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Cornell University Library 
 PA 6282.A57 1893 
 
 MX Ciceronis actlonis in G. Verrem sec 
 
 3 1924 026 703 532 
 
M. TULLII CICERONIS 
 
 ACTIONIS IN G. VERREM SECUNDAE 
 LIBER QUINTUS 
 
*Etsi laudabilior est defensio, tamen etiam accusatio probata persaepe est . . 
 Sed hoc qvdde/m non est saepe fadendum nee wnquatn, nisi aiit rei publicae causa, aut 
 ulciscendi, aut patrocinii, ut nos pro SicuUs. ' 
 
 Cic. de Off. II. 14. 50. 
 
 ' Cum essefm in plv/ri/nds ca/asis et in pHncipibus patronis qui/nquenni/u/ni fere 
 v&rsatus, turn in patroci/nio Sidliensi inaasime m certamen veni.' 
 
 Cic. Brut., § 319. 
 
M. T. CICERONIS 
 
 ACTIONIS IN G. VERREM 
 SECUNDAE 
 
 LIB. V. 
 {DE SUPFLICIIS) 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 W. CECIL LAMING, M.A, 
 
 FORMERLY SCHOLAR OF ST. JOHn'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE 
 
 RIVINGTON, PERCIVAL & CO., 
 
 KING STREET, COVENT GARDEN 
 
 LONDON 
 
 1893 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The chief editions consulted are those of Halm 
 (Berlin, 1882), Richter-Eberhard (Leipzig, 1879), and 
 Long (London, 1862). Frequent reference has also 
 been made to Roby's and Madvig's Latin Grammars, 
 Ramsay's Manvul of Antiquities, and Smyth's 
 Sicily. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 1: The prosecution of Gaius Verres for extortion took 
 place in the year b.c. 70, in the consulship of Gnaeus 
 Pompeius and Marcus Crassus. Cicero was then a 
 rising advocate, thirty-seven years of age, steadily 
 winning his way to a foremost place in his profession. 
 Critical though the case was from Cicero's point of 
 view — for on the success or failure of this, his first 
 great public prosecution, his future career largely 
 depended, — yet for us it derives its chief interest and 
 importance from the nature of the charge, rather than 
 from the individuality either of the defendant or 
 prosecutor. For during the course of the prosecution 
 many a side-hght is thrown on the system of Roman 
 provincial government : the wanton cruelty, oppres- 
 sion, and avarice to which the provincials were sub- 
 jected at the hands of a rapacious and unprincipled 
 governor are brought out into high rehef: and 
 though allowance be made for rhetorical exaggeration 
 and the bitterness of personal enmity, there yet 
 remains a lifelike portrait of a typical provincial 
 ruler, of which the exaggerated light and shade serve 
 merely to intensify the vivid reaUty of the main out- 
 lines. 
 
viii INTRODUCTION 
 
 2. The trial lias further a certain political interest, 
 which wlU. be best understood from a brief survey, of 
 the attitude of parties at this period. Previous to the 
 tribunate of the Gracchi (e.g. 133-123), the indicia 
 had been in the hands of the senate, but were trans- 
 ferred by those patriots to the equites : Sulla, how- 
 ever, during his dictatorship (b.c. 81-79) restored the 
 judicial power to the senate, a change which was far 
 from having satisfactory results. The senators proved 
 themselves as venal in the administration of justice as 
 they were feeble and incapable in the conduct of 
 foreign affairs. The miserable weakness and ineffi- 
 ciency they displayed in the management of the wars 
 against Sertorius, Spartacus, and the pirates ; the 
 open and acknowledged corruption of their tribunals ; 
 their oppression and maladministration of the pro- 
 vinces, gave additional force to the reiterated demands 
 of the democratic party for the restitution of the 
 political rights of which Sulla had deprived them. 
 The hopes and aspirations of the democrats were 
 strengthened by the adhesion to their party of 
 Pompeius and Crassus, the two most powerful men at 
 Rome at that time — the former, by reason of his 
 popularity with the legions and his undoubted 
 military ability ; the latter, on account of his colossal 
 wealth. The coalition thus formed in b.c. 71 sealed 
 the fate of the SuUan constitution and insured the 
 downfall of senatorial rule. Pompeius and Crassus 
 wei:e elected consuls for the following year, and 
 immediately set to work to reverse Sulla's enactments. 
 
INTRODUCTION ix 
 
 The tribunician power was restored : the question of 
 the indicia was settled by the lex Aurelia, passed 
 late in b.c. 70, by which it was ordained that the 
 iudices should be chosen equally from the senators, 
 equites, and tribuni aerarii; and finally the censor- 
 ship, abolished by Sulla, was reinstituted. 
 
 3. It was during the excitement which preceded 
 the passing of the lex Aurelia, but before the actual 
 terms of the bill had been made known (cf. § 178, 
 cum primo agere coepimus, lex non erat promulgata, 
 and note), that the prosecution of Verres took place. 
 Cicero constantly reminds the senatorial iudices how 
 precarious was their tenure of the indicia. He 
 exhorts them to take this golden opportunity, 
 ' tempus divinitus datum,' to free their order from 
 the infamy and contempt they had incurred : they as 
 well as the accused, he said, were on their trial, for 
 the eyes of all were upon them, jealously watching 
 to see if they would condemn a wealthy criminal : the 
 acquittal of Verres would be capable of but one inter- 
 pretation; his just condemnation would insure the 
 continued enjoyment of their judicial rights. 
 
 4. Gains Yerres (his gentile name is nowhere men- 
 tioned) was the son of C. Verres, a man of senatorial 
 rank, as we learn from Cicero (bk. ii. § 95). He makes 
 his first appearance in history in the year B.C. 82, 
 when he served as quaestor to Gnaeus Papirius 
 Carbo, one of the leaders of the Marian party. He 
 deserted him, however, at Ariminum, and went over to 
 SuUa, taking with him the mihtary chest (see § 152). 
 
X INTRODUCTION 
 
 Sulla however seems to have viewed his new adherent 
 with suspicion, though he rewarded his treachery 
 with a grant of some coniiscated territory at Beneven- 
 tum (bk. I. § 38). 
 
 5. Verres next appears as legatus to Cn. Dolabella, 
 praetor of Cilicia, B.C. 80-79, a man of kindred spirit 
 with himself — cruel, rapacious, and extortionate. He 
 rehearsed here all the enormities which he was to 
 enact on a larger scale in Sicily, marking his progress 
 through Achaia, even before he reached his province, 
 by the most shameless acts of plunder and profligacy 
 — qvMcunque iter fecit, eius modi fuit ut non legatus 
 populi Bomani, set ut quaedam calamitas pervadere 
 viderMur (bk. I. § 144). He proved himself not less 
 faithless to Dolabella than he had been to Garbo ; 
 for when the former was impeached for extortion by 
 M. Scaurus in B.C. 78, Verres gave evidence against 
 him, and, stipulating for a pardon for himself, was 
 chiefly instrumental in securing the condemnation of 
 his chief. 
 
 6. With the plunder he had amassed in Cilicia, 
 Verres purchased his election to the city-praetorship 
 for B.C. 74, a magistracy which gave him an almost 
 unlimited field for the display of his pecuhar talents. 
 In each single department of his ofSce, Cicero shows 
 that he violated his trust — robbing orphans, of whom 
 he was the legal guardian, of their patrimony : impos- 
 ing and appropriating heavy fines for neglect to repair 
 pubhc buildings : letting out contracts to those who 
 feed him best : selling his edicts to the highest 
 
INTRODUCTION xi 
 
 bidders, or even revoking them when it was made 
 worth his while, and issuing his verdicts in accord- 
 ance with the wealth or poverty of the litigants, or 
 the caprice and avarice of his mistress Chelidon 
 (bk. I. § 103 foil.). 
 
 7. At the expiration of his city-praetorship, he 
 obtained by lot, not without some suspicion, as Cicero 
 hints, of fraudulent practices, the praetorship of Sicily, 
 the richest and most flourishing of the Koman pro- 
 vinces, B.C. 73. Unfortunately for the province, his 
 tenure of this office was extended for eighteen months 
 beyond the legal year, as his destined successor, 
 Q. Arrius, was detained in Italy by the servile war. 
 
 8. Cicero had been quaestor of Lilybaeum in B.C. 
 75, and had gained the goodwill and confidence of the 
 Sicilians by the strict integrity and rigid impartiality 
 of his administration. It was to him therefore that 
 they now turned in their distress, begging him to 
 undertake the prosecution of Verres, and seek redress 
 for their grievances. Cicero was nothing loath, per- 
 haps, to take the opportunity that presented itself of 
 increasing his reputation in the law-courts. Hitherto 
 he had confined himself exclusively to the less 
 invidious part of his profession, appearing only as 
 defender ; he now however accepted the new role of 
 prosecutor, and threw himself heartily into the cause 
 of the Sicilians. 
 
 9. On his return to Kome in B.C. 70, Verres left no 
 stone unturned for defeating his energetic adversary. 
 He rehed chiefly on the weapon that had served him 
 
xii INTRODUCTION 
 
 SO well in previous cases, and even boasted that he 
 had amassed sufficient wealth to enable him to live 
 the rest of his days in comfort, even if he had to dis- 
 gorge two-thirds of his ill-gotten gain in securing his 
 acquittal. Bribes were even offered to Cicero himself, 
 as he more than once leads us to beheve; but he 
 remained firm and above corruption, and the prose- 
 cution was inevitable. Verres had as his advocate the 
 illustrious Quintus Hortensius, the foremost orator of 
 the day and the acknowledged ' king of the law- 
 courts '. Client and counsel set to work to hamper 
 the prosecution by every legal shift and device that 
 suggested itself On the advice of Hortensius, Verres 
 took advantage of a peculiarity of Roman law and 
 put forward a creature of his own — one Q. Caecilius, 
 who had been his quaestor — to contest with Cicero 
 the right of undertaking the prosecution. When two 
 or more persons thus appeared to claim the right of 
 prosecuting the same man, they stated at length 
 before the court the grounds on which they based 
 their claims, and the judges decided between them : 
 the process by which the court made choice between 
 the rival claimants was called Bivinatio. Cicero's 
 speech on this occasion — Bivinatio in Q. Caeeilium — 
 is still extant, and derives additional interest from the 
 fact of its being the only specimen of the kind that 
 has come down to us. The judges decided in Cicero's 
 favour, and thus the first scheme of Verres was 
 thwarted. 
 
 10. His ingenuity, however, or that of Hortensius, 
 
INTRODUCTION xiii 
 
 soon suggested another device. With the object of 
 setting up a sham prosecution, which should take 
 precedence of Cicero's, he instigated a certain senator, 
 whose name is unknown, to impeach him C Yerres ') for 
 malversation in Achaia. Cicero had asked for 110 
 days in which to collect evidence in Sicily : the shain 
 prosecutor undertook to be ready in 108 days, but 
 according to Cicero never went even as far as Brun- 
 disium in search of evidence (Act. i. § 6). This 
 scheme, however, was thwarted by the vigilance and 
 assiduity of Cicero, who conducted his investigations 
 in Sicily with such despatch, that he returned to 
 Rome in 50 days with a host of witnesses and an 
 overwhelming mass of evidence collected from every 
 comer of the island. 
 
 11. Hortensius had now one last card to play, and 
 he played it with the boldness of despair. If he 
 could get the trial postponed till the following year all 
 would be well: for Hortensius himself would be 
 consul with Q. Metellus for his colleague ; M. Metellus, 
 a kinsman, or at least a partisan of Verres, would be 
 praetor, before whom the case would be tried; and 
 there would be more chance of empannelling a venal 
 jury than there was under the present praetor, M. 
 Glabrio, a man of undoubted integrity. His policy 
 therefore was delay. The trial was fixed for 5th 
 August, and the remainder of the year would be 
 occupied by a rapid succession of public games and 
 festivals, during which no legal business was con- 
 ducted. Hortensius hoped, by means of these dies 
 
xiv INTRODUCTION 
 
 nefasti, and those various legal delays and adjourn- 
 ments with which lawyers are so familiar, to be able 
 to tide over the few remaining months of the year, 
 when the case would come on afresh before a new 
 praetor and new iudices, and under circumstances 
 that would render the acquittal of his client an almost 
 foregone conclusion. But Cicero was not thus to be 
 baulked: his reputation was at stake, and he had, 
 moreover, the additional spur of a private animosity 
 against Verres, who had tried by lavish bribery to 
 defeat his election to the curule aedileship. He 
 therefore resolved to bring the case to a speedy con- 
 clusion, and dispensing with the usual long exordium, 
 and giving up aU hopes of oratorical display, he 
 merely contented himself with a bare exposition of 
 facts, supported by the undeniable testimony he had 
 collected in Sicily (Act. i.). The result proved 
 his wisdom. The trial lasted but nine days: the 
 evidence against Verres was so strong, and the 
 integrity of the iudices and the presiding magistrate 
 so well known, that the verdict was never for a 
 moment in doubt. Hortensius refused to cross- 
 examine the witnesses, thus practically throwing up 
 the case (cf. § 155 of this speech), and Verres himself, 
 even before the completion of the trial, retired into 
 voluntary exUe at Massiha. He was condemned in 
 his absence to outlawry and a fine of two and a half 
 times the amount of his extortions. He lived in exile 
 till B.C. 43, when he was proscribed by M. Antonius 
 for refusing, as Pliny informs us {Hist. Nat. 34, § 6), to 
 
INTRODUCTION xv 
 
 give up some Corintliian bronzes whicb. the latter 
 coveted. He had the satisfaction, however, before he 
 died, of hearing of the murder of Cicero, his uncom- 
 promising and relentless foe. 
 
 12. The only two speeches actually delivered in 
 the Verrine prosecution were the Bivinatio in 
 GaeciliuTn and the Actio prima. The remaining 
 five that have come down to us as the second Actio 
 were compiled by Cicero after the trial from the 
 evidence he had collected in Sicily. Though never 
 orally delivered, Cicero has contrived to impart to 
 them such an air of vividness and reality that it is 
 difficult to imagine, as we read them, that they are 
 merely rhetorical exercises. The first of these five 
 speeches deals with the early public life of Verres as 
 quaestor and legatus, and subsequently as praetor 
 urbanus : whence the old grammarians have given 
 it the title ' de praetura urbana '. The second — ' de 
 iudiciis sive de praetura Siciliensi' — exposes his 
 arbitrary and mercenary administration of justice 
 in Sicily. The third — ' de frwmento' — explains his 
 fraudulent proceedings with regard to the corn-supply. 
 The fov/rth — ' de signis ' — details his thefts of statues 
 and works of art. The fifth — ' de suppliciis' — falls 
 naturally into three parts : in the first (c. 2-16) Cicero 
 shows that during the praetorship of Verres Sicily was 
 free from slave-risings, and that Verres, for his own 
 private objects, created imaginary suspicions of such 
 revolts : the second part (17-52) deals with the ques- 
 tion of the fleet, which Verres had, by appropriating 
 
xvi INTRODUCTION 
 
 the funds voted for its maintenance, reduced to such 
 a state of iaeiEciency, that the pirates had found it an 
 easy prey; and shows how the praetor, to shield 
 himself from the blame of these reverses, put the 
 captains of the vessels to death with great cruelty : in 
 the third part (53-67) Cicero charges Verres with the 
 most heinous crime of which a Roman magistrate 
 could be guilty — the torture and execution of Roman 
 citizens without a fuU trial before the people, who 
 alone could decide a question concerning the life and 
 death of one of their number. It will be observed 
 that the charges contained in the fifth book do not 
 properly fall under the law for repetundae under 
 which Verres was accused; Cicero has introduced 
 them, with much rhetorical skUl, at the very close of 
 his accusation, to come with all the force of their 
 enormity and leave a lasting impression on the minds 
 of the judges as they retire to consider their verdict. 
 
 13. Halm considers the Verrine orations as one of 
 the finest monuments of ancient eloquence. Besides 
 their importance and interest for the antiquarian with 
 respect to the information they contain on the subject 
 of Roman provincial government, they have a special 
 rhetorical value in the richness of their matter, the 
 clearness of their proofs, the lofty swing and fire of 
 their diction, and their varied and ever-changing^ 
 style, which never suffers the interest of the reader to 
 fail. 
 
M. TULLII CICEEONIS 
 
 ACTIONIS IN G. VERREM SEGUNDAE 
 LIBER QUINTUS 
 
 Nemini video dubium esse, iudices, quin apertissime G. 1 
 Verres in Sicilia sacra profanaque omnia et privatim et x 
 publice spoliarit versatusque sit sine ulla non mode religione, 
 verum etiam dissimulatione in omni genere furandi atque 
 praedandi. Sed quaedam mihi magnifica et praeclara eius 
 defensio ostenditur, cui quern ad modum resistam, multo 
 mihi ante est, iudices, providendum. Ita enim causa 
 constituitur, provinciam Siciliam virtute istius et vigilantia 
 singxdari dubiis formidolosisque temporibus a fugitivis 
 atque a belli periculis tutam esse servatam. Quid agam, 
 iudices ? quo accusationis meae rationem conf eram 1 quo me 2 
 vertam ? ad omnes enim'meos impetus quasi murus quidam 
 boni nomen imperatoris opponitur. Novi locum; video 
 ubi se iactaturus sit Hortensius : belli pericula, tempora 
 rei publicae, imperatorum penuriam commemorabit ; tum 
 deprecabitur a vobis, tum etiam pro suo iure contendet, ne 
 patiamini talem imperatorem populo Romano Siculorum 
 testimoniis eripi, ne obteri laudem imperatoriam criminibus 
 avaritiae velitis. Non possum dissimulare, iudices, timeo, 
 ne Gr. Verres propter banc eximiam virtutem in re militari 3 
 omnia, quae fecit, impune fecerit. Venit enim mihi in 
 
 A 
 
2 M. T. CICERO NIS ACTION IS [1. 4 
 
 mentem, in iudicio M'. Aquilii quantum auctoritatis, quan- 
 tum moment! oratio M. Antonii habuisse existimata sit: 
 qui, ut erat in dicendo non solum sapiens sed etiam fortis, 
 causa prope perorata ipsum adripuit M'. Aquilium con- 
 stituitque in conspectu omnium tunicamque eius a pectore 
 abscidit, ut cicatrices populus Romanus iudicesque aspicerent 
 adverso corpore exceptas; simul at de illo volnere, quod 
 ille in capita ab hostium duce accaperat, multa dixit eoque 
 adduxit aos, qui erant iudicaturi, vehamenter ut vererentiu-, 
 ne, quern virum fortuna ex hostium telis eripuisset cum sibi 
 ipse non papercisset, hie non ad populi Eomani laudem sad 
 
 4 ad iudicum crudalitatam videretur esse servatus. Eadem 
 nunc ab illis defensionis ratio viaque temptatur, idem 
 quaeritur. Sit fur, sit sacrilegus, sit flagitiorum omnium 
 vitiorumqua princeps : at est bonus imperator, at felix at ad 
 
 2 dubia rei publicae tempora raservandus. Non agam summo 
 iure tecum ; non dicam id, quod debaam forsitan obtinera, 
 cum iudicium carta lege sit : non quid in re militari fortiter 
 facaris, sed quam ad modum manus ab aUenis pecuniis 
 abstinueris, abs ta doceri oportere ; non, inquam, sic agam, 
 sed ita quaaram, quem ad modum te valla intellago, quae 
 tua opera at quanta fuerit in bello. 
 
 5 Quid dicis ? an bello fugitivorum Siciliam virtute tua 
 liberatam % magna laus et honesta oratio : sed tamen quo 
 bello % nos enim post illud bellum, quod M'. Aquilius con- 
 fecit, sic accepimus, nullum in Sicilia fugitivorum bellum 
 fuisse. ' At in Italia fuit.' Fateor, et magnum quidem ac 
 vehemens. Num igitur ex eo bello partem aliquam laudis 
 adpetere conaris % num tibi illius victoriae gloriam cum M. 
 Crasso aut Cn. Pompeio communicatam putas ? non arbitror 
 hoc etiam tuae deasse impudentiae, ut quicquam eius modi 
 
3. 7] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 3 
 
 dicere audeas. Obstitisti videlicet, ne ex Italia transire in 
 Sicilian! fugitivorum copiae possent. UM ? quando ? qua 
 ex parte % cum aut ratibus aut navibus conarentur accedere ? 
 nos enim nihil unquam prorsus audivimusj sed illud 
 audivimus, M. Crassi, fortissimi viri, virtute consilioque 
 factum, ne ratibus coniunctis freto fugitivi ad Messanam 
 transire possent; a quo illi conatu non tanto opere pro- 
 hibendi fuissent, si uUa in Sicilia praesidia ad illorum 
 adventum opposita putarentur. 'At cum esset in Italia 6 
 bellum tam prope a Sicilia, tamen in Sicilia non fuit.' Quid 
 mirum % ne cum in Sicilia quidem fuit eodem intervaUo, 
 pars eius belli in Italiam ulla pervasit. .Etenim propinquitas 3 
 locorum ad utram partem hoc loco profertur % utrum aditum 
 facilem hostibus an contagionem imitandi belh- periculosam 
 fuisse % aditus omnis hominibus sine ulla facultate navium 
 non modo diiunctus sed etiam clausus est : ut illis, quibus 
 SiciUam propinquam fuisse dicis, faciUus fuerit ad Oceanum 
 pervenire quam ad Peloridem accedere. Contagio autem 7 
 ista servilis belli cur abs te potius quam ab eis omnibus, qui 
 ceteras provincias obtinuerunt, praedicatur % an quod in 
 Sicilia iam antea bella fugitivorum fuerunt? at ea ipsa 
 causa est, cur ista provincia minimo in periculo sit et fuerit. 
 Nam postea quam illinc M'. Aquilius decessit, omnium 
 instituta atque edicta praetorum fuerunt eius modi, ut ne 
 quia cum telo servus esset. Vetus est, quod dicam, et 
 propter severitatem exempli nemini fortasse vestrum inaudi- 
 tum : L. Domitium praetorem in Sicilia, cum aper ingens 
 ad eum adiatus esset, admiratum requisisse, quis eum per- 
 cussisset'j cum audisset pastorem cuiusdam fuisse, eum 
 vocari ad se iussisse ; ilium cupide ad praetorem quasi ad 
 laudem atque ad praemium adcucurrisse ; quaesisse Domi- 
 
4 M. T. CICERONIS ACTIO NIS [4. 8 
 
 tium, qui tantam bestiam percussisset ; ilium respondisse, 
 venabulo; statim deinde iussu praetoris in crucem esse 
 sublatum. Durum lioc fortasse videatur ; neque ego ullam 
 in partem dispute : tantum intellego, maluisse Domitium 
 4 crudelem in animadvertendo quam in praetermittendo 
 
 8 dissolutum videri. Ergo Ms institutis provinciae iam turn, 
 cum bello sociorum tota Italia arderet, homo non acerrimus 
 nee f ortissimus, C. Norbanus, in summo otio f uit ; perf acile 
 enim sese Sicilia iam tuebatur, ut ne quod ex ipsa bellum 
 posset exsistere. Etenim cum nihil tarn coniunctum sit 
 quam negotiatores nostri cum Siculis usu, re, ratione, Con- 
 cordia, et cum ipsi Siculi res suas ita constitutas habeant, 
 ut eis pacem expediat esse, imperium autem populi Eomani 
 sic diligant, ut id imminui aut commutari minima velint, 
 cumque haec a servorum bello pericula et praetorum insti- 
 tutis et dominorum disciplina provisa sint : nullum est 
 malum domesticum quod ex ipsa provincia nasci possit. 
 
 9 Quid igitur? nuUine motus in Sicilia servorum Verre 
 praetore, nullaene consensiones factae esse dicuntur % nihil 
 sane, quod ad senatum populumque Eomanum pervenerit, 
 nihil, quod iste publice Eomam scripserit : et tamen coeptum 
 esse in Sicilia moveri aliquot locis servitium suspicor. Id 
 adeo non tam ex re quam ex istius factis decretisque 
 cognosce. Ac videte, quam non inimico animo sim acturus : 
 ego ipse haec, quae ille quaerit, quae adhuc nunquam 
 audistis, commemorabo et proferam. 
 
 10 In Triocalino, quem locum fugitivi iam ante tenuerant, 
 Leonidae cuiusdam Siculi familia in suspicionem est vocata 
 coniurationis. Ees delata ad istum. Statim, ut par fuit, 
 iussu eius homines, qui fuerant nominati, comprehensi sunt 
 adductique Lilybaeum; domino denuntiatum est, causa 
 
6. 11] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. s 
 
 dicta, damnati. Quid deinde % quid censetis ? furtum 5 
 fortasse aut praedam exspectatis aliquam. Nolite usque 
 quaque idem quaerere: in metu belli furandi locus qui 
 potest esse % etiam si qua f uit in hac re occasio, praetermissa 
 est. Turn potuit a Leonida nummorum aliquid auferre, 
 cum denuntiavit, ut adesset ; fuit nundinatio aliqua, et isti 
 non nova, ne causam dicerent; etiam alter locus, ut 
 absolverentur : damnatis quidem servis quae praedandi 
 potest esse ratio ? produci ad supplicium necesse est. 
 Testes enim sunt, qui in consilio fuerunt, testes publicae 
 tabulae, testis splendidissima civitas LUybaetana, testis 
 honestissimus maximusque conventus civium Eomanorum. 
 Fieri nihil potest: producendi sunt. Itaque producuntur 
 et ad palum adligantur. Etiam nunc mihi exspectare 
 videmini, iudices, quid deinde factum sit, quod iste nihil n 
 unquam fecit sine aliquo quaestu atque praeda. Quid in 
 eius modi re fieri potuit % quod commodum est exspectate 
 facinus quam voltis improbum, vincam tamen exspecta- 
 tionem omnium : homines sceleris coniurationisque damnati, 
 ad supplicium traditi, ad palum adligati, repente multis 
 miKbus hominum inspectantibus soluti sunt et Triocalino 
 illi domino redditi. 
 
 Quid hoc loco potes dicere, homo amentissime, nisi id, 
 quod ego non quaero, quod denique in re tam nefaria, 
 tametsi dubitari non potest, tamen ne si dubitetur quidem 
 quaeri oporteat, quid aut quantum aut quo modo acceperis % 
 remitto tibi hoc totum atque ista te cura Ubero. Neque 
 enim metuo, ne hoc cuiquam persuadeatur, ut, ad quod 
 facinus nemo praeter te uUa pecunia adduci potuerit, id tu 
 gratis suscipere conatus sis. Verum de ista furandi prae- 
 dandique ratione nihil dico: de hac imperatoria iam tua 
 
6 M. T. CICERONIS ACTIONIS [6.12 
 
 6 laude dispute. Quid ais, bone custos defensorque provinciae ? 
 
 12 tu quos servos arma capere et bellum facere in Sicilia 
 voluisse cognoras et de consilii sententia iudicaras, hos ad 
 supplicium iam more maiorum traditos ex media morte 
 eripere ac liberare ausus es, ut, quam damnatis crucem 
 servis fixeras, banc indemnatis videlicet civibus Eomanis 
 reservares. Perditae civitates desperatis iam omnibus 
 rebus hos solent exitus exitiales habere, ut damnati in 
 integrum restituantur, vincti solvantur, exsules reducantur, 
 res iudicatae rescindantur. Quae cum accidunt, nemo est 
 quin intellegat ruere illam rem publicam ; haec ubi eveniunt, 
 nemo est, qui uUam spem salutis reliquam esse arbitretur. 
 
 13 Atque haec, sicubi facta sunt, facta sunt ut homines 
 populares aut nobiles supplicio aut exsilio levarentur: at 
 non ab eis ipsis qui iudicassent, at non statim, at non eorum 
 facinoru'm damnati, quae ad vitam et ad fortunas omnium 
 pertinerent. Hoc vero novum et eius modi est, ut magis 
 propter reum, quam propter rem ipsam credibile videatur : 
 ut homines servos, ut ipse qui iudicarat, ut statim e medio 
 supplicio dimiserit, ut eius facinoris damnatos servos, quod 
 ad omnium liberorum caput et sanguinem pertineret. 
 
 14 praeclarum imperatorem nee iam cum M'. Aquilio fortissimo 
 viro, sed vero cum PauUis, Scipionibus, Mariis conf erendum ! 
 tantumne vidisse in metu periculoque provinciae ! cum 
 servitiorum animos in Sicilia suspenses propter bellum 
 Italiae fugitivorum videret : ne quis se commovere auderet, 
 quantum terroris iniecit ! comprehendi iussit : quis non 
 pertimescat % causam dicere dominos : quid servo tarn for- 
 midolosum ? ' f ecisse videri ' pronuntiat ; exortam videtur 
 flammam paucorum dolore ac morte restinxisse. Quid 
 deinde sequitur? verbera atque ignes et ilia extrema ad 
 
7. 16] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 7 
 
 supplicium damnatorum, metum ceterorum, cruciatus et 
 crux % hisce omnibus suppliciis sunt liberati. Quis dubitet 
 quin servorum animos summa formidine oppresserit, cum 
 viderent ea facilitate praetorem, ut ab eo servorum sceleris 
 coniurationisque damnatorum vita vel ipso carnifice inter- 
 nuntio redimeretur % 
 
 Quid % hoc in Apolloniensi Aristodamo, quid % in Leonte 7 
 Imacharensi non idem fecisti ? quid % iste motus servitiorum 15 
 bellique subita suspicio utrum tibi tandem diligentiam custo- 
 diendae provinciae an novam rationem improbissimi quaestus 
 attulit ? Halicyensis Eumenidae, nobilis hominis et bonesti, 
 magnae pecuniae vUicus cum impulsu tuo insimulatus esset, 
 sestertium LX milia a domino accepisti ; quod nuper ipse 
 iuratus docuit quem ad niodum gestum esset. Ab equite 
 Romano C. Matrinio absente, cum is esset Eomae, quod 
 eius Vilicos pastoresque tibi in suspicionem venisse dixeras, 
 sestertium DC milia abstulisti. Dixit hoc L. Flavius, qui 
 tibi eam pecuniam numeravit, procurator C. Matrinii ; dixit 
 ipse Matrinius ; dicit vir clarissimus Cn. Lentulus censor, 
 qui Matrinii honoris causa recenti negotio ad te litteras 
 misit mittendasque curavit. 
 
 Quid ? de ApoUonio, Dioclis filio, Panhormitano, cui 16 
 Gemino cognomen est, praeteriri potest ? ecquid hoc tota 
 Sicilia clarius, ecquid indignius, ecquid manifestius proferri 
 potest ? quem, ut Panhormum venit, ad se vocari et de 
 tribunali citari iussit concursu magno frequentiaque con- 
 ventus. Homines statim loqui : ' mirabar, quod ApoUonius, 
 homo pecuniosus, tarn diu ab isto maneret integer: 
 excogitavit nescio quid, attulit; profecto homo dives 
 repente a Verre non sine causa citatur.' Exspectatio 
 summa hominum, quidnam id esset, cum exanimatus subito 
 
8 M. T. CICERONIS ACTIONIS [7.17 
 
 ipse adcurrit cum adulescente filio; nam pater grandis 
 
 17 natu iam diu lecto tenebatur. Nominat iste servum, qUem 
 natu magistrum pecoris esse dioeret ; eum dicit coniurasse 
 at familias concitasse : is omnino servus in familia non erat. 
 Eum statim exhiberi iubet. ApoUonius adfirmare se 
 omnino nomine illo servum habere neminem. Iste hominem 
 
 > abripi a tribunali et in carcerem conici iubet. Clamare ille 
 cum raperetur, nihil se miserum fecisse, nihil commisisse ; 
 pecuniam sibi esse in nominibus, numeratam in praesentia 
 non habere. Haec cum maxima summa hominum frequentia 
 testificaretur, ut quivis intellegere posset eum, quod 
 pecuniam non dadissat, idcirco ilia tarn acerba iniuria adfici 
 — cum maxime, ut dico, hoc de pecunia clamaret, in vincla 
 8 coniectus est. Videte constantiam pra'etoris, et eius prae- 
 
 18 toris, qui in his rebus non ita defendatur ut mediocris 
 praetor, sad ita laudetur ut optimus imperator. Cum 
 servorum bellum metueretur, quo supplicio dominos indem- 
 natos adficiebat, hoc servos damnatos liberabat : ApoUonium, 
 hominem locupletissimum, qui, si fugitivi bellum in Sicilia 
 facerant, amplissimas fortunas amittaret, belli fugitivorum 
 nomine, indicta causa, in vincla coniecit ; servos, quos ipse 
 cum consilio belli faciendi causa consensisse iudicavit, eos 
 
 19 sine consilii santantia sua sponta omni supplicio liberavit. 
 Quid % si aliquid ab ApoUonio commissum est, quam ob 
 rem in eum iure animadverteratur, tamanna hanc rem sic 
 agemus, ut crimini aut invidiae reo putemus esse oportare, 
 si quo de homine severius iudicaverit % non agam tarn 
 acerbe ; non utar ista accusatoria consuetudine, si quid est 
 factum clamentar, ut dissolute factum criminer; si quid 
 vindicatum est severe, ut ex ao crudelitatis invidiam 
 colligam ; non agam ista ratione : tua saquar iudicia, tuam 
 
9. 22] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 9 
 
 defendam auctoritatem, quoad tu voles; simul ac tute 
 coeperis tua iudicia rescindere, mihi suscensere desinito; 
 meo iure enim contendam eum, qui suo iudicio damnatus 
 sit, iuratorum iudicum sententiis damnari oportere. Non 20 
 defendam ApoUonii causam, amici atque hospitis mei, ne 
 tuum iudicium videar rescindere ; nihil de hominis frugal- 
 itate, virtute, diligentia dicam ; praetermittam Ulud etiam, 
 de quo ante dixi, fortunas eius ita constitutas fuisse familia, 
 pecore, villis, pecuniis creditis, ut nemini minus expediret 
 ullum in Sicilia tumultum aut bellum commoveri; non 
 dicam ne Ulud quidem, si maxime in culpa fuerit Apollonius, 
 tamen in hominem maximae civitatis honestissimum tam 
 graviter animadverti causa indicta non oportuisse. NuUam 21 
 in te invidiam ne ex illis quidem rebus concitabo, cum esset 
 talis vir in carcere, in tenebris, in squalore, in sordibus, 
 tyrannicis interdictis tuis patri exacta aetate et adulescenti 
 filio adeundi ad ilium miserum potestatem nunquam esse 
 f actam. Etiam illud praeteribo, quotienscunque Panhormum 
 veneris illo anno et sex mensibus — nam tam diu fuit Apol- 
 lonius in carcere — , totiens te senatum Panhormitanum 
 adisse supplicem cum magistratibus sacerdotibusque 
 publicis orantem atque obsecrantem, ut aliquando ille 
 miser atque innocens calamitate Ula liberaretur. Relinquo 
 haec omnia : quae si velim persequi, facile ostendam tua 9 
 crudelitate in aUos omnes tibi aditus misericordiae iudicum 22 
 iam pridem esse praeclusos; omnia tibi ista conpedam et 
 remittam : provideo enim, quid sit def ensurus Hortensius. 
 Fatebitur apud istum neque senectutem patris neque 
 adulescentiam filii neque lacrimas utriusque plus valuisse 
 quam utilitatem salutemque provinciae ; dicet rem publicam 
 administrari sine metu ac severitate non posse; quaeret 
 
lo M. T. CICERONJS ACTIONIS ' [9.23 
 
 quam ob rem fasces praetoribus praeferantur, cur secures 
 datae, cur career aedificatus, cur tot supplicia sint in 
 improbos more maiorum constituta. Quae cum omnia 
 graviter severeque dixerit, quaeram cur hunc eundem 
 ApoUonium Verres idem repente, nulla re nova adlata, 
 nulla defensione, sine causa de carcere emitti iusserit : 
 tantumque in hoc crimine suspicionis esse adiirmabo, ut 
 iam ipsis iudicibus sine mea argumentatione coniecturam 
 facere permittam, quod lioc genus praedandi, quam impro- 
 bum, quam indignum quamque ad magnitudinem quaestus 
 
 23 immensum iniinitumque esse videatur. Nam quae iste in 
 ApoUonio fecit, ea primum breviter recognoscite quot et 
 quanta sint; deinde liaec expendite atque aestimate 
 pecunia : reperietis idcirco haec in uno homine pecunioso 
 tot constituta, ut ceteris f ormidines similium incommodorum 
 atque exempla periculorum proponeret. Primum insimu- 
 latio est repentina capitalis atque invidiosi criminis : 
 statuite, quanti boc putetis et quam multos redemisse; 
 deinde crimen sine accusatore, sententia sine consilio, 
 damnatio sine defensione : aestimate barum omnium 
 rerum pretia et cogitate in bis iniquitatibus unum haesisse 
 ApoUonium, ceteros, profecto multos, ex bis incommodis 
 pecunia se liberasse; postremo tenebrae, vincla, career, 
 inclusum supplicium atque a conspectu parentium ac 
 liberum, denique a libero spiritu atque a communi luce 
 seclusum; baec vero, quae vel vita redimi recte possunt, 
 
 24 aestimare pecunia non queo. Haec omnia sero redemit 
 ApoUonius, iam maerore ac miseriis perditus, sed tamen 
 ceteros docuit ante istius avaritiae scelerique occurrere : 
 nisi vero existimatis bominem pecuniosissimum sine causa 
 quaestus electum ad tam incredibile crimen, aut sine eadem 
 
10.26] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. ii 
 
 causa repente e carcere emissum, aut hoc praedandi genus 
 ab isto in illo uno adhibitum ac temptatum, et non per 
 ilium omnibus pecuniosis Siculis metum propositum et 
 iniectum. 
 
