon this tract was a stone school building, the first one erected in that section, and tradition says was then old. It had been used for school purposes and occasionally for CONEWAGO TOWNSHIP. 681 religious worship. Rev. John George Eager, an earnest and faithful miesioDary among the German settlers, and a man of rare culture and intelligence, effected an organization of the Lutherans June 2, 1767, soon after the purchase of the land. The Reformed congre- gation was organized about 'the same time as the Lutheran. The large tract was sold and March 20, 1770, a deed was executed by Michael Quickel and Barbara, his wife, con- veying two acres and forty-seven perches, the site of the present church, for a consideration of 40 shillings, to "Conrad Becker, Sebastian Fink, Jacob Hake, Paul Wilt, Ludwig Meyer and George Schmied, elders and trustees of a church which the Lutherans and Calvinists (Reformed) now have in this township." Michael Quickel stipulated in the deed of conveyance that his wife Barbara should have a pew daring her life in the new church, which was built of logs the same year. The stone building continued to be used for a parochial school. For many years these humble worshipers who gathered here were satisfied with the log building; eventually it was enlarged, weather-boarded and rededicated. Becom- ing old and dilapidated, and not large enough to accommodate the congregations,in 1850, after being used eighty -three years, was removed and the present large brick church erected. In 1881 it was remodeled and sur- mountedwith a spire 100 feet high, and a bell weighing 1, 500 pounds was purchased. Rev. C. J. Deininger became pastor of the Luth- eran congregation in April, 1858, since which time to his death in 1885 he administered here the rite of baptism to 690 infants, 63 adults, ofSciated at 333 funerals and con- firmed 419 members. The Lutheran pastors who have served this congregation since its organization in order of succession have been as follows: Revs. Eager (Baugher), Lucas Eaus (Rouse), John Nicholas Kurtz, Jacob Goering, John George Schmueker, A. H. Lochman, C. J. Deininger and J. Henry Leeser. The present church membership of the Lutheran denomination is 425. The Reformed Congregation was organ- ized in 1765, and at first ministered to by the pastors of the York Church, among whom were Revs. George Geistweite, James Ross ililey, Lewis Mayer, Daniel Ziegler and David Bossier. Rev. Ehinehart Sinith is the present pastor. The church was incor- porated^in 1790. Green Spring Church.— This church was built in 1877 by S. Aurand, preacher in charge. The following ministers were pres- ent when dedicated: S. Aurand, H. W. Buck and H. W. Gross. The trustees are Samuel Bahn, John Thomas and William Liaebaugh. S. Aurand and H. "W. Gross were the first pastors, followed by S. Yearlok, C. M. Fink- binder, H. |D. Greninger, M. J. Snyder and L. E. Crumbling. The last named is pastor at present. THE VILLAGE OP STRINESTOWN. This town, which originated in 1800, was for many years called Mount Pleasant. It is pleasantly situated ten miles from York, near the northern part of the township, and has two or three stores, a hotel and a popu- lation of 160. The manufacture of cigars has been an important industry here for half a century. The property owners of the village in 1819, were George King; Widow Miller; Charles Heyer; Peter Redman; Charles Lindeman; Frederick Miller; Frederick Hevel, inn keeper; Martin Shetter; John Strine, cord- wainer; Henry Miller, inn keeper; Elizabeth Zorger; Frederick Stoner, justice of the peace; Christian Strine; Godfrey Lenhart; Jacob Zorger,wheelwriglit; JacobWolf, tobac- conist; Conrad Sandreman; Jacob Keyer, cordwainer; Widow Weyer. Jacob Stoehr, of Manchester Township 'owned one house, and George Neuman, one. Michael Weyer was a blacksmith. In the war of 1812 he was at Baltimore. Mount Pleasant Chapel was built in 1872 at a cost of 11,500. The building committee were Barnhart Zorger, Daniel Wehrley and John A. Krafft. It was dedicated by Rev. William Kramer as a union chapel, all orthodox religious denominations are allowed to worship in it. At present it is used by the United Brethren in Christ, whose pastor is Rev. Wagner, and also by the Old School Brethren (l5unkers). The preachers of this denomination are Revs. Wiley, Cook and Daniel Altland. The" Strinestown Union Sunday-school meets in this building. It numbers about fifty members and is superintended by John A. Toomy. It was organized in 1859. Barn- hart Zorger, who was the first superintend- ent, remained in the position twenty years. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. There are nine public schools in Conewago; the names of them are as follows: Bower's, Strinestown, Fink's, Rudy's, Crone's, Bear's, Green Spring, Shettel's and Neiman's. INDIAN RELICS. The fertile and alluvial flats along the 682 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. Conewago Creek were favorite resorts for the red man, especially parts of the tribes of the Conoys and Shawanese, who were numerous near the mouth of the stream and on the oppo- site side of the Susquehanna. In company with George Ensminger, the writer found evi- dent traces of an Indian burying ground near Green Spring. Along the Conewago, Indian pipes, scalping knives, tomahawks, spear points and arrow heads were discovered. On the land of Barnhart Zorger, near Strines- town, perfect arrow heads were found and close by were piles of spauls of dolorite, the same kind of stone as the arrow heads, show- ing that here they made arrows from the rough stone. This was the site of an Indian village. HISTORICAL NOTES. John Garrettson, in 1742, built the first mill along the Conewago, possibly on the Newberry side of the stream. He was one of the first Quaker settlers, and owned the rich alluvial lands on the north side of the stream immediately below the bridge. The large mill, north of Strinestown, is now owned by Mr. Cline. On lands owned by H. B. Strine, three-quarters of a mile northwest of Strinestown, is the spot of one of the first in- dustries of this section. It was a very old mill in 1820, and was used in grinding grain, with a fulling-mill and carding-mill attached. John Ellis, in 1850, was the last owner, when it was torn away. On the road^leading fromQuickel's Church to Lewisberry once stood a tannery. The business was carried on by Martin Copen- hafer. Basket-making is now, and long has been, an important industry, carried on by many inhabitants along the Conewago Hills. John Steffee, for many years, conducted a pottery from native clay. After the father retired, the two sons continued the business, Gabriel near the " Seven Stars Hotel," and Adam near Strinestown. A thrilling and fatal accident occurred along the Conewago near the mouth of Ben- nett's Run. It was during the time of the early settlement, and according to tradition was as follows: A man named Sipe went out hunting wild turkeys and had a tame turkey on his back. He used a turkey bone as a whistle to call the game and the turkey on his back would answer. This was done in order to attract the wild turkeys to him that he might shoot them. He was thus crawling on his hands and knees, when another hunter who saw only the turkey on his back and not the man, through the dense thicket, fired at his supposed game. The ball passed through the man's neck and killed him. Ann Plow, an eccentric individual, who before 1812 lived north of Newberry, was ac customed to place iron bars over the top of the chimney of her house in order to keep witches out. Militia parades, were held near the west end of the township on land now owned by John N. Bull, Col. Stover had more than a local fame as a commander. He was suc- ceeded by Col. Bear. There, was a volunteer company in 1848, commanded by Capt. Bisenhart of Dover Township and Capt. . Daniel Motter afterward the proprietor of the Motter House in York. This company was called out to assist in quelling the Philadel- phia riots, in 1844. During the Confederate invasion of 1863, a scouting party of Stuart's cavalry entered the west end of the township captured a number of horses from the farmers, and ob- tained coffee, sugar and some wearing ap- parel at a store then kept by Eli S. Quickel. There are veins of valuable sandstone in this township. The stones used in erecting the front of the York jail in 1855, were ob- tained in Conewago. Henry Kochenour had the contract to furnish them. Henry Kochenour in 1825, assisted in kill- ing the last wolf that lived in the Conewago Hills. Deer and wild turkeys were seen much later, foxes and raccoons are still plen- tiful. Near the southern base of the Conewago Hills, there issues forth in all its crystal beauty a constant stream of water, which has long been known as " Green Spring. " Just as the snow and frost of winter disappear, there is a dense growth of grass around the spring, which fact gave this spot its interesting name. In early times it was a favorite resort for the timid deer and the voracious wolf, which harbored in the adjoining hills. Near this spring, in a public schoolhouse, a union Sunday-school has long since flour- ished. It was superintended several years by A. W. Ensminger, who was accidentally drowned in the Conewago.' Samuel Fettrow was an eccentric though intelligent individual, and for many years lived alone in the Conewago Hills. He was born in Fairview Township, and was a de- scendant of a very respectable ancestry that came from Holland. He claimed to be a doctor, lawyer and surveyor, and had an office on the summit of the mountain. He always wore a white crowned high silk hat, light colored suit, and was never without an umbrella. He boiled his drinking water in order to purify it. His own burial casket he made himself, long before his death. The PARADISE TOWNSHIP. 683 limestone pyramid at the head of his grave, in the burying ground adjoining Rohler's meeting-house, was made by his own hands. THE TOWNSHIP OF PAEADISE. THIS township, which originally included Jackson, was erected under the act of the provincial assembly of 1739, and laid off in 1747 by Joseph Pidgeon, a surveyor who lived in Philadelphia County. Doubtless the wooded hills which are partly in its southern limits, were named after him. Its original shape was rectangular, with irregular lines for its boundaries. The word Paradise is significantly interesting. A township by same name had been organized in Lancaster Coun- ty, in the beautiful Pequa Valley, a few years before. These two townships are the only ones in America so highly honored, though a number of villages have assumed the name. Possibly the beautiful surround- ings or the enchanting view from the sum- mit of the hills, afforded to the early settlers or the surveyor, led them to appropriate this significant word to designate the name of their new township. The land was mostly taken up by Germans. In 1783 Paradise had 141 houses, 116 barns, estimated area 19,344 acres of settled land, five mills and a population of 943. A considerable portion of the township, which is now fertile, was a woody swamp, hence called by the first German settlers "Holz- schwamm.'' In early days it was not thickly settled. The population in 1880 was 1,372; the number of taxable inhabitants in 1883 was 426; valuation of real estate, $765,890. The township, since the formation of Jack- son from it, is an irregular parallelogram, its length more than equal to twice its breadth. Dover joins it on the north, Jackson on the east, Heidelberg on the south, and Adams County on the west. The soil is in general sandy; the northern part is red shale. The York & Gettysburg Turnpike diagonally crosses it. CHURCHES. The Holz-Schwamm Church. — This his- toric old church originated in 1775. Rev. Jacob Goering, who then lived at Carlisle, was first pastor. Eev. Dr. Schmucker was pastor in 1809. Rev.Conrad Reiman in 1817, who lived in Abbottstown. It was first owned by the Lutherans, and the congregation for many years ministered to, by the pastors of St. Matthew's Church of Hanover. Rev. Jacob Lischy, as early as 1750, performed the duties of a missionary through this section for the German Reformed denomination, and Rev. William Otterbein, of the same denom- ination, for a short time preached here. On February 15, 1826, an article of agree- ment was formed between the Lutheran and German Reformed congregations, which gave to each equal rights and privileges to the church, church property and burying- ground. Both congregations appointed a day to meet in said church on account of a disturbance that took place concerning the title made for the land and all the improve- ments thereon erected. Rev. Jacob Albert, the pastor, was appointed chairman of the meeting, and Jacob Ernst, secretary. Eev. Albert stated to the meeting that the original deed of the land was granted to the Luther- ans only, but as the Reformed congregation had assisted for a number of years past to improve the building, graveyard and fences, he requested all present at the meeting to decide whether the "Reformed people, or Presbyterians" shall have the same right as the Lutherans. It was unanimously agreed to, and also that the elders and wardens then belonging to the two congregations shall enter into an article and bind themselves that none of said congregation shall be dis- turbed, and that one denomination shall have the same power as the other. "That the words in the old deed which saith 'only for the use of the Lutherans,' shall be consid- ered null and void forever, and shall also be for the use of the Lutherans and Reformers, or Presbyterians, forever." The following- named' church officers bound themselves and their successors to fulfill the article of agree- ment: John Trostle and Ludwig Swartz, elders, and William Trostle, Samuel Zerfas, John Baker and Daniel March, wardens of said congregations, Lutheran and Reformed. It was witnessed by Henry King, John Weh- ler and George Trostle. It was acknowl- edged before Jacob Ernst, Esq. , on February 27, 1826. The name Presbyterian was fre- quently given to the German Reformed Church in early days. Since 1826 those who ministered to the Reformed congregation were Revs. Vander- sloot, Charles Helfenstein, Daniel Ziegler for twenty- seven years; Jacob Kehm, four years; Jacob Ziegler, eight years, and I. S. Weisz, D. D., twelve years. The last named, in 1885, is pastor of the congregation which numbers 250 members. Rev. A. G. Deininger was pastor of the 43 684 HISTORY OF YOKK COUNTY. Lutheran congregation for fifty-one years in succession, and died September 28, 1880, aged eighty-five years, eleven months and twenty-six days. He was succeeded by Eev. D. Sell, who resides in Abbotstown. Lu- theran membership, 500 communicants. In 1884 the present church was frescoed, car- peted, chandeliers and new pulpit purchased — all at a cost of $1,100. Four acres of land is church property. Paradise Catholic Church. — The land on which this church now stands, was purchased by Frederick Brant, in 1782, and paid for in Continental money, which soon thereafter became worthless. Brant was an economical German, and prospered as a farmer and mil- ler. His large grist mill, which stood by the stream north of the church, however, burned down about 1816, and was never rebuilt. Religious services were held in a hall of the old Brant mansion at an early date, by the Catholic people of the vicinity, and eon- ducted by visiting clergy from Conewago Chapel, near McSherry's town. Upon the death of Frederick Brant, in 1822, aged severity- four years, he bequeathed to the Catholic Church, on6 half of the proceeds of his farm of 260 acres of valuable land, for the education of young men for the priesthood. The present large and com- modious church building of an excellent quality of blue and grey sandstone, was erected in ]843, and consecrated with imposing ceremonies. Henry Kuhn and Henry Felix, were the masons. For a time a parochial school was kept in the basement of the church. The auditorium was finely frescoed by experienced workmen, in 1880. A fine pipe organ has been placed to the rear of the room on a gallery, and a well trained choir furnishes the music. Altland's Meeting House. — About three- fourths of a mile east of Bigmount, the German Baptists, or Dunkers, worship in a neatly constructed brick building. It was erected as a union meeting house ; any ortho- dox denominations are allowed to hold relig- ious services. At present, it is used only by the German Baptists, an honest, unassuming and industrious people. Nearly all the members of that denomination are farmers, and are among the well-to-do people of the township. In 1853, they departed from their former custom of conducting religious meetings in the houses and barns of members, and assisted in the erection of this building, familiary known as "Altland's Meeting House." In the year 1880, it was blown down by a high wind storm, but was immedi- ately rebuilt. The preachers who conduct the services in both the English and German languages are Daniel Altland, William Weiley, Hezekiah Cook, John Eaffensberger and Emanuel Gochenour. Trustees are Isaac King, Thomas .Julius and Cornelius Spangler. This meeting house belongs to the Lower Conewago District, composed of four places of worship, including this one. One is lo- cated in Washington township, on the Ber- mudian Creek; another near Dillsburg, and another in Strinestown. PARADISE BEIOK TAED. In the year 1858, P". S. Alwine, began burning bricks, on his farm in this town- ship, and has continued the business in the same place ever since, even during the exciting times of the civil war. At this yard, about 300,000 bricks were made an- nually, or about 8,000,000 in the twenty- six years of its existence. About 3,000 cords of wood have been consumed in burn- ing the bricks. Mr. Alwine owns a large yard and kiln at New Oxford, and one at Spring Grove. At each of these places, he manufactures about 700,000 bricks annually. NAMES OF TAXABLES IN 1783. The following is a list of the taxable in- habitants of Paradise (which then included Jackson) in 1783: John Appleman, Philip Altland, Jacob Amend, Daniel Amend, Samuel Arnold, George Beck, Henry Berkhelmer, Peter Brihner, Thomas Beissel, Nicholas Bentz, Andrew Bentz, Fred. Brandt, grist-mill, David Baker, Peter Bobb, Joseph Baltzly, Peter Boose, _, Andrew Bally, Adam Christ, George Conrad, Peter' DierdorfE, John DierdorfE, Peter Dewald (joiner) Conrad Doll, John Dicks, Tempest Tucker, John Denlinger, Frederich Decker, Paul Emes, Nicholas Entres, Martin Fort, Henry Fissel, John Fissel, Michael Fissel, Paul Fegely, Michael Fried. Matthew Graff, David Griffith, David Griffith. Jr., Valentine Graff, Peter Geiss, Wendel Geier, Charles Keim, Christian Keim, M. Herman (tannery), Tobias Haberstock (still), William Kasper, John Heidler, Andrew Haberstock, Patrick Haney, Conrad Henry (still), Tobias Heltzel, Andrew Hershey, Peter Hershey, Joseph Hershey, Philip Haberstock, Jacob Howry, Andrew Young, John Joseph, Philip Jacobs, George Jacobs, Lorenz Krone, John Kell, Christian Kell, Casper Kerber, Rudy Klinepeter, Nicholas Henry (hatter), Yost Keiner (mason), John Longmuth, Christian Leinbach, Henry Long (still), Elick Leese, J. Lehn (saw and oil-mill). PARADISE TOWNSHIP. 685 Jacob Lischy, Peter Moore, Jacob Marks, Peter Meinhardt, Jacob Miller, John Myer, Richard jMummert, William Mummert, John Nagle, Christopher Nagle, George Peterman, Adam Pfeiffer, Michael Strasbach, Joseph Sunday, Frederick Stover (still), Jacob Stover, Jacob Sarbach, Henry Spangler, Barnhart Spangler, Rudy Spangler, Earnhardt Spangler, Sr., Christopher Spies, Casper Sneider, Philip Sheafler, Christian RafEensberger Spring Forge (1,000 acres), (blacksmith), John Trimmer, Martin RafEensberger Andrew Trimmer, (blacksmith), Peter Trump, Widow Rentzel, George Tressler, Francis Raymer (tannery Adam Walter, and still), Henry Walter (still), Jacob Roth, Ludwig Walter, Abraham Roth, Jos. Wilson (inn-keeper). Jacob Rummel, Christian Wiest, Geo. Rudy (inn-keeper), Peter Wolf, John Stouffer (grist andJohn Wiest, saw-mill), ' Joseph Weston, Lorentz Swigart, Henry Weller, G. Shimpf (cordwainer), Jacob Wantz, Peter Zollinger. SINGLE MEN. John White, John Dressier, Christian Hershey, Adam Stover, Rudolph Kleinpeter, Adam Kleinpeter, John Boose, Jacob Boose, Henrj' Kleinpeter, Philip Eppleman, Daniel Jacobs, Philip Jacobs, Christian Danner, Henry Stover, Andrew Sontag, David Myer. BIGMOUNT. This village is situated in a thickly settled, highly productive region in the northern part of the township near the border of Do- ver and the Big Conewago Creek. The name originated with Emanuel 0. Beck, who, in 1860, kept the village store, when Shearer & Lake made their map of York County. They asked for a name to designate the place, whereupon he gave "Bigmount" after a village by that name in Iowa. It was printed on the map, and the place has since been known by that name. It is located on a moderately elevated large mound, of near- ly circular shape, with a commanding view of the surrounding country. The land here was taken up under a warrant issued by the pro- prietaries of Pennsylvania in the year 1750, December 8, to Peter Craver. It was conveyed to different persons from that date until 1837, when JohnS. Trimmer, at present a highly re- spected citizen of the village, purchased the surrounding farm, and in partnership with his brother, of enad a store in a small room ad- joining the farm house. They continued two and a half years, and John S. Trimmer alone conducted a prosperous business for twenty years longer, so that even now the familiar name of "Trimmers' Store" is fre- quently applied to the place. His successors were: E. C. Beck, Christian Eaffensberger, Jacob Koohenour, Miller & Fickes, J. (X Goodling and Isaac Glatfelter. Clement Q. Trimmer has been the proprietor of the stora during several years past. This interesting little hamlet is located on the Canal Eoad extending from York Haven to Abbottstown and contains about fifteen houses, most of them in excellent condition. The public school building is a convenient brick struct- ure. It has a cupola and bell. B AUGHM AN S VILLE. Baughmansville is in the western end of Paradise. J. B. Baughman, now of York, began the store business at this place in 1844, and continued until 1865. There were, then no houses in the vicinity except one, and a blacksmith shop. This business was, conducted by George Jacobs, and now by his, son. Stores have been kept at this place, since 1865, by Joseph W. Kraft, J. Hantz, J. H. Baughman, George W. Spangler, John, O. Baughman, N. G. Waggoner, J. C. Bower - and H. H. Geisfc. There is now a collection, of twelve or fifteen houses. Union Chapel was built in 1867 for Sun- day-school and religious purposes. The land upon which this village is built,, was in the hands of the proprietaries until 1774, when Mathias Stump paid the small sum of £2 17s. 4d. for fifty-five acres, adjoining lands of Andreas Trimmer and John Frankelberger. The land in this vi- cinity was not cultivated as early as some, other portions of the township, and was not, considered fertile until a third of a century, ago. In 1844, Peter Waggoner and J. B. Baugb-. man began to place lime on the soil. It pror. duced good results, and by 1846 was put into general use. Before this a very small amount of wheat or corn could , be raised on an acre. Much of the land of Paradise, at an early day considered barren, now grows twenty to thirty-five bushels of wheat to the acre. Eye was raised with considerable suc- cess, before wheat. Peaches and apples were plentiful and cheap. An abundance of cider, peach brandy and apple-jack were made and hauled to Baltimore to be sold. Before large covered wagons were used, market men some- times used boxes on top of the horse in which the market products were placed and taken to town and city. John Buse, of Paradise Township, was killed near Gen. Hetrick's place, in Codo- 686 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY rus Township, May 20, 1820. He was driving a team to Baltimore; his horses ran away and the wagon passed over him. James Denny was killed by a stone falling on him, at a quarry on the farm of Jacob Crist in Paradise, October 12, 1819. This township had its militia companies also. Capt. George Trostle, half a century ago, drilled a company of 100 men at differ- ent places in the district. Philip Beck was first lieutenant. The commands were given in English and translated into German. One of the old landmarks of Paradise Township is the place known as Jacobs Mills in the upper end of the township, near the Adanas County border. The land was origin- ally taken up by a land warrant issued to George Jacobs in 1750. Soon after this date a mill was erected which has, ever since that event, been owned by a lineal descendant of the original settler. At present it is owned by Amos Jacobs, who has a wool carding-mill, grist-mill and saw-mill. They are run by water and steam. The old stone mansion near by was erected in 1780. HoUinger's Mill and Noel's Mill on Beaver Creek have long existed. Masemer's Mill, on the Beaver Creek and Berlin Road is a very old mill site. The stone building now standing, was erected in the year 1794 by Abraham Swigert •and was long known as the "Beaver Creek Mill." The mason who constructed it, John Nagle, left his name and the date of erection •on a large stone tablet in the west end of the mill. The large bridge across the Conewago near here was taken away by the flood of 1884, as well as the bridge over the Beaver 'Creek. Handsome iron bridges have taken their place by authority of the county com- missioners. SCHOOLS. There are now seven public school huild- -ings in Paradise, all of which are new and in excellent condition. Their names are as follows: Harbold's Church, Eisenhart's, Mil- ler's, Gable's, Stoner's and Bigmount. For the year 1H85, John A. Trostle was president of the school board, Amos Jacobs, secretary; Henry Marshall, treasurer; the other directors are Daniel Jacobs., George W. Baker and Aaron Moul. State appropriation received for the year 1885 was $360. THE CONTEDEKATE INVASION. The most notable events in the history of Paradise and Jackson, occurred during the Confederate invasion of Pennsylvania in 1863, when during the night of the 27th of June, Gen. Early, the commander of the di- vision which led the advance of Gen. Lee's Southern army, . encamped for the night in the former township, and Gen. Gordon's brigade in the latter. Gen. Gordon was since a United States senator from his native State, Georgia, and now a railroad magnate of the South. Gen. Early, now at an advanced age, is living at Lynchburg, Va. In private letters to the writer, dated Lynchburg, March 5 and June 4, 1885, among many other facts he gave the following information, which will doubtless be read with interest: The night before imr force reached the town of York, the place where I stayed, was at the house of a German widow (Mrs. Zinn, the house is now owned by George W. Trimmer), about three and a half miles east of East Berlin. I had reached there on the afternoon of June 27, on my way across the South Mountains on the road from Mummas- burg, via Hunterstown, Newchester, Hampton and East Berlin. I moved on that road with my main force, while Gen. Gordon with his brigade had moved east on the pike from Gettysburg to York. He camped four miles south of me along the pike. When I had placed the different parts of my com- mand in the positions they were to occupy for the night, having no camp equipage or baggage wagons, I looked out for a place for myself and staff to stay. Near the road was a cornfield into which I directed my detachment of cavalry to turn their horses. Not far distant, I saw a large barn, but failed to observe a correspondingly large farm house. My troops were not a little astonished at the large Pennsylva- nia barns of your prosperous farmers. I did not stay with that farmer over night. He could not speak a word of English, at least he would not for me, possibly he was scared so badly that he could not speak. I therefore gave up the idea of quarter- ing with him, and rode on a little farther, where I found quite a decent looking brick house with a porch in front, and several rooms to the house. As I rode up, the woman who owned the house, came out to the gate in great trepidation, exclaiming in broken English, "Are you goin' to destroy us, are you goin' to take all that we've got ?" I told her, "No madam, and to give you the best protection possible I will stay with you, with my staff and no one shall trouble you." I directed my staff to take possession, stating that the porch would do for sleeping. I then rode southeast four miles with a small escort to give Gordon final instructions about entering Yorkthe next day, and did not return until 9 o'clock P. M. My staff had eaten supper. The old lady who was now calmed of all her fears, had reserved supper for me, and I found it a very plen- tiful one, with about fifteen varieties of food — meats, vegetables, coffee and milk. While I was eating the old lady was very talkative. A good and clean bed was given me, and I rested for the night. A battalion of cavalry under Lieut.-Col. White had been sent by me along the railroad from Gettys- burg] to Hanover, and from thence to Hanover Junction to burn all the bridges, and to go from thence to York. I then proceeded on the morning of the 28th of June toward AVeigelstown, and at that point, sent a small regiment of cavalry (the Seventeenth Virginia) under the command of Col. French, to the mouth of the Conewago Creek to burn the railroad bridges there. Gen. Gordon's brigade entered York first on the pike, and later I entered the place myself from the north, on the road from Harrisburg, having two JACKSON TOWNSHIP. 687 brigades in camp north of the town near some mills. The bridge across the Susquehanna, between Wrightsville and Columbia, was destroyed by the Federal force there, on the approach of Gordon's brigade which I had sent there on the 38th to seize it. ' On the 29th, in examining the depot, car fac- tories and railroad depot at York, to see if they could be burned without setting fire to private houses, and while discussing with your mayor and others about my requisition on York for $100,000, I was unexpectedly approached by si messenger bearing a dispatch from Gen. Ewell, who had gone to Carlisle with the rest of the corps, containing the information that the Federal army had crossed the Potomac, and was moving north. The message ordered me to retrace my steps to join the army of Gen. Lee. I told the gentlemen around me that I would see them in the morning concerning my demands on the town, well knowing that they would not see me in the morning, as I Intended to move my force by night. I left the town before sunrise tbe next day with my troops, and you all know where we went. I did not send a message to Gen. Stuart, ordering him to attack Gen. Kilpa- trick at Hanover. Gen. Stuart ranked me, and I could not have ordered him. Before we crossed the Potomac, we had been ordered by the com- manding general to co-operate In the event of our coming together, but I had received no information from him and did not know on that day where he was. Kilpatrick did not impede my progress toward Gettysburg. At East Berlin a small squad of Federal cavalry was seen and pursued by my cav- alry, but it soon made its escape. While in East Berlin (as I retreated westward through that town, north 'of the pike) I received a message from Col. White, whom I had sent from York toward Gettys- burg, on the pike, with his battalion, that a force of Federal cavalry had been in Abbottstown, and that it was the advance of Kilpatrick's cavalry. This is all the force I heard of until I reached the vicinity of Gettysburg. Gen. Gordon on his way to York on the night of the 27th of June, encamped east of Farmers PostoiBce, now a village of twenty houses, on the turnpike, a few miles east of Abbottstown. He remained over night at the house of Jacob S. Altland, on the north side of the pike, and slept that night in a feather bed. His staff officers had a tent close to this house. Near by twelve cannon were planted. He arrived at that point at 3 P. M. A large number oE valuable horses were taken from the surrounding country. Early the next morning, between 5 and 6 o'clock, the brigade began the march down the pike to York. Gen. Gordon himself rode to York on one of the "borrowed" horses. It was a fine animal belonging to Samuel L. Both, a Mennonite preacher. This horse, we believe was afterward recovered. The squad of soldiers that passed back over the pike on the 30th, when near the former camping ground of Gordon's brigade, hear- ing the booming of the cannon at the en- gagement then taking place at Hanover, planted cannon on Henry Ramer's farm, in Jackson Township, expecting the arrival of the Union troops. Scouts soon returned re- porting there were none near, and they then proceeded to join Early at East Berlin. THE TOWNSHIP OF JAOKSOK 1"^HE area now embraced in this townshipt - for 110 years was a part of Paradise, In 1857 a petition was presented to the court, Judge Fisher presiding, asking for the ap- pointment of viewers to lay off a new town- ship. The request was granted, the report confirmed, and the new district was called Jackson, a name well known to history. 23 counties, 120 townships, and 30 towns and villages in the United States, have the same name. Jackson Township in this county, corres- ponds in shape, to the State of Indiana, and its democracy is of the same sterling kind. Most of its inhabitants support the principles advocated by the gallant "Hero of New Or- leans," with unflinching fidelity. The early settlers were nearly all Germans, except a few English Quakers, the Richardsons, Coateses, Tuckers, etc., who settled with Peter Dicks, founder of Spring Forge, in 1756. The German language now predomi- nates in the township. The land is fertile and very productive, and its owners, are industri- ous and prosperous. There are many valua- ble limestone and sandstone farms in the high- est state of cultivatioD. Jackson is drained by the head-waters of the Little Conewago, and small tributaries of the Codorus. Val- uable iron ore has been taken out from vari- ous parts of this township. The Conewago Iron Company, located at Middletown, Penn., have been the chief operators of late. On the farm of Michael H. Myers, this company leased a bank in January, 1881. From that date to March 1885, they took out 16,263. tons of brown hematite ore. Thirty-five men are regularly employed. Lewis Krall is superintendent. The percentage of iron is 47. At the "Jackson" bank, on the farm of Samuel H. Bechtel, from January, 1881, ta November, 1882, with 20 workmen, 4,892 tons of brown hematite ore, 47 per cent of iron were taken out. At the "Spring Grove" Bank, on the farm of John Roth, from Jan- uary, 1881, to April, 1883, with 20 workmen, 4,792 tons of specular ore, 47 per cent iron, were obtained; at the "Oak Hill" bank, from November, 1881, to January, 1883, with 20 workmen, 2,663 tons of specular ore, 45 per -688 HISTOEY OP YORK COUNTY. •cent iron, were obtained. All these mines were operated by the Conewago Iron Com- pany. Ore has been taken out in this town- ship for nearly a century, and there are vast deposits there yet. Jackson Township, though not large, is quite thickly settled. Its population in 1880 was 1,836; the number of taxables in 1883, was 562; value of real estate, $972,303; county tax, $3,736; State tax, $255. The York & Get- tysburg Turnpike crosses the township. The west end of the township along the pike is densely populated, and Farmers Postoffice has been in existence there since 1830. Thomasville is a collection of a dozen or more houses toward the east end of the Jack- son, on the pike. Nashville is a beautiful hamlet located on the York and Hanover road. Its population is sixty. This point is noted, according to tradition, as being the place Gen. Washington was met on July 2, 1791, by a York delegation while on his way Eastward. The famous "York Imperial" and "York Stripe" varieties of apple originated here a dozen years ago with William Johns- ton. Spangler Valley, located north of Pidgeon Hill Church, and extending from a point near Farmers Postof&ce eastward below Span- ' ler' s tavern, obtained its name from the fact that the land was " taken up " by the Span- glers during the time of the first settlement. The spring on the farm now owned by the Rev. Aaron Spangler, of York, was a resort for the Indians when the white settlers first came. There were wigwams at this place. Much of the valley was a vast, woody swamp, hence the name "Holz-schwamm." It was cov- ered with large hickory trees. Bernhart Spangler and his brother were among the first to commence cutting these large mon- archs of the forest, and to clear the land for farming. The head-waters of the Little Con- ewago Creek are in this valley. The Wiest property, near where the Han- over and Spring Grove roads diverge, was for a long time the site of a hotel, and an im- portant stopping place. Dr. John Wiest, of York, has in his possession an advertisement dated 1808, of Tempest Tucker, offering for sale this "well-known tavern stand on the road from Philadelphia to the Federal city." The " Jackson and Codorus scare, ''caused by a false report that all male citizens were to be impressed into the service during the Confederate invasion, is not yet forgotten. EEFOEMED AND LUTHERAN CHURCH. The Reformed and Lutheran Church, gen- erally known as the "Pidgeon Hill Church," was originally a union church for three de- nominations. Reformed, Lutheran aod Men- nonite. Abraham Roth on the 15th of Au- gust, 1785, deeded thirty acres of land in trust for church purposes, for which £6 14s. and 8d. were paid. The trustees were Barnhart Spangler, Abraham Roth and Christian Wiest. A log church was first built, then the log building was weather- boarded. In 1845 the present brick church was built. The original grant of land was to the Reformed Church only, but the other two sects were allowed to worship in the church. The Reformed element in this community at the time of the building of this church, was the strongest. The celebrated clergy- man, Rev. William Obterbein, soon after his arrival in America, preached to the German Reformed congregation here, and held en- thusiastic meetings. The same clergyman who officiated at Paradise and the Dover Churches, ministered to the congregations here. Of the Reformed pastors the follow- ing could be obtained in order of succession: Revs. John Ernst, Charles Helfenstein, F. W. Vandersloot, John Umrich, Daniel Zieg- ler, D. D., eighteen years; Jacob Kehm, Ja- cob Ziegler. Rev. I. S. Wiesz, D. D., is the present pastor. The first Lutheran preacher known to have ministered here was Rev. Albert, who was then pastor at Hanover. Rev. A. G. Deininger succeeded him and preached fifty- two years. Rev. Daniel Sell, who now has charge of Paradise, Dover and Red Run Churches, is the Lutheran pastor. Emanuel Eppleman is trustee for the Re- formed congregation, which numbers 160, and Levi Stover for the Lutheran congrega- tion of 120 members. Elders Henry Stouch and John Roth of the Reformed, and Fred- rick Stambaugh and Andrew Spangler of the Lutherans. One of the best remembered personages who lived in this community nearly a century ago was Hans Adam Wertz, the parish " schulmeister," who for many, many years taught the rudiments of a Ger- man and English education to the descend- ants of the early Teuton settlers of this region. Tradition says "he was very smart." Just seventy-one years ago, when nearly four- score years old, he emigrated to Ohio, where he soon after died. SPRING GROVE BOROUGH. This thrifty and prosperous town sprung into existence within the last decade as the di- rect result of the prosperity of the paper-mill. The history of the forge will be found in the JACKSON TOWNSHIP. BiMMiFiElU^fm^ Ma^nufactcrbr of Printixo Papbr article on the "Early Iron Industries," page 484, in this work. Most of the inhabitants of the borough are employed in the manu- facture of paper. The postoflSce of this place was originally known as "Pidgeon Hill," and was located one mile north of the forge. It was established in 1828, with Abraham Bletcher as postmaster. Mrs. Bletcher, Michael Fissell, William Wilson and George Waggoner have since been post- masters. C. W. Bauer was appointed in 1885. The present name of the office is Spring Forge. Since the incorporation of the town, the streets have been graded, pave- ments laid, the town illuminated by electric lights, a number of new streets opened, and houses furnished with hydrant water from a reservoir. Many houses have been built lately. An immense freight business is done here by the railroad. The company in 1885 built a fine depot and freight office. There are a dozen or more stores, and most of the mechanical trades are represented. Drs. Bahn and Hoke are the physicians of the town. SPRING GROVE PAPER MILLS. The manufacturing of paper was begun by Jacob Hauer soon after the iron business was discontinued. He conducted this new business until his death in 1853, after this event it was continued by his heirs, and managed by Mr. Bradley for a time, and then leased to a firm in Philadelphia. In 1863 the present owner Mr. P. H. Glatfelter purchased the paper mill and all its interests for $14,000. He had carefully learned the art of paper-making with the firm of Loucks & Hoffman at Paper Mills, Md., having been in their employ from the year 1857 un- til the time he purchased the Spring Grove Mills. The capacity then was 1,500 pounds of paper a day; which by improvement was increased to 4,000 pounds in 1868. He be- gan the erection of new buildings in 1874, and furnished them with entirely new machinery, at a great expense. The capacity of the new mill was 10,000 pounds of paper a day, and its entire cost, 1200,000. Owing to the continued prosperity of his business, Mr. Glatfelter built additions and purchased new machinery, until the jjresent capacity is the enormous amount of 30,000 pounds a day, or about 3,700 tons yearly, and is con- tinually worked to fullest allowance. The buildings as they now stand, cover about five acres of land and with the machinery are valued at $450,000. The printing paper is manufactured from wood, straw and waste paper. The wood used is hickory-poplar and pine, and it costs $8 a cord delivered. The machinery is run by one 300-horse power engine and three forty-horse power engines, which for effective completeness is unsurpassed. Water is also utilized as a motor. The process of making printing- paper at this mill is completed from the raw material in ten days. About forty tons of coal are consumed daily. There are now 110 employes. The mill is run day and night and is lighted by electricity. One of the smoke stacks is 100 feet high, one 90 feet and another 70 feet. During the past few years, over $500,000 worth of business was transacted annually, and the demand for paper frequently exceeded the amount manu- factured. The disbursements yearly to em- ployes is over $50,000. The valuable print- ing paper made here is sold in nearly every section of the United States; Mr. Glatfelter 690 HISTORY or YOEK COUNTY. owns and runs a number of his own cars which are specially constructed for his pur- pose. The location is most admirable, being on the railroad and convenient to pure water, which is essential to the production of paper. A siding runs from bhe railroad to the establishment, and connects with the Frederick Division of the Pennsylvania Rail- road. Mr. P. H. Glatfelter, the enterprising proprietor of this extensive manufacturing industry, is a native of York County. He was born in 1837 on a farm in Spring Garden Township, where his father still resides. The first twenty years of his life he spent on the farm, and received his education in the common schools of his native township. He spent seven years as an employe of Loucks & Hoffman, who owned a manufactory on the (gunpowder River at Paper Mills, Md. At the age of twenty-seven he purchased the Spring Forge Mills which, until the time he became the owner, had made paper only in small quantities. He began paper-making here for himself,, with a small amount of capital, but by abundant native energy, natural adaptability to the business, and judicious care in management, continually increased his trade until he gained a reputa- tion equal to any manufacturer in the same business. Mr. Glatfelter was one of the first persons to engage in the manufacture of paper from straw and wood pulp. His mill is the largest establishment devoted ex- clusively to the production of printing paper in America. The now prosperous village of Spring Grove owes nearly everything to him, for its substantial and rapid growth. In matters of public improvement for the material, educational and moral interests of the town, he has always shown a generous and philanthropic hand. He is ably assisted by his son William and his brother Edward. OHUEOHES OF SPRING GROVE. St. Paul's Lutheran Church. — On the east side of Main Street, in Spring Grove, stands the conspicuous building, St. Paul's Evan- gelical Lutheran Church, which was erected in 1879, through the efforts of Mr. and Mrs. P. H. Glatfelter, together with others. P. H. Glatfelter and Abraham Reiff were the building committee. On Whit Monday, 1879, the corner-stone was laid by Rev. Drs. Hauer and Lochman, in the presence of Revs. A. W. Lilly, Peter Anstadt, John H. Menges, A. G. Fastnacht, Daniel Schindler, M. J. Alleman, and a large audience. The building was completed in 1880. On the 11th of March, ef the same year, a congre- gation was organized by Rev. Daniel J. Hauer, D. D. , consisting of twenty-six mem- bers. On Easter, 1880, the dedication took place. The ministers present were Revs. Hauer, the pastor, Anstadt and Alleman. The edifice is a handsome and commodious brick Gothic building, with a tower, in which is placed a sweet toned bell. In the audi- ence room, the recess behind the pulpit con- tains an excellent pipe organ. The build- ing is lighted by electricity, and in the winter warmed by steam. It is an ornament to the village, and was designed by J. A. Dempwolf, the architect, of York. The cost of the erection, with the furniture, amounted to $13,200. On the day of dedication it was ascertained that only $3,000 had been secured, when Mr. P. H. Glatfelter gener- ously came forward, and in the name of him- self, Mrs. Glatfelter and his children, as- sumed the payment of the balance, viz.: $10,200. After the dedication. Rev. Hauer resigned the pastorate, and Rev. M. J. Alleman suc- ceeded until the autumn of 1881, when he resigned. Rev. Hauer was then recalled. There are at present 140 persons whose names are on the records as members. The membership of the congregation is 140. The Sabbath-school, under the superintendence of P. H. Menges and Edward Glatfelter, is growing, and more room is needed to accom- modate the scholars. Mount Zion's Reformed Church. — On an elevated site to the north end of the borough stands the Reformed Church, a fine brick building erected in 1883. The congregation was organized by Rev. H. Hilbish, of Han- over, who was its pastor for a time. The building committee were George Hoke, George Rennoll and Zachariah Miller. Rev. Hartman, of Hanover, in 1885, is the regular pastor of the congregation, which has fifty members. A Sunday school of sixty pupils is held in the church. SCHOOLHOnSE. When the Colemans owned the forge, they donated a tract of land on which was built a house for public religious worship and for school purposes. A school was well kept in it nine mop(ths of the year, for a long time. Differef,/; religious denomina- tions were allowed t^inuse of the building. It was finally rented by the township direc- tors for public school purposes. A few years ago it was torn down and the present excellent school building put up on the same site by the township authorities at a cost of $1,200. Of this sum P. H. Glatfelter contributed MANHEIM TOWNSHIP. 691 gratis. J. A. Dempwolf was the archi- tect and Michael Little, contractor. BRICK YAKD. Peter S. Alwine, who owns a brick yard in Paradise Township and one near New Ox- ford, Adams County, commenced burning brick at Spring Grove in the year 1879, and makes at Spring Forge about 700,000 bricks annually. Ten men are regularly employed. June 26, 1884, the great flood , destroyed nearly the entire yard to the amount of 12,000; but in the autumn of the same year it was in full operation at a more secure place. He consumes 300 cords of wood each year. THE TOWNSHIP OF. MANHEIM. SOME of the first settlers of the southwest- ern part of this county, emigrated from the Grand-Duchy of Baden, near the historic old town of Manheim, on the Rhine. Michael Banner, who, quite early in the settlement became a large land-owner in this section, when this township was organized, in 1747, requested that it should be called after his native place. It then included almost the entire area of Manheim. West Manheim, Penn and Heidelberg Townships, in York County, and portions of Union and Conewa- go Townships, in Adams County. Heidel- berg was organized in 1750, but originally included what, in the early settlement, was known as "Digges' Choice," and was nearly surrounded by Manheim. In 1816 a peti- tion was presented to court, asking that the northern part of Manheim be added to Hei- delberg. The signers to this petition were Daniel Dubbs, Andrew Garrett, Peter Over- dier, John Thoman, Christopher Wolford, Conrad Sherman, Andrew Robenstein, Charles Warner and Henry Sherman. The court ap- pointed George Spangler, Jacob Smyser and Charles Fisher viewers. Their report was confirmed, and the area of Manheim was re- duced to include its present territory and that of West Manheim. In the year 1816 Jacob Albrecht and Val- entine Wentz each oV'ned an oil-mill; Dan- iel Dubs, an oil-mill .d hemp-mill; Jacob Keller, paper-mill a' . oil-mill; Jacob Sny- der, a paper-mill; Adam Schleeder, a full- ing and carding-mill; Peter Reider & John B. Wentz, each a tariyard; Conrad Sherman, a tanyard and distillery, and one slave, the only one owned in the township, which then included West Manheim. The township, as at present formed, is bounded on the north by Heidelberg, on the east by Codorus, on the south by Maryland, and on the west by West Manheim. The land is undulating, but in general is quite fertile and productive. The Bachman Valley Railroad crosses the Boatheastern part of the township, and the Hanover & Baltimore pass- es along its eastern border. There are two postoflfices: Xenia and Black Rock, but no villages within its limits. TAXABLES IN 1783. The following is a complete list of the'tax- able inhabitants for the year 1783, in Man- heim Township, which then included what is now West Manheim, Heidelberg and most of Penn Townships: Bernhardt Albrecht. George Apple. Christopher Africa. Nicholas Bucher, Jr. Daniel Bauser. Martin Bruckard. Adam Brunkard. Christian Bachman. Christopher Bachman. Nicholas Briolier. Joseph Bollinger. Jacob Bauer. John Bose. Peter Baum, Jr. Jacob Bauman. Peter Baum. ^^.--^ John Bose. .--'^'^ Henry Bauman, Jr. Michael Bear. Jacob Bear. Anthony Bricker. Henry Bushy. Nicholas Bucher. John Bowman. Henry Baumgardner. Jacob Bollinger. Jacob Burkhard. John Byer. Mathias Bloger. Johfi Bickler. Phillip Bodenfeld. Christian Bechtel. John Brodbeok. Henry Bowman, Sr. Felty Berger. Henry Bollinger. StofEel Bricker. Henry Byer. Andrew Beads. Jacob Baum. John Croe. John Calhoon. Daniel Doll. Henry Dewald. Jacob Dome. Henry Danner. Widow Danner. Daniel Dubbs. John Dierwachter. Oswald Dubs. Joseph Decker. Adam Eichelberger. Leonard Eichelberger. Michael Erhard. Jacob Ebersole. John Epply. Mathias Epply. Peter Epply. John Eyler. Way Ernst. Jacob Fuhrman, Jr. John Pauble. Valentine Fuhrman. Jacob Fuhrman. Christian Fass. Adam Fisher. Henry Felger. Adam Funis:. George Fox. Michael Fuhrman. Phillip Forney's widow. ,■ Marks Forney. ,/ Conrad Felty. ^ Valentine Fisher. John Felty. John Felix. Adam Forney. Jacob Plickinger. Samuel Flickinger. William Gerhardt. Adam Gramer. George Gody. Peter Gundy. John Gerber. Frederick Gelwix. Martin Geminter. Peter Gid. George Gelwix. Christian Gerhard. Phillip Houch. Jacob Houck. Michael Hower. Jacob Hedrick. Michael Hofair. John Hinkel. Anthony Hinkel. John Hereder. Henry Hering. Henry HofE. Chi'istian Hershy. John Hershy. Adam Hubbert. — ' Michael Hoffman. Peter Hoffman. Adam Hoffman. Samuel Harnish. 693 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. Casper Hock. Francis Heimse. Frederick Heiner. Jacob Heagy. Andrew HoU. Yost Hoffman. John Jones. Ttiomas Kelly. Conrad Hains. Widow Kaufelt. Andrew Karg. Peter Koch. George Koch. Jacob Kraft. Henry Klein. Hefrich Kramer. Adam Kraver. Gerhard Kraver. Gabriel Kraver. Peter Krum. Nicholas Keetaber. Jacob Kochenaur. Andrew Koch. Peter Keplinger. John Kitzmifler. George Kitzmiller. John Kair. Michael Karl. Christian Kemmerly. Peter Kaa. George Keller. David Kibler. Samuel Kelly. Mathias Lower. Frederick Long. Martin Long. ^ Jacob Long. Nicholas Lengle. Widow Leining. Henry Leinert, Sr. Henry Leinert, Jr. Martin Layer. MichaelMosser. Henry Leish. Melchior Myers. Peter Malsbach. Philip Miller, Jr. Adam Martin. Henry Martin. Joder Messeimer. Philip Miller. Greorge Matter. Alexander Leinert. Adam Wagner. Frederick Myer. William Michael. George Mielheim. Jacob Moshrosh. Philip Morningstar. James Miller. Philip Moul. Jacob Nunemacher. Mathias Neass. Nicholas Newman, Ludwig Herdier. Michael Newman. Christian Rollman. Jacob Reinhard. William Reineman, George Rollman. Hophel Racky. Jacob Runkel. Ludwig Runkle. Casper Retneiker. Andrew Rudisill. Conrad Reinhard. Ludwig Rudisill. George Reinhardt. John Rauenzahn. Henry Richel. Widow Ravenstein. Michael Roth. John Shead. William Speioe. Widow Slodhower. Widow Sholl. Adam Smith. William Strauck. John Bhenck. Dewald Sneyder. Tobias Stier. Adam Shorb. Hill Savige. Michael Stephan. John Summer. Adam Schmetzer. John Schwartzbach. Christopher Sneyder. Bernhardt Sterner. Peter Sabel. Jacob Sherman. Conrad Sherman. Adam Sower. Conrad Sherertz. Ludwig Sherertz. John Sheirer. Christopher Shrod. George Smith. Anthony Slodhauer. Jacob Stambach. Michael Slodhauer. John Snyder. Christopher Sower. John Shawk. Sebastian Steinbrecher. John Studebecker. Peter Stambach. John Throne. Abraham Throne. Casper Trum. Abraham Trump. Michael Uland. Daniel Utz. Michael Wentz. Philip Wohlfahrt. Widow Wirking. Philip Wirking. Valentine Wirking. Melchior Werner. George Werner. Nicholas Wolfgang. Christopher Willet. John Wampler. Jacob Wildesin. Samuel Wildesin. Michael Weinbrecht. John Welty. Yost Wagner. Peter Wagner. Ludwig Wagner. John Winter. Christian Wunner. Valentine Wentz. William Wadsworth. John Wise. Frederick Wentz. Henry Yager. Leonard Yenawein. John Yekis. Charles Young. Daniel Zuber. Anthony Zancker. George Zackarias. John Zimmerman. Christian Zimmerman. SINGLE MBK. John Buoher. Dewald Eavenstein. Henry Stier. John Stier. Jacob Brungard. Christian Furney. George Morningstar. Samuel Long. Adam Gemniter. John Bloger. Michael Africa.* Jacob Newcomer. John Ernst. Charles Werner. Mary Ann Furnace. Philip Kiuger. Jacob Baumgardner. Dewald Felty. Edward Miller. Jacob Minich. Philip Hok. John Long. LudwigPleger. Jacob Wirth. Jacob Stambach. Godleib Nunnemacher. Henry Dume. Christopher Sneyder. Henry Miller. Jacob Willet. Anthony Willet. Conrad Long. Abraham Miller. John Klein. John Runkle. George Mattes. John Sterner. Philip Werner. Christian Rauser. Nicholas Masenheimer. Christian Shenck. The population, in 1880, was 1,293; num- ber of taxables in 1884, was 439; value of real estate for same year, $436,668. LUTHEKAN AND HEFOEMED CHURCH. This is known in the community as "Dubb's Church," and is located four and one-half miles southeast of Hanover. Rev. Samuel Gutelius, pastor of the Eeformed Church at Hanover, preached for a time in David Run- kle's dwelling-house. Both Reformed and Lutheran clergymen held services for several years in what is known as Wildasin's School- house near by. In 1853 the present brick church was built. The Lutheran clergymen since the time of organization, have been Revs. D. P. Rosen- miller, M. J. Alleman, P. VP^arner, S. Ting- ling, D. J. Hauer and J. A. Metzgar. The last-named is the present pastor of the Lu- theran congregation, whose membership is 190. The Eeformed congregation has been served by Revs. Samuel Gutelius, Jacob Sechler, J. D. Zehring, S. F. Laury, and J. H. Hartman who is present pastor. The membership is 280. A flourishing Union Sunday-school of 160 pupils, is superintend- ed by the two pastors. THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Down to the year 1870, Manheim had re fused to accept the common school system. True, for several years the people had elected school directors, after the manner prescribed by law, but with the understand- ing that the law vras not to be put in force; the township, however, was not without schoolhouses and schools. In the autumn of this year. Prof. S. Q. Boyd, then county superintendent, paid this "^Grandfather of J. Simpson Africa, secretary of internal affairs, at Harrisburg. HEIDELBERG TOWNSHIP. 693 township a visit, to confer with and, if possi- ble, induce the board to accept the law. He found such members as he met friend- ly to the cause of education, and one of these members, Cornelius R. Weutz, secretary of their board, especially favorable to the ac- ceptance of the system. Arrangements were at once made for a meeting of the board at an early day, which convened at the time appointed, and after an interchange of views, and a full explanation of the workings of the law, by the superin- tendent, decided to adopt the system with- out further delay. In due time an examination of teachers was held for the township, and the schools put into operation. There are at present six schools as follows : Nace's, Wolfgang's, Snyder's, Black Eock, Zumbrum's, Summit and Miller's. The mem- bers of the board of directors for 1885 are A. N. Robrbaugh, president; Aaron K. Al- bright, secretary; Lewis H. Miller, Anthony Nace, Jacob Dabbs and Edward Fuhrman. THE TOWNSHIP OF HEIDELBERG. IN the Grand-Duchy of Baden, not far from Manheim, is the historic old city of Heidelberg, famous for its great university, founded in 1386 — -the second oldest institu- tion in Germany. The derivation of the word, is ''Heidel" huckleberry, or whortle- berry, and "berg," mountain; the origin of which was owing to the fact that the city is surrounded by picturesque wooded hills, on which grew huckleberry bushes in great abundance. This German city was rendered historic on account of the cruelties and atroc- ities perpetrated upon its citizens in the seventeenth century. The ferocious Tilly bombarded it for one month, took it by storm and gave it up to three days of pillage, in 1622. The French general, Melac, by order of Louis XIV, in 1688, took the town and cruelly burnt it; in 1693 another French force re- peated and exceeded all former atrocities. It is now a prosperous city. Many of the inhabitants of Heidelberg and vicinity, on account of these cruel wars, immigrated to Pennsylvania soon after, and a township by that name is found in each of the following counties: York, Berks, Lehigh and Lebanon. Heidelberg Township in this county was erected in 1750. It then contained an area of 9,030 acres and was identical with "Dig- ges' Choice" which name, since that date, is known only to history. The names of many of the early settlers of this to wash ip, as it then was, will be found in the history of Hanover. The original shape of Heidelberg was very irregular. It extended in a north- westernly and southeasternly direction, from a point a short distance east of Hanover, west to McSherrystown, Adams County. It was long and narrow, and what is now the bor- ough of Hanover was included within its ter- ritory. The town was bordered on the north and south by Manheim until the northern part of that township was annexed to Heidel- berg in 1816, one year after Hanover was in- corporated. In 1783 Heidelberg had 191 houses, 116 town lots, 29 slaves and a population of 1,204. In 1880 this township entirely lost its identity. Out of part of its original territo- ry and a part of the annexation of 1816 the new township of Penn was formed. Thus the original of Heidelberg now forms a part of Conewago Township Adams County, part of Penn Township, and the borough of Hanover. The civil authorities, of York County have not treated it so cruel- ly, though with little more respect than the French army did the city after which it was named. The eastern section, caused by the division of 1880, retained the name Heidel- berg, but it contains no part of its original territory, as it is now formed. Paradise and Jackson bound it on the north. North Codor- us on the east, the Manheims on the south, and Penn on the west. It is drained by the west branch of the Codorus Creek and its tributary the Oil Creek. Its present terri- tory, until 1816, was embraced in Manheim, and was first settled, mostly by the Mennon- ites and German Baptists (Dunkers), as early as 1738. Heidelberg is crossed by the Hanover & Baltimore and Hanover & York Railroads. Smith's Station and Porter's Sideling, stop- ping places along the Hanover & Baltimore Railroad, are now interesting hamlets, and each has a postoffice. The latter place was named after ex -Gov. Porter, who shipped large quantities of iron ore from this station soon after the road was built, from banks that he leased in this township. The Reformed Church at Smith's Station,^ was built several years ago. The congrega- tion was ministered to by Revs. Jacob Sech- ler and H. Hilbish. Rev. J. H. Hartman, of Hanover, is the present pastor. Member- ship, 50. 694 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. Moulstown is a collection of a dozen or more bouses, in the northern part of the township. A Union Meeting House was built here during the centennial year. The building committee were Jacob Moul, Charles Eiohelberger and D. W. Gemmill. Jacobs' Mills, Iron Ridge and Menges' Mills are stations on the Short- line Railroad, at each of which places there is a postoffiee and a store.- They are import- ant points for the shipment of iron ore. Oarber's Mennonite Church, near Menges' Mills, was built more than half a century ago. Near here there was an early settlement of Mennonites. IKOJI OBE INTERESTS. Heidelberg contains valuable and extensive deposits of iron ore. The discovery of it was made by Peter Dicks, who started Spring Forge in 1756. Most of the ore smelted at Mary Ann Furnace, which was built in 1761, by Hon.; George Ross, of Lancaster, and located in Manheim, this county, was obtained in Heidelberg. In 1840 ex-Gov. Porter leased several tracts in this township and began to take out and ship ore in large quantities. The names of some of the leading banks are here- in given. The Hanover Bank in northeastern part of township, was opened by J. Duttenhoeffer, in 1870, and passed into the hands of the Chiques Iron Company in 1873. It has been a very valuable deposit and an area of five acres has been excavated. In all about 45,000 tons of brown hematite ore were taken out, the bank being in continuous operation from 1870 to 1885. A thirty horse-power engine was used. The ore was lately obtained from a mine eighty-five feet deep. Samuel Bechtel's Bank was opened in 1864. It adjoins the Hanover Bank. It was first owned by George Sprenkle and operated by a gentleman from Lancaster. Three perpendicular shafts were put down. The ore obtained was 40 per cent pure metal. Forty men were at one time employed here. It continued in operation for a dozen years, and several thousand tons of ore were obtained. In ]871, a bank was opened a short distance east of this one, containing a good quality of brown hematite lying in yellow clay. Moul's Bank, Forry's Bank (near Smith's Station), Stambach's Bank,- Mickley's Bank, Sprenkle's Bank on the farm of Henry L. Bauman, and others, yielded large quantities of ore. Bollinger's Bank four and a half miles southeast of Hanover, for many years was one of the most important in this county. It was leased and operated by the Leesport Iron Company. At J. Moul's Bank, for a time, 400 tons of ore per month were obtained. Sprenkle's Bank was very valuable. Within the past few years the Ashland Iron Company, Leesport Iron Company and the Chiques Iron Company have leased and operated a number of banks in this township. MENNONITE MEETING HOUSE. On the York road, aboat three miles east of Hanover, stands the above-mentioned church, familiarly known as "Bair's Meeting House.'' The land upon which it and the adjoining public school house are built, was granted to Michael Banner, in trust for the Mennonite, Congregation, August 8, 1774, by John and Thomas Penn, sons of William Penn, who were then the proprietaries of Pennsylvania. Michael Banner was a prom- inent man of his day, and, in 1749, was one of the commissioners appointed to lay off' York County. The religious services of the society of Mennonites for many years were held in the houses of members, but for the purpose of erecting a building, for^a school and for religious worship, a tripar- tite indenture and agreement was made May 14, 1775, between the said Michael Banner, Sr. , then of the town of Hanover on the first part, John Shenck, of Manheim and Jacob Keagy of Heidelberg, ministers, of the Mennonites, John Welty and James Miller, both of Manheim (now Heidelberg), elders of the Mennonite congregation of the second part, and Adam Eiohelberger of the third part, concerning the disposition of the above mentioned land, which was named "Banner's Repository," and when granted adjoined lands of Michael Newman, Andrew Shenck and Adam Eiohelberger, and contained twelve acres. The grant to Michael Banner was "in trust to and for the only proper use of the Mennonites,their heirs and successors forever." The consideration was £6 in Pennsylvania currency paid to Michael Banner, who had held the land "in trust for the Mennonite Congregation in Manheim and the adjacent section of that religious society or denom- ination." It was agreed upon by the heads of the said congregation, "to hold equally and in common, and for the use of said con- gregation erect a schoolhouse and meeting- house, and locate a place to bury the dead, and for the use of the German Lutherans and German Reformed Calvinists, who may join in erecting a schoolhouse thereon, and supporting a schoolmaster, and also for a place of burial for their dead." They then HEIDELBERG TOWNSHIP. 695 released unto Adam Eichelberger tlie right of being a trustee for the Lutheran and Re- formed congregations and for a school build- ing, but ' 'reserving and retaining for them- selves entire use and their successors forever; a house of worship to be erected on some part of said land when said Mennonite con- gregation may see lit to erect one." The house built that year lasted many years, until the present one, now used only for a meeting- house, was built. The congregation that worships in Bair's Meeting House is con- nected with the Hanover Church, of th,e same denomination, and Hostetter's Meeting House in Adams County — the three meetings form one organization of about 100 members. Samuel Myers, Martin Whistler and Jacob Hostetter, Sr., are the present preachers; services are held in English and German. Among the many tombs in the graveyard adjoining this meeting house, the following inscriptions were copied; Mary M. Rudisilldied December 17, 1881, aged ninety-eight years, six months and nine days. Andrew Eudisill died November 1, 1880, aged ninety-two years, eleven months and one day. Eve Rudisill, wife of Jacob Fishel, died January 11, 1877, aged eighty-five years. Barbara E. Wildasin, wife of Andrew Rudisill, died July 28, 1859, aged one hundred and eleven years, nine months and twenty-two days. Here lies the body of George Trone, born April 5, 1709, died July 1, 1778. SCHOOLS. The township of Heidelberg has five schools as follows: Bair's, Mt. Carmel, Porry's, Porter's and Hohf's. The board of directors for the past year were H. W. Smith, R. M. Moul, H. D. Hamm, Daniel Forry, Daniel Whorley and Jacob Brillhart. AN HISTOBIC SPOT. On the hillside west of Menges' Mills, is an historic spot. Here on the night of May 26, 1781, the distinguished Revolution- ary hero, Gen. Anthony Wayne, encamped with about 1,000 men. They left York at 9 A. M. He and hisi soldiers had become famous for their daring bravery in several hard fought battles, especially at Stony •Point, Brandywine and Paoli. The cam- paigns in the north had virtually ended, and he, according to the direction of Washington, was ordered southward to join Lafayette's army in Virginia. The commander, as was his custom, rested for the night in camp with his men. Shortly after sunrise they took up their march through Hanover, and encamped for the next night near LittlestowD. They passed through Taneytown and halted upon the banks of Pipe Creek, where they encamped on the night of the 28th of May, and on the following night on the south bank of the Monocacy River. Atthis point they remained one day. May 30, and washed and cleaned their arms, and at 7 P. M. were reviewed by their commanding general. They passed through Frederick at 8 A. M. At this place there were a number of British officers kept as prisoners of war who were privileged to take a view of Gen. Wayne and his men. They crossed the Potomac at Noland's Ferry, where they halted for the artillery and bag- gage to cross. The troops crossed in the evening and halted one mile from the ferry and lay without tents, it raining the chief part of the night. Crossing at this place four men were drowned; one of the scows sank. One of the lost was a sergeant. The average distance of their daily march was about fifteen miles. Near the south branch of the Rappahan- nock, on June 10, after a march that day of twenty-three miles they joined the army of Gen. LaFayette. That day they were cheered by meeting a body of 1,800 Virginia militia- who were marching to the front. October 19 of that year this patriotic band were present as a part of LaFayette's command, at the sur- render of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, Va. Capt. McClellan, of York County, who was ■with Wayne, in his diary says of the sur- render: " The British marched out and grounded their arms in front of our lines. Our whole army drew up for them to march through, the French army on their right and the American army on their left, with the stars and stripes floating in the gentle breeze." There is some significance in the event of Gen. Wayne and his patriot band crossing York County on the southern march. It occurred near the last of the great struggle for freedom, and they soon after took part in the culminating event of the war, the siege and surrender of Yorktown and the capture of the British army. When the reader recalls to memory the fact that Gen. Kilpatrick just eighty-two years later, almost to the day, encamped on nearly the same spot crossed, the western portion of York County, and soon thereafter engaged in the great and decisive conflict at Gettysburg, the coincidence is somewhat striking. The commanders of these armies 696 HISTOEY OF YOEK COUNTY. were similar in nature and temperament. Both had won victories with the same mili- tary strategy, and both were bold, daring, in- trepid and impetuous otHoers. They both died when comparatively young man under similar circumstances and from similar causes. THE TOWNSHIP OF PENN. THIS township surrounds the borough of Hanover, and is bounded on the west by Adams County. Originally much of its ter- ritory was included in "Digges' Choice." Prom 1750 to 1880 Penn was embraced in Heidelberg, except that portion of it which was included in Manheim until the annexation of 1816. Within its present territory there were many conflicting claims to land titles, during the time of the early settlement. These difficulties are described in the front part of this work and in the history of Han- over. There is some significance in the name Penn being applied to this township, as its territory was claimed by both Lord Baltimore and the heirs of William Penn, until the important question was finally set- tled by the King of England in council, which gave rise to the running of the Mason and Dixon's line, deciding it to be within the boundaries of the Penn grant. The township was formed by a division of Heidelberg, by action of the court in the year 1880. The viewers were George W. Hoffacker, Jeremiah Brodbeck and Jesse K. Wentz. The survey was made by Jesse D. Keller. Penn is very densely populated, and con- tains some of the most fertile and most valua- ble land in York County. Though not large in area, its population in 1880 was 1,962, which has been considerably increased since. In 1884, the number of taxables was 682, and real estate valuation $1,050,586. A consid- erable portion of the town of Hanover, the villages of Pennville, New Baltimore and Blooming Grove are within its boundaries. Iron ore has been obtained in this township south of Hanover. Amos Rohrbach, a prosperous farmer and the largest man in York County, is a promi- nent citizen of this township. His height is six feet four inches, his weight 428 pounds, and is about sixty years old. Dense forests of hickory, oak and chestnut existed around Hanover when this region was first settled. On the farm of Karl Forney, one of these old land-marks is still standins. In 1850 it measured twenty-one feet in cir- cumference, la 1885 it had exactly the same dimensions. The two farms owned now by Karl Forney and A. W. Forney, adjoining Hanover, have been owned by the descendants of Adam and Nicholas Forney since they were first purchased in 1730. On the former farm Philip Forney was shot by an Indian. THE EVANaELICAL CHURCH. The Evangelical Church at Blooming Grove was built in 1882, at a cost of 1800. The dedicatory services were conducted by Eev. G. H. Schley, of East Prospect, in No- vember, 1882. The building committee con- sisted of the pastor of the congregation. Rev. P. F. Jarrett, E. R. Kessler and F. S. Stover. This congregation has about 40 members. The Sanday-schooJ at this place is prosperous. It has been in existence for a num- ber of years, and kept up as a Union school; at present it is under the efficient manage- ment of M. Gephart, who is widely known in the vicinity of Hanover as an excellent Sunday- school worker. The membership is seventy- five pupils and teachers. Wildasin's Meet- ing House was built about 1840, as a place of worship for Reformed Lutherans and Ger- man Baptists. Since Dub's Church has been built it is used only by the last named denom- ination. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The names of the public schools in Penn are as follows : Bunker Hill, Blooming Grove, Pennville, Mount Olivet, New Baltimore, Krentler's and Nos. 1 & 2 on Abbottstown Street, Hanover. The members of the board of directors for the year 1885 are Frank S. Zinn, president; Eli Becker, secretary; Noah Grimm, treasurer; George Bowman, Daniel Mummert, and John Bletner. THE TOWNSHIP OF WEST MANHEIM. THIS township was formed by a division of Manheim in 1858. It is situated in the extreme southwestern part of the township, bordering on the State of Maryland to the south, Adams County to the west, Penn Town- ship to the north, and Manheim to the east. Most of the land in it is quite fertile, though for a century, a large section of the township was known as "the Barrens." Improved methods of agriculture, and a careful use of WEST MAJSTHEIM TOWJS'SHIP. 697 fertilizers, has greatly increased the value of the land and made it more productive, so that it now yields as abundant crops as the limestone land north of it. Iron ore has been taken out at a tew places. The history of Mary Ann Furnace, an early industry of this township, vpill be found in an article in this book on "Early Iron Industries," page •484. The Hanover & Maryland Line Turnpike diagonally crosses West Manheim and divides it into two equal parts. This road follows a height of land which separates the head waters of the Codorus from the head waters of the south branch of Conewago. The town- ship is therefore drained by both these streams. The popolation in 1880 was 1,194; value of real estate in 1884 was $415,686. There are no villages in this township and no post- offices. THE 'churches. Lutheran and Reformed Church. — In the extreme southern part of West Manheim, near Mason and Dixon's line, is the historic site of St. David's Church, though better known by its local name "Sherman's Church." Since the time of its origin in 1750, it has been known by its ecclesiastical name, and has been a Union Church and generally ministered to by clergymen who resided in Hanover. Eev. J. A. Metzgar kindly furnished the following concerning the Lutheran congre- gation and church building, most of which was obtained from documents in German. In the latter part of 1750, or early in 1751, a meeting of the Lutherans of this community was called, having for its object the organization of an Evangelical Lutheran congregation. Their efforts at organizing were altogether successful. The Rev. John George Eager (Baugher) who was a pioneer of Lutheranism in this section of the county, and who was at this time pastor of the Lutheran congregation at Hanover, organ- ized the Lutheran congregation here. The ground upon which the first building was erected was donated by David Lauer and Peter Zapp. The first church was quite small, rude in construction and in every way harmonized with its primitive surroundings. Services are reported as having been regu- larly held in this building until 1781, when a larger house of worship was erected. In this building the congregation worshiped a number of years without stoves or fire, and it was as late as 1832, when the interior of this church was plastered. No careful record of communicants was kept, even the number at organization cannot be ascertained. The number of communi- cants for 1783 was 149. The introduction of night services in Ger- man country churches always formed an im- portant epoch in their history. St. David's congregation first permitted services by "can- dle light" under the pastorate of Rev. Fred- erick Ruthrauf in 1843. In 1867 the third church was erected on the original site, during the pastorate of Rev. Samuel Yingling. The building committee of the second church were George Motter, Philip Wolfard, Conrad Sherman and John Wampler. The committee to whom was en- trusted the third and present church build- ing, were John W. Hoffacker, Henry W. Craumer and David Garrett. The following is the list of Lutheran pas- tors from its organization to the present: Revs. Carl Frederick Wildbahn, 1751-52; John George Eager (Eaugher), 1753; John Daniel Schroeder,1790; John Frederick Mels- heimer, 1790-1814; John Melsheimer, 1814- 29. To this date this congregation was served by ministers from Hanover, Penn., but now began to receive its supply from Manchester, Md. Revs. Jacob Albert, 1829-39; Jeremiah Harpel, 1839-42; P. Willard, 1842-43; Fred- erick Ruthraufif, 1843-45; Eli Schwartz, 1845-48; Jacob Kempfer, 1848-53; D. P. Rosenmiller, 1853-57; M. J. Alleman, 1857- 63; P. Warner, 1863-65; M. J. Alleman, 1865-68; S. Yingling, 1868-72; D. J. Hauer, 1873-82; J. A. Metzgar, 1882. The Reformed congregation for a long time was served by the pastors of Emanuel's Re- formed Church of Hanover. Among those of later date were Revs. Kurtz, Samuel Gutelius, J. D. Zehring, W. K. Zieber and Jacob Sech- ler. The Reformed congregation at present numbers 150 members. Rev. H. Hilbish, pas- tor of Trinity Church, Hanover, also serves this congregation. A Union Sunday-school is held in this church. William Klinedinst is superinten- dent. O. W. Garrett served in this position before him. St. Bartholomew'' s Church. — This is a Union Church owned conjointly by Lutheran and Reformed congregations, and is located in the southwestern part of West Manheim, near the Maryland line. The first building which was erected about half a century ago, was constructed of logs and weather- boarded. It burned down in 1879, having caught fire from an adjoining mill which was in flames and was also burned at the same time. The early church records were thus destroyed. The Lutheran pastors whose names can be 698 HISTORY or YORK COUNTY. recalled were Peter Sheurer, J. Lane, M. J. Alleman and D. J. Hauer, D. D. Rev. J. A. Metgar at present serves the congregation of 125 'members. Some of the Reformed pastors iivere J. Kurtz, Samuel Gutelius, Jacob Sechler, and W. K. Zieber, D. D. The Reformed con- gregation now numbers seventy-tive, and is served by Rev. H. Hilbish. A Union Sunday- school is superintended by John W. Cranmer. The present church was built in ISSl, at a cost of $3,000. Mount Zion United Brethren Church. — Rev. Samuel Enterline first preached the doctrines of the church of the United Breth- ren in Christ in the present limits of West Manheim Township, and on the SQth of Jan- uary, 1847, effected an organization. For many years revival services and other relig- ious worship were conducted in the private house of John Wentz. During the year 1S<)1 a building committee was appointed, consisting of John Wentz, Philip Wentz, and Benjamin Wentz, and during the summer of the same year the present church was built at a cost of $1,0(10. Since the organ- ization the following-named ministers have had charge of this congregation, in connec- tion with others belonging to the same cir- cuit: Samuel Enterline, W. B. Raber, T. T. Hallowell, F. Grim, Jacob S. Wentz, Tobias Crider, Peter Corl, J. G. Clair, W. H. Craumer, J. B. Jones, Abraham Rudisill, Lewis Kohr, L. R. Kramer and J. L. Nich- olas. Present church membership thirty- tive. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. There are at present five schools in West Manheim as follows: Myer's, Hoffacker's, Nace's, Mathias' and Centre. The buildings are all brick, and nearly new. The members of the school board for the past year were: E. C. Hofl'aeker, president; John W. Cranmer, secretary; Jacob L. Werner, Eli Hauck, John Utz and Adam Barnhard, CODORUS AND NORTH TOWNSHIPS. CODORUS THE word Codorus is of Indian origin, but its signification is unknown. All at- tempts to give its meaning are purely conject- ural. There seems to have been a small tribe of the Sns(piehannock Indians, who bore that name, yet there are no authentic records to es- tablish it as a fact. In the earliest official rec- ords, and in the writings of missionaries and adventurers who first visited what is now York County, the names "Coddorus," "Codo- ros" and "Kothores," etc., are used to desig- nate the winding stream, which drains a large part of York County, now bearing the beautiful name of Codorus. The township which was given the same name, was organ- ized under the authority of the Lancaster Court in 1747, two years before the erection of York County. Some of the land in the southern part of the township, was taken up about 1732, under Maryland titles, before the temporary line between Pennsylvania and Maryland was run. A year or two later a number of Germans began to take possession of the fertile spots in the northern part of the township, and what is now North Codo- rus. There was a colony of German Baptists (Dunkers), who located in this section before 1750. (See page 383 in this book. ) George Lightner, in 1749, was the first township constable; Casper Cooper succeeded him in 1751; Peter Brillhard, in 1752, and Peter Bingley, in 1765. The i^resent township of Codorus is bounded on the north by North Codorus, on the east by Shrewsburj' and Springfield, on the south by the State of Maryland and on the west by Manheim. It is drained by different branches of the Codorus Creek. The Hanover cV Baltimore Railroad extends along its western boundary; the Hanover Branch Railroad along a portion of the northern boundary and the Northern Central Railway along a portion of the eastern boundary. Most of the land is in an excel- lent state of cultivation and yields abundant cereal crops. Its population in ISSd was 2,261; valuation of real estate in 1884 was $697, 605, and number of taxables 630. North Codorus was formed out of Codo- rus in ]84(\ It is bounded on the north by Jackson and West Manchester, on the east by York and Springfield, on the south by Codorus and on the west by Heidelberg. A ' portion of the township is composed of chestnut timber land. The farming land is fertile. The population, in 1880, was 2,550; valuation of real estate for 1884, was $1,099, - 696, and number of taxables 726. The Hanover Branch Railway traverses the south- ern part of the township and the Northern Central the eastern. OLD EOADS. ' In 1758 a road was run from Daniel Diehl's mill in Codorus to Nelson's (now McCall's) Ferry. The following petition is CODORUS AND NORTH CODORUS TOWNSHIPS. 699 signed by some of tlie first settlers of the township: To THB Worshipful His Majestit's Justicks op THB Peace for the County of York met at York the last Tuesday op July, 1760. The Petition of the Inhabitants of Codorus Township and parts adjacent humbly Sheweth That a great Road is much wanted from York Town towards Baltimore Town as far as the Tem- porary line. That a Road has been laid out part of the way but not finished. Your petitioners humbly pray that proper Per- sons may be appointed to review the ground and lay out a Road from George Myer's Plantation by the Widow Links to the Temporary Line (see page 75 in this book) where Tobias Amspoker junr. lately dwelt, there being now a good Road in the Maryland Side of the Line from said Amspoker's late dwelling Plantation to Baltimore Town aforesaid. And your Petioners will pray. Michel Myer. Philip Zeigler. Michel Ham. Michel Beissel. Jacob Hover. Lndwig Rieser. Ludwig Huber. Jacob Soeller. Johannes Weller. George Keller. Ulrich Huber. Daniel Cramer. Michel Miller. Michel Wunord. Nicholas Vogel. George Meyer. Peter Wolf. Nicholas Schrom. Nicholas Koenig. Jacob Ob (Upp), David Hamsspacker. Jacob Hoak. Casper Kinsser. Daniel Diehl. list op taxables in 1783. In the county assessment and census report of 1783, Codorus Township was then reported to have 199 dwelling-houses, 189 barns, 9 mills, 6 negro slaves, a population of 1, 304, and 27,975 acres of land not vacant. The population at that date was quite dense. The township furnished two companies of soldiers for the Eevolution. The following is a complete list of taxa- bles of Codorus for 1783: George Amspoker, Valentine Alt, John Bauman, Jacob Bailey, George Bortner, Benjamin Brouman, William Brouman, Henry Baker, John Boyer, William Becker, John Brodbeck, Jacob Bear, Michael Bealer, Jacob Bealer, William Baker, Abraham Bollinger, Jacob Bealer, Sr., Peter Brillhard, Jacob Bechtel, Michael Beltz, George Dehl, Charles Dehl, Nicholas Dehoff, Henry Dehofl, George Dehoff, John Decker, Adam Denlinger, John Everholt, Michael Ehrman, Mendel Everhold, Philip Emich, Jacob Epply, George Keller, John Kilcannon, David Klinedinst, Godfrey Klinedinst, Adam Kuntz, Henry Kessler, Michael Kessler. Philip Lau, Antony Lehman, Michael Lau, Peter Lau, George Lau, Andrew Lau, James Ligget, Rev. Jacob Lischy, Henry Michael, James Moore, Peter Miller, George Mack, John Mourer, Jacob Matz, Frederick Myer, John Myer, George Miller, Andrew Miller, George Neiman, Henry Newcomer, Jacob Noll, Peter Ollinger, John Ott, John Ortman, Mathias Pope, George Emich, Frederick Eichelberger, Frederick Feaser, Jacob Fulkner, Adam Poltz, Henry Pishel, Peter Gerberich, Philip Gentzler, Samuel Glassick, Franz Ganz, Martin Getz, David Grier, Felix Glatfelter, Michael Glatfelter, Jacob Henry, Michael Hossler, Joseph Hossler, Christian Hossler, George Hoober, Peter Henich, Nicholas Henry, Ulrich Huber, John Hamme, Daniel Hamme, Jacob HafEuer, Adam Hoffman, Philip Hileman, John Hileman, Peter Hershey, Andrew Hoff, Francis Hoff, Bastian Helman, Peter Houser, John Houser, John Hoke, Daniel Jonas, Jacob Hirsh, Ludwig Krops, George Keller, John Krull, Peter Kuntz, Jacob Bear, Daniel Bear, Daniel Cramer, John Gantz, Nicholas Ripold, Mathias Ripold, Michael Shultz, Nicholas Ziegler, Peter Ziegler, John Bowman, Jacob Henry, Jacob Markle, George Bortner, George Krebs, Jacob Keller, George Miller, Jacob Krise, Daniel Hyser, Jacob Keller, Henry Kuhn, Jocob Fleischer, Stephen Peter, Michael Peter, Richard Peters, Daniel Renold, Lorenz Rohrbach, Christian Rohrbach, George Ripold, William Ruhl, George Reily, Michael Rose, John Ruhl, Andrew Ripold, Adam Ripold, Ludwig Riegle, Jacob Rudisill, John River, Daniel Renold, Yost Runk, Martin Sheurer, Jacob Sarbach, George Schlesman, Peter Stuck, Peter Sprenkle, Jacob Schaffer, Simon Shadier, Christopher Shindle, Michael Speisert, John Wagner, William White, John Wood, Richard Weston, Henry Wilhelm, George Wehrly, Michael Wehrly, Henry Wehrly, John Werner, Daniel Wertz, Sebastian Witman, John Walter, George Walter, Nicholas Ziegler, Jacob Ziegler, Barnet Ziegler. single men. John Bealer, Christian Haflner, Daniel Hamn, Adam Miller, Michael Miller, Henry Fishel, Frederick Wilhelm, Michael Heilman, John Rohrbaugh, Christian Billhardt, Helfich Cramer, Adam Boll, Peter Peterman, David Kleindinst, Christian Kleindinst, Baltzer Spangler, CHURCHES. St. Peter's Church, on6 and a half miles southwest of Spring Grove, in North Codo- rus, is better known as "Lischy' s Church." It was named after Eev. Jacob Lischy, who first preached in the vicinity, in 1760, and soon afterward organized an independent congregation. He had previously been the 700 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. first pastor of the Eeformed Ciiurch at York (see page 406). His son, Jacob Lischy, taught a parochial school in the church in 1810 and later. After the death of Eev. Lischy an orthodox Eeformed congregation was organized, which was served by ministers of the Hanover charge. Eevs. Albert Helfen- stein, S. Gutelius, Jacob Sechler, W. K. Zieber, D. D. and Henry Hilbish were some of the Eeformed clergymen. The present Eeformed congregation of 250 members is served by Eev. J. H. Hartmann, of Hanover. There is a Sunday-school of seventy-five pupils. The Lutheran congregation, which now worships in this church, was organized in 1833, by Eev. A. G. Deininger. Peter Men- ges was the first elder. At this time a log building was still standing. The present brick church was built in 1848. The building committee were Peter Menges, George Hoke and John Lenhart. Eev. John H. Menges, of Grace Church, Philadelphia, was con- firmed and admitted to membership in this congregation. The pastors in order were Eevs. Deininger, Jacob Albert, William Eeiley, Charles Witmer, Leonard Gearhart and Daniel J. Hauer, D. D. The member- ship, under the present pastor, Eev. Dr. Hauer, has been doubled. Steltze^s Church, in Codorus, is a Union Lutheran and Eeformed Church. It was erected in 1794, and was called "Bethle- hem Church." The place was formerly known as "Steltz's Deer Park." It has always been a part of Shrewsbury charge on the Eeformed side. Those who signed the agreement when the church was first built were Philip Steltz, Chris- topher Eing, Jacob Ziegler, Jacob Long, Andrew Rorg, George Euhl, John Sauer, William Eogers, Philip Steltz, Jr., Hen- ry Kaufman, Henry Henning and Peter Henning. Eeformed ministers who have served the charge, as can be gathered from an imperfect record, were Adam Ettinger, who served in 1808; Eev. Y. Henry Fries, who took charge in 1810; Eev. F. Scholl, who became pastor in 1817; Eev. Henry N. B. Habliston, in 1819; John August Foersoh, in 1833; Eev. F. Bucher, in 1886, who was soon follovyed by Eev. John Eienecke, who served the congregation for twenty years, and was assisted in his later years by his son, Eev. C. W. Eienecke, D. D., and who served a few years after the death of his father. During the same time Eev. Vander- sloot served a few of the congregations on the charge of which this was a part. Eev. Daniel Gring then took charge of the con- gregation, serving it faithfully till 1880, when Eev. A. F. Driesbaugh, the present pastor, assumed charge, and is doing excel lent work. The congregation numbers 150 members. The Lutheran congregation is at present served by Eev. Mr. Ketterman. St. Jacob's Church, better known as the "Stone Church," is located near the center of Codorus, and is owned by the Eeformed and Lutheran denominations. An organiza- tion was eflected nearly a century ago. The early pastors were the same ones who preached at Jefferson. The Eeformed congregation of 300 members is now served by Eev. F. A. Guth, who resides at Jefferson, and the Lutheran congregation by Eev. Mr. KettSr- man, of Glenville. Zion Church, known as "Sheffer's," is in Codorus. Eev. F. A. Guth is the Eeformed pastor. Membership, seventy communicants. Ziegler's Church. — St. Paul's Lutheran and Eeformed Church, known as "Ziegier's Church," is in North Codorus, bet een Stoverstown and Seven Valley. As nearly as can be determined it was organized about 1800, the Lutheran congregation by Eev. F. V. Melsheimer, of Hanover, the renowned entomologist. He was succeeded by Eevs. Eudisill, Jacob Albert, Eev. A. G. Deininger, who served from 1828 to 1846; Eev. C. J. Deininger, from 1846 to 1850; L. Gearhart, to 1853, when Eev. C. J. Deininger was re- called and served to 1866. Eev. John Con- oway is the present pastor. Neiv Salem Church. — The Lutheran and Eeformed Church, in New Salem Borough, was built in 1861, and a congregation organ- ized the same year by Eev. C. J. Deininger, who resigned in 1866, and was succeeded by Eev. John H. Menges, and he by the present pastor, Eev. John Conoway, of York. Stoverstown Church. — The Lutheran and Eeformed Church, at Stoverstown, in North Codorus, was built in 1880. Congregations were formed the same year by Eev. C. J. Deininger, Lutheran, and Eev. Ehinehart Smith, Eeformed. The last named gentle- man still ministers to his congregation. Eev. Daniel J. Hauer, D. D., of Hanover, succeeded Eev. Deininger as pastor of the Lutheran congregation. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. There are twelve schools in Codorus, the names of which are as follows: Keeney's, Sterner' s, Sheffer's, Brodbeck's, Seitzville, Eohrbaugh's, Bortner's, Fair's, Stick's, Bressler's, Baltzley's, Sauble's. The names of the schools of North Codo- rus are Prospect Hill, Berkheimer's, Leese's CODOBUS AND NORTH CODORUS TOWNSHIPS. 701 Shefifer's, Seven Valley, Sfcoverstown, Ren- noU's, Heindel's, Glatfelter's, Bear'a and Boyer's, THE BOROUGH OF JEFFERSON. In the year 1812, Frederick Kraft, a far- mer, hotel keeper and store keeper, who owned a considerable tract of land in this township, conceived the idea of laying oif a portion of it in lots. He engaged John L. Hinkle, of Hanover, afterwards associate judge of York County, to make a survey and a draft or plan of ninety- four lots. Judge Hinkle, who was a prominent local politician, and a great admirer of the " Sage of Monti- cello," induced the founder to call his town Jefferson, in honor of the distinguished statesman who three years before had ended his second term as President of the United States. The Kraft store and hotel had been in existence many years before the town was platted. The house he occupied is still standing on the west side of Berlin Street, and is owned by Jacob RennoU. Kraft soon after built a house on the opposite side of the street, in which he moved his hotel and store. Jacob Pflieger, an industrious black- smith, was Kraft's first neighbor, and built the second house, on the site where Amos Markel's house now stands. Amos Shearer next built a log house, of a convenient size, and began a store. Jacob W. Wentz, for many years engaged in the store business in the same room after him, and during that time was elected recorder of deeds of York County. Michael Miller, in 1815, built the first brick house in the town, on the north- west angle of the square. It was a substan- tial building, and was used by him for about twenty years as a tavern. It is still standing, and used by G. F. Shive as a store and dwelling house. The bricks were burned from native clay, obtained near the site of the railroad station, John Bair, during the early history of the village was a gunsmith. In 1815, John Dubbs began the tanniug business, and in 1825 sold out to Henry Re- bert, who at the age of seventy-eight is still engaged in the same business. His brother, William, has been associated with him. Jenkins Carrothers was the name of an in- dustrious and somewhat eccentric son of Erin, who early in life emigrated from the "Emerald Isle" to America, and about 1816 located in Jefferson, coming from York. He soon acquired a limited knowledge of the German dialect, as it was very essential to inhabitants of this locality then, as well as now. He purchased the lot on the north- west angle of the Public Square. On this spot he built a log house, and began to ply his trade of a hatter. The old people now living remember him as a jolly, good natured personage, who assisted greatly to enliven the new town. With the crude machinery, characteristic of the day he pursued his calling. He made hats of fur, of wool and of straw, and regulai'ly made trips to Balti- more and York to dispose of his merchandise, selling some, of course, to his friends and neighbors. The comical side of this Irish- man's nature was shown on one occasion, in the autumn of 1828, during the political cam- paign preceding Andrew Jackson's first elec- tion as President of the United States. Car- rothers had agreed with Henry Meyer to accompany him to a grove, a distance from the village, and obtain a tall hickory pole, which was to be planted in the square, with the American flag floating at its top, in honor of " Old Hickory." On the return from the woods, Carrothers proposed to sit astride the middle of the log, as they came into town, and interest the numerous spectators by cheering for the "hero of New Orleans." Meyer sat on his led horse and drove rap- idly. Carrothers could not maintain his equilibrium, and much to his chagrin, he tumbled to the ground, greatly to the amuse- ment of the jovial villagers and many others, who had gathered to witness the interesting ceremonies. It was more than this quick- witted and hasty- tempered Irishman could endure. The jeers of his comrades exasper- ated him. He jumped to his feet, re- nounced his allegiance to the Democratic party, and then and there declared he would vote for Henry Clay for president. He then became the original Whig of Codorus Town- ship, and for many years was the only per- son in the district who voted that ticket. So ardent a devotee of his party he became, that on the occasion of a subsequent presidential election, being sick himself, he sent his wife to the polls, three and a half miles away, with the request that the election officers should accept the vote in his name. This was refused. He then hired a man to take him to the polls, while lying in bed in an open wagon, so determined was he to cast his ballot. After the campaign of 1840 he returned to his home from a trip to York, with the news of Gen. Harrison's election as president of the United States. He took a position in the center of the square, an- nounced to the people the result of the elec- tion of the first Whig president, and then gave three enthasiastic cheers for "Old Tip- pecanoe and Tyler too." Soon after the inauguration he applied for the position of 44 703 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. postmaster of his village, and secured it. The house in which he lived is still in ex- istence, though in a dilapidated condition. The old people of the village have yet the tenderest recollection of Jenkins Carrothers, who died February 13, 1845, aged 'fifty years. OLD TIME' PAIRS. The fairs, as they were termed, which were held in Jefferson, were lively and interesting occasions to the surrounding populace for many miles distant. Tables, on which were offered for sale candies, cakes, jewelry and many other articles, including strong drinks, lined the streets for two days of each year, during the early summer. Hundreds of people visited the village, and it was a season of great hilarity. Michael Miller's hotel was a great center of attraction. All its apart- ments were crowded. To the lively tunes of the inspirited fiddlers, the joyful lads and lasses, clad in linsey-woolsey and home-made flannel, joined in the merry dance all day long and a large portion of the night. That every lad should " treat " his lassie, was absolutely necessary in order to keep her affections, and she demanded the privilege of stepping up to the venders' tables and selecting what suited her best. These fairs were kept up for a number of years, but were of no value, except for the amusement afforded. One time some of the visitors became too boister- ous and they were then discontinued. INCOEPOEATION. The town was incorporated December 1 1, 1866. On New Year's day, 1867, the first borough election was held in the public schoolhouse, resulting as follows: Adam Bupp, burgess; William Bebert, Joseph T. Bare, Samuel Brillhart, Barney Spangler, Zachariah Shue,councilmen. Benjamin Leese was appointed secretary and served until his death in 1881, when he was succeeded by W. H. Brodbeck, the present incumbent. The streets were carefully graded and pavements laid in 1874. The town authorities for the year 1885 are as follows: Burgess, Amos, Thoman; councilmen, John F. Miller, Peter B. Eohrbaugh, Franklin Garber, Bradley C Spangler, George Snyder and John Sheaffer. The town now has a population of 350, con- tains a number of large and handsome resi- dences, well paved streets, three fine churches and surrounded by a rich and productive farming country. The people are very hos- pitable — pure representatives of the honest Pennsylvania Germans. Sixteen years ago there was but one family in the village that used English in the home. All the young can. now speak it, and the German language is fast disappearing. CHURCHES OF JEFFERSON. The Union Church. — Rev. Emanuel Keller, a Lutheran clergyman, December 26, 1825, preached the first sermon within the village of Jefferson. 'Soon after this a Lutheran congregation was organized. In 1827 Rev. Samuel Gutelius, of Hanover, organized a Reformed congregation, of which Christian Renoll was elder, and Christian Renoll, Jr., deacon. The services of both denominations were held in the schoolhouse until 1830, when a Union Church was built, whose dimensions were 40x50 feet and contained a gallery along one end and two sides. This building was used only until 1883, when the two denominations built separate churches. The Lutheran congregation erected a beau- tiful brick church near the square; Rev. W. H. Ketterman is the present minister. The membership is quite large. A Sunday-school was organized in the Union Church in 1860. The successive superintendents have been George Kraft, Joseph Bare, Henry S. Hershey, Jesse Kraft, John Brillhart and AmosRebert. Christ's Reformed Church. — This church was built in 1883, at a cost of 13,300. The church membership is 200 communicants. The pastors of the Reformed denomination who preached in the Union Church were Rev. Samuel Gutelius, who organized the congrega- tion and remained a long time ; Rev. Jacob Geig' er, William F.Vandersloot, Samuel Gutelius (a second time) Joel S. Reber, Henry Bentz, Jacob Sechler, J. C. Julius Kurtz and Rev. J. D. Zehring. The last-named gentleman served the congregation sixteen years, and, on account of paralysis, was compelled to resign. Rev. Zehring is now (1885) living, a highly respected citizen of the village. In the new church, Rev. Silas F. Laury served for a short time, and was succeeded by Rev. Franklin A. Guth, of Lehigh County, a grad- uate of Ursinus College. There is a Sunday- school in the church, of which the pastor is superintendent. Rev. J. D. Zehring, acting superintendent and G. S. Brodbeck assistant superintendent. Rev. Samuel Gutelius, the founder of the congregation died in Dauphin County in 1866, aged seventy years. The Church of the United Brethren in Christ. — Religious services were first con- ducted under the auspices of this denomina- tion by Rev. Samuel Enterline, in the dwell- ing houses of members in 1847, which re- sulted in a church organization. A lot was purchased on the east side of Baltimore Street, and the present church building erected of CODORUS AND NORTH CODORUS TOWNSHIPS. 703 wood, at a cost of |1,400. John Garman, Jacob Thoman and Peter Zech, composed the building committee. The following-named clergymen have ministered to the wants of the congregation since its organization : Revs. Enterline, Snyder, Raber, Wagner, Coombs, Grim, Kreider, Jones, Carl, Craumer Brick- ley, Rudisill, Jones and J. L. Nicholas. The services for a number of years were con- ducted almost entirely in the German lan- guage. English is much used now. The con- gregation numbers sixty-five members. The trustees are Barnhart Spangler, Ezra Myers, Jacob Shearer, John Shearer and Samuel Sterner. BOROUGH SCHOOLS The first school building stoed near the east end of York Street, and was erected, about 1813. It is still in existence and now used by Elias Swartzbach as a pottery. A second schoolhouse was built in 1853, and the present one on the same site in 1871 at a cost of 11,200. It contains two rooms and the schools are graded. The teachers since 1861 are Ss follows: W. H. Manifold, J. C. Ebaugh, J. C. Blair, Maggie McKinly, J. D. Z'ehring, Jr., W. B. Schweitzer, W. H. Brodbeck, E. G. Williams, J. B. Douglass, D. B. Landis, J. R. McElvaine, D. E. Ebaugh, E. L. Spangler, P. N. Strasbaugh, Maggie King, H. M. Heilman, E. O. Snod- grass and. Mary F. Fink. W. H. Brodbeck has taught the secondary school eight years. HISTORICAL NOTES. The exact time the postoffice was estab- ■ lished at Jefferson (Codoras Postofiice) is not now known. Martin Shearer was postmaster from 1830 to 1840, when upon the accession of Gen. Harrison to the presidency, Jen- kins Carrothers, the original Whig of Co- dorus, succeeded him. The other postmas- ters in order have been as follows: George Snodgrass, Jacob Spangler, Albert Kraft, Dr. William F. Bringman and George S. Brodbeck. Dr. Hornbaugh came to the village early in its history and was, siicceeded by Drs. Lehrves, Utz, Conner, William F. Bringman, H. S. Jones, J. R. Brodbeck and Edward Sterner. The justices of the peace in order have been Daniel Ault, Benjamin Leese, Amos H. Spangler and W. H. Brodbeck, who is also a practical surveyor. For incidents of the Confederate invasion in 1868, see page 217 in this work. JEFFERSON STATION. In 1866 Robert, Auchy & Co., began the manufacture of thrashing machines, corn shellers, plows, etc., at Jefferson Station, one- half mile north of the village. Various kinds of castings were also made in the foun- dry. The entire works were destroyed by fire in 1879. Mr. Auchy rebuilt the shops and now continues the business individually. At this point is now a collection of ten or twelve houses. VILLAGES. New Salem Borough, in the eastern part of North Codorus is a pleasant village of about sixty houses. It was recently incorporated. The postoffice name is York New Salem. Swartz & Kailbaugh and Jonas Joseph are engaged in the mercantile business. John S. Kline and Emanuel Smith are the hotel keepers. Dr. Kehm practices medicine. Stoverstown, in North Codorus, now a vil- lage of thirty houses, was named after Ga- briel Stover, a justice of the peace who some years ago moved to Maryland. R. B. Glat- felter conducts a store here. Glenville is a post village on the Hanover & Baltimore Railroad in Codorus. It has lately grown to be quite a center of trade. J. A. Klinefelter conducts a general business at this place. Dr. Keller practices medi- cine in the vicinity. Sticks' tavern is one of the landmarks of Codorus; for more than half a century there was a postoffice at this place known as Hetricks, which has lately been moved to Glenville. Dr. W. C. Stick resides here. Brodbeck' s store, now owned by Samuel Brodbeck is a very old business stand, H. H. Myers conducts a store in North Codorus at Cold Spring, and W. T, Crist in the west end of the township. The large building at Hanover Junction was built by the Hanover Branch Railroad Company. It was used as a hotel until 1877. Some of the proprietors of it were John Scott, Hamilton Glessner and Jesse Engles. There is a coal shute and water tank on the North Codorus Railway, a short distance south of the Junction. A thirty horse-power engine is used to force water from the Codorus to the cars. A squad of Confederates under Col. White burned the covered railroad bridges, a few cars, and set fire to the turn- table, in June 1863, during the invasion. H. I. Glatfelter is the postmaster of this place. IRON ORE INTERESTS. Vast quantities of iron ore have been ob- tained in North Codorus; among the leading mines are the following: The Codorus, or Strickhouser's Mine is one of the most wide- ly known in York County. It was originally 704 HISTOEY OF YOKK COUNTY. opened in 1854 by John Musselman, and for a long time worked bj' the York Iron Com- pany. The ore is a hard compact slate with micaceouH and magnetic ore. The ore was mined from an open cut. It co.ntained near- ly forty per cent of metallic iron. The Thomas Iron Company of Hockendauqua, Schuylkill Co., Penn., for the past twenty years, has taken out many thousands of tons in this township, and has operated several banks. On Geiselman's farm, near Seven Talley, the ore produced fifty-two per cent metallic iron. The Codorus Mining Com- pany has operated a number of banks. There are vast treasures of valuable ore in this iownship yet undeveloped. SHREWSBURY TOWNSHIP.* SHREWSBURY is one of the southern tiers of townships in York County. It was among the first townships laid off west of the Susquehanna, and was formed under the act -of the general assembly, dated November, 1739. It originally- embraced the entire area, now covered by Shrewsbury, Springfield and Hopewell. Hopewell was formed in 1767, •and Springfield, in 1835. The township is (bounded on the south by Maryland, on the east by Hopewell, on the north by Spring- field and on the west by Codorus Townships. The land is somewhat hilly, and yet there is but little that cannot be cultivated. It is generally well watered, numerous small streams flowing through it while the east branch of the Codorus rises in the southern portion and flows in a northerly direction through the entire township. The soil is generally good and well adapted to grain and vegetable growing. Magnetic iron ore has been found in considerable quantity in vari- ous sections of the township. The Northern 'Central Railroad passes through the town- ship from the south to the north, as does the Baltimore & York Turnpike, both of which thoroughfares have aided greatly in the development of the resources of the township. The first settlers were mostly English, and Scotch-Irish, and the land in the south- ern end was taken up under Maryland titles. When the township was laid off, the citizens were mainly English, hence its English name, "Shrewsbury." The Germans began to locate in that por- tion which now constitutes the township, in *By N. Z. Seitz. 1742, when many of the former English settlers sold their land and left; consid- erable feeling having been engendered between the Pennsylvania and Maryland border people, owing to the altercations which took place before the final settlement, through the agreement made with the pro- prietaries in' 1732 and the establishment of Mason and Dixon's line in 1767. The German element soon became predominant, and those springing from that stock still remain so, as is seen in the thrift, enterprise and industry of the people; a peculiarity of the Germans. The land is generally well and thoroughly cultivated; the dwellings, barns and other buildings being substantially and conveniently built and kept in good tepair. At the close of the' Revolutionary war Shrewsbury Township, including Springfield, had a population of 976, 9 slaves, 189 houses, 152 barns, 7 mills, and covered an area of 24,229 acres. In 1883, 100 years later, with Springfield Township taken off and exclusive of the boroughs, it had 633 taxable inhabitants; had a real estate valua- tion of 1729,702 and paid a county tax of $3,151, and a State tax of $219. The following is a list of names taken from the assessment roll and census report made in 1783, by a special order of the county commissioners, in order to lay a special tax to defray the expenses of the Revolutionary war. Shrewsbury Township then also in- cluded the territory now covered by Spring- field Township: Bechtol, Christian, 100 acres £175 Bury, Abraham, 153 acres 250 Bopp, Barnet, 211 acres 155 Baumbgartner, Henry 100 acres 93 Brillhart, Jacob, 1 50 acres 182 Bauser, John, 50 acres 30 Baily, Jacob, 100 acres 123 Bossart, Jacob 89 Beck, Jacob, 80 acres 46 Bopp, Ludwig 203 Brillhart, Samuel 20 Bopp, Nicholas 34 Brillhart, Peter, 200 acres 398 Balcer, Peter, 100 acres 217 Bayer, Tobias, Jr., 153 acres 156 Baily, Daniel, 100 acres 147 Brilhardt, John, 140 acres 152 Brundage, Joseph 45 Diehl, Adam 34 Diehl, Charles, 280 acres 273 Deveney, Daniel, 100 acres 4 Dittenhefer, George 20 Downs, Henry, 50 acres ; . . 53 Dagen, John, 125 acres 84 Dinljy, John, 190 acres 204 Dias, Thomas, 20 acres 29 Dulian, John 37 Ehrhardt, Thomas, 280 acres 283 Ehrhardt, Thomas, 173 acres 233 Eichelberger, Adam, 300 acres 215 Ehrman, George, 200 acres 285 SHREWSBUBY TOWNSHIP. 70EP. Eisenliart, George, 130 acres £117 Engel, Henry, 200 acres 153 Elison, Mathew, UO acres 103 Ehrhart, Jacob, 196 acres 167 Flower, James, 100 acres 87 Preeland, James, 53 acres 54 Foltz, George 30 Faust, Baltnaser, 1 grist-mill, 1 saw-mill, 150 acres 340 Free, Conrad, 185 acres 177 Flower, Catharine. 200 acres 63 Ferry, Henry, 66 acres 75 Freeland, John, 50 acres 63 Frey. John, 70 acres 81 Feigle, Martin 40 Fenus Frederick, 144 acres 145 Fisherj John, 75 acres 93 Grant, Anna, 50 acres 43 Glatf elter, John, 240 acres 184 Olatfelter, Henry, 146 acres 126 Gable, John, 50 acres 119 Geisey, Christian, 80 acres 95 Geisleman, George, 170 acres 172 Gilley, Francis 20 Gramer, Lorentz, 100 acres 106 Geiselman. Michael, 800 acres 336 Geiselman, Michael, Jr 30 Gunkel, Michael, 227 acres 315 Gerberiek, Michael, 93 acres 1 08 Groff, Francis, 300 acres 303 Hess, Henry 20 Harris, Thomas, 18 Hildebrand, Jacob, 100 acres 130 Hendricks, Adam, 100 acres 108 Hart, Conrad, 150 acres 179 Hendricks, Isaac, 70 acres 88 Hamsbachor, Valentine. 150 acres 118 Hilderbrand, Casper, 100 acres 234 Hilderbrand, Felix, 200 acres 108 Hobias, Frederick, 100 acres 95 Hedrick. Jacob, 50 acres 105 Herdt, Martin, 100 acres 104 Henry, Nicholas, 103 acres 214 Hartman, Tobias, 145 acres 135 Hess. Ulrich, 344 acres 202 Heible, Jacob, 300 acres -331 Trone, George Kaltreider, George, 300 acres 128 Kutting, Peter, 47 acres 88 Kollar, Baltzer, 1 fulling mill, 160 acres 220 Korbman, Daniel, 1 grist-mill, 1 saw-mill, 314 acres 298 Kleinfelder, George, 140 acres 143 KoUer, John, 265 acres 308 Kleinfelder, John. 300 312 KoUer, Jacob, 100 acres 124 Keller, John, 140 acres 195 Keller, Jacob, 150 acres 136 KaufEman, Henry. 60 acres 63 Kirsch, Jacob, 150 acres 164 Koriiman, Jacob, 150 acres 179 Kleinfelder, Michael, 1 oil-mill, 1 distillery, 380 acres 400 Klatfelter, Michael. 133 acres 130 Kenstler, Michael, 100 acres 101 Kleinfelter, Peter, 200 acres Kleinfelter, Lorentz. 312 acres 183 Krim, Philip, 40 acres • 44 Kladfelter, Casper 30 Lucas.iAdam, 100 acres 86 Lau, John, 400 acres 344 Lau, Joshua, 190 acres 177 Lange, George, 150 acres 151 Lordan, Jonas, 30 acres 33 Lau, Philips, estate, 300 acres 195 Lang, Henry, 50 acres 50 Leibenstein. John 20 Leibenstein, Michael, 150 acres 147 Leib, Ulrich, 198 acres , £244 Lentz, John. 53 acres 43; Lobridge, Joseph, 50 acres 43: Markle, George, 18 Miller, Andrew, 100 acres 81 Myer, Andrew, 300 acres 187 Myer, Christian, 117 acres 146 Markley, Christian, 70 acres 143- Miller, Frederick, 80 acres 98. Myer, George, 150 acres 120 Miller, Herman, 150 acres 176 Miller, John, 300 acres. .■ 166^ Myer.John, 200 acres .' 337' Menges, John, 136 acres 118: Myer, Jacob, 50 acres 52 Myer, Michael ' 28 Miller, Martin, 200 acres 339 Myer.Martin ' 18 Marslial, James 183 McDonald, John 45 Mahan.John. 160 acres 128- Miller.Tobias, 134 acres 173 Miller, Henry, 80 acres 70- Moore, James, 135 acres 106"- Markle. Henry, 100 acres ■ 80- Nea.s, Michael, 240 acres 389. Nunemaker. Solomon. 150 acres 133' 01 enaier, Peter 300 acres 18^ Oar, John, 50 acres 40 01b, John, 200 acres 249 Patterson, William, 150 acres 160 Peternan. Daniel, 173 acres 163 Relier, Abraham, 190 acres 305 Ringman,StofEel 20 Roser, Adam, 150 acres 149' Resh. Christian, Estate 140 Ruhl, Frederick, 96 acres 196. Rierman, Jacob, 103 acres 55. Roser,Lorenlz, 56 acres 103- Roger. Nicholas, 117 acres 208 Reib,Nicholas, 178 acres 30' Robert, Peter 103 Ruhl.Henry, 100 acres 20 Rothenheiser, Peter 12« Setz.John KQ, Sparks, Thomas, 131 acres 174 Spillter, Jacob, 150 acres IIT Sitz, Adam, ,Ir., 100 acres 129 Sitz, Joseph, 100 acres 20 Sutton, Joseph, 150 acres 20 Shafer,Adam Snyder, Abraham, 139 acres 98 Schwartz, Andrew, 200 acres 240 Smith, Andrew, 80 acres 108 Swartz. Conrad, 80 acres , Ill Shafer,David 30 Shenelber's Estate, 1 grist-mill, 1 saw-mill, 150 acres 313 Shwartz, Henry, 80 acres 105. Snider, John, 150 acres 175. Shwartz, Jacob,' 100 acres Oft Schmitt, John, 50 acres 30 Shneider.John. 123 acres 10» Shmitt, John, 150 acres 181 Shneider, Michael, 78 acres 69' Shmitt.Peter, 110 acres 191 Shneider,Pliillip, 310 acres 304 Shafer, Philip, 350 acres ■.. . 438 Sweney, James, 300 acres 173 Shafer, Catharine, 300 acres 123 Sheldon, James, 100 acres 78 Smith, Adam, 110 acres 132 Shilling.Sebastian, 100 acres 104 Stabler, Christian, 250 acres 283 Stein, Jacob, 112 acres 135. Sterner, George, 100 acres 9S Stermer, John, 150 acres 133 Stabler, John 100 acres 97, 70S HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. Taylor, George £148 Wildgobse, James 26 Waltimier, George, 100 acres 93 Wagner, Heiiry,84 acres 85 Wiley, Acquila, 110 acres 110 Wilay, William, 100 acres 96 Wilay, Zachary, 75 acres 73 Yamai, Jesse, 100 acres 101 Yost, Nicholas, 30 acres 63 Zech, Michael, 70 acres 63 Anderson, William 40 Ehrhardt, John, 199 acres 80 Ehrhardt, William, 196 acres 98 Erstone, Peter, 260 acres 263 Faire, George 25 Fleisliman, Martin, 100 acres 88 Guest, George, 85 acres 75 Hendricljs, Adam Jr., 200 acres 110 Hise, Wendel, 50 acres 80 Jenians, Williams Lawson, John, 200 acres 140 SINGLE MEN. Bates, Elias 18 Beard, John 18 Beck, Jacob Berry, Abraham Fouss, John Gallaway, Hugh Gerbenck, John Gordon, John Hartman, John Hendricks, Thomas Henry, Christian Hildebrand, Henry ; Hunter, William Kellar, Henry Kprfman, Conrad 30 Marshal, William McCoy, John Myer, Haney Pfeiffer, Melchoir 64 Roser, Adam Schwartz, Abraham Shaffer, Henry Shrolyner, John Stabler, Adam Youse, Frederick 50 Zech, George The early educational facilities of the township were meager, as is the case with early settlements, but the Germans brought with them the belief of their church, that education is a necessity, consequently private and church schools were organized and main- tained. The public school system was intro- duced in 1836, George Klinefelter having been chosen a delegate, for the township, to a convention held at York May 2, 1836. There was considerable opposition to the introduction of the system at the time, as there was subsequently to the introduction of uniform text books, and the displacement of the Bible as the regular reading book. The public schools have, however, since been faithfully maintained and encouraged, and now rank among the best in the county. In the township proper, and outside of the boroughs, there are no educational institu- tions other than the public schools. In the township the German Reformed Church has one congregatipn, Fissel's, formerly known as Jerusalem. It was organized in 1783, and is the oldest Reformed congregation in this section of the county. Its present membership reaches about 125, and the congregation is in a prosperous con- dition. The records are defective and its early history cannot be obtained. The first structure in which the congregation wor- shipped was a small log building, which was supplanted by a larger log weather- boarded, and this again in 1851 by a fine brick struct- ure. It is owned jointly by Lutherans and Reformed. The following were among the ministers who served this congregation: Rev. Adam Ettinger, 1805 to 1810; Rev. Yost Henry Pries, 1810 to 1814; Rev. F. Scholl, 1814 to 1819; Rev. Henry N. B. Habliston, 1819 to 1822; Rev. Jacob Major, 1822 to 1823; Rev. John Aug Forsch, 1823 to 1826; Rev. Frederick Becker, 1826 to 1828; Rev. John Rienecke, 1828 to 1848; Rev. C. W. Rienecke, D. D., 1848 to 1849; Rev. D. Gring, 1859 to 1880 and Rev. A. F. Driesbach, 1880 to present time. The Lutherans have two congregations in the township, Fissel's and Hametown. The former is located about one and a half miles southwest of Glen Rock, and was organ- ized jointly with the Reformed congregation already referred to and meets in the same church. The congregation was organized in 1788 and has been well maintained since then. The records are incomplete, but from what can be gathered among the early pastors were Revs. John Herbst, Sr. and Jr., Rev. Stecker, Rev. Grobe, and among the later ;ivere Revs. Jacob Kempfer, A. Berg, J. H. Menges, E. Manges, and the present pastor. Rev. E. Miller, D. D. The congregation is strong, and from it sprang the membership which started other congregations in this section. Hametown was organized in 1872, the membership mainly coming from the Shrewsbury congregation. The first pastor was Rev. J. C. Koller, who was followed by the present pastor. Rev. J. B. Wolf. The Evangelical Association has but one congregation in the township, that of Kline- felter' s Chapel, worshiping in the church by that name near Fissel's Lutheran Church. The congregation was organized in 1860,dur- ing which time the chapel was erected. Michael Seitz, Thomas Hunt and William Klinefelter being the building committee. The ministers who served this congregation were those who served the Shrewsbury con- gregation, and will be given in that connec- tion. The congregation is small but active and aggressive.. SHREWSBURY TOWNSHIP. 707 The Methodist Episcopal Church has one congregation in the township — Rock Chapel. This was the first congregation of that church and was organized in 1790, as near as can be gathered from an imperfect record. From it have gone the members to organize the other churches in this section. It is said that prominent ministers of the church preached in this church in its earlier years. The ministers that preached in Shrewsbury Borough also officiated at Rock Chapel. In November, 1823, a great demonstration took place at the public house of John Ehr- hart, in the township and near Hametown. The demonstration was held in honor of Gov. Shultz's election, and delegations from almost every section of the county were in attend- ance. The township has furnished its share of soldiers for the several wars in which the na- tion has been engaged. There were a num- ber of soldiers from the township in the Re- volution, but the names could not be secured. Michael Mason served in the war of 1812, N. G. Ruhl and Alexander Hannage served in the Mexican war, and the following served during the late civil war: Peter Kolter,Sr., Peter Kolter, Jr., D. W. Dubs, Nelson Baily, Henry Hershey, A. D. Meyers, Peter Hetrick, J. Matta, Charles Seachrist, John Klinefelt- er, N. Z. Seitz, J. H. Gantz, John Wagner, Valentine Anstine, William H. Dixon, An- drew Seitz, Samuel McMahon, Emanuel Wil- dasin, Joseph Dise, W. S. Dise, W. Frey, Blouse, D. McKinly, William Butcher, P. A. Small, Conrad Meise, Lewis Holter, E. Binehart, I. Wagner, B. Geipe and B. Lamott. The following were prominent citizens or held important civil positions: Michael Hoke, whose popularity gave him every vote cast but five when elected as sheriff of the county; John Habliston and William Heindle, connected with the Baltimore Sun ; John N. Miller and Philip Sheffer, county commissioners; Noah Ehrhart, recorder; Eli W. Free, State representative. The people in the township proper are mostly engaged in agricultural pursuits. There are a number of grist-mills in the township and two large tanneries, that of J. G. Bortner, near Glen Rock, who is also con- ducting a flavine factory, and that of J. Habliston, near Shrewsbury. E. K. Bollin- ger & Co. are conducting an extensive fertil- izer factory at Seitzland. There was a time when every farm of any consequence in the township had its distillery, but they have been generally abandoned. The following boroughs have been erected in the township, |and in connection with their history will be found the most interesting portion of the history of the township: Shrewsbury, Glen Rock, Rail Road, New Freedom. SHREWSBURY. As earl^ as the year 1800 there were indi- cations that the place now known as Shrews- bury would become a town. The town is located near the eastern borders of the town- ship on the Baltimore & York Turnpike, and about one mile east of the Northern Central Railroad. When it was first devel- oped into a village it was known as Stras- burg, the German for a village by the road or street; it subsequently received its present name as the principal village of the town- ship. Business was commenced in the vil- lage in 1800 by a Mr. Kline, who was fol- lowed by Jacob Ruhl, who then occupied the corner now occupied by L. C. Kraft. He discontinued in 1810 and was followed by H. Latimer & Co. on the corner now occupied by Gerry's drug store. C. F. Meyers began business on the Kraft corner in 1830 and was followed by Small, Myers & Latimer in 1859, when C. F. Eheling took charge of the place, and he was followed by H. D. Hart- man, Meyers & Bros., J. H. Markle and L. C. Kraft. Eli McDonnell, one of the prin- cipal business men as well as one of the most enterprising citizens of the town, began business in 1859. Among others who^ided in developing the town and who were active business men were John Hershner, G. Blas- ser, R. Richey, Nathan Shafer, Samijel Gantz, George P. Everhart, Christof Kolter, and the Kollers, Becks, Geiseys, Gerrya. The town has been exclusively commercial. Samuel Gantz at one time established a tan- nery in the town, but it was soon abandoned. David Klinefelter erected a machine shop on the lot between Raffensperger's hotel and the stable, but it could not be made a success and was abandoned, when a steam saw- mill followed in the same place but it was also abandoned, and not a particle of evidence of these having been there now exists, except that in the minds of the people. In 1820 coal pits existed where Bott's Hotel now stands. The town was erected into a borough iu 1834 by special act of the assembly, and was reincorporated in 1870, under the act of 1851, at which time Joseph Geisey was the burgess; J. H. Blasser the secretary, and James Gerry, Jr., the treasurer. The pres- ent officers are: Chief burgess, M. Bott; secretary, E. Storms; treasurer, B. Rupert; councilmen, J. L. Raffensperger, J. Snyder, W. Besser, I. N. Stoner, G. Smith. The 708 HISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. population of the town in 1880 was 580. In its early history the corporation issued shin- plasters as a circulating, but subsequently redeemed them, and on March 31, 1854, de- stroyed them. A martial spirit existed among the people from the beginning of the town, and a mil- itary company was organized in 1821, known as the Strasburg Blues, Capt. Charles Stuck being its first commander, who was succeed- ed by Capt. W. H. Snyder. In 1824 Jacob Gaines, a member of this company, was drowned in Hileman's dam, and his remains were buried on a Sunday, but the people of the church where the services were held pro- tested against taking arms into or near the church. This shows that the religious preju- dices of the people were very strong. The Blues finally suspended and the Jackson Grays were organized by Capt. Snyder and subsequently commanded by the late Capt. William McAbee. In 1841 the company was called into service to assist in suppressing the Philadelphia riot, but the riot ceased on the arrival of the command at Wrightsville. While encamped at York the now eminent Dr. Carpenter acted as the company surgeon. In 1824 the Pennsylvania Volunteers and the Washington Artillery passed through the town on their way to Baltimore to take part in the reception ceremonies tendered Gen. Lafayette. In 1861 Company D, Eighty- seventh Pennsylvania Volunteers, was partly organized in the town, and subsequent to its muster visited the place and gave an exhibi- tion drill. In September, 1881, Light Bat- tery C, United States Army, Maj. Sinclair in command, encamped at the town while on its march tO'Yorktown to take part in the cere- monies commemorating the surrender of Cornwallis. The following were among those who entered the United States military service from the borough; Majors K G. and E. M. Euhl, Capt. J. H. Blas- ser, Lieut. G. Blasser, Chaplain D. C. Eberhart, J. H. Hendrix, J". B. Beck, Rob- ert McDonnell, J. H. Moody, J. Ashley, William Eaton, Henry Young, J. Smith, N. Heise, C. Hedrick, C. Sanders, A. J. Frederick, Col. G. W. Frederick, E. H. Bed- ding, Joseph Little, Jesse Shewell, John Kunkle, M. Sheol, F. Dolla, Jacob Nonema- ker, G. Almany, J. Almany, A. Leicht, H. Eheirmeyer, A. L. Geesey, C. Thompson, W. Fockerner, D. Horn, A. Klinefelter, J. Pain- ter, M. Born. The following are among those who are natives of the town, or who have made the town their honle for many years, and who have risen to eminence in civil life. Dr. James Gerry, Sr., who was born in Cecil County, Md., August, 1796, a son of James Gerry, who served a number of terms as a member of the house of delegates of Maryland. Dr. Gerry graduated at West Notingham Academy, spent a few years in the South teaching, and then returned and became the principal of the academy, where he graduated and served as such for four years, reading medicine in the meantime. He located and began the practice of his profes- sion in Shrewsbury in 1824, and soon secured a large practice. In 1830 he married Sa- lome Hoffman, of Balto. County, Md., be- came a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in which he did active work. In 1838 he received the Democratic nomi- nation of the Nineteenth Congressional Dis- trict entirely unsolicited. He was elected and re-elected, and while thus serving he de- livered an elaborate speech against the Unit- ed States Bank. He was an intimate friend of James Buchanan, and as a delegate to the National Convention in 1852, warmly sup- ported him for the nomination. After Bu- chanan's election to the presidency he in- formed Dr. Gerry that he would be pleased to appoint him to any position he would like. The advanced age of the Doctor compelled him to decline the offer. He continued the practice of medicine up to 1870, and died July 19, 1873. Brig. -Gen. G. W. Frederick, a graduate of Pennsylvania College, and who served with great credit in the late war, had charge of the provost guard during the trial of Mrs. Surrat, is now a prominent citizen of Philadelphia and the publisher of the Lutheran. Dr. H. G. Bussey, who served two terms as State senator, and two terms as county prothonotary and as physi- cian to the jail. William McAbee, who served two terms in the State legislature, and held other important public positions. Isaac Beck, who served two terms in the State legislature, and one term as door-keeper of the house of representatives. Col. W. Garner, now a prominent citizen of Iowa. John Geisey, who served as register of Wills in the county. B. F. Koller and J. A. Blasser, who each served as clerk of the county courts. Joseph Holland, who served as county prothonotary. John Beck and Christqf Kolter, who served as county com- missioners. Joseph Hartman, who served as county auditor. Col. A. Wilhelm, Capt. Dennis, Rev. James Henry Brown, D. D., Robert Richey and Eli Storms, who has be- come quite popular as an artist. From 1827 to 1830 a small paper known as the Harbinger was published in the town SHREWSBURY TOWNSHIP. 709 by W. C. Smyth. Later the Sharfsheitz, a German paper, was published for a few years in the town by a Mr. Kurtz. On Jiily 8, 1840, a cyclone passed over the town, and although it lasted but a few min- utes the destruction of property was great. The old Union log church was blown down, with a number of barns and several dwelling houses. Among the latter was one occupied by B. Krewell and family, through which a number of the family were injured, and Mrs. Krewell was killed. On April 1, 1881, a fire occurred in which the back buildings of the Meyer's property were destroyed. On Octo- ber 8, of 'the same year, Miss Mary Smith Wallick was burned to death while attempt- ing to light a fire with coal oil. On April 23, 1882, a fire occurred which destroyed the bai-ns of A. Wilhelm, A. W. Kunkle, and that belonging to the Methodist Episcopal parsonage. On February 27, 1884, Mrs. Catharine Shewell was burned to death while staying alone in a small house. In 1800 a small log schoolhouse was erected in the eastern portion of the town, and Dr. Cling was the first teacher. This building was destroyed by fire and a brick building- took its place, which was also destroyed by fire in 1853, when the present building in the northern part of the town was erected. Private and church schools were popular in the early history of the town, and an acad- emy was opened, in 1856, by Prof. A. W. Dinsmore, and has been continued since un- der the principalship of Profs. T. E. Vickroy, J. A. Murphy, D. S. Brilhart, W. J. Fulton and E. E. Allen, the present instructor. The public school system was introduced in 1856, when it was adopted in the township, but the schools have not been so popular and have not attained a high rank, owing, perhaps, to the popularity of select or private schools. The church history is very imperfect, and from what can be gathered the Evangelical Association had the first regular preaching in the town in 1811, and the services were con- ducted in private houses. Rev. J. Driesbach was the first preacher, and he was followed by H. Neibel, M. Becker, M. Betz, John and James Bruen, Rev. Walter, A. Ettinger, B. Ettinger, J. L. W. Seibert, Levi and Uriah Eberhart, G. Hunter, J. M. Garothers, J. W. Cramer, S. W. Seibert, 0. F. Deininger, W. Wilson, D. A. Miller, Rev. Zulofe, Rev. Longsdorf, S. Hornberger, W. H. Davis, S. Aurand, J. M. Ettinger, G. E. Zehner, J. G. M. Swengle, H. Conrad, J. C. Farnsworth, J. M. Longsdorf, P. S. Orwig, W. W. Rhodes, J. F. Shultz, the present pastor. The first church erected in the town was a small log structure in 1821, and was a Union Church, be- ing used jointly by the Methodists and Evan- gelical people. This church building was de- stroyed in 1840 by the cyclone. The Evan- gelical people erected a brick church in 1853, which was improved in 1877, and again in 1884, and at present it is a handsome and convenient place of worship. In 1824 this congregation organized a Sunday-school, but it lasted only a few months; later another was organized, which has been continued up to the present. The school is large, and the membership of the church will reach about 100. The organization of the Methodist Episco- pal Church was efiected about the year 1811. Up to this time the people of this faith attended services at Rock Chapel, where an organization had been effected in 1794. The congregation worshiped in the old log church jointly with the Evangelical people up to 1849, when a one-story and basement brick building was erected on Main Street near the place where the present edifice stands. Bishop Waugh preached several times in this church. The second building was erected in ]874, and is of Gothic design, with a bel- fry, two stories, and was dedicated in 1877, by Bishop E. A. Ames, assisted by W. H. Chapman and A. W. Guyer. The congrega- tion now numbers about 100, and among the ministers who preached for the congregation were Revs. A. Hemphill, W. Butter, E. Nic- odemus, J. Parker, J. Ewing, Z. Jordan, A. Griffeth, W. Hawk, J. W. Cronin, I. Collins, P. Doll, O. Ege, T. Mitchell, John Beer, Joseph Morris, G. Berkstresser, J. W. Cul- lum, J. Stine, C. G. Linthicun, E. Dorsey, W. H. Enos, T. G. Fulton, J. A. Collins, A. E. Gibson, N. J. B. Morgan, David Trout, ■J. A. Coleman, W. T. Wilson, G. W. Iread, D. C. Eberhart, A. H. Reese, J. S. Lee, A. R. Riely, F. G. Crever, Henry Furlong, H. Slicer, J. G. McKeehon, J. B. Akers, S. Cor- nelius, G. W. Dunlap, J. S. McMurry, J. W. Hedges, M. L. Drun, J. B. Cuddy, E. Bahr- man, G. Warren, J. G. Moore, J. Max Lautz, — Snyder, J. C. Haggy, J. Curns, E. E. Allen, W. A. McKee, A. H.' Mensel, T. Mitchell, W. M. West, J. Loyd, E. E. A. Deever, J. M. Clark, J. M. Russel, A. W. Guyer, A. R. Bender, J. Goldin, B. B. Ham- lin, J. C. Clarke, M. L. Smith, W. Guyer, W. A. Houck, R. Mallalieu, C. V. Hart- zell, the present pastor. Bishop Levi Scott, William Barnes, Alfred Cookman and other noted ministers preached at this place, and on the Lowe camp ground near the town. This congregation started the first permanent Sunday-school organized in the town, in 710 HISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. 1827, at the first meeting of which there were present twenty-seven boys and twenty girls. The teachers of the boys were Eev. H. Doll, Robert Fife, Jarret Garner, J. H. Brown, Dr. James Gerry and RolDert Richey; of the females, Mrs. H. Haunawalt, Misses E. Marshall, Jane Gordon, Mary Redman. The school has been in progress since, and has been prompt in the adoption of modern meaeuyes and appliances. It is claimed that the present extended system of lesson illustration was originated in this school during 1864, when the superintend- ent, Rev. D. C. Eberhart, planned the illus- trations, and E. Storms, a young artist of the town, painted them. These illustrations were furnished by Mr. Storms to schools in Baltimore, York, Hanover, Glen Rock and other points. In 1866 samples of these illus- trations were put on exhibition at a Sunday- school convention held at the Masonic Tem- ple in Baltimore, where they attracted a great deal of attention, after which they were gen erally adopted by publishers of Sunday- school literature. The Lutheran Church congregation was effected in 182^, and in 1827 a Union Church was erected, in which the Lutheran and Re- formed congregations worshiped up to 1874, when a new fine brick church edifice was erected on Main Street for the exclusive use of the Lutheran congregation, and the Re- formed people continued to occupy the old church. The Lutheran congregation is strong, having a membership of about ^250, with a flourishing Sunday-school, for the use of which a handsome chapel was erected in 1879. The pastors who served the congregation were Rev. John Herbst, Sr. and Jr. ; Rev. — Stecker, Rev. J. Kempfer, Rev. A. Berg, who served the charge from 1843 to 1873, when Rev. J . H. Menges assumed it and served to 1877, when Rev. E. H. Manges took charge and served to 1881, when Rev. E. Miller, D. D., the present pastor took charge of the work. The Reformed congregation was organized in 1822, and from 1827 worshiped jointly with the Lutheran congregation in a brick church to 1874, when the Lutherans with- drew and the Reformed alone occupied the church. In 1S82 this building was torn down and a new fire-brick building was erected on Main Street, which was dedicated on May 13, .1883, by the present pastor, Rev. A. F. Dreisbach, T. G. Apple, D. D., President of Franklin and Marshall College, and J. S. Stahr, D. D. Since the new church edifice has been erected, and under the care of the present pastor, the congregation has rapidly increased and now numbers about 150 com- municants. The congregation has a Sunday- school which is rapidly growing in numbers and influence. The following are the minis- ters who served the congregation in the past : A. Ettinger, Yost Henry Fries, F. A. Scholl, H. N. B. Habliston, J. August Forsch, John Rienecke, C. W. Rienecke, D. D., J. Vander- sloot, Daniel Gring, who served the charge twenty-seven years, and who was followed by the present efficient pastor, A. F. Driesback. The Shrewsbury Savings Institution was incorporated June 6, 1850, with a capital of 150,000. Henry Latimer was chosen its first president, and Robert Richey its first cashier. June 3, 1876, G. P. Everhart became the I)resident, and still serves as such. March 23, 1857, John Hoshoiil: became the cashier and was followed, on his death, November 26, 1870, by J. V. Geisey, who, resigning, was followed, November 2, 1872, by A. G. Collins, and he in turn was followed March 4, 1882, by A. D. Collins, the present incumbent. It has now a paid up cash capital of $15,000, and a surplus of the same amount. Mount Vernon Lodge No. 143, I. O. O. F., organized in February, 1846, and in 1852 and 1853, a hall was erected, which was dedicated in 1854. The lodge has paid a large amount for benefit to its members, and has now a fund of $6,000. It has had a large membership in the past and now has forty- two members. A. Klinefelter served as O. G. for twenty years, and William Benise as jan- itor and I. G. for twenty-nine years. Since the institution of the lodge there have oc- curred thirty- eight deaths out of the member- ship of the lodge. Shrewsbury Lodge, No. 423, F. & A. M., was instituted March 4, 1868, with the fol- lowing charter members: Rev. J. C. Hagy, B. F. Koller, G. P. Everhart, Rev. A. Berg, Dr. O. T. Everhart, Dr. James Gerry, Jr., and James K. Pattison. The lodge now numbers about twenty-six members, and is in a healthy financial condition. Wannepewink Tribe, I. O. R. M., was or- ganized September 10, 1868, and closed in April, 1877. A lodge of Good Templars was instituted November 2, 1865, by Rev. J. S. Murry, and continued in existence to 1876. It did good service, extending its influence so that lodges were organized in Glen Rock, New Free- dom, Stewartstown and New Market. A Band of Hope was also organized September 26, 1866, and continued in existence for some years. Shrewsbury Post, No. 342, G. A. R., was mustered by Capt. W. H. Lanius, June 18, SHREWSBURY TOWNSHIP. 7)1 1883, and has now about forty-three mem- bers. GLEN ROCK. Glen Rock is a borough situated in Shrews- bury Township, on the Northern Central Eailroad, about sixteen miles south of York, and about four miles northwest of Shrews- bury Borough. It is a modern town and is noted for its romantic scenery and its sub- stantial and expensive buildings, and for the enterprise and industry of its people. All the buildings, except a saw-mill and a barn, have been erected since 1837, for prior to that time the land included in the borough was but a poorly cultivated farm with no improve- ments on it, and during a period of about forty years previous it changed owners quite a num- ber of times. Among these owners were Philip Lowe, John Ehrrman and Simon Koller, the latter gentleman having made a few improvements in the place. Dur- ing his time he built a saw-mill, barn and brick dwelling house. The land in and around the town is hilly, the vales being nar- row and some of the hills quite steep, yet it is productive and valuable for farming pur- poses. There are several streams of water, branches of the Codorus, passing through it, which furnish water-power and water suppily for the manufacturing interests of the town. In 1837 the railroad was built through the place where the town now is, and it was at this time that it received its name by Nat Bernard, the contractor for the grading of that portion of the railroad. He found some very hard rock to cut through, so he named them the "rocks in the glen" or Glen Rock. At this time Simon Koller owned a large part of the land now incorporated in the borough, but fearing the railroad would ruin him, he sold it to William Heathcote, an Englishman then recently from England, with whom came also other Englishmen — the Shaws, Rad- cliffes and other Heathcotes, so that it be- came an English settlement. The station of the railroad was known as Heathcote' s up to 1843, when it took its present name and when a postoffice was established. In 1845 there were but ten families in the place; 1 woolen factory employing fourteen hands; 1 store and tavern, 1 machinist, 1 tailor, black- smith, doctor, and 2 wood sawyers. In 1850 Philip Sheffer, a farmer near the town, put up some houses and purchased the woolen- mill, converted it into a grist-mill, and Mr. Heathcote erected another woolen-mill near the town. This gave the then village new life and the people began to talk of putting up other manufacturing enterprises, which took practical shape in' the erection of the foundry and machine shop in 1854, by Heath- cote, Herbst & Co. ; the company consisting of William Heathcote, William Herbst, J. V. Hoshour, John Scott, Emanuel Erey, Charles Prey, Henry Seitz; F. T. Scott, a practical machinist, being chosen as manager. This plant was the means of developing the town, and has ever since been an important factor in its growth. It gradually enlarged its sphere and did an extensive business in car building, and is now known as the Glen Rock Manufacturing Company and is doing a gen- eral manufacturing business, including en- ,gines, boilers, mill machinery, farming im- plements, etc. In the meantime J. V. Hosh- our did an extensive forwarding and commis- sion business, in which he was subsequently followed by E. Sheffer, who did a good deal to encourage the growth of the place. The woolen- mill or factory was the first manufacturing establishment of the town, and it has been ■ successfully maintained ever since, doing a large business and employing a number of hands. William Heathcote, the first proprietor, conducted the business for a number of years, when his son, James Heath- cote, assumed control of and conducted it for some years, and up to his death, when L. K. Heathcote, the present proprietor and mana- ger, assumed control of it and has developed a large trade in felt manufacturing, some of his goods reaching a foreign market. This plant, no doubt, gave the town its first man- ufacturing impulse. In the early history of the town Messrs. Mark Kadcliffe and George Shaw, in the name of Radcliffe & Shaw, began the manufacture of rope and twine in a mea- ger style. They erected a wheel and spindle for twisting purposes alon'g a fence, and there under the broadcanopy of heaven, when the weather would permit, they would man- ufacture an excellent rope and twine. They gradually developed their facilities until at present they have the largest rope- walk in the State, and own the large cordage-mill at Centreville, near the town. H. H. Radcliffe has lately became a member of the firm. They are now employing quite a number of laborers, and their goods are very popular. The lumber business was commenced by J. V. Hoshour, who was followed by John Erey, C. Glatfelter, S. K. Hoshour, who, with Messrs. J. C. Fallon and C. Gore, erected a planing-mill and sash factory in 1874, Mr. Fallon soon withdrawing. The building with a large quantity of lumber was destroyed by lire in 1876. Other buildings were erected, and, Mr. Gore withdrawing, Joseph Dise, A. W. Gray and J. H. Hoshour became the. pro- 713 HISTORY OF YOKK COUNTY. prietors, but in 1878 Messrs. Gray and J. H. Hoshour withdrew and Henry Bahn became interested, and from thence to the present the iirm of Hoshour. Dise & Co., have been conducting a very successful business, em- ploying a large force of labor aud handling a large quantity of lumber — Messrs. Joseph Dise and S. K. Hoshour being young men of energy, enterprise and push. Messrs. J. W. Hartman and S. E. Hoshour began the man- ufacture of carriages, etc., in the town in 1872, and they have developed a very iine business, employing a large number of labor- ers, and putting out a large line of tine goods, which are demanding a good market abroad. Henry Yeager also conducted the coach man- ufacturing business in the town for a few years. Various other efforts at manufac- turing were attempted, but met with only partial success and they were subsequently abandoned. The mercantile trade was first introduced by Daniel Reiman in 1827, when he opened a store in the frame building now occupied by Charles Heathcote and Jonathan Foust. Eeiman was followed by Henry Latimer under the firm name of Small, Latimer & Meyers. In 1840 the store-house was sold to Jacob Epply, who associated with him in business J. V. Hoshour, and a success- ful trade was conducted. Mr. Hoshour later conducted a very extensive found- ing business. Mr. Epply was followed in the mercantile trade by William Herbst, who in turn was followed by E. Sheffer, who did a very extensive business in the large build- ing now owned by the Northern Central Railroad, and which is now occupied by E, R. Miller and L Glatfelter. William Herbst and N. K. Seifcz opened a store in 1867, on the corner of Church and Main Streets and a successful business has since been conducted there by them; Mr. Seitz withdrawing subse- quently, Messrs J. S. Herbst and W. H. Herbst became partners and the business ia now conducted by W. Herbst & Sons. In 1872 A. D. Meyers opened a jewelry store and conducted a successful business to with- in a few years, when J. A. Shoraaker assumed the business, and he has been very successful. Messrs. E. Bortner and David Becker have within a few years developed an extensive ice cream trade, which they are manufacturing and shipping abroad. In 1880 a fine brick building was erected by G. F. Heathcote, and occupied as a shoe factory for several years. That business having been abandoned the building is now occupied as a grist-mill. The publication of the Item, a weekly newspaper, was commenced in 1870 by M. O. Smith and G. W. Nichols. It was well re- ceived, although but a small sheet when it was first issued. Mr. Nichols early with- drew from its publication and Mr. Smith con- ducted the business himself, when he subse- quently associated with him N. Z. Seitz, which co-partnership continued for several years, when Mr. Smith retired and Mr. Seitz continued the publication up to the present; in the meantime T. M. Meads was, for a few months, identified with the publication, as was also A.W.Gray for nearly four years, with W. A. Spate during the past year, the paper now being published by Seitz & Spate. The paper has been enlarged a number of times until it has been enlarged to its present size, which is a nine column paper printed on a sheet 28x42. It has been well sustained by the people. It has always been fearless and independent in its editorial reflections, and progressive and aggressive in its advocacy of reforms. It holds an advanced position in county journalism. The town was incorporated in 1860 by the courts of the county, and the opposition to incorporation was considerable by the people of the township. Philip Sheffer was the first chief burgess, and Lyman B. Moody is the present officer. The census of 1880 shows a population of 651; it has since increased very much and will now reach nearly 1,000. As soon as the town became an incor- porated borough it pushed its public school educational work, and in that particular it has always stood in the advanced ranks in the county. The building for school purposes is large and suitably furnished. The school work had been in charge of Prof. A.W. Gray, a prominent educator of the county for a . number of years. He had won the esteem and confidence of both pupils and. parents, and did an excellent work for the people of the town. His select schools were largely attended by young ladies and gentlemen from other sections of the county. He had become very popular among the educators of the county, and, had he lived, would have been chosen as the county superintendent. The first school building was erected by William Heathcote soon after he became settled, and private schools were maintained in it until the public schools were properly organized. A religious sentiment prevailed among the early settlers, and the people generally at- tended Sabbath services at Fissej's Church, about two miles south of the town. As early as 1842 Rev. Moses Bower, of the Evangeli- cal Association, who was at.the time serving Gettysburg charge, preached at times in the SHREWSBURY TOWNSHIP. 713 brick school building, in the northern end of the town, and which had been erected by W. Heatheote. Rev. Bowers was followed on the charge by Revs. J. Boas, E. Kohr, Lew Humelsheim, D. Bellinger, up to 1848, when Rev. Uriah Eberhart was appointed to the charge, who efifected an organization, and Henry Seitz was chosen as the first class leader. At the following session of confer- ence, Glen Rock was detached from Gettys- burg and attached to Shrewsbury Circuit, and the ministers who officiated on that charge as given in Shrewsbury History, from that date to 1867, when it was made a mis- sion, and Rev. J. Hartzler, served the mis- sion for three successive years. He was fol- lowed by Revs. S. P. Remer, P. W. Rardi- bough, H. W. Back, P. W. Groap, E. Crumb- ling, and the present pastor, Rev. J. A. Irv- ine. In 1849, while Rev. J. W. L. Seibert served Shrewsbury Circuit, the first church was erected. It was a substantial brick struct- ure, located on Church Street. In 1870 the old church edifice was sold and a new one erected on New Street. This is a large, hand- some and substantially constructed two- story building. The Union Sunday-school which is connected with this church, was organized in 1848, and has been in successful orgatiiza- tion since. David Herbst, Sr., was its first superintendent. The Methodist Episcopal Church organized in 1865, and erected a church edifice in that and the following year. The ministers who served on Shrewsbury Circuit, and which are given in the Methodist Episcopal Church his- tory of Shrewsbury, served also this congre- gation. The congregation is not large, its present membership being twenty-seven. There is a flourishing Sunday-school con- nected with the congregation. The Lutheran congregation was informally organized in 1 859, when Rev. A. Berg, then the pastor of Shrewsbury charge, began to hold regular service in Sheffer's Hall. A formal organization was efifected and a church edifice erected in 1860-61. It was made a separate charge and Rev. J. Kempfer was called to seive it. He continued the pastor to 1868 when he resigned, and Rev. J. C. KoUer was called to the pastorate, who served the congregation to 1880, when the present pastor, J. B. Wolf, was called by the congre- gation to the pastorate, Rev. J. 0. Koller having resigned. The congregation now numbers about 200 members and has con- nected with it a large and interesting Sab- bath-school. The German Reformed people have made various efiforts at organization, but thus far thoy have not been successful. Nothwith- standing, there are a number of people of that religious faith living in the town. Revs. D. Gring, W. Xanders and others have preached in the town, but no complete organ- ization is now existing. In 1865 a circle of the Brotherhood of the Union, a beneficial organization, was organ- ized, and gained considerable of a member- ship until 1870; when the organization was suspended, and .Friendly Lodge, No. 287, K. of P., of Pennsylvania, was organized. This lodge has a membership of some seventy, and is financially strong. Yosemite Tribe, No. 100, I. O. R. M., was organized in 1868; has a present membership of some forty and is financially in good con- dition. Several temperance [organizations have been effected in the town, but all were in due time suspended without accomplishing any special reforms. The town has a musical organization, " The Glen Rock Band," which has won for itself a reputation and popularity which reaches far beyond its own town. Its serv- ices are frequently called to. distant cities. The town has no old soldier residents, but it sent the following to the army during the late Rebellion : A. Shaw, L. K. Heatheote, L. W. Dabs, William Metcalf, L RhiDehart, W. P. Baum, Noah Allison, T. Bamforth, J. M. Homigan, A. Moessinger, Henry Seitz, C. T. Seitz, A. Shauck, James Laurq, Ned Gaff- eney, Penn. Birchival, John Foust. The First National Bank of Glen Rock, Penn., was organized in 1863, with a capital t stock of 150,000,, E. Sheffer being its first president, and Henry Seitz, cashier. H. Seitz has served as cashier of the bank from its organization to the present time. J. V. Hoshour followed Mr. Shefifer as the presi- ent of the bank, who was in turn succeeded by Charles Frey; and he by William Herbst, the present officer. The capital stock of the bank has been increased to $75,000. RAILROAD BOROUGH. Railroad Borough is a town of about 250 population and is situated on the Northern Central Railroad, about one mile west of Shrewsbury, and was incorporated into a borough August 31, 1871, with F. Helb, as chief burgess; J. N. Grove, assistant bur- gess; S. Klinefelter, G. W. Ruby, Daniel Seitz, M. Gable, T. H. McAbee and James M. McGuigan, as councilmen. The town is nestled between the hills which surround it, and has been for many years an important 714 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. freight depot. The population in 1880 was 221, and it has increased quite rapidly since. In 1792 the land was mostly owned by John Klinefelter, and he erected a small grist- mill at the place where Ruby's barn now stands, and he also erected a log-house near the same place. Soon after this, Ulrick Heiss purchased the land where Stabler's mill now stands, and erected thereon an oil-mill which was subsequently torn down and the present mill erected. G. M. Henry bought the greater part of land now included in the borough, put a grist mill where Ruby's mill now stands, and in 1841 removed the old grist-mill where Helb's tannery now stands, and converted it into a bark-mill. In 1822 an apple distillery was in progress where Helb's distillery now stands. In 1849 Frederick Helb came to the place, and began the tanning business. He began in a very simple way, not even having a building, but used old hogsheads as vats, and having the use of the bark-mill of Mr. Henry, he ground the bark he used with that. He purchased the mill later, erected a build- ing for a tannery and built the usual vats. He has since greatly enlarged his facilities, until at present he is conducting a very large and profitable business. He has been quite successful in his business ventures and has done more than any otlier man to improve the town. He now owns a large proportion of the property in the town, and is identified with much of the business surrounding it. In 1833 G. M. Henry built a grist-mill, where the brick grist-mill of Mr. Euby now stands, which was supplanted with the present building by Mr.Euby in 1862. The first station house stood near where Ruby's mill now stands. The brick warehouse occupied at present by Mr. Day, was erected in 1845 by Messrs. Simon and Jesse Klinefelter. The same gentlemen erected the stone store and warehouse build- ing on the east side of the railroad, now oc- cupied by Mr. G. P. Everhart. The same gentlemen also erected the brick-mill in the northern portion of the town now owned by Jared Stabler. In 1849 the same gentlemen erected a bark-mill near the station, which was converted into a flavine-mill in 1869, by Klinefelter & Hobliston. The present pro- prietors of these works are the Boston Chemi- cal Dye Works. In 1859 the, present hotel building was erected by Mr. Roy. It is now occupied by John Kauffelt. Mr. G. P. Ever- hart is doing a large forwarding and commis- sion business, as also a dry goods and grocery business, while Mr. Helb is conducting the tanning and brewing business, as also the stave business. A public school has been conducted in the place for many years. A new school build- ing has been erected within a few years, which is highly creditable to those who erected it. A Sunday-school has been con- ducted in the place for some years, which is doing a good work among the children of th& town. NEW FREEDOM. New freedom is a small town situated in the southern portion of the township of Shrewsbury on the Northern Central Railroad. The town is very beautifully situated on a level plain on an elevation, the land surround- ing the town being fertile and level. The population in 1880 was 325, and it has since grown quite rapidly. It was incorporated into a borough in 1879, with H. F. Hofacker, as chief burgess; C. Singer, as assistant, and S. G. Hildebrand, John L. Hailer, Lewis Grove, Dr. E. K. Free and S. Grove, as councilmen. The Free family was among the early settlers of the town, and they first opened business there. The present business men are M. W. Bahn, Messrs. U. H. Gore &, Bro., J. R. Nonewaker, R. F. KoUer, H. F. Hofacker, J. B. Wherly, J. E. Miller and others. The town has good public-schools, which are well sustained by the people. The first religious organization effected in the town, or the locality where the town is now located, was St. John's Catholic Church. In 1842 Father Gabriel Rempler, a Redemp- torist priest of Baltimore, visited the com- munity and found a very devoted member of his church in Meimad Miiller, a German set- tler, who lived at the old farmhouse now oc- cupied by Charles King, where mass was first oi3fered in that section of the county, and at this place for some four months after like services were regularly held. Mr. Miiller donated land sufficient to erect a church thereon, which was done by the contributions of the members, and the church was properly dedi- cated in 1842. It was regularly served from 1842 to 1852 by priests from Baltimore, and some of the most noted priests of the Re- demptorist order preached in this humble edi- fice. From 1853 to 1875, it was regularly served from York as a mission, after that, Father Koch became regular pastor; then, in 1881, Father Huber, who served until re- cently, when he was succeeded by Father Breckel.* *For additional hisiory oi New Freedom, see Addenda. SPEINGFIELD TOWNSHIP. 715 THE TOWNSHIP OF SPRINGFIELD. FOR ninety years this township formed a part of Shrewsbury. The names of its tax- able inhabitants in 1783 will be found in the history of that township. A petition asking for a division of Shrewsbury was presented in 1834 to the court, presided over by Judge Walter Franklin and his associates, George Barnitz and John L. Hinkle, stating that "the township of Shrewsbury is eighteen miles long, and on this account many of the inhabitants are too far from the place of transacting the common township business. " The court appointed George Hoke, Henry Leib and John Eyster commissioners, who selected George M. Henry surveyor, and the division line was run November 24, 1834. The report of said commissioners recom- mending the erection of this township, which was named by them, Springfield, was con- firmed by the court, April 9, 1835. TOPOORAPHY. Springfield is crossed from north to south by the York & Maryland Line Turnpike, which passes over the line of the old Potaps- co road, laid out from York to Joppa and Potapsco (now Baltimore) in 1742, the year after York was founded. Joppa, now a dilapidated village on the Gunpowder River, was then the county seat of Baltimore County. The turnpike passes along the sum- mit of the height of land that divides -the tributaries of two large branches of the Codorus Creek, which form a confluence at the extreme northern point of Springfield. These streams separate Springfield from Hopewell on the east, York on the north, Codorus and North Codorus on the west The southern boundary is an artificial line separating it from Shrewsbury. The sur- face of this township is very undulating. At different places along the turnpike, the view in summer over the beautifully rounded hills, and systematically carved little valleys, all clad in rich verdure, is delightful to be- hold. The Northern Central Railway passes along the western part and crosses the Codorus five times within the limits of the township. The population in 1840 was 1,207; in 1880 it was 1,854; the number of taxables in 1884 was 559; valuation of real estate, 1811,191; county tax, $3,151; State tax, S220. Foust's Distillery in the lower end of Springfield is specially noted for the manu- facture of pure liquors. A very large busi- ness has been done at this place for many years. THE BOROUGH OP LOGANVILLE. The borough of Loganville is situated along the York & Maryland Line Turnpike near the centre of Springfield Township. On an elevated plane immediately west of the town, the landscape scenery far to the north and the west is fascinating beyond descrip- tion. The broad and fertile valley, extend- ing from the Susquehanna, southwest as far as the field of vision goes, and north to the South Mountains, unfolds to the view of the observer, a garden of unrivalled loveli- ness, with the town of York, near the eastern bounds of the circular horizon, and Gettys- burg in the western. Robert Wilson, an auctioneer, laid out the town of Loganville in 1820, and named it in honor of Col. Henry Logan, then a leading politician, who resided near Dilisburg, and subsequently represented this county in con- gress. Robert Wilson, afterward, became court crier at York, to which place he moved. In 1824 he advertised that "Old Bob has lately come to town and can always be found, at his stand on East Market Street. He is only man in the county, who has cryed all his life without weeping." The survey of the plat of ground on which Loganville is built, was made by Robert Richie. The town is built in two sections, between which is a ridge of land. Some jovial persooage during its early history, comparing the town thus built to the saddle-bags of our old time physicians, gave it the cant name of "Zwer- ichsackstettle.'' Wilson would not sanction the use of this title after which for some yearsj, the name "Martinsburg'' was very generally applied to it, on account of the large number of martin birds, that collected there. Robert Wilson owned a large house, which is not now in existence, in this he kept the first postoffice. In 1830 Samuel Keyser succeed- ed him, and held the office for many years. Jacob Gipe kept the first store of the town, in the house now owned by Juliann Venus, Frederick Asper soon after opened a store in the house at present owned by W. A. Spate, Paul Burbank conducted the same business in the house of Casper Hildebrand. Freder- ick Overmiller was one of the early mer- chants." Susan Hildebrand, now ninety- one years old, and widow of Jacob N. Hildebrand, has a distinct recollection of the origin of the town. Catharine Decker, another resi- dent, is ninety- four years old. In 1830 there were twelve houses, a hotel and a store, in 1840, the number of houses increased to twenty, and the population was ninety. Population in 1880 was 312. Number of 716 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. taxable inhabitants in 1884 was 102; valua- tion of real estate for same year, $89,344. Loganville was incorporated, April 2, 1852. The first election officers were: judge, John F. Beck; inspectors, George W. Eeever and Jacob Grlatfelter; chief burgess, John Beck, Sr. ; assistant burgess, Michael Snyder; town council, John Hildebrand, Frederick Venus, Samuel Smith, Daniel Goodling and Adam Krout;constable, Charles Overmiller; school directors, Joseph Hart- man, Casper Hildebrand and Henry Ker- linger. There were but three school directors chosen that time for the borough. Of these officers the following are still living: George W. Eeever, York, Penn. ; Samuel Smith, Glen Rock; Daniel Goodling, Loganville; Adam Krout, Springfield Township; Joseph Hartman, Shrewsbury Borough; Henry Ker- linger, Stewartstown ; John F. Beck, Spring- field Township. The present chief burgess is Josiah N. Bailey. Deterich Hildebrand and Charles Sprenkle are the justices of the peace. The former has been justice for a number of years in succession. The Loganville cornet band was organized August 20, 1858, and at present numbers twenty members. It has an excellent rep- utation for fine playing. New silver-plated instruments were purchased in 1885. The band owns a tine hall in which weekly meet- ings are held. Henry. Kerlinger and Henry Decker were instrumental in organizing the band. Deterich Hildebrand is the only original member. ' The Loganville Mutual Improvement Society, which has existed for many years, is an organization that has accomplished much good. Quite a taste for reading and study has been aroused among young people through its work. Several of the young men who were members, have become successful ministers and physicians. It is also the parent of the York County Educational Society. Dr. George P. Yost, now of Glen Rock, for a number of years enjoyed a lucrative practice at Loganville. He has been succeeded by Dr. George W. Holtzapple. The village schools for 1885, were taught by E, B. Good- ling and J. M. Bailey. Emanuel S. Smith, of the prothonotary's office, resides here as does also W. A. Spate, one of the publishers of the Glen Rock Item to whom we are under many obligations for the history of Logan- ville. THE VILLAGE OF NEW PARADISE. New Paradise, which has about 200 in- habitants, is located on the York & Balti- more Turnpike, about five miles from York and two miles from Loganville, in the northern portion of Springfield. The first house of this town was built by John Snyder, in 1837. It is still owned and occupied by him. He at one time was the owuer of nearly all the land upon which the town is built, he sold it off in lots and encouraged building, btit did not C9vet the honor -of having the town called after himself. "When a church was dedicated in 1862, and named Paradise Evangelical Church, by Rev. Adam Ettinger of York, who officiated at the dedi- catory services, the citizens appropriated this name and called their town New Paradise. No better name could have been selected, thought they, until they applied for a postoffice in 1881 and found that "Uncle Sam" already owned such a place in Pennsylvania, whereup- on the singular name of "Jacobus" was select- ed and Dr. J. S. Miller, now of York, was appointed postmaster. Frank Geiselman for the past few years has filled that position. Jacob Geiselman for many years kept a store. Eli Krout is now the merchant of the village. Dr. E. P. Rohrbach is the physi- cian. The manufacture of cigars is an im- portant industry, and about fifty workmen are employed in the various factories, owned by D. M, Loucks (now deputy revenue col- lector), Jamen Smith, George Shafer, Pius Olp, Pius Snyder, Frank Krout and Daniel Fortney. SEVEN VALLEY. This village has about twenty houses, and is located three-quarters of a mile north of Hanover Junction, on the Northern Central Railroad. The name "Sieben Thai" or Seven Valley, originated with the first German settlers, who took up the fertile lands in the vicinity about 1740. Among these settlers, were a number of "Sieben Tagers" or Seventh Day Baptists, who came thither from their settlement at Conestoga and Ephrata, Lancaster County. The use of the words "Thai" and "Tag" becoming confused, the former predominated, and hence, doubtless, originated the name Seven Valley. The surrounding country is greatly undulating, but there are not seven valleys distinctly marked in the vicinity. In 1838, when the railroad was completed from Baltimore to York, Jacob Smyser and John E. Ziegler opened the first store at this point. The station was called "Smyser" in honor of the first-named gentleman. The postoffice was established the same year. It was named Seven Valley, and John E. Zieg- ler was appointed postmaster. SPRINGFIELD TOWNSHIP. 717 Henery Bott succeeded in the store business in 1840, and has continued since. He also became postmaster the same year. His son W. W. Both succeeded him as postmaster in 1875, and the same year began the manu- facture of ice cream. Nathan Glatfelter opened a store in 1873. There are a number of cigar factories in the village. Dr. J. Allen Glatfelter practices medicine here. Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church at Seven Val- ley was organized by the late Rev. C. J. Deininger, March 29, 18(58. The con- gregation worshiped in a hall until 1871, when the present church was built. The dedicatory sermon was preached by Rev. A. H. Lochman of York. Rev. Deininger re- signed the charge September 6, 1874. His successors since vthen have been Revs. D. Stock, L. T. Williams, Peter Anstadt and C. M. Eyster. The membership at present is fifty. The Sunday-school numbers 100 pupils. H. I; Glatfelter is superintendent. CHURCHES. Friedensaals Kirche, located near the east end of Springfield, is better known as "Shus- ter's Church." The first German settlers of this region were organized into a congre- gation in 1763, by Rev. Kirchner, a native German. The. next pastor was Rev. Lucas Raus who served from 1770 to 1787, and Rev. Augustus Reutze succeeded in 1795. The first grant of church land, was given March 30, 1774. It was an original grant from the proprietaries of the Province of Pennsylvania, John, Thomas and Richard Penn, who directed a survey to be received in the land office at Philadelphia of "a tract of land called the church lot, containing eight acres and 110 perches of land situated in Shrewsbury (now Springfield) Township in the county of York, made by virtue of appli- cation No. 5270, for John Hella and Nich- olas Henry, in trust for the Lutheran congre- gation now formed thereon. The said trustees to be holden of us, our heirs and successors, propirietaries of Pennsylvania as of our Manor of Maske in the county of York, in free and common soceage by Fealty only, in lieu of all other services, yielding and pay- ing unto us or our agents at the town of York an annual quit rent on the first day of March instant of one shilling sterling, or value thereof in coin current, according as the exchange shall then be between our said Province and the city of London. " The consideration money for the transfer of the deed, was 8s. lOd. The survey was made " on the 5th day of the 4th month, 1769," by William Matthews deputy surveyor of . York County. The church lot was inthe- shape of a right angled triangle. The land adjoining the base and the perpendicular of it was designated as belonging to Nicholas. Shuster, hence the origin of the name "Shus- ter's Church." The land on the other side,, belonged to Conrad Curfman. The follow- ing is a copy of receipt for money paid for the land: Philadelphia, March 28, 1774. Received of John George Hella and Nicholas Henry, in trust for Lutheran Congresation, the sum of one pound and four pence current money of Pennsylvania, in lieu of fourteen shillings and two pence sterling, in full for purchase money interest and quit rent due on eight acres and 110 perches of land in Shrewsbury Town, Yorl£ County, surveyed pursuant to application entered Nov. 34, 1768. Received for the Honorable Proprietaries. £1. 0. 4. By Edmund Phtsick. William Earhart and Jacob Ness, on the 4th month and I6th day, 1774, deceived from Nicholas Henry and John George Hella, £4 13s. for expenses paid in patenting church lot, for great seal, for recording patent and for incidental expenses. In the year 1848 a charter was granted under the name of the "Evangelical Lu- theran Congregations of Friedensaals Church in Springfield Township." At that time George Leader, John Meyer, John Crout and Henry B. Castoe were church elders, and Joseph Ness, Henry Crout, George Ehrhart and Samuel Castoe, church wardens. A parochial school was kept in a building on the church property.for many years, sup- ported by the memb9rs of the congregation. August 9, 1851. Jacob Schnell, William Swartz, Joseph Steils and Adam Ness, elders of the church, leased to Jacob Roller, John Williams, John Snyder and others, school directors of Springfield Township, leased the schoolhouse erected on the church lands. The property on which the schoolhouse stood, at that time, adjoined the lands of John Good- ling and Joseph Hildebrand. The condi- tions of the jlease were for a term of ten years "if the common school system shall so long be in operation." The present church building, the third one in succession, stands on the original plat. The first building was made of logs. The second building was a frame structure painted white and was called "Die Weis Kirche." The name which the present brick church bears was given to it by Rev. Mr. Burg, who for many years was the pastor. Rev. 0. M. ' Eyster, who has recently been called to Man- chester, Md., was the last pastor. St. Peter's Reformed Church. — The reformed congregation which now worships in this 45 718 HISTORY OF YOEK COUNTY. church was organized aboat 1783,and from that date to 1 876 worshiped in Shuster's Church, which is not far distant. During the centen- nial year the handsome new brick church was built. The ministers since the organization in order of succession were Eevs. Adam Ettinger, Henry Fries, P. Scholl, Henry B. Habliston, John A. Foersoh, F. Bucher, John Eeineka, C. W. Eeipeka, W. Vandersloot, Daniel Gring and the present eificient pastor, Rev. A. P. Driesbaugh, of Shrewsbury. The membership is 150. Mount Zion Church. — In the private house of John Seitz, religious services were held by ministers of the Evangelical Associ- ation as early as 1810. Kevs. John Erb, Matthias Betz, A. Buchman, and A. Henning held meetings here for a number of years. Services were held in dwelling houses until 1826, when the congregation became so strong that a stone church was built that year. In the annals of the Evangelical Asso- ciation, this is an historic spot, as it is the site of the first church erected by the members exclusively of that denomination in York County, and the second one in America. This landmark is now used by the firm of Anstine & Hildebrand, as a store-room. It was used as a house of worship until 1855, when a large brick building was erected; this stood until 18S0, when the present brick church was built, at a cost of $2,400, under the pas- torate of Rev. H. M. Greninger. It occupies the same site as- the second church. Near this place Mount Zion camp meeting is an- nually held, under the auspices of the Evan- gelical Association. It is one of the largest meetings of this kind conducted by this church body, and is regularly attended by a great number of ministers and people. Mount Zion Sunday-school of ninety pupils, is su- perintended by William H. Snyder. Loganville Church. — As early as 1810 religious services, under the auspices of this denomination, were held in the vicinity of Loganville by missionaries, in the private bouses of Peter Goodling, and Samuel Raver. Revs. A. Buchman and A. Henning formed a class during the year 1812. From the time of the organization until 1842, meetings were conducted in a schoolhouse used for religious worship, It was during that year that the church was built, at a cost of $1, 200, under the pastorate of Revs. George Sheaffer and Conrad Link. Rev. Link afterward became the first missionary of the Evangelical Asso- ciation sent to Europe. He was commis- sioned to go to Stuttgart, Germany, where he did efficient work and died there a few years ago. The church is a frame structure, and this appointment originally formed a part of the Shrewsbury, circuit. It is now the cen- tral congregation of the Loganville circuit. Rev. S. Aurahd is the present pastor. A Sunday-scShool containing 110 pupils is kept in the church. For a number of years W. A. Spate has been superintendent. Salem Lutheran and Reformed Church, in Springfield, near New Paradise, was organ- ized in 1841, by Rev. Peter Herman, of "Windsor, at Hartman's Schoolhouse. In 1842 the first church was built, of wood. Prominent in this undertaking were- John Dehoff, John Glotter, John Becker, Daniel Ness, John Barshinger and George Hart- man. In 1882 the present large brick church was built, one of the finest and most commodious country churches in the county, while the Lutheran congregation was under the pastoral care oE the late Rev. C. J. Deinin- ger. Revs. Gotwald, of York, and Gerhart, of Lancaster, officiated at the corner-stone laying; Rev. Enders, of York, and Rev. Gerhart, at the dedication. At the corner-stone laying of the first church in 1842, Revs. J. G. Schmucker, A. H. Lochman, J. Kempfer and F. W. Vander- sloot, and at the dedication on November 20, of the same year. Revs.. Lochman, Schmucker, Cares and Lennert (Moravian) were present, The prominent members of this congrega- tian were Emanuel Ness, Samuel Ness, Isaac Leader, Isaac Hovis, Lewis Bupp and Henry Harting. The official labors of Rev. Deinin- ger, at this church, from 1853 to 1885, be- sides preaching were: Infant baptisms, 443; adult, 29; burials, 135; confirmations, 338; present membership, 200. Rev. J. H. Leeser is pastor. The Reformed pastors have been Revs. John Cares, who organized the Re- formed congregation in 1842; John Reiueke, William Good and Bossier. Rev. Rhine- hart Smith took charge of the congregation, August, 1866, and is now the pastor. Paradise Church. — In 1842 Revs. George Sheaffer and Conrad Link, while traveling the Shrewsbury Circuit, began pteaching in the dwelling house, of John Snyder. An organization was not effected until 1861, when Rev". Adam Ettinger, one of the fa- thers of the Evangelical Association, formed a class of seven members. Paradise Church was built in the year 1882 under the pastor- ate of Rev. Staimbach. It is a frame build- ing and cost about $1,000. The Sunday- school of eighty pupils is under the super- intendency of Eli B. Krout. The German Baptist Meeting house is lo- cated in Dunker Valley, a short distance east of Loganville. It is a fine brick building YORK TOWNSHIP. 719 70x40 feet with basement and attic, built about 1872. Five acres of densely wooded church land adjoins it, on one corner of which is a graveyard. The annual love feast usually held in May of each year, is very largely attended. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The ten public schools in the township of Springfield, exclusive of Loganville Borough, have the following names: Shisler's, Rupp's, Seven Valley, Krout's, Falkenstine's, Cas- low's, Paradise, Snyder's, Seitz's and Kreid- ler's. MINING INTEREST. Springfield contains valuable deposits of iron ore. The Feigley Bank, one and a half miles east of Loganville, has been very productive. It was opened by Mr. Musselman in 1867. Messrs. Denny, Nes & Kaufi"man, succeeded as lessees. The ore, generally, is a limonite, finely disseminated through a mass of clay. It occurs in irregular segregEitions through the clay, and is more than ninety per cent wash ore. A dark blae compact and heavy argillaceous ore occurs here. Under the proprietors named, 70,000 tons of ore were taken from the mine. Several thousand tons were taken out in 1883 and 1884 by the Chi- ques Iron Company. The Springfield Bank, adjoining the one described, is on the Brillhart farm. It was opened by C. S. Kauffman, of Columbia, about 1870. The Chiques Iron Company operated it since 1880, and have taken out 17,000 tons of ore, which was hauled to Glatfelter's Station, Northern Central Rail- way, and shipped from that point by rail. An interesting feature of these two banks described, is the occurrence in them of a fine bluish laminated limestone, containing white crystals scattered through it. There are a number of other banks in the township. THE TOWNSHIP OF YORK. THIS township was formed in 1753, four years after the erection of York County. It was reduced in its limits by the formation of Windsor in 1759, and of Spring Garden in 1822, portions of each were taken from York. In 1788 this township had 128 houses, 94 barns, 456 male and 437 female inhabi- tants, 9. mills, and contained an estimated area of 30,309 acres of land. In 1883 there were 614 taxable inhabitants, and a property valuation of 1879,264; population, in 1880, exclusive of the boroughs, was 2,379. The township, as at present formed, is quite undulating, but contains much valu- able farming land. It is drained by branch- es of the Codorus, on which are a number of mills. It is crossed by the York & Peach Bot- tom Railway on the east, and Northern Cen- tral Railway on the west end, and also by the' Chanceford and Baltimore Turnpikes. There are extensive deposits of ore in the east end of the township, much of which was used in the charcoal furnaces, and later large amounts have been shipped by various com- panies. The following is a list of the taxables of York Township for the year 1788; it also in- cludes part of the present area of Spring Garden : NAMES OF EESIDENTS IN 1788. Thomas Armor. George Austeiu. Widow Albright. Henry Alt. Jacob Brand. James Brady. Patrick Burke. William Barr. Weirick Bentz. Adam Becker. George Bentz. John Brooks. Henry Berninger. George Bart. Jacob Blymyer. Widow Brown. John Collins. Peter Diehl. Nicholas Diehl. Abraham Danner. Michael Deis. William Dreher. William Decker. Benedict Dome. George Diehl. Henry Dahlman. John Bppley. Peter Ford. Widow Pry. Adam Fry. Henry Fisher. Frederick Fisher. Martin Flinchbach. Aaron Flowers. Peter Peiser. George Pry. Michdel Fissel. Casper Fisher. Jacob Freed. George Fry. Jacob Geesey. John Geesey. John Gerhart. Mathias Gardner. Conrad Geesey. John Hamsher. Anthony Hill. John Harnish. Jacob Hell. Michael Heindel. Peter Hose. John Hartlein. John Herbach. Michael Heinigo. Michael Hengst. George Hoffman. John Immel. David Jamison. Peter Grim. Philip Grim. Sebastian Irish. John Innerst. Henry Kauffman. Jacob Koch. Michael Klibgman. Michael Kurtz. Jacob Keller. Jacob Koch, Jr. Henry Korbman. Daniel Keller. John Keffier. Henry Klein. Solomon Kauffman. John Kauffman. Jacob Lefever. Philip Lehr. Peter Lentz. Michael Long. George Lotman. Jacob Leaman. Jacob Leedy. Jacob Lepold. John Long. Stephen Landis. William Miller, .lames Murray. Michael Mosser. Jacob Michael. Felix Miller. Wendel Michael. Samuel Matson. Samuel Mosser. Jacob Miller Jacob Mark. Joshua McQueen. John Nace. 720 HISTORY or YORK COUNTY. Michael Peter. Peter Peter. Jacob Pflieger. Frederick Pflieger. George Rees. William Reichard. John Ritz. John Reichard. James Shaw. Michael Seitz. Samuel Smith. Widow Shelter. Henry Shetter. Daniel Shuey. Mathias Stewart. Martin Stuck. Jacob Streevig. Henry Swartz. Peter Sprenkle. Barnet Spangler. Widow Spangler. Jacob John Stewart. John Shumaker. Conrad Shindler. George Spangler. Hon. James Smith. John Shangler. Peter Wolf. Ludwig Waltman. Henry Waltman. Martin Waller. Abraham Welch ans. Martin Weiser. StofEelWolford. Philip Wagner. Peter Weiderright. Philip Weil. Jacob Winter. Jasper Yates (Judge). Henry Yessler. Abraham Yost. Nicholas Yost. Zeller. Jacob Bidner. John Bush. Michael Grim. James Hamilton. Nicholas Lentz. Jacob Pflieger. John Roth. SINGLB MEN. Jacob Shedler. Jacob ShefEer. Jacob Shearer. Jacob Smith. Charles Spangler. George Spangler. George Striebig. George Swartz. ST. John's luthbean and beformed chukoh. This church is located south of Dallastown, and is familiarly known as "Blimyer's Church." Among the original German set- tlers of this locality, an organization was ef- fected as early as 1748(?) and a small log- house for church and school was built. The pastor served also as teacher. It was then the only church for a large extent of territory, in which there are now more than a dozen churches of different denominations. Tradi- tion says some of the members who wor- shiped here a century ago, came a distance of twelve miles. The religious exercises, for more than a hundred years, were purely German, and many of their pastors were Germans. The following-named Lutheran clergymen officiated before 1812: Eevs. John Eeyman (Raiman), George Berger, Conrad Eaiman, son of the first clergyman. There have been others, whose names cannot now be obtained from the records. Rev. John Herbst, who organized Lebanon Church became pastor in 1813; Rev. George Stecher in 1820; Rev. A. Geanal, in 1830; Rev. J. Harman, 1848; Rev. Jacob Kempfer, in 1852; Rev. John Conoway in 1867; Rev. F. Warner, in 1873, and Rev. E. Lenhart, the present pastor, who resides in Dallastown, assumed charge in 1882. Among the first reformed clergymen of this church was the celebrated Rev. Wilhelm Ot- terbein. In the pastorate of the German Reformed congregation atBlymyer's Church, he was succeeded by Revs. Rudesil, Jacob Friesz, F. A. SchoU in 1813; G. Hoblestein in 1823; Jacob Myers; F. Hurst, who preached the doctrines of the Universalists, and after- ward joined that denomination; F. W. Van- dersloot in 1830; D. Gring in 1862 and R Smith. The last pastor was Rev. Rahauser. At present the Reformed congregation has no pastor. Some of the old members and church officers are John Geesey, Christian Blymire, Michael Albright, Adam Flinchbaugh, Theo- bait Sherer, John Riechard, John House- holder, Ulrich Neff, Herman Miller, John A. Innerst and Christian Dohm. The present building of brick is the third one erected here. DALLASTOWN. This town is situated on an inclined plane, sloping toward the northwest, just beyond the terminus of the York & Chanceford Turnpike, on an eminence 656 feet above sea level and seven miles from York. From the south end of the borough, an extended and beautiful landscape view is afforded the ob- server. The fruitful and prosperous York Valley in all its beauty and loveliness, is laid out before him, like a grand panorama. Dallastown has many new and comfortable homes, and has greatly improved and increasd rapidly in population during the past few years, owing to the cigar industry. About 200 of the citizens are employed in making cigars in the thirty- eight factories of the town. In the year 1884 about 25,000,000 cigars were shipped to market from Dal- lastown. Many of them, however, were made in the neighboring townships and bought up by the dealers of this town. J. F. Spatz, Jacob Sechrist, Adam Kohler and W. H. Peters are the leading shipping merchants of Dallastown .engaged in the cigar trade. From statistics and facts obtained in the rev- enue office at York, we are allowed the priv- ilege of placing this town at the head of the list in the cigar industry in York County. When Founded. — Although the surround- ing land is now fertile and productive, it was not so in 1841, when ex-sheriff James Peeling, now of York, purchased a tract of ninety- five acres of land for 1500, most of which is now the site of Dallastown. This tract, for many years before, had been a parade or muster ground for the militia, and conse- quently was an open common. It was the northern limit of what was known as the "York Barrens." The first year Mr. Peeling owned this land he could not make oiSe-half ton of hay from the entire ninety-five acres, but in the year 1848 he sold nearly $100 worth of hay. The land was improved by f ertil . YORK TOWNSHIP. 731 izers. Jonathan Minnich owned a house and a small tract of land; and Simon Plymire kept a hotel before the surrounding land was purchased by Mr. Peeling. James Edgar kept the first store. The town did not grow rapidly during its early history. Never being regularly laid out, nearly all the houses are on one street, which is a mile long. The popu- lation in 1870 was 287; in 1880, was 486. Through the kindness of W. H. Minnich we have ascertained the present population (1885) to be 610. Name. — The name Dallastown was given to it during the presidential campaign of 1844, in honor of that eminent statesman, George M. Dallas, of Philadelphia, who was elected and served as vice-president of the United States with such distinguished honor, ^under the Polk administration. Z. S. Shaw was the first postmaster. He was followed by Adam F. Geesy, ex-county treasurer; J. R. Green and William Baab, who has served since 1878. Incorporation. — The town was incorporated into a borough in 1867. F. S. Heisler was the first burgess. E'or the year 1884 A. V. Hartman was the chief burgess. Council- men — George Sechrist, David Dise, Daniel Sechrist, Henry Seeger, Charles Kohler and j3-eorgeReidel. Business Places. — Besides the thirty-eight cigar factories m.entioned, Adam Kohler has, for a number of years, kept a store of gen- eral merchandise; C. H. Keesy, store and hotel for nine years; Ambrose Holder, furni- ture store and undertaker. The medical pro- fession is represented by Dr. Lawson, an old practitioner, and Dr. A. P. T. Grove, of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Balti- more; dentistry by J. B. Glatfelter; Z. S. Shaw and W. G. B. Johnson are justices of the peace. CHUBCHES. Church of the United Brethren in Christ.^ The first religious services of this denomina- tion, in and around Dallastown, were held in the private houses of Jacob Sechrist, Jona- than Neff, Jacob Hartman, John Keller and John Dougherty, until 1850, when the pres- ent comfortable brick church was built at a cost of $1,500. The corner-stone was laid and church dedicated by Eev. J. C. Smith, of York. It was then named "Bethlehem United Brethren Church, of Dallastown." The services, ever since organization, have been conducted in both the English and Ger- man languages by the following-named cler- gymen: Revs. Raber, Bnterline, Wentz, Brown, Grim, Tripner, Corl, Young, Crau- mer and Lightner. Eev. L. Koh^, since 1882. This church is the central point of the Dal- lastown Circuit of the United Brethren Church. The parsonage of this circuit ad- joins Bethlehem Church. St Paul's Lutheran and Reformed Church is located near the north end of the borough of Dallastown. The land upon which the building stands was purchased of Henry Miller for |40. The corner-stone was laid on Whitmonday, 1855, when services were con- ducted by Revs. A. H. Lochman, J. Martin, F. W. Vandersloot, Daniel Ziegler and the pastor, Rev. Kempfer. On the following Whitmonday, 1856, the building was dedi- cated by the same clergymen. The contrac- tor was Charles Neff, who also built several other churches in the town and vicinity. It is a brick structure, 37^x47 J feet, with tower and bell. It cost about $2,000. The build- ing committee were H. Miller, elder; J. Mit- zel and H. Miller, deacons of the Lutheran congregation; P. Raab, elder; J. Peeling and C. Neff, deacons of the Reformed congrega- tion. The following-named ministers have served this congregation since its organiza- tion: Lutheran — Revs. J acob Kempfer, 1855 to 1860; Rev. John Conoway, 1860 to 1870; Rev. Peter Warner, 1870 to 1881; Rev. E. Lenhart, the present pastor began November 14, 1882. To him we are greatly indebted for the facts herein given. Reformed minis- ters — Rev. F.W. Vandersloot organized a con- gregation in the place in May, 1854, and re- mained until 1863; he was succeeded for one year only by Rev. David Bossier; Rev. Rein- hart Smith was chosen in September, 1866, and is still pastor. Previous to 1870 the Union Sunday-school was, held one year in St. Paul's Church, and the next in the United Brethren Church. During that year denom- inational schools were established. Member- ship at St. Paul's Sunday-school in 1885 was 251 pupils. This church was incorporated in August, 1864. The board of trustees are Solomon Kauffman, J. F. Spatz and J. Se- christ. A steeple and bell have lately been added to the church. The church member- ship is 150 communicants. St. Joseph's Catholic Church. — The lot for this Catholic Church was donated by James Peeling. The fine stone church now standing was built in 1850, at a cost of $1,800. Eev. James A. Huber is the present officiating pastor, and resides at New Freedom. He also ministers to the wants of two congregations in that locality. The membership of St. Joseph's Church is about twenty families, or about eighty members. Service, English and German. There is no parochial day school. 723 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. A Sunday-school is conducted by members. The graveyard adjoins the church. Schools. — It is claimed by the citizens that the intellectual and moral growth of the town is most encouraging. The school term has been lengthened to six months. A two- story brick building is now used for the two schools of 124 members. This building will soon be enlarged to meet the demands. For the year 1884-85 John Fiddler taught secon- dary and Martha o. Wantz primary, school at a salary of $35 per month each. The State appropriation is $125 per year; A. J. Hart- man, president, and Adam Kohler, secretary of school board. The other directors are Dr. L. S. Lawson, Martin Simon, Jonathan Geesy and Dr. A. P. Grove. Cornet Band. — The Dallastown Cornet Band was chartered in 1862. Adam Kohler is the present leader, and has been a member since its organization. The other members are Henry Inners, J ohn W. Minnich, Samuel J. Neff, William Kohler, M. Hose, D. A. Minnich, 0. Heisler, O. Warfel, P. G. Shaw, A- J. Minnich, F. Spatz, G. Barshinger, A. Snyder, D. Barshinger, J. E. Grim, H. Q. Sechrist, G. W. Hess, S. Shaw and O. J. Hartman. RED LION BOROUGH. This thriving town was laid out during the centennial year, by Mrs. Catharine Meyer. The survey was made by Jacob R. Wallace, of East Prospect. It is located on the highest point of the York & Peach Bottom Railway, 892 feet above the sea level and 536 feet above York. The down grade on the railroad toward York, for the first four miles, is 105 feet to the mile. A train will run nearly to York from here without an engine. In the other direction the grade is about eighty-five feet to the mile toward Pelton. It is ten miles by rail to York. The old Wrightsville and Baltimore wagon route passes through it. Origin of Name. — The Red Lion Tavern was a characteristic old time public inn, with the picture of a lion painted red on the swinging sign in fi'ont of the house. Tradi- tion says the lion was not a voracious one that scared away thirsty visitors, but a mild, peaceful sort of fellow, with an inviting look. In the year 1852 John D. Meyer, a thrifty German, purchased a tract of land, a portion of both York and Windsor Townships, on which most of the town is built. In the original survey 750 acres were included in the borough; at present there are 350 acres. When the railroad was built, the station at this point was named Red Lion, after the hotel. Incorporation. — The town did not increase much until after it was incorporated in the, year 1880; since that time it has continued to prosper. There were about twenty-five houses built in 1884. Matthew Gable, in 1876, built the first house after the town was laid out. Henry Wegman was the first bur- gess. He was twice reelected, and was suc- ceeded, in 1884, by John W. Burger, with J. B. Herman, Lewis Blockinger, Leander Hess, William Paules, J. A. Miller and Daniel Grim as councilmen. Main Street passes north and south, Broadway crosses it at right angles. First Avenue, Meyer A. venue, Charles and High Streets have been lately opened. The population is about 400. Business Industry. — Mrs. Catharine Meyer, the founder of (he town, owns the depot building, in which she conducts a store. Miller Bros., deal in general merchandise, grain, phosphates, farming implements, coal and lumber. Samuel Sprengle owns a steam saw-oaill, and deals in feed, fertilizers and coal. There -are about thirty cigar factories, which give employment to a large number of the citizens. The Red Lion Brick Company is a new enterprise. William Knaub runs a steam planing-mill, manufacturing doors, sashes, etc. There are two hotels and several new' stores. Bethany Church. — Near the center of the town stands Bethany Church. It belongs to the Dallastown Circuit of the United Brethren Church, and was built at a cost of $1,800, and dedicated November 24, 1882 — Rev. L. Peters, presiding elder, officiating. The building committee were J. R. Green, Matthew Gable, Daniel Weaver and Samuel Sprengle. The church membership, 1885, was twenty- nine. A Sunday-school of seventy pupils and teachers is superintended by J. G. Gohn. Rev. L. Kohr is pastor. The building has a bell and tall spire. St. John's Reformed Church. — Mrs. Cath- arine Meyer donated to the Reformed Church a lot 175x60 feet, on which was built the present white frame church. It was dedicated October 8, 1882. The ministers present were Revs. J. O. Miller, Aaron Spangler, andA. Wanner, of York. The building committee were Adam Gebhart, Seth Minnich, Jacob Miller, John Wise, Jr., and William Knaub. The cost was $1, 800. The people of the Reformed Church, living in Red Lion and its immediate vicin- ity, hold their church membership in the Emanuel Church, Frysville. Since the dedication of the church, the pastor at Frys- ville, the Rev. A. Wanner, D. D., has regu- larly preached in this church once in two YORK TOWNSHIP. 723 weeks. It was under his supervision that the church was built. A Sunday-school of seventy-five pupils and teachers is superin- tended by Robert A. Thompson. From the belfry of this church, on a clear day, the city of Lancaster is plainly visible; Columbia, Marietta, Wrightsville, etc., are within the horizon. School Building. — Immediately after the incorporation of the town, "Rev. E. G. Will- iams, Seth Minnich, Matthew Gable, William Knaub, Hiram Dill and Moses Smith were elected school directors. By this board, a schoolhouse was built at a cost of $1,200, of gray sandstone. LONGSTOWN. Longstown is a hamlet, located in the ex- treme eastern end of York Township. John Long for many years kept a store there, and his father had a tavern on the same site. A United Brethren Church was built in the immediate vicinity about 1869. Caleb Horn and Jacob Kreidler were the first trustees. MOUNT UNION CHAPEL. Mount Union Chapel, on road leading from Longstown to Red Lion, was built in 18S2, and is used by United Brethrdn in Christ- and Evangelical Association, whose com, bined membership is about fifty. The trustees are William Sechrist and Barnhart Holtzap- ple. INNEESVILLE CHAPEL. Rev. J. C. Smith, in 1868, first preached once every four weeks at this place. It soon after became a regular appointment in the York Circuit of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, under Rev. A. H. Rice, who was instrumental in having built the present chapel in 1872. It now belongs to Dallastown charge. The membership is fifty ; Sunday-school membership, sixty; trustees — William Wineka, Henry Wineka and Henry Stabely. Around this church there is a pleas- ant little village. PINE GROVE CHURCH. Pine Grove Church is located about three miles south of York, east of the Baltimore Turnpike, in York Township. Reis H, Alt- bouse and Benjamin Hengst were the first ministers of this church to preach in the vicinity. The religious services which they conducted were held in a school house. A very comfortable and convenient church was built some years ago. A Sunday-school of ninety-five members regularly meets in it, and is superintended by Rev. G. Jackson. MANUFACTURES. York Paper Mills are located on a branch of the Codorus, about three miles southeast of York. Nearly a century ago the manu- facture was begun at this place, and has since been carried on by various parties. They are now owned by W. Irving Clark, of New York City, and superintended by F. P. Mar- shall. The site is a good one for washing the raw material from which paper is made. The present owner manufactures difi^erent varieties of tissue paper out of jute and hemp. The jute is obtained from the East Indies; only the lower part of the jute stock is used for paper, the upper part is valuable for bagging and for ropes. The thread of this paper is formed by water combining with the pulp of the material used. The capacity of the mill is 1,200 pounds a day. It is in operation both day and night. Cylin- der machinery is used, which makes the grain of the paper one way. The machinery is run by a fifteen horse-power engine, and the entire mill by an eighty horse-power en- gine. Manufactured paper is shipped direct to consumers from the mill. Seventeen workmen are employed, under the direction of A. J. McKeon, as foreman. A dwelling house and forty acres of land belong to the paper-mill property. A well-grounded tradition has it that the place now known as Yost's Mill, on the aast branch of the Codorus, is the site of a very old mill, built when the Indians, with wonder and admiration, came from the neigh- borhood to observe this curious improvement over their slow and imperfect method of grinding the corn they raised. It was prob- ably built in the year 1752, as nearly as can be determined, and was the only one of the kind for a long distance around. The first known proprietor was Henry Sence, who worked it for many years during the last century. The following persons, in order, have since pos- sessed it: Jacob Keiser, Jr.; Jacob Keiser, Sr. ; Daniel Leather, Michael Hartman, John Glessick, Samuel Flinchbaugh and Jacob Yost, who has been the owner for a period of twenty-five years. The original mill had but one pair of stones; the one now standing is the third that has been built on the same site. Henry's mill up the same stream a few miles, is also an old one, as well as Kridler's down the stream. Near Dietz's Mill stands a dwelling-house, formerly occupied by Abra- ham Yost; it is one hundred and tweny-six years old. Arnold's Mill was built ninety-five years ago. Sixty years ago, and for many years before, a pious Quaker, named John Thomas, 724 HISTORY" OF YORK COUNTY. successfully taught an English school among the Germans, near Yost's Mill. Keystone Woolen Mill and Cotton Factory, along the Godorus, was once an important in- dustry in the township. There is now a saw- mill in that locality. George Musser, in his day, was familiarly known as "pan-smith Musser" in York, and over the entire county. He was a lively, good-natured individual, who owned a saw- mill and a forge for the manufacture of iron implements, located on his farm along the Peach Bottom road, now owned by Harry Strickier, and situated a few miles southeast of town. He made iron pans and ladles in large quantities, and sold them by whdlesale. The firm of P. A. & S. Small, early in their business career, purchased a great many of those valuable utensils. The York Powder Works in this township were once an important industry. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. York Township has twelve public schools as follows: Stiles' Innersville, Jessop's, Taylor's, Brenneman's, Kohler's, Sprenkle's, Mark's, Keener's, Adamsville, Nace's and CroU's. The State appropriation for 1884 was $518.83. THE TOWNSHIP OF WINDSOR. A PETITION was presented to the court _iLA- at York in 1757, signed by John Wright, Jr. , and others, asking that ' 'Hal- lam Township be divided by a line on Stony Ridge, running across the valley to the next ridge of hills on the south side of Grist Creek Valley, and also eastward along the last named ridge to the river Susquehanna." The above mentioned line formed the northern and eastern boundary of the new township of York, which then included what is now Windsor, Lower Windsor, York and a portion of Spring Garden. York Township, thus formed, was very large; consequently, in 1758 the following petition was presented at the April session of court: "We, your hum- ble petitioners, hereby state that when the Townships of York and Hallam were in one, a division line was obtained which did not prove convenient or satisfactory; therefore we request that commissioners be appointed by your worshipfuls to lay off the new town- ship." The presiding justice, Thomas Ar- mor, then appointed John Shultz, John Schy- rack. Christian Shank and Michael Bart, to view and run the boundary lines, which, ac- cording to their confirmed report at the next session of court, was as follows: Beginning at the plantation of Peter Peterman, thence with ihe road to David Hunter's, thence witli the same to Shrewsbury Township (now Springfield and Hopewell), tlience with the same township and the township of Chanceford to the Susquehanna, and up the same to Hallam Township, thence along the middle of that ridge of hills to Peter Peterman's plantation and place of beginning; which last de- scribed township is to be called hy the name of Windsor. The township thus described constituted what is now Windsor and Lower Windsor, which formed one district for nearly 100 years. Upon the erection of Lower Wind- sor in 1838, the limits were contracted to its present area. The beautiful and historic name "Windsor" was doubtless suggested by Thomas Armor, a man of great force of char- acter, and who was then a large land owner. Windsor in 1880 had a population of 2,154; valuation of real estate in 1884 was $813,000; number of taxables. 590. The population of the original township in 1783 was 1,118: number of barns that year 190; number of houses 184; number of mills 10; number of acres of assessable lands 22,054. The following is a list of the taxables for 1783: George Addick, still, 200 acres £278 George Able, 88 acres 117 Michael Albright, ground rents, 50 acres 69 William Allison, 100 acres 129 Christian Althous 13 John Arndt, 175 acres 194 George Anstein, 300 acres 343 Philip Byer, 2 stills, 112 acres 536 John Barr, 1 mill, 212 acres 570 Widow Bengel, 90 acres 88 Michael Baymiller, 10 acres 45 Henry Barr, 141 acres 631 Conrad Beverson, 5 acres 14 Nicholas Baker 30 Conrad Brubaker, 1 saw-mill, 136 acres 558 Tert Bonher, 169 acres 351 George Bonher, £6 ground rent 23 Henry Busser, £9 ground rent Jacob Berckle, 175 acres 173 Widow Cross, 50 acres 100 John Dellinger, IQO acres 100 Ja(;ob Dellinger, 100 acres 120 George Deisaon, 100 acres 122 Abraham Demuth Henry Dohm, 150 acres 136 Thomas Diaon, 60 acres 68 Ulvich EUeberger, 150 aci:es Sebastian Edie 34 Jacob Erb, 149 acres 851 Jacob Erb, 59 acres JohnEby, 120 acres 199 Jacob Eihert, 100 acres 117 Nathan Porsythe, 100 acres 394 Philip Fry 36 Frederick Felty, 120 acres 145 Corrad Fry, 83 acres 101 Peter Fry, 53 acres 74 Bavnet Fry, 110 acres 144 WINDSOR TOWNSHIP. 723 Frudilila Foster, 160 acres 133 Jacob Fister, 187 acres 263 Jacob Fry, 2 stills, 80 acres 113 Frederick Fry, 4 stills, 53 acres 65 ^Vidow Grove, 100 acres 394 Andrew Galbreath, 134 acres 208 George Gardner, 84 acres 104 Rudolph Goldstet .* 16 Jacob Gipe 10 Abraham Gallagher, 144 acres 1-38 Philip Gohn 43 Jacob Geiger, 160 acres 290 Adam Gohn 40 Widow Gohn, 250 acres 281 David Good. 50 acres 100 David Good, Jr., 200 acres 31,6 Frederick Glasbrenner, 150 acres 136 Widow Geiger, 173 acros 103 James Heiues, 101 acres 101 James Herrington, 140 acres 380 John Holder, 160 acres 818 Jacob Heltzel, 300 acres 340 Widow Hershinger, 300 acres 369 Adam Heindel, 310 acres ; 311 Stoffel Heindel, 130 acres 180 John Heckendorn, 175 acres 349 John Jones, 30 acres 63 Peter Imsweiler, 136 acres 130 Anthony Keller, 100 acres 169 Michael Kauffelt, 275 acres 381 Kegeritz, 110 acres 54 Kaltreiter, 110 acres 140 Jacob KauSelt, 285 acres 469 Jacob Kimmerly, 97 acres 119 Frederick Leberknecht, 40 acres 68 John Lipbart, 200 acres 369 Jacob Leber, 116 acres 129 John Landis, 200 acres 285 Conrad Leber, 10 acres 83 Samuel Landis, 300 acres 299 Philip Lantz, 113 acres 170 Andrew Lautz, 200 acres 233 William Liggett, 50 acres 73 Jacob Myer,112 acres 700 Henry Michael, 100 acres 170 John Mann, 200 acres 350 John McKesson, 300 acres 280 Philip Milhole, 173 acres 195 Abraham Mosser, 142 acres 186 John McCoy, 150 acres 153 Jacob Neas, 200 acres '. 208 Frederick Oleweiler, 50 acres 125 Jacob Oleweiler, 116 acres 107 George Oberdorf , 100 acres 96 Benjamin Tyson, Esq., 120 acres 200 John Schm\ick, 100 acres 170 Baltzer Shenberger, 150 acres 300 Moses Scott, 300 acres 310 Michael Tush, 390 acres 300 Jacob Dritt, 146 acres 300 Philip Thomas, 90 acres 139 Abraham Dem, 100 acres 139 Jacob Weltzhoffer, 170 acres 672 WendalGolf. 20 Michael Weiland 30 Samuel Wright, 400 acres 1,850 Jacob Witmer 73 John Wright, 500 acres, 3 slaves 2,055 William Willis 20 Solomon Williams 78 John Wyland, 99 acres 235 John Steiner, weaver William Holtzinger 30 Simon Holtzinger 30 Michael Fonkennen 43 Widow Morgan, 200 acres 450 Tikabat Stater 30 Solomon Williams 30 James Williams 30 Abraham Bruckhardt, 300 acres 394 SINGLE MEK. Christian Reist, weaver Michael Derstein. Joseph Reed. Nicholas Hertzly. Godlil Rupp. Jacob Shultz, blacksmith Martin Huber. Henry Bannise, weaver, Henry Geip. John Pitz, weaver. John Peterman. John Ewing. John Strickler, Jr. Casper Wolf. Jacob Longeneckcr, black- smith. George Druck. John Armend. .John Auhle. Jacob Griegelbaum. Michael Glessner. Randall Cross. James Cross. John Cross. Jacob Keyser. John Robinson. WINDSORVILLE. Windsor Postoffice, or Windsorville, is located in the southern part of the township. There was a postoffice by that name a distance south of the site of the present village as early as the year 1832. William S. Corn- well, of Manor Furnace fame, was its post- master then. He was succeeded by Rev. Peter Herrman, who kept it many years. Michael Anstine was the next postmaster for thirty-one years, until his death, when Dan- iel K. Kuby received the appointment. An- stine's store was a central point of interest for more than thirty years. Around it, in a rather attractive little valley, has lately grown up a thrifty village of about forty nicely painted and attractively built dwelling houses. Most of the inhabitants are engaged in the tobacco and cigar business. We re- frain from giving the original name of this apparently prosperous hamlet, or recording the legend from which it was obtained; if the name was practical it was not poetical, and we omit it. The village schoolhouse is a comfortable building. John N. Flinchbaugh is the present postmaster, and has a store of general merchandise, and Jonathan Shindle a similar store. Some of the mechanical trades are represented in the village. FRYSVILLE. This settlement obtained its name, as is self evident, from the early inhabitants. Its antiquity is known from the time-worn tomb- stones in the historic old churchyard, within whose sacred portals slumber the remains of several patriots of the Revolution. Many graves are unmarked, except by sunken mounds; some by illegible inscriptions in German. The oldest tombs have the names carved in English. On one of them the name Anna Frey,' who died 1748; on anoth- er, Mary Nichols, about the same year, are plainly marked. The oldest one visible died 726 HISTORY OF YOllK COUNTY. 1747, but the name cannot be deciphered. This hamlet has but a half-dozen houses. The manufacturing of cigars is an important business here. CHURCHES. Emanuel's Lutheran and Reformed Church, familiarly known as "Frysville Church," is located in the southern part of Windsor, and according to the deed and re- cords, was founded March 28, 1771. The surrounding land was owned by Conrad Fry, an early settler, who on the date mentioned deeded a church lot containing one and a half acres, for 5 shillings, to Jacob Segner, Adam Heindel, Jacob Ruby and Stephen Slifer, in trust for the "Lutheran and Pres- byterian congregations." (At an early date the German Reformed Church was thought to be the same as the Presbyterian, except that the worship of the former was conduct- ed in the German language.) A log church was first built. The spaces between the logs were "chunked," and had no outside plaster- ing, according to the custom of those times. The gable end and window frames were painted red. Th« door and inside were painted white. The church was heated by a heavy plated stove, long enough to receive cordwood full length. From the boxed door- sill to the floor inside was a step of unusual height, over which full grown persons could step without much difficulty, while the chil- dren delighted to jump from the door-sill down on the floor inside. About 1820 the building was much improved. It was made higher, weather- boarded, an end gallery add- ed, and used until 1852, when the present brick church was built, about three hundred yards from the site of the first building. Some of the land surrounding the present church was used as a burying ground as early as 1745. Some of it was deeded by M. Deis to Simon Anstine, Peter Steffy, Peter Lefever, Peter Schmuck and Conrad Fox, in trust for the two congregations. In 1884 two and one-fourth acres adjoining were purchased from Henry Stein. The church was remodeled in 1884 and was recently rededicated. The names of all Reformed ministers who have served here cannot be given. Revs. Adam Ettinger, C. Becker, Jacob Soholl, Jacob Moyer, H. Habilston, J. Forscht, John Reineka, William F. Van- dersloot, William A. Good, David Bossier, R. Smith, E. G. Williams and A. Wanner, D. D. The last named took charge of the congregation April 1, 1882. (The author is under many obligations to Dr. Wanner for the kindly interest he took in collecting ma- terial of church history and furnishing it for this book). The Lutheran congregation was served generally by the same pastors who officiated at the church in Lower Windsor. Zion United Brethren Church is located near Springvale. In the absence of records, it is difficult to give exact dates, yet it is known by the oldest members of the church, that as early as 1820 such of the fathers of the denomination as Rev. John Neidig, Christian Newcomer, John Schneider, Sam- uel Huber, William Brown, John Kroch and others preached in houses and barns of the neighborhood of the above named house of worship. A quarterly conference held in 1843, appointed Adam Stahley, Adam Strayer and Frederick Grove a board of trustees, under whose administration that year was built the first church of the United Brethren in Christ in York County on the lands of Adam Stabley; Rev. John Russell, then pre- siding elder, dedicated this church, assisted by Rev. Christian Crider, then preacher in charge of the circuit. The present beautiful church was built in 1881; Rev. Geo. W. Lightner was then the preacher in charge. Jonathan Smiech, Jacob Stabley, John Stab- ley, John Seitz and John Neff were trustees. Rev. J. C. Smith of York officiated when corner-stone was laid. Rev. Ezekiel Light of Lebanon, Penn. , dedicated the church. Rev. J. C. Smith of York is present pastor (1885). The pastors before him have been Christian S. Crider, Henry Greenblade, J. S. Wentz, Tobias Crider, W. H. Craumer, J. H. Young, Peter Carl, A. H. Rice, Samuel En- terline, Isaac Coomes, W. B. Raber, Jess& Cline, and L. Kdhr. Church membership is seventy-two; number of pupils in Sunday school is seventy-five; superintended by Mr. Cramer. Bethlehem Church. — A class was formed in the vicinity where this church is, about the year 1835; services were held in the pri- vate houses of the members very frequently in the dwelling of Daniel Oberdorf, Sr.,'now deceased. The organization was frequently called " Oberdorf's Class." Bishop Seymour and Rev. G. Dunlap were among the clergy- men who ministered to the spiritual wants- of the first members. A church long known as the "stone pile" was built in 1853, and dedicated by Rev. Philip Wagner, P. E., March 16, 1854. Rev. George Dellinger was the preacher. The title given was "The New Bethlehem Evan- gelical Church of Windsor Township." John Landis, who subsequently moved to Ohio, gave the land. The trustees then were Dan- iel Oberdorf, Sr. , Joseph Strayer and Aaroni WINDSOR TOWNSHIP. 737 Snyder. Revs. Bennington, Wilson, Zulauf, H. A. Stoke, M. J. Carrothers, Z. Horn- berger, A. Longsdorf and A. Krause preached in the first building. In 1871, the second church was built, and was dedicated by Rev. Swengel of York. The trustees then were Bar- nitz Knisley, Samuel Barshinger and Joseph Strayer. The senior pastors who have officiated in the new building have been Revs. Man- beck, H. Conrad, S. Aurand, A. Yearick and H. N. Greninger. The junior pastors have been Revs. A. W. Shenberger, Lilly, Brown- miller, D. Kline, G. Carrothers, H. W. Gross, C. W. Finkbinder, C. H. Goodling, M. J. Snyder and L. B. Grumbling. The class leaders are Benjamin Craley and Dan- iel Oberdorf. The membership is forty-five. The Sunday-school was organized March 16, 1854, with eight teachers and seventy-four pupils and has been kept up since. Union Church. — This church is located near Windsorville. Rev. Charles Stabley of the United Brethren in Christ organized the first class. For many years the preaching was held in the house of Michael Heindel, Sr. In 1853 the present brick church was built, the first trustees were Michael Heindel, Michael Anstine and Jacob Allison. Rev. J. C. Smith, of York, was the pastor in 1855. The previous pastors were the same as at Zion Church. Trustees in 1885 are John Slenker, G. W. Gable and J. Flineh- baugh; church membership thirty -five; Sun- day school, sixty pupils ; G.W. Gable, superin- tendent. Windsor Bethel. — This church is located about a mile north of Windsorville. The congregation that worships here is a part of the " Lower York Mission" of the Church of God, it being the only building of this de- nomination in the lower end of York County. The sect to which it belongs is an order of Baptists, and originated in Lancaster, Penn. in 1830, under the leadership of Rev. John Winebrenner. For about twenty years preaching in Windsor was held in the house of Daniel Holtzinger and Gotlieb Barley. The first visiting clergyman. Rev. Keller, preached several times and baptized some members. During the early history of this denomination in Windsor, the preaching was supplied by ministers of the West York Cir- cuit from Goldsboro. The church was built in 1876, at a cost of $1,400, and was dedi- cated by Rev. John Weishampel of Lancas- ter the same year. The clergymen, who have served since that time are Revs. Sfcone- seifer, Hackenberger, Hiss, Albert, Long and Still. Samuel E. Herman of Red Lion is the present pastor. The membership is thirty. Locust Orove Church. — The Reformed Church by this name was built in 1866, at a cost of 11,500; much of material and work were voluntarily contributed by generous persons. The building committee were Dan- iel Kaltreider, J. W. Landis and D. Armold. The congregation was organized in 1874 with thirteen members by Rev. R. Rahauser. He was succeeded by Rev. E. G. Williams. In the spring of 1884, by order of Classis, Rev. A. Wanner, D. D., became the supply. The Sunday-school now kept in the church was organized in 1866 with 125 pupils and teachers. J. W. Landis has for many years been superintendent. The congregation has about thirty members. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The names of the fourteen schools of Windsor are as follows: Diehl's, Cross', (Raubs), Anstine's, Frysville, Cedar Hill, Gehley's, Wambaugh's, Brilhaft's, Tyson's, Miller's, Grove's, East End, Smalls' and Fairview. The members of the school board during the past year were David I. Witmer, president; J. T. Flinchbach, secretary; Will- iam Flinohbach, treasurer; Solomon Frey, David S. Smith and Daniel K. Anstine. Joel Kau£fman of this township has taught school twenty-seven years. J. T. Flinchbach, now a member of the board, and Amos Hengst, a merchant, taught many years. IRON ORE INTERESTS. Windsor,as well as its neighbors, York, Hel- lam and Lower Windsor, has valuable veins of iron ore. Samuel Hengst's bank was opened about twelve years ago, and 3,050 tons of brown hematite taken out. Moser's new bank,- near Longstown, was opened in 1866 by Mr. Myers of Marietta, and considerable buflf lim- onite secured. Near the York and Windsor line is Moser's old bank, four miles south- east of York. It was opened about sixty years ago by the York Furnace Company, and worked second by John A. Wright & Co., third by Schoenberger, Musselman & Co. , in 1850; fourth by Musselman & Watts, and fifth by Musselman & Sons. Since 1850 there were 42,090 tons of lump and wash ore ob- tained from this bank and reduced in the Musselman Furnace at Marietta. The bank is nearly 300 yards long, and the excavation of great size. The best ore here makes forty per cent metallic iron. What is known as Ore Valley, extending into York Township, has yielded ore in large quantities at different places. 738 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL NOTES. Before the division of Windsor the vot- ing place for the general election was at David Leber's tannery, and the spring election at George Overdorff's mill, now owned by William Fishel. Windsor was a great hunting ground for deer many years ago, especially the lower part of it. Leber's tannery is located at the extreme lower end of the town along the "head of Kreutz Creek." Henry Leber, father of Nathaniel Leber, purchased the property in 1824, of John Kauffelt, who for many years before conducted the same busi- ness. Charles A. Leber is now the proprie- tor. There are two other tanneries in this township in operation, one owned by Daniel Stine and the other by D. W^. Gehly. Amos Hengst has for a number of years conducted a store of general merchandise near the cen- ter of Windsor. Spring Vale Postoflice was established in 1877. Noah Goodling was the first postmas- ter; John Seitz succeeded. One of the few woolen factories of this county now in existence is owned by Daniel L. Gehly of Windsor; as a fulling-mill it has been run since 1780, or possibly earlier. Large quantities of the "linsey-woolsey" of olden times was manufactured here before cloths, flannels, cassimeres and casinets were common in this country. John C. Gehly, a son of the owner, is the present proprietor. The woolen factory department was started in 1851. A large business is now carried on at this place. Stocking yarn, flannels, blank- ets, cloths, satinets and carpets are made in considerable quantities. Jacob Wallick, who was enlisted as a sol- dier in 1814, now eighty-eight years old, lives in Windsor. He belonged to Capt. Hare's company, which formed at York, and marched toward Baltimore in September, 1814, when the British threatened that city. When his company, together with many others, had gone as far south as Shrewsbury, news was brought to them that the English had retreated; hence, they returned to York and were soon afterward discharged. Mr. Wallick is a pensioner. His health, during the summer of 1885, was very good and he was strong and vigorous. He shot, during his younger days, twenty-six deer in Windsor. He is the father of nine children, has lived fifty-one years where he now lives, and on the day of our visits him was on his way to the woods to shoot squirrels. He voted for James Monroe for president of the United States, and afterward voted three times for Andrew Jiickson for the same office. He is one of the three soldiers of the war of 1812 now living in York County. The other two are William Cowan, aged ninety-five, of Lower Chanceford, and Robert Ramsay, aged ninety-three, of Delta. A PRISON FOR BRITISH AND HESSIAN SOLDIERS. A short distance north of the York and East Prospect road and in the northeastern part of Windsor, is the site of the Revolutionary pris- on. This land is now owned by Isaac Kauflf- man. For nearly three- fourths of a century it was owned by Jacob Holtzinger. The prison "pen," as it was called, was built in the form of a circle. Posts, fifteen feet in length, were erected in close proximity, so that the entire prison resembled an Indian fort; within this enclosure the prisoners built huts. One-fourth of a mile distant from the large pen, was a smaller one. Farmers afterward used these posts for fence rails and an occasional one can yet be seen. This historic spot, though very rugged, is now nearly all farmed over, so that it is difficult to identify it unless pointed out by some old citizen of the neighborhood. There were a great many British and Hessian prisoners at difi'erent times kept in Lancaster, York, Carlisle, Reading and Lebanon, and event- ually a number were sent to western Mary- land and Virginia. A few were imprisoned in the town of York. The object in locating this prison four and one-half miles southeast of the town doubtless was to avoid the prevalence of contagious diseases and to obtain a secure place. The first prisoners sent into central Pennsylvania arrived December, 1775. Some of them were capt- ured from British vessels along the coast of New Jersey, and some by Gen. Montgomery on his Canada expedition. Of the last were eight officers and 200 men of the Seventh Royal Fusiliers. Dr. John Kearsley was brought to York a prisoner, October 25, 1775, and delivered to the Committee of Safety for endeavoring to procure British troops to invade the colonies. He was a man of abili- ty and was allowed a clerk and a servant to attend him during his imprisonment. March 14, 1776, it was decided to remove British officers and other prisoners of war from Lan- caster to York and Carlisle. On account of sickness in York, many who were to have been sent here, were taken to Lebanon, where some of them escaped. The following is a copy of a letter from the Committee of Safety, of Philadelphia, to the Committee of Safety of York: LOWER WINDSOR TOWNSHIP. 739 COMMITTBE OF SAFETY, ■ ) PHIIiADELPHIA, JaNUAKY 14, 1776. f Oentlemen: From every appearance of the enemy's motions we have reasons to apprehend an attack upon this city, which has determined the board to form a magazine of stores at Germantown, the present place of residence of Lieut. Boger, S. Ball, two navy officers, who have been made prisoners; from that circumstance it is thought not advisable to remove them. Your town is fixed upon as the most suitable place, as it is likely to be remote from the scene of action, and of course not a ready channel either to convey or receive intelligence that may be injurious to us, but more especially on account of the virtuous and determined attach- ment of your good people to the cause of American liberty. They will be escorted by an officer of Col. Atlee's battalion, who will hand you this com- munication. They are to remain on the same foot- ing and to have the same allowance as the other British officers at York, who are upon parole. When Gen. Burgoyne surrendered to Gen. Gates at Saratoga in October, 1777, his sol- diers were imprisoned at different places. Many of them were sent to Lancaster, and in February, 1778, they were brought to York County. At a session of the Executive Council at Lacaster, February 12, 1778, W. A. Atlee, commissary of prisoners, in- formed the council " that there were a num- ber of British prisoners now to be removed to York, and that Capt. Long, with a com- pany of York County militia on their way home, their term of service having expired that day; but they would conduct the pris- oners to York if they were allowed rations and pay for the time." A number of " con- vention prisoners " were sent south from York and Lancaster in 1778. December 6, 1778, the Executive Council directed the Board of W^ar to have William Scott, lieuten- ant of York County, call put one class of the militia to meet British prisoners at Wright's Ferry, on Susquehanna. A letter written by Edward Shippen to Col. Burd, dated Lan- caster, January 2, 1779, says: "All the pris- oners of Gen. Burgoyne's army are gone over the Susquehanna. Happy for this borough, they were not detained by the weather here all winter. " Some of them were imprisoned here and some were sent to Hagerstown, Md., and to Virginia. The Continental Congress passed a res- olution March 3, 1781, directing that all " convention prisoners " (Burgoyne's soldiers) should be removed back from Virginia and Maryland to Pennsylvania — the British to York and the Hessians to Lancaster. Some citizens of York County had petitioned the council that no more Hessians be sent here. There were some Hessians sent after their petition, however. The York County militia guarded the prisoners most of the time. In January 2, 1782, the Supreme Executive Council ordered Gen.LincoIn,minister of war, to send Gen. Hazen's regiment, the " Con- gress' Own," to guard the prisoners in York, Lancaster and Berks counties. The county militia, who had been guarding them, were then discharged, but in the fall of 1782 Hazen's regiment was sent to Fort Pitt. In 1781 a malignant fever broke out among the convention and Hessian prisoners at York and in Lancaster. It was called " jail fever " or " camp fever." At the Windsor prison numbers of them, mostly Hessians, died. (See page 156.) THE TOWNSHIP OF LOWER WINDSOE. THIS township was formed in 1838, by a division of Windsor, of which it formed a part for a period of eighty years. Lbwer Windsor is bouoded on the north by Hellam, on the east by the Susquehanna, on the south by Chanceford and on the west by Windsor. It slopes gently eastward, and is drained by various small tributaries of the Susquehanna. The farming land in the greater part of the township is very valuable, and there are still tracts of excellent woodland. The valley which extends across the entire township in an east and west direction, is fertile with historical associations of the colonial period, and the times of the first settlements west of the Susquehanna. It was then called the Conojohela* Valley, a beautiful Indian name which, on account of its euphony, should not be lost to history or literature. It has been, however,' within the past half century, coruupted into " Jockly," "Canojoekly" "Canodocholy, " etc. The original name should be revived. It was in this valley that some of the first "squatters" on the west side of the Susquehanna located, and were driven to the east side by the Provin- cial authorities, before the time of authorized settlements, the incidents of which are rel-ated in the first part of this book. It was on the opposite side of the river, at the site of the village of Washington, that James Patterson, the Indian trader lived and flourished when the territory of York County was yet owned by the red man. As early as 1722 he used a portion of the Conojohela Valley as a public pasture ground for his horses. At his store the surveyors who laid off Springetsbury Manor met. Gov. Keith and the Hon. John Penn stopped there and met representatives of the native tribes of the Susquehannocks. *The meaning of this word is unknown. 730 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. One of the volumes of the Pennsylvania Archives, record the fact that in the year 1722, some Indian squaws had gathered apples in this valley, and were about to take them across the river to their settlement at Indian Town, when the white "squatters" took the apples from the Indians and abused them, on account of which, complaint was made to the authorities. Inasmuch as apples are not indigenous to America, this fact would seem to indicate that this fruit was introduced into York County by our aborigines before the time of the settlement by the whites. At the base of the Conojohela Valley, near the mouth of Cabin Branch Creek, was the site of what was known as the fort of Col. Thomas Cresap, the hero of the Maryland Intruders. The thrilling incidents which caused so much commotion on account of the encroachment of the Marylauders, will be found in the chapter entitled "Border Troub- les " in the first part of this work. LUTHERAN AND KEFOKMED CHURCH. Most of the first settlers of this township were Germans, and the first religious serv- ices were held in their native tongue, in the homes of the well-to-do pioneers, and con- ducted by missionaries. These people before they left the fatherland, were members either of the Lutheran or German Eeformed Church. These two denominations in 1763, joined together in the erection of a house of wor- ship. The whole community assisted in building it, and no one, except the joiner, whose name was Gossler, received any pay for his work. Henry Amend was the carpenter, and he was assisted by Michael Kautfelt. Amend ac- cepted no pay, so the community raised mon- ey quietly and purchased a fine suit of clothes which was presented to him. This was not of the characteristic "linsey-wool- sey" of that day, but cloth of fine quality, says the tradition. The church was dedi- cated in 1764. It lasted about thirty-six years. It was resolved in 1801 to build a new brick church. A committee was ap- pointed, consisting of Michael Kauffelt and Anthony Keller, Lutherans, and Conrad Le- ber and Gen. Jacob Dritt, Eeformed, Mathias Becker was treasurer. After the church was completed, an organ was purchased from Christian Eathfon, of Lancaster. A pipe organ was bought of Joseph Small, of York, in 1816, which was used in this church un- til a few years ago. The records of the Lu- theran Church book show that the following named persons: Eevs. Schaum, Heckheimer, Eager, Eaus, Conwell and Lischy, con- ducted missionary services among the early settlers until 1769. Eevs. Nicholas Kurtz and Jacob Goering preached at York and at this place each regularly at different pe- riods until 1807, at which time Eev. Goer- ing died, while pastor of the First Lutheran Church, of York. In 1809, Eev. J. G. Schmucker became pastor. In 1814, this church and the Kreutz Creek Church, were separated from the York charge. Eev. Charles Morris olficiated in this church from 1814 to 1818, when he resigned and entered business. For many years he was known very familiarly in York and the county, as proprietor of the "Morris Drug Store." Eev. Jobn Herbst was next pastor for one year. Eev. John G. Graber (Craver), was called in 1819, and remained as a devoted pastor until 1834. He was the father of John Craver, connected with York County National Bank. Eev. Graber lived during his entire pastorate, in the present residence of James Kell, of York. In 1835, Eev. Jonathan Oswald succeeded. He introduced English preaching gradually, until one-half the services were conducted in that language. Eev. Dr. Oswald was like a father among his people, and. during his long ministerial labors of forty years, was successful in greatly increasing the membership of the church. He preached his last sermon to this congregation on Sun- day, June 20, 1875, and now resides in York. The present church was built in 1867. It is located on a beautiful site, an extended view over a large scope of country on both sides of the Susquehanna, is afforded the ob- server. P. W. Keller was the contractor, John Libhart and Samuel Leber, Eeformed, and George Keller and Samuel Gilbert, Lu- therans, formed the building committee. The audience room up stairs, is large and comfortable, and the ceiling is beautifully frescoed.. Jacob M. Lieberknecht is the present sexton and organist. To the east of the church is the old grave- yard, where silently sleep many of the early inhabitants of Conojohela Valley. The names on the tombstones indicate that they were Germans. Some of the inscriptions are in their native tongue. To the west of the church is a handsomely kept cemetery, containing many, large mar- ble monuments. Near the entrance is a mar- ble column, dedicated to Peter Keller, who recently died aged ninety- three years. A parsonage, now occupied by the sexton, and fifteen acres of land adjoining, is a part of the church property. Eev. L. K. Sechrist LOWER WINDSOR TOWNSHIP. 731 is the present pastor of the Lutheran con- gregation, with a membership of about 260 communicants. He also preaches at Kreutz Creek. The records do not show when the Re- formed congregation was organized nor who was the pastor, from the time of the erec- tion of the church, to 1771. From this date to 1774, it is inferred that Rev. Daniel Wagner was its pastor. He was succeeded, after an interval, by Revs. James R. Reiley, G. Geistweit, D. Zacharias, D. D., D. Zieg- ler, D. D., K. Rahauser, E. O. Williams and A. Wanner, D. D., who took charge of the congregation April 1, 1882. The num- ber of Reformed members is 100. The Sunday-school in this church was or- ganized in 18 iO, in a schoolhouse, about three-quarters of a mile west from the church. Henry Y. Slaymaker, of Margar- etta Furnace, was the first superintendent. In 1857, it was removed to the church, where it has since been continued as a union school. After its removal to the church, John Hellerman was its first superintendent. The school in 1885, numbered 204 members, and was superintended by Reuben Paules. YORKANA. From Beard's tannery to the Lutheran and Reformed Church, a distance of about three miles on the York and East Prospect road, are a large number of fine country homes. Many of these residences are new, and make quite an attractive appearance. Nearly mid- way between the two places mentioned is the site of "Kauffelt's Store." This place, for nearly a hundred years, went by th at name, and has been a center of interest and importance in the township for more than a century. At Kaufi'elt's Store was the place for annual muster and battalion parade of militia days. These parades, like all other militia parades, were enjoyed by large and motley crowds, more intent on frolic and roystering than im- provement in military discipline. A few years ago the property changed hands and the mercantile business is now conducted by J. B. Budding & Bro. By the request of Dr. J. W. Barcroft, now of Washington, D. C, the postoffice has been given the name of Yorkana. It is seven miles distant from York. Early in the present century two men, one named Miller and the other Jacobs, each platted a town here. One place was called Millerstown and the other Jacobstown. Mil- ler succeeded in selling a few lots, and a small collection of houses in the vicinity was for many years given the name of Mil- lersville. Only recently has the name York- ana been given to it. In October, 1818, the Harrisburg Repub- lican advertised fourteen lots in Jacobs - town, and forty lots and ten outlots in Mil- lerstown to be sold in that city for the direct tax of 1816, which had not been paid by the non-resident owners. Both of these men upon laying out their. towns had disposed of the lots by lottery. This plan of originating a town was very common about the year 1812 and a few years later. I beard's tanneht. The only tannery now in Lower Windsor is located just beyond the stream called "the head of Kreutz Creek," on the road from York to East. Prospect. It has long been known as Beard's Tannery. It was started about eighty years ago by Daniel Hengst, of whom Frederick Burg purchased it and con- ducted the business until he sold it to Joseph Beard. In 1836 John E. Beard, Esq., began the business, and continued nearly forty years — Frank and Harry Beard were the proprietors. The present firm name is John E. Beard & Son. The bark used is from the chestnut-oak still obtained in the adjoining woods. EVANGELICAL CHURCH, The frame church which now welcomes the surrounding populace of Yorkana within its doors was built by the Evangelical Asso- ciation in the year 1867. The first trustees were Joshua Heindel and Philip Mitzel. Another church stood upon the same site for forty years. At present a large Sunday- school regularly meets here. Rev. E. Crumb- ling is pastor of Millersvillo Circuit, includ- ing this and other churches. B. Frank Beard is superintendent of the Sunday- school. The church membership is eighty- five, and the number of pupils in the Sunday- school is 150. EAST PROSPECT BOROUGH. At the base of the Conojohela Valley, lo- cated on a charmingly beautiful spot, stands the borough of East Prospect. It is eleven miles from York, on what was for a long time called the York and Dritt's Ferry road, and about two miles from the Susquehanna. John A. Jacobs laid out the town in 1849. The first house is still standing, owned by William E. Oleweiler. A dry goods and grocery store is now kept in it by George Kise. There are several stores and a hotel in the town. The manufacture of cigars is 733 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. an important industry. The early inhab- itants were undecided what name to give the town until theA^ery appropriate one of Pros- pect was thought of. From Centre Square, looking eastward, a magnificent panorama is presented to the observer, extending a long distance into the counties of Lancaster and Dauphin, embracing a landscape view unri- valled for beauty and attractiveness. To the west toward York is the equally fertile and productive Conojohela Valley. Since there was already a post town in Bat- ler County this State, called Prospect, the name East Prospect was selected. The town was incorporated in 1874. The survey was made by Harry Winter, of fork, now a resident of Iowa. Maple Street runs east and west. The beautiful homes on it are now comforta- bly shaded by luxuriant maple trees of differ- ent varieties. Main Street, running north and south, was the first to be built up. Zion's Church of the Eoangelical Associa- tion, located in the center of the village, is a well designed stone structure, surmounted by a tall spire. In the belfry is a fine toned bell, which regularly calls the surrounding populace to the worship of the Triune God. The surpassing beauty and excellence of the music of this bell is well known. Its welcome sound arouses the most uncon- cerned to the responsibilities of their re- ligious duties. The present church was built in 1882, at a cost of $3,500, contractor, Jacob Smith. The building committee were Samuel Burg, Henry Burg, Henry Kise, Jacob Smith and Henry Barshinger. An old graveyard, still well Cared for, adjoins the church. ^On the same site that the new building stands, for nearly half a century stood an old stone church, in which the members of the same denomination worshiped. Rev. Al- bright, the founder of the Evangelical Asso- ciation, preached in this vicinity during the time of his ministry. The present membership is about 150 com- municants. A Sunday-school under the superintendency of George Kise, Jr., meets regularly in Zion's Church. THE CEMETERY. A short distance to the northeast of the borough, on an eminence overlooking the town, the cemetery is located. A charter was granted in 1868, and it was laid out soon thereafter. There are quite a number of fine granite and marble monuments in it. The board of directors are: Henry Kise, presi- dent; Henry Burg, secretary; Samuel Burg, treasurer; William Bnrg, William Helder and Daniel Leber. OHUKCHES. North Trinity, Church. — This church of the Evangelical Association is located about three miles northeast of East Prospect, on the road leading to Wrightsville. It is a neat frame structure, with an adjoining graveyard. The value of this church and land adjoining is about 11,400. Ebenezer Church, of the Evangelical Asso- ciation, is located at Long Level, about three miles southeast of East Prospect. It was built in 1872, and is a brick structure, di- mensions 40x60 feet. It was remodeled un- der the pastorate of Rev. Schleh, and dedi- cated September 14, 1884, by Bishop Bow- man, of Allentown, Penn. The value of it is about 12,500. New Salem Church. — This church was built about 1840, by the Evangelical Association. It is situated five miles south of East Pros- pect, near the borders of Chanceford Town- ship, about a mile south of Martinsville. There is a very old cemetery near by. The new church was rebuilt in 1880. It is a handsome wooden structure, and cost about $1,600. All the above described Evangelical churches, located in the east end of Lower Windsor, including Zion's Church at East Prospect Borough, belong to the East Pros- pect charge of the Central Pennsylvania Con- ference. This denomination is a Methodistic body, which has a well defined dogma of faith and a ritual. The form of church gov- ernment is Episcopal, and the bishops are chosen every four years. Margaretta Church. — When the furnace under Henry Y. Slaymaker was in its pros- perity, he built a frame church near by, un- der the auspices of the Presbyterian denom- ination. Services were occasionally held by visiting clergymen, and in the absence of a preacher he frequently conducted the services himself. There always was a strong bond of attachment between Mr. Slaymaker and his employes. One of the first Sunday-schools of the township, it is said, was held in this building about the year 1834. The church is still standing; occasionally services have been held in it for several years past by the Methodists. PIKE INSURANCE COMPiNY. The Lower Windsor Fire Insurance Com- pany was organized in 1879. It has been in successful operation ever since. The present board of directors are Joseph Gilbert, pres- ^10(M&^^ LOWER WINDSOR TOWNSHIP. 733 ident; Gerard C. Brown, secretary; Samuel Burg, treasurer ; Henry Burg, H. H. Sprenkle, Henry Thomas, Rudolph Neiman, John Tsehoop, J. Lieberknecht, Samuel Libhart and Jacob Leber. SCHOOLS. The interest in public education in this township is manifest from the comfortable appearance of the schoolhouses. They are nearly all built of a fine quality of stone, which is quarried in the township. They are fourteen in number, with the following names: Millersville, Will's, Leber's, Pitz- kee's, Kline's, Shultz's, Furnace, Bentz's, Pike's Peak, Gilbert's, Martinsville, Crosby's, Neiman's and Cramer's. For the past year, William S. Gilbert was president of the school board; Reuben A. Paules, secretary; Peter H. Kline, treasurer; Barton Ruby, Tobias Reelej'^ and J. H. McGuigan, directors. lEON ORE INTERESTS. Margaretta Furnace, whose history will be found on page 489 in this work, smelted a great deal of ore, much of which was ob- tained in the immediate vicinity of the fur- nace. The banks were opened by the Slay- makers, and later worked by Hahn & Himes. The ores here obtained, were limonite, turgite and iron hydrates generally, and contained 45 per cent of metallic iron. A kind of blaek ore was at one time obtained, which yielded, it was claimed, 60 per cent metallic iron. Charcoal was used at the furnace for the reduction of these ores, and the heat for steam generation was procured by leading the ignited gases from the tunnel head be- neath the boilers. The foundry iron, made at one time, sold at $55 per ton. The Wrightsville Iron Company, and later Skiles & Fry of Lancaster, obtained consid- erable lump ore on George Keller's farm two and one-half miles north of East Prospect. The same firm wrought Daniel Leber's bank near by. John Small's bank near Margaretta, was opened by Mr. Slaymaker. Lump and wash ore were about equal in production at this bank. John Keller's bank, northwest of Margar- etta, was opened by the owner, and 1,000 tons obtained during the six months it was wrought. James Curran's bank, one mile south of the furnace, was opened by Eckert & Guil- ford about 1840, and worked after them in order by George Heindel, John Givens and James Currans. The ore was a shelly limo- nite. Two miles northwest of the furnace is what is known as Barcroft's bank, opened by Henry Y. Slaymaker, in 1840, and later leased to Mr. Eagle of Marietta. The ore obtained was of plate- like structure, hard, flinty and tenacious. Most of the ore was lump, lying in deep deposits of clay. Mus- selman & Watts worked this bank for some time and obtained from it 19,000 tons of ore, which produed 33^ per cent metallic iron. One mile west of this bank is Barley's bank, opened about 1867, and worked two years. In all, several hundred thousand tons of ore have been obtained in Lower Windsor since 1830. HISTORICAL NOTES. Cabin Branch received its name from the fact that the Indians built cabins along its bank near the Susquehanna, on lands now owned by Samuel and William Burg. The Wrightsville & Chanceford Turnpike, five miles in length, starts at the former place, and extends across portions of Hellam and Lower Windsor to Jacob Himes' hotel. The charter of this road was granted in 1881 to the company with permission to extend it to Brogueville. L. E. Oleweiler and Peter Gilbert have lumber yards at convenient points along the pike. The foundry owned by David Woodmansee, was located about two and one-half miles from East Prospect. A prosperous business was once done at it. He became the first chief burgess of East Prospect. About the time when Margaretta Furnace was in its prosperity, a store was started at this place by John Keyser, who kept it six years, and was succeeded by David Hengst, now living at an advanced age in Freeport, 111. The next proprietor was John Bentz, now of York, who remained eighteen years, and was followed by Reuben A. Paules, who for the past thirteen years enjoys a good trade in general merchandise. A Stage Line runs daily between East Prospect and York for the purpose of carry- ing the mail. The Stage goes to York in the morning and returns in the evening. Will- iam Bausman is the contractor. Lower Windsor produces a large amount of tobacco, and about 100,000 cigars are made daily in the township, there being many fac- tories. The houses formerly owned by the proprie- tors of Woodstock Forge, and occupied by workmen, are now owned by different individ- uals. There is now a hamlet there containing seventy-five people. George Young, living near East Prospect, was a wagoner of the olden times, and made 734 HISTORY or YORK COUNTY. many trips from Baltimore and York to Wheeling and Pittsburgh, before the era of railroads. Dritt's Ferry, and a large tract of land owned by Capt. Jacob Drilt, of Revolutionary fame, was located along the river at the east- ern extremity of Lower Windsor. It was later known as the Bonham farm and is now owned by Henry Barshinger. (See page 398.) The Yorkana Band was organized July 12, 1882. Lower Windsor Band was organized in 1875. John Paulas, now of Marietta, formerly of Lower Windsor, is ninety-three years old. Anstine's Fulling-mill is one of the past in- dustries of Lower Windsor. On Sunday, November 6, 1819, the " Corn and Gig House" of John Dritt, of this town- ship, was destroyed by fire. A gig and 1,000 bushels of corn were burned. Craleysville is an interesting hamlet in the southern part of Lower Windsor. THE TOWNSHIP OF CHANCEFOED.* OHANCEFORD TOWNSHIP is bounded on the north by Fishing Creek, which separates it from Lower Windsor; east by the Susquehanna River, extending from the mouth of Fishing Creek to near Burkhol- der's Ferry; west by the north branch of Muddy Creek, which separates it from Wind- sor and Hopewell Townships; and south by Lower Chaueeford Township; and contains fifty and one-half square miles of territory. Its population at the census of 1880 was 2,994. In topography, the central portion is gently rolling, and the parts bordering on Fishing Creek and Muddy Creek are hilly, and the part bordering on the Susquehanna River is mountainous. The soil, in the northern half of the township, is exceed- ingly rough and stony, while the southern half is clean aud productive. The principal stream is Otter Creek, which rises in the western part of the township, and flows east and southeast until it enters Lower Chance- ford Township, a short distance from its mouth at the river. Chanceford and Lower Chanceford were separated by an action of court, February 15, 1806; a division line was run by Jesse Cornelius, surveyor, beginning at a chestnut * By B. F. Porter, M. D. tree, on land of James Gibson, at Muddy , Creek, and running northeast 2,430 perches, to the Susquehanna River, near Burkholder's Ferry. Jesse Cornelius recommended that the township be called Sharon, but other counsel prevailed, and the name of Chance- ford, retained by the upper division, was confirmed by the court in May, 1806. The settlement of Chanceford was first made in the southern half of the township, about the year 1735, by the Scotch-Irish, a line of .whose settlements extends from New Castle, Del., through the southern tier of counties of Pennsylvania, to the West; and a race that has furnished so many presi- dents of the United States, successful gen- erals of the army, and in every walk of life, whether professional, civil or social, has given evidence of the highest qualities of humanity. The settlement of the northern part of the township took place at a latter date. After the Revolutionary war, some par- oled Hessian prisoners located here. Much of this part of the township, as before stated, is very rough, and remained in the hands of the proprietaries until the Revolution. The Hessians brought their families with them. The descendants of these people, under the benign influence of the common schools, and the general enlightenment of the age, are good citizens. Recurring to the original settlers, we find them, as before stated, making a set- tlement in a wilderness, and necessarily enduring privations of which we of to-day can form no idea, one of which, and not the least was the want of timber for building. The country having been burned over by the Indians in order to improve their hunting grounds, was nearly denuded of timber; yet these hardy pioneers boldly meeting all disadvantages, built up homes where they could worship God according to the dictates of their own consciences. Among the first buildings put up in the township was a hotel or tavern, near what is now known as the York and Peachbottom road; of course it had none of the appointments of a modern first-class hotel, but a rude build- ing made of such material as was at hand, at which the weary immigrant could ob- tain rest and refreshment in his journey toward the setting sun. It is told that one of those travelers seeing that the house had no sign, proposed to the inn keeper to give him one, and suiting the action to the word, hung up a wooden shoe, known as a brogan, and said, "let that be the sign, and henceforth let it be known as 'The Brogue,' " which name it carries to this day. ,^. 7>-f^l^' <^'C,o^, CIIANCEFORD TOWNSHIP. 735^ Pari passu with the settlement of the township, came the church and the school- house; of the former we find the first to have been the Guinston congregation of the United Presbyterian Church, then known as the Associate Reformed Church, which was organized in 1754; and of the latter three are known to have existed before the Revo- lution. The number seems small when com- pared with the present number (sixteen), but the results were even greater, comparatively, for they learned to know their rights, and the principles of liberty for which they have given so much labor and self-denial; so that when on the ]9th of April, 1775, "a gale from the North brought to their ears the clash of resounding arms, " we find them true to the principles of liberty, and ready to seal them with their blood. They shouldered their arms and sought the tented field, and even to this day in the language of the poet: "Still from the sire the son doth hear Of the stern strife, and carnage drear, Of many a bloody field. Where shivered was Old England's spear. And broken was her shield!" Of their special field of service we have but meager accounts; this much we know, how- ever, that two companies under Capts. Gra- ham and Reed, left the township, and were in the dreary winter encampment at Valley Forge. We are also told that Lieut. William Young of Col. McAllister's flying camp, a Fort Washington prisoner, captured Novem- ber 16, 1776, was exchanged December 8, 1780, at Elizabethtown, and returned to his home in Chanceford Township, York Co;, Penn., a distance of 166 miles. Among the successful men who are natives of Chanceford, we may mention Rev. William Bingham, D. D. , of Lincoln University, Rev. William G. Stewart, Rev. A. Thompson Stewart and Rev. Lemon Grove among cler- gymen; William F. Smith, M. D., now of Lower Chanceford, Joseph A. Murphy, M. D., now of Wilkesbarre, A. P. T. Grove, M. D., the late James Clarkson, M. D. late of Columbia, Penn. , and A. Clarkson Smith M.D.,late of Columbia, Penn., among physicians; James Smith, Esq.. and W. F. Bay Stewart, Esq., among lawyers, form a galaxy of professional men, who by their commanding talents, professional success and high personal standing, unite to do honor to the township of their birth. In this connection we may mention an- other native of Chanceford, the late John- son K. Duncan, brevet major-general of the Confederate army. His record is as fol- lows: Admitted as a cadet to the military academy at West Point, July 1, 1845;; graduated No. 5 in a class of forty-three members in June 1849; appointed brevet second lieutenant. Second Artillery, July 1, 1849; second lieutenant Third Artillery, Octo- ber 31, 1849; first lieutenant Third Artillery,. December 24, 1853; resigned January 31V- 1855; joined in the Rebellion against th» United States; died January 1863, at Knox- ville, Tenn., aged thirty-six. While in the Confederate service, he commanded the de- fenses of New Orleans and the lower Missis- sippi, and was regarded as the best artillery, officer in that service. Agriculture is now the almost sole oceups-- tion of the people of Chanceford. The vast improvement in machinery and in the mao- agement of the soil, that has marked the last half century, have had their effect; and the- township, from having had occasionally to> import grain, is now a large exporter of grain and many other agricultural products. Agriculture has passed through several phases before coming to its present condi- tion, which is thought to be far from perfec- tion. At first the timber was cleared off and the virgin soil cropped and recropped, until it would produce no more; it was then turned out, and was known as "old field." Then came the discovery that lime would renovate- the soil and make it again productive, audi almost every farmer built a lime-kiln on bisi place. Limestone was hauled from theriveiv and wood used for burning it to quicklime. It was soon found, however, that lime eouliJ be procured at the river already burned with coal, much more cheaply than by hauling the stone to the home kilns and burning it there; so the home kilns passed into decay^ Now liming has given place, almost com- pletely, to the use of artificial fertilizers,^ such as guano, super- phosphate of lime, etc-. Chanceford has three flouring-mills within-' its borders; to wit: Samuel Warner's mill,. A. S. Warner's mill and the mill belonging to the heirs of William L. Shaw, deceased'. These mills are confined exclusively to local custom work, and are the only manufactur- ing establishments now in the township. In the western part of the township Sarah Ann Furnace, or Manor Furnace, was located. It obtained ore from Chestnut Hill. The ore found on the property proving of poor quality, and having no means of getting it but by wagons, it was soon found to be un- profitable, and after sixteen years, in whichj it was operated by different parties, it "blowed out," never to be again relighted v. and the stock and houses of the operatives are passing into shapeless ruins. During 736 HISTOKY OF YORK COUNTY. the early part of the present century, a distillery was located in the northern part of the township, owned by a Mr. Witmer. New Bridgeville is located along the river, by the canal. James P. Robison, at pres- ent a member of the legislature, conducts a general store and keeps a hotel at this place. Stony Island fishery, famous as a place to catch shad, is near here. At Lockport, a short distance below New Bridgeville, there was formerly a dam across the Susquehanna for transporting boats over the stream to Conestoga navigation, which extended from Safe Harbor to Lancaster. An extensive business was done over this route for many years. CHURCHES OF CHANCBFOED. The Quinston United Presbyterian Church. ■ — This congregation was first connected with the Associate Presbyterian Church, which was formed by a secession from the Estab- lished Church of Scotland, in 1733. It was organize'd either in the fall of 1753, or early in 1754. Soon after a rude church was constructed of small logs. Accomoda- tions becoming insufficient, in 1773 a house of stone was built, which still stands. Con- cerning this church, the following was legal- ly recorded: "To all Christian people to whom these presents shall come, we, Thomas Curry, James Wallace, Guin Allison, Andrew Fulton, Alexander Moor of Hopewell, farm- ers, John McClurg, John McNeary and George Campbell of Chanceford, farmers, John McCay and John Stewart of Windsor, farmers, send greeting: whereas, in and by a certain deed poll bearing date April 23, 1773, made between James Cooper of Chester County, of the one part, and the before-named trustees of the second part." By this act James Cooper conveyed two acres of land, on which the "Old Scotch Presbyterian Meeting- House stood; whereas there is now to be erected a large building for public worship, called and forever hereafter intended to be called, the Scotch Presbyterian Church, who are now under the pastoral care of Rev. James Clarkson, and professing to adhere to the whole doctrine, worship, discipline and government of the Church of Scotland, as the same was exhibited in her public stand- ards; viz.: the Westminster confesaion of faith, catechisms and propositions concern- ing church government and ordination of members, as these are received in the several acts of Assembly, passed between the years 1644 and 1649." Concerning its further history the present pastor furnishes the fol- lowing: On August 25, 1773, Rev. James Clarkson was placed in charge, by the Asso- ciate Presbytery of Pennsylvania. He con- tinued till 1808, when he was released. After a period of ten years, during which the congregation was vacant, Mr. Alexander Gordon was ordained pastor, August 20, 1818. For many years his full time was de- voted to this field. But in 1822 an arrange- ment was to be made, by which a fourth of the time was to be given to Lower Chanceford. On the 20th of October, 1825, the relation of Mr. Gordon to the congregations of Guins- ton and Lower Chanceford was dissolved. The services of a stated pastor were not now enjoyed for eight years when Rev. John Adams, through the action of the Presby- tery, on the 11th of September, 1833, was set apart as the person who should break to these congregations the bread of life. He continued to be pastor at Guinston and Lower Chanceford till the 26th of April, 1855, when he tendered his resignation to the Associate Presbytery of Philadelphia, which was accepted. On the 19th of August, 1856, Rev. Francis McBurney was ordained and installed as pas- tor at Guinston and Lower Chanceford. This relation continued until after the union was formed between the Associated and Associate Reformed Churches, which was consumated on the 26th of May, 1858, in Pittsburgh, con- stituting the United Presbyterian Church; Guinston congregation went heartily into this UDion, and has been in it ever since. The Associate Reformed Church was organ- ized on the Blst of October, 1782, by virtue of a union effected between a portion of the Associate Church and the Reformed Presby- terians or Covenanters. Messrs. Marshall, minister, and Clarkson of Guinston and some elders did not go into this union, and so kept up the organization of the Associate Church. After long years had passed, it was thought that these two branches of Zion, so near to each other in principle and practice, should be united. The move made accordingly was successful, and in 1858 the history of the United Presbyterian Church had its begin- ning. Rev. Francis McBurney remained in Guinston till October 6, 1868. From that time the congregation was de- pendent upon supplies till 1870. A call was made out in the autumn of that year, and pre- sented to Rev. Samuel Jamison, which he ac- cepted. He commenced to labor regularly in this field on the first Sabbath of Decem- ber. On the 25th of April, 1871, he was installed by the Presbytery of Big Spring. It was so arranged, that for a short time he preached every Sabbath in Hope- CHANCEPORD TOWNSHIP. 731 well. His whole time was then given to Guinston, and so continued. The congrega- tion has a membership of 192. Space will not allow an extended history of this church; suffice it, that from a handful of emigrants, who first met at the house of Alexander Wallace, to renew their covenant obligations to their God, they have been blessed by Him in a most signal manner, for although they sometimes passed through dark days, which were necessary to their health, for we are told that " He loveth whom He ehasteneth," yet they were eventually brought forth into the sunshine of earthly prosperity; for the desert in which they settled now blossoms as the rose, and their congregation large, intelligent and influential, with all the attributes that adorn the highest type of Christian civilization, and whose membership and influence are found and felt in the hun- dreds of United Presbyterian congregatioiis scattered over the broad West, speaks in lan- guage too plain to be misunderstood, that God is indeed with them, and in blessing has blessed them in a remarkable degree. Lutheran and Reformed Church. — The second church in point of age in Chanceford Township, is the one known as " Stahle's Church," situated in the northern part of the township, and founded by Jacob Stahle and George Souders in the year 1784. Two de- nominations, the Lutheran and German Re- formed, united in building the church, and held services alternately therein. The first building was a rude affair, but after being somewhat enlarged and repaired served to ac- commodate the congregations until the year 1866, when their present handsome and com- modious brick church was built; Peter Blouse, Jacob Kohler and George Wise were the build- ing committee. The following are the names of the Lutheran pastors who have officiated here since 1784: Eevs. Bentz, A. Gearnal, Heisley, J. Harman, J, Kempfer, J. Cono- way, P. Warner and E. Lenhart. The Re- formed pastors were Revs. G. Hablinstein, W. F. Vandersloot, H. Rynecka, Sr., E. Ra- hauser. The Reformed congregation is now without a pastor. The Lutheran member- ship is about eighty-five and the Reformed twenty. New Harmony Presbyterian Church. — The Presbyterians of Chanceford Township belonged to the Chanceford Presbyterian Church situated in Lower Chanceford Town- ship until 1847, when a meeting was called and committees appointed to select ground and prepare to build a house, which was accomplished; and in the following year (1848) the house was finished, and De- cember 3, 1848, was dedicated to the wor- ship of God. Twenty-four persons presented letters from the Chanceford Church, and four from Hopewell or Round Hill. Hugh Long, Esq., John A. Murphy, and James Stewart were elected its first elders, and the name adopted by the organization was "New Harmony Presbyterian Church.'' On the 18th of October, 1853, Rev. J. J. Lane, then of Wrightsville, was installed the first pastor of the church. The next pastor was Rev. J. L. Merrill, and the next and last was Rev. A. F. Morrison. Since Mr. Morrison's death the church has been served by supplies, the last six years by Rev. J. J. Lane, its first pastor. From its organization to the pres- ent time, the growth of the church has been constant and healthy. It was chartered in 1881, and its future career, under the blessing of God, has everything that is hope- ful and promising. The number of commun- icants at this time is 191. Bethel Methodist Episcopal Church. — This is located in Chanceford, near the vil- lage of Grahamville. It was founded by Rev. , John McKinley and Mr. Daniel Kline. The first church was erected hei-e in 1821, and was used by the congrega- tion until 1870. It was during this year the present fine appearing church was built, at a cost of about |2,500. It is lo- cated in a shady grove, with an adjoining schoolhouse. There is also a large grave- yard near by, neatly fenced and well taken care of. The roof is of an excellent quality of the famous Peach Bottom slate, which lends attraction to the appearance of the structure. Trinity Church of the Evangelical Asso- ciation. — This church was built in 1871, in the western part of the township, and in the Logansville Circuit of the Central Pennsyl- vania Conference; its membership at present is sixty -five. The Chapel in the northern part of the township, built in 1872, with a membership of about fifty, and Mount Pleasant Church built in 1880, in the southern part of the township, and having about forty jnembers; and both of the Evangelical Association, are thriving churches, and are evidently do- ing much good. One more church and the list ends: St, James, in the southwestern part of the town- ship (sometimes known as the Fifth Ward), was built in 1879, and is of the Tjutheran per- suasion, and under its present pastor, Rev. Mr. Lenhart, is rapidly increasing in strength, and is becoming a power for good in the community in which it is located. 738 HISTORY or YORK COUNTY. THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. When the public school law first went into operation, there were five schoolhouses in the township. The schools were supported by subscription and such small aid as the State afforded for the tuition of indigent pupils. The number of schoolhouses now is sixteen; well built and commodioua, as a rule, and in which all the children of the township can be accommodated. Sabbath schools, well ofli- /cered and managed, are held in many of the schoolhouses, as well as in all the churches, some of which are very large, and Sabbath .morning sees the children with their parents wending their way to the house of God — for the citizens of Ohanceford, as a rule, are «a church-going people. HON. VALENTINE TBODT. Hon. Valentine Trout, of Chancoford, was •elected associate judge of York County, in October, 1873. The bench then, the last bench in York County in which there were ^ny associates, consisted of Hon. Robert J. JFiaher, president judge; Hon. John Moore, .associate judge; and Hon. Valentine Trout, associate judge. By the constitution of 1873, the office of associate judge, not learned in the law, was abolished in counties forming separate dis- itricts. The bench still retained its two-fold "Character for a time, as the constitution pro- first. cleared small tracts of land, then planted potatoes and corn, and sowed rye and a little wheat. For the first few years fair crops were raised, eventually the land became poor, and the owners let it grow up with wild vegetation, while they turned their attention to the cxiltivation of newly cleared tracts. Much of the, land became known as " barrens. " The raising of wheat was not £t success. The introduction of plas- 762 HISTOEY OF YORK COUNTY. ter as a fertilizer caused a slight revival in the business of farming. About 1832 lime began to be used. It was brought down the Susquehanna in arks, flat-boats and the fa- miliar keel-boats. About the time the Sus- quehanna Canal opened, in 1840, the business of farming received a healtliy stimulus in this township. Lime became cheaper. The native stane was brought down from the vicinity of Wrightsville, and lime was burned by the farmers and merchants in the town- ship. Some was brought from Maryland. As a fertilizer, lime seemed to work like a charm for a time, but eventually, at least after the second or third liming on the'^ame land, it seemed of less value. Next came the South American guano, which was considered well suited as a fertilizer to the slate soil. Phos- phates have been extensively used for a number of years, and are instriimental in producing abundant crops. SLATE EID&E PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. The Rev. Joseph Smith, now the highly esteemed pastor of Slate Eidge congregation, in October, 1868, published in pamphlet form, an extended sketch of this historic church, from which most of the following facts were obtained: The original and suc- ceeding members of this church have dwelt, and its present members now dwell in part of York County, Penn. , and in part of what is now called Harford County, Md. The first settlers here were Scotch and Scotch-Irish. It is stated that the influx from 1718 to 1740, was wholly Protestant, and largely Presbyterian. The newspapers of that time furnish accounts of the extent of the immigration of this class, especially from Ireland. In September, 1736, 1,000 families sailed from Belfast, in Ireland, on account of the diEBculty of renewing their leases; on the 9th of the same month, 100 Presbyterians from Ireland arrived at Phila- delphia, as many more soon afterward at Newcastle, and twenty ships were daily ex- pected from Irelaiid. Wodrow, the Scottish historian, says "the departure of the people in shoals, excited the fears of the English government, lest Ireland should be wholly abandoned to the papists." The Scotch and the Scotch-Irish, when they emigrated, brought their church and school with them. One of the first arrange- ments, therefore, made by the primitive Pres- byterian settlers west of the Susquehanna, was to have the Gospel preached in their midst. At the time, or shortly after the set- tlement of this place, an event occurred which, no doubt, increased their desire for Gospel ordinances. It is stated, "There was BO great a revival in Baltimore County in 1746 and 1747, that it seemed like the first planting of religion there. It was in what is now Harford County, and extended from Deer Creek to Slate Ridge and Chanceford. " This was an auspicious beginning for Slate Ridge Church. The first house consecrated to the worship of God in this part of the country, was a log building near Muddy Creek. Tra- dition indicates the site of it at the junction of Scott's Run and Muddy Creek, east of the former and south of the latter. We think the reason why this place was chosen for the site of their sanctuary was, that it was cen- tral to the people of Chanceford and Peach Bottom. When a house of worship was built and a church organized in Chanceford, a more central and convenient place was chosen. Although difficult in getting to and from it at present, yet the scenery around the site of the old sanctuary is pleasing to the eye. Two streams, running in opposite di- rections, the meeting of the waters, the wooded range rising gradually behind where the ancient sanctuary stood, all unite in forming one of nature's very pleasing pict- ures. It reminds one of some of the places in Scotland where the persecuted Covenant- ers were wont to assemble and worship Jehovah. The log building at Muddy Creek was burned. A second, and temporary build- ing, was then erected about three miles fur- ther south, in the State of Maryland, on land then owned by Michael Whiteford. A vague tradition indicates that this "temporary build- ing" was erected near where John Beattie now lives. This building was soon deserted, and a third house of worship was erected, either on or near to the place where the present church stands. In 1762 a fourth house of worship was built. It is described as "a new, better and fourth church, built of squared logs, on the same site." About the year 1800 this house was burned, being set on fire, it is said, by an incendiary. Soon after this the pres- ent and fifth house of worship was built. One statement of the organization of this church says: "A congregation was formed, and church erected prior to 1750." Another account is, that it was organized, not before 1750, and probably in 1751. The man to whom, as is generally believed, belongs the honor of constituting this church, was the Rev. Eleazer Whittlesey, who was born prob- ably in Bethlem, Conn. He spent some time at Nottingham, in Cecil Co., Md. , where a Mr. Finley taught an acadetny. He graduated in 1749, at Nassau Hall, then located at New- ark, and was licensed to preach by the Newcas- PEACH BOTTOM TOWNSHIP. 763 tie Presbytery soon after. Writing to Bel- lamy, May 8, 1750, from Mr. Finley's he says, he had beeu directed to ride abroad in March and April, and supply vacanies. Finley writes, December 3, 1752, that "Whittlesey, whom I tenderly loved for his zeal and integrity, left my house on a Thursday morning, cheerful, and in pretty good health, and preached the next Sabbath at Muddy Eun, not designing to continue there longer. On Monday he was taken sick with pleurisy. He continued in pain until Saturday, and then gave up the ghost. The last words he was heard to utter were: 'O Lord, leave me not.' The Susque- hanna was frozen and no messenger could come to me till all was over. He died De- cember 21. To Bellamy he bequeathed his watch, and requested Rodgers to take his horse at what price he pleased. " A tradition worthy of belief, asserts that the body of Whittlesey was buried in a graveyard near where James Johnson, of Peach Bottom Town- abip, now lives. The successor of Whittle- sey was Evander Morrison, of Scotland, who joined the New Castle Presbytery in 1753. During his ministry the second house was built. He was succeeded by Eev. Mr. Black, but how long these clergymen each served is not known. There was no pastor in 1759. Eev. John Strain, who was probably born in 1728, and was graduated at Princeton Col- lege in 1757, licensed to preach in 1759, was or- dered by the Presbytery to supply Slate Eidge and Chanceford in July the same year, and ordained December 17, 1760, was next pastor. At the meeting of the Presbytery, October 14, 1760, a number of members of Slate Ridge congregation asked "that their meet- ing-house \)e continued where it is." At the ensuing meeting a committee was appointed by the presbytery to go to the spot and de- cide the matter, consisting of Messrs. Blair, Bay, James Finley and S. Finley, moderator. They reported "they had met the Slate Eidge congregation and determined the place of building their new meeting-house. A good spring may be had by going a little way from that "place." This was doubtless the spring now owned by the congregation. Mr. Strain was installed pastor of the Slate Eidge and Chanceford by Messrs. Sterling, Bay and Finley, November 17, 1762. Not long after his installation, he and his con- gregations were annexed to the Donegal Pres- bytery, the sessions of which he and his elder James Smith met, June 29, 1763. Some of the ruling elders of Slate Eidge and Chanceford, at this time, were Hugh Whiteford, Eowland Hughes, Joseph Wat- son', John Steel, James Leeper, James Gor- don, James Clarke, James Smith, Patrick Scott, J. Cowan and Thomas Scott. Tho oldest grave now marked in the present Slate Eidge burying ground is that of a child of Alexander MoCandless, in 1764. Mr. Strain purchased a farm adjoining larfds of John Edmundson and James Whita in 1765, within the present limits of Peach Bottom Township. He was not a man of great physical endurance. Hezekiah James Balch, a graduate of Princeton, pursued the study of theology with him about this time, for one year. In 1768 Eevs. Strain and Duffield, received a call to become joint pastors of the Second Presbyterian Church of Philadelphia, at a salary of £200 each. The next session of Donegal Presbytery as- sembled at Slate Ridge, when a joint address from the congregations of Chanceford and Slate Ridge, remonstrated against the remo- val of their pastor. He yielded to their vyishes, and remained as their minister until his death, in 1774. He is traditionally re- membered as ' 'one of the most eloquent ministers of the Presbyterian Church of his time, and very earnest and zealous in his work." There are a number of eulogies of his character, delivered at the time of his death, still in existence, and the Pennsylva- nia Gazette, then the leading paper in Philadelphia, published were jextended obit- uary of him. His remains were interred in the graveyard adjoining the Slate Ridge Church. On the tombstone neatly carved is the following inscription: "In memory of Rev. Dr. John Strain, who departed this life April 12, 1774, aged forty-three years." During a part of the period of the Revolu- tionary war, this and the Chanceford con- gregation was without a regular pastor; Rev. William Smith was for two years of this time a supply; other supplies were Messrs. Sample, Luckey, Finley, Tate and Joseph Smith. Rev. John Slemons, a graduate of Prince- ton College in class of 1760, became supply to Slate Ridge and Chanceford congregation in 1781, and was installed in 1783. He had been pastor of Lower Marsh Creek congrega- tions (now Gettysburg) from 1765 to 1774. He purchased a farm in Peach Bottom, con- taining 238 acres for £500, and continued to serve these congregations until September, 1791, when he resigned, and there was no regular pastor until 1795, when Rev. Samuel Martin, D. D., was chosen. He was born in Chestnut Level, Lancaster County, January 9, 1767, of parents who belonged to the Asso- ciate Church. He was graduated at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania in 1790, and licensed 764 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. to preach three years later by the Baltimore Presbytery. He, at first, was pastor of this church only, but April 1, 1800, the congrega- tion of Chanceford asked for one-half of his time for a consideration of £100. He con- tinued pastor until 1812. During this period "the new and better and fourth church built of squared logs" was burned. He lived on the farm, where his successor in the ministry. Rev. Mr. Parke afterward resided. For a time he kept a classical school near the church. August 10, 1814, Mr. Parke was ordained and installed pastor of this church: "For forty-three years he continued to preach the word, administer the sacraments, visit, cate- chise, comfort the mourning and bury the dead." The present pastor began his labors here September, 1860. The congregation numbers 200 members and the Sunday-school, 120 members. The congregation having been in existence since 1750, is now (1885^ 135 years old. SLATEVILLE PBESBYTERIAN CHUECH. This church is located near what is known as the "old slate quarry," about one mile from the Maryland line, and one mile from the borough of Delta. It was organized in the year 1849, by a few members, who with- drew from the Slate Ridge Church. James Galbreath and Robert Dinsmore were the first ruling elders. Immediately upon its organization, seventeen more members were received, and three additional ruling elders, viz. : David Mitchell, Joseph D. Wiley and , Archibald Cooper. Thus this church began its history with fifty-two members and five ruling elders. The corner stone of the church was laid September 7, 1849, the date of its organiza- tion. The building was used for worship in January, 1850, and dedicated June 8, of the same year. The pulpit was for some time supplied by the presbytery of Donegal. Among the supplies furnished by the pres- bytery was one of its licentiates, Rev. T. M. Crawford, who labored at intervals in this field until the I7th of February, 1851, when the congregation, being so much pleased with his services, unanimously elected him as pastor of this church. Mr. Crawford faithfully served this congregation for twen- ty-one years. Under his ministrations it rapidly grew and prospered. In the year 1872, owing to failing health, Mr. Crawford was compelled to relinquifeh the charge very much to the regret of the congregation. Happily he preferred to reside within the bounds of this congregation, and he may be seen every Sabbath day, when not called away, sitting in the pulpit and engaging in the service of Christian worship. Rev. D. M. Davenport, was called as pastor of this congregation on the second Monday of May, 1873. In 1868 the congregation finding their first church too small built a new one at a cost of nearly |7,000. This building was renovated and improved in 1884. The present membership is about 200, with seven ruling elders as follows: James S- Powell, George A. Davis, Hugh M. Stokes, William James Barnett, J. W. Hickman, M. D., William R. Galbreath and Samuel P. Caskey. The congregation owns a parson- age and five acres of land, which is beauti- fully located about two miles from the church. PEACH BOTTOM VILLAGE AND FERRY. The region about this ferry, on both sides of the stream, up and down its banks and on the alluvial islands in it, was a favorite re- sort for the Susquehannock Indians, noted fortheir size, prowess and endurance, accord- ing to the description of them by John Smith of Pocahontas fame, in the James- town colony, who ascended the Susquehanna to within a few miles of Peach Bottom in 1608, while exploring the Atlantic coast. Indian relics, such as mortars, pestles, bat- tle-axes, darts, spear-points, etc., have often been found in this locality. Indian hiero- glyphics are carved on the rocks and cliffs bordering the stream at different points. In the river opposite Safe Harbor, a dis- tance up the stream from Peach Bottom, are the interesting Sculptured Rocks. The In- dian inscriptions on these rocks have been viewed by a number of archaeologists and reproductions of them were made. They have been greatly injured by time and weather, and ice floes, so that the aboriginal tracings are scarcely recognizable now. On Mount Johnson Island the relic-hunters find evident traces of the Indians. Susquehanna itself is an Indian name and one of its many meanings given is "River of Islands," pure- ly conjectural though. About one-half mile below the Maryland line are rocks called the "Bald Friars" which contain many curious inscriptions made by our aborigines. These have become famous, especially those on Mile's Island and Barrow's Island, where every large boulder contains some figures, which are, however, considerably defaced now. In the year 1725, Thomas Johnson (the fiH^uL^U/^ PEACH BOTTOM TOWNSHIP. 765 father-in-law of Col. Thomas Cresap, who owned a ferry near the mouth of the river and was afterward noted in the history of York County as the leader of the Maryland intruders) obtained a Maryland title for the large island at Peach Bottom called "Mount Johnson" there being a mountain at the head of it. On the western shore of this island there is now a valuable shad fishery. Set- tlers under Maryland titles used this ferry as a crossing place as early as 1725. About this time Johnson named it Peach Bottom on account of the abundance of the American redwood or "Judas tree" which in spring time and early summer made the hillsides along the stream look as if they were cov- ered with large peach orchards. June 20, 1752, Nathaniel Morgan, John Griffith, Alexander Wallace, Hugh White- ford and Archibald White reported to the court at York that they had "laid out a road as directed, from Peach Bottom Ferry, so called, to the road leading to the town of York." Robert Fulton, the inventor of the steam- boat, was born opposite Peach Bottom in Fulton Township, Lancaster County. Much of the land of this region was taken by John Cooper, an Episcopalian, who came from Kendall, England, about 1720. As early as 1725 he came to Peach Bottom. Some of his descendants reside here, and his remains are interred on the farm of Levi Cooper. John Cooper was married to Agnes Gill, whose father lived on the site of Balti- more before the city was built. They had five sons and two daughters. The names of the sons were John, Stephen, Alexander, Nicholas and Thomas. The last-named, the grandfather of Levi Cooper, in 1774 built the house now owned by his grandson. Thomas Cooper married Mary Abercrombie, by whom he had four children. He died in 1799. Stephen Thomas Cooper, his son, was married to Kezia Bell, of Washington County, Penn. He was a member of the Pennsylvania leg- islature in 1826, 1827 and 1828, and died in 1855. Levi Cooper, who owns the home- stead property, is his son. John Kirk, an English Quaker, established a mercantile business, and conducted a grist- mill at Peach Bottom for many years. He began in 1798, and afterward Maj. McConkey became associated with him, and eventually succeeded tim. (See biographical part of this work, page 165.) A postofBce was established here in 1815. The first postmaster was John Kirk, who con- tinued in the position until 1826. Since then there have been thirteen appointments, as fol- lows: September 1, 1826, James McConkey; December 5, 1835, Andrew McConkey ; December 11, 1839, James McConkey; Jan- nary 8, 1855, Jerry Kirk; March 29, 1865, Isaac Parker; June 22, 1868, A. F. Wiley; June 15, 1869, Elmira Geiger; February 16, 1870,M.C. Geiger; November 18, 1870, Elias Fry; October 11, 1871, C. G. McGlaughlin; April 9, 1875, S. D. Fry; March 9, 1876, John Q. A. McConkey. Joseph Webb, an English surveyor, who once was an employe in the government land office, and who in 1810 started Palmyra Forge at Castle Fin, made a plan for a town at Peach Bottom Ferry in 1815, which he named "Sowego." It proved only to be a paper city of 150 lots, a number of which were disposed of by lottery. The old Mc- Conkey mansion was the only house built on the site of the proposed town. Joseph Webb died in 1840, and willed sixty-nine acres of his land to the Pennsylvania Colonization Society. Slate Point is an interesting geological cu- riosity, located a short distance below Peach Bottom Ferry. It is the eastern terminus in York County of the valuable vein of slate. This point is a perpendicular bluff 320 feet from the Susquehanna, and is much visited by lovers of romantic scenery. From its sum- mit there is a fine view up and down the riv- er, the waters of which seem to pass almost underneath the observer. To the west of it a hill rises 150 feet higher. Near by a quar- ter of a century ago was opened a valuable slate quarry. Indian Hill, near by, is a romantic spot. Shad fishing was an important business. The fishing places are known ^s Independent Battery, Boyd's Battery, Hawkin's Battery, etc. As many as 3, 000 shad were caught in a seine fifty yards long at Slate Tavern, near Cully's Rapids in the Susquehanna. Gen. LaFayette, on his way to Yorktown, Va., in 1781, with his army, crossed the Sus- quehanna at Bald Friar Ferry, a few miles below Peach Bottom. THE BOROUGH OF DELTA. ' -The land upon which the Borough of Delta is built was deeded by the proprietaries to Alexander McCandless in 1744. The town, however, is of recent origin. William Orr built the first house within the borough limits. There was a collection of a dozen or more houses before any specific name was given. The citizens met, once upon a time, to decide upon a name. The word Delta was suggested and accepted. The fourth letter of the Greek 766 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. alphabet is Delta, but the word in English is used to designate a triangular piece of land, drained by the different mouths of a river, and having the shape of the letter named. The original postofiQce was named "Mine Hill," established September 20, 1866, and situated in Harford County, Md. It was re- moved to the young village June 15, 1869, and changed to Delta. The court granted a decree incorporating the town into a borough June 24, 1880. The first municipal elec- tion was held August 30, 1880. V.G. Stubbs was chosen burgess, H. E. Loyd,H. C.Eobert, E. J. Blain, T. A. Battle, Howell Williams and Robert Eamsay, councilmen. The pop- ulation at present is 500. The town is rapidly increasing in size. The borough is well represented by the following business interests: E. Arnold & Co., V. G. Stubbs & Son and Loyd & Blain in general merchan- dise; William F. McLaughlin, hardware; A. M. Clarke, jewelry; L. B. Eankin, drugs; Mary A. Colmary, millinery and fancy goods; Bullet & toist, carriage-makers; Dr. J. W. Hickman, druggist and physician. The other practicing physicians are W. H. Kilgore and W. McCurdy. J. T. Crawford is justice of the peace and surveyor. V. (i. Stubbs & Son have recently started a creamery. Corporal Baer Post No, 277, G. A. E., of Delta, was organized under a charter granted August 22, 1882, with twenty four members and the following officers: Commander, A. M. Clarke; S. V. C, E. L. Jones; J. V. C, S. M. McLoughlin; quartermaster, J. P.Baker; Chaplain, Eichard Buff; Officer of the Day, W.G.Macomber; Officer of the Guard, James Poff; Adjutant, H. J. Baer. These officers served to January, 1883, and were then re- elected for one year. W. G. Macomber was Commander during the year 1884. The offi- cers for the year 1885 were as follows: Com- mander, H. J. Baer; S. V. C, Thomas Fisher; J. V. C, James Poff; Quartermaster, A. M. Clarke; Chaplain, Amos Stevens; Officer of the Guard, William D. Williams; Adjutant, W. G. Macomber. Of the members of this post the following belonged to Maryland regiments: Thomas Fisher, Company C, Seventh Eegiment Infan- try; Amos Stevens, Company H, same regi- ment; Jame^ Poff, Company I, Indiana Eegi- ment; W. G. Macomber, Company C, Thir- teenth Eegiment; Henry Fisher, Battery B, First Indiana Artillery; Samuel Fisher, same regiment. The Delta Building & Loan Association was organized in April, 1884. Its stock consists of 320 shares, par value $100, held by 105 stockholders. Its present directors are: A. M. Clarke, president; E. Arnold, vice-president; J. T. Crawford, secretary; Robert L. Jones, treasurer; V. G. Stubbs, Dr. W. McCurdy, Richard Eees, W. S. Whiteford and A. H. Scarborough. CHTTECHES. Delta Methodist Protestant Church. — About the time of the incorporation of Delta (1880) a few of the members of Mount Nebo Methodist Protestant Church arranged for religious services here, and secured preach- ing at irregular intervals by Eev. Mr. Litz- inger, pastor of that congregation. Having purchased a lot from E. S. Parke they, in 1883, utider the pastoral care of Eev. J. W. Charlton, commenced the erection of a hou.se of worship, which, when fully completed, will' cost about $3,000. The building com- mittee were: Eev. J. W. Charlton, John Macomber, J. W. Stanley and James Eitch- ies. The trustees are: John Macomber, J. W. Sttanly, Daniel Culp, Thomas Holden, Eobert M. Moore and E. C. Garrettson. The present pastor is Eev. A. D. Dick, and the membership is 110. The Sunday-school is under the charge of John Macomber, as super- intendent, and seven teachers. The number of pupils in 1884 was 107. Peach Bottom Baptist Church. — This con- gregation was organized in 1872 in a school house about four miles northeast of Delta under the leadership of Eev. John W. Jones. The congregation then elected James W. McCurdy, deacon; L. J. Dodson, church clerk, and Henry J. McCurdy, treasurer. The same church officers are still serving. Upon the death of Eev. Jones, in 1873, Eev. A. W. Eastman became his successor, and served until 1879, when the present pastor, Eev. Alfred Wells, was called. He is also pastor of the Drumore Baptist Church in Lancaster County. There are thirty-five members in the Delta congregation. In 1883 the convenient and comfortable frame church was built in the borough of Delta at a cost of $1,800. The building committee were: Eev. Wells, W. J. McCurdy, L. J. Dodson, H. J. McCurdy and H. A. Johnson. After the completion of this new building, the Baptist congregation at Phcenixville, Peun., presented the Delta congregation with a pipe-organ, valued at $800. Miss Allie McCurdy is organist. BRYANSVILLB. This hamlet was named after Dr. J. Y. Bryan. It was first a schoolhouse site, and being located on a slight eminence was originally called "Mount Pleasant." Evans PEACH BOTTOM TOWNSHIP. 767 Gregg opened the first store. J. "W. Van- sant, who was engaged in the mercantile business here, secured the establishment of a postoffice in 1850. For many years Dr. Bryan himself was postmaster, and interested in the mail routes through the lower end of the county. His daughter, Mrs. Belle Gal- lagher, is postmistress here at present. Dr. James Yeaman Bryan was born in Bucks County, Penn., in 1805. His ances- tors are of French Huguenot stock, and emi- grated from France to England, during the religious persecutions in the former country. The original family name was LeBrene, which in England was contracted to Bryan. Dr. Bryan became a medical student in the office of Dr. George McClellan, of Philadel- phia, father of the late Gen. George B. McClellan. In 1832 he moved to the present site of Bryansville, which was named after him. He had a large practice for many years and died October 6, 1874. Byransville Seminary was kept by him for a time. Among the instructors were J. A. Lippincott, now of Dickinson College; Revs. T. E. Vickroy and J. B. Ackers. The church of the Evangelical Association at Bryansville, was completed in 1882, and dedicated the same year; Rev. P. W. Raida- baugh officiated at these services. Rev. G. H. Schleh was then pastor. The church is a neat frame structure delightfully situated. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Peach Bottom was one of the first town- ships to accept the public school system. The names of the schools are as follows: Bellview, "Union, Byransville, Mount Holly, Slate Dale, Glenwood, Pleasant Valley, Mount Joy, Pike's Peak, Slateville, Peach Bottom, Graded School. The members of board of directors for the past year were James A. Stewart, T. C. Ramsay, Robert S. Parke, James H. Fulton, John I. Davis and Thomas Watson. THE TEMPOEAET LINE. At or near the fourth milestone, west of the Susquehanna, this line between Pennsyl- vania and Maryland is clearly defined by re- ference to old deeds and maps, now in pos- session of James Powell. It runs at this point about forty-five rods south of Mason and Dixon's line; it seems to run a little north of west, thus causing the two lines to converge. Reference is made to tliis line in a lease dated February 13, 1755, for a tract of land called "Tom's Knolls Resurveyed" wherein "the Hon. Edward Lloyd, Esq., agent and receiver-general of the Right Hon. Lord Proprietary of the Province of Maryland" lets for the term of ninety-nine years the said tract to Asbel Brannon. This tract was sold in 1788 to Thomas Steel, and in all the deeds the temporary line is mentioned. (See page 55.) THE SLATE QUAREIES. The slate quarries of this township for half a century have been famous. They have given popularity to the name Peach Bottom over a large extent of country. In- dustrial statistics show that five-eights of the slate used in America is quarried from North- ampton and Lehigh Counties, in this State, and the valuable quarries of Peach Bottom. For roofing purposes the slate of this town- ship is unexcelled on account of its durabil- ity. The roof of the Slate Ridge Church was placed on it in 1805, and is still well preserved. The quarrying of the slate of this region for use as tombstones began at a very early period, but for roofing purposes slate was quarried only in small quantities before 1800. The land on which the quarries are locat- ed, was originally the McCandless property and now owned by the Williamson estate. A Baltimore company opened some quarries and did a considerable business as early as 1812. Peter Williamson, a native of Scotland, be- came the lessee and Maj. Thomas S. William- son succeeded, and eventually purchased the lands. He quarried slate extensively for many years. The slate is first blasted out, then hoisted by steam to the bank in large irregularly-shaped blocks. These blocks are then broken or "scalloped" into smaller blocks, and then split into sheets of required thickness. For that purpose a chisel or knife about eighteen inches long is used. The slate as it lies in distinct veins, splits readily wherever the knife is put in, if in- serted when the block is wet, or i"green," as it is called by the workmen. They denomi- nate the original moisture in the slate "sap. " After the blocks become dry, they harden and cannot be split easily. After the blocks are split, the sheets are dressed or trimmed into shingles of the required shape, by means of a machine worked by foot-power, which is from 6x12 inches to 14x24 inches. Slate is packed and sold in "squares," which contain 100 square feet, or sufficient to cover a space of 10 feet by 10 feet, when laid on the roof. One square of slate covers the same area as 1,000 shingles. For more than a third of a century the quarries at Peach Bottom have been operated by the Welsh, among whom are John Humphreys 768 HISTOKY or YORK COUNTY. & Co., William B. Williams & Co., E. D. DavieB & Co., James Perry & Co., William C. Roberts, Thomas W. Jones & Co., John W. Jones & Co., Foulk Jones, Hugh E. Hughes & Co., Kilgore & Co., and others, all of whom are intelligent men. Many of them worked in the slate quarries of North Wales before coming to America. John Humphrey located here, coming from Wales in 1849. The means at the disposal of miners for getting out and dressing the slate were then very limited and chiefly con- fined to an ordinary crane and derrick. At that time the mines were not deep like now. The slate ridge which crosses the township south of Delta is neither high nor steep, but preserves a rather uniform outline as far as it can be followed by the eye from the valley below. Prom 3,000 to 3,500 squares of slate of the best quality and 1,000 tons of second quality have been obtained yearly from some of the best quarries. Some of the quarries are 200 feet deep. Prof. Agassiz, the great naturalist, visited these quarries in 1870. Enos Prey & Co. have recently commenced operations in mining slate on an extensive scale in this region. There is a valuable vein of serpentine in Peach Bottom Town- ship. "WEST BANGOR.— THE WELSH. The village of West Bangor is situated on the summit of the slate ridge, and contains a population of about 800, all of whom are Welsh. The town was started about 1850, and a postoffice was established July 31,1861, which became a money-order office July 6, 1876. The Welsh, who began to locate in Peach Bottom as early as 1848, coming from the slate region of North Wales, are an intelli- gent and industrious people. Many of them have become remarkably prosperous as operators of the mines. There are in all 500 Welsh people in this commu- nity who speak a language which had its origin as far back as the sixth century, or 700 years before the origin of the English language. They are representatives of an ancient Celtic race, of which there are 1,500,000 in Wales, and 400,000 in America, mostly in the West. Welsh children are all taught English in their native country as well as in America. In Peach Bottom they attend the public schools; most of them are bright and intelligent pupils. They are taught, however, to hold in great reverence their na- tive tongue, scarcely a word of which is iden- tical with the English. All of their religious services are conducted in Welsh in a solemn and impressive manner. There is no nation- ality more faithfully devoted to the cause of Christianity. As a people, the Welsh, are matter of fact, and do not read frivolous stories. There are no works on infidelity pub- lished in the Welsh language, and none were ever written by a Welshman. Infants are baptized only when their parents are mem- bers of church. The remains of the dead are placed in the tomb facing the east. As a people they love sacred music, and some are great singers. In the Slateville churchyard among many Welsh tombs, is one with the following in- scription: "ErCof am WilliamMorris YCan- or,BufarwHydref 27, 1869. Oed44." Will- iam Morris, who died here at the age of for- ty-four years, was a noted singer. On one occasion, with his sister, he sang the Un- broken Covenant with great feeling and ef- fect to an audience of thousands collected in Caernarvon Castle, the birth place of the first Prince of Wales. The Calvanistic Methodist Church at West Bangor was erected in 1854, on land donated by the late Maj. Williamson, under the direction of John Humphrey, D. E. Will- iams and Eobert Davis, the first trustees. The first pastor was Eev. E. J. Hughes, who was succeeded by Eev. Evan P. Jones, who remained about eleven years, after which the pulpit was vacant for three years, when Mr. Hughes returned to the charge, which he continues acceptably to fill. Mr. Jones went to Wales, where he has attained celebrity as a pulpit orator. The membership of this church numbers about 100, composed entirely of Welsh immigrants and their descendants, the services being conducted in that lan- guage. The Sabbath-school numbers 150, of which Timothy Morgan is superintendent. The Welsh Congregational Church, of West Bangor was organized November 21, 1855, at Slateville, with thirty-seven members. Hugh Williams and William Morris were first dea- cons. The worship was then held in the vestry of the Presbyterian Church, and the con- gregation had no regular pastor. In 1857 the society purchased, for a nominal sum, a lot in West Bangor, of Thomas S. Williamson, and in the same year erected a commodious frame church. The trustees then were Grif- fith Davies, Eobert Hughes, David 0. Will- iams, Hugh Williams and Elias Eowlands. The church was dedicated in 1858, by Eevs. Morris E. Eemsen, of New York, and David Price, of Utica. The late William Morris assisted greatly in paying for the church, PEACH BOTTOM TOWNSHIP. 769 Eev. Thomas Williams, now at East Bangor, this State, was the first pastor and served ten years. In 1884, after being nearly ten years without a pastor. Rev. Dglyn Jones, a young man from Wales, was called. On account of ill-health he returned to his native land. In 1885 the present pastor, Kev. John Cadwallader, then of Columbus, Ohio, accepted a call to this church. The ' church membership is seventy, with a con- gregation of 250; membership of Sunday- school, 100 pupils. HISTORICAL NOTES. By the village of Delta stands an histori- cal farm-house. Originally it was built of logs, by Alexander McCandl6ss, one of the first settlers in that section. It became his- toric by being the birth-place of that eminent orator and statesman, James Ross, who afterward lived in Pittsburgh, and who for a number of years was a representative in Congress from the western part of the State, and from 1797 to 1803 was United States senator. In 1805 and 1808 he was the Fed- eralist candidate for governor of Pennsyl- vania. The first time against Gov. Mc- Kean and the second time against G-ov. Simon Snyder. There was a singular co- incidence in his life, worthy of notice. While he was a farmer's boy in Peach Bot- tom, his future political opponent for gover- nor of Pennsylvania, Simon Snyder, was learning the tanner's trade in the town of York The gubernatorial contest of 1808 was one of the most animated in the annals of Pennsylvania. It was just after England had insulted our American seaman off the coast of Virginia, and during the bitter con- troversy concerning the management of State affairs. Senator Ross, late in life, paid regular visits to his place of birth. The old Ross mansion is now owned by Robert Ram- say, vyhose late wife's mother, Elizabeth Ross Whiteford, was a sister of the senator. Mx. Ramsay, who has lived here since 1827, in 1814 was a soldier in Capt. Amos's com- pany of 100 men, who marched to the de- fence of Baltimore when attacked by the British. The company started from the village of Dublin, Md., in the month of August; on the way remained one night in the court house at Bel Air, and the next day arrived at Baltimore. This was two weeks before the arrival of the British. Mr. Ram- say, now at the age of ninety-one, is tall and erect, and walks witk a firm step and steady tread. He delights to talk of the past, and pictures with great accuracy the bombard- ment of Fort McHenry, as he saw it amid the booming of cannons and the explosion of shells on that eventful night, when Fran- cis S. Key wrote the "Star Spangled Banner" while a prisoner of war on a British vessel. In 1805, while on his way to school, near Ramsay's Tavern, Mr. Ramsay narrowly escaped being captured by a drove of wolves. At the election in November, 1884, he cast his sixteenth presidential ballot, voting first for James Madison. His wife, Jane White- ford, died in 1876, fifty-five years after their marriage. John Flehearty, who lives near the village of Fawn Grove, was born in the year 1790, during the first term of Washington's ad- ministration, which fact makes his life some- what historic. When young he was employed as a teamster from Harrisburg and points east to Pittsburg. He is nearly ninety-six years old, and is strong, healthy and vigor- ous. Joshua Kilgore, who died in this town- ship in 1885, aged ninety-one years, was a soldier of 1812. William Edgar, William Rowland, Will- iam Luckey, Robert Luckey, David Smith, John Morrison and Robert Martin were ap- pointed viewers in 1748 of "a road from the Ashmore ferry-road to York running south to the temporary line to David Smith's patented land." Dr. Whiteford, born in Peach Bottom Town- ship, was a surgeon in the war of 1812, and at Baltimore, and afterward a very prominent physician. Dr. James Montgomery, one of the first physicians of the lower end, after removing to Baltimore, won distinction and prominence in his profession. Rev. Dr. Martin, Hugh Glasgow, Rev. Mr. Parke, Joseph Wiley, Nathan Beamis and Hugh Whiteford were among the first persons to introduce pleasure carriages into this section. They were then a novelty. Patrick Scott and others soon followed their example. As these nabobs approached Slate Ridge meeting-house with their "wheel con- cerns," they were the observed of all ob- servers. For a period of ten years there were only eight persons in this township who voted the old Federalist ticket. They were John Kirk, James MoConkey, Joseph Webb, John T. Cooper, Daniel Mitchell, Wilson Mitchell, Joseph Mitchell and Robert Ramsay. The last mentioned is still living. Most of the voters here in the early part of the present century were followers of the principles of Thomas Jefferson. Col. Mathew Clark was, as early as 1810, 770 HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY. a prominent commander of volunteer and militia companies. He was a member of legislature in 1804 and 1805, and was elected county commissioner in 1824. Major Andrew McConkey succeeded him, and organized a uniformed company during the year 1827, which served a period of seven years. A few of the members of this company are still liv- ing. Rev. James Ross Ramsay, son of Robert Ramsay, was born at the homestead near Delta. For thirty years he has been a suc- cessful missionary among the Seminoles, in Indian Territory. He is now located at Wewoka in the Territory named. His daugh- ter is a teacher of a school of sixty Indian youths, under the direction and management of her father. Joseph Ross, the father of Senator James Ross, moved from Chanceford to Peach Bot- tom early in life. Mrs. Coulson, an aunt of ex-Gov. Kirk- wood, died in the vicinity of Delta, during the year 1884, at the advanced age of ninety years. Her distinguished nephew visited her while he was a member of Presi- dent Garfield's cabinet. "Coulsontown" is a small village of twelve or fifteen houses occupied chiefly by Welsh slaters. It is located below West Bangor, south of Slate Ridge. Slateville Postoffice and store are now kept by S. M. Jenness Foulk Jones, well known as a retired slate operator, owns the property. His residence is near by. There is a collec- tion of a dozen houses composing the hamlet. Hugh Whiteford and Patrick Scott, two prominent persons among the early settlers, were the first to erect large houses in this township. Shortly after the completion of the Sus- quehanna canal, this section had an abun- dance of its small currency in denomina- tions of 5 cents to $1. These "shin-plas- ters'" at one time became nearly valueless. Hugh Glasgow, for a number of years, con- ducted a store between Delta and Peach Bot- tom at the beginning of the present century. Walton's store, six miles west of Delta near Fawn Grove, about the same time did a con- siderable business. John Kirk's store at the ferry, did a large business as early as 1815. Ramsay's Tavern is located in the west end of Peach Bottom Township, and is one of the landmarks of the "lower end." The voting place of the two townships, before the time of their separation, was one-half mile north of this place. Eventually it was moved to the tavern, whifth continued to be used for a number years after the formation of Peach Bottom. This tavern being on one of the main highway to the Peach Bottom Ferry, before the times of railroads, was a promi- nent stopping place for teamsters and travel- ers. David Ramsay was proprietor for many years. In the year 1819 a duel was fought by Dr. Brownlow and John Chauncey, members of the Maryland legislature, near Ramsay's Tavern. The cause was difference of views on some political issue of the day. Brown- low was slightly wounded in the arm at first shot, after which the duelists and those who accompanied them, left for their homes. Two in*^^oxicated persons in 1835 had a diflSculty in Roland Perry's tavern at Peach Bottom; being much exasperated they con- cluded the only way to settle it was with pistols. But one weapon could be secured. They then concluded to draw lots in order to 4etermine who should use it first. The jovial landlord after the draw proposed to load the pistol himself, and placed in it only powder and a wad. The combatants stood up bravely; the weapon was aimed and dis- charged at close quarters, but greatly to the discomfiture of the one who tired, the load took no effect on his opponent and the duel ended in a fist-fight. The oldest citizens of the township recol- lect when deer were plentiful and when the howling wolves ' were heard and seen along the hillsides. There were a few wild deer until 1835. The last one killed in the vicin- ity of Delta in 1838 was run by hounds and caught on the ice which covered the Susque- hanna, above Peach Bottom Ferry. Wolves were seen as late as 1815. Some of the rug- ged hills along the Muddy Creek were noted resorts for these voracious animals. "Cold Cabins" is a place familiarly known to the people of a quarter of a century or more ago, as a prominent stopping place for boats on the Susquehanna canal. Consider- able lime was landed there as there was quite a large boat-yard, where goods of vari- ous kinds were delivered. Dr. Thomas Montgomery was one of the last persons to own slaves in Peach Bottom. Jabez Kirkwood, the father of Ex-Gov. Kirkwood of Iowa, was for many years an elder in Slate Ridge Church. JESSE KERSEY. Jesse Kersey, an eminent minister of the Society of Friends, was born in York, eighth month, fifth day, 1768. His father, William Kersey, who was clerk of the York and War- rington Meeting, was married to Hannah Bennett, daughter of Joseph Bennett, one of CONCLUSION. 