 Cupio miM ab ipso, iudices, subici, quoniam de militari 10 
 eius gloria dico, si quid forte praetereo ; nam mihi videor 25 
 iam de omnibus rebus eius gestis dixisse, quae quidem ad 
 belli fugitivorum suspicionem pertinerent ; certe nihil sciens 
 praetermisi. Habetis hominis consUia, diHgentiam, vigilan- 
 tiam, custodiam defensionemque provinciae. Summa illuc 
 pertinet, ut sciatis, quoniam plura genera sunt impera- 
 torum, ex quo genere iste sit, ne qui diutius in tanta 
 penuria virorum fortium talem imperatorem ignorare 
 possit. Non ad Q. Maximi sapientiam, neque ad illius 
 superioris Africani in re gerunda celeritatem, neque ad 
 huius, qui postea fuit, singulare consilium, neque ad Paulli 
 rationem ac disciplinam, neque ad C. Marii vim atque 
 virtutem — sed aliud genus imperatoris sane diligenter 
 retinendum et conservandum, quaeso, cognoscite. Itinerum 26 
 primum laborem, qui vel maximus est in re militari, iudices, 
 et in Sicilia maxime necessarius, accipite quam facilem sibi 
 iste et iucundum ratione consilioque reddiderit. Primum 
 temporibus hibernis ad magnitudinem frigorum et tempes- 
 tatum vim ac fluminum praeclarum hoc sibi remedium 
 compararat. Urbem Syracusas elegerat, cuius hie situs 
 atque haec natura esse loci caelique dicitur, ut nullus 
 unquam dies tam magna ac turbulenta tempestate fuerit, 
 quin aliquo tempore eius diei solem homines viderint. Hie 
 ita vivebat iste bonus imperator hibernis mensibus, ut eum 
 non facile non modo extra tectum sed ne extra lectum 
 quidem quisquam videret : ita diei brevitas conviviis, noctis 
 
12 M. T. CICERONIS ACTIONIS [10.27 
 
 27 longitude stupris et flagitiis continebatur. Cum autem ver 
 esse coeperat, — cuius initium iste non a Favonio neque ab 
 aliquo astro notabat, sed cum rosam viderat, turn incipere 
 ver arbitrabatur — : dabat se labori atque itineribus; in 
 quibus 60 usque se praebebat patientem atque impigrum, ut 
 eum nemo unquam in equo sedentem viderit. 
 
 11 Nam, ut mos fuit Bithyniae regibus, lectica octaphoro 
 ferebatur, in qua pulvinus erat perlucidus Melitensis, rosa 
 fartus ; ipse autem coronam habebat unam in capite, 
 alteram in collo, reticulumque ad nares sibi admovebat 
 tenuissimo lino, minutis maculis, plenum rosae. Sic 
 confecto itinere, cum ad aliquod oppidum venerat, eadem 
 lectica usque in cubiculum deferebatur. Eo veniebarit 
 Siculorum magistratus, veniebant equites Eomani, id quod 
 ex multis iuratis audistis ; controversiae secreto defereban- 
 tur, paullo post palam decreta auferebantur. Deinde, ubi 
 pauUisper in cubiculo pretio, non aequitate, iura discripserat, 
 Veneri iam et Libero reliquum tempus deberi arbitrabatur. 
 
 28 Quo loco non mihi praetermittenda videtur praeclari im- 
 peratoris egregia ac singularis diligentia. Nam scitote 
 oppidum esse in Sicilia nuUum, ex eis oppidis, in quibus 
 consistere praetores et conventum agere soleant, quo in 
 oppido non isti ex aliqua familia non ignobili dUecta ad 
 libidinem mulier esset. Itaque nonnullae ex eo numero in 
 convivium adhibebantur palam ; si quae castiores erant, ad 
 tempus veniebant, lucem conventumque vitabant. Erant 
 autem convivia non illo silentio populi Romani praetorum 
 atque imperatorum neque eo pudore qui in magistratuum 
 conviviis versari solet, sed cum maximo clamore atque 
 convicio; nonnunquam etiam res ad pugnam atque ad 
 manus vocabatur. Iste enim praetor severus ac diligens, 
 
12.31] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 13 
 
 qui populi Romani legibus nunquam paruisset, illis legibus, 
 quae in poculis ponebantur, diligentur obtemperabat. 
 Itaque erant exitus eius modi, ut alius inter manus e con- 
 vivio tamquam e proelio auferretur, alius tamquam occisus 
 reUnqueretur, plerique ut fusi sine mente ac sine uUo sensu 
 iacerent : ut quivis, cum aspexisset, non se praetoris con- 
 vivium, sed ut Cannensem pugnam nequitiae videre arbi- 
 traretur. Cum vero aestas summa esse coeperat, quod 12 
 tempus omnes Siciliae semper praetores in itineribus con- 29 
 sumere consuerunt, propterea quod tunc putant obeundam 
 esse maxime provinciam, cum in areis frumenta sunt, quod 
 et familiae congregantur et magnitude servitii perspicitur 
 et labor operis maxime offendit, frumenti copia commonet, 
 tempus anni non impedit : tum, inquam, cum concursant 
 ceteri praetores, iste novo quodam genere imperator 
 pulcherrimo Syracusarum loco stativa sibi castra faciebat. 
 Nam in ipso aditu atque ore portus, ubi primum ex alto 30 
 sinus ab litore ad urbem inflectitur, tabernacula carbaseis 
 iatenta velis coUocabat. Hue ex ilia domo praetoria, quae 
 regis Hieronis fuit, sic emigrabat, ut eum per illos dies 
 nemo extra ilium locum videre posset. In eum autem 
 ipsum locum aditus erat nemini, nisi qui aut socius aut 
 minister libidinis esse posset. Hue omnes mulieres, qui- 
 buscum iste consuerat, conveniebant, quarum incredibUe 
 est quanta multitudo fuerit Syracusis ; hue homines digni 
 istius amicitia, digni vita ilia conviviisque veniebant. 
 Inter eius modi viros et mulieres adulta aetate filius versa- 
 batur, ut eum, etiam si natura a parentis similitudine 
 abriperet, consuetudo tamen ac disciplina patris similem 
 esse cogeret. Hue Tertia ilia perducta per dolum atque 31 
 insidias [ab Ehodio tibicine] maximas in istius castris 
 
14 M. T. CICERONIS ACTIONIS [13.32 
 
 effecisse dicitur turbas, cum indigne pateretur uxor Cleo- 
 menis Syracusani, nobilis mulier, itemque uxor Aeschrionis, 
 honesto loco nata, in conventum suum mimi Isidori filiam 
 venisse. Iste autem Hannibal, qui in suis castris virtute 
 putaret oportere, non genere certari, sic banc Tertiam 
 
 13 dilexit, ut earn secum ex provincia deportaret. Ac per eos 
 dies, cum iste cum pallio purpureo talarique tunica ver- 
 saretur in conviviis muliebribus, non offendebantur homines 
 neque moleste ferebant abesse a foro magistratum, non ius 
 dici, non indicia fieri, locum ilium litoris percrepare totum 
 mulierum vocibus cantuque symphoniae, in foro silentium 
 esse summum causarum atque iuris : non ferebant homines 
 moleste ; non enim ius abesse videbatur a foro neque iudicia, 
 sed vis et crudeHtas et bonorum acerba et indigna direptio. 
 
 :a Hunc tu igitur imperatorem esse defendis, Hortensi % 
 huius furta, rapinas, cupiditatem, crudelitatem, superbiam, 
 scelus, audaciam rerum gestarum magnitudine atque im- 
 peratoriis laudibus tegere conaris % Hie scilicet est metu- 
 endum, ne ad exitum defensionis tuae vetus ilia Antoniana 
 dicendi' ratio atque auctoritas proferatur, ne excitetur 
 Verres, ne denudetur a pectore, ne cicatrices populus 
 Eomanus aspiciat — ex mulierum morsu, vestigia libidinis 
 
 33 atque nequitiae. Di faciant, ut rei militaris, ut belli 
 mentionem facere audeas ! cognoscentur enim omnia istius 
 aera ilia Vetera, ut non solum in imperio, verum etiam in 
 stipendiis qualis fuerit intellegatis. Eenovabitur prima 
 ilia militia, cum iste e foro abduci, non, ut ipse praedicat, 
 perduci solebat, aleatoris Placentini castra commemora- 
 buntur, in quibus cum frequens fuisset, tamen aere dirutus 
 est ; multa eius in stipendiis damna proferentur, quae ab 
 
 34 isto aetatis fructu dissoluta et compensata sunt. lam vero, 
 
14.36] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 15 
 
 cum in eius modi patientia turpitudinis aliena, non sua, 
 satietate obduruisset, qui vir fuerit, quot praesidia, quam 
 munita pudoris et pudicitiae vi et audacia ceperit, quid me 
 attinet dicere ac coniungere cum istius fiagitio cuiusquam 
 praeterea dedecus % Non faciam, iudices ; omnia Vetera 
 praetermittam : duo sola recentia sine cuiusquam infamia 
 ponam, ex quibus coniecturam facere de omnibus possitis ; 
 unum illud, quod ita fuit illustre notumque omnibus, ut 
 nemo tam rusticanus homo L. LucuUo M. Cotta consulibus 
 Eomam ex ullo municipio vadimonii causa venerit, quin 
 sciret iura omnia praetoris urbani nutu atque arbitrio 
 Cbelidonis meretriculae gubernari; alterum, quod, cum 
 paludatus exisset votaque pro imperio suo communique re 
 publica nuncupasset, noctu stupri causa lectica in urbem 
 introferri solitus est ad mulierem, nuptam uni, propositam 
 omnibus, contra fas, contra auspicia, contra omnes divinas 
 atque humanas religiones. 
 
 di immortales ! quid interest ifiter mentes hominum 14 
 et cogitationes ! Ita mihi meam voluntatem spemque 3s 
 reliquae vitae vestra populique Eomani existimatio com- 
 probet, ut ego, quos adhuc mihi magistratus populus 
 Romanus mandavit, sic eos accepi, ut me omnium oifici- 
 orum obstringi religione arbitrarer. Ita quaestor sum 
 factus, ut mihi ilium honorem tum non solum datum sed 
 etiam creditum et commissum putarem j sic obtinui quae- 
 sturam in Sicilia provincia, ut omnium oculos in me unum 
 coniectos esse arbitrarer, ut me quaesturamque meam quasi 
 in aliquo terrarum orbis theatro versari existimarem, ut 
 semper omnia, quae iucunda videntur esse, ea non modo 
 his extraordinariis cupiditatibus sed etiam ipsi naturae ac 
 necessitati denegarem. Nunc sum designatus aedilis ; 36 
 
1 6 M. T. CICERO NTS ACTIONIS [14. 37 
 
 habeo rationem quid a populo Eomano acceperim : mihi 
 ludos sanctissimos maxima cum cura et caerimonia Cereri, 
 Libero Liberaeque faciundos, mihi Floram matrem populo 
 plebique Eoinanae ludorum celebritate placandam, mihi 
 ludos antiquissimos, qui primi Eomani appellati sunt, cum 
 dignitate maxima et religions lovi, lunoni Minervaeque 
 esse faciundos, mihi sacrarum aedium procurationem, mihi 
 totam urbem tuendam esse commissam ; ob earum rerum 
 laborem et soUicitudinem fructus illos datos : antiquiorem 
 in senatu sententiae dicendae locum, togam praetextam, 
 sellam curulem, ius imaginis ad memoriam posteritatemque 
 
 37 prodendae. Ex his ego omnibus rebus, iudices^ta mihi 
 omnes deos propitios velim — etiam si mihi iucundissimus 
 est honos pbpuli, tamen nequaquam capio tantum voluptatis, 
 quantum et sollicitudinis et laboris, ut haec ipso aedilitas, 
 non quia necesse fuerit, alicui candidato data, sad, quia sic 
 oportuerit, recte coUocata et iudicio populi in loco esse 
 posita videatur. 
 
 15 Tu, cum esses praetor renuntiatus, quoquo modo — mitto 
 
 38 enim et praetereo, quid turn sit actum — , sed cum esses 
 renunliiatus, ut dixi, non ipsa praeconis voce excitatus es, 
 qui te totiens seniorum iuniorumque centuriis illo honors 
 adfici pronuntiavit, ut hoc putares, aliquam rei publicae 
 partem tibi creditam ? annum tibi ilium unum domo caren- 
 dum esse meretricis ? cum tibi sorte obtigisset, uti ius 
 diceres, quantum negotii, quid oneris haberes, nunquam 
 cogitasti ? neque illud rationis habuisti, — si forte experge- 
 faoere te posses — , eam provinciam, quam tueri singulari 
 sapientia atque integritate difficile esset, ad summam 
 stultitiam nequitiamque venisse ? itaque non modo a domo 
 tua CheHdonem in praetura excludere noluisti, sed in 
 
16. 41] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 17 
 
 Chelidonis domum praeturam totam detulisti. Secuta pro- 39 
 vincia est : in qua nunquam tibi venit in mentem, non tibi 
 idcirco fasces ac secures et tantam imperii vim tantamque 
 ornamentorum omnium dignitatem datam, ut earum rerum 
 vi et auctoritate omnia repagula pudoris officiique per- 
 fringeres, ut omnium bona praedam tuam duceres, ut nullius 
 res tuta, nullius domus clausa, nullius vita saepta, nuUius 
 pudicitia munita contra tuam cupiditatem et audaciam 
 posset esse; in qua ut te ita gessisti, ut, omnibus cum 
 teneare rebus, ad bellum fugitivorum confugias; ex quo 
 iam intellegis non modo nullam tibi defensionem sed 
 maximam vim criminum exortam : nisi forte Italici fugiti- 
 vorum belli reliquias atque illud Tempsanum incommodum 
 proferes, ad quod recens cum te peropportune fortuna 
 attuHsset, si quid in te virtutis aiit industriae habuisses, 
 idem qui semper fueras inventus es. Cum ad te Valentini 16 
 venissent et pro eis homo disertus ac nobilis, M. Marius, 40 
 loqueretur, ut negotium susciperes, ut, cum penes te 
 praetorium imperium ac nomen esset, ad illam parvam 
 manum exstinguendam ducem te principemque praeberes, 
 non modo id refugisti, sed eo ipso tempore, cum esses in 
 litore, Tertia ilia tua, quam tu tecum deportaras, erat in 
 omnium conspectu ; ipsis autem Valentinis, ex tam iUustri 
 nobilique municipio, tantis de rebus responsum dedisti, 
 cum esses cum tunica pulla et pallio. Quid hunc proficis- 
 centem, quid in ipsa provincia fecisse existimatis, qui, 
 cum iam ex provincia non ad triumphum sed ad indicium 
 decederet, ne illam quidem infamiam fugerit, quam sine 
 ulla voluptate capiebat ? divina senatus frequentis in 41 
 aede Bellonae admurmuratio ! Memoria tenetis, iudices, 
 cum advesperasceret et paullo ante esset de hoc Tempsano 
 
 B 
 
1 8 M. T. CICERONIS ACTIONIS [17.42 
 
 incommodo nuntiatum, cum inveniretur nemo qui in ilia 
 loca cum imperio mitteretur, dixissetque quidam Verrem 
 esse non longe a Tempsa, quam valde universi admur- 
 muraverint, quam palam principes dixerint contra ! Et 
 Ms tot criminibus testimoniisque convictus in eorum tabeUa 
 spem sibi aliquam proponit, quorum omnium palam causa 
 incognita voce damnatus est ? 
 17 Esto; nihil ex fugitivorum bello aut suspicione belli 
 
 42 laudis adeptus est, quod neque bellum eius modi neque 
 belli pericidum fuit in Sicilia neque ab isto provisum est 
 ne quod esset : at vero contra bellum praedonum classem 
 habuit ornatam 'diligentiamque in eo singularem ; itaque 
 ab isto praeclare defensa provincia est. Sic de bello 
 praedonum, sic de classe Siciliensi, iudices, dicam, ut 
 hoc iam ante confirmem, in hoc uno genere omnes inesse 
 culpas istius maximas, avaritiae, maiestatis, dementiae, 
 libidinis, crudelitatis. Haec dum breviter expono, quaeso, 
 ut fecistis adhuc, diligenter attendite. 
 
 43 Eem navalem primum ita dico esse administratam, non 
 uti provincia defenderetur, sed uti classis nomine pecunia 
 quaereretur. Superiorum praetorum consuetudo cum haec 
 fuisset, ut naves civitatibus certusque numerus nautarum 
 militumque imperaretur, maximae et locupletissimae civitati 
 Mamertinae nihil horum imperavisti. Ob banc rem quid 
 tibi Mamertini clam pecuniae dederint, post, si videbitur, 
 
 44 ex ipsorum litteris testibusque quaeremus ; navem vero 
 cybaeam maximam, triremis instar, palam aedificatam 
 sumptu publico, tuo nomine, publice, sciente tota Sicilia 
 per magistratum senatumque Mamertinum tibi datam 
 donatamque esse dico. Haec navis, onusta praeda Sicili- 
 ensi, cum ipsa quoque esset ex praeda, simul cum ipse 
 
18. 46] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 19 
 
 decederet, adpulsa Veliam est cum plurimis rebus, et eis, quas 
 iste Eomam mittere cum ceteris furtis noluit, quod erant 
 carissimae maximeque eum delectabant. Eam navem nuper 
 egomet vidi Veliae multique alii viderunt, pulcherrimam 
 atque ornatissimam, iudices : quae quidem omnibus, qui eam 
 aspexerant, prospectare iam exsilium atque explorare fugam 
 domini videbatur. Quid mihi hoc loco respondebis % Nisi 18 
 forte id, quod tametsi probari nullo mode potest, tamen 45 
 dici quidem in iudicio de pecuniis repetundis necesse est, de 
 tua pecunia aedificatam esse [navem] % Aude boc saltern 
 dicere, quod necesse est. Noli metuere, Hortensi, ne quae- 
 ram, qui licuerit aedificare navem senatori. Antiquae sunt 
 istae leges et mortuae, quem ad modum tu soles dicere, 
 quae vetant. Fuit ista res publica quondam, fuit ista 
 severitas in iudiciis, ut istam rem accusator in magnis cri- 
 minibus obiciendam putaret. Quid enim tibi navi ? Qui si 
 quo publice proficisceris, praesidii et vecturae causa sumptu 
 publico navigia praebentur ; privatim autem nee proficisci 
 quoquam potes nee arcessere res transmarinas ex eis locis, in 
 quibus te habere nihil licet. Deinde cur quicquam contra 46 
 leges parasti ? Valeret hoc crimen in ilia vetere severitate 
 ac dignitate rei pubbcae ; nunc non modo te hoc crimine 
 non arguo, sed ne ilia' quidem communi vituperatione 
 reprehendo : tu tibi hoc nunquam turpe, nunquam 
 criminosum, nunquam invidiosum fore putasti, celeberrimo 
 loco palam tibi aedificari onerariam navem in provincia, 
 quam tu cum imperio obtinebas % Quid eos loqui qui 
 videbant, quid existimare eos qui audiebant arbitrabare ? 
 inanem te navem esse illam in Italiam adducturum ? 
 naviculariam, cum Eomam venisses, esse facturum % Ne 
 illud quidem quisquam poterat suspicari, te in Italia 
 
20 M. T. CICERONI S ACTIONIS [18. 47 
 
 maritimum habere fundum et ad fructus deportandos 
 onerariam navem comparare. Eius modi voluisti de te 
 sermonem esse omnium, palam ut loquerentur te illam 
 navem parare, quae praedam ex Sicilia deportaret et ad 
 
 47 ea furta, quae reliquisses, commearet. Verum haec omnia, 
 si doces na,vem de tua pecunia aediflcatam, remitto atque 
 conceded Sed hoc, homo amentissime, non intellegis priore 
 actione ab istis ipsis Mamertinis tuis laudatoribus esse 
 sublatum ? Nam dixit Heius, princeps istius legationis, 
 quae ad tuam laudationem missa est, navem tibi operis 
 publicis Mamertinorum esse factam eique faciendae se- 
 natorem Mamertinum publice praefuisse. Eeliqua est 
 materies. Hanc Eeginis, ut ipsi dicunt — tametsi tu negare 
 non potes — publice, quod Mamertini materiem non habent, 
 
 19 imperavisti. Si et ex quo fit navis et qui faciunt, imperio 
 tibi tuo, non pretio praesto fuerunt, ubi tandem istud 
 latet, quod tu de tua pecunia dicis impensum ? ' At 
 
 48 Mamertini in tabulis nihil habenfe-' Primum video potuisse 
 fieri, ut ex aerario nihil darent; etenim vel Capitolium, 
 sicut apud maiores nostros factum est, publice coactis 
 fabris operisque imperatis, gratis exaedificari atque effici 
 potuit: deinde perspicio — id quod ostendam, cum ipsos 
 produxero, ipsorum ex litteris — multas pecunias isti erogatas 
 in operum locationes falsas atque inanes esse perscriptas. 
 lam illud minime mirum est, Mamertinos, a quo summum 
 beneficium acceperant, quem sibi amiciorem quam populo 
 Eomano esse cognoverant, eius capiti litteris suis pepercisse. 
 Sed si argumento est Mamertinos tibi pecuniam non 
 dedisse, quia scriptum non habent, sit argumento tibi 
 gratis stare navem, quia, quid emeris aut quid locaris, 
 scriptum proferre non potes. 
 
20.51] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 21 
 
 At enim idcirco navem Mamertinis non imperasti, quod 49 
 sunt foederati. Di adprobent! Habemus hominem in 
 fetialium manibus educatum, unum praeter ceteros in 
 publicis religionibus foederum sanctum ac diligentem : 
 omnes qui ante te fuerunt praetores dedantur Mamertinis, 
 quod eis navem contra pactionem foederis imperarint. 
 Sed tamen tu, sancte homo ac religiose, cur Tauromenitanis 
 item foederatis navem imperasti ? An hoc probabis, in 
 aequa causa populorum sine pretio varium ius et disparem 
 condicionem fuisse ? Quid ? Si eius modi esse haec duo 5° 
 foedera duorum populorum, indices, doceo, ut Tauro- 
 menitanis nominatim cautum et exceptum sit foedere ne 
 navem dare debeant, Mamertinis in ipso foedere sanctum 
 atque praescriptum sit ut navem dare necesse sit, istum 
 autem contra foedus et Tauromenitanis imperasse et 
 Mamertinis remisisse : numquid dubium poterit esse, quin 
 Verre praetore plus Mamertinis cybaea quam Tauro- 
 menitanis foedus opitulatum sit 1 Eecitentur foedera. — 
 Isto igitur tuo, quern ad modum ipse praedicas, beneficio, 20 
 ut res indicat, pretio atque mercede, minuisti maiestatem 
 rei publicae, minuisti auxilia populi Eomani, minuisti 
 copias maiorum virtute ac sapientia comparatas ; sustulisti 
 ius imperii, condicionem sociorum, memoriam foederis. 
 Qui ex foedere ipso navem vel usque ad Oceanum, si 
 imperassemus, sumptu, periculoque suo armatam atque 
 ornatam mittere debuerunt, ei, ne in freto ante sua tecta 
 et domos navigarent, ne sua moenia portusque defenderent, 
 pretio abs te ius foederis et imperii condicionem redem- 
 erixnt. Quid censetis in hoc foedere faciendo voluisse Si 
 Mamertinos impendere laboris, operae, pecuniae, ne haec 
 biremis ascriberetur, si id ullo modo possent a nostris 
 
22 M. T. CICERONIS ACTIONIS [21.52 
 
 maioribus impetrare % Nam cum hoc munus imponebatur 
 tam grave civitati, inerat nescio quo modo in illo foedere 
 societatis quasi quaedam nota servitutis. Quod turn, 
 recentibus suis officiis, integra re, nuUis populi Eomani 
 difficultatibus a maioribus nostris foedere adsequi non 
 potuerunt, id nunc, nullo officio suo, tot annis post, iure 
 imperii nostri quotannis usurpatum ac semper retentum, 
 gumma in difficultate navium, a Gr. Verre pretio adsecuti 
 sunt, ac non hoc solum adsecuti, ne navem darent : ecquem 
 nautam, ecquem militem qui aut in classe aut in praesidio 
 esset, te praetore per triennium Mamertini dederunt % 
 21 Denique cum ex senatus consulto itemque ex Terentia 
 
 52 et Cassia frumentum aequabiliter emi ab omnibus Siciliae 
 civitatibus oporteret, id quoque munus leve atque com- 
 mune Mamertinis remisisti. Dices frumentum Mamer- 
 tinos non debere. Quo modo non debere ? An, ut ne 
 venderent \ Non enim erat hoc genus frumenti ex eo 
 genera quod exigeretur, sed ex eo quod emeretur. Te 
 igitur auctore et interprete ne foro quidem et commeatu 
 
 53 Mamertini iuvare populum Eomanum debuerunt. Quae 
 tandem civitas fuit quae deberet % Qui publicos agros 
 arant certum est quid e lege censoria debeant: cur his 
 quicquam praeterea ex alio genere imperasti ? Quid de- 
 cumani \ Num quid praeter singulas decumas ex lege 
 Hieronica debent % Cur his quoque statuisti quantum 
 ex hoc genere frumenti empti darent ? Quid immunes \ 
 Hi certe nihil debent. At eis non modo imperasti, verum 
 etiam, . quo plus darent quam poterant, haec sexagena 
 milia medium, quae Mamertinis remiseras, addidisti. 
 Neque hoc dico, ceteris non recte imperatum : sed Mamer- 
 tinis, qui erant in eadem causa et quibus superiores omnes 
 
22.56] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 23 
 
 item ut ceteris imperarant pecuniamque ex senatus con- 
 sulto et ex lege dissolverant, his dico non recte remissum. 
 Et ut hoc beneficium, quern ad modum dicitur, trabali 
 clavo figeret, cum consilio causam Mamertinorum cognoscit 
 et de consilii sententia Mamertinis se frumentum non 
 imperare pronuntiat. Audite decretum mercenarii prae- S4 
 toris ex ipsius commentario et cognoscite, quanta in scri- 
 bendo gravitas, quanta in constituendo iure sit auctoritas. 
 Recita commentarium. — 'D. C. S. libenter' ait se facers, 
 itaque perscribit. Quid? Si hoc verbo non esses usus, 
 ' libenter ', nos videlicet invitum te quaestum facere putare- 
 mus % Ac ' de consilii sententia.' Praeclarum recitari 
 consilium, indices, audistis. Utrum vobis consilium tan- 
 dem praetoris recitari videbatur, cum audiebatis nomina, 
 an praedonis improbissimi societas atque comitatus % En SS 
 foederum interpretes, societatis pactores, religionis auc- 
 tores ! Nunquam in Sicilia frumentum publico est emp- 
 tum, quin Mamertinis pro portions imperaretur, ante 
 quam hoc delectum praeclarumque consilium iste dedit, 
 ut ab his nummos acciperet ac sui similis esset. Itaque 
 tantum valuit istius decreti auctoritas, quantum debuit 
 eius hominis, qui, a quibus frumentum emere debuisset, 
 eis decretum vendidisset. Nam statim L. Metellus, ut 
 isti successit, ex C. Sacerdotis et ex Sex. Peducaei insti- 
 tuto ac litteris frumentum Mamertinis imperavit. Turn 
 iUi intellexerunt se id, quod a malo auctore emissent, 
 diutius obtinere non posse. 
 
 Age porro, tu, qui tarn religiosum existimari te voluisti 22 
 interpretem foederum, cur Tauromenitanis frumentum, cur 56 
 Netinis imperasti ? quarum civitatum utraque f oederata 
 est, Ac Netini quidem sibi non defuerunt ac, simul pro- 
 
24 M. T. CICMRONIS ACTIO NIS [22. 57 
 
 nuntiasti 'libenter' te Mamertinis remittere, adierunt te 
 et eandem suam causam foederis esse docuerunt. Tu 
 aliter decernere eadem in causa non potuisti; pronuntias 
 Netinos frumentum dare non debere, — et ab his tamen 
 exigis. Cedo mibi eiusdem praetoris litteras et rerum 
 decretarum et frumenti imperati. Littbrae eeeum de- 
 CRETARUM. Quid potius in hac tanta et tarn turpi incon- 
 stantia suspicari possumus, indices, quam, id quod necesse 
 est, aut isti a Netinis pecuniam, cum posceret, non datam, 
 aut id esse actum, ut intellegerent Mamertini, bene se 
 apud istum tam multa pretia ac munera coUocasse, cum 
 idem alii iuris ex eadem causa non obtinerent \ 
 
 57 Hie mihi etiam audebit mentionem facere Mamertinae 
 laudationis ! in qua quam multa sint volnera, quis est 
 vestrum, indices, quin intellegat % primum ut in iudiciis 
 qui decem laudatores dare non potest, honestius est ei 
 nullum dare quam ilium quasi legitimum numerum con- 
 suetudinis non explere. Tot in Sicilia civitates sunt, 
 quibus tu per triennium praefuisti : arguunt ceterae, paucae 
 et parvae et metu repressae silent, una laudat : — ^hoc quid 
 est nisi intellegere, quid habeat utilitatis vera laudatio, 
 sed tamen ita provinciae praefuisse, ut hac utilitate neces- 
 
 58 sario sit carendum % deinde, quod alio loco antea dixi, 
 quae est ista tandem laudatio, cuius laudationis legati 
 et principes et publice tibi navem aedificatam et privatim 
 se ipsos abs te spoliatos expilatosque esse dixerunt ? Pos- 
 tremo quid aliud isti faciunt, cum te soli ex Sicilia laudant, 
 nisi testitnonio nobis sunt, omnia te sibi esse largitum, 
 quae tu de re publica nostra detraxeris % quae colonia est 
 in Italia tam bono iure, quod tam immune municipium, 
 quod per hosce annos tam commoda vacatione omnium 
 
24. 60] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 25 
 
 rerum sit usum quam Mamertina civitas ? per triennium 
 soli, ex foedere quod debuerunt, non dederunt; soli isto 
 praetore omnium rerum immunes fuerunt; soli in istius 
 imperio ea condicione vixerunt, ut populo Eomano nihil 
 darent, Verri nihil negarent. 
 
 Verum ut ad classem, quo ex loco sum digressus, re- 23 
 vertar, accepisti a Mamertinis navem contra leges, remisisti 59 
 contra foedera. Ita in una civitate bis improbus fuisti, 
 cum et remisisti quod non oportebat, et accepisti quod 
 non licebat. Exigere te oportuit navem, quae contra 
 praedones, non quae cum praeda navigaret, quae defen- 
 deret ne provincia spoliaretur, non quae provinciae spolia 
 portaret. Mamertini tibi et urbem, quo furta undique 
 deportares, et navem, in qua exportares, praebuerunt ; 
 iUud tibi oppidum receptaculum praedae fuit, illi homines 
 testes custodesque furtorum, illi tibi et locum furtis et 
 furtorum vehiculum comparaverunt. Itaque ne turn qui- 
 dem, cum classem avaritia ac nequitia tua perdidisti, 
 Mamertinis navem imperare ausus es : quo tempore in 
 tanta inopia navium tantaque calamitate provinciae, etiam 
 si precario essent rogandi, tamen ab eis impetraretur. 
 Reprimebat enim tibi et imperandi vim et rogandi cona- 
 tum praeclara Ula, non populo Romano reddita biremis, 
 sed praetori donata cybaea : ea fuit merces imperii, auxilii, 
 iuris, consuetudinis, foederis. 
 
 Habetis unius civitatis firmum auxilium amissum ac 60 
 venditum pretio : cognoscite nunc novam praedandi ra- 
 tionem, ab hoc primum excogitatam. Sumptum omnem 24 
 in classem frumento, stipendio ceterisque rebus suo quae- 
 que nauarcho civitas semper dare solebat. Is neque ut 
 accusaretur a nautis committere audebat, et civibus suis 
 
26 M. T. CICERONIS ACTIONIS [24.61 
 
 rationes referre debebat, et in illo omni negotio non modo 
 labore sed etiam periculo suo versabatur. Erat hoc, ut 
 dico, factitatum semper, nee solum in Sicilia, sed in omni- 
 bus provinciis, etiam in sociorum et Latinorum stipendio 
 ac sumptu, tum cum illorum auxiliis uti solebamus : Verres 
 post imperium constitutum primus imperavit, ut ea peeunia 
 - omnis a civltatibus sibi adnumeraretur, ut is earn pecuniam 
 
 6i tractaret, quern ipse praefecisset. Cui potest esse dubium, 
 quam ob rem et omnium consuetudinem veterem primus 
 immutaris et tantam utilitatem per alios tractandae pe- 
 cuniae neglexeris et tantam difficultatem cum crimine, 
 molestiam cum suspicione susceperis ? deinde alii quaestus 
 instituuntur, ex uno genere navali videte quam multi: 
 accipere a civitatibus pecuniam, ne nautas darent ; pretio 
 certo missos facere nautas; missorum. omne stipendium 
 
 25 lucrari ; reliquis quod deberet non dare. Haec omnia ex 
 
 62 civitatum testimoniis cognoscite. Recita testimonium. 
 Huncine hominem ! hancine impudentiam, indices ! banc 
 audaciam ! Civitatibus pro numero militum pecuniarum 
 summas discribere ! certum pretium, sescenos nummos, 
 nautarum missionis constituere ! quos qui dedera*, com- 
 meatum totius aestatis abstulerat; iste, quod eius nautae 
 nomine pro stipendio frumentoque acceperat, lucrabatur: 
 ita quaestus duplex unius missionis fiebat. Atque haec 
 homo amentissimus in tanto praedonum impetu tantoque 
 periculo provinciae sic palam faciebat, ut et ipsi praedones 
 scirent et tota provincia testis esset. 
 
 63 Cum propter istius banc avaritiam nomine classis esset 
 in Sicilia, re quidem vera naves inanes, quae praedam 
 praetori, non quae praedonibus metum adferrent, tamen 
 cum P. Caesetius et P. Tadius decem navibus suis semi- 
 
26. 65] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 27 
 
 plenis navigarent, navem quandam piratarum praeda re- 
 fertam non ceperunt sed abduxerunt, onere suo plane 
 captam atque depressam. Erat ea navis plena iuventutis 
 formosissimae, plena argenti facti atque signati, multa 
 cum stragula veste. Haec una navis a classe nostra non 
 capta est sed inventa ad Megaridem, qui locus est non 
 longe a Syracusis. Quod ubi isti nuntiatum est, tametsi 
 in acta cum muKercuIis iacebat ebrius, erexit se tamen et 
 statim quaestori legatoque suo custodes misit complures, 
 ut omnia sibi integra quam primum exhiberentur. Ad- 64 
 pelKtur navis Syracusas ; exspectatur ab omnibus sup- 
 plicium ; iste, quasi praeda sibi advecta, non praedonibus 
 captis, si qui senes ac deformes erant, eos in hostium 
 numero ducit ; qui aliquid formae, aetatis artificiique habe- 
 bant, abducit omnes ; nonnullos scribis suis, fiKo cohorti- 
 que distribuit, symphoniacos homines sex cuidam amico 
 suo Romam muneri misit. Nox ilia tota in exinaniunda 
 nave consumitur. Archipiratam ipsum videt nemo, de 
 quo supplicium sumi oportuit. Hodie omnes sic habent 
 — quid eius sit, vos coniectura adsequi debetis — , istum 
 clam a piratis ob hunc archipiratam peeuniam accepisse. 
 ' Coniectura est.' ludex esse bonus nemo potest, qui 26 
 suspicione certa non movetur. Hominem nostis, consue- 65 
 tudinem omnium tenetis, qui ducem praedonum aut' 
 hostium ceperit, quam libenter eum palam ante oculos 
 omnium esse patiatur : hominem in tanto conventu Syra- 
 cusis vidi neminem, iudices, qui archipiratam captum sese 
 vidisse diceret, cum omnes, ut mos est, ut solet fieri, 
 concurrerent, quaererent, videre cuperent. Quid accidit, 
 cur tanto opere iste homo occultaretur, ut eum ne casu 
 quidem quisquam aspicere posset ? homines maritimi 
 
28 M. T. CICERONIS ACTIONIS [26.66 
 
 Syracusis, qui saepe istius ducis nomen audissent, saepe 
 timuissent, cum eius cruciatu atque supplicio pascere oculos 
 animumque exsaturare vellent, potestas aspiciendi nemini 
 
 66 facta est. Unus plures praedonum duces vivos cepit 
 P. Servilius quam omnes antea : ecquando igitur isto 
 fructu quisquam caruit, ut videre piratam captum non 
 liceret ? at contra, quacunque iter fecit, hoc iucundissimum 
 spectaculum omnibus vinctorum captorumque hostium 
 praebebat; itaque ei concursus fiebant undique, ut non 
 modo ex eis oppidis, qua ducebantur, sed etiam ex fini- 
 timis visendi causa convenirent. Ipse au^em triumphus 
 quam ob rem omnium triumphorum gratissimus populo 
 Eomano fuit et iucundissimus % Quia nihil est victoria 
 
 • dulcius, nullum est autem testimonium victoriae certius 
 quam, quos saepe metueris, eos te vinctos ad suppUcium 
 
 67 duci videre. Hoc tu quam ob rem non f ecisti ? Quam ob 
 rem ita pirata iste occultatus est, quasi eum aspici nefas 
 esset % Quam ob rem supplicium non sumpsisti ? Quam ob 
 causam hominem reservasti \ Ecquem scis in Sicilia antea 
 captum archipiratam, qui non securi percussus sit % Unum 
 cedo auctorem tui facti, unius profer exemplum. Vivum tu 
 archipiratam servabas : quo \ per triumphum, credo, quem 
 ante currum tuum duceres : neque enim quicquam erat 
 reliqmim, nisi uti classe populi Eomani pulcherrima amissa 
 provinciaque lacerata triumphus tibi navalis decerneretur. 
 
 Age porro, custodiri ducem praedonum novo more quam 
 27 securi feriri omnium exemplo magis placuit : quae sunt 
 
 68 istae custodiae ? Apud quos homines % Quem ad modum 
 est adservatus % Lautumias Syracusanas omnes audistis, 
 plerique nostis. Opus est ingens, magnificum, regum ac 
 tyrannorum : totum est e saxo in mirandam altitudinem 
 
28. 71] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 29 
 
 depresso et multorum opens penitus excise; nihil tarn 
 clausum ad exitum, nihil tarn saeptum undique, nihil tarn 
 tutum ad custodiam nee fieri nee cogitari potest. In has 
 lautumias, si qui publico custodiendi sunt, etiam ex ceteris 
 oppidis Siciliae deduci imperantur. Eo quod multos cap- 69 
 tivos Homanos coniecerat, quod eodem ceteros piratas condi 
 imperarat, 'intellexit, si hunc subditivum archipiratam in 
 eandem custodiam dedisset, fore, ut a multis in lautumiis 
 verus ille dux quaereretur. Itaque hominem huic optimae 
 tutissimaeque custodiae non audet committerej denique 
 Syracusas totas timet : amandat hOminem — quo % ' Lily- 
 baeum fortasse ? ' Video : tamen homines maritimos non 
 plane reformidat. Minime, indices. 'Panhormum igitur?' 
 Audio; quamquam Syracusis, quoniam in Syracusano captus 
 erat, maxime, si minus supplicio adfici, at custodiri oporte- 
 bat. Ne Panhormum quidem. Quo igitur ? Quo putatis 1 70 
 Ad homines a piratarum metu et suspicione alienissimos, a 
 navigando rebusque maritimis remotissimos, ad Centuripinos, 
 homines maxime mediterraneos, summos aratores, qui 
 nomen nunquam timuissent maritimi praedonis, unum te 
 praetore horruissent Apronium, terrestrem archipiratam; 
 et ut quivis facile perspiceret id ab isto actum esse, ut ille 
 suppositus facile et libenter se ilium, qui non erat, esse 
 simularet, imperat Centuripinis, uti victu ceterisque rebus 
 quam liberalissime commodissimeque adhiberetur. 
 
 Interea Syracusani, homines periti et humani, qui non 28 
 modo ea, quae perspicua essent, videre, verum etiam occulta 71 
 suspicari possent, habebant rationem omnium cotidie 
 piratarum, qui secxiri ferirentur: quam multos esse opor- 
 teret, ex ipso navigio, quod erat captum, et ex remorum 
 numero coniciebant. Iste quod omnes, qui artificii aliquid 
 
30 M. T. CICERONIS ACriONI^ [38.72 
 
 habuerant aut formae, abduxerat, reliquos si, ut consuetude 
 est, universos ad palum adligasset, clamorem populi fore 
 suspicabatur, cum tanto plures abducti essent quam relicti. 
 Propter banc causam cum instituisset alios alio tempore 
 producere, tamen in tanto conventu nemo erat, quin 
 rationem numerumque haberet et reliquos non desideraret 
 
 72 solum, sed etiam posceret et flagitaret. Cum magnus 
 numerus deesset, tum iste bomo nefarius in eorum locum, 
 quos domum suam de piratis abduxerat, substituere et 
 supponere coepit cives Eomanos, quos in carcerem antea 
 coniecerat ; quorum alios Sertorianos milites fuisse insimu- 
 labat et ex Hispania fugientes ad Siciliam adpulsos esse 
 dicebat; alios, qui a praedonibus capti erant, cum mer- 
 caturas facerent aut aliquam ob causam navigarent, sua 
 voluntate cum piratis fuisse arguebat. Itaque alii cives 
 Romani, ne cognoscerentur, involutis e carcere capitibus ad 
 palum atque ad necem rapiebantur; alii, cum a multis 
 civibus Eomanis cognoscerentur, ab omnibus defenderentur, 
 securi feriebantur. Quorum ego de acerbissima morte 
 crudelissimoque cruciatu dicam, cum eum locum tractare 
 coepero, et ita dicam, ut, si me in ea querimonia, quam sum 
 habiturus de istius crudelitate et de civium Eomanorum 
 indignissima morte, non modo vires, verum etiam vita 
 
 73 deficiat, id mihi praeclarum et iucundum putem. Haec 
 igitur est gesta res, haec victoria praeclara : myoparone 
 piratico capto dux liberatus, symphoniaci Eomam missi; 
 formosi homines et adulescentes et artifices domum abducti, 
 in eorum locum et ad eorum numerum cives Eomani 
 hostilem in modum cruciati et necati ; omnis vestis sublata, 
 omne aurum et argentum ablatum et aversum. 
 
 29 At quem ad modum ipse se induit priore actione % Qui 
 
29.75] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 31 
 
 tot dies tacuisset, repente in M. Annii, hominis splendidis- 
 simi, testimonio, cum is civem Romanum dixisset, archipi- 
 ratam negasset securi esse percussum, exsiluit, conscientia 
 sceleris et furore ex maleficiis concepto excitatus : dixit se, 
 quod sciret sibi crimini datum iri pecuniam accepisse neque 
 de vero archipirata sumpsisse supplicium, ideo se securi non 
 percussisse; domi esse apud sese archipiratas dixit duos. 
 clementiam populi Romani seu potius patientiam miram 74 
 ac singularem ! Civem Romanum securi esse percussum 
 M. Amiius, eques Romanus, dicit: taces; archipiratam 
 negat : fateris. Fit gemitus omnium et clamor, cum tamen 
 a praesenti supplicio tuo continuit populus Romanus se et 
 repressit, et salutis suae rationem iudicum severitati reser- 
 vavit. Quid ? Sciebas tibi crimini datum iri % Quam ob 
 rem sciebas % Quam ob rem etiam suspicabare ? Inimicum 
 habebas neminem; si haberes, tamen non ita vixeras, ut 
 metum iudicii propositum habere deberes. An te, id quod 
 fieri solet, conscientia timidum suspiciosumque f aciebat ? Qui 
 igitur, cum esses cum imperio, iam tum crimen et iudicium 
 horrueris, hie cum tot testibus coarguare, potesde damnatione 
 dubitare ? Verum si crimen hoc metuebas, ne quis sup- 75 
 positum abs te esse diceret, qui pro archipirata securi 
 feriretur : utrum tandem tibi ad def ensionem firmius fore 
 putasti, in iudicio coactu atque efflagitatu meo producere 
 ad ignotos tanto post eum, quem archipiratam esse diceres, 
 an recenti re, Syracusis, apud notos, inspectante Sicilia 
 paene tota, securi ferire % Vide, quid intersit, utrum facien- 
 dum fuerit. In illo reprehensio nulla esset ; hie defensio 
 nulla est. Itaque illud semper omnes fecerunt ; hoc quis 
 ante te, quis praeter te fecerit, quaere. Piratam vivum 
 tenuisti ; quem ad finem % Dum cum imperio fuisti ? Quam 
 
32 M. T. CICERO ms ACTIONIS [39. 76 
 
 ob causam ? Quo exemplo 'i Cur tarn diu ? Cur, inquam, 
 civibus Romanis, quos piratae ceperant, securi statim per- 
 cussis, ipsis piratis lucis usuram tain diuturnam dedisti ? 
 
 76 Verum esto; sit tibi illud liberum omne tempus, quoad cum 
 imperio fuisti : etiamne privatus, etiamne reus, etiamne 
 paene damnatus hostium duces privata in domo retinuisti ? 
 Unum, alterum mensem, prope annum denique domi tuae 
 piratae, a quo tempore capti sunt, quoad per me licitum 
 est, fuerunt J hoc est, quoad per M'. Glabrionem licitum est, 
 qui postulante me produci atque in carcerem condi impera- 
 
 30 vit. Quod est huiusce rei ius ? Quae consuetudo % Quod 
 exemplum ? Hostem acerrimum atque inf estissimum 
 populi Eomani seu potius communem hostem gentium 
 nationumque omnium quisquam omnium mortalium priva- 
 
 77 tus intra moenia domi suae retinere poterit ? Quid ? Si 
 pridie, quam a me tu coactus es confiteri, civibus Romanis 
 securi percussis praedonum ducem vivere, habitare apud 
 te : si, inquam, pridie domo tua profugisset, si aliquam 
 manum contra rem publicam facere potuisset, quid diceres ? 
 ' Apud me habitavit, mecum fuit j ego ilium ad iudicium 
 meum, quo facHius crimen inimicorum diluere possem, 
 vivum atque incolumem reservavi.' Itane vero ? Tu tua , 
 pericula communi periculo defendes ? Tu supplicia, quae 
 debentur hostibus victis, ad tuum, non ad rei publicae 
 tempus conferes \ Populi Romani hostis privati hominis 
 custodiis adservabitur \ At etiam qui triumphant eoque 
 diutius vivos hostium duces reservant, ut his per triumphum 
 ductis pulcherrimum spectaculum fructumque victoriae 
 populus Romanus percipere possit, tamen, cum de foro in 
 Capitolium currus flectere incipiunt, illos duci in carcerem 
 iubent, idemque dies et victoribus imperii et victis vitae 
 
31, 80] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 33 
 
 finem facit. Et nunc cuiquam credo esse dubium, quin tu 78 
 id commissurus non fueris — praesertim cum statuisses, ut 
 ais, tibi causam esse dicendam — , ut ille archipirata non 
 potius securi f eriretur, quam, quod erat ante oculos positum, 
 tuo periculo viveret ! Si enim esset mortuus, tu, qui 
 crimen ais te metuisse, quaero, cui probares ? Cum constaret 
 istum Syracusis a liuUo visum esse [archipiratam], ab omni- 
 bus desideratum ; cum dubitaret nemo, quin abs te pecunia 
 liberatus esset ; cum volgo loquerentur suppositum in eius 
 locum, quem pro illo probare velles ; cum tu te fassus esses 
 id crimen tanto ante metuisse : si eum diceres esse mor- 
 tuum, quis te audiret ? Nunc, cum vivum nescio quem 79 
 istum producis, tamen te derideri vides ; quid ? Si aufu- 
 gisset, si vincla rupisset ita, ut Nico ille nobilissimus pirata 
 fecit, quem P. Servilius, qua felicitate ceperat, eadem 
 recuperavit, quid diceres % Verum hoc erat : si ille semel 
 verus pirata securi percussus esset, pecuniam Ulam non 
 haberes ; si hie falsus esset mortuus aut profugisset, non 
 esset difficile alium in suppositi locum supponere. Plura 
 dixi, quam volui, de illo archipirata; et tamen ea, quae 
 certissima sunt huius criminis argumenta, praetermisi. Volo 
 enim esse totum mihi crimen hoc integrum. Est certus 
 locus, certa lex, certum tribunal, quo hoc reservetur. 
 
 Hac tanta praeda auctus, mancipiis, argento, veste locu- 31 
 pletatus, niHlo diligentior ad classem ornandam, milites 80 
 revocandos alendosque esse coepit, cum ea res non solum 
 provinciae saluti, verum etiam ipsi praedae posset esse. 
 Nam aestate summa, quo tempore ceteri praetores obire 
 provinciam et concursare consuerunt aut etiam in tanto 
 praedonum metu et periculo ipsi navigare, eo tempore ad 
 luxuriem libidinesque suas domo sua regia [quae regis 
 
 C 
 
34 M. T. CICERONIS ACTIONIS [31.81 
 
 Hieronis fuit, qua praetores uti solent], contentus non fuit: 
 tabernacula, quern ad modum consuerat temporibus aestivis, 
 quod antea demonstravi, carbaseis intenta velis collocari 
 iussit in litore, quod est litus in Insula Syracusis post 
 Arethusae fontem, propter ipsum introitum atque ostium 
 
 8i portus, amoeno sane et ab arbitris remote loco. Hie dies 
 aestivos tot continuos populi Eomani praetor, custos defen- 
 sorque provinciae, sic vixit, ut muliebria cotidie convivia 
 essent, vir accubaret nemo praeter ipsum et praetextatum 
 filium — tametsi sine exceptione dixeram virum, cum isti 
 essent, neminem fuisse — ; nonnunquam etiam libertus 
 Timarchides adhibebatur; mulieres autem nuptae nobiles 
 praeter unam mimi Isidori filiam, quam iste propter amorem 
 ab Ebodio tibicine abduxerart : erat Pipa quaedam, uxor 
 Aeschrionis Syracusani, de qua muliere plurimi versus, qui 
 in istius cupiditatem facti sunt, tota Sicilia percelebrantur ; 
 
 82 erat Nice, facie eximia, ut praedicatur, uxor Cleomeni 
 Syracusani. Hanc vir [Cleomenes] amabat ; verum tamen 
 huius libidini adversari nee poterat nee audebat, et simul 
 ab isto donis beneficiisque multis devineiebatur. lUo autem 
 tempore iste, tametsi ea est hominis impudentia, quam 
 nostis, ipse tamen cum vir esset Syracusis, uxorem eius 
 parum poterat animo soluto ac libero tot in acta dies secum 
 habere. Itaque excogitat rem singularem : naves, quibus 
 legatus praefuerat, Cleomeni tradit ; classi populi Eomani 
 Cleomenem Syracusanum praeesse iubet atque imperare. 
 Hoc eo facit, ut ille non solum abesset a domo, dum navi- 
 garet, sed etiam libenter cum magno honore beneficioque 
 abesset; ipse autem remoto atque ablegato viro non 
 liberius quam antea ^ — quis enim unquam istius libidini 
 obstitit ? — sed paullo solutiore tamen animo secum illam 
 
32. 84] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 35 
 
 haberet, si non tamquam virum, at tamquam aemulum 
 removisset. 
 
 Accipit naves sociorum atque amicorum Cleomenes Syra- 32 
 cusanus. Quid primum aut accusem aut querar % Siculone 83 
 homini legati, quaestoris, praetoris denique potestatem, 
 honorem, auctoritatem dari ? Si te impediebat ista con- 
 viviorum mulierumque occupatio, ubi quaestores % Ubi 
 legati % [Ubi ternis denariis aestimatum f rumentum % Ubi 
 muli ? Ubi tabernacula % Ubi tot tantaque ornamenta 
 magistratibus et legatis a senatu populoque Eomano 
 permissa et data V[ Denique ubi praefecti, ubi tribuni tui % 
 Si civis Eomanus dignus isto negotio nemo fuit, quid civi- 
 tates, quae in amicitia fideque populi Romani perpetuo 
 manserant % Ubi Segestana, ubi Centuripina civitas % 
 Quae cum officiis, iide, vetustate, tum etiam cognatione 
 populum Romanum attingunt. di immortales ! Quid ? 84 
 "Si barum ipsarum civitatum militibus, navibus, nauarchis 
 Syracusanus Cleomenes iussus est imperare, non omnis 
 honos ab isto dignitatis, aequitatis officiique sublatus est ? 
 Ecquod in Sicilia bellum gessimus quin Centuripinis sociis, 
 Syracusanis hostibus uteremur % Atque ego haec ad 
 memoriam vetustatis, non ad contumeliam civitatis referri 
 volo. Itaque ille vir clarissimus summusque imperator, 
 M. MarceUus, cuius virtute captae, misericordia conservatae 
 sunt Syracusae, babitare in ea parte urbis, quae in Insula 
 est, Syracusanum neminem voluit: hodie, inquam, Syra- 
 cusanum in ea parte habitare non licet. Est enim locus, 
 quern vel pauci possint defendere. Committere igitur eum 
 non iidelissimis hominibus noluit, simul quod ab ilia parte 
 urbis navibus aditus ex alto est. Quam ob rem, qui nostros 
 exercitus saepe excluserant, eis claustra loci committenda 
 
36 M. T. CICERONIS ACTIONIS [32.85 
 
 85 non existimavit. Vide quid intersit inter tuam libidinem 
 maiorumque auctoritatem, inter amorem furoremque tuum 
 et illorum consilium atque prudehtiam. Illi aditum litoris 
 Syraeusanis ademerunt: tu imperium maritimum conces- 
 sistij illi habitare in eo loco Syracusanum, qua naves 
 accedere possent, noluerunt : tu classi et navibus Syra- 
 cusanum praeesse voluisti; quibus illi urbis suae partem 
 ademerunt, eis tu nostri imperii partem dedisti, et, quorum 
 sociorum opera Syracusani nobis dicto audientes sunt, eos 
 Syracusano dicto audientes esse iussisti. 
 
 33 Egreditur in Oenturipina quadriremi Cleomenes e portu ; 
 
 86 sequitur Segestana navis, Tyndaritana, Herbitensis, Hera- 
 cliensis, Apolloniensis, Haluntina, praeclara classis in 
 speciem, sed inops et infirma propter dimissionem pro- 
 pugnatorum atque remigum. Tam diu in imperio suo 
 classem iste praetor diligens vidit, quam diu convivium 
 eius flagitiosissimum praetervecta est; ipse autem, qui 
 visus multis diebus non esset, turn se tamen in conspectum 
 nautis paullisper dedit. Stetit soleatus praetor populi 
 Eomani cum pallio purpureo tunicaque talari, muliercula 
 nixus, in litore. lam hoc istum vestitu Siculi civesque 
 
 87 Romani permulti saepe viderant. Postea quam pauUum 
 provecta classis est et Pachynum quinto die denique 
 adpulsa, nautae coacti fame radices palmarum agrestium, 
 quarum erat in illis locis, sicuti in magna parte Siciliae, 
 multitudo, coUigebant et eis miseri perditique alebantur. 
 Cleomenes autem, qui alterum se Verrem cum luxuria ac 
 nequitia, turn etiam imperio putaret, similiter totos dies in 
 
 34 litore tabernaculo posito perpotabat. Ecce autem repente, 
 ebrio Cleomene, esurientibus ceteris, nuntiatur piratarum 
 esse naves in portu Odysseae — nam ita is locus nominatur 
 
34. 90] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 37 
 
 — ; nostra autem classis erat in portu Pachyni. Cleomenes 
 autem, quod erat terrestre praesidium, non re sed nomine, 
 speravit eis militibus, quos ex eo loco deduxisset, explere 
 se numerum nautarum et remigum posse : reperta est 
 eadem istius hominis avarissimi ratio in praesidiis quae 
 in classibus; nam erant perpauci reliqui, ceteri dimissi. 
 Princeps Cleomenes in quadriremi Centuripina malum 88 
 erigi, vela fieri, praecidi ancoras imperavit,- et simul, ut 
 se ceteri sequerentur, signum dari iussit. Haec Centuripina 
 navis erat incredibili celeritate vebs ; nam scire isto prae- 
 tore nemo poterat, quid quaeque navis remis facere posset, 
 etsi in hac quadriremi, propter honorem et gratiam 
 Cleomenis, minime multi remiges et milites deerant. 
 Evolarat iam e conspectu fere fugiens quadriremis, cum 
 etiamtum ceterae naves uno in loco moliebantur. Erat 89 
 animus in reliquis : quamquam erant pauci, quoquo modo 
 res se habebat, pugnare tamen se velle clamabant, et, quod 
 reliquum vitae viriumque fames f ecerat, id f erro potissimum 
 reddere volebant. Quodsi Cleomenes non tanto ante 
 fugisset, aliqua tamen ad resistendum ratio fuisset ; erat 
 enim sola Ula navis constrata et ita magna, ut propugnaculo 
 ceteris posset esse : quae si in praedonum pugna versaretur 
 urbis instar habere inter illos piraticos myoparones videretur; 
 sed turn inopes, relicti ab duce praefectoque classis, eundem 
 necessario cursum tenere coeperunt. Helorum versus, ut 90 
 ipse Cleomenes, ita ceteri navigabant ; neque ei tam prae- 
 donum impetum fugiebant, quam imperatorem sequebantur. 
 Tum ut quisque in fuga postremus, ita in periculo princeps 
 erat; postremam enim quamque navem piratae primam 
 adoriebantur. Ita prima Haluntinorum navis capitur, cui 
 praeerat Haluntinus homo nobilis, Phylarchus, quern ab 
 
38 M. T. CICERONIS ACTIONIS [35.91 
 
 illis praedonibus Locrenses postea publics redemerunt ; ex 
 
 quo vos priore actions iurato rem omnem causamque 
 
 cognostis. Deinde ApoUoniensis navis capitur et eius 
 
 35 praefectus Anthropinus occiditur. Haec dum aguntur, 
 
 91 interea Oleomenes iam ad Helori litus pervenerat, iam sese 
 in terram e navi eiecerat quadrirememque fluctuantem in 
 salo reliquerat. EeKqui praefecti navium, cum in terram 
 imperator exisset, cum ipsi neque repugnare neque rnari 
 eflPugere ullo modo possent, adpulsis ad Helorum navibus 
 Cleomenem persecuti sunt. Turn praedonum dux Heracleo, 
 repente, praeter spem, non sua virtute sed istius avaritia 
 nequitiaque victor, classem pulcherrimam populi Romani 
 in litus expulsam et eiectam, cum primum invesperasceret, 
 
 92 inflammari incendique iussit. tempus miserum atque 
 acerbum provinciae SicUiae ! casum ilium multis inno- 
 centibus calamitosum atque funestum ! istius nequitiam 
 ac turpitudinem singularem ! Una atque eadem nox erat, 
 qua praetor amoris turpissimi ilamma, classis populi 
 Romani praedonum incendio conflagrabat. Adfertur nocte 
 intempesta gravis huiusce mali nuntius Syracusas ; curritur 
 ad praetorium, quo istum ex illo praeclaro convivio re- 
 duxerant paullo ante mulieres cum cantu atque sympbonia. 
 Cleomenes, quamquam nox erat, tamen in publico esse non 
 audet: includit se domi, — neque aderat uxor, quae consolari 
 
 93 hominem in malis posset. Huius autem praeclari impera- 
 toris ita erat severa domi disciplina, ut in re tanta et tam 
 gravi nuntio nemo admitteretur, nemo esset qui auderet 
 aut dormientem excitare aut interpellare vigilantem. Iam 
 vero re ab omnibus cognita concursabat urbe tota maxima 
 multitudo ; non enim, sicut erat antea semper consuetudo, 
 praedonum adventum significabat ignis e specula sublatus 
 
37. 96] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 39 
 
 aut tumulo, sed flamma ex ipso incendio navium et 
 calamitatem acceptam et periculum reliquum nuntiabat. 
 Cum praetor quaereretur et constaret neminem ei nuntiasse, 36 
 fit ad domum eius cum clamore concursus atque impetus. 94 
 Tum iste excitatus audit rem omnem ex Timarchide ; 
 sagum sumit. Lucebat iam fere : procedit in medium, 
 vini, somni, stupri plenus. Excipitur ab omnibus eius 
 modi clamore, ut ei Lampsaceni periculi similitudo 
 versaretur ante oculos. Hoc etiam mains hoc videbatur, 
 quod in odio simili multitudo hominum haec erat maxima. 
 Tum istius acta commemorabatur, tum flagitiosa ilia con- 
 vivia j tum appellabantur a multitudine mulieres nominatim; 
 tum quaerebant ex isto palam, tot dies continuos, per quos 
 nunquam visus esset, ubi fuisset, quid egisset; tum im- 
 perator ab isto praepositus Cleomenes flagitabatur ; neque 
 quicquam propius est factum, quam ut illud Uticense 
 exemplum de Hadriano transferretur Syracusas, ut duo 
 sepulcra duorum praetorum improborum duabus in pro- 
 vinciis constituerentur. Verum habita est a multitudine 
 ratio temporis, habita tumultus, habita etiam dignitatis 
 existimationisque communis, quod is est conventus Syracusis 
 civium Eomanorum, ut non modo ilia provincia, verum 
 etiam hac re publica dignissimus existimetur. Confirmant 95 
 ipsi se, cum hie etiam tum semisomnus stuperet ; arma 
 capiunt; totum forum atque Insulam, quae est lu-bis magna 
 pars, complent. Unam illam noctem solam praedones ad 
 Helorum commorati, cum fumantes etiam nostras naves 
 reliquissent, accedere incipiunt ad Syracusas : qui videlicet 
 saepe audissent nihil esse pulchrius quam Syracusarum 
 moenia ac portus, statuerant se, si ea Verre praetore non 
 vidissent, nunquam esse visuros. Ac primo ad ilia aestiva 37 
 
40 M. T. CICERONIS ACTIONIS [37.97 
 
 96 praetoris accedunt, ipsam illam ad partem litoris, ubi iste 
 per eos dies tabernaculis positis castra luxxiriae coUocarat. 
 Quern postea quam inanem locum offenderunt et praetorem 
 commovisse ex eo loco castra senserunt, statim sine uUo 
 metu in ipsum portum penetrare coeperunt, Cum in 
 portum dico, iudices, — explanandum est enim diligentius 
 eorum causa, qui locum ignorant — in.urbem dico atque in 
 urbis intimam partem venisse piratas. Non enim portu 
 illud oppidum clauditur, sed urbe portus ipse cingitur et 
 continetur, ut non adluantur mari moenia extrema, sed ipse 
 
 97 influat in urbis sinum portus. Hie te praetore Heracleo 
 pirata cum quattuor parvis myoparonibus ad arbitrium 
 suum navigavit. Pro di immortales ! Piraticus myoparo, 
 cum imperii populi Eomani nomen ac fasces essent Syra- 
 cusis, usque ad forum Syracusanum et ad omnes crepidines 
 urbis accessit : quo neque Karthaginiensium gloriosissimae 
 classes, cum mari plurimum poterant, multis bellis saepe 
 conatae, unquam aspirare potuemnt, neque populi Romani 
 invicta ante te praetorem gloria ilia navalis unquam tot 
 Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis penetrare potuit ; qui locus 
 eius modi est, ut ante Syracusani in moenibus suis, in urbe, 
 in foro hostem armatum ac victorem quam in portu uUam 
 
 98 hostium navem viderint. Hie te praetore praedonum 
 naviculae pervagatae sunt, quo Atheniensium classis sola 
 post hominum memoriam trecentis navibus vi ac multitudine 
 invasit; quae in eo ipso portu, loci ipsius natura, victa 
 atque superata est. Hie primum opes illius civitatis 
 comminutae depressaeque sunt; in hoc portu Athenien- 
 sium nobilitatis, imperii, gloriae naufragium factum existi- 
 
 38 matur. Eone pirata penetravit, quo simul atque adisset, 
 non modo a latere, sed etiam a tergo magnam partem urbis 
 
38. 101] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 41 
 
 relinqueret? Insulam totam praetervectus est, quae est 
 urbs Syracusis suo nomine ac moenibus, quo in loco maiores, 
 ut ante dixi, Syracusanum habitare vetuerunt, quod, qui 
 illam partem urbis tenerent, in eorum potestate portum 
 futurum intellegebant. At quern ad modum est pervagatus ! 99 
 Eadices palmarum agrestium, quas in nostris navibus in- 
 venerant, iactabant, ut omnes istius improbitatem et 
 calamitatem Siciliae possent cognoscere. Siculosne milites, 
 aratorumne liberos, quorum patres tantum labore suo 
 frumenti exarabant, ut populo Eomano totique Italiae 
 suppeditare possent, eosne, in insula Cereris natos, ubi 
 primum fruges inventae esse dicuntur, eo cibo esse usos, a 
 quo maiores eorum ceteros quoque frugibus inventis re- 
 moverunt ? Te praetore Siculi milites palmarum stirpibus, 
 piratae Siculo frumento alebantur % spectaculum miserum 100 
 atque acerbum : ludibrio esse urbis gloriam, populi Eomani 
 nomen, hominum [honestissimorum] conventum atque 
 multitudinem piratico myoparoni ! In portu Syracusano 
 de classe populi Eomani triumphum agere piratam, cum 
 praetoris inertissimi nequissimique oculos praedonum remi 
 respergerent ! 
 
 Postea quam e portu piratae non metu aliquo adfecti sed 
 satietate exierunt, tum coeperunt quaerere homines causam 
 illius tantae calamitatis. Dicere omnes et palam disputare 
 minime esse mirandum, si, remigibus militibusque dimissis, 
 reliquis egestate et fame perditis, praetore tot dies cum 
 mulierculis perpotante, tanta ignominia et calamitas esset 
 accepta. Haec autem istius vituperatio atque infamia loi 
 coniirmabatur eorum sermone, qui a suis civitatibus illis 
 navibus praepositi fuerant. Qui ex illo numero reliqui 
 Syracusas classe amissa refugerant, dicebant, quot ex sua 
 
42 M. T. CICERO NIS ACTIO NIS [39. 102 
 
 quisque nave missos sciret esse. Ees erat clara, neque solum 
 argumentis sed etiam certis testibus istius audacia tenebatur. 
 
 39 Homo certior fit agi nihil in foro et conventu toto die nisi 
 hoc; quaeri ex nauarchis, quem ad modum classis sit 
 amissa ; illos respondere et docere unum quemque, missione 
 remigum, fame reliquorum, Cleomenis timore et fuga. Quod 
 postea quam iste cognovit, hanc rationem habere coepit. 
 Causam sibi dicendaifl esse statuerat iam ante quam hoc 
 usu venit, ita ut ipsum priore actione dicere audistis. 
 Videbat Ulis nauarchis testibus tantum hoc crimen sustinere 
 se nullo modo posse. Consilium capit prime stultum, 
 
 102 verum tamen clemens. Nauarchos ad se vocari iubet ; 
 veniunt: accusat eos, quod eius modi de se sermones 
 habuerint ; rogat, ut in sua quisque dicat navi se tantum 
 habuisse nautarum quantum oportuerit, neque quemquam 
 esse dimissum. lUi enim vero se ostendunt, quod vellet, 
 esse facturos. Iste non procrastinat ; advooat amicos 
 statim; quaerit ex illis singiUatim, quot quisque nautas 
 habuerit; respondet unus quisque, ut erat praeceptum. 
 Iste in tabulas i-ef ert ; obsignat signis amicorum providens 
 homo, ut contra hoc crimen, si quando opus esset, hac 
 
 103 videlicet testificatione uteretur. Derisum esse credo 
 hominem amentem a suis consiliariis et admonitum hasce ei 
 tabulas nihil profuturas; etiam plus ex nimia praetoris 
 diligentia suspicionis in eo crimine futurum. Iam iste erat 
 hac stultitia multis in rebus usus, ut publice quoque, quae 
 vellet, in litteris civitatum et tolli et referri iuberet : quae 
 omnia nunc intellegit sibi nihil prodesse, postea quam certis 
 
 40 litteris, testibus auctoritatibusque convincitur. Ubi hoc 
 videt, illorum confessionem, testiflcationem suarii, tabellas 
 sibi nullo adiumento futuras, init consilium, non improbi 
 
41. 106] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 43 
 
 praetoris — nam id quidem esset ferendum — , sed 
 importuni atque amentis tyranni : statuit, si hoc crimen 
 extenuari vellet — nam omnino tolli posse non arbitrabatur 
 — nauarchos omnes, testes sui sceleris, vita esse privandos. 
 Occurrebat ilia ratio : quid Cleomene fiet % poterone 104 
 animadvertere in cos, quos dicto audientes esse iussi, 
 missum facere eum, cui potestatem imperiumque permisi % 
 poterone eos adficere supplicio, qui Cleomenem secuti sunt, 
 ignoscere Cleomeni, qui secum fugere et se consequi iussit % 
 poterone esse in eos vehemens, qui naves non modo inanes 
 habuerunt sed etiam apertas, in eum dissolutus, qui solus 
 habuerit constratam navem et minus exinanitam % pereat 
 Cleomenes una ! ubi fides % ubi exsecrationes % ubi dexterae 
 complexusque % ubi illud contubernium muliebris militiae 
 in iUo delicatissimo litore ? Fieri nuUo modo poterat quin 
 Cleomeni parceretur. Vocat Cleomenem ; dicit ei se 105 
 statuisse animadvertere in omnes nauarchos ; ita sui periculi 
 rationes ferre ac postulare. 'Tibi uni parcam et potius 
 istius culpae crimen vituperationemque inconstantiae 
 suscipiam quam aut in te sim crudelis aut tot tam graves 
 testes vivos incolumesque esse patiar.' Agit gratias 
 Cleomenes, adprobat consilium, dicit ita fieri oportere : 
 admonet tamen illud, quod istum fugerat, in Phalacrum, 
 Centuripinum nauarchum, non posse animadverti, propterea 
 quod secum una fuisset in Centuripina quadriremi. Quid 
 ergo % iste homo ex eiusmodi civitate, adulescens nobi- 
 lissimus, testis relinquetur ? ' In praesentia,' inquit Cleo- 
 menes, 'quoniam ita necesse est; sed post aliquid videbimus, 
 ne iste nobis obstare possit.' 
 
 Haec postea quam acta et constituta sunt, procedit iste 41 
 repente e praetorio, inflammatus scelere, furore, crudelitate; ic6 
 
44 M. T. CICERO NIS ACTIONIS [41. 107 
 
 in forum venit : nauarchos ad se vocari iubet. Qui nihil 
 metuerent, nihil suspicarentur, statim accurrunt. Iste 
 hominibus miseris innocentibus inici catenas imperat. 
 Implorare illi fidem praetoris et quare id faceret rogare. 
 Turn iste hoc causae dicit, quod classem praedonibus pro^ 
 didissent. Fit clamor et admiratio populi, tantam esse in 
 homine impudentiam atque audaciam, ut aliis causam 
 calamitatis attribueret, quae omnis propter avaritiam ipsius 
 accidisset; ut, cum ipse praedonum socius putaretur, aliis 
 proditionis crimen inferret ; deinde, hoc quinto decimo die 
 
 107 crimen esse natum postquam classis esset amissa. Cum 
 haec ita fierent, quaerebatur ubi esset Cleomenes ; non quo 
 ilium ipsum, cuicuimodi est, quisquam supplicio propter 
 illud incommodum dignum putaret, — nam quid Cleomenes 
 faoere potuit ? non enim possum quemquam insimulare 
 falso ; quid, inquam, magno opere potuit Cleomenes facere, 
 jstius avaritia navibus exinanitis ? atque eum vident sedere 
 ad latus praetoris et ad aurem familiariter, ut solitus erat, 
 insusurrare. Turn vero omnibus indignissimum visum est, 
 homines honestissimos, electos e suis civitatibus, in ferrum 
 atque in vincla coniectos, Cleomenem propter flagitiorum 
 ac turpitudinum societatem familiarissimum esse praetori. 
 
 108 Adponitur eis tamen accusator Naevius Turpio quidam, qui 
 C. Sacerdote praetore iniuriarum damnatus est, homo bene 
 adpositus ad istius audaciam; quem iste in decumis, in 
 rebus capitalibus, in omni oalumnia praecursorem habere 
 solebat et emissarium. 
 