771 the first settlers in the vieinity of Lewisberry, this county. Jesse Kersey went to Philadel- phia in 1784 to learn the trade of a potter, but was a constant and devoted student of sacred literature. In 1789 he became a teacher in Chester County; iu 1790 was united in marriage with Elizabeth Coates, moved to York, and pursued his trade until 1794; the following year he traveled a dis- tance of 1, 700 miles in three months, through Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina, and until 1804 spent most of his time traveling in America, visiting Friends and preaching. Iq the latter year he visited England and Ireland, returned home in 1805, and became a prominent preacher of the Philadelphia^ Yearly Meeting. In 1814 he visited the South under a concern in especial relation to American slavery and the mode of deliver- ance from its evil consequences. On his re- turn he visited President Madison, to whom he presented his views oq this subject, and was received by the president with great cordiality. He then continued bis travels through Virginia, holding meetings and discussing the great question of human bond- age. On account of his kind and persuasive manner he was treated courteously even by his strongest opponents. He continued to preach until his death in Chester County, in the fall of 1845. Jesse Kersey was a man of remarkable purity imd simplicity of character, and is declared "to have gone to his grave with the benedictions of many thousands who knew him, and without the enmity of one living .being." He was a man of extraordi- nary endowments, and one of the ablest and most eloquent speakers among the Society of Friends. Immense congregations always greeted him on his travels, as his fame had gone before him. There was a dignity and nobleness about him that always commanded respect, and gave evidence of an exalted aim. Says an able writer, "no more gratified and impressive powers of sacred eloquence have been heard in America or England than those which proceeded from the lips of Jesse Kersey.'' CONCLUSION. THE county of York existed nearly a century and a half before this or any other attempt was made to write an extended history of it and of its people. This being the case the preparation of the present vol- ume, with minute details of local history, was accomplished under great difficulties; and only after a persistent effort to reach all the sources of original information accessible. Old documents and books were sought, and some of their historic contents used. Church records were searched; many of them were in German script, which required translation. Every nook and corner of the county was visited to obtain available information, and much time and labor spent in the rooms of various historical societies. The authors of this volume being "native here,aad to the manner born," had an abiding interest in the work, and hence used every effort to accurately and authentically record the most interesting and most valuable facts of our co'unty's history. A verdict of the success attained is left to the calm judgment of the good people of this ancient bailiwick, trusting that the difficulties encountered in the preparation of such a work within the space of one year will be borne in mind be- fore passing judgmient upon it. Certain articles on special subjects were written by persons whose names will be found in connection with them. All of these persons are residents of the county, except Dr. Persifor Frazer, of Philadelphia, who prepared the "Geological Sketch of York County." This article is a very valuable one, as its author, who recently completed his work on the State survey, is one of the ablest geologists in America. For favors granted the author of the Special History and the Borough and Town- ship History is under many obligations to the distinguished genealogist Gilbert Cope, of West Chester; to the unassuming yet famous antiquary, Abraham H. Cassel, of Montgomery County, this State, who freely gave access to his invaluable collection of rare books and documents, which contained rich treasures of ancient lore; to Dr. Will- iam H. Egle, of Harrisburg, author of the "History of Pennsylvania;"' to Samuel Evans, Esq. , of Columbia, author of the ' 'History of Lancaster County," and to James M. Swank, secretary of the American Iron and Steel Association; to the clergy of York County, who gladly allowed the use of church record books, or furnished material for church history themselves; to the officials in the court house for courtesies extended while searching among the ancient county records, and to a score or more of venerable citizens in every section of the county, who have spent nearly a century within its bounds, and who faithfully assisted "to trace the tale to the dim past, where records fail." G. B. P. 773 HISTOKY or YORK COUNTY. ADDENDA. ADDITIONAL HISTORY OF NEW FREEDOM. The Evangelical Church organizatioo' was formed in 1859, by Rev. G. Hunter. The first building in which the society worshiped had been a blacksmith shop. In this build- ing the worship took place of both the Evan- gelical and Methodist people up to 1871, when each organization erected new and commodious buildings, in which they have since worshiped. The same pastors who had charge of Shrewsbury Circuit, had also charge of these congregations. The Evan- gelical Association was the first Protestant Church organized in the borough. There is a flourishing Sunday-school connected with the church. The Lutheran congregation was organ- ized in 1869, by Rev. A. Berg, and worshiped for some time in -Hildebrand's Hall, now Gore's Hall. In 1877 the congregation erected a fine church edifice, which has since been occupied. This congregation is also served by the same pastor that serves Shrews- bury charge. There is a strong Sunday- school connected with the church. The Baptists at one time had an organi- zation in the town, and erected a church edi- fice, but the membership was small, and finally it was suspended and the church edi- fice was sold to the Reformed people. The German Reformed people have had an organization in the town, but having no regular place for worship, met with only par- tial success, until Rev. A. Driesbach became the pastor of the charge, when it began to de- velop, and they recently purchased the church edifice of the Baptist people, and now is com- pletely organized, and promises to become one of the strongest congregations of the town. Freedom Lodge, K. of P., was organized in December, 1884, with an excellent mem- bership which has since grown, and the lodge promises to become strong and influential. A strong and influential literary society has been in existence in the town for some time, and is doing a good work among the young people of the place. The terminus of the Stewartstown Rail- road has recently been effected at the town, which will add considerably to the interest of the place. The town has 3 stores, 1 lumber yard, 2 harness shops, 2 cigar factories, 3 shoe-maker shops, 2 blacksmith shops, 1 ice cream fac- tory, 2 wheelwright shops and 2 physicians. This shows it as considerable of a manufac- turing town. The following-named York County soldiers were among the "Continental Troops," page 144, not mentioned in the general history: Third Pennsylvania Regiment — Frederick "Walt- man, died in Tork County, August 23, 1825, aged seventy-one. Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment — Archibald Camp- bell, of York County, Captain Lieutenant, February 15, 1777; died in 1788. . Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment— David Bell, York County, 1776; died in hospital. South Caro- lina. 1782. Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment — John Ohmet, May, 1777-78; died in York County, April 16, 1823, aged sixty -five. Leonard Weyer, wounded at Bran- dywine and Red Bank; resided in York County, 1826. aged sixty-eight; blind. German Regiment — Jacob McClean, Capt. Wei- ser's company, died February 18, 1824, in York County, aged sixty-six. John Richcreek, Dover Township, York County, wounded at Germantown, and transferred to invalid corps. Jacob Cremer, resided in York County, 1818, died May 19, 1833, aged seventy-eight; was also in Col. Hazen's Regi- ment. "Ninety-second Regiment of Pennsylvania Vol- unteers, Ninth Cavalry." In addition to those named on page 189, in this corps, were the following York County men: Henry W. Heflner, Company G; William H. Swartz, Company G; Josiah M. Jones, York. How- ard W. Clark, Company I; Sylvester I. Bckenrode, Company I; John H. SerfE, Company K; Lewis F. Kraft, Company L; George Troue; Henry S. Grove, Company L; Hanover. William B. Showalder, Company B; Charles Neiman, Company E; John M. Brubaker, Company K; John Kirk, Company L; Edward Sweigart, Company L; Newberry. William H. Sherwood, Company K, Chanceford. John D. Hoover, Cornpany H, Manheim; Ambrose Baylor, Company H, Fairview. Ninety-third Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry- Henry Fisher, Company I; John Fisher, Company I; Sanford Fisher, Company I; Frederick Koch, Company I; Wilson Danner, Company I; Pair- PAET II. lOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, YORK BOROUGH. JOHN AHL, M. D., is a native of York, born i April 15,1833, son of Peter and Mary (Stroman) Ahl, the mother a daughter of ex-Sheriff Stroman of York County, and of German descent. The father was born in Virginia and is also of German descent. Peter Ahl, subject's grandfather, was a native of Germany and came to America prior to the Revolu- tionary war, in which he was a surgeon. The father of our subject came to York when a young man, was a butcher, and died in 1874. Subject's' mother died in 1875. Dr. Ahl was educated at the public schools and York County Academy. He began the study of medicine in 1843 under Dr. William Mcll- vain.of York, also attended Washington University, of Maryland, and gi-aduated in 1845. He located immediately in York, but in 1846 moved to Dover, and after a number of years returned to York. He was married November 6, 1853, to Mrs. Elizabeth A. Cone of Baltimore County, Md., daughter of Sam- uel Cone. Politically he is a Democrat and was elected first coroner of York County about 1849, served two terms and was again elected in 1878, and again served two terms. Dr. Ahl is the oldest resi- dent physician now practicing in York. He has been a Mason thirty years. CAPT. JOHN ALBRIGHT was born in Balti- more, Md., in 1826, is a son of Christopher and Mary (Burk) Albright, and is of Hungarian origin. The father of Mr. Albright was born in Lancaster County, Penn.,and his mother in the same county. In early life his father came to York County,remained a short time and then removed to Baltimore, Md. When subject was ten years of age, he, with his parents, came to York County, and here he received a com- mon school education. His father died in 1845,and his mother in 1876. At eighteen years of age, Mr. Albright began learning the cigar-maker's trade, and as a journeyman he labored for twenty years. In 1861 he enlisted in Company K, Second Pennsylva- nia Volunteers, for three months and was appointed orderly-sergeant; in August of the same year, he re- enlisted in Company K, Eighty-seventh Pennsylva- nia Volunteers, and was commissioned first lieuten- ant, and as captain in October, 1861. He partici- pated in the battles of Monocacy, Fisher's Hill and Winchester, at which last he was taken prisoner, and was an inmate of the famous Libby prison for eleven months, and a prisoner of war for twenty-one months and fifteen days. He was mustered out of the service in 1865. His marriage took place in 1845 to Miss Mary Ann Shell, a native of Wrights- ville, York County, and daughter of Nancy Shell. To this union have been born three children, viz. : Arvilla, Alfred and Mary M. Mr. Albright is a member of the G. A. R. and is a Republican. Since 1867 he has been engaged in the cigar and tobacco business. S. A. ALEXANDER, general foreman of loco- motives and car affairs for the North Central Rail- way at York, is a native of Philadelphia, was born August 31, 1829, a son of Andrew and Virginia (Clark) Alexander, and is of Scotch-Irish origin. His parents and grandparents were all natives of Pennsylvania. The father of Mr. Alexander was lost at sea in 1833. Our subject received a common school education at Philadelphia. In 1843 he joined the United States Navy and spent five years in that service. Since 1848 he has been engaged at his present occupation. He came to York in 1875 and here has since resided. He has invented a cross- head pusher, hydraulic jack, balanced slide valve and a rotary steam engine. He is also the author of a very popular book on the subject of running and care of locomotive engines. He was married, in 1850, to Miss Jemima .James of Pottsville, Penn. To the marriage were born seven children. Mrs. Alex- ander died in 1866 and two years later our subject was married to Mrs. Elizabeth McAlister, of Cumber- land County, Penn. One child has been born to this union. Mr. Alexander is a Mason, Republican and a member of the Episcopal Church. Mrs. Alex- ander is also a member of that church. ABRAHAM K. ALLISON, baker and confec- tioner, was born in Codorus Township, November 7, 1829, to Adam and Magdalene (Kesler) Allison. In a family of twelve children, Mr. Allison is the eighth, and is of English-German origin. The paternal grandfather of our subject came to Amer- ica some time in the last century, and settled in Codorus Township, York County, where he died. In this township the parents of Mr. Allison were born, his father in 1801, and his mother in 1797. They were members of the Lutheran Church for almost half a century. They were among the early settlers of Codorus 'Township. The father died in York in 1869, and the mother in the same place in 1874. The boyhood of Mr. Allison was spent on the farm, and there he remained until twenty-four years of age. In 1863 he came to York, and, in partnership with his father, engaged in the grocery business, which he continued until 1874, when he began the baking business, and this he yet success- fully continues. He also learned the milling busi- ness, in which he was interested for about four years. He was married in 1860, to Miss Louisa Lau, a native of Jackson Township, and a daughter of John and Rebecca Lau. To this marriage were born twelve children, the following of whom are living: Laura K,, John A., Jacob H., Mary V., Maggie E., Anna L., Hattie R. and George W. Mr. YoEit Borough. Allison is a Democrat, and has held offices of asses- sor and councilman — councilman when rebel Gen. Early took possession of York. He and his wife are prominent members of the Lutheran Church. JACOB H. BAER, hanker and financier, is a native of and a descendant from an old family of York County. He was born April 2, 1830, and is a son of Daniel and Susan (Hershey) Baer. His life was passed upon his father's farm until he was eighteen years of age, attending the schools of his neighborhood, and as an assistant iipon the farm. Being ambitious for a more extended field in life, he entered the York County Academy and engaged upon a regular course. He graduated in 1853, and soon after engaged in the commission business in York, which he continued for twelve years. He then began his career as a financier and banker, starting a private bank, which he conducted two years. This enterprise was merged into the Western National Bank which he organized and of which he was president for two years. Resigning this position he again embarked in a private bank- ing business which is recognized as one of the sound institutions of the county. In the latter enterprise he has been ably seconded by his sons Charles F. and J. Allen. Mr. Baer possesses rare attributes as a business manager, and as a citizen has the confi- dence and esteem of his fellow-men. He formed a matrimonial alliance in June, 1860, with Miss Mary, daughter of John and Maria Winters, of York County. They have four children: Charles F., J. Allen, Annie M. and Howard D. Mr. and Mrs. Baer are members of the Lutheran Church. ROBERT M. BARNITZ learned the watch-mak- ing and jewelry business under F. R. Polock, of York, after -which he formed a partnership with his father, Edwin A. Barnitz, who was also a watch- maker and jeweler, and who had been engaged in that business in York since 1843, and who died in 1880. Our subject continues the business under the old firm name of E. A. Barnitz & Son, it being one of the oldest establishments of the kind in the borough. GEORGE J. BARRY, seventh of eleven children of James and Roseanna (McLaurfilin) Barry, was born October 31, 1846, in York, Penn., and after receiving a common school education went to Fred- erick City, Md., in 1861, to clerk in a store. After six years' stay in Frederick he went to Chicago, and thence to Cincinnati, where he lived about one year; returned to Frederick after his brother's death to accept the position of book-keeper in the packing establishment of L. McMurray & Co. September 2, 1879, our subject married B. V . Carr, daughter of John and Susan Carr, of York, Penn. Three chil- dren were born of this marriage: Mary, born July 6, 1880; James Howard, born July 31, 1882; and Rose Teresa, born January 1, 1883. Our subject's father, James Barry, was born February 9, 18il, in Tullamore, Kings Co., Ireland, and came to this country in his eighteenth year. Roseanna (McLaughlin) Barry was born in Dromore, Tyrone Co., Ireland, and came to America with her parents when three years old. THE BAYLER FAMILY. Henry Bayler was born in York, Penn., in the house in which he now resides, September 14, 1819, and is a son of Jacob and Mary (Lanius) Bayler, and is of Swiss-German descent. His father was born in York County, Penn , in 1796, and died in 1857; his mother was born in 1796 and died in 1859. In 1846 Mr. Bayler engaged in the- tanning business, which he contin- ued until 1865, when he began the lumber business, which he carried on for some years and then re- tired from active life. He was married in 1841 to Sarah A. Klinefelter, a native of York County, and a representative of one of the early families, and daughter of Adam and Sarah A. Klinefelter. The marriage has been blessed with seven children, four of whom are living: Adam K., Albert, Charles A. and Sarah A. Mrs. Bayler died in 1876, a member of the Lutheran Church. Mr. Bayler is a Demo- crat, and cast his first presidential vote for Martin Van Buren. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. and of the Lutheran Church. Adam K. Bavlek, cigar manufacturer, was born March 3, 1846. His boyhood was spent in York, his native town, where he availed himself of the advantages offered by the public schools and York County Academy. In 1864 he entered the United States naval service, and was with Admiral Parra- gul's fleet in the passage of the'forts at the entrance of Mobile Bay, and at the evacuation of Charles- ton, S. C. In 1865 Mr. Bayler went to China in the United States store-ship "Supply;" remained two years, and then returned to America. He made three cruises to China during his service of thirteen years in the United States Navy. In 1872 he went to Europe and China via the Suez Can!>l in the United States flag-ship "Tennessee," and in 1877 re- turned to York, where he has since remained. In 1882 he engaged in the manufacture of cigars, his factory being one of the most extensive establish- ments of the kind in York. He was married in 1880 to Ida M. Leader, daughter of Joseph (de- ceased) and Harriet Leader. Mr. Bayler is a stanch Republican, and cast his flrst presidential vote for Grant. Albert Bayler was born in York, Penn., September 1, 1847, and is the second of a family of seven children. He attended the public schools of York and the York Academy, and at seventeen years of age began serving a three years' appren- ticeship to the machinists' trade, at the North Cen- tral Railway shops at Baltimore. Returning to York he worked for E. C. Smyser for two years, and then went to Springfield, Ohio, where he worked for one year in the Champion shops. In 1877 he went to Baltimore, and for three years was engaged in the produce business. Mr. Bayler is now engaged in the manufacture of cigars. He was married in 1875 to Kate Halbert, a native of Carlisle, Penn., born in 1854, daughter of Joseph Halbert. They have two children: Charles H. and Rose M. Mr. Bayler is a Republican, and is a mem- ber of the Masonic fraternity. He and his wife are members of the Lutheran Church. Charles A. Bayler was born March 18, 1853, and is the youngest son living born to Henry and Sarah A. (Klinefelter) Bayler. He is a wholesale dealer in lumber and cigars. He received his schooling at the public schools of York County, and at the York County Academy, and at twenty-five years of age began business for himself; but prior to this he had learned the carpenter's trade. In 1877 he engaged in the lumber business, and continued until 1882, when he began the cigar business. He was married in 1878 to Rose B. Mason, a native of Columbia. Mr. Bayler is a Republican. C. H. BECKMEYER, general merchant, is a na- tive of Germany, was born in 1850 and is a son of Frederick and Sophia Beckmeyer. He is the sixth in a family of nine children, and of pure German lineage. The boyhood of our subject was spent in his native country, where he attended the public schools. In 1866 he came to America and took a clerkship in a store. Remaining in New York City ten years, he came in 1876 to York and engaged in his present business. He was married in 1879 to Miss Minnie Bode, a native of York, and a daugh- ter of William and Charlotte Bode, natives of Ger- many. They have three children: William, Char- lotte and Edward. Mr. Beckmeyer is an enter- prising citizen, and has made life a success. He and wife are members of the German Lutheran Church. BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES. GEORGE W. BELL, superintendent of Weigle's planing-mill and sasb factory, was born in New Yorlj City, February 28, 1851, lo George 8. and Julia R. (Slawson) Bell, and is of Scotch-Irisb origin. The fatber of Mr. Bell was born in Boston, Mass., in 1820, and bis mother in Rensselaer County, N. Y., in 1834. His motber died in New York City in 1873. The paternal grandfather of our subject was Edward A. Bell, a native of Boston, Mass. His great-grandfather came from Ireland to America, and settled in Massachusetts. Mr. Bell was educa- ted at the public schools of New York City, and subsequently learned the carpenter's trade, and stud- ied architecture, and at this continued for some years. In 1878 be came to York and accepted the position he now occupies. He superintended the erection of the York City Market House, in 1878 and 1879, and the York Opera House in 1881 and 1882, and also designed some of the best business houses and private residences and churches in York. We would mention particularly the new St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church, just finished, and tlie bank- ing house of Weiser, Son & Carl. In 1880 Mr. Bell was married to Miss Mary Kissinger, daughter of Prof. E. J. Kissinger. To this marriage -were born two children; Emma D. and Mary E. Mrs. Bell died in 1883. Politically Mr. Bell is a Republican. In 1884 he was elected to represent the Ninth Ward in the borough council. In the famous flood of 1884, Mr. Bell, as one of the members of the health committee, did efEective service, and also, as one of the members of the relief committee, spent much time and labor in helping all those that were in dis- tress, and by his energy many people were helped, and their homes put in a comfortable position once more. DR. THEODORE H. BELTZ, son of Henry E. and Julia A. Beltz, natives of Manchester, Carroll Co., Md., was born in December, 1841. His father was a physician. Dr. Beltz began his professional studies at Irving College, Manchester, Md., and graduated from that institution in March, 1861. He then went to the Medical University of Maryland, and graduated in March, 1863. On his return home he formed a copartnership with his father. Dr. Henry E. Beltz, who bad practiced medicine In Manchesterf or more than forty years. He remained in partnership with his father three years, and then went to JefEerson, York Co., Penn., where he remained three years, and then came, in 1880, to York. He married, in December, 1874, Nettie S., daughter of George A. Shower, of Manchester, Md. Thev have one child— Harry S. EDMUND C. BENDER, son of Christian and Sarah (Carl) Bender, was born in Dillsburg, York County. January 32. 1831, and at an early age moved with his parents to York. Here he attended school until the age of sixteen, when he entered the dry goods house of Rex, Brooke & Brown, of Philadel- phia, and from there went to Baltimore as book- keeper for the commission house of Lewis Frysinger & Co., of that city. While there, the firm of P. A. & S. Small, knowing him as a young man of great integrity and excellent business qualities, offered him the position of manager of their lar^e grain depot and warehouse at York; accepting this he returned to his former home. He subsequently became man- ager of the lumber-yard of the same firm, and eventually, on account of his superior business tact, became a partner, under the firm name of Smalls, Bender & Co. This copartnership existed for sev- eral years, enjoying a large trade, when the firm changed to Bender & Weiser, with Gates J. Weiser as partner. In 1875 he sold his business interests in York to Weiser Bros., and together with Messrs. J. P. Steiner and Charles S. Weiser, leased a large tract of valuable, fine timber land, near Philipsburg, Center Co,, Penn,, and removed with bis family to that town. At this place ho remained for nine years, a part of which time Gates J. Weiser was a partner with him. They cut down and had sawed into building material vast quantities of lumber. While in Philipsburg his son, Edmund, showing a desire to engage in the art of printing, he purchased the Journal of that town, and conducted it until he removed to York. Under his proprietorship it was a live, well-edited paper. After returning to York, he engaged in the grain business with his brother Martin, under the firm name of Bender Bros., and also in the grocery business with his son, as Bender & Son. On May 15, 1856, he was married to Mar- garet M. Weiser, daughter of Daniel B. and Matilda Weiser, of York. They had two children; Sarah M. and Edmund C. Bender. The death of this esti- mable gentleman and model business man occurred on August 29, 1883. By his strict adherence to every enterprise in which he engaged, and correct habits, he accumulated a large estate. Mr. Bender early in life became a member of the Lutheran Church, and at the time of his death was secretary of the Lutheran Church Extension Society, a di- rector of the York National Bank, a director of the York & Peach Bottom Railroad, and a manager of the JFarmers' Market. As a citizen of York, he was universally esteemed and respected. His son, Ed- mund C. Bender, Jr., succeeds his father in the excel- lent stand, on the corner of West Market and Penn Streets, opposite the Farmers' Market, where he has one of the largest and most attractive grocery stores in York. He is a young man of excellent business qualities. MARTIN BENDER, second son of Christian and Sarah (Carl) Bender, was born March 21, 1833, in York. His education was received in the public schools of his native town. After leaving school, he assisted his father in the mercantile and milling business for a number of years. His father, who died at an advanced age In York, was for forty years actively engaged in business, and was a worthy citizen. At the age of twenty-one Martin Bender embarked in business in York, opening a dry goods store, which he conducted for nine years. During the five years following he was associated with John P. Patton in the drug trade. He then opened a flour and feed store, and engaged in the purchase of grain, in West York, for a time, in partnership with his brother, E. C. Bender. The firm is now Bender, Bond & Co., manufacturers and dealers in flour, feed, grain, etc.. In which line they are doing a large trade. Mr. Bender was united in marriage, In 1867, with Miss Emma, daughter of Samuel and Anna M. Weiser. They have i^^A two children; Willie C. (deceased) and Helen B. Mr. Bender is a member of Zion Lutheran Church, of York, in which he has been an elder for many years, and for a long time has served very accept- ably as superintendent of the infant department of the Sunday-school. He is a gentleman of exem- plary character and a prosperous business man. Since writing the above, Emma, wife of Martin Bender, died, September 30, 1881. She was a con- sistent member of St. Paul's Lutheran Church, Rev. Dr. Gotwalt, pastor. CHRISTIAN BENDER, a representative of an old and prosperous family, descendants of the first settlers of York County, was born in York, Decem- ber 2, 1833, and is the son of George and Hannah Bender. The ancestors of the Benders emigrated from Germany, and landed in this country about the year 1740. The father of our subject was a brickmaker, and owned a yard in the vicinity of York. The son, in his younger days, while yet attending school, assisted his father. _ In 1875 he engaged in the coal and wood business, on East Market Street, York. As a reward for his energy and integrity he has now established a large trade, yoEK bokoughC having among his patrons many of the most Influ- ential citizens of his native town. On January 7, 1855, Mr. Bender was married to Sarah, daughter of Daniel and Mary A. Graver, of York. They had five children, viz.: John C, Lavinia M., Amelia A., Irene E. and Christopher C. His lirst wife died in 1873. His second marriage was with Martha C. Herman. Mr. Bender and family are members of the Lutheran Church. For a number of years he has been a member of the Masonic fraternity. PETER BENTZ (deceased) was a native of York, Penn., born November 21, 1830, son of Michael and Anna Bentz, and was of German extraction. The Bentz family came from Germany to America and settled in Pennsylvania. Subject was educated at the York public schools. By occu- pation he was a musician and proprietor of a music store for thirty-five years. He was one of the leading musicians and music teachers of York for many years. For a quarter of a century he was the organist at St. John's Episcopal Church. In 1861 he was married to Miss Ellen J. Griffith, a, native of Baltimore, Md. To this union were born four children, viz.: W. Stewart, Harry, Mary S. and Anna. Politically Mr. Bentz was a Repub- lican. He was a Mason and a member of St. John's Episcopal Church. He was a prominent man and highly respected citizen. His death took place in September, 1884. E. D. BENTZEL, attorney at law. Baltzer and Philip Bentzel, emigrated from Germany to Amer- ica, and arrived at Baltimore in the year 1745. Soon after their arrival, Baltzer came to what is now York County,Penn.,andsettled near York; he was ashoe- maker by trade, reared a family of two sons and four daughters: Henry, David, Catharine EUman, Anna Maria, Lizzie and Barbara Kump. The father was a captain in the Revolutionary war; he died when David, who was born in August, 1777, was a young man. When David was twenty-four yeas of age. he married Miss Elizabeth Meisenhelter,rand Settled upon a farm, on the Little Conewago Creek, near what is now Weigelstown. He was a success- ful farmer, and in 1811 erected a large distillery, manufacturing whisky which he conveyed by his teams to Baltimore, there being no railroads at the time where it was marketed. He reared a family of five sons and five daughters: Henry, Felix, David, Samuel and Daniel M., Barbara, Mary, Elizabeth, Niincy and Sarah (who died young), all of whom were married except Felix, who died young. David was born May 3, 1815. He learned the trade of milling from his uncle, George Meisenhelter, at his father's mill, on the Little Conewago, which he bought at his father's death, and where he is still living. He married Sarah, daughter of John Eisen- hart, who was a carpenter and cabinet-maker; she died December 25, 1880. One of her brothers, Samuel M.Eisenhart, is now a resident ofYork. Six children were born to this union: Henry M., born in 1844, located in California, where he died in 1877, leaving to survive a son, Frederick; Edward D. and David E., born in 1857; Nancy, wife of Henry W. Jacobs; Kate E., wife of Peter Binder, and Leah, who died in her infancy. Our subject was born Feb- ruary 23, 1846, and learned the milling trade of his father, which he was forced to abandon on account of a violent illness, which crippled him in his lower limbs to such an extent, that he was compelled to use crutches. He then secured an excellent educa- tion, having the advantage of the York County Nor- mal and the Academy. Subsequently he became a teacher, which he continued for six terms in York Borough and the county. He then entered the polit- ical field, and in 1872 was elected clerk of the courts, the duties of which position he honorably dis- charged for three years. Deciding upon the pro- fession of law, he entered the ofilce of James B. Ziegler, Esq., and in 1878 was admitted to practice, at which he has been actively engaged up to lie present time. Mr. Bentzel is an uncompromising Democrat, a valued leader in politics, and a citizen of worth and progressive ideas. He was married to Ida Kate Wehrly, daughter of George Wehrly, pro- prietor of the Pennsylvania House, York. February 24, 1881. They have three children: Edith May, Earnie and Edward Wehrly. JOHN W.BITTENGER, one of the leading attor- neys of the York County bar, is a descendant of old Pennsylvania ancestry. His. great-grandfather, Capt. Nicholas Bittenger, a native and resident of Adams County, was a soldier in the Revolutionary war. Upon his mother's side, John Wierman,also a native and citizen of Adams (bounty, was a wealthy farmer and, for a number of years, a justice of the peace. His grandparents were Joseph Bittenger, of Adams County, and Hon. Daniel ShefEer, a native of York County, who, in early life, was a physician. He became subsequently associate judge of Adams County, and in 1836 was elected to represent Adams and Franklin Countiesin congress, attained distinc- tion and became one of the leading political factors of his time in the State. The parents of our subject were Henry and Juliann (Sheffer) Bittenger, both natives of Adams County. The father is now a res- ident of Hanover. The mother died in 1837, leav- ing three children: Mrs. George C. Barnitz of Mid- dletown,Ohio, Mrs. Reuben Young of Hanover, aad the subject of this biography. JOHN W. BITTENGER, jR.,was born in Adams County in the year 1834. He received a good edu- cation, attending the academies of Strasburg, Penn., and Rockville, Md., supplemented by a partial course at the Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg; during the latter he was also a student of law with the late Hon. Moses McClean. He subsequently went to Rockville, Md., and finished reading in the office of W. Viers Bouic, now judge of the circuit court of that county, being admitted to the bar at Rockville. in 1856. After graduating at the law school, of Harvard College, he went to Lexington, Ky., where he entered upon the practical duties of his profession, remaining in that State three years. In 1860 Mr. Bittenger became a citizen of York, where he has since been in constant practice. His ability was soon recognized, and in 1862 he was elected district attorney, of York County, serving six years. He has also served as counsel for the county commissioners and as attorney for the bor- ough of York. Mr. Bittenger has attained a promi- nent position among his fellows and was a lead- ing candidate for the nomination for county judge in 1881, and in 1885 secured the candidacy. As a citizen he is of the progressive type, and as a politi- cian one of the leaders of the Democracy. Mr. Bittenger is a member of the Masonic order, of the I. O. 0. F. (Encampment), and the I. O. R. M., also of the York Club. In 1877 he was united in marriage with Miss Anna Brenneman, a native of York Coun- ty. They have two children living: Ida May and Julia Anna, and one deceased, John H., who died at the age of seven years. CHAUNCEY F. BLACK. The stock from which the present lieutenant-governor springs needs no introduction to Pennsylvanians. His illus- trious father, Jeremiah Sullivan Black, was pre- eminently a Pennsylvanian by blood and birth, by education and public service. He unites the ruling types in the rural portions of the State — the sturdy Pennsylvania German and energetic Scotch-Irish. Born in the Glades, Somerset County, his father was of Scotch-Irish ancestry, his mother of Scotch- Irish on her father's side, as her name, Sullivan, indicates, and of Pennsylvania German descent on her mother's side. Judge Black's father, Henry Black, was a man of prominence in southern Penn- /c^^^^/ BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. sylvania; he served in the legislature from 1814 to 1818, was an associate judge for a term, and was a member of the National house of representatives when he died. His wife was the daughter of Chauncey Forward, who was a member of congress and a brother of Walter Forward, secretary of the treasury under Tyler. Chauncey Forward Black, who bears his mother's family name, was born in Somerset County, Penn., November, 1839. His early educa- tion was obtained at Monongalia Academy, Morgantown, W. Va., at Hiram College, in Ohio, and he finished his studies at Jefferson College, Canonsburg. When he was a pupil at Hiram the late President Garfield was a tutor there, and the acquaintance thus formed ripened into a personal friendship, which was only interrupted by the president's tragic death. Their po- litical differences were the widest, as illustrated by the scholarly and irresistible paper.in which Mr.Black took issue with Mr. Garfield's exul- tant boast that the influence of Jef- ferson is on the wane in our political system. He was admitted to the bar of Somerset, and also of York, but never practiced much; showing early inclination toward journalism and other forms of literary work. From the time of beginning his law studies he wrote for various journals on a wide range of topics, doing a vast amount of effective political work, for which he has trained himself by study of the fathers of the republic. Jefferson found in him an appreciative but discrimina- ting admirer, and the Hamiltonian theories encountered his early criti- cism and dissent. Study of the constitution and of the discussions over its adoption and construction, convinced him that they who had founded our institutions had builded wiser than they knew, formulating a system which could be practicably and profitably applied to every question that arose. Mr. Black, though a student of politics, has never failed to take a laboring oar in the practical work of campaigns. Besides the engagement of his pen for effective work in many. quarters, he has been heard upon the stump year after year, and a number of the later platforms of the Demo- cratic State conventions are accred- ited to his authorship. In 1879 he represented York County in the State convention, and in 1880 he was one of the delegates from that congressional district to the Cincin- nati convention, voting on the first ballot for Judge Field, and on the second for Gen. Hancock. Prior to the late State convention, from the time his nomination for lieu- tenant-governor was first broached, the suggestion was received with popular favor, and he was chosen by a large majority on the first ballot. The selection was ratified most heartily not pnly b}' the Demo- cratic press of Pennsylvania, but by many journals of large influence outside the State. From his youth up Mr. Black has been a sup- porter of those principles which he comes to by in- , heritance and holds by intelligent conviction. With ready pen and eloquent tongue he has steadily maintained them for over twenty years. In all his utterances and writings they never found abler nor more fitting expression than in his successful efforts to revive the .Jeffersonian societies and extend the study of Jeffersonian principles. To this patriotic task he has applied himself, not because of any retrospective tendency of his mind, nor by reason of any failure to profoundly appreciate the spirit of true progressiveness and to adapt himself and his political principles to the wonderful development of our national life. He holds that in the Jeffer- sonian philosophy are the germs of all political pro- gress. Since 1873 Mr. Black has been closely and continuously identified with the journalism of the country. He has been uninterruptedly an editorial ejuj cTi /-l^Wc O contributor to the New York Bun and other promi- nent journals of the country, his facile pen being devoted to no special range of subjects, and often wandering into the more graceful lines of literature, while his fulminations are vigorous and effective when hurled at political evils. The geniality and native humor of his temperament, which make him a social favorite wherever he is known, unmistaka- bly manifest themselves in his literary work, but the sturdy Anglo-Saxon and virile thought of his editorial expression make it recognizable. In November, 1883, he was elected lieutenant- governor of Pennsylvania. His majority in York County was one of the largest ever received by any 8 YOKK BOROUGH. candidate, when opposed by the opposite party. In January, 1883, he entered upon his duties as presid- ing ofacer of the senate of Pennsylvania. His dignified bearing, affable manners and courtesy have won the admiration of the senators of both parties, and of the officers, of the various departments, with whom he has had official intercourse. In 1863 Mr. Black was married to the daughter of the late Hon. John L. Dawson, whose home was at Friendship Hill, Payette County, the former residence of Albert Gallatin, and the present resi- dence of Mr. Dawson's widow, which is still in the ownership of the family. Mr. Dawson represented the (then) Twenty-first District in congress with great distinction. He was in reality the father of the. homestead law now in force. Of the four chil- dren at "Willow Bridges," the three boys illustrate their distinguished lineage by the names Jeremiah Sullivan, John L. Dawson and Chauncey Forward. Possessed in eminent degree of those fireside virtues which are the best qualities of public men, Mr. Black has social accomplishments which make him extremely popular with his acquaintances. Upon his nomination for lieutenant-governor he received the hearty congratulations of his neighbors and assurances of their support regardless of party, be- cause of the warmth of feeling which his personal characteristics have awakened for him. No local interest fails to engage his sympathy, and his former friends and neighbors are accustorned to count him among those who regard their agricultural concerns with community of interest. He was one of the charter members of Springettsbury Grange. No. 79, organized in Spring Garden Township, York Co., Penn. , January 4, 1874. by R. H. Thomas, State secretary. He attends the Episcopal Church. On the left hand side of the Northern Central Railroad, about a mile southwest of York, Penn., and in the township of Spring Garden is a beautiful home, bowered among apple trees, which are thick- ly set on a smoothly kept lawn. Well trimmed hedges run all around this little farm; through them, here and there, grow the osage trees and towering elms, while drooping willows and whisper- ing maples shade the enclosed grounds. The ivy grows over the stone springhouse; Virginia creepers cling to trellises and branching trees and flaunt their graceful foliage in the summer wind. Within the house which adorns "Willow Bridges," are the signs of solid comfort and refinement. Near by, an office of rustic beauty, furnished with all the facilities for literary laljor, is the workshop of Chauncey F. Black. Inheriting from a hardy race of ancestors a love of nature, he lives here in the country at the foot of Webb's Hill, over which the spacious and highly cultivated farm of his father's estate spreads itself. Ho breaths pure air, drinks spring water, supplies his table from his own garden, and catches inspira- tion from all his surroundings for the vigorous work which he has done in the promotion of a healthy and honest policy for the commonwealth. A. R. BLAIR, M. D.. was born in Strasburg, Lancaster Co., Penn., in 1836; is a son of -Tames and Jean (Campbell) Blair, and is of Scotch-Irish origin. His father was born in Ireland in 1790, and his mother in Pennsylvania in 1795. He first came to York in 1850. He received an academic education at the schools of Maryland and southern Pennsyl- vania. He read medicine under Dr. Samuel Kenagy of Strasburg, Penn,, and Dr. Theo. Haller of York, and also attended lectures at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, from which he grad- uated in March, 1858. The same year (1853) he located in York and practiced until 1856, when he was elected superintendent of the public schools of York County. Heresignedin 1863 and was appoint- ed acting assistant surgeon by Gen. William A, Hammond, surgeon-general. United States Army. He remained in this service until September, 1865, and immediately resumed the practice of his pro- fession. He is a member of the York County Med- ical Association, State Medical Association and American Medical Association. In 1864 he married Miss Cassandra Morris Small, daughter of the late Phillip A. and Sarah Small, of York. One child has been born to him, Philip A. The Doctor was formerly a Whig, but is now a Republican, and he and Mrs. Blair are members of the Presbyterian Church. DR. T. A. BLAKE was born in Little Britain Township, Lancaster Co., Penn., April 30, 1846; moved to Winterstown, York County, in 1853, and remained with his father on the farm, attending school in the winter season until August, 1864, when he enlisted in the Third Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery; was discharged at Camp Hamilton, Va., June 7, 1865; came home and attended the Pleasant Grove Academy until the summer of 1868. He then took up the study of dentistry; attended the Balti- more Dental College, during the sessions of 1868 and 1869, and has been in the continuous practice of dentistry since. He was married in September,1873, to Helen M., daughter of Ambrose and Annie (Mil- ler) McGilinyan. They have one child — Abbie A. Dr. Blake has held the office of justice of the peace of Winterstown for eight years. He is a member of the Brotherhood and of the G. A. R. HENRY BOLL, boot and shoe dealer, was born in York, February 13, 1843. and is a son of Jacob and Gertrude (Werkman) Boll. His parents were born in Germany and came to America in 1836 and settled in^York. At twelve years of age our subject began learning the shoemaker's trade under his father. In 1867 he began as a dealer and has since continued. He now has a full line of all kinds of boots and shoes and is prepared at all times to give his customers first-class goods at the most reason- able prices. His maiTiage occurred August 37,1865, to Mary A. Kahler, a native of York. They have five children: 0. Bowan, Ella M., Ida Kate, William H. and Virginia Gertrude Mary. Mr. Boll was a soldier in the late war; he enlisited in 1865 and served a short time. He is an active an4 influential Democrat and has been assessor of the First Ward for nine consecutive years, and is secretary of the Mechanics' and Workingmen's Building and Loan Association, and Anchor Building and Loan Asso- ciation of York, Penn. OLIVER J. BOLLINGER, whose portrait ap- pears in this work, is a well-known inventor and manufacturer of turbine water-wheels and mill machinery. He was born in Adams County, Penn., April 13, 1837, and is the only child of Matthias and Elizabeth (Eckert) Bollinger, and of German lineage. His father was a native of Carroll County, Md., born in 1801. He became a resident of York County in 1838, settlin.g in Codorus Township, where he resided until his death, in 1879. He was a millwright by trade, and was actively engaged in that branch of industry for over forty years. Our subject's early life was passed upon a farm, receiv- ing his education in the common schools,' the White Hall Academy and the Pennsylvania Commercial Institute. His father being a millwright, at the age of eighteen he left the farm and apprenticed himself to the millwright trade, under his father, where he remained several years, acquiring a thor- ough knowledge of the business, and finally suc- ceeded his father, who, retiring, left the entire control to the son. Mr. Bollinger has continued the business successfully since then, a period of forty years, and is to day probably the oldest and best known, as he is certainly the best qualified. It is but natural to one who dates his knowledge of mills and machinery from infancy, and his attempts of-n.^/^ BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 9 at mill construction from the jack-knife, the shin- gle and the country stream or roadside brook, where his childish ambition reveled in its fancied great accomplishment of his efforts'. In 1860 he took up the manufacture of the Jonval turbine water-wheel, but an e.vperience of several years demonstrated clearly to him that improvements were not only desirable, but necessary, and after a long period of experiments and attempts at different constructions, he.in June, 1870, patented and gave to the trade the old Bollinger turbine water-wheel, sometimes styled the " Success." Though he afterward dis- posed of thfe right and title to manufacture that wheel, it was destined for him to perfect another, styled " Bollinger's new turbine water-wheel." June 1, 1875, and to this new wheel he is devoting his time and attention, offering the same to the public with elaborate explanation by catalog and cir- cular. To his manufacture of water-wheels he adds mill machinery, and we particularly call the attention of those interested, to his inventions of mill-stone supports and driving devices, which reflect much credit upon the inventor and give the trade articles of sterhng value. In 1874 Mr. Bollin- ger became one of the members of the York Manu- facturing Company, then just started, and took position in the firm as mechanical engineer and foreman of the shops. He remained there for two years, when, realizing the value of his new wheel, he began devoting all his time to it, and so he con- tinues to-day. It can be said, in brief, that the new Bollinger turbine water-wheel, patented June 1, 187.5, is the result and embodiment of the inventor's valuable experience of about thirty-five years in the design- ing and construction of water-wheels and mill machinery, and that in this turbine, good and well- tried features have been preserved, while register gales, pivot or claptrap gates, cams, eccentrics, racks and pinions under water, worm-gears, wind- lasses, and all such trappy and complicated devices which have heretofore rendered turbine wheels troublesome, impracticable and worthless, have been dispensed with, and substituted by new and substantial improvements, protected by letters patent. All wheels and machinery are built under the immediate supervision of the inventor, who invites the special attention of wheel builders and wheel buyers. Mr. Bollinger has for sixteen years been a resi- dent of York, and has added much to its progressive business interests. He belongs to that class 'of men who, active and fertile in mechanical and inventive resources, have done much to give life and reality to the ideas which emanate only from men of natural inborn mechanical attributes. In 1856 he was united in marriage with Susan C. Fife, a native of York County and daughter of John and Eliza- beth Fife. To this marriage were born three chil- dren. Mrs. Bollinger died in 1883, at forty-five years of age. For twenty-five years Mr. Bollinger has been a member of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Politically he is a Republican, and has served as a member of the borough council. Affa- ble and of a kindly nature, warm in his friendships and sincere in his attachments, he is regarded as a good citizen, alive to all matters pertaining to his city's welfare, a reliable, straightforward business and moral man. EMANUEL W. BOWMAN, dealer in coal and wood, was bom in Springfield Township, August 1, 1830, to George and Catherine (Walter) Bowman, and is of German origin. The father of Mr. Bow- man was born in Chanceford Township, March 14, 1803, and his mother in North Codorus, Decem- ber 27, 1807. The paternal grandfather of our subject was Philip Bowman. The father of Mr. Bow- man was a farmer, whose death occurred on Novem- ber 38, 1884. His mother died on March 37, 1838. When our subject was about eight years of age, he removed with his parents to Adams County, where he remained until his seventeenth year, when they removed to Carroll County, Md., where they re- mained a short time, and then returned to York County. In 1855 he went to Cumberland County, Upper Allen Township, where he remained until the beginning of the war, when he again returned to York County and settled in Franklin Township. He enlisted August 30, 1864, in Company I, Two Hundred and Ninth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and was honorably discharged at the close of the war. In February, 1867, he returned to York, where he has since resided. For nine years he was employed by the Northern Central Railroad Company, and for more than eight years was employed by P. A. & S. Small. In February, 1884, he began the wood and coal business, which he now continues. The marriage of Mr. Bowman occurred April 30, 1854, to Miss Margaret Myres, a native of Adams County, born June 9, 1836, daughter of Peter Myres. To this marriage has been born one child— Sarah E. Mr. Bowman is a Mason and Republican. Mr. and Mrs. Bowman are members of St. Paul's Lutheran Church. STEPHEN GILL BOYD, the subject of this sketch, is the oldest child of John C. and Martha (Farmer) Boyd, and was born in Peach Bottom Township, this county, on the 6th day of December, 1830. On his paternal side he is descended from an old Scotch-Irish family that emigrated from the County Antrim. Ireland, in the year 1736, and his maternal grandparents emigrated from Shropshire, England, in the early part of the present century, and settled near Darlington, Hartford Co., Md. During the minority of Mr. Boyd, his summers were devoted to working on his father's farm, and his winters to attending the district school. Upon reaching his majority he repaired to York, and en- tered, as a student, the grammar school of the late Dr. Andrew Dinsmore, and spent his time, until he was twenty-seven years of age, mainly in teaching, obtaining academic instruction at various educa- tional institutions, principally at White Hall Acad- emy in Cumberland County, Penn., and at Bryans- vilie Academy in his native township, and in man- aging his farm, for several years farming in summer and teaching a district school in winter. In his twenty-seventh year, Mr. Boyd, in order to obtain a more thorough education, removed with his family to Lancaster, Penn., and for a term became a stu- dent at the Millersville State Normal School, then under the management of Dr. Wickersham. From this time until 1866, he devoted his time exclusively to teaching and study, teaching in Lanca-ster County, Lancaster City,'and in Wrightsville, in this county. In the spring of the year last referred to, at the re- quest of Prof. S. B. Heiges, who was then county superintendent of schools of this county, he came to York and joined him in the management of a normal school, organized for the benefit of the young teachers of the county, with which school he was connected as one of its principal teachers for four years. In the fall of this year (1866) he was elected to a seat in the house of representatives, and was reelected the ensuing year. In the spring of 1869, he was elected county superintendent of schools to succeed Mr. Heiges, and in 1871 he was elected to the presidency of the Peach Bottom Railway Com- pany, which latter position he filled for the term of six years, and until the road was completed and put into operation from York to Delta. In the spring of 1877 Mr. Boyd, in conjunction with some of the more enterprising citizens of Hartford and Balti- more Counties, undertook the organization of a company to construct a railroad from Delta to Bal- timore, apd on the 31st day of January, 1884, this 10 YOEK BOROUGH. road was completed and opened to traffic. Mr. Boyd's conduct as a representative was characterized by a deep interest in all legislation calculated to pro- mote the educational interests of the State and the material interests of his own county. During his first term he finally prepared and secured the pas- sage of the bill to incorporate the York and Chance- ford Turnpike Company, in which company, after its organization, he served as a director until his re- moval to Baltimore, in 1878. During his second term he prepared and secured the passage of the bill to incorporate the Peach Bottom Railway Com- pany, and during this term also he took an active part in the passage of the bill giving to the non- accepting school districts of the State, their for- felted appropriations from the State treasury, for the last ten years prior to its passage, and had the pleas- ure of seeing Manheim Township, in this county, accept the system during his first year a:s county superintendent. In his second year in the office of county superintendent he co-operated with the board of school control of the borough of York in the reorganization of the schools of the borough, favoring a comprehensive and thorough course of study, and the borough superintendency. Mr. Boyd, since his withdrawal from the management of the Maryland Central Railroad, in the autumn of 1884, has been engaged in educational work, having adopted the educational platform as a profession. In addition to his labors on the platform, he fre- quently appears in print as an essayist, and is the author of a work on the signification of Indian Iqcal or place names. Much of his life has been given to the study of literary and scientific subjects, and no small part of jt to the promotion of the ma- terial interests of his county. H. C. BRENNEMA.N, assistant principal of the York High School, was born in Washington Township, January 14. 1858,'and is a son of Jacob Brenneman, a prominent farmer of the upper end, residing near the village of Wellsville. Mr. Brenne- man received the rudiments of his education in the public schools, and early in life showed an ardent thirst for knowledge, which the excellent schools of the vicinity encouraged. In them he zealously studied, and succeeded so well that in the fall of 1875, he passed creditably at the town examination, and was employed as a teacher for that winter term. The following spring he • attended Union Semi- nary at iNewJ Berlin, Union Co., Penn. Returning home he very successfully taught in the public schools of his native township for three more winter terms, and in 1878 entered the State Normal School at Millersville, where he graduated with a class of thirty- seven in the spring session of 1880. After graduating he taught one term in Adamstown, Lancaster County, and returned to the nor- mal school again, taking a more extended course in the natural sciences and mathematics. ' He next taught a normal and select school in Millersburg, Dauphin County, and was afterward elected principal of the schools of that town, but before the fall term opened, was elected in 1881 to the position which he now holds. Prof. Brenneman is a young man of fine literary tastes, excellent scholarship, and thoroughly devo- J ted to the responsibilites of his profession. DR. C. H. BRESSLER was born in Clinton County, Penn., in February, 1821, and is a son of George and Eliza (Darneck) Bress- ler, ,^the former a native of Lan- caster County, and the latter of Philadelpha, Penn. Dr. Bressler was educated at the common schools of Clinton County, and sub- sequently attended ■ select schools at Elemington and Mill Hall. He began the study of dentistry, in 1839, at Lancaster, under Dr. Eli Perry, and continued for three years and a half, during) which time he also studied medicine under Dr. Perry, who was a graduate of the Medical University of Philadelphia. During the last year of his stay at Lancaster, Dr. Bressler studied under Dr. Washington Atlee. In 1842 he went to Philadelphia and attended a course of lec- tures during the winter at the Pennsylvania Medi- cal College; in the fall following he entered the Jefferson Medical College at Philadelphia, from which institution lie graduated in March, 1844. He located at Belief onte and practiced dentistry until 1849, when he went to Lancaster and formed a part- nership with Dr. Perry in the practice of dentistry. In the fall 'of 1849, he with Dr. Perry and others petitioned the legislature for a dental college; this was the first effort toward securing an institution of this kind in the State, and the following fall a charter was granted. Dr. Bressler returned to his BIOGBAPHICAL SKETCHES. 11 practice at Bellefonte, where he remained until 1854, when he came to York and became the successor of Dr. James Pen-y. He has been twice a candidate for congress and has served as sheriff of Yorli County. In May, 1849, he married Sarah A., daughter of Rev. John Tanner of Bellefonte, Penn. Their union has been blessed with eight children, as follows: John T., Geoi^e Bowman (deceased), Emma B., Charles, Clara v., Wilber C, A. Cyrton, and Ella M. The Doctor and family are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church ; he is a Mason, a member of the Blue Lodge and Coramandery of York. JOHN W. BUCKINGHAM, dealer in paper and paper stock, is a native of Gettysburg, Penn., and was born May 5, 1832; is a son of Ezekie) and Maria (Test) Buckingham, is the third son by his father's second marriage, and is of English descent. The father of our subject was born in Maryland about 1796. By occupation he was a coach-maker. His death occurred in Gettysburg in 1849. The mother of Mr. Buckingham was born in York about 1810. At the early age of about eleven years, the subject of this sketch was compelled to make his own way in life. He first learned the tailoring trade, and this he continued some years. His present business was established in 1860. The marriage of Mr.Buck- ingham occurred in 1850, to Miss Rebecca Meginley, (iaughter of Andrew and Catherine Meginley. To this marriage have been born eight children, five of whom are living, viz.: Maria C, William A., Henry E.. R. Lizzie and Lewis E. W. Mr. Buckingham is a firm friend of education. His daughter, R. Lizzie, and son, Henry E.,are graduates of tlie York High School, and his youngest son, Lewis E. W., is now a member of the junior class of the high school. Our subject is a Republican. His brother, Capt. H. F. T. Buckineham, was for four years a captain of a cavalry company. His death occurred in Baltimore in 1880. Mr. Buckingham is a Mason and a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. He and wife are members of the Methodist EpiscopalChurch. DR. J. DeBURKARTE, a distinguished physi- cian and surgeon, was born in Philadelphia in 1831 and is the eldest son of Dr. S. and Mary De Burkarte. His father was a physician of Paris, Prance, and his mother a native of Berlin, Prussia. The subject of this sketch, in enrly life, received a good education in all of the ordinary branches, as well as a knowl- edge of medicine, and graduated at Harvard College in 1849, and has finally become a physician of ex- tensive practice. During the years of 1850-51-52, he attended two full regular courses of lectures at the University of Philadelphia, and the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, supple- mented with three regular full courses of lectures at the University of Maryland. He commenced the practice of medicine at Philadelphia, in 1858, where he remained in active practice until 1860, when he removed to Harrisburg, where he continued his practice until 1863, when he enlisted as a private in the Union Army. In 1864 he had, through valor and courage, risenin theranks to first lieutenant. At the battle in front of Petersburg he was severely wounded, which confined him to the hospital. Upon regaining strength he accepted an appoint- ment as surgeon and was transferred to McClelland ' Hospital at Philadelphia, where he served until the latter part of August, 1865, when, on account of wounds and disabili ty, he received an honorable discharge. After a fe«r weeks' respite he returned to Harrisburg and resumed his practice, continuing until 1868, when he removed to York, where he has since resided, engaged in active and continuous practice. Dr. De Burkarte has' established a large and extensive practice in York County, and keeps abreast with the progress of the age, not only in his profession, but in general literature. As a citi- zen he is popular, liberal and enterprising. In 1867 he was united in marriage with Miss Mary Qar- verich, of Scotch ancestry. They have had born to them two children: Maurice (who was a promising young medical student and had passed his first course of lectures at the Baltimore City College, and died upon the day he was to enter upon his second course at the University of Maryland, in the seven- teenth year of his age) and Harrio. NATHAN F. BURNHAM, York, was boru in the city of New York March 13, 1833, and is of English-Irish and French descent. His father was a millwright, and with him Nathan F. worked at the trade in Orange County, N. Y., until he was six- teen years old. He then commenced learning the watch-maker's business, which he was obliged to re- linquish after three years on account of his health. He then went to Laurel, Md., in 1844, and engaged with Patuxent & Co. as mercantile clerk and book- keeper. In 1856 he commenced the manufacture of French turbine water-wheels. In 1859 he sold out his Laurel interests and came to York, commenced manufacturing his own patents, and here has since resided. May 33, 1883, he founded the Drovers' & Mechanics' National Bank of York and was elected its first president, which position he still holds. In 1881, with others, he built the York Opera House at a cost of $40,000; it was opened in 1883. Mr. Burn- ham was married July 3, 1850, to Ann Eliza Gray, of Maryland; she died a few years later, leaving one child, Horace H., born September 16, 1851, and died January 28, 1857. Mr. Burnham's second marriage took place June 8, 1854, with Mrs. Delilah Israel, nee Jones; she bore him the following chil- dren: Ann Elmirah, born January 21, 1856, died March 6, 1861: Frank A., born August 18, 18.58; William H., born September 31, 1860. Mrs. Delilah Burnham died May 1, 1881, aged forty-eight years,- six mouths and twenty-eight days. Mr. Burnham has been ronstanlly engaged in manufacturing and selling turbine wheels since 1856, and is the inventor and patentee of several, which are used m nearly every country in the world; among them may be mentioned the following: Improved Jonval Tur- bine, patented February 22, 1859; New Turbine Water Wheel, patented March 3, 1868; Improved New Turbine Wheel, patented March 9, 1871; Standard Turbine Wheel, patented March 31, 1874; Improved Standard Turbine, patented March 37, 1883. Burnham Bros., Mr. Burnham's sons, took charge of the Standard Turbine Wheel business October 1, 1881, and since then Mr. Burnham has devoted his time to the improvement of the stand- ard turbine wheel, which, after many experiments, he has made to run on either a vertical or horizon- tal shaft, and to discharge a larger amount of water and get a better percentage of power from the water used. This Improved Turbine, discharging one-half more water, with full gate drawn, yields as great a percentage for the water used as the Standard; and when one-half the water is used, Which each is capa- ble of discharging at full gate, the gain is sixteen per cent over the Standard. During the past year he has had four experimental wheels tested at Holyoke, much to his satisfaction, both in manner of testing and percentage obtained. This Improved Standard Turbine is guaranteed equal to any other make of turbine in the economical use of water at either full or part drawn gate. Mr. Burnham is a Knight Templar, and is Past Master of the I. O. O. P. and Past Sachem of Red Men. LEWIS CARL, deceased, was born in York County in 1826. to Martin and Mary Carl. He attended the public schools of York. At eighteen years of age he began the mercantile business in York, and for many years he was one of the promi- nent merchants of the county, and continued in business until a short time before his death, having 13 YOBK BOROUGH. accumulated quite a fortune. He was married Sep- tember 20, 1866, to Susan Hay, a native of York and a daughter of John and Susan Hay; no children were born unto them. For many years he was a member of the Lutheran Church. He was exten- sively known and a much respected citizen. His death occurred October 34, 1878. JERE CARL, banker, was born in York County, Penn., in 1839, and is a son of Martin and Mary (Deardorll) Carl, and is of Swiss-German extraction. The Carl family has for many years been identified with the interests of this'county. The father of our subject died in 1855, and the mother ten years pre- vious. Jere Carl received a common school education and afterward learned the printer's trade. He then engaged in the mercantile business, which he con- tinued until 1853, when he was appointed book-keep- er of the old York Bank, which position he held for fourteen years. He then engaged in the banking business, becoming a member of the firm of Weiser, Son & Carl, and in this business relation still con- tinues. He was married in 1861 to Adaline A. Weiser, daughter of Charles and Anna M. Weiser, of York, Penn. Three children were born to this marriage: Charles W., born in 1864, died in 1883; and Balle. Mr. Carl has always been a supporter of the Dem- ocratic party. In 1875 he was elected chief burgess of York, and was re-elected in 1876 and 1878. Mr. and Mrs. Carl are members of St. Paul's Lutheran Church. HENRY CASLOW.son of John Peter and Barbara (Plinchbaugh) Caslow, of York Township, was born May 14, 1810, in York Township, and is of English and German descent. He is the fourth child in a family of eight childij3n, viz. : John, deceased; Lid- die, deceased; Infant, deceased;' Henry, Peter; Dan- iel, deceased; Leah, deceased; and Amos. Our subject was reared on a farm, and the death of his father, when our subject was a small boy, made it necessary for him to assist his mother in rearing the family. He began to learn the trade of shoemaker when fourteen years old, and continued at that trade for twenty-four years. His health required a change of occupation, and he bought the mill property on the Peach Bottom Railroad, near Ore Valley. He ran this mill about eight years, and then removed to York, where in 1850, he bought the Seven Stars Hotel on South George Street. After a stay of twenty years, he removed to his present location, corner of Queen and College Avenue, where he has since conducted a retail grocery store. In March, 1832, he married Helena Houseman of Windsor Township. Our sub- ject's father-in-law. Christian Houseman, was a soldier in the Revolutionary war. Elenora, wife of Jacob Sechrist, is the only child of our subject. He is a member of the Lutheran Church. EDMUND T. CHAMBERS, ticket-agent for the Pennsylvania and North Central Railways, is a native of France, born in 1846, son of John and Mary (Kennedy) Chambers. His parents were born in Ireland and immigrated to America in 1849, and settled in Baltimore, Md., where the father died in 1881. Our subject received a common school edu- cation at the public schools of Baltimore. In 1869 he came to York, Penn., and for some time was a clerk in the store of Thomas Chambers & Co., after which he accepted his present position. Mr. Cham- bers was married in 1871 to Amelia Bender, daugh- ter of Henry Bender, ex-treasurer of York County. To this marriage have been born five children: John H., William E,, Daisy B., James H. and George R. Mr. Chambers is a Democrat. He and his wife are members of the Roman Catholic Church.. ANDREW F. CLINCH, foreman of the boiler department at A. B. Farquhar's, is a native of Jer- sey City, N. J., was born in 1856, and is a son of Michael and Margaret (Ingersol) Clinch, and is of Irish extraction. His father was born iu Ireland in 1811, came to America in 1847, and settled in Jersey City, and there remained eleven years, and then removed to Wilmington, Del., where the early por- tion of the life of our subject was spent. After receiving a common school education he learned the steam-fitter and boiler-maker trades. For nine years he was in the employ of Pusey Jones & Co., of Wilmington, Del. In 1879 he came to York, and has since been employed at his present occupa- tion, and is one of the leading mechanics of York, in his department he has charge of fifty men. The marriage of Mr. Clinch was solemnized in 1878 to Miss Cora Litsinger, of Westminster, Md. To this union have been born- three children, viz.: Flor- ence May, George and Alice. He is a Democrat in politics. HENRY M. CRIDER, publisher and bookseller, York, Penn., is the son of Jacob and Catherine (Mower) Crider. He was born near Chambersburg, Franklin Co., Penn., October 14, 1839. His father re- moved to near Newburg, in 1842, where the subject of this notice received an injury, while at school, which threatened to make him a cripple for life. In the years of suffering which followed, when he was debarred from the sports incident to childhood, he developed a fondness for books and an aptness for learning which determined his father to give him, if possible, a liberal education. A second removal of the family was made, in 1853, to Green Spring, Cumberland Co., Penn., where such opportunities for improvement as the district school afforded were eagerly embraced. At the age of sixteen, he began teaching in the rural districts of his county, attending, during the summer months, various in- stitutions of learning, with a view of advancing his own education. In 1858 he became a student of Otterbein University, where his poems and essays in the literary and rhetorical societies attracted con- siderable interest and comment. In 1861 he was licensed to preach, when he returned to his native Stale, and for a short time was engaged in the min- istry. December 24, 1861, he was married to Miss Sadie Elizabeth Kaufman, of Boiling Springs, Cum- berland Co., Penn., and having resumed his former profession, he was for some years engaged in teach- ing in various towns and cities. In 1866 he was selected as a member of the faculty of Cottage Hill College, near York, Penn., and, in connection with his duties there, established a night school and com- mercial college for young men, which was liberally patronized by the best eitizens of York. About this time, he wrote a book of poems, entitled " Peda- gogic," in which he embalmed in verse the various specimens of the district school teacher of "Ye olden time." Its unique character called forth many favorable press notices. It was extensively read before teacher's institutes, and passed through several editions. In 1866 he originated and pub- lished the photograph marriage certificate, which was subsequently modified into many varieties, and by a liberal and judicious system of advertising succeeded in introducing his certificates throughout the United States and Canada; and at this writing, 1885, nearly 2,000,000 copies have been sold. In August, 1867, he established a paper, which he edited for two years, the circulation of which, at one time, exceeded 5,000 copies. His first wife was removed by death in 1874. In 1875 he was married a second time, to Miss Amanda C. Fahs, a lady long and favorably known in York as a teacher in the public schools and the York County Academy. He is the father of one son and three daughters. The son, W. H. Crider, has reached his majority, and is now engaged in teaching in the State Normal School, at Morris, 111. DAVID W. CRIDER, who is familiarly known as a publisher and bookseller of York, is a son of Jacob and Catherine (Mouer) Crider. His father BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 13 was a native of Lebanon County and his mother of Cumberland County, both of German ancestry. The son grew to manhood on his father's farm, in Franklin County, where he was born in 1843. He received the rudiments of his education in the pub- lic schools, subsequently attending the Cumberland County Normal School. While there he enlisted in Company E, One Hundred and Thirtieth Penn- sylvania Volunteer Infantry, as a private, and served nine months. His regiment was in tlie Army of the Potomac, and participated in the battle of Antietam, where 196 of his regiment were killed. In this engagement he was wounded in two places, the neck and leg, and was at first officially reported dead. After his term of enlistment expired, and the country demanded more soldiers, he responded by re-enlisting, and joined the Two Hundred and Sev- enth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, in which he remained until the close of the war. He was pres- ent at a series of battles in front of Petersburg, the battle of Chancellorsville and many minor engage- ments and skirmishes. He had the honor of being present at the surrender of Gen. Lee, and was at the grand review of the Union troops at Washing- ton, D. C. In the last enlistment he was quarter- master-sergeant of his regiment, which was mus- tered out of service at Alexandria, Va. After returning to his home he entered Lebanon Valley College, and subsequently taught school one year in Maryland. In 1865 Mr. Crider became a member of the Arm of Kephart, Crider & Bro., the members being S. L. Kephart, H. M. Crider and D. W. Crider. Mr. Kephart soon after retired from the firm, and the name became Crider & Bro. In 1876 D. W. Crider became sole proprietor, with the firm name unchanged, retaining all copyrights. The first named firms were engaged in the publish- ing business, and had taken out copyrights on three beautiful marriage certificates. The firm of Crider & Bro. have had issued to them thirty- three copy- rights upon these certificates. Upon embarking in business alone, Mr. Crider added the general book ' trade. He now has twenty-eight copyrights on his marriage certificates, which are sold in all the States and Territories, Nova Scotia, Mexico, New Brunswick, Canada, Europe and nearly all over the civilized world. "The Oak and Vine" and "Cedar and Vine" have reached an immense circulation. "The Orange Blossom," copyrighted in 1883, has reached the largest sale, and his certificates of other issues, many of which are of beautiful design, have also reached a large sale. In 1879 Mr. Crider ob- tained a copyright on "The Song Treasury," an excellent Sunday-school, prayer and praise-meeting book. This book has attained a circulation of 63,000 copies. " Bright Gems" was copyrighted by him in 1881, and "Silvery Echoes" in 1880; the latter, for infant Sunday-schools, has reached a large sale. "Songs of Love and Praise," an excel- lent work for Sabbath-schools and the home circle, is also handled by him in large quantities direct from the publishers. Mr. Crider has one of the leading bookstores in southern Pennsylvania, and carries a valuable stock of books, stationery, fine Russia leather goods, and a large, attractive and well displayed hue of fancy goods, which are sold at wholesale or retail. In public afEairs Mr. Crider is public-spirited, and as an active business man he is well and favorably known. He takes a promi- nent interest in Sunday-schools, and is the president of the York County Sunday-school Union. In De- cember, 1870, he was united in marriage with Miss Sarah Spangler, only daughter of Nathaniel Spang- ler, a prominent farmer and lineal descendant of the earliest settlers of York County. They have six children: Horace W., Charles E., Flora I., David N., Sadie C. and Lillie M. Mr. Crider is a member of the United Brethren Church, and his wife of the Reformed Church, of York. He was one of the originators of the Emigsville Camp Meeting Association, a liberal contributor to its support, and is now vice-president of its board of managers. He is also a trustee of Lebanon Valley College. CAPT. MURRY S. GROSS was born in Wind- sor Township, York Co., Penn., March 13, 1885; is a son of Samuel Cross, and is of Scotch-Irish extrac- tion. The Cross family has been connected with the history of York County for nearly a century. Capt. Cross was reared on a farm in his native township, receiving a common school education in the meantime. When about twenty years of age he went to Baltimore and learned the carpenter's trade. Returning to York County, he followed his trade until Port Sumpter was fired upon, when he enlisted for three months in the Sixteenth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. After an honorable discharge, he was one of the principal men in raising Company C, in York County. He was elected first lieutenant, and December 25, 1863, was commissioned captain. He participated in many engagements, some of the more prominent of which were as follows: Win- chester, Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Spottsylvania, Weldon Railroad, Oquaquen, now Winchester, and Fisher's Hill. Capt. Cross was discharged October 13, 1864. In 1868 he became the proprietor of what is now the Central Hotel. Here he continued five years. He began his present business in 1883. The marriage of our subject took place October 4, 1850, to Miss Cecelia Hartman, a native of York and daughter of Henry Hartman. Two children have been born to this union, viz. : Edward M. S. (who died in 1883 of injuries received while in the em- ploy of the Northern Central Railway) and Harrison H. Capt. Cross is a Republican and a member of the I. O. O. F. GEORGE DARON, justice of the peace, and ex-treasurer of York County, was born in Manches- ter Township, January 13, 1830, to George and Ly- dia (Kern) Daron. In a family of fourteen children Mr. Daron is the fourth and is of French-German stock. His father was born in Hellam Township in 1799, and died in 1857. His mother was a native' of Manchester Township, born in 1804, and died in 1873. The paternal grandfather of our subject was born in Hellam Township in 1771, and his great- grandfather was born in France and came to Amer- ica at fifteen years of age. Mr. Daron remained in his native township until 1850 when he went to Do- ver, and four years of his time was employed in teaching school and at work on the farm. In 1854 he began the hotel business and continued that un- til 1859, when he came to York, and here has since resided. Politically Mr. Daron is a Democrat and for many years has taken an active part in politics. In 1865 he was elected treasurer of York County and served one term. Afterward he was a clerk of the commissioners one year, and from 1877 to 1883 he held the office of deputy prothonotary. In 1888 he was elected justice of the peace. He was married November 32, 1855, to Miss Mary A. Leathery, a native of York County. Mrs. Daron died March 30, 1874, and November 20, 1876, Mr. Daron was mar- ried to Miss Malvina Crisman, a native of Blairs- town, N. J. Mr. Daron is a member of the L O. O. F. OLIVER DEARDORFF, proprietor of the States Union Hotel, was born in Washington Township, York County, February 2i, 1840, to David and Re- becca (Geise) Deardorff. He is the eldest in a family of seven children, and is of German origin. The father of Mr. DeardorfE was born in Washington Township in 1808, and his mother in Paradise Township. The parents of Mr. DeardorfE died in 1880. Mr. DeardorfE was educated in the public schools of his native township. In 1871 he came to 14 YORK BOROUGH. York, and for four years clerked for William Kroutz in the States Union Hotel, and in 1875 be- came the proprietor, and in this occupation he has since continued. He is one of the successful hotel men in York. Mr. Deardorfl was united in mar- riage December 25, 1874, to Miss Sarah Fake, a na- tive of York County. To this marriage have been born three children, viz. : Eli, David and Oliver. Politically our subject is a Democrat, and a member of the German Reformed Church. Mrs. Deardorfl is a member of the Lutheran Church. Mr. Dear- dorfl is a thorough business man and of an enter- prising spirit. D. G. DEA.RDORPF, liveryman, was born in Washington Township, June 11, 1851, to David and Margaret (Giese) Deardorfl, and is of German de- scent. The early years of Mr. Deardorfl 's life were spent on the farm and attending the public schools of Washington Township, at which he acquired a common school education. At seventeen years of age he began teaching school, but after having taught five terms he abandoned the profession. In 1881 he began the tanning business in his native township, wliich he continued until 1883, wlien he removed to York and engaged in his present occu- pation. His stable is located on Mason Alley, near the court-house. The marriage of Mr. Deardorfl to Miss Sarah E. Grove was solemnized in 1871. Mrs. Deardorfl is a native of York County. They have children as follows: Harvey, Kurvin, Arthur and George. Politically Mr. Deardorfl is a Republican. In 1876 he was elected justice of the peace, and re- elected in 1881, and held the office until his removal to York. L. T. DEININGER, president of the Vigilant Steam Fire Engine Company, No. 1, York, son of the late Rev. C. J. and Maria (Treat) Deininger. He was born at Bast Berlin, Adams County, August 24, 1847, and (with the exception of about six years of his boyhood, when he lived in the place of his birth and in Indiana County, Penn.) has always been a resident of York. His father and grand- father, both deceased, were well-known Lutheran clergymen, having been residents of York and Adams Counties, Penn., for more than fifty years. Mr. Deininger was educated at the public schools of York, the York County Academy, and the Penn- sylvania College at Gettysburg. In 1867 he engaged in the book and stationery business, which he still continues. He was married, October 20, 1870, to Laura C. Small, daughter of William Small, an old and much respected citizen of the Fourth Ward, York, lately deceased. To this marriage have been born two children; Ella T. and Horace S. In 1879 Mr. Deininffer became president of the "Vigilant Steam Fire Engine Company." He was made a Mason in 1872, and is a member of St. Paul's Luth- eran Church. SAMUEL DICK, merchant, son of Henry and Ellen (Plat) Dick, was born January 27, 1858, in York, Penn., and has always resided in York. He received his education at the public schools of York, and went to his trade, ornamental painter, when quite a young man. For ten years he had therespon- sible position of foreman in the painting department of A. B. Farquhar's Agricultural Works, which posi- tion he relinquished on account of his health, by advice of his physician. He then turned his atten- tion to the mercantile business, in which he is now engaged on North Duke Street extended. July 3, 1880, Mr. Dick married Mary Butcher, daughter of William and Elenora (Gemmell) Butcher, of Hope- well Township. Two children have blessed this union: William and Mollie. Samuel Dick, the grandfather of our subject, was the leading carriage builder in York in his time. HON. DANIEL DURKEE. Judge Durkee was of English descent, the family coming to America early in the eighteenth century, and settling in Windham, Conn. Here, his great-grandfather, Na- thaniel Durkee, was married, August 21, 1727, and from there his son Timothy (Judge Durkee' s grand- father) removed to Vermont while that State was yet a wilderness. His maternal grandfather, Elisha Rix, also went from Connecticut to Vermont about the same time, both families settling in the valley of White River. In their journey of about 200 miles, they were guided by marked trees. They settled on adjoining farms, granted by the government of New York, then claiming jurisdiction over the territory. The families were united by the marriaige of He- man, the eldest son of Timothy Durkee, to Susan, daughter of Elisha Rix. Heman succeeded to the Durkee farm, and both farms have remained in pos- session of members of the family until recently. Situated in the township of Royalton, they adjoin South Royalton, a thriving village and railroad cen- ter. Here Daniel Durkee, the subject of this sketch, was born on August 27, 1791. His father's death occurring when he was but a boy, the years of his early manhood were spent in the home and on the farm of his mother. He married, April 8, 1813, Mary, daughter of Capt. John Wright, of Nor- ' wich, Vt. A few years after his marriage he com- menced the study of law with Jacob CoUamer, of Royalton (afterward United States Senator from Vermont and postmaster-general), and Judge Hutch- inson, of Woodstock, Vt. He was admitted to the bar in Chelsea, Orange Co.. Vt., June 12, 1818, and opened an office in Williamstown in the same county. Desirous of settling in Pennsylvania, he left Williamstown the following December, and came to Lebanon, Penn., taking an office just va- cated by his brother-in-law, John AVright, Esq., who had removed to York. Some months later, illness in his family compelling Mr. Wright to return to New England, Judge Durkee came to York, where he continued to reside until his death. At that time, Lebanon was thoroughly German; so univer- sally was tliat language spoken there, that there was but one family in the town with whom the Durkee family could communicate in the English tongue; while in York there was a large English element, though the German was almost universally spoken in the surrounding country. Without any knowledge of that language, he soon became a pop- ular lawyer with the German population, and a suc- cessful practitioner. Pennsylvania thenceforth be- came the State of his adoption, but he was ever loyal to New England and to his native home, whicli continued to be the home of his mother until her death in 1852. It was his "Mecca." He never failed to go there annually (in the thirty-six years of his life in Pennsylvania), taking his family or several members of it with him in each alternate year. The New England festival "Thanksgiving" was always observed in his home, the appointment of the governor of Vermont being regarded, until in later years it became a national appointment. Judge Durkee was admitted to the bar in York County in 1820. In 1882 he was elected to the leg- islature. In 1833 he was appointed by Gov. Wolf judge of the district court. In 1835, the district court having been abolished, he was appointed pres- ident judge of the Nineteenth Judicial District, composed of the counties of York and Adams. He held the office for ten years, when, at the expiration of his term, he was succeeded by Judge Irwin. On the resignation of the latter in 1849, Judge Durkee was again appointed to the president judgeship, by Gov. Johnson, and held the office until 1851, when the judgeship, having been by a constitutional amendment, made elective, Judge Fisher was chosen to succeed him. He then resumed the practice of his profession, which he continued to the time of his death. He died November 23, 1854, aged sixty- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 15 three years and three months. Thus, for nearly half the entire period of his residence in Pennsyl- vania, Judge Durkee held the office of president judge. On the bench Judge Durliee was careful and painstaking, and showed great discrimination in separating, from the mass of less important mat- ters, the real points involved in the cases brought before him. In his charges he was remarkably happy, and successful in presenting cases to juries, and in enabling them to perform their duties intel- ligently, and in preventing them from falling into errors. Of eminent sagacity, clear perceptions and sound conclusions, he enjoyed during his official career the confidence and respect of the bar, and in a great degree that of the appellate court, which reviewed his judgments. As an evidence of the esteem in which he has been held, there is subjoined an extract from the York Gazette of September 34, 1839, which, as published by a political opponent of Judge Durkee, is all the more valuable a tribute to his worth: "We find in the Adams Sentinel of a late date, a communication in which the Hon. Daniel Durkee, president judge of this judicial dis- trict, is spoken of in terms of hi^h commendation. We feel proud of this justly merited tribute to the worth of one of our citizens; and here in York, where Judge Durkee is ' at home,' we feel sure that every word will be attested by every one who reads it. We hope that this district will not lose the serv- ices of so upright and excellent a judical officer un- der the operation of that provision of the new con- stitution, which limits the tenure of office of presi- dent judges of the courts of common pleas to ten years. Every friend of justice and morality, all who desire to see the bench occupied by a stern foe to vice and disorder, are interested in keeping the judicial ermine upon the shoulders of Judge Durkee." As a practicing lawyer, Judge Durkee always occupied a high position at the bars of York and Adams Counties. His specialty was the con- ducting of trials before juries. He managed his causes with great tact and judgment, and while at the bar always had a large portion of its forensic practice. Few causes of magnitude or importance were tried in which he was not one of the leading counsel. His influence with a jury, whether he ad- dressed them from the bar or charged them from the bench, seemed almost magical. Although Judge Durkee was not indebted to the culture of the schools, he had evidently practiced self-discipline long and carefully. But it was from nature he re- ceived his best gifts— gifts, the absence of which no amount of educational facilities can supply. The characteristics of his mind were clearness and orig- inality. Both these mental qualities, so rarely met, even singly, he possessed in a very considerable de- gree. They manifested themselves on the bench, at the bar, in social conversation, and even in casual re- marks, in the working out of his intellectual pro- cesses, in the language he selected, and in the fig- ures and illustrations he employed. For this reason he was always listened to with attention and inter- est. It was well known that there was no danger of being wearied by anything feeble or commonplace or obscure in what he said. Most frequently the products of his mind exhibited the freshness of vig- orous and independent thinking, were expressed in strong, idiomatic English, which, adapting itself to the tournure of the thought, fitted close to it, and conveyed to others his ideas with all the clearness in which they existed in his own mind, were eluci- dated by illvstrations, which were apt, striking, felicitous, and when the subject or occasion would admit, were enlivened by the scintillations of gen- uine wit. In his legal investigations and discus- sions he always sought for the reason of the law, and endeavored to be guided by principles rather ■than by discordant and irreconcilable decisions. With his great powers of mind, he united great kindness of heart and an eminently sympathetic and affectionate disposition, causing him to be beloved in his neighborhood and idolized in his family. Judge Durkee had none of the arts and stooped to none of the tricks and methods of the politician. His popularity grew out of his genial and kindly disposition, and his well-known integrity. In times like these, when the judicial office is becoming yearly more the object of a scramble by unworthy aspirants, it were well if his high example had more imitators. HENRY A. EBERT, retired merchant and a representative of one of the old families of York County, was born in West Manchester Township, December 10, 1841. He is a son of Henry and Sarah (Smyser) Ebert, the latter a daughter of Jacob Smy- ser, and born March 19, IS].'); the former was also born in West Manchester Township, February 13, 1809, and died March 38, 1884, Tlie paternal grandfather of Mr. Ebert was Adam Ebert, also a native of York County. The Ebert fariiily has been identified with the history of this county for more than 100 years. Our subject was educa- ted at the public schools and at the York County Academy. In 1864 he began the merchant tailoring business in York, and continued until 1878, when he retired from this business and began dealing in real estate. The marriage of Mr. Ebert occurred June 7, 1870, to Miss Mary L. Sheller, daughter of Dr. Sheller, of Lancaster County. They have three children, viz. : A. Laura. Ella V. and Harry Sheller. Politically Mr. Ebert is a Republican. Mr, Ebert is a member of the Lutheran Church and Mrs. Ebert is a member of the Presbyterian Church. EDWARD EBNER, of the firm of B. Noedel & Co., York, was born in Neun Kirchen, Austria, in 1848. His parents were Franz X., and Anna (Hass- lauer) Ebner, natives of the same country, and for over thirty-five .years engaged in the hotel business there; they are both .deceased. Edward was edu- cated, and until 1875 engaged in the mercantile trade in his native country. Immigrating to America, he located in Philadelphia, where he remained seven years, the five last years of which he was the man- ager of Charles Engel's restaurant. In 1882 he came to York and became associated, as partner, with B. Noedel, and in this connection he has re- mained up to the present time. Mr. Ebner was married in 1883 to Mrs. Mary A. Boll, widow of Jacob W. Boll, late of York. Mrs. Ebner's maiden name was Mary A. Brasch, and she is a native of York County. They are members of St. Mary's Catholic Church. CAPT. WILLIAM F. EICHAR, book-keeper, is a native of Mount Pleasant, Penn., born December 8, 1841, to Henry and Catherine (Lichty) Eichar. He is one of a numerous family and is of German descent. He remained in his-native township until 1861, when he enlisted in Company B, Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania Volunteers, for three years. He par- ticipated in the battles of Antietam, South Moun- tain, Boliver Heights and many other minor en- gagements. He was honorably discharged in 1864, and the following year came to York, where he has since lived. Soon after his removal to York he ac- cepted a position in the employ of A. B. Farquhar, and here continues. He is one of the most compe- tent and exact accountants in York, and enjoys the supreme confidence of his employers. He was mar- ried in 1864 to Miss Eliza B. Welty, who bore him six children. Mrs. Eichar died in 1879, and the fol- lowing year Mr. Eichar was united in marriage to Miss Maria C. Buckingham, a native of York County. One child has been born to this union, Mr. Eichar is a member of the Republican party. In 1878 he was elected assessor of the Second Ward. He is a member of the 6, A, R., Sedgewick Post, 16 YORK BOROUGH. No. 37. Mr. and Mrs. Eichar are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. HENRY W. EISENHART, foreman of the wood department of A. B. Parquhar's, was born in Adams County, Penn., in 1839, is a son of George and Mary (Wolf) Eisenhart and is of German extraction. His parents were born in Yorls; County, his father in 1805 and his mother in 1808. His paternal grandfather was Conrad Eisenhart, a native of Yorlt County. When Henry W. was about four years of age he was by his parents- removed from Adams County to Paradise Town- ship, York County, where he obtained a common school education. In 1858 he began learning the carpenter trade, and in 1861 went to Harrisburg and there continued his trade for about one year. He then came to York and remained a short time and then went to his native county. In 1865 he returned to York, and for five years was in the em- ploy of Shireman, HofEeins & Co. In 1873 he accepted his present position, and is the oldest foreman now in the employ of A. B. Parquhar & Co., has charge of sixty-tive men. He was married in 1863 to Miss Kate Nickey, a natjve of Adams County, and a daughter of John Nickey. They have one child, Albertus C. Politically Mr. Eisen- hart is a Democrat, and became an Odd Fellow in 1857. Mr. and Mrs. Eisenhart are members of the Reformed Church. C. A. EISENHART, D. D. S., was born in York County in 1844. His early life was passed as an assistant upon his father's farm until sixteen years of age, attending in the meantime the schools of his native county. Prior to his removal to Mar- shall, Mich., he was a teacher in the schools of West Manchester Township. A natural inclination for the profession of dentistry led him to become a student, and his close application and determined spirit enabled him to master it in all of its details. In 1860 he formed a co-partnership with Dr. Eggle- ston, which relationship was mutually beneficial, and the success of our subject farther advanced. Upon the dissolution of this firm Dr. Eisenhart returned to York, where he has since been In constant and continual practice. The success of Dr. Eisenhart has not been confined to the practical duties of his profession, but has extended into the field of in- vention. He made application for a patent upon a method for the application of electricity to supersede the use of anaesthetics in extracting and filling teeth. This invention has been wonderfully successful, and has met with a large sale among the dental profession, and has extended the fame of Dr. Eisenhart, and placed him among the leading dentists of Pennsylvania. Dr. Eisenhart is a citizen of worth and progression in all matters of public advancement. He has been a school director seven years, and president of the board of education, and interested in the Safe and Lock Works, and is presi- dent of the Park Loan & Building Association. December 5, 1873, he was united in wedlock with Miss Emma C, daughter of Charles and Catherine (Weiser) Pfahler, and a native of York County. They have four children: William S., Luther P., Jacob C. and Harry W. The family are members of the Lutheran Church, of which Dr. Eisenhart has been a teacher in the Sabbath-school for over ten years. „ .„ F. J. ELICK, proprietor of Blick's Tobacco Em- porium, was born in Philadelphia in 1850, and is a son of Christopher and Margaret (Walter) Elick. The parents of Mr. Elick were born in Germany and immigrated to America, and settled in Philadelphia, where the family resided until about 1853, when they removed to York. The subject of this sketch was educated at the public schools, and afterward learned the confectioner's trade, which he continued for some time, and then served an apprenticeship at the barber's trade. In 1870 he began business for himself. In 1881 he added to his barbering busi- ness a complete line of choice tobaccos and smoker's supplies, and made a specialty of meerschaum pipes. Mr. Elick was married in 1870 to Miss Emma Hil- debrand, of York County. They have two children: Laura and Mabel. Mr. Elick is a Mason and a member of the I. O. O. F. PHILIP H. EMIG was born in Codorus Town- ship, July 13, 1883, and is a son of Philip and Sarah (Shaffer) Emig. He is the seventh in a family of nine children, and is of German-English origin. His great-grandfather emigrated from Germany, and settled in North Codorus Township. His grand- father was Michael Emig. For more than 150 years the Emig family has been known in York County. His lather was born in Codorus Town- ship, and his mother in York. The father died in 1846, and the mother in- 1879. When our subject was about ten years of age he came to York, and here has since resided. At the age of fourteen years he began learning the shoemaker's trade, which he has since continued. The marriage of Mr. Emig occurred December 16, 1853, to Miss Ellen E. Beck, a native of York, Penn. 'To this union have been born six children, viz. : Calvin J., Virginia M., Mary E., Harry F., Sarah Kate and Emma. Politically Mr. Emig is a Republican. He has been a Sabbath- school teacher for more than twenty-five years, and is a highly esteemed citizen. DAVID EMMITT has for over half a century been identified with the business interests of York. He was born in York, January 37, 1819, and is a son of Jacob and Lydia (Ugenfritz) Emmitt, of Irish and German descent, His father, who was a rela- tive of Robert Emmitt, of Ireland, was one of the early men of York, and a soldier of the war of 1813, belonging to the "Independent Blues," a company of 300 men, of Baltimore. He was an active and respected citizen, and a resident of York until his death in 1865. 'The subject of this sketch received a good education, having the advantage of the schools of York and the York County Academy. He early learned the trade of carpenter, and followed that occupation from 1836 to 1849, when he em- barked in the grocery business, on the corner of Beaver and Philadelphia Streets, at which he has since been successfully engaged. Mr. Emmitt is a charter member of theMt. Zion Lodge, No. 74, 1. O. O. F., and a man who has done much to develop the moral interests of his native town. He has been identified for more than thirty-five years with St. Paul's Lutheran Church, and over thirty years as a member of the church council. He has been an active member and a liberal giver for all projects of true moral worth. In 1847 he was married to Miss Mary E. Rauss, daughter of Luke and Mary L. (Beitzel) Rauss. She was born in York, July 33, 1833, and is a descendant of families that have been long identified with the history of York County. MICHAEL H. ENGLE was born in Ridgeville, Lancaster Co., Pa., September 31, 1851, is a son of Daniel M. and Mary (Hoffman) Engel, and is of Swiss-German descent. His parents were born in Lancaster County. Our subject received a common school education at Millersville, Penn. In 1870 he be- gan the tobacco business, and in 1878 came to York, and continued that business. He was married in 1874 to Miss Melvina A. Blake, a native of York County. They have three children: N. D., Mary M. and M. R. Mrs. Engle is engaged in the milli- nery and notion business, and at her store can be found at all times a full stock of choice goods. Mr. Engle is a Republican. D. M. ETTINGER, civil engineer, and native of Hppewell Township, was born September 13, 1806, to Adam and Elizabeth (Miller) Ettinger. He is one of fourteen children and is of old German BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. n stock. The parents of Mr. Ettinger were both born in York County. His father died in 1877 and his mother^ in 1855. His maternal grandfather was a soldier in the Revolutionary war. At an early age, D.M. Ettinger began teaching school and continued to teach for about tliirty years, and was one of the most successful teachers of the day and one of the most popular York County ever had. For fourteen years he was a teacher in the York County High School. In 1853 he was employed by the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, as civil engineer. For over forty years he has been acting in the capacity of surveyor and engineer, and is unquestionably one of the most accurate civil engiueers of Pennsylvania. Mr. Ettinger was married, in 1830, to Miss Lovinia Toomy , a native of York County. To this marriage were born seven children, viz.: Alvina, Martin L., Sarah, Josephine (deceased), Newton (deceased), Daniel (deceased), and Paul (deceased). Mrs. Et- tinger died October 4, 1883. Mr. Ettinger was for- merly a Whig but is now a thorougli Republican. Although he is passing into the "sere and yellow leaf," his years sit lightly upon him. ELIAB EYSTBR, proprietor of the Eyster House, was born in Jackson Township, York Co., Penn., in 1840. His parents, Peter and Sarah E. (Spangler) Eyster were both bornin York County, the father in 1811 and the mother in 1814. The Eysters are of Swiss origin, and our subject is the second in a family of five children. His paternal grandfather was a soldier in the Revolutionary war. The mother of Mr. Eyster died in 1859 and his father in 1871. Mr. Eyster worked for his father on the fa,rra until his nineteenth year, when he began farming for himself, and this he continued until 1870, when he removed to York and began the hotel business, in what was known as the American House, but in 1877 the name was changed to that of Eyster House which it has since borne. During the years 1871 and 1872, Mr. Eyster was engaged in the iron ore busi- ness at Roth's Ore Bank. In 1880 he was engaged in the manufacture of washing machines, in part- nership with Messrs. Becker and Baer. He was united in marriage in 1861 to Miss Sarah A. Stover, a native of Jackson Township. They have three children: Emma J., Elmyra E. and Peter E. Mr. Eyster is a Democrat and manifests much interest in general politics. In 1872 he was made a member of the Masonic fraternity. ROBERT J. FISHER. A large part of the judicial history of York County, is inseparably associated with the career of Hon. Robert J. Fisher, who, for more than thirty years, presided over its courts. On the 4th day of November, 1838, when twenty-two years of age, he was admitted to prac- tice jn the several courts of York County. He had received a thorough legal education, at the Yale Law School, New Haven, Conn., and in the office of his father, a widely known and honored attorney of Harrisburg. For twenty- three years he worked diligently at the bar, attaching to himself by his integrity and ability a large clientage and a host of friends. In 1851, he was elected to the bench of the Nineteenth Judicial District, composed then of the counties of York and Adams. Being twice re- elected (1861 and 1871), he was, until 1875, the only law judge of the two counties, accomplishing a vast amount of labor, and rendering with promptness and widely recognized learning, decisions which have commanded general respect. His rulings have almost universally been upheld by the appellate tribunals, and bis opinions have been quoted as an authority, in this and other States, with more fre- quency than those of almost any other contemporan- eous nisi prius judge. Although an earnest Dem- ocrat, during his official career, he carefully ab- stained from all connection with politics. Judge Fisher possessed; in an unusual degree, the rare ability of viewing a question impartially and decid- ing on principle uuiiffected by prejudice or feai". Particularly was this characteristic strikinirly illus- trated in his co\irse during the Rebellion. Now that the intense excitement and intolerant partisanship of thetimehavepassed away, his undevinting adher- ence to the established principles of the common law, appears most admiraiile. Though a decided and uncompromising Unionist, he was,nevei theless, determined in his opposition to every unwarrantable encroachment of the military upon the civil power. When passion and fear deprived others of their judgment, he seems never to have lost his cool dis- cretion, either in the presence of Federal soldiers or rebel invaders. On one occa.sion, a citizen had been illegally arrested by the military authorities at the hospital on the commons, and a writ of habeas corpus was taken out in his behalf. Upon its return, the prisoner was brought into court by a squad of soldiers with fixed bayonets. That show of force, however, failed to affect the action of the Court. Promptly he required the soldiers to recog- nize civil authority, saying that as citizens they had a right to be tbere, but as armed men they must withdraw. After a hearing the prisoner was released. At the time of the Confederate occupation of York, in 1863, the rebel commander sent to Judge Fisher for the keys of the court house. He replied that he did not have them, and that the commis- sioners were the only legal custodians of the public buildings; upon another summons being sent, how- ever, he went with the messenger and found that the soldiers had in some way obtained admission to the protlionotary's office and were preparing to de- stroy the records there deposited. As the chief judicial magistrate of the county, he warmly expos- tulated against the destruction of these valuable evidences, the loss of which would be irremediable. The General, at first said it would only be just retaliation for the depredations of the northern armies in the South, but after a long discussion, the judge compelled him to acknowledge the unlawful- ness of all such acts of useless plunder, and per- suaded him to witlidraw his men. The records and valuable documents of the county were thus saved by the coolness and firmness of the venerable judge. There are several other occasions, which many citizens recall during those turbulent times, when he showed like remarkable courage, fai ing mobs with fearless dignity, and with unusual mild- ness, but at the same time unusual determination, maintaining order and in.sisting upon the supremacy of the civil law. Judge Fisher comes of one of thfe oldest and most respectable families of the State. Born in Harrisburg, May 6, 1806, he is the son of George Fisher, Esq., and Ann Shipper, daughter of Robert Strettell Jones of Burlington, N. J. He was baptized Robert Strettell Jones Fisher, but dropped the second name early in life. His maternal grand- father was a member of the New Jersey Legislature, and secretary of the Committee of Safety in 1776. His great-grandfather.Isaao Jones, was twice mayor of Philadelphia (1767 and 1768), and a member of the common council in 1764. His great-great-grand- father Fisher was one of the original company of Quakers, who came from England with William Penn, in 1682, and who laid out the city of Phila- delphia. His grandfather, George Fisher, received from his father a large tract of land in Dauphin County, upon which he laid out the borough of Middletown. Judge Fisher was twice married, and in the quiet scenes of domestic life he always experi- enced great satisfaction. His first wife, Catharine, daughter of Horatio Gates Jameson, M. D., became the mother of eight children, and died in 1850. In 1853 he married Mary Sophia, daughter of Ebenezer Cadwell of Northbrldge, Mass., who bore Mm two children. His eldest son, George Fisher, Esq., is a 18 YORK BOROUGH. well established member of the York County bar, and his other son, Robert J. Fisher, Jr., having been for several years connected with the patent office, is now one of the three examiners-in-chief. In matters of religion, Judge Fisher has always been eminently catholic. From childhood.his associ- ations have been largely with the Protestant Epis- copal denominations, although particularly char- itable toward those of different faith and order, and a frequent attendant at their services. In 1870, he became a communicant member of St. John's Church in York, has been for many years a vestry- man, and was the first chancellor of the diocese of central Pennsylvania. GEORGE FISHER, attorney at law, was born at York, Penn., on the 29th of September. 1836, and is a son of Hon. Robert J. Fisher, and his wife Catharine, who was a daughter of Horatio Gates Jameson, Sr., M. D., a distinguished surgeon and physician of Baltimore. In April, 1847, George was entered a student at the York County Academy, then under the direction of the venerable Rev. Stephen Boyer. From 1851 to 1853, he was a stu- dent at Sherwood School, at that time a flourishing institution of learning in the vicinity of York, un- der the direction of Maj. Bland, who was at one time an officer in the British Army of that rank. From 1853 to 1854, he was a student at the Colle- giate Institute, Northampton. Mass. In 1854 he was admitted to the class of 1859, at Yale College. In October, 1856, he removed to Iowa City, and held a position in the office of Hon. Elijah Sells, then secretary of state of Iowa. In 1857 he commenced the study of the law in York under the direction of his father, Hon. Robert J. Fisher, who was then and had been for several "years, and for more than twenty years afterward, president judge of the Nineteenth Judicial District of Pennsylvania, and in 1859 he was admitted to the bar of the county of York. In 1863 he was clerk to the board of reve- nue commissioners of the State of Pennsylvania. Said board was abolished by act of the General Assembly approved April 13, 1864, and the powers thereof vested in the State treasurer, auditor-gen- eral, and secretary of the commonwealth. In 1869 he removed to Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Penn., and engaged in the practice of the law. In 1873 he was a candidate for district attorney of Monroe County. There being four candidates before the people for the office, he failed of an election by forty votes. In 1873 he returned to York and resumed the prac- tice of the law there. In 1875-76 he was a clerk of the house of representatives of Pennsylvania, and during part of the session of 1876-77, journal clerk. In 1871 Mr. Fisher married Mary, daughter of Rob- ert Barry, of Baltimore, Md.. and continues to re- side and practice his profession in York. JOEL B. FISHER, carpenter and builder, was born in York County, April 8, 1836, and is a son of Seth and Mary (RatclifE) Fisher. He is one of a numerous family, and is of English extraction. His father was born in York in 1798, and his mother was born in Virginia. At seventeen years of age he began learning the carpenter's trade and this has been his life work. In 1866 he was married to Miss Christiana R. Gotwalt, daughter of Jacob Gotwalt, of York. To this marriage have been born four children, viz.: William H., Charles A., Annie C. and Mary E. He is a Republican and a member of the Lutheran Church, of which his wife is also a member. Mr. Fisher, though in the humble walks of life, "is an Influential and highly respected citizen. F. IF. PLINCHBATJGH lis a son of F. F. and Mary*(Kindig) Flinchbaugh of Hopewell Township, where our subject was born February 18, 1818, and was reared on a farm. He received a limited edu- cation, as school advantages were very poor when he was a boy. His first regular work was for the firm of P. A. & S. Small, and it is worthy of men- tion here that Mr. Flinchbaugh remained in the service of this firm forty-eight years, nine months and sixteen days, and as an evidence of their appre- ciation of his long and faithful service they pre- sented him with an elegant gold watch. Some of the newspapers of York gave full account of the event at the time it occurred. Mr. F. was married three times. His first wife was Sarah Corpman, of York, who bore him one child, Catherine (de- ceased); his second wife was Mary Morthland. Five children were born to this union: Annie M. E., Emma E., Lyddie, William R. (deceased), Freder- ick M. (deceased). His third wife was Louisa Fei- ser, and to this marriage were born Frederick L., EUsie R. and an infant boy (deceased). Mr. 'Flinch- baugh is a prominent member of the First United Brethren Church. He was the first member of the First United Brethren Church as well as the oldest. S. S. FLINCHBAUGH, a native of Hopewell Township, is a son of Samuel D. and Lydia (Strayer) Flinchbaugh, and was born in 1848. The father was a farmer of Hopevrell until 1868, and died in York Township, in 1876 ; his widow is still living. S. S. Flinchbaugh, the eighth of ten children, remained on the farm until twenty-one years old, and then for six years taught school in different localities. He next farmed a year or more, and then, in 187'?, commenced the manufacture and sale of cigars in York Township ; in 1878, he manufactured for six months in Dallastown, and then returned to York Township and employed five or six hands in his business. In 1881, he moved his headquarters to York Borough, and for one year was located on George Street, In 1883, he built his present factory at 136 and 128 Maple Street, where, and at his.branch in York Township, he employs from thirty to torty hands. In addition to manufacturing cigars, he deals largely in leaf tobacco, and has been alto- gether successful in his business transactions. He was married in 1881, to Miss Alice Scratz, from Lower Windsor. Mr. and Mrs. Flinchbaugh are members of the United Brethren Church, and Mr. Flinchbaugh has served as Assessor of York Town- ship. SILAS H. FORRY was born in York, Penn., on September 36, 1838. He is the son of Abraham Forry, who was a prominent citizen of York, and five times elected to the office of chief burgess. He died in October, 1872, leaving to survive him Silas H. Forry and Elizsbeth A. Porry, who was after- ward married to Col. William L, Peiper, of Lancas- ter Cit3^ now deceased. The subject of this sketch passed his earlier life in the common schools and subsequently, for several years, was a pupil of the York County Academy, where he graduated at the age of eighteen. Having selected the practice of law as his profession he entered the office of V. K. Keesey, Esq., a prominent and well-known lawyer of York, under whose instructions he was qualified for admission to the bar. On May 38, 1861, having passed a creditable examination, he was admitted t* the bar, and immediately thereafter commenced the practice of law in York, and has continued therein up to the present time. Being a Republican he has never held any political office in Democratic York County, although in 1866 he received the nomina- tion, by his party, as district attorney for the county. He was one of the organizers of the West- ern National Bank, of York, in which he- served as director for several years. He subsequently became a director in the Farmers' National Bank, of York, in which capacity he still is serving. In 1865 he was elected secretary of the York County Mutual Insur- ance Company, and has filled that office ever since; he is also the legal solicitor of this company. Mr. Forry was united in marriage with Miss Lucy A., daughter of William and Susan Hoke, of York BIOaRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 19 County. From this union have been born five children, three of whom are living, viz. : Mary Sue, Bessie and Lucy A. Ferry. Mr. Ferry has alway sta- kett an active interest in St. Paul's Lutheran Church, of whiob ha is a member. He has served as deacon of this church aad has taken a leading part in the Sunday-school work. DAVID P. FRAlfK was born in Hanover, Pennsylvania, and is a son of Peter and Eliza- beth (Graybill) Frank. He received his educa- tion in the schools of Hanover; was apprenticed and learned the blacksmith trade witlx- his father, and after becoming a proficient and skillful work- man, engaged at his trade in Hanover until 18St, when he removed to York. Here he has established a blacksmith and a";ricultural implement repair shop, and is widely known and doing a thriving business in his line. Mr. Prank was united in mar- riage April 27, 1882, with Miss Emma H., daughter of Henry Myers, of York. ALEXANDER J. PREY (deceased), was a na- tive of York, born in 1818 to Jacob and Catherine (Hoover) Prey. He was the fifth in a family of six children, and was of German extraction. He at- tended the early schools of York and received a good common school education. In early life he served an apprenticeship at the hatter's trade, and subsequently began the manufacture of hats upon his own responsibility, and this he successfully con- tinued for many years. He was for more than twenty years a director of the York National Bank. He was a man of excellent business qualifications, and one of the most successful business representa- tives of this section of Pennsylvania. Politically he was a Democrat until 1850, and during the latter portion of his life, he was identified with the Re- publican party and took a prominent part in all questions of State and national issue. He was post- master at York during Lincoln's administration, and managed the affairs of that position success- fully. The marriage of Mr. Frey was solemnized in 1845 to Miss Sophia Schall, of York, a daughter of Joseph and Mary Schall, and born in 1819. To Mr. and Mrs. Frey were born seven children, viz. : Isabel, Joseph, Emma, Mary, Benton, John and Anna. Mr. Frey died in 1883, a leading member of St. Paul's Church. Mrs. Frey is also a member of that denomination. WILLIAM FRYSIN(JBR, manufacturer and dealer in carpets, is a native of Hanover, York County, born in 1821 and is a son of George and Elizabeth Frysinger, also natives of the county. The father was in the iron trade and manufacturer of carriages. William learned the printer's trade which he followed only a short time in Hanover. Came to Yorli in 1840, where he has since resided. First engaged at merchandising with John Stine until 1854. He then continued the business with John P. Stine until 1868. He then commenced the carpet trade ; he commenced the manufacture in 1873, and has increased since. He sold out the retail trade in 1883, and is now devoting his entire time to manufacturing. He has in employ about 100 skilled hands, and has in all about 800 hands manufactur- ing rag and jute carpets. His works are the largest in the world in this line. He ships all over the United States, using 300 tons of new rags per an- num and 150,000 pounds of cotton and woolen yarns; sales amounting to $150,000 per annum. Mr. Frysinger married, in 1843, Henrietta Stine, of York. They have five children: Francis, Horatio, Elizabeth, Hettie and Alice. Mr. Frysinger and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, Mr. Frysinger having been a member over forty years. ELI F. GROVE, agent of Singer Sewmg Machine Company, was born in Hopewell Township, York County, in 1853. He is the son of Henry and Mary (Strayer) Grove, natives of the county. He came to York in 1873 and engaged in the sewing machine business (Howe agency), and has been for the past nine years agent for the Singer Machine Company for York and Adams Counties. They have a branch at Gettysburg. Mr. Gro^e was married in 1877 to Lucy Peeling, of York. Has always done a large trade and is an enterprising young man. He has devoted his entire time to his business, and estab- lished a large trade, having eight wagons, and has sold up to the present time over 8,000 machines. S. M. GABLE, wholesale and retail druggist, was born in Windsor Township. York County, March 21, 1847, to Valentine and Mary (Miller) Gable. Subject's father was born in Hopewell Township in 1809, and his mother the same year in Windsor Township. This family has been prominently con- nected with the history of York County for more than a century. The early life of our subject was spent in his native township. At eighteen years of age he began teaching school in Spring Garden Township. There h« remained two years and then went to Lancaster County, and continued teaching for a number of years, and in the meantime he attended the State Normal School at MillersviUe. In 1872 he came to York and taught one y^ear, and then went to New Albany, Ind., remained two years and then returned to York and in 1879 began the drug business. He has one of the ohqicest lines of drugs to be found in York, and his atore is a credit to the town. In 1883 he graduated from the Maryland College of Pharmacy, at Baltimore. He was married Centennial year to Miss Alice Peelingv a native of York Township, and daughter of John Peeling. Mr. Gable was for many years one of the leading teachers of Pennsylvania. He still mani- fests great interest in the cause of education. Mr. and Mrs. Gable are members of the Methodist Epis- copal Church. I. 0. GABLE, M. D., whose portrait, as one of the leading representative physicians of York, ap- pears in this work, is a native of York County and was born in Windsor Township June 26, 1849. His ancestors, who were of German and Swiss' descent, immigrated to America about the middle of the seventeenth century; his paternal grandfather was a soldier in the American Revolution and fought under Gen. Anthony Wayne in the war against the Indians. The subject of our sketch received his preliminary education in his native county and in the State Normal School at MillersviUe, Lancaster County. In 1867 he began teaching in the schools of Spring Garden Township, and subsequently be- came the principal of the schools of Port Royal, Juniata County, Penn., and Murray, Ind. On July 4, 1871, Dr. Gable began a tour through the Western States and the Indian Territory, acting a portion of the time as a newspaper correspondent. After three years' travel, visiting the leading cities and towns and gathering much useful information, he determined to return to York and engaged in the profession of medicine. With Dr. J. W. Kerr, of York, he finished a course of preliminary reading, and in September, 18'75, he went to Philadelphia and under the preceptorship of Dr. Charles T. Hunter, late chemical surgeon in the University of Pennsyl- vania, continued his studies in that city until he was graduated from the university March 12, 1877, subsequently taking a post graduate course in his alma mater, devoting most of his time to the special study of general surgery in that institution and in the surgical dispensary of the Pennsylvania Hospital. Dr. Gable located for practice in York in November, 1877, where he has since been actively engaged and has established a most successful gen- eral practice. His special professional taste, how- ever, apparently inclines in favor of surgery. He is a young man of untiring energy and a devoted YORK BOKOUGH. student to his chosen profession. In person Dr. Gable is a genial gentleman and thoroughly pro- gressive; is a member of the National State and County Medical Association, and a member of the Presbyterian Church of York. A. F. GEESEY, ex-treasurer of York County, •was born in YorkTo-wnship, this county, November 81, 1841, son of Jonathan and Sarah (Plinchbaugh) Geesey. He is one of a family of ten children and is of Swiss extraction. His parents -were also born in York County, Penn. The father -was born in 1809 and died in 1877, and the mother was born in 1807. The paternal grandfather of our subject was born in this county. The Geesey family came to York County in 1732 and made settlement about eight miles southeast of York. A. F. Geesey worked on the farm until seventeen years of age, and then in a store for two }'ears, after which he began teaching school. In 1864 he enlisted in Com- pany K, One Hundred and Third Pennsylvania Veterans, and served one year. Upon returning home he taught school one year and then engaged in general merchandising at Dallastown, York Co., Penn., which he continued- nine years. In 1876 he came to York, Penn., where he has since resided. Mr. Geesey has always been a Democrat, and for several years has been one of the leaders of that party in York County. In 1878 he was elected treasurer of Tork County. In 1866 he married B. Ellen Howis, a native of this county, and they have one child, Clarence A. Mr. Geesey is a Mason. He and his wife are members of the Lutheran Church. DANIEL L. GLATFELTEE, son of Elijah and Mary (Lef ever) Glatf elter, was born in York County, April |18, 1846, was educated at the public schools, and until the age of fifteen years assisted on the home farm. He then began lite on his own account, and is now one of the most successful farmers in the township. In 1881 he formed a co-partnership with John Waltz and "William Miller, erected a building at York, procured the proper machinery and engaged in the manufacture of paint; he still retains his interest in this business in conjunction with his extensive farming interests. In November, 1870, Mr. Glatfelter married Miss Annie, daughter of George Pfaltzgraff. GEORGE GBAYBILL is a native of York County, born in 1846, and son of Samuel and Chris- tianna(Zeigler)Graybill, both natives of the county. His father was a farmer and horticulturist of West Manchester. He died August, 1882. Mother died about 1856; four children were born to them, our subject being the youngest. He was reared on a farm and nursery until fourteen years of age. He received a good education in the common schools and the York County Academy, At the age of fif- teen, he commenced to learn the milling trade, at which he was employed until 1862, when he enlisted in Coinpany A, One Hundred and Sixty-sixth Reg- iment,Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, as corporal, and was with regiment until it was mustered out luly, 1863. He was a participant in the following engagements: siege of Suffolk, Carrsville, Frank- -in. Black Water River and several minor engage- ments. He then went to a military school for a few months in Philadelphia, and in August, 1864, here- enlisted in the Two Hundredth Pennsylvania Volun- teer Infantry as private, and was promoted to first sergeant, servingwilh this regiment until May 1865, taking part in various engagements, Petersburg, Fort Steadman, Hatches Run, Jerusalem Plank Road, Fort Hell, capture of Petersburg and the sur- render of Gen. Lee. In April 18, 1865, he was com- missioned second lieutenant of the Third United States colored troops, and served until November, 1865. Upon his return he went to Reading and grad- uated from the People's Business College. Return- ing to York, he was engaged as a clerk, until 1870^ when he engaged in the fire and life insurance busi- ness, at which he has since been engaged. He rep- resents nine fire, two life, and one-plate glass com- pany — all good companies representing $28,000,- 000 capital. Mr. Graybill is an active business man and does large business. He has served on the town council. He has been an officer in various militia organizations and is now State treasurer and member of the executive committee of the State Volunteer Fire Association, and president of the Fireman's Union of York. D.K.GOTWALD,M.D., isasonof Rev. L.A.Got- wald, D. D., and Mary A. (King) Gotwald, of York, and was born in Cumberland County, Penn., in 1860. He received his education in York, attending^ the academy and college, subsequently entering the drugstore of H. C. Blair's Sons of Philadelphia, where he remained two years. Deciding upon the profession of medicine, he entered the office of Dr. Jacob Hay, remained under his instructions until he graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, receiving the first prize, in 1882. He then entered the Philadelphia Hospital, where he remained one year. In 1883 he commenced the practice of his chosen profession in York,where he is still engaged. Dr. Gotwald is a member of the York County Med- ical Society, and a young man of promise. He was united in marriage September 6, 1883, with Miss Julia Kurtz, daughter of William H.Kurtz of York. They have one child. H. J. GRESLY, green-grocer and provision dealer, was born in York in 1834, son of Andrew and Rosanna (Schrum) Gresly, and is of Geiman origin. He is the eldest in a family of eight chil- dren. His father was born in Baden, Germany, in 1801. and his mother in Wurtemburg, in 1803. 'The Gresly family came to America in 1832, and settled in western Pennsylvania for a time and subse- quently came to York County. By occupation the father of Mr. Gresly was a butcher. He died in York, in 1882. The mother died in 1853. The sub- ject of this biography was reared in York, and here he attended the common schools. He learned the butcher's trade with his father. In 1853 he entered the United States Navy and for three years and four months was on the United States Frigate "Savannah," on the coast of Brazil. In 1856 became to America and in 1857 went to Decorah, Iowa, and there engaged in the butchering business, and there remained until 1859, when he returned to York. In 1862 he again joined the United States Navy, and was on the United States steamship "New Iron- sides." Serving fourteen months he returned to Yorkand engaged in hispresent business, which he has since continued. He has also been, and is en- gaged in the cattle business. The marriage of Mr. Gresly was solemnized in 1857, to Mis-s Anna M^ Jamison, of York, Penn. To this union were born four children, as follows: David A., Bertha L., Nellie G. and R. J, Mrs. Gresly died in 1874, and in 1880 Mr. Gresly was married to Miss Mary H. Snyder, of Hanover, Penn. Politically Mr. Gresly is a Republican. In 1879 he was elected chief burgess of Tork and re-elected in 1883. He is the only Republican elected to this office in York since 1862. He is a member of the G. A. R., and of the Lutheran Church. He is a successful and leading citizen. Mr. Gresly had a brother killed in the Mountain Meadow massacre in Utah, in 1857, and another brother died in the famous prison at Andersonville in 1£64. JOHN K. GROSS, passenger and freight agent for the Pennsylvania and Northern Central Rail- ways, was born in Harris-burg, Penn., in 1845, son of D. W. and Elizabeth (Kunkel) Gross and is of French- Swiss extraction. His father was bora nearHarrisburg,Penn.,in 1810,andlhis mother in the BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 21 «ameviciaity in 1832, and died in 1883. The Gross and Kunkel families have long been recognized as early settlers of this part of the Pennsylvania com- monwealth. John K. Gross was educated at Frank- lin and Marshall College, from which he graduated with honors in 1867, and then began the study of law in Harrisburg under the guidance of John C. Kunkle, who died soon afterward. Mr. Gross then continued his studies under Judge Simonton. In 1873 he came to York and the following year was appointed aMnt for the Pennsylvania and Northern ■Central Railway Companies at this place and has since held that position. In Mr. Gross the railway companies have a most faithful and trusted employe and under his administration their business has been greatly increased at this place. Mr. Gross was mar- ried in 1874 to A.unie Mesick, daughter of Rev. John F. Mesick, who for many years was pastor of the Reformed Church of Harrisburg, Penn. They have four children: Elsie K., Janet P., John M. and Margaret Perrine. Mr. Gross is a Republican and for many years has taken much interest in State «nd national politics and has always been an earnest Cameron advocate. He is a Mason. Mr. and Mrs. Gross arj mambers of the Presbyterian Churcli. PROF. GEORGE W. GROSS, 4. M., principal of the York County Academy, was born in Jack. ^ . A/z^tA^-'-^L^ BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 31 father of the subject of this sketch, was horn Au- gust 18. 1787, and died October 29, 1849, aged sixty- two years, two months and eleven days. He fol- lowed the two occupations of miller and farmer at theLoucks' homestead. Repurchased agreatdealof real estate, and at his death owned the mill property. He was married to Susanna Weltzhoffer, of Hellam Township, and had three sons and four daughters. Zachariah K. Loucks, the subject of this sketch, was born March 14, 1832, on the place where he now resides. He received his education in the York County Academy, under Rev. Stephen Boyer. For a number of years was a class-mate of Prof. Kirk- wood, now the famous astronomer and mathema- tician. He commenced business in York first as a clerk with the firm of Schriver, Loucks & Co., and afterward was a clerk for Loucks & Becker at the old Manor Furnace in Chanceford Township, where he remained one year. He then entered the store of Henry Becker in York until 1839, when he re- turned to his home in Spring Garden Township, and attended to the duties of the grist-mill and farm un- til his father's death. After this event he and his brother. Henry I., succeeded their father in business at the old homestead, where they still reside, about one mile north of York, along the line of the North- ern Central Railroad. In his new and elegant man- sion, built in 1881, with its large piazzas, porticoes and beautiful lawn around it, he is afforded all the comforts, conveniences and enjoyments of rural life. For many years he turned his attention closely to farming and milling. Here, on this site, was erected one of the first grist-mills west of the Susquehanna. The old two-story mill, distillery and saw-mill were destroyed by fire on April 29, 1864. The present commodious, five-story brick mill was built during the fall of 1864, at a cost of $30,000. It contains the latest improvements of milling machinery, and has a capacity of 150 barrels of flour in twenty -four hours. During the past twenty years it has been leased by P. A. & S. Small, of York. Cars are pulled by water power to the mill, over a switch from the Northern Central Railway to load flour. In connection with milling and farming, Mr. Loucks has been largely engaged in other business. At the time of the organization of the First National Bank of York, in 1863, he was elected a director. He was afterward elected vice-president, and in the year 1877 was chosen president of that institution, and now occupies that position. He was a director and general financier of the York & Peach Bottom Railway when it was built; for many years a mem- ber of the board of directors of York County Agri- cultural Society, and is a life member of the same; one of the projectors and is now president of the Chanceford Turnpike Company and a director; was a director of the York City Market until its comple- tion, when he resigned; is vice-president of the Penn Mutual Horse Insurance Company of York, and is largely engaged in the real estate business. Mr. Loucks was married January 5, 1843, to Sarah Ann, daughter of Col. Michael Ebert, of Spring Garden. Ske was born March 18, 1833. Their eld- est son, Alexander, resides in Manchester Town- ship, and was married to Catharine Wambaugh. They have four children: Harry, William, Annie and Isabel. George B., the second son of Z. K. and Sarah Ann Loucks, was married to Susan Jane Slyera. He resides at Hellam Station. Edward, the third son, is at home. Z. K. Loucks, Jr., the fourth son, is a law student in Philadelphia, and faduated with high honors from the College of ew Jersey, at Princeton. Isabella, the only daugh- ter, was married to John W. Kohler, and died at the age of twenty-seven, leaving two children: Will- iam I. and Edwin. Mr. Loucks, as a business man, has had an active and prosperous career. He is possessed of good judgment, keen discrimination and excellent financial and executive abilities. In politics he was originally an active Whig, cast his first presidential vote for Gon. Harrison, and was an enthusiastic advocate of Henry Clay's election. He is now an ardent advocate of the principles of the Republican party. CASPER LOUCKS, born in York County, June 4, 1834, is a son. of William and Elizabeth (Spang- ler) Loucks, and assisted his father, who was a farmer and distiller, until twenty-six years of age, then managed the home farm himself five years, removed to York in 18 — and engaged in the mann- facture of all kinds of crackers and cakes for five years; subsequently erected a building and removed to his present location, southwest corner of South George and Maple Streets, where he opened a pop manufactory and beer-bottling establishment, and is doing an extensive business. He was married March 24, i861, to Annie M., daughter of Israel Fis- sel, and they have seven children: Elizabeth, Will- iam, Ida May, Katie, Mary, Edward and Charles. Mr. Loucks has been an active member of the Re- formed Church for many years. FRANKLIN LOUCKS, born in York County September 27, 1834, is a son of Peter and Maria Loucks, was brought up on his father's farm in West Manchester Township, and followed farming on the homestead until 1869, then moved to York and engaged in business as a member of the firm of Fahs, Smith & Co., dealers in coal, and, subsequent- ly, dealt also quite extensively in grain, flour and feed. At the end of five years he severed his con- nection with that firm, formed a partnership with Bender Bros, in the flour, feed and grain business; sold his interest in the firm in 1883; bought a lot on West Philadelphia Street, and erected a commodi- ous warehouse, where he has built up an extensive trade in the same business. He was married Feb- ruary, 1857, to Mary A., daughter of Adam and Eliza Smyser, and they have had five children: Eliza (deceased), Charles A. (deceased), Anna and Sallie and William F. He is a member of the Lu- theran Church. GEORGE W. S. LOUCKS is a prominent young business man and identified with the develop- ment of the manufacturing interests of York. He was born in Baltimore, Md., September 29, 1856, and with his parents came to York County, in 1865. He received his education in the schools of York County, finishing his studies at the York County Academy. After finishing his studies he engaged with P. H. Glatfelter at paper manufacturing, continuing until 1878 when he became an assistant of his father, who had purchased an interest in the York Manufacturing Company, and in 1881 he be- came a partner. . This company is extensively en- gaged in the manufacture of steam engines, water- wheels andmill machinery, and employs about forty hands. Mr. Loucks was united in marriage May 23, 1883, with Anna N. Lord of Baltimore, Md. Mr. Loucks is a Knight Templar and also an en- campment member of the I. O. O. F. HUGH W. McCALL, attorney at law, was born in Lower Chanceford Township, York Co.^ Penn., June 15, 1839, is a son of James L. and Sarah D. (Whiteford) McCall, and is of Scotch- Irish and English descent. The father of Mr. Mc- Call was born in Lower Chanceford Township, January 9, 1806, and his mother was born in Harford County, Md., in 1805. The McCall family has been identified with the history of York County for more than 150 years, and the maternal grandfather of our subject was a soldier in the war of 1812. Receiving an academical education, Mr. McCall went, in 1861, to Mansfield, Ohio, and took up the study of law, under Judge 'Thomas W. Bartley, ex- governor of Ohio. Our subject in 1863 enlisted in Oapt. Miller's company, which was at that tim« 32 YORK BOROUGH. ordered to the defense of Cincinnati which was threatenedbyKirbySmith;in this capacity he served for thirty days, and returned to Mansfield and re- sumed his legal studies, which he continued until 1863, when he came to York County, wliere he raised and organized Company A,of the Twenty-first Penn- sylvania Cavalry, commanded by Col. W. H. Boyd, until he was severely wounded at Cold Harbor. Mr. McCall was commissioned captain February 19, 1864, and this position he held until the close of the war. He completed the study of the law in the oflBce of Hon. Tbomas E. Cochran of York, and was admitted to the bar August 27, 1866, and has since continued the practice of his profession. He is a Republican, and in 1868 was a delegate of the National Republican Convention at Chicago. He was married in 1871 to Miss Rachel E. Kell, a native of Franklin County, Penn. Their children are as follows: James S., born August 15, 1872; Hugh C, March 17, 1874, and Samuel K., April 9, 1876. Mr. and Mrs McCall are members of the Presbyterian Church. DR. HENRY MILLER McCLELLAN, de- ceased, was a prominent physician of his day. He was born October 12, 1809, in York, Penn., and was a son of Robert and Sarah (Miller) McClellan. Robert MoClellan died March 12, 1813, and his widow was subsequently married to Dr. William Jamison, of York, with whom our subject prose- cuted his medical sturiies. He was also a student of the Medical College of Baltimore, and a graduate of that institution. He began the practical duties of his profession immediately after graduation, and until his death was untiring in his devotion to his duty. He was a skillful practitioner and achieved an enviable reputation and a large practice. Dr. McClellan was for many years prominently identi- fied with the Presbyterian Church, of wliich he was an elder, treasurer and valued member. As a citi- zen, he was just and honorable to all. and his death, which occurred August 7, 1869, was sincerely regret- ted by all. His wife, with whom he was united May 7, 183.5, was Miss Catherine Louisa Smyser, a daughter of Philip A. and Susan L. Smyser of York. She died July 9, 1884, and was tlie mother of seven children, only two now living, Catherine J. and William H. ; the latter is one of the prominent busi- ness men of York, and is engaged in the hardware and grocery trades. G. W. Mcelroy, district atorney of the county of York, was born in Lancaster County, July 23, 1824. He is a son of Daniel and Rebecca (Wishard) McElroy, and is of Scotch-Irish origin. He is the youngest of nine children, only two of whom are living. His father was born in the county of Donegal, Ireland, and his mother in Glasgow, Scotland, and came to America and settled in Lan- caster County, Penn. , where they d ied. Our subject received a common school education in Lancaster County, and was afterward educated in the higher branches, under the kind favor and contin- ued patronage of his brother, A. McElroy, Esq., who died at Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia County, in the summer of 1876. In 1841 he became the princi- pal of the Ephrata Academy, which po.sition he held for three years and then read law under Col. Reah Frazer, at Lancaster. He was admitted to the Lancaster bar in 1846, and praiticed there a number of years, during a part of which time he edited the Lancaster Intelligencer, and then went to Meadville, Crawford Co., Penn., where he remained until 1853, and then returned to Lancaster and continued practice until 1860. In 1861 lie enlisted in Company A, First Pennsylvania Artillery, and was about to be promoted when he was taken ill and was brought to the York Hospital, but regain- ing his health, was placed in the commissary de- partment, amd there continued until 1864, when he was honorably discharged. He was admitted to the York County bar December 30, 1864, and in 1883 was elected "district attorney of York County. He was married in 18S6 to Miss Anna M. Fisher, a native of York, and has had eight children born to him. He is a Democrat. JOHN T. McFALL, hatter and dealer in gents' furnishing goods, was born in Union County, Penn., in 1843, and is a son of Thomas and Eliza (Mensch) McFall, and is of Scotch-German extraction. His father was born in Northampton County, Penn., but subsequently removed to Union County, where he died in 1846. The mother of our subject still resides in tliat county. Mr. McFall was educated in the public schools. He first engaged in the paint- ing business. In 1860 he left his native county* and went to Chester, Delaware County. There he remained for nine years, and in 1869 came to York and engaged in his present business. He makes a specialty of fine goods and ranks as the principal hatter and gents' furnisher in York, and is doing a successful business. His marriage took place in 1886, to Miss Mollie E. Johns, a native of Adams County. They have two children, viz. : Wayne G. and Edith M. Mr. and Mrs. McFall are members of the Lutheran Church. DR. MATTHEW J. McKINNON, son of Mi- chael W. and Ann L. (McCall) McKinnon, was born in February, 1833. The father was a native of Hartford County, Md., and the mother of York County. Penn. ; the father was a tanner and farmer. Dr. McKinnon began his education in the common schools of York County, which he attended until the age of ten years ; then entered the academy of York, where, after completing a course of study, he entered Franklin College, at New Athens, Ohio ; after finishing his collegiate course he began the study of medicine under Dr. A. S. Baldwin, of York County, and subsequently entered the Uni- versity of Maryland, at Baltimore, and graduated March, 1853 ; practiced one year and then went to Shirleysburg, Huntingdon Co. Penn., and prac- ticed until 1861 ; was then commissioned surgeon in the army ; served until January, 1863 ; then re- signed and began the practice of his profession at Hagerstown, Md. He remained there until March, 1870, then removed to Chanceford Township, York. Co., Penn., and practiced until October, 1873; then removed to York, where he still resides and continues the practice of his profession. Dr. Mc- Kinnon was a member of the school board of Huntingdon County, Penn.; a member of the school board of Hagerstown, Md. ; a member of the town council of Hagerstown throe years ; served three years in the school board of York,- and was elected a member of the legislature in the fall of 1884, which position he still holds. He married in May. 1857, Amelia J., daughter of Daniel Schindel, of Hagerstown, Md., and to this union were born six children : Carrie, Annie, Robert B., John W., Walter 8., Margaret H. The Doctor is a member of the asssociation known as the A. O. M. P.; a member of the Masonic fraternity ; a member of the American Medical Association, and York County Medical Society, and also a member of the Presbyterian Church, of York. WILLIAM MACK, a native of Germany, was born in 1841. Learning the trade of cooper and brewer he has followed it all his life. He immi- grated to America in 1861. He has since been en- gaged at his trade in New York, Lancaster, Phila- delphia, and since 1869, in York. Since 1878 he has been engaged in the bottling business, in conned ion with that of a cooper. Mr. Mack was married in 1863, to Annie Rinchart, also of German ancestry. They have seven livingchildren: Charles W., Annie; Lizzie, Fred, William, George and Frederike. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 33 HON. LEVI MAISH. This gentleman is one of York's most distinguished sons, and one who has most heroically hewn out his own pathway along the rugged highway of life. He was born in Cone- wago Township, York Co., Penn., November 33, 1837. His father, David Maish, a most estimable farmer, is now deceased. His mother, Salome Nie- man Maish, is still living. The Maishs were among the original settlers of York County, coming here from Cliester County with the Quakers, who were among the pioneers in the red lands of the upper end of York County. The subject of this sketch. Col. Levi Maish, received the rudiments of his edu- cation in the common schools of his native place and afterward entered upon a course of study at the York County Academy. He was a close student and retired reluctantly from the academy to learn the trade of machinist, April, 1855. Desirous of completing his education and entering upon a pro- fessional life he abandoned his apprenticeship in the summer of 1857, and prosecuted his studies with renewed energy. For two terms he taught school in Manchester Township, York County, and also one term in York Borough. In 1861 he took up the study of the law under D. J. Williams, Esq., at the time an able practitioner at the York bar. Being of a patriotic turn of mind, in 1861, unable to resist the call to arms, he raised and organized a company of volunteers from among the young men of his town and vicinity, which, with three other companies from York County and six from Carlisle, Penn., formed the famous One Hundred and Thirtieth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. In the organ- ization of the battalion, he was elected lieutenant- colonel, and August 17, 1863, went with his regi- ment to Washington, and was stationed in the de- fenses of the capital. Very soon afterward Gen. Pope met with disaster at Manasses and the One Hundred and Thirtieth Regiment was attached to the Army of the Potomac, and participated in Gen. McClellan's pursuit of Gen. Lee into Maryland. While actively engaged in the thickest of the fight at Antietam, he received a ball in the right lung, from the effects of which he suflEered, terribly, and narrowly escaped death. The ball was never extracted and he still carries it in his lung as a reminder of that sanguinary conflict. Again, at the battle of Chancellorsville, he was dangerously wounded, this time in the hip by a minie ball. The colonel of his regiment, H. I. Zinn, was killed at the battle of Fredericksburg, December 14, 1862, when our subject was promoted to the colonelcy of the regiment, and for a time commanded the brigade to which his regiment was attached at the battle of Chancellorsville, the general commanding having been captured. On May 21, 1863, he was mustered out of service at Harrisburg, the period of his en- listment having expired. Previous to resuming the study of law, he attended lectures in the law de- partment of the University of Pennsylvania; in 1864 passed a highly creditable examination and was admitted to the bar. His talents and pleasant man- ners soon attracted to him a good practice. His party in October, 1866, elected him to the lower house of the State legislature of Pennsylvania, and was re-elected in 1867. He was a member of the committee of ways and means and that of local judiciary. He served also on the special committee to present the Hancock chair to the city of Phila- delphia. Col. Maish on entering the political field in his county identified himself with the reform wing of the Democracy, and labored zealously with the friends of that element to attain the satisfactory results which were secured and an end put to the extravagance and corruption so flagrant at the time. In 1871, when the question of the adoption of the new constitution was being agitated. Col. Maish was a zealous advocate of this praiseworthy and desirable movement, and took no mean part in the discussion which resulted in the adoption of that constitution. In 1873, in company with the late Hon. Thomas E. Cochran and C. B. Wallace, Esq., he was appointed by the legislature of Pennsylva- nia, to reaudit the accounts of all the county offi- cers, a duty he performed with great ability, judg- ment and discretion, and for which he was much complimented. The duties of this appointment were very complex, and from the delicate nature of the work, liable to make a man not endowed with the capability and foresight of our subject, forever afterward unpopular with his party. In August, 1874, he was nominated by the Democracy of the Nineteenth Congressional District, composed of the counties of York, Adams and Cumberland, as its candidate for congress and was elected by a very handsome majority. He served in the forty-fourth congress upon the committee of agriculture and coinage, weights and measures, with distinction. He was re-elected in 1876 to the forty-fifth congress and was placed second on the committee of military affairs, and again on that of coinage, weights and measures. It was at this session of congress, that he especially distinguished liimself, and won the respect and admiration of the leading men of the nation by the display of his abilities, honesty of purpose and devotion, not only to the principles of the Democratic party, but his great reverence for _ constitutional liberty and work for the best interests of the republic. We shall here briefly refer to some of Col. Maish's work in congress which brought him prominently before the country as a man of genius and ability. HIS SPEECH ON THE PENSION BILL, On July 29, 1876, a bill having been reported by the Comrnittee on Pensions, providing for the pay- ment of pensions to pensioners of the government from the time of their discharge from the service to the time at which their pensions were arbitrarily commenced by the Pension Bureau, otherwise called the Arrears of Pension Act, Col. Maish made ii speech in the house of representatives, in advocacy of the bill, which speech was not only considered a very able effort, but one which attracted great at- tention in the house and all over the country for the originality of the views presented in it, and w.as also the subject of many complimentary letters from the soldiers of the Union. By a rule of the pension office, pensions began from the time of the last material .evidence fur- nished. This sometimes procrastinated the claim from one to ten years after the application for a pensiim was made, varying in accordance with the diligence of the pension office and the good luck of the claimant in expediting his claim. In extenuation of this unjust method of the pension office, Hon. John A. Casson, of Iowa, and Gen. Hurlburt, of Chicago, members of the house at the time, took the ground that the pension was a mere matter of gift or grace. Col. Maish delivered his admirable speech in reply to this proposition, and showed that the pension of the soldier from the acts of congress, under which he enlisted, was as much a contract as the promise of the government to pay its bonds to those who loaned their money to carry on the war; and the government having contracted to pay its soldiers certain pensions for disabilities incurred in the service, such pensions could not be postponed at the caprice of the pension office for an indefinite length of time. The argument was conceded to be unanswerable. The bill became a law, but subse- quently similar enactments were largely extended to cases not covered by the principles advocated in the speech of Col. Maish. 34 YORK BOROUGH. SPBBCH ON THE ELECTOEAL BILL. February 8, 1877, immediately after the con- summation of the fraud ot 1876, which resulted in the defeat of the people's choice: Hon. Samuel J. Tilden, and the seating of Rutherford B. Hayes, Col. Maish proposed an amendment in the house of representatives, to the Constitution of the United States, which had for its object the changing of the method of electing the president and vice-presi- dent of the United States. To guard against the evils of disputed elections, it proposed to abolish the election of electors and provide for the election of the president by a direct vote of the people. The amendment is as follows : ARTICLE XVI. Article II, Section 1, paragraph 2, to be made to read as follows : " Each State shall be entitled to a number of electoral votes equal to the whole number of sena- tors and representatives to which the State shall be entitled in congress." - The first division of the twelfth amendment to the Constitution, ending with the words "directed to the President of the Senate," to be struck out, arid the following substituted: " The citizens of each State who shall be qualified to vole for representatives in congress shall cast their votes for candidates for president and vice- president by ballot, and proper returns of the votes so cast shall be made under seal, within ten days, to the secretary of State or other officer lawfully per- forming the duties of such secretary in the govern- ment of the State, by whom the said returns shall be publicly opened in the presence of the chief executive magistrate of the State, and of the chief justice or judge of the highest court thereof; and the said secretary, chief magistrate, and judge shall assign to each candidate voted for by a sufficient number of citizens a proportionate part of the elec- toral votes to which the State shall be entitled, in manner following, that is to say: they shall divide the whole numtier of votes returned by the whole number of the State's electoral vote, and the result- ing quotient shall be the electoral ratio for the State, and shall assign to candidates voted for one elec- toral vote for each ratio of popular votes received by them respectively, and, if necessary, additional electoral votes for successive largest fractions of a ratio shall be assigned to candidates voted for until the whole number of the electoral votes of the State shall be distributed; and the said officers shall thereupon make up and certify at least three gen- eral returns, comprising the popular vote by coun- ties, parishes, or other principal divisions of the State, and their apportionment of electoral votes as aforesaid, and shall transmit two thereof, under seal, to the seat of Government of the United States, one directed to the president of the Senate and one to the speaker of the house of representatives, and a third unsealed return shall be forthwith filed by the said secretary in his office, be recorded therein, and be at all times open to inspection." Article II, Section 1, paragraph 4, to be made to read as follows: "The congress may determine the time of voting for 'president and vice-president and the time of assigning electoral votes to candidates voted for, which times shall be uniform throughout the United States." Strike out the words "electors appomted, where they occur in the twelfth amendment to the Constitution, and insert in their stead the words '' pIpp+rji'Qj vOtGS Again at the following session of congress in October, 1877, Col. Maish introduced his amend- ment. In the N. AmericanSeview of May and April, 1877, ex-Senator Charles R. Buckalew. reviewed at length' the amendment proposed by Col. Maish, and advo- cated its adoption in a very able article. The amendment was reported favorably by a committee of the house, but the report was made so near the end of the session that its final consideration was not reached. The proposition received very gen- eral approval and indorsement by the press of the country, and the colonel received many compliments for his introduction of the measure. The glaring defects of our present system of electing a president and vice-president was called into view at the presidential election of 1884; the contest, having resolved itself upon the issue in the State of New York, her entire electoral vote, was, after many days of uncertainty and doubt (which disturbed the business of the country, after a heated contest, and rekindled the embers of bitter strife), finally declared to have been cast in favor of Grover Cleveland, by a majority of a little over 1,000, in an aggregate vote of nearly 1,000,000. This circum- stance revived the interest in the necessity for a change in our general method of election, and Col. Maish' s amendment found many friends and warm advocates in the newspapers of the country. Ex- Senator Buckalew, during the contest, in an able interview, published in the Philadelphia Times, presented its merits very forcibly, and the Pitts- burgh Post, shortly after the election, in a long and able editorial, zealously advocated its adoption. It was during the closing days of the forty-fourth congress that Col. Maish made himself especially popular and prominent by his arduous duties upon that important committee of "powers and privi- leges of the house.'' This committee was the one which investigated and exposed the frauds of the Louisiana Returning Board, of which the notorious James Madison Wells was the president. Hon. J. Proctor Knott, now governor of Kentucky, was the chairman of this committee, and he assigned to our suljject the laborious duty of preparing a very large portion of the testimony taken during the investi- gation of thosi- frauds. It is also a well-known fact and much to the credit of Col. Maish, that in a great measure it was owing to his shrewdness and sagacity, that J. Madison Wells' attempt to sell the vote of Louisiana was discovered. At the close of the forty-fifth congress, in 1878, his term having expired and, under the rules of the district, the nomination going to Cumberland County, he was succeeded by the Hon. Frank E. Beltzhoover, of that county. After leaving con- gress, Col. Maish devoted himself to the practice of the law, which he teniporarily abandoned to take his seat in congress, and laas ever since devoted himself assiduously to the intei-ests of the large clientage he enjoys, and is at present the counsel of the board of commi'^sioners of York County. On October 31, 1883, Col. Maish was married to Miss Louise L. Mil- ler, of Georgetown, D. C, daughter of Benjamin F. Miller, who, prior to the war of the Rebellion, was a very successful merchant of Winchester, Va. A son has blessed this union, who at this time is but an infant. S. M. MANIFOLD, superintendent of the York & Peach Bottom Railroad, is a native of Hopewell ■Township, and was born in 1842. His ancestors are of Scotch-Irish and English origin, and were eai'ly settlers in the southern portion of York County. Upon his father's side, his grandfather was Henry Manifold, a farmer of Hopewell Township, and upon his mother's, Satriuel Martin, a well-known Presbyterian minister, and a resident of Lower Chanceford Township. His parents were Joseph and Rebecca (Miirtin) Manifold, the former a native of Hopewell and the latter of Lower Chanceford Township. They resided in the lower end of York BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 35 County all their lives. The mother died in 1869, and the father in 1884. They were the parents of si.'C children (four of whom are living): Samuel N. (beina; the eldest), Margaret J.. Keziah A. and "Will- iam P. (a fanner of Lower Chanceford), Jlrs. Ro- sanna Dougherty (deceased) and Alexander (deceased). Our subject was reared upon a farm and obtained a common school education. He remained engaged in agricultural pursuits until 1863, when he enlisted in Company A, Twenty-first Pennsjd- vania Cavalry, and was in active service until the close of the war, participating in several severe battles, the principal of which were Cold Harlior, the battles before Petersburg, Poplar Grove Churcli and with Gen. Warren when he destroyed the Wel- don Railroad. When he was mustered out he held his commission as second lieutenant, and for four months subsequently was engaged in the provost marshal's office at Campbell Court House. Return- ing to his home he engaged in farming in Lower Chanceford until 1873, when lie accepted a sul)or- dinate position with tlie engineer corps, then survey- ing the York & Peach Bottom Railroad. Possessing no practical knowledge of the business of this period, he so applied himself to its study that he was soon after made assistant engineer and subsequently chief; under his charge, the last twenty miles of the road were built, and the Peach Bottom Railroad, on the east side of the river, completed. Soon after the road was finished, in 1878, he was appointed superintendent, which office he still holds; under his supervision all of the many improvements liave been made, and the improved condition of the road fitly attests to his executive ability. Mr. Manifold was united in wedlofk in 1874 with Miss Sallie Gregg, a native of Chester County, Penn. They have three children living: Howard, Rosealmo and Myra. The family are members of the Presby- terian Church. CHARLES H. MARTIN, the "artist tailor," is one of the progressive young business men of York. He is a native of York born in 1860, and a son of Jacob F. and Emma (Weiser) Martin. His father was a native of Lancaster County; his mother, a native of York, is a daughter of Martin Wei.ser and a descendant of an old York County family. His father came to York about 1850, estab- lished himself in business as a merchant tailor and was 'a resident until his death, in 1880. Charles H. received his education in the schools of York, grad- .uating from the high school in 1877. He began his mercantile career as a clerk in the dry goods house of Alexander Fishel, where he was employed two years. He next engaged with Myers & Hoffman as trimmer, remaining with that house one year and a half, when he went to Reading and accepted a position as assistant cutter with Myers & Heim, re- maining there two years. He then returned to York and formed an association with P. N. Michaels, and embarked in business as merchant tailor. January 1, 1883, their business relations were dissolved by Mr. Martin purchasing his partner's interest, and he thus established himself in business alone. Mr. Martin has achieved an enviable reputation and successful business results. He carries a large line of all goods suited to his trade, and is the artist of his own productions. He is liberal and progres.sive in all affairs of public benefit and improvements, and one of the rising young men of York. LOGAN A. MARSHALL, wholesale liquor and wine dealer, was born in Warrington Township, October 26, 1837. He is a son of James and Eliza- beth (Ulrich) Marshall, and is of Scotch-German descent. His father was born in Edinburgh, Scot- land, in 1794, and at twelve years of age came to America and settled in the "Upper End" of York County, where his death occurred in 1879. The mother of Mr. Marshall was born in this county in 1794. The first years of ouii subject were spent on the farm. He came to York in 1863 and engaged in till' hotel business, which he continued one year and then began the wholesale liquor iiusine.ss. In 1865 lie went to Indiana and remiiined in the West until 187il, when he returned to York, where he has - since resided. He was married in 1 860 to Miss Cecelia Picking, of Dover, daughter of William S. Picking, who for fourteen years was a clerk in the house of representatives at Hurrisburg. They have had six children, two of whom are living: Annie M. iind Neonia E. Mr. Marshall is a Mason and one of the successful husini'.ss men of York. EDMUND W. MEISE.VHELDER. M, D., was born in Dover, York Co., Penn., February 23, 1843, is a son of Dr. Samuel and Josephine S.(Ijewis)Meis- enhelder, and of German and English extraction. His father was born ne;ir Dover, York Co., Penn.. in 1818, and mother in York County in 1833. His paternal grandfather was Jacob Meisenhelder. an early settler of DoverTownship. His paternal grand- father died about the year 1843. His fathi r, after practicing medicine for thirty-five years in this and Adams County, died in 1883. Our subject was educated at Pennsylvania College, at Gettysburg, and was graduated with highest honors in 1864. He began the study of medicine under his father in 186"), attended lectures at Jefferson Medical College and was graduated in 1838. He began practice at East Berlin, Adams County, and after three years removed to York. In 1870 he married Miss Maria E. Baughman, a nUive of York County. Three children are the resuli of this union; Robert L., Edmund W. and Samuel B. Was a member of Company A, (Pennsylvania College Company) Twenty-sixlh Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, under the "emergency" call of Gov. Curtin, dur- ing the rebel invasion of 1863. In 1864 the Doctor enlisted in Company D, Two Hundred and Tenth Pennsylvania Volunteers: was commissioned sec- ond lieutenant in 186.). and was discharged May 30. 1865. Dr. and Mrs. Meisenhelder are members of the Lutheran Church. JAMES L. MENOUGH was born at Pittsburgh, Penn., September 11, 1853, and is the son of Samuel H. and Louisa (Bott) Menough, natives of York County. His father died when he was but six years old, and James made his home with his uncle, Mi- chael Bott, of Dover Township, until he arrived at the age of seventeen years. He then became an ap- prentice to Jacob Seacrist to learn the carpenter's trade, and with him continued four years. He then located at Reading, Penn. Upon his return to York he was engaged with Nathaniel Weigle for a period of seven years. He then embarked in business for- himself, subsequently in association with Peter F. Yost, adding a planing-mill and facilities for doing all kinds of work in their line. Emanuel Yessler subsequently purchased the interest of Mr. Yost, and the firm of Menough & Yessler has continued up to the present writing. They are doing a thriv- ing trade and are honorable business men. Mr. Menough was, married in 1878 to Miss Anna, daugh- ter of Franklin and Mary (Smyser) Loucks, of York. They have one child, Luther D. Mr. and Mrs, Menough are members of Christ's Lutheran Church. FRANK G. METZGER, secretary and general passenger agent of the York & Peach Bottom Rail- way, is a native of Yocumtown, Penn., born No- vember 26, 1853, a son of William B. and Emma G. (Ginder) Mletzger. He is of German descent and is a representative of one of the old families of York County. His father was born in this county in 1828. In 1871 subject began studying telegraphy and for some time continued as an operator. In 1874 he graduated at Eastman's Business College, at Poughkeepsie, N. Y , and for four years afterward 36 YOBK BOROUGH. was book-keeper for Elcock, Melzger & Co. In 1878, In partnership with his father, he engaged in the boot and shoe business, at Dillsburg, and con- tinued until 1881. In 1879 he was elected clerk of the commissioners of York County, being the first Republican ever elected to that office in this county. His term of office expired in 1883, and that same year he accepted his present position. His marriage •took place in 1876 to Maggie Kister, of Goldsboro, Penn. They liave one child, Pearl. E. J. MILLER, dealer in boots, shoos and clothing, was born in York Coiinly, Penn., in 1844, fl, son of Jacob and Leah (Jacoby) "Miller, and is of German descent. His motlier died in 1864 and his father in 1881. E. J. Miller began life for himself as a manufacturer of cigars. In 1864 lie enlisted in Company D, Two Hundredth Pennsylvania Volun- teers, and served one year. In 1868 he engaged in the boot and shoe business, which he has since con- tinued and now carries one of the most complete lines of boots and shoes in York. In 1884 he, in partnership witli George (S. Billmeyer, engaged in the clothing and merchant-tailoring business. Mr. Miller married AngelineMathias, daughter of David Mathias, and three children have been born to this union. In politics Mr. Miller is independent. J. S. MILLER, M. D., is a native of Hopewell Township, York County, where he was born in 1856. His parents are David and Sarah (Winemiller) Mil- ler, both natives of Hopewell Township, and descend- ants of old families of tlie county. The father of our subject is a farmer, and liis earlier years were passed as an assistant upon the old homestead. He received a good education attending the Stewarts- town Academy, and the York Collegiate Institute. In 1876 he began the study of medicine, reading with Dr. Tliomas M. Curran, of Cross Roads, York County. He remained with his preceptor until 1880, in which year he graduated from th-i College of Physicians and Surgeons, of Baltimore. He im- mediately located in Paradise, Springfield Township, where he practiced three years, subsequently travel- ing for six months, through the Middle and Western States. He then entered John Hopkins LTniversity at Baltimore, as a student in biology and chemistry. While in Baltimore he also took a special course under Dr. Clinton McSherry, on diseases of the heart, throat and lungs. Dr. Miller located in York in July, 1884, where he is earnestly engaged in practice. He is devoted to his profession, is a close student and a worthv young man. WILLIAM MITZEL, wholesale and retail dealer in groceries, fruits and confectioneries, was born in Chanceford Township, in 1833, and is the eldest of five children born to Philip and Lydia (Sailor) Mit- zel. His great-grandfather, Peter Mitzel, was born in Germany, and came to America previous to the Revolutionary war, in which he was a soldier. The grandfather of our subject was Michael Mitzel, who was born in Codorus Township in 1777, and who died in 184.1. The father of our subject was born in Codorus Township in 1800, and his mother in Chanceford Township in 1805. The latter is still living and is the only daughter of William Saylor. Her mother was a Siechrist. Both the Saylor and .Siechrist families came from Germany in the early history of York County, and both have numerous descendants. The early life of Mr. Mitzel was spent at Mitzel's Mills, now known as Pel ton Station, where he was educated at the private schools of Chanceford Township. He served an apprentice- ship at the miller's trade and in 1840 began general merchandising at Mitzel's Mills, where he remained four years, and then removed to Hopewell Township. In 1856 he went to Stewartstown, and in 1864 came to York and engaged in his present business. The • marriage of Mr. Mitzel took place in 1843, to Miss Keturah Sumwalt, a native of Baltimore, and daughter of Jacob and Dorcas Sumwalt, whose ancestors came from Germany and located at Balti- more prior to the Revolution. Her grandfather, Adam Hendrix (formerly spelled Hendricks), was a descendant of the family of that name who settled in York County as early as, or prior to, 1720, and, who were among the first English settlers west of the Susquehanna Rivers. They have had three childien, two now living; Francis A. and William A. Mr. Mitzel is a Democrat and cast his first presidential vote for James K. Polk. Mrs. Mitzel is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. JOHN A. MORRISON, fruit and produce dealer, was born in Hopewell Township, Y^'ork Co., Penn., to William E. and Eliza D. (Bealy) Morrison, and is the eldest son in a family of nine children. His father, also, was born in Hopewell Township in 1812. The great-grandfather of our subject was Michael Morrison, a native of Scotland, who came to America prior to the Revolution, in which he was a soldier. The grandfather of Mr. Morrison was a soldier in the war of 1813, and his father in the Re- bellion. In 1864 Mr. Morrison enlisted in Company B, Two Hundred and Ninth Pennsylvania Volun- teers, and served one year. Returning from the service he served a regular apprenticeship at the milling trade, which he continued seven years. In 1873 he came to York and engaged in the grocery business, which he followed until 1875, and then established his present business. He is the most extensive fruit dealer in York. The marriage of Mr. Morrison took place in 1869, to Miss Sarah A. Bowman, a native of Hopewell Township. They have three children: Margaret J., John W. and Ida K. Politically Mr. Morrison is a Republican. He has a good business education, and is an energetic and enterprising gentleman. Mr. and Mrs. Morrison are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. M. J. MUMPER. The Keystone Chain Works are owned and operated by two representatives of the oldest families in the county — M. J. Mumper and David Trout. Mr. Mumper, the senior proprie- tor, and a practical workman, is a native of Adams County, and a descendant of the Mumper family of the northern end of York County. He learned his trade in Dillsburg, commencing at the age of sixteen years, and has followed it since in Dillsburg and York. The present business plant was first started by Addison Sheffer, of Y^ork, upon a very limited scale, between King and Market Streets, in 1870. In 1880 Mr. Mumper, under the firm name of Mumper & Walker, bought the works, and these partners continued together one year, when Mr. Walker withdrew. In 1882 Mr. Mumper sold an interest to David Trout, and the present firm was established. In the spring of 1884 their works were destroyed, and they erected extensive buildings in West York. The works have been steadily on the increase, and are under the personal supervision oi Mr. Mumper. They are now selling from |40,000 to $50,000 worth of goods in all the markets of the United States. They have in their works about thirty employes. Mr. Trout is a native of Hopewell Township, and previous to his present co-partnership was a farmer of York County. JOHN S. MUNDORF, news-dealer and fruit merchant, is the son of George W. and Henrietta Mnndorf, and was born and reared in York. After receiving a public school education, he engaged as clerk in a dry goods store, and then for three years was clerk in the York postoflBce; he then engaged in handling newspapers, periodicals, etc., receiving subscriptions for all foreign and American Issues ; subsequently adding foreign and domestic fruits and country produce, in which he deals af wholesale and retail. He is active and progressive, having started in business on a store box, which he has de- veloped into his present extensive and lucrative BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 31 trade. He was married, in 1876, to Jennie A. Evans, who has borne him three children; Edirar, Blair and Perc3'. Mr, Mundorf is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and, with his wife, of the Epis- copal Church. SOLOMON MYERS, justice of the peace, was born In Adams County, March 14, 1829, and is a son of John and Elenor (Hummer) Myers, natives re- spectively of Adams and York Counties, and of Ger- man and English descent. ' The father, a farmer and carpenter, came to York in 18,')0, and engaged in hotel-keeping, wliich he followed until 1866, when he retired. He died August 39, 1868, followed by his widow, November 9, 1871. Of the seven children, born to these parents, five are living: Solomon, Julia (Smyt^cr), Harriet (Mundorf), Ma- tilda (Spangler) and Sarah Ellen (Brubaker). The deceased were Lee H., who died in May, 1884, and Sarah Jane, who died in infancy. John Myers had held the rank of captain in the State militia twelve years, and for three years, as a Republican, served as county commissioner. Both he and wife were connected with Ihe Lutheran Church. Solomon Myers was reared a farmer in Adams and York Counties until twenty-one years old. He received a good education, and for thirteen years taught schoolin York County — nine years in the borough. In 1861, as a member of the Worth Infantry, of York, he was assigned to the Sixteenth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, as second lieutenant of Company A; was advanced to the first-lieutenancy, and was mustered out after a service of tliree and one-half months, when he organized a company, which was attached to the Eighty-seventh Regiment as Company E, and of which he was captain; he served in all the engagements of his regiment, ex- cepting the battle of the Wilderness, when he was on detached duty, and was mustered out October 14, 1864.. In 1861, also, he was elected justice of the peace, but was then unable to serve on account of military obligations; on his return from the war, however, he entered upon the discharge of the du- ties of the office, and has since served, with the ex- ception of one term. Since 1882 he has been dealing in pianos, organs and musical instruments generally, and carries a general stock from all the leading makers. Mr. Myers is treasurer of a lodge of Free Masons, and for a number of years was a represen- tative to the Grand Lodge of the I. O. O. F. of the State. He was married December 8, 1872, to Mar- garet A., daughter of John Orwig, of Shrewsbury. HENRY NEATER, treasurer of York County, Penn., was born in 1836, son of J. Frederick and Willemina Neater. His parents, natives of Ger- many, first came to Maryland, but in a very short time left Maryland and came to York County, Penn., where they lived until they died at an advanced age — nearly eighty years. They had four children (one son and three daughters); they are all living in York. The son at an early age, fourteen years, went at his trade of blacksmithing at Mr. William Shetter's, where he worked a few years, when he was em- ployed by Mr. Palmer, where he linished his trade of coachsmith, and worked for Mr. Palmer up to the time he took his present office as treasurer of York County. Mr. Neater is a straight-out Democrat, and has been from boyhood on. He became a voter in 1857, and has never missed a single election. He oast his first presidential ballot for Stephen A. Douglas. He has held the office of assessor and councilman, and in 1884 was elected treasurer of York County. In 1857 he married Miss Annie Fahs, a native of Y'ork County, and eight children have been born them; two are dead. The surviving ones are William H., Edward C, George B., Frank- lin, Frederick and Bertha. Mr. Neater is a member of the I. O. O. F., and he and family are members of the United Brethren Church. .lOHN NEI.M.VN, the fifth of thirteen children of Gc orge and Mary (Rupert) Neiman, was born July 2, 1820, on the old Neiman homestead. He was reared to farming, and on Deccml)er 29, 1842, married Cassandria Heilman, daughter of George and Eve (Deisinger) Heilman, of Manchester Town- ship. Eleven children were born to them: Melvina, William, Louis, George, John (deceased), Eli, Henry, Cary (deceased), Maggie (deceased), Ellen and Amanda I. Our subject's brothers and sisters were Cassandria (widow of Jacob Hake), Sarah (widowof David Maish),Eliza (wife of Jacob Shettel), JElizabeth (widow of Samuel Shettel), George, Mary (wife of Solomon Shettel). Rebecca (wife of Peter Allland), Lavina (deceased), Samuel, Adam, Susanna (wife of Jiicob Rudy) and Leah (wife of William Metzger. Mr. Neiman is well and favorably known throughout York County as president and director of the Dover Fire Insurance Company. He has re- sided in York since 1874. G. W. NOEDEL, of the firm of Noedel & Co.. bottlers, is a native of Germany, born in 1822, son of Simon and Eliza (Brandan) Noedel, and is of German descent. His parents were both natives of Germany, and lived there until they died; the father in 1835, and the mother in 1836. Our subject wasc. educated at the Latin schools in Germany. In 184-S he engaged in general merchandising, and in that continued until 1851. After the Revolution he im- migrated to America, and settled in Baltimore, Md., where he resided twenty-three years, and was en- gaged in the wholesale wine arid liquor business. In 1874 he removed to Y'ork County, Penn.. and settled on a farm five miles from York, and here he resided until 1877 when he came to York, his pres- ent place of residence. On coming to York he be- gan his present business, in whieli he is very suc- cessful. Mr. Noedel was married, in 18.53, to Miss. Bertha V. Gumpel, a native of Germany. They have one son — Theodore W. Mr. Noedel is a Re- publican and a man of a public enterprising spirit _ He resides in comfort at Cottage Place. D. K. NOELL, as the name implies, is of Frencli descent, although his father, Jacob Noell, came to America from the east bank of the Rhine, to which his ancestors had fled from religious persecution in France. There are several families of this name in York County, who are generally Catholics, while the family of D. K. Noell were Protestants. His father, Jacob Noell, came to America in 1795, and located in York, Penn. During the war of 1812. when the British menaced Baltimore, Jacob Noell joined Capt. Michael Spangler's company of Inde- pendent York Volunteers, which marched to Balti- more, and was engaged in the battle of North Point, September 12, 1814. Mr. Noell was seriously wounded in tills battle by a musket-ball passing: through his body from left to right, .iust below the- nipples, and from the effects of which he died, leaving a widow and si.x children poor and helpless, indeed. The children, as soon as they could do any work, were put out to earn their own living. Dan- iel, the subject of this narrative, at the age of teni years was sent to the country, where, on a farm, without a trade or schooling, he grew to manhood as a common farm laborer. The only books in the- family in which he lived were the Bible, the almanac and an old geography. These he studied so welE and so often, as to become quite an adept in either. In fact he got the Bible almost by heart, and learned to know every natural and political division, city, town, river, etc., on the globe, and the manners, customs, religion and government of all its inhab- itants. In 1838 he found his way into the service of William R. Gorgas, in Cumberland County, Penn. Here he found many books, especially the- histories of men and nations, and being fond 6f reading he applied himself so diligently that in a 38 YORK BOROUGH. short time he knew the histories and hiographies of all the nations, and their founders. In fact lie was seldom seen without a book, pampiilet or news- paper from which, duriag idle moments, he could gain some knowledge. Happening one day to find an English grammar in Mr. Gnrgas' library, he asked permission to stud}' it. This being granted, he soon made himself acquainted with that study, after which he applied himself to the study of arithmetic, geometry and algebra, in all of which, without a teacher, he became so proficient that, as ateacher,in which he is now engaged, he stood une.x- celled. Mr. Noell taught for twenty two years in the same school-house, tlius showing his abilily and the high appreciation in wliich he was held by those whom he served. In 185.5 he was elected proihono- //^^VPn.a4^ /^t^^^ tary, and in 1863 county superintendent of the ■schools of Cumberland County. In 1845 he mar- ried Anna Lukens, a graduate of tlie Harrisburg (Penn.) High School, who greatly aided him in his various pursuits of knowledge. They have had seven children, only three of whom are now living, their four sons, all became naval officers or ts for naval service. Cadet Engineer Michael D. Noell died from a fall on shipboard in 1878, aged nineteen years. He was a bright and promising youth, accurate in mathematics and ready in all studies requiring deep thought. Charles W. Noell, becoming tired of the sea, is now in the service of the Northern Central Railroad, while Jacob E. Noell, as lieutenant-commander, is now in charge atiLeague Island Navy Yard, Philadelphia, Penn. He is quite aij intelligent officer, having been in all parts of the world, from which, for twelve year.=. he sent very interesting and instructive letters, which were published in the York Democratic Press, and read with unusual interest by all parties. York Noell is a lieutenant on the United States steamer "Swatara," now in the Caribbean Sea. Mr. Noell's children were all born in Cumberland County, where he lived, taught school and was mar- ried. But in 1871, after an absence of forty-one years, he moved back to York, his native town, after which he called one of his sons, thus showing that he never forgot the town that gave him birth. Thus D. K. Noell has made himself, without friend, school or even favorable circumstances, a man of worth, wealth and intelligence. He never went to school, he never learned a trade, had n'o relations or friends in the world who would or could help him. All he got of men he paid full value for by the sweat of his brow. He honestly worked at all and everything that might offer, when he needed work. Sometimes he was a miner, quarryman, well- digger, riverraan, boatman, cooper, etc., but never without a. book from which to study, and which, at last, brought him to teaching and a for- tune. In 1841, with a small slate and an arithmetic, he traveled 100 miles on foot, through snow, slush and ice, from Harrisburg to Wilkslane, Penn., and ciphered nearly all the way. And in this way he mastered all the branches necessary to a good English education. Being a man of perseverance and indomitable will, he always executed what he undertook. What a lesson this affords for young men ! What en- couragement for effort, persever- ance and sobriety! What a strong proof of the fact that he who wills may conquer! HERMAN NOSS, son of John and Elizabeth (Leckrone) Noss, was born in December, 1831. His parents were among the early set- tlers of York County. His father was a miller by trade, and followed milling for a number of 5'ears in West Manchester Township, and subsequently engaged in the mer- cantile business. He still resides in West Manchester Township. Herman Noss attended the schools of York County until the age of six- teen; he then served three years' apprenticeship at the harness-mak- ing business, under .the instruction of John W. Small, and worked at tlie business for Mr. Small for twenty-six years and nine months. He began the lumber and coal business in 1878, in York, which business he has carried on extensively to the present time. He was elected treasurer of York County in the fall of 1873, and served two years; he also served as school director six years. He married in tlie spring of 1858. Sarah J., daughter of Peter and Chrisiiann (Small) Grimm, natives of York. To this union were born six children, viz. : William S., George B. M. (deceased), Mary V., John W., Adel- ada,Harry P. William.the eldest, assists his father as clerk in the lumber and coal business. Mr. Noss and wife and two of his children are members of the Rev. J. 0. Miller's German Reformed Church. H. L. NEUMAN, engaged in the wholesale man- ufacture of ice cream, and the manufacture of agri- cultural implements, is a native of Conewago Township, and the son of Jacob and Elizabeth Neu- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 39 man, natives of this county. After leaving tiie home farm, H. L. Neuman engaged as a clerk in a dry goods store in Yorli, where he remained until 1861, when he enlisted in the Eighty-seventh Penn- sylvania Volunteers, served three years, and near Richmond was seriously wounded in the leg. Re- turning to the county, he engaged in the confec- tionery business, under the firm name of Neuman & Wiest, for nine years, and then engaged in the wholesale manufacture of ice cream. In 1874 he also engaged in the manufacture of agricultural implements, which he still continues. He , was married in 1867 to Miss Amanda Wambaugh, of York, and there have been born to him four chil- dren: Edward N., James W., Margie and Daisy M. Mr. and Mrs. Neuman are members of the Re- formed Church, and Mr. N. is a member of the G. A. R. PHINEAS PALMER, born in Bucks County, Penn., May 1, 1824, is a son of Phineas and Sarah Palmer, natives of the same county. At the age of twelve he left the paternal roof to seek his fortune. In 1840 he apprenticed himself to Joseph Stewart, carriage-maker of Trenton, N. J., served five years, and then, in the fall of 1845, came to York and worked nearly five years at journey work, and in October, 1850, established a manufactory, which he has ever since conducted, being now one of the old- est and most extensive carriage-makers in the bor- ough. In November, 1847, he married Miss Susan, daughter of William Lenhart, of York County, and there have been born to him twelve children, of whom the six surviving are Milton L., Emma E., Franklin P., Sarah K., Lucy and Htirry P. Mr. Palmer is a member of the order of A. P. & A. M. P. J. PALMTA6, son of John and Bertha (Henise) Palmtag, was born May 27, 1859, in York County, Penn. His parents were born in Wur- temberg, Germany. John Palmtag has for many years been extensively engaged in the manufacture of soaps and candles, in connection with tlie chand- lery business. F. J. Palmtag, the subject of this sketch, although a young man, has a thorough knowledge of the soap and chandlery business, and has for several years managed the business for his father. JOHN P. PATTON, proprietor of the City Drug Store, so well known to the citizens of York County, is of English and Scotch-Irish ancestry. His grandfather, John Patton, was born in County Antrim, North Ireland, and his grandmother, Mar- garet (McGowen) Patton, in County Tyrone. Soon after their marriage, they immigrated to America, and located, in the year 1780, in Chester County. They had fifteen children— twelve boys and three girls. Both grandparents died at the age of eighty years, or upward. The father of our subject, Ebe- nezer Patton, was the eighth son. In early life he learned the trade of shoemaking, and moved to Chanceford Township, this counly, and in 1820 was married to Rebecca Smith, of Lancaster County. The other brothers and sisters located in Chester, Lancaster and Berks Counties, and the family be- came very numerous. Ebenezer Patton died at the age of forty-nine, and the mother, with her eight children, moved to Wrightsville, where she died in the year 1852. John F. Patton, the fourth son of this ifamily, was born in Lower Windsor Township, December 15, 1839. He received his educational training in the common schools. In 1853 he came to York and engaged as a clerk in a dry goods store. In the spring of 1856 he entered the drug store of Dr. Jacob Hay, Sr., to learn a business for which he has since proven himself so 'admirably fitted. He entered the wholesale drug establishment of Thom- son & Block, of Baltimore, in 1859, remaining there until 1866. During that year he went to St. Louis, but, on account of sickness, stayed there but a few months, and returned to Baltimore, [n tlie year 1869 he began the drug business for himself in a small room on the north side of West Market Street, York, on the same site of his present handsome and ele- gant store building. In 1873 he moved his store to the large business room of Martin Bender, nearly opposite the Motter House. He always prospered in business, continually enjoying a large and in- creasing trade. The familiar name of "City Drug Store" was found in the columns of every newspa- per in the county, and on all the conspicuous adver- tising places that could be obtained. His industry and close and attentive application to business were worthy of admiration. They were the cause of his unrivaled prosperity. But the disastrous fiood of June, 1884, played sad havoc with his store, and the owner narrowly escaped with his life. The con- tents were almost a total wreck. He had already ■ begun the erection of tlie new City Drug Store, a three-story brick building, with a large and commo- dious store room, which lie stocked and fitted up on a more extensive scale than ever, in September, 1884. In tills place he has now an extensive and encouraging trade. Mr. Patton is an enterprising, public-spirited citizen, and a member of St. Paul's Lutheran Church, of York. DR. EDWARD H. PENTZ was born January 24, 1836, and is the son of John and Salania Pentz, natives of York County. The subject of this sketch had the advantage of an education, and be- gan a course of studies preparatory to his profession under the instructions of Dr. Theodore Haller. He subsequently went to New York and graduated at the Medical University of New York, about the year 1848. He then returned to York and began the practice of his profession, and through his skill and devotion to the duties relative to his profession soon built up a good practice in the borough of York and the surrounding country. He devoted his time and energy to his profession until a few months before his death. He died November 30, 1873. Dr. Pentz married, April 14, 1858, Miss Jose- phine, daughter of Charles and Anna M. (Spangler) Weiser, of York. To this union was born one son, Bransby C who is a photographer, and at present writing is doing an extensive business in York, hav- ing one of the finest appointed studios in southern Pennsylvania, and is noted for his superior work. J. Turner PERKINS, M. D., a native of Prince George County, Md., was born in 1854. He is of English and Scotch ancestry, and a son of James T. and Susan M. (Travers) Perkins. His father is a large planter and a resident of Mary- land. Dr. Perkins received superior educational advantages, and was graduated from the Maryland Agricultural College, A. B. Ph. D. In 1874 he com- menced his medical studies at Baltimore, having for his preceptor Prof. Nathan R. Smith. He was graduated from the University of Maryland in 1877, as M. D., and for one year was an assistant^ to his preceptor. He located in York in 1878, where * he has been in constant practice since, and has achieved a reputation as one of the leading physi- cians and surgeons of York County. Dr. Perkins has taken three special courses in surgery at Balti- more, and has been surgeon in the Baltimore Marine Hospital and of the city almshouse. He is a mem- ber of the York County Medical Association, of which he has been vice-president, and is a Royal Arcanum Mason. In 1883 Dr. Perkins was married to Miss Nora Salmon, daughter of Maj.-Gea. George Paris Salmon, of the English Army, a native of Scotland. F. MARVIN T. PPLIEGER, chief clerk in the Northern Central & Pennsylvania Railway freight office, was born in 1855 and is of German descent. The Pflieger family is well known in the history of York County. Mr. Pflieger was educated at' the 40 YORK BOROUGH. public schools and York County Academy, and In 1869 entered the employ of the firm now known as Thomas Chambers & Co., as messenger, and in 1870 was promoted to the position of book-keeper. Here he remained until 1875, when he engaged in the railway business. In 1880 he was made chief clerk, and still holds that position. He was mar- ried, in 1876, to Ida J. Keech, daughter of W. L, Keech. They have two children. Mr. Pflieger is a stanch Democrat. HENRY PRESAW, son of Henry and Barbara (Smith) Presaw, was born near Hanover, January 20, 1833. Henry, the subject of this sketch, is the youngest in a family of six children. He learned the trade of blacksmith and followed it for many years. At the breaking out of the war he enlisted in Company I (Capt. Russell), First Maryland Cav- alry. He was in the first raid made by Gen. Stone- man in the Shenandoah Valley, and was also in the battles of Winchester, Rappahannock Dam, Briscoe Station, Gettysburg, Malvern Hill, Front Royal, Maryland Heights and Brandy Station. At an en- gagement on the Weldon Railroad, Mr. Presaw lost his left leg (August 16, 1864), by a minie ball, and had his leg amputated the same day. He was sent to Beverly Hospital, New Jersey, and remained there about six weeks, and then removed to the hospital at Broad and Cherry Streets, Philadelphia, and remained there about three months, when he was honorably discharged. Few soldiers from this section have seen more hard service than the subject of this sketch. January 20, 1872, Mr. Presaw mar- ried Catherine Mate, of York, Penn. THOMAS RAMSAY, justice of the peace, is a native of Baltimore, born October 14, 1842. His parents were William and Mary (Kilgore) Ramsay, the former a native of Baltimore, and the latter of York County. His father was engaged in the mer- cantile business' in Baltimore until 1852, when he removed to York County where he continued in busi- ness until his death. The subject of this biography was the eldest of four children, and although quite young upon the death of his father, assisted his mother in conducting the business left by his father, devoting his leisure to study. He entered the high school of York at the age of fourteen, and when sixteen began teacliing in York County. He subse- quently entered Duff's Commercial College at Pitts- burgh and graduated in 1863. Being offered a profes- sorship in this college he accepted and remained one year, resigning to accept a position as chief clerk tendered to him by an extensive oil refinery at Pittsburgh, which position he held one year, the works being destroyed by fire. Returning to York, he was engaged at several vocations until 1875, when he was appointed deputy clerk of the courts, which position he held two terms. In April, 1881, he was appointed justice of the peace by Gov. Hoyt to fill a vacancy in the Sixth Ward, and subsequent- ly he was elected to the same office for a term of five years, which position he is now creditably fill- ing. Mr. Ramsay is a member of the I. O. O. F., the I. 0. R. M. and the order known as the Seven Wise Men. In 1876 Mr. Ramsay was married to Miss Helena Hemler, of Adams County, Penn. E. A. REESE, foreman of the smith and plow department at Farquhar's, was born in Eutaw, Ala., February 1, 1851; he is a son of Edward and Charlotte (Mckinstry) Reese, and is of Scotch-Irish descent. After receiving a common school educa- tion he learned coach and carriage-making, and continued that work in his native State until 1874, when he came to York, and for a time worked at pattern making for A. B. Farquhar, and about two years later he was made foreman of the smith and plow department, where he has since continued. He has under him about fifty men. In 1859 he married Miss Louisa M. Buckingham, a native of Piqua, Ohio, and a daughter of Ferdinand Buck- ingham. They have one child, Edwin B. Politi- cally Mr. Reese is a Democrat. Mrs. Reese is a member of the Trinity Reformed Chuich. WILLIAM G. REICHLBY, general merchant, was born in York, July 15, 1852, is the son of Jacob and Sophia (Bilber) Reichley, and is the second of seven children. The parents of our subject were born in Germany, came to America in 1847, and settled in York, where the mother died in 1880. Mr. Reichley received a common school education at the schools of York. Subsequently he clerked in a store for five years. In 1870 he began the general merchandise business in York. His marriage occurred in 1871, to Miss Kate Heindel, a native of York County, and a daughter of P. B. and Cathe- rine Heindel. Of four children born to them two are living: Nettie M. and William J. Mr. Reichley is a Democrat and takes great interest in politics. He and wife are members of the Lutheran Church. FREDERICK REINDEL is a native of Bava- ria, Germany, 'was born in 1888, and is a son of Dr. Thomas and Kuninguda Reindel. His father was born in Germany and died there. His mother still resides in that country, and is seventy-four years of age. The subject of this sketch was educated at the public schools of Germany. At fourteen years of age he joined the Bavarian Army, in which he spent fifteen years. In 1870 he came to America, and settled in Baltimore. Md., and engaged in the barbering and hair dressing business. There he re- mained some time and then came to Hanover, and continued the same business. In 1874 he came to York an4 continued the same business, until about five years ago. Since that time he has been engaged in the wine and liquor business. He was married in 1870 to Miss Julia Ulrici, a native of Bavaria. They have two children, Harry and Clara. THE REISINGER FAMILY are of the early set- tlers of York County. Carl, Gotlieb and Jacob, three brothers, came to.this country in 1767, and settled at Lexington, Mass. At the breaking out of the Rev- olution they joined a company organized by Bene- dict Arnold, and were engaged at the first battle of Bunker Hill. Jacob was killed or drowned at Long Island. Carl and Gotlieb served through the war, to the battle of Yorktown, where Lord Cornwallis surrendered the British troops to Gen. Washington. Carl and Gotlieb then came to York County. Carl married a daughter of Gen. Boyer, and had born to him nine daughters and one son, Samuel Reisinger. Samuel married a daughter of Conrad Gipe, and raised a family of seven daughters and four sons. The names of the four sons are William I. Reisinger, George Reisinger, Henry Reisinger and Adam Reis- inger. Henry Reisinger was elected recorder of deeds, of York County, in 1866. William I. Reis- inger, the eldest of the four sons, married a daughter of Henry Hartman and had five sons, Samuel H. Reisinger and William F. Reisinger, who served during the late Rebellion, and O. DeWitt Reisinger, Calvin J. Reisinger and Elmer E. Reisinger and two daughers. William I. Reisinger was an active worker in the Democratic party from his early life. He joined the York, Penn., Rifle Company, which was ordered out by the governor in 1844, and took part in the Philadelphia riots in 1849. He took an active part in organizing the Worth Infantry Company, which was commanded by Capt. Zeigle up to 1861. At the breaking out of the Rebellion the company was attached to the Sixteenth Penn- sylvania Regiment. Capt. Ziegle was made colonel, for three months' service. William I. Reisinger was- quartermaster-sergeant of the said regiment. Af- ter the three months' service he raised forty men for the Ringgold Cavalry and failed in getting a com- mission; organized a company of 109 men and gave the command to Daniel Herr, with the under- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 41 standing that he should be major, but took first lieutenant. After a short time Capt. Herr resigned and he became the captain, and served as such in Company I, Eleventh Pennsylvania Cavalry up to October 15, 1864, when he was compelled to quit the service on account of his ill health. During his service he received four wounds, but none of a serious character, and was in bad health for some years after his return from the war. In 1875 he was elected a justice of the peace in York, and in 1881 was re-elected, and was well spoken of as a justice. E. A. RICE, son of William H. and Sarah (Ju- lius) Rice, eldest of three children, was born June 14, 1863, in Dover Township. He was reared on a farm and received his education in the public schools of Paradise Township, and four years at East Berlin Normal School. He began teaching in Paradise Township; after teaching three terms re- moved to York in 1883, where be has since resided, teaching the Penn Street Primary School one term, then promoted to teach No. 65 Secondary School; has just finished his second term here and received a professional certificate from Prof. Shelley. Mr. Rice also attended the State Normal School, at Millersville, Penn. He is a young man of pleasing address, conscientious in the discharge of his duty and highly esteemed by all who know him. His father was born in Codorus Township, and brought up on a farm. September, 1862. he married Sarah Ju- lius, daughter of Peter and Maria (Shaffer) Julius, of Dover Township. Three children were born of this marriage: E. A. (our subject), Annie M. and Charles P. His maternal ancestors were among the earliest settlers of Dover Township. J. F. ROHRBACH, Jr., dealer in all kinds of hardware, paints, oils and groceries, is a native of Codorus Township, born in 1851, son of J. P., Sr., and Julia A. (Geisleman) Rohrbach. In a family of twelve children he is the third, and is of German descent. His parents are natives of this county. Formerly Mr. Rohrbach was a farmer, but at about nineteen years of age he accepted a clerkship in the hardware store of Hantz & Bro., of York, and here remained twelve years. In 1883 he began his present business, which has since increased from year to year until now he does an extensive trade. By the flood of 1884 he lost about |3.000. He was married, in 187.1, to Miss Emma Meekly, who died in 1881. In 1883 he was united in marriage to Miss Ida Neiman. daughter of John Neiman. Mr. Rohr- bach has fought his every battle, and through energy he has been victorious. He was educated at the public schools. Mr. and Mrs. Rohrbach are members of the Lutheran Church, and are highly rGSUGCtGd citlZSDS JOSEPH ROOT, a native of New Hampshire, was born October 31, 1811, and is the son of Joseph and Lydia (Croak) Root. He received a good aca- demical education, and at the age of nineteen began teaching in Vermont, and was thus employed for five successive terms of five months each. He was next employed by Alfred Blake, scale-maker, as a traveling salesman, and subsequently, in 1839, en- gaged in the manufacture of scales on his own account. In 1841 he formed a partnership at York with Emerson J. Case, who died in 1881, but the high reputation achieved by the firm for the supe- riority of its scales has induced Mr. Root to retain the name of the old firm. Root & Case, under which he still conducts the business. In the spring of 1850 Mr. Root married Miss Marion, daughter of Joseph Parkhurst, of Vermont, and to his nuptials have been born two children : Jabez H. and Helen M. Mr. Root is a member of the Presbyterian Church and also of Mt. Zion Lodge I. O. O. F. PROF. GEORGE W. RUBY, Ph. D. (deceased), was a native of Lower Windsor Township, York County, and was born July 4, 1824, to Henry and Catherine (Rathfon) Ruby. He was of German descent. The parents of Dr. Ruby were also York County born, and the family dates at least iOO years in this county. Dr. Ruby first attended school at Lititz, Penn., then entered Marshall College, at Mercersburg, Penn., and from that college gradu- ated with honors in the class of 1848. He first taught school at Middletown, Md. In 1850 he came to York, and was immediately elected principal of the York County Academy. This position he filled for thirty consecutive years. During his adminis- tration more than 5,000 pupils received instruction from him. Prof. Ruby was married, December 14, 1848, to Miss H. Mary Hassler, a native of Franklin County, daughter of Jacob and Elizabeth (KeifEer) Hassler. The Hassler family came from Germany many years ago and settled in York County. To Dr. and Mrs. Ruby were born thirteen children, only four of whom survive their father: Henry J. John C., William H. and Samuel. Dr. Ruby was a member of the German Reformed Church. His life was one of much usefulness, and in his death, which occurred November 16, 1880, the county lost one of its greatly respected citizens and hon- orable men. Mrs. Ruby is a member of the German Reformed Church and an amiable Chrittian lady. WALTER B. RUBY, detective and constable, is a son of Joseph and Sarah (Barnhart) Ruby, was born at Wrighlsville, Penn., October 30, 1844, is one of fourteen children, and is of Scotch- German descent. The father was born in Somerset County, Penn., January 20, 1809, and died in York County, in 1871; the mother was born in York Couny, in 1811. In 1845 the Ruby family came to York. Mr. Ruby received a common School education, and at fourteen years of age began tor himself in life; for some time he was news boy on the Northern Central Railroad. In August, 1862, he enlisted in Company K, One Hundred and Thirtieth Pennsylvania Vol- unteers, but on account of physical disability, was discharged in December of the same year. In Jan- uary, 1864, he enlisted again in the One Hundred and Eighty-seventh Pennsylvania Volunteers, Com- pany B,and was discharged at the close of the war. In 1874 he was given a position on the Yorkpolige force, where he continued until 1879, and has since that time been acting in his present capacity. In 1 880 and 1881, he was made foreman of the Laurel Fire Company. His marriage occurred in 1872, to Miss Sarah J. Fishel, of York County; he is a Democrat, and a member of the I. O. O. F., and I. O. H. DANIEL A.RUPP, retired merchant, is a native of York, Penn., born in 182.5, son of Daniel and Lydia (Small) Rupp, and is of German descent. His parents were both natives of York County; the father was born in 1776, and the mother in 1786. His paternal grandfather, Gotlieb Rupp, also a native of York County, was a soldier in the war of the Revolution. The Rupp family has been known in the history of this county for more than a century, and has long been prominent Id the business circles of York. Daniel A. Rupp was educated at the York County Academy. In 1844, he, in partnership with his brother, David Rupp, who died in 1871, engaged in general merchandising in York County, under the firm name of D. & D. A. Rupp. Mr. Rupp continued however until 1868. when he retired from active business life. He was married, in 1850, to Miss Sarah Dietz, a native of York County, and daughter of Jacob Dietz, a prominent builder and contractor of York.who was the principal contractor of York County Court House. To his marriage have been born two children: Harry and Anna V. Mr. and Mrs. Rupp are members of the Presbyterian Church. DAVID RUPP, proprietor of the York Steam Soap Works, is a native of York, and a son of Da- vid and Henrietta (Harry) Rupp, natives of the 43 YORK BOROUGH. co'inty and of German descent. David Rupp, Sr., was for many years engaged in the dry goods trade in York, subsequently retired, and died in 1875; his wife is also deceased. They were the parents of nine children, of whom two are living, our subject ,nnd Lydia S., wife of H. S. Myers, of York. David Rupp, our subject, in 1876 engaged with P. H. Sprenkle and C. F. Ford, in the manufacture of ■quercitron extract for dyeing, remaining with them five years, and then conducting the business two years alone. In 1879 lie embarked in his present ■enterprise in association with J. R. Busser, whose father had originated the soap works. They were in company together three years, when Mr. Rupp took full charge, enlarged the works, and now has a capacity of 100 boxes, or 75,000 pounds per day, •consisting of laundry and fine toilet soap, which is principally sold in the State of Pennsylvania. Mr. Rupp has been a Director of the York Countj^ Na- tional Bank, and is now a director of the Opera House and West End Improvement Company. He was married, in 1883, to Annie E. Riter, of Philadel- phia, and is the father of two children: Michael R. and David. JOHN CHARLES SCHMIDT, chain manufac- turer, is a native of Carlisle, Penn., and was born March 14, 1859. His parents, Henry D. and Louisa (Carson) Schmidt, were natives of York County. Mr. Schmidt received superior educational advan- tages, attending the scuools of York, until 1868, when his parents removed to St. Paul, Minn., where his studies were continued until 1873, when the family returned to York. He next entered the York Collegiate Institute, and in 1875 accompanied his father to Europe, and passed one year in the educa- tional institutions of Stuttgart, Germany. Upon his return to York, he entered the mercantile house of P. A. and S. Small, where he continued until 1881. He then embarked in business, establishing a chain manufactory, in which field of enterprise he has been very successful. He employs about fifty work- men, and his works have a capacity of manufactur- ing 50,000 pounds of chain daily, which is shipped all over the United States, and exported to Cuba and Mexico. The enterprising and progressive spirit of Mr.Schmidt hasaddedmuch to the business interests of York. He is a director of the York Gas Company, also a director of the York National Bank, and for several years has been identified with St. John's Episcopal Church. CAPT. EDWARD L. SCHRODER was born in York, York Co., Penn,, and is a son of Emanuel and Mary (Laucks) Schroder, and of German and Scotch origin. His father was born in York in 1803, and his mother in York County, 1809. Our subject was educated in the York public schools and the York County Academy. Ho learned the trade of cabinet-making. He was a member o^ the Worth Infantry Military Company (Capt. Thomas A. Zeigle), when that company was called in service April 20, 1861. He entered the service; the com- pany became ComiDanyA, Sixteenth Regiment, and served until mustered out July 30, 1861. October 33, 1861, he enlisted in Company F, Fifth Maryland Volunteers, for the term of three years, was ap- pointed sergeant-major of the regiment, commis- sioned second lieutenant of Company A, March 16, 1862, and first lieutenant'of Company H same year (December 10, 1862), and captain of Company I, April 7, 1864. He took part in the historic engage- ment between the "Monitor" and "Merrimac," was at Antietam and Winchester, Va., June 18 to 15,1863, was taken prisoner of war on June 15, and was for eighteen months in Southern prisons. He spent eleven months in the famous Libby Prison at Rich- mond, Va., was under fire of Union batteries in Charleston, S. C, was paroled at Columbia, S. C, iind sent to Camp Parole, Annapolis, Md., De- cember 15, 1864, and on January 38, 1865, was honorably mustered out of the service. His mar- riage was solemnized July 1, 1878, to Miss Kate Laucks, daughter of David Laucks, of Berks County, Penn. In politics he is a Republican, is a Mason and Knight Templar, and member of I. O. O. F., also a member of Post 37, 6."A. R., has been senior vice commander and post commander and an aide-de-camp on the staff of the commander- in-chief of the G. A. R. of the United States, and director Western National Bank. FREDERICK T. SCOTT, who for more than thirty years, has been permanently identified with the business interests of Y'ork, was born in Balti- more County, Md., about fourteen miles from the city, in 1834. His father, Thomas Scott, was a native of North Ireland, and early in life immi- grated to America, settling in New York, where he was married to MargaretLintz,a native of that State. Removing to Maryland they remained there until their deaths. Thomas Scott, the father, was one of the contractors on the first railroad that led out from the city of Baltimore. Four children were de- scendants: John (now deceased, was for thirty years an employe upon the Northern Central Railroad; for a long time a conductor; died at Hanover Junc- tion); William (who died in 1869 at the same place, was also a conductor upon the same railroad about thirty years); Jane Lewis (the only daughter, died in 18'61, in the State of Ohio). The subject of this sketch, at the age of eleven, went to Baltimore and was employed for six years as a bar tender. He then served an apprenticeship for over three years in the macliine shops of the Baltimore & Susquehanna Railroad (now Northern Central Railroad). Here he became a skillful machinist, and, having thor- oughly mastered his trade, remained for five years as an employe. He then embarked in business for himself, manufacturing cars and mill work, Imt his enterprise was doomed to disaster. In 1850 he lost heavily by tire, and in 1853, when employin:-^ seventy five hands, he was forced to suspend, losing every dollar of his property on account of the strike on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, which forced, in thirty days, the price of iron from $.^5 to |90 per ton. He then sought a new field for bus- iness operations, and io 1854 removed to Glen Rock, this county, where he established the Glen Rock Machine Shops, manufacturing, upon an extensive scale, cars, paper-mill works, agricultural implements and general machinery. This enter- prise added greatly to the material interests of the town, and at times as many as forty-five hands were employed in his works. In 1861, upon the outbreak of the civjl war, he sold out his interests at Glen Rock at a great sacrifice, removed to York and engaged with the Northern Central Railroad as master machinist of the company's car and locomo- tive shops. This responsible position he filled with signal ability, and with eminent satisfaction, until 1875, when he resigned. Mr. Scott then again embarked in business on his own account, and his latter efforts have met with success. He has estab- lished a large and lucrative trade in coal, lumber and railroad ties in York, and, in connection is manager of extensive granite quarries, at Golds- boro, York Haven. Upon his farm, which consists of 194 acres, are also large deposits of brown stone, which is quarried to a large extent. He has a steam saw-mill upon his farm, and is engaged in farming in Codorus Township,' where he owns a valuable, finely improved farm, which, with valuable real est ite in York, is the residt of wise business enter- prise. Mr. Scott was elected resident director of the York County Alms-house, in 1878, and insti- tuted many valuable reform measures in the man- agement of that institution. His independence of action and prudent management won for him the J-"^ BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 48 admiratiou of the tiix-puj'ing people of the entire county, re.a;ardless of political preferences. He had the land connected with the alni.s house survej'ed and, together with tlie other members of the board of directors, introduced a new code, rules and regu- lations, setting forth the duties of the different officers by wliom the iostituliou is governed, which received the approval of tlie State l)oaril of public tharities. the grand jury and the court of common pleas of the county. In the e.Keroise of his public duties Sir. Scott evinced the same prudent and practical knowledge which has made his private idfairs eventuall}' successful. Fornearly forty years !Mr. Scott has been a member of the I. O. 0. F. etuI i.s at present a member of Harmony Lodge, No, 8.i.5, and also of the encampment of the Grand Lodge of Maryland. He is a member of York Lodge, No, 366, of A, F. >.t A. M., and also of the order of K. of P. He is president of the York Building and Loan Association, president of tlie Star Building and Loan Association, and a president of the Penu Mutual Relief Association, of which he served as president for a number of years. He is enter- prising in all matters of moral advancement, and the architect of his own fortunes. Mr. Scolt was united in marriage in Baltimore, February 10, 1848, with Jliss Elizabeth A., daughter of Jacob and Henrietta Fein Cook. Theyliave been blessed with .5even children; Jacob F., Henrietta M,, Emma L. (deceased), Cecelia N. (deceased), Oscar W. (de- ceased). Calvert C. and Wintield W". The family are members of Trinity Reformed Church of York. JACOB SEACRISt, one of the, leading con- tractors and builders of York, w.is born in York Countjs October 29, 1829, his parents being Henry and Anna (Daley) Seacrist, boih of whom are na- tivis and citizens of the count}'. Jacob received the educational advantages of the common schools until he was fourteen years of age, when he was eniraged upon a farm, at which he was employed until he attained his majority. He then was ap- jii-enticed to learn the carpenter's trade with iiamuel Kohr. and havingmastered it. worked at this branch of industry until 1863. Being desirous of extending his liu-iness relations, he erected a planing-mill in York, and began contracting and building on an extensive scale. Having superior advantages, he has laken a leading position among tlie builders of York, particularly in scliool and church structures. Ml. .Seacrist is still actively engaged in business, and i> H representative of the enterprising sdiool of citi- zeii-i. He was united in marriage in July, lS~h>. with Miss Mary E. Kepler, of Baltimore. Eiglit children have been born to them: Adam \V., Annie K., .Jacob K., Mary E., George H., Lucy M., Oliver V, and Harry E. Mr. Seacrist is a member of the I. 0. 0. F.. K. of P., and with his wife a member of the Melhoiiisl Episcopal Church. AMBROSE H. SEIFFERT. general accountant for the firm of Baughir. Kurtz i Stewart, was born in Dover Township. York County, December 1, 1838, and is the second in a family of seven children born to John and Elizabeth (Henise) Seiffiert, of German descent. The parents of Mr. Seifl'ert were born in Dover Township, where they now reside. His paternal grandfather was John Seiffert, a na- tive of Pennsylvania, Itutin 1833 he moved to Ohio, where he died. The boyhood of our subject was spent on the farm. He was educated at the public S( liools of Dover Township and York County Acad- emy. In 18.57 he liegan teaching school, at which he continued until 1872, when he accepted his pres- ent position. He was married in 1865 to Miss Mary A. Daron. a native of Manchester Town.ship, born June 9, 184^), and daughter of George and Lydia Daron,' Theyliave four children, viz. : John H., <-ieorge R,, Franklin M. and Maggie M. Mr. Seif- fert is an earnest supporter of the Democratic parly. In 188 ! he was elected to represent the Fifth Ward in the borough council, and re-elected in 188."i, and upon the orgauizalion of the council was chosen as- sistant chief burgess for the ensuing year. Mr. and Mrs. Seili'ert ai'e members of the German Reformed Chuicli. PROF. WILLfAM II. SHELLEY, superintend- ent of tlie public scdiools of York, was liorn on the Mansion farm, which he now owns, on the II ill Island in the Susquehanna River. He entered the York County Academy when quite young, spent several years as a student in that institution, and there laid the foundation of a broad and lilieral ed- ucation. He began teaching in West Hemptield Township. Lancaster County, and taught there two years, three years in Columbia Borough, and three years as assistant to Prof. George W. Ruby, in York County Academy, during which time he completed a full collegiate course, and received special native instruction in French and German. Failing health at that lime prevented him from graduating at Dickinson College. He went to the Slate of Mich- igan, and for three j'cars tilled the chair of Latin and Greek, and two years the chair of mathematics, in Albion College. While occupying these posi- tions he was a diligent student, and became very proficient in the branches whicli he taught. The honorary degree of master of arts was conferred on him by the fowa Wesleyan University, and later he received the full State certificate for the classical course, an honor conferred upon him by the State Normal School at Millcrsville.Penn. While spending his summer vacation in York, during the year 1870, he was unanimously elected the first superintend- ent of schools of York, which position he has since continuously held with great honor to himself and great benefit to the educational interesls of the town. As an organizer of schools. Prof. Shellej- has few equals, Umler his able administra- tion, the public schools of York have regularly im- proved and prospered. He is thoroughly familiar with boili ihe theory and llie practice of his chosen profession, and has illustrated liy his practical work both Ihe science ami the art of leaching. He also takes an active interest in church and Sunday- school work. GE0R(.4E E. SHEllWiiOD. ex-representatiye and justice of the peace, was born in Virginia, August 17, 1843, and is a son of Lewis and Minnie (Koch) Sherwood, both natives of CJermany. His father came to this country as a political refugee in 1834. settling at Hampton, Elizabeth Co., Va., where he bought a large plantation, upon which he resided until 18.55, when he removed to Baltimore, Jld. (Jnr subject was educaied at Baltimore, and upon the breaking out of the late civil war, he responded to the call for volunteers, and enlisted as orderly sergeant in the First Virginia Scouts. • under Gen. Rosecrans; served likewise in Sanno's Scouts, Twenty-sixth Penn.sylvania Infantry, and Ninth Pennsylvania Cavalry, and served until the close of the war. He rose from the ranks to captain, and pariicipated in the following battles: Win- chester, Red House, Morefield, Getty.sburg (where he was taken prisoner), Nashville, ciavannah and Ijister's Ferrv. He recinved his discharge at New- burn, N. C, June 11, 1865, and on the 16th day of July of the same year came to York, wdiere he has since been a resident. Mr. Sherwood, upon his arrival in York, assumed the editorship of the York German Gazette, one of the leading Democratic papers in the county, filling the position with marked ability. In 1873 he was elected town clerk of York, and' filled that position until 1881. lie was elected to represent his district in the State legislature in 1876, and was re-elected in 1878, and attained high rank as a representative. In 1883 he was elected justice of the peace in the Fourth Ward 44 YORK BOROUGH. of the borough of York, and is still administerin.a; the duties of that offiee in an efficient manner. He is a politician of influence, and has been a leading member of the I. 0. (). F. for many years : is Dis- trict Depuly Grand Master, and D. D. "Grand Patri- arch, treasurer of Humane Lodge, and of Mount Vernon Encampment, and a member of the order of Red Men, Knights of Pj'thias, Union Brother- hood, G. A. R., and Knights of the Mystic Chain. He was the founder of the York Public Library, of which he is president : was trustee of the Rescue Fire Corapan}', and agent for P. B. Wright & Sons and other steamship lines. Mr. Sherwood has been twice married; his union with Sarah A., daughter of Maj. R. J. Winterode. of Willianisport, Penn., occurred July 6. 1866. She died April 20, 187.5, leaving three children, two having died. December 36, 1876, he was united to Lut'y A., daughter of Peter and Charlotte Flickinger, of Hanover, Penn.; to this union there have been born five children, three of whom are deceased. LEWIS A, SHIVE was born in York, December 37, 1818, and is a son of .John and S.ullie {I3upp) Shive. The father of JL'. Shive was one of seven children, and was born in 1798 and died in 1877, and his mother was born in 1794 and died in 18.58. His grandfather, Ludvvick Sliive, was born in York, in 1761. The Shive family came originally from Germany. At fourteen years of age the subject of this sketch began learning the cabinet-maker's trade under his fatlier. In 1841 he began the furniture business in York, and has since been engaged in that business. He was married in 1841, to Miss Harriet Hamm, of Dover Township, and daughter of Samuel Hamm. Ten chiMren were liorn to this union, six of whom are living, viz.: Pliilip, Walter, Charles, Lewis, Sallie and Samuel. Mrs. Shive died in 1873. Mr. Shive is a member of Ihe Luth- eran Church, and for miiny years Ita^ taken much interest in church affairs. W. H. SITLER, attorney at law, e.x-prothono- tary of York County, is a native of Lower Windsor Township, was born .January 24, 1849, and is a son of Jacob and Elizabeth (Burg) Sitler. His paternal grandfather was Abraham Siih'r. an early settler of York County. Twc^ brotUers. .John and Matthias, on account of religious persecution, were banished from Germany and came to America, and from one of these our subject is descended. Our subject re- ceived ills education at the public schools of York County. In 187.5 he began tlie study of law. and was a(hiiitted to the bar, December 17, 1877. Polit- ically he is a Democrat, and for many years has taken an active part in politics. In 1881 he was elected protbonotary of York County, and most efficiently he filled tiie olHce for three 3^ears. Prior to his election to this office he was deputy protbon- otary several terms. His marriage occurred in 1878, to Miss Cclia T. Ernry, a native of York County, who has borne him two children : Maljle 0. and Horace J. Mrs. Sitler is a mem')er of the Reformed Church. DAVID SMALL was born in York, Jfay 3, 1813, and was the son of Petir Small, a prominent citizen and master-builder, who died when David Small was twelve years of age, leaving five cliildren; Daniel, John, David, IMargaret (who became the first wife of Henry AVelsli, Esq.,) and a half-sister named Sarah, intermarrieil with Lewis Templein, now living in Ohio, and the sole survivor of the family At the tender age in which we find him at his father's death, he was taken by Mr. Welsh, his brother-in-law, and initialed into the mysteries of printing in the office of the York Ouzette then pub- lislied i)y King & Welsh ("ne-xt door below the Ger- man Reformed Church, Main Street") the latter be- coming a partner in its publication in May, 1824, After the manner of the enterprising news boys of the present day, he was not slow to take advantage of opportunities as tliey presented themselves at tliat early date, and took pride in relating how he had taken part in contributing his professional skill to the demands of the citizens on the occasion of the visit of Gen. La Fayette to York, in 1835, of which he had a distinct recollection to the last. Mr. Welsh, in 1839, disposed of his share of the Gazette to George A. Barnitz, Esq., and subse- (luently became proprietor of the Pennsylvania liepmHer, at Harrisburg, and was elect ed State printer. Mr. Small left York with Sir. Welsh and became foreman of the State printing. Owing to bad health, however, he was compelled to leave Harrisburg, and on the 1st of April, 1836, became part owner of the Gazette, with Hon. Adam J. tTlossI)reuner, continuing uninterruptedly in the proprietorship until his death, nearl}' half a centu- ry. In his salutatory to the readers of Ww.Gnzette, on assuming his share in the proprietorship, he tersely concluded: "The undersigned will not trouble the reader with a long string of promises — believing in the old adage that 'large promisers are .generally small performers.' He wouhi much ratiier be judged by his acts than by his promises to act," and this peculiar announcement at the beginning of his business career will be recognized as charac- teristic of his whole life. Before Mr. Small left Harrisburg, he became united in marriage with Miss Adeline Sprigman, datigliter of Solomon Sprigman, bookbinder, of that city, the ceremony having been performed by Rev. A. H. Lochman, D. J)., of York, tlien a resident of Harrisburg. In his wedded life he was assisted with good counsel and the encour- agement and comfort of a helpmeet in every emer- gency, rearing a family of three boys, whose c[rs. Smith are members of tlie Moravian Church. THE SMYSER FAMILY. On the 17th of Feb- ruary, 1715, by the historic little village of Rugel- bacli, in the kingdom of Wurtemburg, now Ger- nuxny, was born Mathias Smyser, the ancestor of the Smyser family in York County. His father, Martin Smyser, was an industrious peasant, and a member of the Lutheran Cluirch. The boyhood days of tlie son were spent in the schools of Ids na- tive place, "and assisting the father in tilling the soil and weaving. The visit of William Penn to Germany to invite the industrious peasants of that country to his new province across the sea, caused many thousands to emigrate. On September 21, 1731, the good ship "Britannia," with Michael Fraiiklyn as captain, set sail from Rotterdam, stop- ping at Cowes to pay proper obeisance to the En- 'rlish flag and government, thence to Philadelphia, freighted with 367 German emigrants, 141 of whom were males, and 126 females. Among them were Mathias Smj'ser, then but sixteen years old, his : motheij Anna Barbara, aged fifty, his sister, Marga- ! ret, aged twenty, and his brother (George, aged nine. i It was just at the time of their arrival that the first permanent settlements were being made west of the Susquehanna, and we next hear of him as a weaver, ] among the original settlers of Kruetz Creek, in 1 York County. Having received money from Ger- many, he obtained a land warrant from the propri- etors, and took up a large tract of land near the present village of Spring Grove, about the year 1740. Being anxious to have near neighbors, Ma- thias divided his plantation into smaller tracts, and presented all except one to new immigrants. Wheth- [ er his brother, who had now grown to manhood, was ; the recipient of one of these farms, is not known, ' but they did live near each other, on different tracts of laud, for some years. He eventuall)' found that he had parted with his best land, so he sold the re- mainder, and iDurchased a tract of 400 acres from Mr. Henthorn, about three miles west of York, on what is now the Berlin Road, erected buildings and ! moved there on May 3, 1745. He remained there ] until his death in 1778. about the time his distin- guished son was fighting the battles of the new government. His brother George also disposed of his property, and bought a farm north of York, where he resided several years, but eventuall}' moved to Virginia, and thence to Kentuck}', where many of his descendants now reside. Mathias Smj'ser left to survive him three sons: Michael, born 1740; Jacob, born 1743; Mathias, born 1744. Anna Maria, next to the youngest daughter, was born 1757; Susanna, the youngest, born 1760. The dates of the births of the other daughters, Dorothy, Sabina, Rosanna and Elizabeth, cannot be ascer- tained. Michael, the eldest son. became a conspic- uous personage during the Revolutionary war. Cor.. Michael Smysi-jr, the eldest son, was born in 1740, and was long and extensively known as a highly respectable farmer and tavern keeper in what is now West Manchester Township, near the site of his father's home. He owned a farm of 300 acres. Though not favored wddi a liberal educa- tion, he was known as a man of discriminating mind and sound judgment. He was early associated with the Revolutionary patriots, and was a useful man in the councils of that day, as well as on the field of battle. He was one of a committee of twelve from York County, who raised money in 1775 to send to the inhabitants of Boston, when the port of that city was closed by the British, collect- ing £6 13s Id from his own township. If the American cause had failed, every one of that com- mittee would liave forfeited his life on the scat- fold of the enemy. He joined the Continental Army as a captain in Col. Michael Swope's regiment of York Count}' volunteers, and was captured by the enem}f in the engagement at Fort Washington, north of New York City, on the 16th of September, 1776. Several months of distressing imprisonment followed, during which time he was unremitting in his efforts to .alleviate the sufferings of others, and bold and animated in the advocacy of his country's cause. After his release and return home, in 1778, he was elected a member of the house of repre- sentatives of Pennsylvania from York County, and from that time to 1790 was seven times re-elected to the same position. From 1790 to 1795 he repre- sented his county in the State senate, being the first person to fill that position under the State constitu- tion of 1790. Here, his warm attachment to our political institutions enabled him to act with honor to himself and his constituents. After the war he turned his attention to agricultural pursuits, and kept a tavern. He died in the year 1810, and his remains are interred near those of his father in the graveyard of the First Lutheran Church of York. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 47 He left three sons and four daughters, namel)': Peter. Elizabeth. Sarah, .Jacob, Mary, Michael and Susan. Jacob Smyseb. the second son of Mathias, the Immigrant, was a prosperous farmer, and for some years a justice of the peace. In 1789 was elected a menilier of tlje house of representatives of Pennsylvania, and soon after died at the age of flfly-one years. He left seven sons and one daugh- ter, viz.; Henrv. .Tacob, Martin, John, Daniel. Catli- erine, Peter and Adam. M.i.THiAS S-MYSEK, the youugest son of the im- migrant, resided on the mansion farm of his father, where he quietly pursued the useful and respecta- ble occupation of an agriculturist. He was a man of the strictest integrity. He was in the Revolu- tionary war as a teamster, driving a baggage wagon. He lived to the age of eighty-four years, much longer than the other two of these brothers, and left five sons and two daughters, namely: Catharine, Polly, George. Jacob, Mathias, Philip and Henry. A centennial celebration was held by the de- scendants of Mathias Smyser, the elder, on the mansion farm now owned by Samuel Smyser, in West Manchester Township, on May 3, 1840. It occurred on Saturday, and was a bright and pleas- ant da}'. The meeting organized by electing Geor>;e Smyser president. Jacob Smyser (of Mi- chael) and JIartin Ebert, vice presidents, andPhilip Smyser and Rev. S. Oswald, secretaries. After a sumptuous dinner, the exercises were opened by Prof. Charles Hay, now of Gettj'sburg, and an ad- dress was made b}' tlie venerable president, who yet remembered seeing his aged grandfather, whose location on that spot, 100 years before, thej' were tiien celel)ratlng. A series of resolutions was passed, letters read from absent ones, an historical narration prepared b}' Philip Smyser was read, and an address delivered liy Rev, S. Oswald. The fol- lowing beautiful sentiment is an extract from his speech: ''My thoughts while here have been made up of some sort of pleasant mingling together of the present, the past and the future. At one time my imagination carries me back 100 years. I look up, I look around me, but I see naught except the blue vault of heaven, and a dark, dreary forest, en- livened onlj' by the sweet warbling of the feathered songsters, and the rapid darting of the squirrel .among the wide-spreading branches of the forest oak. I look again and see a solitary adventurer, firmly treading" this thick forest; the sturdy oak falls'before the ax wiekled by his vigorous arms; and soon where once that forest stood now waves the golden grain. But with the rapidity of thought I am carried back to this hour, and here I see a nu- merous a.ssembly, the descendants of that hardy adventurer, congregated to celebrate the day which dates the flight of a century, since first he called these lands his own." Prof. ChailesHay made a short address, after which a resolution was adopted christening the old homestead "Rugelbach," in honor of the birth-place of their ancestor. The meeting adjourned recommending "that future gen- erations hold a similar celebration in the year 194.5, and further, that we entertain the hope that this liomestead of our ancestor he held in the name of Smyser." At this meeting, acommittee was appoint- ed to ascertain the number of descendants of Mathias Smyser, the elder, then living, reported as follows: Descendants of Col. Michael Smyser, 244; of Jacob Smyser, 177; Mathias Smyser, 160; Dorothy, mar- ried to Peter Hoke, 240; Sabina, married to Jacob Swope, of Lancaster County, 54; Rosanna, married to George Maul, who moved to Virginia, 66; Eliza- beth, married to Leonard Eichelberger, who lived near Dillsburg,'116; Ann Mary, married to Martin Ebert (whose father came from Germany in the same vessel with her father), 64; and Susanna, mar- ried to Philip Ebert, 47; in all, 1,162. JOSEPH SMYSER was born in West Man- chester, three miles west of York, on the Ruegel- bach farm, in 1811, is a son of Matthias and Eliza- beth (Eyster) Smyser, and the third eldest in a family of four children, viz.; Elizabeth, Sarah, Joseph and Samuel; the three last luimed are now living within the same square, in York, Penn.; and Elizabeth died in the year 1829. The early life of our subject was spent on the farm. In 1844 he moved to York, where he has since resided. The marriage of Mr. Smyser took place, in 1835, to Miss Sarah Weaver, a native of Adams County, Penn. To this union have been born five children, three of whom are still living; Catherine L. E., Ellen S. and Alice M. Politically Mr. Smyser is a Repub- lican. Mr. and Mrs. Smyser are members of the Lutheran Church. SAMUEL SMYSER, retired farmer, was born in West Manchester Township, on the old Smyser homestead in 1813, to Matthias and Elizabeth (Eysler) Smyser, and is of German origin. Mr. Smyser worked on the farm for his father until he was twenty-five years of age, when he began life for himself and continued farming for twelve years. In 18S3 Mr. Smyser came to York and here has since resided. He now owns the old Smyser home- stead, which has been in the family for 140 years, and where the fi.mily centennial wa.s^ held in 1845. The marriage of Mr. Smyser occurred, in 1866, to Miss Rebecca M. Lewis, daughter of Dr. Robert Lewis, of Dover. Mrs. Smyser was born in Dover, in 1825. The father of Mrs. Smyser died in 1846, and her mother in 1867. Mr. Smyser is a Republican. Mr. and Mrs. Smyser arc members of the Lutheran Church and are among the prominent people of York. DR. HENRY L. SMYSER was born in York, December 8, 1825, and is a son of Michael and Eliza (Lanius) Smyser. He is descended from German stock. His father was born in York in 1799, was a tanner, and died in 1874. Here also his mother was born in 1802, and died in 1882. Dr. Smyser is a representative of one of the first families of York County. Having received a common school educa- tion, he, in 1844, began the study of medicine under Dr. J. W. Kerr, and in 1847 graduated from the University of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia, and afterward located in Jackson Township, York County, and there remained one year. In 1849 he went to California, remained two years, and then returned to his native county. In 1855 he went to Europe and entered the Russian Army as contract surgeon, and was appointed to the rank of major. At the end of the war he returned to York Countv, and for distinguished services he received from the Emperor Alexander II the decoration of St. Stan- islaus and also a medal commemorative of the war. He enlisted in the war of the Rebellion in 1862, and here also was a contract surgeon. He did faithful and efficient service at the hospital in Y^ork. In 1860 he was married to Emma E. Rienian, of York, daughter of John Rieman. Two children, Ella n' and John R., are the result of this union. Dr. and Mrs. Smy.ser are members of the Lutheran Church. ALEXANDER D. SMYSER, son of Daniel and Catherine (Weist) Smyser, fifth of six children, was born April 8, 1848, in Jackson Township. He was reared to farming, and resided in Jackson Township until 1881, when he removed to York. He married Louisa Yost, daughter of Peter Yost, of York, Penn. One child — Clayton — was born to them! May 26, 1881, he married Amanda Metzler, daugh- ter of George and Mary (Fishel) Metzler. Two children were born to this marriage; Harry E. and 48 YORK BOROUGH. Bertlia. (See liistorj' of Smyser family for our sub- ject's ancestral history.) HAMILTON SPANGLER (deceased), a native of York, the third of four children of Samuel and Mary (Dinkel) Spangler, was born April 10, 1810. Mr. Spangler was educated at the York County Academy. In 1838 he began farming; continued at this occupation for ten years, then retired from active business life. While farming Mr. Spangler resided near Shrewsbury, York County, and owned two of the best farms in that township. In 1861 he married Miss Ann Eliza Connellee, a native of York, daughter of Col. James S. and Sarah (Pan- ner) Connellee, early settlers of York. The father of our subject was born in York County in 1773; Mary Dinkel, his mother, was born in the same county in 1783. Mr. Spangler's maternal grand- father was a soldier, and did gallant service for his country, in the Revolutionary war. Baltzer Spang- ler, bis paternal grandfather, served also in that struggle. Our subject had one sister, Eliza, the wife of Jacob Hoke, of Havre de Grace, Md. His brothers were Samuel (deceased) and Washington (deceased), who died at the early age of sixteen. The father of Mrs. Spangler, Col. James S. Connel- lee, was born in Westmoreland County, Va., in 1788; was reared and educated in the city of Rich- mond, Va. Col. Connellee was a progressive and prominent citizen of York in his day. He was a leading member and vestryman in the Episcopal Church for many years; member of the York Lodge of Freemasons, and one of the tirst men in York to offer his services to his country in the vvar of 1812. He was the youngest of four sons; Thorn- ton, William and Daniel were the names of his brothers. He died on the 33d of April, 1839. Sarah (Danner) Connellee, the wife of Col. Connellee, was the daughter of Abraham Danner. The Danner family were among the pioneer settlers of York, and the history of York County will show that Michael Danner was the intimate friend and adviser of the Penn family. (See History of York County.) ADAM SPANGLER was born in York, April 13, 1839, and was the fifth of the six children of Samuel and Elizabeth (Frank) Spangler, of York, Penn. Mr. Spangler attended the public schools of York, and also the York County Academj'. He learned the hatter's trade with his father, and worked at it ten years. He then began building, and erected sixty-four houses, also a large planing- mill and sash factory, 80x90 feet, well equipped for doing all kinds of work for builders, and supplied with a thirty-five horse-power engine. Mr. Spangler owns at present forty houses and thirty five building lots. He Is a self-made man, having begun life without a dollar. No man has done more toward improving his native town than our subject, and he is a descendant of one of the oldest families of York, about two miles from which borough his grandfatlier was born. His mother still lives at the advanced age of eighty-seven, and enjoys remarkably good health. His grandfather, Frank, was a soldier in the war of 1812. January 36, 1859, Mr. Spangler married Jane Gipe, daughter of Philip and Catherine Gipe, of York, Penn. ; there have been born to them seven children; Susan, Elizabeth, Adam, Mary (de- ceased), Mary Ann, Robert and David. Mr. Spang- ler is a member of Keystone Conclave, No. 12, I. O. H., of York. J. W. SPANGLER, inventor and manufacturer, was born in Jackson Township, York County, in 1843. For nearly thirty years he was employed upon his father's farm, subsequently engaging in business, as a partner, with the firm of Crider & Bro. in the publishing business. After one year's association with this firm he embarked in connec- tion with Samuel Fry in the manufacture of cotton comforters and quilts', which partnership lasted one year. He then formed the company of J. W. Spangler & Bro., J. C. Spangler being the partner. This firm continued until 1883, notwithstanding be- ing burned out in 1876. They next began the manufacture of agricultural implements, and have so continued. Our subject is a natural mechanic, and notwithstanding the fact of never serving an apprenticeship, has taken out thirteen patents, each of them being valuable. Their principal work now is in the manufacture of Spangler's Fertilizer Feed, Improved Corn Planter, Lime Spreader, and the building of feed cutters. Mr. Spangler's many other inventions include a washing machine, and last, but important, is his "lightning hitch," a paragon of simplicity in bitching or unhitching a horse. Mr. Spangler is yet young in years, and will doubtless add more improvements to the benefit of mankind He is an excellent business man, and a moral citizen. Mr. Spangler was married, in 1883, to Laura S. McKinley, of York. They have one child, Julia Estelle, and are members of the Re- formed Church. B. F. SPANGLER, M. D., was born in Jackson Township, York County, February 31, 1844, to Ru dolph and Sarah (Harbaugh) Spangler, and is of German descent. His father was born in 1800, and his mother in 1807, His father died in 18.51. The boyhood of Dr. Spangler was spent on the farm. His literary education was acquired at the common schools and the York County Academy. In 1865 he began the stud}' of medicine, and the following year entered Jefferson Medical College at Phila- delphia, graduating in 1868, and the same year be gan the practice of his profession in Y^ork, which he has since continued. The marriage of Dr. Spangler was solemnizedin 1868, to Miss Ada E. Nes, daughter of the late Hon.Henrj^Nes. They have two children: Theresa J. and Chauncy K. Dr. Spangler is a Re- publican, and one of the directors of the Drovers' and Mechanics' National Bank, and assisted in its or- ganization. August 7, 1883, Dr. Spangler, at the age of eighteen years, enlisted as a private in Com- pauj' K, One Hundred and Thirtieth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and was mustered out as fourth sergeant at the expiration of term of service in May. 1863. He participated in the battles of Antietam, Fred- ericksburg and Chancellorsville. Dr. and Mrs. Spangler are members of the Presbyterian Church. EDWARD WEBSTER SPANGLER was born in Paradise Township, York County, February 33, 1846. As a country bo}' he performed boy's work on his widowed mother's farm, and during four months in winter attended free school. Never relish- ing agricultural labors he abandoned them at the first opportunity and at the age of thirteen became a student at the York County Academy. After a year's study he entered as a clerk in one of the leading dry goods houses in York. In August. 1863, at the age of sixteen years, he responded to the call of President Lincoln for nine months' volunteers, and enlisted as a private in Company K, One Hundred and Thirtieth Regi- ment Pennsylvania Volunteers. After a two months' service, in the Army of thePotomac, he re- ceived his first liaptism of fire at the battle of Antie- tam, in which his company lost in killed and wounded one-third of its number engaged. Mr. Spangler fired the eighty rounds with which he was equipped, and finding use for more took ten rounds from the cartridge box of a dead comrade, eight of which he discharged before his regiment was re- lieved. During the engagement the stock of his rille was shattered by a Confederate bullet. At the battle of Fredericksburg, his division — the third of the second corps — made the initial and sanguinary charge on Mary's Heights. His colonel was killed at the first fire. At Chancellorsville his division was thrown into the breach to arrest the victorious ^^^^cM^aM^ Jm^^^^jAix' BlUGRAPHlCAL SKETCHES. 49 Confederates in their pursuit of tlie routed Eleventli Corps. During the terrible Saturday night, May 2, 1863, Mr. Spangler's company was figliting nearly all night on the plank road at the foot of the knoll on which our artillery was massed, and in front of which Stonewall Jackson was mortally wounded. The next morning, Sunday, his division was com- pelled to give way, andhisgeneral of brigade. Hays, was taken prisoner. Although in the fore-front of every battle, Mr. Spangler was unharmed in each. The term of enlistment having expired, the regi- ment returned home and was disbanded. After his return he was appointed deputy United States mar- shall of York County. He was in service but a few weeks when his leg was broken by the kick of an abandoned Confederate horse and, being incapac- itated for active duty, resigned. Upon his convales- cence he resumed his studies at the York County Academy, during which he also registered as a student at law. After attending a course of lec- tures in the law department of the University of Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia,'! he was admitted to the York bar, March 4, 1867. He soon acquired a very lucrative practice which he has ever since retained. He has been admitted to practice in the neighboring county courts and in the United States district court, and is an active practitioner in the supreme court during the week appointed for the argument of York County cases. He has studiously eschewed politics, save his filling the office of presi- dent of the York Republican Club, in 1881, which position he subsequently resigned, having joined the independent wing of his party. In 1881 he was one of the principal promoters in the building of Yprk's beautiful opera house, and superintended its first year's management. He has also taken an active interest in .suburban development, and laid out his real estate, extending from George Street to Cottage Hill, into building lots, which are propinquitous to nearly all of York's manufactories, and are made accessible by the construction of the new and hand- some Beach Street iron bridge, in the procuration of which he was mainly instrumental. In .January 1883, Mr. Spangler purchased the York Dnily and Weekly Printing House, with daily and weekly editions, and extensive job department. With the valuable assistance of his two able publishing part- ners he at once introduced into these issues new life, features and methods, resulting in the large increase in their circulations and carrying them to the fore-front of successful inland journals. -Mr. Spangler possesses great energy and executive ability, is a sound and .able advocate, and a pun- gent and forcible writer. JACOB R. SPANGLER, M. D,, is a son of Rudolph and Sarah (Harbaugh) Spangler, was born in Jackson Township, November 23, 1850, and is of German origin. The father of Mr. Spangler was_ a native of the same county, born in 1800, and died in 18.51. Our subject worked on the farm during the summer and attended the public schools during the winter. In 1867 he entered the Millersville Normal School, andsubsequently the York County Acad- emy. In the fall of 1871, Mr. Spangler began the study of medicine in the office of Dr. B. P. Spangler, in York, and afterward entered Jefferson Medical College at Philadelphia, from which he graduated March 11, 1874, and immediately began the regular practice of his profession in York, where he has since continued. He is a thorough Republican and manifests much interest in politics. During the year 1880 he was the health officer of York. He is a man of much public spirit and a most successful nhvsician. CHARLES FREDRICK SPANGLER, M, D., was born in York. York County, December 31, 1859, to Harrison and Mary Spangler, and is of German descent. Dr. Spangler derived his earlier education from the public schools of the borough. In July, 1876, he began the study of medicine under the pre- ceptorship of Dr. C. M. Nes. In 1879 he entered the JefEerson Medical College, of Philadelphia, graduating with honors in 1881. Being an ardent lover of the profession, blessed with a retentive memory, studious, a hard worker, his association with that institution was attended by marked dis- tinction. His social qualities inviting the confi- dence of the faculty, responsible duties were as- signed to him, afEording exceptional opportunities for acquiring practical knowledge. His acknowl- edged thorough mastery of the various branches, with a comprehensive manner of imparting infor- mation to his associates, gave him a foremost posi- tion -n a class of 600. He began the practice of his profession at Spring Grove, York Co., Penn., sub- sequently locating permanently in York, August, 1881, where he has the pleasure of attending to a large and lucrative practice. In 1880 he was mar- ried to Miss Frances H. Wilson, of Franklin County, Penn. One child has been born to this union, Joseph. Politically the Doctor is of Democratic propensities. At the general election in 1884, he was elected coroner of York County by a handsome majority, receiving the largest vote on the ticket and carrying the Second Ward, which is largely Re- publican. He is a member of the Lutheran Church and a contributor to various city medical journals. PETER B. SPRENKLE was born in North Co- dorus Township in 1837, is the son of George and Elizabeth (Bare) Sprenkle, the fourth of six chil- dren, and of German descent. Our subject re- mained at home and worked at milling and attended school at Cottage Hill; taught under S.B.Hayes and H. Griffith. In 1865 he went to Illinois, and re- maining two years returned to York County and settled in his native township, where he remained several years and then came to York, where he'has since remained. On coming to York he engaged in the grain business, which he continued for some time. Mr. Sprenkle was married in 1878 to Miss Rebecca Pishel, born in Springfield Township (but a resident of York. Penn., at time of marriage), and daughter of Charles Fishel. Mr. Sprenkle is a Re- publican aad a Mason. Mrs. Sprenkle is a member of the Moravian Church. At present Mr. Sprenkle is engaged in North Codorus Townshipmanufactur- ing ground flint. The firm is composed of D. B. and P. B. Sprenkle, Enos Frey and George Motter. The name of the firm is Sprenkle Bros. & Co. The firm was organized October, 1884. R. S. STAHLE, M. D., wa^* born in York in 1858, is a son of Col. J. A. and Mary E. (Spangler) Stable, and is of Gorman descent. At the age of sixteen he entered York Collegiate Institute, and graduated in 1880. He began the study of medicine in 1879 under Jacob Hay, M. D. In the fall of 1880 he entered the University of Maryland and gradu- .ated in 1883. In the spring of 1881 he entered the Balitmore Infirmary as clinical assistant, and after, was acting chief of clinic in the surgical department of the Baltimore Infirmary, and was also engaged practicing in Baltimore City duringhis services in the hospital. In 1883 he came to York and is now in the regular practice. In politics he is a Republican! W. GUY STAIR, jeweler and dealer in watches, clocks and spectacles, was born in Hanover, York Co., Penn., in 1860, and is a son of William and Maria (Boadenhamer) Stair. Mr. Stair is the old- est in a family of four children, and is of German extraction. His father was born in Hanover, and his mother in Berlin, Adams Co., Penn. The Stair family has long been known in the history of York County. By occupation the father of Mr. Stair is a painter, and a resident of Hanover. At eleven years of age our subject began serving an appren- ticeship at the jeweler's trade, at which he has since 4 50 YORK BOROUGH. continued to work. In 1884 he came to York and engaged in his present business, which is successful beyond his expectations. He makes a specialty of the famous Rockford watches. The marriage of Mr. Stair occurred, in 1883, to Miss Anna M. Miller, a native of Penn Township, and a daughter of Ja- cob Miller. They have one child— Willie J. Mr. and Mrs. Stair are members of the Lutheran Church. D. P. STAUFPER is one of the leading cracker bakers of the State. He is a native of York County, where he was born February 18, 1844. He is a son of Rev. Frederick and Mary (Forry) StaufEer, who were also natives of the county, his father being for more than forty 3'ears a minister of the Mennonite Church, eighteen of which he served his denomina- tion as bishop. Our subject was reared and received a common school education in his native county. In 1867 he engaged in the milling business, which was conducted by him until 1870, when he embarked in his present enterprise. Mr. StaufEer has suc- ceeded in establishing a large trade, which is ex- tended to adjoining States. His manufactory for baking cakes and crackers is a model one of its kind, and is managed and superintended by him in person. He is a liberal and deserving citizen of the county. On July 31, 1870, he was married to Miss Luoinda, daughter of Samuel and Susan Wagner, who are also natives of York County. They have been parents of eight children, seven of whom are now living: Bertie, Callie, Harry, Nettie, Maggie, Annie, Elsy M. (deceased), and William H. JOHN W. STEWART, proprietor of the York Book-bindery, was born in Philadelphia, August 18, 1831, is a son of James A. and Mary B. (Bell) Stew- art, and is of English-Scotch origin. His father was born in Maryland in 1808, and his mother in Dela- ware in 1806. Our subject was educated at the pub- lic schools of Philadelphia. At fifteen years of age he was bound as an indentured apprentice at book- binding, which apprenticeship lasted until he had gained his majority. In 1855 he began business for himself in his native city, and continued therein until about 1861. During the late war he was em- ployed in the United States Navy Yard at Philadel- phia; he then resumed his former occupation, and remained in Philadelphia until 1867; then came to York, and here has since resided, and successfully carried on the book-binding business. This bindery was established in 1860, though for a number of years very little business was done, and it was not until Mr. Stewart came to York, that the industry began to flourish or gave much promise. The es- tablishment is supplied with all thfe modern machin- ery and improvements adapted to all classes of work. Mr. Stewart was married, in 1856, to Miss Caroline Matthews, a native of New York. To this union have been born nine children, three of whojn are deceased. In politics Mr. Stewart is a Democrat. WILLIAM R. STOUCH, wholesale dealer in boots, shoes and notions, is a native of York Town- ship, York Co., Penn., and was born March 12, 1816, son of Leonard and Susan (Rinehart) Stouch, and of German extraction. His paternal grand- father emigrated from Germany and settled in Dover, York County. Subject's father was born in this county in 1780 and died in 1856. At thirteen years of age William R. Stouch came to York, Penn., where he remained until 1833, when he went to Baltimore and there served a four years' appren- ticeship at coach-making. He then returned to York and engaged in the manufacture of coaches, but on account of ill health was compelled to aban- don this business. In 1850 he went to Philadel- phia, and for twenty years was salesman in a dry goods house, after which he returned to York, in 1869, and established his present business. He was married, in 1842, to Margaret, daughter of George and Mary Holder. Mrs. Stouch was born in York, in 1819. By this union thw have three children; George L., Emma M. and Rex M. H. Mr. Slouch is a Democrat and is a member of the I. O. O. F. Mr. and Mrs. Stouch are members of the St. Paul's Lutheran Church. C. A. STRACK, furniture dealer and undertaker, is a native of York, Penn., born March 4. 1843, son of Charles A. and Caroline (Funk) Strack. The father was a native of Saxony, Germany, born in 1810, and the mother was born in 1806. In 1838 the ancestors of our subject emigrated from Germany to America and settled in Baltimore, Md., and in 1839 removed to York, where subject's father died in 1855. At the age of twelve years our subject began learning the cabinet-maker's trade under an elder brother, and in this capacity continued five years, after which he became general manager of the furniture and undertaking business. Mr. Strack's father was one of the early furniture deal- ers of York. In 1878 subject purchased his mother's interest in the business, and since that time has been doing business for himself. He was married, in 1865, to Mary M. Heckert, a native of York. Six children were born to this union: Carrie S., Emma J.. Charles P., Rebecca B., Samuel H. and Fannie M. Mr. Strack is a Democrat, and has been a member of the borough school board and identified with the numerous associations of York. He and his wife are members of the Trinity German Reformed Church. JOSEPH ROSS STRAWBRIDGE, attorney at law and junior member of the law firm of Geise, Zeigler & Strawbridge, was born in Fawn Town- ship, this county, July 35, 1858. son of John and Grizella (McDonald) Strawbridge, residents of the "Lower End," and prominent people of York County. His maternal grandfather, Aquila McDon- ald, was an officer in the war of 1812. Our subject was reared on the farm. He attended the Farm Grove Academy, afterward attended Stewartstown English and Classical Institute during 1874-75, and graduated from the York Collegiate Institute in 1880, and from Lafayette College in 1882. During the years 1877 and 1878 he taught school in Adams County, 111., and was principal of Fawn Grove Academy, York County, Penn., in 1882-83. He was registered as a law student August 25, 1882, was admitted to the bar August 28, 1884, and De- cember 9th of the same year became a member of the firm with which he is still connected. He is a Democrat. CAPT. E. Z. STRINE, attorney at law. and a native of Strinestown, Conewago Township, was born June 11, 1843, to Peter S. and Rebecca (Zeig- ler) Strine, and is of German descent. His father was born in Mount Pleasant, York Co., Penn., July 25, 1815, and his mother in Shrewsbury Township, 1817. His paternal grandfather was John Strine, a native of York County, and his great grandfather .was born in Germany, came to America, settled in York County, and was a soldier in the Revolution- ary war. The father of our subject died in 1854. From 1862 to 1871 Capt. Strine was engaged in the mercantile business in York. In 1871 he began the study of law under E. D. Zeigler, and in 1873 was admitted to the York County bar, since which time he has been in active and successful pfactice. His marriage was solemnized in 1865, to Miss Addie E. Dehnff, a native of York County. They have two children: Emma A. and Ulysses S. 6. For ten years Capt. Strine has been commander of the York Grays, Company A, Eighth Infantry, National Guard of Pennsylvania. Capt. and Mrs. Strine are members of Trinity Reformed Church. OLIVER STUCK, Esq., the subject of this sketch, is practically a self-made man, and who by perseverance, thrift and industry has made his mark in the world, achieving success in his profession of BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 51 journalism, while many others, lacking the in- vincible qualities of pluck and industrious habits, and not content to live a life of self-denial, have failed. From a very tender age he has been a hard worker, and very painstaking with everything he undertook, and the success with which he has met in life is all owing to the habits of industry and frugality he formed in his youth. Oliver Stuck was born in the borough of York, September 19, 1817. His father was Capt. Charles Stuck, a carpenter by occupation. Capt. Stuck was a member of the famous company of volunteers who marched to the defense of Baltimore, under Capt. Michael H. Spangler, on August 39, 1814, and were attached to the Fifth Maryland Regiment, and participated in the battle of North Point, September 13, 1814 The compan}' received the thanks of Gen, Strieker, commanding, and the officers of the Fifth Regiment, for their gallantry in action. Capt. Stuck was, after his return from the war, always very active in the militia of the State, and commanded a company for a number of years. Capt. Stuck was a man much respected and held in high esteem by his fellow- citizens for his many virtues and kindness of heart. He died at the age of forty-eight years. Jacob Stuck, the grandfather of our subject, with his father, were among the earliest settlers of the thriv- ing and populous township of North Codorus. The records of the courts, and deeds held by the laud- owners now living in this township attest the fact of the Stucks holding large grants of territory in this section, and which they disposed of by deed to the progenitors of those now holding the farms in this section of York County. When the titles to these lands were vested in the Stucks, the country was very sparsely settled, and the soil of the small portion cleared not very productive, consequently the value was small in comparison to that of these broad and fertile acres at this writing. Jacob Stuck came to York to reside at a very early age, over a century and a half ago, where his descend- ants have ever since resided. As the name implies, the Stucks are presumably of German descent, though the present generation cannot trace their nationality to any authentic source, other than to the fact that the'township of North Codorus was settled by Germans, and the Stucks being among the first settlers, it is but fair to presume they were of that nationality. The name is distinctively Ger- man, and properly written to give it the broad Ger- man pronunciation, it should be with two dots over the letter ii, making the name Stiick, though the ordinary English pronunciation makes it sound like the word stuck. The mother of Oliver Stuck, our subject, was Rebecca Snyder Stuck, a most estima- ble lady, who lived to the advanced age of eighty- two years, dying in the year 1877. October 15, at the home of her daughter, in Sunbury, Northum- berland Co., Penn. Oliver Stuck, at the early age of scarcely twelve years, was apprenticed to the printing business with Messrs. King & Barnitz, then proprietors of the old York Gazette, June 30, 1839, serving an apprenticeship of five years very faithfully. At the expiration of his term of service he worked in the same office as a journeyman for a number of years, after which he went to Harris- burg, and worked iu the State printing-office on the legislative record. There being no railroad in those days between York and Harrisburg, Mr. Stuck used to walk the twenty-six miles' distance intervening between the two points, in his frequent visits home to his parents, whose principal support he was. From the early age at which he entered upon his apprenticeship, it will be observed that he did not possess the advantage of securing an education in the schools, and really attended school verjr little, gleaning all the knowledge he possesses in that great college, the printing oflBce, and by the reading of useful books. His ambition was to become the editor and proprietor of a newspaper, and with that end in view he applied himself vigorously to work, and his efforts were finally rewarded with success. In the year 1839 he became one of (he editors and proprietors of the York Democratic Press, by the purchase of a half-interest in the paper, and con- tinued as such until he became finally the sole pro- prietor by purchasing his partner's interest, and has conducted the paper in his own name and interest ever since. The Press espoused the principles of the Democratic party, and as an exponent of those principles, and a disseminator of news, lias proved a very acceptable paper to the people; and its editor, by hard work and the practice of the most rigid economy, has made it a success financially. (For a full history of the Democmlic Press see article under that head in this volume.) In the year 1843, April 17, he was married to Margaret Gilberthorp, daughter of the late Wiyium Gilberthorp, deceased. He has reared a family of six children (two sons and fdur daughters), one of which, the eldest, is Edward Stuck, the editor of the York Age. Oliver Stuck has held several important positions of honor and trust. In November, 1853, he was appointed State agent, on the Philadelphia & Columbia Railroad, by the board of canal commissioners, of Pennsyl- vania, the State, at that time, owning what is now known as the Pennsylvania Railroad. This posi- tion he held until August, 1857 — when the road passed out of the hands of the State into the poS' session of the present owners by purchase— with credit to himself and an unimpeachable record as a faithful and efficient oflBcer. During his connectioij with the railroad he still devoted all his spare mo- ments to editing his newspaper, and upon retiring from the road gave his entire attention to the news- paper business. He kept the Press fully abreast of the times, and succeeded in placing it beside the most influential weeklies of the State. He has al- ways taken an active part in the polities of the county, and was the champion nf the reform wing of the Democracy, denouncing the methods of those who did not consider holding oflSce a pulalic trust, but simply for their own pecuniary advantage. Against all politicians of this class he wielded his pen, denouncing the extravagance and corruption which disgraced the records of office-holders and refiected upon the fame of the Democratic party. Much of the credit for the healthy state of affairs in tuis county is due to his efforts, through the Press, to bring about this great and wholesome change, and to the sterling gentlemen who rallied around his paper in its work for reform. In June, 1880, he was nominated by his party as their candidate for register of wills of York County, and ran on the same ticket with Gen. Hancock for president, re- ceiving the highest vote of any candidate upon the ticket. He entered upon the duties of his ofl3ce in January. 1881, and filled it acceptably to the people, and at the end of his term was complimented by the auditor-general of Pennsylvania, for the excellent manner in which the affairs of the ofiice were ad- ministered. WILLIAM STUCK, steward of the York Coun- ty Alms-house, was born in Springfield Township, York County, January 19, 1826; is a son of Charles and Rebecca (Snyder) Stuck, is the fifth in a family of fourteen children, and is of German deseent. His father was born in York in 1793, and his moth- er in the same county in 1797. His fatlier wa.s ai soldier in the war of 1818. His grandfather was one of the first settlers of York, and carried on dis- tilling. Our subject received a common school education, and at fourteen years of age began life for himself. In 1843 he began learning the carpen- ter's trade, and in 1850 he began for himself, and thus continued until 1878, when, on account of ill S3 YORK BOROUGH. health, he was forced to abaudon his occupation. In 1875 he was elected steward of the alms-house, which position he continues to hold, and under his stewardship the house and farm have been most successfully and satisfactorily managed. He was married May 30, 1849, to Miss Sarah Gilberihorpe, a native of York, born in 1826. He is a Democrat, and has been a member of the borough council. He was made a Mason in 1861, and a member of the I. O. O. P. in 1847. He is an elder in the German Keformed Church, of which Mrs. Stuck is also a member. A. DUNC4.N THOMPSON, clerk of the com- missioners of York County, was born in Hopewell Township, April 30, 1842, to Archibald and Rosana (Morrison) Thompson, and is of Scotch-Irish de- scent. The parents of Mr. Thompson were also born in Hopewell Township; the father in 1807, and the mother in 1821. , His paternal grandfather was Alexander Thompson, a native of York County, and !a soldier in the Revolutionary war and of 1813. The boyhood of our subject was spent on the farm, where he attended the public schools in the winter and labored on the farm in the summer. In 1863 ■and in 1863 he attended the Stewardstown Acad- emy, and subsequently taught school. In 1867 he began farming for himself, and so continued until 1881, when he came to York. In 1866 Mr. "Thompson was married to Miss Annie E. Trout, a native of Hopewell Township, and daughter of Samuel and Catherine Trout. To this union have *)een born three children: Mary A., Margaret A. and James S. In 1868 Mr. Thompson was elected assessor of Hopewell Township; in 1879 he was elected school director, and in 1881 was elected clerk of the commissioners, re-elected in 1883, which position he now occupies. He is a most ef- ficient officer, and one that has the confidence of the people of York County. Mr. and Mrs. Thompson are members of the Presbyterian Church. JOHN J. VANDERSLOOT, a stanch business man of York, is a native of the county, and was born Novemtjer 34, 1836. His father. Rev, Freder- ick W. Vandersloot, was a minister of the Reformed Church, and for over fifty years a faithful and con- scientious Christian worker in York County. Our subject received a good education, having had the advantages of the schools of York and the York County Academy. He began his mercantile career "when sixteen years of age in York, where he was employed for seven years. He was next employed by Xi. E. Morgan & Company, of Philadelphia, where he remained until 1861, wli«n he returned to York and began business for himself. He has, by energy and application, established a leading and extended trade in dry goods, notions, queensware, etc., and is a citizen of the progressive type. Mr. Vander- sloot was married October 13, 1869, to Miss Leanora v. Jaeger, of Philadelphia. They have four chil- dren: Catherine A., Mary A., Sarah C. and Will- iamJ. The family are members of the Reformed Church, in which Mr. Vandersloot has taken a leading part, having been a deacon and elder, and a teacher in the Sabbath-school for over twenty years. DR. EDWARD F. WAGNER, son of Ernst and Barbara (Fahs) Wagner, was born June 26, 1860, in York, Penn., where he was reared. He ■attended the public schools of York, passed ex- aminations for the high school, but left York and ^ent to Northampton County, attended one year 'Nazareth Hall Cadet School, at Nazareth, Penn., then went to the Moravian Theological Seminary, at Bethlehem, Penn. (His course here was in the classical department. In 1878 he returned to York and began reading medicine with Dr. J. W. Kerr. After three and one-half years he went to Jefferson Medical College, at Philadelphia, and graduated rom this institution March 39, 1834, and at once began the practice of medicine, at York, Penn. Dr.' Wagner graduated with honorable mention for Ills t^liGsis W. H. WAGNER, M. D., was born in Dover Township, December 26, 1853, is a son of Joseph and Levina (Lauer) Wagner, and is of German origin. His father was born in Adams County, Penn., in 1824, and his mother in York County, in 1839. Our subject was reared a farmer, and at eighteen years of age began teaching school, and taught seven years. In 1878 he began the study of medicine in the office of Dr. J. R. Spangler, after- ward attended lectures at Jefferson Medical Col- lege, at Philadelphia, and graduated in 1881. He then began the practice of his profession in York, He was married in 1883, to Miss Mattie J. Stuart, a native of Philadelphia, and a daughter of James and Elizabeth Stuart. The Doctor and Mrs. W. are members of the Lutheran Church, and in poli- tics he is a Republican. C. B. WALLACE was born in Chester County, Penn., October 14, 1819, and is the son of Thomas and Mary (Jackson) Wallace, natives respectively of Chester County, Penn., and Maryland. The elder Wallace was a farmer and a justice of the peace of Chester County, and there he and wife died. C. B. Wallace was reared a farmer, but re- ceived a good education, and for a time was engaged in teaching school. In 1846 he commenced reading law with Thaddeus Stevens, of Lancaster. In 1847 he came to York, taught school in the county, and read law under Judge Durkee. In February, 1849, he was admitted to the York Count}' bar, and has ever since been in active and successful practice. He has been identified with all progressive measures, and for six years has been a school director of York Borough. February 6, 1848, he married Frances A. Levergood, daughter of Jacob and Fanny Lever- good, of Wrightsville, and to this union have been born three children, viz. : Mary A. (wife of Edward M. Vandersloot, of York), Clayton J. (who is en- gaged in the wholesale boot and shoe trade with Mr. Vandersloot), and Louisa L. Mrs. Wallace and family are members of the Presbyterian Church. WILLIAM WALLACE, a retired business man, is a native of Hopewell Township, born in 1822, son of James and Catherine (Gemmil) Wallace. His parents are both natives of this county ; the father born in 1789 and the mother in 1800. The family is of Scotch-Irish descent. Mr. Wallace began busi- ness running a woolen-mill and manufacturing woolen goods, which he continued until 1845. He then engaged in the mercantile business at Free- land, Baltimore Co., Md., where he remained until 1874, when he returned to his native township and there continued merchandising. Mr. Wallace was one of the projectors of the York & Peach Bottom Railway, and in 1874 removed to York and gave his entire attention to this enterprise, acting as secretary and treasurer. This position he held until 1882, when, on account of failing health, he was compelled to resign. He was married, in 1846, to Jennet Gem- mil, of Chanceford Township, this county. To them were born three children : James W., Mary A. and Katie A. Mrs. Wallace died September 11, 1881, a member of the United Presbyterian Church. Mr. Wallace is a Republican. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity and of the United Presby- terian Church. CAPT. H. B. WALTMAN, foreman of the machine department at A. B. Farquhar's, is a native of Mount Joy, Lancaster Co., Penn., was born November 35, 1838, is a son of Henry and Helen a (Bupp) Waltman, and is of German descent. His father was born in 1798, and his mother in 1801. The former died in 1848 and the latter in 1875. Our subject was educated at the public schools of Mount joy. In August, 1861, he enlisted in Com- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 5a pany G, Ninth Pennsylvania Cavalry. He was commissioned second lieutenant November 9, 1861 ; first lieutenant August 8, 1863, and captain in 1864. He participated in the battles of Clarksville, Tenn., Crab Orchard, Chickamauga, Dandridge, Lafayette Grove, Waynesboi'ough, Raleigh and many other minor engagements. He was honorably discharged at Lexington, N. C, in July, 1865.' Prior to this service he had served a tour-years' apprentice- ship at the machinist's trade, at ilount Joy, Penn. In 1866 he went to Harrisburg, and for two years was in the employ of W. O. Hickok, and then for more than one j^ear had charge of Wilson Bros'. Works, at the same place ; he then went to Wheat- land, Penn., and subsequently to Erie, Penn., and was for nearly three years in the employ of the Erie, Philadelphia & Rending Railway, and then came to York, where he has since resided. In 1877 he took charge of the machine department at A. B. Farquhar's, and in this capacity still continues. He was married, in 1876, to Miss Sarah J. Harmon, of Harford County, Md., a daughter of Michael Har- mon. They have two children: Daisy H. and Harry J. Mr. Wallman is a Republican, a member of the G. A. R., and during 1883 was commander of Sedgewick Post No. 37. NEVIN M; WANNER, attorney at law, was born at Washingtonville, Ohio, May 14. 1850. He entered Heidelberg College, at Tiffin, Ohio, in 1866, and after remaining there two years went to Frank- lin and Marshall College at Lancaster, Penn., from which institution he graduated in 1870. In that year he entered the law department of the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, where he remained two years. He read law under Erastus H. Weiser, of York, Penn., and Gen. B. F. Fisher, of Philadelphia, Penn., and was admitted to the bar at York, August 38, 1S72, since which time he has been in act- ive practice, and is now one of the leading lawyers of York County. He is a Democrat, and one of the leaders of that party in this county. He was mar- ried, in 1883, to Amelia D. Croll. a native of York County, and daughter of John R. Croll, deceased. Mr. Wanner is a member of the Reformed Church, and Mrs. Wanner of the Lutheran Church. PROF. ATREUS WANNER, principal of the York High School, is a son of Rev. Aaron and Re- becca (Miller) Wanner, and was born in Washing- tonville, Ohio, September 36, 1853. His parents and grandparents were natives of Pennsylvania. He graduated at Franklin and Marshall College, of Lan- caster, Penn., in 1873, and in the spring of 1876, after having in the meantime taught school else- where, accepted the position of assistant principal of the York High School. In 1880 he was elected principal of the same school, which position he has since filled with marked ability. He is one of the most successful educators in this part of Pennsyl- vania. He was married, June 31, 1883, to Miss Clara J. Eckert, daughter of Henry and Elizabeth C. Eckert, of Gordon ville, Lancaster Co., Penn. JOHN B. WANTZ, son of Lewis W. and Lyddie (Bentzel) Wantz, was born March 19, 1836, in Hei- delburg 'Township, and in his youth divided his time between the common schools and farm work. His first work was in the flour-mill, after which he be- gan his trade as carpenter with Rogers & Wilt, of Dover. After learning his trade he worked at jour- ney-work two years, when the civil war of 1861 broke out, when he began work for the United States Government at Aquia Creek, Va., also at Washington, D. C. He then returned home and superintended an ore mine for a year, and afterward began building and contracting in York, Penn. August 23, 1868, our subject married Susanna Buh- ler. of Manchester Township, daughter of Andrew and Sarah (Hake) Buhler. Six children were born to this union; Lizzie E., Emerson H. (deceased), Charles (deceased), Sadie Ellen, Carrie May (de- ceased) and Louisa A. A. Oursubjeot's grandfather,. Frederick Wantz, came from Alsace, Germany, ta York County, when a young man, and settled ia Heidelberg Township, where our subject's grand- father, Philip Wantz, was born, and died in hia eighty-third year. Mr. Wantz has been one of the leading builders of York for many years, having- erected many of the finest residences in the western, part of the borough. CHRISTIAN WARNER, son of Conrad andj Barbara Warner, was born in Germany, May 7,. 1847, and came to this country in 1851, with his par- ents. He enlisted August 11, 1864, in the 'Two, Hundredth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers,, which formed a part of the First Brigade, Third Di- vision, Ninth Army Corps, of the Army of the Po- tomac. He was with his regiment when they par- ticipated in the battles of Butler's Front, Fort Steadman, and the battles before Petersburg on the- 1st, 3d and 3d of April, 1865, and at the surrender of Lee at' Appomattox. He was mustered out of service at Alexandria, Va., May 80, 1865. In 1867' he began working at his trade of blacksmith, which he has followed since. Mr, Warner has been in- spector of elections for his ward for six years, and was a member of the K. of M. C. (now disbanded), and for four years was a trustee ot the Laurel Fire- Company. He is an active Republican, and was an, officer of the Young Meu's Republican Club in 1880, and of the P. K. in 1884. Mr. Warner was. married March 5, 1868, to Sarah Jane Smith, daugh- ter of Henry and Sarah (Roller) Smith. They have- had born to them four children: Willie (deceased),. Emma L., Lillie May and Harry Elmer. GEORGE WEHRLY is a native of Lancaster- County, Penn., where he was born in 1837. His. father, Francis Wehrly, was a native of Germanv; his mother, whose maiden name was Barbara Br?n- ner, was born in Lancaster County. His father was. by trade a weaver, subsequently engaging in th& mercantile business. He removed to York County in 1845, settling in Strinestown, Conewago Town- ship, where he resided until his death, which oc- curred in 1878; the mother died in 1881. They were- the parents of five children, our subject being the third child. He attended the common schools, and at the age of sixteen became a teacher, and taught seven years continuously in Lancaster County. He- then embarked in the mercantile business at Strines- town with his brother Daniel, continuing four years. In 1854 he came to York and for one year was assistant recorder of the county. Removing to- Emigsville he was an assistant of John Emig in the commission and forwarding business for three years. In 1857 he was elected recorder of York County, and served a three-years' term. His next business venture was in the wholesale liquor trade, in which he was engaged twelve years in Lancaster and York Counties. Returning to York he became proprietor of the Ginder House, and in 1883, lie as- sumed the management of the Pennsylvanin House,, where he is located at this writing. Mr. Wehrly is. a deservedly popular host and citizen, and is well- known and esteemed all over the county. He has: served as councilman in Lancaster seven years; was postmaster at Emigsville and Strinestown, and ia all has been progressive and honorable Mr. Wehrly was married, in 1849, to Miss Elizabeth A. Glatfelter, of Lancaster County. They have foui^ children living; Mary E. (wife of William P. Frai- ley, of York), Filie Gracey (of Philadelphia), Ida K. (wife of E. D. Bentzell, of York), and Anna C. Mr. Wehrly is one of the leading Democrats of York Countv. NATHAiSriEL WEIGLE, a leading contractor and builder, was born in York County, April 12, 1823, and is the son of Martin and Charlotte (Light- 64 YORK BOROUGH. ner) Weigle, natives of York County. Mr. Weigle' atteaded the common schools at York and subse- quently attended the York County Academy one session. He then apprenticed himself to learn the carpenter trade under the instruction of Jacob Gotwalt, of York; after finishing his trade he worked at journey-work until 1860. He then began business for himself; his first prominent contract was for the building of the present Presbyterian Church; he subsequently contracted for and built the German Reformed Church, the Presbyterian Chapel, St. Paul's Lutheran Church and Chapel, re- modeled Dr. Lochman's Church, built the York Opera House, and many of the finest and most prominent private dwellings in York. In connec- tion with his contracting he has established a large and well-appointed planing-mill, furnished with all the machinery tor preparing all kinds of church, school and building material. Mr. Weigle has ex- tended his business relations to many of the sur- rounding towns and cities, and has achieved a rep- utation which is highly creditable. He is a worthy citizen, a member of the Masonic fraternity, and of the I. O. O. F. He has been prominently identified with the Lutheran Church and Sunday-school, for many years having served as deacon and elder. Mr. Weigle has been twice married. He was first united with Miss Catherme Gotwalt, of York County, in January, 1847, she died in 1864. Three children are living; Charlotte E., Henrietta B. and Annie K. In January, 1874, Mr. Weigle was married to Mrs. Mary J. Smyscr, daughter of Jacob Weiser, of York. THE WEISER FAMILY. On a proclamation of Queen Anne, of England, in 1708, owing to internal dissensions in Germany, about 4,000 Ger- mans were transported to Holland in 1709, and thence to England. They encamped near London, when, in the following year, Gov. Robert Hunter, of New York, who was then in England, and about to sail for his own country, invited with him about 3,000 of these Germans or Palatines to the town of New York, and they were soon afterward located on what was called the Livingstone District of that State, and turned their attention to agriculture. A chief of the Mohawk Indians, who had about this lime visited England, presented to Queen Anne a tract of his land in Schoharie, N. Y., and in 1713 about 1.50 families were transferred through the wilderness to that place. Among these emigrants was the father of Conrad Weiser, with his wife and seven sons and daughters. He is the great ancestor of the Weiser family in this country. His Christian name is not for a certainty known. From one of Ills sons, the Weisers, of York County, are de- scended. The colony at Schoharie did not prosper. They commenced improving lands and building houses, and labored until 1723, when they were partly dispersed, owing to defects in their titles to lands. They then began to search for a new home, and began wending their course in a southeasterly direction, till they struck the Susquehanna. Here they made canoes, in which they floated down the river to the mouth of the Swatara, and thence to tbe fertile spot in Berks County, along the Tulpe- hocken Creek, where they settled among the Indians, in the fall of 1823. The father of Conrad Weiser having become familiar with the Mohawk language, was an interpreter, and remained at Schoharie until 1729, wlien, with his wife and four children, all that were then living, he also came to the Tulpe- hocken. It was his design to now devote all his attention to farming, but on many noted occasions his services as an interpreter were demanded by the authorities of Pennsylvania. He was a man of great benevolence. It was through him the Mora- vian people were made so attentive to Indian natives. He died and was buried in Berks County. Conrad Weiser, his eldest son, was a justice under the king, and also an Indian interpreter. In 1736 he was sent to treat with the Six Nations of New York concerning a war that was to break out be- tween them and the Indians of Virginia. He was visited, August 14, 1752, by Count ZingendorfE, at Tulpehocken, who here met a numerous embassy of sachems of the Six Nations. The Count preached the. gospel to the Indians. At the conclusion of his remarks to them he said concerning Weiser: "This is a man whom God hath sent, both to the Indians and to the white people, to make known his will unto them." For a quarter of a century he attend- ed all the important Indian treaties. In connection with the governor of Pennsylvania, Benjamin Franklin and several other persons, in 1752, he was appointed one of the trustees of the public schools, whicli were established through the efforts of Rev. Michael Schlatter; one of these schools was, about this year, started in York. During the French and Indian war he was lieutenant-colonel of a battalion of Pennsylvania soldiers. After an eventful and very useful life he died among his friends at Wor- melsdorf, Berks County, on the 13th of July, 1"60, at the age of sixty-four. His remains were interred and still rest in an historic old graveyard near that town. He left seven children, who, by marriage, were related to the Muhlenbergs. Samuel Weiser, a descendant of the Tulpe- hocken settlement, came to York in 1780, and immediately commenced the business of a hatter in a building on the present site of Jacob Wilt's jew- elry store on East Market Street. He continued this business until 1832, but opened a dry goods store in 1808 on the corner still occupied by his descendants. During the war of 1812 he employed about fifty workmen making hats, and sent wagon loads of them every Monday morning to Baltimore. He died in 1834, aged seventy-four years, and his remains were interred in the graveyard adjoining Christ's Lutheran Church. They have since been removed to Prospect Hill Cemetery. He was mar- ried to Eve Phfleager. and had eight children: Sam- uel, Jacob, Charles, Daniel, Catherine, Eliza, Mar- garet and Cassandra. Samuel, the eldest son, suc- ceeded his father in the manufacturing of hats until 1840, when he bought a farm one-half mile south of York, and died there in 1856. Augustus, his eldest son, died on the farm; Albert is living in Preston, Minn., engaged in the jewelry and drug business; .^milius is located in Decorah, Iowa, in the drug business; Louisa was married to John Ensminger; she is now dead; Alexander died unmarried; Catherine, married to John C. Rupert; Margaret, married to Josiah Poorbaugh, of Berrin, Somerset Co., Penn.; Annie, married to David Ziegler, of York; Florence, now dead, was married to Martin Bender, of York; Helen, unmarried, living in York. Jacob, second son of Samuel Weiser, Sr., went into the dry goods business in 1818 with his brother Charles, which he continued until 1836, when he engaged in the lumber trade with his brother, Dan- iel P. Weiser. He was director in the York County Bank, York Water Company, and York & Sus- quehanna Turnpike Company, each for many years. He died in 1874 at the advanced age of about eighty-three years. He left two children: Franklin S., who succeeded him in the lumber business, and Jane, married first to Jacob Smyser (deceased), and now to Nathaniel Weigle. Daniel, fourth son of Samuel Weiser, Sr., was a tanner and currier for many years, and afterward formed a partnership with his brother Jacob in the lumber business. He died about 1855, leaving three sons: Gates J. Weiser (lately deceased), David Weiser and Oliver P. Weiser. Charles Weiser, father of John A. and Charles S. Weiser, who are prominently identified with the business interests of BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 55 York, was born in 1796, and was the junior member of the dry goods firm of J. & C. Weiser, commenc- ing business in 1818 and continuing until 1846. In 1856 he founded the banking-house in his own name. In Jauuarj', 1860, his son, Charles S. Weiser, became a member of the firm. In January, 1867, the present firm, Weiser, Son & Carl, was formed. For a number of years he was a director in the York Bank, and president of the York & Gettys- burg and York & Susquehanna Turnpike Compa- nies. He was a member of Christ's Lutheran Church under Dr. Schmucker, and one of the founders of St. Paul's Lutheran Church. He died in 1867, aged seventy-one years. He lived for twenty-flve years on the property now owned by Jere Carl, Esq. He was married to Anna A., daughter of Gen. Jacob Spangler, and left nine children: John A.. Erastus H., Horace, Charles S., George (who died in infancy), Josephine (married to Dr. Pentz), Theodosia E." (unmarried), Arabella (now deceased), Amelia (married to M. S. Green), Adaline (married to Jere Carl). John A. Weiser, eldest son of Charles Weiser, was born July 31, 1824. He received his education in York County Academy. He began his mercantile career in 1838 as a clerk in his father's store, and remained in the same position until 1846, wlien he succeeded his father in the business. This he continued until 1883, when his two eldest sons succeeded him. The present firm name is H. P. Weiser & Bro. The same store, in the same location, has been continued in the "W^eiser name since its organization in 1808. Mr. Weiser has been exceptionally prosperous as a merchant, and his name is very familiarly known in York County. Possessing rare business qualifica- tions, he has been prominently connected witli other interests in the town and county. He was one of the founders of, and is still one of the directors of, the Farmers' National Bank, and was for many years a director of the York County Bank. He has been president of the York & Gettysburg Turnpike Company since 1881; treasurer of the York Gas Company since 1850; manager and treasurer of the York i Susquehanna Turnpike Company since 1867. He was married first to Miss Georgiana Eichelberger (now deceased) in 1851. Of this mar- riage there was one son — Harry — born in 1852, now senior member of the mercantile firm of H. P. Weiser ct Bro. In 1859 he was married to Miss Mary Jane Upp. The children by this marriage are Bertha, born in 1860; George U., in 1861; P. Ster- retf, in 1864; Louisa, in 1865, and Annie S., in 1867. He resides in his delightfully situated home at 310 East Market Street, surrounded by all the comforts and conveniences of life. Erastus H. Weiser, second son of Charles Weiser, was born in 1826. He received his preparatory edu- cation at York County Academy and Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg. He afterward entered Yale College, and graduated in the class of 1849; read law with John G. Campbell, Esq., and had a lucra- tive practice in this profession before the York Court until the time of his death in 1871. He was married, in 1853, to Miss Annie Franklin, daughter of Walter Franklin, Esq., of York, who is now also dead. They had two sons: William F. Weiser, in the banking firm of Weiser, Son & Carl, and Charles, a student in Collegiate Institute. He was an earnest and devoted worker, and an elder in the Presbyterian Church at York, and a teacher in the Sunday-school. Horace S. was educated at Yale, and read law with Judge Fisher. He practiced at the York bar for a few years, then removed to Decorah, Iowa, and founded the Winneshiek County Bank in 1854, and conducted the same successfully until the time , of his death in 1875. Charles S. Weiser was born in 1838, and educated in the schools of York and in York County Academy. He began the banking business as a partner with his father in 1860, and is now the senior member of the firm of Weiser, Son & Carl, which bank is described elsewhere in this book. For several years he was a member of the firm of Weiser & Bender, engaged in the lumber business in Center County, Penn. The following list of positions of trust and honor held by him gives conclusive evi- dence of his business capacity and integrity: treas- urer of the York Water Company, of the York County Academ3', of the York Hospital and Dis- pensary, of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, of the York County Mutual Fire Insurance Company, of the Board of Home Missions of the General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the United States, of the Theo- logical Seminary at Gettysburg, of the Charles A. Morris fund of $7,000 for St. Paul's Lutheran Church, and vice-president of the Orphan's Home and director in the York & Susquehanna Turnpike Company. Mr. Weiser was married, in 1866, to Miss Isadora Brown, daughter of the late William Brown, Esq., of York. They had one child — Charles, who died in infancy. He and his wife are members of the St. Paul's Lutheran Church, and also teaches' in the Sunday-school. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and resides in a comfort- able and convenient home at 225 East Market Street. FRANKLK S. WEISER, a prominent manu- facturer of York, was born in the county Septem- ber 35, 1825, and a son of Jacob and Sarah Weiser. His latner being engaged in the mercantile busi- ness, our subject was early instilled with business ideas, being an assistant of his lather. He received a good education, having the supplementary ad- vantage of the York County Academy. At the age of eighteen he began an apprenticeship to learn the carpenter's trade, and subsequently followed that trade for five years in Baltimore, Md. Returning to Yorli he formed an association with Jacob Wei- ser in the coal and lumber business, which contin- ued until 1860, when he became the sole owner. He has since continued in this business, and has also become a manufacturer of cigar and paper boxes. Mr. Weiser is a progressive businessman; has been a director of the York County Bank and of the York & Chanceford Turnpike Company, and also prominent in the Lutheran Church. Mr. Weiser was married, March 25, 1853, to Barbara S., daugh- ter of Jacob Stable, of Manchester Township. They have had born to them six children: Robert S., deceased; Sarah K., deceased; Jacob S., de- ceased; Harvy K., William H. and Eugene F. GATES B. WEISER was born in York in 1853, and is a son of Gates J. and Elmira( Brown) Weiser, the former of whom was born in 1824, and died in 1^83. Gates J. was educated at the York County Academy. When a young man he engaged in tiie lumber business with his father, Daniel Weiser, and after the death of the latter formed a partnership with .John M. Brown. Retiring from business for a few years, he again engaged in the lumber busi- ness with Small, Bender & Co., as one of the firm. This firm was afterward changed to Bender & Wei- ser. Subsequently they established a business in Center County, Penn., the firm being known as Weiser & Bender. In 1875 he returned from Center County to York, Penn., and retired from business, selling his interest in the firm of Bender & AVeiser to his two sons, James M. and Gates B., and known as Weiser Bros. After the death of James M. in 1876, G. B. bought his interest, and con tinned under the same firm name until 1883. G. B. Weiser was married, in 1884, to Miss Minnie M. Blummer, a na- tive of Philadelphia. They have one child — Isadore E. He now resides in a beautiful residence at Pros- pect Hill. In politics Mr. Weiser is an Independent. 56 YORK BOROUGH. JOHN H. WELLENSIEK, whip manufacturer of York, was born February 10, 1825, and is the son s of Herman and Catherine Wellensielc, natives of Germany. The subject of this sketch was born in Germany. He remained at home and assisted his father on the farm until he was sixteen years of age. He received the advantages of a common school education, and immigrated to this country in the year 1845, locating at York, and engaged as an appren- tice to learn the whip manufacturing business. He spent three ana one-half years learning that trade. He then learned the carpenter trade under the in- struction of Lewis Kuehn, of York, and after fin- ishing his trade he went to Philadelphia and en- gaged as carpenter and builder. In a very short time he acquired a reputation that placed him among the leading builders of the city. He remained in Philadelphia until 1875, when he then returned to York and engaged in the whip manufacturing business. He leased a piece of ground for a term of years, and built a large brick building, put in the necessary machinery, and in a short time es- tablished quite an extensive business, having at the present several hands employed. Mr. Wellensiek was married, November 25, 1860, to Miss Mary, daughter of Gottleib and Barbara Brietling. natives of Germany. /To this union were born Six children: Katie, Albert, Anna, John, Mamie and Harry. Mr. Wellensiek is a member of the Lutheran Church, also a member of Walkpr Lodge No. 306, I. 0. O. F., of Germantown, Philadelphia, Penn. PETER WELLER, marble dealer, was born in Germany in November, 1824. His father, Jacob, came to this country while Peter was quite young, and located in Spring Garden Township, where he took up a tract of land. Peter assisted his father on the farm, and in the meantime attended the common school. He remained on the farm with his father till he was twenty years of age, when he learned theslioe-making trade, and followed it about three years. About the year 1878 he formed a co- partnership with Edward Evans, and engaged in the marble business at York. The firm of Weller & Evans subsequently by mutual consent dissolved partnership, and Mr. Weller has continued the busi- ness in his own name. Mr. Weller married, in April. 1850, Miss Matilda, daughter of George Loucks, of York. Mr. Weller is a member of the Pen" Mutual Relief Association, and has for sev- eral years been a member of the Lutheran Church. ALBERT A. WELSH was born in York No- vember 13, 1838. and is a son of George and Sarah (Wilt) Welsh, natives of the same borough. He re- ceived a common school and academical education, and then engaged at butchering with his father, which business he has followed ever since, being now one of the oldest butchers in York, and at the present time his place of business is No. 131^ East Philadelphia Street, York, Penn. January 29, 1860, he married Miss Catherine, daughter of John and Magdalena Lutman, of York, and to this union have been horn twelve children. But of twelve, only seven children, Thomas Ivin, George Lincoln, John Lutman, Mary Magdalena, Charles Augustus, Carrie Verginnia and Albert, are living at the pres- ent time Mr. Welsh is a member of the Con- ewago Tribe, No. 37, I. O. R. M., and has served as deacon of the Reformed Church, as well as assistant superintendent and superintendent of the Heidelburg Sabbath-school, of York DAVin H. WELSH is the son of Charles and Bli7;a Welsh, natives of York County, and was born in York Borough August 13, 1845. He was edu- cated at the common schools, and afterward learned coachsmithing. which trade he followed for about five years after finishing his apprenticeship. He then engaged in the ready-made clothing, gents furnishing and merchant tailoring business, in which he has achieved an enviable reputation, doing first-class work and carrying a line of ready- made and piece goods. September 17, 1878, he married Miss Frances K., daughter of Col. J. A. Stable, of York. To this union five children have been born, viz.: Edward S. (deceased), James A., Fannie M., David H. (deceased) and Nellie V. Mr. Welsh is a member of Mt. Zion Lodge, I. O. O. F., and also of the Reformed Church. T. KIRK WHITE, special agent and adjuster for the Phoenix Assurance Company, of London, was born in Cecil County, Md.. September 18, 1826, son of Abner and Esther (Kirk) White, and of fourteen children (eleven living) he is the ninth. His father was born in England, and came to America at about twenty years of age, and settled in Chester County, Penn. Here the mother of our subject was born February 4, 1792, and died in Morgan County, Ohio, at the advanced age of eighty-four years. His father died in Lancaster ' County in 1847. At twelve years of age subject j began life for himself. For some time he worked on the farm, and then learned the machinist's trade, and while thus employed he sustained physical in- juries from which he has never recovered. In 1845 he entered Strasburg Academy, at Lancaster, Penn., where he remained two years, and then for a num- ber of years taught school, and was one of the leaders in establishing the first district institute in Lancaster County, Penn., in 1851. In 1855 Mr. White came to York, and established what was known as the Pennsylvania Commercial College, which he conducted until the beginning of the late war. In 1861 he was elected justice of the peace and held the office until 1865, when he began the insurance business. In 1872 he was made special agent of the Home, of New York, and with that company remained until 1882, when he was given his present position. His marriage was solemnized April 17, 1849, to Miss Susan J. Smith, daughter of William and Nancy Smith, of Lancaster County. They have had seven children, five living, as fol- lows: Anna M.. Walter B., George C, Charles S. and Harry C. Mr. White is a Democrat, and a member of the I. O. O. F. PETER WIEST, dealer in dry goods and no- tions, is a native of Jackson Township, York Co., Penn.. born in 1818, son of John and Elizabeth (Eyster) Wiest, being the fourth of eight children. His father was born in what was then Paradise Township in 1787, and died in 1837. His mother was born in 1790, and died in 1833. The great- grandfather of our subject was a native of Germany, and immierated to America about 1730. The Wiest family has been identified with the interests of York County for more than 100 years. At eighteen years of age Mr. W. came to York, and for some years attended the York County Academy. In 1840 he began the general merchandising at Dover, Penn., where he continued for more than a year, and then in the spring of 1843 returned to York, and has since been continually engaged in the mercantile life. For almost half a century he has been one of the successful and reliable business men of York. Mr. Wiest was married, in 1844, to Miss Catherine Lenhart, a native of Dover Township. They have children as follows: Edward F., Emma E., George L. and Harry 8. The sons are now engaged in the dry goods business with their father. Formerly Mr. W. was a Whig, but of late years he has been inde- pendent in politics. Mr. and Mrs. Wiest are mem- bers of the Reformed Church, having joined as early as 1836. WILLIAM T. WILLIAMS was born in York County July 81, 1815, and is a son of Ezekiel and Elizabeth Williams, both of whom were natives of Berks County, Penn. He was educated at the com- mon schools, and assisted upon his father's farm un- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 57 til he was twenty-four years of age. He then learned the weaver's trade, at which he was engaged for five years. He subsequently engaged in school- teaching, which he continued for nine years, learn- ing (in the meantime) surveying. He was elected justice of the peace in 1858, in Washington Town- ship, and served two years. In 1870 he removed to York, where he has since resided. In 1875 he was elected justice of the peace for the Fifth Ward, and is still administering the duties of a magistrate. Mr. Williams was united in marriage with Miss Catherine Gross, daughter of Peter and Catherine Gross, both natives of York County. They have six children; David G., Levi G., William F., Peter G., Henry L. and Mandilla. The family are mem- bers of the Lutheran Church, of which Mr. Will- iams has been an elder, and for many years promi- nent in the Sabbath-school. PROF. D. G. WILLIAMS, super- intendent of schools for York Coun- ty, is a native of Dover Township, where he was born in 1840. He is of Welsh and German descent, and son of William T. and Catherine (Gross) Williams, both natives of York County, and parents of six children, our subject being the eldest: Levi, Mandilla, Franklin W. (a resident of Iowa), Peter and Lewis (both of whom are living in Ohio). Prof. Wil!iaE|is received meager educa- tional advantages in his youth, hav- ing access only to the common schools, and eleven weeks in a coun- ty normal. The education which he has since obtained has been acquired by liberal reading and con- stant studious application. He has been. a teacher nearly all of his life; the few years which he devoted to business convinced him that his duty in life was in the field of edu- cation, and as an educator he has been signally successful. He com- menced teaching early in life, and was thus engaged for thirteen con- secutive terms in York County. He then went to Indiana, where he taught one term, and then engaged in the mercantile business. In 1867 he returned to York, and for about five years was engaged in business. He then resumed teaching, and con- tinued until he was elected to the office which he now holds. Prior to his election he was for four years connected with the public schools of York Borough during which period he was a member of a prominent literary association. He assumed the duties of his ofl5oe in 1878, succeeding W. H. Kam, and in the adrniniatratiou of the arduous and re- sponsible labors of this position, he has developed executive attributes of superior order. Prot. Will- lams is an earnest and indefatigable worker, and under his supervision the schools of the county have maintained a high degree of excellence. In 1863 Prof Williams was united in marriage with Miss Sarah Ellen Myers, of Dover Township. They have had seven children: William P., Ida M., Lillie D^^, Charlie M., Harry L., Elmer L. and Maud E. Prof. Williams and wife are members ot the Lu- ^HOX DAVID F. WILLIAMS (deceased) was born in York, January 28, 1833; he was educated at York County Academy, and from 1844 to 1855 was in partnership with Oliver Stuck, as editor and proprietor of the York Democratic Press. During the years 1848, 1849 and 1851, he represented York County in the State General Assembly. In 1858, he went to Pittsburgh and became a partner in the publication of the Pittsburgh Gazette, which he con- ducted two years, and then went to Philadelphia, and from 1860 until 1866 held a position in the cus- tom house. In 1869 he was appointed Assessor of Internal Revenue for what was then the_ Fifteenth District of Pennsylvania, and continued "in the rev- enue service until 1876. He was married in 1853 to Miss Anna M. Smyser, a native ot York, and to him were born four children. He died October 14, 1881. For many years he was president of the York County Bank. JACOB A. WILT, jeweler, was born in York in 1843, and is the son of IPeter E. and Eliza M. (Wise- nail) Wilt. He is the youngest in a family of two children, and is of German descent ; was educated at the public schools of York and York Academy, and in 1860 began serving a four-years' apprenticeship- at the jewelers' trade, under the direction of C. A. Keyworth. In 1864 he went to Washington and re- mained some time, and then returned to York and continued his vocation, but subsequently formed a partnership in the jewelry business with his old employers. In 1881 Mr. Wilt began business for himself, and still continues in the jewelry business, and is one of the most successful jewelry merchants in York. Our subject's marriage was solemnized March 28, 1866, to Miss Kate C. Hagger, a native of Baltimore, Md., and daughter of John W. and La- vinia Hagger. Mr. Wilt is a Democrat and cast his first presidential vote for McClellan. He is a mem- ber of the I. O. O. F., K. of P., and R. M. GEORGE WASHINGTON WINEHOLD, dealer 58 YOEK BOROUGH. in fine groceries, canned fruits, etc., was born in York County in 1848, son of Joshua and Rufina (Ilges) Wineliold. He is of German descent and a repre- sentative of one of the oldest families of York Coun- ty. His father was born in York Township in 1813, and his mother in the "lower end" in 1817. The pati-rnal grandfather of our subject was George Winehold, also a native of York Township, born in 1786. The father of Mr Winehold died in 1863. When about five years old, Mr. Winehold removed with his parents to York, where he was educated at the public schools of York and York County Acad- emy. In 1866 he began business for himself. The systematic order in which everything in his store is arranged is unexcelled in York. For some years Mr. Winehold has taken much interest in the Laurel Fire Company, of which he was formerly secretary, and now for two years has held the office of vice- president. He is a Democrat and has represented the First and Sixth Wards in the borough council. The mother of Mr. Winehold now resides with him. GEORGE WOGAlSr, deceased, was a native of Manchester Township, York Co.. Penn., was born April 14, 1800, and was a son of George and Re- becca (Lowe) WOgan. He is the ybungest in a family of seven children, and of Scotch-Irish de- scent. He remained at home and worked on the farm for his father until 1825, when he began life for himself. At the death of his father, he inher- ited the old Wogan homestead in Manchester Town- ship, and continued farming until 1861, when he retired from active life, and removed to York, where he lived until his death, which occurred April 30, 1878. His marriage was solemnized De- cember 16, 1884, 10 Miss Margaret Hay, a native of York County, and a daughter of John Hay, the elder. Politically Mr. Wogan was a Republican. He was one of the leading and greatly respected citizens of York County. Mrs. Wogan is a repre- sentative of one of the old families of York County. Her father died in 1866, and her mother two years previous. To Mr. and Mrs. Wogan were born three children, viz. : Rebecca L. (deceased), John H. and Anna H. EMANUEL YESSLER, a member of the firm of Menough & Yessler, contractors and builders, ,was born July 4, 1836, iuDover Township, York County, and is a son of Jacob and Susan (Harbaugh) Yess- ler, farmers of Dover Township. Emanuel was an assistant upon the farm, attending the common -schools, until he became eighteen years of age. He then became an apprentice to Jacob Gotwald, learning the carpenter trade. He remained with Mr. Gotwald for several years. In 1863 he went to Washington, D. C, and was in the employ of the government about three years, working at his trade. Returning to York he was, for fifteen years, in the employ of Mr. Weigle, subsequently becom- ing associated with James L. Menough, in the planing-mill and general contracting business. The Dusiness of Menough & Yessler has been prosperous and their trade extended. Mr. Yessler was married December 24, 1866, to Miss Mary, daughter of John and Mary Miller, natives of the county. Two chil- dren have been born to them: Harry E. and Jennie M. Mr. and Mrs. Yessler are members of the Lu- theran Church, of which he lias been an active member for several years, serving as deacon, elder, and treasurer of the Sabbath-school. PETER P. YOST, son of Abraham and Maria (Feiser) Yost, was born in York Township, January 29, 1829, on the farm now owned and occupied by Frank Deitz. His father removed to Dover Town- ship, when our subject was four years old. Subject was reared a farmer. February 20, 18.')1, he mar- ried Sarah Bott, daughter of Peter and Elizabeth (Smyser) Bott, of West Manchester Township. One child has blessed this union— Louisa Jane, deceased wife of Alexander Smyser; one child, Clayton A. Smyser, was born to them. Mr. Yost, for a short time was in the firm of Menough & Yost, builders and carpenters. The handsome residence he now occupies he built in 1880, and also the adjoining residence for his sisters in 1878. Our subject's father was born May 5, 1792, and died August 31, 1855, aged sixty-three years, three months and twenty-six days. His mother died September 23, 1859, aged sixty-eight years, five months and eight- een days. Subject's sister, Rachel Yost, died June 11, 1854, aged thirty-eight years, seven months and fifteen days. Mr. Yost moved to York from Dover Township in 1876. The Yost family was among the earliest settlers of York Township. CHARLES YOST was reared on his father's farm in York Township, and worked on the farm and attended school when a boy. He married Sarah Lower, of Dover Township, a union pro- ductive of four children: Eliza, William, Sarah Ann (deceased) and Ellen Jane. Subject, by close attention to business and untiring industry, has secured for himself a handsome competence. He owns one of the best farms in Manchester Town- ship, also one in Newberry Township, and a fine residence in the borough of York, beside other property. HIRAM YOUNG. The Youngs' family history in this country dates as far back as 1735 and 1740. About that time Hiram Young's great-grandfather, Alexander Shaeffer, landed in America, and located on the mountains, which then formed a part of Lancaster, but which are now included within the limits of Lebanon County. A short time after his arrival here he purchased about 1,200 acres of land in the valley, and founded what is now known as Shaeffertown. His wife, Anna E. Engle, bore him six children. One of them, Henry Shaeffer, was a captain in the army of the Revolution; was after- ward associate judge of the court at Harrisburg, and at the time of his death, which occurred in 1805, was an acting justice of the peace. His daughter, Maria, married Frederick Oberlin, and their daugh- ter, Sarah, became the wife of Samuel Young, of Lancaster County. Two sons and one daughter were the fruit of this marriage, among -whom was Hiram Young, the subject of this sketch. Hiram Young was born in Schaefferstown, Lebanon Coun- ty, May 14, 1830. Some time after this event his par- ents moved to Lancaster County, where they re- mained a few years. His father having died in Lancaster County, his mother afterward returned to her parents in Schaefferstown. Up to his fifteenth year Mr. Y'oung attended the public schools of that place, and being studiously inclined, mastered the different branches then taught. About this time he went to Lancaster and served four years with Judge Emanuel Shaeffer as an apprentice to the saddler's trade. In the month of February, 1850, he obtained a position in John Gish's book store, and remained with him until he secured a more lucrative one in the large establishment of Judd & Murray, with whom he acted as employe for several years. After leaving Judd & Murray he entered the Lan- caster High School with a view of preparing him- self for a regular collegiate course, but after some time, finding his means limited and difficulties in the way, abandoned the undertaking, and returned to the book business. In this he obtained employ- ment in the publishing house of Uriah Hunt & Son, of Philadelphia, and afterward with Lippincott, Grambo & Co, now J. B. Lifjpincott & Co. After several years' experience in Philadelphia he returned to Lancaster City, and purchased a small book store, entering into partnership with John Shaeffer. About two years afterward a . cpnsolidation was made with the 'firm of Murray & Stokes, under the firm name of Murray, Young & BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 59 Co., Mr. Slokes retiring. After several years in tlie book business in Lancaster. Mr. Young retired, and in tlie year 1860 came to York, and purchased the booli store of B. Franklin Spangler, now de- ceased, and founded the firm of Pierce & Young. In 1862, after largely increasing the business, he sold out his interest to Mr. Pierce, and opened an- other store on West Market Street, and in 1865 re- moved to the building No. 10, Bast Market Street, now occupied by him for the publication of the Evening Dispatch, the Weekly Dispatch, and the True Democrat. June 7, 1864, the first number of the True Democrat, now Weekly Dispatch, was is- sued by him, it being a four-page, eight-column pa- per, advocating the Union cause and Republican principles, and taking a prominent part in further- ing the local interests of the town and county. The True Democrat rapidly became one of the leading weekly papers of the county, and soon obtained a large circulation. Neither labor nor expense was spared by Mr. Young to make his paper acceptable in all families without distinction of party. May 39, 1876, the first number of the Evening Dispatch was issued. A strong assistant editorial and re- portorial force was employed, and the news of the day. both local and telegraphic, was carefully gath- ered together and published. This evening paper met with a hearty welcome and liberal patronage from the public, and has always been and now is one of the most widely read dailies in York Coun- ty. In his position as publisher of these two pa- pers, Mr. Young toot a lively interest, and devoted his best energies and personal attention to the de- tails of the business. In this his former experience in the book publishing business was a most valu- able aid in his work. Mr. Young has always taken an active part in the politics of tlie count}', and with pen and voice labored for the Union cause and the triumph of Republican principles. In 1881 he was prominently named as a candidate for the office of State treasurer, and in this received the endorsement of leading papurs of the common- wealth. He has many warm friends, but like oth- ers occupying similar positions, some enemies. Where he is best known he is recognized as a stanch and sincere friend, and as such deserves the support not only of his own party but the public generally. Mr. Young was married September 3, 1857, to Miss Mary E. Shriener, of Columbia. Lan- caster Countj'. Five sons were born to them, one of whom died in infancy; Edward, Charles, William and John, the survivors, all learned the. printing business, and have been of great assistance to their fatber in the conduct of his large and extensive . newspaper business. He has had an active busi- ness life, a large portion of which has been spent as a bookseller and publisher, and in his present edi- torial position he takes pride in advancing meas- ures for the public good, both for his immediate constituency and the country at large. He now has the satisfaction of having two well-established and successful newspapers, with extended and growing influence, and can look back upon a most success- ful business experience, and forward to still greater triumph in the future. EDWARD D. ZIEGLER is a son of Rev. Jacob Ziegler, of the borough of York. His father is a minister of the Reformed Church; he is still living and has reached the ripe age of seventy-five years. His mother is Anna Mary Danner, of York, and is still living. Mr. Ziegler is a graduate of Pennsyl- vaida College, located at Gettysburg, Penn., having graduated from that institution of learning in tbe year 1865. Immediately upon leaving college he was employed by Dr. George W. Ruby, as assistant teacher in the York County Academy.in the borough of York. At this place he was employed in teach- ing for a period of three years, imparting instruction in the Latin language, in algebra, geometry, mathe- matics and English grammar. During this time he prosecuted the study of the law under N. L. Fisher, Esq., and was admitted to the York County bar in November, 1868. He was a candidate for and elected to the office of clerk of the county com- missioners soon after his admission to the bar. In this position he served during one term of two years. At the expiration of his term of office he was honored, by the county commissioners of the county of York, by a unanimous election as their counsel, and was reappointed for a period of three years. In June, 1880, he was a candidate before the Democratic county convention for the nomina- tion for district attorney of the county. He was nominated by the convention and elected by the people at the election following, and served in the office for three years. He continued in the practice of his profession alone until 1885, when he associ- ated himself in the practice of the law with Frank Geise and Joseph K. Strawbridge, Esqs. From boyhood he was fond of politics, and there has been no campaign, county. State or national, in which he has not prominently figured. He has several times been elected delegate to State conventions of the Democratic party, and at the Allentown State convention, in the spring of 1884, was chosen as the delegate of the Nineteenth Congressional District to represent it in the national Democratic convention, which met in Chicago in July of the same year, and nominated Cleveland and Hendricks for president and vice-president of the United States. HANOVER BOROUGH AND PENN TOWNSHIP. HORACE ALLEMAN, M. D., was born in Lan- caster County, in 1834; is a son of John and Eliza- beth (Mockert) Alleman, and is of German origin. His father was born in Dauphin County, Penn., in 1793, and his mother in Lancaster County, Penn., in 1797. His father, when a young man, settled in Lancaster County, where he died in 1866; his wife having died one year previous. Tbe Alleman family was one of the early families of Dauphin County, and among the prominent people. Dr. Alleman was educated at Emaus Institute in Dauphin County, and at Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg. He began the study of medicine, in 1846, in the office of Dr. Nathaniel Watson, of Lancaster County, and afterward graduated 'at the Pennsylvania Med- ical College, Philadelphia. In 1848 he began prac- tice at Elizabethtown, Lancaster County, remained there some time, and then removed to Safe Harbor, I,ancaster County, and in 1859 came to Hanover; here he has since remained. He was married, in 1847, to Miss Rebecca B. Winnemore, a native of Lancaster County. They have six children. He is Republican, and he and wife are members of the Lutheran Church. He is one of the leading physi- cians of York County. JACOB E. BAIR, cigar manufacturer, of Han- over, was born at that place July 18, 1831. He is a son of John and Julia (Snyder) Bair, of York Coun- ty. His father was a tanner by trade, and followed it through life. Jacob E. received a good common school education, and assisted his father in the tan- ning business until 1848, when he began the manu- facture of cigars at Hanover, which occupation he has followed since. He owns quite an extensive cigar manufactory, and is assisted by his sons. Most 60 HANOVER BOKOUGH AND PENN TOWNSHIP. of the time he employs quite a number of hands. July 3, 1855, he was married to Catherine Grim, daughter of Henry D. and Elizabeth Grim, of Vir- ginia; and has had eight children: Julia A., John H., Cecilia andEdmonia (twins, the latter deceased), John J. C, Howard E., Jacob H. and Eobert L. Mr. and Mrs. Bair are members of the Reformed Church. G. MILTON BAIR ^as born in Hanover in 1850, is a- son of Edward and Deliah (daughter of George and Mary Gitt), and is of German origin. His parents were born in Hanover, the father in 1810, and the mother in 1813. His paternal grand- father was John Bair, who was also born in Hanover. His father, a saddler, died December 13, 1883. Our subject was educated at the public schools of Han- over, and Dickison College, at Carlisle, Penn., and graduated from the latter in 1867. In 1868 he en- gaged in the mercantile business, continued for nine years, and then engaged in the life, Are and accident' insurance business, and in this still continues. He was married, in 1871, to Miss Emma C. Welsh, daughter of G. W. Welsh, a prominent politician of York County. They have two children: Edward W. and Ray W. He is a Republican, and he and wife are members of the Lutheran Church. PABBR RANGE, D. D. 8., was born June 9, 1854, in Hanover; is a son of Dr. W. H. and Sarah (Faber) Bange, and is of German descent. His father was born in Hanover, in 1819, and his mother in 1833. Dr. William H. Bange, father of subject, was the second son of the late John Bange, who was one of the old settlers of Hanover. Dr. William H. Bange was piominently connected witli the town of Hanover for forty years, was one of the first members of Emanuel's Reformed Church, and took great interest in the Sabbath-school; he was a mem- ber of the I. O. O. F., and a man of sterling worth. His death took place in 1883. The mother of sub- ject died in 1868. Subject was reared in Hanover, and received a common school education. At six- teen he began the study of dentistry under his father, and subsequently began the practice, which he still continues. He is most successful, and for over ten j^ears has been practicing in Hanover. He is a Republican, a member of the I. O. O. F., and of Emanuel Reformed Church. ALBERT P. BARKER, proprietor of the Dil- ler House, Hanover, was born January 20, 1841, near Littlestown, Penn. His parents, Joseph and Cassia (Diehl) Barker, natives of Chester and York Counties,were married in York County and removed to Adams County, where all their children, fourteen in number, were born, of whom only six are now living. Mr. Barker acquired his education in the public schools of his native town. His studies were pursued with a view to tlie medical profession, but he abandf)ned it at the age of seventeen, at the re- quest of his father. He clerked in mercantile estab- lishments andhotels in Pennsylvania and Maryland, and during the last war he volunteered as a nurse to attend the sick and wounded at the second battle of Bull Run, had charge of a ward in general hospital, but was several times detailed forfield hospital duty. He was in the service about four months. He was married at Uniontown, Md., January 30, 1864, to Miss Ellen R. Carlisle, a native of Maryland. Their only child died in infancy. He embarked in the mercantile business in Littlestown in 1864, and fol- lowed it fourteen years. He then retired from the business and for about four years traded in cattle, etc. In March,1883, he bought out the Diller House, which he refitted and refurnished and converted into a first- class hotel. His father died in Littlestown, Penn., at the age of sixty-nine years, leaving an estate of several thousand dollars, of which he has charge as administrator. His mother is still living at the old homestead, aged about seventy-one years. Mr. Barker is a member of the I. O. O. F. and of the order of Red Men. He had been an active Republi- can for many years of his life, and was postmaster at Littlestown from 1864 to 1878. ALBERT M. BARNITZ (deceased) was a native of York; was born. August 35, 1885, son of Jacob and Catherine (Wagner) Barnitz, and was of German extraction. His education was gained at York public schools, and York County Academy. He subsequently read law under Hon. Thomas E. Coch- ran, On account of ill health he was compelled to abandon his studies and sometime later engaged in the jewelry business, which he continued until the death of his father, when he took charge of the brewing business which had been established by his father. Later he resumed the jewelry business, and in this enterprise continued until his death. He married Miss Martha Wirt, a daughter of the late Jacob and Amelia Wirt, of Hanover, June 12, 1863; to this union were born two children: Jacob Percy and Emma Wirt. Politically Mr. Barnitz is a Re- publican, and for many years manifested Auoh interest in political affairs. He was a member of the Episcopal Church. His death occurred Novem- ber 39, 1869. His remains now repose in Prospect Hill Cemetery, at York. He was a man of pro- nounced merit, and ever wielded an energetic and enterprising influence. In 1869 Mrs. Barnitz re- moved to Hanover, where she has since resided. She is also a member of the Episcopal Church, and a most amiable woman. S. T. BASTIAN, real estate, insurance, collec- tion and general agent of Hanover, Penn., was born in AUentown, Penn., in 1858, and is the son of Jonas and Eliza (Smith) Bastian, one of the oldest fami- lies in Lehigh County. He was educated at the public schools, spent a few years at a collegiate in- stitute at Hackettstown. N. J., and then at the AUentown Business College, from which he gradu- ated. He then engaged with the AUentown Daily Bulletin as a reporter for one year; then he clerked a few months in a dry goods store, and in 1878 he came to Hanover and engaged as clerk for Grove & Carver, dealers in dry goods, etc., with whom he remained about three years and a half. In 1883 he formed a partnership with J. H. Flickinger. in the real estate and fire insurance business, from which Mr. Flickinger, retired in the spring of 1883, since wh'^n Mr. Bastian has successfully conducted the business and built up a good reputation. He is also advertising agent for the Northern Pacific Railroad Company for southern Pennsylvania; is correspond- ent for several daily papers, and is generally con- sidered a very enterprising young man, who will meet with success in evervthing he undertakes. J. H. BITTINGER, M. D., of Hanover, is a lineal descendant in the generation of Adam Bit- tinger (Biedinger) who, in 1736, emigrated from Alsace, Germany, to America, landed in Philadel- phia, and settled first In Lancaster County, and in 1753 purchased a tract of land three miles north- west of Hanover. Adam Bittinger died in 1768, leaving a widow (Sabina).and children as follows: Nicholas, Plenry, Michael, Peter, Marrilas, George, Adam, Christian, Frederick and Eva. Nicholas Bittinger, the eldest son, was born in Alsace, grew to manhood in America, and, as early as 1743, was one of the members of the council of the "Evan- gelical Lutheran Church of the Conewago," now 8t. Matthew's, of Hanover. For a time, when the church was without a pastor.he was licensed by the synod to read sermons from the pulpit and con- duct other religious services. In 1775 he became a member of the Committee of Safety for York County, and served during a part of the Revolution. He became captain of a company of associators, and entered the military service. He was very successful in the accumulation of property, and at BIOGRArHlCAL SKETCHES. 61 the time of his death, on May 2, 1804, owned sev- eral good farms within six miles of Hanover, and a number of choice tracts of land in Franklin County. His remains were interred at Abbotts- town. He had a famil}^ of nine children — two sons, John and Joseph, and seven daughters. Joseph, the great grandfather of our subject, was born February 36. 1773. In the year 1798, he became the owner of the tract of land purchased by his frandfather, Adam Bittinger, in 1753. He died uly 36, 1801, at the early age of thirty two years, and left a widow and five sons, viz. : John, Joseph, Henry, Fredericli and George. His second son Joseph, the grandfather of Dr. J. H. Bittinger, was born November 13, 1794, married Lydia Bear, of Hanover, in 1819, and died September 27, 1850, on the old homestead of Adam Bittinger, the im- migrant. He left twelve children, viz. : William, now residing in Abbottstown; Henry, born 1831 and died 1879; Joseph, graduate of Pennsylvania College and of Andover Tlieological Seminary, became pastor of a Presbyterian Church in Cleve- land, Ohio,and Pittsburgh,Penn.,was aflnespeaker, an elegant writer and a doctor of divinity; died in 1885, and his remains were interred at Hanover. The other children were Ellen, Edward (died in Chicago), Rebecca, John, Quiney (graduate of Dart- mouth College and Andover Seminary, pastor of Congregational Church at Haverhill, N.H.). Daniel, Annie, Howard, Nicholas (now in Florida) and Charles Lewis, now in Florida. Dr. J. H. Bit- tinger, the subject of this sketch, was born in Berwick Township, February 3, 1853, and is a son of Henry Bittinger. For a time he attended Penn- sylvania College^ taught school in Illinois and in Pennsylvania. In 1871, while in the wholesale foreign and domestic fruit business with his uncles, George and Charles, in the city of Chicago, their entire establishment was burned by the disastrous fire that destroyed over |200, 000, QUO worth of prop- erty, and 7,450 buildings. Dr. Bittinger returned to Hanover in 1873. began to read medicine, en- tered the Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia and graduated in 1878, began practicing in Hanover, where he soon prospered in his profession. After two and one-half years of successful practice he removed to Philadelphia, wherehe did a lucrative business. In 1883 he returned to Hanover, and the same year was married to Miss Clara E. Bucher. They have one child — Lida. Dr. Bittingeris an active practitioner, is well read, and thoroughly versed in his profes- sion and now enjoys a large practice. He is a member of th6 State Medical Society, American Medical Association and the York County Medical Society. CHARLES C. BOWMAN is a native of the city of "brotherly love," was born In 1831, and is a son of Charles and Sarah (Sultz) Bowman, of Ger- man descent. His father was born in the same city in 1800, and died in 1874; his mother died in 1864. When a mere boy he left Philadelphia and went to New York City, remained a short time and then went to Newark, N. J.; fourteen years of age found him at sea, which he sailed six years, and has traveled around the world from west to east once, and for a number of years he was in the employ of the United States government. In 1851 he came to Hanover and engaged in the manufacture of cigars, but at the end of one year he went to Newark, N. J., and there remained until 1864, when he returned to Hanover, and here has since resided. Mr. Bow- man was married in 1852 to Miss Dorothea Grimes, a native of Germany. To this marriage have been born thirteen children. Politically Mr. Bowman is a Democrat. He is one of the substantial and successful business men of Hanover. He is a Mason and K. T. and a member of the I. O. O. F. and I. O. R. M.,andMr. and Mrs. Bowman are members of the Reformed Church. He is at pres- ent one of the building committee of the Trinity Reformed Church which is being erected in Han- over and was one of the founders of said church, which is nearly completed. He is closely con- nected with Hon. Daniel Fox, ex-mayor of Phila- delphia, Penn. HON. PHILIP 8. BOWMAN, eldest of the sev- en children of John and Catharine (Stambaugh) Bowman, was born February 15, 1846, in Jackson Township, formerly Paradise Township, and is of German descent. The father was born March 39, 1833, in Heidelberg Township; the motherwasborn in Paradise Township. Our subject was reared a farmer, and educated at the common schools, and at the Manchester Academy, Carroll County, Md., and at the normal school at Millersville, Lancaster Co., Penn. For five years from 1863 he taught school. In 1871 he engaged in the grain and prod- uce trade at Hanover, and two years later re- sumed farming. In politics he is a Democrat, and in 1869 was elected assessor of Heidelberg Town- ship. In 1873 he was elected assistant assessor; in 1874, school director; in 1876, representative of York County, and in 1878 was re-elected in each of the two last cases by more than a party vote. In the legislature he took an active part in opposing the Pittsburgh Riot Bill, which was defeated. In 1881 he was elected secretary of the Farmers' Mutual Fire ^Insurance Company, of Paradise, York Co., Penn., of which company he is also a director. In 1885 he was elected justice of the peace, and for the past two years has also been engaged in surveying. In 1867 he joined the Odd Fellows, and in 1873 was made a Free Mason, being now W". M. of Patmos Lodge No. 348. He is also a member of Howell Chapter No. 199, and York Commandery No. 21. He was married, in 1867, to Miss Lydia E., daugh- ter of Samuel and Julia Ann Keller, born Septem- ber 33, 1846, in Heidelberg Township. Four chil- dren have blessed this union, viz.: Milton E., Martha E., Ira A. and Oscar R. Mr. and Mrs. Bowman are members of the Lutheran Church. JOHN BUTT, a cigar manufacturer of Penn- ville. Penn Township. York County, was born De- cember 35, 1835, in York County, and is the only child of John and Eva (Zeigler) Butt. His father was a hatter by trade, and followed the same until his death. Our subject was brought up a farmer, and received a common school education, most of which he acquired by himself, as he lost his father when an infant. Until his seventh year he remained with his mother. He then made his home with Daniel Diehl, with whom he remained until he be- came of age. Early he learned the trade of shoe- making, and followed it for fourteen years. No- vember 4, 1848, he was married to Joanna Bankert, a daughter of Daniel Bankert, deceased. Tu them were born six children: Zepania, Matilda, Austin, deceased; Elaranda, deceased; Milton and an in- fant, deceased. In 1849 Mr. Butt removed to the place where he has since resided, and has carried on the manufacture of cigars for thirty years. He and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church of Hanover. j\Ir. Butt takes great interest in educational matters, and is considered a liberal, public-spirited citizen. Politically he is a Repub- lican. CAPT. A. W. EICHELBBRGER. The sub- ject of this sketch is an honored representative of the Eichelberger family. The great-grandfather of our subject. Philip Frederick Eichelberger, son of John and Maria Barbara Eichelberger, who was born April 17. 1693, in Itlingen, near Sinzheim, then in the Grand Duchy of Baden, now in the Empire of Germany. He was married November 11, 1714, to Anna Barbara Doerners., On May 11, 1738, he re- ceived from the authorities of Itlingen atestimonial 62 HANOVER BOROUGH AND PENN TOWNSHIP. of his good character and honorable standing, the original of which is now in possession of Edwin S. Eichelberger, Esq., a great-great-grandson, residing in Frederick, Md. On the 32d of June, 1738, himself, wife and four children, together with thirty other Palatinates and their families, 100 in all, embarked in the good ship "Albany," and set sail from Rot- terdam, Holland, for the land of their adoption. Lazarus Oxham was shipmaster, or captain, of this vessel, which landed September 4, of the same year, at Philadelphia. On September 13, 1743, he ob- tained a land warrant from the proprietaries of Pennsylvania for 175 acres of land in Manheim Township, Lancaster Co., Penn. Upon this tract he took his family, cleared and cultivated the land, built a house and prospered to such an extent that only two years later he obtained grants for 140 acres additional, located in Conestoga and Man- heim Townships of the same county. He remained in Lancaster County until 1754, when, on April 28, 1761, he purchased a warrant of Conrad Low for 320 acres of land in Manheim Township, York Co., Penn. He died September 19, 1776, aged eighty- three years five months and two days. His re- mains now slumber in the historic old burying ground, about one mile north of Hanover. The children by his first wife were Martin, Frederick, Anna Margeret (married to Vincent Keefer), Bar- bara Cmarried to Andrew Hoke) and Elizabeth (married to Jacob Smyser). His first four children, as above stated, were born in Germany. These children, after marriage, located in and around York. Martin, the eldest of the sons, was present at York when the town was laid out in 1741, and purchased Lot No. 120. He was one of the origi nal members of the first Lutheran Church in Yorli; was commissioned a court justice under King George HI in 1760, the first year of his long reign, and also under constitution of 1776, being promi- nently identitied with the early history of York, where he died in 1781 or 1783. The children of Martin were George, Frederick, Jacob, Bernard, Martin, Susanna (married to Daniel Barnitz) and Mary (married to William T. Coale). George and Jacob were prominent in collecting goods and money for (the Revolutionary army. George was appointed quartermaster of the militia of York County in 1776. He was a member of the Provin- cial Convention, which was held at Philadelphia the 23d of January, 1776. He had been high sher- iff of York under the king from 1768 to 1771. He died in York about the year 1781. Jacob was sher- iff of York County, elected in 1804. He subse- quently removed to Reisterstown, Md. , where he died in 1832, aged eighty-nine years. Frederick, the second son of Martin, was a large land-holder. He lived in Bottstown, near York. His children were John, Thomas, Daniel, George, Bernard, William, Charles and Sarah. He died at his son's house, one and one-third miles west of York, in 1834, aged eighty-four years. Martin, the youngest son of Martin, during the Revolution, when less than eighteen, took a horse and rode to Boston, and joined Oapt. Swope's company, which had left York before. He obtained a lieutenancy in Capt. Nich- ols' company, and on his transfer to the commissary department succeeded to the command of the com- pany. He served with much credit during the war, and subsequently accompanied the expedition to Wyoming to repel the incursions of the Indians. He remained in the array until 1783. As a recogni- tion of his services and exemplary character, he ob- tained the oflBce of weighmaster at the port of Baltimore, which position he held for forty-five years. He died in that city October 3, 1840, in the eighty-second year of his age. Among his sons was Otho W. Eichelberger. He was one of the oldest merchants in Baltimore; was in business at No. 1 Howard Street for over fifty years. He died January 30, 1879, in the eightieth year of his age. Jesse, another son of Martin, was killed in Port McHenry, at Baltimore, in 1814. Frederick Eichelberger, the second son of the immigrant, although born in Germany, soon imbibed the spirit of American patriotism. He lived near York, and was a justice during the time of the Revolution. "The children by the second marriage of Philip Frederick Eichelberger were Adam, Leonard, Jacob (grandfather of our subject) and Lewis. Adam, the eldest, was a captain of a company of Associators of York County during the Revolution, and was also active in collecting money and sup- plies for the army. He was married to Magdalina Bechtel. Their children were Frederick, Michael, Samuel, Adam, Joseph, Susanna, Salome and Mag- dalina. He obtained possession of the homestead in 1766, which then contained 330 acres, including the mill place, which at that time was situated in Manheim but is now in Heidelberg Township, about three miles east of Hanover on the York road. The mill, whieh is in close proximity to the Han- over & York Railroad, is now owned by George Jacobs. In addition to the occupation of farmer, Adam was also a tavern-keeper. He was a promi- nent and influential citizen, and died in 1787, aged forty-eight years and seven months. The home place has been kept in the family up to the present time, and is now occupied by Charles Eichelberger, a great-grandson. Leonard, the second son of Phiiip Frederick Eichelberger, by the second wife, was a farmer. He was married to Elizabeth Smyser, and had four sons: Jacob,Frederick,George and John; and six daughters: Mary, married to Barney Welty; Sarah, to Frederick Welty; Susan, to Lewis Shearer; Lydia, to Daniel Bailey, and Elizabeth, to H. Richen- baugh. Jacob lived in York, was sheriff of York County, elected a member of the legislature in 1807 and a justice in 1829. He had three daughters: Eliza, inarried to Dr. George L. Shearer, of Dills- burg; Maria, to James McCosh, and Catherine, to Enoch Young. Frederick was a farmer, and lived near Dillsburg until the last year of his life, when he moved to Frederick City, Md. He married Catherine Baker; was a member'of the legislature in 1815-16-17, and of the senate in 1819. He had no children, and died in 1836. George, the third son of Leonard, removed to Frederick County, Md., and was register of wills for thirteen years. He married Sarah Grayson. His sons were Niles, Gray- son, Hervy and Allen. Grayson was secretary of State under Gov. Grayson, and was also a member of the senate of Maryland. Edwin, son of Gray- son and-great-great-grandson of the immigrant, is now a lawyer in Frederick City, Md. John, the fourth son of Leonard, was a farmer and justice. He lived in York County, and was a member of the legislature in 1825. His children were John and Alexander. Jacob, the third son of the second wife of the immigrant, resided in the town of Han- over. He was engaged in farming and keeping tavern. He was married to Anna Maria Reiniker. He died in 1811. His remains were 'first interred in St. Matthew's Lutheran graveyard, and were afterward removed to Mt. Olivet Cemetery. He left but one son, Jacob, the father of our subject, who became quite prominent in the borough of Hanover for a great many years. He was a mer- chant and farmer, and kept a public house which was long known as the "stage office," now the " Central Hotel." He was the first president of tbe Maryland Line Turnpike Company, and was active in organizing the Hanover Savings Bank, of which he became president in 1835. and served with great ■acceptance for a number of years. He died in J843. He was first married to Elizabeth Nace. By this marriage he had three daughters: Louisa, mar- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 6S ried to George Trone; Maria, to Jacob Young, and Elizabeth, to Michael Barnilz. In the year 1806 he married Miss Maria Wirt, daughter of Christian Wirt, of Hanover. By this marriage he had eight children: Matthew, who now resides in Gettysburg; Jacob, who died in the State of Alabama in 1881 ; Henry, n farmer, residing in Hanover; Catherine Maria, married to S. A. McCosh, died in Georgia in 1868; Capt. A. W.; Rufus, president of the Haa- over Saving Fund Society; Amanda, married to A. F. Gitt, of New Oxford, and died in 1871 ; and Ameha, the youngest, who is now living with her brothers in Hanover. Lewis, the fourth son of Frederic!?, lived in Adams County, Penn. He left one son, Adam, and three daughters, all of whom are now dead. Capt. A. W. Eichelberger was born in Hanover December 6, 1819. His father gave him the advantage of the best schools the town afforded. He remained at home until May, 1838, when he was apprenticed to learn the carpenter's trade with Conrad Moul, at Westminster, Md., where he re- mained three years and returned to Hanover. In 1843 he traveled overland to the State of Georgia to visit his elder brother,Jacob. Whilst there he ar- ranged for the shipment of carriages and damask coverlets to that State, which business he continued for several years, and subsequently purchased, joint- ly with his brother, the Wehadliee Flour and Saw- mills in the State of Alabama, and has since held his interest in the same, except during the civil war, when the property was confiscated by the Confederate government, and returned to him after the war. Prom 1845 to 1852 he spent his win- ters in the South, looliing after his interests there, and his summers in Hanover, devoting his time to farming his own and his mother's land, to making purchases for shipment South, and in drilling an infantry company of citizen soldiers, called the " United Blues," and afterward a cavalry company known as the " Fourth Dragoons." i As a military officer he was a universal favorite. In his early life, was a devoted Whig, and took an active part in the political campaigns of 1844 and 1852, and took the stump as a spealier on those occasions. He is now a Republican. He has never married. In the year 1873 he, together with three other public- spirited citizens, presented the beautiful fountain which now adorns the Centre Square of Hanover, and adds so much to the attractions of the town. He is a regular attendant at St. Mark's Lutheran Church, and a liberal contributor to all objects of benevolence and charity; takes a lively interest in the public welfare of his native town, and is uni- versally popular among his neighbors and fellow citizens. In 1853, on account of his administrative and executive abilities, he was at tfie age of thirty- four elected president of the Hanover Branch Railroad Company, and still holds the same posi- tion, being in term of continuous service the oldest railroad president in the United States. This road was afterward, through his influence, consolidated with the Gettysburg Railroad. He is now president of the Baltimore & Hanover, Bachman Valley, Berlin Branch and Baltimore & Harrisburg Rail- road Companies, all of which are described in another part of this work. In his industrious ca- reer in the railroad business, he has constantly kept in view the material, interests of his native town and surrounding country, and the prosperity of the roads over which he presides. The town of Han- over will long remember him for his industry, liber- ality and devoted interest in her material welfare. OLIVER T. EVERHART, second son of George and Catherine Everhart, was born May 18, 1832. He received his preliminary education at the Man- chester (Md.) Academy, and thus prepared himself for the Sojihomore class of 1851 at Marshall College, at Mercersburgh, Penn. This college was afterward removed to Lancaster, Penn., and being united to Franklin College, the name was changed to Frank- lin & Marshall College, and from this institution our subject was graduated in 1854. He read medi- cine under Dr. Henry E. Beltz, of Manchester, Md., and attended medical lectures at the University of Maryland, from which he graduated in 1856. Tlie same year he located in Goldsboro', York County, and began the practice of his profession. During the late war Dr. Everhart was assistant surgeon at the Chambersburgh and Camp Curtin Hospitals. In 1867 he removed to Shrewsbury, Penn.. and thence in 1869 to Marysville, Penn., where he re- mained nine years, and then came to Hanover, and here has since continued to reside. He was united in marriage in 1859 to Miss Sarah, daughter of Rev. Jacob G. Kister. Mrs. Everhart died in 1860; and Dr. Everhart, in 1864. married Miss Anna C. Shelly, daughter of Michael Shelly. To this marriage have been born four children. Dr. Everhart is a success- ful physician and enjoys a lucrative practice. He is a Democrat. Dr. and Mrs. Everhart are members of the Trinity Reformed Church. JOSHUA P. FLICKINGER was born in York County, Penn., .July 15, 1854. His parents were Abraham and Sarah (Wertz) Flickinger, of York County. He remained with his father until he was twenty-one years of age, when he engaged in the insurance business two years. In the spring of 1879 he formed a partnership with C. E. Bowman, for the sale of agricultural implements. Mr. Flick- inger belongs to the I. 0. O. P. and is also a Mason. DA.VID GARBER, a prominent horse dealer of Hanover, Penn., was born in Lancaster County. Penn.. November 14, 1836, and is a son of Samuel and Rebecca (Davis) Garber. In the year 1846 he had already engaged in the stock business and fol- lowed it eight years. He then removed to Hanover, Penn., where he engaged in the livery business, and in connection with this in buying and selling horses. In 1870 he purchased the Central Hotel at Hanover, whiohhe owns and lives in at the present. In 1856 he was married to Anna Elizabeth Bair, daughter of John and Lydia (Young) Bair, of Hanover. They have two children; Ida Alice and Annie May. Mr. Garber is a Knight Templar in the Masonic fraternity. D. B. GROVE, M. D., is a son of Jacob and Louisa C. (Shriver) Grove. His grandfather, George Grove, was a wagon-maker in Hanover. His maternal grandfather, Henry Shriver, resided in Littlestown, Adams County. Dr. Grove was born in Hanover May 29, 1860, and was educated in the public and private schools of his native town. He then entered a drug store in Baltimore as a clerk, but on account of declining health, for the time, re- tired from that position and returned to his home. After recuperating his health his attention was directed to homoeopathy. Being a thorough con- vert to that mode of medical treatment he began to study medicine, and in 1881 entered the Homceo- pathic Medical College of New York City, and was graduated in 1883. While in that institution he was elected guiz-master in medical jurisprudence, an honor conferred upon him by his fellow students. He joined the American Society of Homoeopatliy in 1684; and attended its sessions that year at Deer Park, Md. In 1885 he was elected surgeon of the Hanover Junction, Hanover & Gettysburg and Hanover & Baltimore Railroads. Dr. Grove is de- votedly attached to the practice of medicine, and as a result thereof soon secured a lucrative business. JACOB F. GUNDRUM, teacher and composer of music, and justice of the peace of Hanover, was born in Alsfeld, Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, De- cember 22, 1837, and is a son of Jacob and Sophie (Strecker) Gundrum. His father was a preceptor in his native country over fifty years, and upon his «4 HAN0 7ER BOROUGH AND PENN TOWNSHIP. retirement received from his king a gold cross, order of merit. Wlien quite young he began the study of music in his native city, and at the age of sixteen years be entered the seminary at Freidberg, near Frankfort-on-the-Main, from which he grad- uated in the class of 1856. The same year he taught music a few months and then came to Amer- ica, and went directly to Wisconsin, where one of his sisters resided, with whom he remained until the war broke out. In April, 1861, he enlisted at Mineral Point, Wis., in Company I, Second Wis- consin Volunteers, for three-months, but re-enlisted shortly after for three years, June 11, 1861. He was srion transferred to the band, and with liis regi- ment he participated in tlie buttles of Blackburn's Ford, July 18, 1861, and the first Bull Run, at the latter receiving a slight wound. He served with the regiment until September, 1863, when all bands were mustered out. During this part of service he took part in all the engagements which Gen. Mc Dowell had in Virginia, until the second battle of Bull Run, after which he returned to his own State to organize a brigade-band, and re-enlisted Novem- ber 9, 1863, in the brigade known as the "Iron Brigade of the W^st," and with the brigade was in all the battles from that time until the war closed, receiving an honorable discharge June 12, 1865. February 5, 1865, he was married at Gettysburg, Penn.. to Susan Herr, a native of Lancaster County, and had five sons, two of whom died in infancy. The living are Harry F., Charles A. and J. Willie. After the close of the war he came to Get- tysburg, where he began teaching music, forming a class also at Hanover, to which latter place he re- moved in 1867, and has since resided there, teach- ing music and dealing in pianos and organs. Al- though in politics a Democrat, he was elected in 1861 justice of the peace of Hanover Borough for five years. He is a member of the G. A. R. and of the society of the "Iron Brigade." His wife died November 13, 1883. Mr. Gundrum has also been a successful composer of music. REV. JOHN H. HARTMAN, resident pastor of Leshey Reformed Church, and three other congre- gations, was born in Bavaria, Germany, September 9, 1848. His parents were Peter and Wilhelmina (Fetzer) Hartman, who came to this country in September, 1852, bringing wilh them their two boys and one daughter, and located in Tamaqua, Schuyl- kill Co., Penn., where they have since resided, and where two more sons have been born. Rev. John went to school in his boyhood, and also worked in the coal mines as slate piclier, after which lie worked at the barber's trade in Philadelphia. When about twenty years of age he attended Palatinate College, at Myerstown, Penn.. where he spent two •years and a half. From there he went to Heidelberg Theological Seminary, at Tiifln, Ohio, from which he graduated in 1874. His first charge was the Trinity Reformed Church at Tamaqua, Penn., which he served six years; then Lehighton, Carbon Co., Penn., where he was in charge four years and three months. He came to Hanover, April 23, 1884, and assumed the pastorate of "Leshey" charge. He was ordained by a committee of Leba- non Classis at Tamaqua, Penn., March 10, 1874. On June 4, 1874, he was married at Canfield, Ohio, to Mary A. Berger, a native of Switzerland, who lived at the time of her marriage at North George- town. Ohio. They tave five children; JohnEdwin, Charles Reuben, Minnie Eliza, Mary Elizabeth and Oliver Samuel. Both husband and wife were brought up in the Reformed Church. Rev. H. preaches in German and English. DANIEL JACOB HAUER, D. D., was born in Frederick, Md.. March 3, 1806; is the son of George and Catherine (Shellman) Hauer, and is of German descent, his ancestors having come from Lorraine. Dr. Hauer received his elementary training in the public schools of Frederick, Md., and prosecuted his classical studies at Frederick College. In 1833 he began the study of theology under Rev. D. F. Schaffer, D. D., and three years later he was licensed ad interim to preach by the synod of Maryland and Virginia. His labors for some time, as mission- ary, were within the confines of Virginia, and then he accepted a call from congregations in Guilford and Orange Counties, N. C. In 1829 he was ordained by the synod of North Caro- lina, at Wythe Court House, Va. In 1838 he ac- cepted a call from several churches in Montgomery, Roanoke, Floyd and Botetourt Counties, Va., and there he remained until 1833, when he removed to Lovettsville, Loudoun Co., Va., where he labored until 1845, when he came to Jefferson, Md. In 1853 he was called to the Manchester charge, Mary- land. The degree of doctor of divinity was con- ferred upon him in 1859 by Irving College, in Car- roll County, Md. From 1862 until 1872 he was pastor of the Abbottstown, New Oxford and Bast Berlin congregations in Adams County, Penn., together with St. Peter's Church, in York County. In 1872 he took charge of the Manheim charges, York County, and' in 1881 of tiie Spring Grove charge of his present pastorate.' In 1855 he was elected president of the Maryland synod, and in 1862 of the Melanothon synod of Maryland. He is the only survivor of the founders of the synod of Virginia. He has spent fifty-nine years in actual ministerial labor, and though he is passing into the sere and yellow leaf, his years sit lightly upon him. His marriage occurred, in 1828, to Miss Henrietta Warner, of Baltimore, Md. Of seven children born, three yet survive. Dr. Hauer is one of the prom- inent clergymen of York County, and a leading citizen of Hanover. WILLIAM HELTZEL, exi-editor of the Hano- ver Citizen, and a leading Democratic politician of York County, was born at New Lisbon, Ohio, May 13, 1840, and is a son of Hon. Nicholas and Mary (Knepley) Heltzel. The Heltzel family is of Scotch- German lineage. The father of Mr. Hellzel was born in York County in 1805, and liis mother in Georgetown, D. C, in 1818. "The father of our sub- ject has long been one of the prominent men of Adams County, Penn., and during the years 1867 and 1868 he represented that county in the general assembly. Mr. Heltzel was educated at the public schools.and at New Oxford College.in Adams Coun- ty, Dr. Pfeiffer, principal. In 1859 he began serv- ing an apprenticeship to the printing trade in the ofBce of the Gettysburgh Star. For some years he did journey work, but spent most of his time in the Patriot office at Harrisburg. During the time spent at Gettysburgh lie was also a law student un- der Hon. Moses McClain. In November, 1865, he came to Hanover and purchased the Hanover Cit- izen, which he coudiicted until 1879, when on ac- count of ill health he was forced to abandon jour- nalistic work.. He has been a lite-long supporter of the Democratic party, and for many years he has taken an active part in politics. He was married, in 1865, to Miss Mary E. Doan, a daughter of Dr. George Doan. Four children have been horn to this marriage, viz. : Milton, Albert, George N. and Alda M. He is a Mason ant^ a member of the Re- formed Church. REV. HENRY HILBI8H, pastor of the Second Reformed Church of Hanover, is a native of Free- burgh, Snyder Co., Penn., was born September 13, 1836, and is the sixth in a family of seven children born to Henry and Elizabeth (Keller) Hilbish, and is of German descent. His parents were horn in Montgomery County, Penn., the father in 1790, and the mother in 1801. The former died in 18,'i8, and the latter two years prior. His great-grandfather BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 65 was one of three brotbers who were born in Ger- many and came to America in 1749, and settled in Montgomery County, Penn., and there the grand- father of Rev. H. was born. Rev. H. was educated at Preeburgh, Snyder Co., Penn. He studied the- ology under a private tutor, and at the age of twen- ty-one entered the ministry. He preached one year in his native county, and then went to Dauphin County; he there preached some time and then went to Berks County, and thence to Ohio, where he remained until 1880, when he came to Hanover, and here has since been, and is a most efficient and successful clergyman, and was the leading spirit in the erection of the Second Reformed Church of Hanover. He was married. May 10, 1858, to Miss Mary Whitmer, a native of Juniata County, Penn., and has had born to him eight children. DR. CHARLES A. KAIN, born in York Coun- ty , April 17, 1852, is a son of John and Susanna (May) Kain. He attended the common schools/ and began teaching in the various schools of the county at the age of seventeen. After teaching about five years he began a course of study under Dr. J. M. Kilmore, of York County, preparatory to his profession of veterinary surgeon. He located in Manchester, York Countjr, and in 1882 removed to Hanover, where he has since practiced his pro- fession. He was married, in 1878, to Miss Caroline, daughter of Henry and Sarah Bower. They have two children: Herbie B., born in January, 1879; and Charles E., born April, 1880. The Doctor is a member of the Lutheran Church. STEPHEN KEEPER was born in West Vir- ginia, November, 39, 1816, and is a son of Joseph and Mar3' Keefer, natives^ of the same State. He remained at home with his parents until the age of eighteen, when he was apprenticed to learn the carpenter trade, and remained at this business twelve years. He then moved to Hanover, and was engaged for thirteen years in the grocery business, where he laid the foundation of an ample fortune. Mr. Keefer was elected a director of the First Na- tional Bank of Hanover, when it was organized, which position he held four years; he was then elected cashier and served six years, but resigned this position to seek a more active vocation. He .then became prominently identified with the rail- road interest of this section of York County, be- coming a director in the Hanover Junction, Han- over & Gettysburg Railroads, and Baughman Val- ley, Berlin Branch and Hanover and Baltimore and Baltimore & Harrisburg Railroads; is a director of the Hanover Gas Company, helped to organize the Hanover Water Company, and is now president and general superintendent of it. At the organization of the Hanover Agricultural Society, he was elected president. Always having been an ardent support- er of the Republican party, he was elected county commissioQer in 1880, and performed the duties of that office with signal ability, showing an extensive knowledge of business. In this official capacity he made many warm friends in both political par- ties of York County. His marriage to Catherine, daughter of David and Susaii Bixler, occurred December 34, 1843. His second marriage was to Miss Susan, daughter of Rudolph and Elizabeth Forry, of York, Penn., and was solemnized May 18, 1858. Mr. Keefer is a member of the Reformed Church, and his present wife of St. Mark's Luth- eran Church of Hanover. He has always been a public spirited citizen and has done much to im- prove the material interests of Hanover. He was elected burgess of Hanover, February, 1885. ARNOLD KLEFF, hotel keeper, was born on the river Rhine, nearSeegburg, in Prussia, Germany, April 9. 1831, and came to America August 27, 1847, where he landed at Baltimore. Until 1865 he was clerking for Canfield Bros. & Co., jewelers, and traveled for them six years. In 1868 he opened the Montour House at Westminster, Md., and con- ducted it four years, after which he commenced deal- ing in agricultural implements and traveled a great deal in the South until 1874, after which he re- moved to New York City, where he began dealing in notions. In 1875 he returned to Baltimore — to Canfield Bros. & Co., and in 1877 he took charge of the Diller House at Hanover, Penn., which he kept until 1880, when he leased the Central Hotel, at the same place, which he has kept since. May 18, 1853, he was married at Baltimore to Annie'McGraw, of tijat city, who died in 1860, leaving two chil- dren: John N. and William (deceased). January 26, 1864, he was married to Gertrude Voshell, a native of Maryland, and of French descent. They have five children: Harry V., Annie H., Gertrude H., Arnold J. and Charles. The family are members of the Catholic Church. The father of Mr. KlefE came to America on a visit in 1854, but returned to Germany, where he died. BARTON H. KNODE, editor and publisher of The Hanover Citizen and De^- Hanwoer Citizen (the latter being published in German), was born at Jones' Cross Roads, Washington Co., Md., April 19, 1851. He was educated at the public schools, but had little opportuiiy for attendance even at those institutions — his father being a farmer, sub- ject's assistance was required in that capacity. He served an apprenticeship on tlie Boonesborough (Md.) Odd Fellow, beginning in 1868. After his apprenticeship, he held positions on the Baltimore American and Baltimore Sun, as a compositor, afterward obtaining a position in the Government printing department of Washington, D. C, solely on his abilities as a first-class compositor. In that office his abilities were justly recognized by pro- motion, until he was finally placed on "bill" work and "rule and figure" work, the highest grade of general composition. In the early spring of 1875 he was compelled to resign his position because of the failure of his health. Retiring to the country home of liis parents, however, by the careful and tender nursing of a true and affectionate mother, he was soon fully restored to his accustomed good health. In the early summer of that year he made his first venture in journalism by taking charge of the Mechanicstown (Md.) Clarion during it's pro- prietor's protracted illness. Mr. Knode conducted the Clarion for eight months in a most successful and profitable manner, when the establishment was sold. In December, 1875, he purchased the Littles- town (Penn.) News, and conducted that paper with credit and ability until June, 1879, when he suc- ceeded to the proprietorship of the two papers which he now so ably conducts. Since having charge of these two journals he has conducted them in the same channel as his illustrious predecessor (Mr. William Heltzel) and enjoys the confidence, esteem and respect of his neighbors, acquaint- ances, and the political party (Democratic) whose principles he loves and advocates. Mr. Knode's acquaintances include a large circle of eminent men of both political parties, and his influence at home and throughout the country is extensive and much sought after. He has been a member of the order of A. F. & A. M. since 1875, and has for many years been an active member of the I. O. O, F., having "p'assed through the chairs" in both the subordinate and encampment branches. FRANCIS A. H. KOCH, a physician of Han- over, Penn., was born in York, Penn., August 31, 1830. His parents. Dr. Francis and Nancy (Hies- tand) Koch, were of the pioneer families of the county. His great-grandfather, who came from Germany, settled in Dover before York Borough was laid out. He has two brothers and three sisters, one of whom is younger than himself. His HAN07ER BOEOUGH AND PENN TOWNSHIP. early education he received at the York County Academy, and at the age of twenty he began read- ing medicine with his father. In 1849 he entered the University of Maryland, in Baltimore, and graduated in 1853. He first practiced in York, but removed to Hellam Township; returning, however, to York in two years, and after a few months' stay removed to Liverpool, York County, where he practiced two years, then going to York again, and from there, in one and a half years, to North Codorus, where he remained sixteen years. In 1871 he came to Hanover where he has since re- sided. In 1857 he was married at York, Penn., to Annie M. DeHufE. daughter of Abraham DeHuff, of Billsburg, and has had seven children: Abram (de- ceased)t Virginia, Annie E., Helen G., Francis Abram, Susan and Edward William. He is a mem- ber of the Masonic Lodge of York, of the York County Medical Society, and was three times elected chief burgess of Hanover. REV. J. C. KOLLER, pastor of St. Matthew's Lutheran Church, Hanover, Penn., was born Octo- ber 24, 1839, in Springfield Township, York County, a few miles northeast of Glen Rock. His parents were Henry and Anna Mary Koller. He spent his early years on the farm, and in teaching school, and entered the preparatory department of Pennsyl- vania College, Gettysburgh, in the spring of 1860, and graduated in 1865 — the valedictorian of his class. He took a full course in the Theological Seminary at the same place, and was licensed to preach the Gospel by the West Pennsylvania Synod at Chambersburgh, in September. 1867. He soon after became pastor of the Gleii Rock Evangelical Lutheran Church, and remained there until the spring of 1877, when he entered his present field of labor as pastor of St. Matthew's Church, which was organized in 1738. It is the second church of that denomination, in point of age, in York County, and with its communicant membership of 735 per- sons, and nominal membership of over 1,000 per- sons, is the largest congregation of the Lutheran denomination in the county. Mr. Koller is a faithful and earnest worker, a close student and a devoted pastor. He was married to Alice C, daughter of William Heathcote, June 1, 1869. They have one daughter and three sons. JOSEPH LEIB, general freight and ticket agent of the Hanover Junction, Hanover & Gettysburg Railroad, was born in Hopewell Township, York County, April 14, 1829, and is the son of John and Mary (Purkey) Leib, both natives of York County and of German descent. His grandfather. Christian Leib, also a native of the county, was a soldier in tlie Revolutionary army, and his father was a soldier in the war of' 1812, and participated in the affair at North Point near Baltimore, being one of 100 men, who went as defenders from his neigh- borhood. He outlived them all and died at the age of eighty-four. The Purkey family were, at an early day, quite numerous* in the county, but Mr. Leib's mother, who died at the age of seventy-five, was the last of her father's family in its limits, the rest having emigrated probably to the west. Joseph Leib is the sixth son of a family |of eleven children, ten of whom are living — nine sons and one daughter. Four of the sons are railroad men; an elder brother, John S., has been treasurer of the Northern Central Railway since 1854, and two others are in Baltimore. The other members of the family are farmers, one in Kansas, the rest in York County. Mr. Leib was educated in the com- mon schools, and followed farming until 1855, when he began railroading as clerk in the Baltimore freight office of the Northern Central Railway, and in less than a month was appointed agent of the same company at Hanover and filled that oflice until 1876, when he was appointed general ticket agent of the Hanover Junction, Hanover & Gettys- burg Railroad, and in 1883 was appointed general freight agent. His duties embrace the general freight, ticket and auditing departments of the coinpany. He was married at New Freedom, Penn., in 1857, to Julia A., daughter of Peter Free, for whom that town was named. They have two children: Wilbur F., a railroad man by profession, and Josephine H. The family are members of the Methodist Church, of which Mr. Leib is a trustee. He is recording scribe of jHanover Division, No. 84, S. of T. REV. JAMES H. McCORD, resident minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Hanover.was born in Lewistown, Penn., January 15,; 1837; his parents, James and Mary (Willis) McCord were natives of Mifflin County, Penn., and of Irish and English descent, respectively. They had four children-two sons and two daughters-of whom Rev. J. is the third now living. He was brought up and educated at the public schools at Lewistown and at the academy. When about sixteen years old he entered Dickinson's Seminary at Williamsport,from' which he graduated in three years as A. B. He had intended to study law, but being taken sick he abandoned that idea and began to prepare for the ministry. He at once entered conference and at the end of two years was ordained deacon and after four years, elder. He served as deacon for two years in Frederick City, Md., and as elder in Balti- more City three years, and Huntingdon Methodist Episcopal Church for two years; at Danville, Penn., three years; Clearfield, Penn., two years; while at the latter place he completed the church, which cost $85,000, He then went to Tyrone for two years; Waynesborough, three years: Gettysburg, three years; Duncannon, Penn., one year; New Cumber- land, Penn., three years; and in April, 1884,he came to Hanover. During this time over 1,250 persons were taken into the chui-ch. While in Baltimore he married more couples than any other minister-300 in three years. He was married at Clearfield, Penn., March 13, 1871, to Clara Foley, daughter of Judge W. Foley. They have one child, Maggie. Rev. McCord is a member of the R. A. M. of Frederick City. He has repeatedly given lectures before col- legiate institutes. FRANKLIN G. Mc KINNEY, proprietor of the Franklin Hotel, York'Street, Hanover, was born in Adams County, Penn., in 1843, and is a son of John and Barbara (Wills) McKinney,of Irish and German descent respectively. Brought up on a farm he re- ceived a common school education and at the age of nineteen began the trade of blacksmith, which he followed eight years in Hanover, to which place he came in 1855. In 1876 he became a brakeman and afterward conducter on the Baltimore & Hanover Railroad. In 1883 he bought and took charge of the Franklin Hotel; which he has since conducted. He was married in 1861 to Miss Lydia Low, and they have three children: Annie, Martha and William. Mr. and Mrs. McKinney are members of the Catholic Church. In politics he is a Democrat. He began life a poor boy and has successfully made his own way in the world. JOHN A. MELSHEIMER, M. D., a promising young , physician of Hanover, Penn., was born at that place January 13, 1858. His parents were Lucius F. and Lucretia C. (Forney) Melsheimer, of York County, and of German descent. John A. is their only living child. His early education he re- ceived at the Schools of Hanover; later he attended Dickinson's Seminary at Williamsport, from which he graduated as A. B., in 1877. He then began to read medicine with Dr. Snively, of Hanover, with whom he studied for two years and then entered Jefferson Medical College, from which he graduated in 1883. Coming back to Hanover he stayed with BIUGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 67 his old preceptor, Dv. Snively, for one year, and tlien, in April, 1884, began the practice of medicine under his own name. The Doctor is very much attached to his profession and devotes all his atten- tion to it. December 23, 1884, he was married to Ella Trone, daughter of George E. and Amelia Trone (deceased), of York County. REV. JOHN A. METZGER, A. M., resident pastor of West Manheim charge (composed of St. Bartholomew's, St. David's and St. Paul's Churches), was born at Liverpool (now Manchester Township), York County, April 5, 1855. His parents were Zachariah and Maria (Peiser) Metzger, of Yorlc and Adams Counties, and of . German and Polish descent respectively. Rev. John A. is the youngest of three children (one son and two daughters, one of the lat- ter having died), and until his fifteenth year re- mained on his father's farm, attending the public schools. After that he attended the Millfersville normal schools. When about nineteen years of age he entered the' York Academy to prepare him- self for the Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg,, which he entered at twenty-one years of age with a view of studying for the ministry. He graduated in 1880, and then entered the Theological Seminary, where he remained until 1883. He came to Hanover in July, 1883, to take charge of the congregations. Three months previous to this he had already ac- cepted the call, and had been licensed to preach in 1883, but in September, 1883, he was ordained as a regular minister of the gospel at Carlisle, Penn. September 25, 1883, he was married at Gettysburg, Penn., to Mary C. Gulp, of Gettysburg, of German descent, and like her husband a Lutheran. Rev. Metzger devotes his whole time and attention to the^ ministry. Having to attend three congregations, and to preach in German and English, his duties are necessarily many and burdensome, yet with the spirit of a true Christian, he attends to all his du- ties with a cheerful spirit. SAMUEL B. MYERS, son of John and Susan (Bechtel) Myers, was born July 28, 1821, on the homestead, where he has always resided, having been reared to farming. October 10, 1844. Mr. Myers married Magdaline Baer, daughter of David and Polly ( ) Baer. Thirteen children were born to them: David (deceased), Emanuel, Maria (deceased), Susanna, John, Ezra. Sarah (deceased), Elizabeth, Samuel, Abraham, Daniel, Magdaline and Isaac (deceased). Daniel and Abraham are school-teachers; at present they are at the State Normal School at Shippensburg, Penn. September 6. 1881, our subject married Barbara Baer, daughter of Jacob and Barbara (Keagy) Baer, of Heidelberg Township. Marlin Myers, the grandfather of our subject, came from Lancaster County; his wife's maiden name was Annie Dooner. Mr. Myers is well and favorably known in his section of the county, and is one of Penn Township's best citizens. •MAHLON H. NAILL was born in Taneytown, Carroll Co., Md., February 13. 1843. His parents, William W. and Harriet (Kehn), were natives of Maryland, and of German descent; they were mar- ried in Carroll County, Md., where the father car- ried on cabinet-making for a few years, but removed to Ohio in 1849, where he died in 1851, leaving a widow and two sons, of whom Mahlon H. is the eldest. After the death of the father the widow re- moved to Hanover, where she has since resided, and where she brought up her sons. There she was married to Samuel Trone, of Hanover, and has one daughter— Catherine— now the wife of W. 8. Gal- latin. Mahlon H. began to learn the cigar-making trade when about eleven years of age, and followed it until 1877, working for his step-father, who was a cigar manufacturer. His education he received at the public schools of Hanover. June 17, 1863, he enlisted in Company 1, Twenty-sixth Pennsyl- vania Volunteer Militia, and served during the "emergency." Some three or four days before the battle of Gettysburg he took part in a skirmish near that place. May 20, 1869, he was married at Han- over to Mary E. Long, daughter of Henry Long, of Hanover, and has six sons: Harry C, George E., Irvin T., Maurice W., Elmer M. and Mahlon C. Mr. Naill and wife are members of the St. Mark's Lutheran Church of Hanover. Mr Naill is a mem- ber of the Friendly Circle No. 19, B. U. H. P., of Pennsylvania; is one of the orginal stockholders of the Hanover Agricultural Society; was twice elected assessor, and has held the office of postmaster since 1877, having been hrst appointed by President Hayes. H. C. RUTH, D. D. S., was born in York County, in 1853; is a son of Henry and Louisa (Hoff) Ruth, and is of English descent. His parents were also born in York County. H is great-grandfather came from England, and was an early settler in York County. Our subject received a common school education, and in 1869, began the study of den- tistry in Hanover under Dr. H. C. Derr, and now has established an extended and successful practice. He was married, in 1877. to Miss Ella S. Stiue, a native of Hanover, and a daughter of John R. Stine, and is now the father of two children: J. Harry and Austin S. The Doctor and Mrs. R. are mem- bers of St. Mark's Lutheran Church, of Hanover, Penn. AMBROSE SCHMIDT, born in Germany, Jan- uary 11, 1824, is a son of Andrew, and Catherine (Meisener) Schmidt, both natives of Germany. He came to this country with his parents in 1842, and settled in the borough of York. Having served an apprenticeship at the trade of mason in Germany, he engaged in stone cutting and building soon after his arrival at York. He assisted in tearing down the old county jail at York and building the new one. He continued at his trade until 1866, when he removed to Hanover, Penn., and engaged in the busi- ness of beer brewing, to which he subsequently added beer bottling and pop manufacturing, which business he has profitably conducted to the present. Mr. Schmidt was married, August 2, 1849, to Miss Margaret, daughter of Anthony and Margaret Boll. Six children have blessed this union, Catherine, bora April, 1850 ; Margaret, February 1852 ; Adam, De- cember, 1854 ; Mary, April, 1857 ; John, August, 1859 ; and Ambrose O., October, 1863. Mr. Schmidt and his family are all members of the Catholic Church. JAMES R. SCHMIDT, ex-resorder of York Coun- ty, was born in 1830, is the son of Joseph W. and Catherine (Knaub) Schmidt, and is of German de- scent. His father was horn at Martinsburgh, Va., in 1794, and when a young man came to York County. The subject of this biography, in 1846, began the drug business in Hanover, continued for a time and then went to Middletown, Butler Co., Ohio, remaining there one year; he then returned to Hanover, and again engaged in the drug business. In 1862 he was drafted and was in the employment, of the government almost one year, acting in the capacity of hospital steward. He is a Democrat, and in 1876 was elected recorder of York County,, and served three years. He was married in 1860 'ta Miss Rebecca Sherman, a native of York Coumty. To this marriage five children have been born. Mi; Schmidt is one of the representative men of Han- over, and a member of the I. 0. O. F. HENRY M. SCHMUCK, of the firm of Schmuck & Sons, lumber and coal dealers, and president of the First National Bank of Hanover, was bor» a1i Hanover, September 26. 1824, is a son of Joseph and Christiana (Felty) Schmuck, and is of German descent. His father was born in York County, anr) in 1812 established the first English newspaper in ■«8 HANOVER BOROUGH AND PENN TOWNSHIP. Hanover, which was known as the Hanover Ovar- ■riian. His death occurred in March, 1829. The grand father of this subject was Michael Schnnick His maternal grandfather was Henry Felty, a cavalry ■officer in the war of the Revolution. "Our subject was educated at Hanover Academy, and from 1841 >to 1847 was employed in the dry goods store of Isaac Baugher, Emmittsburg, Md. In 1847 he went to Charleston, S. C, and until 1848 was in the em- ploy of C. & E. L. Kerrison, wholesale dry goods dealers. In 1852 Mr. Schmuck engaged in the lum- ber and coal business in Hanover, and in this has since continued. In 1880 he was elected president of the First National Bank of Hanover. He was married in 1851 to Miss Amanda Reid, of Cincin- nati, Ohio, and a native of Emmittsburg, Md., and •daughter of Patrick Reid. Eight children have been born to this union, viz.: JosephH., Blanch A., William A., Eugene R., Helen Y., Emma E., Min- nie C. and Percival. Mr. S. is a member of the Emanuel Reformed Church. JACOB H. SCHRIVER is a native of what is mow Penn Township, York County, was born No- vember 14, 1842, is a son of Henry C. and Maria M. (Felty) Schriver, and is of German descent. His father was born in Adams County, Penn., ,and his mother is a native of York County. Mr. Schriver was educated at the public schools of Hanover. At twenty-five years of age he began life for him- self, and for a time clerked in a store, and later en- gaged in mercantile business. In 1874 he began his present occupation as liveryman, in which he lias been successful. He has the most extensive ' livery in Hanover, and in connection carries on an exchange and sale stable. In 1866 he married Miss Ella 0. Gritt, a native of Hanover. Two children have been born to this union, viz. : Harry G. and M. Grace. Mr. Schriver is a Republican, and a member of the Reformed Church, of which his wife is also a member. HENRY SCHWALM, proprietor of the Mansion House, Hanover, Penn., was born September 34, 1842, in Kurhessen, Germany, and is the elder of two children born to Henry and Anna M. (Nau) •Schwalm, also natives of Germany. Henry re- ceived a good German education. He immigrated to America, landing at Ba,ltimore, May 25, 1868, and two days after came to Hanover, where he has «ince resided. He is a tanner by trade, and worked for one man fourteen years, and quit the trade and embarked in the hotel business. He had owned and managed a restaurant for seventeen months, after which he sold out and purchased the goodwill and fixtures of the "Mansion House," his present stand, where he is now doing a flourishing business. He was united in martiage to Miss Elizabeth - Stutz in 1867. Five children have blessed this hap- py union: John H., Harry (deceased), George E. ■ (deceased), Mary E. and Alice G. He and his wife are both members of the Reformed Church. He is a member of the Friendly Circle No. 19, B. U. (H. F.) of Hanover Lodge No. 318, K. of P., andof Min- newaukuru Tribe No. 250, I. O. of R. M. He was ■constable of Hanover from 1876 to 1880, the last . year police of the borough. In politics he is a Re- publican, takes great interest in educational matters, ;and is a liberal, public-spirited citizen. LEWIS D. SELL, 'justice of the peace of Penn Township, York County, was born in Adams County, Penn., March 20, 1853. His parents, Henry and Lucinda (Heagy) Sell, were natives of Adams ■County, of German descent and reared a family of six children— five sons and one daughter— the latter now deceased. Wlien Lewis D. was but two and a half years of age, his parents removed to York County and settled near Hanover, where they en- gaged in farming, which they followed until 1877. Lewis D. was brought up on the farm, and assisted his father until sixteen years of age. His educa- tion he received at the common schools, and at the normal schools of York County. After leaving his fathei-'s farm, he began teaching school in Manheim Township, and taught about eleven years in York County, spending his vacations at farming. He was married at Littlestown, Penn., May 24, 1874, to Henrietta A. Aulabaugh, of York County; they have four children: Emma Lucinda, Harry Samuel J. Tilden, Lewis Absalom, and Tempeth A. Jackson Snively. The family are members of the Trinity Reformed Church of Hanover. Mr. Sell is a member of the K. of P., and has been chancellor and commander. In 1880 he was ap- pointed justice of the peace by the governor of Pennsylvania, and in the following year, he was elected to that office and is the present incumbent. In 1884 he was a candidate for clerk of the court. In 1883 he was a delegate ,to the State convention. He is an active Democrat and has often represented his township in the county conventions. He is also a stockholder in the Hanover Agricultural Society. EDGAR SLAGLE, retired merchant, was born at Willow Grove Farm.Adams County.Penn., April 6, 1824, is a son of Michael and Eliza (Weaver) Slagle, and is of German descent. His father, a farmer, was also born in what is now Adams County, and his mother in LaYicaster County, Penn. Mr. Slagle received a common school edu- cation and was reared on the farm. In 1843 he ■was appointed to a clerkship at the Duncannon Iron Works in Perry County, Penn. There he re- mained until 1850. In 1852 he began the hardware business in Hanover in partnership with Samuel Shirk. In 1879, Mr. Slagle retired from business, after many years of success. He was married in 1856 to Miss Anna E., daughter of Henry and Lydia Schriver, and a native of Adams County. They have had four children, viz. : Calvin S., Ida E., Mary L. and Edgar (deceased). He is a Repub- lican and manifests great interest in political affairs. He is a member of the I. O. O. P. Mr. and Mrs. Slagle are members of the Reformed Church. His son, Calvin, now a minister in the Reformed Church, is located at Cessna, Bedford County, Penn. He graduated from Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, in 1879, and from the theological seminary at Lancaster in 1883. His marriage was solemnized in 1882 to Miss Kate, daughter of Rev. Dr. Thomas Apple, president of Franklin and Marshall College. MALCOLM O. SMITH, editor and proprietor of the Hanover Herald, and a well known local historical writer, was born in York in the year 1846, and is a son of William W. and Charlotte (Stair) Smith; he received superior educational advantages, attending the York J)ublic schools, the York Clas- sical and Normal Institute, Eastman's Business College at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., and the Pennsyl- vania College of Gettysburg; also has had a practi- cal experienee of five terms as teacher of select and public schools. In March, 1865, he enlisted in Company D, One Hundred arid Third Pennsyl- vania Volunteers, and was in service until August of the same year. Having previously learned the trade of a printer, Mr. Smith began his journalistic career in 1870, establishing the Glen Rock Item, which he successfully conducted until he sold out in 1872, and in that year established the Han- over Herald, of which he is still the editor and proprietor. Mr. Smith is an able writer and has made his journal especially attract- ive by publishing historical matter of interest concerning the early "Annals of Hanover," and "Early History of York County," etc., to the cale- ful compilation of which he has devoted much time and earnest labor. Many incidents, facts and much valuable history, as preserved by him, appear BIOGKAPIIICAL SKETCHES. 6£fr in appropriate chapters in this work. The Penn- sylvania College bestowed on him in 1873, the honorary degree of A. B. Mr. Smith is a citizen of progressive ideas, and one of the most successful newspaper men of York County. He has taken an earnest interest ia the affairs of the Grand Army of the Republic, and served as Commander of Maj. Jenkins Post, No. 99, at Hanover, for the first three years of its existence. He is secretary of the Hanover Agricultural Society.in the organization of which society he was especially active. His marriage with Miss Louisa H. S., daughter of Dr. F. E. Vandersloot, of Gettysburg, occurred in 1867. Three children, all of whom died in early childhood, were the fruits of this union. ALOSYUS SMITH was born in Mount Pleas- ant Township, Adams County, in 1830, is a son of Joseph and Mary (Lawrence) Smith, both natives of Adams County, and is of German descent. His paternal grandfather was Charles Smith, a native of Germany, who came to America and settled in Adams County, where he died in 1832. Subject's father was born in 1792, and his mother in 1800; the former died in 1857; the latter in 1864. Mr. Smith was reared on the farm and in 1849 came to Han- over and learned the blacksmith trade, and worked at it nine years; then began coach-making, which he followed twelve years; he then began the lumber business in 1872, and then the livery business and dealing in horses and mules. He was married, in 1854, to Miss Agnes Hember, also a native of Adams County, and has had born to him thirteen children. He is a Republican and with his wife a member of the Catholic Church. A. J. SNIVELY, M. D., was born in Franklin County. Penn., in 1844; is a son of John and Cath- erine (Keefer) Snively, and is of Swiss origin; the father was born near Greencastle, Franklin County, in 1799; the mother was born in the same county in 1802, and died in 1854; the father died in 1853. The Snively family emigrated from Switzerland to America in 1707, and settled in Lancaster County, in the Province of Pennsylvania. Dr. Snively was educated in the public schools of Chambersburg. In 1859 he entered West Branch High School at Jersey Shore, Lycoming Co., Penn., and was there prepared for the junior class at Princeton College. In 1863, he enlisted in Company D, Second Penn- sylvania Infantry, and served one year. In 1864 he was acting assistant-surgeon at Beverly, N. J. He graduated from the Bellevue Hospital Medical Col- lege, at New York, in 1866; located at Williams- burg, Blair County, where he was in practice two years, and then came to Hanover in 1867, where he has resided ever since, and has established a large and successful practice He was married, in 1875, to Miss Mazie E. Gitt, daughter of J. W. Gitt, of Hanover, and is the father of two children: John U. and Roie I. He is a Free Mason, and a Repub- lican. NATHAN STAMBAUGH, veterinary surgeon, at Hanover, Penn., was born in Jackson Township, York County. Penn., in 1840, and is a son of Henry and Leah (Myers) Stambaugh, of York County. Until fourteen or fifteen years of age, he stayed with his father on the farm, and then learned the blacksmith's trade at Abbottstown, Penn., and fol- lowed it for about twelve years. He began the study of medicine when fourteen years old. In 1873 he came to Hanover, and began cigar-making, which he followed five years. Since 1879, he has devoted his whole time to veterinary surgery, and has a large practice in York and Adams Counties. When twenty years of age he was married at Abbottstown, to a Miss Livingston, who died in 1869, leaving three children. In 1871, he married a Miss Leas, who died in a few months. In 1873 he married at New Oxford, Penn., Mrs. Catherine Shultz, widow of Jacob W. Schultz. Her maiden name waa Lichty, of York County. In 1863 he enlisted irt Company K, One Hundred and Sixty-fifth Regi- ment Pennsylvania Militia, and served nine months. He next enlisted at Harrisburg in Company C, Two Hundred and Second Pennsylvania Volunteers, in August, 1864, and served one year as color-sergeant. He took part in three battles: White Plains, Han- over.i Court House, and Manasses Junction, beside numerous skirmishes. Dr. Stambaugh and wife are members of the Reformed Church. He is also a member of the I O. O. F., K. of P., and B. H. 6. F., of ^Post 99, G. A. R., and is also a stockhold- er of the Hanover Agricultural Society. F. G. STARK was born in Prussia in 1835; is a^ son of Frederick L. and Anna E. (Kraemer) Stark, and the eldest in a family of four children. The> father of Mr. Stark was born in the town of Berle- burg, in the district of Westphalia, and his mother is a native of the same town. Our subject's pater- nal grandfather was also a native of Germany, but- came to America and here died. The father of Mr. Stark also came to America, and settled in Hanover^ When our subject was about one year old, he was brought to America by his mother, who was. accompanied by her brother, Henry Kraemer, her husband having come some months previous. Mr., Stark was educated at the public schools of Han- over. At a very early age he began learning the jeweler's trade under his father. In 1857 he went to Littlestown, Adams Co., Penn., and engaged in. the jewelry business, which he continued for some' time, and then came to Hanover, and here con- tinued the business for a few months, then sold oufc and went to Europe in 1859, and for some yeara worked in many of the principal cities in Germany and Switzerland. Returning to America in 1863,. he again began the jewelry business in Hanover, He makes a specialty of fine watches, clocks, jew- elry and spectacles, etc. The marriage of Mr, Stark took place in 1871. to Miss Alice L. Gitt, daughter of Joseph S. (C. E. ) and Anna Gitt, of New- Oxford, Penn. One child has been born to him — George W., February 23, 1873. Mr. Stark is a Re- publican, and one of the leading business men of Hanover. Mr. Stark is a member of the Reformedl Church; Mrs. Stark is a member of the Methodist, Episcopal Church. W. C. STICK, an active business man of Hatt^ over, was born in this county in 1850. He is the^ fifth of a family of seven living children horn to Henry and Mary (Tom in) Stick, natives of York County, and of German descent. Our subject passed' his early life in Codorus Township as a farmer and' teamster. He has been an active business man alt his life and since 1879 a resident of Hanover, ia. which year he engaged in selling agricultural imple- ments, and in which branch he has been extensive- ly engaged since. He is also the general agent for the celebrated D. M. Osborne Mower and Reaper Company, and as their representative travels exten- sively. Mr. Stick has done much to promote the business interest of Hanover, and is a member of the town council. He is one of the originators of the- Hanover Agricultural Fair Association, of which he is now vice-president. His large reaper parade of 1881 was an event of local importance. In 1885 he originated the idea of an agricultural implement exhibit, and opened the new fair grounds,on the 3d, 4lh and 5th of June, to a large attendance and a suc- cessful exhibition. Mr. Stick was united in mar- riage, in 1873, with Lamanda Rohrbau^h, of CarroIB County, Md. They have one child living, John W. C, and are raising an orphan child — Harry Lee Shields. Mr. and Mrs. Stick are members of the Reformed Church. Mr. Stick is a member of the I. O. R. M. DAVID 8. TANQER, of the firm of D. S. Tan- 70 HANOVER BOROUGH AND PENN TOWNSHIP. ger & iSon, hardware dealers, of Hanover, was born in Lancaster County, May 29, 1831, and is the second of two children of Jacob and Esther (Snavely) Tanger. His father was of Scotch descent and his mother of German extraction, both natives of Lan- caster County. Jacob Tanger, by a previous mar- riage, had seven children. In his early life he was a mason but abandoned this trade and for many years conducted a distillery, which he also discon- tinued, and engaged in farming, which occupation he followed until his death. David S. Tanger, the subject of this sketch, and now a prosperous and influential merchant of this town, upon the death of his mother, when he was only one year old, be- came a member of the j family f his grandfather, Jacob Snavely, with whom he lived until the age of fourteen years. After returning to his father's home for one year, he began to learn the trade of wagon-making, and followed it three years. He then removed to Petersburg, Adams County, and engaged in the mercantile business as a salesman, remaining there until 1853, when he located in Hanover. Here he began the business of carriage-making, which was an important industry of Hanover. At the ex piration of five years he quit the carriage business and was elected high constable of his adopted town, serving four years during the time of the civil war, and was an ardent advocate of the Union cause. In 1864 he engaged in the hardware trade, which he has conducted with unabated success since he began, and is now enjoying a large and prosperous business, with his son, John, as partner. He was married to Susanna C. Rupp, February 23, 1855. Their chil- dren were Fannie E., married to Samuel Hostetler; John Carroll, his present partner in business, and Mary R., deceased. His wife died November 9, 1859. November 13, 1863, he was married to Lizzie Harnish. The children, by this marriage, were Grant S. (deceased), Prank L., Annie Sue (deceased), Eva L., David A., Lizzie C. and Viola G. The family are members of the Reformed Church. Mr. Tanger has repeatedly been elected chief burgess, a member of town council, and scho:il director of Hanover. He is a liberal, public-spirited citizen, and takes an active interest in education. He be- came a member of the Masonic fraternity in 1861. EPHRAIM A. TRIMMER,born in York County. January 10, 1833, is a son of John and Catharine (Masemore) Trimmer, both natives of York County. At the age of eighteen he went to Hampton, Adams County, where he learned the trade of mill-wright, which he followed until 1867, when he opened a grocery store in Hanover. Since 1874 he has been engaged in the fire insurance, agricultural imple- ment and fertilizer business. He was married January 25, 1856, to Miss Sarah Ann, daughter of Jacob K. and Sarah Weiser, and they have had seven children: Hamilton M., John W., Jacob C. (deceased), Ida C, EttaF., Weiser G., and Samuel P. Mr. and Mrs. Trimmer are both members of the Lutheran Church. CHARLES L. TRONE was born in what is now Penn Township, York County, October 24, 1848; is a son of Charles and Mary (Reed) Trone, and is of German-English descent. He is one of six chil- dren living in a family of fifteen. The father of Mr. Trone was also born in York County, and his mother in Baltimore City, Md. His father was a machinist, and lived and died in York County. Cm- subject was brought to Hanover Township by his parents when one year old, and was here educated at the public schools. He remained at home until twenty-one years of age, and then began for him- self. For a number of years he was in the lumber- ing business, and then learned the upholsterer's trade and carried on that business nine years. In 1868 he was sutler of the Seventy sixth Pennsylva- nia Volunteers. Coming home he resumed his former business, and at that continued until 1880, when he began the grocery business, and this he sill continues. In 1869 he married Miss Mary Swartz, a native of York, and daughter of Peter and Elizabeth Swartz. To this union have been born four children, three of whom are living: Cur- tis J., William S. and Lizzie M. Charles S. is deceased. Mr. Trone is a Democrat, a member of the school board, a Mason, and with his wife a member of St. Matthew's Lutheran Church. ALEXANDER C. WENTZ, A. M., M. D., now a practicing physician of Hanover, was born in Manheim Township on the 14th day of July, 1855. His father, Edward R. Wentz, is a great-great-grand- son of Valentine Wentz, who was born in Parten- heim, Germany, July 10, 1717; was married to Barbara Jenawein in 1749, soon after immigrated to America and located in Manheim Township, York County. He is the ancestor of the Wentz family of Pennsylvania and Maryland, and died in April, 1788, leaving six sons, five daughters and twenty- nine grandchildren. The mother of Dr. Wentz, Margaret Couldren, is a native of Adams County, and is of Scotch-Irish descent. The Doctor is the elder of two children now living. His sister is married to Dr. Wesley C. Stick, of Glenville. He spent his youth at school and on the farm, and in 1873 entered Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg, from which institution he graduated in 1879. In the fall of the same year he entered the medical, department of the University of Pennsylvania, and from that institution received the degree of Doctor of Medicine in the spring of 1883. Soon after graduating he began the practice of his chosen pro- fession in the borough of Hanover, where he has met with encouraging success. Dr. Wentz was married, June 1, 1883, to Clara Bertron Ulp, daughter of the late John J. Ulp, wholesale dry goods merchant of Philadelphia. Her mother, Harriet K. (Porter) Ulp, is a descendant of the Annekajan family, originally from Holland. Dr. Wentz is a member of the Lutheran Church and his wife of the Epis- copal Church. He is a member of the Phi-Kappa- Psi College fraternity of the State and county medi- cal societies, and is one of the chiefs of Minnewa karu Tribe No. 350, 1. O. R. M. DAVID E. WINEBRENNER, packer of her- metically sealed fruits and vegetables, was born in Hanover August 35, 1839, is a son of Henry and Sarah (Forney) Winebrenner, is the second in a family of six children, and is of German descent. His father was born in Hanover also. His mother was a daughter of Adam and Rachel Forney, first settlers of York County. In 1857 Mr. Winebrenner began learning the tanner's trade under his father. In 1865 he engaged in business in partnership with his father and brother, P. F. Winebrenner, the firm being known as H. Winebrenner & Sons, and this continued until 1867, when P. F. Winebrenner retired, David E. continuing the business with his father until 1884. In 1874 he began packing fruit and vegetables in partnership with his brother, H. C. Winebrenner, the firm being known as Wine- brenner Bros.; this continued until September, 1883, since which time he has been alone. For ten years he carried on tanning in connection with his other business, and also conducts a canning estab- lishment at Baltimore. He was married, in 1864, to Miss Elia B. Shriver, a native of Union Mills, Car- roll Co., Md., and a daughter of Andrew K. and Catherine (Wirt) Shriver. He has had born to him three children, viz.: Helen S., "M. Katherine and David E., Jr. He is politically a Republican, and with his wife a member of the Emanuel Reformed Church. Mr. Winebrenner also served a short time in the late war in Company I, Twenty-sixth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. HENRY WIRT, the ancestor of the Wirt family BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 71 of HanoTer, was born in Germany, immigrated to tUs country and arrived at Philadelphia February 9, 1738. Nothing is definitely known of him from the time of his arrival in America until the year 1750, when he purchased the farm now owned by John Kehr, near Iron Ridge Station, on the Hanover & York Railroad. He was appointed constable of Manheim Township, in which his property then lay, in 1750, and served in that office several years thereafter. He was naturalized April 10, 1763, and ■died the latter part of the year 1764, leaving a widow, two sons— Jacob and Christian — and several daughters. The house built by him is still stand- ing. Jacob, the eldest son, remained nearly all his life on the farm, and died unmarried in Hanover at an advanced age. ' Christian, the other son, was born May 13, 1763, and at an early age was appren- ticed to Henry Felty, of Hanover, to learn the trade of a saddler, and after serving his apprentice- ship went to Baltimore, but soon returned to Hanover, and in 1787 commenced business for him- self as a saddle and harness maker, which he con- tinued very successfully until the year 1800. He then bought the property on the Diamond at Hanover, long known as Wirt's Corner, from Col. Richard McAllister, and opened a general store. This received his close attention, and by good man- agement he was enabled to retire from business in 1816, with what was then considered quite a large fortune. He was never engaged in active business after this, but was always ready to encourage all public and private enterprises, having the public ^ood for an end. He was niarried to Eve Catharine Gelwix, daughter of Charles Gelwix, and died March 2, 1842. His sons were Henry, Jacob and William, and his daughters were Mary, married to Jacob Eichelberger; Catharine, married to George Bmmert; Lydia, married to Adam Forney, and Deliah, married to Dr. George W. Hinkle. Henry Wirt, son of Christian, was born October 9, 1789, *nd received what educational training the town afforded in those days. He and one other pupil were the only ones in Hanover who studied English grammar in his school- boy days. He entered his father's store at a very early age, and gave the bus- iness his entire attention. For some years during the sickness of .his father, the whole care of the large business rested entirely upon him. He was married March 9, 1815, to Catharine, second daugh- ter of John Swope, and in the spring of 1816 suc- ceeded his father in business . at the old Stand, which he continued eleven years, and in 1837 retired to private life. He took great interest in all the movements that were then made for the advance- ment of the educational, spiritual and material interests of his native town. He with several others were instrumental in establishing the first ■Sunday-schools in Hanover, and after very deter- mined oppositiori, succeeded in putting the common schools in operation in Hanover during the year 1835. He was very much interested in the question of railroad connections to his native town. When the construction of the York, Wrightsville & Gettysburg Railroad was projected, he used all his powers to have it pass through Hanover. He heartily encouraged the building of the Hanover Branch Railroad, was the heaviest subscriber to its stock, and was a member of the board of managers for many years. He was for a long time a director dn the bank of Gettysburg, the Hanover Saving Fund Society and was president of both turnpikes that extended from Hanover. He died in the spring of 1859, aged about seventy years, leaving a widow, who died in 1876, six daughters and one son (Henry) to survive him. Henry Wirt, son of Henry and 'Catharine (Swope) Wirt, was born in Hanover Feb- ruary 33, 1837. He received his education in the schools of his native town. Early in life he entered his father's store and at the age of twenty years be- gan the mercantile business for himself, which he continued until 1850, when he retired from active business. He has served as chief burgess of Han- over two terms, secretary and director of the Hanover Branch Railroad Company, president of the Hanover Saving Fund Society for eight years, and in the year 1885, is a director in the National Bank of Gettysburg, director of the Hanover Saving Fund Society, a charter member and director in the Hanover Water Company, secretary of the Berlin & Hanover Turnpike Company, president of the Hanover & Maryland Line Turnpike Company and a member of the board of trustees of Franklin and Marshall College at Lancaster, to which institution he recently gave the first $5,000 toward creating an additional professorship in the theological depart- ment of that institution. Mr. Wirt was about fifteen years a member of the school board of his native town, and while serving in that office, was constant and earnest in his efforts to advance the cause of public education. He was married October 36, 1854, to Louisa, daughter of Mathias N. Forney, who was a prominent citizen of Hanover and one of the projectors of the Hanover Saving Fund Society. Mrs. Wirt's mother, Amanda (Nace) Forney, was the daughter of George Nace, also a prominent and influential citizen. Mr. and Mrs. Wirt are members of Emanuel Reformed Church of Hanover, of which he has been elder for sixteen years. Jacob Wirt, second son of Christian and Catharine Wirt, was born February 24, 1801. He began the dry goods and general merchandise busi- ness for himself in 1837, succeeding his brother, at his father's stand, and continued at the same place eleven years. Hje then engaged in the lumber and coal business for a short time. When the Hanover Branch Railroad Company was organized, in November, 1849, he was chosen its president, served one year and then resigned. He was elected a director of the same corporation in 1860, and con- tinued until 1865. For a number of years he was president of the Hanover Saving Fund Society, which position he held until his death, and was recognized as an excellent financier. In politics he was a Whig originally, and afterward a stanch Re- publican. He was an ardent supporter of all enter-' prises that contributed to the welfare of his native town. He was a member of the Reformed Church. Mr. Wirt was married to Amelia Danner, November 20, 1837, and died November 8, 1869. Their chil- dren were Emma C, born May 28, 1829 (married to Dr. John A. Swope, of Gettysburg and now the representative in congress from the district to ^hich York County belongs), deceased ; Alexander Christian, born November 13, 1831, deceased; Jacob, born February 38, 1634, deceased; Eliza Ann, born May 10, 1836 (married to George W. Forney, of Hanover; they have two children, J. Wirt and Nettie A.); Martha, married to Albert Bar- nitz, of York (he died leaving two children: J. Percy and Emma W. Mrs. Barnitz lives in Han- over); Danner, born October 31, 1840, deceased; Reuel, born July 30, 1842, deceased; Calvin Clay, born April 13, 1844 (engaged in banking business in Baltimore; married Miss Ellen Buehler, of that city, and returned to Hanover. He died at the age of thirty years); Florence Amelia, born March 39, 1846, deceased. Robert Millard Wirt, the youngest son of Jacob and Amelia Wirt, was born January 16, 1853. Attended the schools of Hanover and afterward Pennsylvania Military Academy, at Chester, Penn. He was married June 34, 1875, to Miss Bertha B. Barnitz, daughter of Dr. C. S. Barnitz, of Middletown, Ohio. They have three children; Amelia D., Charles B. and Robert O. Mr. Wirt and family are members of the Reformed Church. He is a director of theH-anover 72 HANOVER BOROUGH AND PENN TOWNSHIP. Saving Fund Society, secretary of the Hanover Junction, Hanover & Gettysburg Railroad, secre- tary and treasurer of the Hanover Water Company and treasurer of the Baltimore & Hanover Railroad Company. FREDERICK W. WOLFF, a musician of some note and a resident of Baltimore, Md., was boi'n in Hanover, Penn., November 17, 1858, and is the only son of Philip C. and Susanna (Snyder) Wolfl, of York County. The father, a German by birth, engaged in the manufacture of buckskin gloves at Hanover about 1833, and continued the same until his death in 1883. The mother, of English descent, is also a resident of Baltimore. Frederick W. be- gan the study of music, when quite young, at Hanover, where he remained until twelve years of age, when he moved with his parents to Baltimore, and there received a collegiate education. Desiring, to perfect himself in the study of music, he went to Leipzig, Germany, where he took a three years' course in the Conservatory of Music, and is an alum- nus of that institution. Besides being a very success- ful teacher of music he is also dealing extensively in real estate in Hanover, Penn. CHARLES M. WOLFF was born near Hanover, Penn., in October, 1847, is a son of J. George and Eleanor (Bittinger) Wolff, and isof German-French extraction. He was educated at the Pennsylvania College, at Gettysburg, and graduated from that institution in 1871. Subsequently he went toPotts- ville, Penn., and for five years conducted a news- paper, known as the Tremont News. He began the study of the law in Pottsville, Penn., under ex-Atty,- Gen. Francis W. Hughes. In 1877 he returned to York County, and the same year was admitted to the bar in York and Adams Counties, and has since been in the active practice of his profession. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., and is an energetic citizen. The father of our subject was born in Adams County, and is now engaged in the grain business at Gettysburg. CHARLES YOUNG, born in Hanover, March 3, 1830, is the fourth child and third son of a family of four sons and two daughters. His parents, George and Susan (ShoU) Young, were natives of Hanover, and of German descent. His father was a farmer, and died in 1887, in the seventieth year of his age. Charles Young attended the public schools until sixteen years of age, assisted on his father's farm until twenty, then went to Middletown, Ohio, where he carried on a hardware and iron store, and bought grain for eight years, and farmed four years more; then returned East, and remained until his father's death, after which he went to Kansas City, Mo., remained in that section about seven months, when he again returned to Hanover, and soon afterward engaged in the lumber and coal business, which he fitill follows. He was married in Middletown, Ohio, in December, 1852, to Miss Susan Zearing, a native of Warren County, Ohio, and of German descent. They haye hadfour children : Louisa Ca,therine, who died aged about eight months; William Z.. who died at the age of twenty-two; Ida S. and Emily L. The family are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and Mr. Young is one of the stewards of the Hanover congregation. During Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania, Mr. Young served in the militia of his State. He served the borough as school director one term of three years; as councilman two terms, and was elected chief burgess in February, 1884. He is a Republican in politics, and is a member of the Masonic fraternity. REV. WILLIAM KNOX ZIBBER. D. D., who for many years has been a prominent and influential clergvman of the Reformed Church, was born at Reading, Penn., September 26, 1825. His parents, Philip andCatharine(Bruckraan)Zieber, are natives of Reading. They brought up a family of ten children — six sons and four daughters. The father was a merchant in his native city for forty years. The subject of our sketch attended private schools; at twelve years of age he had a fair English educa- tion, and knew something of Latin. During this time he was a classmate of Hon. Hiester Clymer. From the age of twelve to eighteen years he was a clerk in his father's store. He entered Marshall College, at Mercersburg,' Penn., at nineteen, and graduated in the classical course in 1848. Three years later the degree of master of arts was con- ferred upon him. He entered the theological sem- inary of the Reformed Church immediately after leaving college. He was licensed to preach in 1849, and went to Eastoa, Penn., where he was assistant preacher, and a teacher of a private school. He was ordained in 1850, and during the next year removed to Miamisburg; Ohio; he was pastor there for three years, and at Tiffin, Ohio, five years. The succeed- ing two years he was engaged in the home mission- ary work, in the meantime traveling in the far West in the discharge of his duty. In July, 1859. he came to Hanover, Penn., to take charge of the Emanuel Reformed Church, which position he held until May, 1882, when, from over-work, he was compelled to resign on account of physical dis- ability. Rev. Dr. Zieber was married at Mercers- burg, Penn., on September 25, 1850, to Miss Sarah Good, a native of Pennsylvania, and a sister of Rev. William James Good. Five children were descend- ants: Annie, Blanche, Bertha, Grace and Paul. Bertha is teaching in a female seminary at Hagers- town, Md. Grace is also a teacher in a kindergarten in Philadelphia, and Paul is a druggist in the latter city. During a ministry of twenty-two years, in Hanover and vicinity. Dr. Zieber preached exclusive of lectures 3,106 times, baptized 700 persons, added to his church 496 members, officiated at 379 funerals, performed the marriage ceremony 254. times, and ■ collected for benevolent purposes $12,000, which went to home missions, orphans' homes, and for the preparation of young men for the ministry. Dr. Zieber is well read in all departments of literature, a theologian of recognized ability, and has done muph to improve the moral, educational and social interests of Hanover. His, home is a model of re- finement arid culture. FRANK A. ZIEGLER, Pennsylvania Railroad agent at Hanover, was born in Littlestown, Adams Co., Penn., February 27, 1844, and is a son of Charles H. and Margaret (Brothers) Ziegler, of Adams Courity, and of German descent. His father, who died in 1879, had been in the employ of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company as collector of tolls on the Pennsylvania Canal at Clark's Ferry, and subsequently at Middletown, from the time the canal passed into the hands of the Pennsylvania Railroad till within four years of hia death. The last two years he spent as bridge toll collector at Wrightsville. Frank A. is the eldest of seven children, and grew up principally in his father's of- fice. At the age of fifteen years he began learning telegraphy, and soon after occupied a place as op- erator in his father's office at Clark's Ferry, but remained only six weeks, and went to Harrisburg, where, he was until August 23, 1863, when he en- listed in Company A, One Hundred and Twenty- seventh Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry; he served nine months, and was honorably discharged at Har- risburg. On his return he took his old position as operator in his father's office, which he kept until 1870, when he was transferred to Middletown, and at the end of two years went to Alexandria, Va., wherp he was clprk in thp freight office of the Penn- sylyahia Railroad. After a few months he was ap- pointed agent and operator at Bowie, on the Balti- more & Potomac Railroad, which position he held for three years, and then was removed to Baltimore BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 73 City as clerk in the car record office of the Northern Central Railroad. At the establishment of the Frederick division of that line he was transferred to the superintendent's office at York, and remained there from 1875 to 1879, when he came to Hanover, where he has since held the office of the agent of the Pennsylvania Railroad. In July; 1881, he, in company with D. P. McKeefer, established the tel- ephone at Hanover, but sold out to the Pennsyl- vania Telephone Company. In 1866 he was mar- ried, in Dauphin County, to Ellen Garman, of that county, and has had five children: George S., Grace G, Carrie M., Mary C. and Carl E. The family are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. Z. is a Mason, a member of the I. O. O. P., in which latter he is a trustee, and a member of the G. A. R. In 1883 he was elected councilman of his ward, but was defeated as chief hurgess in 1884. FRANCIS S. ZINN, junk dealer of Hanover, Penn., was born in Austria in 1847, and is the eld- est of two sons of George J. and Theresa (Hergesell) Zinn, natives of Austria. The father was a major in the Austrian army for eighteen years; he came to this country in 1858 and settled at Hanover; in 1862 he enlisted in Company G,One Hundred and Sixty-sixth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, for one year, and died in 1879. Francis S. was brought up at Hanover, where he received a good German and English education, which enabled him to teach a German school in New York State one term. In 1868 he was married to Belinda Parr, who died, leaving five children: Ida K., George W., Otto J., Harry W. (deceased) and Rosa J. Mr. Zinn belongs to the Lutheran Church of Hanover; is a Mason and a member of the I. O. O. F., commander of Encampment No. 47, of Hanover. In politics he is an active Democrat, and has held the offices of assessor, school director, district superintendent of schools of Heidelberg and Penn Townships, and in 1880 was enumerator of the census for the same townships. Before engaging in his present bus- iness he followed farming. WBIGHTSVILLE BOROUGH AND HEL- LAM TOWNSHIP. JAMBS A. ARMSTRONG. M. D., was born in Lisbon, Ohio, January 8, 1839. His parents were James and Margaret (Knepley) Armstrong, of Ohio and District of Columbia, and of Scotch-Irish and Geririan descent respectively. Until his fourteenth year he lived on the farm, receiving his primary education at the schools of New Oxford. Pennr. At the age of twenty he entered the office of Dr. PfeifiEer, of New Oxford, where he read medicine for twp years, going from ' there to Abbottstown, where he read with Dr. Pepper for three years. After practicing and continuing his studies for a few years, he entered the University of Pennsjlvania at Philadelphia, from which institution he graduated, in the spring of 1871, as medical doctor. After practicing a year in Philadelphia, he discovered his health to be failing, and discontinued for about one year, devoting his whole time to the recuperation of his physical forces. In 1873 he removed to Hellam, where he has since been practicing his profession with success. He was married, at Abbottstown, in 1876, to Miss M. Wolf, and had born to him six children, three of whom died in infancy. The living are Ernest A., Mary E. and Margaret L. Dr. Armstrong is a member and deacon of the Lutheran Church, and was school director three years, and is a member of the State Medical Association, and of the York County Medical Society, of which he was vice- president at one time. THEODORE D. BAHN was born July 14, 1833, on the Dosch farm, half a mile south of East Prospect, York Co., Penn. His parents were Henry and Maria (Dosch) Bahn, and soon after subject's birth removed to Marietta, Penn. ; when he was about one year old they removed to Lewis- town, Mifflin Co., Penn., thence to the Comfort Farm, five miles west from Lewistown; thence, in his fifth year, to a farm in Juniata County, and in his seventh year to McAlistersville, same county, where his father engaged in the tanning business, and died in our subject's thirteenth year. When "Theodore was fourteen, his mother died, leaving a family of six small children, he being the eldest and only boy. All were subsequently well cared for by kind friends, he with his eldest sister being taken into the family of his uncle, Jacob Dosch. At the age of fifteen he removed with his uncle to the then far West, arriving at Galena. 111., on the 1st of December; thence tliey traveled by team to Payette County, Wis., where they settled. He re- mained with his uncle, working at the carpenter's trade and farming at intervals, until he was eighteen years of age, when he went into the Wisconsin pineries, where he spent one year ■ working at shingle-making; returning again to Fayette County, he worked at his trade and farming, until the spring of 1857, when he removed to Lodi, Colum- bia Co., Wis., continuing at his trade in the summer and teaching school in the winter until April 18, 1861, when he enlisted in Company H, Second Wis- consin Volunteers, for three months, going into camp at Madison, where the regiment was drilled until the 11th of June, when he, with the entire regiment, re-enlisted for three years (being pro- moted in the meantime to the position of fifth ser- geant) and on the same day embarked for the seat of war. He participated in the first Bull Run battle, when he received a gunshot wound in the right shoulder; was granted a furlough for two months, returned home and in due time joined his regiment. He participated in all the battles in which hisi regipient was engaged (except those of second Bull Run and Antietam, at which time he was on detached duty in the engineer corps), up to the battle of Gettysburg, where he was severely wounded in the left side during the first charge of the famous "Iron Brigade," within thirty yards of he spot where Gen. Reynolds fell. With consider- able difficulty and severe pain he reached the court house, then being used as a hospital, where he re- mained until the close of the battle; he was then transferred to the United States General Hospital, at York, Penn., where he remained until February- 11, 1864, when he was pronounced unfit for field service, aijd transferred to the Second Battalion Veteran Reserve Corps, Company 108, with the rank of first sergeant. He was assigned to duty as cler,k in the office of the surgeon in charge of the above-named hospital, where he remained until .June 11, 1864, when he was honorably discharged. He returned to his Western home, where, on the Slst day of July, the third anniversary of the first Bull Run battle, he was married to Miss Hattie C. Bartholomew. Resuming his trade, he worked for the government at Duvall's Bluff, Ark., on hospi- tals for six months; returning again to Lodi, Wis., he pursued his trade until the fall of 1869, when he removed to the city of Milwaukee, where he was engaged in a sash, door and blind factory until the spring of 1872, when he removed to Cedarburg, where he engaged in the same business until the 74 WRIGHTSVILLE BOROUUH AND HELLAM TOWNSHII^. fall of 1874, when he came to Wrightsville, and entered the employ of his brother-in-law, John Beidler, in the lumber and hardware business. In 1880 he entered the millinery, trimming and fancy goods business, in which he is still engaged, with very fair prospects of success. At present jie holds the position of "Post Commander" of Lieut. R W. Smith Post, No. 270, G. A. R., and is a member of the E. Lutheran Church and Sunday-school. JOHN BEIDLER. The subject of this sketch is one of the most prominent and active of the busi- ness men of Wrightsville, and is now engaged in the hardware business. For many years he carried on the lumber business in Wrightsville, and his trade extended through York and Adams Counties in Pennsylvania, and Frederick and Harford Coun- ties in Maryland, and from his extended business connections he is well and favorably known throughout this whole region of country. He has recently placed the lumber business in the hands of his eldest son, Harry B. Beidler, and devotes his at- tention to the hardware business. Mr. Beidler was born in the year 1836, on the farm now owned by him, about two miles from Wrightsville, in Hellam Township. This farm has been in the uninterrupted possession of the Beidler famil}' since the year 1744, having been conveyed, in that year, by patent from John Penn, Thomas Penn and Richard Penn, to Ulrich Beidler, the great-great-grandfather of John Beidler, and has been transferred from one generation to another of his descendants until it reached the present owner. Ulrich Beidlei-, above mentioned, was one of the first of the Uerman settlers of the Creitz Creek Valley, though we have no record of tlie exact date of his arrival. The records of the family show that he and his wife Barbara left three sons and three daughters. One of the daughters, Anna, was married to Henry Strickler, and was the maternal ancestor of many of the Stricklers now living in the valley. Barbara, another daughter, was married to Jacob Blftsser. We have no record of the descendants of the other daughter, Frena, or of the two younger sons, Peter and Jacob, though it is more than probable that descendants of Jacob Beidler, who, it is known, left children, may be found. The eldest son of Ulrich Beidler, Daniel Beidler, and who inherited the home farm, married, and with his wife Barbara, had a family of one son and eight daughters, all of whom lived to grow up and become heads of families of their own. Of the daughters, Barbara was married to Joseph Erb, of Warwick Township, Lancaster County; Magdalena, to Jacob Witmer, of Cumberland County; Anna, to Daniel Flury; Frena to Jacob Grove, of Hawkins County, N. C; Eliza- beth to Nathan Barns, of Washington County, Penn.; Mary to Melchoir Bringalf, and Catharine to Berntheisel. Daniel Beidler the second, the only son, who was born March 6, 1770, married Susanna Fitz, and on the death of his father, Daniel Beidler the first, came into possession of the homestead, paying to his sisters their respective shares of their father's estate. He had six children, namely: Jacob, born in 1804; Barbara, born in 1805; Daniel, born in 1807; Baltzer, born in 1808; Anna, born in 1809, and John, born in 1810. John died when less than a year old, and before the death of his father. Daniel Beidler the second, died sud- denly, at York, August 5, 1816, and the farm passed into the possession of- his widow, Susanna, and his children, Jacob, Barbara, Daniel, Baltzer and Anna. With the exception of Baltzer these all died without having married. Jacob died in 1834, Anna in 1861, Susanna (widow of Daniel Beidler the second) in 1863, Daniel in 1873, and Barbara in 1880, leaving Baltzer Beidler the only survivor and sole heir to the estate left by his father, Daniel Beidler the second. Baltzer Beidler was married in 1834 to Elizabeth Stoner. They had but two children: John, the subject of this sketch, and Susan, who was born August 11, 1888, and died May 10, 1843. Mrs. Elizabeth Beidler died January 18, 1841, in the twenty-seventh year of her age. Baltzer Beidler died May 4, 1884, aged seventy-five years ten months and six days, when the estate passed to John Beidler, the only heir. John Beidler, the only son of Baltzer and Elizabeth Beidler, was born in Hellam Township, York County, February 10, 1836, and received a common school education. For a short time, in early man- hood, he engaged in teaching in the public schools of the county. In the year 1859 he was married to Miss Mary E. Bahn, of Hellam Township, and soon after his marriage he removed to Wrightsville and engaged in the lumber business. At this time, Wrightsville was the center of a large lumber trade, and wagons came from all points south and west for a distance of twenty, thirty and forty miles, to the number often of as many as thirty in a single day, to be loaded at his yards. A few years ago Mr. Beidler opened a large hardware store at the corner of Front and Locust Streets, and he has since placed the lumber business in the hands of his son, Harry B. Beidler. Mr. Beidler has one daugh- ter and three sons living: Cordelia 8., Harry B., Daniel and Elmer J. His residence is in Hellam Township, adjoining the borough of Wrightsville. GEORGE B. BBRGER was born in York Town- ship, York County, April 11, 1853, and is the youngest son in a family of seven children of Jo- seph and Lehna (Yaney) Berger, of York County. He was brought up on the home farm, and received his education in the district schools of his neighbor- hood. At fifteen years of age he left home and worked at various occupations until the spring,of 1871, when he began learning the trade of black- smithing with his brother Isaac, in Longstown, York County, and remained there two years, after which he came to Stony Brook and followed his trade for eighteen months, then entered the employ of Chris- tian Stoner, at Stoner's Station, where he remained eighteen months; then opened a shop of his own, which he conducted until 1881, when he came to Hellam, where he has since been engaged for him- self. He was married April 6, 1879, to Hannah Kel- ■ ler, daughter of Jacob Keller, of York County, and has by this union two children: Lillie D. andMaud. HENRY BIRNSTOCK was born in Saxony, Ger- many, November 4, 1837; came to this country in 1854 and located at York, where he at once appren- ticed himself to D. D. Doudel, to learn the trade of tinsmith.' In April, 1861, he enlisted at York, in Company A, Sixteenth Pennsylvania Volunteers, for three months, and in Aiigust, 1861, re-enlisted in Company I, Seventy-sixth Pennsylvania Volun- teers, for three years; with the exception of the last six months in the Array of the Potomac, he served in the Army of the South Atlantic, and participated in the engagements of Fort Pulaski, Pocataligo, S. C. (in which he was slightly wounded). Fort Wagner, James Island, Cold Harbor (Army of the Potomac), Chapin's Farm and front of Petersburg. He was mustered out at Harrisburg as first sergeant in November, 1864, having served three months over time.. On his return to York he entered again the employ of Mr. Doudel, with whom he worked until 1869, when he moved to Wrightsville, where he has since successfully carried on the manufacture of tin and sheet iron ware and roofing, and the stove business. He is a director of the Wrightsville Town Hall Company, the Wrightsville & Chance- ford Turnpike Company, and the Wrightsville Hardware Company; is a member of the school board, and also a member of the Masonic order, I. O. O. F. and the G. A. R. He and wife belong to the Lutheran Church. In the borough he has BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 75 served three terms as chief hurgess, and one term as councilman. In 1865 he was married at York to Barbara Wisman, of York, who has borne him eight children, of whom five are living. Silas M., Harry D., Charles F., Willie W., Mary E.; Laura N., Freddie and Calvert were the names of the de- ceased. JACOB A. BLESSING was horn in Lower Windsor Township, March 30, 1848. His parents were Alexander and Charlotte (Kauffelt) Blessing, of York County, and descendants of a very old family. Their only child is Jacob A. He was educated at the public schools, and in 1870 began business for himself in Hellam Township in the manufacturing of cigars, and in the mercantile business in company with J. W. Gable; the part- nership, however, was dissolved in 1872. In 1873 he began the manufacture of cigars at Hellam for himself, and in 1879 he opened the "Hellam House," which building he had erected. He man- ufactures from 400,000 to 500,000 cigars per an- num. May 1, 1870, he was married in York Town- ship to Ellen Sakemiller, of Hellam Township, and has three children: Annie, Walter and Gro- ver. Mrs. Blessing is a member of the German Reformed Church. Mr. Blessing, although ^ young man yet, possesses good business qualities and is highly esteemed. In 1882 he was assessor of Hellam Township. CHRISTOPHER C. BURG was born in Lower Windsor Township, March 15, 1829. His par- ents were P. W. and Eliza (Dosch) Burg, na- tives of Amsterdam, Holland, and York County, respectively. The former died in 1856, and the lat- ter in 1848. They had four sons and two daughters. Christopher is the second son. He was brought up on the farm, and educated at the public schools. His father owned a mill, where Christopher spent five years of his early life. From his twenty -fourth to his thirty-fourth year he was engaged in canal boating. Since 1873 he has been engaged in farm- ing, four years in Spring Garden Township, and since in Hellam Township, two miles west of Wrightsville, on his fine farm of 106 acres. In March, 1854. he was married to Mary Hauser, daughter of John Hauser, deceased; and has had born to him five children: P. W.; Sarah, John L., Mary E. and Alfred W. Mr. Tiuvg and family be- long to the Lutheran Church; he is an active Re- publican, and from 1865 to 1872 he held the office of justice of the peace of Wrightsville. His first pres- idential vote was cast for John C. Fremont. JAMES CLARK CHANNBLL, M. D., was born in Fawn Township. York County, October 11, 1843. His parents were John and Mary (Clark) Channell of Fawn Township, of Scotch-Irish and Scotch descent, respectively. They had ten chil- dren, of whom Dr. Channell is the fourth. He spent his early youth on the farm, and received his earlv education in the public school-, and later at the York Normal School, and at the Stewartstown Academy. He entered the University of Pennsyl- vania, at Philadelphia, in 1868, and graduated in 1871, with the degree of M. D. Prior to eptering the college he had taught school for six years. August 7, 1862, he enlisted at York in Company I, One Hundred and Thirtieth Pennsylvania Volun- teer Infantry, and served his full term. He partici- pated in the battles of Antietam, Fredericksburgh and Chancellorsville. At Antietam he was slightly disabled by a spent ball. Through exposure and marching he also contracted varicose veins, from which he has never recovered. He next entered the service as second lieutenant of Company D, One Hundred and Ninety-fourth Pennsylvania Vol- unteer Infantry. Returning he commenced the study of medicine and began the practice in 1871, at State Hill, York County. He left there in 1879, traveled to some extent, and finally located at Wrightsville, where he has since practiced his pro- fession. In 1875 he was married at New Brunswick, N. J., to Elizabeth F., daughter of Dr. Frank W. Clement, of Philadelphia. Dr. Channell belongs to the Presbyterian Church, is a member of the K. of P. and Post 370, G. A. R., and a correspondent for different newspapers. STEPHEN A. COPENHAFER was born November 15, 1856, is the son of John H., and Mary Copenhafer, of Manchester Township, and is of German and English descent. His boyhood was passed on the farm and in attending school. One year he spent in learning milling with Jacob Musser, of Lancaster County, then two years with Benjamin Small of Mt. Wolf; then he worked a year for F.U. Gantz, in Lancaster County, and then he returned to Mt. Wolf and for four years ran a mill on his own account. In 1883 he came to Hellam and rented a mill from Z. K. Loucks, in which he now carries on the business in its differ- ent branches. March 13, 1869, he married Emma S., daughter of M. L. Duhling of Manchester Borough. Mr. Copenhafer is a member of the Lutheran Church, and his wife of the United Brethren. MONROE P. DECKER, son of John and Mary Decker, of Glen Rock, this county, was born Feb- ruary 5, 1860, and passed his earlier years in attend- ing school and working on the home farm. Janu- ary 6, 1879, he began to learn stone-cutting with L. B. Sweitzer, remained with him over three years, and April 1, 1883, removed to Wrightsville and commenced business for himself, now employing three hands and turning out some fine work in marble, which he ships to various points. Decem- ber 13, 1880, he married Emma M., daughter of Henry and Louisa Strayer, of Springfield township, and to this union have been born three children: Phebe Ellen, Elsie Viola and May Irene. Mr. Decker has been a member of the German Reformed Church since 1879; is a member of the Riverside Lodge No. 503, A. F. & A. M., and of Chihuahua Lodge No. 317, I. O. 0. F. He is of German de- scent through his gi-eat-grandparents. JONAS DEISINGER, M. D., was born in Para- dise, Township (now Jackson), York County, April 18, 1883. His parents were Jacob, and Salome (Davis) Deisinger of York County, and of German descent. They had eleven children, of whom Jonas is the eldest now living. His first twenty years he spent on his father's farm, receiving his education at- t"he neighboring schools. For the next three years he attended select schools at York and other places, and taught during the winter in the common schools of this county. At the age of twenty-three he began to read medicine with Dr. C. S. Picking, and in 1858, entered the- medical department of Pennsylvania College at Philadel- phia. From 1861 to 1868 he practiced medicine at Hellam. In 1866 he entered the University of Pennsylvania and graduated in the class of 1867. After graduating he returned to Hellam, where, with the exception of about three years, he has been since. In the fall of 1862, he was married at Hellam to Maria Mann, of York County. The Doctor is a genial gentleman, fond of his profession, and has acquired a lucrative practice; he is a mem- ber and an elder of the Reformed Church of the United States, was a school director two terms, is a member of the York County Medical Society, once president of the same, and is also a member of the State Medical Association. DAVID DBTWILER was born in Lancaster County, January 27, 1818. His parents were Joseph and Susan (Garver) Detwiler, of Peiinsylvania, and of German descent. They had seven children, of whom David is the eldest. He was brought up as a 76 WRIGHTSVILLE BOROUGH AND HELLAM TOWNSHIP. farmer, and educated at the common schools. He was married, in 1849, in Hellam Township, to Sarah Stoner, a native of Pennsylvania, who has borne him five children, four of whom are living: Paul, Anna, David S. and Ellen. Mr. Detwiler is quite a prominent man in his community. He owns 140 acres of land, on which he resides; is at present au- ditor of Hellam Towpship, a director of the Sus- quehanna & York Turnpike, and Wrightsville & Chanceford Turnpike Companies. He was one of the organizers of the Wrightsville Hardware Com- pany, and for many years one of the directors. He is very wealthy, and since 1879 has retired from ac- tive business life, and resides in his magnificent home he built on the hill just at the edge of the town of Wrightsville. PAUL DETWILER, son of David Detwiler, was born near Wrightsville, October 35, 1852. His mother was Sarah (Stoner) Detwiler, of Pennsylva- nia. He was reared on the farm and educated at the district schools, and after becoming of age worked for two years for his father, and then in partnership with his brother began farming near Wrightsville, and continued until 1879, when they dissolved, and he kept on farming alone. He was married, October 21, 1879, to Lizzie J. Emlg, daugh- ter of Eli Emig, an old and respected citizen of York County. Two children have been born to this union: Martha, deceased; and Sarah. In the spring elec- tion of 1884; Mr. Detwiler served as judge of elec- tion. He and wife are members of the Lutheran Church. , PETER DIETZ, Sr., wasbornin Hellam Town- ship July 14, 1813. His parents were Peter and Susannah (Lieppart) Dietz, of York County, and of German descent. They had a family of seven sons and two daughters, of whom Peter, Sr., was the third son. He was brought up on a farm, and educated at the German schools of his native town- ship. His whole life was devoted to farming, from which he retired in 1873, residing nearly all the time in the township in which he was born. In 1836 he was married in lower Windsor Township to Mary Luppert, who died in 1873, aged about sixty-two years, leaving a family of eleven children: Rebec- ca, Susan, Jacob, Mary, Elizabeth, Peter, Rachel, Michael, Daniel, Levi (deceased) and Sarah (de- ceased). The family belong to the German Reformed Church. David Newcomer was born in Hellam Township in 1841. His parents were John and Lena (Lehman) Newcomer, of York County, and of En- glish and German descent, respectively. He was brought up on the farm and educated in the public schools. Learning the shoe-making trade, he has followed it ever since. He was married, in May, 1870, to Elizabeth Dietz, and had two children: Annie and Sadie, deceased. Mr. Newcomer was a school di- rector one year. WILLIAM DIETZ, the eldest of the three sons of Frederick and Martha M. (Strickler) Dietz, of York County, was born in Hellam Township.March 35, 1847, and received .a^good common school edu- cation. He has always followed the occupation of farming, in Hellam Township. In October, 1877, he was married to Fannie Baer, daughter of John and Leah Baer, of York County, and has had born to him three children: Amos, Leah and Paul. ANDREW J. DUDENwas born at York, Penn., January 35, 1841, and is the only child of John A. and Sarah (Jack) Duden. His father died in 1846, aged forty-seven years, but his mother is still living, aged about eighty-two years. He came to Wrights- ville, in 1847, and remained about ever since, receiv- ing his early education here. At the age of fifteen, he began learning the trade of wheelwright, and worked at it until twenty-two years of age, except- ing the time he served in the army. September 33, 1861, he enlisted at Harrisburg, in Company I, Seventy-sixth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, and served eighteen months in the department of the South. At Pocataligo, he was wounded by a rifle ball in the right cheek. He carried the ball for six years in his neck, when it was discovered that it had lodged against his collar bone, and was removed. On ac- count of the wound, he lay in the hospital five months, and finally was discharged on account of disability. He was virtually sergeant-major at the time he was wounded, but did not receive the appointment until after his discharge. In 1870, he engaged in the planing-mill business at Wrights- ville, in company with Mr. Zorbaugh, in which business he is engaged at the present day. He was one of the organizers of the Wrightsville Hard- ware Company, and is the present secretary; also of the Wrightsville and Chanceford TurnjDike Com- pany andof the Wrightsville Hail Association, and is director of the latter. He has held various borough oflBces: burgess, councilman and school director, for several terms. November 34, 1864, he was married at Wrightsville, to Emma Mann of the same bor- ough, and has had three children: Charles F., Sally M., and Ralph. Mrs. Duden is a member of .the Presbyterian Church. Mr. Duden is a Mason, a member of the I. O. O. F., and oflBcer of the day of the G. A. R. He sold out the planing-mill, April 1, 1884, and is going to Columbia, to engage in pulver- izing rock flint. He is also proprietor of a cigar box factory, and manufactures annually about 235,- 000 boxes, employing about twenty hands. GEORGE D. EBERT, whose portrait appears in this work, was born in Manchester Township. December 24, 1834; his parents were Michael and Lydi» (Diehl) Ebert, of York County, and of Ger- man descent. They had five children, of whom George D. is the third. He was brought up on a farm in Spring Garden Township, and was educated at the public schools. At the age of twenty-three years he left home, and in 1849 was married to Sarah Smyser, daughter of Michael Smyser, who has borne him three children: William Win field, Amandaaud Agnes. Mrs. Ebert died March 19, 1884, aged fifty- nine years. Mr Ebert removed to Hellam Township in 1850, on a farm of 185 acres, upon which he has resided since. He has held every township office, and in 1880 represented the county in the State con- vention. As guardian and administrator he has been very successful in settling up estates. He was one of the organizers of the Wrightsville Hardware Company, the Wrightsville Furnace, of the First National Bank (of which lie is director), and of the Wrightsville Star and the True Demoerat at York; he is also a member of the Riverside Lodge, A. P. 1& A. M., and of the L 0. O. F., and the family are members of the Lutheran Church. In 1867 Mr. Ebert made a voyage to Europe and remained there several months. His father. Michael Ebert, was in the war of 1813, and held a commission as colonel. Mr. Ebert is also very largely engaged in raising and dealing in tobac- co. A Republican in politics, he stands very high in his community, and enjoys the respectof all who know him. WifiLIAM EMENHEISER was born in Lower Windsor Township, August 31, 1846, to Samson and Mary Emenheiser, of German descent. His ru- dimentary education was received at the public schools, during his early life on the farm. In 1864 he taught a term, and the following summer he at- tended the Normal School at Millersville; then at- tended the Normal Institute at York two terms; then in 1869 returned to Millersville for one term, and the same year received his professional certifi- cate; in 1871 he received his permanent certificate. He has taught public school sixteen terms, and three terms of select school. August 13, 1869, he married Elizabeth, daughter of Charles and Magdalena BIOGEArHlCAL SKETCHES. 