 42 Veniunt Syracusas parentes propinquique miserorum 
 adulescentium, hoc repentino calamitatis suae commoti 
 nuntio; vinctos catenis aspiciunt liberos suos, cum istius 
 avaritiae poenam coUo et cervicibus suis sustinerent j adsunt, 
 
42. 110] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 45 
 
 defendunt, proclamant, fidem tuam, quae nusquam erat 
 neque unquam fuerat, implorant. Pater aderat Dexo 
 Tyndaritanus, homo nobilissimus, hospes tuus. Cuius tu 
 domi fueras, quern hospitem appellaras, eum cum ilia 
 auctoritate et aetate miseria videres perditum, non te eius 
 lacrimae, non senectus, non hospitii ius atque nomen ab 
 scelere aliquam ad partem humanitatis revocare potuit ? Sed 109 
 quid ego hospitii iura in hac immani belua commemoro % 
 qui Sthenium Thermitanum, hospitem suum, cuius domum 
 per hospitium exhausit et exinanivit, absentem in reos 
 rettulerit, indicta causa capite damnarit, ab eo nunc 
 hospitiorum iura atque officia quaeramus % cum homine 
 enim crudeli nobis res est an cum f era atque immani belua % 
 Te patris lacrimae de innocentis filii periculo non movebant ; 
 cum patrem domi reliquisses, filium tecum haberes, to 
 neque praesens filius de liberum caritate neque absens pater 
 de indulgentia patria commonebat \ catenas habebat hospes no 
 tuus Aristeus, Dexonis filius ; quid ita % ' prodiderat 
 classem.' Quod ob praemium? 'deseruerat.' Quid Cleo- 
 menes ? 'ignavus fuerat.' At eum tu ob virtutem corona 
 ante donaras. 'Dimiserat nautas.' Ab omnibus tu 
 mercedem missionis acceperas. Alter parens ex altera 
 parte erat Herbitensis Eubulida, homo domi suae clarus et 
 nobilis ; qui quia Oleomenem in defendendo filio laeserat, 
 nudus paene est destitutus. Quid erat autem quod quis- 
 quam diceret aut defenderet 1 ' Oleomenem nominare non 
 licet.' 'At causa cogit.' 'Moriere, si appellaris.' (Nun- 
 quam enim iste cuiquam est mediocriter minatus.) 'At 
 remiges non erant.' 'Praetorem tu accuses ? frange cervices.' 
 Si neque praetorem neque praetoris aemulum appellari 
 licebit, cum in his duobus tota causa sit, quid futurum est t 
 
46 M. r. CICERONIS ACTIONIS [43.111 
 
 43 — Dicit etiam causam Heraclius Segestanus, homo domi 
 
 III suae nobilissimo loco natus. Audite, ut vestra humanitas 
 postulat, iudices ; audietis enim de magnis incommodis 
 iniuriisque sociorum. Hunc scitote fuisse Heraclium in ea 
 causa, qui propter gravem morbum oculorum turn non 
 navigarit et iussu eius, qui potestatem habuit, in commeatu 
 Syracusis remanserit. Is certe neque classem prodidit 
 neque metu exercitum deseruit. Etenim tunc esset hoc 
 animadvertendum, cum classis Syracusis proficiscebatur. Is 
 tamen in eadem causa fuit, quasi esset in aliquo manifesto 
 scelere deprehensus, in quern ne falsi quidem causa conferri 
 
 "2 criminis potuit. Fuit in iUis nauarchis Heracliensis quidam 
 Furius — nam habent illi nonnuUa huiusce modi Latina 
 nomina — homo, quam diu vixit, non domi suae solum, post 
 mortem tota Sicilia clarus et nobilis. In quo homine tantum 
 animi fuit, non solum ut istum libere laederet — nam id 
 quidem, quoniam moriundum videbat, sine periculo se facere 
 intellegebat — , verum morte proposita, cum lacrimans in 
 carcere mater noctes diesque adsideret, defensionem causae 
 scripsit ; quam nunc nemo est in Sicilia quin habeat, quin 
 legat, quin tui sceleris et crudelitatis ex ilia oratione com- 
 monefiat. In qua docet, quot a civitate sua nautas 
 acceperit, quot et quanti quemque dimiserit, quot secura 
 habuerit ; item de ceteris navibus dicit : quae cum apud te 
 diceret, virgis oculi verberabantur. Ille morte proposita 
 facile dolorem corporis patiebatur; clamabat, id quod 
 scriptum reliquit : facinus esse indignwm, plus invpudicissimae 
 mulieris apud te de Cleomenis sahite savia quam de sua vita 
 
 113 lacrimas matris valere. Deinde etiam illud video esse dictum, 
 quod, si recte vos populus Romanus cognovit, non falso ille 
 de vobis iam in morte ipsa praedicavit : non posse Verrem 
 
44. lie] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 47 
 
 testes interficiendo [ins] extinguere; ffravmem apud sapientes 
 indices se fore ah inferis testeni, quam si vivus in iudicium p-o- 
 duceretur : turn avaritiae solum, [si viveret], nunc, cum ita esset 
 meatus, sceleiis, audaciae, crudelitatis testem fm'e. lam ilia 
 praeclara : non testium modo catervas, own tua res ageretw, sed 
 ab dis manibus innocentium Poenas scelerumque Furias in tuum 
 iudicium esse venturas ; sese ideo le/oiorem suum casum fingere, 
 quod iam ante aciem securivm tuarum Sextiigue tui carnificis 
 voltum et manwm vidisset, cum in conventu cimum Bomanorum 
 inssu tuo securi cives Bomani ferirentur. Ne multa, iudices : "4 
 libertate, quam vos sociis dedistis, hac ille in acerbissimo 
 supplicio miserrimae servitutis abusus est. 
 
 Condemnat omnes ' de consilii sententia'. Tamen neque 44 
 iste in tanta re tot hominum T. Vettium ad se arcessit, 
 quaestorem suum, cuius consilio uteretur, neque P. Cervium, 
 talem virum, qui quia legatus isto praetore in Sicilia fuit, 
 primus ab isto iudex reiectus est, sed de latrpnum, hoc est 
 de comitum suorum sententia condemnat omnes. Hie 115 
 cuncti ^iculi, fidelissimi atque antiquissimi socii, plurimis 
 adf ecti beneficiis a maioribus nostris, graviter commoventur 
 et de suis periculis fortunisque omnibus pertimescunt. 
 Indigne ferunt illam clementiam mansuetudinemque nostri 
 imperii in tantam crudelitatem inbumanitatemque esse 
 conversam ; condemnari tot homines uno tempore nullo 
 crimine; defensionem suorum furtorum praetorem impro- 
 bum ex indignissima morte innocentium quaerere. Nihil 
 addi iam videtur, iudices, ad hanc improbitatem, amentiam 
 crudelitatemque posse, et recte nihil videtur ; nam si cum 
 aliorum improbitate certet, longe omnes multumque super- 
 abit ; sed secum ipse certat : id agit, ut semper superius ne 
 suum facinus novo scclere vincat. Phalacrum Centuripinum 
 
48 M. T. CICERONIS ACTIONIS [44. 117 
 
 dixeram exceptum esse a Cleomene, quod in eius quadriremi 
 vectus esset : tamen, quia pertimuerat adulescens, quod 
 eandem suam causam videbat esse quam illorum, qui 
 innocentes peribant, accedit ad hominem Timarohides : a 
 securi negat esse ei periculum ; virgis ne caederetur, monet 
 ut caveat. Ne multa, ipsum dicere adulescentem audistis 
 
 117 se ob hunc metum pecuniam Timarchidi numerasse. Levia 
 sunt haec in hoc reo. Metum virgarum nauarchus 
 nobilissimae civitatis pretio redemit : humanum est. Alius, 
 ne condemnaretur, pecuniam dedit: usitatum est. Non 
 volt populus Eomanus obsoletis criminibus accusari Verrem; 
 nova postulat, inaudita desiderat : non de praetore Siciliae 
 
 45 sed de nefario tyranno fieri iudicium arbitratur. Inclu- 
 duntur in carcerem condemnati ; supplicium constituitur in 
 illos, sumitur de miseris parentibus [nauarcborum] : prohi- 
 bentur adire ad filios, prohibentur liberis suis cibum 
 
 iis vestitumque ferre. Patres hi, quos videtis, iacebant in 
 limine ipso, matresque miserae pernoctabant ad ostium 
 carceris, ab extreme conspectu liberum exclusae ; quae 
 nihil aliud orabant, nisi ut filiorum suorum postremum 
 spiritum ore excipere liceret. Aderat ianitor carceris, 
 carnifex praetoris, mors terrorque sociorum et civium 
 Eomanorum, lictor Sextius, cui ex omni gemitu doloreque 
 certa merces comparabatur. ' Ut adeas, tantum dabis ; ut 
 tibi cibum vestitumque intro ferre liceat, tantum.' Nemo 
 recusabat. ' Quid ? ut uno ictu securis mortem filio tuo 
 adf eram, quid dabis % ne diu crucietur ? ne saepius f eriatur % 
 ne cum sensu doloris aliquo spiritus ei auferatur % ' Etiam 
 
 119 ob banc causam pecunia lictori dabatur. magnum atque 
 intolerabilem dolorem ! gravem acerbamque fortunam ! 
 Non vitam liberum, sed mortis celeritatem pretio redimere 
 
46. 121] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 49 
 
 cogebantur parentes; atque ipsi etiam adulescentes cum 
 Sextio suo de plaga et de uno illo ictu loquebantur, idque 
 postremum parentes suos liberi orabant, ut levandi cruciatus 
 sui causa lictori pecunia daretur. Multi et graves dolores 
 inventi parentibus et propinquis, multi : verum tamen mors 
 sit extrema. Non erit. Estne aliquid ultra, quo crudelitas 
 progredi possit % reperietur ; nam illorum, cum erunt securi 
 percussi ac necati, corpora feris obicientur. Hoc si luctuo- 
 sum est parentibus, redimant pretio sepeliendi potestatem. 
 Onasum Segestanum, hominem nobilem, dicere audistis so 120 
 ob sepulturam Heraclii nauarchi pecuniam Timarchidi 
 numerasse. Hoc, ne possis dicere 'patres enim veniunt 
 amissis filiis irati', vir primarius, homo nobilissimus, dicit, 
 neque de filio dicit. lam hoc quis tum fuit Syracusis quin 
 audierit, quin sciat, has Timarchidi pactiones sepulturae cum 
 vivis etiam ilHs esse factas 1 non palam cum Timarchide 
 loquebantur ? non omnes omnium propinqui adhibebantur 1 
 non palam vivorum funera locabantur 1 quibus omnibus rebus 
 actis atque decisis producuntur e carcere, deligantur. Quis 46 
 tam fuit illo tempore ferreus, quis tam inhumanus praeter 121 
 unum te, qui non illorum aetate, nobilitate, miseria commo- 
 veretur ? Ecquis fuit quin lacrimaret ? quin ita calamitatem 
 illam putaret illorum, ut fortunam tamen non alienam, per- 
 iculum autem commune arbitraretur 1 feriuntur securi. 
 Laetaris tu in omnium gemitu et triumphas ; testes avaritiae 
 tuae gaudes esse sublatos. Errabas, Verres, et vehementer 
 errabas, cum te maculas furtorum et flagitiorum tuorum 
 sociorum innocentium sanguine eluere arbitrabare; praeceps 
 amentia ferebare, qui te existimares avaritiae volnera cru- 
 delitatis remediis posse sanare. Etenim quamquam illi sunt 
 mortui sceleris tui testes, tamen eorum propinqui neque illis 
 
 D 
 
So M. T. CICERONIS ACTIONIS [46.122 
 
 neque tibi desunt ; tamen ex illo ipso numero nauarchorum 
 aliqui vivunt, adsunt, quos, ut mihi videtur, ad illorum in- 
 nocentium poenas fortuna et ad hanc causam reservavit. 
 
 122 Adest Phylarchus Haluntinus, qui quia cum Cleomene non 
 fugit, oppressus a praedonibus et captus est : cui calamitas 
 saluti fuit ; qui nisi captus a piratis esset, in hunc praedonem 
 sociorum incidisset. Dicit is pro testimonio de missione 
 nautarum, de fame, de Cleomenis fuga. Adest Centuripinus 
 Phalacrus, in amplissima civitate amplissimo loco natus : 
 eadem dicit, nulla in re discrepat. 
 
 123 Per deos immortales ! quo tandem animo sedetis, iudices ? 
 aut haec quem ad modum auditis ? Utrum ego desipio et 
 plus quam satis est doleo tanta calamitate miseriaque 
 sociorum, an vos quoque hie acerbissimus innocentium 
 cruciatus et maeror pari sensu doloris adficit ? Ego enim 
 cum Herbitensem, cum Heracliensem securi percussum esse 
 dico, versatur mihi ante oculos indignitas calamitatis : 
 
 47 eorum populorum cives, eorum agrorum alumnos, ex quibus 
 maxima vis frumenti quotannis plebi Eomanae illorum 
 operis ac laboribus quaeritur, qui a parentibus spe nostri 
 imperii nostraeque aequitatis suscepti educatique sunt, ad 
 6. Verris nefariam immanitatem et ad eius funestam secu- 
 
 124 rem esse servatos % Cum mihi Tyndaritani illius venit 
 in mentem, cum Segestani, turn iura simul civitatum atque 
 officia considero. Quas urbes P. Africanus etiam ornandas 
 esse spoliis hostium arbitratus est, eas G-. Verres non solum 
 illis ornamentis sed etiam viris nobilissimis nefario scelere 
 privavit. En quod Tyndaritani libenter praedicent : ' nos 
 in septemdecim populis Siciliae numeramur; nos semper 
 omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis amicitiam iidemque 
 populi Romani secuti sumus ; a nobis omnia populo Eomano 
 
48.126] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 51 
 
 semper et belli adiumenta et pacis ornamenta ministrata 
 sunt.' Multum vero haec eis iura profuerunt in istius 
 imperio ac potestate ! Vestros quondam nautas contra 125 
 Karthaginem Scipio duxit : at nunc navem contra praedones 
 paene inanem Cleomenes ducit. Vobiscum Africanus 
 hostium spolia et praemia laudis communicavit : at nunc 
 per hunc spoliati [navi a praedonibus (abducta)] ipsi in 
 hostium loco numeroque ducimini. Quid vero? Ilia 
 Segestanorum non solum litteris tradita neque commem- 
 orata verbis, sed multis officiis illorum usurpata et 
 comprobata cognatio quos tandem fructus huiusce necessi- 
 tudinis in istius imperio tulit? Nempe hoc iure fuit, 
 iudices, ut ex sinu patriae nobilissimus adulescens et ex 
 complexu matris ereptus, innocens istius carnifici Sextio 
 dederetur. Cui civitati maiores nostri maximos agros 
 atque optimos concesserunt, quam immunem esse voluerunt, 
 haec apud te cognationis, fidelitatis, vetustatis, auctoritatis 
 ne hoc quidem iuris obtinuit, ut unius honestissimi atque 
 innocentissimi civis mortem ac sanguinem deprecaretur. 
 
 Quo confugient socii ? quem implorabunt ? qua spe deni- 43 
 que, ut vivere velint, tenebuntur, si vos eos deseretis ? Ad 126 
 senatumne venient ? Quid 1 ut de Verre supplicium 
 sumat? non est usitatum, non est senatorium. Ad 
 populum Romanum confugient ? Facilis est causa populi 
 Romani ; legem enim se sociorum causa iussisse et ei vos 
 legi custodes ac vindices praeposuisse dicet. Hie locus 
 igitur est unus quo perfugiant, hie portus, haec arx, haec 
 ara sociorum : quo quidem nunc non ita conf ugiunt, ut 
 antea in suis repetundis rebus solebant. Non aurum, non 
 argentum, non vestem, non mancipia repetunt, non orna- 
 menta, quae ex urbibus fanisque erepta sunt: metuunt 
 
52 M. T. CICERONIS ACTIONIS [48.127 
 
 homines imperiti, ne iam haec populus Romanus concedat 
 et ita velit fieri. Patimur enim multos iam annos et 
 silemus, cum videamus ad paucos homines omnes omnium 
 nationum pecunias pervenisse. Quod eo magis ferre animo 
 aequo et concedere videmur, quia nemo istorum dissimulat, 
 
 127 nemo laborat ut obscura sua cupiditas esse videatur. In 
 urbe nostra puloherrima atque ornatissima quod signum, 
 
 ,quae tabula picta est, quae non ab hostibus victis capta 
 atque deportata sit % At istorum villae sociorum fidelissi- 
 morum plurimis et pulcherrimis spoliis ornatae refertaeque 
 sunt. Ubi pecunias exterarum nationum esse arbitramini, 
 quae nunc omnes agent, cum Athenas, Pergamum, Cyzicum 
 Miletum, Ohium, Samum, totam denique Asiam, Achaiam, 
 Grraeoiam, Siciliam tam in paucis villis inclusas esse videatis % 
 Sed haec, ut dico, omnia iam socii vestri relinquunt et 
 neglegunt, iudices. Ne enim publice a populo Eomano 
 spoliarentur, officio ac fide providerunt : paucorum cupidi- 
 tati tum, cum obsistere non poterant, tamen sufficere aliquo 
 modo poterant : nunc vero iam adempta est non modo resis- 
 tendi verum etiam suppeditandi facultas. Itaque res suas 
 neglegunt ; pecunias, quo nomine iudicium hoc appellatur, 
 
 128 non repetunt, relinquunt: hoc iam ornatu ad vos confugiunt. 
 Aspicite, aspicite, iudices, squalorem sordesque sociorum ! 
 
 49 Sthenius hie Thermitanus cum hoc capillo atque veste, 
 domo sua tota expilata, mentionem tuorum furtorum non 
 facit ; sese ipsum abs te repetit, nihil amplius ; totum enim 
 tua libidine et scelere ex sua patria, in qua multis virtu- 
 tibus ac beneficiis princeps fuit, sustulisti. Dexo hie, quem 
 videtis, non quae publice Tyndaride, non quae privatim 
 sibi eripuisti, sed unicum miser abs te filium optimum 
 atque innocentissimum flagitat. Non ex litibus aestimatis 
 
50. 131] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 53 
 
 tuis pecuniam domum, sed ex tua calamitate cineri atque 
 ossibus filii sui solacium volt aliquod reportare. Hie tarn 
 grandis natu Eubulida hoc tantum exacta aetate laboris 
 itinerisque suscepit, non ut aliquid de suis bonis recuperaret, 
 sed lit, qiiibus oculis cruentas cervices filii sui viderat, 
 eisdem te condemnatum videret. Si per L. Metellum 129 
 licitum esset, iudices, matres illorum miserorum sororesque 
 veniebant; quarum una, cum ego ad Heracliam noctu 
 accederem, cum omnibus matronis eius civitatis et cum 
 multis facibus mibi obviam venit, et ita, me suam salutem 
 appellans, te suum carnificem nominans, filii nomen im- 
 plorans, mihi ad pedes misera iacuit, quasi ego eius 
 excitare ab inferis filium possem. Faciebant hoc idem 
 ceteris in civitatibus grandes natu matres et item parvi 
 liberi miserorum; quorum utrumque aetas laborem et 
 industriam meam, fidem et misericordiam vestram require- 
 bat. Itaque ad me, iudices, banc querimoniam praeter 130 
 ceteras Sicilia detulit; lacrimis ego hue, non gloria in- 
 ductus accessi, ne falsa damnatio, ne career, ne catenae, ne 
 verbera, ne secures, ne cruciatus sociorum, ne sanguis 
 innocentium, ne denique etiam exsanguia corpora mortu- 
 orum, ne maeror parentum ac propinquorum magistratibus 
 nostris quaestui posset esse. Hunc ego si metum Siciliae 
 damnatione istius per vestram fidem et veritatem deiecero, 
 iudices, satis officio meo, satis illorum voluntati, qui a me 
 hoc petiverunt, factum esse arbitrabor. 
 
 Quapropter si quem forte inveneris, qui hoc navale 50 
 crimen conetur defendere, is ita defendat : ilia communia, 131 
 quae ad causam nihil pertinent, praetermittat, me culpae 
 fortunam adsignare, calamitatem crimini dare, me amis- 
 sionem classis obicere, cum multi viri fortes in communi 
 
54 M. T. CICERONIS ACTIONIS [50.132 
 
 incertoque periculo belli et terra et mari saepe offenderint. 
 Nullam tibi obicio fortunam ; nihil est, quod ceterorum res 
 minus commode gestas proferas ; nihil est, quod multorum 
 naufragia fortunae coUigas. Ego naves inanes fuisse dico, 
 remiges nautasque dimissos, reliquos stirpibus vixisse 
 palmarumj praefuisse classi populi Eomani Siculum, 
 perpetuo sociis atque amicis Syracusanum ; te illo tempore 
 ipso superioribusque diebus omnibus in litore cum mulier- 
 culis perpotasse dice; harum rerum omnium auctpres 
 
 132 testesque produco. Num tibi insultare in calamitate, num 
 intercludere perfugia fortunae, num casus bellicos ex- 
 probrare aut obicere videor ? tametsi sclent ei fortunam 
 sibi obici nolle, qui se fortunae commiserunt, qui in eius 
 periculis sunt ac varietate versati : istius quidem calamitatis 
 tuae fortuna particeps non fuit : homines enim in proeliis, 
 non in conviviis, belli fortunam periclitari solent ; in ilia 
 autem calamitate non Martem fuisse communem sed 
 Venerem possumus dicere. Quodsi fortunam tibi obici non 
 oportet, cur tu fortunae illorum innocentium veniam ac 
 
 133 locum non dedisti % etiam illud praecidas licet, te, quod 
 supplicium more maiorum sumpseris securique percusseris, 
 idcirco a me in crimen et in invidiam vocari. Non in 
 supplicio crimen meum vertitur; non ego nego securi 
 quemquam feriri debere; non ego metum ex re militari, 
 non severitatem imperii, non poenam flagitii toUi dico 
 oportere : fateor non modo in socios sed etiam in cives 
 militesque nostros persaepe esse severe ac vehementer 
 vindicatum. Quare haec quoque praetermittas licet. Ego 
 
 51 culpam non in nauarchis sed in te fuisse demonstro. Te 
 pretio remiges militesque dimisisse arguo. Hoc nauarchi 
 reliqui dicunt; hoc Netinorum foederata civitas publice 
 
52.136] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 55 
 
 dicit; hoc Herbiteiises, hoc Amestratini, hoc Hennenses, 
 Agyrinenses, Tyndaritani publice dicunt; tuus denique 
 testis, tuus imperator, tuus aemulus, tuus hospes Cleomenes 
 hoc dicit, sese in terrain esse egressum, ut Pachyno e 
 terrestri praesidio milites colligeret, quos in navibus 
 coUocaret. Quod certe non fecisset, si suum numerum 
 naves haberent ; ea est enim ratio instructarum ornatarum- 
 que navium, ut non modo plures sed ne singuli quidem 
 possint accedere. Dico praeterea illos ipsos reliquos nautas 134 
 fame atque inopia rerum omnium confectos fuisse ac 
 perditos ; dico aut omnes extra culpa,m fuisse, aut, si uni 
 attribuenda culpa sit, in eo maximam fuisse, qui optimam 
 navem, plurimos nautas haberet, summum imperium ob- 
 tineret, aut, si omnes in culpa fuerint, non oportuisse 
 Cleomenem constitui spectatorem illorum mortis atque 
 cruciatus. Dico etiam in ipso supplicio mercedem lacri- 
 marum, mercedem volneris atque plagae, mercedem funeris 
 ac sepulturae constitui nefas fuisse. Quapropter si mihi 
 respondere voles, haec dicito : classem instructam atque 
 ornatam fuisse, nullum vacuum tractum esse remum, rem 
 frumentariam esse suppeditatam ; mentiri nauarchos, 
 mentiri tot tam graves civitates, mentiri etiam SicUiam 
 totam ; proditum esse te a Cleomene, qui se dixerit exisse 
 in terram, ut Pachyno deduceret milites; animum illis, 
 non copias defuisse ; Cleomenem acerrime pugnantem ab 
 eis relictum esse atque desertum ; nummum ob sepulturam 
 datum nemini. Quae si dices, tenebere ; sin alia dices, ea, 
 quae a me dicta sunt, non refutabis. 
 
 Hie tu etiam dicere audebis ' est in iudicibus ille 52 
 familiaris meus, est paternus amicus ille.' Non, ut quisque 136 
 maxime est, quicum tibi aliquid sit, ita te in huiusce modi 
 
S6 M. T. CICERO NIS ACTIONIS [52. 137 
 
 crimine maxime eius pudet ? ' Paternus amicus est.' Ipse 
 pater si iudicaret, per deos immortales, quid facere posses, 
 cum tibi haec diceret : ' tu in provincia populi Romani 
 praetor, cum tibi maritimum bellum esset administrandum, 
 Mamertinis ex foedere quam deberent navem per triennium 
 remisisti ; tibi apud eosdem privata navis oneraria maxima 
 publics est aediiicata; tu a civitatibus pecunias classis 
 nomine coegisti; tu pretio remiges dimisisti; tu, navis 
 cum esset ab quaestore et ab legato capta praedonum, 
 archipiratam ab oculis omnium removisti; tu, qui cives 
 Romani esse dicerentur, qui a multis cognoscerentur, securi 
 ferire potuisti; tu tuam domum piratas abducere, tu in 
 
 ^'i^ iudicium archipiratam domo producere ausus es ; tu in 
 previncia tam splendida, tu apud socios iidelissimos, cives 
 Romanos honestissimos, in metu periculoque provinciae, 
 dies continuos complures in litore conviviisque iacuisti ; te 
 per eos dies nemo tuae domi convenire, nemo in foro videre 
 potuit ; tu matresfamilias sociorum atque amicorum ad ea 
 convivia adhibuisti ; tu inter eius modi mulieres praetex- 
 tatum tuum filium, nepotem meum, coUocavisti, ut aetati 
 maxime lubricae atque incertae exempla nequitiae parentis 
 vita praeberet ; tu praetor in provincia cum tunica pallioque 
 purpureo visus es ; tu propter amorem libidinemque tuam 
 imperium navium legato populi Romani ademisti, Syra- 
 cusano tradidisti ; tui milites in provincia Sicilia frugibus 
 frumentoque caruerunt ; tua luxuria atque avaritia classis 
 populi Romani a praedonibus capta et incensa est; post 
 
 138 Syracusas conditas quem in portum nunquam hostis 
 accesserat, in eo te praetore primum piratae navigaverunt ; 
 neque haec tot et tanta dedecora dissimulatione tua neque 
 oblivione hominum ac taciturnitate tegere voluisti, sed 
 
54.140] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 57 
 
 etiam navium praefectos sine ulla causa de complexu 
 parentum suorum, hospitum tnorum, ad mortem cruciatum- 
 que rapuisti; neque te in parentum luctu atque lacrimis 
 mei nominis commemoratio mitigavit; tibi hominum 
 innocentium sanguis non modo voluptati sed etiam quaestui 
 fuit : ' — haec si tibi tuus parens diceret, posses ab eo veniam 
 petere ? posses, ut tibi ignosceret, postulare ? 
 
 Satis est factum Siculis, satis oflBcio ac necessitudini, 53 
 satis promisso nostro ac recepto ; reliqua est ea causa, 139 
 iudices, quae iam non recepta sed innata, neque delata ad 
 me sed in animo sensuque meo penitus adfixa atque insita 
 est ; quae non ad sociorum salutem sed ad civium Roma- 
 norum, hoc est ad unius cuiusque nostrum vitam et 
 sanguinem pertinet. In qua nolite a me, quasi dubium sit 
 aliquid, argumenta, iudices, exspectare ; omnia, quae dicam, 
 sic erunt illustria, ut ad ea probanda totam Siciliam testem 
 adhibere possim. Furor enim quidam, sceleris et audaciae 
 comes, istius effrenatum animum importunamque naturam 
 tanta oppressit amentia, ut nunquam dubitaret in conventu 
 palam supplicia, quae in convictos maleficii servos constituta 
 sunt, ea in cives Romanos expromere. Virgis quam multos 140 
 ceciderit, quid ego commemorem 1 tantum brevissime, 
 iudices, dico : nullum fuit omnino civitatis isto praetore in 
 hoc genere discrimen. Itaque iam consuetudine ad corpora 
 civium Eomanorum etiam sine istius nutu ferebatur manus 
 ipsa lictoris. 
 
 Num potes hoc negare, Verres, in foro Lilybaei maximo 54 
 conventu C. Servilium, civem Romanum e conventu Pan- 
 hormitano, veterem negotiatorem, ad tribunal, ante pedes 
 tuos, ad terram virgis et verberibus abiectum ? Aude hoc 
 primum negare, si potes : nemo Lilybaei fuit quin viderit, 
 
58 M. T. CICERO N IS ACTIO NIS [54. 141 
 
 nemo in Sicilia quin audierit. Plagis confectum dico a 
 lictoribus tuis civem Eomanum ante oculos tuos concidisse. 
 
 141 At quam ob causam, di immortales ! tametsi iniuriam facio 
 communi causae et iuri civitatis : quasi enim uUa possit 
 esse causa, cur hoc cuiquam civi Eomano iure accidat, ita 
 quaere, quae in Servilio causa fuerit. Ignoscite in hoc 
 uno, indices ; in ceteris enim non magno opere causas 
 requiram. Locutus erat liberius de istius improbitate atque 
 nequitia. Quod isti simul ac renuntiatum est, hominem 
 iubet Lilybaeum vadimonium Venerio servo promittere : 
 promittit; Lilybaeum venitur. Cogere eum coepit, cum 
 ageret nemo, nemo postularet sponsionem milium nummum 
 facere cum lictore suo, ni fwtis guaestwn faceret; re- 
 cuperatores se de cohorte sua dicebat daturum. Servilius 
 et recusare et deprecari, ne iniquis iudicibus, nullo ad- 
 
 142 versario, indicium capitis in se constitueretur. Haec cum 
 maxime loqueretur, sex lictores circumsistunt valentissimi 
 et ad pulsandos verberandosque homines exercitatissimi ; 
 caedunt acerrime virgis ; denique proximus lictor, de quo 
 iam saepe dixi, Sextius, converse bacillo oculos misero 
 tundere vehementissime coepit. Itaque ille, cum sanguis os 
 oculosque complesset, concidit ; cum illi nihilo minus iacenti 
 latera tunderent, ut aliquando spondere se diceret. Sic ille 
 adfectus, illinc tum pro mortuo sublatus, perbrevi postea 
 est mortuus. Iste autem homo Venerius, adfluens omni 
 lepore ac venustate, de bonis iUius in aede Veneris argen- 
 teum Cupidinem posuit. Sic etiam fortunis hominum 
 abutebatur ad nocturna vota cupiditatum suarum. 
 
 55 Nam quid ego de ceteris civium Eomanorum suppliciis 
 
 1.43 singillatim potius quam generatim atque universe loquar "i 
 
 Career ille, qui est a crudelissimo tyranno Dionysio factus 
 
56. 145] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 59 
 
 Syracusis, quae lautumiae vocantur, in istius imperio dord- 
 cilium civium Eomanorum fuit : ut quisque istius animum 
 aut oculos offenderat, in lautumias statim coniciebatur. 
 Indignissimum hoc video videri omnibus, iudices, et id 
 iam priore actione, cum haec testes dicerent, intellexi. 
 Retineri enim putatis oportere iura libertatis non modo 
 hie, ubi tribuni plebis sunt, ubi ceteri magistratus, ubi 
 forum plenum iudiciorum, ubi senatus auctoritas, ubi ex- 
 istimatio populi Romani et frequentia ; sed ubicunque 
 terrarum et gentium violatum ius civium Eomanorum est, 
 statuitis id pertinere ad communem causam libertatis et 
 dignitatis. In externorum hominum maleficorum scelera- 144 
 torumque, in praedonum hostiumque custodias tu tantum 
 numerum civium Eomanorum includere ausus es % Nun- 
 quamne tibi iudicii, nunquam contionis, nimquam huius 
 tantae frequentiae, quae nunc te animo iniqaissimo in- 
 festissimoque intuetur, venit in mentem % Nunquam tibi 
 populi Romani absentis dignitas, nunquam species ipsa 
 huiusce multitudinis in oculis animoque versata est ? Nun- 
 quam te in horum conspectum rediturum, nunquam in 
 forum populi Eomani venturum, nunquam sub legum et 
 iudiciorum potestatem casurum esse duxisti % 
 
 At quae erat ista libido crudelitatis exercendae % Quae 56 
 tot scelerum suscipiendorum causa % Nulla, iudices, prae- 14s 
 ter praedandi novam singularemque rationem. Nam ut 
 illi, quos a poetis accepimus, qui sinus quosdam obsedisse 
 maritimos aut aliqua promunturia aut praerupta saxa 
 temiisse dicuntur, ut eos, qui essent adpulsi navigiis, in- 
 terficere possent, sic iste in omnia maria infestus ex 
 omnibus Siciliae partibus imminebat. Quaecunque navis 
 ex Asia, quae ex Syria, quae Tyro, quae Alexandria 
 
6o M. T. CICERONIS ACTIONIS [56.146 
 
 venerat, statim certis indicibus *t custodibus tenebatur; 
 vectores omnes in lautumias coniciebantur ; onera atque 
 merces in praetoriam domum deferebantur. Versabatur 
 in Sicilia longo intervallo alter, non Dionysius ille nee 
 Phalaris — tulit enim ilia quondam insula multos et crudeles 
 tyrannos, — sed quoddam novum monstrum ex vetere ilia 
 immanitate, quae in eisdem locis versata esse dicitur. 
 
 146 Non enim Charybdim tam infestam neque Scyllam nautis 
 quam istum in eodem freto fuisse arbitror ; hoc etiam iste 
 infestior, quod multo se pluribus et immanioribus canibus 
 succinxerat; Cyclops alter, multo importunior: hie enim 
 totam insulam obsidebat, ille Aetnam solam et earn Siciliae 
 partem tenuisse dicitur. 
 
 At quae causa tum subiciebatur ab ipso, indices, huius 
 tam nefariae crudelitatis % Eadem, quae nunc in defen- 
 sione commemorabitur. Quicunque accesserant ad Siciliam 
 pauUo pleniores, eos Sertorianos milites esse atque a Dianio 
 ' fugere dicebat. lUi ad deprecandum periculum profere- 
 bant, alii purpuram Tyriam, tus alii atque odores vestem- 
 que linteam, gemmas alii et margaritas, vina nonnulli 
 Graeca venalesque Asiaticos, ut intellegeretur ex mercibus, 
 quibus ex locis navigarent. Non providerant eas ipsas 
 sibi causas esse periculi, quibus argumentis se ad salutem 
 uti arbitrabantur. Iste enim haec eos ex piratarum 
 societate adeptos esse dicebat; ipsos in lautumias abduci 
 imperabat, naves eorum atque onera diligenter adservanda 
 curabat. 
 57 His institutis cum completus iam mercatorum career 
 
 147 esset, tum ilia iiebant, quae L. Suetium, equitem Eoma- 
 num, lectissimum virum, dicere audistis, et quae ceteros 
 audietis. Cervices in carcere frangebantur indignissime 
 
68.150] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 6i 
 
 civium Eomanorum, ut iam ilia vox et imploratio civis 
 Bomanus sum, quae saepe multis in ultimis terris opem 
 inter barbaros et salutem tulit, ea mortem illis acerbiorem 
 et supplicium maturins ferret. Quid est, Verres "i quid 
 ad haec cogitas respondere ? num mentiri me ? num 
 fingere aliquid ? Num augere crimen 1 Num quid horum 
 dicere istis defensoribus tuis audes 1 Oedo mihi, quaeso, 
 ex ipsius sinu litteras Syracusanorum, quas iste ad arbit- 
 rium suum confectas esse arbitrator; cedo rationem car- 
 ceris, quae diligentissime conficitur, quo quisque die datus 
 in custodiam, quo mortuus, quo necatus sit. Litterae 
 SYRACUSANORUM. Videtis cives Romanes gregatim con- 148 
 iectos in lautumias ; videtis indignissimo in loco coacer- 
 vatam multitudinem vestrorum civium. Quaerite nunc 
 vestigia, quibus exitus eorum ex illo loco compareant : 
 nulla sunt. Omnesne mortui 1 si ita posset def endere, 
 tamen fides huic defensioni non haberetur. Sed scriptum 
 exstat in eisdem litteris, quod iste homo barbarus ac dis- 
 solutus neque attendere unquam neque intellegere potuit : 
 kSiKamd-qa-av, inquit, hoc est, ut Siculi loquuntur, supplicio 
 adfecti ac necati sunt. Si qui rex, si qua civitas extera- 58 
 rum gentium, si qua natio fecisset aliquid in cives Romanos 149 
 eius modi, nonne publico vindicaremus ? nonne bello per- 
 sequeremur 1 Possemus banc iniuriam ignominiamque 
 nominis Romani inultam impunitamque dimittere ? quot 
 bella maiores nostros et quanta suscepisse arbitramini, 
 quod cives Romani inimia adfecti, quod navicularii retenti, 
 quod mercatores spoliati dicerentur ? At ego iam retentos 
 non queror ; spoliatos f erendum puto : navibus, mancipiis, 
 mercibus ademptis, in vincla mercatores esse coniectos et 
 in vinclis cives Romanos necatos esse arguo. Si haec 150 
 
62 M. T. CICERONIS ACTIONIS [58.151 
 
 apud Scythas dicerem, non hie in tanta multitudine civium 
 Eomanorum, non apud senatores, lectissimos civitatis, non 
 in foro populi Eomani, de tot et tarn acerbis suppliciis 
 civium Eomanorum, tamen animos etiam barbarorum 
 hominum permoverem : tanta enim huius imperii ampli- 
 tude, tanta nominis Eomani dignitas est apud omnes 
 nationes, ut ista in nostros homines crudelitas nemini 
 concessa esse videatur. Nunc tibi ego ullam salutem, 
 uUum perfugium putem, cum te implicatum severitate 
 iudicum, circumretitum frequentia populi Eomani esse 
 
 151 videam % Si mehercule — id quod iieri non posse intellego 
 — ex his te laqueis exueris ac te aliqua via ac ratione 
 explicaris, in illas tibi maiores plagas incidendum est, in 
 quibus te ab eodem me superiors ex loco confici et concidi 
 necesse est. Cui si etiam id, quod defendit, velim con- 
 cedere, tamen ipsa ilia falsa defensio non minus esse ei 
 perniciosa quam mea vera accusatio debeat. 
 
 Quid enim defendit ? ex Hispania fugientes se excepisse 
 et supplicio adfecisse dicit. Quis tibi id permisit ? quo 
 
 152 iure fecisti ? quis idem fecit \ qui tibi id facere licuit ? 
 forum plenum et basilicas istorum hominum videmus, et 
 animo aequo videmus. Civilis enim dissensionis et seu 
 amentiae seu fati seu calamitatis non est iste molestus 
 exitus, in quo reliquos saltern cives incolumes licet con- 
 servare : Verres, ille vetus proditor consulis, translator 
 quaesturae, aversor pecuniae publicae, tantum sibi auctori- 
 tatis in re publica suscepit, ut, quibus hominibus per 
 senatum, per populum Eomanum, per omnes magistratus 
 in foro, in sufEragiis, in hac urbe, in re publica versari 
 liceret, eis omnibus mortem acerbam crudelemque propon- 
 eret, si fortuna eos ad aliquam partem Siciliae detulisset. 
 
59. 155] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 63 
 
 Ad Cn. Pompeium, clarissimum virum et fortissimum, 153 
 permulti, occiso Perperna, ex illo Sertoriano numero mili- 
 tum confugerunt : quern non ille summo cum studio salvum 
 incolumemque servavit ? cui civi supplici non ilia dextera 
 invicta fidem porrexit et spem salutis ostendit 1 itane 
 vero 1 quibus fuit portus apud eum, quern contra arma 
 tulerant, eis apud te, cuius nullum in re publica momen- 
 tum unquam fuit, mors et cruciatus erat constitutus 1 
 Vide quam commodam defensionem excogitaris ! Malo 59 
 mehercule id, quod tu defendis, his iudicibus populoque 
 Eomano quam id, quod ego insimulo, probari; malo, in- 
 quam, te isti generi hominum quam mercatoribus et navi- 
 culariis inimicum atque infestum putari. Meum enim 
 crimen avaritiae te nimiae coarguit, tua defensio furoris 
 cuiusdam et immanitatis et inauditae crudelitatis et paene 
 novae proscriptionis. Sed non licet me isto tanto bono, 154 
 iudices, uti; non licet. Adsunt enim Puteoli toti: fre- 
 quentissimi venerunt ad hoc indicium mercatores, homines 
 locupletes atque honesti, qui partim socios suos, partim 
 libertos, partim coUibertos spoliatos, in vincla coniectos, 
 partim in vinclis necatos, partim securi percussos esse 
 dicunt. Hie vide quam me sis usurus aequo. Cum ego 
 P. Cranium testem produxero, qui suos libertos abs te 
 securi percussos esse dicat, qui abs te navem suam merces- 
 que repetat, refellito, si poteris ; meum testem deseram, 
 tibi favebo; te, inquam, adiuvabo. Ostendito illos cum 
 Sertorio fuisse, ab Dianio fugientes ad Siciliam esse dela- 
 tos : nihil est, quod te mallem probare ; nullum enim 
 facinus, quod maiore supplicio dignum sit, reperiri neque 
 proferri potest. Eeducam iterum equitem Eomanum, 155 
 L. Flavium, si voles, quoniam priore actione, ut patroni 
 
64 M.T. CICERONIS ACTIONIS [60.156 
 
 tui dictitant, nova quadam sapientia, ut omnes intellegunt, 
 conscientia tua atque auctoritate meorum testium testem 
 nullum interrogasti. Interrogetur Flavius, si voles, qui- 
 nam fuerit L. Herennius, is quem ille argentariam Lepti 
 f ecisse dicit : qui cum amplius centum cives Eomanos 
 haberet ex conventu Syraousano, qui eum non solum 
 cognoscerent sad etiam lacrimantes ac te implorantes de- 
 fenderent, tamen inspectantibus omnibus Syracusanis securi 
 percussus est. Hunc quoque testem meum refelli et ilium 
 Herennium Sertorianum fuisse abs te demonstrari et pro- 
 bari volo. 
 60 Quid de ilia multitudine dicemus eorum, qui capitibus 
 iS6 involutis in piratarum captivorum numero producebantur, 
 ut securi f erirentur % Quae ista nova diligentia, quam ob 
 oausam abs te excogitata % An te L. Flavii ceterorumque 
 de L. Herennio vociferatio commovebat ? An M. Annii, 
 gravissimi atque honestissimi viri, summa auctoritas pauUo 
 dOigentiorem timidioremque fecerat 1 Qui nuper pro 
 testimonio non advenam nescio quem nee alienum, sed 
 eum civem Eomanum, qui omnibus in illo conventu notus, 
 qui Syracusis natus esset, abs te securi percussum esse 
 157 dixit. Post banc illorum vociferationem, post banc com- 
 munem famam atque querimoniam non mitior in suppHcio 
 sed diligentior esse coepit : capitibus involutis cives 
 Eomanos ad necem producere instituit ; quos tamen 
 idcirco necabat palam, quod homines in conventu — id 
 quod antea dixi — nimium diligenter praedonum numerum 
 requirebant. Haecine plebi Eomanae te praetore est con 
 stituta condicio % Haec negotii gerendi spes % Hoc capitis 
 vitaeque discrimen \ Parumne multa mercatoribus sunt 
 necessario pericula subeunda fortunae, nisi etiam hae 
 
ei. 159] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 65 
 
 formidines ab nostris magistratibus atque in nostris pro- 
 vinciis impendebunt ? ad eamne rem fuit haec suburbana 
 ac fidelis Sicilia, plena optimorum sociorum honestissi- 
 morumque civium, quae cives Romanes omnes suis ipsa 
 sedibus libentissime semper accepit, ut, qui usque ex 
 ultima Syria atque Aegypto navigarent, qui apud barbaros 
 propter togae nomen in honore aliquo fuissent, qui ex 
 praedonum insidiis, qui ex tempestatum pericuUs pro- 
 fugissent, in Sicilia securi ferirentur, cum se iam domum 
 venisse arbitrarentur 1 
 
 Nam quid ego de P. Gavio, Consano municipe, dicam, 61 
 iudices ? Aut qua vi vocis, qua gravitate verborum, quo 158 
 dolore animi dicam ? Tametsi dolor me non deficit ; ut 
 cetera mihi in dicendo digna re, digna dolore meo sup- 
 petant, magis laborandum est. Quod crimen eius modi 
 est, ut, cum primum ad me delatum est, usurum me illo 
 non putarem ; tametsi enim verissimum esse intellegebam, 
 tamen credibile fore non arbitrabar. Coactus lacrimis 
 omnium civium Eomanorum, qui in Sicilia negotiantur, 
 adductus Valentinorum, hominum honestissimorum, om- 
 niumque Eeginorum testimoniis multorumque equitum 
 Eomanorum, qui casu tum Messanae fuerunt, dedi tantum 
 priore actione testium, res ut nemini dubia esse posset. 
 Quid nunc agam ? Cum iam tot boras de uno genere ac 159 
 de istius nefaria crudelitate dicam, cum prope omnem 
 vim verborum eius modi, quae scelere istius digna sint, 
 aliis in rebus consumpserim, neque hoc providerim, ut 
 varietate criminum vos attentos tenerem : quern ad 
 modum de tanta re dicam 1 . Opinor, unus modus atque 
 una ratio est. Eem in medio ponamj quae tantum 
 habet ipsa gravitatis, ut neque mea, quae nulla est, 
 
 E 
 
66 M. T. CICERO NIS ACTIONIS [61. 160 
 
 neque cuiusquam ad inflammandos vestros animos elo- 
 quentia requiratur. 
 
 i6o Gavius hie, quern dico, Consanus, cum in illo numero 
 civium Eomanorum ab isto in vincla coniectus esset et 
 nescio qua ratione clam e lautumiis profugisset Messa- 
 namque venisset: qui tam prope iam Italiam et moenia 
 Reginorum, civium Eomanorum, videret et ex illo metu 
 mortis ac tenebris quasi luce libertatis et odore aliquo 
 legum recreatus revixisset, loqui Messanae et queri coepit, 
 se civem Romanum in vincla coniectum, sibi recta iter 
 
 62 esse Romam, Verri se praesto advenienti futurum. Non 
 intellegebat miser nihil interesse, utrum haec Messanae 
 an apud istum in praetorio loqueretur. Nam, ut antea 
 vos docui, banc sibi iste urbem delegerat, quam haberet 
 adiutricem scelerum, furtorum receptricem, flagitiorum 
 omnium consciam. Itaque ad magistratum Mamertinum 
 statim deducitur Gavius; eoque ipso die casu Messanam 
 Verres venit. Res ad eum defertur : esse civem Romanum, 
 qui se Syracusis in lautumiis fuisse quereretur ; quem iam 
 ingredientem in navem et Verri nimis atrociter mini- 
 tantem ab se retractum esse et adservatum, ut ipse in 
 
 i6i eum statueret quod videretur. Agit hominibus gratias et 
 eorum benevolentiam erga se diligentiamque coUaudat. 
 Ipse inflammatus scelere et furore in forum venit : 
 ardebant oculi; toto ex ore crudelitas eminebat. Ex- 
 spectabant omnes, quo tandem progressurus aut quidnam 
 acturus esset, cum repente hominem proripi atque in foro 
 medio nudari ac deligari et virgas expediri iubet. Clamabat 
 ille miser se civem esse Romanum, municipem Consanum ; 
 meruisse cum L. Raecio, splendidissimo equite Romano, 
 qui Panhormi negotiaretur, ex quo haec Verres scire 
 
63. 163] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 67 
 
 posset. Turn iste, se comperisse eum speculandi causa 
 in Siciliam a ducibus fugitivorum esse missum, — cuius 
 rei neque index neque vestigium aliquod neque suspicio 
 cuiquam esset ulla; deinde iubet undique hominem 
 vehementissime verberari. Caedebatur virgis in medio 162 
 foro Messanae civis Eomanus, indices, cum interea nullus 
 gemitus, nulla vox alia Ulius miseri inter dolorem crepi- 
 tumque plagarum audiebatur nisi haec : civis Romanus 
 sum. Hac se commemoratione civitatis omnia verbera 
 depulsurum cruciatumque a corpore deiecturum arbi- 
 trabatur. Is non modo hoc non perfecit, ut virgarum 
 vim deprecaretur, sed, cum imploraret saepius usurparetque 
 nomen civitatis, crux, crux, inquam, infelici et aerumnoso, 
 qui nunquarn. istam pestem viderat, comparabatur. 
 
 nomen dulce libertatis ! ius eximium nostrae 63 
 civitatis ! lex Porcia legesque Semproniae ! graviter 163 
 desiderata et aliquando reddita plebi Eomanae tribunicia 
 potestas ! Hucine tandem haec omnia recederunt, ut 
 civis Eomanus in provincia populi Eomani, in oppido 
 foederatorum ab eo, qui beneficio populi Eomani fasces 
 et secures haberet, deligatus in foro virgis caederetur? 
 Quid? Cum ignes ardentesque laminae ceterique cruci- 
 atus admovebantur, si te ilUus acerba imploratio et vox 
 miserabilis non inhibebat, ne civium quidem Eomanorum, 
 qui tum aderant, fletu et gemitu maximo commovebare •! 
 In crucem tu agere ausus es quemquam, qui se civem 
 Eomanum esse diceret? Nolui tarn vehementer agere 
 hoc prima actione, iudices, nolui. Vidistis enim, ut animi 
 multitudinis in istum dolore et odio et communis periculi 
 metu concitarentur. Statui egomet mihi tum modum 
 [orationi meae] et C. Numitorio, equiti Eomano, primo 
 
68 M. T. CICERONIS ACTIOmS [63.164 
 
 homini, testi meo; et Glabrionem, id quod sapientissime 
 fecit, facere laetatus sum, ut repente consilium in medio 
 testimonio dimitteret. Etenim verebatur, ne populus 
 Eomanus ab isto eas poenas vi repetisse videretur, quas 
 veritus esset ne iste legibus ac vestro iudicio non esset 
 
 164 persoluturus. Nunc, quoniam exploratum est omnibus, 
 quo loco causa tua sit et quid de te futurum sit, sic 
 tecum agam: Gavium istum, quern repentinum specula- 
 torem fuisse dicis, . ostendam in lautumias Syracusis abs 
 te esse coniectum; neque id solum ex litteris ostendam 
 Syracusanorum, ne possis dicere me, quia sit aliquis in 
 litteris Gavius, hoc fingere et eligere nomen, ut hunc ilium 
 esse possim dicere, sed ad arbitrium tuum testes dabo, 
 qui istum ipsum Syracusis abs te in lautumias coniectum 
 esse dicant. Producam etiam Consanos, municipes illius 
 ac necessaries, qui te nunc sero doceant, indices non sero, 
 ilium P. Gavium, quem tu in crucem egisti, civem 
 Eomanum et municipem Consanum, non speculatorem 
 fugitivorum fuisse. 
 
 64 Cum haec omnia, quae polliceor, cumulate tuis proximis 
 
 165 plana fecero, tum istuc ipsum tenebo, quod abs te mihi 
 datur ; eo contentum me esse dicam. Quid enim nuper tu 
 ipse, cum populi Romani clamdre atque impetu perturbatus 
 exsiluisti, quid, inquam, locutus es ? ilium, quod moram 
 supplicio quaereret, ideo clamitasse se esse civem Eomanum, 
 sed speculatorem fuisse. lam mei testes veri sunt. Quid 
 enim dicit aliud G. Numitorius ? quid M. et P. Cottii, 
 nobUissimi homines ex agro Tauromenitano ? quid Q. 
 Lucceius, qui argentariam Eegii inaximam fecit? quid 
 ceteri 1 adbuc enim testes ex eo genere a me sunt dati, non 
 qui novisse Gavium, sed se vidisse dicerent cum is, qui se 
 
65. 168] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 69 
 
 civem Eomanum esse clamaret, in crucem ageretur. Hoc 
 tu, Verres, idem dicis ; hoc tu confiteris, ilium clamitasse se 
 civem esse Eomanum ; apud te nomen civitatis ne tantum 
 quidem valuisse, ut dubitationem aliquam, ut crudelissimi 
 taeterrimique supplicii aliquam parvam moram saltern posset 
 adferre. Hoc teneo, hie haereo, iudices, hoc sum contentus 166 
 uno ; omitto ac neglego cetera : sua conf essione induatur 
 ac iuguletur necesse est. Qui esset ignorabas, speculatorem 
 esse suspicabare ; non quaero qua suspicione, tua te accuso 
 oratione : civem Eomanum se esse dicebat. Si tu apud 
 Persas aut in extrema India deprehensus, Verres, ad sup- 
 plicium ducerere, quid aliud clamitares nisi te civem esse 
 Eomanum % et si tibi ignoto apud ignotos, apud barbaros, 
 apud homines in extremis atque ultimis gentibus positos, 
 nobile et illustre apud omnes nomen civitatis tuae profuisset: 
 ille, quisquis erat, quem tu in crucem rapiebas, qui tibi 
 esset ignotus, cum civem se Eomanum esse diceret, apud te 
 praetorem populi Eomani, si non effugium, ne moram 
 quidem mortis mentione atque usurpatione civitatis adsequi 
 potuif! Homines tenues, obscuro loco nati, navigant, adeunt 65 
 ad ea loca, quae nunquam antea viderunt, ubi neque noti 167 
 esse eis quo venerunt, neque semper cum cognitoribus esse 
 possunt. Hac una tamen flducia civitatis non modo apud 
 nostros magistratus, qui et legum et existimationis periculo 
 continentur, neque apud cives solum Eomanos, qui et 
 sermonis et iuris et multarum rerum societate iuncti sunt, 
 fore se tutos arbitrantur, sed, quocunque venerint, banc 
 sibi rem praesidio sperant futuram. ToUe banc spem, toUe 168 
 hoc praesidium civibus Eomanis ; constitue nihil esse opis 
 in hac voce : ciiAi Bomanus sum ; posse impune praetorem 
 aut alium quemlibet supplicium quod velit in eum consti- 
 
70 M. T. CICERONIS ACTIONIS [66.169 
 
 tuere qui se civem Romanum esse dicat, quod qui sit ignoret : 
 iam omnes provincias, iam omnia regna, iam omnes liberas 
 civitates, iam omnem orbem terrarum, qui semper nostris 
 hominibus maxime patuit, civibus Eomanis ista defensione 
 praecluseris. Quid? si L. Raecium, equitem Eomanum, 
 qui tum in Sicilia erat, nominabat, etiamne id magnum fuit 
 Panhonnum litteras mittere % Adservasses hominem cus- 
 todiis Mamertinorum tuorum, vinctum, clausum habuisses, 
 dum Panhormo Eaecius veniret; cognosceret hominem, 
 aliquid de summo supplicio remitteres ; si ignoraret, tum, si 
 ita tibi videretur, toe iuris in omnes constitueres, ut, qui 
 neque tibi notus asset neque cognitorem locupletem daret 
 quamvis civis Eomanus esset, in crucem tolleretur. 
 66 Sed quid ego plura de Gavio % Quasi tu Gavio tum fueris 
 
 169 infestus ac non nomini, generi, iuri civium hostis. Non illi, 
 inquam, homini sed causae communi libertatis inimicus 
 fuisti. Quid enim attinuit, cum Mamertini more atque 
 institute suo crucem fixissent post urbem in via Pompeia, 
 te iubere in ea parte figere, quae ad fretum spectaret, et hoc 
 addere, quod negare nullo modo potes, quod omnibus 
 audientibus dixisti palam, te idcirco Ulum locum deligere, 
 ut ille, quoniam se civem Romanum esse diceret, ex cruce 
 Italiam cernere ac domum suam prospicere posset ? Itaque 
 ilia crux sola, iudices, post conditam Messanam illo in loco 
 fixa est ; Italiae conspectus ad earn rem ab isto delectus est, 
 ut ille in dolore cruciatuque moriens perangusto fretu 
 divisa servitutis ac libertatis iura cognosceret, Italia autem 
 alumnum suum servitutis extremo summoque supplicio 
 
 170 adfixum videret. Faoinus est vincire civem Romanum, 
 scelus verberare, prope parricidium necare : quid dicam in 
 crucem toUere ? Verbo satis digno tarn nefaria res appellari 
 
67.172] m GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. ^l 
 
 nullo modo potest. Non fuit his omnibus iste contentus : 
 ' spectet', inquit, ' patriam ; in conspectu legum libertatisque 
 moriatur'. Non tu hoc loco Gavium, non unum hominem 
 nescio quem, sed communem libertatis et civitatis causam 
 in ilium cruciatum et crucem egisti. lam vera videte 
 hominis audaciam. Nonne eum graviter tulisse arbitramini, 
 quod illam civibus Romanis crucem noil posset in foro, non 
 in comitio, non in rostris defigere 1 Quod enim his locis in 
 provincia sua celebritate simillimum, regione proximum 
 potuit, elegit; monumentum sceleris audaciaeque suae 
 voluit esse in conspectu Italiae, vestibulo Siciliae, praeter- 
 vectione omnium, qui ultro citroque navigarent. 
 
 Si haec non ad cives Eomanos, non ad aliquos amicos 67 
 nostrae civitatis, non ad eos, qui populi Eomani nomen 171 
 audissent, denique si non ad homines, verum ad bestias, aut 
 etiam, ut longius progrediar, si in aliqua desertissima 
 solitudine ad .saxa et scopulos haec conqueri ac deplorare 
 vellem, tamen omnia muta atque inanima tanta et tam 
 indigna rerum acerbitate commoverentur : nunc vero cum 
 loquar apud senatores populi Romani, legum et iudiciorum 
 et iuris auctores, timere non debeo, ne non unus iste civis 
 Eomanus ilia cruce dignus, ceteri omnes simili periculo 
 indignissimi iudicentur. Paullo ante, iudices, lacrimas in 172 
 morte misera atque indignia nauarchorum non tenebamus, 
 et recte ac merito sociorum innocentium miseria commove- 
 bamur: quid nunc in nostro sanguine tandem facere 
 debemus 1. Nam civium Eomanorum omnium sanguis 
 coniunctus existimandus est, quoniam et salutis omnium 
 ratio et Veritas postulat. Omnes hoc loco cives Romani, et 
 qui adsunt et qui ubique sunt, vestram severitatem desider- 
 ant, vestram fidem implorant, vestrum auxilium requirunt ; 
 
72 M. T. CICERONIS ACTIONIS [67.173 
 
 omnia sua iura, commoda, auxilia, totam denique libertatem 
 
 173 in vestris sententiis versari arbitrantur. A me tametsi 
 satis habent, tamen si res aliter accident, plus habebunt 
 fortasse quam postulant. Nam si qua vis istum de vestra 
 severitate eripuerit — id quod neque metuo, iudices, neque 
 uUo modo fieri posse video — ,' sed si in hoc me ratio 
 fefellerit, Siculi causam suam perisse querentur et mecum 
 pariter moleste ferent, populus quidem Eomanus brevi, 
 quoniam miM potestatem apud se agendi dedit, ius suum 
 me agente suis suffragiis ante Kal. Februarias recuperabit. 
 Ac si de mea gloria atque amplitudine quaeritis, iudices; 
 non est alienum meis rationibus, istum mihi ex hoc iudicio 
 ereptum ad Ulud populi Eomani iudicium reservari. 
 Splendida est ilia causa, probabUis mihi et facUis, populo 
 grata atque iucunda. Denique si videor hie, id quod ego 
 non quaesivi, de uno isto voluisse crescere, isto absolute, 
 quod sine multorum scelere fieri non potest, de multis mihi 
 crescere licebit. 
 
 68 Sed mehercule vestra reique publicae causa, iudices, nolo 
 in hoc delecto consilio tantum fiagitii esse commissum ; nolo 
 eos iudices, quos ego probarim atque delegerim, sic in hac 
 urbe notatos isto absolute ambulare, ut non cera sed caeno 
 
 174 obliti esse videantur. Quam ob rem te quoque, Hortensi, 
 si qui menendi locus ex hoc loco est, moneo : videas etiam 
 atque etiam et censideres, quid agas, quo pregrediare, quern 
 hominem et qua ratione defendas. Neque de ille tibi quic- 
 quam praefinio, quo minus ingenio mecum atque omni 
 dicendi facultate centendas : cetera si qua putas te eccultius 
 extra iudicium, quae ad iudicium pertineant, facere posse ; 
 si quid artificio, consilio, potentia, gratia, copiis istiua 
 moliri cogitas, magno opere censeo desistas, et ilia, quae 
 
69. 177] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 73 
 
 temptata iam et coepta sunt ab isto, a me autem pervesti- 
 gata et cognita, moneo ut exstinguas et longius progredi ne 
 sinas. Magno tuo periculo peccabitur in hoc iudicio, maiore 
 quam putas. Quod enim te liberatum iam existimationis i7S 
 metu, defunctum honoribus, designatum consulem cogites, 
 mihi crede, ornamenta ista et beneficia populi Eomani non 
 minore negotio retinentur quam comparantur. Tulit haec 
 civitas, quoad potuit, quoad necesse fuit, regiam istam 
 vestram dominationem in iudiciis et in omni re publica; 
 tulit : sed quo die populo Eomano tribuni plebi restituti 
 sunt, omnia ista vobis, si forte nondum intellegitis, adempta 
 atque erepta sunt. Omnium nunc oculi coniecti sunt hoc 
 ipso tempore in unum quemque nostrum, qua fide ego 
 accusem, qua religione hi iudicent, qua tu ratione defendas. 
 De omnibus nobis, si qui tantulum de recta regione deflexerit, 176 
 non ilia tacita existimatio, quam antea contemnere solebatis, 
 sed vehemens ac Uberum populi Eomani indicium conseque- 
 tur. Nulla tibi, Quinte, cum isto cognatio, nulla necessitudo; 
 quibus excusationibus antea nimium in aliquo iudicio 
 studium tuum defendere solebas, earum habere in hoc 
 homine nuUam potes. Quae iste in provincia palam 
 dictitabat, cum ea, quae faciebat, tua se fiducia facere 
 dicebat, ea ne vera putentur tibi maxime est providendum. 
 Ego mei rationem iam ofl&cii confido esse omnibus iniquissi- 69 
 mis meis persolutam ; nam istum paucis horis primae 177 
 actionis omnium mortalium sententiis condemnavi. Eeli- 
 quum indicium iam non de mea fide, quae perspecta est, nee 
 de istius vita, quae damnata est, sed de iudicibus et, vere ut 
 dicam, de te futurum est. At quo tempore futurum est ? 
 — nam id maxime providendum est ; etenim cum omnibus 
 in rebus, turn in re publica permagni momenti est ratio 
 
74 M. T. CICERONIS ACTIONIS [69.178 
 
 atque inolinatio temporum — nempe eo, cum populus 
 Eomanus aliud genus hominum atque alium ordinem ad 
 res iudicandas requirit ; nempe lege de iudiciis iudicibusque 
 novis promulgata. Quam non is promulgavit, quo nomine 
 proscriptam videtis, sed He reus; hie, inquam, sua spe 
 atque opinione, quam de vobis habet, legem illam sfiribendam 
 
 178 promulgandamque curavit. Itaque cum primo agere 
 coepimus, lex non erat promulgata; cum iste vestra 
 severitate permotus multa signa dederat, quam ob rem 
 responsurus non videretur, mentio de lege nulla fiebat : . 
 postea quam iste recreari et confirmari visus est, lex statim 
 promulgata est. Cui legi cum vestra dignitas vehementer 
 adversetur, istius spes falsa et insignis impudentia maxime 
 suffragatur. Hie si quid erit commissum a quoquam 
 vestrum quod reprehendatur, aut populus Eomanus 
 iudicabit de eo homine, quem iam ante iudiciis indignum 
 putarit, aut ei, qui propter offensionem iudiciorum de 
 veteribus iudicibus lege nova novi iudices erunt constituti. 
 
 70 MiM porro, ut ego non dicam, quis omnium mortalium non 
 
 179 intellegit quam longe progredi sit necesse 1 Potero silere, 
 Hortensi, potero dissimulare, cum tantum res publica 
 volnus acceperit, ut expilatae provinciae, vexati socii, di 
 immortales spoliati, cives Komani cruciati et necati impune 
 me actore esse videantur ? potero ego Hoc onus tantum aut 
 in hoc iudicio deponere aut tacitus sustinere % non agitanda 
 res erit % non in medium proferenda \ non populi Eomani 
 fides imploranda ? non omnes, qui tanto se scelere obstrinx- 
 erunt, ut aut fidem suam corrumpi paterentur aut indicium 
 
 180 corrumperent, in discrimen ac indicium vocandi ? quaeret 
 aliquis fortasse : ' tantumne igitur laborem, tantas inimi- 
 citias tot hominum suscepturus es % ' non studio quidem 
 
71. 182] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 75 
 
 hercule uUo neque voluntate; sed non idem licet mihi, 
 quod eis, qui nobili genere nati sunt, quibus omnia populi 
 Eomani beneficia dormientibus deferuntur : longe alia mihi 
 lege in hac civitate et condicione vivendum est. Venit 
 mihi in mentem M. Catonis, hominis sapientissimi et 
 vigilantissimi : qui cum se virtute, non genere, populo 
 Eomano commendari putaret, cum ipse sui generis initium 
 ac nominis ab se gigni et propagari vellet, hominum poten- 
 tissimorum suscepit inimicitias et maximis in laboribus 
 usque ad summam senectutem summa cum gloria vixit. 181 
 Postea Q. Pompeius, hiimili atque obscuro loco natus, nonne 
 plurimis inimicitiis maximisque suis periculis ac laboribus 
 amplissimos honores est adeptus ? modo C. Fimbriam, C. 
 Marium, C. Caelium vidimus non mediocribus inimicitiis ac 
 laboribus contendere, ut ad istos honores pervenirent, ad 
 quos vos per ludum et per neglegentiam pervenistis. Haec 
 eadem est nostrae rationis regio et via; horum nos 
 hominum sectam atque instituta persequimur. Videmus, 71 
 quanta sit in invidia quantoque in odio apud quosdam 
 nobiles homines novorum hominum virtus et industria : si 
 tantulum oculos deiecerimus, praesto esse insidias; si 
 ullum locum aperuerimus suspicioni aut crimini, accipien- 
 dum statim volnus esse ; semper nobis vigilandum, semper 
 laborandum videmus. Inimicitiae sunt : subeantur ; labor : 
 suscipiatur. Etenim tacitae magis et occultae inimicitiae 182 
 timendae sunt quam indictae atque apertae : hominum 
 nobilium non fere quisquam nostrae industriae favet ; nullis 
 nostris officiis benevolentiam illorum adlicere possumus; 
 quasi natura et genere diiuncti sint, ita dissident a nobis 
 animo -ac voluntate : quare quid habent eorum inimicitiae 
 periculi, quorum animos iam ante habueris inimicos et 
 
76 M. T. CICERO NIS ACTIO NIS ' [71.183 
 
 183 invidos quam uUas inimicitias susceperis % quam ob rem 
 mihi, iudices, optatum illud est, in hoc reo finem accusandi 
 facere, cum et populo Eomano satis factum et receptum 
 officium Siculis, necessariis meis, erit persolutum ; delibera- 
 tum autem est, si res opinionem meam, quam de vobis 
 habeo, fefellerit, non modo eos persequi, ad quos maxime 
 culpa corrupt! iudicii, sed etiam illos, ad quos conscientiae 
 contagio pertinebit. Proinde si qui sunt, qui in hoc reo 
 aut potentes aut audaces aut artifices ad corrumpendum 
 iudicium velint esse, ita sint parati, ut disceptante populo 
 Eomano mecum sibi rem videant futuram ; et si me in hoc 
 reo, quem mihi inimicum Siculi dederunt, satis vehementem, 
 satis perseverantem, satis vigilantem esse cognorunt, existi- 
 ment in his hominibus, quorum ego inimicitias populi 
 Eomani salutis causa suscepero, multo graviorem atque 
 acriorem futurum. 
 
 72 Nunc te, luppiter Optime Maxime, cuius iste donum 
 
 184 regale, dignum tuo pulcherrimo templo, dignum Capitolio 
 atque ista arce omnium nationum, dignum regio munere, 
 tibi factum ab regibus, tibi dicatum atque promissum, per 
 nefarium scelus.de manibus regiis extorsit, cuiusque sanctis- 
 simum et pulcherrimum simulacrum Syracusis sustulit; 
 teque, luno Eegina, cuius duo fana duabus in insulis posita 
 sociorum, Melitae et Sami, sanctissima et antiquissima, 
 simili scelere idem iste omnibus donis ornamentisque 
 nudavit ; teque, Minerva, quam item duobus in clarissimis 
 et religiosissimis templis erpilavit, Athenis, cum auri 
 grande pondus, Syracusis, cum omnia praeter tectum et 
 parietes -abstulit; teque, Latona, et Apollo et Diana, 
 quorum iste Deli non fanum, sed, ut hominum opinio et 
 religio fert, sedem antiquam divinumque domicilium 
 
72. 187] IN GAIUM VERREM SECUNDAE LIB. V. 77 
 
 nocturno latrocinio atque impetu compilavitj etiam te, 
 Apollo, quem iste Ohio sustulit ; teque etiam atque etiam, 
 Diana, quam Pergae spoliavit, cuius simulacrum sanctissi- 
 mum Segestae, bis apud Segestanos consecratum, semel 
 ipsorum religione, iterum P. Africani victoria, toUendum 
 asportandumque curavit; teque, Mercuri, quern Verres in 
 domo et in privata aliqua palaestra posuit, P. Africanus in 
 urbe sociorum et in gymnasio Tyndaritanorum iuventutis 186 
 illorum custodem ac praesidem voluit esse ; teque, Hercules, 
 quem iste Agrigenti nocte intempesta servorum instructa 
 et comparata manu convellere ex suis sedibus atque auferre 
 conatus est; teque, sanctissima Mater Idaea, quam apud 
 Enguinos augustissimo et religiosissimo in templo sic 
 spoliatam reliquit, ut nunc nomen mode Africani et vestigia 
 violatae religionis maneant, monumenta victoriae fanique 
 ornamenta non exstent ; vosque, omnium rerum forensiuin, 
 consiliorum maximorum, legum iudiciorumque arbitri et 
 testes, celeberrimo in loco populi Eomani locati. Castor et 
 Pollux, quorum e templo quaestum iste sibi et praedam 
 improbissimam comparavit ; omnesque di, qui vehiculis 
 tensarum soUemnes coetus ludorum initis, quorum iter iste 
 ad suum quaestum, non ad religionum dignitatem f aciundum 
 exigendumque curavit ; teque, Ceres, et Libera, quarum 187 
 sacra, sicut opiniones hominum ac religiones ferunt, longe 
 maximis atque occultissimis caerimoniis continentur, a 
 quibus initia vitae atque victus, morum, legum, mansue- 
 tudinis, humanitatis hominibus et civitatibus data ac 
 dispertita esse dicuntur, quarum sacra populus Eomanus a 
 Graecis ascita et accepta tanta religione et publico et 
 privatim tuetur, non ut ab illis hue adlata, sed ut ceteris 
 hinc tradita esse videantur ; quae ab isto uno sic polluta ac 
 
78 M. T. CICERO NIS ACTIONIS [72. 187 
 
 violata sunt, ut simulacrum Cereris unum, quod a viro non 
 modo tangi sed ne aspici quidem fas fuit, e sacrario Catina 
 convellendum auferendumque curaverit, alterum autem 
 Henna ex sua sede ac domo sustulerit, quod erat tale, ut 
 homines, cum viderent, aut ipsam videre se Cererem aut 
 effigiem Cereris non humana manu factam sed de caelo 
 
 i88 lapsam arbitrarentur ; vos etiam atque etiam imploro et 
 appello, sanctissimae deae, quae illos Hennenses lacus 
 lucosque incolitis, cunctaeque Siciliae, quae mihi def endenda 
 tradita est, praesidetis, a quibus inventis frugibus et in 
 orbem terrarum distributis, omnes gentes ac nationes vestri 
 religione numinis continentur; ceteros item decs deasque 
 omnes imploro et obtestor, quorum templis et religionibus 
 iste nefario quodam furore et audacia instinctus bellum 
 sacrilegum semper impiumque habuit indictum : ut, si in 
 hoc reo atque in hac causa omnia mea consilia ad salutem 
 sociorum, dignitatem populi Eomani, fidem meam specta- 
 verunt, si nullam ad rem nisi ad officium et veritatem 
 omnes meae curae, vigiliae cogitationesque laborarunt, quae 
 mea mens in suscipienda causa fuit, fides in agenda, eadem 
 
 i8g vestra sit in iudicanda ; deinde uti G. Verrem, si eius omnia 
 sunt inaudita et singularia facinora sceleris, ^udaciae, 
 perfidiae, libidinis, avaritiae, crudelitatis, dignus exitus eius 
 modi vita atque factis vestro iudicio consequatur; utique 
 res publica meaque fides una hac accusatione mea contenta 
 sit, mihique posthac bones potius defendere liceat quam 
 improbos accusare necesse sit. 
 
NOTES 
 
 1. 1. priTatim et publico =privata et puUica. Cf. § 128. 
 
 non modo religione : ' I will not say without any religious scruple, 
 but even . . .' For religione cf. 2 Verr. iv. § 75, cum summa 
 rdigione turn summo metu legum et iudiciorum teneri : ' to be bound 
 not only by tbe deepest religious scruples, but also by the deepest 
 fear of the laws and legal procedure.' 
 
 magulfica et piaeclara : ' of a lofty and noble strain. ' Cf . Cic, de 
 Orat. ii. 21, 89, gemis (=: style) Crassi riMgnificum et praeclarum. 
 
 ita causa constituitur : ' the line adopted by the defence is 
 that . . .' Cf. 2 Verr. ii. § 149, mihi renunticUur ita constitui a 
 tuis patronis causam tuam. 
 
 a fugitivis atque a belli perlculis: hendiadys. Sicily had on 
 several previous occasions been the scene of serious servile insurrec- 
 tions — e.g. in B.C. 135, when the slaves rose under Eunus and were 
 with great difficulty defeated by P. Rupilius in B.C. 132 : again in 
 B.C. 103 they broke out, headed by Trypho and Athenio, and for 
 five years maintained a vigorous resistance against the arms of 
 Rome. From 73-71 B.C. Italy itself had been ravaged by bands of 
 slaves and gladiators under Spartacus and Crixus, until the insur- 
 rection was quelled by M. Crassus. Verres maintained that he 
 had prevented the slaves in Sicily from joining this revolt. Cf. § 5 
 foil. 
 
 2. locum: 'the ground of argument '=T47ros. Cicero (To^. ii. 7) 
 defines these 'loci ' as 'quasi sedes e quibus argumenta promuntur,' 
 ' argumenti sedes,' a place whence arguments are to be drawn. Cf. 
 Cic. de Orat. i. 13, 56, with Prof. Wilkins's note. 
 Hortensius. Cf. Introd. § 9. 
 
 tempora r. p. : referring chiefly to the wars Rome then had on 
 hand against Mithradates in the East, and against the pirates who 
 were infesting the coasts of the Mediterranean ; perhaps also to the 
 growing power of Pompeius, already viewed with suspicion by the 
 Senate. 
 pro suo iure. Cf. de Orat. ii. 72, 294, pi-o meo iure='aa if I were 
 
 79 
 
8o CICERO IN VERREM [1. 3 
 
 quite within my rights ' ; de Off. i. § 111 : sermone eo debemus nti, 
 qui notus est nobis, ne iure summo ( = deservedly) rideamur. 
 
 Siculonun testlmoulls. The inhabitants of Sicily had become 
 considerably hellenised in Cicero's time by the admixture of a, 
 Greek element with the native population. The Romans always 
 expressed much contempt for the degenerate Greeks of this period 
 (cf. de Orat. i. § 47, Juv. iii. 78). The implied inferiority of the 
 Sicilians to the Romans is brought out more forcibly by the juxta- 
 position of Romano Siculorum, 
 
 3. M'. Ac[ullii : Consul in B.C.. 101. He obtained a triumph for 
 his success in quelling the servile insurrection in Sicily, headed 
 by Athenio (see note to 1. 1.), but was afterwards accused by 
 L. Fufius of maladministration, and, though the evidence against 
 him seems to have been overwhelming, he secured an acquittal 
 through the eloquence of M. Antonius, and his own reputation as 
 a general (Cio. pro Flacc. 39, 98, de Orat. ii. 28, 124 ; 47, 194, 
 de Off. ii. § 14, 50). 
 