77 Sprenkle, and of the seven children born to this union four are living: Willie Edwin, Maggie, Anna and Edith. Mr. and Mrs. Emenheiser are members of the Lutheran Church at Kreutz Creek; he has charge of the church property of about ten acres, which he keeps under cultivation, and Issexton and organist, as well as assistant superintendent of the Sunday-school; he is also agent for the White Sew- ing Machine Company. JOHN A. EMI6 was born in Hellam Township, March 13, 1851. He was reared on the home farm in Hellam Township, and received his education in the district schools; until he was twenty-five years old he assisted his father on the farm, after which he began burning lime. At the death of his father, in 1877, he was appointed one of the executors of the estate, and has managed the settlement until the present day. In the spring of 1881 he pur- chased the farm of 123^ acres, upon which he now resides. January 8, 1880, he was married to Clara Strickler, daughter of Henry Strickler, of Spring Garden. They have had three children: Florence, Henry (deceased) and Walter. HENRY W. EMIG, a prominent young farmer, was born in Hellam Township January 20, 1849. His parents were Eli and Magdalena (CriderV Emig, of York and Lancaster Counties respectively, and of German descent, and parents of ten children, of whom Henry W. is the second. He was reared on the farm and educated at the public schools. At the age of twenty-two he began farming for him- self on the place which lie now owns and occupies. His father, who died in 1877, aged fifty-eight years, owned six large farms at the time of his death; his mother still lives in Hellam Township, aged about sixty-two years. Three sisters and four brothers reside in York County, the latter engaged in farm- ing. The farm upon which Mr. Emig resides, was purchased by him in October, 1883; besides this, he owns five farms, which came from his father. He is much interested in educational matters and pub- lic improvements, and like the family, belongs to the Reformed Churcli. JOHN W. GABLE was born in Windsor Town- ship, York County, June 4, 1847, and is the seventh of nine children, and the third son of Jacob and Annie M. (Jackson) Gable, of York County, and of German and English descent, respectively. The first thirteen years he spent on his father's farm, and from that time until twenty-two years of age, was engaged as clerk in different mercantile estab- lishments in York County. He was educated at the common schools and one term at the commer- cial school at Poughkeepsie, New York. Between the age of eleven and thirteen years, he worked at shoe-making and learned the trade. At the time he began the mercantile business for himself, in 1869, he also begamnanufacturing cigars, and now man- ufactures and handles about 2,000,000 to 3,000,000 of cigars annually. In connection with his mer- cantile business he owns and works a farm in Spring Garden Township. Mr. Gable is one of the organizers of the Eureka Building and Loan Association of York. He was married Septem- ber 23, 1875, in Hellam Township, to Elizabeth Hiestand, daughter of Henry A. Hiestand. To this union were born two children; a daugh- ter, Susan Hiestand, and a son, Chauncey E., who died August 4, 1881, aged about six months. He is a member of the Lutheran Church at Kreutz Creek; superintendent of the Sunday-school, and is an enterprising and very popular business man. In 1874 he was appointed postmaster at Hellam, which oflBce he still holds. JACOB GOHN, son of George and Magdalena Gohn, of Hellam Township, was born November 20, 1825; is of German descent, and was reared on the home farm. In March, 1847, he began butcher- ing in partnership with Thomas Harris, but one year latei' dissolved the partnership and united with his brother, John Gohn, with whom for seven years he was engaged in the same business, and one year in the cattle trade. From 1856 to 1867 he was in the mercantile trade under the firm name of Heppenstall & Gohn, and for two years thereafter was with Levi and George Lehman, under the firm name of Gohn & Lehman. William Witman then came in and business continued until 1871 under the style of Gohn, Lehman &Co., and then was changed to Gohn & Witman; as such it continued until March, 1876, since when Jacob Gohn has been in bus- iness alone, carrying a large stock of groceries, dry goods, boots, shoes, hardware, etc., having rebuilt and enlarged his storeroom in 1879. With Mr. James Cook, Mr. Gohn was the originator of the Wrightsville National Bank in 1862, of which he is a director, as well as director of the Wrightsville Hardware Company; he was also a large stockholder in the furnace. January 11, 1855, he married Mar- tha, daughter of John and Sarah Heppenstall, and of the seven children born to this union, the only son is dead, and six daughters living: Sarah, Mary Martha, Carrie May, Laura Silvers, Minnie and Nellie Levingston. Mr. and Mrs. Gohn are mem- bers of the Lutheran Church, and Mr. Gohn of Riverside Lodge, No. 503, A. F. & A. M. Mrs. Martha Gohn is of English descent; her parents came from England about 1812. WILLIAM F. HIESTAND was born in Spring Garden Township, May 4, 1814. His parents were Abraham and Nancy (Fitts) Hiestand, of Lancaster County, were of German descent, and had a family of four sons and four daughters, of whom William F. was the youngest son and seventh child. There are at present only our subject, one brother (Abra- ham), and one sister (Mrs. Wilson) living. Mr. Hiestand was reared on a farm and received his education in the district schools of York County. In 1866 he was married, in Lancaster, to Rebecca Doll of York County, and of German descent, and to their union were born eight children: Herby A., Annias F., William, Mary E., Svisanna, Franklin C, Bird J. and Margaret. Mr. Hiestand came to Hel- lam Township in 1866, owns thirty-eight acres in Hellam Township and 207 acres in Heidelberg Township, is retired at present on his homestead in Hellam Township, and owes his prosperous condi- tion to his own energy and industry. He is a very liberal man, especially to churches and benevolent organizations, and takes a great interest in school matters, having been a school director. He has at present eight grandchildren living in York County. ISAAC 'HINKLE, son of Henry and Sarah Hinkle, of Lanca.ster County, was born March 4, 1882, grew to manhood on the home farm and was educated at the district school. For five years, from 1858, he farmed for Hahn & Himes, at Wood- stock, and then, in 1868,moved to Mr. Miflin's place, known as the "Woodbine Farm." In 1879 he bought his present place of about 133 acres, on which are a good stone dwelling and a lar^e bank barn, and here he largely carries on farmmg and also dairying. In 1858 he married Elizabeth, daughter of Jacob and Elizabeth Kauffman of Lan- caster County. Besides being a successful agricul- turist, Mr. Hinkle is a stockholder in the Wrights- ville and Chanceford turnpike company, and in the Wrightsville Hardware Company. Mrs. Hinkle is a member of the Lutheran Church at Wrightsville. DANIEL L. HOKE was born in Hellam Town- ship, August 22, 1849. His parents were George and Jane (Kendrick) Hoke, of York and Philadel- phia, respectively, and of German descent. They had five children, of whom Daniel is the yc^ungest. He was broughtup in a hotel and has always followed the hotel business. November 10,1875,he was married 78 WEIGHTSVILLE BOEOUGHT AND HELLAM TOWNSHIP. at Columbia,Peim., to Pauline B. Baker, daughter of Peter and Susan C. (Trainer) Baker, of Marietta and Columbia, Penn., and has had born to him four children: Daniel, Helen (deceased), Jane and Teresa. Mr. Hoke is a Master Mason and a very enthusiastic and popular Democrat. He has thrice been elected a member of the council of Wrightsville, and is a member at present. He was one of the organizers of the Wrightsville Hardware Company. August 1, 1884, he purchased and opened the Union Hotel at Wrightsville. SAMUEL F. HOLLINGER was born in York Township, near Dallastown, May 16, 1844. His parents were Daniel and Elizabeth (Plinohbaugh) Hollinger. He was reared on the home farm and educated at the district schools. In the spring of 1865 he went to Lancaster County and farmed about one year, when he returned to York Township, and assisted his father on the farm for two years. In the fall of 1868 he began leartiing the trade of mill- wright with Jonathan Geesey, of Dallastown; re- mained with him for two years, and then worked at his trade for four years. In 1874 he began milling at Henry's Mill, in Hopewell Township, where he remained two years, going from there to Yost's Mill in York Township for two years, then to the Ness Mill in Springfield "Township for two years; then to the Tunnel Mill in the same township for one year; then to Diehl's Mill near York for three years, and in April, 1884, came to Strickler's Mill near Hellam, where he is at present engaged. He was married February 23, 1878, to Emeline Lehman, daughter of J. W. Lehman of York County, and has had three children born to him; Lizzie (de- ceased), Millie and Annie (deceased). WILLIAM J. HOUCK, justice of the peace, was born in York City, April 20, 1855. His parents were John and Genevieve Houck, of Germany, who had seven children, of whom William J. is the youngest. He remained in York with his parents until 1866, when he went with them to Baltimore, where he attended the Catholic schools. In 1869 he returned to York, and began learning the trade of shoe-making with Philip H. Amlg, served an ap- prenticeship three years and sis months, and then worked for himself for three years. He was mar- ried February 5, 1875, to Mary A. Cramer, daughter of Charles Cramer, of York, and to this union three children have been born; William J., Charles E. and Fannie L. In March, 1876, he removed to Des Moines, Iowa, where he followed his trade but a short time, returning again to Hellam Township, where he opened a shoe store, in which business he is at present, engaged. In the spring of 1878 he was elected justice of the peace of Hellam Township, and was re-elected in 1883. The family belong to the United Brethren Church, and are now co-op- erating in the construction of a new church edifice for that denomination in the village of Hellam. JAMES L. JAMISON, M. D., son of William and Catherine Jamison, of Wrightsville, was born January 20, 1855. Until the age of fourteen his boyhood was passed at Wrightsville; he then went to Philadelphia, wliere he was in the employ of Dr. P. Getchell until seventeen years of age, when he returned to Wrightsville, and entered the employ of Kerr, Cook & Co., lime burners. October 29, 1873, he entered the preparatory department of Lincoln University, graduated therefrom in June, 1875, and the following September entered the collegiate de- partment, from which he graduated June 8, 1879. His summer vacation of 1875 was spent in the Cats- kill Mountains; that of 1876 at Newport; that of 1877 at Cape May, and that of 1878 was spent in canvassing Newark and Elkton, Md. In June, 1879, he returned to Wrightsville, studied medicfhe under Dr. D. A. Stubbs, of Oxford, Ches- ter County, entered Jefferson Medical College in the fall of 1879, graduated March 30, 1882, and in June began his profession in his native town, where he has since built up a large practice. August 27, 1884, he married Prancenia, daughter of Peter and Carrie Baldwin, of Lower Oxford, Chester County. The Doctor is a member of the Presbyterian Church of Lincoln, and the Alumni of Jeflerson Medical College. Ho has had the care of his mother since boyhood, his father being infirm. W. H. KERR was born in Wrightsville, October 19, 1828. His parents were Matthew and Jane (Wil- son) Kerr, natives of Ireland and York respectively, and the mother of Scotch descent. They had a. family of eight sons and one daughter, of whom William H. is the sixth. He was educated at Wrightsville, and at the age of nineteen year,s he commenced boating on the Susquehanna and Tide Water Canal, and continued it for fifteen years. In 1861 he began the business of lime burning under the firm name of Robert W. Kerr & Co. In 1865 the firm changed to James L. Kerr & Co., and in 1871 to Kerr, Cook & Co., in 1879 to Kerr, Weitzel & Co. During all these changes, the subject of this sketch retained his interest in the firm, being most of the time on the road, spiling or collecting for the firm. October 25, 1857, he was married to Eliza Beaverson of Wrightsville, and has twelve children, seven of whom are living: Kate, Sarah B,, Gertrude, Matilda G., Eliza B., Harry B. and Sewell. Mr. Kerr and family belong to the Presbyterian Church. Although living all his life in York County, he has- never been drawn as a juror, nor had he ever been in court as a witness in any case. About half his time is spent in traveling, in the interest of the firm. His father died in 1859, aged sixty-eight years. JACOB KLINE was born in Lower Windsor Township, May 6, 1842. His parents were Henry and Eliza (Plury) Kline of York County, and of German descent. They had nine children, of whom Jacob is the fifth. He remained on the farm until twenty-two years of age, receiving his education at the public schools. When twenty-six years of age he began the business 'of cigar-making at Wrightsville, which he followed for a num- ber of years. In 1373, in company with Henrj^ Keller of Lower Windsor, he began the man- ufacture of cigars at Wrightsville, and has^ followed it since with success. In 1876 he built the large brick building on Hellam Street in Wrights- ville, where the firm have their factory. They at first employed about twenty hands in the factory, but now have about fifty-three hands. In 1880 he erected an additional brick building, remodeling the first an.d raising the whole to a three-story building, in which he opened, in the same year, a general merchandising business They manufac- tured about 2,500,000 cigars in 1883. He was mar- ried at York, in 1867, to Eliza Lebernight, of York County, and has had six children born to him: John. Henry (deceased), Martha Jane, William Edward, Howard Smith (deceased), Maggie May (deceased)' and Eliza Bertha, Mr. Kline is a member of the I. O. O. P., and with his wife, of the Methodist Church. He was twice member of the Wrightsville Borough council. SAMUEL R. KOCHER was born in York County, May 18, 1844. His parents were Christian and M^ry (Abel) Kocher, of German descent, who had three children, of whom Samuel R. is the eld- est. He was brought up on a farm, and educated at the public schools; he followed farming until 1881, although he began other business for himself before he was twenty-one years of age. In 1870, he began a cigar manufactory in Lower Windsor Township, and in 1871 he opened up in Wrights- ville, but continued the country factory until 1879, In 1878, he erected the building which he has since- occupied at Wrightsville, He is also engaged ini BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 79 packing tobacco and is considered the largest dealer in the leaf in the county. He packs about 1,000 cases of tobacco, and manufactures from 4,000,000 to 5.000,000 cigars annually, employing about 100 hands. He was married May 36, 1864, to Susan, daughter of Daniel and Anna (Sherick) Lefer. of Lower Windsor Township, and has three children; Emma D., Samxiel C. and Annie M. Mr. Kocher was the originator of the Wrightsville & Ohanceford Turnpike Company, of which he was the first president, and still holds that office. He owns about fifty acres of land about three miles below Wrightsville, and two shad fisheries, and also has one-half interest in 345 acres of choioejland in Orange County, Fla., containing a grove of 200 bearing orange trees, and within convenient rail- road facilities. He is treasurer of the Riverside Lodge of Masons, and a member of S. of T., and was a judge of elections and assessor, and is alto- f ether a prominent and active business man. Mr. tocher's grandfather, George Kocher, came from Wurtemberg in 1817, bringing with him his brother John and sister Rosana, and, arriving at Philadelphia, he moved to Peckway Creek, Lan- caster County, where he lived several years, when he moved to Hellam Township, York County, (near Stoner's Station). He lived several years in Hel- lam, when he again moved to Lower Windsor Township, on the road leadingfrom Wrightsville to Margaretta Furnace. Mr. Kocher's father was born at Peckway, Lancaster Counter, in 1818. Mr. Kocher has three uncles: George, living in Perry County; Emanuel, living near Dayton, Ohio, and Jacob, living in Nebraska. He also has a brother. Henry P., living in Dayton, Ohio; a sister married to Mr. Shultz, is living in Lower Windsor Town- ship. The portrait of Mr. Kocher appears else- where as a representative of the tobacco interest of York County. AARON M. LEHMAN was born in Springfield Township April 3, 1862. He is the second son and third child of a family of eleven children, and was reared and educated in Springfield Township. At twenty years of age he began learning the miller's trade with S. F. Hollinger, and at present is milling vt Strickler's Mill. He was married October 4, a883, to Almira A. Gruver, daughter of Peter Gru- ler of Paradise Township. GEORGE E. LOUCKS was born in Spring Garden Township December 10, 1850. His parents were Z. K. Loucks and Sarah Ann (Ebert) Loucks, of York County, of whom he was the fourth child. His youth was spent at farm- ing, and his education was received at York, and one term at the Penn- sylvania College at Gettysburgh, at which institution he prepared him- self for his profession, but owing to feeble health was obliged to abandon his studies, and until his twenty- eighth year he worked about the farm. In 1878 he was appointed agent of the Pennsylvania Railroad, at Hellam, which position he has held ever since, devoting his whole time and attention to it. He was married in his native township March 7, 1878, to Mary J. S. Myers, daughter of Samuel Myers, Mr. and Mrs. Loucks belong to the Lutheran Church at York, at which place also his father, Zachariah K. Loucks, president of the First National Bank, and one of the wealthiest men of York County, has his resi- dence CAPT. FRANK J. MAGEE, justice of the peace, was born at 'Wrightsville, December 8, 1837, and is the second son of James F. and Rosanna(Hinkle)Magee, of Chester and York Counties respectively, and of Irish and German descent. He received his primary education at the public schools of Wrightsville, and in 1855 he entered Georgetown College (D. C.) and graduated in 1859. Returning to Wrightsville he took charge of all the public schools for two years as principal. Novem- ber 28, 1861, he entered the military servic^as second lieutenant of Com- pany I, Seventy-sixth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry (Col . Power), and served three years and three months. He was promoted to first lieutenant and captain, and served on the staffs of Gens. Terry, Ferry, Ames and Strong, participating in the battle of Olustee, Fla., the Sumpter campaign, and all battles along the coast, except Beaufort, N. C. At the battle of Cold Harbor, in 1864, he joined the Army of the Po- tomac, and served with that army until the expira- tion of his term of service. Returning to Wrights- ville, he again took charge of the schools till 1871, when in the fall of that year he was elected to the legislature from York County on the Democratic ticket. On his return he was elected justice of the peace and has held that oflice since. At present he Is regulator of the borough, president of the Wrightsville Hardware Company, director of the Wrightsville Iron Company, has been secre- tary of the school board for the past nine years,. 80 WEIGHTSVILLE BOEOUGH AND HELLAM TOWNSHIP. and captain of the "Wrightsville Grays" National Guard since 1872; is commander of Post 370, G. A. R., J. W. of Riverside Lodge, No. 503, A. F. & A. M., and was also editor of the "Wrightsville Star in 1867-68-69-70. He was married at Wrightsville August 6, 1867, to Martha H. Smith, daughter of R. W. Smith, Esq., and has two children, Roberts, and Helen M. HENRY MILLER was born in Lower Windsor Township June 10, 1823. His parents were Henry and Magdalena (Smith) Miller, of Lower Windsor Township, who had six children, of whom our sub- ject is the youngest. He was reared and educated in the same township, and at eighteen years of age he began learning the carpenter's trade with his brother, George Miller, with whom he remained two years. He followed his trade for twenty-five years, and then began farming in Lower Windsor Town- ship, which he continued four years, and then com- menced building panel fences, at which he is still engaged. In 1883 he came to Hellam Township and purchased a small farm, and engaged in the manufacture of cigars, a business he had previously conducted in connection with his other enterprises, having now an experience therein of about twenty years. His present output is about 300,000 per year. He was married to Catherine Bellinger, and has had five children, three of whom are living. He and family are members of the Lutheran Church. WILLIAM H. MILLER was born in Windsor township April 18, 1838. His parents were Peter and Magdalena (Deckman)Miller,and his grandpar- ents Peter and Mary (Murphy) Miller. His great- grandparents came to Yorlc County during the Rev- olution. He is the eldest son and fourth child in a family of seven children, and was educated in the public schools of his neighborhood, York County Academy, and an academy m Lower Chancef ord . For fourteen terms he taught school in Lower Windsor Township, after which he followed the Tide Water Canal for fdur years. In 1865 he began farming in Lower Windsor Township and continued for seven years He^as married January 21, 1864, to Leah Stine, daughter of Valentine and Sarah Stine, of York County, and has had born to him eight chil- dren: Minnie, Preston H., Arthur C, Olivia (de- ceased), Persifer O. (deceased), Jennie, Win field S. H. and Addie. In the spring of 1875 he removed to Wrightsville, where he was engaged in auction- eering for two years; he then removed to Hellam Township where he at present resides, dealing in sewing machines, agricultural implements, fertili- zers, and is also engaged in auctioneering and fire insurance business. AMBROSE MILLER, son of George and Susan Miller of Lower Windsor Township, was born Feb- ruary 19, 1860, and passed his boyhood on the farm, attending school during the winters. From the age of eighteen years until his majority, he served an ap- prenticeship at blacksmithing with Henry S. Hein- dle of Hellam Township. In 1881, he came to the village and worked for a year for James Ray, whom he then bought out, and is now receiving an en- couraging patronage in custom work. JOHN W. MINNICH, was born in Wrightsville, Penn., January 16, 1849. His parents were Michael and Anna (Upp) Minnich, of York County, and of German nationality. They had four children, of whom .John W. is the second. He spent his youth mostly at school, and at seventeen years of age he entered Pennsylvania College at Gettysburgh, where he remained about two years studying for the ministry, which he afterward abandoned. In 1868 he went West as a carpenter, stopping two years at Pittsburgh, Penn. He drifted as far west as Atchison, Kas., where he remained nine months; he also was eighteen months at Caledonia, Ohio. On his return from the West, he again remained two years at Pittsburgh, as assistant foreman in a door and sash factory. In the winter of 1874, he returned to Wrightsville, and engaged in the undertaking and carpentering business, which he followed until 1882, when he added the furniture business. Re- tiring, however, from the furniture business in Feb- ruary, 1884, he in company with R. W. Weller, pur- chased the Wrightsville Builders' Mill, and from April, 1884, has carried on that business. He is also interested in the Wrightsville Hardware Company, and was one of its organizers. February 13, 1874, he was married at Abingdon, Md., to Emma Mc- Comas, who bore him one child (Anna), and died March 7, 1876, aged twenty-three years. Mr. Min- nich is a member of the Lutheren Church, and of the Masonic order, and has served as school director three years, and borough assessor for two vears. SAMUEL M. MYERS, was born in West Hemp- field Township, Lancaster Co., Penn., December 25, 1835. He was the fourth of the twelve children of Jacob and Magdalena(Myers)Myers,of Lancaster County, where he was brought up, receiving a good common school education. At twelve years of age he began to work on the farm of Andrew Brubaker, and remained with him six years, after which he began to learn painting with Samuel Coffman, which he continued for about one year. October 8, 1856, he was married to Fannie Kuhns, daughter of Jacob Kuhns of West H-empfield Township, and was blessed with a family of four boys and five girls — two boys and two girls still living. After his marriage he worked three years for John Bowers of Lancaster County. On the 5th of August, 1864, he enlisted in Company A, Two Hundred and Third Pennsylvania Volunteers, under Capt. J. B. Bauch- man, and took part in the engagements at New Market road, Virginia, and at Fort Fisher, N. C. He was honorably discharged in June, 1865, and returned to Lancaster County, where he was en- gaged in farming and tobacco raising until March, 1881, when he removed to York County, and is at present engaged in farming and fruit raising. Mr. Myers is a member of the Osceola Tribe, No. 11, of R.", M.. of Columbia, Lancaster County, is a mem- ber of Post 122. G. A. R., and was at one time con- stable of West Hempfield Township. GEORGE A. REBMAN, M. D., was born in West Manchester Township, York County, July 6, 1852. His parents were Jacob and Catheriue (Hein- dle) Rebman, of Pennsylvania, and of German and English descent, respectively. He was brought up on a farm, and educated at the public schools and at the York County Academy. After leaving school he taught in public schools till about twenty-two years of age, when he entered the office of Dr. Hay, at York, and began to read medicine, which he continued for something over a year, fie then entered the University of Maryland, at Baltimore, and graduated in 1876, with the degree of M. D. In May, of the same year, he located at Wrightsville, where he has since practiced his profession with great success. He was married January 13, 1880, at Wrightsville, to Ella K. Detwiler, daughter of David Detwiler, and has two children — David and one unnamed. The Doctor is very much attached to his profession, has acquired a lucrative practice, is a prominent member of the Lutheran Church, and is the owner of a magnificent home property in Wrightsville. 8. L. REI8INGER was born in Hellam Town- ship, November 24, 1853. His parents were Samuel and Elizabeth (Smith) Reisinger, of York County, who had seven children, of whom S. L. was the sec- ond son. He received liis education at the common schools, and, in 1876, began learning the trade of cigar -maker in Hellam Township.Jwhich occupation he has followed since. November 4, 1880, he was married to Arabella R. Upp, daughter of Jacob and BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 81 Mary Upp, of Wrightsville, and has two children; Elsie B. and May E. Mrs. Reisinger is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. LUTHER L. REWALT, M. D., was born in Middletown, Penn., December 35, 1839. His par- ents were William and Catherine (McKinley) Re- walt, of Pennsylvania, and of German and Scotch- Irish descent, respectively. They had only this one son and one daughter. Until the age of ten Luther L. attended the public schools, and the following five years at Eman's Institute at Middletown. At the age of fifteen he entered the preparatory school at Litiz Academy, where he remained four years. He then began reading medicine at Halifax, Penn., with Dr. Wright, and then read with Dr. Filbert, at Columbia. At the age of twenty he entered the medical department of the University of Penn- sylvania, at Philadelphia, from which institution he graduated in March, 1861, with the degree of M. D. At the outbreak of the Rebellion he received the first surgeon's commission issued by Gov. Cur- tin, and was assigned to the Twenty-fifth Pennsyl- vania Volunteer Infantry, a three months' regi- ment, and served until the end of his term. Return- itig to Wrightsville he practiced medicine until August, 1864, when he was appointed acting assist- ant surgeon, United States army, by Dr. John Campbell, United States army surgeon at Philadel- phia, which position he held hut a few months. Returning to Wrightsville he resumed the practice of his profession until January^ST, 1865, when he entered the Twenty-first Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry, as assistant surgeon, and remained to the end of the war. He again returned to Wrightsville, where he has since located, practicing his profes- sion, except one year, whicli he spent in Pliiladel- phia. He was married April 6, 1863, to Mary Jane Magee, daughter of James F. Magee (deceased), of Wrightsville, and had five children: James W. Mary P., Annie M., William H. (deceased), and Francis J. The family are members of the Method- ist Episcopal Church. The Doctor is surgeon of the G. A. R. Post, at Wrightsville, and a past mem- ber of the school board. He is a man of fine scho- lastic attainments, and devotedly attached to his profession, and is respected by all. REV. L. K. SECRIST, eldest son of William and Salome Secrist, was born in Conewago Town- ship, Yorli County, February 6, 1839. When he was five years old his parents moved to Warrington "Township, same countV. There he worlied on the farm, until preparation for the gospel ministry occupied his time and j attention. One year was passed in study with Rev. James M. Harliey, pastor of the Lutheran Church at Rossville, four years in Pennsylvania College, Gettysburgh, and one year in the study of theology with Rev. D. Sell, at Berrysburgh, Dauphin Co., Penn. He entered the ministry in 1855, and up to the present served the following charges: Fisherville, Dauphin County; Salona, Clinton County; Boalsburg. Centre County; Blain, Perry County; Wrightsville and Kreutz Creels, Yorli County— the last since 1873. He was united in marriage with Miss Catherine, daughter of David Hobaugh, September 4, 1856. Death hav- ing severed the sacred bond, he married Miss Mary J., daughter of William Howard, May 27, 1862. Of ten children, four sons— Arthur H., Maurice B., Mason E. Orville K.— are living. GEORGE K. SCHENBERGER was born in Clark County, Ohio, September 3, 1841. His par- ents were Samuel and Sarah (Kauffielt) Schenberger, of German descent. Their ancestry were among the first settlers of the " Canadochley " Valley, and his parents emigrated to Ohio, probably in 1839. George K. is the eldest of three sons, and spent his younger days on the farm, but at the age of ten years came to Wrightsville, where he entered the public schools, having left Ohio when five or six years old. In August, 1862, he enlisted in HaiTis- burg in Company B, One Hundred and Thirtieth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, and served nine months. He was promoted to orderly sergeant, and participated with the Army of the Potomac in the battles of Antietam, Fredericksburg and Chancel- lorsville. In the last named he was wounded (May 3, 1868), being shot through the shoulder. Return- ing, he entered the Columbia Bank at Columbia in 1864 for three months, but in 1865 engaged as clerk in the First National Bank at Wrightsville, and in 1873 was elected cashier, which position he still holds. In politics he is a Republican. CALVIN G. SMITH was born at Wrightsville November 37, 1839. His parents were Robert W. and Martha (Herr) Smith, of Pennsylvania, and of German descent. They had eight children, five sons and three daughters, of whom Calvin G. is the fourth. He was brought «p in Wrightsville and finished his schooling before he was fourteen years of age. He then spent one year in a store at Wrightsville and one in an iron foundry. At the age of sixteen he entered the ofliee of the Tork County Star at Wrightsville, which paper was started, owned and edited by his father. He there learned the printing trade, and followed it iv few years. In 1861, in company with W. 8. Boyd, he engaged in the mercantile business, in which he retained an interest for about three years. During the war he served a term in the army, and after the war he, in company with Capt. Magee, hought out the Star and ran it a few years, selling out to his partner and engaging in the coal business in 1872 at Wrightsville. He was one of the incorporators of the Wrightsville & Charceford Turnpike Company and the Wrightsville Cemetery Association, and is secretary of the former and secretary and treasurer of the latter. In December, 1869, he was married, in York, to S. Anna KauflEelt, daughter of Henry KaufEelt, Esq., and has four children: Henry K., Robert Grier, Amy Lanius and Paul. He and wife belong to the Presbyterian Church. In 1874 Mr. Smith was appointed bank assessor by State Treas- urer Mackey. THE STONER FAMILY. Henry Stoner (de- ceased) was born in Hellam Township, in December, 1800. His father was Christian Stoner, and his grand- father was also Christian Stoner, who settled on a tract of 177i acres in 1761, which has since been the Stoner homestead. He attended the subscription schools of his neighborhood, and was married to Anna Strickler. They had ten children : Mary, Sarah, Henry, Samuel, Jacob, Annie, John, Eliza, Rudolph and Emanuel. His occupation was that of a farmer, which he followed until his death, from paralysis, March, 1873. He was a member of the Dunkard Church. Henry Stoner was born November 30, 1830, and educated at the common schools. He served as a school director for two years. Novem- ber 3, 1857 he was married to Sarah Farhinger, daughter.of David and Christiana Farhinger, of York County, and had eight children, six of whom are living. John Stoner was born August 7, 1838, and educated in the common schools. He alwajrs took a lively interest in education, and served in the school board in Hellam Township for some time. Emanuel Stoner was born June 83, 1843, received a good common school education, and later attended the normal school at Millersville for one session . Da- vid Stoner was born in Hellam Township and wa^ the youngest son of Christian and Mary (Herr) Stoner, pioneers of York County. He was educated in Hellam Township, and engaged in farming. JOHN STONER, Sr., was born in Hellam Town- ship, December 1, 1820. His parents were John and Magdalena (Strickler) Stoner, of York County, and of German descent. They had eight children, all 6 83 WRIGHTSVILLE BOROUGH AND HELLAM TOWNSHIP. of whom died except our subject, and a brother. His life was spent at farming and milling, and his education was received at the township schools. In 1842 he was married at Lancaster, Penn., to Sarah Landes, daughter of Samuel Landes, of York County, and has had horn to him six children: Anna, Mary, Henry L., John, Jr., Samuel and Ma- linda. The family belong to the Dunkard Church. Mr. Stoner has twice been supervisor of Hellam Township and once assessor. JOHN STONER, Jb., son of John and Sarah Stoner, was born March 30, 1849, was reared a farmer, and was educated in the public schools. For several years he assisted in his father's mill, and in the spring of 1873 took charge of the home farm. In the fall of 1877 he bought his present property of sixty acres at Stoner's Station, on which he has a fine dwelling, a large barn, four tenements, a blacksmith shop, and a two-story stone warehouse 30x60 feet, the _ property costing him about |16,- 000 at public sale. He deals largely in grain, flour, feed stuff, coal, lime, etc., and leaf tobacco. October 17, 1872, he married Sarah E., daughter of Daniel and Sarah Smyser. The result of this union has been three children: Harry S., Margie E. and Howard S. JACOB STRICKLER was born January 6, 1811. His parents were John and Catharine (Garver) Strickler, of Hellam Township. He was reared on the farm in Hellam Township, is the eldest son, and was educated at subscription schools. He was mar- ried to Elizabeth Dietz, daughter of George Dietz, of York County, and had three children: Alfred (living), Ellen (deceased) and Anna (deceased). The farm on which he resides contains 190 acres of well improved land. BENJAMIN STRICKLER was born in Hellam Township, in December, 1821. His parents were Benjamin and Mary (Preet) Strickler, and had three sons and five daughters, of whom Benjamin, Jr., is the eldest now living. He was brought up on, a farm and educated at the common schools. At the age of twenty-three he began life for himself. In 1854 he was married, in Hellam Township, to Elnora Bahn, who has borne him six children, one of whom, Albert W., died at the age of twenty-four years, the living are Byron B., Edward M., Elmer D., Mary E., and Flora R. Mr. Strickler owns a fine farm of 126 acres; and has held various Township oflSces, such as assessor of the township, judge of elections, inspector, and school director several terms. Mr. Strickler is a member of the Reformed Church. Mr. Strickler's ancestors were among the first persons to obtain permits from Satn- uel Blunston, agent of the Penns, to settle on this side of the Susquehanna River. They settled in Kruetz Creek Valley as early as 1732, and were in the valley when Capt. Cressap and his band of Mary- landers encroached upon the right of the Pennsyl- vania settlers. The father of Mr. Strickler died in 1866, aged seventy-one years; the mother died in 1876, aged seventy-seven years. MILTON SULTZBACH was born in Hellam Township, December 26, 1839. His parents were Frederick and Lydia (Gibson) Sultzbach, of Hellam Township, and Cumberland County, and of German and Scotch descent, respectively. They had eleven children, of whom they reared eight. Milton was the third child. He was educated at the public school and has worked all his life at farming, and in a tan yard. At the age of twenty-five he began business for himself. His father died August 17, 1863, aged forty-nine years, but his mother is still living and is now sixty-three years old. Mr. Sultz- bach belongs to an old family of pioneers, and is now residing on the same homstead, which had been in the family for many years, and always was handed down from father to son, as was the present tannery, of which Milton took charge in 1864, and which was established by his grandfather. Mr. Sultzbach is a prominent member of the Masonic order and is universally respected. JOHN A. THOMSON, M. D., was born in Franklin County, Penn., November 3, 1823. His parents were Alexander J. and Margaret M. (Kerr) Thomson, and of Scotch descent. They had a family of five sons and four daughters, one daughter, only, being older than the subject of this sketch, who was educated a Payetteville Academy, spend- ing part of his time clerking in a store, farming and teaching the high school at Payetteville. While engaged in teaching he devoted some of his time to reading medicine, and in 1849 entered Jefferson Medical College, at Philadelphia, from which he graduated in 1852, and at once began the practice of medicine at Wrightsville, where he has since been, and holds a high rank in his profession. He was married at Athens, Peilin., May, 1855, to Elizabeth Satterlee of Bradford County, Penn., and has one child, John A., who was late resident marine sur- geon at Jefferson College, Philadelphia, and is now practicing medicine at Germantown, Penn. Dr. Thomson is at present sifrgeon for the Pennsylvania Railroad, was chief burgess for two years, for a number of years school director, and one of the directors of the Columbia National Bank. His wife and son are members of the Presbyterian Church. He has always enjoyed a large practice in his pro- fession, and is one of the influential citizens of his town. JOHN E. WEITZBL was born in Hellam Town- ship February 24, 1828^ the only child born to John and Elizabeth (Poff) Weitzel. He was brought up on the farm and educated at the public schools. At seventeen years of age he began learning the black- smith trade at Wrightsville, and served as appren- tice four years. When about twenty-one years old he engaged as foreman in Elwine's brickyard, which position he held until 1859, when he purchased the yard. In 1865 'he engaged in the lime burning business in addition to brick-making, and continued until 1882, when he sold the brickyard, but retained and continued the lime burning business in the name of Kerr, Weitzel & Co. In 1850 he was married at York, Penn., to Carrie Blwine, of York, and had eight children, five of whom are living: Henry E., John L., Carrie May, Emma L. and George B. Mr. Weitzel is a very active business man; he is a di- rector of the First National Bank of Wrightsville, president of the Wrightsiville Hall Association, and the man who, through his energy, made the latter enterprise a success. He, was school director three times, and councilman twice. He also owns a branch lime business in Lancaster County, which he managed from 1865 to 18?5. In 1888 he burned and handled about 250,000 hushels of lime. He and wife are members of the Lutheran Church. WILLIAM WITMAN was born in Dauphin County March 8, 1839. His parents were John and Mary (Koutsman) Witman, of Dauphin County, and of German and Enrfish descent. They had twelve children, of whom William W. was the eighth. He was brought up on the farm, and spent ten years of his minority in making bricks. At twenty years of age he learned the trade of wheelwright, at which he worked for two years. He then spent seven years on the Northern Central Railroad as conductor and division foreman. In 1868 he engaged in the dry goods business with Jacob Gohn, at Wrights- ville, but dissolved partnership in 1876. In company with a brother he then bought out a mercantile establishment at Wrightsville, which they con- ducted together two years and a half; his brother then retiring, he has carried on the business by him- self since. In 1862 he was married at Chambeis- burg, Penn., to Kate Deck, daughter of Christian BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Deck, of Chambersburg, Ponn., and has had born to him four children, three of whom are living: i William P., Ida May and Horace M. Mr. Witman is Past Grand of the Odd Fellows, and he and wife are members of the Lutheran Church, while he is superintendent of same Sabbath-school, and elder in church council. JOHN WILSON, deceased, was born in 1807 and died in 1860. He was brought up about Wrightsville and Columbia, and educated at Wriahtsville. He was railroad contractor in Vir- ginia at the time of his marriage, in 1839, at York, to Sarah Hiestand, daughter of Abraham Hiestand, of York County, and had born to hihi twelve chil- dren, one of whom died in infancy, and two after arriving at age. The living are Mary, John, Stephen, Webster, Frank, Thomas, Tempest, Emma and Sarah. In 1844 he removed to Hellam, where he spent the remainder of his life, dying at the age of fifty-three years. Mr. Wilson was a prosperous farmer, and at his death left his family well pro- vided for. His widow is descended from "the pioneer families of York County, and aunt of Gen. A. Hie- stand Glatz. Mrs. Wilson herself is a woman of fine accomplishments, rare merits and womanly ex- cellence. JACOB WELTZHOFFER, son of Henry and Catherine WeltzhofEer, of Wrightsville, was born January 31, 1849, was educated at the public schools, and in 1869 went to learn printing and journalism with Magee & Smith, of the Wrightsville Star. In 1874 he joined Mr. W. W. Moore in the publication of Ihe journal named, and six years later sold his interest to his partner, and took a commercial course in the Pierce Business College of Philadelphia. He next acted as book-keeper for Keller & Kline, of Wrightsville, for a year and a half, and in 1883 re- bought the Star, which he still owns and edits to the entire satisfaction of his subscribers, and the public in general. October 34, 1882, he married Eliza H., daughter of Henry and Sarah A. Harris, of Wrightsville. Mr. and Mrs. WeltzhofEer are members of the Presbyterian Church, in which both sing in the choir, and of which Mr. W. is an elder as well as an active worker in the Sunday- school. Mr. W. has a good publication, with re- munerative circulation, is an enterprising, energetic and liberal citizen, and is a stockholder in the Wrightsville & Chanceford Pike. CARROLL TOWNSHIP. SAMUEL ALTLAND, son of Philip Altland, of Warrington Township, was born Octobor 38, 1836, and assisted on the home farm until 1854, when he began brick-making, which he followed for nine years, and then for four years engaged in car-build- ing at Hanover, this county. In 1869 he began farm- ing in West Manheira Township, but in 1870 came to near Williams Grove, in this township, and farmed until 1874, when he moved to one-half mile south of Dillsburg, bought from the heirs of John Pentz, and made brick and farmed until 1880, when he was e:ced sheriff, on which he removed to York County Prison, in order to discharge his ofiicial du- ties. January 34. 1861, he married Lydia, daughter of Peter and Elizabeth Fickes, of Carroll; of the eight children born to this union, two died; Philip Alvin, the eldest, was deputy sheriff under his father the last two years of his term; Jeremiah Henry was turnkey. At the time of his election to the shrievealty, Mr. Altland had served four years as constable, and one term as assessor of Carrdll Township. On retiring from the office of sheriff, ia which he had been ably assisted by Mre. Altland .as matron, Mr, A. retired to his farm near Dillsburg, but soon sold out and moved to the town and bought a dwelling and livery stable on York Street, and another dwelling and livery stable on Harris- burg Street; he also owns a tract of seventeen acres of woodland in Warrington Township, from which he is clearing the timber; also a tract of six acres in Carroll Township, and a five-acre lot in DiUsbaTg Borough, on which lie has a brick-yard. ALFRED D. ALTLAND, first of tlie three chil- dren of Daniel A. and Elizabeth Altland, of Me- chanicsburg, was born October 16, 1857, and is of German and English descent. From 1873 until 1875 he clerked for J. A. Kauffmann, of Mechanics- burg, and then embarked in business with his father, under the firm name of D. A. Altland & Son. In 1880 he started trade at Lisburn, Cumber- land County, but in 1883 removed to Dillsburg, where he now has a large dry goods and grocery store, doing a business of $16,000 per annram. January 8, 1880, he married Mary E., daughter of George and Mary Wilson, of Shepherdstown, Cum- berland County, and to this union has been born one child — Lettie — now four years of age. GEORGE P. ARNOLD, son of Mieah and Maij Arnold, of this township, was born June 30, 1836, and is of German descent. He was reared en a farm, butin 1861 entered upon the study of medicine under Dr. Michael Frees, of Mechanicsburg, with whom he remained one year, then attended the New York Home Medical College five months, and also received private instruction at Bellevue Hospital. He became a very successful practitioner, ajid was particularly so during the epidemic of diphtheria oi 1865 and 1870. He carried on farming for ten years ia connection with his practice, owning two farms, one of sixty-six acres near Dillsburg, on which he resides, and one of seventy-five acres, three miles distant. In 1850 he married Sarah, daughtei- a£ David and Catherine Law, of Franklin Township, and became the father of nine children, six of whom are living — four boys and two, girls. Of the boys, two are farmers, one is a carpenter, and one is in business in New York; three aie married. The Doctor and his wife are members of the Frank- lin Lutheran Church. The Doctor, is a school di- rector, and is a stockholder in the Dillsburg ^ Mechanicsburg Railroad, and in the smelting fur- nace. W. D. BAILEY, M. D., is a representative phy- sician of York County, and a descendant of cele- brated pioneer ancestry. The grandfather of mar subject, John Bailey, was of Scotch-Irish desoenL His wife was Mary Nelson, of English desieent. They were both born in Monaghan Township, wiiere they resided until their deaths. He was a rfaranet, surveyor, and a worthy citizen. The father ctf our subject, S. N. Bailey, attained iprominent distinc- tion. He was born in Monaghan Township in 1809, reared upon a farm and educated at the commoji schools. He was a close student and a great read- er, which, with high natural ability and keen power of observation, enabled him to acquire a liberal ed- ucation. Learning surveying in early years, he made it the principal business of his life. About 1835 he came to Carroll Township, locating 5a Dills- burg, where he resided the remainder of liis days.. He was engaged in farming for a short period, sub- sequently devoting his attention to surveying ana school teaching. He served several years as county surveyor, and for a number of years was a justice of peace'. In 1843 lie was elected to represent his dis- trict in the State legislature, serving three years with ability and honor. Col. Bailey was also con- nected with one of the early militia compami-ee from «i CARROLL TOWNSHIP. which he derived his title, and by which he was always called. In 1886 he was married to Miss Margaret Mumper, daughter of John and Jane (Beelman) Mumper, a native of Carroll Township, and also a descendant of a well linown and old time family. Three children were hoTn to them: John M., a leading practitioner of law at Huntington, Penn. ; D. Bigler, a lawyer of ability (died in York in 1881), and the subject of this sketch. Col. Bailey was a clerk under Ad,it.-Gen. Banks, and his suc- cessor at Harrisburg for eight years. He entered the service in 1862, and was elected lieutenant-col- onel of the Twelfth Pennsylvania Reserves, and was in service nearly one year when he resigned. Col. Bailey died at Dillsburg in 1878, after a long and Useful career. His widow resides at Dillsburg. W. D. Bailey was born in Dillsburg January 3, 1837. He received a good education, attending the schools of his native town, and also received the advantage of the Tuscarora Academy. After teaching one term he began the study of medicine with Drs. Gr. L. & J. M. Shearer, of Dillsburg, now deceased. Under their instructions he remained three years, attending in the meantime the University of Penn- sylvania, from which he graduated in 1863. He be- gan his practice in York, continuing until the spring of 1863, when he entered the service and was ap- pointed assistant surgeon of the Seventy-eighth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, joining his regi- ment at Murfreesboro, Tenn. In 1864 he was pro- moted to surgeon of his regiment, with rank of ma- jor. He participated in the battles of Hoover's Qap.Tullahoma, Chickamauga, Buzzard Roost, Dal- ton, Resaca, New Hope Church, and in various minor engagements. His regiment was under the ■command of Gens. Thomas, Rosecrans and Sher- man, and was a part of the Fourteenth Army Corps. In November, 1864, he was mustered out, his term of service having expired. Upon his return he went to Oil City and resumed his practice, remain- ing there about one year. In 1866 he returned to Dillsburg, where he has since resided, and estab- lished a large and lucrative practice. Dr. Bailey has always identified himself with all measures of public improvement, is liberal and honorable in all of his relations of life, keeps well abreast with the advancements of the age. In his profession Dr. Bailey takes an honorable pride, and with its prog- ress is well conversant. He is a member of the York County Medical Society, of the State Medical Society, and a member of the York Lodge, No. 266, A. F. & A. M. He has served in various offices in his township, and is one of the honored citizens of York County. Dr. Bailey was married, in 1879, to Miss Josephine F. Logan, daughter of Col. Hen- ry Logan, of Carroll Township. This union has been blessed with two children: William B., de- ceased, and Martha L. The family have always been connected with the Presbyterian Church. SAMUEL NELSON BAILEY, son of Daniel Bailey (deceased) was born in this township, June 14, 1840, was reared on a farm and received a good education, including three years' instruction at Tuscarora Academy. On his return from the latter he assisted in filling up the quota for the draft sent to Harrisburg by the township. In 1866 he married Mary Ann, daughter of Jacob Urich, of Cumberiand County, and went to housekeeping on the old home- stead of 135 acres; this laind he purchased in 1869, and still resides thereon, with his wife and two chil- dren: Logan W. and Frank E. In 1876 he embarked in the grain, coal and phosphate trade in partnership with his brother, M. J. Bailey. Our subject has served two years as auditor, and in the spring of 1882 was elected justice of the peace. MUMPER JOHN BAILEY, son of Daniel Bai- ley (deceased), of this township, was born January 31, 1844. He was educated .in the schools of the neighborhood, and at Academia, Juniata County, and from 1864 until 1868, taught school in Franklin Township, this county, Hampden Township, Cum- berland County, on the eastern shore of Maryland, , and again in this township. Prom 1871 to 1875 he was engaged in mercantile business in Dillsburg, under the firm name of Spahr & Bailey, carrying a stock valued at $10,000; in 1876, in partnership with his brother, under the firm name of S. N. Bailey & Bro., he entered the commission and grain business and dealing in phosphates, at the corner of Church and Second Streets, opposite the depot, and is doing a thriving trade. December 23, 1880, he married Matilda M., daughter of Philip Zeigler, of Monroe Township, Cumberland County. Mr. Bailey has served as school director, and as clerk of the town council, and is a stockholder in the Dillsburg & Mechanicsburg Railroad Company. P. D. BAKER, M. D., was born in Carroll Township November 19, 1848, and is a son of Dan- iel and Margaret (Lehmer) Baker. Great-great- grandfather Baker was a native of Germany, and great-grandfather Daniel Baker a native of Para- dise 'Township, this county. Grandfather Daniel Baker was also born in Paradise Township in 1792; was a weaver and died in 1853. The father of our subject is also a weaver, and followed his trade in Paradise TcJwnship until 1843, when he came to Carroll Township, where he is engaged in farming. Dr. P. D. Baker was reared on the farm until six- teen years of. age; he then attended the normal school at Dillsburg, and the York County Normal School and the York County Academy, and subse- quently taught in the common schools and in the academy a number of terms. In 1870 he began the study of medicine under Drs. G. L. & J. M. Shearer, of Dillsburg, and during the sessions of 1873-73-74 attended lectures at the University of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia; graduating in the spring of 1874, since when he has been in constant practice in this township. To the Doctor's marriage with Miss Kate Kershey, of Washington Township, in 1874, two children have been born: Daniel T. and Mag- gie J. DANIEL W. BEITZEL, son of William Beitzel, of Warrington Township, was born June 30, 1848, and was reared on the farm, attending school in the winter. In 1869 he studied' at the York County Normal School, and in 1870 at the York County Academy. He had taught, however, in Washington Township in 1868, and during the winters from 1869 to 1873 taught in Warrin^on Township. He began his business career in 1873 by clerking for Emig & Bahn, at New Freedom. In the spring of 1874 he was elected teller of the Dillsburg Bank, filled the position four years, and in February, 1878, engaged in the dry goods business in partnership with J. B. Metzger. Four years later Mr. Metzger sold his interest to Michael Bender, and the firm of Beitzel & Bender now carry a stock worth about $14,000. January 17, 1883, Mr. Beitzel married Jennie E., daughter of Matthew Porter, of Carroll Township. Mr. and Mrs. Beitzel have been mem- bers of the Presbyterian Church since 1877. Of this church Mr. B. is at present a trustee, and he has been treasurer of the Sunday-school since 1878. He was made chief Burgess of Dillsburg in IWe, and borough treasurer in 1881. In the spring of 1883 he was elected justice of the peace. He is a member of M. W. Sackett Lodge, No. 89, Dillsburg, and of Central Lodge, No. 19, Harrisburg, and is a charter member of the Pennsylvania Marble, Min- ing & Manufacturing Company of Dillsburg. WILLIAM B. BEITZEL, son of William and Leah Beitzel, of Warrington Township, was born October 14, 1851, and is of German descent. He was reared a farmer, and received his earlier educa- tion at the public schools. In 1873 he attended the BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. normal school at Shippensburg, and in 1874 the National Normal School at Lebanon, Ohio, graduat- ing in the business department of the latter institu- tion in the same year. He taught two terms of school in York Township, two in Warrington, two in Upper Allen, Cumberland County, one in War- ren County, Ohio, and one term in this township. From January 15, 1878, to May 18, 1880, lie was editor of the Dillsburg Bulletin. In June, 1880, he became a clerk in the office of the Cumberland Val- ley Railroad Company at Dillsburg; January 1, 1883, he became agent for that company and for the Adams Express Company. He received an appoint- ment as notary public from Gov. Hoy tin November, 1881, and was reappointed in 1884 by Gov. Pattison. Since 1876 he has been a member of the United Brethren Church. JACOB S. BBNTZ, son of Jacob L. and Eliza- beth Bentz, of Warrington Townsliip, was born April 28, 1836, and is of German descent. He at- tended school and assisted on the home farm until 1854, and then served an apprenticeship of two years at carpentering with his uncle, Andrew Bentz; he next worked a year with Henry Arnold, and then started business for himself, employing five or six hands, for about four years. For some time thereafter he farmed on the old homestead; in 1869 he bought a farm of 107 acres near Dillsburg. of Henry Arnold, on which he built a large barn and other out-buildings, and removed and enlarged the dwelling. Mr. Bentz has had born to him four chil- dren, of whom two sons, one a farmer, the otlier a mfirchant, are still living. With his wife he is a member of the Lutheran Church at the Barrens. He has served as supervisor, school director and au- ditor, and three years ago was elected county com- missioner. CHRISTIAN BOWMAN, son of John and Mar- tha Bowman, of East La,mpeter Township, Lan- caster County, was born July 26, 1811, and was brought to Monaghan Township, this county, at the age of four years, in 1815. He was reared on the home farm until 1833, when he learned the cooper's trade, at which he worked eleven years. In 1843 he began farming in Monaghan Township on Jacob Coover's place, remained two years and then bought 125 acres near Filey's Church, on which he lived until 1869, when he came to Carrdll Town- ship and bought a thirty-five-acre tract, on which he erected a new dwelling, in which he now resides. In 1834 he married Susan, daughter of Jacob and Elizabeth Coover, of Monaghan Township. This lady died in April, 1853, having borne her husband twelve children, of whom six— twin girls and four boys— still survive. In 1853 Mr. Bowman married Margaret, daughter of Frederick and Margaret Asper, and to this union was born one son— Fred- eriek-^who died at the age of twenty montlis and eight days. Mr. and Mrs. Bowman are members of the Union Reformed Church at Filey's. Mr. B. is a large stockholder in the Harrisburg & Potomac Railroad _ , ^ , ^ ^ , „ , JOHN COOK, son of John and Hannah Cook, of this township, was born August 18, 1813, and is of Welsh descent. He was reared a farmer an^ re- mained with his father thirty-one years after he at- tained his majority; but on the 34th of April, 1849, married Lydi'a M., daughter of John and Lydia Walker, of Warrington Township. For many years Mr. Cook drove a team during the winter to Baltimore, Chambersburg, Lancaster, Harrisburg and Cirlisle. At the death of his father he bought the homestead of 100 acres, of which eighty-five are under cultivation and fifteen in timber, and in 1869 erected a fine barn. He still resides on the place. Mrs. Lydia Cook died March 3, 1873, the mother of four children, viz.. Eliza Ann, married to A. B. Shearer; William Ramsey, married to Mary M. Herges, and superintendent of the home farm; Fanny N.. at home; and Ruth Emma, a school teacher. The family are members of the Warrington Friends' Meeting. GEORGE W. COOK, son of Hezckiah Cook, of Warrington Township, was born June 30, 1863, and was reared on the home farm, his. winters being de- voted to the district school, and also to a select school at Franklintown. In September, 1880, he went to Poughkeepsie, N. Y., where he passed eleven weeks at Eastman's Business College. On his return he was appointed teller of the Dillsburg National Bank, and a few years later was elected cashier, which position he still holds. March 33, 1883, he married Nannie M., daughter of AVilliam Beitzel, of Warrington Township, and the union has been blessed with two children; May and Ralph. Mrs. Cook is a consistent member of the United Brethren Church at Mt. Zion. JOHN FLEMING was born January 13, 1835, and is the second of the five children of Abraham and Susanna Fleming, of this township. He passed his boyhood in attending school in winter and as- sisting on the farm in summer. His mother died ' in 1863, and his father in 1873. In 1864 he assumed charge of the homestead, which comprises 123 acres, and contains a good house and barn, and is now. the property of his two sisters and himself. In 1863 he married Catherine, daughter of Jonas Huntsberger, of Monaghan Township. Five chil- dren were born to this union; of these, three are living: Abraham Huntsberger, Arthur Eugene and John Newton Patterson. They have also one adopted daughter, Minnie Dehia, aged about eight- een. . Mr. and Mrs. Fleming have been members of the Church of God at Mt. Pleasant since 1861. JOHN B. FIRESTONE, son of Aaron Fire- stone, of this township, was born October 20, 1851, and passed his boyhood on the farm and in attend- ing school. In his twenty-second year he began at- tending the York County Normal School, which he attended two terms. He also taught school the winter of 1875-76 in Dover Township, -and the fol- lowing year he taught in this township. In 1881 he took charge of the primary school at Dillsburg, and the following year was promoted to the charge of the grammar school, which he taught two terms, and was then re-elected, but declined to accept the position of teller in the Dillsburg National Bank. Prof. Firestone has been a member of the United Brethren Church at Beavertown since 1877. J. O. HOFFMAN, 51. D., was born in York County, August 31, 1854, and until 1871 assisted on the home farm and attended the district school. From 1871 to 1872 he attended select schools, and taught alternately; from 1872 to 1873 he worked in his father's mill; from thesummerof 1873 to the sum- mer of 1875 he attended various seminaries and taught school, working the ensuing winter in the mill; from the summer of 1876 to 1880, he was a student in the Millersville State Normal School, teaching at various points in the meantime. In the spriugof 1880 he began reading medicine under Dr. J. H. Marsden, of York Springs, author of Marsden's "Midwifery," editor of the obstetrical department of the HomceopatMo Observ&r, and an authority in obstetrics. From 1880 to 1883 our subject attended three courses of medical lectures of nine months each, and during the last two years was assistant in the homoeopathic hospital of the university. .lune 28, 1883, he was graduated with the degree of M. D. from the Uni- versity of Michigan, and in October following lo- cated at Dillsburg, where he has established a sat- isfactory practice and makes a specialty of eye and ear treatment. September 35, 1884, he married Miss Kate Klugh, of Dillsburg. JOHN KUNTZ,- son of John and Susanah (Harbold) Kuntz, was born in Adams County in CARKOLL TOWNSHIP. 1835; and is of German descent. At the age of fif- teen he began the carpenter's trade with Jacob Haybarger, serving three years. He then began business for himself and has since followed the trade JQi connection with farming and lime-burning, and for twenty-three years he has kept eighteen men in his employ. His farm comprises forty acres wnne time he held the position of auditor for three years. Our subject received his early education at the Pleasant Grove Academy, and in 1873 went to Ohio and read medicine with Dr. Gemmill, finally gradu- ating from the Eclectic Medical Institute at Cin- cinnati in 1876. He first practiced medicine in New Market, Md., where he remained until 1881. He then moved to Pawn Township, York County, in February, 1882, and succeeded to the practice of Dr. Wright, of Gatchellville, and has since re- mained here. .He was married, in 1877, to Ella G. Warfleld, daughter of David A. Warfield and Sarah E. (Curran) Warfield, of Wrightsville. They have two children: Reba E. and Thomao W. RICHARD McDonald, son of Robert and Lydia (Payne) McDonald, of York County, was born in 1838 in Hopewell Township, and has always resided in York County. He was married in 1867 to Mary Mc Williams, daughter of James McWill- iams, of York County. They have five children: Richard T., Robert G., May C, Harriet and Margaret A. Mr. McDonald purchased the farm of 150 acres, on which he lives, in 1865. HENRY S. MERRYMAN is a son of Nelson and Sara,h (Davis) Merryman, of Baltimore, Md., and was born September 6, 1889, in Harford County, Md. He remained there until 1861, when he enlisted in Purnell's cavalry, Company A, called Purnell's Legion, and served until the close of the war, when he returned to Harford County, where he remained until 1871. He then came to Pawn Grove and established a general merchandising business, in which he is still engaged. He was married, in 1866, to Jane A. Webb, a daughter of William and Margaret Webb, of Fawn Grove. By this union they have five children: Carrie E., Harry C, Nelson, William E. and Oorinne. Mr. Merry- man is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, of Harford County, Md. JOSEPH MILNER, son of Cyrus and Sarah (Carter) Milner, of Delaware and Harford Counties, Md., respectively, was born March 11, 1808, in Lancaster County, Penn. His great-grandfather came from England to Pennsylvania with William Penn, on his last visit in 1699. The parents of our subject came to York County in 1856, and settled in Fawn Township, where they resided until their death. The father died in 1859 and the mother in 1860. Joseph Milner remained in Lancaster County, Penn., until 1830, when he went to Illinois, where he stayed two years. He then returned to Lancaster County in 1833, and followed teaming in connection with farming. In 1854 he came to York County and purchased his present farm of 144 acres, where he has since resided. He was married in 1840 to Joanna B. Hamilton, daughter of Robertand Eliza- beth Hamilton, of York County. By this union they had six children, three now living: Robert H., Lewis H. and William G. Mr. Milner has held the offices of treasurer and supervisor of this township. George D., the second son, died in the rebel prison at Salisbury, N. C, during the war in 1864. Mr. Milner is a member of the Society of Friends, who have a meeting house at Fawn Grove. Lewis H. Milner, son of Joseph and Joanna B. (Hamilton) Milner, was born October 3, 1844, in Lancaster County, Penn. He enlisted on June 17, 1863, in Company B, One Hundred and Eighty-seventh Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served until the close 104 FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. of the war, when he returned to the homestead where he has since resided. DAVID PYLE, son of Abram and Harriet (Payne) Pyle, of Chester County, Penn., was born March 8, 18315, in Chester County, Penn. He came in 1851, to York County, Penn., with his parents, who settledinFawn Township, where they remained until their death. He was married, in 1857, to Hul- dah J. Torbert, daughter of Andrew and Susan (Jones) Torbert, of Fawn Grove. By this union they have had two children, of whom one is living — Abram. Mr. Pyle holds the position of collector of Fawn Township at present. Abram Pyle, son of the above, is a miller by trade, and is engaged with j; R. Wiley, at Rock Run Mills. BENJAMIN F. PYLE, son of Isaac and Cassie (Brooks) Pyle, natives of Chester County and Lan- caster County, Penn., respectively, was born April 11, 1857, on the same farm that he now occupies. His parents came to York County, Penn., in 1854, and settled on a farm of fifty acres in Fawn Town- ship. The father died in 1876, but the mother is still living on the homestead. They had seven children. Mr. Pyle follows the trade of carpenter, in connection with farming. He wasmarried; June 5, 1884, to Ella A. Wilson, daughter of Josiah and Elizabeth (Lutz) Wilson, of York County, Penn. CORNELIUS PRALL, son of Isaac R. and Ann B. (Rhodes) Prall, natives of New Jersey and Balti- more, Md. respectively, was born November 30, 1833, in Fawn Township, York County, Penn. His parents came to York County, Penn., in 1830, and settled in Hopewell Township. The father died in 1880, and the mother in 1865. Mr. Prall was mar- ried, in 1856, to Margaret Zigler, daughter of Peter Zigler, of York County, Penn. They have four ■children; Margaret M., Annie 8., Delfinia H. and Chambers R. Mr. Prall purchased his present farm of forty-eight acres in 1869. The family are mem- bers of the Methodist Episcopal Church, of Pros- pect. ANDREW M:. SCOTT, son of Robert and Susan (Morrison) Scott, of York County, was born Octo- ber 19, 1855, in Fawn Township, where he has al- ways resided. His father and mother are both de- ceased, the former dying in 1876, and the latter in 1871. At the age of nineteen our subject began learning the wheelright's trade, and has been estab- lished in his present location since 1878. He was married, in 1881, to Sarah E. Enfield, daughter of Andrew Enfield, of York County, Penn. They have no children. Mr. Scott owns the dwelling and one acre of land, where he resides, which he pur- chased in 1880. He is a member of the Methodist Protestant Church, at Pawn Grove. He has been auditor, and is atpresent constable of the township. JOHN STRAWBRIDGE (deceased), son of John 'and RachaeK Alloway) Strawbridge of York County, Penn., was born in 1804, in York County, Penn. He purchased the farm near New Park, containing 150 acres, in 1835, and remained there until his death in 1878. He was married in 1840 to Grizella McDonald, daughter of Aquilla McDonald, of York County, Penn. This union was blessed with nine children: John C, Mary E., Rachael., Aquilla M., Richard A., Sarah J., Franklin P., Louisa and Joseph. Mrs. Strawbridge died on the homestead in 1877. Aquilla M. and Franklin P., sons of John Strawbridge, inherited the homestead at the death of their parents, and carry on the farm, with their sister Sarah J. as housekeeper. Mr. Strawbridge held various offices in the township, and was post- master for thirty years. JOHN B. THOMPSON, son of James Thomp- son, of York County, was born at Muddy Creek Forks, York Co., Penn., February 15. 1838. His father removed from Upper Chanceford Township to Fawn Town.ship in 1830, settling on property now owned by W. R. &J. B.Thompson, and known as Bald Eagle, there he remained until his death in 1860. John B. Thompson was married in 1860 to Elizabeth Channell, daughter of John Channell, of York County. They have five children: Mary B.. John, Samuel 6., Joseph and William R. Mr. Thompson has held the office of school director, and has been postmaster of Bald Eagle for ten years. In connection with farming he carries on a woolen-mill, manufacturing cloth, blankets, etc. WILLIAM R. WEBB, son of William and Mar- garet (Channell) Webb, natives of Fawn Township, Yorii Co. Penn. ; was born in Fawn Grove, January 37, 1858. His parents always resided in Fawn Town- ship; the father died 1878, leaving a widow and four children: William R., Abel J., Mary S. B. and Jane A. M. At the age of sixteen years William R., began learning the cabinet-maker's trade and worked at it until 1878, when he came into possession of an undertaking and cabinet business, which was left him by his father, which business he now conducts. He was married January 35, 1883, to JesseA. McElvain, a daughter of Josiah McElvain, of Lancaster County, Penn., and they have one child, Mary A. Mr. Webb is the owner of a hotel stand and several building lots in Fawn Township. JAMES R. WILEY, son of Thomas and Isabella (Irwin) Wiley, of York County, Penn., was born February 15, 1853. His grandfather, James, Wiley, was one of the earliest settlers of York County, Penn. Thomas Wiley, subject's father, owned a farm of 100 acres and founded the Rock Run Mills, now owned and worked hy his son James R. The latter began learning the milling trade when sixteen years of age, and has followed it since. He also runs a saw-mill. Mr. Wiley is a member of Centre Pres- byterian Church, and holds the position of trustee. JOHN C. WILEY, son of Samuel and Ellen (Anderson) Wiley, of York County, Penn., was born April 16, 1853, on the homestead of 113 acres, which he now owns. His father died in 1859. In 1879, Mr. Wiley was married to Louisa Strawbridge, daughter of John and Grizella (McDonald) Straw- bridge, of York County, Penn. This union has been blessed with three children :' Samuel J., Nellie B. and an infant. In addition to the 118 acres on the homestead Mr. Wiley owns ninety-eight acres. He is a member of the Presbyterian Church, of Centre. He has held the office of auditor for three years. FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. JACOB W. ALBERT was born in Adams County, Penn., in 1821, a son of Rev. J. E. and Catherine (Wentz) Albert) of Adams and Perry Counties, respectively. His great-grandfather came from Germany, and was sold t© pay his passage across the ocean. The grandfather was a farmer in Adams County, Penn., and owned a large tract of land, which was divided into eight farms. He was a member of the Reformed Church. The fa- ther of subject was a German Reformed minister in Adams and York Counties for many years. He owned three farms in Adams County of 175 acres, seventy-five and fifty acres, respectively. He had twelve children: Susanna, Ezra (deceased), Eliz- abeth, Jacob W., Mary (deceased), Josiah .(de- ceased), Ephraim, Appolonia (deceased), Hiram, Samuel, Rebecca and CatherJne. Jacob W. Albert managed his father's farm when he was seventeen years old, and has since followed farming, owning ninety-eight acres of finely-improved land in BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 105 Franklin Township, where he resides. Like his ancestors, he belongs to the Reformed Church. In 1844 he married Leah Bup, daughter of Frederick Bup, of Franklin Township. They have three chil- dren; Catherine, Sarah and Abraham F. LEWIS ARNOLD was born in Warrington Township, York County, Penn., September 30, 1844, and is a son of Daniel and Anna (Straley) Ar- nold. His grandfather was a native of York Coun- ty, and engaged in farming in Washington Town- ship, having a farm of 150 acres. His father was a miller by trade, and followed it and farming in Do- ver and "Warrington Townships. In 1869 he pur- chased twenty-three acres of land in Adams Coun- tv, which he farmed till his death in January, 1872. He had seventeen children; Rebecca, William (killed in the battle of the Wilderness in 1864), Solomon, Samuel, Stephen, Sarah, Frank, Lewis, Jacob (de- ceased), Henry, Louisa (deceased), Maria, George, Aaron. Mary A., Amanda and Daniel L. Lewis Arnold, when eighteen years old, began learningthe tanner's trade, which he followed six months, when he enlisted, in September, 1863, in Company Q, One Hundred and Forty-third Regiment Pennsyl- vania Volunteers, under Gen. Warren, and took part in the following engagements: Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Laurel Hill and North Ann River. In the last engagement he was wounded in the leg. May 23, 1864. On the following day his leg was amputated, and he was removed to Mt. Pleasatlt Hospital, at Washington, where he remained until April 25, 1865; he then returned home and engaged in the cigar manufacturing business in Cumberland, County, Penn. In 1866 he came to Franklintown, and in 1868 began learniag the shoe-maker's trade which he still follows. He has a fine home in Franklintown. In 1870 he married Lydia M. Dit- mer, daughter of Henry and Mary (Wierman) Dit- mer, of Franklin Township. By this union they have had five children; Mary E., James D., Henry D., Clayton S. and Richard L. Mr. and Mrs. Ar- nold are members of the Union Baptist Church. CHRISTIAN BENDER was born in 1828 in York County, and is a son of Lewis and Catherine (Hershey) Bender. His grandparents were natives of Lancaster County, Penn.. but came to York County at an early day. His father was also a na- tive of Lancaster County; his mother was born in York County. T'hey owned a farm of 165 acres, which the father farmed until a few years before his death. 'They were active members of the Unit- ed Brethren Church, and left eight children : Mary, Christian, Henry. Elizabeth. Sarah. Lydia,.3Iichael and Catherine. Christian Bender followed farming until his marriage, when he engaged in threshing, farming and teaming, which he is still following. He owns ninety-three acres of well cultivated land in Franklin Township, also a small farm of twenty- eight acres half a mile from the home farm, and twenty-eight acres of mountain land. In 1851 he married Elizabeth Mumper, a daughter of Michael Mumper, a prominent farmer of Franklin Town- ship, who died in 1859. They have five children; Samuel H., Mary E., Edward L., Lilly B. and Sal- lie. Nearly all the family belong to the United Brethren Church. Mr. Bender has been a director of the Dillsburgh and Mechanicsburgh Railroad for fourteen years. ..„„„• ^ JACOB BRANDT was born m 1827 in Carroll Town.ship, York County, and is a son of Jacob and Rachel (McClure) Brandt, of York County, who, like the grandparents, followed farming. Jacob Brandt was reared a farmer, and has alwavs fol- lowed that occupation. He owns 275 acres of some of the best land in- the township, adjoining which he owns a small place of five acres, where his son David lives; he is the owner also of thirty acres of mountain land,several building lots in Dillsburgh, three places in Adams County, and a fine building in Mt. Holly, Cumberland Co., Penn. In 1848 he married Sarah Smith, a daughter of John S. Smith, who came from England in 1827. They have had the following children: Mary E. (deceased), David. John, Saran E. (deceased), Albert, Harry C. (de- ceased). They all belong to the Evangelical Churcti, in which Mr. Brandt was steward for ten years. In connection with his farming, he also deals in horses and mules, and has been for twenty-one years quite extensively engaged in that trade. LEVI CHR0NI8TER was born in Adams County, Penn., in 1831, a son of Jonas and Marga- ret (Sowers) Chronister, of Adams and Cumbr;rliind Counties, Penn., respectively. His grandfather was a native of Adams County and a farmer, which occupation he followed until his death in 1836. His farm contained about 400 acres, and was situated in Reading Township, Adams County. He was drafted for the army in 1812. Jonas Chronister was a farmer and teamster. He owned several town lots in Hampton, Adams County, and a farm of tliirty acres on which he lived. He died from an apoplec- tic stroke April 3. 1881, aged seventy-seven years. A brother of subject's grandfather was'killed in the Revolutionary war. Levi Chronister remained on the farm until his seventeenth year. When the common school system was adopted in Pennsylvania he was one of the first teachers in Reading Town- ship, Adams County, where he taught twenty-one terms. In 1852 he entered Dickinsonr College at Carlisle. Penn., where he attended two sessions, about 800 students being then there. Before going to Carlisle he worked at blacksmithing, but being disabled by a kick from a horse, he in 1851 learned the trade of a wheelwright, at which he worked eleven summers, teaching school in the winter. He was elected justice of the peace in Reading Township, and held that ofiice for fourteen years. In 1868 he moved to Franklin Township, where he engaged in teaching school, settling up estates, fire insurance, and served as justice of the peace. He was married, in 1856, to Amanda Pick- ing, daughter of William S. . Picking, of Dover Township. They have had two children: Albert W. (deceased) and William P. Mrs. Chronister died in 1864. In 1868 Mr. C. married Susannah Mumper, daughter of George Bollinger, of York County. Mr. Chronister has taught school for thirty-seven winter terms. EDWARD DICK was born in 1829 in York County, and is the son of George and Mary (Nagle) Dick, of Adams County, Penn., wio settled on the property now owned by the son in 1831. The father was engaged in farming and the mercantile business, and during the time the jail was building at York be was commissioner for York County, after which he retired from active business in 1851. He was a progressive farmer and merchant, and a director of the Dillsburgh Bank. He owned about 180 acres of well improved land. In all public affairs he took a lively interest until his death in 1876. His wife survived him only two years. They were members of the Lutheran Church and had seven children: Catherine, Edward. Christian, all living; Lydia Ann (deceased). Elizabeth (deceased), Mary Jane (deceased) and Sarah E. Edward Dick has always been identified with the old homestead. He, like his father, is one of the most progressive business men of the township. He owns 230 acres of improved land, and about 100 acres of mountain land. Besides farming he is engaged in the mer- cantile business, owns a grist and saw-mill, and since 1853 has been postmaster at Clear Spring. He has been school director for nine years. January 23, 1857, he married Elizabeth A. Myers, of Adams County, who, like himself, is a member of the Lutheran Church. They have four children: John 106 FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. H., George W., Charles E., James A. (deceased) and Lottie M., some of whom are already assisting their father on the farm, in business and in the mill. REV. S. DILLER is a native of Cumberland County, Penn., born in 1840, a son of Samuel and Catharine (Richwine) Diller, of Cumberland County. His grandfather was a farmer and owned several hundred acres of land in Cumberland County. His father, Samuel Diller, was also a farmer and weaver by trade; he owned 500 acres of good land in York County, divided into seven farms, and about 100 acres of mountain land. He came to Franklin Township in 1867, and remained here until his dea>h in 1873, at the age of sixty- four years. He had eleven children: Mary A., Sarali A., Catherine A., Julia A., Simon, Joseph (deceased), Susan A. (deceased), Cyrus, Priscilla A., S. C. and Rosa A. Subject remained on the farm in York County, until the age of twenty-eight years, when he went to the Lutheran Missionary School at Selin's Grove, Penn. He then began active work in the United Brethren ministry at the Carlisle Spring Circuit in Cumberland (jounty, where he re- mained two years; next he went to Dover Circuit, York County, where he remained four years; then took Yocumtown charge for one year. In the con- ference of 1883, he chose the local ministry. In 1865 he married Lydia A. Morrett, daughter of George Morrett, of Cumberland County. They have two children: George S., and Luther O. Mr. Diller is an ardent worker in the cause of education, the church and Sunday-schools. He owns several fine tracts of land with .all the necessary improve- ments. SAMUEL C. DILLER was born in Cumberland County. Penn., in 1849, and is a son of Samuel and Catherine (Richwine) Diller, of Cumberland Counly. His grandfather, Diller, was a farmer in Cumberland County, and owned about 200 acres of land. The father was a weaver by trade but also followed farming, owning about 600 acres of im- proved land, which were divided into seven farms, also 100 acres of mountain land. He came to Franklin Township in 1867, where he remained un- til he died, in 1873, at the age of sixty-five years. He had eleven children: Mary A., Sarah A., Cath- erine A., Julia A., Simon, Joseph (deceased), Susannah A. (deceased), Cyrus, Priscilla, S. C. and Rose A. Samuel C. Diller assisted his father oh the farm until he was twenty-one years of age, when he took one of his father's farms and began farming for himself. In 1877 he sold his farm to John Arnold, and in the spring of 1878 went to Michigan with his family, where he remained ten months, engaged in laboring. In the following spring he returned to Franklin Township, where he purchased sixty-two acres of improved land and commenced farming again, working sometimes at the carpenter trade. Like his ancestors, Mr. Diller is a musician and sometimes teaches music. He was married, in 1873, to Susan Bender, daughter of Joshua Bender, of Snyder County, Penn. AARON B. FLICKER was born in 1841 in Warrington Township, York County, Penn., a son of Valentine and Jane (Blackford) Elicker, natives of Adams and York Counties, respectively. His father was a native of Adams County, Penn. Sub- ject's father followed fanning for' about thirty ^ears, although he was a carpenter by trade. He owned 220 acres of well-improved land in Warring- ton and Washington Townships. He was a member of the II B. Church, and was a liber- al supporter of the same. He possessed more than ordinary musical talent. He died in 1862 at the age of sixty-seven years, leaving a widow and six children to mourn his loss. Aaron B. was brought up on the farm, attended the common schools and afterward an academy. In 1862 he be- gan farming in Warrington Township, and in 1864 taught school in Franklin Township, to which he removed in 1866 and commenced farming, which he followed for nine years. He then moved to Dills- burgh where he remained four years; renting his property there, returned to Franklintown, now a borough (his buildings and part of his farm of forty acres are within the borough limits), where he re- sumed farming. In 1865 he married Susan E. Mil- ler, daughter of William B. Miller, of Carroll Township. They have two children: William M., eight years old, and Olive M., four years old. Sub- ject served the otBces of town council, assessor, in- spector, and was elected school director in 1884 for the term of three years. The family attend the Presbyterian Church, of which Mrs. Elicker is a member. JOHN ERNST was born in 1829, in Franklin Township, York Co., Penn., son of John and Catharine (Ritter) Ernst, of Lancaster and Adams Counties, respectively. His father and grandfather were farmers, and took a lively interest in church and public affairs. The father owned 119 acres of well-improved land in Franklin Township. He had six children: Daniel (deceased), Susannah, Mary A., Daniel, Caroline (deceased) and John. The latter was brought up on the farm, and has since followed farmmg. Besides the home farm of 119 acres, he owns another, adjoining, of 157 acres of well- improved land and about forty acres of woodland. He owns also six valuable properties in Dillsburgh, among which is a large warehouse occupied by the Baily Bros. Mr. Ernst is a Lutheran in religion. He has never been married. JOHN HUMMER was born in West Manches- ter Township. York Co. Penn., in 1817, son of John and Eve (Ziegler) Hummer, of German descent. The grandfather came from Germany when very young, and settled in West Manchester Township, where he remained until his death. John Hummer, subject's . father, was a miller, and followed that occupation in West Manchester, Dover and Codorus 'Townships, Both he and his wife died in Dover Township. Our subject was reared in. West Manchester Township, following farming. In 1843 he removed to Adams County, where he remained one year. Returning to York County, he continued farming until 1846, when he commenced huckstering, which he con- tinued in connection with farming for thirty-five years. He then sold out and purchased the farm upon which he now lives, containing about 160 acres, which he has highly improved. He also owns the Lucas Grove Mills, which belong to the farm. In 1844, he was married to Julia Ann Sowers, of York, who died in 1880, leaving six children: George S., Sarah E., Mary A., Lillie, John and Charles E. The family belong to the Reformed Church of Franklin Township. CAPT. JOHN KLUGH, is a native of York County,Penn. , was born May 11 . 1816, and is a son of George and Hannah (Arnold) Klugh, of Lancaster and York Counties respectively. His grandfather came from Germany, and settled in Lancaster County, where he engaged in farming. George Klugh was a carpenter, and followed .his trade in Franklin Township until 1878. when he died at the age of eighty -four years. He was blessed with the following children; John, George, Henry, Frederick, Peter, Joseph, Clarissa and JPhilip (deceased). Capt. Klugh < remained at home until his fifteenth year, when he began learning the carpenter's trade which he followed for thirty years. In 1860 lie began mer- cantile business in Franklintown, where he was also postmaster. In 1864 he was elected captain of Com- jjany I, Two Hundred and Ninth Regiment Penn- sylvania Volunteers, and with his regiment, was en- gaged in the battles of Hatcher's Run, and Fort BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. .107 Steadman. In the latter engagementlie was wounded in the arm; being disabled for further duty, he returned home and resumed the mercantile business. In 1881 he sold his stock of goods to his son-in-law, George Lehmer, and commenced farming, owning about 850 acres of improved land; 100 acres of wood land, and 334 acres in Washington Township. He also owns two houses and ten lots in Franklintown, all of which he accumulated by hard labor; held the office of jury commissioner, and is also a justice of the peace. He was married in 1848, to Henrietta Bitter, daughter of Henry Ritler, one of the earliest settlers of York County, they have the following children: Mary, Alice, Harry, John and Milton B. They belong to the Lutheran Church in Franklin- town, to which Capt. Klugh has given the ground, and is otherwise interested in the erection of a new church. GEORGE LEHMER is a native of York County, and was born October 1, 1844, a son of Cornelius and Eve (Koch) Lehmer, of York County. His grand- father, Philip Lehmer, also of York County, was a farmer, owning about 500 acres of land in Washing- ton, Franklin and Carroll Townships. Cornelius Lehmer was also engaged in farming, and is still liv- ing in Carroll Township. He had seven children: Mary, George, Leah (deceased), Sarah (deceased), James (deceased), Philip H. and Andrew J. George Lehmer was brought up on the farm, assisting his father until the age of sixteen years, when he en- listed, October 1, 1863, in Company D, Eighty-fourth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, and with his regiment engaged in the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, where he was wounded in the right arm; he was in the engagements of Mine Run, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor, North Ann River, Petersburg, Mine Explosion and Richmond. At the close of the war he returned home, and in 1868 went to Michigan, where he served two years .as an apprentice at carpentering; returning to York County, he followed painting and carpentering four years. In 1873 he married Mary Klugh, daughter of Capt. John Klugh,one of the most prominent men of this township. Mr. Lehmer became a partner with his father-in-law in the mercantile business, and in 1881, took charge of the business himself, at which he has since been very prosperous. In the spring of 1884 he and J. S. Bentz, of Carroll Township, went into business in Washington Township, thus making him one of the four leading business men of this sec- tion of the county. In 1880 he was licensed enumer- ator of Franklin and Washington Townships, and in 1863 was appointed mercantile appraiser of York County. He has had six children, five living: Ralph P., Viola, Walter S., Hattie, Georgia (deceased), and Morris. ROBERT C. LIVINGSTON ivas born in York County, Penn., in 1815, a son of William and Mar- garet (Cook) Livingston, of York and Cumberland Counties respectively, and of Scotch descent. His grandfather cam^ from Scotland in a very early day and settled in York County. The father, a cooper by trade, followed farming in York County for niany years, and died in 1846 at the age of sixty- eight years. He had the following children: James (deceased), Mary, William, Ellen (deceased), Robert C, Hugh (deceased), and George (deceased). Robert C. Livingston was brought up on the farm until the age of eleven years, when he went to live with William Diven, Esq., with whom he remained until the age of twenty-one years. During that time he learned the tanner's trade, which he followed for thirty -one years in Adams County, Penn. He owns about eighty-one acres of well cultivated land in Franklin Township, where he resides. In 1838 he married Lydia Beles, daughter of Josiah Beles, of Adams Cotmty; James. Caleb, Robert A. (deceased), Lorah M. (deceased), MaryE., Lydia J., Anna C, Margaret D. (deceased), Ida C. (deceased), and- Fletcher (deceased), are the children born to this union. Mr. Livingston is a member of the Presby- terian Church, and his wife a member of the Epis- copal Church. The eldest son, James, was a soldier in the late war, and their third son, Robert, died when in the service. JOSEPH MENGESwas born in 1830 in Jackson Township, York Co., Penn., son of Daniel and Elizabeth (Bullinger) Menges, of York County. His grandfather was a native of York County, Penn., and owned three fine farms in the county, but re- tired from active life several years before his death, in 1839, at the age of seventy-four years. The father, Daniel, was brought up on the farm, and in 1841 he removed to Adams County,and purchased 170 acres of improved land, and forty acres of wood- land. He had a family of five children: Joseph, Henry, Susannah, Emanuel and Franklin. Joseph Menges went to Adams County with his parents in 1841, when only eleven years old, and worked on the farm until h'e was twenty-five years old. In 1855 he removed to York County, where he now resides, and possesses about 105 acres of finely cultivated land, and twenty acres of woodland, the gi'eater part of which, he made by his own industry and eco- nomical habits. Like all of the Menges family, he belongs to the Lutheran Church. In 1855 he was married to Elizabeth Coulson, daughter of William Coulson, of Adams County. They have five chil- dren: Sadie, Mary, Alice, Marshie and Josie. Mr. Menges takes an active part in school and township affairs. EDWARD W. MUMPER is a native of Frank- lin Township, York County, was born in 1832, a son of Michael and Elizabeth (Weaver) Mumper, natives of York County, Penn., and Maryland, re- spectively. His grandfather. Mumper, owned a large tract of land in Carroll and Franklin Town- ships, and was engaged in farming and distilling. He was a member of the German Reformed Church. Grandfather Weaver was in the war of 1813, and in Baltimore when Gen. Ross was killed. Michael Mumper, father of Edward W., was a farmer and teamster, and followed these occupations in Frank- lin Township until his death in 1839, at the age of sixty-nine years. He owned 500 acres of improved land, and 100 acres of woodland, divided into four farms. He was a member of the Reformed Church and had the following children: Samuel (deceased), Rebecca (deceased), Mary (now living), Michael (now living), John (deceased), Elizabeth (now liv- ing),Edward W.(now living), and Lewis (deceased). Edward W. Mumper began farming for himself in 1852, and continued until 1880, when he retired from active work. He owns 120 acres of improved land, and twenty acres of woodland. In 185? he married Susannah Myers, daughter of Barney Myers, of Franklin Township. They have two children: William, who manages the home farm, and MaryE. Mrs. Mumper died September 15, 1883, a member of the Reformed Church, of which Mr. Mumper is also a member. In October, 1884, he married Henrietta Rice, of Adams County. REV. HENRY SEIFERT, of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, of Franklintown, was born in York County August 31, 1833, and is a son of Michael and Polly (Leimbauch) Seifert,who were descended from old families of York County. The father was a farmer of Dover Township, where he resided nearly all his life. He died April 29, 1864. and the mother died September 21, 1850. He was a Lu- theran; and the mother a Reformed. Rev.Henry Sei- fert was brought up on his father's farm until he was seventeen years of age, attending the common schools. He then, for eleven years, worked at the trade of coverlet weaving and dyeing, afterward attending the Pennsylvania College and Seminary 108 HEIDELBERG TOWNSHIP. at Gettysburg for four and one-half years. In 1855 he went to Bedford County, where he entered the Lutheran ministry, creaching there for four years and a half. He then went to Monroe County, where he was pastor of the Hamilton charge for nine years. Returning to his native county he took a charge at Rossville for two years; then in Centre County for two years; thence to Somerset County, where he had charge three years. In 1876 he re- turned to York County and assumed the charge of Clear Spring around Franklintown, where he has ever since been preaching. He has charge of four congregations, two in Adams County and two in York County. At one time he had charge of nine congregations, whom he faithfully served. He is now building a church in Franklintown. He was married December 25, 1843, to Harriet Meisenhel- ter, daughter of John and Mary (Klinefelter) Meis- enhelter. of York County. They have seven chil- dren: Clara E., Martin L., David I., Mary J., El- lennora M , John M. and Charles H. JOHN T. SMITH was born in York County in 1831, and is a son of John W. and Hannah (Tho- man) Smith, natives of York County. His grand- father, also a native of York County, was a distil- ler and farmer in Manheim Township. Subject's father was also engaged in farming and milling in Shrewsbury Township. He removed to Wash- ina;ton Township in 1840) where he again engaged in farming until his death in 1877. He left four children: John T., Jacob T., Elizabeth A., Jesse T. .(deceased). John T. Smith has been engaged in farming all his life, and owns ninety-three acres of improved land. with fine buildings. He belongs to the German Reformed Church, and takes a great interest in church and school matters. In 1860 he was married to Anna HoUinger, daughter of George Hollinger, of Adams County; she was born July 83, 1889, and died March 37, 1883. They had ten chil- dren: William H. (deceased), Lizzie J. (deceased). George C, Susan E. (deceased), John A. (deceased), Adam, Charles E., Caroline, Rebecca (deceased), and Mary C. GEORGE SPAHR was born 1834, in Washing- ton Township, this county, son of William and Catharine (Miley) Spahr, of the same township. His grandfather lived in Carroll Town.ship, York County, and was a farmer by occupation. Sub- ject's father was a farmer and lived in Washington Township, owning a farm of 130 acres. He was a Lutheran and died in Carroll Township, at the age of eighty-four years. He had eight children: Cornelius, Henry, Martin (deceased), William, Caro- line, George, Catharine and Lizzie. George Spahr was brought up as a farmer in Washington Town- ship, but removed to Franklin Township in 1860, where he still resides and owns a farm of 110 acres of fine land. He also owns twenty-two acres of land in Washington Township. In 1855 he mar- ried Catharine Pressel, daughter of Joseph Pressel, of Washington Towuship. They have three chil- dren: William, Nancy and Milton U. Mr. Spahr is an active member of the Lutheran Church. MOSES STRAYER is a native of York County, Penn., born February 14, 1808, son of Peter and Mary (Spahr) Strayer, of York County. His grand- parents were born in Germany; they came to this country at an early day and settled in Dover Town- ship, York County. The father was a farmer in Dover Township, having a farm of about 800 acres of well-improved land, which he farmed until fifteen years before his death, at the age of eighty-six years. He took an active interest in church and school matters, gave the ground upon which Strayer's Church is built, and was a leading mem- ber of the building committee. He had ten chil- dren: Catharine (deceased), Daniel (deceased), Peter, Samuel, Jacob, Susannah, Moses, Eve (de- ceased), Sarah (deceased) and Henry (deceased). Moses Strayer is a farmer and a tanner by trade, and followed these occupations for forty-nine years, but has now retired from business. He owns 800 acres of improved land, embracing three farms, one in Franklin Township, one in Adams County and one in Washington Township. He has also a house in Dillsburgh. In 1838, he married Susannah Sheffer, daughter of Samuel Sheffer, of Washington Township, York County. She died June 14. 1881, at the age of sixty-four years, leav- ing eight children: Cornelius, Mary, Samuel, Lizzie, George, Catharine, Nancy and Annie. Mr. Stra.yer is a Lutheran. His wife belonged to the U. B. Church. His grandfather, who has been dead ninety-four years, is buried at Strayer's Church, in Dover Township. HEIDELBERG TOWNSHIP. ANDREW R. BRODBECK, traveling sales- man and manufacturer of fertilizers, was born April 11, 1860, in Jefferson. York Co., Penn., a son of Jesse and Lucy Ann (RenoU) Brodbeck. His grandfather was a farmer and distiller, who owned and lived'on the old Snyder property (now Brod- beck's) at Jefferson, and died at the age of fifty years. He left five sons, of whom the youngest was Jesse Brodbeck, who all his life lived on the home farm, and died in 1871, at the age of thirty- three years, and Lucy Ann the mother of A. R. died in 1878 at the age of thirty-seven years, leav- ing four sons, of whom A. R., the subject, is the eldest. His brothers were Nathaniel (deceased), Adam (deceased), and Jesse, who is living with Andrew Brodbeck on the home farm. A. R. Brod- beck spent his early life on the farm, and shortly after his father's death, went to his uncle, George Brodbeck, a merchant in Codorus Township, where he remained two .years. At the age of eight- een he began teaching at Codorus Township, and for three years taught there and in other townships. In 1879 he took a trip west as far as Kansas. In the same year he married Ellen Thoman, daughter of Jacob and Mary Ann (Snyder) Thoman, of Heidelberg Township. They have three children: Estella, Wilson and Mary .Jillen. In 3880 he pur- chased the Hildebrand property at Porter's Side- ling and, in 1885, the Slagle property in Hanover, where he is now residing. Mr. and Mrs. Brod- beck belong to the Reformed Church at Jefferson. He has been organist for different churches. CHARLES F. EICHELBERGER was born in York County, Penn., July 3, 1834. His great-great- grandfather came from Wittingen, jjear Ziasheim, in Wurtemberg, Germany, in 1738, located first in Lancaster County, and then came to York County, Penn., and settled on the property now owned by Charles P. Eichelberger, em- bracing at that time Jacob's Mill and the adjoin- ing property. He died in Hanover in 1776, aged eighty-three years. He was married • twice. The eldest son of his second wife, Adam, lived on the home farm, and also died there. Michael, the grandfather of the subject, was the second son of a family of five sons and three daughters. He had four children: Adam (former sheriff), George, Michael and Polly. George, the father of Charles F., bought the homestead from his brother Adam, in 1837, and afterward bought the Miller property. After he lived there some time he moved to Han- over, where he lived a retired life until he died, in BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 109 1869, aged sixty-nine years. Charles F. Eichel- berger's early life was spent on the farm. He was married February 25, 1858, to Susan Menges, daughter of Daniel and Elizabeth (Bollinger) Menges, of Adams County, Penn. They have had four sons and five daughters: Martini)., Ira M., George D., William H., Sarah (deceased), Em- ma J., Clara Ann, Ada E. and Jennie. After his marriage he lived on the Miller farm for two years as tenant, and then took the farm and lived there four years more. After that he sold some of his property and bought the homestead farm on the York Road, owned by his brother Adam, contain- ing about 300 acres of well-improved land. The family are members of St. Matthew's Lutheran Church, of Hanover, Penn., in which Mr. Eichel- berger has held the offices of elder and deacon. He was superintendent of Mt. Carmel Sunday-' school for four years. He is a Democrat, and has held a number of offices in township and county JOHN F. HERSHEY was born in Heidelberg Township, York Co., Penn., October 24, 1845, a son of Benjamin and Barbara (Forry) Hershey, who were of Swiss descent. His great-great-grandfather, Andrew Hershey, born 1698, came to this country when quite young, and settled in Lancaster County, Penn. He died December 25, 1754. Tradition says he owned and was buried on what is known as James Buchanan's farm, near Lancaster City. His son, John Hershey, came to York County, and set- tled on land that had been taken up by Andrew Hershey, in the eastern part of Heidelberg Town- ship. He died in 1795, and was buried in Garber's graveyard, near Menges' Mill. His son, John Hershey, took the homestead farm (Menges' Mill), where he lived all bis life. He was one of the de- fenders of 1812, and died in 1829. His son, Benja- min, the father of John F. Hershey, was born in 1808, and spent his early life on the farm, and work- ing in mills in Ohio, Maryland and Pennsylvania. He was married in 1844, to Barbara, daughter of John and Annie Forry. After his marriage he bought a farm one-half mile west of Menges' mill, where he lived until his death (1877), his-widow surviving him but five years. Both are buried in Garber's graveyard. John F. Hershey's early life was spent on the farm. He was married December 17, 1868, to Susan M. Miller, daughter of Jacob and Susan (Manse) Miller, of Heidelberg Township. They have had four sons: J. Jacob, Joseph (de- ceased), Charles and Alvin. Mr. Hershey owns one tract of land, about 106 acres, which he has brought to a high state of cultivation. JESSE KRAFT, a representative of one of the old families of York County, miller and farmer of Heidelberg Township, was born August 5, 1828. in Manheim Township, YorkCounty, son of George and Mary (Loucks) Kraft. Subject's great-grandfather was born on the ocean, when his parents were im» migrating to America. They landed at Baltimore, and resided there. Subject's grandfather, Fred- erick, lived in Baltimore as proprietor of a hotel until 1810, when he came to York County, and founded the town of Kraftstown, which, since Jef- ferson's presidency, is known as Jefferson. He was born December 6, 1773, and died July 30, 1836. Subject's father, George, was ten years of age when his parents came to Jefferson. He was married in 1833, and soon after commenced teaching. Sub- sequently he removed to Manheim Township, con- tinued teaching, and opened up a small store, re- mained in Manheim, farming and merchandising about ten years; then returned to Jefferson and opened up in general merchandising and dry goods. He was associated in business there with a son-in- law, Jacob Spangler. He subsequently retired from business life, and lived in retirement until his death in 1868, being sixty-eight years old. He was a prominent Democrat, and at one time represented his district in the State Legislature. His wife died in 1878. Jesse Kraft is the third child of a family of six — three sons and three daughters. Siibject's early life was passed as an assistant of his father; educated in schools of the day; married, in 1851, to Lucinda Baughman, of Manheim 'Township. This union was blessed "with ten children — four sons and six daughters. Subject farmed for about ten years near Jefferson, when he exchanged his farm for the Mummert Mill property, lying in Heidelberg Town- ship, where he is still residing, engaged in farming and milling. He is a prominent member of the Lutheran Church of Jefferson, and has been deacon and elder of the church at different times for over twenty-five years; active in Sunday-school, etc. He is one of York County's well-known citizens and highljr esteemed. He is a Democrat, but not active in politics. PETER H. MENGES was born in north Codo- rus Township, York Co., Penn., November 27, 1835, son of Peter and Nancy (Hershey) Menges, of German and Swiss descent, respectively. His great- grandfather oame from Germany when quite young, and settled about five miles west of York, some time before the Revolutionary war. He is buried at Wolf's Church in. West Manchester Township. The grandfather, John Menges, was a farmer, and set- tled in that part of the home section now owned by Andrew Menges, in Jackson Township. He had a family of thirteen children, and died at the age of sixty-nine years. Peter Menkes, Sr., the fifth child of this family of thirteen children, was born July 1, 1803, and spent his early life on the farm, and then learned the milling trade in Cumberland County, Penn. After his marriage he moved to his father's farm in North Codorus 'Township, which he farmed for eleven years, then came to Heidelberg Township, and purchased the farm and property (Menge's Mill) where he passed the remainder of his life. He died October 10, 1888, and is buried at Lich- ey's Church, of which church he was elder for nearly twenty years. During the last twenty years of his life, he devoted his time to the good of the church. Throughout the whole community he was known as "Old Father Menges." Twoof his sons are living: Peter H. and John. The latter was born in 1824, and is a minister of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. He was educated at Mount Joy, Lancas- ter County; was received into the ministry by the "Old Pennsylvania Synod" in 1851, and has since filled various charges in Lancaster and York Coun- ties. In 1880 he became pastor of Grace Evangel- ical Lutheran Church, at West Philadelphia. With a few members he built a Mission Church, and now he has a large membership'and a successful Sunday- school. Peter H. Menges' earlj life was spent on the farm and at milling, receiviHg his education at subscription schools, finishing at the public school at Columbia, Penn., and the high school of Mount Joy, Penn. For eleven years afterward he was en- gaged as a teamster, hauling lumber, merchandise, etc., between Littlcstown and Susquehanna River. He was married, January 24, 1860, to Kate Hinkle, daughter of Isaac and Elizabeth Hinkle, of Lancas- ter County, Penn., of Irish and German descent. They have had seven children — three sons and four daughters: John, Alvin, Willie, Annie, Mary (de- ceased), Pacie (deceased) and Minnie. After mar- riage they moved to the homestead farm, as tenants, where they remained ten years, after which Mr. Menges engaged in the milling and produce bus- iness. After the consti'uction of the H. & Y. R. R., he purchased and built the property known as Menges' Mill, store and warehouse, creating thereby a good market for produce. He was an active par- ticipant in the construction of the above railroad. He and family are members of the Lutheran Church no HEIDELBERG TOWNSHIP. at Lichey's (now Spring Grove), in which he was a deacon eight years, and Sunday-school superintend- ent for nearly twenty-five years. In 1875 he was a delegate to the Sunday-school convention at Phila- delphia. He has held the office of internal revenue collector Fifteenth Division of Pennsylvania, in 1863 and 1864, and school director in the township. E. D. MILLER was born in Lower Windsor Township, York Co., Penn., December 8, 18.54, a son of Michael and Catherine (Stein) Miller, also of thdt township. His great-great-grandfather, Michael Miller, came to this country in youth, settled in Windsor Township, near Red Lion, and died before the Revolutionary war, and is buried at Freysville Cemetery in Windsor Township. Subject's grand- father, Michael Miller, lived on the homestead farm near Red Lion, and was at that time known as the tallest man in York County; he was a miller and died in 1866, aged eighty-two years. The father of our subject is now living in Windsor Township, and was born in 1821. He is a farmer and owns four tracts of land. He was for a number of years a director of the Western National Bank of York, and is also interested in the First National Bank at Wrightsville. and the city market of York. They had six children: E. D., Michael W., Calvin Ed- ward, David G., Mary (deceased), Fanny A. and Sarah J. E. D. Miller's early life was spent on the farm and attending public schools. He afterward taught school in different townships, and was clerk for Emig & Bahn at New Freedom, Penn., for three years. He was married, December 36, 1876, to Laura C. Sweeney, daughter of Daniel and Hester Ann (Kohler) Sweeney, of Freeland, Baltimore Co., Md., of Scotch-Irish descent. In the spring of 1877 he commenced the mercantile business at Nashville, York County, where he kept store two years, and then came to Menges' Mill Station, where he is still keeping store, postofflce and express office. He has been a member of Friendly Circle No. 17, of Hanover, Penn., since 1881, and is a member of the German Reformed Church. His wife is a mem- ber of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Since 1883 he has also established a store at Iron Ridge, in which he has one-half-interest. AARON D. RENOLL, was born in Heidelberg Townships York Co., Penn., March 11, 1844, and is the son of Henry and Mary (Danner) Renoll. His great-grandfather was Daniel Renoll, who died in 1800, aged seventy-six years. Subject's grand- father, Henry Renoll, was born February 12. 1767, was twice married, and died in 1824, aged fifty seven years, leaving a family of six sons and four daughters. Henry Renoll, the father of Aaron D., bought a tract of land near Porter's Sideling in 1830, which he improved and made his home until his death. He was born in Codorus Township, in 1805, and died at the age of seventy-five years. He had three sons and four daughters: Henry (deceased), Emanuel D., Aaron D., Harriet (deceased), Anna, Mary and two sisters who died in infancy. Aaron D. received his early education in the common schools and afterward attended the York County Academy under Prof. Ruby, for one term. During the winter of 1866-67 he taught school in Heidel- berg "Township. October 13, 1867, he married Re- becca Rudisill, daughter of Jacob and Elizabeth (Miller) Rudisill, of North Codorus Township. They have three children : Emma Jane, Ellen J. and Lillie A. After his marriage Mr. Renoll moved to the homestead farm, where he lived as a tenant for fourteen years. He then bought the farm, and in 1888 bought the Bollinger property (Half Way House), on the York road. He is a member and deacon of the Lutheran Church. His wife is a member of the German Reformed Church. Mr. Renoll takes an active part in prayer meetings and Sunday-schools. AARON S. THOMAN, was born September 25, 1842, in Heidelberg Township, York Co., Penn. ; son of Jacob and Mary Ann (Snyder) Thoman, of Swiss descent. His great-grandfather, Jacob Tho- man, came from Switzerland when very young and settled in Lancaster County, Penn., west of the Sus- quehanna. He afterward came to York County, where he took up a section of land in the eastern part of Heidelberg Township, and remained there with his ten children, three of whom, Henry, Ru- dolph and Abraham, received the home farm. The latter, the grandfather of our subject, lived on the home farm, during his life. He had nine children, one of whom, Jacob, the father of Aaron S., received the home at his father's death, and resided on it during his life. Jacob Thoman had five sons and three daughters: Henry (deceased), Aaron S., George, Abraham, Jacob, Lydia, Elizabeth and Ellen R, Aaron S. Thoman spent his youth on the farm, receiving his education in subscription schools. He made three different tours through the Western States. He was married, May 12, 1870, to Fanny Hohf, daughter of David and Elizabeth (Baehr) Hohf, of Heidelberg Township, who died July 2. 1871. His second marriage was October 5. 1873, to Sarah Bollinger, daughter of Samuel and. Eliza (Forry) Bollinger, of this township. He re- tired from farming and is now living on the old home farm, which contains about 150 acres of fine cultivated land. He and his wife are members of the German Reformed Church at Leichey. They have one son, Paul B. aged eight years. JOHN B. TRONE was born August 27, 1827, and is the eighth of twelve oliildren of George "Trone, of Heidelberg Township. His grandfather, Abraham Trone, came from Germany and received a grant of 250 acres of land from the Penns, May 14, 1767. This land was located in what was then Manheim Township, now the central part of Heidel- berg Township, near Smith's Station. Abraham Trone was a Revolutionary hero. He was married twice and had a family Of seven children. George, the father of John B., was the first son of the sec- ond wife. He lived on the homestead farm until his death at eighty years of age, and was buried at the Mennonite Meeting House (Baer's), of which de- nomination he was a minister. John B. Trone spent his early lite on the farm, receiving his edu- cation in subscription schools. At the age of eight- een he began learning the trade of blacksmithing, and continued it at Trone's Stand, Smith's Station, for twenty-two years. His first marriage was ta Eliza Shutt, daughter of Joseph Shutt, of Heidel- berg Township. They had five children : Valen- tine, Franklin (deceased), John S., Lizzie and Mary (deceased ). His second marriage was. May 20, 1866, to Annie Rohrbaugh, daughter of George" and Sarah Rohrbaugh, of this township. They have had six children: Charles, Joseph, George, an infant (deceased), Sarah and Alia Mary. Mr. Tyrone is now farming near Smith's Station. He Is a mem- ber of the German Reformed Church, is a promi- nent Democrat and has held various offices of trust and profit in church and township. His son, John S. Trone, a dealer in general merchandise at Smith's. Station, and a teacher, was born August 1, 1856, passed his early life on the farm, was educated at different schools. He taught school for several years, and is now a successful merchant and also a justice of the peace of Heidelberg Township at Smith's Station. E. K. WALTERSDORFF was born April 31, 1836, in Heidelberg Township, York Co., Penn., son of Daniel and Catharine (Carver) Waltersdorff. His father came from Germany at the age of twen- ty-one years, and settled in Maryland, where he married Elizabeth Garrett, who died, leaving four sons and three daughters. After twenty years of BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Ill residence in Maryland he removed to Heidelberg Township and there married again, having three sons and one daughter by this union. He was a defender of 1813, and died in 1863 aged ninety three years. E. K. Waltersdofflf spent his early life on the farm and attended subscription schools till he was eighteen years of age. He was married, September 30, 1855, to Catharine Briclier, daughter of John and Christiana (Warner) Bricker, of Man- heim Township. They have had eleven children — eight sons and three daughters: Samuel A., James H., George W., an infant (deceased), Emanuel D., John F., Aaron E., William H. (deceased) Emeline (deceased), Eleanora and Alice Catharine. He worked his father's farm until 1877, when he moved to Heidelberg Township, to the Heistandfarm, where he is now living. George W., the third son, was born July 4, 1862, and spent his early life on the farm. In 1881 and 1883 he attended York County Academy. He has taught school successfully in different town- ships, and IS now a teacher in Heidelberg Town- ship, and is living with his father. HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP. SILUS ALTHOUSE, son of George and Maria (Silfeus) Althouse, was born August 8, 1844, in Lan- caster County, Penn., but removed to Hopewell Township with his father in 1852. He was brought up in this township, and at nineteen years of age commenced farming for himself. In 1873 he pur- chased the farm on which he now resides, contain- ing 145 acres, and engaged in farming. He was married, February 11, 1866, to Mary J. Householder, daughter of Henry Householder, of Hopewell Township. They have the following children; Catherine L., Emanuel F., Henry H., Bethcy A. and Abbie G. Mr. and Mrs. Althouse are members of the Presbyterian Church of Stewartstown. JOSEPH W. ANDERSON, son of Joseph R. and Elizabeth (Wilson) Anderson, of York County, Penn., was born Februarys, 1837, in Fawn Town- ship, York County. He lived on the farm with his parents until 1871, receiving his education at the public schools of the township. February 23, 1871, he was married to Louisa Gemmill, daughter of Ben- jamin Gemmill, of Fawn Township. They have three children: Marion E., Howard Wilson and Joseph Ray. Mr. Anderson purchased his present farm of 203 acres in 1870, and has resided there ever since dealing in phosphates in connection with farming. He and his wife belong to the Presby- terian Church of Hopewell Center. HENRY ANSTINE, son of Henry and Eliza- beth (Miller) Anstine, of Hopewell Township, was born March 32, 1833. and is the tenth of thirteen children. Until he was twenty-six years of age he remained on the home farm, attending the public schools of the township, after which he purchased a portion of the homestead farm, where he has since resided and gradually enlarged his farm until he now owns about eighty-eight acres, with fine farm buildings. January 17, 1856, he married Cath- erine Grove, daughter of Henry Grove, Esq., of Hopewell Township. They have five children: James R., Mary V. G., Ella E., Lottie E., George McC In 1875 he was elected supervisor of his township, and re-elected the following year. In the fall of 1884 he received the Democratic nomina- tion for commissioner for three years, and was elected. The family are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Stewartstown. MRS. MARY J. ARTHUR, widow of Richard Arthur, and daughter of A. 8. and Rebecca (Turner)' Jordan, of Hopewell Township, was horn in Hope- well Township, York Co., Penn., May 10, 1886. She was married, in 1851, to Richard Arthur, son of John and Clemence (Thompson) Arthur, who was born in Harford County, Md., in 1885. He came to York County in 1854, and engaged in farming near Stewartstown, and after remaining there two years removed to Iowa, and engaged in stock-raising. He enlisted, in 1863, in Company B, Twenty-second Regiment Iowa Volunteers, and held the position of orderly sergeant. He was wounded at the battle of Vicksburg, from the effects of which he died, June 1, 1863. His widow returned to York County, Penn. , in 1867, and purchased the residence she now occupies. She has three children : John S., T. Frank and Rebecca A. John S. .is engaged in farming and canning in Baltimore County, Md. and T. F. Arthur is adentist in Baltimore, Md. Mrs. Arthur's brother was a medical doctor in Baltimore. JOSEPH H. BELL is a son of David and Han- nah (Norris) Bell, of York County. He was born in January, 1817. and reared in Hopewell Township, and has been engaged in farming, carpentering and also butchering. In 1843 he was married to Sarah J. Thrue, who died on June 7, 1876. They had eleven children. In 1881 he married Lizzie (Wal- ter) Myer, of Hopewell Township. They have two children. Mr. Bell is a member of the Protestant Methodist Church. CORNELIUS COLLINS, son of John and Mar- garet (Gemmill) Collins, was born November6, 1813, and was educated at the public schools of Hopewell Township. He remained on the home farm until 1848, when he married Elizabeth S. Gordon, daugh- ter of Andrew Gordon, of Hopewell Township, who emigrated from Ireland and settled on land which now forms a part of his son-in-law's farm. The grandfather of Mr. Collins came from Scot- land. Mr. Collins has a family of six children: Andrew G., John W., Alexander D., Mary E., Sam- uel C. Mrs. Collins died October 80, 1865. One of the sons, John W., is a resident of Cheyenne, Wyo- ming Territory, and is cashier for Martin B. Post & Co., bankers; Andrew G. is in Hebron, Neb., and is president of a banking house; Alexander is cash- ier of the Shrewsbury Savings Bank; Samuel is at home with his father, and helping him on the farm, which contains about 302 acres of cultivated land and forty acres of timber. Mr. Collins' second inarriage was to Balinda J. Manifold, of Hopewell Township, daughter of Solomon Manifold; she died January 89, 1873, leaving one daughter— Sarah B. Mr. Collins is a member of the United Presbyterian Church of Hopewell Township. WILLIAM S. DOUGLASS, son of David and Ann (Brannon) Douglass, natives of Chanoeford and Fawn Townships, respectively, was born in Hope- well Township in 1833, and was reared and edu- cated at the public schools in the same township. At the age of eighteen years he learned the plaster- er's trade, and at the age of twenty-one he returned to the homestead and assisted his father in farming. In 1883 he engaged in the hotel business at the old stand at Mt. Pleasant, formerly kept by his father for fifteen years. In addition to keeping hotel he does some farming, having, in 1878, purchased a farm of forty acres in Hopewell Township. In 1863 he was married to Lavinia Minnich, daughter of Joseph Minnich, of Hopewell Township, and has six children; Samuel S., Emma J., Mathew W. William S., John McN. and Clarence. In 1864 he received the commission of second lieutenant in Company B, Two Hundred and Ninth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, from Gov. Curtin, and was discharged in 1865. He participated in the battles of Bermuda Hundred, Hatcher's Run and Fort 112 HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP. Steadman. In 1865 he was appointed storekeeper and United States ganger for the Fifteenth Dis- trict of Pennsylvania, and held that office until 1868. Mr. Douglass is an active business man. His hotel, which is conveniently located, oflers all the comforts a traveling man wants, and shows plainly that Mr. Douglass knows how to keep a hotel. JUDGE ADAM EBAUGH, son of" John and Sa- rah (Flowers) Ebaugh was born August 4, 1806, on the homestead. His grandparents, on mother's side, were natives of England and Alsace, respectively, who settled near Philadelphia. His grandparents on father's side (John Jacob) came from Switzer- land in 1740, and settled in what is now Carroll County, Md. His parents had twelve children, of whom he is the seventh son, the father dying in 1833. After being educated at the public schools he took charge of the farm and mill property, which his father had willed to him, and has since been principally engaged in farming and milling. In May, 1833, he married Willie E. Bosley, daughter of B. and Susan (Brooks) Bosley, who died in June, 1834. In 1837 he married Elizabeth Anstine, daughter of Henry and Elizabeth Anstine, of Hope- well, and had ten children: John, William C., Sa- rah A., Elizabeth R. (deceased), Mary E., Nancy E., Isabella A., Adam B., Martha J. F. (deceased) and Barbara L. Mr. Ebaugh has always been an active politician. He was drum-major for seven years of the Sixty-fourth Pennsylvania Militia; was after- ward elected lieutenant of the Jackson Grays, of Shrewsbury, and elected captain of the Mechan- icsburgh Rifles, which office he held for twelve years, during which time his command was called out to suppress the riots at Philadelphia, in 1843. February 6, 1834, he was appointed justice of the peace by Gov. George Wolf. In 1837 he was elect- ed assessor of Hopewell Township; he served six- teen years as school director, and in 1840 was elect- ed to the legislature for 1841-42. In 1843 he was elected senator, .and served in 1844r45-46. After that he was appointed State agent for the York & Cumberland Railroad by Gov. Bigler, and held that position for six years. In 1856 he was elected as- sociate judge for five years, and was re-elected in 1861 for five years more. He served in about twen- ty county and five State conventions. Mr. Ebaugh has voted for flfty-seven years, and has always been a sterling Democrat. He is a member of i he Ma- sonic order, York Lodge No. 266, and of Mt. Zion No. 74, of Tbrk I. O. O. F., and is a member of the Baptist Church at Hopewell. At his advanced age he is in excellent health. DR. JOHN L. FREE is a son of Peter and Naomi (Lowe) Free, of Baltimore County, Md., and was born in that county March 5, 1821, and came with his parents, in 1823, to Shrewsbury Township, where they settled and resided until the father's death in 1860. He received his early education in the schools of Shrewsbury, took up the study of medicine in 1844, and graduated from the Univer- sity of Maryland in 1848. He first practiced med- icine in Dillsburgh and New Freedom until 1849, when he went to Philadelphia and attended a course of lectures. In 1850 he moved to Stewardstown, builtiis present residence, and established an ex- tensive practice, which he enjoys to the present day. In 1852 he was married to Martha J. Jordan- of "Hopewell Township, who died in 1871. His sec, ond marriage was, in 1873, to Jennie A. Wiley, of Hartford County, Md. They have four living children; .lennie A., Evans M., Naomi E. and Liz- zie E. He and his wife are members of the Method- ist Episcopal Church. Dr. Free was one of the founders of the English and Classical Institute, located at Stewartstown, of which he has been a trustee since its organization, now over thirtyyears. He also took an active part in securing a charter from the legislature, constituting the borough of Stewardstown. Since his residence here it has been a prosperous, growing place. Three churches have been built, and with the railroad nearly coinpleted to New Freedom, its further prosperity seems as- sured. CORNELIUS GEESEY, son of Samuel and Sarah (Reich ard) Geesey, of York Township, -yas born May 12, 1849. He remained on the home- stead until he was nineteen years of age, when he began learning the trade of stone-mason, at which he worked for two years, and afterward followed bricklaying for eight years. In 1876, in company with John Kohler, he purchased a farm of 197 acres at Chanceford, and engaged in farming for five years, after which he removed to Winterstown, and purchased a hotel, which he has kept ever since. He is also engaged in manufacturing ice cream. He was married, in 1875, to Mary Ness, of York Township. They have three children: Laura, Sarah B. and Francis. Mr. and Mrs. Geesey are members of the Lutheran Church. ■ JOHN C. GEMMILL. son of Joseph and Marga- ret (Collins) Gemmill, was born April 4, 1822. His great-grandfather, William Gemmill, was a native of Scotland and immigrated to America sometime previous to 1750, settling in Hopewell Township, York Co., Penn., a part formerly known as Shrews- bury Township, taking up about 1,000 acres of land. Joseph Gemmill, father of John C, was born April 26, 1794, on the farm now occupied by his son. He was at one time engaged in distilling liquors. He reared six children, of whom John C. was the eldest, and who was brought up on the farm. Joseph Gemmill, who had been in the war of 1812, died in 1868, and at his death the farm of 200 acres came into the possession of his son, John C, who in the same year was married to Rosanna McKinley, daughter of Stephen McKinley, of Chanceford Township. They have four children: Ulysses C, Jeanetia B., A. A., Ada, and John M. Mr. Gemmill was drafted during the late war, in 1861, but was exempted on account of disability. He is a mem- ber of the Masonic Lodge of Shrewsbury, and the family are members of the Presbyterian Church of Stewartstown. He has a clock in his possession which was made by John Gemmill, in Carlisle^ it belonged to his great-grandfather, and has always remained in the family. JOHN S. GEMMILL, son of Robert and Eliza- beth (Dorris) Gemmill. of York County, Penn., was born December 13, 1844, on the farm where he now resides. His grandfather came from Scotland and settled on a farm of 135 acres, near New Park, Penn. The father of John S. was born in 1807, was brought up on a farm, and finally moved to a farm of 145 acres, which is now owned by his son, and where he 4ied in 1878. John S. was reared on a farm and has followed farming since. He was mar- ried, in 1872, to Rachel B. Robinson, daughter of William Robinson, of Harford County, Md. They have eight children: Nettie B., Mary E., William James, Charles C, Edith P., Edna L., Robert B. and Joseph S Mr. and Mrs. Gemmill are members of the Presbyterian Church of Centre. Robei't Gemmill, subject's father, was at one time commissioner of York County, Penn., for three years, and has also held several minor township offices. JOHN K. GREEN, son of Giles T. and Debo- rah (Kirkwook) Green, natives of Harford County, Md., was there born September 6, 1829. His par- ents came to York County, Penn., in 1830. His father settled at Grove's Mill, where he carried on blacksmilhing. He died in 1864, and the mother died in 1847; he left eleven children by his first wife, of whom John K. is the fifth child. The latter lived with his grandparents until fifteen years BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 113 of age, when he came to York County. In 1851 he began learning the carpenter's trade, which he has since followed. In 1863 he enlisted in Company H, Seventh Maryland Vounteers, and served until the close of the war, participating in the battles of the Wilderness, Cold Harbor. Five Forks and Petersburgh. In January, 1864, lie was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant, which rank he held to the close of the war. He came to Stewartstown in 1853, where he has since resided, and owns some very valuable properties in the town. He was mar- ried, October 13, 1854, to Alice A. Pulton, daughter of Hugh and Jane Fulton, of Hopewell Township, and has two children; Hugh T. and Ida May (Ritchie). Mr. Green is a member of the G. A. R., of Stewartstown, has been justice of the peace of the borough for five years, and at present time holds the office of notary public. ANTHONY GRIME (or as he is familiarly called Webster Grime), son of Daniel and Catherine (Sny- der) Grime, was born February 13, 1835, in York Township. He received a common school educa- tion and taught school for ten terms in York, Wind- sor and Springfield Townships. At the breaking out of the Rebellion Mr. Grime promptly respond- ed to his country's call, and enlisted in Company C, Eighty-seventh Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers (August 37, 1861), and was with his regiment until taken prisoner June 32. 1864, in front of Peters- burg. He ,was taken to Libhy prison, then to Castle Thunder and Belle Island; was taken to Danville; after a short stay was removed to Ander- sonville, remaining a prisoner of war from June 23, 1864, to March 31, 1865. After being honorably discharged he returned to his native county, where he has since resided. He has, for many years, been the weekly correspondent of the Pennsylvanian, and for some time correspondent of the Weekly Repub- lican, Gazette and True Democrat for Hopewell and surrounding townships. WILLIAM HAMMEL was born in Baltimore, Md., and is a son of Jacob and Margaret (Gruber) Hammel. His mother was a native of Philadelphia, Penn. His father was born in Ger- many, and immigrated to this country in 1831, set- tling in Baltimore, Md. Our subject, at the age of nineteen years, began learning the trade of coach painter, and served three years apprenticeship. In 1865 he came to Hopewell Township, and purchased a farm of 150 acres. In 1867 he returned to Balti- more, and engaged in the wholesale liquor basiness. He has one of the finest places in the township. JESSE HAMMER, Sr. ,son of George and Cather- ine (Purkeypile) Hammer, was born November 3, 1819. His father was a native of Germany and immigrated to this country at an early date, and set- tled in Baltimore, where he engaged in the butcher business. He died when his son Jesse was very young, and two years later the mother removed to Hopewell Township, York Co., Penn., where the son, Jesse, was reared and educated in the public schools. When Jesse was eight years old bis mother died, and he was adopted by his uncle, Moses Leib. At the age of twenty-one years, Mr. Hammer was married to Mary A. Wiuemiller, daughter of John Winemiller, of Hopewell Town- ship. In 1847 he purchased a farm of 180 acres, where he now resides. They have three children living: Catharine A., Mary J. and George W. Mr. and Mrs. Hammer belong to the Presbyterian Church of Hopewell Center. J. C. HAMMOND, son of Henry and Sarah (Coulson) Hammond, natives of Baltimore County, Md., was born in Hopewell Township, York County, May 12, 1834. His grandfather, Philip Hammond, came to York County in 1815, settling in Hopewell Township. Henry Hammond, subject's father, was born July 3, 1793, came to York County in 1815, and settled In Hopewell Township, where he resided until his death in 1873. He held the office of commissioner from 1865 to 1868. The mother of our subject is still living at the age of eighty-seven years. J. C. remained on the home farm until 1876, when he engaged as clerk, with James Fulton, of Stewartstown, with whom he remained four years. He is now a dealer in agricultural implements, also has a book store and circulating library. In 1867 he was appointed mercantile appraiser. lor the county, and held that office one year. He owns two valuable properties in Stewartstown, an interest in a farm of 360 acres in Baltimore County, Md., and has an interest in a farm of 100 acres in Harford County, Md. DR. CHARLES G. HILDEBRAND, son of Dietrich and Maria (Leider) Hildebrand, natives of York County, Penn., was born in Loganville, York County, December 31, 1859. His father, also born at Loganville, is a shoe-maker by trade, and in 1864 was elected justice of the peace, which office he still holds. He had a family of three children, of whom Charles G. is the eldest. Our subject was educated at the public schools, and at the age of fifteen years began teaching. After teaching three years he entered ihe York Collegiate Institute, where he remained one year. He then studied medicine with Dr. G. P.Yost, of Loganville, for three years, after which he took two courses of lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, at Baltimore, graduating in 1881. He located at Winterstown the following April, and has since resided there, enjoying an extensive practice. In 1878 he married Kate Feigley, daughter of Martin Peigley, of Loganville. 'They have two children: Esther M. and Robert L. Dr. Hildebrand is a member of the York County Medical Society and the American Medical Association. He has been one of the council of Winterstown, and at present is school director. His wife is a member of the Brethren Church of Springfield. JAMES C. JORDAN, son of Joseph and Mary (Cowdeu) Jordan, was born July 8, 1833. His mother was a daughter of Matthew Cowden, of Har- risburg, Penn. His grandfather, Thomas Jordan, a native of Ireland, immigrated to this country in 1760, and settled in what is now known as Hope- well Township, and on the same property now owned by his grandson. He was a prominent man in the county in his day; was justice of the peace for many years. He was married first to a Miss Hood, of Cecil County, Md., who left one child, John Jordan. "The second marriage was to Ann Dixon, of Pennsylvania, and they had six children. Subject's father died when James C. was fifteen years old. At twenty-one years of age, James C. took the management of the home farm, having purchased his brother's share. In 1879 he engaged in canning fruit and vegetables, which he carried on to a large extent. He was married, March 13, 1857, to Mary Mitchell, daughter of Joseph and Margaret Mitchell, and grand-daughter of Rev. Dr. Morton, of Chanceford. They have eight children: Mary M., Joseph M., Thomas M., Annie M., James P., Samuel M., Ralph R. and George I. Mr. Jordan was one of Gov. Pollock's aides in 1856, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, Mrs. Jordan died in 1876. Mr. Jordan is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and is also a member and elder of Centre Presbyterian Church, of Hopewell. His father was a soldier in the war of 1812. Mr. Jordan now owns 300 acres, which descended to him from his grandfather, who on arriving here took up about 500 acres. J. R. W. KEESEY, son of Jacob and Catherine (Hyson) Keesey, of Hopewell Township, York County, Penn., was born in said township, May 17, 1855. At the age of ten years he moved to Chance- 8 J 14 HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP. ford Township with his parents. In 1872 he re- turned to Hopewell Township, and began learning the milling business with his grandfather, Hyson, in whose employ he remained until 1877, when he entered the mill and carried on the business four years. In 1881 he purchased a store property and twenty-two acres of land at Mt. Pleasant, and carried on a general merchandise busioess for two years; then he sold his stocls of goods and leased the store. He then followed the carpenter's trade for six months, after which he again leased Hyson's Mill, where he has since been doing a very exten- sive business. In 1881 he was married to EflSe Hyson, daughter of Robert Hyson, of Hopewell Township, and has one child, Walter O. H. Mr. and Mrs. Keesey are members of the Presbyterian Church, of Hopewell. GEORGE W. KERLINGER, son of Henry and Catherine (Ehrhart) Kerlinger, was born in Loganville, Penn., July 6, 1855, and is the sixth of a family ot seven children. The father came from Maryland and the mother was a native of Adams County, Penn. Henry Kerlinger, subject's father, purchased the present farm in 1864. He built a tannery and established an extensive tanning busi- ness, which he carried on until 1883, when he re- tired from active business and removed to Stewarts- town, where he is now residing. George W. attended school in Loganville and in Hopewell Township. He was married, in 1880, to Mary V. Anstine, daughter of Henry Anstine, of Hopewell Townsliip. "They have two children: Harry A. and Nellie E. In 1884 Mr. Kerlinger was elected town- ship clerli for a term of one year and was re-elected for 1885. He is a member of the Methodist Episco- pal Church of Stewartstown. ANDREW LEIB, son of John and Mary (Per- key) Leib, of Hopewell Township, York Co., Penn., was born April 8, 1821. His grandfather. Christian Leib, a native of York County, was in the Revolu- tionary war, and came to Hopewell Township after the war. He settled three miles from where his grandson now lives, and took up and purchased about 1,500 acres of land. He left four children. Andrew Leib, our subject, was born on the home- stead, and is the second son in a family of twelve children. He was mai:ried, in 1852, to Rachel Wil- son, daughter of William and Margaret Wilson, of Hopewell Township, and settled near Stewartstown, where he purchased a farm. Subsequently he re- moved to his present farm of thirty-four acres. They have three children: Mary, Margaret J. and Sarah E. Mr. Leib was school director for ten years. He and his wife are members of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church. His father was in the war of 1812. JESSE P. LEIB, son of John Leib, of Hopewell Township, was born October 30, 1836, on the farm occupied by his father. He was married, in 1866, to Mary Sellers, dauerhter of Levi Sellers, of Hope- well Township. They have five children: Mary E.. Annie L., Everett S., Harry C. and Jessie. The place where he resides now and where he was born, was purchased by him in 1878, and contains seven- ty-eight acres. Mr. and Mrs. Leib are members of the Presbyterian Church of Stewartstown. SAMUEL C. LIGQIT, son of WHliam and Griz- zella (Collins) Liggit, of Hopewell Township, York County, was born May 17, 1837. He was brought up on the homestead in Hopewell Township, where he remained until his twentieth year, when he be- gan learning the trade of miller with his brother. In 1860 he was engaged in milling at Peach Bottom. In SepI ember, 1864, he enlisted in the Ninth Penn- sylvania Cavalry, and served until the end of the war being with Gen. Sherman on his "march to the sea." In 1865 he purchased the mill property, where he now resides, and is engaged in milling. He also owns about forty acres of land, which he farms. In March, 1864, he was married to ,Mary Gemmill, daughter ot David Gemmill, of Hopewell Township. 'They have seven children: Martha G., Florence G., Sarah C, William A., Laura J., Jo- seph E. and Cornelius W. Mr. Leggit is a member of the E. B. Morrison Post 387. G. A. R. He and his wife belong to the Guinston United Presbyterian Church of Chanceford. MRS. HARRIETT R. LONG is the widow of William 8. Long, son of John and Harriet (SteeL Long, who was born In Lancaster County, Penn., in 1818, and died In 1869. He was engaged very ex- tensively with his brother, Hugh H. Long^ in mill- ing. M!rs. Long was born In Hopewell Township, York Co., Penn., April 2, 1829. Her father, Archibald S. Jordan, was a paymaster in the war of 1812. He had ten children, of whom Mrs. Long was the sixth child. She was married in 1856, but has no children. Her husband was prominently engaged in raising troops in the late war, and was a highly esteemed citizen. Alter his death his wid- ow returned to Stewartstown to the homestead, but subsequently located in the village, where she now rGSlflGS THOMAS B. McDonald, a son of John and Catharine (Winand) McDonald, was born in Fawn Township, York Co., Penn., March 3, 1828. His fatlier came to York County, Penn., from Harford County, Md., when young, and located in Hopewell Township, where he followed the trade of a shoe- maker. He afterward removed to Fawn Township, where he remained a number of years, and then re- turned to Hopewell Township, where he remained until his death in 1881. He had nine children, of whom Thomas B. is the fifth. Our subject was reared in this township, and in 1847 began learning the hlacksmith's trade in Chanceford Township, and, with the exception of a few years,, has since fol- lowed that trade. In 1851 he was married to Eliza- beth J., daughter of Alexander Thompson, of Lower Chanceford Township. They have three children: Dr. David M., John A. and William T. Mr. Mc- Donald held the office of assessor one year and was elected county auditor in 1881, and still holds that office. He and his wife are members of the United Presbyterian Church of Hopewell. WILLIAM H. McDowell, son of William and Sarah (McLean) McDowell, was borii in Windsor 'Township, York Co., Penn., November 15, 1812, and is the third of a family of eleven children. The father also was born in Windsor Township, and the mother in Hopewell Township. His father was in the war of 1812. Our subject was reared by John Anstine, and at the age of twenty-one years became engaged in the iron furnaces, with which he was connected for nearly twelve years, working at dif- ferent furnaces. In 1849 he purchased his present farm of 101 acres near Stewartstown, where he has since resided. In 1845 he was married to Catherine Hilderman, daughter of Adam Hilderman, of Hope- well Township. They have seven children: Eliza- beth, William H., Jacob, Agnes, Franklin, Adam and Maggie. In 1845 Mr.McDowell engaged in distill- ing liquors, which he followed for three years, and also distilled apples on his farm. He has held the offices of auditor and supervisor in the township. He and his wife belong to the Reformed Church of Mount Pleasant. ADAM McDowell, son of William and Cath- erine (Hildebrand) McDowell, was born in Hopewell Township, York Co., Penn., March 16, 1859. He remained on the homestead, following farming un- til 1884, when, in March of that year, he estab- lished a cigar factory at Stewartstown, Penn., and is doing an extensive business. May 9, 1884, he was married to Amanda Meier, daughter Of John Meier, of Hopewell Township. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETQHKS 115 JOHN A. MANIFOLD, son of Salem and Lizzie T. Manifold, was born in Fawn Township, York Co., Penn., March 9, 1830. His great great-grandfather, Edward Manifold, emigrated from England before 1776. Subject's father was born December 6, 1799, in Pawn Township, York County, but spent the latter part of his life in Hopewell Township. He had eleven children, of whom John A. is the eldest. While the latter was yet a child, his parents moved to Hopewell Township. In 1850 he began learning the carpenter's trade, and moved to Indiana in 1854, where he remained six years. He then went to Missouri, where he remained six years, returning to Hopewell Township, where he has since resided. He married Emeline Oiling, of Indiana, and they have four children living; Eliza M., Franklin S., Cora W. and Alonzo J. The farm on which Mr. Manifold resides, and which contains seventy-six acres, lie purchased in 1865. He, liis wife and fam- ily are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church of Zion. WILLIAM MARTIN was born February 15, 1814, in Franklin Township, York County, and is a son of John and Elizabeth (Lehmer) Martin, of Franklin Township. In 1846, he removed to York, Penn., where he engaged in ,the hotel business for eight years; then moved to Liverpool, now called Manchester, where he kept a hotel for some time. He then returned to York, and engaged in mercan- tile business. In the fall of 1860 he was elected sheriff of York County, and held that position three years. In 1863, he came to Hopewell Town- ship, purchased twenty-four acres of land, and has since been engaged in farming. He was married, October 14, 1833, to Miss Cassandra Small, daughter of Joseph Small, of York. Mr. Martin is a member of the I. O. O. F. He and wife are members of the Lutheran Church. DR. JOSEPH R. MARTIN, son of James and Eliza (Morrison) Martin, of Lancaster County, Penn., was born September 14, 1838, in Lancaster County, Penn. He received his early education in the public schools of his township, and at the age of twenty years commenced the study of medicine with his brother, Dr. John Martin, at Georgetown, Penn., and graduated from Jefferson Medical Col- lege, Philadelphia, in 1863. The same year he re- ceived a commission as assistant surgeon of the One Hundred and Twenty-fourtE Pennsylvania Volun- teers. On leaving the service, in 1863, he located in Penningtonville, and commenced the practice of medicine. In the fall of 1864 he received an ap- pointment as surgeon of the officer's hospital at Alexandria, Va., and remained there until the close of the war. He then returned to Penningtonville, and in the spring of 1869 removed to his present place of residence. He was married in 1866 to Ab- bie J. Smith, of Hopewell Township, daughter of Rev. H. Smith. They have six children living; Sarah J., Annie L., Harriet B., Dwight C, Jone- well and John R. Dr. Martin is a member of the Masonic fraternity No. 343, Skerret Lodge of Cochransville, Penn. He and wife are members of the Stewartstown Presbyterian Church. HENRY S. OVERMILLER, son of Frederick and Mary (Snyder) Overmiller, natives of Hopewell Township, but later residents of Loganville, was born in Loganville, Penn., August 3, 1844, and is the twelfth in a family of thirteen children. He was reared and educated at Loganville, and re- mained with his parents until 1865, when he en- gaged in the mercantile business at Hartley Post- office, where he remained for two year.s, doing a thriving business. In 1867 he engaged in farming in Windsor Township, but exchanged the farm in the fall of the same year, and moved to a farm near Dallastown, where he remained eight years, and in connection with farming followed the mercantile business and huckstering. Ho then went to Dallas- town Station, on the Peach Bottom Railroad, where he again engaged in the mercantile business, and was also postmaster and agent of the York& Ir'each Bottom Railroad. lie remained there two years, and in 1878 moved to Virginia, where he purchased a farm, which he cultivated for three years. He- then moved back to York County, Penn,, and pur- chased a store at Mount Pleasant, Hopewell Town- ship, where he has since resided, and has built UD> an extensive business. He also works a farm of twenty-two acres. He was married, in 1865, to- Hannah M. Althouse, daughter of George Althouse (deceased), of Hopewell Township. They had seven children; George F., Oscar H. (deceased),. Virginia L., Daniel W., Wilburt F., Tyburtus J- and Silvanus. JACOB SAYLOR, son of Jacob and Elizabeth-, (Ramsay) Saylor, was born in Manchester Town- ship, Y'ork Co.. Penn., December 35, 1837, and is the fifth of a family of nine children. His father and mother were born in Manchester Township — the latter died in 1858. Jacob Saylor, our subject, at the age of twenty-one years, began farming,., which he followed two years. He then learned blacksmithing, and worked in the car shops at, York for two years. In 1863 he went to Illinois,, and worked at farming for two years, and then re- turned to York, Penn. ; was again employed in the- car shops until 1867, when he began selling machin- ery as traveling salesman. In 1870 he ren'ed the hotel property near Stewartstown, known as Pat- terson's Hotel, where he lemained three jjms, and gained an enviable reputation as a first class hotel keeper. In 1875 he rented tlie Douglass hotel, near Winterstown ; remained there only one year, wheni he removed to the Plank Road,' and engaged in-,, smithing for one year. In 1877 he rented a hotel at , Winterstown one year, and then rented Snyder'Sho- tel, where he also remained one year, after which he removed to the present hotel property at Cross Roads- where he has since been located, and is enjoying an extensive trade. In connection with keeping hotel he is also dealing in agricultural implements and horses. He was married, in 1859, to Henrietta Al- bright, daughter of John Albright, of York, and has four children; William E., George B., Emma K. and Clara E. His wife died August 4, 1868., His second marriage was in 1869 to Mary Jane Portner, daughter of Mrs. Mary Portner, of Cross Roads, and they have one child — Henry Irving. In 1880 - Mr. Saylor was elected constable of his township^ and held that office four years. He and wife are- members of the Lutheran Church, of Mount Pleas- ant. He is now building a hotel on property which., he owns at Felton Station, on the York & Peach: , Bottom Railroad, where he intends locating. WILLIAM SECHRIST, son of Jolin and Eliz-- abeth (Grove) Sechrist, of York County, wasborir. December 34, 1819, At the age of seventeen years he was apprenticed to John Gemmill, in the manu- facturing of woolen goods, and at the age of twenty- two years entered into partnership in that business^, with Benjamin Hank, who lived four miles fromi Wrightsville, in Windsor Township, In 1850 he- bought out John Gemmill, and in 1853 built a new factory, known as Keseling's Mills, in Hopewell, and remained there until 1867, when he sold out to George Keseling, and then removed to his farm;„ where he now resides, liaving bought of Ai-thur T, Edie. His farm contains 143 acres of wnll-improvcd' land. He was married, January 17, 1850,> toAnna, M. Becker, daughter of John Becker, late justice of the peace o-f York. They have three cliildrea living. JAMES M. SMITH, son of Robert M, and Liza (Griffith) Smith, was born September 17, 1845, in Chanceford Township, York Co,, Penn. His- 116 HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP. parents were natives of Hopewell Township and Chanceford Township, respectively, and his grand- mother a native of Ireland. He was educated at Stewartstown Academy and at Shrewsbury, and in 1865 commenced teaching school. After teaching one term in Hopewell Township, he took a course at Easton's Commercial College at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., where he remained about four months. He then entered Waynesburg College, where he re- mained one year, being compelled to discontinue on account of poor health. Returning home he remained on the homestead one year, and then en- tered a general store at Stewartstown, where he remained only five months, and then returned to the homestead for two years. In 1873 he was mar- ried to Jennie E. Kerlinger, daughter of Henry Kerllnger, of Hopewell Township. They have three children: Clayton C, Annie F. and Olive E. After his marriage he attended his father's farm during harvest for three years, after which he returned to his present farm of 300 acres. In connection with farming, he also deals in phosphates and agricultural implements. Mr. and Mrs. Smith are members of the Presbyterian Church of Hopewell. WILLIAM C. SMITH, son of Sampson and Eleanor (McAllister) Smith, of Hopewell Township, York Co., Penn., was born in that township, October 22, 1848, and received his education at the public school and at Stewartstown and Shrewsbury Academies. He remained with his parents on the homestead until 1871, when he engaged as a clerk in the store of Mr. Logan, at Cross Roads, and re- mained there one year. In 1872 he was appointed collector of county, State and school taxes, which ' office he held for two years. In 1874 he purchased a building lot at Cross Roads, erected a dwelling house and store, and in 1875 established a general merchandise business, and has built up a very ex- tensive trade. In 1877 he was married to Louisa M. Zellers, daughter of Levi Zellers, of Hopewell Township. They have no children. Mr. Smith was elected justice of the peace in 1881, which oflBce he still holds; was also school director for one year in 1877, and auditor for three years, and in 1880 was engaged in taking the census of the township. He and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church of Stewartstown. REV. THOMAS LOVE SPRINGER, son of Stephen and Mary Elizabeth (Love) Springer, of Newcastle County, Del., was born August 35, 1849, is the eldest of five children; two of his brothers are practicing physicians in Delaware. He re- ceived his education at the public schools and the Newark Academy. In 1867 he entered La- fayette College, at Easton, Penn., and gradu- ated in June, 1871; in September, 1871, he en- tered Princeton Theological Seminary, from which he graduated in April, 1874, During the vacation of his junior year he preached in a Congregational Church in Maine. During his next vacation he preached in a Presbyterian Church in Illinois. la November, 1874, he was called to the pastorate of the Hopewell Presbyterian Church, and was or- dained and installed by the Presbytery of West- minster, December 1, 1874, and is still pastor of said Church. November 9, 1875, he was married to Mary Gould Bowker, daughter of Frederick and Rachael A. Bowker, of Chester. They have three living children: Courtland Bowker, born May 1.5, 1878- Mary Cronbam, born April 12, 1881, and James Love, born October 22, 1883. ROBERT F. STABLER, son of Jared and Mar- garet J. (KoUer) Stabler, of Shrewsbury Township, was born in Shrewsbury Township, York Co., Penn., September 36, 1851. His father was born in 1830 and carried on the lime business in York County for a number of years, subsequently remov- ing to Railroad Borough, where he engaged in.mill- ing and dealing in grain, which occupation he still follows. Robert F. received his education at the public schools of the township and at the academy of Shrewsbury and New Freedom. In 1869 he be- gan learning the milling trade in his father's mill at Railroad Borough, where he remained until 1872, when he engaged in railroading and farming for three years. In 1875 he came to Hopewell Town- ship, and engaged in milling. He remained there five years, after which he went to Stewartstown, and kept a feed store for three years, and then went back to Ebaugh's Mills, where he has since resided, having charge of a grist and saw-mill. He was married, in 1871, to Artilda Kunkel, daughter of A. W. Kunkel, of Shrewsbury Township. They have six children: Charles W., Clara L., AddieE., Minnie S., Daniel A. and Mary Ann. Mr. Stabler is a mem- ber of the Brotherhood of Stewartstown, and his wife is a member of the Lutheran Church. ADAM F. STRAYER, son of David W. and Lydia (Strayer) Strayer, was born in Lancaster County, Penn., February 25, 1846, came to Hope- well Township in 1848. His father was born in Hopewell Township in 1839, and has always resided there, with the exception of a few years spent in Lancaster County. Adam F. received his educa- tion at the public schools and at Pleasant Grove Academy. He remained on the farm until 1863, when he enlisted in Company C, Twenty-first Pennsylvania Cavalry, for nine months; afterwhich he enlisted in Company B, One Hundred and Eighty-eighth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. In the battle of Chapin's Farm he was wounded in the right arm, which was subsequently amputated. After the close of the war he followed school teach- ing, and taught in this township eleven years. In 1881 he was elected justice of the peace for the borough of Winterstown, which office he still holds. In 1867 he was married to Sarah E. Snyder, daugh- ter of Jacob Snyder. Tliey have no children. In 1868 he was appointed postmaster, which office he held until 1881. He and wife are members of the U. B. Church at Winterstown. ARCHIBALD THOMPSON, son of Alexander and Elizabeth (Duncan) Thompson, of Hopewell and Fawn Townships, respectively, was born June 7, 1804. His grandfather, Archibald Thompson, a native of Hopewell Township, settled on the pres- ent homestead before the Revolutionary war. Sub- ject's father was a soldier in the Revolutionary war, and served under Capt. MofEett. Our subject was reared on the homestead where he always lived. He was married, February 15, 1827, to Hannah Meats, of Hopewell Township, who died July 16, 1839. July 29, 1841, he married his second wife, and has eight children: Alexander, Samuel H. S., James G., Archibald J. G.,John M., Margaret J. A., Ellen M. E., and Elijah P. For twenty-five years he was connected with his father in the manufacturing of cider brandy. He has held two military commis- sions, captain and first lieutenant; was appointed by Gov. Porter justice of the peace of Hopewell Town- ship, and served ten years. Besides these offices he has held nearly all the public positions in the gift of the people of the township. From his father he inherited 385 acres of land, on which two of his sons are living: Samuel H. S. and Archibald J. U. Samuel H. S. was married in 1880 to Catharine A. McDole, of Hopewell Township; she died in 1884, leaving two children: Archibald W. J. and Anna S. M. Archibald J. G. married Susan F. Baird, of Hopewell Township, and has two children : Ethel and Ralph B. Mr. Thompson is a member of the Presbyterian Church of Hopewell and Stewartstown, and has been an elder and one of the builders of the church. WILLIAM THOMPSON was born in Chance- ford Township, York Co., Penn., January 1, 1841. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. in His parents were Archa and Elizabeth (Heffner) Thompson, natives of Maryland and Pennsylvania, respectively, and of English and German descent. They reared a family of two sons and six daughters, and buried four children in infancy. William Thompson, the eldest living of this family, was reared on a farm. In 1862 he was married in his native township to Margaret Jane Blouse, daughter of Solomon Blouse, of the same township, and of German descent. They had twelve children, two of whom died; Rebecca, six years of age, burned to death by accident; Wellington, deceased, aged two years. Those living are Elizabeth, William James, Annie, Ella, Mary, Fannie, Andrew Leib, Jesse R., Georgie, Nettie and Llewellyn. Mr. Thompson owns 149 acres of well cultvated land in Hopewell Township, which he l],i~ bcin farming since 1863. He has been assessor, lias been a delegate to the Democratic county conventions, and is connected with a building and loan association at York, Penn. His father who lives in Shrewsbury Township, is now seventy-four years of age. JAMES H. TROUT, son of Abram and Violet (Morrison) Trout, of Hopewell and Peach Bottom Townships, York Co., Penn., was born July 39, 1849, in Harford County, Md. He received his education in the Harford and York County public schools. He came to York County in 1868, and in 1873 was married to Lizzie Hendricks, daughter of Thomas Hendricks, of Hopewell Township. They have two children: Violet C. and Jesse H. Mr. Trout purchased the farm on which he resides, which contains about sixty-five acres, in 1877. WILLIAM VENUS, son of Henry and Anna (Sykes) Venus, natives of York County and the north of England, respectively, was born in Shrews- bury Township, September 3, 1843. He was edu- cated at the public schools of the township, and at the age of twenty-three years engaged as a clerk in a store, and one year later he removed to Carroll County, Md., where he engaged in the milling busi- ness with his father. In 1868 he returned to Shrews- bury and engaged in the carpenter business. In 1870 he again engaged in the mercantile business in Hopewell Township, and in 1875 he moved to Winterstown, where he opened a general store. In 1877 he sold out and removed to Shrewsbury Town- ship, where he engaged in his old business— store keeping. In March, 1877, he removed to Hopewell Township, where he is at present engaged in keep- ing a general store. He was married, in 1870, to Elizabeth Gladfelter, of Shrewsbury Borough, and has six children: James A., Charles H., Sadie, B., Annie C Daniel E. and an infant. JAMES W. WALLACE, son of William and Jeannette (Gemmill) Wallace, was born April 36, 1847, in Harford County, Md.. where his parents resided, with whom he came to York County, Penn., when only three years old. His parents were born in York County, Penn. Until 1873 he remained on the homestead farming, after which he purchased a merchandising business, formerly owned by his father. In 1883 he built a dwelling house, and in 1884 a store. In connection with the store, he works a farm of ninety-five acres. In 1873 he was married to Sarah A. McCall, daughter of Matthew McCall, of Fawn Township, and has three children: Mar- garet J. A., Anna M. and Marion A. Mr. and Mrs. Wallace are members of the United Presbyterian Church of Hopewell. Mr. Wallace was appointed postmaster of Hopewell Centre in 1875, which office he still holds. WILLIAM H. WINEMILLER. son of Joseph and Mary (Souder) Winemiller, of Hopewell Town- ship, was bom November 13, 1834. His grandfather, Jacob Winemiller, was the third son of one Wine- miller who it is supposed came from Switzerland and located in Hopewell Township, and who owned about 1,300 acres of land. The father was engage in farming and milling in Hopewell Township and died in 1861, leaving five children, of whom William H. is the third. He was reared on the homestead, educated at the public schools and studied veterin- ary surgery. He practiced for six years at Shrews- bury Station, but in 1874 he returned to the home- stead, which he had inherited from his father, and commenced farming, which he has followed since in connection with veterinary surgery. In 1860 he was married to Rebecca Ziegler, daughter of Peter Ziegler, Hopewell Township, and has eight chil- dren: Edward P. (a teacher in the public schools of Harford County. Md.), Mary A., Joseph G., Calvia D., Eva J., Oran F., Oscar M. and Raleigh W. Mr, Winemiller enlisted in the late war in the One Hundred and Forty-ninth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, in the fall of 1863, and was discharged in the spring of 1864. He and members of his wife's family belong to the Presbyterian Church at Stewartstown. WILLIAM L. WINTER, son of John and Mary (Gibbs) Winter, of Stewartstown, Penn., was bora January 1, 1848, and was reared in Stewartstown. At the age of fifteen years he enlisted in the Twenty-first Pennsylvania Cavalry, and was dis- charged at the close of the war at Lynchburg, Va. He was engaged in the battles of the Wilderness, Petersburg, Weldon Railroad, Five Porks and others. At the close of the war he returned to Stewartstown and began learning the trade of blacksmithing with Thomas Cole, at the carshops of Glen Rock, and in 1874 engaged in business for himself in coach-making and general blacksmithing. He held the office of assessor for two terms, and in the spring of 1884 was elected justice of the peace for Stewartstown. He is the only Republican ever elected in that town. In 1869 be was married to Lily Keesey, of Chanceford. daughter of Jacob Keesey, Esq. They have four children: Annetta B., Mary M., Minnie M. and Charles. Mr. Winter is a member of E. B. Morrison Post No. 387, G. A. R., of Stewartstown. Mrs. Winter is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church of Stewartstown. LEVI ZELLERS, son of Bartholomew and Rose A. (Miller) Zellers, of Loganville, Penn., was born at Stewartstown, Hopewell Township, in 1817. He was reared and educated in the same township, where he has lived on the homestead, which he and his brother inherited at the death of his father, subsequently buying his brother's interest in the farm (136 acres). In 1838hewas married to Lavina Edie. of Hopewell Township, who died in 1877, leaving six children: Lydia A., Andrew, William, Mary. Louisa and Samuel. Mr. Zellers is a member of the Stewartstown Presbyterian Charch. He is now living with his son, William, who bought the farm from him in 1883. William Zellers was born in 1843, and in 1875 was married to Esther J. Anderson, of Hopewell Township, and has one son. James Lee Zellers. • JACKSON TOWNSHIP. G. W. BAHN, M. D., is a native of York County, Penn., and was born in Spring Garden Township, in 1856. His parents, Samuel L. and Susan (Tyson) Bahn, are also natives of York County, and representatives of old families of the county. Our subject was educated in the common schools of his day, supplemented by a course at the Normal School of York and Emigsville Academy. In 1878 he commenced the study of medicine under 148 JACKSON TOWNSHIP. Dr. J. B. Kain, now of York, Penn. He remained with Dr Kain three years, attending medical lec- tures at the University of Maryland, at Baltimore, in the meantime. In 1881 he graduated from this institution and commenced the practice of his pro- fession in Spring Grove, where he is now engaged in active and successful practice. Dr. Bahn married in 1880,Miss Alice B. Sitler, of East Prospect, Lower Windsor Township. They have one child living— JEdith M. Dr. Bahn is a member of the Mount Olivet Lodge No. 997, I. O. 0. P., of Spring Grove, ■and, with his wife, a member of St. Paul's Lutheran 'Church. The Doctor is also a member of the York County Medical Society. C. W. BAITER, one of the leading merchants of Spring Grove, is a native of Germany. He came to America in 1873, and located at York, where he entered the employ of J. L. Getz, with whom he re- mained ten years.' In 1884 he removed to Spring members have been added. He conducts services in the German and English lan- guages. Besides attending to his pastoral duties. Rev. Albright also teaches instrumental and vocal music. HENRY ALTLAND was born in Manchester Township, October 7, 1849. His parents are John and Mary Magdalena (Stoughl) Altland, natives of Dover Township, and of German descent. They had two sons and one daughter, of whom Henry is the youngest son. In his youth he learned the trade of blacksmithing with his father, but aban- doned it when he became of age. He attended the public schools, York County Academy and Guntz- ler's Commercial College. When he became of age he commenced to teach in the p,ublic schools, and taught about twelve years. In 1876 he took the secretaryship of the Dover Mutual Fire Insurance Company, of York County, which office he still holds. March 17, 1872, he was married at York to Louise Lehr, of Manchester Township, daughter of Charles B. Lehr. They have five cliililreu: Kurvin Wilson, Walter Grant, Mabel Alberta, Oscar Heiry and Park Caleb Wogan. Mr. Altland is a Luther- an, belongs to the Red Men of Ynrk. has held vari- ous township offices, was elected justice ol: the peace in 1875, and since. He is an active Repub- lican and quite a political speaker. His father died in 1883, but his mother, now sixty-five years of age, is still living. SAMUEL L. BAHN, farmer and auctioneer, was born in Spring Garden Township, December 3, 1830. His parents, Adam and Mary (Liebhart) Bahn, were natives of Spring Garden and Hellam Town- ships, respectively, and of German descent. He is the. sixth child and third son of a family of ten children. After attending the schools of his native place he began the occupation of farming (and auc- tioneering in 1850) wliich he still pursues. He is a member of the Evangelical Association, was many years a class leader and for twenty years a steward in that denomination. Since 1883 he has been an exhorter in the Emigsville Chapel, and lias been superintendent of the Union Sunday-school for nearly a quarter of a century. In May, 1847, he was commissioned first lieutenant of the Sixth Com- panjf. Third Regiment First Brigade of the Pennsyl- vania Militia, by Gen. Daniel A. Stillinger, and served until the militia was disbanded. Was once elected assistant assessor, and twice judge of elec- tions of Manchester Township, and is a stockholder in the York City Market and Gettysburgh Turnpike Company. In 1875 he removed from his farm in Conewago Township to his present home on a tract of twenty-three acres, beautifully located, and in addition to the work of attending it, is representing the Farmers Mutual Insurance Company of York, and for several years the Conewago &" Dover In- surance Company. Mr. Bahn was married in York, December 5, 1841, to Susan Tyson, daughter of Dan- iel Tyson, of Spring Garden. They have had ten children; Amanda, Susan, Mary A., Daniel T., John A., Samuel F., Frederic M., George W., Will- iam H. N. and Elmer E. SAMUEL F. BAHN, son of S. L. and Susan (Tyson) Bahn, sixth of ten children, was born October 3, 1853, was reared on his father's farm; went to his trade of miller when about eighteen years of age, at Menges' Mills, at which he worked four years «,t Meyer's Mills; then took charge as manager of George Small's farm near York. October 2, 1873, Mr. Balin married Amanda Stair, daughter of George and Catherine (Merchandall) Stair, of Manchester Township. Their marriage was blest with four children: Williain H., Ed- ward F., Hettie May and Sarah S. Mr. Bahn is en- gaged in truck and flower business, is also agent for fruit trees; is extensively engaged in the poul- try business. His exhibit of all kinds of fancy and rare fowls for years at York County and Lancaster County fairs is well known to the people. GEORGE W. BARNHART is the son of Elijah, and Margaret Barnhart, of York County, and was born January 16, 1858. He was reared a farmer, but afterward learned milling and began the latter business on his own account in 1881, on the Codorus at Rudy's Mill, subsequently removing to Wolf's Mill, near Mt. Wolf. November 30, 1880, he mar- ried Ellen E., daughter of Levi and Mary Becker, of Jackson 'Township, the result of tlie union be- ing four children: L. Nevin, Vertie (deceased), Daisey and Mabel Matilda. Mr. Barnhart has been a member of the American Mechanics' Association and is an adherent of the Lutheran Church. HENRY S. BEAR, justice of the peace, was born in Conewago Township, York Co., Penn., May 6, 1825. His parents, Jacob S. and Elizabeth (Stover) Bear, were natives of York County, and of German descent. They reared three sons and three daughters, of whom Henry S. is the eldest. Until the age of seventeen, he lived on the farm and en- joyed a common school education; after that he taught school about eight years. November H, 1851, he was married in Manchester Township, to Elizabeth Lichtenlierger, who died June 19, 1874. They had twelve children, two of whom died be- fore their mother: George E., aged nine, and Annie K., aged four and a halt years. One, Clara Ann, the wife of Eli Gross, died in 1877. The remain- ing nine are Stephen A., merchant; Charles H., merchant; Elizabeth, teacher in Illinois; Mary Margaret, wife of W. H. Kauflman; Sallie Frances, who is still at home; Willie Lincoln, teacher; Fannie Leah, at home; Carrie Irene, at home and Jennie Laura. Our subject was next married, December 3, 1882, in Manchester Borough, to Ada- line Schriner, widow of John Schiiner, and daugh- ter of Henry Frank, and a native of l^ancaster County, Penn. Henry S. and his wife belong to the Lutheran Church. He came to Manchester Town- ship in 1871, where he engaged in merchandising 122. MANCHESTER TOWNSHIP. toT five years. Since that time he has been engaged in conveyancing, surveying and insurance. He also held the office of school director in Conewago Township for about six years, and that of justice of the peace about twelve years. In the spring of 1884 he was re-elected justice of the peace of Man- chester. In politics, he is an active Republican. STEPHEN A. BEAR, born in Conewago Township, April 24, 1853, is the eldest son of Henry S. and Elizabeth (Llchtenberger) Bear, of York County. His parents removed to Manches- ter Borough when he was seventeen years of age. He was educated in the common schools, supple- mented by a two-years' course of the State Normal School at Millersville. He taught two terms in the public schools at Conewago and Manchester Town- ships. He worked on the farm when a boy, but began clerking at Manchester when the family moved there, and clerked altogether about six years for different merchants. He was married at Manchester Borough, February 29, 1880, to Amanda J. Warner, daughter of D. Warner, Esq., con- tractor and native of Manchester. They have had ■three children: Carrie Irene, Elizabeth and Charles Henry. July, 1883, in partnership with his brother, ■Charles H., he purchased C. H. Bishop's mercan- tile business in Manchester, and has since carried on the leading business in general merchandise at >this place. Since April, 1883, he has been post- master of Manchester. He is a Republican and Jias served one term as borough treasurer. He is a stockholder in the Drovers and Stockholders Na- tional Bank of York. He is a district president of -the P. O. S. of A., and has held all the offices in order. He devotes all his time to his store at Man- • Chester, while his brother is employed as clerk in a large dry goods house in York. DAVID BENTZEL is the sixth of ten children of David and Elizabeth (Meisenhelder) Bentzel, and was born May 3, 1815, in Dover Township, on the Bentzel homestead, now occupied by Samuel Bent- zel. David received a limited education, and went to his trade of miller September, 1834, at his present location. In 1850 he went to Illinois, and worked at Big Thunder Mill, in Boone County, seven months. He then returned home to his present mill, where he has since remained. He married, April 2, 1842, Sarah Eisenhart, daughter of John and Catherine (Myers) Eisenhart, of Dover Township. Six children were born to their union: Henry D., died in California; Edward D., David E., Leah (deceased), Nancy, wife of Henry W. Jacobs; Catherine, wife of Peter Binder. Subject's grandfather and grandmother came from Germany — landed at Baltimore, and came soon to Dover Township. Subject's uncles and aunts are Henry Bentzel, Elizabeth (deceased), Catherine, wife of John Ailman; Barbara, wife of John Kump; Mary, deceased. Subject was director of the poor in 1868-69-70. David E. Bentzel is engaged in the manufacture of cigar boxes, and has twelve hands constantly employed in his factory, which is known as the Eureka Cigar Box Factory. He ships to Lancaster and Adams Counties, besides those he sells to York County. He commenced here in Oc- tober, 1884, with a capacity of 400, and has since in- creased to 1,500 per day. David E. was married, August 12, 1877, to Louisa E. Stough, daughter of Talentine and Blenora (Fissel) Stough. The fol- lowing named children were born to their union: B. Frank, James Simpson, Africa, David V. (de- ceased), Felix S. S. and Annie Amanda. Mr. Bent- zel is an active business man, and belongs to the Lutheran Church of Dover (Strayer's). He was enumerator of the census in Dover Township in 1880. DR. CHARLES H. BISHOP (deceased), was a son of Charles and Elizabeth Bishop, natives of the eastern shore of Maryland, where the Doctor was born, April 19, 1812. He came to York Haven with his parents when a small boy, there went to school, and embarked in the mercantile business, when a very young man, taking his father's store in Man- chester Borough. After several years in the mer- cantile business, he began to read medicine, and at- tended lectures at Philadelphia, and graduated there. He began practice at the village of Man- chester, where he continued in his chosen professioa for thirty years. Dr. Bishop died on May 28, 1875. His widow still lives in Manchester. Her maiden name was Anna Frey, daughter of Frederick and Margaret (Kissingei;) Frey, of Spring Garden Town- ship. To this marriage one child was born — Charles Halleck. Dr. Bishop was one of the leading and most influential men of his section of the county. He had a large and lucrative practice, and was held in high esteem as a conscientious physician. JOHNG. DIEHLwasbornin Manchester Town- ship, June 13, 1851, is the third son in a family of three sons and one daughter. His parents, Charles H. and Sarah (Gross) Diehl, natives of York Coun- ty, were of German descent. He was reared on a farm until he was fifteen years of age, and educat- ed at New Berlin Academy. After teaching^school a few months, he began cigar-making at the age of nineteen, followed the business a short time, and then learned painting, which he followed off and on for eight years, and clerked a few months for G. H. Wolf at ■ Mount Wolf, where he has resided since 1870. He was married in Mount Wolf, December 26, 1872, to Elizabeth, daughter of Samuel Dietz, and a native of York County. Two children — Min- nie and George — resulted from this union. In June, 1884, Mr. Diehl formed a partnership with Israel Finfrook in the manufacture of fancy and common cigars. He is a member of the United Brethren Church; is a stockholder in Dover Fire Insurance Company, and has served one term as as- sessor of Manchester Township. JACOB DOLL, born in Spring Garden Town- ship, May 24, 1851, is the eldest of three children of Henry and Susanna (Dissenberger) Doll, natives of York County, and an old Pennsylvania family. He spent the first twenty-six years of his life on the farm, and received a good education. He was married at York, Penn., May 11, 1875, to Anna C. Coleman, a native of New Holland, Penn., and a daughter of Matthias Coleman (deceased lumber dealer), and has had four children, of which num- ber two are dead: John Albert, died at the age of three months, and George Henry, died at the age of ten months. The living are Lillie Mary and Susie. From 1877 to 1879, our subject was an invalid. In 1879 he began the manufacture of cigars at his father's house, near Starview, from which he re- moved in the spring of 1880, to New Holland, where he has since carried on the same business, employing eight hands, and has also a factory at Starview, employing four hands. He makes about 700,000 cigars per year. He is something of a German scholar, but devotes his whole time to the manufacture of cigars. JOHN DRAYER, retired merchant, is a son of Jacob and Catherine (Cockley) Drayer, who were parents of seven children, four now living: Su- sanna, Henry, John and Mary: three deceased: Jesse, Eliza and Elizabeth. He was reared on the farm, and when old enough began learning the tailor's trade in Prystown. In 1844 he engaged in general merchandising, in connection with tailoring in Manchester. He was appointed postmaster by President James K. Polk, and afterward received the appointment for the same office from James Buchanan and Andrew Johnson. December 24. 1843, he married Sarah Frey, daughter of Samuel and Annie (Kissinger) Frey, of ^Spring Garden BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 13S Township. To this union were born nine children: Annie, David C, Cliarles P., Samuel M., Sallie A., Willie F., Flora J. and Ella M. Mr. Drayer is a member of the I. O. O. F., and attends the Lu- theran Church. The family name was originally spelled Dreher. MARTIN LUTHER DUELING, justice of the peace, was born in Manchester Township, April 9, 1830. His father was Martin Duhling, a native of England, and his mother, Barbara Quickel, born in York County. Until his fifteenth year, our subject remained on the farm, and then learned the pottery trade, which he followed twenty years. He was educated at the public schools, and at seventeen years began teaching, and taught tliirty-two win- ters in York County. At twenty-one years of age he married E izabeth A II ntz, daughter of John Bentz, of Manchcstii-. L'H' y had seven children, four of whom are now living: William H., of York, now of Edgar, Clay Co., Neb.; Sarah Cather- ine, wife of George Mathias, of New Cumberland; Emma S., wife of Stephen Copenhefer, miller, at Hellam, and Lillian Jane, at home. The three who died were John Clay, thirteen years; Annie, two years; Maria, wife of H. M. Everhart, twenty-six years. Mr. Duhling formerly belonged to the Lutheran Church, but left it in 1868 to connect him- self with the United Brethren Church, in which he is assistant class leader. Since 1870 he lias been secretary of the Quarterly Conference. In 1814 he was captain of the militia of Hellam District. He was a member of the Manchester Borough Council in 1880, andin 1884 again elected for three years, and has been secretary of the council for ten years. Being elected justice of the peace of Manchester Township in 1863, he has held that office nearly twenty-two years Since 18.57 he has also been en- gaged in butchering, and with the exception of ten years has followed it ever since. He attends also to surveying and conveyancing. August 23, 1864, he enlisted in Company D. Two Hundredth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served until the end of the war. When the regiment was properly or- ganized, he was elected first lieutenant, while his son was elected captain. His company served in the Army of the Potomac, and participated in the battles in front of Petersburg. At Fort Steadman he was wounded by a piece of shell striking him in the left leg; he lay in the hospital about eight days, but could not do any duty for fifteen days. The company was raised by him and his son, and it was his express wish that his son should be its captain. It left Harrisburg with 104 men, and returned with only seventy. In politics Mr. Duliling is a Repub- lican. In 1870 he took the census for Manchester Township and Borough, and from 1860 to 1866 he was postmaster at Manchester. His children, with the exception of the youngest, have all been teach- ers in the public schools. W. H. EI8ENHART, son of Adam and Leah (Forry) Eisenhart, was born in Manchester Town- ship. York Co., Penn., April 6, 1840. His ancestors, the Eisenharts, were among the earliest settlers in this county. He was married, November, 1860, to Helena Schriver, daughter of Daniel and Catherine (Sebriver) Schriver, of this township. By this union they have been blessed with two children : Flora K. and Emma J. Mr. Eisenhart is a member of the Lutheran Church. • DR. HERMAN ANDREW EISENHART, of Manchester Township, was born January 35, 1843, and is a son of Dr. Adam and Leah (Forry) Eisen- hart, natives of the same township, who had a fam- ily of eleven sons and three daughters, of whom our subject is the second son and fourth child. His grandfather, Dr. George Eisenhart, emigrated from Germany in the early history of our county, and ocated in the present limits of West Manchester. From him descended the numerous families of Eisenharts, most of whom reside in York County. The subject of this sketch was brought up on hi& father's farm, at the same time attended the public schools. At the age of nineteen he began the study of medicine in the office of his father, and at the age of twenty-nine, upon the death of his father, succeeded to the practice, which he still retains. August 19, 1864, he enlisted at York, in Company- H, Two Hundredth Regiment Pennsylvania Volun- teers, and was honorably discharged with his regi- ment, May 30, 1865, at Alexandria, Va. He partici- pated in the battle in front of Petersburg and the first and second attack on Port Steadman. After the war he returned home and resumed his medical practice at his present home, three and a half miles north of York. He married Rebecca Hamme, a native of York County, October 14, 1866. They have eight children: Lillie Cora, William McCall, Harvey G., Adam, Kurvin C, Annie Kate, Herman A. and Howard Filmore. Dr. Eisenhart is a mem- ber of the Lutheran Church, is a Republican in politics, and served one term as school director. In addition to his medical practice the Doctor pursues, farming, a part of his time, as a healthy recreation.. His father died in 1873, aged sixty-two years, andl his mother in 1883 at the same age. SOLOMON EISENHUR was born in Conewago- Township, August 15, 1834. His pai-ents were George and Magdalena (Wire) Bisenhur, of Penn- sylvania, but of German descent, who reared a family of nine sons and eight daughters, of whomi Solomon was the thirteenth child. He remained on the farm up to his manhood, and has followed farming ever since. His education he received at public schools. At the age of twenty-three he was- married, in Minnesota, to Sarah Wilhelm, of Man- chester Township, and a daughter of John Wilhelm. She bore him eleven children, one died in infancy:: Frances, wife of Jacob Lautz; Ida Belle, wife of Jacob Bair; James, a farmer; Delia, Laura. Wes- ley, Charles, Minnie, Eli and William H. Mr. Eisen- hur is one of the deacons of the United Brethren Church, and also vice-president of the Siibbath- school. He is also a member of the Easton Build- ing Association at York. In politics he is a Re- publican. While in Shakopee, Minn., he enlisted, in 1863, in Company A, Fourth Minnesota Volun- teer Infantry, and served one year's term of enlist- ment. With his command ho was in tlie campaign along the Mississippi River, in the battle of luka. Miss., and at Corinth. In 1863 he returned to- Pennsylvauia, and lived three years at Williams- port, where he was engaged in the planing-mill.. From there he moved to Manchester Township, and now lives on his fine farm of eighty-five acres. JOHN EMIG, Je , was born April 4, 1813, in. Manchester Townsliip, and died December 34, 1882. His parents were John and Anna Mary (Smyser) Emig, natives of West Manchester Township, and, of German ancestry. They had four sons and one daughter, of whom John, Jr., was the third son. H( grew up on the farm of his father, which had come into the hands of his grandfather in 1802, and into. his father's hands in 1806, and became his property in 1840, but in 1876 passed into the hands of William H. Emig, eldest son of John, Jr. The subject of this sketch was educated at the subscription schools, of his neighborhood. He was married, October 3, 1838, near Prospect, in Lower Windsor, to Ellen S. Knisely, daughter of John Knisely, of German descent. They had eleven children, one of whom, Amanda, died, aged about three years. The others are Louisa; William, a farmer; Ellen, wife of M. W. Bahn, at New Freedom; Mary Jane, a teacher in select schools; J. Albert, Emma, Alice, Flora A., Belle L. and Edward K., farmer and manufacturer.. They belong to the Reformed Church.. In 1840 he 134 MANCHESTER TOWKSHIP. began the lime burning business, and was the first to engage in that business in his vicinity. In 1849 the Northern Central Railroad was run through his farm, and at once established a station there, which is known as Emigsville. The farm contained about 200 acres, and came into his hands from his lather by his paying |500 in installments. He built about eleven houses in Manchester Township, had owned seven farms, and at his death owned three fine farms. The largest portion of his property was ac- quired by his own industry. In 1850 he engaged in a building scheme at Baltimore, and erected about ten fine dwelling houses and two warehouses, and at his death owned six of these dwellings. He was one of the few men in Jiis neighborhood favoring public schools. So bitter vras the opposition that he, with a few others, was compelled to guard the schoolhouse of his neighborhood from destruction. He was a school director for six years, and always toolc an active part in education. He was a leading man In tlie erection of the first chapel, and gave the ground upon which it was built. He laid out the town of New Freedom in 1868, and gave the ground on which two churches were erected (Methodist Episcopal and Reformed). The latter was first given to the Baptists, who sold It to the Reformers. He began the mercantile business about the time the railroad passed through, and, with the excep- tion of a few years, was interested in the house as a partner or sole owner up to 1874, when his son, John Albert, became owner. He was agent for the railroad company up to one year before his death, also postmaster from the establishment of the oflice until 1880. J. Albert Emig, born August 9, 1849, was reared on the farm at Emigsville. He received his education in tlie public schools, and at York County Academy, and at Millersville Normal School. He entered his father's store at Emigsville, and as- sisted as clerk until 1874, when he bought the store. He was married in Windsor Township, March 19, 1874, to Ella S. Detwiller, daughter of John Det- willer They had two children : Carrie D. and John W. He is head of the firm of Emig & Gable, Man- chester, and E. K. Emig & Co., manufacturers of wagons and agriculiural implements, at Emigsville, and flour and feed store and wagon depot at York. He owns 165 acres of land, and superintends it him- self. In 1880 he was appointed railroad agent at Emigsville, as also Adams Express agent and post- HENRY M. EVERHART, undertaker and cabinet-maker, is a son of Daniel and Sallie (Mohr) Everhart, of Y'ork, Penn., who were parents of ten children: William (deceased), Elizabeth, Mary, Henry M., Daniel, John, Leah, Sarah, William and Ellen. After learning his trade he began business for himself in 18.i9, and continued until the war broke out, when he enlisted in Company A, Eighty- seventh Pennsylvania Volunteers, and took part with his regiment in the battles of Winchester, Monocacy. Petersburg and second Bull's Run, be- sides a number of skirmishes. Mr. Everhart's first marriage was to Maria Duhling, daughter of M. L. and Eliza (Pentz) Duhling, of this township, and to this union were born three children: Annie K., Henry M. (deceased) and Ellen. Mrs. Everhart died and Mr. Everhart married Lizzie Stable, daughter of Col, J. A. Stable, of this township. This union has been blessed with one child — Flossie Mary. Mr. Everhart is a first-class mechanic and does an extensive trade in his line. He is a member of the United Brethren Church of Manchester. DAVID G. FOOSE, son of Isaiah and Margaret (Fagan) Foose, was born in Perry County, Penn., February 4,1845, and after attending several terms at public school in his native township, began to learn the trade of blacksmith (with his father), and after working ten years, began on his own account, in 1873, at his present stun 1 on Harrisburg Pike, near York. Our subject ^\ a^ married, September 16, 1869, to Margaret A. Harley. daughter of Ru- dolf and Rebecca (Cramer) Harley, of Chambers- burg, Franklin County. Two children were born to them — Mary Carrie and Martha Rebecca. Our sub- ject's paternal ancestors came from Germany and his maternal ancestors from England. Isaiah Poose, the father of our subject, was a gallant soldier in the late war; he enlisted in the Two Hundred and Eighth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, Gen. Hartranfl's Division, and after participating in all the battles in which his regiment was engaged, and bemg present at the surrender of Gen. Lee, April 9, 1865, he was honorably discharged from the service. He married Margaret Fagan, and their marriage was blessed with seven children: Rachael J. (de- ceased), David 6., Sarah Ann, Enoch T., Martin M., James M. and John Wesley. Isaiah Foose, our subject's father, died January 6, 1879, from heart disease, aged fifty-six years five months and one day. Margaret (Fagan) Foose, his wife, died April 9, 1870, aged about fifty years. HENRY S. PORRY, born in Spring Garden Township, January 16, 1853, is the eldest son and second child of Rudolph. and Angeline (Strickler) Forry, of Hellam and Spring^ Garden Townships, and of German descent. He grew to manhood on the farm and received a good common school edu- cation. He was married in York, October 18, 1877, to Amelia E. Flory, daughter of John Flory, of Spring Garden Township, farmer, and of German descent, and has had two children: Daisy E. and Howard Ralph. In the spring following his mar- riage he removed to the farm of 180 acres in Man- cli ester Township, since successfully managed by him. He devotes his entire attention to farming and stock raising. HENRY FREE was born in Manchester Town- ship, August 25, 1831. His parents were Adam and Mary (Hake) Free, natives, respectively, of Mary- land and Pennsylvania, and of Scotch and German descent. They reared six sons and five daughters. Henry is the fourth son and child. He was brought up on a farm and educated in the common schools. At the age of twenty-four or twenty-five he began lite for himself. He traded for some time in stock, but in 1856 he commenced distilling at Golds- borough, Penn., andin parinership with his brother, Augustus, has followed it since. They began with a capacity of 100 bushels per day, but at the be- ginning of taxation reduced the capacity. He was married in Manchester Township, March 1, 1857, to Leah Rutter, daughter of John Rutter (deceased). She died in November, 1881, leaving four children: George B. M., M. D., at Philaderphia; Kate, at home; Samuel, a student at York Collegiate Insti- tute, and Harry, also a student at York. Mr. Free belongs, as did also his wife, to the Lutheran Church; in politics he is a Republican, and has been elected township auditor several times, and is the present incumbent. He was one of the organ- izers of the State Capital Oil Company, and for many years one of its directors. He left Man- chester Township for Newberry Township in 1858, and in 1869 he came to where he has since lived upon a small farm one mile north of York. He is partner in three fine farms near Goldsborough, ag- gregating about 400* acres. Mr. Free made all his property by his own industry. His daughter is keeping house for him. His father, who died in 18.54, came to Pennsylvania in 1818, and worked some as a carpenter, then commenced farming and distilling near Emigsville; here he died at the age of fifty-eight years, possessed of property worth up- ward of 175,000, and yet, at the age of thirty, he had nothing and had done nothing. He was once elected county commissioner. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 135 SAMUEL GLATFELTER was born near Han- over, York County, Penn., August 4, 1819. His parents were John and Margaret E. (Keyser) Glat- felter. of York County. They had three sons and one daughter. Being the eldest of the children, Samuel remained on the farm, and like his father, has followed farming ever since. In his youth he attended subscription scliools, and at the age of nineteen years, went to Indiana, with his parents, but stayed there only a few months, and then re- turned to Pennsylvania, stopping in Indiana County about four years. Coming back to his native county^ he followed distilling for a few years. July 25," 1^4, he married Susan Heindel, daughter of Jacob Heindel, a farmer. Mr. and Mrs. Glatfelter were of German descent. Mrs. G. died January 28, 1879, leaving six children. Two children were buried before her: Catharine, in her twenty -second year, and Isabel, in her twenty-seventh year. Since his mother's death, Samuel L. died in his twenty- sixth year, and Amanda Jane April 13, 1883, aged thirty-four years, leaving the following: Susan, Julian, Margaret E. and Emma L. The family be- long to the Lutheran Church. Mr. Glatfelter has for some time been school director. In politics he is Democratic. In the spring of 1859 he removed to the place he now owns and occupies, a fine thrifty farm of about 155 acres. LUTHER S. GLATFELTER, merchant at Star- view, was born in New Salem, North Codorus Township, December 23, 1860, and is a son of Franklin and Rebecca (Smith) Glatfelter, of Ger- man and Swiss descent, respectively. He remained with his father on the farm until the age of four- teen, when he entered the employ of Eli Goodling as clerk in his store. He next attended school one winter, and then became a clerk for Mr. Whitman and others, of York, in the store business. In 1881 he began business for himself as a merchant in Dover Township, and in 1884 moved to Starview, where he is now conducting a store of gbneral mer- chandise, and since locating there has been post- master of the village. Mr. Glatfelter was married, August 14, 1881, to Jennie E. Hake, daughter of Frederick Hake. They had two children. One, named William Jacob, died in infancy. The name of the second child is Charles Walter. Mr. Glat- felter is a member of the Lutheran Church. ELIA8 GOOD (formerly spelled Guth), the third of five children of Rudolph and Elizabeth (Engle) Good, of Manchester Township, was born Novem- ber 8, 1828, in Manchester Township, at the old homestead. He was reared to farming and has always followed that occupation. September 16, 1852, he married Louisa Baer, daugher of George and Sarah (Smyser) Baer, of Spring Garden Town- ship. Three children were born to this marriage: Adeline, Amanda, deceased; and Annie. On the 21st of January, 1875, Mr. Good married Susan Mus- ser, daughter of Benjamin H., and Elizabeth (Rup- ley) Musser, of Fairview Township. Our subject's grandfather, Peter Good, was born November 11, 1755, in Martick Township, Lancaster County, Penn. ; his first wife was Susan Stehman, of Lancas- ter County; eleven children were born to them; John, Henry, Barbara, Elizabeth, Susanna, Anna, Jacob, Peter, Rudolph, Catherine and Abraham. His second wife was Barbara Treigber, of Spring Garden Township; to this union were born two children: Maria and Daniel. Rudolph Good, the father of the subject of this sketch, was born August 23, 1794, on the liomestead where David Good now resides. He died December 22, 1869, aged seventy- five years three -months and twenty-nine days. Elizabeth (Engle) Good, our subject's mother, was born October 27, 1801, was married to Rudolph Good, March 11, 1824, and died March 4, 1853, aged fifty-one years, four months and five days. Their children were Jacob, deceased; Magdaline, deceased; Elias, Susanna and David. Mr. Good, our subject, is a member of the German Baptist Church (usually known as Dunkards), and is one of Manchester Township's best citizens. DAVID E. GOOD (formerly spelled Guth), is the youngest of five children of Rudolph and Elizabeth (Engle) Good, of Manchester Town- ship, and was born at the homestead where he now resides, August 30, 1832. He was reared to and has_ always foUowed farming. In December. 1856, he married Susan R. Ginter, daughter of Jacob and Ann (Rodes) Ginter, of Manchester Township. Ten children have been born to them: Harvey G., Will- iam, Elizabeth (deceased), Rudy, David, Jacob, Martha (deceased), Edward, Fannie (deceased), and Harry. Harvey Good, son of the subject of this sketch, was born November 6, 1858. December 4, 1881, he married Catherine Melhorn, daughter of George and Louisa (Lory) Melhorn, of Manchester Township ; one child has blessed their union — Roy Edwin. Harvey Good is engaged in the cigar busi- ness and has a factory in Manchester Township. William and Jacob, second and sixth sons of David E. Good, have charge of the telegraph office at the Summit, between Bmigsville and Mount Wolf; William is the day and Jacob the night operator for the Pennsylvania Railroad, on the Northern Central Railroad, at this point; they are steady, trustworthy young men, and conscientious in the discharge of their duties. Rudy and David, the fourth and fifth children, respectively, are working at cigar-making. HENRY V. GRESS, M. D., was born in Lan- caster County, November 3, 1846. His parents were John and Elizabeth (Von-Nieda) Gress, both of whom are dead, the father dying when Henry V. was but a year old. They were natives of Lan- caster County and of German descent. They had two sons, of whom Henry V. was the youngest. Until his seventeenth year he remained on the farm, attending also the common schools, where at the age of sixteen years he first learned English. At the age of twenty years he entered the office of Dr. Hoffman at Sinking Springs, Berks Co., Penn., and read medicine one year; then entered Jefferson College and took a course of lectures. After read- ing another year with his old preceptor he returned to his alma mater, and graduated in March, 1871, as M. D., not getting his diploma, however, until some months after passing the examination, on account of a "commencement." He had really practiced his profession nine months before he re- ceived his diploma. At Brickerville, Lancaster County, he began practice in September, 1870, and stayed some time over a year. He then removed to Bachmansville, Dauphin County, where he prac- ticed nearly three years. From there he moved to Manchester, where he has since practiced with suc- cess. September 20, 1870, he was married, at York, to Ella Boyd, of Columbia, Penn., a daughter of John Boyd, of Scotch-Irish descent. Four children were born to them: Ray, Guy, Grace and Elizabeth B. Both parents belong to the United Brethren Church. Dr. Gress was elected school director in 1882. He was also one of the organizers of the Provident Life Association of Baltimore, Md., and has been one of the directors since its organization in 1882. SAMUEL GROSS, the second of six children of John and Barbara (Melhorn) Gross, was born May 25, 1813, in Manchester Township, on the old home- stead farm where he was reared. His first wife was Susan Wolf. Six children were born to them: Mary, Amanda, John, George, Emma and Susan (deceased). His second wife was Lena Gotwalt, daughter of John and Catherine (Wilt) Gotwalt of Dover Township. One child was born to this mar- 136 MANCHESTER TOWNSHIP. riage— Alice S. Mr. Gross and family are mem- bers of the Lutheran Church, of Manchester. Mr. Gross" ancestors were among the first settlers of Manchester Township. They came to the neigh- borhood of Manchester 110 years ago, and their de- scendants in Manchester Township have always been upright, honorable men and good citizens. MICHAEL GROSS, the third of six children of John and Barbara (Melhorn) Gross, of Manchester Township, was born January 15, 18—. in Manches- ter Township; he was reared on his father's farm and followed farming for thirty years, when he retired. He married Leah Hake, daughter, of Jacob and Lydia (Miller) Hake, of Conewago Township; to this union were born Eliza, John W., Eli, Lydia, Sarah A., Louis and Leah. The grandfather of the subject of this sketch was born in Germany, and located in Manchester Township,on the farm. where Jacob Free now resides, near Emigsville; after a short stay there he bought the farm where Benja- min Gross now lives, about one mile from the village of Manchester. He bought this farm, February 8, 1777, from Frekerick Zorger, of Newberry Township. Samuel Gross, our subject's grandfather, had two brothers, one settled in Lancaster County, the other near Hagerstown, Md. Samuel settled in York County and had seven children: George, Samuel, John, Daniel, Eve, wife of Michael Beltzhover, of Cumberland County, and one daughter, the wife of Rev. Schucker (deceased), of York; the other daughter was the wife of John Strayer, of Dover Township. Our subject's ancestors were among the earliest settlers of Manchester Township. Mr. Gross is a prominent member of the Lutheran Church. GEORGE GROSS, son of John and Barbara (Melhorn) Gross, was born February 16, 1817, in Ma^ichester Township. Mr. Gross was reared to farming and followed tlie occupation all his life. February 17, 1848, Mr. Gross married Eliza Rutter, daughter of John and Catharine Brillinger Rutter, of Manchester Township. Fourteen children were born to this union: Ellen, deceased; Albert, de- ceased; Emm a, deceased; George, deceased; Andrew, deceased; Adam, deceased; Zacharias, William, Sarah, Kate, Edward, Charles, Eliza and Jennie. Mr. Gross and family are members of the Lutheran Church, of Manchester. (For Mr. Gross' ancestral history, see his brother's sketch.) BENJAMIN GROSS, the third of six children of Daniel and Elizabeth (Myers) Gross, of Man- chester Township, was born August 30, 1819, in Manchester Township. He was reared to farming and followed that occupation until 1860, when he retired. In April, 1843, Mr. Gross married Sarah Shettel, daughter of George and Elizabeth (Bentz) Shettel, of Conewago Town.ship. Two children have blessed this marriage: Eli and Alfred S. (now a resident of Goshen, Ind.) Our subject's grand- father bought and located on the farm where Ben- jamin now lives, in 1777, having purchased the same from Fred Zorger on the 8th of February, 1777. The Gross family has been among the pioneer set- tlers of Manchester Township. Benjamin Gross, the subject of this sketch, is well and favorably known as one of Manchester Township's influential men. He is a member of the Lutheran Church. FREDERICK G. HAKE was born in Conewago Township, York County, May 29, 1837. Hisparents were Andrew F. and Eliza (Gross) Hake, of York County, and of German descent. They reared a family of four sons (of whom Frederick was the eldest), and three daughters. Frederick G. remained on the farm until grown, receiving his educa- tion in the public schools. At the age of twenty-one he began life for himself. When twenty-three years old he was married to Sarah Moore, daughter of Jacob Moore, of Manchester Borough. Ten chil- dren were born to them: Edward M., a railroad offi- cial at St. Louis; Mary Ellen, wife of Joseph Eisen- hart; William Albert, grocer; Jennie, wife of Luther Glatfelter; Elizabeth, Annie,Augustus, Maggie, Car- rie and Hattie — the last six being at home. Brought up in the Lutheran Church, they, for convenience, joined the United Brethren Church in 1874. Hav- ing a fine farm of 163 acres of well cultivated land, about four miles west of York, Mr. Hake left Man- chester Borough in 1874, and located on this farm. His parents left Manchester, in 1872, f or Harrisburg, where they have since resided, leading the easy life of retired farmers. Mr. Hake owns very valuable property in Harrisburg, as also valuable farm lands in Kansas. ALBERT HAKE, son of Daniel and Mary (Boose) Hake, of Manchester Township (now York), was born April 24, 1851, and is the second of eight children. He attended the public schools of his na- tive township, and went two sessions to the York County Academy (Prof. Ruby). December 12, 1872, Mr. Hake married Adeline Good, daughter of Elias and Louisa (Baer) Good, of Manchester Town- ship. Four children have been born to them: Car- rie, Estella, Nora Louisa and Elias. Mr. Hake is a successful florist and apiarist, and sells largely to the York market, and lives near the village of Man- chester, on the Harrisburg pike. WILLIAM J. HAKE, son of Jacob and Cassan- dria (Neiman) Hake, was born December 14, 1852, in Manchester Township. He was the ninth of ten children: George, Leah, Emanuel, Ellen, Mary, Louisa, Jacob (deceased), Henry (deceased), Will- iam J., and Albert (deceased). The mother of our subject was Cassandria Neiman, daughter of George and Mary (Rupert) Neiman, of Conewago Town- ship. His father, Jacob Hake, was born February 20, 1809, and died May 25, 1875. Our subject's gi'andfather was Jacob Hake; he married Mary Copenhafer, of Heidelberg Township; he was a far- mer and owned the farm now occupied by Daniel Hake, one mile and a half from Manchester, on the Harrisburg pike (see history of the Hake or Hock family, page 137). JACOB HARTMAN, son of Christian and Mary (Moore) Hartman, was born March 8, 1820, in this township, the sixth of the following fam- ily: John (deceased), Catherine (deceased). Chris- tian, Peter (deceased), Henry (deceased), Jacob, Samuel (deceased), Isaac, Elizabeth (deceased), Su- sanna, Daniel, Abraham (deceased), Leah and William (deceased). The father. Christian Hart- man, was a soldier in the war of 1812. Our subject was married, November 14, 1844, to Leah, daughter of John and Christiana (Lichtenberger) Schroll, and by her became the father of eleven children: Justice (deceased), Mary Ann. Samuel (deceased), William H., Sarah J., Annie (deceased), John, Leah, Emanuel F., Daniel B. and Catherine (de- ceased). Mr. Hartman is the owner of several excellent farms, and in the spring of 1865 retired to his new mansion to pass in quietude his remaining years. ANSON C. HARTMAN, born in Manchester Township, March 39, 1863, is the sixth son of Peter and Mary (Hartzler) Hartman, of York and Dauphin Counties. ' He was brought up in Man- chester Borough, received a good education in the public schools, and at the age of seventeen years began the trade of stone-cutter with his brother in Manchester Borough, and in September, 1883, he went into business for himself. He is a skilled workman, and the only stone-cutter in the place. He is financial secretary of the 'P. O. S. of A. at Manchester, and has filled all the official chairs of the order. He is leader of Mt. Wolf Cornet Band, and instructor of the Starview Cornet Band. He is an accomplished coi-netist, and plays any and all of BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 137 the brass Instruments. His musical education is self-acquired. HENRY HOFP, son of Henry and Mary (Moul) HofE, was born in Manchester Township, York Co., Penn., March 16, 1830, and was reared on his father's farm. The father was born in this town- ship, and the mother in Heidelberg Township, near Hanover, Penn. They had six children; John, Rebecca, Mary, Henry, Samuel and Su.san. Our subject was married, November, 1859, to Sarah, daughter of Jacob and Elizabeth Baer, of Cone- wago Township, this county. By this union they have been blessed with four children: Albert, Henry B., Eli W. and an infant, deceased. Mr. HoflE is the owner of a valuable farm, well culti- vated and improved. The village of Mt. Wolf, where Mr. Hoff resides, is built on land owned by his father, Henry HofE. SAMUEL M. HOFP, the founder of Mt. Wolf village, and the son of Henry and Mary (Moul) HofE, of this township, was born February 16, 1888, and was reared on ills father's farm. Decem- ber 5. 1851, he married Sarah, daughter of George and Leah (Shindle) Lichtenberger, of Fairview Township, the result of the marriage being tbree children: Carlton L., George L. and an infant (de- ceased). The father of our subject, Henry HofE, died in October, 1884, at the advanced a^e of eighty-nine years, a sincere member of the tfnited Brethren Church of Mt. Wolf, of which he has always been a liberal supporter. THE HOCK (HAKE) FAMILY. An old fami- ly bible which has come down to the present, states: Jacob Hock (always written thus in the German) was horn June 10, 1724, in Hanau Land, Holzhausen, Germany; his father was John Frederick Hock, and his mother was Anna Catharine Foobach ; she was born at Rothine, a small half hour from Holzhausen. The Provincial Council of Penn- sylvania adopted a resolution September 14, 1727, that the Masters of Vessels transporting Germans and others from the Continent of Eur- ope, take a list of emigrants " from whence they came." Those who could write were obliged to subscribe their names in their own hand. These lists are still preserved at Harrisburg. Some old deeds and writings, containing the signatures of our forefathers, have been preserved to the present, and comparing these with the ones on the lists at Harrisburg, we find they correspond to signatures on lists in the years of 1748 and 1749. '-September 15, 1748, Foreigners imported in the Two Brothers, Thomas Arnott, Master, from Rotterdam, last from Portsmouth;" Jacob Hock. " September 26, 1749, Foreigners from Hanau, Wirtenberg, Darmstadt and Eisenbere. Ship Ranier, Henry Browning, Master, from Rotterdam last from England. 277 passengers;" John Frederick Hock, John Conrad Hock. The above facts show that our family immigrated to America in the years 1748 and 1749; Jacob Hock in 1748, and we have a number of rea- sons to believe he was the elder son; September 26, 1749, the father, John Frederick Hock, the founder of the family, and John Conrad, a son, probably the younger son. We have not been able to discover if they settled in York County immediately or not. We are inclined to believe they did. As early as April, 1753, we find a record, the baptism of a child of said Jacob Hock— Maria Barbra— born January 34, 1753, baptized April 26, 1753, at Christ Evangel- ical Lutheran Church, York. March 25, 1753, John Frederick Hock and wife, Anna Calliarine, stood godfather and grd-mother to the child of John Adam Schedle, a son, John Frederick, at same church. Among old papers still in possession of the family we find a draft of a tract of land No. 3048. This tract was formerly owned by ■ Gottfried W. Noedel, of York, owned at pres- ent by Louis Zurn, of Philadelphia. From a deed we extract: "Michael Houck, by his deed poll of 5 August, 1755, for the consideration therein mentioned, did grant and convey all his right, title and interest of in and to a certain Improvement and tract of Land situate in Codorus Township unto a certain Frederick Heck. And the said Frederick Oblad Heck, an order to survey and lay out the same by his Application No. 3048 for 200 acres, bearing date at Philadelphia, 3 March, 1767. And whereas the said Frederick Heck afterward died in- testate, being so seized of said Improvement, and Tract of Land and Order of Survey, together with other Land in said County of York, leaving lawful issue to survive him to witz: Conrad Heck, Jacob Heck and Phillipina, the wife of Phillip Winter- meyer. And whereas in pursuance of Application and Order of Survey aforesaid there was surveyed and laid out after the death of the said Frederick Heck, for the use of his issue (7 May, 1771.) afore- said, the above recited Improvement and Tract of Land." The time of death of Frederick Hock, the father, we have not been able to determine definite- ly. He stood god-father to a child of his son- in-law, Phillip Wintermyer, on January 1, 1768. Letters of administration in common form were granted to Jacob Hake of the estate of Frederick Hake, late of York County, yeoman, deceased on September 9, 1770. Of the daughter Phillipina. wife of Phillip Wintermeyer, we have not been able to get much information. We have knowledge of two children: Anna Catharine, born December 3, 1767, and Susanna, born August 6, 1776, both baptized at Christ Evangelical Luiheran Church, York. The said Phillip Wintermeyer came to America October 25, 1748. He received tract No. 3048, by deed of release of Conrad Hake and Jacob Hake November 3, 1771. Sold the same to Peter Miller July 30, 1773. A tract of 164 acres was surveyed to him in Manchester Township April 9, 1778, in pursuance of a warrant dated the 34th day of March, 1767. Present owner of this tract, Samuel Glatfelter. The last assessment we can find of him in Manchester Township is 1801. Conrad Hock, one of the two sons and probably the younger, arrived with his father, John Frederick, in America, as previously given, September 26, 1749. A warrant was taken out by said Conrad on February 34, 1767, for " about 200 acres situate in Dover (now Conewago) Township, including his improvement about four or five miles from York." This tract passed to his "eldest son," Christian, from him to his younger brother, Frederick, and by public sale after decease of Frederick to George Loucks, of West Manchester Township, on March 31, 1832, whose son, Israel Loucks of York, is present owner. Said Conrad was assessed to 150 acres in Dover (now Conewago Township) in 1780. In 1781 he was assessed to one lot in Carlisle, Cum- berland County. In 1783 to one house and lot in same place. Made his will at Carlisle, February 7, 1785. Letters testamentary were issued in common form March 7, 1785, to Elizabeth (wife) and Jacob Greasou. We extract from above will: "My eldrst son. Christian Hick, shall have the profit of my plantation in Dover (now Conewago) Township, as long as his Mother lives " "My son, Frederick possess' the House that I have in Carlisle during the life of hismother." "Myson, Christian, shall have it in his choice to take either the planta- tion or liouse in Carlisle to possess." "My eldest daughter, Anna Maria Greaves." "Second daughter, Catharine Ottenberger." " Third daughter, Philli- pina Hoofman." "Fourth daughter.Susanna Fisher." Second" daughter Catharine, wife of Jacob Otten- berger. second husband Jacob Wiser, of Carlisle; "Third" daughter, wife of Nicholas Hoof man, lived in York County, Quickel's Church. Their children 138 MANCHESTER TOWNSHIP. -were: John Jacob (eldest, born January, 1780), John Phillip, Anna Maria, Susanna, Henry and Nicholas. Of Anna Maria Greaves, Catharine Ottenberger, Afterward Wiser, and Susanna Fisher I have not learned anything. Christian, the "eldest son," was assessed to a farm in Dover Township in 1783-83; 1785-87 to a house and lot in Carlisle; 1788-89 to a farta in North Middleton Township, Cumberland County. He settled in Trumbull County, Ohio, bui. at what time I have not discovered. His chil- dren were Christian, who came from Ohio and mar- ried Elizabeth Hake, of the branch of Jacob Hock, and lived near Quicker s Church; their children living and dead are Su3anna, wife of Benjamin Deardofi; Sarah, wife of Andrew Beuhler; Eliza- beth, wife of Henry Loucks, and Samuel. Tlie other children of Christian Hake, Sr., were Freder- ick, one of whose sons is Jesse S. Hake, superinten- dent of public instructions of Wayne County, Neb. The remaining children of Cliristian Hake, Sr., were George, Samuel, Elizabeth, Maria Barbra, ■wife of Samuel Wanemaker, and Catharine. The younger son of Conrad Hock, Frederick, who lived on tlie homestead, the farm now owned by Israel Loucks, of York, died April 12, 1830. The farm . was sold March 31, 1832, and the family shortly after moved to Trumbull Countjr, Ohio. The chil- dren were Elizabeth, John Phillip, Daniel, Freder- ick, John George; Catharine, wife of Michael Wire, Conrad, Samuel, David, Mary, wife of Jacob Hola- bush, and Jacob. John Phillip, Daniel, Frederick, John George and David or some of the descend- ants of each — live in Jefferson County, Wis. The children of Jacob were: Emanuel, Elizabeth, wife of Jacob Core, now living at Highspire, Dauphine ■County ; John A. Hake, Pittsburgh, and Daniel J. Hake, of Middletown, Dauphin County. Jacob Hock, the other son who arrived in America, Sep- tember 15, 1748, was born June 10, 1724— wife Susanna Dorothea. He received his naturalization papers of the supreme court held at Philadelphia, September 24, 1762, under King George HI, king of England. "Before William Allen and Will- iam Coleman, Esqs., judges of the said court, between the Hours of 9 and 12 of the Clock in the Forenoon of the same Day, Jacob Heek, of Manchester, in the county of York,being a Foreign- er, and having inhabited and resided for the Space of Seven Years in His Majesty's Colonies in America, and not having been absent out of some of the said Colonies for a longer Time than Two Months at any one Time during the said seven Years; and the said Jacob Heek having produced to the said Court a Certificate of his having taken the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper within Three Months before the said Court," etc. This interesting document was found among a number of old papers, which have passed down directly through the several genera- tions, and are still in the possession of the family. The earliest record of said Jacob Hock, in York ■County, is the baptism of his daughter, Maria Bar- bra, April 26, 1752, at Christ Evangelical Lutheran •Church, York. April 9, 1761, he bought of Sebastian Fink, of Dover Township, twenty acres of land "by little Conewago." February 23, 1762, he sold to George Stevenson, of York 1 own, Esq., " The plantation and tract of land whereon I lately dwelt, situate on branch of Codorus ■Creek, in CodorusTownship." The same was sur- veyed to Tobias Amspoker in pursuance of war- rant, dated at Philadelphia, March 9, 1753. He must have moved to Manchester Township from Codorus Township between April 9, 1761, and Feb- ruary 33, 1762. He made his will October 6, 1803. He signed a receipt December 10, 1803. His son, Andrew, received letters of administration Novem- ber 2, 1803. His children were Maria Barbra, born January 34, 1753. Probably died without issue as she is not mentioned in the will. The other chil- dren, as given in the will, are Andrew, Frederick, "my daughter Lousia iuierm.irried to Jacob Barr," "my daughter, Mary Elizabeth, intermarried with George Neyman." Of Lousia Hake, born Septem- ber 9, 1761, the wife of Jacob Barr, I have not been able to learn anything. Mary Elizabeth Hake, born July 32, 1756, wife of George Neiman, who was born September 1, 1750. Their children were: Susanna, wife of Daniel Jacoby, moved to Somerset County, Penn., and from there to Ohio; Maria Elizabeth, wife of George Benedict; George, born January 30, 1 783. His children living and dead are Catharine, wife of Jacob Hake, Manchester Town- ship; Sarah, wife of David Maish; Levi Maish, ex- congressman, a son; Eliza, wife of Jacob Shettle; Elizabeth, wife of Samuel Shettle; John Neiman, York; George, Samuel R. and Adam R. Neiman, of Conewago Township; Mary, wife of Solomon Shet- tle; Rebecca, wife of Peter Atland; Lavina, wife of Henry Hoof man; Susanna, wife of Jacob Rudy, and Leah, wife of William Metzger. Michael, born Feb- ruary 16, 1785, no information. Jacob's descend- ants were living in and by Indianopolis. Maria Catharine was born December 9, 1786, wife of John Jacoby; descendants are: Rebecca, wife of John Ginter; Catharine, wife of Henry Fink; Leah, wife of Jacob Mille^-; Eli Miller, of York, a son; Eliza, wife of Christian Miller; Lydia, wife of John Charleston, and John Jacoby. Andrew Neiman was born November 5, 1790; his children were: Jacob; Mary Ann, wife, of Daniel Gross; Andrew, Leah; William, husband of Susanna Hake, and Levi. Margret was born August 25, 1794, wife of Peter Boose; children living and dead are Eliza- beth, wife of John Zimmerman; John, Peter, Mrs. Daniel Hake, York, a daughter; Jacob and Catha- rine, wife of Jacob Christine. Mary was the wife of Jacob Meisenhelder; their children were Eliza- beth, widow of John Spar; Mary Ann, wife of Peter Boyer; Catharine, wife of Wyn- koop; Emanuel, Samuel, one of whose sons is Dr. Meisenhelder, of York; Lavinia, wife of John Shellabarger. Jacob Hock, a brother to Conrad Hock, who died at Carlisle 1785, had two sons: Andrew and John Frederick. Andrew was the elder; born March 13, 1754; baptized at Christ Evangelical Lutheran Church, York; his children were in the order of their age: Anna Mary, Jacob, Andrew, Frederick, Susanna Catharine, Simon, John, Elizabeth, Salome and Sarah. The children of Anna Mary, the wife of Sebastian Fink, were Allen, Sarah, the wife of Jacob Zest, and Anna Maria, the wife of David Cocklin. Jacob Hake; wife, Anna Mary Copenhafer, their children in order of age: John; Mary, the wife of Adam Free; Jacob; Leah, the ■wife of Jacob Fahs; Sarah, the wife of Frederick Schindle; Frederick; Eliza- beth, wife of John Reeser; Andrew; Henry; Catha- rine, wife of Peter Good; Daniel; Susanna, the wife of William Neiman; Ellas and Lousia Anna, who died single. They reside, or some of the descend- ants — John, Jacob. Henry, Mrs. Frederick Schindle, Mrs. Peter Good, Mrs. .William Neiman — in Man- chester Township; Mrs. Adam Free, Mrs. Jacob Fahs, Frederick and Daniel Hake, in York; Mrs. John Reeser, Conewago; Andrew and Ellas Hake, in Fairview Township. Next in age to Jacob was Andrew, who moved to Baltimore a good many years ago. His descendants write their name Hack. Their children were Augustus A.; William A.; Frederick A.; Elizabeth, wife of David Rulhrafl; Mary A., wife of Morris J. Jones. Next in age, Frederick, who lived in Conewago Township. His children, living and dead, are: Sallie, wife of John Schindle; Andrew; Elizabeth, wife of Deweese Beck; Julia, wife of Abraham McNeal; John, Henry and William Hake. Next in order of age BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 139 Susiiuna, wife of Jacob Wilt, had two daughters. Leah, the wife of William Tyler, one of whose daughters — Margaret, the widow of John B. Ever- sole — lives at Middletown, Dauphin County. The other daughter of Jacob Wilt was Julia, the wife of George W. Geiselman. Next in age, Catharine, wife of Henry Grove; they had two children: Henry Hake Grove, one of whose sons is Dr. Eugene Grove, of Carlisle, and Susanna C, the wife of Rev. John Ulrich. Simon was the next in age, who probably died without issue. Next in order of age was John, who moved to Baltimore at an early day, and. hia descendants write their name Hack. His children, living and dead, are: Susanna; Mary Anna, wife of James H. Warner; John W. ; Orlando v.; Oliver F. Hack, attorney, Baltimore; Elizabeth, Andrew C. and George W. Hack. Next in order of age was Elizabeth, wife of Christian Hake, grand- son of Conrad Hock; their children, living and dead, are Susanna, wife of Benjamin Deardoff; Sarah, wife of Andrew Beuhler; Elizabeth, wife of Hpnry Loucks; Samuel and Andrew. Salome, next in age, probably died without issue. Sarah, the youngest, wife of Joseph Kroft; their children, living and dead, are Mary Ann, wife of Eli Free; Washington, Hack, Oliver, John Andrew, Frederick Augustus, Sarah and Amanda. The younger of the two sous of Jacob Hock, John Frederick and brother to Andrew, whose descendants we have enumerated, was born June 5, 1759. We give his descendants as far as we have been able to learn. Jacob is proba- bly the eldest; two children: Leah, wife of Michael Gross, and Daniel Hake, Manchester Borough. Henry, who lived at McKnightstown, Adams Coun- ty, had two children: Peter and Harriet, both died without issue. Anna Maria, wife of George Gross; their children, living and dead, are Adam, George, John, AnnaMary and Elizabeth. John, one child- Leah, widow of JacobEppley, Manchester Borough. Next in age two daughters: Susanna and Sarah, no knowledge of any descendants. Frederick, known as "Captain," moved to Lynchburg, Va., about 1835 or 1830. His children were, as far as we have been able to learn, Helen Mary, wife of Mr. Thomas; Susanna, wife of Mr. Oaks; Frederick and Annie. Elizabeth, wife of George Smith, a daughter of said John Frederick; their descendants, living and dead, are: Sarah, wife of Thomas Bennett; Samuel, Daniel and Elizabeth. Peter, the last we have to enumerate of the children of John Frederick Hake, lived at McKnightstown, where the most of his de- scendants still live. His children, living and dead, are: Henry, Peter, James, Matilda, William A. Abraham and Anna Mary, wife of Aaron Loher. E. G. Hakb, M. D. FRANKLIN L. JACOBS, born in Lower Wind- sor Township, June 11, 1851, is the eldest son of William and Mary (Landes) Jacobs, natives of York County, and of English and German descent. He lived with his parents, working some at farming, but before he was twenty-one he learned the trades of cigar-maker and plasterer, and has followed both trades since. He began business for himself in his native township, when about twenty-one years of age. He was married, September 24 1874, to Annie E. Paff, daughter of Amos PafE of Hellam Township, and has had four children, one— Horace C , died in infancy; the living are Mary Estella, William Garfield and Ivy Rebecca. He removed to Manchester Borough in the spring of 1875, and has since been engaged in the manufacturing of cigars, employing a few hands, and making 150,000 cigars per annum. His plastering work is done under contract, and he does most of the first class work in his neighborhood. He has held the offices of in- spector of elections and auditor of Manchester Borough; was elected chief burgess of Manchester Borough in the spring of 1884, and is an active Republican. He belongs to the Evangelical Asso- ciation. JOHN JACOBY was born October 22, 1819, on the place now owned and occupied by him, and where he has spent his life. His parents were David and Elizabeth (Miller) Jacoby, of York County, Penn., who reared three sons and one daughter. John was the youngest child and lost his father, when he was only fifteen years old. He grew up on the farm and attended the public schools. Oc- tober 15, 1844, he was married in Manchester Town- ship to Catharine, daughter of John E. Frantz, and has had fifteen children, four of whom have died: two unnamed infants; Catharine, a baby, and John at tlje age of twenty years. The living are Lewis, a carpenter; Henry, a butcher; Elizabeth; Sarah, married to Daniel Shettle; William, a butcher; Adam, a carpenter; Amanda, married to Alfred Shoop; Anna; Samuel, a butcher; Augustus, and Alfred, a merchant at York. Mr. Jacoby and wife belong to the Lutheran Church. For about thirty years he was engaged In butchering, but gave it up in 1878. He owns a fine farm of forty- eight acres, where he now lives, and some wood- land in Conewago Township. What he has he has earned by the sweat of his brow. LEWIS JACOBY, carpenter and builder, was born in Manchester Township, York Co., Penn., August 19, 1844, eldest son of John and Catherine (Frantz) Jacoby, who were parents of fifteen chil- dren, eleven of whom are now living: Lewis, Henry, Elizabeth, Sarah, William, Adam, Amanda, Anna, Samuel, Augustus and Alfred. Our subject was reared on his father's farm and has always lived in this township. He began learning his trade in York, Penn., in 1862, and started busi- ness for himself in 1880. Since he began contract- ing for the erection of buildings he has all the work he can attend to, and has built nearly every house in the village of New Prospect, on Cemetery Hill, near York, Penn. December 35, 1868, he married Adeline Myers, daughter of Peter and Sallie (Hum- mer) Myers, of Dover Township, and this union has been blessed with five children : Mary Alice, Adelia E., James Latimer. Laura E. (deceased) and Mar- garet Lucretia. Mr. Jacoby is a member of the Lutheran Church. H. C. KAUFFMAN is a son of Henry and Re- becca (Heininger) Kauffman of Manchester Town- ship, where our subject was born October 3, 1858. He received a common school education, and began the business of manufacturing cigars in September, 1881, in Manchester Borough. He gives constant employment to eighteen hands. February 19, 1880, Mr. Kauffman married Annie SchroU, daughter of Samuel and Anna (Snyder) Schroll, of Manchester Township. Two children have been born to them, Harry A. and Marcus L. His parents still live in this township, where they were born; his grand- father was also a native of York County— so that his ancestors were among the pioneer settlers of Manchester Township. Mr. Kauffman, although a, young man, has been very successful in his busi- ALEXANDER KLINDINST, son of Daniel and Leah (Shindle) Klindinst, was born June 28, 1863, in York, Penn. He was reared on his father s farm, and attended the public schools of his native town- ship, also three terms at the Emigsville Academy; began teaching school at Eisenhart's schoolhouse, Manchester Township; after teaching two terms re- moved to York to accept a responsible business po- sition in the firm of E. K. Emig & Co. November 37 1884 Mr. Klindinst married Katie A. Smyser, daughter of Augustus and Catherine (Schriver) Smyser of Manchester Township. Mr. Klindinst , is a young man of pleasing address, conscientious in the discharge of his duty, steady in his habits. 140 MANCHESTER TOWNSHIP. trustworthy and esteemed by all who know him. He is a member of Christ Evangelical Lutheran Church of York, Penn., the E. M. R. A. and E. L. and R. C, of Emigsville. HENRY KOHR, is the second son of Henry and Lydia (Stauffer) Kohr, of York, and was born in Manchester Township, October 29, 1833. He was reared a farmer and married Mary, daughter of George and Eve (Fink) Bower. This lady died October 9, 1880, the mother of four children: George, Augustus, Emma and Stephen. Our sub- ject next married Isabella, daughter of Emanuel an^ Sarah (Zorger) Good, of Manchester Townsbip. Our subject resides at Mount Wolf, where he is highly esteemed by his neighbors. ADAM KOHR, born in Emigsville, November 14, 1834, is the eldest son of Lewis and Rebecca (Westhafer) Kohr, natives of York and Dauphin Counties, and of German descent. His father was a miller, farmer, distiller, tavern-keeper, etc., in his time, and died in 1861, aged sixty-four years. Adam Kohr was educated in the public schools of Emigsville, and has always followed farming. He was married at York, January 18, 1859, to Mary Pink, a native of York County, and daughter of John Fink, of German descent. They have had two children: Eli, died in 1875, aged sixteen years; and Hyman P., a school teacher and student at Newark, N. J., Commercial School. Mr. Kohr is a member of the church of the United Brethren in Christ, and has been trustee of Bethany Chapel, Emigsville, since 1871. He was director of the poor of York County from 1877 to 1880, and is an active Democrat. He removed to his present place of abode, an eighteen-acre farm, from an 118-acre farm, which he still owns near Emigsville. He also owns a small farm in Newberry Township. He has one brother in Illinois, and one in Michigan. ZACHARIAH KOHR, born near Emigsville, August 18, 1851, is the youngest of ten children of Lewis and Rebecca (Westhafer) Kohr. He was reared on a farm near Emigsville, and educated at the common schools, until twenty years of age, when he began work at the trade of shoe-making, which he has followed since in connection with the cultivatiou of a farm of seventy-seven acres. His mother resides with him. He was married in York County, November 14, 1876, to Dollie Smith, daughter of Jacob Smith. They have two children; Allen Jacob and Edward Lewis. He is a member of the church of the United Brethren in Christ, and is treasurer of the church at Emigsville. In politics he is a Democrat. WILLIAM S. KUNKLE, auditor of York County, was born April 7, 1843, in Manchester Borough. His parents were George and Mary (Bull) Kunkle, natives of York County, who had seven children, of whom three are dead— William S. being next to the eldest living. He lived mostly on the farm, was educated at the public schools, and learned something of the carpenter's trade, be- fore he became of age. In 1862 he enlisted at York in a nine months' regiment. From 1865 to 1868 he kept a livery stable at York. In 1867, he was mar- ried at York to Miss Owens, of Adams County, Penn. He belongs to the order of I. S. of A., and holds the office of Master of Forms, and has at different times held all the chairs. In 1875 he was elected constable, and held the office five years; he was elected county auditor in 1881, and served one term. la 1883 he was elected school director. At present he is engaged in raising Ha- vana tobacco, and works also at carpentering. He is an active Democrat JABOB LICHTY was born in Manchester Township December 4, 1838. His parents, Michael Lichty and Hannah Forringer, natives of Lancas- ter County, and of German descent, married and brought up their children in York County. Mi- chael Lichty died when subject was but three years old, leaving the widow and three children, subject being the youngest. The latter worked for differ- ent.farmers until he was nineteen years old, when he began work at the trade of cooper. This he abandoned in 1858, and farmed until 1863, when he embarked in the mercantile business in New Holland, where he has since lived. He was educat- ed in the public schools, and one term in York County Academy. He was married to Mary Wolf, a daughter of Adam Wolf, of New Holland, and had nine children, two of whom are dead. He is an active Republican, and has been a member of the Republican county committee. He farms a small place of twenty-five acres, and carries a stock of general merchandise. GEORGE LICHTENBERGER, retired farmer, is the son of George and Mary (Laucks) Lichten- beiger, and was born in Manchester Township September 8, 1889. He was reared on the home farm and attended the public schools. He married PhebeM., daughter of Samuel and Ann (McGary) Prowell, of Pairview Township, the result of the union being six children: Carrie (deceased), Ed- ward, William, Maggie, Annie and George (deceased). Our subject's paternal grandfather, Casper Lichten- berger, married Cathe];ine Nieman. who bore him the following children; George, Rudolph, Benja- min, Henry, Samuel and Eva. Our subject's mother is still living at the ripe age of eighty-five, and is the mother of the following children: Henry, Sarah (deceased), Margaret (deceaoed), Elizabeth (deceased), Samuel, Mary (deceased), Leah, Jesse (deceased; and George. SAMUEL LIGHTNER was born in Manchester Township April 18, 1828, and died April 3, 1881. His parents were Charles and Sarah (Myers) Light- ner, of York County, and of German descent. They were married in Lancaster, Penn., August 9, 1831, and had six children — three sons and three daughters — of whom Samuel was the fourth child and second son. He was brought up on the farm and educated at the York Academy. Nathaniel Lightner purchased the tract of land lying about a mile and a half north from Harrisburg road, from Penn; it descended to Nathaniel second, then came to his son George, then to his son Charles, then to the subject of this sketch. Samuel Lightner was married, in Manchester, November 13, 1863, to Bar- bara M. Herman, of the same township, daughter of Emanuel Herman, of English descent. They had one son, Harry G., who is a farmer and at home. They were all brought up in the Lutheran Ciiurch. Samuel entered the army November, 1863, as second lieutenant of Company A, One Hun- dred and Sixty-sixth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infan- try, and served nine months. He participated in the defense of Suffolk, at Somerton Road, and in the expedition up the peninsula. While in service he contracted disease, which resulted in his death. ALBERT C. LIGHTNER was born in Man- chester Township, January 24, 1855. His parents, George and Anna Mary (Ebert) Lightner, were natives of York County, and of German descent, and had two sons and one daughter. Albert C. is the second and only one of the three now living. He grew to manhood on the farm, was educated in the common schools of West Manchester Township, supplemented by a thorough course in York Acad- emy. He was married in West Manchester Town- ship, December 24, 1878, to Isabel E. Sprenkle, a native of that township, and daughter of George W. Sprenkle, farmer, and of German descent. February 28, 1879, he removed from West Manches- ter to his farm where he now resides. His farm is situated in Manchester Township, about one mile north of York, and was bought from Penn by one BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 141 of Mr. Lightner's great ancestors, and has remained in tlie Liglitner family ever since. He was brought up in the Lutheran Church, and belongs to that denomination in York, Penn. He is a Republican in politics, devotes his entire time to the farming interest, and is one of the educated farmers of York County. ALEXANDER W. LOUCKS was born June 1, 1845, and is the eldest son of Zachariah K. Loucks. His early life was spent principally at the schools. His primary education he received at the York County Academy, supplemented by a thorough course at Eastman's National Business College at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., from which he returned in 1864. From that time he assisted his father in business until 1867, when he took charge of his father's mill and farm, about one mile north of York on the Codorus Creek, to which he has given his entire attention ever since. February 5, 1867, he was married, in York, to Catherine Wan- baugh, a native of York, and a daughter of John and Mary Ann Wanbaugh. Four children were born to them: Annie Mary Kate, Henry John, William Ebert and Isabella Lydia. Mr. Loucks and his wife are members of Zion Lutheran Church, of York. Mr. Loucks has held different offices to which he was elected, such as inspector and school director. In politics he is an active Republican, and has served as member of the central county committee, and as a delegate to the county con- vention. JAMES C. MAY, M. D., was born in Dover Township, York County, January 14, 1858. His parents were John B. and Caroline (Lealheny) May, of York County, and of German descent. They reared a family of four sons and three daughters, of whom James C. is the second. He remained on the farm until his fifteenth year, and attended the common schools and the York County Academy; at thf age of seventeen he began teach- ing in the public schools. After teaching four terms he entered the office of Dr. Kain, at Manches- ter, and at the end of two years went to Jefferson Medical College, at Philadelphia, where he gradu- ated in March, 1881. Returning to Manchester he formed a partnership with his preceptor, and liegan practicing at once. In the spring of 1884, he bought the interest of his partner, and has since been practicing for himself. All his time is de- voted to his profession. In October, 1882, he was married, in Columbia, Penn., to Ellen M. Yinger, a native of Manchester. They have one child— a boy. Both are members of the Lutheran Church. Dr. May has served as school director for Manches- ter Borough. ZACHARIAS METZGER, eldest of eight chil- dren of John and Elizabeth (Wilt) Melzger, was born March 21, 1823, on the old Metzger homestead, in Manchester Township. He was reared to farm- ing and November 30, 1848, married Maria Feiser, daughter of Jacob and Catharine (Bupp) Feiser. Three children blessed this marriage: Mary B. (wife of Abraham Hartman), Louisa C. (deceased) and Rev. John A. Metzger. Our. sub- ject's great-grandfather, George Metzger, was the first of this name that settled in Manchester Town- ship, on the Altland farm, near the village of Man- chester. He was among the first settlers in this township. __ , . ^ SAMUEL R. MILLER was born m Conewago Township, September 13, 1834. His parents were Samuel and Lydia Ann (Rudy) Miller, of York County and of English and German descent. They had seven children — four sons and three daughters —of whom Samuel R. is the third child and second son. He was brought up on a farm, but also worked at milling and carpentering. His educa- tion he received at the common schools. At the outbreak of the late war, he enlisted in Company E, Sixteenth Pennsylvania Volunteers, a three- months' regiment. On his return home from the service he re-enlisted on the twenty-fourth of August, 1861, in Company E, Eighty-seventh Penn- sylvania Volunteer infantry for three years. He was in the battles of Winchester, Locust Grove, Mine Run, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor and front of Petersburg. In June, 1863, he was captured at Winchester, and for twenty-one days he was a prisoner at Belle Isle, and Libby prison; he jumped his parole, and after a French furlough, returned to his regiment. June 23, 1864, he was captured again in front of Petersburg, held in different prisons, including Andersonville, where he was kept until Sherman's army appeared. From there he was taken to other prisons: Black- shear, Thomasville, Albany (Ga.), and on Christ- mas, 1864, back to Andersonville again. April 8, 1865, he left Andersonville for Albany again, marched severity-two miles to Thomasville, then to Baldwin, where he was finally released, and at the end of two weeks started for home, where he arrived June 15, 1865, after an absence of nearly four years. In 1866 he started for Ohio, but stopped a few months at Goshen, Ind., where he remained peddling pumps until the following spring, when he went to Ohio, where he farmed a few months, and then returned home. He was married in December, 1872, at York, to Rebecca Siffert. They have three children: Laura Jane, Edward and an infant. They settled at Round Town, about three and one-half miles northwest of York, in 1880. Mr. Miller is a Republican, was con- stable in 1875 and 1876, and was also tax collector for township and school at the same time. SAMUEL MYERS, son of Samuel and Eliza- beth (Shelley) Myers, was the fourth of eight chil- dren, born on the 25th of December, 1802, at the old Myers' homestead, near where he now lives. He was reared on his father's farm and always followed farming. In 1823 Mr. Myers was married to Mary Ann Blausser, daughter of Matthias and Elizabeth (Bahn) Blausser, of Spring Garden Township. Ten children were born of this marriage: Samuel, Elizabeth (wife of Christian Brubaker), Mary (wife of 'Tobias Engle), Henry (deceased), Zacharias, Susan (deceased, wife of Jeremiah Shelley), Cassia (deceased), Ellen (wife of Amos Hively), Charles, and Eli (deceased). Mr. Myers is one of the oldest citizens of Manchester Township. He is held in high esteem by his neighbors; was director of the poor for York County in 1830-31-32. EDMUND B. MYERS was born in this town- ship, October 3, 1829. His parents, Benjamin and Louisa (Smyser) Myers, (the latter, a daughter of Jacob and Elizabeth Smyser, of West Manchester Township), were married February 28, 18^8, and had a family of seven children: Edmund B., Alex- ander A. (deceased), Andrew J., Albert S. (de- ceased), Eli S. (deceased), Ellen E. and Louisa S. (deceased). His mother's ancestors, the Smysers, were among the very first settlers in West Man- chester Township. Margaret Smyser (wife of Christian Eyster), was probably the first white woman that settled in West Manchester Town- shin. She and her husband located in the vicinity of 'Wolf's Church, where they look up 600 acres of land, October 30, 1736, as shown by the records in the surveyor-general's office, atHarrisburgh, Penn., The treaty of session was made October 11, 1736. Edmund B. Myers has traveled extensively; has made an extended trip through Europe, and two trips to California. He has recently become widely known throughout the entire country in connection with the wonderful cures effected by him, by what is known as electro-vital nervaura, or laying on of hands (without medicine). Many in- 143 MANCHESTER TOWNSHIP. valids who failed to get relief from thebest physi- cians of New York, Philadelphia and other cities, came tohiin, and in manyinstances have gone away in perfect health. ANDREW J. MYERS was born February 6, 1833, in Manchester Township, near Emigsville, upon the same place now occupied by him, and which was occupied by his father and grandfather. His parents were Benjamin and Louisa (Smyser) Myers, of York County, and of German descent. They reared four sons and one daughter, and bur- ied two children. Andrew J. is the third son. He grew up on his father's farm, but after he became twenty-three years of age learned the miller's trade, which he followed for six years. He attend- ed the common schools, and had one term at the York Academy. After giving up milling, he re- 1 /^^'T^^'lyC^C'i^^ /e^ sumed farming. January 24, 1860, he was married, at Jackson Township, to Mary Ann, daughter of Daniel Smyser. They had six children, of whom one, Lillie, died in her second year. The living are Allen, Jane (wife of Caleb Wogan), Lucy, Kur- vin and Minnie. They are Lutherans. Mr. Myers has repeatedly held positions of trust, such as in- spector, school director, and appraiser of men^han- dise. He is an active Democrat, and one of the organizers of the Drovers & Mechanics National Bank, and is yet a prominent stockholder. He also served five years as director and treasurer of the Paradise Mutual Fire Insurance CompiUiy. He is one of the firm of Bmig, Ruby & Co., manufact- urers of cigars and dealers in leaf tobacco at Emigs- ville, employing about twenty-five hands. He owns and works a farm of 150 acres, and also owns eight dwelling houses at Emigsville. His father died in 1880, aged seventy-one years. JOHN B. PFALTZGRAFF is the second child of George and Eleanora(Braumer) PfaltzgrafE, and was born in Conewago Township, October 14, 1835. He was reared on the home farm, was educated at the public schools, and in 1856 married Susan, daughter of Henry Keeney, of Shrewsbury Town- ship. Nine children have been born to this union, viz. : Elizabeth, Henry (deceased), John. Ellen, Leah, George, Annie, Joseph (deceased) and Susan (deceased). In 186S Mr. PfaltzgrafE was elected coun- ty auditor, and served one full term, giving entire satisfaction to the people, who, in 1875, called him to the responsible office of county commissioner, which he filled for one term equally to the satisfac- tion of both parties. The parents of Mr. Pfaltzgraff were members of the German Bap- tist Church, while Mr. Pfaltzgraff is a member of the I. O. of R. M, and of the K. of P. HENRY B. PFALTZGRAFF was born in Manchester Township May 10, 1854. His parents were George B. and Eleanora (Braumer) Pfaltzgraff, of Germany, who came to America soon after being married. They lived in Baltimore one year, and then removed to Conewago Township, where they remained only a few years, and then removed to York Borough, where they lived several years, and then removed to Manchester Township, about three miles west of York, where the father died in 1873. They had a family of six sons and five daughters, Henry B. was next to the youngest. As he grew old enough he began the pot- tery trade with his father, but in 1869 he commenced to manufacture pottery on his own account. For six years he manufactured red ware, and then removed his works to where they are now located, near the old homestead of his father. He employs four hands in manufactur- ing stone ware, to the amount of from 50,000 to 100,000 gallons annu- ally. He receives the clay for his wares from New Jersey, and makes- none but the best of goods. He also runs a small farm of forty acres. In 1878 he was married, at York, to Elizabeth Bentzel, who died Sep- tember 25, 1881, leaving two cliil- dren: Lucy and Elizabeth. October 2, 1883, he married, at Mount Wolf, Arabella Kohr, from which union two children issued: Henry and Isaac. Mr. Pfaltzgraff belongs to the Dunkard Church, is a Democrat in politics, and was a dele- gate to the county convention in 1883. REV. WILLIAM S. PORR was born in Potts- ville, Penn., February 19, 1830. His parents were Lewis and Lydia (Zeigler) Porr, who had four sons and four daughters, of whom subject was the eldest son. His father was a tailor, and William S. worked some at the same trade. When quite a small boy his father moved to Bernville, Berks Co., Penn. In his boyhood he spent much of his time with his grandfather at Reading, where he attended the common schools, and at the age of sixteen went to Stouchesburg Academy, where he remained two years, and thence went to Gettysburgh College, where he spent two years. On account of ill health he left, however, and pi'osecuted the study of the- BIOaRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 143 ology privately, at Pottsville, uuder Rev. D. Steck, D. D. In 1854 he was admitted to tlie synod and licensed to preach. His first charge was Ashland, Penn., where he remained three years, then Har- risburgh three years; Palmyra, four years; Centre Hall, Centre County, nine years; Lancaster, six years; Steelton, two years; in 1883 he came to Man- chester, Penn.; has charge of three churches, and preaches in English and German. His father was German, but his mother was born in Pennsylvania. He was married, July 21, 1855, at Shaefferstown, Penn., to Henrietta, daughter of Tobias Fernsler, of German descent. They had six children, three of whom are now living: Theodore N., William H. and John Luther. Rev. Porr is an indefatigable ■worker in the church, and has organized a number of congregations, built and remodeled and beauti- fied a number of churches, and was instrumental in bringing a number of able men into the Gospel ministry, among whom are Revs. J. Harpster, now in Ohio; M. Fernsler and S. G. Shanon. DAVID S. QUICKEL was born in Manchester Township April 6, 1837. His parents were Henry and Magdalene (Strickler) Quickel,of York County, and of Dutch descent. The Quickel family in York County, descend from Michael Quickel, the founder of Quickel's Church, in Conewago Township, about the middle of the eighteenth century. David 8. had two brothers and three sisters, of whom he is the eldest. He grew up on a farm and eniojfed the advantages of the common schools. While yet young he commenced to read medicine, but aban- doned it and took up dentistry, which he followed up to 1869. He was married at Manchester, in 1860, to Leah Ginter, and in 1864 moved to Ohio, where he remained only one year,and then returned to Manchester, where he engaged at once in den- tistry. He was appointed postmaster in 1869, and has held the office fourteen years. In 1872 he en- gaged in mercantile business, which he has followed since, gradually retiring from business, however, since 1880. In 1873 he took up dentistry again, which he intends to follow in the future. He had four children, of whom three are living: Annie M., Daniel S., and Harry David. Being a Repub- lican he has held the position of township clerk for twenty years. He was also one of the incorpora- tors of Manchester Borough. In 1869 his little boy was burned to death, and in his efforts to save him, the father was severely burned, disabling him for four years. HENRY H. QUICKEL was born in Manchester Township May 2, 1846. His parents were Henry and Magdalene Quickel. Henry H. was the second son and the fourth of the children. He was reared on the farm and educated at the public schools. He lived with his parents until he was twenty-eight years of age. On the 1st of November, 1874, he was married in Hellam Township to Annie S. Stoner, and has three children: Edgar Stoner,Elmer David, and Cora Ellen. From the spring of 1881 to 1883 he was engaged in milling; also in deal- ing in- grain, coal, lime, phosphates, etc., at Hellam Station, in partnership with L. S. Stoner. In the spring of 1883, he removed to his farm, about one and three-quarter miles north of York, containing about fifty-four acres. He is an active Republican. "WILLIAM REESER was born in Manchester Township September 3, 1814. His parents were William and Elizabeth (Shelley) Reeser, of Penn- sylvania, and of German descent. They reared a family of six sons and one daughter, of whom William Jr. was the third child, and second son. He grew to manhood on the farm, and engaged in dis- tilling. In Newberry Township he learned the milling trade, and worked at it about six years. In 1840 he was married, in Manchester Township, to Elizabeth Good, daughter of Henry Good, a Ger- man. They had eleven children, one, Mary, the wife of Tobias Quickel, died at the age of twenty- eight years; Louisa, Mary, Henry, John, Eli, Amanda, William, Benjamin, Amos, Augustus and Edward. Mr. Reeser was county commissioner from 1864 to 1867; is a very active Democrat, a very industrious man, and has besides his farm of f34 acres, considerable property. HENRY REESER, a retired farmer, is the son of William and Elizabeth (Shelley) Reeser, was born in this township in February, 1839, and is the sixth of the following family: John, Mary, Will- iam, Elizabeth (deceased), Alexander, Henry and George. Our subject's first marriage was to Eliza Burger, daughter of Samuel and Elizabeth (Forten- baugh) Burger, and to this union were born six children: William (deceased), Joseph, Susan, John (deceased),David and Henry. His second marriage was to Mary, daughter of Daniel and Mary (Nicho- las) Hoppes, and this_union has been blessed with three children: Hiram, Morris and Bertha. The second Mrs. Reeser was the widow of Jacob Test, to whom she had born three children: Ida J., William H. and Mary A. Mr. Reeser, through his own in- dustry, has become the owner of two superior farms in his native township, and for some years has led a retired life in the borough of Manchester. ZEBULON P. RODBS, eldest child of Daniel and Susanna (Palmer) Rodes, was born February 28, 1834, and still resides in the house built by his grandfather, Christian Rodes, son of John Rodes, the pioneer of Manchester Township. In March, 1856, our subject married Sarah Zorger, daughter of Samuel Zorger, of Newberry Township, and by this marriage have been born to him five children: John M., Samuel (deceased), Christian, Rufus R. and Jesse J. Mr. Rodes is a warm friend of educational projects, and is a worshiper at the United Brethren Church. CHARLES J. ROLAND, artist, is the son of Daniel and Ellen (Busey) Roland, of Manchester Township, and was born in York, February 16, 1857. He divided his earlier years between attend- ing the public schools, working on the farm, and assisting his father in quarrying stone, and finished his literary education at the Emigsville Academy. He then turned his attention to house painting, which occupation he followed for seven years, al- though his inclinations led him toward art. for which he seemed especially gifted. He went under instruction to a Mr. H. Barrett, of York, and then took two courses at the Academy of the Pine Arts, Philadelphia, painting in oil and modeling in clay from life. He is one of the best crayon artists in the interior of the State, and is constantly and lucratively employed at his chdSen profession. He has been a member of the P. O. and S. of A. and of the E. M. R. A., of Emigsville, his present post- oflficp sidnrGSS GEORGE BUTTER, son of John and Elizabeth (Brillinger) Rutter, was born in Manchester Town- ship, June 16, 1827. His boyhood days were spent on the farm and in attending the subscription schools. At the age of twenty-four years he began farming his father's farm, containing 167 acres, which he now owns. It is in a high state of culti- vation, and produces all the cereals in abundant crops. Mr. Rutter devotes a great deal of attention to stock raising and fattening cattle for the markets. During Gen. Early's occupancy of York a squad of Confederates took his horses during harvest time; he was thus compelled to hitch a pair of green mules together with a horse to the reaper; they be- came unmanageable, and ran away; the reaper passed over Mr. Rutter and crippled him for life. Mr. Rutter was married in York, November 30, 1851, to Anna Mary, daughter of Charles Diehl. There were born to them eight children, three of 144 MANCHESTER TOWNSHIP. whom are deceased. The living are George D., Jacob Charles, Edwin S., Albert C, Leah E., the only daughter living, is married to Philip Burg, of Hellam Township. Mr. Rutter and his family are members of the Lutheran Church. His father died March 13, 1868, aged seventy-two years four months and twenty-six days, and his mother died on the same day of the same month, 1879, aged seventy- nine years and eleven months. SAMUEL RUTTER. the eighth child of John and Elizabeth (Brillinger) Rutter, was born June 15, 1835, and was reared on the farm which he still occupies. The homestead comprising 332 acres, is the joint property of our subject and his brother, is highly cultivated and is improved with a fine residence, barns and all the modern improvements. Mr. Rutter was one of the first to introduce blooded stock into the county and is a pioneer in the breeding of short- horn cattle. November 17, 1867, he married Emma J. daughter of Herman and Elizabeth (Free) Hoke, and has had born to him the following children; John H., Lizzie Ellen, James E. (deceased), Thomas B. (deceased, April 8, 1885) and Jennie May. JOHN S. SCHISLER, son of John and Liddie (Shenberger) Schisler, was born December 20, 1828, in Windsor Township, and was reared to farming. The mother of our subject was the daughter of George and Mary (Zeigler) Shenberger, of Lower Windsor Township. In 1856 Mr. Schisler married Harriet, daughter of Daniel Brunaw of Conewago Township. Mr. Schisler has had born to him by this marriage four children, viz.: Henry (deceased), an infant (deceased), John and Sarah Ann. The Schisler schoolhouse, in Springfield Township, stands on the farm once owned by our subject's grandfather. Mr. Schisler is a consistent member of the Brethren Church. Grandfather Schisler emigrated from Europe and was well known as a teamster from York Haven to Baltimore; probably in the hottest contest of the Revolution, while on his way to Baltimore with a load of produce he was pressed to do service for the army. Subject's father. John Schisler, was born in 1800, and was married four times; first to Lydia Shenberger, of Lower Windsor; second to Magdelena Myers, of Spring- field Township; third to Ester Sipe, of Newberry Township; fourth to Teeny Hildel)rand, of Spring- field Township; he had fourteen children born to him by the four marriages. JOHN SHEPP, son of John and Elizabeth (Slagle) Shepp, of German descent, was born in West Manchester Township, Christmas day, 1834, and is the eighth child of a family of sixteen chil- dren — eight sons and eight daughters — six of whom are yet living. He remained at home until eighteen years of age, when he began to learn the trade of a miller with G. W. Lightner, at Brillinger s Mill, continuing three years as an apprentice and after- ward worked there for a period of nine years as chief miller. For a number of years he worked in the Codorus Mills and in 1871 took charge of Myers' Mill on the Codorus Creek for P. A. & 8. Small, and has shown great skill and ability in managing its in- terests ever since. He was married at the age of twenty one, in Manchester Township, to Leah, daughter of Anthony Dessenberg. Their children are as follows: Henry C, cigar-maker; Susanna, wife of Franklin Dillinger, a miller; Mary Ellen, wife of Henry Strickler; Elizabeth Jane; John Wesley, a miller; Henry C, a teacher in the public schools. Mr. Shepp and family are members of the United Brethren Church, of which he has been a class leader for twenty years, and served one term as a school director of his township. He was one of the organizers and is a director of the Pleasureville Building and Loan Association and owns a fine property in that village. John Shepp, father of our subject, was born in West Manchester Town- ship in 1798; was a farmer, and died in 1856; sub- ject's mother was bom in 1801 and died in 1872. DANIEL 8MYSER (deceased) was born in Manchester Township, about 1807, and was mar- ried, November 25, 1841, to Sarah Ann Herman, daughter of Jacob and Sarah Herman, of West Man- chester Township. Five children were born to this marriage: Amanda M., Albert, Emma J., Sarah E. and Jacob H. Mrs. Smyser was the second child of Jacob and Sarah Herman. Her elder brother, Adam, and a younger sister, Catherine, . compose the family (see sketch of the Smyser ifamily, for Daniel Smyser's ancestral history). EDWARD SMYSER was born in December, 1837, in Manchester Township. His parents were George and Susanna (Brillinger) Smyser (of Ger- man descent),who had three sons and six daughters, of whom Edward is the eldest. He was brought up on a farm and educated at the public schools. At the age of twenty he began farming for himself; from 1860 to 1878 he was also engaged in the lime business, and made more lime in that time than any other one man. In 1878 he engaged in the lumber business in York and Lancaster Counties, and in 1882, also in Baltimore County, Md., in partnership with M. Schall. Their business has become very extensive. In 1883 they made 1,500,- 000 feet of lumber. At present he is also trading extensively in mules, horses and cattle; he farms also in Manchester Township. He removed to his present place of residence, about one mile north of York, in 1882. He was also an organizer of the Drovers and Mechanics Bank at York, and was for many years a director. Now he is a director in the Dover and Manchester Townships Mutual Fire In- surance Company. MICHAEL SMYSER was born in Spring Gar- den Township, July 8, 1846. His parents were Henry and Mary (Emig) Smyser, of York County and of German descent. They had three sons and one daughter, of whom Michael is the eldest. One of the sons, Alexander, resides in Kansas; Horace in Spring Garden Township, and the daughter, who is married to Abraham Flory, in Lancaster County. Michael is a descendant of the elder Mathias Smyser, who came from Germany in 1738, and settled in Kreutz Creek Valley,iu York County, where he carried on weaving in a small way. He took a large tract of land, much of which he after- ward gave away in order to induce settlers to locate. He afterward removed to a place three miles west of York, where, in 1778, he died. He had three sons : Michael (probably grandfather of the subject of this sketch),Jacob and Mathias. Michael wa- captain of a company in Col. M. Swope's regi- ment, in the Revolutionary war, and was cap- tured at Fort Washington, November 16,1776. He was several times a member of the Pennsylvania legislature, and from 1794 to 1798, a member 'f the State senate. The subject of this sketch was brought up on this farm in Spring Garden Town- ship, and received his education in public schools and in the York Academy. He began for , himself at the age of twenty-seven years, when he was married, at York, to Sarah Kauflman, daughter of Joseph Kauffmau (deceased'farmer of Spring Gar- den Township). They had two children: Henry K. and Susan M. In 1874 he removed to his pres- ent residence, known as the "Old John Brillinger Farm," of about 200 acres, to the cultivation of which and stock raising he devotes his entire atten- tion. He belongs to the Lutheran Church, is a mau_ that attends entirely to his own business, and is considered one of the most enterprising and successful farmers in York County. JOHN C. SUNDAY was born in Dover Town- ship, November 21, 1855. His parents were Jacob and Louvina (Cochenauer-) Sunday, who were na- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 145 tives of Dover and of German descent. They had eight children, of whom two sons and two daugh- ters are living, John C, being the eldest. Until his seventeenth year he lived on the farm and en- joyed a common school education, and began learn- ing the trade of carriage-making and smithing with Mr. Gross, in Dover Borough. He learned the trade and worked at it, together with dealing in merchandise, for about five years. In the fall of 1877 he came to Manchester, and began manufactur- ing carriages, wagons, phaetons and buggies, and is doing good and solid work. He employs six first class mechanics. In February, 1877, he married in Berlin, Adams County, Alice E. Hantz, daughter of Joseph Hantz, and a native of Tork County. Two children have been born to them: Carlton P. and Harvey James. Mrs. Sunday belongs to the Reformed Church. Mr. S. has retired from farming. AMOS G. THRONE was born in Spring Garden Township, May 16, 1844. His parents were Samuel and Harriet (Green) Throne, natives, respectively, of Adams and York Counties, Penn., and reared six children — four sons and two daughters— of .whom Amos G. is the eldest son and second child. Until he became of age he lived on his father's farm, and attended the common schools in his township. At the age of twenty-five he began for himself. His father having died in 1862, he remained with his mother in charge of the farm until 1869. May 5, 1868, he was married at Harrisburg, Penn., to Amanda M. Smyser, of Spring Garden, daughter of Daniel Smyser. The Smyser and Throne families came originally from Germany, but the Green fami- ly came from England. This marriage was blessed with two children: Wilmer Clayton and Nettie Au- gasta. Both he and wife belong to the Lutheran hurch. Mr. Throne is an active Republican. He was inspector of election in Spring Garden Town- ship, and one term school director, elected in 1883, in Manchester Township. He takes an active part in the cause of education. In 1876 he removed from his home to Manchester Township, but in 1883 re- moved again to his home about one mile north from York. He also owns a very fine farm of upward of 150 acres, in the township, which he rents out. In September, 1884, he was elected a director of the Farmers Mutual Fire Insurance Company of Dov- er, Conewago, Newberry, East and West Manches- ter Townships, in the county of York and the State of Pennsylvania, and elected secretary of the com- pany by the board of directors. HENRY S. TYSON, son of Henry and Susanna (Shultz) Tyson, was born October 8, 1839. His father, of English descent, a native of Ohio, died in this county in 1879, aged eighty-one years. His mother, a descendant of a German family, who were among the first settlers of York County, died in 1881, aged eighty-seven years. By this marriage six sons and four daughters were born. The subject of this sketch was the fourth son and eighth child, and grew to manhood on his father's farm, after- ward learned the carpenter's trade, and pursued it in York from 1849 to 1853. He practiced veterinary surgery for a few years; from 1863 to 1873, he fol- lowed mining at Smyser Iron Ore Bank, and for two years was an engineer on the York Water Works. In the spring of 1883, he took charge of "Sinking Spring Farm," of 335 acres, owned by P. A. S. Small. Mr. Tyson was married to Leah E., daughter of Herman Hoke. They had two chil- dren: Herman (deceased), and Mary Jane. Mr. Ty- son and his family are members of the Lutheran Church. DANIEL H. WIER was born in Conewago Township, York County, September 38, 1848, and is the eldest of three sons of Moses and Catherine (Hake) Wier, natives of York County, and of Ger- man descent. He was brought up on a farm and worked some at the trade of carpenter. He was educated at York County Academy and Normal School, and at Gentzler's Practical Schools. He taught five terms in the public schools of York County, from 1868 to 1873, two in Conewago, and three in Manchester Township. He was married at York, May 8, 1873, to Leah Shindel, a native of Manchester Township. They have one child, Ka- tie Ellen. He removed to the farm now occupied by him about two miles north of York, where he is engaged in farming and stock raising. He is a member of the Reformed Church, and his wife of the Lutheran Church. He was clerk of Manches- ter Township in 1874r-75-76, and auditor of Cone- wago Township in 1879-80-81. In politics he is a Republican. JOHN H. WOGAN was born in Manchester Township, December 16, 1837, upon the farm pur- chased 1^ John Wogan from the sons of William Penn. From John it descended to his son, John, Jr., then to George, then to another John H. Sub- ject was the only son, with one sister. He was educated at different academies in Pennsylvania. On his becoming of age he went into business for himself, such as farming, raising and dealing in leaf tobacco, handling as many as 1,600 cases at 400 pounds per case in a single year. At the age of twenty-one he was married at Lancaster, Penn., to Sarah Wolf. They had six children: Caleb L., Annie W., George, William W., Bdmond and Ira Park. Mr. Wogan is an active Republican, was school director two terms, is a director in the Dover Fire Insurance Company, and is a member and manager of the York Agricultural Society. He owns and manages 800 acres of land in York County, em- ploying from ten to thirty-four hands, all the year around. He is also a member of the firm of Wolf & Co., at Mount Wolf. His father died aged eighty years, but his mother is still living, now seventy- five years old. The Wogans are of Scotch-Irish descent. His mother was Margaret Hay, daughter of John Hay, and sister of Cols. George and Alex- ander Hay, who served in the late war. Mr. Wo- gan's grandfather, John, was a fifer in/the Revolu- tionary war. The Wogans first settled in Maryland, but afterward came to York County, and settled a large tract of limestone land, on the west bank of the Susquehanna River, then in Lancaster County, and in New Holland, then an important lumber point. They had then five farms and owned a number of fox hounds, and the same breed of hounds are still on the place, and are used by the Wogans in fox chases. The present owner is an expert fox hunter. CHARLES H. YINGER is the fifth of twelve children of Paul and Christine Yinger, of Man- chester Township. Early in life, Mr. Yinger worked as a blacksmith in his father's shop, with whom he learned the trade. He carried on this business for twelve years — ten years in York Township, and two years in Manchester Township. March 15, 1849, Mr. Yinger married Marj; Hoover, daughter of William and Rebecca (Matthias) Hoover, of Man- chester Township. Three children have blessed this marriage: Margaret (deceased), Albert (de- ceased) and Ellen. Mr. Yinger has been school director two terms, also member of the council of Manchester Borough, and enjoys the confidence and esteem of his neighbors and all who know him. His ancestors were early settlers in Manchester Township. GEORGE S. YINGER was born in this town- ship, August 8, 1838, son of Paul and Christine (Snyder) Yinger. He began learning the carpen- ter's trade in his sixteenth year and commenced contracting on his own account at the early age of twenty years. He has been very successful in his 10 146 MONAGHAN TOWNSHIP. business, and lias erected some of the finest private residences in York and York County. In October, 1859, he married Cassandria "Weigle, daughter of Martin and Mary (Schriver) Weigle, and six chil- dren have blessed this union: Annie, Brize, Alice, Aquila, and two infants (deceased). Mr. Yinger was a sergeant in the Two Hundreth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers during the late war, and participated in all the battles of his regiment, in- cluding Bermuda Hundred, Fort Steadman and the final charge on Petersburg. At the latter place his regiment was engaged immediately in front of the famous "Port Hell." JOHN S. YINGER is a son of Paul and Chris- tine (Snyder) Yinger. His grandfather, Martin Yinger, lived and died near Lewisberry, York County. Subject's grandmother, Catherine (Grove) Yinger, was a daughter of Sam Grove, the gun- smith, well known in Lewisberry, where he resided. Paul Yinger, father of John 8., was born September 17, 1793, was a blacksmith, was reared and lived on the homestead now occupied by our subject, arid died May 7, 1876. Christine Yinger, his wife, was born July 34, 1794, and died June 17, 1870. They had twelve children: Jacob, born September 10, 1818; Samuel, born January 15, 1820, died Septem- ber 11, same year; Elizabeth, born August 6, 1831; John S., born December 27, 1823; Daniel, born November 23, 1834; Charles Henr3', born Novem- ber 10, 1836: William, born September 10. 1828; Paul 8., born April 30, 1830; Abraham, born Feb- ruary 9, 1833, killed in battle at Cold Harbor, Va., June 1, 1864; Ann Maria, born November 29, 1883; Samuel (second), born October 6, 1836, and George S. born August 8, 1838. John S. Yinger learned the blacksmith's trade with his father, with whom he afterward worked two years. In 1847, he mar- ried Anna Good, daughter of Henry and Elizabeth (Strickler) Good, of Hellam Township. To this union have been born seven children: Franklin G., born December 6. 1849; Absalom G., born March 15, 1851; Emma G., October 12, 1852; Charles G., January 1, 1855; Henry G., July 17. 1856; Benjamin G. ; September 20, 1858, and Amanda G., June 8, 1861. Mr. Yinger, though advanced in years, still carries on blacksmithing in the old shop where he learned his trade and where his father worked for many years. JACOB YOST was born in York Township, July 7, 1820, and is the sixth of a family of fourteen children born to Abraham and Mary (Feiser) Yost, as follows: Elizabeth (deceased), Mary (deceased), Rachel (deceased), Rebecca, Charles, Jacob, Leah, Caroline, Abraham, Elizabeth Ann, Peter, Isaac, Jesse and Sarah. February 5, 1845, our subject married Leah, daughter of David and Mary Magda- lene (Feigley) Brillhart, of Springfield Township, and this union has been blessed with two children: Sarah, wife of Charles Herbst, and Mary, wife of Peter Burgard, of Manchester Township. Mr. Yost's ancestry were among the pioneers of York Township, and his wife's forefathers, paternal and maternal, were among the earliest settlers of Spring- field Township. Mr. Yost is a gentleman of indus- try and perseverance, and has secured for himself and family a handsome competence. He is a mem- ber of the'Baptist Church. MONAGHAN TOWNSHIP. HENRY BEELMAN was born April 36, 1840, and is the son of Adam Beelman, German. Baptist minister of Carroll Township. His boyhood was passed on the farm until the age of eighteen, when he began to learn carpentering with his father. He afterward became a teacher, and while thus engaged was drafted in 1862, but was exempted on account of his profession. In 1863 he went to Washington, D. C, was secured by the government as a carpen- ter, and was employed a year at Alexandria, Va. In 1866 he married Maggie E., daughter of David Williams, of Monaghan, went to housekeeping on the old homestead,' where he farmed six years, and then moved to Dillsburg, and followed carpenter- . ing ten years. In the fall of 1883 he bought the Williams homestead, took possession in the spring of 1883, and still resides there, engaged in farming. From 1881 to 1884 he was also engaged in the dairy business at Dillsburg. Mr. and Mrs. Beelman have been members of the German Baptist Church since 1869, and are the parents of six children — two boys and four girls. Mr. Beelman has served his township as school director and auditor. JACOB COCKLIN wts born January 30, 1797, in Upper Allen Township, Cumberland Co., Penn., and was reared a farmer. At the age of twenty- four he began farming on his own account in his native township, continued for several years, and then came to this township, and, until 1837, followed the same vocation; he then engaged in pomology and arbor culture for about thirty years. About 1855 he made a trip to Iowa, purchased 3,000 acres of land, returned to York County, and subsequently made twenty trips to Iowa, covering a traveled distance of over 40,000 miles; he also had dealings with over 1,500 persons; built seven houses, dug ten wells (four of which were over fifty feet deep), cut timber ofE 100 acres of land, burnt over 1,000 bush- els of lime, built several hundred rods of stone fence, and planted three miles of hedging. He commenced business with $10,000 and increased his capital to $60,000, employing a host of laborers, who partici- pated in his gains. He was a pioneer in the nursery business in the upper part of this county, and the country is filled with fruit trees of his introduction. He has never had a law suit, never been ill for any length or time, and never belonged to any secret order. He has assisted over fifty families to homes by advancing funds payable in from one to ten years, and in many other respects has proved him- self a philanthropist. January 29, 1838, he married Catherine, daughter of Michael Hoover, of Lan- caster County, and of German descent. This lady died March 13, 1873, the mother of six children, of whom two are living and have families: Sarah C. and Eli H. Mr. Cocklin's father was born in Lan- caster County, and was the son of a native of France. On the maternal side Mr. Cocklin is of Welsh descent. He has served as school director, constable, supervisor, collector, clerk, auditor, and in other positions of public trust, but has always been a "poor customer" to saloons, preachers, doc- tors and lawyers. Mr. Cocklin says of himself: "I never was drunk, never used tobacco or opium, never was in a house of ill fame, nor gambled; have not eaten more than two meals a day — m the morning and noon. From 1877 to this date, June 3, 1885, the following work has been done: 500 rod stone fence, four feet wide and four feet high; planted i,500 locust trees along the fence, 3,300 locust trees in a grove of five acres, 6,800 fruit trees in orchard; ten acres of raspberries and strawberries; digging and hauling stones for fence; planted 400 grapevines, etc. My great-grandfather wrote his name Jacob Caquelin (French), my father wrote his in German, Gacklin. Some write it Cockley, Gockley, Conk- lin, etc." ELI H. COCKLIN is the son of Jacob and Catherine (Hoover) Cocklin, and was born in this township, March 8, 1835. He was reared as a farmer and nurservman until the age of eighteen, when he went to Waterloo, Black Hawk Co., Iowa, and for two years engaged in the propagation of BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 147 evergreen and deciduous trees; he tlien returned to his native township, and has since followed farming and fruit growing. He has originated several varieties of fruit, including the Ida strawberry and ,Ida cherry, a description of which is given in Down- ing's "Fruits and Fruit Trees of America," third appendix. In 1861 he was elected school director, served_six years, and in 1883 was re-elected for three years. He married Miss Sarah E., daughter of Chambers and Docey Caley, of Blackhawk County, Iowa. Mr. and Mrs. Caley are of English descent, and came from England, with four small children, in the ship "Victory," in 1840, having been fifty-eight days on the ocean. To Mr. and Mrs. Cooklin have been born six children, as follows: Ida May, April 9, 1861; Charles Chambers, June 29, 1863; Russell Trail, October 1, 1864; B. Franklin, July 9, 1867; Alice Dunn, January 31, 1871, and John Ault, April 26, 1873. Mr. and Mrs. Cocklin are members of the St. Paul's Reformed Church, of Mechanicsburg, Penn. JOHN K. COCKLIN, son of David Cocklin, of this township, was born June 21, 1844, and was reared on the farm until sixteen years of age; he then served two years at carpentering. In 1863 he enlisted in Company A, Eleventh Pennsylvania Cavalry, under Col. Spear, took part in Big Bethel and other battles, and was present at the surrender of Gen. Lee; he served until August 20, 1865, when his regiment was discharged, after which he followed butchering two years. He next attended school at Dillsburg, under Prof. G. W. Hedges, with a view of becoming a teacher, and since 1867 has taught every year in York County, with the exception of one year in Upper Allen Township, Cumberland County, his terms in York consisting of sixteen in Monaghan Township and twelve at Filey's. July 13, 1867, he married Amanda J., daughter of James Collins, of Monaghan. Pour sons and three daugh- ters have blessed this union. Mr. and Mrs. Cocklin and Ijwo of tlie children are members of the TjU- theran Church at Filey's, of which Mr. Cocklin is a deacon; he has also been superintendent of the Filey's Union Sunday-school for a number of years. He has been a K. of P. about eight years, and has served his township in the capacities of auditor, assessor, inspector and clerk. HENRY DIETZ, son of Eli Dietz, of Lower Allen Township, Cumberland County, was born January 16, 1848, and was reared on the home farm. His first work on his own account was driving a mill team for Henry McCormick for two years and a half. In 1877 he commenced farming on the old homestead, but in 1879 moved to Andersontown, and started a blacksmith shop; never having learned the trade, however, he employed John Miller, an excellent workman and a finished coachsmith, to superintend; together they made a success, and through Mr. Miller's advice, coach-making in a small way was added, and the business so flourished that Mr. Dietz was compelled to erect a one-story blacksmith shop and a two-story carriage shop, and he is now conducting the leading industry of the village. Mr. Dietz and wife became members of the Bethel Church, at Andersontown, in 1882, and they have had born to them two children; Jacob Eby, August 21, 1877, died September 22, 1877, and John L. Ru. born in 1879. JOHN EICHELBER6ER, Esq,, was born April 6, 1816, and is the son of John Eichelberger, Sr., a captain in the war of 1813, at Baltimore. He was born February 20, 1787, was of German descent and died July 15, 1833. at the age of forty- six years four months and twenty-five days. Our subject was sent to school two years at Lititz, in Lancaster County, and afterward was about ten months in a store at Baltimore, Md. ; then for two years served as clerk in the store of Alexander Cathcart, in Shepherdstown, Penn., and was there married. Cumberland Co., He then moved to and farmed on the old homestead, near Dillsburg, for two years, and then settled on his present place near Andersontown, York County. He was elected justice of the peace for thirty-three years, and in 1880 was appointed to the same position Ijy Gov. Hoyt; he has also been a very successful pension solicitor. November 2, 1837, he married Jane Eckels, of Upper Allen Township, Cumberland County, Penn., and to this union children were born as follows: James, born December 8, 1838, died August 30, 1861 ; William Henry, born March 3.5, 1841, died April 1, 1844; John J,, September 13, 1843; Adaline, October 18, 1845; Jacob Trego, Feb- ruary 17, 1848; A.lfred, April 5, 1850; Mary Jane, Septembers, 1853; Alice, July 6, 1856, and George Washington, April 17, 1859. HENRY S. FORRY, son of Henry Porry, Sr., of Upper Allen Township, Cumberland County, was born April 28, 1846. Reared a farmer, he com- menced on his own account in 1869; in 1875 he bought a dwelling and sixteen acres of land in An- dersontown, and engaged in growing small fruits and garden truck; he now ships about 5,000 boxes of strawberries each season, together with rasp- berries, blackberries, grapes, etc. Mr. Forry served during the late war, until August, 1865, in Com- pany P, One Hundred and Ninety-second Pennsyl- vania Volunteer Infantry, under Col. Stewart, and received an honorable discharge. He was married June 31, 1868, to Lydia A., daughter of Henry Kimmel, of Monaghan Township, and the result of this union is Laura Ellen, born February 18, 1874. Mr. and Mrs. Forry are members of the Bethel Church. ZA.CHARY TAYLOR FORTNEY, son of David W. Fortney, was born in this township March 21, 1847, and was reared a farmer. He began life for himself in 1868, and then, from 1876 to 1878, was engaged in saw-milling; in the latter year he opened a small store in connection with the saw-mill, etc., near Mount Pleasant; then in the spring of 1880 moved to Mount Airy, Warrington Township, where he spared no means but made every effort to build up and , establish a permanent tradu, and also established the postoiHce at that place; re- mained about three years, but by that greal effort sunk $3,000 in cash; and then returned to Monaglian again; where he' has built a new store and is estab- lishing a fiourishing trade. He was the first post- master of Fortney, and held the office ahout two years. January 3, 1868, he married Sariih A., daughter of George Wilson, of Upper Allen Town- ship, Cumberland County, and to this union have been born George W., October 18, 1868; Francis G, April 4, 1870; Clara Melissa, October 3, 1871; Har- vey Sbopp, December 12, 1874, and Josephine Bertha, April 15, 1879. Mr. and Mrs. Fortney are members of the Chestnut Grove United Brethren Church. JOHN HYDE was born in this township, June 10, 1810, to John and Barbara (Wolf) Hyde. His grandfather, Michael, came from Germany. John Hyde (father of subject) was born in Cumberhind County, was a shoe-maker and farmer, served in the war of 1813, and died in this township in 18.50, aged eighty three, the possessor of sixty acres of land, and the father of eight children, viz.: Michael, Barbara, Jennie, Elizabeth, Kate, Mary, Fimnie and John (subject). Our subject is the owner of forty-five acres of land in this township, where, with the exception of one year in Fairview Town- ship, he has passed his whole Ufe, and is its oldest living citizen. His Innd he has gained throuirli his own industry, and he still cultivates it. In 1853 he married Susan, daughter of Henry K. Kohlar, » na- tive of York County, and this union has been 148 MONAGHAN TOWNSHIP. blessed with the birth of ten children, of whom nine ■are living, viz.: 3arbara, Elizabeth, Mary,Ange- line, Sarah, Margaret, George, Andrew and Will- iam. Mr. Hyde is a Democrat, has filled the office ■of commissioner, and has been for many years school director. HENRY KIMMBL was born September 1, 1836, to John and Susannah (Wonders) Kimmel, in Wash- ington Township, and is the second of three cbil- ■dren: Leah, Henry and John. The grandfathers of subject, David Kimmel and Henry Wonders, were natives of York County and both farmers. John Kimmel, subject's father, was born in Wash- ington Township in 1793, was the owner of two farms, and died in 1853. Our subject, at the age of twenty-five, began farming on his own account in Monaghan Township and at the death of his father fell heir to a fine piece of property of eighty-three acres, well improved with buildings, etc. In 1850 he married Mary M., daughter of Peter and Lydia (Crone) Ference, of York County. The six chil- dren born to this union were named as follows: Lydia A. (Ferry), Susan (Sutton), Sarah J. (Frysin- ger), John (deceased), Leah C. (deceased), and Alice (Myers). Mr. Kimmel has held a number of local offices, and with his wife is a member of the Church of God. WILLIAM KIMMEL was born in Monaghan Township, October 14, 1854, and spent his early life on a farm, and in attending school. September 30, 1880, he married Miss Minnie, daughter of Warren Whipp, of Frederick County, Md. He has had born to him two children: Gertie May, August 6, 1881, and Norma Blanche, September 29, 1883. Mr. Kim- mel began teaching school in 1877, filling six terms at Myers' school and one term at Andersontown. In the spring of 1881 he commenced farming on his own account. He has served his township as asses- sor and clerk, and is the present auditor. He is a deacon in the Bethel Church, at Mount Pleasant, of which Mrs. Kimmel is also a member. DANIEL LA.NDIS, son of Jacob Landis, of Up- per Allen Township, Cumberland County, was born January 4, 1839. He was married, October 14, 1851, to Barbara Ann, daughter of Joseph Solen- berger, of Dickinson Township, Cumberland Coun- ty. This lady died March 22, 1853, the mother of ■one son, who died at the age of twenty-one years and nineteen days. Our subject began for himself by doing days' worl? for about six years, and then farmed on shares for Jacob D. Mohler, near Me- chanicsburgh, for twelve years, then moved to that village and worked in the warehouse of T. B. Bry- -son; from the spring of 1873 until the fall of 1873 he farmed for C. B. Hertzler, near Shepherdstown, Cumberland County, and then bought, from the ex- ecutors of Mrs. Mary Kinsley, a farm that hatl been deeded, in 1746, to Roger Cook by Thomas and Rich- ard Penn. April 10, 1874, he took possession of and still resides on this farm. He also leases to H. O. Shelly a magnetic ore mine of about ei^ht acres. Mr. Landis' second marriage took place February 6, 1855, to Mary Ann, daughter of Henry Miller, of Mechanicsburgh, and to this union have been born one son (who died at the age of five years five months and seven days), and two daughters: Ellen and Nora. Mr. and Mrs. Landis are members of the German Baptist Church, of which Mr. Landis is a deacon, and which he joined at the age of fifty years. The maternal, great-grandfather of Mr. Landis came from Switzerland; he landed in Amer- ica August 39, 1730, from the ship Thistle, which sailed from Glasgow, Scotland. His paternal an- cestors came from Holland. PETER A. MYERS, son of Jacob Myers, Sr., was born in Monaghan Township, April 13, 1838. He was reared a farmer, and was educated in the public school and select schools of Wellsville and at Dillsburg; subsequently he became a teacher and taught thirteen terms — two while single. May, 1, 1873, he married Elmira J., daughter of Daniel 5. Hammacher, and to this marriage children were born as follows: Catherine L., June 19, 1863; Ulys- ses A., May 28, 1865; Will Penrose, February '24, 1867, died December 16, 1869; Clara E., December 31, 1869; John A., September 38, 1873; Anna M., February 18, 1876; Ira Calvin, March 33, 1879; Rus- sel Melvin, October 1, 1884. Mr. and Mrs. Myers started housekeeping in Henry Kimmell's spring- house, at an annual rental of $4; the next spring he rented a tenement from Samuel Myers, and for two years engaged in cultivating tobacco, in butchering and teaching. In April, 1865, he rented Daniel Fry- singer's farm, and for a year engaged in cultivating tobacco, butchering and dealing in stock. In the spring of 1866 he purchased a house and thirteen acres of land half a mile south of Mount Pleasant, and turned his attention to fruit culture, planting 555 apple trees, 1,800 peach trees of twenty-five varieties, 100 pear trees, 50 apricot and 35 varie- ties of cherry trees, and two acres of small fruits. Twelve years later he purchased his present homestead of 150 acres. Here he has three acres planted in strawberries, and in one season has shipped as high as 16,000 boxes, besides 10,000 box- es of raspberries, together with grapes, plums, peach- es, apples, cherries, apricots, etc. Mr. Myers has held several oflices of public trust, including those of supervisor, assessor and auditor. ELI D. MYERS, son of Jacob and Sarah (Mil- ler) Myers, of this township, was born October 17, 1843, and grew to manhood on the farm, receiving his education in the public schools during the winter months. He began business for himself in the spring of 1869 on the farm of William B. Miller, in this township, remained one year, and then moved to his father's place near Siddonsburgh, where he still resides. He married Rebecca, daughter of Peter Huntzberger, of Newville, Cumberland Coun- ty, and was born October 11, 1844. To this union have been born five children: Alvin G., Sep- tember 31, 1870; Harry E., March 33, 1873, died May 7, 1879; Willie Clarence, April 17, 1875; Mer- vin Hayes, July 1, 1878, and Laura May, May 38, 1883. Mr. and Mrs. Myers are members of the Re- formed Church, at Filey's, of which Mr. Myers has been a deacon for six years; he has also served his township as inspector and collector, one year in each capacity. JACOB MYERS, son of Jacob Myers, Sr., of Warrington Township, was born December 20, 1850, and is of German descent. At the age of five years he lost his mother, when he went to live with itiis grandfather; at the age of nine he returned to his father, and at fourteen hired out to an uncle; two years later he returned to 'his grandfa- ther, and remained with him until twenty-two years old, when, December 24, 1873, he married Anna, daughter of John B. Grove, of Warrington Town- ship. He was employed in trucking with Mr. Cocklin a year, and then bought a tract of land near Mount Pleasant, where he Is still engaged in truck- ing and raising berries. He has had born to him a family of five children — three boys and two girls — of whom one boy and two girls are living. SAMUEL MYERS was born in Monaghan Township, July 3, 1830, and is of German and English descent. He was reared a farmer and, in 1843, began on his own account. January 3, 1845, he married Leah, daughter of John Kimmel, of Monaghan Township, and of German descent. 'The children born to this union were John A., November 6, 1845; Elmira Jane, May 14, 1847, died March 2, 1851; Susan, May 28, 1849; Samuel W., November 16, 1851; Henry W., March 15, 1853; Solomon B., December 3, 1854; George E., October 23, 1856; BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 149 David M., February 15, 1858; Elizabeth E., Decem- ber 22, 1859; Daniel E., June 24, 1862, died March 14, 1863; Charles L., November 6, 1864. Our sub- ject has been a member of the Bethel Church at Mt. Pleasant since 1844, and for over thirty- years an elder; for twenty-live or thirty years he has been superintendent of the Union Sunday- school, and for about twelve years was su- perintendent of the Myers' Sunday-school; he organized the first Sunday-school convention in the upper end of the township and for a year acted as president; he served as supervisor for several years, and for seven years was a riiember of the Warrington Rangers, as orderly, having been honorably discharged in 1843. He assisted at the revival meeting at the Marshall farm near "Wellsville in 1844, and was the first young man to make a public prayer in that neighborhood. "WILLIAM A. MYERS, justice of the peace, was born in this township, October 8,1842, was reared a far- mer, and at the age of twenty went to New York City, then toLycomingCounty,this State, where he engaged in the lumber business, and in the fall of 1863 re- turned to his native county, and taught school in Washington Township six terms, and fourteen terms in Monaghan Township, doing farm work during the summers. He now owns two small farms de- voted to fruit culture. He married Mary, daughter of Daniel S. Hammacher, of Monaghan Township. To this union have been born four children, viz. : Anna L., August 80, 1871, died September 17, 1876; Levi Milton, January 22,1873; Elizabeth Ida, Octo- ber 7, 1874, died September 15, 1876; and Harry Calvin, June 22, 1876. Mr. Myers has served as assessor one year, auditor three years, tax collector one year, and was elected justice of the peace in the spring of 1884. He is a member of the Church of God, at Mt. Pleasant, of which church he has been a deacon three years and an elder three years. JOHN ANDREW MYERS, postmaster, was born November 6, 1845, and is a son of Samuel and Leah Myers, of this township. He was reared a farmer, engaged in agricultural pursuits on his own account in 1866,and so continued until 1869, when he entered the mercantile trade at Siddonsburg; in 1873 he was appointed postmaster. June 3, 1884, he started on an extensive tour of the South and visited the south- ern part of Florida, and all points of interest in the Gulf States. He was married, December 26, 1865, to Sarah A., daughter of Peter Brenneman, of this township, and to this union were born Rosetta E., January 13, 1867, died October 8, 1870; Sarah Alice, November 13, 1868, died January 1, 1879; Clarence B., January 29, 1871, died March 29, 1871; Agnes, September 14, 1873; Jenny May, September 7, 1875. Mr. and Mrs. Myers are members of the Church of God, Siddonsburg, of which Mr. Myers has been deacon for a number of years, as well as superinten- dent of the Sunday-school. ' Mr. Myers is a stock- holder in the Harrisburg & Potomac Railroad, and a stockholder in and director and secretary of the Mt. Pleasant Hall Association. DAVID D. MYERS, son of John and Eliza Myers, of this township, was born February 1, 1847, and is of German descent. He was reared on the home farm, of which he assumed charge in 1868. In 1871 he made an extensive tour of the West; in 1874 he commenced dealing in agricultural imple- ments at Dillsburg, and in 1881 he bought the - home farm of eightv-seven acres, of which fifteen acres are in woodland. iMr. Myers has taken great interest in politics; has served his township as inspector; was a delegate to the Republican county conventions from 1868 to 1884 twelve times; and to the State conventions of 1881 and 1883, and he is also a prominent member of the P. of H. In Decem- ber, 1867, he married Eliza Jane, daughter of Joseph Elcock, of Mechanicsburg, and this union has been blessed with six children: Minnie Florence^ Elizabeth Lillian, Walter Loudon, Mary Ellen, Eliza Edith and Lura (deceased). Mrs. Myers is a^ member of the Bethel Mt. Pleasant Church. WILLIAM R. PROWELL, M. D., was born iu Fairview Township, this county, March 20, 1854, and was reared on the home farm. He was educat- ed in the public schools, find at the normal school, Millersville, Lancaster County. During the winter of 1872-73 he was engaged in teaching, and in the- spring of 1873 began the study of medicine under Dr. Swiler, of Yocumtown. From 1874 to 1876, in- clusive, he attended Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, graduating March 10, 1876. Hebegaa practice April 11, 1876, at Siddonsburg, and now has a very large practice — has visited as high, as thirty-flve patients in twenty-four hours. October 5, 1876, he married Miss Jennie, daughter of the late John Elcock, 8r., of Siddonsburg, and this union has resulted in the birth of four children: Viola May, October 17, 1878, died September 13, 1882; Tolbert, born April 4, 1883, Ella and Nellie, born August 15, 1884. Ella died March 36, 1885. The doctor is a member of the Cumberland County Medical Society. GEORGE D. SHAFFER, son of James Shaffer, was born in this township, November 15, 1833. At the age of eighteen he began stone-masonry, but disliking the trade, after three or four years, under- took farming. April 16, 1846, he married Margaret, daughter of John Myers, of Monaghan Township, and went to housekeeping on the farm of Judge- Dare, near Siddonsburg, for whom he was manager for nineteen years. Alter the Judge's death, Mr. Shaffer removed to his present farm of 130 acres near Bryson Stone Bridge, which farm he had pur- chased from Jacob Cocklin. In addition to this place, Mr. Shaffer is now the owner of two other farms, on which there are good buildings. In 187S Mr. Shaffer embarked in the lumber and coal trade at Bowmansdale, Cumberland County, ten miles from Harrisburg, on the Harrisburg & Potomao Railroad, in which road he is a stockholder; he has also traveled through the West and the Canadas, and was once a delegate to the Eldership of the Church of God at Findlay, Ohio. Mr. and Mrs. Shaffer joined this church in 1843, and Mr. Shaffer has been either deacon or elder ever since. He has also served his township as school director, treasurer and auditor. He is the father of eleven children: Dare G, in Kansas; SamuelM.,miningin Colorado; James W., at home, assisting on the farm, and in the coal and lumber business, and eight daughters, of whom the eldest four are married, and two are- dead. JAMES WILLIAM SHAFFER was born March 16, 1852, in Monaghan Township, York Co., Penn, His father, G. D. Shaffer, being a farmer, his early life was spent upon the farm, and attending the dis- trict school. At the age of fifteen he entered the Cumberland Valley Institute at Mechanicsburg, remaining for several sessions, and then took a special course of instruction at the Chambersburg Academy. Wishing to learn a trade he engaged iit the saddle and harness manufacturing business, and carried it on successfully from 1871 to 1874, when he- sold out and engaged in farming. During the sum- mer of 1875 he traveled extensively through New York State and the Canadas. Visited Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, New Jersey and Dela- ware, during the winter of 1880. Eugaged in the lumber and coal business with his father in Bow- mansdale, Cumberland Co., Penn., in 1876, and has continued it until the present. He also traveled, through Florida and some of the Southern States in the summer of 1884. He was appointedenumer- ator of the tenth census, and held other offices of trust and honor. 