 H. Antonil. The grandfather of the triumvir, born B.c. I4S, 
 Consul B.C. 99. Cicero frequently mentions him with great admira- 
 tion for his eloquence : (Ehquentissimus omnium quos ego audierim, 
 Tusc. V. 19, § 55), and considered him and Crassus as the greatest 
 orators of their age {Brut. § 138 foil.). He is one of the chief 
 speakers in Cicero's treatise de Oraiore ; he was ' specially dis- 
 tinguished for his readiness and skill in the invention of arguments, 
 for the art with which he arranged them, and for the tenacious 
 memory, owing to which he was never at a loss, and always avoided 
 the appearance of undue elaboration . . . Hence he is made to 
 discourse on the subjects of inventio, colloeatio, and m^moria in bk. ii. 
 In the other books he appears mainly as the champion of practice as 
 opposed to theory' (Prof. Wilkins's Introduction to the de Oraiore). 
 
 tunlcam . . . abscidit. Cf. de Orat. ii. 28, 124: m causa 
 peroranda non dubitavit excitare reum consularem (M'. Aquilium) 
 et eius diloricare tunicam et ivdicibus cicatrices adversas senis im- 
 peratoris ostendere. ' At the close of his case he did not hesitate 
 to set the consul up in the midst and tear open the tunic and show 
 the judges the scars on the aged general's breast.' 
 
 hostlum duce : i.e. Athenio. 
 
 4. ratio viaque. These two terms are frequently found joined 
 together in a sort of hendiadys : ratio = ' theory,' via = course, 
 method, line (of defence, etc. ). Cf. de Orat. i. 19, 87, han^ ipswm 
 dicendi rationem ac viam. So Cic. de Fin. i. 9, 29, tit ratione et via 
 procedat oratio : ' according to a scientific method. ' 
 
3. 7] NOTES 8 1 
 
 sit fur : a supposed concession of the opposite party — ' granted 
 that he be ... ,' Roby § 1622. 
 at : introducing an emphatic retort ( = dXXel), Roby § 2209. 
 
 2. summo iure : to the full extent of my rights. See 1, 2. note, 
 oerta lege : i.e. the Ux Gomdia de repetundis, passed by Sulla 
 
 B.C. 81. See Appendix. 
 
 5. in Italia : under Spartacus and Crixus. See 1, 1. note. 
 ex eo beUo. Roby § 1939. 
 
 Cn. Fompeio. Spartacus, besieged by Crassus in Rhegium, burst 
 through the blockading lines, and made his way northwards. 
 Crassus in alarm advised the senate»to recall Pompeius from Spain, 
 where he was engaged with the Sertorians, but meanwhile he him- 
 self followed Spartacus and defeated and slew him in an obstinate 
 engagement in Luoania. Pompeius, however, arrived in time to 
 cut oflf some stragglers, and secured at the hands of his partial 
 countrymen all the honour of the victory. 
 
 obstitistl : the irony loses some of its force in face of a fragment 
 of Sallust's History (iv. 31, Kritz) quoted by Halm and Richter : 
 O. Verres litora Italia propinquajlrmavit. 
 
 freto: Roby 1176. Cf: Livy xxii. 31, 7: 'Ipse, per SicUiam 
 pedibua profeetus, freto in Italiam traiecit. ' ' Having traversed Sicily 
 on foot, he crossed over by the straits into Italy.' 
 
 praesidia.: 'coast-guards.' 
 
 6. prope.a Sicilia : So 2 Verr. 28, 6, prope ab domo. Pis. 11 : 
 prope a meis aedibus sedehas. 
 
 eodem intervallo : i.e. ' tam prope ab Italia. ' 
 
 3. profertuT: 'brought forward' as an argument: from which 
 some verb {e.g. ' is it urged ') must be supplied for the next clause. 1 
 
 imitandi beUi: explanatory genitive. Cf. de Fin. iii. 14, 45, 
 crescendi accessio, which Madvig explains as 'quae crescendo fit, 
 noto geuitivi usu, maximeque geruudii.' Roby § 1394 (6). 
 
 faoultate : la,cv.lta,s=faciliias parandi, 'the means of acquiring'; 
 thence it passes into the meaning of 'possession,' 'supply.' Cf. 
 Caes. B. 6. i. 38, 3, omnium rerum, quae ad helium usui erant, 
 numma erat in eo oppido faeultas : ' there was in the town an un- 
 limited supply of everything serviceable for war.' Cf. § 51 infra. 
 
 diiunctus: 'interrupted.' clausus : 'cutoff.' 
 
 ad 0. pervenlre : i.e. it was easier for them to go by land to the 
 shores of the Atlantic than to cross by sea to Sicily. 
 
 Feloridem : Peloris, also found in the forms Belarus and Pelorum, 
 was the north-east comer of Sicily (now. Capo di Far.o). 
 
 7. iam antea bella fugitiv. : see note to 1, 1. 
 
82 CICERO IN VERREM [3. 7 
 
 nt ne quis servus esset : 'vi, ne, is used when a 'precaviion or 
 rmtrktion is to be indicated, especially after ita' (for which we 
 have here eius modi). Mad v. 456, obs. 4. Cf. § 8, ut tie quod bellum 
 posset exsistere, and § 62. 
 
 cum tele : Gaius says : ' the name telum is applied commonly to 
 that which is discharged from a bow, but now signifies anything 
 discharged from the hand.' Hence = any missile weapon, whether 
 for war or for the chase. 
 
 vetus : ' an old story.' 
 
 L. Domitium : L. Domitius Ahenobarbus (No. 5 in Did. Biog. ) 
 consul B.C. 94, was praetor in Sicily about the close of the second 
 Servile war. 
 
 pastorem. These shepherds, who tended the flocks and herds in 
 the mountains during the simimer, were provided with arms for 
 their own defence against the attacks cf wild beasts, and the 
 ' venabulum ' used by the slave in question was probably only 
 carried, for this purpose. Varro, E. JR. ii. 10, gives an interesting 
 account of the life led by these shepherds. 
 
 qui percusslsset : old abl. of quis=how! Cf. qui fit, ut . . 
 Madv. 88, obs. 2. 
 
 in crucem subl. The punishment by impalement or crucifixion 
 was only inflicted on slaves and the worst sort of criminals (cf. 
 Juv. Sat. vi. 219, Pone crucem servo. Hor. Sat. i. 3, 80 foil.) ; hence 
 the act of Verres in crucifying a Roman citizen was all the more 
 flagrant. Cf. § 168. 
 
 videatur : hypothetical subj. with condition not expressed. Roby 
 § 1536. 
 
 uUam In partem : ' I do not argue either one way or the other ; ' 
 ' either for or against.' 
 
 disBolutum : 'lax.' Cf. § 104. 
 
 4, 8. C. Norbanus. As trib. plebis in B.C. 103 (not 95 as in Diet. 
 Biog. See Momm. iii. p. 186 note), N. impeached Q. Servilius 
 Caepio of 'maiestas' during his consulship in Gaul B.C. 106 and 
 secured his condemnation. In B.C. 95 he was, however, himself 
 impeached for the part he had taken in this prosecution, but was 
 acquitted. He was defended on this occasion by M. Antonius, who 
 gives an account of his defence in the de Orat. (ii. 48, 49 ; iii. 21, 
 25, 39, 40). He was praetor of Sicily B.C. 89, and consul B.C. 83. 
 He espoused the Marian cause, but was defeated by Sulla and fled 
 to Rhodes, where, on a demand being made by Sulla for his person, 
 he committed suicide B.C. 82. 
 
 nsu, re, r. c. ; msm= personal intercourse; re, ratione= covimeraial 
 
5. 10] NOTES 83 
 
 transactions (rci«jo= reckoning of accounts): co«cord8a= general 
 harmony, embracing both personal and business relations, 
 discipliua : strictness, discipline. 
 
 9. consenslones : ' conspiracies.' So consentire is used. Cf. Livy 
 xxvii. 9 fin. : Oonsensisse omnes ad xyrodendam HannibcUi urbem 
 Romanam : ' all had conspired together to betray Eome to H.' Cf. 
 §18. 
 
 pubUce : i.e. in his official despatches to the Senate. 
 
 servitium : abs. for concrete. Cf. the use^of 'mancipittm'^n 
 slave obtained by purchase (Liv. xli. 6, mancipia argento parata) ; 
 and 'remigium' = a, crew (Hor. Ep. i. 6, 63, and see note to § 145). 
 
 Id adeo : ( =tovt6 ye) adeo is used with demonstratives and some- 
 times with relatives, like 7^, 7oC>' in Grk., to emphasise their 
 meaning. Cf. pro Cluent. xxix. 80. ; Id adeo sic cognoscite; 2 
 Verr. Id adeo, indices, sic vos ex me cognoscite. ' This much, at 
 any rate. . .' 
 
 10. TriocaUno : (sc. agro). Diodorus xxxvi. 7, 3 (as quoted by 
 Halm) says Triocala got its name from possessing three natural 
 advantages (rpia koKA) viz. : good water, great fertility, especially 
 of the vine and oliv6, and natural strength rendering it almost 
 impregnable. It was for this reason, no doubt, that Trypho used 
 it as his heado[uarters during the second Servile war in Sicily. It 
 was situated in the west of the island between Selinus and Heraolea. 
 
 famUla : ' his household slaves.' 
 
 Lllybaeum : the headquarters of the praetor, where he held his 
 court. 
 
 denuntiatnm est : i.e. to appear before the court. Cf. below cum 
 denv/niiavit ut adesset : 'when he gave him notice to be present.' 
 
 5. furtum : praedam : i.e. on the part of Verres. 
 
 usque quaque : Roby § 2187. 
 
 tum potuit . . . esse ratio. The sense is, 'there were three 
 opportunities open to Yerres : he could either have demanded a, 
 sum of money from L. when he sent him notice to appear ; or he 
 could have proclaimed a suspension of judicial business (no new 
 device for him) and so have got the case put off indefinitely ; or 
 thirdly, he could have procured the acquittal of the slaves. But 
 when they had already been condemned what means had he of 
 procuring a bribe ? ' 
 
 non nova : cf. 2 Verr. i. 120. 
 
 qui In cousilio fuenmt : 'the members of the praetor's court.' 
 Every provincial governor had a ' consilium ' or board of assessors to 
 assist him in his judicial decisions. See Ramsay, Man. Antiq. p. 188. 
 
84 CICERO IN VERREM [5. 11 
 
 publicae tabulae : ' the public records ' of the trial. 
 
 conventus : thia word was applied to an association of Roman 
 citizens dwelling in a province. 
 
 11. sine allqno quaestu: 'without a profit' (indefinite): sine 
 uUoq. would = ' without some profit (however small).' Cf. deOff. ii. 
 11, 40, sine uUa particula iustitiae, with Holden's note. 
 
 quod commodum est : ' that suits, pleases you. ' 
 
 quam voltis : plur. of quam-vis, ' however wicked. ' 
 
 domino : ' superfluous, and probably a gloss on " Triocalino illi. " ' 
 — Bichter-Eberhard. 
 
 denique : 'in fact.' 
 
 remltto : of. § 22, omnia tibi ista concedam et remittam : ' all that 
 I will readily grant you.' 
 
 persuadeatur, ut. For the use of an ut-clause where an infinitive 
 might be looked for, cf . Madvig's exhaustive note, de Fin. ii. 3, 6, 
 where he says that ' many subject arid object clatises are of such a 
 nature as to pass, by easy transition, into the form of consecutive 
 sentences.' Cf. the use of ut after such phrases as verisimile non 
 est ; qui probari potest ; integrum est. The difference between the 
 two constructions is shown by Madvig 1. c. : Id optimum est, ut is 
 nesciat : where ut . . . nesciat =th.3it he should not know ; eum . . , 
 nescire would = that he does not know.- 
 
 6. 12. cognoras : cognosco, the technical term for 'learning by 
 judicial investigation,' of. causam cognosoere. 
 
 Indemnatis : cf. the account of Gavins, c. 61 foil. 
 
 ezitus esitiales : ' last closing scenes. ' 
 
 13. homines pop. : aut nob. : ' men of the popular or aristocratic 
 party,' i.e. these scenes occur at periods of revolution when one 
 faction is for the moment triumphant over the other, and recovers 
 its lost ascendency. 
 
 ut homines servos, etc. : an ut-clause expanding hoc vero novum 
 est. The conjunction is repeated in the following clauses merely 
 for emphasis. Homines servos, an emphatic antithesis to homines 
 populares, nobiles above. 
 
 caput et sangulnem : ' life and limb.' 
 
 14. PaulUs, etc. ; 'a Paullus, etc.,' i.e. L. Aemilius P., victor of 
 Pydna, B.C. 168. 
 
 tantmnne vldlsse : an exclamatory infinitive of surprise with 
 enclitic interrogative particle »e, and no subject expressed. Cf. 
 Verg. Aeneid, i. 37 : Mene incepto desistere victam. Rdby § 1358, 
 Madvig § 399. ' What wonderful foresight he showed ! ' 
 
 suspenses : ' excited. ' 
 
6. 16] NOTES 85 
 
 ' feclsBe vlderi ' : the official declaration of the iudices, giving a 
 guarded opinion. Cf. Cic. Acad, ii. 47, 146. 
 
 Ignea: i.e. the 'laminae ardentes' or red-hot plates, mentioned 
 below § 163. Cf. Horace 1 Ep, xv. 36, lamna candente, Juv. Sat. 
 xiv. 21, TJritur ardenti ferro. 
 
 scelerls coniuxationis^ue : heudiadys, 'criminal conspiracy.' 
 
 ea facilitate: ' so complacent.' 
 
 vel ipso cam. Intemuntlo : ' even at the mediation of the 
 executioner.' 
 
 15. magnae pecuniae : with 'vilicus.' The 'vilicus' or steward 
 was a slave entrusted with the entire superintendence of the 
 ' villa rustica ' and the other slaves there employed : a good and 
 trustworthy vilicus was therefore worth a considerable sum of 
 money. The ordinary price of a slave without special qualifications 
 seems to have been about 500 drachmae ( = £20) Hor. 2 Sat, vii. 43 
 though they sometimes fetched fancy prices (£800, or even double 
 that amount), Mart, i, 59, iii. 62. 
 
 For the descriptive genitive, which is always qualified by an 
 adjective (or numeral, pronoun, etc.), see Roby 1308, 9j Madv. 287. 
 
 super : when the witnesses gave their evidence after the delivery 
 of Actio I. ; see Introd. § 11. 
 
 L. Flavius : cf. § 155. 
 
 procurator: an 'agent,' 'factor' who looked after the estate 
 during the owner's absence. 
 
 Cn. Lentulus : C. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus (No. 24 Did. 
 Biog.), consul with L. Gellius, B.C. 72, defeated by Spartacus in the 
 Servile war : censor 70 : legate of Pompeius against the pirates, 
 67, 66. 'Dicit' — i.e. in his letters. 
 
 recent! negotlo : at the time of the occurrence : so recenii re § 75. 
 
 curavit : i.e. he got other people to write to Verres iu support of 
 M's. character. For mittendas, Roby § 1401. 
 
 16. de Apolloulo : 'the case of A.' 'as to A.' 'De' with its 
 su"bstautive is often so used absolutely : of. Cic. ad Fam. ii. 17, 2 : 
 de raiionibus referendis non erat incommodnm te nullas referre : 
 ' as to the rendering of accounts, it was not inconvenient that you 
 rendered none ' ; in Pis. 51 : de reditu Gabinii omittamus. 
 
 clarius : ' more notorious. ' 
 
 vocari : citari. The ' in ius vooatio ' was the preliminary notice 
 given to a defendant, corresponding to our ' serving of the writ ' : 
 the ' de tribunal! citatio ' was the formal summons on the day of 
 the trial to hear and answer the charges. 
 
 quod . . . maueret : for 'quod' with subjunctive =' cur ' cf. Hor. 
 
86 CICERO IN VERREM [r. 17 
 
 2 Ep. i. 30, non est quod multa loquamur : ' there is no reason why 
 we should speak at length.' Livy, xxxviii. 10 : mirante consule, 
 quod morarentur. Integer, 'unassailed.' 
 
 17. quem dlceret : for 'qui . . . esset, ut dioebat."' The verb of 
 saying, instead of the thing said, is loosely put into the subj. (Roby 
 § 1746). Cf. deOff. i. §40: quod se oWtom nescio gfaid diceret= quod 
 oblitus esset mescio quM, ut dioebat : ' because he had forgotten 
 something or other, as he said. ' 
 
 In nomlnlbus nnmeratam. Nomen, the 'aame, of a creditor entered 
 in the ledger, was used for 'a debt' : hence ' in nominibus'= stand- 
 ing to one's credit,' 'owed to one.' Cf. 2 Fcrr. i. 10, nomina 
 exigere^to collect debts: numeratain=lit. 'paid down,' 'ready 
 cash.' Cf. numeravit pecuniam § 15, supra. 
 
 cum maxime : ' as soon as ever.' 
 
 8, 18. constantlam : 'consistency.' 
 
 ciul, si . . . facerent . . . amltteret : ' who, if the slaves raised 
 war, was likely to lose.' Cf. §89: quae (navis) si in praedonum 
 pugna versaretur, urbis instar habere videretur. . Roby § 1532, c. 
 
 nomine: 'pretext.' Cf. pro Mac. 12^ 2T: Olaasis nomine pecuniam 
 civitatihus impercctam queruntur, 'They complain that money is 
 levied from the states, on the pretext of the fleet.' 
 
 19. si alloiuid : ' if really anything,' more definite than si quid 
 below. Cf. de Off. i. § 155 : nosipsi quidquid ad rem pvhlicam attidi- 
 mus, si aliquid attuUmus, 'whatever we have contributed to the 
 welfare of the state, if anything.' 
 
 tua Indicia sequar etc. : 'I will conform to your judgments : I 
 will maintain your decisions, so long as you yourself are willing (to 
 do so) ; ' auctoritas ' = an authoritative decision serving as a pre- 
 cedent, 
 
 meo lure : cf. § 2, supr. 
 
 20. non . . . ne . . . OLUidem : Roby § 224 b.a. 
 
 9, 22, quid sit defeusurus: so 4 Verr. xii. 28: hdberes quod 
 defenderes. 
 
 fasces : secures. The praetors on foreign service were attended 
 by six lictors with ' rods and axes ' : when on duty in the city the 
 number of lictors was two, who carried ' fasces ' but not ' secures. ' 
 
 quae cum dixerit . . ., quaeram : Roby § 1481. 
 
 de caroere : de for ex as often : cf. de Orat. ii. 263 : de triclinio 
 tuo exibis. 2 Verr. 2, 30, 75 : de sella exsiluit, ' leapt from his 
 seat. ' 
 
 ad magnltudinem : for ad='in regard to,' used after adjectives, 
 see Roby § 1827, Madv, 253, dbs. 
 
10. 25] NOTES 87 
 
 23. aestlmate pecuuta : i. e. calculate how much ApoUonius had 
 to disgorge to obtain his freedom. 
 
 reperletls etc. ; ' you will find that these various devices had been 
 adopted in dealing with one wealthy individual, for the purpose of 
 holding out to the rest the tei^rors of similar misfortunes, and a 
 warning example of the dangers to which they were liable,' i.e. by 
 refusing, or, as in the case of ApoUonius, by being unable, to 
 obtain acquittal by means of a heavy bribe to the praetor. 
 
 statttlte quanti hoc putetis etc. : ' determine at what value you 
 reckon this, and how many you think paid quittance,' 
 
 inclusum supplicium atque . . . seclusum : a strange phrase for 
 ' the punishment of being shut up and cut off from ..." 
 
 24. oceurrere: 'anticipate.' 
 
 sine causa quaestus : ' with no mercenary motive. ' For the 
 genitive, see Roby § 1304. 
 
 et non : ' and not rather. ' M non is used instead of nee ' where the 
 negative belongs to a special word in the sentence, or where [as 
 here] the new sentence is intended as a correction of the former. ' 
 —Roby § 2235. 
 
 10. 25. Cicero now passes on to show, by illustrating the wanton 
 and luxurious life which Verres led, how little right he had to the 
 ' laus imperatoria ' to which he laid claim. 
 
 sublet : ' to be supplied.' 
 
 summa illuc pertinet : ' the main point is this, that . ' 
 
 Non ad Q. Maximl sapientiam . . . cognoscite : ' 1 pray you, 
 become acquainted — not with a general to be compared with , . . 
 — ^but with quite another class of general to be carefully kept and 
 cherished.' For non ad= ' not to be compared with,' see Mad v. on 
 Cic. de Fin. iii. § 52 : de Orat. ii. § 25 : nihil ad Perdum. The sen- 
 tence is very loosely constructed. 
 
 (J. Maximi : i.e. Q. Fabius Maximus Cunctator : sapientiam 
 refers to the policy of delay by which he endeavoured to weary out 
 Hannibal. Cf. Verg. Aen. vi. 846 : unus qui nobis cunctando restituit 
 rem : ' who alone restored our fortunes by delay, ' (borrowed from 
 Ennius. Cf. de Off. i. § 84). 
 
 iUlus superioils Afr. : the elder Scipio, the victor of Zama, b.c. 
 202. 
 
 huius : the younger Scipio (Aemilianus) Africanus, the hero of 
 Numantia, B.C. 132. His ' singulare consilium ' was commended by 
 Cato in the Homeric line : ofos vivvvrai, rol Bi ffKial it(raovcnv, = ' he 
 only hath wisdom, others are but flitting shadows,' {Od. x. 495), 
 Plut. Oat. Mai., 27. 
 
88 CICERO IN VERREM [10. 26 
 
 FauUl : L. Aemilius PauUus, surnamed Maoedonious for his 
 victory at Pydna over Perseus, king of Macedonia, B.C. 168 ; 
 rationem ac disciplinam : 'method and art,' 'tactics.' 
 
 26. fluminum. ' The violent rains that deluge the island at this 
 period of the year swell the rivers, damage the roads, and set the 
 Fiumare running : these are torrents, occasioned by the waters 
 descending from the mountains into deep ravines . . . The boister- 
 ous force of the Fiumare while flowing, the badness of the roads 
 and the want of bridges, render travelling in the winter dangerous 
 and at times wholly impracticable.' — (Smyth's Sicily, p. 7.) 
 
 continebatux : ' consisted of ' ; some MSS. give ' conterebatur. ' 
 
 27. Favonio. The blowing of the west wind, Favonius or Zephy- 
 rus, was the sign that spring had commenced, Cf. Hor. Od. i. 4 : 
 Solvitur acris hiemps grata vice veris ei Favoni. Halm quotes Varro 
 B. if. i. 28 : primus dies est veris in Aquario. 
 
 cumcoeperat . . . dabat, cum vlderat . . . arbitrabatur: Hoby 
 § 1717. 
 
 rosam : the latest blooming flower of spring. Cf . Hor. Od. i. 
 38 : rosa quo locorum sera moretur, ' where the late rose lingers. ' 
 
 11. lectlca octaphoro : 'a litter with eight bearers.' These 
 lecticae were introduced into Bome from the east. At first they 
 were only used by sick persons or on a journey, and it was regarded 
 as a sign of effeminacy for a man to use them in the city ; sub- 
 sequently however they came into more general use, and were 
 furnished in most luxurious style with curtains and cushions ( Juv. 
 Sat. 1. 159). The number of bearers varied, Juv. Sai. i. 64 
 mentions one borne by six slaves. Cf. also Juv. Sat. iii. 242 : 
 clausa lectica fenestra ; and for a general description Becker's 
 Oallus, p. 341 foil. 
 
 Melltensis : of fine Maltese linen. Cf. 2 Ver): 2, 72, 176 : vestem 
 Melitensem ; 74, 183 : Melitensia. 
 
 maculis: 'meshes.' 
 
 iura disoripserat : ' dispense justice to each applicant.' Cf . de Off. 
 i. 124, iura discrihere ; Cat. i. 4, 9 : discripsisti urbis partes ad in- 
 cendia : ' allotted the various quarters of the city, to be set on fire. ' 
 
 28. in quibus conslstere, etc. From 2 Verr. 2, § 63, it appears 
 tha,t Sicily was divided into four districts for judicial business. 
 The praetor went round ' on circuit ' once a year, stopping {coji- 
 sistere) and holding assemblies {conventus agere) at the chief town 
 of each district in turn. The four towns were Syracuse, Agri- 
 gentum, Panhormus, and Lilybaeum. 
 
 conventum agere. Cf. forum, iudicium, coetus agere. 
 
12.29] NOTES 89 
 
 ad tempus : 'at the right time,' i.e. at an appointed hour. Cf. 
 Livy xxxviii. 25 : cum consul ad tempus venisset : so ante tempus, 
 ' before the right time, prematurely.' Cic. de Am. 3, 11 : /actus 
 est consul bis, primum ante tempus, iterum sibi suo tempore. 
 
 quae in poculis ponebantur : i.e. the rules and regulations as to 
 the strength and quantity oE the wine drunk, the number of toasts 
 to be honoured, and all other details of the feast. These rules 
 were settled by a 'master of the revels,' arbiter bibendi, elected by 
 lot before the feast began ; cf. Hor. Od. ii. 7, 25 : quern Venus 
 (= the highest throw with the Aice) a/rbit/rum dicet bibendi: Od. i. 
 4, 18 : nee regna vini sortiere talis : ' nor wilt thou with the dice 
 obtain the lordship of the revels.' See Becker's OaUus, pp. 126-7. 
 
 pugnam Can. Perhaps ' shambles ' is the nearest English equiva- 
 lent to this metaphor, which Cicero uses elsewhere somewhat differ- 
 ently to describe the Sullan proscriptions. Eosc. Am. 32 § 89 : ie 
 pugna Oannensis accusatorem sat bonum fecit. 
 
 12. 29. servitU. See note to § 9. 
 
 ofTendit. Madvig thinks the whole passage from quod etfamiliae 
 . . . non impedit refers to the slaves, and gives the various reasons 
 why they should be incited to insurrection at this period of the 
 year ; the slave-gangs were collected together and they could see 
 their numerical strength : their labours in the harvest field were 
 most toilsome and would render them more prone to revolt : they 
 would have a supply of com ready for their forces : and the season 
 of the year was propitious for a campaign. The appearance of the 
 praetor would do much to remind the slaves of the powerful city 
 they would have to contend with, and his mere presence might 
 check an incipient revolt. Halm also takes the passage in this 
 way, but Long finds some difficulty in accepting Madvig's inter- 
 pretation, and thinks that 'frumenti . . . impedit ' refers to the 
 praetor, though in what way he does not make quite clear. He also 
 questions Madvig's explanation of ' labor . . . offendit,' but says it 
 is diflBcult to suggest the real meaning. Madvig's interpretation 
 appears the more natural and intelligible, even though some of the 
 supposed inducements to rebellion may, on a too close and hyper- 
 critical examination, appear insufficient. 
 
 For offendit ='inita.tea,' 'is irksome to,' cf. ad Fam. i. 7, 7 : at 
 COS splendor offendat. 
 
 concursant : ' make their circuit. ' 
 
 novo quodam genere : 'a really new kind.' Cf. Wilkins on de 
 Orat. i. 3, 12 : quidam following an adjective may be used either to 
 limit or to heighten: e.g. 1. c. communi qaodam= to a certain extent 
 
90 CICERO IN VERREM [12. 30 
 
 universal, but § 14, incredibili quodomi=a, really incredible. Cf. 
 § 188 : nefa/rio qaodam furore : 'with a madness amounting to crime.' 
 
 30. nbl primum, etc. ; ' where the bay begins to curve in towards 
 the city.' The precise locality is more specifiioally mentioned in 
 § 80, in litore, quod est litus in Insula Syracuais post AretTmsae fontem, 
 where Insula =Ortygia, an island between the Greater and Lesser 
 Harbours, connected with the mainland, and containing a part of 
 the town of Syracuse. 
 
 quae regis Hieronls fuit. Cf. iv. § 118 : in qua {Insula) domus est, 
 quae Hieronis regis fuit, qua praetores uti solent. Hiero was tyrant 
 of Syracuse 478-467 B.c. 
 
 fillus. In § 81 he is alluded to as praetextatiis, i.e. still with the 
 ^ toga praetexta, or boy's toga ; and in iii. § 159' he is called grandis, 
 tall for his years : from these three passages we may infer that he 
 was not far oflf 17. Cf. Ramsay, Man. Antiq. p. 422. 
 
 si . . . abrlperet . . , cogeret. See note to § 18, aifacerent. 
 
 patris. Cf. iii. 68 fin., Koby §§ 1314, 1317. Madvig on Cic. 
 de Fin. v. 5, says : Cicero uses the genitive with similis, when the 
 object is a living being (especially a god or man), far more 
 frequently than the dative : the cases in which the dative occurs 
 being so rare by comparison as to give rise to doubt whether the 
 text should not be altered. Where the object is a thing, he uses 
 either case indiscriminately. Of later writers, Livy prefers the 
 genitive, and the Augustan poets (Vergil, Horace, etc.) almost 
 universally employ the dative whether the object be a person or 
 thing. The personal pronoun however is always in the genitive. 
 Cf. § 55 n. 
 
 31. [ab Rhodio tlbioine] bracketed by Habn as unsuitable to the 
 participle ^cr-ducta, and a probable gloss taken from iii. 78 : Ter- 
 tiam vi dbductam ah R. tibicine. 
 
 turbas: 'bickerings,' 'quarrelling.' 
 
 mlmi : for the mimi (the same name is given both to the plays 
 and the actors), see Momm. iv. pp. 579, 580. 
 
 Iste Hannibal. This is supposed to be a reference to a line of 
 Ennius (quoted by Cicero pro Balbo c. 22 fn. ) in which he makes 
 Hannibal say: hostem qui feriet mihi erit Karthaginiensis Quisquis 
 erit : ' he who shall smite the foe, shall be a Carthaginian to me, 
 whosoever he be. ' 
 
 13. talarique tunica. The tunic ' extending to the ankles ' with 
 long sleeves {manicata) was regarded as very eflfeminate and foppish. 
 It was not a Roman costume but was introduced from Greece. 
 Cf. Cic. Gat. ii. 10. Hor. Sat. i. 2, 25 : Maltinus tunicis demissis 
 
13.33] NOTES 
 
 91 
 
 ('flowing') ambulat. The wearing, too, of the 'pallium' or Greek 
 eloak instead of the characteristic ' toga ' was a sign of eflfeminacy 
 in a Roman of this period. See § 86. 
 
 non iUB dlci, nou iudicia fieri : ' no judgments were given, no 
 trials held,' a comprehensive phrase expressing that the whole 
 machinery of the law was at a standstill. Iiis refers more particu- 
 larly to civil suits, iudicia to criminal trials, for which we have 
 below causarum atque iuris. 
 
 lus dicere was the tejChnical phrase by which the praetor was said 
 to deliver judicial decisions by virtue of his authority (iurisdictio). 
 In civil suits the praetor, after holding a preliminary investigation, 
 usually appointed a index to hear the case : all proceedings before 
 the praetor were called proceedings in iure, and those before the 
 index were termed to iudicio. 
 
 32. defendis: 'maintain.' Cf. § 151 : si etiam id quod defendit 
 velim concedere : ' even if I am willing to allow what he maintains. ' 
 
 dicendi ratio : ' oratorical style.' 
 
 auetoritas : 'precedent.' Cf. § 19 (note): tuam defendam aucto- 
 ritatem. 
 ex mulierum morsu. Cf. with this passage § ifin. 
 
 33. aera : ' campaigns '=stipendia. 
 
 In stipendiis — in imperio : as a subordinate— as a commander. 
 
 abducl : i.e. willingly, ut meretrix ; perduei = ad amatorem ii 
 lenone vi auferri. 
 
 frequens : aere dirutus. These are military terms : frequens is 
 applied to a soldier who is always at his post : aere dirutus to one 
 whose pay is stopped for any misdemeanour. The meaning is that 
 though Verres was always at his post at the mimic warfare of the 
 gaming tables, yet he lost his money, as if he were a defaulter. 
 
 damna : i.e. his gambling losses, ' which were paid up and made 
 good by the profits he made out of his youth ' (aetatis fructu). 
 
 lam vero, cum, etc. The general sense is: he grew hardened 
 and inured to this sort of vice by satisfying the lusts of others ; why 
 then need I say how many strongholds of chastity he assailed ; why 
 link others' shame with his enormities ? 
 
 Tusticanus : 'peasant': distinguish from rustieu^ =hoovish, un- 
 lettered, clownish. 
 
 L. Iiucullo, M. Cotta : Coss. B.C. 74, when Verres was praetor at 
 Rome. 
 
 municlpio. For the legal relation of 'municipes' to Rome see 
 Ramsay, Man. Antiq. p. 91. 
 
 vadlmonii causa : ' to answer to his bail. ' Vadimonium was the 
 
92 CICERO IN VERREM [13. 33 
 
 general term applied to the ' security ' given by the defendant to 
 the plaintiff that he would appear before the praetor (in iare) on a 
 fixed day. See Ramsay, Mem. Antiq. p. 281. 
 
 lura omnia pr. urb. : ' all the judicial decisions of the city praetor. ' 
 Equivalent, as Long says, to ' omne ius praetorium,' for -which see 
 Bamsay, Man. Aivtiq. p. 243. 
 
 paludatus : clad in the 'paludamentum,' the distinctive cloak 
 of the commander-in-chief. Vota nuncupare : a consul or praetor 
 before proceeding to a province offered in the capitol solemn vows 
 to the gods to be performed in case of safe and successful return : 
 cf. Livy, xli. 10. 
 
 contra auspicia : because, as soon as the imperator re-entered the 
 city, he thereby divested himself of the 'imperium,' and the aus- 
 picia would have to be taken anew. 
 
 14. Ita milii . . . arbitrarer. 'May your esteem and that of 
 R. people fulfil my hopes as truly as I have received all the 
 ofices ... in such a spirit as to deem myself , . .' Cf. Madv. 
 444 a. obs. 3, and Roby § 1707 f., and passages there quoted ; and 
 add Cat. iv. 11: ita mihi salva repvMica vobiscum per/mi liceat, ut 
 ego non atrocitate animi moveor : ' as truly as I am moved by no 
 "personal animosity, so may I be allowed to enjoy with you the 
 security of the state.' 
 
 non solum datum : ' not merely as a gift, but as a trust committed 
 to my care.' 
 
 quaestor: see Introd. § 8. Cf. pro Plancio c. 26, where C. 
 amusingly describes the exalted notions he had of his own value as 
 quaestor. 
 
 his: i.e. such as we see every day, 'the ordinary irregular de- 
 sires ' ; for this use of ' hie ' cf . pro Mur. §§ 3, 24. 
 
 36. This section gives a succinct account of the duties and pre- 
 rogatives of the ' aedilis curulis. ' By virtue of his office he was 
 (i) curator urbis ; (ii) curator ludorum soUemnium ; (iii) curator 
 annonae. The last of these functions, the superintendence of the 
 markets, is not here expressly mentioned by C. : (i) included the 
 supervision of the public and private buildings of the city, as well 
 as the preservation of peace and order, and all police arrangements 
 (sacrarum aedium procurationem . . . totam uriem tuendam) ; (ii) 
 the general management and regulation of the national games. 
 
 Cererl, L. L. The ' Cereaha ' commenced on April 12, the 
 ' Floralia ' on the 28th, lasting till the end of the month. The ' ludi 
 Romani, or Magni,' were the oldest of the Roman festivals, instituted 
 by Romulus and reconstructed by Tarquinius Priscua. They took 
 
15. 38] NOTES 93 
 
 place in the Circus Maximus, and were therefore often called ' ludi 
 Circenses. ' They began on September 4, and included all kinds of 
 gymnastic contests ; they were held in honour of Jupiter, Juno 
 and Minerva, the three divinities who had shrines in the Capitol. 
 Cf. Livy i. 35 fin. ; Ramsay, Man. Antiq. pp. 346 foil. 
 
 populo plebique : originally popvZus meant the patricians and 
 the cUentes only ; while plebs was used of the subjugated popula- 
 tions of conquered towns imported to Eome, who had no share in 
 political rights and privileges. The phrase 'populus et plebs,' 
 however, was kept to designate the whole body of Eoman citizens 
 long after the two classes had ceased to be politically distinct. 
 
 fiructus illos : ' the following returns for my toil and anxiety. ' 
 Madv. 485 b. 
 
 antiquioreiu^superlorem. 'A certain rule of precedence' in 
 giving one's opinion on any subject before the Senate ' was followed. 
 If the elections for the following year were over, the Consuls elect 
 were called upon first, then the Princeps Senatus, then those who 
 had held the office of consul, and so on through the inferior offices . . . 
 Considerable importance was attached to the privilege of speaking 
 early.' — Ramsay, Man. Antiq. p. 219. 
 
 ius imaglnls . . . prodendae : ' the right of handing down to 
 posterity a cast of my features.' These casts were made of wax 
 and kept as family heirlooms in the ' atrium,' or hall of the house. 
 Cf. Juv. viii. 19 : Tota licet veteres exoment undique cerae Atria, 
 'Though the whole atrium be decked on all sides with ancient 
 waxen-casts.' 
 
 37. ita . . . vellm : cf. § 35 note. ' So may the gods be gracious 
 tome!' The corresponding ut-clause is here to be supplied from 
 the context. Cf. Verr. in Caecil. Div. § 41, where the full form 
 occurs : ita mihi deos velim propitios, ut . . . non modo comma- 
 veor . . . sed etiam . . . perhorresco. 
 
 recte collocata ... in loco posita esse : 'rightly bestowed . . . 
 suitably placed' : loco=suo loco, ' its proper place.' 
 
 15. 38. renuntiatus : renuntio was the technical term for the 
 official publication of the result of an election. 
 
 quoquo modo : see Introd. § 7. In 4 Verr. § 45 Cicero is more 
 outspoken on this point. 
 
 non ipsa pr. voce . . . ut putares ? ' were you not roused even 
 by the voice of the crier into thinking that ? . . . ' 
 
 totiens : viz. until h majority of the ' centuries ' had voted in 
 favour of V. The result of each ' century's ' vote was proclaimed 
 by the herald, and as there were 193 centuries the name of Verres 
 
94 CICERO IN VERREM [15. 38 
 
 would be proclaimed at least 97 times. The division of the Roman 
 people into ' centuries ' was introduced by Servius TuUius (578- 
 535 B.C. ). The whole of the Roman burgesses were divided into five 
 ' classes ' in proportion to their fortune, each ' olasais ' containing 
 a certain number of 'centuriae ' of ' seniores,' i.e. men over 46 years 
 of age, and of 'iuniores,' between 17 and 46. Besides these there 
 were 18 centuries of knights ifiquites), making in all 193 centuries, 
 which together formed the 'Comitia Centuriata,' the most im- 
 portant of the Roman constitutional assemblies. The duties of the 
 Comitia were (i) election of magistrates ; (ii) enactment or repeal of 
 laws ; (iii) hearing of criminal cases affecting the life or liberty of a 
 citizen. 
 
 lus dlceres : the ' iuris diotio miw cives ' was the technical phrase 
 for the functions of the ' praetor urbanus. ' 
 
 iUud ratlonlB. Boby § 1296. 
 
 39. provlncla : i.e. the provincial praetorship in Sicily. 
 
 fasces ac secures. See § 22. 
 
 ut, omnibus cum teneare rebus . . . : ' convicted on all points, 
 you take refuge in . . . ' For teneare cf . Gat. ii, 6, 13 : Cum haesi- 
 taret, cum teneretur, quaesivi . . . 
 
 Tempsanum Incommodum : ' the misfortune at Tempsa.' The 
 incident referred to is not further known. Tempsa was in 
 Bruttium on the Terinaean gulf ; Verres returned to R. at the close 
 of the Slave war : so that we may infer from the context that the 
 town was besieged by the remnant of Spartacus' army. 
 
 recens : ' as soon as it occurred. ' Cf . recenti negotio, § 15 ; recenti 
 re, § 75. 
 
 16. 40. Valentin! : the inhabitants of Vibo Valentia, a ' muni- 
 cipium ' a little south of Tempsa. 
 
 cum tunica pulla et pallio. The vestis pvlla or tunic of dark- 
 grey wool was the dress of slaves and the lower orders : the 
 paUium was a Greek cloak. Verres' proper official dress, as praetor, 
 was the stately toga praetexta, or purple-bordered robe. 
 
 proficlscentem : i.e. in provinciam. 
 
 qui . . . capiebat : ' who, at the very time he was leaviiig his 
 province, not to enjoy a triumph but to stand a trial, did not even 
 avoid a disgrace which he incurred without any compensating 
 pleasure.' 'Infamiam' refers to his undignified way of receiving 
 the Valentini. 
 
 41. divlna : ' inspired. ' 
 
 aede B. The temple of BeUona was built in fulfilment of the vow 
 of Appixis Claudius during the Samnite war, 296 b. o. ; it stood in 
 
18. 45] NOTES 
 
 95 
 
 the Campus Martius outside the city gates. The senate here gave 
 audience to such foreign embassies aa were not allowed to enter the 
 city ; and also decided the claims of victorious generals who de- 
 manded a triumph for their victories, but could not enter the city 
 while still under arms. 
 
 principes: so. senatus, i.e. those who had the right of speaking 
 first in the senate. Cf. note to § 36 ; so Cai. ii. 6, 12, 
 
 tabella. Each juryman was provided with a wooden tablet 
 (tabella) covered with wax on which to record his verdict, by 
 inscribing thereon either A. (absolvo), or C. (condemno), or N. L. 
 (non liquet=VLOt proven). 
 
 17. 42. Esto : ' Well, then,' summing up the results of previous 
 arguments. C. now passes on to the second division of the speech ; 
 see Introd. § 12. 
 
 at vero : ' yet, on the other hand. ' 
 
 dUlgentiamque . . . singularem : ' and displayed unusual activity 
 in that matter.' Adhibuit to be supplied from habuit (Halm, who 
 quotes de Am. 89 : omnis hoc in re habenda ratio et diligentia eat). 
 
 itaque : ' and in this respect,' ' and so far.' 
 
 malestatis : ' treason ' ; ' miuutae ' is to be supplied. Crimen m. 
 m. signified any act by a Roman citizen by which the dignity of 
 the state was impaired. 
 
 43. nomine : see note to § 18. 
 
 44. sumptu pull. : ' at the public expense ' ; tuo nomine : ' in your 
 name,' i.e. 'for you'; publice, 'by order of the state,' 'on com- 
 mission from the state ' : though perhaps either sumptu piib, or 
 publiee is a gloss, and one should be omitted. 
 
 magistratum : ' the chief magistrate,' ' mayor.' 
 Vella : on the west coast of Lucania. 
 
 prospectare : ' descry afar off,' explorare fugam : ' seek a way of 
 escape. ' 
 
 18. 45. necease est : in order, that is, to prove that you were 
 not guilty of ' res repetundae.' 
 
 istae legis. The 'lex Claudia de senatoribus,' B.C. 218, is thus 
 quoted by Livy xxi. 63 : ne quis senator, cuive senatorius pater 
 fuisset, maritimam navem, quae plus quam trecentarum amphorarum 
 (cubic feet) esset, haberet : ' Let no senator, nor one whose father 
 has been a senator, possess a vessel of more than 300 cubic feet 
 capacity.' Vessels of this capacity, he adds, were considered 
 sufiBicient for carrying agricultural produce ; whereas trade of all 
 kinds was thought degrading to a senator. 
 
 quid enlm tlbl navl : sc. opus est. 
 
96 CICERO IN VERREM [18. 46 
 
 te babere nibil licet : ' it is not lawful that you should hold 
 property ; ' for the construction of. § 84 : Syracusamm in ea parte 
 liabitwre non licet, ' it is not lawful for a Syracusan to dwell in that 
 quarter,' and Rohy il., pref. xxiii. Some Mss. read tibi for te, — 
 unnecessarily, as the dative is easily understood. Of. non licet me 
 uti, § 154. 
 
 46. deinde : 'again,' 'further.' 
 celeberrimo : 'crowded,' 'frequented.' 
 
 naviculariam facere : 'to start a shipping business.' So facere 
 argentwriwm, a silversmith's business, § 155 ; topiariam, ornamental 
 gardening. 
 
 onerariam : a transport-ship, a vessel of greater capacity than 
 the 300 ampkorae mentioned by Livy I. c. as sufficient ad frtictiis ex 
 agris vectandos. 
 
 commearet ; ' go backwards and forwards. ' 
 
 47. priore actione : see In trod. § 11. 
 
 Mamertlnl : the inhabitants of Messana, a town which Verres 
 used as a depot for his plunder and a retreat for, himself (§ 59) ; in 
 return for which he treated the inhabitants with more forbearance 
 than usual. 
 
 Eeginis : Rhegium in Bruttium, opposite Messana. Pvblice, i.e. 
 ' as a state contribution,' ' for this you made requisition on the 
 state of Rhegium. ' 
 
 19. 48. intabuUs : 'in their ledgers,' i.e. there is no entry to this 
 effect in their public account books ; aerario, 'public chest.' 
 
 publice coactis : Livy i. 56. 
 
 multas . . . persoriptas : ' that many sums of money, which had 
 been paid to the defendant, had been entered under the head of 
 false and bogus building contracts.' For erogare =to pay money 
 out of the public chest, cf. Livy i. 20 : in eos sumptus pecunia 
 erogwretur. 
 
 capltl : 'his political existence,' because, if found guilty, he 
 would be liable to ' capitis deminutio,' or loss of all civil rights and 
 liberty. 
 
 seriptum=ira tahvZis above : ' written entry.' 
 
 locaris : ' contracted for,' as often : cf. 7oca*soJies above. 
 
 49. foederatl : the communities of Sicily stood in various relations 
 to Rome. There were : — 
 
 (i) Civitates foederatae, regulated by special and distinct treaties 
 with Rome. These were Messana, Tauromenium, and 
 Netum. 
 (ii) Civitates liberae ac immunes, which paid no tax : they were 
 
20. 51] NOTES 97 
 
 five in number, viz. : Centuripae, Segesta, Panhormus, 
 Alesa, Halicyae. 
 (iii) 34 Oivitates decwmanae, paying a ' tithe ' of their field pro- 
 duce ; and 
 (iv) ' a very few communities subdued by arms,' (2 Verr. 3, 6), 
 whose territory became 'ager publicus,' but was restored 
 subject to payment of certain dues, which were farmed 
 out by the censors (cenaoria locatio). 
 in fetialium manibua educatum : ' brought up under the care of 
 the f etials. ' The ' f etiales ' were a college of priests who had special 
 charge of all matters connected with treaties, declarations of war, 
 etc. Di adprobent, ' heaven's blessing on him ! ' 
 
 in publlcis rellglonlbus etc. : ' scrupulous and exact in fulfilling 
 the obligations of public treaties.' 
 
 dedantur : any Roman who violated a treaty entered into with a 
 foreign state was summarily handed over (dtditio per fitiales) to 
 the offended people to be dealt with as they thought fit ; an act 
 which was supposed to free the general community from any retri- 
 bution for such violation, ut religioiie solvatur civitas. Cic. pro 
 Caec. 34, 98. Cf. de Orat. i. 40, 181. 
 
 50. cautum et ezceptum : ' an express stipulation and exemption 
 was made. ' 
 
 20, ius foederis : imperii condlcionem : ius here combines the 
 ' rights ' given to Rome, and the ' duties ' imposed on Messana, by 
 the treaty : ' the obligations of the treaty. ' Cf. ius imperii above. 
 Condicionem imperii = the terms and conditions on which they were 
 ruled by Rome : ' the terms of their federal alliance. ' Cf . condicio 
 sociorum above. 
 
 51. recentlbus suis ofaciis : alluding probably to the act of the 
 Mamertinea in joining Kome before the First Punic War, 264 
 
 B.C. 
 
 Integra re : ' when the question was still open, ' i. e. before any 
 treaty had been entered into. Cf. Cic. Cat. iv. 3, 6 : Sed institui 
 referre ad vos, P.C., tanquam integrum, de facto quid iudicetis, 
 ' I have determined to refer the matter to your judgment, senators, 
 as an open question. ' 
 
 iisurpatum : ' grown familiar,' ' become common by constant use, 
 Cf . Oat. iv. 4, 7 : hoc germs poenac hac repuhlica usurpatum. Usur- 
 y are commonly contains the idea of habitual practice : e.g. de Off. 
 ii. 11, 40 : O. Lading, is qui sapiens usurpatur, ' constantly goes by 
 the name of . . . ' ; ii. 15, 55 : id, quod a nostris hominibus saepis- 
 sime usurpatum, iam in proverbii ionsueiudinem venit : ' the ex 
 
 G 
 
98 CICERO IN VERREM , [21. 52 
 
 presaion, which has been frequently employed by our countrymen, 
 has now passed into a familiar proverb.' 
 
 dlffloultate ; ' want, ' ' scarcity ' ; the opposite of ' facvltate 
 navium,' which we have in § 6, supra. 
 
 21. 52. ex lege Terentia et Cassia. This law was brought forward, 
 at the suggestion of the senate, by the consuls for B.C. 73. It 
 restored to the people the privilege of distribution of corn at a 
 nominal price, granted to them by a corn-law of C. Gracchus, 123 
 B.C., but of which Sulla had deprived them in 82. It further laid 
 upon the provinces the duty of supplying corn at a fixed sum. From 
 Cic. 2 Verr. 3, c. 70, it appears that there were two modes of 
 purchasing corn from the provinces {duo genera emendi fiierunt) : 
 (i) The civitates decumanae had to supply decumae, or ' tenths ' of 
 their produce (in addition to their original impost), for which the 
 state paid at the rate of 3 sesterces a bushel ; (ii) a further amount 
 of 800,000 bushels was levied proportionally on all the Sicilian 
 states (quod civitatibus aequaliter esset distributum), for which the 
 senate paid at the rate of 3^ sest. a bushel. The decumanae civitates 
 were therefore liable for both (i) and (ii) ; the Mamertines, being 
 jmmumes, were liable only for (ii) quod emeretur, but not for (i) qu,od 
 exigeretur. 
 
 an ut ne venderent? ' You say the M. were not liable for corn. 
 How not liable? Do you mean they were not bound to sell ? ' For 
 ut ne see note § 7, ut ne quis serous esset. The sentence is elliptical 
 for ' dicis ita non debere ut ne ve9iderent ? ' 
 
 foro et commeatu : ' market and supplies.' 
 
 53. publloos agros : see note to § 49. The ' tithes ' that the 
 tenants of these lands (araiores') had to pay were ' farmed out ' by 
 the censors. 
 
 slngulas decumas : i.e. the original 'tithes' which they would 
 naturally supply as ' decumanae, ' as distinct from the additional 
 quota levied on them, for which they received payment from the 
 senate {alterae decumae). 
 
 ex lege Hieronlca : i.e. as fixed by Hiero ii. : they remained 
 unaltered when Hiero's kingdom passed into the hands of Rome. 
 
 frumentl empti : i.e. their portion of the 800,000 modii levied on 
 the whole of Sicily ; (ii) in note to § 52. 
 
 oerte : C. 's argument is, if the Mamertines, as you say, were not 
 liable for 'frumentum emptum,' then none of the other states were ; 
 and the ' immunes,' who were not even liable to the ' tithes ' {qiu)d^ 
 exigeretur), were surely exempt altogether ; and yet you not only 
 demanded from them their regular quota of corn but even made 
 
23. 57] NOTES 99 
 
 them provide, over and above that, the amount you had remitted to 
 the Mamertiues. 
 
 superlores omnes : sc. praetores. 
 
 pecvmlam ... ex lege : that is, the legal 34 sest. per bushel. 
 
 trabali clavo. Cf . Hor. Od&s i. 35, 18. Cf. our metaphor ' to 
 clinch.' 
 
 commentario : 'note-book,' 'minute-book.' 
 
 D. C. S. = de oonsilii sententia. 
 
 55. auctores : ' guarantors ' for the strict observance of the 
 treaties. 
 
 pro portione : ' proportionately '=aequabiUter above. 
 
 consilium iste dedit : ' until the defendant appointed this select 
 and worthy board of arbitrators, in order that he might receive 
 money from the Mamertinea and act consistently with his character. ' 
 Consilium is the board appointed by Verres to decide whether the 
 M. were liable for the frumaiium emptmn. For consilium dare in 
 this sense compare the phrase iudioes dare used'of a praetor (see 
 § 13, note to ius did), and especially Cio. pro Flacc. 35, 88 : in 
 Lurconis libertum iudicium ex edicto dedit. For sui similis see note 
 to patris § 30. 
 
 ex : 'in accordance with the written regulations ' {institviis ac 
 
 C. Sacerdos and Sex. Peducaeus were pro-praetors of Sicily, 
 immediately before Verres, in B.C. 74 and 75 respectively. 
 
 malo auctore : ' from one who had no right to sell. ' auctor was, 
 in legal phrase, the seller who guaranteed the title to the article 
 sold. See pro Mur. v. 2. 
 
 22. 56. TauromentiniB, Netinls. Tauromenium and Netum 
 were the other civitates immunes ac liherae. See § 49 note. 
 
 causam foederis : ' their case as regards their treaty.' 
 
 Inconstantla : 'inconsistency'; cf. ' constantiam,' § 18. 
 
 id esse actum ut . . . : ' that the object aimed at was ..." 
 
 bene . . . coUocasse: 'they had well invested with the defendant 
 their numerous and costly gifts ' (in money and in kind). 
 
 idem : with iuris. 
 
 57. volnera : ' weak points.' 
 
 ut. This is explained by most of the commentators as an 
 ' anacoluthon ' ; Cicero meant to finish the sentence with a sic 
 clause, but gave a different turn to the thought : ' as in trials it is 
 more honourable ... so . . .' Halm fills up the anacoluthon 
 thus : sic tibi honestius fuit laudatione ca/re,re. 
 
 laudatores : a legal term for witnesses called in support of a, 
 
loo CICERO IN VERREM [32. 58 
 
 man's character. From this passage it would appear that ten was 
 the number established by custom, though not legally required 
 (qimsi legitimum). 
 
 boc quid est . . . carendum : ' what does this mean, except that 
 you understood what advantage there was in reliable testimony to 
 your character, but that nevertheless your government of the 
 province had been such that you had, perforce, to go without this 
 advantage ? ' 
 
 58. tarn bono lure: 'with such privileges.' Thus civis optimo 
 JMre=one who enjeyed the fullest privileges of Roman citizenship. 
 
 For the difference between ' coloniae ' and ' municipia ' see 
 Bamsay, Man. Antiq. p. 88 foil. The distinction however had now 
 practically ceased to exist since the citizenship had been extended 
 to the whole of Italy after the Social War (B.C. 90, 89). 
 
 23. 59. impetraretur = impetrari debehat, as permoverem § 150, 
 commoverentur § 171 (Halm). 
 
 reddita : ' given as their due ' ; donata : ' bestowed as a gift. ' 
 
 24. 60. frumento : for the dative, Roby § 1156. 
 
 etiam In sociorum et Lat. stipeudio. ' As Latium and the rest of 
 Italy were gradually subjugated, the different states received into 
 alliance became bound to furnish, when called upon, a contingent 
 of soldiers, horse and foot. . . . These were designated Socii 
 nomenque Latinum, or simply Socii, and were clothed, equipped and 
 paid by the communities to which they belonged.' — Ramsay, Man. 
 Antiq. p. 378. Stipendio refers to the pay, and sttmptu to the cost 
 of maintenance, of the soldiers. 
 
 turn cum: i.e. before the Social War (B.C. 90), after which they 
 became eligible for Roman citizenship and service in the regular 
 legions ; whereas, before, they served as separate troops. 
 
 61. tantam dlffloultatem : ' why you took upon yourself so 
 difficult and troublesome a duty which rendered you liable to 
 suspicion and accusation.' 
 
 quaestus : ' means of gain. ' 
 
 25. 62. disoribere. Cf. note to § 27, iura discnpsit. 
 sescenos uummos i.e. sertertios : about £5. 
 
 oommeatum totius aestatls : • exemption for tlie whole summer,' 
 commeatus=lit. ' leave of absence,' ' furlough.' 
 
 abstulerat : lit. • carried away with him,' ' got off with.' Cf. the 
 similar Greek phrase i^ero Xa^iiv. 
 
 nomine : ' nominally' ; re quidem vera : ' but really,' ' actually.' 
 
 P. Caesetius et P. Tadlus. The 'quaestor' and 'legatus' re- 
 peotively of Verres : see 4 Verr. 146 and 2' Verr. 49. 
 
27. 68] NOTES loi 
 
 uon ceperunt sed abd. : 'I will not say captured, but towed away. ' 
 
 captam : 'hampered.' Cf. oculis, mente oaptus, etc., Oat. iii. e. 9. 
 
 argent! faotl atiiue slgnatl : ' plate and money.' 
 
 Btragula vestis: 'coverlets made of fine and costly materials.' 
 Cf. Her. Sat. ii. 3, 118. 
 
 Megaridem : i.e. Megara Hyblaea, north of Syracuse. 
 
 mulierculis : contemptuous diminutive. Cf. ' homuncvius,' 
 ' Graecidus,' ' sermuncvlvs,' ' oratiuncula.' 
 
 64. coliortl : ' his retinue.' 
 
 cuidam amlco sue: 'to a friend of his.' So 4, §38, apud 
 qvAndam propinquum suum : ' with some relative of his ' ; the geni- 
 tive also occurs after quidem, e.g. ii. §54, cuidam amicorwm snorum. 
 
 Bio babent : ' are convinced of this. ' This phrase is of frequent 
 occurrence, especially in the imperative forms, sic habeto, sic habeas ; 
 cf . ad Fam. ii. 10, 1, sic habeto, nvilam me epistolam accepisse tuam : 
 ' be assured that I have received no letter of yours.' 
 
 quid elus sit : ' what there is in it,' i.e. ' how much truth there is.' 
 For the genitive see Eoby §§ 1296, 1299, and cf. de Fin. i. 27. Halm 
 aptly quotes Plant. Aulul. iv. 10, 72 : ibo intro, ut quid huius reisit 
 sciam : ' I will go within that I may know what there is in this,' 
 Madv. 285 b. 
 
 26. 65. tanto conventu : i.e. of Roman citizens. Cf. § 10 note, 
 maritimi : i.e. dwelling on the coast )( mediterranei, applied in 
 
 § 70 to the island Centuripini. 
 
 66. P. ServlUua : P. Servilius Vatia (Cons. 79) was sent in B.C. 78 
 as pro-consul to Cilicia to exterminate the pirates who infested 
 those coasts. He succeeded in repressing them for a time at least, 
 and then proceeded to attack the robber-tribes of Cilicia in their 
 fortress of Isaura. As a recognition of his services here he ob- 
 tained the surname Isauricus. He was one of the judges at the 
 trial of Verres, and was a staunch friend of Cicero, whose recall 
 from banishment he helped to obtain B. c. 57. • 
 
 67. auctorem : 'authority,' i.e. one who by his example has 
 established a precedent (exemplum) for an act. Cf. auctoritas, § 19, 
 auetor, § 55. 
 
 quo ? ' to what end ?' quem=ut eum. 
 
 27. 68. lautumias Syr. : 'the stone-quarries of S.' Cf. § 143 : 
 career ille, qui est a crvdelissimo tyranno Dionysio factus Syracusis, 
 quae lauturaiae vocantur. These were hewn out of the steep and 
 rocky declivities of Bpipolae to the north of the town, and served 
 as a public prison. They were entirely without any kind of roofing, 
 which left the prisoners exposed to all weather ; Thucydides gives 
 
I02 CICERO IN VERREM [27. 69 
 
 a vivid description of the hardships endured by the Athenians 
 entombed there after the failure of the Sicilian expedition (Thuc. 
 vii. 87). Cf. also Plaut. Owp. iii. 5, 63-68. The largest of these 
 quarries now belongs to a Capuchin convent, and is laid out in 
 romantic gardens of luxurious fertility (Smyth's Sicily, p. 168). 
 
 tutum ad oustodiam: cf. Thuc. vii. 86, do-^aXeimiTijK etpai vo/il- 
 iravres t^v rlipjitnv : ' (The Syraonsans put the Athenian prisoners 
 into the quarries) thinking that they were a most secure place of 
 confinement.' For ad see note to § 22, ad magnitvdinem. 
 
 imperantur : so Horace uses imperor (Ep. i. 5, 21) passively; a 
 rare use. 
 
 69. subditlTum : 'supposititious,' ' counterfeit ' = s«p^osJitja of 
 § 70, )( verus, the reaX, pirate chief, whom Verres had liberated for 
 a sum of money. 
 
 denique : ' in a word,' as often. 
 
 quo 7 — ' Lllybaeum fortasse ' : an imaginary dialogue between 
 Cicero and one of his hearers. 'He despatches the fellow — 
 whither ? ' 'To Lilybaeum, perhaps ? ' 'I see ; (you mean) he is 
 not altogether afraid of a, maritime folk, notwithstanding ! No, 
 indices, certainly not to Lilybaeum.' 'To Panhormus then?' 
 Tamen implies, though he was afraid to keep the man at Syracuse 
 for fear of recognition, yet he did not hesitate to send him to 
 Lilybaeum, to the other end of the island. 
 
 si minus ... at: 'if not . . . at any rate.' Cf. §82. 
 
 70. summos aratores : 'the chief of agriculturists'; araiores= 
 simply agricolas (as in § 99). 
 
 Apronium : a boon-companion of Verres, mentioned in iii. 23 as 
 'an illimitable torrent of vice and iniquity,' chosen by Verres 'as 
 his chief instrument in harassing and plundering the farmers ' ; 
 which will explain 'terrestrem archipiratam,' 
 
 adliiberetur^: 'received,' 'entertained.' Cf. Cio. Q. Fr. i. 5: 
 quos ego universos adhiberi Uberaliter dico oportere : ' who I say 
 should one and all be liberally entertained.' Hor. Od. iv. 5, 31 : " 
 alteris te mensis ad/w6ei= entertains thee at the second course. 
 
 28. 71. humanl : 'well-informed,' 'intelligent.' 
 
 ex Ipso naviglo : i. e, from the size of the vessel. 
 
 universos : ' in a body. ' 
 
 instltuisset : ' had ordained,' ' given orders ' ; so the praetor's 
 ' ordinances ' are called instiiuia. 
 
 non deslderaret solum, etc. ; ' not only missed the rest, but even 
 clamoured loudly for them.' 
 
 Sertorianos mlUtes. Sertorius, whom Mommsen calls ' one of the 
 
29. 75] NOTES 103 
 
 greatest men, if not the greatest man, that Rome had hitherto 
 produced,' was assassinated B.C. 72, by some conspirators among 
 his own troops. The chief of these was Perperna, who took com- 
 mand of the army after the murder of Sertorius, but was quickly 
 routed and put to death by Pompeius. The remnants of the army 
 were scattered, some taking refuge in Mauretania, others joining 
 the pirates. See § 153. 
 
 Involutis capitibus : Verres had recourse to a practice which had 
 obtained in the early days of Rome, whereby persons accused of 
 ' perduellio ' were executed with their hands bound and heads veiled. 
 See the old formula quoted by Cicero in his speech pro Eabirio iv. 
 13 : i lictor ; colliga manus : caput ohnuhito ; a formula which he says 
 ' was long since lost in the mists of antiquity. ' 
 
 eum locum : § 139 foil. 
 
 73. ad . . . numerum : ' to make up their full number. ' 
 aversum: 'turned to his own use,' 'embezzled.' So 2 Verr. ], 
 
 § 11 : istum in quaestura peeuniam publicam avertisse. Cf. § 
 152. 
 
 aeindult: 'entangled himself.' Ci. %16G, sun confessioneinduattir 
 ac iugvletur necesse est : ' he must be entangled and silenced by his 
 own confession.' 
 
 29. priore actione. See Introd. § 11. 
 
 74. crimini datum iri : lit. ' would be assigned as a ground for 
 charge ' ; dare and habere are the only other verbs besides esse which 
 are found at all frequently with the ' predicative dative.' See Roby 
 II. Introd. p. xxxii. 
 
 ideo se : the se is redundant, and perhaps has arisen from a 
 repetition of the first two letters of sectiri. 
 
 patientiam : 'forbearance,' as in the opening of Gat. i. 1: quo 
 usque tandem ahutere patientia nostra ? 
 
 cum tamen: 'while nevertheless.' Cf. Verg. Aen. ix. 513: Saxa 
 quoque infesto volvebani pondere . . . cum tamen omnes Ferre iuvat 
 subter densa testudine casus. Gat. i. 3, 7 : cum te . . . tamen . . . 
 contenfum esse dicebas. Roby § 1727. 
 
 rationem : 'the consideration.' 
 
 proposltum : ' before your eyes. ' 
 
 Mc cum: 'now when,' hie being temporal. Cf. de Fin. ii. 1, 1 : 
 hie cum uterque me intueretur. 
 
 75. Ignotos, notes : with active meaning, as often. 
 
 quem ad fiuem? 'how long?' Cf. Gat. i. 1, 1 : quem ad finem 
 sese effrenata iactabit audacia^. 'how long will your unbridled 
 insolence vaunt itself?' So ad eum finem, dnm . . 1 Verr. 6, 16. 
 
104 CICERO IN VERREM ,'£39. 76 
 
 76. liberum ; i.e. free from restraint; in which you were a free 
 agent. 
 
 M. Glabrlouem : the presiding magistrate at the ' first actio.'' 
 
 intra moenia= ireira uriem. 
 
 30. 77. si allquam : see § 8, si aliguid; manum: 'an armed 
 band.' 
 
 Itane vero ? ' did you really ? ' 
 
 defendes : in its original sense of ' ward off. ' 
 
 de foro in Capltolium. The course of the ' triumphus ' was along 
 the Via Sacra (between the Coelian and Esquiline hiUs), through 
 the Forum, and thus up to the Capitol. The prison here mentioned, 
 the Tullicmum, stood at the point where the procession turned off 
 from the Forum to ascend the Capitoline hill. 
 
 78. et nunc . . . tuo periculo viveret. This difficult sentence is 
 made more involved by the parenthetical clauses introduced. The . 
 main sentence is : et nunc cuiquam credo esse duMtim, quin tu id 
 commissurus nonfoieris, tit ilk archipirata non potius securi feriretur, 
 quam tuo periculo viveret : the meaning of which is : ' and now, I 
 imagine, one doubts that your object would not have been that this 
 pirate-chief should not rather be executed, than live at your peril ' • 
 (the two negatives balance and destroy one another, i.e.) 'your 
 object would have been that he should be executed rather than live 
 at your peril, if you had not been bribed. This last clause in itafes ''L 
 is the supplement to be supplied to 'quin commissurus fueris,' wmiii^'^ 
 forms an anaeoluthon. cuiquam credo, etc., is of course iroiScal', 
 and cuiquam is used on account of the implied negative in credo. 
 
 quod . . . positum : the antecedent to quod is the sentence tuo 
 periculo viveret. 
 
 si esset mortuus : i. e. while he was in your custody. 
 
 probare : ' pass for,' ; cf. pro Mil. % 65 : mirabar volnus in latere, 
 qu^d acu punctum videretur, pro ictu gladiatoris probari : ' I 
 wondered that the wound in his side, which seemed but the prick 
 of a needle, should pass for the thrust of a gladiator.' Ter. Eun. ii. 
 3, 84 : praeterea forma et aetas ipsast, facile utpro eunucho probes. 
 
 79. nescio quern Istum : ' some creature or other of yours,' cf. 
 Tusc. disp. 3, 6 : minime assentior its qui istam nescio quam in- 
 dolentiam laudant : ' I by no means agree with those who extol that 
 freedom from pain of which you speak, xohatever it may be.' See 
 also §§ 156, 170. 
 
 tamen : you are scoffed at even when you produce the fellow 
 alive, what would you have said, pray, if he had escaped . . . ? 
 Nice : otherwise unknown. 
 
32. 83] NOTES 
 
 105 
 
 verum hoc erat : C. here returns to the anaooluthon with which 
 he broke off in § 78. ' No ! the truth was . . .' 
 
 certus locus, etc. Should V. secure acquittal on the charge of 
 ' repetuudae,' he was still liable, C. hints, to another charge, viz., 
 that of 'maiestas,' for releasing, or, to accept his own statement, 
 for harbouring, a public enemy. (See book i. 0. 5). There were 
 several laws dealing with maiestas : the one referred to here was 
 prohaMy the lex Gomelia {b.o. 81), which more clearly defined the 
 various offences' embraced under the term ; cf . § 42. The trials for 
 ' maiestas ' were at this time conducted by one of the six ' quaes- 
 tiones perpetuae ' established by Sulla as standing criminal courts, 
 each one being presided over by a praetor. 
 
 31. SO. concursare : see § 29. 
 
 antea : § 30, which should be compared with this passage. 
 
 Arethusae fontem. 'The famous fountain of Arethusa, which 
 formerly received divine honours, was once in the centre of Ortygia, 
 but repeated earthquakes have compelled it to alter its situation, 
 and, by dividing and damaging its channels, have sullied the sweet- 
 ness of its waters. ... It is still resorted to by a number of 
 nymphs, who, washing their dirty linen, probably form as great a 
 contrast to its ancient attendants, as its diminished stream must to 
 its once noble ton-ent.' — Smyth's Sicily, p. 171. 
 
 arbitris : 'intruders,' 'eavesdroppers.' 
 
 81. praetextatum ; see note to § 30, where he is called flius 
 adulta aetaie. 
 
 mulieres autem : contrasted with vir aceubaret iiemo from which 
 a verb may be supplied ' accubabant.' 
 
 82. at : 'yet, at any rate,' cf. iv. § 41 : isU etiam turn patrem, si 
 non in parentis, at in hominum numero putahat. 
 
 32. 83. ubl quaestores ? i.e. had you not q.uaestors to whom to 
 entrust the fleet instead of to Cleomenes ? 
 
 [ubi ternis denariis . . . permlssa et data.] This has little 
 bearing on the context and is with good ground suspected by Eber- 
 hard as an interpolation. The ' frumentum at 3 denarii ' was the 
 com provided by the provincials for the personal use of the praetor 
 and his suite, called ' frumentum in cellam ' : the praetor had a 
 certain allowance from the senate intended to cover the necessary 
 expense, and the price of the grain remained fixed at 4 seat, a 
 bushel ; the governor however could, and often did, make arrange- 
 ments with the 'aratores,' by which they paid the value of the 
 amount required in lieu of providing the corn, a custom which V. 
 had taken advantage of, exacting from the unlucky aratores. 
 
io6 CICERO IN VERREM [32. 84 
 
 however, 3 denarii ( = 12 sesterces) instead of the 4 sesterces fixed 
 by the senate, and further increasing the number of inodii de- 
 manded of them. See iii. § 188 foil. 
 
 omamenta : a general term for the ' necessary equipment ' of a 
 provincial governor on tour. 
 
 vetustate : 'longstanding friendship.' 
 
 cognatione. Cf. iv. c. 33 : Se.ge.ita est oppidwm pervetus in 
 Sicilia, indices, quod db Aenea fugiente a Troia, atque in haec loco, 
 veniente conditum esse demonstrant. Itaque Segestani non solum 
 perpetua societate atque amicitia verum etiatn cognatione se cum 
 populo S. coniunctos esse arbitrantur. ' Segesta is an ancient town 
 in Sicily which men say was founded by Aeneas, when in his flight 
 from Troy, he came to these regions. The Segestani, therefore, 
 consider they are connected with the Roman people, not only by 
 long-standing alliance and friendship, but also by kinship.' Cf. 
 also Thuc. vi. 2. 
 
 84. dignitas : the high position, which should have been held by 
 a BiOman : a.eqmtas, justice towards Seg. and Centur. as civitates 
 liberae et immunes : officium, obligations for past services : honos, 
 the regard, esteem due to all these things. 
 
 captae : e.g. 212, during the Second Punic War. 
 possint : for the subj. see Koby § 1680. 
 
 85. auotoritatem ; ' the precedent set by our ancestors,' of. § 19. 
 
 33. 86. propugnatorum : ' marines ' = ^Tri/SttToi. 
 
 stetit: Halm refers to Quintilian viii. 3, 64 who cites this 
 passage as an example of ivipyem, or vivid word-painting. 
 
 soleatus. The ' soleae ' were mere sandals, covering only the 
 soles of the feet; they were used only in the house, and it was 
 considered a reproach for a Roman to appear in public with them. 
 See Becker's Gallus, p. 425. 
 
 palllo, tunica : § 31. Cf. the reproach in Suet. Tib. i;. 13 : 
 redegit se, -deposito patrio hdbitu, ad pallium et crepidas ( = Kpr)TrU, a 
 high sandal of Greek fashion). Cf. pro Rab. Post. 10, 27. 
 
 muUercula : § 63 note. 
 
 87. palmarum : the dwarf -palm. See Nettleship's note in 
 Conington's Verg. Aen. iii. 705, palmosa Selimis. Smyth {Sicily, 
 p. 181) says : 'From the shape of the beach that shuts up this lake 
 (i.e. an extensive salt lake near the modern town of Pachino) I 
 have no doubt that it was once open and was the port of Pachynus. 
 . . . The dwarf -palm still flourishes in prodigious quantities.' 
 
 34. Odysseae : a harbour in the extreme south of Sicily, on the 
 promontory of Pachynum. 
 
37. 9V] NOTES 107 
 
 quod erat : sc. Pachynum. 
 
 88. moUebantuT : 'were making great efforts for departure' ; so 
 Livyxxxvii. 11 : quondam (naves) a Nicandro, dummoliuntur a terra, 
 captae : ' while they were straining every nerve to depart.' 
 
 89. ratio. Cf. § 10, praedanti ratio. 
 
 navis constrata: a decked vessel =kot<£0poktos, of. ra wXota 
 KaT&ippaKTa, Thuc. i. 10. lu § 104 we have the opposite naves 
 apertae. 
 
 90. publics : ' at the public expense,' as in § 47. 
 
 rem onmem causamque : ',the whole facts of the case.' Cf. Oat. 
 iv. 5, 10 : quid de tota re et causa iudicarit. 
 
 35. 92. nocte intempesta : 'at dead of night.' 
 