150 NEWBERRY TOWNSHIP. DANIEL W. WBNGART, M. D., was born in Monroe Township, Cumberland Co., Penn., May 1, 1830. He was reared a farmer until the age of seventeen, when he entered the Mechanicsburg Institute, and a year later took up the study of medicine under Dr. Eckert, near Shippensburgh. He first engaged in practice three miles west of Mechanicsburg, but, owing to ill-health, relin- quished the profession until 1854, when he resumed at Mt. Pleasant, and in a short time established a remunerative business, which he held until his re- moval to Mechanicsburg to engage in the drug trade, in connection with practice. One year later he returned to Mt. Pleasant and resecured his old patronage, which he has also increased to a flatter- ing degree, having been remarkably successful in obstetrics and the treatment of typhoid fever. He married, April 6, 1853, Miss Elizabeth, daughter of John Cooper, of New Kingston. To this union have been born three children: Mary E., Septem- ber 26, 1857;( John C, February 24, 1859; Daniel Webster, August 31, 1861. JONATHAN WILLIAMS was born Decem- ber 7, 1821, and is a son of Jonathan Williams, Sr. He assisted his father on the home farm until his marriage, February 18, 1847, to Margaret, daughter of Elihu Park, of this township. In 1849 he settled on his present farm of 140 acres, all under cultivation, and erected his dwelling and barn. There were born to him ten children, of whom four are living: ElspyJ., athome; Mary Elizabeth, wife of Amos Fortney; Elverda Frances, wife of David Brougher, and Maggie 0. The parents are members of the Presbyterian Church at Dillsburg, having joined in 1860. Mr. Williams has served as school director, two terms; assessor, one year; as- sistant-assessor, three terms, and auditor, three years. NEWBERRY TOWNSHIP. CHARLES B.'BAIR was born May 7, 1852, in Newberry Township, York Co., Penn., and is a son of Benjamin and Anna (Rudy) Bair, natives of Lehigh and York Counties, Penn., respectively, and of German descent. Charles E. is the eighth of a family of fifteen children. He is a cigar- maker by trade, and owns and controls a cigar factory near Newberrytotvn, Penn. Until his eighteenth year, he remained with his parents, and received a common school education. At the age of eleven years he began learning his trade, which he lias since followed. In 1877 he opened a factory one mile from Newberrytown, but in 1883 removed to Newberrytown, where he is at present located, manufacturing about 400,000 cigars annually, and employing from six to ten men. In 1871 he was married to Ellen B. Beshore, They have had seven children: William, Fillmore, Annie, Harvey, Daniel, Vernon (deceased) and Ross. Mrs. Bair is a daughter of Daniel and Mary (Fink) Beshore, native of York County, Penn. She is a member of the Church of God. Mr. Bair started in life as a poor boy, and by his own industry tad economy, has iiccuiiiulated some property. He owns good property in town, and, eighteen acres of land. He IS a Democrat, has been elected to various offices, and at present holds the office of justice of the peace of the township. PROP. SAMUEL J. BAKER was born in Paradise Township, York Co., Penn., January 21, 1S56. His parents were Samuel and Catha- rine (Jacobs) Baker, of the same township, and of English descent. They had eleven children— three sons and eight daughters, of whom Samuel J. is the third pne in the family. At an early age he assisted his father at shoe-making and attended the public schools. At the age of eighteen years he commenced studying brass band music at Big Mound, and became so proficient in a short time, that he became leader of a band at Big Mound, in 1875; and, since 1878, has given his whole attention to music and band teacliing. He is also a teacher of classes on the organ and violin. In 1880 he re- moved to Goldsboro, where he has since made his home. He has instructed nine bands in York County and one in Lancaster County, and is at present teaching four bands: Independent Band (Goldsboro), Manchester Cornet Band, Strinestown Band and New Salem Band. He is also leader of Baker's Orchestra at Goldsboro, and arranges and composes music for bands, etc. December 23, 1880, he married Susan Ziegler, of Wellsville, Yorls County, Penn. They have one child, Lottie May. Prof. Baker is a member of the Reformed Church, also of the S. of A. ELIAS D. BRECKINRIDGE was born in Lan- caster County, Penn., April 22, 1834. His parents were William and Elizabeth (Duck) Breckinridge, natives of Chester and Lancaster Counties, Penn., and of Scotcli-Irish and German descent, respec- tively. They were married in Lancaster County, Penn., and reared a family of three sons and five daughters, one infant deceased. Elias D. is the eldest son, and he remained on the farm until sixteen years of age, when he began learning the business of woolen manufacturing, which he followed for twenty-six years. In 1879 he was appointed store- keeper and ganger, and assigned to Reynold's dis- tillery, Ninth District, Penn., but was transferred at the end of a few months to Kaufflman's dis- tillery, in the same district, where he remained a little over a year. In July, 1880, he took charge at Free's distillery, in York County, Penn., where he remained till June, 1882. In January, 1883, he came to Goldsboro, where he has since been keep- ing the Railroad Hotel. He was married, in Salis- bury Township, Lancaster Co., Penn., May 21, 1857, to Susanna Nixon, of the same county, and of Irish descent. They have had nine children: Florence E., Cora A., U. S. G., Charles S., Oscar L. (deceased), Eugene O., Imogene M., William Robert and Roscoe G. (deceased). Mr. Breckin- ridge is P. G. of the I. O. O. F., and also a member of the K. of P. He is a Republican. AMBROSE BRINTON was born in November, 1851, in York County, Penn., and is the third of nine children born to John and Sarah (Sunday) Brinton, natives of York County, Penn., and of English descent. The father followed farming un- till his death in 1876. The mother is still residing at the old homestead. Ambrose received a common school education, and remained with his parents until his twenty-second year, when he began busi- ness for himself. He followed farming until the fall of 1883, when he came to Lewisberry, Penn., where he opened a first-class hotel. His brother, John, has since torn down the old structure, and erected a fine frame building, which is an ornament to the borough. The hotel has seventeen rooms, elegantly furnished, and Mr. Brinton is prepared to furnish first class accomodations to the traveling public. He was married, July 26, 1874, to Margaret ■ Shank. They have had four children: Emma J., Herman (deceased), Samuel H. and Annie B. In politics he is a Democrat. ABRAM COBLE was born July 25,1843,in York County,Penn., and is the fifth of eight children of Peter and Mary (Christ) Coble, deceased, of York County, Penn., and of Dutch descent. The father was a shoe-maker by trade, but quitted that occu- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 151 pation and began farming, which he followed till his death. Abratn Coble was brought up a farmer, and followed that occupation until the foil of 1861, when he enlisted in Company H, Eighty-seventh Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, for three years, and participated in the engagements of Mine Run, Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Winchester and numerous others. He was dis- charged as corporal at York in 1864. In the fall of 1865 he began learning the blacksmith's trade, and moved to York, Penn., where he worked nine years. Thence he went to Fairview Township, where he remained three years, and then located in Yocum- town, Penn., where he is now doing a good busi- ness. In 1867 he married Susan Hartman, daugh- ter of Cornelius and Mary A. (Danner) Hartman, of German descent. By this union they have three children: John W., Mary A. and Carrie E. Mr. and Mrs. Coble are members of the United Brethren Church. MARTIN S. CRULL was born in Newberry Township, York Co., Penn., July 6, 1841, and is the eldest of the two children born to John and Lydia (Shelley) CruU, natives of York County, Penn., and of English and German descent. The father followed farming until 1856, then engaged in the mercantile business until 1861, when he enlisted in the United States army for two years. The hard- ships and exposure undermined his health, which he never recovered. He died July 17, 1876. Mar- tin S. remained on the farm until he was seventeen years of age, when he assisted his father in the mercantile business until 1862, when he purchased his father's stock of goods and continued the busi- ness until 1876. He enlisted in the army; was mus- tered in Company B, Two Hundredth Regiment Pennsylvania VoKinteers, in the fall of 1864, and served till the close of the war in the Third Division, Ninth Corps. He took part in the battles of Spring Hill, Fort Steadman, Petersburg, was mus- tered out at Fort Ellsworth, Va., May 39, 1865, and discharged June 5, 1865. He was married to Mary Sipe in 1861. They have eight children: Henrietta, Grant, Clara J., Abraham S., Cecelia, Josephine, Daisy and Ada. In 1875 Mr. Crull removed to his present fine farm of 130 acres. For sixteen years he held the oflBceof postmaster in Newberrytown. DUGAN & FUNK, manufacturers and dealers in cigars, Goldsboro, Penn. This firm is composed of Ross W. Dugan and John C. Funk, of New- berry Township, York Co., Penn. They both learned the trade of cigar-making with Jesse Funk, father of one of the firm, and worked at it as journeymen for a number of years. They formed a partnership in 1878, and for some time did all the work themselves, but as the business increased they employed other labor until they had about eleven hands, manufacturing nearly half a million cigars in a year. In addition to their own cigars they handle and sell a great many made by other man- ufacturers. The senior member of the firm is a step-son of Jesse Funk, the father of the junior, under whom they learned their Irade. They are both married. Mr. Dugan married Susan Berger, of Goldsboro, and has one child living, one having died. Mr. Funk married Lillie K. Reider, of Steel- ton, and has one child. Both gentlemen are mem- bers of the Church of God. Neither of them takes any active part in politics. Mr. Dugan is the only child of Levi and Catharine (Wolf) Dugan, natives of York County, Penn., of Irish and German de- scent, respectively. His father dying when he was but two years old, his mother was married to Jesse Funk, who had nine children. WILLIAM BPPLEY was born February 3, 1852, in Newberry Township, York Co., Penn., and is the youngest of a family of three sons and three daughters of William and Sidney (Hays) Eppley, natives of York County, and of English and Welsh descent, respectively. The father kept hotel in Newberrytown for thirty-five years, but a few years before his death retired from business. The grand- father. Mills Hays, was once associate judge of York County. William Eppley was brought up in the village of Newberrytown, where he received a good public school education. At the age of twenty- one he went to Harrisburg, Penn., where he engaged as salesman in a cigar store; remained about one year. He then returned to his native town and en- gaged in the hotel business and the manufacture of cigars, which he has since followed with great suc- cess. He manufactures about 200,000 cigars a year. He was married, October 7, 1875, to Maggie Bower, a daughter of Henry and Mary J. (Kister) Bower, of York County, Penn., and of Dutch and English descent, respectively. By this union they have two children: William B. and Maude B. Eppley. DANIEL F. FISHEL wa-s born in Manor Town- ship, Lancaster Co., Penn., October 13, 1838, and is a son of Henry and Mary (Frey) Fishel, of York and Lancaster Counties, Penn., and of German and English descent, respectively. Daniel F. is the eld- est son in a family of four sons and seven daugh- ters; two of the daughters died at the ages of six and seven; all the other children, with the excep- tion of Daniel F. and another, still reside in Lan- caster County with their father, their mother being dead. One sister resides in Indiana. At the age of eighteen, Daniel F. began learning the painting trade ,at Washington Borough, Penn., and worked at it five years. In August, 1864, he engaged in the saw-mill business at Washington Borough, and has since followed it. For three years he was a partner of Mr. Stamen, of that place. In 1880 he removed to Goldsboro, York Co., Penn., and took charge of Isaac Frazer's saw-mill, as superintendent. In addi- tion to his duties as superintendent, he, in 1883, also took charge of a farm of 162 acres, which belonged to Mr. Frazer. In all, he has charge of thirteen men on the farm and in the mill. In the winter of 1863 he enlisted, at Harrisburg, Penn., in Company E, One Hundred and Seventy-eighth Regiment Penn- sylvania Volunteers, a nine months' regiment con- nected with the Army of the Potomac. He was in the engagements at Bottom Ridge and Baltimore Cross Roads, and a number of skirmishes. Return- ing to his native county, he was married, December 31, 1871, to Mary E. Stamen, a daiighter of his late employer. They have six children: Eugenia, Joseph- ine, Mary, Stamen, Myra and Anna. Mr. Fishel is a member ot the I. O. O. F. He was school di- rector of Washington Borough three terms, coun- cilman one term, and chief burgess one term. ELI H. FREE was born in 1835, in York Co., Penn., and is the eldest of eleven children of Adam and Mary (Hake) Free, natives of York County, and of German descent, respectively, and both de- ceased. The father was a carpenter, but at the age of twenty-five years, began farming and running a distillery, which he followed until his death in 1854. Eli H. was brought up a farmer, received a good education, and taught school for two terms, when the free school system was first introduced. In 1847 he married Mary KrafEt, who died in 1865, They had six children: Oliver, Mary, Emma, Amanda, Sarah and Ida. In 1868, when the rebels came to York, Penn., they passed his residence, then in Manchester Township, and took one of his best horses. In the spring of 1863 he moved to York, Penn., and established a hotel, now known as the Pennsylvania House. He remained there six years, when he sold the hotel, and moved to his present farm, located in Newberry Township, which contains 113 acres of land in a high state of cultiva- tion, and finely situated. Mr. Pree's second mar- riage was, in 1868, to Catherine Cassel. They have 152 NEWBERRY TOWNSHIP. had three children: Clara E., Louisa and Daniel H. (deceased). Mr. and Mrs. Free belong to the Lu- theran Church. He is a member of the I. O. R. M. Lodge 137, of York, Penn. In politics he is a Republican. He was a member of the school board in Manchester Township, and is a member of the board where he now resides. He served as justice of the peace in Manchester for five years, receiving his commission from Gov. William P. Johnson. He also enrolled Manchester Township in the fall of 1861, for the draft. JACOB GARRETSON was born in 1836, in Warrington Township, York Co., Penn.; his par- ents were Israel and Ruth (Walker) Garretson, natives of York County, and of English descent. They had eight children, of whom Jacob is the eldest. His father was a son of Jacob Garretson, who was a son of William Garretson, one of the first settlers of Newberry Township, who left a farm, which was given by him to Jacob and by him to Israel, and by him given to the subject of this sketch . At his father's death subject was appointed administrator of his father's estate, and sold the old homestead, which had been in the family for over 100 years, and on which he had been reared. In 1877 he married Eliza, Betz. In religion, the Garretsons have all been Priends, and in politics they had always been Whigs and Republicans. Mr. Garretson and family at present reside on the old Hoops property, in sight of the old homestead. He owns over 350 acres of choice land and is a prosperous farmer. Previous ancestry of Jacob Garretson were: Great-great-grandparents John and Content Garretson. John Garretson was born 1715, his children were William Garretson, born in 1738- 39; John, 1741; Ann, 1745; Samuel, 1750; Sarah, 1752; Content, 1754; Cornelius, 1756; Joseph,1759. Great-grandfather, William Garretson, was born 1738-89: Lydia his wife was born 1744. Their chil- dren were William, born in 1762; Elizabeth, 1763; John, 1765; Jacob, 1767; Martha, 1769. Grand- father, Jacob Garretson, and Mary, his wife, were born in 1763; their children were Lydia, born in 1796; Israel, 1798; Jacob, 1800; Daniel, 1802; James 1809. Parents, Israel and Ruth (Walker) Garretson, and their children: Jacob Garretson, was born in 1836; Lydia, 1838; Ruthanna, 1833; Mary, 1836; Martha, 1839; Robert, 1843; and Marie, 1845. Jacob Qairetson's wife's paternal ancestry: Great-great- grandfather Betz died at the age of one hundred and five years; he had six sons, who were all stone- masons, the grandfather of George Betz being one. The father of George Betz died about 1833- he was about fifty years of age. George had one brother, Michael, who died about 1833, aged about thirty years; he had four sisters, all dead except one. George Betz's mother was born February 1, 1775; died about December 9, 1844, aged seventy years. She was, before marriage, Elizabeth Sheaffer. George Betz was born 1813, died March 28, 1885, aged seventy-two years ten months and four days. Her maternal ancestry: Jacob Hummer, grand- father, born 1748, died, 1854, aged ninety-six years. Mrs. Jacob Hummer, born 1773, and died February, 1811, aged thirty-eight years; her maiden name was Trelmyer, a family of very high standing; she had a brother, Jacob. Jacob Hummer moved from New Holland, Lancaster County; he had a sister, Rachel, who reached ninety years of age; he had a son, John, born in 1794, died 1855, aged sixty-one years; he was a man of culture. Jacob Hummer had four sons and four daughters. Rebecca Hum- mer, wife of George Betz, was born in 1811, died in 1871, aged fifty-nine years eight months and two ivs DAVID H. GOOD was born September 21, 1839, in Dauphin County, Penn., and is the fifth son and seventh child of a family of nineteen children born to Peter and Catharine (Zorger) Good, natives of York County, Penn. He was brought up a farmer and remained with his parents until his twenty- second year, when he enlisted in Conipany A, Second District of Columbia Volunteer Infantry, January 17, 1863, and participated in the battles of Antietam, Fort Washington and second Bull Run. At the expiration of his term of service, three years, he was discharged, January 18, 1865, when he came home and resumed farming, and after two years engaged in the mercantile business, which he has followed since. He began business at Eberly Mills, Cumberland Co., Penn., but came to his present place in 1870. In 1871 he was commissioned postmaster of Yocumtown. In 1868 he married Mrs. Carrie (King) Tate, widow of Martin Tate, and daughter of Henry and Susan (RafEensberger) King, of York County, and of English and German descent. They have two children: Maggie and Catherine. REV. WILLIAM JOHN GRI88INGER, resi- dent pastor of the Bethel Church of God at Golds- boro, York Co., Penn., was born in Huntingdon County, Penn., January 16, 1844, son of Samuel and Mary (McNeal) Grissinger, natives of York and Huntingdon Counties, and of German and Irish descent respectively. They had three sons and six daughters. William was the eldest of the family. He remained on his father's farm till he was fifteen years old, attending the public schools, and also for one term the Millersville Normal School. He ac- quired a thorough English education, and at thirty years of age began studying for the ministry. In October, 1876, he was licensed and ordained to preach, and at once went to Newport, Perry Co., Penn., where he preached two years. His subse- quent charges were Clearfield Mission at Clear- field, Penn., one year; Newville and Plainfield, Cumberland County, two years. He then returned to Newport and thence to Goldsboro, in October, 1888. Before studying for the ministry, he taught school for five terms. He was married at Mt. Carrol, 111., in 1865, to Catharine Chitty, of Illinois. They have five children: Samuel C, Benjamin F., Clarence Rudolph, Carrie A., Juanita and Oliver L. Mr. Grissinger was brought up in the church of God, and became a member at the age of eighteen years. At present he has charge of four congrega- tions: Goldsboro, Newberry town, Yocumtown and Smoketown. From 1869 to 1876 he was engaged in mercantile business at New Grenada, Penn. His great-grandfather, John Grissinger, who came from Germany, located near Lewisberry, where he died in 1853, aged nearly ninety-eight years. He had 382 descendants: 133 grandchildren, 342 great-grandchildren. 3 great-great-grandchildren and ifchildren. HERVEY HAMMOND. About the year 1634, William Hammond, son of Admiral Hammond, oif the English navy, embarked in the ship Francis, from Ipsw,ich,England,and immigrating to America, joined the Boston colony. %,nd settled at Water- town, Mass. He descended from aprominentfamily of his native country, and from him and his brother, Thomas, also an immigrant to Massachusetts, most of the Hammonds in this country descended. Like many other people of the thrifty and intelligent classes of Englnad, these brothers determined to seek a new home in the Western world, where civil liberty and religious freedom would be honored and respect- ed. It was contemporaneous with this emigration, that the tyranny of Charles I. was greater than the liberty-loving people could endure, consequently most of the members of the Boston colony were generally enterprising and intelligent Puritan stock, and some of their descendants have become promi- nent and influential in the history of America. Among them were the ancestors of President Gar BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 153 field and G-en. Sherman, wlio also settled in "Water- town and intermarried with the Hammonds. Jabez (or Jaso n) Hammond, grandfather of the subject, located in Canterbury Township, Windham Co., Conn., about 1760; when the Revolutionary war opened, he entered the military service and partic- ipated in several hard-fought battles in that pro- longed struggle for American freedom. Elisha Hammond, his son, was born in Connecticut, Feb- ruary 7, 1769. He received an excellent education in the schools of his native State. He was ac- quainted with I. M. Singer before he invented the sewing machine ; met him in Pittsburgh and examined his rough model, approved, suggested some im- provements and loaned him |lO to go ahead with his invention, but the money was never re- turned. Elisha afterward became a skillful and successful teacher; understood the higher mathe- matics and theoretical surveying. While yet a young man he removed to Marbletown, New York, and taught there in 1791, and later followed the same profession at Owego in the same State. His endorsements of qualifications and success in his work are still kept by his grandson as family relics. Leaving Owego, he entered the, Wyoming Settlement in Luzerne County, Penn., and from thence came down the Susquehanna River on an ark, then a common craft for floating lumber and produce down the stream to market. He located in Fairviow Township, in the vicinity of Lewis- berry, about 1797. He brought with him many books of science and literature, and soon afterward to teach the youths of the intelligent Quaker settlement. He was a man of undoubted integrity. He married Rebecca Frankelberger, of a prominent family in the Redland Valley. They had ten children, viz. : Hervey, Maria, Mary, David, William, Hannah, John, Thomas, Philip and Sarah. Elisha Hammond died March 28, 1834, at the age of fifty-five years. He was highly respected in the village in which he lived. His widow survived him until January 31, 1863, and died at the advanced age of eighty-two years. Hervey Hammond was born December 23, 1800; grew to manhood in his native town; attended his father's school and that of Isaac Kirk, the distinguished surveyor. The youth soon became the most active pupil of the school, and early in life, followed the same profes- sion as his father. From his ancestors he inherited a thirst for study, and soon became proficient in the ordinary branches of learning, and under his father's private instruction, pursued advanced studies. As early as 1835, he introduced the study of scientific English grammar in his neighborhood. The book used was Greenleafs Practical Grammar. He was also of a mathematical turn of mind, which endowment he turned to practical account by his invention of the famous Hammond Window Sash Spring, which has since had an immense sale. It was patented in 1837, and during the following year he placed his springs in the windows of the White House at Washington ; received a recommen- dation for them from the noted orator, Henry Clay, and from other distinguished persons. Mr. Ham- mond traveled extensivelj; wholesaling goods and merchandise and introducing his window springs and appointing agents for the sale of them. In those times there were very few appliances for window sashes, in general use, and Mr. Hammond had to first teach the people the necessity of venti- lating their dwellings in order to create a market or demand for his springs. In the year 1840, the annual sales of springs numbered 35,000. He in- troduced many improvements into the village of Lewisberry; was a supporter of the cause of free education; became one of the first school directors under the new school law, and was an active director, present at the election of his friend and neighbor, the Hon. Jacob Kirk, as the first superintendent of the schools of York County. He was married at Carlisle, Penn., Sep- tember 15, 1825 to Katherine Ann Harman. They had nine children, viz.: Andrew (deceased); Ben- nett, died of cholera at Aurora, Ind., in 1849; Caro- line E., in Wichita, Kas. ; Delilah A., in Missouri; Edward W., in Oregon; Rebecca R., in Cantrall, 111. ; Mary (deceased); Winfield Scott, and Ida C, in Waynesburgh, Green Co., Penn. Mrs. Hammond was born August 81, 1807,in Warrington Township; was a daughter of Adam and Rachel (Diceman) Harman, members of the Methodist Church, and representatives of intelligent families. She, her- self, was possessed of a well-trained mind. She died July 31, 1863; Hervey H. died August 27, 1855. WINFIELD SCOTT HAMMOND, the youngest son of Hervey Hammond, was born in Lewisberry September 11, 1847. He attended the public schools and studied the higher branches at home. When quite young he acquired a fondnesss for reading, and hence made good use of his father's library, and such other libraries as the town afforded. In the spring of 1865 he enlisted in Company I, One Hundred and Ninety-second Regiment of the Penn- sylvania Volunteers, and remained in the service until the fall of the same year. Shortly after the war he went to southeast Missouri, and remained in that section about eighteen months, spending a part of the time in a printing office as compositor and local editor, and assisting in the United States land office, which was under the charge of one of the proprietors of the paper. While there Mr. Hammond became intimate with the leading busi- ness men and politicians of the county; one was State senator, and afterward land agent for a leading railroad in the West; another, a prominent lawyer, pleading before the Supreme Court of the United States; another, State treasurer of Missouri; another, delegate from the State-at-large to the National Democratic Convention; another, district attorney, etc. "This was under the "carpet bag" regime, and Mr. Hammond being a "Radical" (in Missouri poli- tics) was offered the office of county clerk in one of the southeastern counties, which he refused and returned home to take charge of the window-spring business, and became owner and controller of the popular springs, which he has manufactured and sold with great success. He introduced some new improvements in the construction t>f them, and en- tirely changed the process of manufacture, doing by machinery what was formerly done by hand. He has recently inventedsome new styles of springs, and is engaged in their manufacture, and has a number of workmen in his employ. Large quanti- ties of the springs are sold annually to wholesale dealers. Early in life Mr. Hammond developed a taste for painting, and now spends his leisure hours in sketching places interesting to the scenes of his childhood, and the picturesque ravines and hills of the upper end of the county. Mr. Hammond is the artist who furnished the sketch, from which we have engraved the cut of the "Old Friends Meeting House,"t'wo miles east of Lewisberry; which engrav- ingjwill be found in this work. Mr. H: is at present secretary of the school board, and was a member of the committee on resolutions in the late Republican State convention. Mr. Hammond was married, in 1873, to Miss Jeannette Starr, daughter of ReubenT. Starr, and Elizabeth (Lloyd) Starr, of Lewisberry. They have two cbildren, viz.: Edward and Grace. Mrs. Hammond is a descendant of the Friends of Chester County, her ancestors being of the cele- brated Taylor, Sharpless, Lloyd and Starr families, and is an active member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. Hammond keeps himself abreast of the times in literature, science and art, being a con- stant reader of various periodicals, literary and art 154 NEWBERRY TOWNSHIP. magazines, meclianical, scientific and architectural journals, etc., etc., and is a book buyer. MORRIS M. HAYS is a lineal descendant in the fourth generation of Jesse Hays, who in 1770 immigrated to York County from Chester County, Penn., and purchased land one mile north of the village of Yocumtown. Jesse Hays was of Welsh descent. His ancestors were among the first immi- grants to America from Wales, who located in the northern and western parts of Chester, and most of whom became prosperous citizens in this country. Being a member of the Society of Friends, who, in principle, were non-resistants, when Jesse Hays was drafted during the Revolutionary war, his land was sold to furnish a substitute in the army. His oc- cupation was that of a tailor. In 1780 he married Margery, daughter of James Mills, who built the historic stone house, one-half mile east of Yocum- town, known later as the "Brubaker property." Their children were Susan, Hannah and Mills, who in 1851 was elected associate judge of York County. A sketch of him will be found in the chapter on the Bench and the Bar, in this work. Mills Hays was married to Eve Crull. They had children as fol- lows: John; Sidney married to William. Eppley; Mary, married to George W. Hall; Jesse, born July 24, 1818, and now living in Mechanicsburg, married to Mary Miller; and Jane, married to Samuel P. Her- man. John Hays, the eldest son of Judge Mills Hays, was born October 11, 1810,in Newberry Town- ship, where he spent his entire life, a highly respected citizen. He served for many years as a director in the Dover Fire Insurance Company, and filled many local positions of trust and responsibility. He was married to Jane Morris, daughter of Charles Morris, of Warrington Township, of Scotch-Irish descent. In 1814 he marched with a company of soldiers to the defense of Baltimore. Jane (Glass) Morris, his mother, died in Warrington at the age of ninety-six years. The children of John Hays are Sidney, married to David Ort; Adacinda, married to A. B. Kurtz; Morris Mills; Granville, married to Kate ReifE; Crull, a soldier of the One Hundred and Six- ty-sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers dur- ing the Civil war, and Ninth Pennsylvania Cavalry; Ellen; Lucetta; Servatus, married to Kate Feiser, and now a merchant in Newberrytown, and John Pierce, a graduate of Shippensburg State Normal School, married to Maggie Flora of Franklin Coun- ty. Morris M. Hays, the eldest son and third child, was born September 13, 1841. He spent his early days on the farm and attending the public schools; afterward was a student in the Normal and Class- ical School, at York, and in the Millersville State Normal School. He taught school three suc- cessive terms. In 1867 he was mamed to Emma Fisher who died August 33, 1872. On the 20th of February, 1876, he was married to Sara M. Krone. They have three children: Ira. Kent and Boyd. In November, 1882, Mr. Hays was elected a member of the legislature of Pennsylvania, and while a rep- resentative in that body, served with great accept- ance on the committees on labor and industry, in- surance, military and geological survey. He now owns a farm on which he resides, located one mile east of Newberrytown, and is engaged in cultivat- ing it. He is apractical surveyor, and has served in various township ofHces. Mr. Hays, in the midst of his farm and professional labors, finds time for reading and general literary culture, and has accumulated a library of well selected books. LAFAYETTE M. HERMAN was born in New- berrytown, York County, September 13, 1853, and is the second son of William P. Herman, of Ger- man descent, who was born in Pishing Creek Val- ley, York County, and was the father of eight chil- dren — two sons and six daughters— and of Jane, daughter of Joseph McCreary,who was of Irish an- cestry, though native born, and who, during his life time, held the offices of supervisor, overseer of the poor, justice of the peace, and commissioner of the County of York, and under whose supervision the present county alms house was built. William P. Herman, after the death of his father, Samuel Her- man, resided in Fishing Creek Valley, among the friends of his mother (whose maiden name was Mary Prowell), until becoming of age, when he married and removed to Newberrytown, where he re- mained engaged in the manufacture of cigars, until the time of hia death, which occurred September 25, 1868, in the forty-eighth year of his age, leaving to survive him a wife, two sons, Clayton and L. M., and two daughters, Sadie E. and Eva. L. M. Her- man, at the time of his father's death, was fifteen years of age, and had to support the remaining family, consisting of a mother and two sisters. At the age of fifteen years he left the public schools and continued to work among the cigar factories for two years, at the end of which time, by his own exertions, and through the kindness of others, he attended a select school at Goldsboro, Penn., and was enabled to procure from W. H. Kain, county superintendent, a provisional certificate to teach in the common schools of the county for one year. He applied to the directors of his township and they granted him a school, which he taught three suc- cessive terms. During the summer vacations heat- tended the Cumberland Valley State Normal School until enabled to procure a professional certificate, granted by county superintendent, D. G. Williams, and up to the present writing he has taught twelve successive years in his native township. June 10, 1882, he received from Prof. E. E. Higbee, superin- tendent of public instruction, a permanent certifi- cate. In politics he is a Republican, and has held the oflioe of township clerk for seven successive terms. At the expiration of his seventh term he was elected to the oflice of justice of the peace of Newberry Township for the term of five years, be- ginning on the first Monday in May, 1882. At va- rious times he has been committeeman, and repre- sented the district as delegate to county conventions. January 1, 1883, he engaged in manufacturing cigars. He is unmarried, and still remains at the old homestead, with the family, which consists of his mother and one sister, Eva — Sadie E. having died April 14, 1884, in Urbana, Ohio. The family are members of the Bethel, or Church of God. ALFRED HUMMEL, was born at Hummels- town, Dauphih Co., Penn., July 12, 1833, and is a son of David and Barbara (Shirer) Hummel, na- tives of Dauphin County, Penn., and of German de- scent. His great-grandfather. Hummel, came to this country some time in the eighteenth century, and located the village of Hummelstown, and laid out the lots and sold them (60x198 feet) at an an- nual rent of $2.22. David and Barbara (Shirer) Hummel reared a family of nine children — eight sons and one daughter — of whom Alfred is the eld- est. Two of the sons are dead, and four of the sons and the daughter still reside in Dauphin County, Penn. Alfred moved to Goldsboro in 1879, where his family followed him the following spring. In his youth he learned the carpenter's trade with his father, but at the age of seventeen years went to Harrisburgh, where he worked a« journeyman for three years. He then returned to his native place and engaged as a builder and contractor until 1869. He was married at Harrisburgh, Penn. , January 1, 1854, to Harriet W. Kennedy, a native of Pennsyl- vania, and of German and Irish descent. They had nine children: William D., died July 4, 1877; Emma L., Arthur L., Lizzie B., Winfield Scott, Calvin F., Estella H. and two who died in infancy. Mr. Hummel is a Lutheran, and his wife belongs to the Methodist Episcopal Church. He is also a member of BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 155 the Masonic fraternity. He has held various public offices: Assessor of Derry Township, Dauphin County, in 1862; collector of taxes for the same township; school director nine years; treasurer of Dauphin County in 1868, and since coming to York County, as school director. He is in the employ of Isaac Frazer, as manager of the large planing-mill at Goldsboro, and has from twenty-five to thirty men under him. ISAAC KISTER was born in December, 1823, in Kewberry Township, York County, and is the fourth of nine children of Henry E. and Tacey and Greek. In 1833 he went to Newark, Delaware Academy for one year, then to York Academy for two years, first as a 'student and then as assist- ant teacher. From there he went to Franklin Col- lege, New Athens, Ohio, for two years, and gradu- ated in 1836 as A. B. ; then he taught at the Acade- my at Wheeling, Va., until the spring of 1837. At the office of Dr. Mcllvain he next began the study of medicine, and in the fall of 1837 he entered the Jefferson College at Philadelphia, graduating in 1839. He first began to practice at Liverpool, where he resided four years, then removed to York, and remained until 1848 ; then to Peach Bottom Township. In 1851 he removed to Delta Borough, where he has since resided, and is very successful in his practice. November 24, 1840, he married Maria Louisa Haller, daughter of George Haller, Esq., and is the father of ten children: Edwin Hal- ler, William Nelson, Frances Louisa, Florence Su- san, Ida Augusta. Clara (deceased), Thomas P., Lucy J., John G. (deceased) and an infant unnamed. The Doctor has held a number of township offices, such as school director and judge of elections. THE McCONKEY FAMILY. About the middle of the last century Hugh and James McConkey, two brothers of pure Scotch-Irish origin, emigrated from north Ireland to America. Hugh purchased land, and located in Lancaster County, Penn., and James BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. went to Baltimore. John McConkey, probably a brother, came to America soon afterward, and dur- ing the Revolutionary war enlisted in Capt. Matthew Smith's company of Lancaster County Volunteers, in 1775, and endured all the perils and hardships of the famous march to Canada and the attack on Quebec. Judge John Joseph Henry, of the Lan- caster and York courts, in his personal reminis- cences of this battle, speaks in glowing terms of the endurance and bravery of his comrade in arms, John McConkey. Hugh McConkey, the ancestor of the family in this county, was born March 14, 1757, and on May 13, 1783, was married to Jane Keeper, of Lancaster County, who was born Sep- tember 5, 1760. Their children were Jesse, James, Anne, Andrew, Margaret, Janetta and Hugh J. The father, Hugh McConkey, wl}o was a Revolu- tionary soldier, died at Peach Bottom, August 11, 1839. James McConkey, the second son, was born in Lancaster County, May 37, 1787. In the year 1808 he removed to Peach Bottom, and was in the em- ploy of John Kirk, who then owned the ferry at this place, and conducted a general merchandise business. He soon became a partner with Kirk on a capital of $500, borrowed from his father, which he soon returned with interest. Subsequently he purchased the entire business interest of the place and a tract of 300 acres of land on Cooper's Upper Rock Run. At the time of the invasion of the British toward Baltimore, in 1814, he enlisted and marched with his regiment to the defense of that city. He subsequently procured the bounty land on the western frontier for the members of his company. In the militia, service afterward h* at- tained the rank of major, by which title he was famil- iarly known. Early in his business career his father joined him in the management of the grist-mill at Peach Bottom. On account of the scarcity of wheat in the vicinity, caused by the sterility of the soil, in that vicinity, they floated wheat, corn and potatoes down the Susquehanna River in arks and keel-bottom boats. Here he ground the wheat into flour, corn into meal, and supplied the inhabitants over a large extent of country. In the year 18^ he was elected by the Whig party to represent York County in the State senate at Harrisburg. He took a prominent part in urging the construction of the Susquehanna Canal from Columbia to join the Tide Water Canal in Maryland, which, when completed, in 1839, greatly increased the business interests of Peach Bottom. It was then that the farmers of this section began to use lime so extensively as a fertil- izer, and he brought immense quantities of the stone down the river and burned it here. In every re- spect he was a prudent, exact and prosperous busi- ness man, and at the time of his death, in 1861, had accumulated a handsome competence as the result of his assiduous labors. In every respect he was a prominent and influential citizen of his township, and intimately connected with the affairs of the county and State. In 1815 Maj. McConkey was married to Julia Ann Wiley, by whom he had eleven children. Of these two are now living: Stephen D., of Baltimore, and John Q. A., of Peach Bottom. « Henry F.. the eldest, died at home, while in business with his father, in 1859. William moved to Wrights- ville, and became a very influential citizen of that town, and was largely interested in the business affairs of that place. He was elected a member of the legislature from York County, which he repre- sented with acknowledged ability and credit. He died in 1880. The first wife of Maj. McConkey died in 1833. His second marriage was with Rachel Ramsay, who lived but a short time afterward. In 1888 he was married to Mary A. Ramsay. Their children were Charles R. McConkey and Mrs. Julia A. Ross, widow of the late William G. Ross, Esq.» of Lower Chanceford. John Quinoy Adams McConkey, son of Jame McConkey, by his first marriage, was born February 80, 1838. He received his mental training in tha schools of the township, and also grew up as a clerls in his father's store. At the age of thirty-three years, upon his father's death, he and his brother,. Charles R., succeeded the father in the mercantile business at Peach Bottom. In 1866 he purchased the interest of Charles R. in the store, grain and boat- ing business, in which he is at present engaged. He has served the township in various local offices. In 1874 he was nominated for county treasurer by the- Republican party; in 1880 he was the party nominee for State senate. In both instances he received a lar^e vote, but not sufficient to overcome the large majority of the opposition. In 1883 he declined the nomination of his party for congi-ess. He was appointed postmaster in 1878, and has since held the position. As partners, he and his brother- Charles own all the business interests of the village of Peach Bottom and a tract of 350 acres of valuable farming land. Mr. McConkey is an active Masoa, a member of the K. T., Columbia Commandery, at Lancaster. In 1860 he was married, in Harford County, Md., to Sarah S. Whiteford, daug;hter of Hugh Whiteford, a descendant of Col, Whiteford^ who commanded at Havre de Grace during the British invasion of Baltimore in 1814. They had two .children, one who died young and Edward Everett McConkey, now in business with his father. Chablbs R. McConkey, son of James McCon- key, by his last marriage, was born in 1839; attended the public and private schools of the vicinity, and afterward, for a time, was a pupil in an academy ia the city of Philadelphia, then taught by Gen. Joshua T. Owens. Returning home he assisted hia father in business until at the age of twenty-two, when his father died. Then with his brother, John Q. A., engaged in the lumber, lime, coal, grain and store business. Disposing of his interests at Peach Bottom, in 1870, he removed to Philadelphia, and was engaged there in the wholesale boot and shoe business. At the expiration of two jrears he re~ turned to his old home, and embarked in the lum- ber trade and the selling of fertilizers, which he still continues, and also assists in the management of a tract of 350 acres of farming land, of which he and his brother are joint partners. In 1872 he was. elected a director in the York & Peach Bottom Rail- road, and was subsequently elected to the office of president of the railroad. For a time he was ap^ pointed receiver of the corporation. He then assisted in reorganizing the road, and was again elected its president. He has served his township very satisfactorily as school director, and in various ways has been a public spirited and enterprising- citizen. Mr. McConkey was married, December 37,. 1866, to Rachel S. Alexander, a native of Belmont County, Ohio, daughter of James and Elizabeth (McGregor) Alexander. Her mother was a native of Peach Bottom. They have three children: Henry Alexander, Charles Reynolds and Mary E. Mr. McConkey and family are members of the Presby- terian Church, to which nearly all of his relatives and ancestors belonged. WILLIAM J. McCURDY, son of James and Martha ( Hepburn) McCurdy, both natives of County Derry, Ireland, who immigrated to America in 1808,, was born March 16, 1813, in Lancaster County,^ Penn. His parents soon afterward removed to» Peach Bottom Township, in York County. Feb- ruary 85, 1840, he married Alice J. Fulton, daugh- ter of John Pulton, and has five children living; James C, in Philadelphia; John F., in Chicago, 166 PEACH BOTTOM TOWNSHIP. 111.; William H., a physician of Delta, and two •daughters, Alice and Quianna, residing with their parents. He purchased the farm, on which he lives, in 1844, and by a judicious system of tillage has brought it into a high state of cultivation. In 1880 he became engaged in the business of canning fruit and vegetables, which he has since then suc- cessfully carried on in connection with farming. Mr. McCurdy has held the offices of supervisor, -auditor and school director, is a Mason, an Odd Fellow, and a deacon in the IBaptist Church. WILLIAM H. MoCURDY, M. D., was born in Peach Bottom Township, October 36, 1854. His Jjarents were William J. and Alice J. (Pulton) McCurdy; the former a native of Lancaster County, 'the latter of York County, and were respectively of Irish and Scotch-Irish origin. They were parents •of nine children, of whom three sons and two "daughters are living, and one son and three daugh- ters dead. William H. McCurdy left home at the •-age of fourteen to attend Lewisburg University, Penn., and at the age of seventeen entered Lafay- ■^jtte College, where, in 1876, he graduated. After teaching in the common schools two years, mean- time reading medicine under Dr. Scarborough, of Dublin, Hartford Co., Md., he entered Jeffersen Oollege, at Philadelphia, in 1878. After graduating in 1881 he began to practice near Slate Hill, and in May, 1884, removed to Delta, where he is now in jjractioe. He married Miss Laura J. Jenness, a ua- itive of Maryland, February 8, 1883, and has one child— Russell W. In 1879 he began the canning Sbusiness in Peach Bottom Township. In 1881 took his father into partnership, and in 1883 consolidated thirty-one canning firms into the Northern Harford Packing Association, an incorporated company, with a capital stock of $300,000, of which he is the sec- retary. He was among the organizers of the Delta Building and Loan Association, is a member of the York County Medical Society and chaplain of Esdraelon Lodge, A. F. & A. 'M., at South Delta. His wife is a member of Slateville Presbyterian ■Church, while he is connected with the Delta Bap- itist Church. WATSON A. McLaughlin, proprietor of the Railroad Hotel in Delta, was born to John and Mary ■om the public schools he went to York Collegiate Institute, from which he graduated in 188 J. He then entered Lafayette College, at Easton, Penn., and graduated in 1882, receiving the degree of A. B. He then commenced the study of law under ex- Judge Robert J. Fisher, of York. He was appoint- ed principal of Shrewsbury English and Classical Academy March 5, 1883. He was married, June 28, 1883, at Easton, Penn., to Margaret Neigh, daugh- ter of George P. Neigh, Esq., of Easton. He was admitted to the York, Penn., bar August 25, 1884, and while retaining the principalship of the acad- emy, is, at the same time, actively engaged in the practice of law. MARTIN GABLE was born June 9, 1834, in Darmstadt, Germany, and came to America in 1844. Landing at New York, he soon removed to Balti- more, where he learned shoe-making, at which he worked twelve years. He was educated in Ger- many, and followed farming. Two brothers fol. 174 SHREWSBURY TOWNSHIP. lowed him to America. His parents, Jost and EHzt abeth (Brodrecht) Gable, died before he left Ger- many. He was married, In Baltimore, in 1849, to Miss Catharine Kettering, a native of that city. She died in 1870, leaving one daughter, Fannie, now the wife of Joseph A. Klinefelter.' Another child, Catharine, died in infancy. He removed to York County, and has lived about Shrewsbury ever since 1856; came to Rail Road in 1877. He followed shoe- making five years in York County, and huckstering about ten years; was collector for several yeai's, and since 1877 has kept the toll gate at Rail Road. He is a member of the Lutheran Church, as was also his wife. He earned his property by his own In- dustry. JOHN H. GANTZ, born in York County, March 29, 1830, Is the fourth child and eldest son In a family of three sons and five daughters of John and Barbara (Hosier) Gantz. He was reared on a farm, and acquired a fair German and English education. He was married in 1841, in Shrewsbury Township, to Miss Lydla, a daughter of John Miller, and a na- tive of York County. His wife died in 1850, having had three children; one, Margaret Ann, died at the age of five years, the two living are John W. and Susanna, wife of Adam Eighner. He was next married, October 5, 1851, to Mrs. Lucinda (Ker- linger) Ziegler. They have had five children — two have died; Ellen, aged three years, and Balinda, aged thirteen years. The three living are Eliza Ann, wife of L. R. Lentz ; Alice, wife of George Bollinger, and Amelia, wife of Henry Allison. Mr. Gantz served his country in the nine months' service, en- tering the army in 1863, and participated in numer- ous'sklrmishes. He Is a member of Post No. 343, G. A, R., at Shrewsbury. He is connected with the Lutheran Church, and his wife with the Reformed Church. He is a Republican and a hard working farmer, having acquired his property by his own labor. ELBRIDGE HOFFMAN GERRY, A. B., M. D., was born in Shrewsbury, October 18, 1836, and Is the eldest son of Dr. James Gerry, of Scotch-Irish and German descent. He was brought up in his father's drug store, and educated at the public and private schools, and at the academy at Shrewsbury. In the winter of 1858 he entered Dickinson College, at Carlisle, Penn., and gi-aduated in 1861, as A. B. Returning to Shrewsbury he taught school for two years, public school in winter and select school in summer. In the fall of 1865 he attended the Uni- versity of Maryland, at Baltimore, and graduated in the spring of 1867, as M.D. Until 1870 he practiced medicine with his father, but in that year he formed a partnership with his brother James, and they bought their father's drug store; since then he has followed his profession in connection with the drug business. In September, 1868, he was married, at Baltimore, Md., to Miss Scarborough, daughter of Ezeklel Scarborough. This lady died in February, 1871. Their only child, Sarah Salome, died also, aged twenty months. November 10, 1874, he was married, at Shrewsbury, to Miss Arabella, daughter of William McAbee, and had born to him four children, three of whom are yet living: El- bridge Beck, James John and David McA. The family are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, to which also his first wife belonged. He is a very prominent member of the church and Sabbath-school— steward in the former and super- intendent In the latter. In 1880 he was lay repre- sentative at Altoona, and in 1884 at Williamsport. He is a prominent Mason and K, T. and P. M. of Blue Lodge. In the borough he has held^various offices of trust; being an active Democrat, he has been sent as delegate to State and county conven- tions. In 1878 he was appointed surgeon of the Northern Central Railroad. JAMES GERRY, M. D., a physician of Shrews- bury, York County, was born February 4, 1839, and Is the second son of James and Salome (Hoffman) Gerry, natives of Maryland, and of Scotch-Irish and German descent. James Gerry, the grandfather, came from Scotland in the eighteenth century, and located in Maryland, where at one time he was a member of the Maryland General Assembly from Cecil County. He followed farming, and was also a kind of a local lawyer. The subject of this sketch was brought up in Shrewsbury, where he learned the drug business with his father. His earlier edu- cation he received at the public schools, and at the Shrewsbury Academy. Being induced by his father to study the practice of medicine, he entered Dick- enson College, at Carlisle, Penn., when twenty years old, but at the breaking out of the late war he left that college as a junior, and entered Jefferson Medical College, at Philadelphia, graduating in the spring of 1863 as M. D. He also took a course of operative surgery under Dr. Agnew. After finish- ing his studies he came to Shrewsbury, where he at once commenced to practice medicine In connection with the drug business. In January, 1876, he was married, at Weisburg, Md., to Miss Hunter, daugh- ter of Pleasant Hunter, of Maryland; they have one child— Carroll. Dr. Gerry is a prominent Mason of the Knight Templar degree, and Is also a member of Consistory S. P. R. S. , Thirty-second degree, as well as a Past Master of Shrewsbury Lodge. For six years he has held the position of president of the school board. He Is quite a successful physician, especially in the treatment of Bright's Disease, and is surgeon for the Northern Central Railroad Company. CHRISTIAN GORE, born In Baltimore County, Md., October 23, 1818, and died at New Freedom, June 5, 1878, was the eldest of three sons of Charles and Mary (Price) Gore, of German and English de- scent, respectively. He was educated at Middle- town, Md., and up to about thirty years of age, he taught school. He was married, April 4, 1850, at Baltimore, to Hester Ann Shamberger, daughter of Jacob and Hester (Souder) Shamberger, natives of Pennsylvania and of German descent. They had eight children, Millard S. (deceased), Mary, Jane, Edwin (deceased), Upton H., Harvey (deceased), George W. and Alverta. Mr. Gore has held the positions of commissioner, treasurer and assessor of Baltimore County. In the spring of 1871, he re- moved to York County, where he located In York Borough, but after a year removed to Glen Rock Borough, where,-ln company with Hashour & Fal- len, he engaged in the planlng-mill and lumber business, which was burned In 1876, causing a great loss. The mill was rebuilt, and Mr. Gore retired from business in 18'i'8, and removed to New Freedom, where he died soon after. In 1850 he was engaged for six years at Hoflmans- ville, in the mercantile business and the manufac- ture of paper one year, and farmed about twelve years in Baltimore County. The family are leading members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, of which Mr. Gore was- a class leader. Since the death of Mr. G:, Mrs. Gore and her two sons have successfully conducted a mercantile establishment at New Freedom. JAMES N. GROVE, youngest son of John and Elizabeth (Moore) Grove, of York County, Penn., was born In Shrewsbury, March 26, 1837. His par- ents were of German and Irish descent respectively, and had a family of six sons and five daughters Until his fifteenth year he remained on his father's farm, but at that age he began learning the trade of millwright with Robert Koller, near Shrewsbury, which trade he has followed since. He built the Spring Grove Paper-mill and two for Hoffman & Sons, in Maryland. During his life he has buUt five BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 175 or six paper-mills, and from fifteen to twenty saw- mills. In 1861 he enlisted at York in Company D, Eighty-seventh Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, was ranked as corporal and was discharged in 1864 as sergeant. During his service he participated in many a hard fought battle; at Winchester, Va,, he was captured and for twenty-four days was con- fined at Libby Prison and Belle Island. He also took part in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsyl- vania, Cold Harbor, near Winchester, and many other battles and skirmishes. After leaving the service he returned to Shrewsbury, where he en- faged at his trade. In 1865 he was married, at New reedom, to Annie Singer, daughter of Charles Singer, and has six children: Luella, Charles Henry, William Emery, James F. , Edward and Gertrude. Mr. Grove is a member of the Reformed Church and his wife of the Evangelical Church. He is a Mason, a prominent citizen, and holds and has held various oiBces of the borough. At present he is repairing a paper mill at Woodbine, Md., for Capt. Tollun, who was Confederate officer of the day at Winchester on the day Mr. G. was captured. JOHN L. HAILER was born in Wittenberg, Germany, March 30, 1833, and came to America February 9, 1852, landing at Baltimore. Md. His parents, John and Annie Mary (Stable) Hailer had three children, of whom John was the second, and the only one that came to America. He went at once to York, began work shoe-making, continuing for one year, and then removed to Shrewsbury, where he remained three years. Returning to York again, he remained there one year. In 1856 he re- turned to Shrewsbury, where he resided until 1865, working at shoe-making. He then purchased a farm near the Maryland line, on which he built a residence, where he has since resided, carrying on his trade. September 29, 1854, he ,was married, at Shrewsbury, to Elizabeth Renter, widow of John Reuter, and has had eight children born to him: Mary Ann, John H., Catharine, Lizzie, Annie, Mary (deceased), Charles (deceased) and George (deceased). The family are members of the Evan- gelical Lutheran Church. Mr. Hailer is a Granger, was inspector of elections at New Freedom, mem- ber of the council, and, in 1882, assessor for the borough; he was also deacon and elder of the Evan- gelical Lutheran Church at New Freedom, and has several times been elected delegate to the York County convention. WILLIAM HEATHCOTE was born in Che- shire, England, January 31, 1806, was the eighth in a family of ten children— seven sons and three daughters— of John and Alice (Neill) Heathcote; his brother John, who died in 1884, aged ninety-three years, resided in Knox County, Ohio. William is the only member of the family now living. He grew up in a cotton factory and received the rudi- ments of an education principally in the Sunday- schools; came to America in 1826, stopped in Ches- ter, Penn., about a year; removed to Brandy wine, Chester County, and with his brother John operated a woolen factory six years, when his brother moved West; in 1837 he went to Ohio with a view to settle- ment; returning on horseback his road led him to the hills where he first saw the site now occupied by Glen Rock, where Simon Koller had erected a dwelling and saw-mill. Mr. Heathcote bought the whole plan and, in 1840, when the Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad was opened through, laid out Heathcote Station, which, in after years, when a postoffice was established, he named Glen Rock, a name suggested to him by reading Walter Scott's works. He erected a woolen factory and operated it until 1855, then sold it to Philip ShaefEer, who converted it into a grist-mill, now known as Glen Rock Mills, and owned by G. F. Seitz since 1881; then built another factory, higher up the Codorus, which has been operated by his sons since; in 1861 erected the building now occupied by the Centreville Rope & Cordage Company, and operated it as a mill seven or eight years; in 1881 he began the boot and shoe manufactory now managed by his sons; re- tired from active business about 1870; was a charter member and gome years a director of the First National Bank of Glen Rock, and also of the Glen Rock Foundry and Machine Shops. He was mar- ried, in 1839, to Sarah Koller, a native of Glen Rock, and they had five children, only one of whom, Lewin K, is now living, two died in childhood, one daughter died after marriage, and one son died at manhood. In 1848 he was married at Lancaster, Penn., to Catharine Allison, a native of Glen Rock, and they have four children: Lewis, Granville, Alice, wife of Rev. J. C. Koller, of Hanover, and Willie T. ; all members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Mr. Heathcote was brought up in the Church of England. , GEORGE W. HEINDEL, farmer and stock raiser, was born in York Township, York County, March 1, 1834. His parents, George and Leah (Winehold) Heindel, were natives of York County, and of German descent. They had a family of ten children, of whom nine are living. George W. was brought up on the farm, in which he retained an interest, attending the common schools. At the age of twenty-two he began business as a stock dealer. He removed to Ohio, and in Mahoning County he lived nineteen years, farming, stock dealing and coal mining. In 1858 he was married, at Lima, Ohio, to Lucy Anna Warner, of Mahoning County, and had six children: William A., Erasius B. (deceased), Cornelius M., Alice, Sidney (de- ceased) and Charles H. Both he and wife are mem- bers of the German Reformed Church. In 1875 he returned to Glen Rock, and for five years owned and ran the Cold Spring Hotel; he then turned his attention to farming and stock raising. He owns a farm of ninety- five acres, adjoining the town. Mr. Heindel was one of the organizers and is now a di- rector of the Glen Rock Manufacturing Company, and was one term in the council. His father still lives at the age of seventy-seven. FREDERICK HELB, a native of Wittenberg, Germany, and only son of Ulrich and Mary (Keim) Helb, was born March 9, 1825, and immigrated to America in 1847, landing at Baltimore, where, for two years, he was engaged at tanning, which trade he had learned in his native country. His German education was good, and he soon mastered the En- glish language. In 1849 he came to Shrewsbury, where he established a small tannery, on a very primitive style, using hogsheads for vats, but in- creasing the capacity until he was able to handle 7,000 hides a year. In 1867 he built a beer brewery at Shrewsbury Station, with a capacity of 800 bar- rels per vear, and three years later started a fruit distillery, manufacturing 500 barrels of apple bran- dy in a season. He also owns an extensive flour- mill (steam and water), the Jackson House (the only hotel in the borough), and a number of first-class tenement houses. He also owns about 450 acres of fine farming land in York County, and about 1,300 acres of valuable timber and farming land in Mary- land, with saw and stave-mills. He is president of the Rail Road and Shrewsbury Turnpike Company, and a director in the Shrewsbury Savings Bank; was one of the incorporators of Rail Road Borough, and its first chief burgess. In 1849 he was married to Miss Rebecca Henry, of York County, who has been a true and faithful helpmate to him. They have six children: Theodore B. (brewer), Edward, J. P., Julius, Frederick, Lydia and Mary, all of them highly educated and accomplished. The family be- long to the Lutheran Church. EDWARD HELB was born at Rail Road.Shrews- 176 SHREWSBURY TOWNSHIP. bury Township, April 29, 1854, and is a son of Fredericli Helb. He was educated in the district schools of his neighborhood and in the Shrewsbury Academy, and graduated from Knapp's Institute, Baltimore, in June, 1871. In the fall of the same ' year he began learning his trade in the tannery of his father, at Rail Road, and is at present following the business there. In 1875 he united with Shrews- bury Lodge No. 423, A. F. & A. M. ; has passed all the chairs in Mount Vernon Lodge No. 143, I. O. O. F., at Shrewsbury; is a member of Mount Ver- non Encampment No. 14, I. O. O. F., of York, and of Friendly Lodge No. 287, K. of P., of Glen Rock. He was married, July 8, 1879,'to Jennie I., sixth daughter of Daniel and Sarah Rishel, respect- ed residents of Troutville, Clearfield Co., Penn. They are both active members of the Lutheran Church at Shrewsbury. He has been secretary of the church council since 18B1, and is also secretary of the Shrewsbury District Sunday-school Institute, and has been superintendent of the Lutheran Sab- bath-school at Shrewsbury. He served as town auditor for several years; was secretary of the town council, and is at present secretary of the school board of Rail Road Borough. In the spring of 1882 he was elected justice of the peace on the Demo- cratic ticket, and has several times represented the town in the Democratic county convention. JAMES H. HENDRIX was born in Shrewsbury Township, October 31, 1838. His parents were Joshua H. and Susan (Klinefelter) Hendrix, of York County. His great-grandfather Hendrix, settled in Beaver County, Penn. There were but two chil- dren in the family, one sister having died while quite young. James H. was reared in Shrewsbury Village and attended the common schools. He learned the plasterer's trade while yet young, and followed it for five years. In August, 1861, he en- listed at Shrewsbury, and was appointed duty sergeant of Company D, Eighty-seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served three years, participating in the following battles: Cold Harbor, Wilderness and with Grant's army at Petersburg. He was with Sheridan at Winchester and Stras- burgh; for three months was in the hospital. Re- turning from the war, he engaged in railroading; first with the Northern Central Railroad one year, then clerking in McDowell's store for three years. In 1868 he went to Illinois for four months, but re- turned to Shrewsbury; in 1869, he was appointed postmaster at Shrewsbury, whic|i position he held up to January 22, 1874; was re-appointed postmas- ter December 8, 1874, and still holds the position (June 20, 1885). In 1869 he had engaged in mercan- t.le business, which he is running in conjunction with the postofflce, and to this he has devoted his entire attention. In 1860 he was married to Ange- line Sechrist, daughter of Abraham Sechrist, of Shrewsbury. They have one child — Eudora. His wife dying in 1865, he married, in 1873, in Fawn "Township, Priscilla Davis, daughter of John W. Davis. Their only child died in infancy. Mr. and Mrs. Hendrix are members of the Methodist Epis- copal Church, of which he is trustee and recording steward; he is also an Odd Fellow, member of the Encampment, and commander of Post 342, G. A.R., at Shrewsbury. WILLIAM HERBST was born in Hopewell Township, August 15, 1817. His parents, David and Mary (Miller) Herbst, were natives of Amsterdam, Holland, and York County, respectively. They had three sons and two daughters. William, who was the eldest, helped his father on the farm until twenty years of age, attending the county schools about six months. He then spent four years at milling in Glen Rock Valley. In 1842 he began business for himself at Glen Rock, engaged in mer- chandising, which he continued for nine years, and then engaged in farming for ten years, Returning to Glen Rock, he again engaged in the merchandise business. In 1841 he was married to Mary Shafer, daughter of Philip Shafer, of Shrewsbury Town- ship. They have three children: Eliza, Jacob and William H. Mrs. Herbst died in 1844, and in 1850, Mr. Herbst was married (again at Glen Rock) to Alice Heathcote (daughter of Mark Heathcote), a native of England, by whom he has three children: Mary Alice, Emma Jane, and Millie. Both parents are members of the Evangelical Church. Mr. Herbst isv a director and qne of the organizers of the Glen Rook Manufacturing Company, was treasurer and president of the First National Bank of Glen Rock, and for twelve years a school director. LEVI W. HERSHEY, born in Shrewsbury Township August 31, 1845, is the eldest son of Christian and Margaret (Wehrley) Hershey, of German descent, being about the sixth generation in America. He has always lived on a farm, began teaching at the age of twenty- two, and has taught every winter except four up to 1884. Has served as inspector of elections, township clerk, assessor and judge of elections; has been secretary of the new Freedom Building and Loan Association for two years, and secretary of the Codorug and Manheim Fire Insurance Company since January 1, 1884; was Master of the P. of H. one year, and secretary five or six years, and is a member of Mt. Ver- non Lodge No. 143, I. 0. O. F., of Shrewsbury. At the last election he was elected justice of the peace and school director, and is now secretary of the school board. He is also chancellor commander of Freedom Lodge No. 85, K. of P., of New Free- dom. He was married, December 3, 1868, to Mary Jane ShefEer, and they have six children: Alhe Jane, Lillie Virginia, Bertie Agnes, Nettie May, Arthur Lee and Iva Grace. He belongs to the Reformed, and his wife to the Lutheran Church. He owns a farm of thirty-eight acres, and has been engaged in the dairy business since 1883. JEREMIAH S. HETRICK, M. D., son of Samuel and Louisa (Smith Hetrick, of York County, was born in Codorus Township, December 28, 1849, and was the second of a family of five children — two sons and three daughters. The parents were of German and English descent, and first settled in Codorus Township. The Doctor was brought up in a woolen factory, and educated at the common schools, and a course at the State Normal School at Millersville. In 1869 he taught school one year, and in 1871 he began reading medicine in the office of Dr. E. W. Free at New Freedom, and in 1872 he entered Washington University, now College of Physicians and Surgeons at Baltimore, and gradu- ated in 1873 as M. D. He then spent one year as assistant resident {jhysician in Wasliington Univer- sity Hospital, and in the spring of 1874 he removed to New Freedom, where he became associated with, his old preceptor until 1877, when he began the practice alone. His father was killed by a railroad train at Glen Rock in 1879, at the age of sixty-five years, and his mother still lives at New Freedom. May 13, 1875, the Doctor was married to Charlotte Wilson, of Maryland, and has four children: Ger- trude P., Walter H., Fannie and Lorilla. He is a member of the Evangelical Association; was chief burgess in 1880-81-82, and a member of the council three years; is also a school director, president of the Cemetery Association, and one of the organizers of it; also one of .the organizers of the New Free- dom Literary Association; is a stockholder in the Stewartstown Railroad; was class-leader in his cliurch a number of years, and a very prominent, influential citizen and popular physician. BARTHABAS E. HINES, born in Hano- ver, October 20, 1842, is the only son of John and Sarah (Bart) Hines, natives of Maryland and Penn- BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 177 sylvania, and of French and German descent. He attended the public schools of Hanover, and at the age of sixteen began cigar-maliing, ■which he has since followed, with the exception of about one year as clerk in a store in Cincinnati, and one year at Westminster, Md.; went to Glen Rock in 1867; was married in May, 1868, to Agnes A. Decker, of Shrewsbury Township, and of German descent; has been deputy postmaster at Glen Rock since 1869; was borough councilman three terms, and chief burgess one terra; was one of the original stockholders of the Glen Rock Manufacturing Com- pany, and since 1877 has been engaged in the manu- facture and sale, at wholesale and retail, of cigars; enlisted at Hanover in Company I, Twenty-sixth Pennsylvania Militia, for the emergency during Lee's invasion, his regiment really opening the bat- tle of Gettysburg (see Batcheldor's History). JOSIAH V. HOSHOUR, a prominent manufact- urer, was born in Heidelberg Township, August 31, 1814. His parents, John and Elizabeth (Klinepeter) Hoshour, were natives of York County, and of Ger- man descent. When only three years old his father died, leaving six children, and his mother died in 1854, aged seventy-five years. His early days were spent on a farm, and when sixteen years old,hewent to Gettysburg school for three years, and then taught school in the neighborhood for seven years. In 1843 he became engaged in the forwarding busi- ness at Glen Rock, and followed it until 1854. From that time until 1878 he was engaged in farming. In 1883 he took charge of the Glen Rock Works, manufacturing, machinery, etc., as superintendent, and has held that position since. In 1883 the name was changed to "Glen Rock Manufacturing Com- pany." June 18, 1838, he was married at Shrews- bury to Magdalena Koller, daughter of Jacob Kel- ler, and had eight children, four of whom are liv- ing : Samuel K., Elnora, wife of N. Z. Seitz, Esq. ; Maggie and John H. The family belong to the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Mr. Hoshour was once chief burgess of Glen Rock; school director for fifteen years, and justice of the peace from 1849 to 1864. He was also one of the organizers of the "Prey Herbst & Co. Works." DANIEL R. KLINEFELTER, son of Abraham and Eliza (Ruhl) Klinefelter, of York County, and of German descent, was born in Shrewsbury Town- ship, April 10, 1853, and was next to the youngest of ten children. He was brought up on a farm and received a common school education. At the age of nineteen years, he began the plastering trade, which he followed two years. In 1873 he com- menced the manufacture of ice-cream, as an appren- tice, and in 1874 he went into partnership with his employer, at Shrewsbury Station, but at; the end of one year the firm dissolved, and with another partner, J. H. Hendrix, he carried on the business for two years. Later he bought out his partner, and has since been alone in the business. In 1883 he tried steam power, but it proved a failure, and returned to hand power. He manufactures about 5,000 gallons per year, and supplies the Baltimore and Washington markets. In 1883 he, in connec- tion with J. B. Davis, of Maryland, engaged also in the buggy and carriage business. He was mar- ried, August 15, 1873, at Shrewsbury, to Lucretia Heathcote, daughter of John Heathcote, of York, and has had four children, one of whom died in in- fancy; Olin R., Gilbert A. and Irma R. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, while his wife belongs to the Evangelical Association. He is also a prominent Odd Fellow, Mount Vernon Lodge, No. 143, a member of the. Encampment, and was assessor of ^jTewbury Borough in 1881 and 1883. ROBERT F. KOLLER, farmer, was born in Shrewsbury Township, December 34, 1838. His parents, Peter and Eve (Klinefelter) Koller, were natives of York County. They had thirteen chil- dren — eight daughters and five sons — of whom Robert P. is the youngest. He lived on the farm until nineteen years of age, receiving his education at school and from the newspapers. At the age of nineteen he went to Lancaster County, and served an apprenticeship of two years as millwright, which trade he followed fifteen years, but gave it up on account of his health. He returned to Shrewsbury Township, and farmed eight years. In 1866 he went into tiie lumber business, in which he lost $35,000, following it for ten years; then returned to New Freedom, where he bought a fine farm of seventy-four acres, upon which he has since re- sided. February 23, 1854, he was married at Seitz- land, to Adeline Deviney, of York County, and of Irish descent; and has seven children: Charles W., Maria, John D., Edward G. Harry B., Ida Bell and Robert F. (deceased). Since 1875 Mr. Koller has been engaged in the lumber business at New Free- dom. He was a commissioner of Clinton County three years, and director of the poor three years. His wife died in 1879. BENJAMIN F. KOLLER, an eminent civil engineer, surveyor, conveyancer, insurance and law agent, and justice of the peace of Southward, Shrewsbury Borough, was born here August 36, 1830. His father, Isaac Koller, a native of Shrews- bury Township, was born February 5, 1800, and was married May 1, 1835, at Peter Smyser's hotel (then the Blue Ball Tavern, on the York and Balti- more Pike), two miles south of Shrewsbury,to Sarah Shank, who was born near York, July 16, 1802. To this union were born the following named chil- dren: Margaret, MaryE., Benjamin B\, George W., Andrew J., John W. and James B. — all still living. The ancestors of Isaac Koller came from Germany, and those of his wife were also German. During ' his life he was first a blacksmith, then a merchant, next a hotel-keeper, and finally associate judge of the court of common pleas, York County. He reared all his children in his hotel, and of the five boys not one is addicted to the use of intoxicating liquors. He died October 31, 1854, sincerely mourned by his family and a widely extended circle of acquaintances. Benjamin F. Koller has served as justice of the peace for thirty years, was elected State revenue commissioner in 1860; clerk of the several courts of York County in 1875, and is commissioner for the States of Maryland and New York. He was married, March 7, 1853, to Mary Magdalene Young, youngest daughter of the late Dr. Young, and has had born to him children as follows: Isaac D., Cyrus C, and Beulah, living, and Fannie V. and Cora Clotilde, deceased. Mr. Koller stands high in the order of F. & A. M., hav- ing attained the thirty-second degree, Scottish rite, than which there is but one degree higher. He is a member of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. His wife and son, Isaac, are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church; his son, Cyrus, is a member of the Evangelical Church. B. F. Koller was one of the principal men who secure(J and or- ganized Summit Grove Camp-meeting Association in 1874, and has been identified with its manage-, ment ever since. JOHN L. KREBS was born in Codorus Town- ship, June 19, 1859; he remained in the township until thirteen years of age, being taught in the dis- trict schools. He was the second of four sons of Adam and Mary (Warren) Krebs. When eighteen years old he began farming for himself, which he is still engaged in. September 18, 1881, he was mar- ried to Lucy Shaffer, daughter of Daniel Shaffer, a prominent farmer in Shrewsbury Township, and has two children : Harry C. and Allen. Mr. Krebs is a member of the Lutheran Church. 12 i19 SHREWSBtfRY TOWNSHIP. JACOB H. LAMOTTE, son of Joseph and Elizabeth (Hershey) Lamotte, of Maryland and Pennsylvania, and of French and German descent, was born in Baltimore County, Md., May 8, 1819, and was the eldest of seven children. He was brought up on the farm and educated in the com- mon schools in Maryland. He was married in Car- roll County, Md., to Elizabeth Zimmerman, of German descent, and had seven children: Joanna (deceased), Eli (deceased), Jeremiah (deceased), Joshua (deceased), Calvin, Cornelius and Ella. He brought his family to York County, in 1840, and settled in Manheim Township, where he lived until 1884, when he rented his farm and removed to New Freedom. He was one of the organizers, and is a director of Codorus & Manheim Insurance Com- ?any. He has held various township offices, and in 879 he was elected county commissioner for three years. The family are members of the German Reformed Church. His parents died in 1865 and in 1847, respectively, aged seventy-six and flfty-four years. The farm which he owns in Manheim Town- ship contains 170 acres of finely cultivated land. JACOB LANIUS, born June 32, 1837, in Hope- well Township, is the eldest of a family of four sons and three daughters of John H. and Sarah M. (Hersey) Lanius. His mother was a native of Dela- ware. His great-grandfather, Lanius, came to America from Germany, in 1731, and settled in Kreutz Creek Valley, and all his descendants, with the exception of Jacob Lanius, a brother of sub- ject's father, have resided in York County. The subject of this sketch attended the schools in his neighborhood and worked on his father's farm un- til he was seventeen years old. He engaged in the lumber business, in Hopewell Township, with his father, and followed it fifteen years. In 1873 he removed to Pawn Township, and engaged in the mercantile business in New Park, until 1879, when he removed to York, having been elected recorder of deeds for York County, which office he held for one term, and then engaged in the lumber business in Maryland (leaving his family in York), which business he is still carrying on. He was married, October 2, 1873, at Stewartstown, to Agnes E. Dun- can, a native of Hopewell and daughter of John Duncan, of Irish descent. He has three children living: Walter M. V., Inez Loretta and lona Veronica. Two daughters — Irena and Lelia — ^are dead. His father died in 1883, aged eighty-three years. In the spring of 1884, our subject purchased the farm now occupied by him near Shrewsbury Borough. He is an active Democrat and held the office of assessor of Hopewell Township and was postmaster at New Park five years. He and his wife are both members of the Presbyterian Church. GEORGE C. LEE, a farmer in Shrewsbury Township, was born in Baltimore City, in 1851. His parents, John and Elizabeth (Carty) Lee, natives of England and Maryland, had four children, of whom two died very young. Of the remaining two George 0. is the youngest. His education he re- ceived partly in Baltimore, where he remained until seventeen years of age, and in Shrewsbury Town- ship. In 1868 he came to York County, where he has since resided, following farming. His parents are both dead; the father died in 1851, before sub- ject was born, and the mother died in 1873, in Shrewsbury Township. March 1, 1877, he was mar- ried in New Freedom, to Isabel Hedrick, daughter of George W. Hedrick, of Baltimore County, and of German descent. They have three children: Annie Elsie, Maude Elizabeth and Lawrence Ray. In 1881 he removed to his present farm in Shrews- bury Township, containing 170 acres, to the culti- vation of Which he devotes his whole time. Mr. and Mrs. Lee are members of the Methodist Epis- copal Church. JOHN E. LOWE, a farmer in Shrewsbury Town- ship, was born on the farm now owned by him, March 36, 1846. His parents, Isaac and Elizabeth (Stabler) Lowe, were natives of Pennsylvania and Maryland, and of English and German descent re- spectively. They had six children, of whom John E. was the youngest son. He was brought up on the farm, and learned the carpenter trade before he was twenty-one years of age. His education he received at the public schools. In 1875 he began the butchering trade and followed it about five y^ears, and then returned to farming, which he has. since followed. He was married in 1873, at York, to Elizabeth Singer, daughter of Charles Singer,, and a native of Germany. They had five children, one of whom died when but three years of age. The living are Willie H., Ada M., Annie E. and Charles. Mr. and Mrs. Lowe are members of the Miethodist Episcopal Church, although Mrs. Lpwe was brought up in the Lutheran Church. He is a member and Master of the P. of H. No. 446, of New Freedom. Jacob Lowe, a brother of John E., was a soldier in the United States army and served about two years. 'The father died in 1875, aged seventy-two years, but the mother is still living, and about seventy-two years of age. Mr. Lowe was one of the organizers of the New Freedom Building Association; and is a director in the same. ELI MoDONELL was born in Shrewsbury, Feb- ruary, 18, 1835. He is the second son of twelye children of Hamilton and Sarah (Beck) McDonelL At the age of twelve years he entered the employ- ment of Myers & Small, merchants, of Shrewsbury, and continued until February 1, 1859, when he entered the establishment of Lewis Wagner, hardi- ware merchant at Baltimore, remaining until July of the same year, when he returned to Shrewsbury! and, September 8, 1859, embarked in the general merchandise business which he has continued to the present. He carries a stock of $6,000, doing a business of $18,000 in dry goods, notions, groceries, boots and shoes, hats and caps, glass, queensware, etc. He was married. May 3, 1872, to Justie E. Berg, daughter of Rev. Andrew Berg, a citizen of Shrewsbury. They have four children: Emory C, Annie, Elsie and Mabel. Mr. McDonell and wife are members of the Lutheran Church. He has been treasurer of the Sunday-school since 1859; treasurer of the church since 1865; treasurer of the Shrews- bury & Rail Road Turnpike Company.since 1878,and is a director in the Shrewsbury Savings Institution; was postmaster during Lincoln's administration, and served one term as town councilman and one term as school director. He is a member of Shrews- bury Lodge No. 433, A. F. & A. M., and of Mount Vernon Lodge, No. 143, I. O. O. F. ; has passed all the chairs in the latter, and is treasurer of same. WILLIAM H. MANIFOLD, M. D., was born in Hopewell Township, September 5, , 1830. His parents, John and Marenda (Meads) Manifold, were natives of Pennsylvania and Maryland, and of English and French descent. They had eleven children, of whom William H. was the eldest. His early life was spent on the farm, and he received his education at the public schools, and at the Tuscarora Academy. For six years he taught school. From Tuscarora Academy he entered the Allegheny College at Meadville, in the junior class, but abandoned it on account of ill-health. In 1858 he entered Dr. Gerry's office at Shrewsbury, and read medicine for six months. He then went to the University of Maryland at Baltimore, and gradu- ated as M. D., in the spring of 1861. He first located at New Market, Md. In the summer of 1864 he went with the army as assistant army sur- geon, and remained until the close of the war. At one time he was ordered to take charge of the field BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 179 hospital of the Thirteenth New York and Ninth New Jersey Cavalry, who were then fighting Mosby. In May, 1865, he returned to Washington, and remained at the United States General Hospital. He then returned to New Marliet, where he re- mained till 1866. From there lie removed to Logan- ville, where he practiced six years, and in 1872, he came to New Freedom, where he has since resided. In 1859 he was married in Baltimore, to Margaret Ann Shefler, a native of Shrewsbury, York County. They had eight children: John H. C. (now a student of Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg), Sarah E., Aaron B. N., Luther C, William J., Mary M., Joseph (deceased) and LeRoy W. Mr. and Mrs. Manifold are members of the Lutheran Church, and Dr. M. is now serving his third term as school director. EPHRAIM MILLER, D. D., resident pastor in charge of the Lutheran Church at Shrewsbury, was born December 8, 1818. in Cumberland County. His parents, Daniel and Elizabeth (Frankenberger) Mil- ler were natives of Pennsylvania and of German descent. They had four sons and five daughters, of whom Rev. E. is the eldest. In his early life he as- sisted his father at his trade, and attended the public schools. At the age of fourteen he began clerking in a store in whicli he remained three and a half years. In his eighteenth year he entered Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg, and gradu- ated in 1841, as A. B., and later received the degree of A. M. Up to 1844 he taught school in Illinois. In 1845 he was licensed at Shelbyville, 111., and in 1846 was ordained and preached at Shelbyville un- til 1847. From there he went to Springfield, 111., where he had charge of a Lutheran Church for four years; then to Oregon, 111., for one year and a half; then to Cedarville, 111., for seven years; then to Peru, 111., two years; next to Moutit Morris, three years; back to Springfield for six years and a half; then went to Dixon, four years; Cincinnati four years and a half; Smicksburg, Penn., two years. In 1881 he came to Shrewsbury, and has charge of New Freedom and Fissel's Churches. October 13, 1846, he was married at Hillsboro, 111., to Mary J. Boone, of Kentucky, descended from a brother of the famous Daniel Boone. They have had eight children, of whom two died in infancy. The living are William E., Mary E., John Henry, Alice E., Walter Boone and Charles A. Rev. Miller was one of the organizers of the Hillsboro College, in 1846, and of Carthage College in 1870, and of Mendota College in 1856. In 1849 he established a classical school at Springfield, 111., and continued it until 1851. He also helped to organize the synod of northern Illinois in 1851. He was twice elected to a pro- fessorship in the college at Springfield, 111., but both times felt it his duty to decline. JOHN E. MILLER was born in what is now New Freedom Borough, November 19, 1836. His parents, Meinrad and Anastasia (Dienst) Miller, were natives of Baden, Germany, near Freiburg, and came to America in 1833. They landed in New York, and went from there to Chillicothe, Ohio, returning, in a short time, to Baltimore, where they lived one year, and in 1834 settled in Strasburg, now Shrewsbury Township, where three of the children were born. One had been born in Ohio, and seven in Germany. Of the eleven children six were sons. The ancestors be- ing farmers, the boys were brought up for the same purpose. Our subject received his education in the public schools. About 1850 he learned the cigar- making trade at Baltimore. At the age of twenty- one he began life for himself. In 1861 he went to Europe, and spent one year there visiting the birth- place of his parents, and many other places of in- terest. He also visited England, France and Hol- land. Returning, he located at Baltimore, Md., where he followed the cigar business until 1881, when lie removed to New Freedom, where he be- gan the manufacture of cigars exclusively. In 1879 he was married, in Baltimore, to Mary Wissel, of Maryland, of German descent, and had three children: Rita Mary, John E. and Joseph Vincent. Mr. and Mrs. Miller were brought up to the Catho- lic faith, and are active members of the church. His only brother, Albert A. Miller, carries on manufacturing, canning and farming at Upper Falls, Baltimore Co., Md., and his only sister re- sides in Hopewell Township, and is the wife of An- drew Bisker. The father died in 1856, aged sixty years; the mother died in 1839, aged thirty-nine years. The father of Mr. Miller was one of the principal men to build St. John the Baptist Catholic Church at New Freedom, in 1843; the only members were Meinrad Miller, Caspar DruscMer, Anthony Dienst and John Dotterman. GEORGE F. MILLER, son of Samuel and Mary (Fishel) Miller, of Pennsylvania and Maryland, re- spectively, was born in Shrewsbury Township De- cember 19, 1843. He was the second son and fifth child in a family of eight children, and was reared on the farm, receiving a common school educa- tion. He taught school one winter, and then en- gaged in droving and butchering, which he followed up to 1883. January 10, 1867, he was married, at Shrewsbury, to Leah KoUer, daughter, of J. P. Koller, of that place, and had eight children : Ida, Clinton, Ekie, Harvey, John, Lulu, Samuel and Mary. In 1871 he removed to Maryland, where he carried on the butchering and droving. In 1882 he purchased a tract of land, heavily timbered, near New Freedom, on which he erected a steam saw- mill, and converted the timber into lumber, em- ploying from eight to fifteen men. Mr. Miller be- longs to the Evangelical Association, is a Granger, and for ten years was a school trustee in Maryland, His father still lives in Shrewsbury Township, aged seventy years, and his mother sixty-flve years. He is a trustee of the church, an active worker and exhorter, and has been superintendent of Ruhl'^ Sabbath-Bchool for eight years. He is still living in Baltimore County, Ma., but keeps part of his family in York County, at the saw-mill, where he keeps a boarding house for the hands. His eldest daughter) now sixteen, attends to the work here. MARK RADCLIFFE is a native of Yorkshire, England, was born August 3, 1827, and came tp America in March, 1848. His parents, Joseph and Anna (Heathcote) Radcliflfe, had six children, of whom he was next to the youngest. His brother. Abel, came to America in 1840, and died in Dela- ware .County, Penn., in 1873. When fourteeii years of age" he was apprenticed to rope-making) which trade he has always followed. His mother died when he was but three years old, and his fa- tlier when he was sixteen years old. He landed in Philadelphia, and came direct to Glen Rock, where he engaged in rope-making in company with George Shaw, a comrade who came with him to America.. For two years he ran a walk out doors. In 1853 his establishment burnt out, but was rebuilt, and in 1873 they bought a large grist-miil at Centrevjlle, and at once commenced the business of rope-makinH' in an extensive way, working about 900 to 1,000 pounds of material a day. For three years he also ran a livery stable at Glen Rock. In 1847 he was mai> ried, in Lancashire, England, to Mary Ann Shaw, who died eight years after coming to America, leaving two children: Iveson H. and Joseph. In 1859 he was married, at York, to a younger sister of his first wife. They have had six children, four of whom are living; John S., Millie, Minerva and Ed-, ward B. Mr. Radcliffe was constable in Glen Rock about four years, also deputy United States mar- shal of the Fifteenth Pennsylvania District from 180 SHEEWSBUIIY TOWNSHll'. 1861 till the close of the war; assistant assessor of the Fifteenth District in 1865; borough councilman and chief burgess for two years, ending in the spring of 1884. JOSEPH RAPFBNSPER6ER, eldest son of Christian and Rachel ("Wagner) RafEensperger, of German descent, was born in Paradise Township, August 18, 1838. Leavinghome at the age of thir- teen he went to live with Rev. Mr. Berg, in Shrews- bury, and at the age of seventeen entered the store of Myers & Small; remained with them and their successors eleven years. In the spring of 1868, in partnership with C. F. Ruling, he engaged in the tnercantile business at 6oldsboro,and after one year sold out to his partner, returned to Shrewsbury, and clerked with Mr. Hartman until 1878; then embarked in the hotel business, continuing with the exception of one year until 1880, then removed to Yor^; clerked in a mercantile establishment there one year; returned and resumed the hotel business in Shrewsbury in 1881, and in the spring of 1883 purchased the Shrewsbury hotel, which he has since conducted. He was married June 13, 1859, to Arabel Hartman, daughter of Joseph Hartman, and they have had four children: Fannie EJiza, died at the age of four years; Effie D.; Olaudie M. , wife of Jacob Banner, of Baltimore, and Henrietta L. He is a member of both Lodge and Encampment of t. O. O. F., is now (1884) serving his third term as borough councilman, and has been delegate to Democratic county convention several times. REV. JOSEPH A. RAMSAY was born in Balti- more, April 5, 1815. His father, Joseph Ramsay, came from Ireland to America in 1796, and stopped in York County, where he married Agnes Andrews, a native of York County. He was a shipsmith, and worked in 1813 under George Stiles, mayor of Baltimore, on the gun-carriages of Fort McHenry. Joseph A. was educated in St. Mark's College, and lived in Baltimore fifty years. Having learned the trade of shipsmith he formed a partnership, at the age of twenty-one, with Charles Hergisheimer, and continued four years; then engaged in the book business twenty-five years; bought a farm in 1865, on the Pennsylvania and Maryland line, on the Baltimore & York Turnpike; moved to it in 1866, and has resided there ever since. He was a member of the Baltimore city council in 1840-41 ; was one of ten " Maine Law Delegates " to the house of delegates in the Maryland legislature in 1853-54; was brought up in the Presbyterian Church, but united with the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1841; was licensed to preach in 1873, and has preached occasionally since that time; assisted by a liberal donation in building "Asbury Chapel," at New Market, and preaches there. He is an honor- ary member of the P. of H. and a member of the I. O. O. F. He was married October 39, 1840, at Pimlico, Md., to Mary Agnes Shaw, a daughter of Daniel Shaw, and a member of the Presbyterian Church. CHESTER C. RICHEY, born in Shrewsbury, April 12, 1848, is the youngest of the family of five sons and two daughters of Robert and Margaret S. (Dinkle) Richey. At the age of eight he began cigar-making, and since 1865, when he began busi- ness for himself, he has been engaged in the manu- facture of cigars, either on his own account or as a journeyman. In 1880 he went to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he worked a year, then returned to his native borough, and in 1881 started a factory, which he has since conducted, manufacturing 850,000 cigars annually. He was married in 1870, at Shrewsbury, to Elizabeth Hofacker, who died in October, 1879, leaving two children: Olaudie and Harry. He was next married at Hametown. October 38, 1881, to Millie Anstine, daughter of Emanuel Anstine, and they have had two children; Elsie B. and Beulah Jane. Mr. Richey was educated in his native town. TTp is fi lyTftsoTi PETER RUHL, born in Baltimore County.Md., June 80, 1834, is the eldest son of William and Elizabeth (Crim) Ruhl, who had four sons and eight daughters. He was brought up on the farm, and attended the district school. At the age of twenty- six he began farming. He was married, in October, 1855, to Sarah Rogers, a native of England, and has had six children: Clara Virginia, died at the age of one year and a half; the five living are Rob- ert J., mining in Virginia; John W., school teacher; George E., a farmer; Charles E., a farmer at home, and Sarah Lizzie Jane, at home. He removed to York County in 1867, and located where he has since resided; owns a fine farm of 167 acres. He has served one year as judge of elections; as school director since 1876; he was one of the organizers and for two terms a director of the New Freedom Building & Loan Association, and is a member of the Evangelical Association. EDWARD K. SEITZ, born at Hametown, Janu- ary 20, 1836, is the eldest son of a family of thir- teen children of Samuel and Christiana (Klinefelter) Seitz. He lived on a farm, attended the common schools and Shrewsbury Academy. Beginning at the age of twenty-one, he taught school eight terms in the public schools of York County; has practiced surveying since 1865; has been keeper of the toll- gate of York & Maryland Line Turnpike since 1867; has manufactured hames since 1869, besides managing his farm where he lives, about one mile and a half north of Shrewsbury. He was elected justice of the peace in 1883, by a large majority, although an active Republican in a Democratic township; was a candidate for recorder on the reform ticket in 1873, and was defeated by a small majority; is a member of the Republican county committee, and has been a delegate to the county convention at different times. He was married, in 1864, at Glen Rock, to Miranda Miller, daughter of Samuel Miller, and they have eight children: James Elmer, Lizzie Mary, Allen Harvey, Samuol Clayton, Henry Clinton, Charles Edward, Carrie Christiana and Alverta Miranda. He is a member of the Evangelical Association; is superintendent of the Union Sunday-school at Hametown, and has been Sunday-school super) n,tendent or assistant for thir- teen years. ADAM D. SEITZ,. son of Levi and Magdalena (Dice) Seitz, natives of York County, and of Ger- man descent, was born May 7, 1887. Of five chil- dren, he is the eldest. He remained on a farm until sixteen years of age, receiving his education at the public schools. He also attended Union Seminary at New Berlin, and the York Normal School. At the age of seventeen, he began teaching, and fol- lowed it for sixteen years. He was married at Loganville, November 3, 1859, to Anna Maria Hildebrand, daughter of Casper Hildebrand, of German descent. They have four children: Maggie, Susan E., Frederick C., and Martha Daisy. Mr. Seitz is a member of the Reformed Church, and was an elder for several years. In 1878, he was elected justice of the peace and served five years. He was also a school director for a number of years. In 1866 he removed from Loganville to Hametown, where he has since resided. In addition to farming, he has run a huckster route for eight years. In company with R. Seitz, he built the Hametown pub- lic schoolhouse. He is agent for the Southern Mu- tual Fire Insurance Company of York County, and was president of the building committee of Shrews- bury Reformed Church. BENJAMIN SEITZ, son of John and Sarah (Sohnell) Seitz, of York County, was born March iO, 1843. His father was born in Pennsylvania. Benjamin is the third of seven children, and the BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 181 second son. His father being a hame-maker, he had to learn that trade early in life, also working on the farm and attending the common schools, attending, also, for one term, the State Normal School, at MU- lersville. At the age of twenty-one his father took him into partnership in manufacturing hames and merchandising in Hametown. The hame manu- facturing he has since continued, manufacturing about 15,000 pairs per annum. He was married, at Hametown, November 24, 1864, to Barbara A. Ster- mer, daughter of Joseph Stermer, of York County, and has had ten children: Clara Matilda (deceased), William W., Emma L., John H., Sarah S., L. Ame- lia, Barbara Ella, Benjamin P., Joseph E. and An- nie M. Mr. Seitz belongs to the Reformed Church and his wife to the Lutheran Church. He is the treasurer of the church, was inspector of elections, and is a director of the Shrewsbury & Railroad Station Turnpike Company. N. Z. SEITZ was born in Shrewsbury Township near Glen Rock, York Co., Penn., January 20, 1843, andis one of a family of ten children — seven sons and three daughters. His father, Michael Seitz, and his mother, Anna Mary Zeigler, are na- tives of the same township, while the great-great- grandfathers of both were natives of Germany, but came to this country when quite youag, and were sold as slaves to pay for their steerage. The sub- ject of this sketch lived on the farm with his father near Glen Rock, Penn., until seventeen years of age, in the meantime attending public and select schools at intervals. At the beginning of the late civil war, not yet eighteen years of age, he entered the Union army, enlisting in Company D, Eighty- seventh Regiment Pennsy IvaniaVolun teers, in which he served for three years, and was promoted to a non- commissioned officer. He subsequently re-entered the service as first lieutenant of Company B, Sixty- seventh Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, and was soon promoted to captain, ia which capacity he held various important positions, and served until after the close of the war. On Jiis return home he entered the profession of teaching, having charge of public and select schools up to 1871, during which time he was also special contributor to various newspapers. In January, 1871, he became one of the editors and publishers of the Glen Rock Item, shortly thereafter taking editorial control of the Baper, and continuing so up to the present time, •uring this period he has also edited a temperance paper, a musical journal and an educational month- ly. He was three times commissioned as justice of the peace, served on the York County commission to reaudit the war claims for the county; was one of the deputy marshals in taking the census of 1870; has been school director in his town, and has held other important local positions of trust. He has been active in most of the public movements in his section, having served a number of years as presi- dent of the Shrewsbury District Sunday-school In- stitute; two years as the president of the York County Sunday-school Union, and two years as the president of the York County Educational Society, which latter position he is holding at this time. He has delivered a number of lectures and addresses on educational and scientific subjects; is an active member of the Masonic fraternity- K. of P. and G. A R , and has held important poSTtions in these or- ganizations. He was one of the conferrees that dominated the Hon. William A. Duncan the second time for congress in the Nineteenth Congressional District. , . „ , . LEWIS W. SHAFER was born in Manheim Township, December 16, 1843, is the eldest son of Nicholas and Elizabeth (Weigandt) Shafer, natives of Maryland and Germany, respectively. He lived on a farm until seventeen, attended York County Academy one term, taught school one term, then entered the service of the Northern Central Rail- road Company at York, as clerk in motive pow- er department, remaiaed two years and a half; attended commercial college at Poughkeepsle, N. Y. ; graduated in 1864; entered the office of North- ern Central Railroad Company at Glen Rock as clerk and bookkeeper, remained four years; en^ gaged in business at Glen Rock two years; sold out, and returned to his clerkship in the rail- road office, and four months afterward was ap- pointed agent of the company, and at this writing (1884), is also telegraph operator, express agent, general insurance agent, and secretary of the Glen Rock Manufacturing Company, of which he was a charter member. He was married, September 27, 1868, to Addie C. Foust, of Glen Rock, and they have seven children: Ida A., Elizabeth, Addie, Charles F., Jennie, Lewis W. and an infant un- named. He and wife are members of the Lutheran Church. He is a Master Mason, and lias served one term as school director, and one term as coun- cilman. GEORGE R. SHA.FFER, farmer and dairyman, in Shrewsbury Township, was born in Codorus Township March 31, 1841. His parents, Adam and Susanna (Ruble) Shaffer, were natives of York County, and of German descent, and had eleven children — seven boysandfour girls. George R. was brought up on the farm, and educated at the com- mon schools. At twenty-one years of age he began the butcher business, and followed it four years, January 10, 1867, he was married, in Shrewsbury Township, to Rebecca Nonamaker, of York Couur ty, and had six children, one of whom died young; Henry Clinton, Jennie Florence, Arthur Ervin and Zura Alverta are living. Mr. ShaflEer moved to his present farm of 100 acres, at the time he was mar- ried, working it until 1880, when he also com- menced the dairy business. He is a member of the Reformed Church, while his wife belongs to the Lutheran Church. His father died in 1875, aged seventy-five years, and his mother in 1872, aged sixty-five years. ANDREW SHAW was born in Hyde, Cheshire, England, July 22, 1838. His father came to Amer- ica in 1848, and his mother and the entire family followed in 1850. They located at Glen Rock, where Andrew went to work in the woolen factory of William Heathcote, and where he has since lived, with the exception of one year spent in Delaware County, and four years in the United States army. He received his education in the public schools of Glen Rock. He enlisted in Chester, Penn., May 14, 1861, in Company C, First Regiment Pennsyl- vania Reserves; served three years, and before re turning home re-enlisted in Company G, One Hun- dred and Ninetieth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served to the close of the war. He participated in all the battles of the Peninsular campaign, and in front of Richmond under McClellan, and at the second battle of Bull Run, Fredericksburg, Gettys- burg, Grant's campaigns, clear through to the sur^ render of Lee's army, the first flag of truce on that occasion entering the Union lines through his com- pany. He was mustered out July 3, 1865, and returned at once to Glen Rock, where he has since been engaged as manager in the woolen manufac- tory of Heathcote & Co. He was married, in 1866, at Glen Rock, to Lucinda, daughter of John Mad- dux,of Loganville, and has had nine children; three died when small. The living are: Mary Ellen, Lydia Ann, John Ridgeway, Ethel Amelia, Joseph Ernest and Flora Mildred. Both Mr. and Mrs. Shaw are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. He was the first presiding officer of the lodge of Red Men at Glen Rock, and has held all the offices in the lodge. He is treasurer of the lodge of K. of P., and has held the offices of councilmaij 182 SHREWSBURY TOWNSHIP. and chief bui's;ess, and is at present a member of the school boaird of Glen Rock Borough. In poli- tics he is a Republican. ISAAC SHEPFER, a miller of Shrewsbury Township, was born in Hopewell Township, April 12, 1844, and is the son of John and Hannah (Bahn) Shefler. John Sheffer was born in Shrewsbury Township in 1800; followed milling for a business, and in 1823, married Hannah Bahn, a native of Springfield Township, born in 1804. He had born to him eight children, and departed this life about the year 1876. Isaac ShefEer was married, in 1868, to M. M. MofEett, and to this union have been born five children. The parents are members of the Lutheran Cliurch and stand high in the es|timation of the community. E. H. SHIRE'Y, born in Springfield Township, November 4, 1842, is the second sou and third child in a family of seven children of Isaac and Sarah (Haines) Shirey. At the age of eighteen he began to learn the trade of miller, at which he continued until the age of twenty-one, when he worked about a year at cigar-making. At twenty-four he entered the employ of Jacob Winemiller, a merchant of Stewartstown, remaining one year, after which he drove a huckster wagon one year for Albert Miller, and about two years and a half for himself, and then engaged in farming two years. He next moved to Lebanon, Penn., remained there four years, then engaged in a general merchandise busi- ness at Felton two years. April 1, 1879, he came to Hametown, and embarked in the mercantile business, continuing until January 1, 1884. He is at present engaged in the manufacture of cigars. He was married, Januar/23, 1870, to Louisa, daugh- ter of Ambrose McGuigan, of Hopewell Township, and has five children: Bernard W., OscarC., Annie v., Mabel A. and Helen B. LEWIS N. SCHRIVER, liveryman, was born in Hanover, Penn., December 22, 1848. His parents, Henry C- and Maria (Felty) Schriver, were of Ger- man descent, and reared four children, of whom Lewis N., is the youngest. Up to his fifteenth year he remained in Hanover attending the public schools. At fifteen years of age he left home with- out the consent of his parents, and enlisted at Balti- more, in Company K, First Maryland Cavalry, ai:d served sixteen months, and at the close of the war was corporal of the company. Nearly all the time he was in the Shenandoah Valley. Returning to Hanover he began learning the cigar-making trade. He then went to Pine Grove, where he clerked in his brother's store for a year and a half. In 1868 he came to Glen Rock, and engaged in manufactur- ing cigars, but after two years engaged in the livery business, which he has followed since, also dealing in horses and mules. January 17, 1871, he married, in Glen Rock, Sarah J. Miller, daughter of E. R. Miller, of Goldsboro, Penn. They had two chil- dren, one of whom died, aged seven or eight years. The other is Bertha. Mr. Schriver was constable for three years, is a memljer of the K. of P., and was an original stockholder in the Glen Rock Man- ufacturing Company. CONRAD SHUPPERT, farmer, was born in Baden, Germany, March 8, 1838, and came to this country with his parents, George and Mary (Braun) Shuppert, in 1848, and landed at Baltimore. His parents, who brought four children with them (four having died before leaving home),remained in Mary- land until their death, the father dying in 1865, aged sixty-eight years, and the mother in 1869, aged fifty- eight years. Conrad had attended the schools m Germany, and, after arriving in this country, he attended the English schools for several months. In April, 1861, he was married at York, Penn., to Sophia Bush, also aGerman.and has eight children: Margaret, Maiy. Rosa, Katie, Annie, Joseph, Dora and Augusta. The family all belong to the Catholic Church, in which he had been brought up. In 1868 he removed from Baltimore County to his farm in Shrewsbury Township, containing about 140 acres, where he now resides. CHARLES SINGER, farmer, was born in Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, May 10, 1838, and came to America in 1851, landing in New York. He came directly to Shrewsbury Township, where he engaged at farming. His parents, Charles F. and Margaret (Stark) Singer, had a family of five children, when they landed here, and one was born in this country. They remained in Shrewsbury Township, where the father died in 1875, aged sixty-seven years. The mother is still living, being sixty-eight years old. Cliarles Singer received his early education in Ger- many, and has acquired a good English education in this county. At the age of twenty-eight years he commenced business for himself by purchasing a farm of seventy-two acres near the Maryland line, in Shrewsbury Township, from his father. Febru- ary 1, 1866, he was married, in Shrewsbury Town- ship, to Magdalena Ziegler, daughter of Michael Ziegler, distiller and miller, of Shrewsbury Town- ship. They had six children, of whom three are dead: Lillie Alice, Elizabeth M. and John P. The living are James F., Annie Jane and Eli M. The family are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, of which Mr. Singer is a deacon. He is also chaplain of the order of the P. of H. one of the organizers, and a director of the New Freedom Building Association, a director in the New Freedom Cemetery Association; was a school director and councilman for three years, and borough assessor for several terms. HENRY SMITH, farmer, was born in Shrews- bury Township, May 9, 1836. His parents, Henry and Catharine (Hill) Smith, came froni Germany to America, bringing five children with them, and hav- ing born to them four more in York County. The family consisted of four sons and five daughters, of whom Henry, Jr., was next to the youngest. At the age of fifteen years he began working for him- self, and October I3,1864,he was married,in Shrews- bury, to Leah Helndel, daughter of George Heindel, and had four children, one of whom, William Mon- roe, was born April 12, 1867, and died at the age of eight months. The'living are: Leander James, born January 27, 1865; Emanuel Edwin, born March 19, 1868; and Emma May, born May 5, 1877. Mr. Smith is a deacon in the Lutheran Church, and Mrs.Smith is a member of the Reformed Church. He owns and resides on the homestead of his parents, a nice farm of eighty-five acres of well-cultivated land. In 1883, he purchased the grist-mill, known as the Shafer Mill, but rents it out. He is also engaged in running a steam thrasher. In 1873-74, he was supervisor of his township, and was one of the or- ganizers of the New Freedom Building Association, and was twice elected to the board of managers, but refused to serve. The Smith family all follow farm- ing, one brother in Baltimore, one in Illinois and one in York County. His father died at the age of eighty years and his mother at the age of seventy- four years. ADAM H. SMITH, D. D. S.. was born in Hope- well Township, York County, August 14, 1842. His parents, Frederick and Martha (James) Smith, natives of York County, and of German and En- glish extraction, had thirteen children; three died in childhood, and one, Daniel L., a teacher, was killed by the cars at or near Coatesville, Penn., in 1879. Adam H. was the third son and child in a family of four sons and six daughters that grew to manhood and womanhood. He was brought up on a farm and educated at Stewartstown Academy,and at the age of twenty-one, taught in the public schools. In 1865 he began the study of dentistry BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. m ■with Dr. Burke, at Stewartstown, and remained "with him about eighteen months. He then took a course at the Baltimore School Of Dental Surgery, after which he located permanently at Glen Rock, and has now (1884) been in the practice of his pro- fession about eighteen years. He enlisted in Au- fust, 1864, at Harrisburg, in Company C, Two [undred and Tenth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served in the Army of the Potomac to the close of the war. participating in the battles of Hatcher's Run, etc., and was promoted to be commissary sergeant of his regiment. He was married, in 1867, at Glen Rock, to Elmira W. Lamison, a native of York County, and has four children: Ernest Mont- ville, Alta Cynthia, Howard Roy and MarthaMaud. He is one of the trustees of the Methodist Episcopal Church, at Glen Rock, of which he and his wife are members. He has served one term as borough councilman (1868) and is auditor of Glen Rock Borough at this writing. • W. A. SPATE, a son of Joseph Spate, and a resident of Loganville, York County, was born in Springfield Township,near Glen Rock, York County, June 19, 1851. He is on his mother's sideof English and Scotch ancestry, and of German on his father's. His father's parents immigrated to this country about six^ or seventy ago from Wittemburg, Ger- many. 'They were very unfortunate on the first vessel, having lost all their money through the captain of the vessel, who, instead of landing them on the coast of the United States, landed them somewhere on the coast of Europe. They took pas- sage for America on another vessel bound for the United States. At that time the practice prevailed of selling the service of such passengers who could not pay their passage-money, to such persons in this country who would pay their expenses for them. The grandparents of Mr. Spate were among this number, and their services were secured by a Mr. Patterson, of Hopewell Township, for whom they worked for some time. Afterward they began farming for themselves. Their son Joseph received but a limited education, and made a livelihood by day laboring and carpentering. He served in the army about a year during the late civil war and died at home after the close of the war, in the win- ter of 1867, when his son was nearly sixteen years of age. W. A. Spate was then obliged to not only support himself, but had also a widowed mother and an invalid sister depending upon him. In the fall of 1867 he began teaching. After the close of the term he worked in the Feigley Ore Banks, where he was engaged as a cart driver for nearly three years, and then taught school again. After the close of the second term he again began work in the ore banks and was soon promoted to the position of clerk and weighmaster, which position he occupied until the fall of 1873, when the panic began. He again entered the schoolroom and taught success- fully each year until the fall of 1884, when he entered the newspaper office of The Item, in Glen Rock, Penn., and in December of the same jrear he became a partner with Capt. N. Z. Seitz, in the publication of The Item and The Monitor, the first a weekly newspaper, and the second a literary and educational monthly, of which Mr. Spate is assist- ant editor. Mr. Spate had few educational advan- tages, being obliged to leave the common school soon after the death of his father, and before he was sixteen. He studied and read during his spare time, and often worked out problems in arithmetic while driving cart in the ore banks. After some years of study he secured a professional certificate and afterward a permanent certificate. December 35, 1879, he married Miss Sarah C. Pry, daughter of David Fry. of Loganville. ELI STORMS, artist and teacher, is a native of Shrewsbury, where he was born June 16, 1855. He is a son of GeorgeW. and Margaret (Orwig) Storms; the former born in Baltimore County, Md., Febru- ary 38, 1834, the latter a native of Hopewell T.-wn- ship. They were united in marriage September 8, 1850, and were parents of three children, two now living and one deceased. The subject of this skgtch . was educated in the Shrewsbury English and Class- ical Academy, and early in years gave evidence of artistic ability, which was greatly developed through persistent effort and constant practice. Previous to 1875 his sketches had been confined mostly to water colors and pencil etchings, but his later efforts have been in the field of portrait and landscape painting. Mr. Storms is also an excellent draughtsman, and m 1881 was selected to furnish draughts for the several government departments which were highly com- mended for accuracy, neatness and merit. He is a successful teacher, and since 1877 has taught seven terms in the public schools of the county. In the spring of 1880 he was appointed an instructor in drawing and penmanship at Cedar Hill Seminajry, Mt. Joy, Penn. Mr. Storms is an active politician and has held various political offices in the borough of Shrewsbury since 1877, and is the present secre- tary of various organizations. He has been a mem- ber of the council several terms and clerk of that body for the past five years. In 1879 he became a member of Mt. Vernon Lodge, I. O. O. F., Shrews- bury; Shrewsbury Lodge 433, F. & A. M., in 1880, and Mt. Vernon Encampment of York, in 1880. JOHN ASBURY TAYLOR, M. D., born in York County, April 30, 1888, is a son of John and Rachel (Gilbert) Taylor, of German, English and Irish ex- traction. The Taylor family came from Maryland to York County, about the year 1814. John Tay- lor (the father of John A.), served through the war of 1813, in a Maryland regiment, and died in 1861, at the age ot seventy-one years. His wife, Rachel, died in 1873, aged seventy-nine years. They had four sons and five daughters, who are all living v York County, except one son and one daughter who are buried in Hancock County, Ohio. The subject of our sketch is the youngest of the family and received an academic education in Hopewell and Shrewsbury Academies; taught in the public schools six years; read medicine in the office of Dr. J. R. Bardwell, in Stewartstown, two years, then at the age of twenty-six entered Maryland University, at Baltimore, and while attending lec- tures, read in the office of Dr. John Starr; graduated March 3, 1866, with the degree of M. D. ; returned to York County, and began the practice of medi- cine, where he has since lived, on his farm of 133 acres about one mile and a half south by east of Shrewsbury, where he devotes his whole time to his profession and to farming. He has served as clerk, as school director and as auditor of Shrewsbury Township; was a delegate to the State Democratic Convention in 1883, and to county convention at different times. He was married, in Fawn Town- ship in 1876, to Augustina R. Barton, daughter of Thomas Barton, of English descent. She died March 8, 1883, a member of the Presbyterian Church. Dr Taylor was brought up in the Methodist Epis- copal Church, but is now of the Lutheran faith, though not a member. JAMES S. VENUS, cigar manufacturer, was born in Shrewsbury Township, near Mount Zion, May 30, 1851, and was the third son of the six chil- dren of Henry and Ann (Sykes) Venus, of York County and England, respectively. Until fifteen years of age he remained in Shrewsbury Township, then went with his parents to Carroll County, Md. He received a good English education in both dis- tricts, and in 1870 he removed again to York County. In 1873 he began to learn photography at Shrewsbury, and followed it six years. In 1878 he learned cigar-making, and in 1879 began manufact- 184 SHREWSBUEY TOWNSHIP. uring, and at present makes about 300,000 a year. September 17, 1876, he was married to Sallie E. Eaton, daughter of John Eaton, of York County. He and wife are members of the Methodist Episco- pal Church. Mr. Venus is a prominent Odd Fel- low, and has held all the chairs in Mount Vernon Lodge No. 143. - AUGUST WEIHMILLER, cigar manufacturer, was born in Wurtemberg, Germany, January 28, 1858, and is the second son of the three children of M. and Margaret (Kimmel) Weihmiller. He came to America when twenty-three years of age. In Germany he received a first-class education. On his arrival here he learned the cigar-makiTig busi- ness, in Seven Valleys with his brother, remaining two years following his trade until January, 1884, when he removed to Shrewsbury, and engaged in manufacturing cigars for himself. Mr. Weihmiller is a member of the F.& A. M., of Shrewsbury Lodge, and of Zion's Lodge K. of P., of Seven Valleys, York County. He employs seven hands and manu- factures about 300,000 high priced cigars yearly. GEORGE E. WERTZ was born in Manheim Township, September 18, 1829. His parents, Daniel and Margaret (Miller) Wertz, were born in York County, and were of German and Swiss descent. He lived on a farm until eighteen years of age; learned the trade of bricklayer, which he followed in connection with teaching, and the management of a small farm in Codorus Township; taught twenty-four terms in the public schools of York County up to 1879; was inspector of elections in Codorus Township, 1853; school director, 1872-75; auditor, 1876-79; took the enumeration of the United States census of 1880, of Codorus Township and Jefferson Borough ; was appointed steward of the York County Alms House, and removed to York in_1883; removed to Glen Rock in 1884, where, at this writing, he is keeping a hotel. He was mar- ried, October 9, 1851, to Frances Ann Weaver, born in Maryland, and moved to Pennsylvania at an early age. They have had ten children: William, Jacob, Franklin (teaching in Kansas, was educated for the ministry); Eliza Jane, died at the age of ten _ years; James, died at the age of two years; Annie, wife of Joseph Small; Ammon, Agnes, Alice and Francis. Mr. and Mrs. Wertz are members of the Reformed Church, and he is a member of Friendly Lodge No. 287, K. of P., of Glen Rock. REV. JOSEPH BITTINGBR WOLFF, resi- dent pastor of Zion's Evangelical Lutheran Church at Glen Rock, and St. Paul's at Hametown, was born January 9, 1848. His parents, John George and Eleanor (Bittinger) Wolff, were natives of Adams County, Penn., and of German descent. They reared a family of seven sons and one daugh- ter. Rev. Joseph, who was the second of the fam- ily, was brought up on the farm, and educated at the public and private schools of his native county. In the spring of 1869 he entered Pennsylvania Col- lege at Gettysburg, and graduated in June, 1874, as A. B. In the fall of 1874 he entered the Theolog- ical Seminary at Gettysburg, and graduated from there in June, 1877. A few days after graduating he recived a call from Glen Rock, to take charge of Zion's Evangelical Lutheran Church, which he accepted, and has held since. In 1877 he was mar- ried, at Gettysburg, to^Miss Priscilla E., daughter of Daniel Cashman, of Adams County. Tbey have one daughter, Anna Eleanor, and one son, Joseph Harold. GEORGE P. YOST, M. D., was born in Carroll County, Md., May 8, 1848. His father, Philip, was a native of Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, and when a small youth came with his parents to America, arriving at Baltimore In 1835, having been over five months in passage. His parents settled near the Mason and Dixon line in Carroll County, Md., where he was reared. He subsequently purchased a farm near his parents, and has foUowed farming up to the present time. The paternal grandmother of Dr. Yost was a French lady. The mother of our subject, whose maiden name was Lydia Utz, was a native of Carroll County, Md., of Welsh descent.. Our subject was reared on a farm, and at the age of sixteen began teaching, subsequently attending: Irving Institute at Manchester, Md., two years. After teaching another year he entered the office of Dr. William A. Albaugh, of Sticks, located in North Codorus Township, and commenced the study of medicine. He graduated from the Washington University, Baltimore, Md., in February, 1871, and began the practice with his old preceptor, with whom he was associated eighteen months. In 1872 he removed to Loganville, where he continued his. practice for nearly thirteen years. In 1885 Dr. Yost located in Glen Rock, where he is now well established. In 1881 Dr. Yost was elected lecturer on Dermatology in the Baltimore Medical College, and for the past four years he has delivered weekly lectures at that institution. Dr. Yost is ardent in the practice of his profession, and an active worker in educational affairs. The Doctor is entirely a' self- made man, never having had pecuniary assistance from any one, and having worked his way through schools and college by his own individual efforts. SEBASTIAN ZELLER, farmer, was born in Bavaria, November 13, 1822, and came to America in 1847. Landing at Baltimore he stopped there about six months, and then came to York County, where, at EmigsvillCj he was engaged in burning^ lime for five years. From there he removed to Shrewsbury (1857), where he purchased a farm of seventy-five acres, on which he has resided since. He was educated in Germany, and was the elder of two sons of John and Barbara (Zuizor) Zeller. In 1848 he was married, at York, to Catharine Koch, a native of Bavaria. They had seven children, of whom two are dead: Sarah E. and John T. The living are Mary Ann, John A., Barbara, Franklin and Sophia. The family are Catholics. Mr. Zel- ler is a Democrat, and was one of the organizers of the New Freedom Building Association. JOHN D. ZIEGLER, born in Shrewsbury Township, January 31, 1820, Is a son of Michael and Magdalena (Dosch) Ziegler, being the third son and tifth child of a family of four sons and five daughters; was brought up on a farm, and educated in the subscription schools; began learning milling in Maryland at the age of twenty-one, and con- tinued it for five years; was married January 81, 1847, in Manheim Township, to Mary A. Nace, daughter of John Nace. They had nine children — two, George Luther and Julia A. are dead; Belinda, at home; Oliver C, miller and farmer in York County; Cecelia, wife of Chester B. Wentz, a mer- chant in Carroll County, Md. ; Agnes, at home; Virginia, at home; John S., M. D., practicing at Melrose, Md., and Upton A., at home. Mr. Ziegler and wife are members of the Lutheran Church. His father died in 1857, aged sixty-eight, and his mother in 1847, aged fifty-nine years. He served six years as school director in Shrewsbury Township; is a director in the Codorus & Manheim Fire In- surance Company, and was one of the charter members of the Shrewsbury Savings Institution. He purchased his present farm of 136 acres about 1855, to which he has added forty-nine acres. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 185 SPRINGFIELD TOWNSHIP. .JOHN F. BECK (Commissioner of York County) was born August 16, 1829, in York, Penn. He attended the York schools one winter, and at the age of nine years, went to Loganville, where he received two winters' schooling. He worked three years at the carpenter trade. January 15, 1853, Mr. Beck married Matilda Leader, of York Town- ship. This marriage was blessed with the follow- ing children: Mary Catharine, Charles F., Milton C, Franklin J., Paul J., Emma A., Harry C., Martha J. and Harvey G. Mr. Beck has at various times held township offices — school director, auditor, etc. In 1884 he was elected one of the commis- sioners of York County, and it is not too much to say that the office was never held by a more worthy and upright citizen than John F. Beck. He comes from good German ancestry, who were among the early settlers of York County. JOHN F. BOPP, farmer, son of John Bopp, Jr. and Barbara (Folkenstein) Bopp, was born August 3, 1837. Our subject was the eldest of eight children: John F., Leah, Sarah, Catharine, Henry (deceased), Israel (deceased), Peter and Jesse. August, 1850, Mr. Bopp married Maria Allison, of Springfield Township. There were born to them by this marriage: Uriah, Jacob (deceased), George (deceased), Emanuel, Amos, Malinda (deceased), Emma, Jesse, William, Elizabeth and Barbara. May 3, 1865, Mr. Bopp married Priscilla Allison, daughter of John and Elizabeth (Reichard) Allison, of Springfield Township; to this union were born JTohn (deceased), Peter (deceased). Ella M. (de- ceased), Levina, Taby and Eli. Mr. Bopp is a mem- ber of the Reformed Church, has been school director three terms, and is one of the most success- ful farmers of Springfield Township. For the past fifteen years he has been a director of the First National Bank of Glen Rock, and is also a director in the Codorus & Manheim Fire Insurance Com- pany, of York County, having been elected for a term of three years. HENRY BOTT, son of Peter and Elizabeth (Zeigler) Bott, was born in West Manchester Town- ship, in September, 1818. He was reared on his father's farm. Mr. Bott married Sarah A. Zeigler, daughter of John E. and Barbara (Kohler) Zeigler (see Israel Zeigler's sketch for history of the Zeigler family). Five children blessed their mar- riage: W. W., Martin L., Henry C, John (deceased) and Rose E. (deceased). Mr. Bott's ancestors came very early to York; his great-grandfather came to 'York from Germany, long before the Revolutionary war. The subject of this sketch came to Springfield Township in 1855, and engaged in the mercantile business at Smyser's Station; has also been the agent for the Northern Central Rail- road, at this point, for twenty years, having turned over the agency to his son, W. W. Bott, about ten years ago. Mr. Bott is a prominent member of the Lutheran Church, of Seven Valleys. DAVID Y. BRILLHART, one of the successful farmers of Springfield Township, was born in that township, March 3, 1855. His ancestors were among the earliest settlers of York County. His parents were Jacob and Rebecca (Yost) Brillhart, residents of Springfield Township. Mr. Brillhart has been a resident of Springfield Township all his life, and engaged in agricultural pursuits, in which occupation he has been exceedingly prosperous. His form, which contains over 200 acres of superior land, is well improved. He is also the owner of a valuable ore mine, which bears his name. Mr. Bril- hart was united in marriage, January 26, 1879, with Miss Mary Alice Herbst, a daughter of Jacob and Julia (Diehl) Herbst, of Hopewell Township. Four children have been born to them — Jacob, Rebecca (deceased), David and Charles. REV. CHARLES M. EYSTER, pastor in charge of the Lutheran Church, Seven Valleys, is the son of John and Susan (Eisenhart) Eyster, and was born December 21, 1857, in Jackson Township. Rev. Eyster attended the normal school at East Berlin, Penn., also Eastman's Business College at Pough- keepsie, N. Y., and took a full course at the Pennsyl- vania College and Theological Seminary, at Gettys- burg, Penn. Although quite a young man in the ministry, his first charge was a very important one. The Eyster family were among the very earliest set- tlers of York County. It is claimed by this family, that their ancestors were the first white people that settled in West Manchester Township, in the vicin- ity of Wolf's Church, about five miles from York. MARTIN FEIGLET (deceased), was born in Springfield Township, December 4, 1831. His grand- father, Peter Feigley, was also anative of this town- ship, and his great-grandfather settled in this town- ship when a young man, thus making the Feigley family one of the i)ioneer families of York County. Mr. Feigley married Ellen Reichard, daughter of George and Liddie Reichard, of York Township. This marriage was blessed with nine children: Lucy R., Levi R., Katie R., EUenR., Lizzie R., Martin R. John R., Sarah R. and Peter R. Thelarge ore bank, known as Feigley Ore Bank (see mining interests of York County),was purchased by Mr.Feigley, in 1867; over 30,000 tons of hematite ore have already been taken from this mine. Mr. F. has been a successful farmer, in connection with his mining business; was school directer for a number of years. The Feig- leys are members of the Brethren or German Bap- tist denomination. WILLIAM FOUST, son of John S. and Rebecca (Erhman) Foust, was born April 35, 1836, in Shrews- bury Township. He was reared on his father's farm, and followed farming and distilling until 1860, when he began distilling for himself at Foust's distillery, which he rebuilt after taking possession himself. March, 1859, Mr. Foust married Henrietta Bricker, daughter of John and Christina (Zeller) Bricker, of York County. Eight children were born to this marriage: John Q. A., Luther, William, Robert, Frederick, Maggie Jane, Estella May and an infant deceased. Mr. Foust is a member of the Lutheran Church. Few men are better known throughout York and adjoining counties than " Billy Foust." PHILIP GLA'TFELTER (deceased), son of Philip and Anna M. (Emig) Glatfelter, was born in 1820, in Springfield Township. September 19, 1841, Mr. Glatfelter married Catherine Geiselman, of Springfield "Township, daughter of George and Catherine (Erhart) Geiselman. This union was blessed with twelve children: Edward (deceased), George (deceased), William (deceased), Robert, Elenora (deceased), Emma, Jestie, Sarah, Mollie, Rosa, Lillie and Mahala. Mr. Glatfelter was a member of the Lutheran Church. DEITRICK HILDEBRAND, second of four children of Casper and Susanna (Ness) Hildebrand, was born November 10, 1831, in Loganville, Spring- field Township. He was reared on his father's farm, and went to his trade (shoe-making) when fif- teen years old, and has always followed this occu- pation; has been justice of the peace seventeen years. April 8, 1858, Mr. Hildebrand married Anna Maria Leader, daughter of Charles and Sarah (Hildebrand) Leader, of Springfield Town- ship. Three children have blessed this union; Charles G., Annie and Robert. Our subject's grandfather was Casper Hildebrand. His grand- mother's maiden name was Cranmer, and it is worthy of mention about this family that the seven 186 SPRINGFIELD TOWNSHIP. boys and the two girls all attained the ripe old age of eighty years. The father of our subject died in his eighty-sixth year. The subject of this sketch is a well known and highly respected citizen, and always active in any piovement that has for its ob- ject the welfare of his township and fellow-citizens. EMANUEL HILDEBRAJSD, the fourth of ten children of Adam and Rebecca (Combs) Hi] de- brand, was born February 11, 1834, in Springfield Township. In his father's family were: Liddie (de- ceased), Sarah (deceased), Mary, Emanuel, Jona- than, Adam (deceased), Rebecca, Leah, Levi (de- ceased), and Annie (deceased). Our subject was reared on his father's farm. September 13, 1858, he married Annie Hain, daughter of George and Annie (Hupp) Hain, of Saxe Weimar, Germany. Seven children were born to them: Agnes, Caro- line, George (deceased), Catharine, Alice Ann, Nathaniel (deceased) and Emanuel (deceased). Mr. Hildebrand is a member of the Lutheran Church of Glen Rock, and one of the leading farmers of his township. WILLIAM N. HILDEBRAND, son of Casper and Susanna (Ness) Hildebrand, was born in Logan- ville, Springfield Township, January 8, 1838. He was tbe youngest of four children: Aaron (de- ceased), Deitrick, Maria and William N. He was reared on the farm, and taught school ten terms in his native township. He was appointed store- keeper at Foust's Distillery by the United States Government, and in 1879 was appointed guager and storekeeper. March 26, 1864, Mr. Hildebrand married Susan Howard, daughter of Edward and Catharine (Strayer) Howard, of Springfield Town- ship. Four children were born to them: Freder- ick, Harry, Minnie and Maggie. Mr. Hildebrand is a member of the Reformed Church, and a well-in- formed, progressive citizen. L. F. HILDEBRAND, merchant and postmas- ter, Loganville, was born in Springfield Township in 1848, and is the son of Isaac and Elizabeth (Feigley) Hildebrand. The father was a farmer as well as merchant, and died in September, 1880; the mother is still living, and of the three children born to those parents our subject alone survives. He assisted his father on the farm until sixteen years old, and .then in the store until he succeeded him in business. About 1870 he was appointed postmaster, and he has also served as school director. In 1875 he married Miss Lizzie Gontner, of Lancaster County, and to this union have been born three children : Jennie May, Daniel W. and Mary D. GEORGE E. HOLTZAPPLE, M. D., son of Israel E. and Christiana (Leckrone) Holtzapple, was born May 28, 1862, in West Manchester Township, York Co., Penn. On his father's side his great- great-grandfather came from Germany. George E. spent the days of youth at home, engaged in work there and out on farms as a laborer. At the age of fourteen he was engaged a short time in the City Drug Store, York, Penn, after which he spent most of his time in study, giving instruction, in instru- mental music. At the age of sixteen he com- menced teaching public school at Bott's, in West Manchester, where he taught four terms in suc- cession. During the spring previous to the last term he taught a select school in Seven Valleys. His school days in public school were spent at Nei- man's, in West Manchester. In the spring of 1876 ho went ten weeks to the York Collegiate Institute; in the spring of 1877 ten weeks to the York County Normal. The teachers were Kand and Gardner. In the spring of 1878 he attended ten weeks, and in the spring of 1879 eight weeks at Normal School, in Hartman's Building. He commenced reading medi- cine in the fall of 1880, under the preceptorshjp of Dr. George P. Yost, Loganville. He continued his medical studies till March 13, 1884, when he graduated at the Bellevue Hospital Medical Col- lege, New York City. After graduating he went in practice with his preceptor at Loganville a few months, then located a few months at York, after which he bought out his preceptor's practice, the lat- ter going to Glen Rock, and Dr. Holtzapple taking his place at Loganville December 11, 1884, where he is practicing at present. ' The Doctor is a member of the York County Medical Society, a member of the West York Eye, Ear and Throat Dispensary, and also a member of Christ's Lutheran Church, York, Penn. HENRY KREIDLER is the eldest of the five children of Michael and Catharine (Wackarman) Kreidler, and was born in York Township February 39, 1882. At the age of seventeen he began to learn milling, and has followed that business ever since. In 1878 he purchased his present farm of 100 acres, and erected his mill, carrying on exten- sively both milling and farming. In 1855 he mar- ried Miss' Elizabeth, daughter of Jacob Gable, of Windsor Township, and is now the father of twelve living children: Annie M., John C, Priscilla J., Mary J., Malinda A., Ida A., Jacob E., Sarah A., George E., Samuel E., Martha A. and Henry E. Mr. Kreidler has served as inspector of elections, school director and township auditor, and was once elected justice of the peace, but declined to serve. He is a Mason of the Royal Arch degree, and with his wife is a member of the Evangelical Lutheran' Church of Paradise. D. M. LOUCKS was born in Windsor Township May 14, 1844, and is the son of Levi and Elizabeth (Myers) Loucks, now living in retirement at York. Our subject received a good education in youth, and for fourteen years, from 1859, was a school teacher. In 1867 he was elected justice of the peace, and served five years. In 1867 he began the manu- facture of cigars, which he followed until the spring of 1873. In 1872 he wfts elected to the legis- lature and served one term. In 1873 he removed to New Paradise in Springfield Township, and the same year was re-elected to the legislature. In 1880 he was elected justice of the peace of his township; his term expired May 6, 1885, but he refused to again accept a re-election. He was mar- ried, in 1862, to Miss Emeline Peeling, a native of York Township and a daughter of John Peeling, and to this union have been born five children: Joshua P., Joseph E., Addison P., Media L. and Ada E. Mr. Loucks has been very successful as a business man, and in his cigar manufactory employs at times as many as twenty hands. GEORGE W. RENNOLL, son of Sam and Mary (ShefEer) Rennoll, was born April 23, 1847, in Shrewsbury Township. His parents were natives of this township. His grandmother, on his mother's side, was the daughter of Jacob ShefEer and Mary Gerbrick, of Shrewsbury Township. Our subject was the eldest son in a family of four: George W., Charles S., Nathaniel and Franklin (deceased). Mr. R. was reared on the farm, and began his occu- pation as miller in 1865 at ShefEer's Mill, Glen Rock. After having learned the trade and working a year here he went to Louck's Mill, operated by P. A. & S. Small; after three years at this mill he went to Small's Goldsboro mill; ten and a half years were spent here, when he was called to ^mall's ware- house in York for one year, then to his present mill, which he purchased in 1880, and after operating successfully for three and a half years he intro- duced in his mill the celebrated roller process mode of making flour, and it may be proper to mention here, as an evidence of Mr. Rennoll's push and energy in the prosecution of his business, that he W3,s the second man in York County to adopt this popular method of manufacturing flour. He finds BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 187 ready sale with merchants in York for all the ilour he can furnish. January 9, 1870, he married Re- becca Laucks, daughter of Benjamin and Elizabeth , with which he embarked in his present busi- ness — brick-making and lime-burning. By close application to business he has succeeded in building up an independent trade. His works are situated in East York. In the fall of 1856 he was married to Miss Charlotte, daughter of William H. Hite- comp. Tills marriage has been blessed with eight children— five now living: Frederick. Mary, Emma, Lizzie and Nettie. Mr. and Mr. KlefEman are mem- bers of St. John's Reformed Church. He served as one of the trustees of that denomination over two years. GOTTLIEB KLEFMANN is a native of Ger- many, born December 13, 1835, and is the son of Christian and Mary (Stallman) Klefmann. He worked upon a farm in his native country until he was eighteen years of age, when he immigrated to America and came to York County, where he en- gaged in lime-burning, farming, etc., until 1870, when he began the brick-making business. Mr Klefmann has succeeded in establishing a large and lucrative business. His brick-yard is situated just outside of York Borough. April 7, 1859, he was married to Miss Louisa Spangler, daughter of Har- mon Spangler. Her parents were natives of Ger- many. Mr. and Mrs. K. have had nine children- two now living: John E. and Edward H. They are members of the United Brethren Church. JOHN LEFEVER was born in November, 1819, upon the old homestead farm, in Spring Gar- den Township. This farm was purchased by his grandfather Jacob. Upon this farm our subject has resided since his birth, with the exception of fourteen years that he spent upon the old Daniel Loucks' farm, in Spring Garden Township. The hotse upon the old homestead farm, where he now resides, is about one hundred and seven years old. Mr. Lefever was married, in 1848, to Miss Catherine Rhinehart, daughter of John Rhinehart, of York County, Penn. Nine children have blessed this union: Phares, Lizzie, Susan, John, William, George, Daniel, Agnes and Kate. Mr. Lefever has been for many years an active member of the Ger- man Reformed Church. PETER LINT is a representative of two old families, who were among the earliest settlers of York County. His grandfather, Peter Lint, came from one of the Carolinas to York County, Penn., at an early day, and settled in West Manchester Township, where the father of our subject, Peter Lint, was a farmer, and resided until his death. Our subject is the eldest of a family of three chil- dren, and was born in 1826. He was reared a farmer, and to farming together with fruit culture he has devoted the energies of his life. In 1850 he became a resident of Spring Garden Township, where he has lived ever since. Mr. Lint is the possessor of 140 acres of finely improved land, and devotes much care and attention to fruit culture with gratifying resultp. In 1852 he married Miss Leah Eyster, of Paradise Township, whose parents were old settlers of the county. She died in 1864. Five children were born to them: Peter F., George E. and Christopher C. (now in the West). Jennie E. and Christianna E. Mr. Lint is a member of Mt. Zion Lutheran Church. ALBERT LOUCKS was born October 31, 1850, in Frystown, Penn. His father, Daniel Loucks, de- ceased) was born in Berks County, Penn., and came with his parents to York County when nine years old, where he became a successful farmer and re- sided until he died. He was twice married; first in 1824, to Miss Margaret Diehl, daughter of Nicholas Diehl, of York County. Four children blessed this union: Elizabeth, Anna M., Susan and Rebecca, His second marriage was, October 20, 1837, to Miss Elizabeth Diehl, a daughter of Jacob Diehl. By this union, seven children were born: Sarah, George, Amanda, William H., Alexander N., Eliza 193 SPRING GARDEN TOWNSHIP. A. and Albert. Our subject has retired from farm- ing and is a resident of Frystown. He owns a good farm of 105 acres, in tlie township, which is tilled by a tenant. Mr.jLouclis was married, Octo- ber 16, 1877, to Miss Anna J. Miller, a daughter of Jacob Miller, of Shrewsbury. They have had four children: Arthur C, Albert D., Edwin M. and Clair M. Mr. Loucks' religious faith is the Trinity Reformed. REUBEN F. MINNICH. youngest son of Simon and Lena (Geiskman) Minnich, was born in April, 1824, at the homestead in Spring Garden Township, which homestead has been in the pos- session of the Minnich family over 135 years. The children born to the parents of our subject were: George (deceased), Henrietta (deceased), Simon (de- ceased), Lena, Susan and Reuben F. Our subject was reared to farm life on the home farm, which was purchased by his grandfather about 1750, from Michael Kurtz. The old stone house on the place was built in 1733, by Michael Kurtz. November 25, 1851, Mr. Minnich married Elizabeth, daughter of Zacharias Spangler, of Jackson Township, and to this union were born the following children: Edwin, Emma J., Agnes (deceased), Leander, Ezra, Priscilla (deceased), Simon (deceased), and Flora B. and Rosella (twins). Mr. Minnich is owner of three good farms, and is a prosperous agriculturist. JOHN MYERS was born March 18, 1807, a son of Jacob and Elizabeth (Gookes) Myers, the former a native of Lancaster County, the latter of York County, Penn. Jacob Myers died at the age of sixty-six years. He had two children, Rebecca and John. Our subject has always followed farming, but now has retired from active life. The home- stead where he resides comprises 125 acres of land, well improved. He also owns a farm of eighty-flve acres in York Township, and one of 105 acres in Spring Garden Township, both well improved. His farms are worked by tenants. Mr. Myers was mar- ried, September 6, 1836, to Miss Leah Laucks, daughter of Casper Laucks, and by this union they had seven children. Mr. Myers lost his wife and four children within three months, his wife dying in *662. He is a member of the Lutheran Church. JAMES PEELING was born in this county. May 1, 1820. His grandfather emigrated from Ireland to America before the Revolutionary war, in which he served seven years, during which time he was once taken prisoner by the Hessians, but soon after ex- changed. He died, aged eighty-six years, leaving seven children: James, John, Robert, Mary, Betsey, lasacand Thomas. The parents of our subject were James and Ellen (Parker) Peeling, both natives of Lancaster County, Penn. They had thirteen chil- dren, nine of whom are living, and all natives of York County, Penn.: John, Eliza, James, Mary, Harriet, Josiah, Rebecca, Lucinda and Joshua. James Peeling, our subject, who owns a farm of 188 acres located in West Manchester and Conewago Town- ships, which is under good cultivation and finely improved with buildings, also a well-improved farm of eighty-five acres in York Township, and he re- sides upon the homestead in Spring Garden Town- ship. He has his land tenanted, but exercises gen- eral supervision. He was elected sheriff of York in 1877, and served until 1880. While a resident of York Township he filled several minor oflSces. In 1840 Mr. Peeling was married to Miss Mary Inerst, of York Township. They have had eight children, seven of whom are now living: Sarah Krebs, Eliza McDowell, Ellen Cameron, Isabella Egie, Mary Garrity, James (married to Jane Dick) and Rebecca. Upon the death of his first wife, Mr. Peeling mar- ried Miss Dorcas A. Leib, in 1863. Of their chil- dren, seven are now living: Lucinda, Joshua, Alpharetta, Ida, Martha, Horace and Henry L. ABRAHAM PFEIFFER (deceased) was a na- tive of Bavaria, Germany, and came to this country in 1853. After a year's residence in Baltimore he came to York, lived in Queen Street, and then re- moved to the home where his widow now resides on the Baltimore pike. Mr. PffeifEer, married Elizabeth, daughter of Michael and Sarah (Rost) Ruppecht, of Bavaria. Three children were born to them: Charles A., John F. and William H. Mr. PfeifEer engaged in the brewing business, and built his brewery in 1860, selling to York and surrounding towns. He died about two years ago. His widow is still carrying on the business.' John F. learned his trade of carpenter with Jacob Sechrist, of York. Having served his time he still works for Mr. Sechrist. Charles A. learned his trade, machinist, with George F. Baugher, and is still in the employ of Baugher, Kurtz & Stewart, successors to George F. Baugher. The youngest brother, William H., has divided his time between attending school in this township and assisting his mother in the busi- ness at home. Mrs. PfeifEer has good reason to be proud of her sons, as they are steady, industrious young men. ISAAC RUNK was born December 3, 1839, and is a son of John and Lydia Runk. He embarked in business at Frystown, in li54, and has continued there up to the present time. He carries a well selected line of dry goods and groceries, and has established a good business. Mr. Runk is one of the prominent citizens of the township, and is the present auditor. He is a member of the Spring Garden Relief Association. In January, 1855, he married Miss Eliza Fry, daughter of George and Mary (Spangler) Fry. By this union there were born five children: Emma F., deceased, Adda L., Mary A., Irena A. and Cora A. CHARLES G. SCHASZBERGER was born June 28, 1818, and is the son of John Frederick and Mary C. (Gross) Schaszberger. Mr. Schaszberger is by trade a wheelwright, and a resident of East York. He owns a tract of six acres of fine land in Spring Garden Township, and three fine dwelling houses at Frystown. He ha? served as school director several years. He was married, September 10, 1840, to Miss Ruth A. Armour, of Carlisle, Penn. They have been blessed with seven children, four of whom are living: Edward F., who married Amanda Myers; Louisa A., wife of Francis W. Armor; Levena S., and Katie 8., wife of Russell HoUebaugb. The family are of the Lutheran Church. OEORGE W. SCHEFFER is a native of Spring Garden Township, born at Frystown, March 4, 1843. He learned the milling business when young, and followed It in York County for fifteen years. He next engaged in the dry goods and grocery business at Frystown, where he is at present located. Mr. ShefEer was appointed postmaster at Frystown, July 1, 1883, which oflBce is known at present as East York. He has always been prominent in re- ligious and local afEairs, and has been warden of the St. Mark's Lutheran Church, of which he is a mem- ber. He is at present president of the Spring Gar- den Relief Association, and a trustee of the Good- will Fire Comjiany, of East York. September 7, 1862, he married Miss Anna Wallick, of York County. URIAH S. 8HAEFFER, youngest of five chil- dren of John and Christianna (Leibenstein) ShaefEer, was born September 10, 1824, in York Township. He went to his trade (miller) in 1843, at the mill now owned by Frank Deitz, on the Baltimore pike, about four miles from York. August 29, 1853, he married Margaret C. Shank, daughter of John and Mary (Busser) Shank, of Spring Garden Township. This marriage was blessed with five children: Mary Ann, Barbara E., John C. (deceased), William Henry and George Latimer. Mr. ShaeflEerwasin the employ of P. A. & S. Small, for twenty-seven years. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 193; twenty-six years at the Spring Garden Mill. Mr, Shaefter's gi andfatiier, John Jacob ShaefEer, was born December 23, 1761. January 4, 178.5, married Dorathy Walter. She was born September 20, 1761. Their son (subject's father) John Sliaefler, was born July 13, 1786, and died October 3, 1835, aged forty- nine years, two months, nine days. His wife, Christianna ShaefEer, was born in York Township, September 1, 1790, and died August 1, 1880, aged eighty-nine years and eleven months. JACOB B. SHANK, son of John and Mary A. (Buser) Shank, was born in Spring Garden Town- ship, June 3, 1833. He learned his trade (miller) at Philip Shaeffer's, Glen Rock. He then went to Loucks' in 1856, and has been at this mill ever since, having charge of it for P. A. & S. Small. Decem- her 4, 1859, Mr. Shank married Mary A. Landis, daughter of Benjamin and Elizabeth (Klinefelter) Landis. Two children were born to them: Agnes A. and Henry J. (deceased). Our subject's grand- father was George Shank. His grandmother was Margaret Brown. Mr. Shank says his great-grand- mother cooked for the soldiers in the war of the Revolution during their stay in York, and that his great-grandfather was a soldier in that war. Mr. Shank is a member of the Moravian Church. WILLIAM H. SHEFFER, is a son of Uriah S. ShefEer, of York County, Penn., and was born April 5, 1858, in Spring Garden Township. His father was a miller by trade, and our subject learned the busi- nessTinder his instruction. William H. assisted his father in conducting the Spring Garden Mills for several years, and assumed the management of P. A. & S. Small's mill in Spring Garden Township, in 1884. He thoroughly understands his business, and is doing a large amount of work. Mr. Sheffer was married, March 4, 1884, to Miss Mary Stacks, daughter of Abraham Stacks, of York County. March 29, 1885, Mr. Sheffer's name was entered on the record of the Moravian Church of York, Rev. E. W. Shields, pastor. SAMUEL D. SHELLENBERGER, was born March 30, 1883, a son of Michael and Lydia (Strick- ler) Shellenberger. His great-grandfather emigrated from Germany and settled in Berks County, Penn. There the grandfather of our subject was born. He subsequently settled in Hellam Township, and was the father of sixteen children. Samuel D. is the seventh of a family of eleven children ; John (de- ceased), Michael, Elizabeth, John, Jacob, Lydia S., Samuel D., Ulrich, Benjamin S., David and Sarah. He was married to Miss Sarah J. Gallatin, January 18, 1857; she is the daughter of Albert Gallatin, of York Township. This union has been blessed with eight children: Laura J. Snyder, Samuel D. Jr., Rob- ert L., Jacob M., John A., James B., Joseph and Sarah L. (deceased). Mr Shellenberger first followed the tinner's trade, but is now manufacturing cigars. He has a fine residence, located in the village of Green Hill, where he has ten acres of land, upon which he has erected fifteen fine dwellings. 'The family are members of the Evangelical Church. HENRY SLEEGERwas born in York, Penn., December, 6, 1834. In 1844 he was apprenticed to the cabinet-maker's trade, witti Samuel Fahs, and after serving three years, and becoming a skilled mechanic, engaged in business for himself, estab- lishing a cabinet shop at Frystown, in 1848. This, together with, the undertaking business, Mr. Slee- ger has continued up to the present time, having succeeded in establishing a successful business. Mr. Sleeger has taken an active part In all township aflEairs, has served as school director of Spring Gar- den, for six years, and is a member of the Township Relief Association. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., and of the Christ's Lutheran Church. Mr. Sleeger was married in December, 1852, to Miss Anna Myers, daughter of Jacob and Elizabeth Myers, of York. They have had ten children, two of whom are dead,^and four boys aad lour girls are; living. JOSEPH SLENKER was born February 4, 1830',. and is a son of Joseph and Catherine (Tschorp> Slenker, natives of York County, Penn. His grand- parents, Martin and Franey (Leahmy) Slenker, were natives of Windsor Township, and parents of four children, the father of our subject being the- only son. Joseph, our subject, is tlie second childS in a family of six boys and two girls, all of whons are natives of Windsor Township; Lydia, Joseph,. Martin, Henry, John, Rebecca, Jacob and Isaac. Joseph followed farming nineteen years,and workecfc at the carpeni er trade about the same lenglhof time. He is now engaged in theice business. He has serveei in varioijs township offices. Mr. Slenker was twica married; his first marriage was in October, 1858. to- Miss Caroline Seachrist, a daughter of Henry Sea- christ, of York Township. She died February 6, 1880. They have had fifteen children,of whom eleven are living: Eraeline Keesey, Benjamin F., Reubea H., Rebecca J. Richcreek, Moses, Lydia A. Seitz^ Anna M. Sweitzer, David, Ida E., John W., Charlesi A. October,9, 1883, Mr. Slenker was married to hia. second wife. Miss Carrie Erving, daughter of Henry Erving, of Conewago Township, York County,.. Penn. HENRY SMYSER is a native of York Countyv Penn., born in 1812, and is a son of Michael and Mary (Wolf) Smyser, natives of York County, Penn. His father was a farmer and tavern-keeper. Henry was reared on a farm, and, in 1845, came to Spring Garden Township, locating on the farm where he- now resides. The homestead contains 170 acres,, finely located on the banks of the Codorus, and he- also owns 200 acres in Manchester Township, anci another farm of 100 acres in Spring Garden Town- ship. Mr, Smyser has retired from active life, anc^ his sons now manage his farms. An iron mine„ which has produced a large amount of ore, was opened on the old farm, and is operated by P. A.