 93. specula : watch-tower ; cf. Grk. (ppvKTtliptov, ippvKTol. Thuc. 
 ii. 94 ; Aesch. Agam. 292, 
 reliquum =futurum. 
 
 36. 94. sagum sumit : 'assumed the military cloak.' 'In the 
 case of any sudden panic, it was assumed by the whole body of the 
 people, who in such 3 case were said — saga sumere, — ad saga ire — 
 in sagis esse.' — Ramsay, Man. Antiq. p. 401. 
 
 Lampsacenl pericull. This refers to the time when V. was on 
 his way to Cilicia to join the praetor Cn. Dolabella, as his legate ; 
 see Introd. § 5. He had attempted to outrage the daughter of one 
 of the first citizens of Lampsacus, an act which so enraged the 
 citizens of that place that they mobbed his house, and would have 
 set fire to it and slain V. himself but for the intervention of some 
 Roman merchants, who were trading at Lampsacus. See bk. i. § 
 63 foil. 
 
 hoc etiam : hoc is abl. referring to quod . . . erat. 
 
 acta : i.e. the kind of life he had led ' in acta. ' See § 82. 
 
 de Hadriano : C. Fabius Hadrianus was governor of Africa ; his 
 rule was so oppressive to the Roman colonists that they burned 
 him alive in his house at Utica. See bk. i. § 70. de Hadr. sc. in 
 Verrem. 
 
 95. etiam: 'still.' Ci. %V2Q, vivis etiam illis. 
 
 37. 96. clauditur: 'confined,' 'bounded.' 
 
 urbe portus ipse cingitur. This is a rhetorical exaggeration ; 
 only the island of Ortygia and a small part of the city were washed 
 by the waters of the Great Harbour ; though ships well round the 
 promontory of Ortygia might reasonably be said to be within the 
 city. 
 
 in sinum : ' in the heart of the city ' as we say. 
 
 97. crepidines : 'quays.' So in 6rk. Kprjiris, Herod, i. 185. 
 
io8 CICERO IN VERREM [37. 98 
 
 98. trecentis : another exaggeration. Thiic. says that the 
 fleets of the Athenians and Syraousans together fell a little 
 short of two hundred : fipaxi y^p &iri\nrov ^vvaii^'iTepa.i SinKbauu 
 yevi(r8aj., vii. 70. 
 
 sue nomine ac moenibns : ' all to itself with walls of its own. ' 
 Sno nom, =lit. 'on its own account.' 
 
 38. 99. insula Cererls. Sicily is one of the many places mentioned 
 as the site of the wanderings of Ceres in search of her daughter, 
 Proserpina, who had been carried off by Pluto. See bk. rv. o. 48. 
 The worship of Ceres (Demeter) was introduced into Sicily by Greek 
 colonists from Corinth, from whom it was borrowed by the Romans. 
 
 100. [honestissimomm] : a conjecture of A. Eberhard. 
 
 39. 101. teneliatur: 'clearly understood,' 'found out.' 
 
 ante quam . . . venlt ; ' even before this turned out to be the 
 case.' Observe venit in indicative, marking merely the time before 
 which he made up his mind. 
 
 102. hac videlicet testlf. ' Videlicet ' adds a fine touch of sarcasm 
 to the phrase. Cf. Cat. ii. vi. 12 ; Homo enim videlicet timidus 
 aut permodestiis vocem consulis ferre non potuit : ' For the fellow 
 (Catiline) was so timid, I suppose, and so excessively modest that 
 he could not endure the consul's voice.' Cf. the Greek use of Sii, 
 Sijdep : Thuc. vi. 80 : toi>s 'ABTivalovs 0iXous dTj &Tas=your fine 
 friends ! 
 
 103. importuni: 'brutal.' Ci. % 139, importunam naturam. 
 ratio : 'consideration.' Cf. § 101, hanc rationem habere coepit. 
 
 40. 104. quid C. flet ? ' what will become of C. ? ' 
 dlssolutus. See § 7, note. 
 
 ezsecrationes : ' solemn oaths ' of fidelity. 
 
 105. Ita sul . . . postulare : ' so considerations of his personal 
 safety demanded and required.' For this use of ferre cf. 2 Verr. 
 23, § 57 : ta'mdiu pependit in arbore colonus, quamdiu voluntas 
 Apronii tulit : ' as long as the pleasure of Apronius required ' ; pro 
 Cluent. § 168, ut aeias illafert : ' as that period of life demands.' 
 
 potlus . . . quam . . . Sim : ' I will take upon myself . . . rather 
 than be cruel . . .' For the omission of ut after potiua quam, 
 cf. Livy xxviii. 44 : ilium potius ego traha/m quam ille me retineat : in 
 Livy iv-. 12, we have the ut inserted : m,uUi, potius quam ut crucia- 
 rentur, se'in Tiberim praeeipitaverunt, 'many hurled themselves into 
 the Tiber rather than betortured. ' 
 
 inconstantlae. Cf. § 56, note. 
 
 41. 106. metuerent, suspioarentur : causal subjunctives. Roby 
 § 1714. 
 
42. 110] NOTES 109 
 
 boc causae : 'alleged this as a reason,' lit. this much of reason. 
 Cf. § 38 neqiie illud rationis habuisti; § 168 hoc iuns. Roby § 
 1296. 
 
 107. non quo . . . quisquam putaret: 'not because anyone 
 thought . . .' Subj. of assumed reason, Roby § 1744. 
 
 culcuimodi : an irregular form of the genitive used instead of 
 the awkward cuius cuiiismodi, Roby i. § 382. 
 
 magno opere : -with potuit, ' to any great extent.' 
 
 108. tamen: i.e. though resolved on their destruction, still he 
 grants them the mock-ceremony of a trial. For C. Sacerdos, see 
 § 55, note. 
 
 iniuriarum : iniuria in Roman law included not only open acts 
 of violence or assault, but also libel {maia carmina, famosi libelli), 
 severe penalties being attached to the offence by the Laws of the 
 XII Tables. 
 
 in decumls. Naevius Turpio had been the agent of Verres in his 
 fraudulent dealings with the decumani, from whom he extorted 
 more than the legal 'tenths.' See bk. iii. §90; calumnia =' mal- 
 icious indictment,' 'false charge.' 
 
 praecursorem : ' agent ' ; emissarium : ' go-between. ' 
 auctorltate : 'influence,' 'reputation.' 
 
 42, 109. absentem . . . damnarit. This was in defiance of a 
 specific decree of the senate, bk. ii. § 95. 
 
 in reos rettulerlt : as we say, ' entered his name on the charge- 
 sheet.' Sthenius had incurred the displeasure of Verres for refusing 
 to assist him in carrying off some valuable statues at Therma ; the 
 praetor thereupon suborned some creatures of his own to accuse 
 Sthenius of forging public documents. See bk. x. § 83 foil. 
 
 110. deseruerat, fuerat: sc. Aristeus. In this imaginary dia- 
 logue V. is adducing various reasons why Aristeus should be in 
 custody, each of which is countered in turn by C. 
 
 nudus . . . destitutus : ' left all but naked and destitute,' stripped 
 of everything, even of the very clothes off his back almost. Cf. ii. 
 74, solics destitutus. 
 
 quid erat autem . . . cervices. This is supposed to be a speci- 
 men of what went on between Verres and the accused ; what could 
 one say, what defence could one make, asks Cicero ; for, says 
 Verres, ' you must not mention Clpomenes' name ' — ' but the case 
 demands it,' replies the defendant—' you shall die if you appeal to 
 him ! ' ' Well, there were no rowers (what could I do under those 
 circumstances ? ) ' ' you accuse the praetor, do you ?— strangle him 
 at once ! ' 
 
no CICERO IN VERREM [43.111 
 
 aemulum. Cf. § 82. 
 
 in Ms dnobus : i. e. when the whole case is entirely in the hands 
 of these two. 
 
 43. 111. in ea causa, qul=i» ea caiisa, ut is: 'his case was, 
 that ..." 
 
 In oonuneatu : ' on furlough. ' 
 
 hoc : if he had been a mere deserter and not on sick-leave, that 
 must have been observed before the fleet set out from S. 
 
 in eadem causa, quasi : causa as above ; ' was situated exactly as 
 if ... ■ 
 
 causa . . . crimlnls : ' against whom there could not be alleged 
 any reason for even a false accusation.' 
 
 112. non . . . solum: sc. ' but elsewhere too. ' 
 
 scrlpslt : should strictly be ' scripserit ' ; but the sentence is more 
 vivid as it stands. 
 
 113. Vos: i.e. the 'sapientes indices' referred to below. Cognovit 
 ' know ' in the sense of ' judge rightly of.' 
 
 [lus]. This is an emendation, due to Eberhard, for the Mss. nos 
 which is scarcely intelligible. Richter omits the word altogether, 
 making the sense, ' V. cannot get rid of witnesses by killing them, 
 for ... ' Long suggests eos with the same meaning. Halm has 
 
 [si vlveret] : probably a gloss on turn. 
 
 Poenas, Furias : Cf . Cic. Pis. 37, 91 : o Poena, o Furia sociorum, 
 and in Greek, Iloivai, 'Epiviies {traTpds, Aesoh. Theb. 70). 
 114. abuBusest: ' made full use of . ' Cf. § 142. 
 
 44. In tanta re tot hominum : ' in ii, case of such importance, 
 affecting so many men.' 
 
 reieetus est. In all civil or criminal cases either party could 
 challenge {reicere) a certain number of the jurors, and demand their 
 exclusion from the case without assigning any reason for his objec- 
 tion. To fill the vacancies thus caused lots were again cast and the 
 requisite number of men chosen ; this supplementary ballot being 
 caMed ' subsortitio.' 'Ra,msa,y, Man. Aniiq. ■p. 296. Both Cicero and 
 Verres had availed themselves of this principle of Roman law. 
 
 116. peTi'baJi.t=peritmi erant. 
 
 Tlmarchides : one of the boon-companions of V. § 81. 
 
 117. obsoletis : 'ordinary,' obsoletus=ths,t which has become 
 common by use. 
 
 45. constituitur, sumitur : a rhetorical asyndeton — ' punishment 
 is appointed for them, but is exacted from their parents too, f or . . . 
 Naitarchomm is weak and is probably a gloss. 
 
47.124] NOTES u, 
 
 119. suo: 'their good Sextius.' 
 
 120. hoc, ne . . . irati, dicit. The sense is : Onasus, by paying 
 for a man who was not his sou, prevents you from saying iu your 
 defence that the witnesses against you were fathers, who, embittered 
 by the loss of their sons, gave false evidence against you. 
 
 Timaxchidl is genitive : cf. Cleomeni Syracusani § 82. 
 
 funera locabantur : 'their funerals were contracted for,'— a 
 technical business term used with telling irony in reference to 
 redimunt pretio sepeliendi potesiatem above. 
 
 decisis: 'settled,' 'arranged.' So decidere is used impersonally 
 bk. i. § 125 : nisi cum muliere decideretur. Cf. Juv. xii. 33 : decidere 
 jactu Coepit cum ventis= to come to terms with the winds by throw- 
 ing the cargo overboard. 
 
 46. 121. avaritiae . . . sanare : an insipid unmeaning bit of 
 rhetoric, as Long calls it. 
 
 desunt : note the double meaning with Ulis and tibi : ' are not 
 wanting,' in avenging them and taking vengeance on you. 
 
 Innocentium poenas : ' to exact vengeance for ... ' Cf . pro 
 Rose. Am. § 67 : Furiae, quae parentiim poenas ajiliis repetunt. 
 
 122. Phylarchus, § 90 : Phalacrus, § 105. 
 
 in hunc . . . incldisset : ' would have fallen into the hands of . . . ' 
 
 47. 123. alumnos: 'sons.' Cf. § 169. The word is from the 
 root of alo ; cf. almus, cdtrix applied to land in the sense of 
 ' nourishing, ' ' life-giving. ' 
 
 plebl Rom. : for the cheap distribution among the lower classes 
 at Rome. Cf. § 52, note on lex Terent. et Oass. 
 
 suscepti : an allusion to the practice of the father ' taking up ' the 
 new-bom child laid at his feet, thereby acknowledging it as his 
 offspring and declaring his willingness to rear it. 
 
 124. P. Africanus. After the capture and destruction of Carthage 
 at the end of the third Punic War, B.C. 146, Scipio Africanus restored 
 to the Sicilian cities many works of art of which they had been 
 despoiled by the Carthaginians ; thus, to Tyndaris he restored a 
 statue of Mercurius (Hermes) and to Segesta a statue of Diana 
 (Artemis). See bk. iv. §§ 84 and 74, and § 185 of this speech. 
 
 septemdecim: i.e. the seventeen cities that had been faithful to 
 Borne during the Punic Wars. 
 
 pacis omamenta : all the necessary contributions demanded of 
 them for the maintenance of provincial government in times of 
 peace. 
 
 iura : 'privileges,' 'prerogatives,' which they should have en- 
 joyed as friendly states. 
 
112 CICERO IN VERREM [47.125 
 
 125. navl . . . atoducta : the reading is uncertain here : (in § 90, 
 the fleet that followed Cleomenes was burnt by the pirates) : Eber- 
 hard brackets as in the text : Halm, following the cod. Vatic, reads 
 spoliata navi a prabidonibus, without cibducta. 
 
 cognatio : see note to § 83. huiusce necessittidinii a superfluous 
 amplification of cognatio. 
 
 nempe . . . fuit ; ' why, of course, it had this privilege ! ' 
 
 agros : the lands taken from the people subdued in war and 
 leased out to the Segestani on payment of the ' tithes. ' 
 
 immunem : see § 49. 
 
 cognationis etc. The genitives depend on hoc iuris, for which of. 
 hoc causae, § 106 : 'Not even so much privilege from their relation- 
 ship. . . ' 
 
 48. 126. non est senatorium : i.e.^the senate, as such, had no- 
 thing to do with the trial of cases, though the indices might be 
 selected from that body. 
 
 causa pop. Rom. ; the R. people could easily dispose of the appeal 
 — their case was easy enough — they would say . . . 
 
 legem iussisse. This was the technical term for the passing of a 
 bill by the whole body of the Roman people assembled in the 
 Gomitia. The bill was proposed to the people by the presiding 
 magistrate, in the formula Velitis iubeatis, Quirites? the people 
 either accepted (iM6ere),or rejected it (antiquare). In submitting a 
 measure to the Comitia the magistrate was said rogare legem, and 
 the bill was called rogatio, and if passed it became a lex ; (though 
 this distinction is not always kept). 
 
 127. ab hostibuB vlotls : who had no claim to the iura sociorum. 
 C. is here speaking of the statues and other works of art which 
 adorned the public buildings of the city in contrast with those of 
 which Verres and other provincial governors had plundered the 
 allies for the embellishment of their own country houses. 
 
 egent : ' are in poverty.' 
 
 Achaiam, Graeciam. The Achaean league was defeated by Mum- 
 mius 'Achaicus,' B.C. 146, and Aohaia joined to Macedonia as a 
 province ; it was not made a separate province till the end of the 
 republic. It seems to be used here loosely for the Peloponnesus, 
 Oraeciam, including all the northern districts. 
 
 49. 128. quo nomine . . . appellatur : i.e. depeouniia repetundis. 
 sese ipsum: i.e. his restitution to his country; he had been 
 
 ' capite damnatms indicia causa,' by Verres, § 109. 
 
 ex litibus aest. : 'in the assessment of your damages,' i.e. in the 
 estimation of the amount of restitution you have to make for your 
 
50.132] NOTES 113 
 
 unlawful gains. The ' litis aestimcUio ' was made by the iudices after 
 bringing in their verdict in cases of extortion or peculation : the 
 restitution was variously fixed at double or four times the amount 
 unlawfully obtained. 
 
 boc tantum lab. it. -. hendiadys : ' such a toilsome journey ' ; for 
 EubuUda, see § 110. 
 
 129. L. Metellum. L. Metellus succeeded Verres as praetor in 
 Sicily, B.C. 70. He and his brothers Quintus and Marcus were 
 staunch supporters of V. (Introd. § 11). As praetor of Sicily he had 
 forbidden any embassy leaving the island to appear against Verres, 
 and had forcibly detained most important witnesses on Cicero's side. 
 See bk. ii. § 12. 
 
 yeniebant. For the vivid indicative instead of the more regular 
 subjunctive venissent, see Roby § 1574. 
 utrumoLue = utrorumque. 
 
 130. gloria : 'ambition,' 'love of renown' ; of. Hor. 1 Sat. vi. 23 : 
 Sed fvigente trahit constrictos gloria curru Non minus ignotos 
 generosis : ' ambition draws alike the humble and the nobly-born, 
 chained to her gleaming oar,' and 2 JEp. i. 177. 
 
 deiecero : ' avert,' cf. § 162 : cruciatum a corpore deieciurtim arbi- 
 trabatur. 
 
 50. 131. ita defendat : Hotman's conjecture, ' defendat ut ilia . . . 
 praetermittat,' has much to recommend it. As the text stands, ita is 
 explained in § 135, qiiapropter si mihi respondere voles, haec dicito, etc. 
 
 culpae fortunam adslg. : ' make a man's ill-fortune a ground of 
 accusation ' ; pf . Oic. ad Fam. vi. 7 : quidquid detrahas necesse est aut 
 infirmitati aut invidiae adsignetur : ' any disparagement you make 
 is necessarily ascribed to weakness or ill-will.' 
 
 obicere : ' cast in one's teeth.' 
 
 offendeiint: 'have failed.' So o/eBsio= 'failure,' 'want of 
 success.' Cf. de Off. 1. 21, 71 ; pro leg. Man. x. 28 : cuius adolescentia 
 non offensionibus helli sed victoriis est erudita: 'whose youth was 
 trained not by failures but by victories. ' 
 
 naufragia fort : cf. § 98, gloriae naufragium. 
 
 perpetuo : with sociis atque amicis; cf. § 83 : in amicitia fideque 
 popidi Jtomani perpetuo manseramt. 
 
 132. perfugla fortunae = all chance of attributing your failure to 
 ill-luck. 
 
 tametsl sclent ei . . . ' Only those have a right to complain of 
 their iU-luck being cast in their teeth, who trust themselves to 
 fortune : there was no question of "fortune " in your case, you were 
 engaged not in battle but in debauchery.' 
 
114 CICERO IN VERREM [50.133 
 
 mortem oommunem. Communis was a common epithet of Mars 
 as being ' impartial,' favouring now one now another. Cf. ad Fam. 
 vi. 4, 1 : cvkm omnes belli Mars communis et cum semper incerti exilus 
 proeliorum sint : ' since the fortune of war is always equal and the 
 issue of battles ever uncertain.' Venerem communem is used in 
 sarcastic allusion to the ' impartiality ' with which Verres dispensed 
 his favours. 
 
 133. praecldas licet : ' you may pass over this too, ' a mild im- 
 perative: praecidere= lit. to cut short one's remarks. Cf. de Senect. 
 16, 57, brevi praeeidam : 'I will briefly pass over.' 
 
 vertltur : 'is concerned with,' depends upon.' Cf. Livy xxxvii. 
 7, 8 : Sed totum id vertitur in voluntate PhUi/ppi : ' but all this 
 depends upon P. 's will. ' 
 
 in milltes nostros. Serious breaches of discipline, such as mutiny 
 and desertion, were punished by death. Military punishments 
 were entirely at the discretion of the imperator, from whose decision 
 there was originally no appeal ; but see note to leges Semp. § 163. 
 An offence committed by a large number of men was punished by 
 decimatio, or the execution of every tenth soldier. See pro Cluent. 
 § 128 where C. mentions the adoption of this form of punishment, 
 adding ut metus videlicet ad omnes poeim ad paucos perveniret. 
 
 51. Pachyno. Cf. § 87 note. 
 
 uon modo (uon) sed . . . ue . . . quidem : on the omission of {non) 
 when both clauses have a common predicate, see Roby'§ 2240 c. 
 
 134. mercedem lacrlmarum : referring to the extortions of the 
 carnifex Sextius § 118. 
 
 135. quapropter. See § 131. 
 
 vacuum remum. A remus vacuus is an oar without a man to 
 work it. Long says ' tractus ' = ' attached to its place and dragged 
 along instead of being worked by the hand of the rower,' an arrange- 
 ment, one would think, most detrimental to getting much way on 
 the ship, to say nothing of the inconvenience caused to the other 
 oarsmen ! Halm regards it as merely a stronger expression for 
 ' carried,' and it may simply imply the carrying of what was more 
 a hindrance than a help, and the expenditure of more than one's 
 due share of exertion. 
 
 tenebere. Note to § 39. 
 
 52. 136-8. A recapitulation of the charges brought against 
 Verres. Notice the skill with which C. in a perfectly natural and 
 consistent manner, without any apparent straining after effect, 
 sums up the whole case of Verres' maladministration, leaving a 
 vivid impression on the minds of the jurors of his enormities, before 
 
54.141] NOTES 115 
 
 passing on to speak in greater detail of his most heinous crime — 
 the execution of Koman citizens unheard. 
 
 non, ut qulsque . . . ' do you not feel, the closer a man's con- 
 nection with you, the greater shame before him when under a 
 charge of this kind ? ' Ut quisque. max. est, quicum tibi aliquid 
 sit is a paraphrase for ut quisque maxime est tibi amicus, familiarin. 
 te . . . eius pudet : ' do you not feel shame before him ? ' of. Livy 
 iii. 19, 7 : Pudet me deorum hominumque : ' I feel shame in the 
 sight of gods and men.' 
 
 potulsti = aequo animo potuisti. Cf. Madvig's note to de Fin. ii. 
 67 : qui volupiatis nomen audire non possent. 
 137. tunica paUioque. §§ 31, 86. 
 
 £nigibus= leguminous produce, e.g. beans, peas, etc. ; /rumenio = 
 grain of all kinds. 
 
 53. 139. C. now passes on to the third division of the speech 
 (see Introd. § 12) dealing with the punishment of the Koman 
 citizens. It is from these concluding chapters that the grammarians 
 derived the title by which they have distinguished this speech — de 
 Swppliciis. 
 necessitudinl, as the former quaestor of Sicily, Introd. § 8. 
 recepto: 'obligation,' cf. § 183: so promissum et receptum in 
 PhU. ii. § 79. 
 
 causa . . . Inuata : parallel to animo penitus insita, a cause of 
 deep personal interest, 
 importunam. Note to § 103. 
 
 conventu : the assembly of persons to attend the assizes. 
 I! 140. nullum civitatis disorimen : ' citizenship made no difference 
 in this respect,' i.e. in suppUciis : one of the chief privileges of 
 • civitas ' was immunity from stripes. 
 
 54. mazimo conventu ; econv. Panli. The first co?iucnto= merely 
 a gathering, crowd of bystanders, as in § 28 lucem conventumque 
 vitabant. The second is used in the more restricted sense of an 
 assembly of Roman citizens in a province, see § 10. 
 veterem : ' of long standing.' 
 
 141. Inluriam facio : i.e. in asking such a question, admitting 
 that there could be any reason : civitatis, citizenship. 
 
 ignoseite In hoc uno : ' pardon me in this one instance : for in 
 the other cases I shall not much look for reasons.' 
 
 quod isti simul ac, etc. The technicalities of this section will 
 be best understood by a brief explanation of the case. Servilius 
 had spoken too freely of the iniquities of Verres ; Verres, therefore, 
 summoned him to Lilybaeum to answer some charge or other 
 
ii6 CICERO IN VERREM [54.141 
 
 which he had trumped up in the name of a certain slave. Servilius 
 appears at Lilybaeum, but no accuser is forthcoming. Verres, 
 however, requires him to pay a sum of money as a guarantee ' that 
 he is not acquiring a livelihood by theft,' offering to appoint some 
 of his own retinue as arbiters. Servilius protests, and is ac- 
 cordingly beaten to death. These are the facta that we gather 
 from Cicero, but we know that no slave could be a party to a suit, 
 and so we are met at the outset by a difficulty of ' Venerius servus. ' 
 We must either accept Cicero's statements and make the best of 
 them, or suppose that Verres treated the law with such contempt 
 as to allow a slave, - nominally at least, to appear as plaintiff ; 
 though in this case it is not easy to see why he should try to give 
 a legal colour to his proceedings at all. 
 
 Vadimonium promittere. Vadimonium was the ' bail ' demanded 
 of the defendant by the plaintiff for his appearance on a fixed day 
 to answer to his charge. The plaintiff was said — vadari aliquem, 
 the defendant vadimonium promittere ; see § 34. For Lilybaeum 
 used pregnantly for 'to appear at L.,' op. bk. iii. 78: promittunt 
 Herbitenses vadimonium Syracusas. 
 
 Venerio servo : a slave in the temple of Venus at Eryx. 
 
 nemo ageret=meMio actor (plaintiff) esset : postvJaret, sc. a 
 praetore indicium, i.e. demanded that his complaint should be 
 heard. 
 
 sponsionem facere. This was a legal form by which two persons 
 entered into ' a sort of judicial wager ' as Ramsay calls it (Man. 
 Antiq. p. 283). It was called 'sponsio' from 'spondeo,' the word 
 employed by both parties ; e.g. A. would say to B. : ' If I can prove 
 you are making a livelihood by theft, do you agree (spondeane) to 
 give me a certain sum ? ' to which B. would answer : ' I do [spondeo). ' 
 Both A. and B. were equally said sponsionem facere. The amount 
 was forfeited by the losing party. 
 
 milium : the exact number of thousand sesterces is wanting in 
 the MSS. 
 
 ni fortis . . . faceret. The actual words of the formulae in this 
 case would be : — Lictor : ' si furtis quaestum facis, mihi dare 
 nummos, Servili, spondes?' Servilius: 'Spondeo.' When this is 
 put indirectly si becomes ni ; ' the substitution of ni, in affirmative 
 wagers, for the si of the formulae, being probably due to the risk 
 which the plaintiff mna, and the exception which, if proved, would 
 free him from this risk, being chiefly regarded.' Roby ii. p. 331, 
 note. Of. de Off. iii. 77 : cum is sponsionem fecisset, ni vir bonus 
 e3set=io be forfeited, if he were not a good man. 
 
56.145] NOTES 117 
 
 recuperatores : ' arbitrators ' appointed by mutual consent of the 
 two parties to a suit, when they wished a speedy decision of their 
 case without the usual tedious formalities of ordinary processes. 
 Ramsay, Man. Antiq. p. 277. 
 
 indicium capitis: 'a trial affecting his civil status,' because if 
 convicted on the charge of ' furtum ' as he had every prospect of 
 being, before ' iniqui indices ' he would be liable to ' infamia ' or 
 loss of most of his civil rights. Ramsay, Man. Antiq. p. 84. 
 
 142. prozimuB lictor : the ' chief ' liotor ; the six liotors walked 
 in single file in front of the praetor, and the one immediately before 
 him would be 'proximus,' and would hold probably higher rank 
 than the rest. 
 
 baoillo. The'lictors carried, besides the ordinary 'fasces,' a 
 stout cudgel in their right hands for clearing the way for the 
 magistrate. See the illustration in Ramsay, Man. Antiq. p. 
 224. 
 
 homo Venerius= Verres, with a play on Venerius servus, § 141. 
 
 adfluens o. lepore ac venust. : 'the very pink of grace and 
 gallantry.' 
 
 abutebatur : ' misapplied,' or perhaps, as in § 114, ' squandered.' 
 
 ad noctuma vota, etc. : ' in fulfilment of his midnight vows for 
 the satisfaction of his lust. ' 
 
 55. 143. Dionysio. The elder tyrant of that name, who ruled in 
 Syracuse, 406-368 B.C. For the ' lautumiae ' see note to § 68. 
 
 Mc, ubi trib. plebis: hie = in Rome. A tribunus plebis was not 
 allowed to absent himself from the city during his tenure of office, 
 but was to be accessible at all hours of the day or night in case of 
 an appeal being made to his protection. 
 
 144. oontionis : ' contio ' was a public meeting summoned for 
 various purposes by a magistrate ; the special ' contio ' alluded to 
 here was that before which Verres could be charged for maladmin- 
 istration during his term of office. 
 
 56. 145. illi. The celebrated robbers of antiquity, such as Sinis 
 and Procrustes wlio were slain by Theseus ; the Laestrygones who 
 haunted Campania and Sicily ; the Cyclopes, etc. 
 
 infestus . . . imminebat : ' was the terror and menace of every 
 sea on all sides of Sicily.' 
 
 Fhalaris : the tyrant of Agrigentum (of uncertain date), who has 
 made himself infamous in connection with the 'brazen bull' in 
 which he roasted his victims alive. 
 
 alter non D. . . . sed quodam : there is a slight anacoluthon here 
 but the sense is clear. 
 
n8 CICERO IN VERREM [56.146 
 
 immanitate : 'herd of monsters,' abet, for concrete. Cf. ser- 
 vitium, etc. § 9, note. 
 
 146. 01iaryl)(lmi, Scyllam. Two monsters who gave their names 
 to two rooks situated in the straits between Italy and Sicily ; they 
 were both formidable to sailors, the former being said to swallow 
 down the waters of the sea thrice a day, and thrice throw them up 
 again ; the latter was represented as surrounded by fierce hounds, 
 hence C.'s allusion in ' canibus,' by which he means of course the 
 ' monsters ' in the retinue of Verres. In describing this locality, 
 Smyth (Sicily, p. 107) says : ' Modems of intelligence in visiting 
 this spot have gratified their imaginations with fancying it the 
 scourge of seamen, and that in a gale its caverns " roar like dogs " ; 
 but I, as a sailor, never perceived any difference between the effect 
 of the surges here and on any other coast, yet I have frequently 
 watched it closely in bad weather.' 
 
 pleniores : 'with richer cargo.' Sertorianos, note to % 72. 
 
 Dianlo : a promontory (and fort) on the East coast of Spain, used 
 by Sertorius as a base for naval operations. It got its name from 
 a temple of Diana erected on its height. 
 
 eas ipsas : attracted for ea ipsa (argumenta) causas esse, 
 
 57. 147. lnstltutls= 'proceedings,' practices.' See § 8. 
 num : 'not, I suppose,' 'surely not ..." 
 
 ex Ipsius sinu : 'from his own pocket.' The siniis was a volum- 
 inous fold in the breast of the toga used as a pocket. See the 
 woodcut in Becker's Gallus, p. 414. 
 
 ratlonem carceris : ' the prison-roll. ' 
 
 148. ita defendere : ' urge this plea,' viz. -. that they had all 
 died. 
 
 ISi.Kaici6i](rav : a Sicilian provincialism or euphemism for ' they 
 were executed,' a meaning which Cicero says Verres was too care- 
 less (dissolutus) to note (attendere) and too illiterate {barbanis) to 
 understand (iniellegere). Notice the chiasmus in which attendere 
 refers to dissoluttis and intellegere to harharus. See Koby, vol. i. 
 p. 481. 
 
 58. 149. natlo: '.tribe,' generally used of uncivilised people )( 
 gens. 
 
 151. superiore ex loco : i. e. from the rostra or raised platform 
 from which magistrates addressed the people. Cicero refers to the 
 charge of maiestas which, when he became curnle aedile, he would 
 bring against Verres, if he were acquitted on the present charge. 
 See § 173 and note to certus locus § 79. 
 
 oui=«am si ei, with change from second person (te, tibi) to third. 
 
59.155] NOTES iig 
 
 152. basilicas : these were covered porticoes connected with the 
 Forum; they were used originally by merchants for the trans- 
 action of business, and eventually served also as law-courts. Their 
 name, basilicae (sc. aulcie) was derived from the i7ro4 j3a<ri\eios at 
 Athens, the portico in which the &pxuv ^ainXeis administered 
 justice. 
 
 istorum horn. . ' such men,' e.g. partisans of Marius and Sertorius, 
 who had been pardoned and allowed to return to Rome. 
 
 ciTHls enim dissenslonis, etc. : ' for in the civil strife and mad- 
 ness, or fate, or calamity (whichever you like to call it) which has 
 fallen on us, that is no unwelcome termination, in which, etc. ' 
 
 consulis. Cn. Papirius Carbo, see Introd. § 4. Verres had been 
 quaestor to Carbo, but deserted him and ' transferred his quaestor- 
 ship' to the party of Sulla {translator quaesturae), carrying with 
 him the military chest. 
 
 aversor pec. puhlicae. Cf. § 73 note. 
 
 in foro, etc. ; i.e. they enjoyed all the privileges of civitas with 
 the exception of the right to hold office {ius honorum), which, by a 
 lex of SuUa B.C. 81, was withheld from the sons and grandsons of 
 proscribed persons. 
 
 153. Perperna; See note to § 72. After the death of Sertorius, 
 Perperna took command of the armies of Spain, but was defeated in 
 his first engagement with Pompeius, who had him put to death, 
 
 59. Id quod defendis. Cf. § 148. 
 
 isti generi horn. = istorum hominum, § 152. 
 
 154. Non licet me utl. See note to § 45. 
 
 Isto tanto bono : ' such a great advantage.' i.e. of letting Verres 
 prove that the mercatores whom he put to death were partisans of 
 Sertorius. 
 
 Futeoll : now PozzuoU, was a, great trading centre and place of 
 resort for merchants from Asia, Syria, and Egypt. 
 
 collibertos : a coUibertus was a man employed by a mercator, who 
 was himself a libertus : ' f ellow-f reedmen. ' Long regards partim 
 collibertos as spurious. 
 
 partim In vlnclis necatos. This refers to the secret strangling of 
 the prisoners, — securi perctissos to their public execution. 
 
 dicat, repetat : final subjunctives. 
 
 Dianlo. See note to § 146. 
 
 155. testem nullum int. ; see Introd. § 11. 
 
 argentariam fac. : cf . naviculariam facere, § 46. ' The business 
 of an argentarius was to exchange various kinds of money for 
 merchants and others, as is now done by money-changers. He 
 
I20 CICERO IN VERREM [GO. 157 
 
 probably also received deposits and advanced money on security.' 
 — Long. 
 
 Lepti. There were two towns of this name in Africa : Leptis 
 Magna and Minor ; it is uncertain which is referred to in the text. 
 
 amplius centum. See Boby §1273. 
 
 60. Capltitus Involutls. See § 72 note. 
 
 M. Annli. See §§ 73, 74. 
 
 advenam nescio qnem : ' some insignificant stranger,' see § 79 n. 
 
 157. suburbana. Cf. bk. ii. § 6 : sic populo E. iucunda subur- 
 banitas est huiusce provinciae. 
 
 01. 158. Cousauomun. : 'from the township of Consa or Compsa, ' 
 in the territory of the Hirpini. 
 
 159. rem In medio p. ; ' I will lay the facts before you.' 
 
 62. 160. magistratum Mam. : see note to § 44. 
 ab Be=a magistratu : ipse='Verres. 
 
 ,161. meruisae, so. sijpendia : 'had served.' 
 162. usurparet: ' continually utteiei,' ci. %166, usurpatio civitatis. 
 See note to usmpaium § 51. 
 
 63. 163. lex Forclalegesque S. Livy x. 9 says : Porcia lex gravi 
 poena si quis verberasset necassetve civem Somanum sanxit. ' The 
 lex Porcia enacted penalties for beating or killing a Roman citizen. ' 
 Cic. pro Bah. 12 : Porcia lex virgas ah omnium civium if. corpore 
 amovit. The 'lex ' is generally supposed to have been passed by 
 M. Porcius Laeoa, tribune of the plebs B.C. 197. See Ramsay, 
 Man. Antiq. p. 286. 
 
 leges Semp. The ' lex ' of Gains Sempronius Gracchus, B.C. 123, 
 ' de provocatione ' made previous enactments on the subject more 
 severe, and extended the right of appeal to the army (Mommsen, iii. 
 p. 112). Cic. 1. 0. : G. Cfracchus legem tulit ne de capite civium 
 B. iniussu vestro iudicaretur. ' G. Gracchus brought in a law that 
 no Roman citizen should be tried on a capital charge without your 
 orders' (i.e. of the people). 
 
 tribunicia potestas. Sulla (B.C. 82-79) had sought to limit the 
 authority of the tribunes of the plebs by placing considerable 
 restrictions on their right of addressing the people whenever they 
 thought fit, and by practically annulling their power of veto on 
 any measure proposed by a magistrate by imposing a heavy fine on 
 the abuse of this right. He had also enacted that no tribune of 
 the plebs should be eligible for other magistracies (Mommsen, iii. 
 p. 363). These restrictions had been lately removed in B.C. 70 in 
 the consulship of Crassus and Pompeius. 
 
 ignes. Cf. § 14. 
 
66.170] NOTES 
 
 121 
 
 vldistl enim ut : ut= ' how.' 
 
 repetisse Tideretur : i.e. if they had ' lynched ' "Verres. 
 
 164. repentlnum : 'all of a sudden,' no suspicion of such a thing 
 having occurred before. 
 
 ad arbltrlum tuum : 'as many as you like.' The classical ex- 
 pression, as Halm observes, for the late Latin ad libitum. 
 
 64. 165. tuls prozlmis: 'those around you,' i.e. his advocates 
 and friends. 
 
 quod . . . datur: 'which you yourself allow,' viz. that Gavius 
 had declared se dvem esse Romanum. 
 lam : i. e. after your own confession. 
 166. induatur. See note to § 73. 
 usuipatione : § 162 usurparet. 
 
 65. 167. eis quo = eis ad quos. Cf. § 59: urbem quo = u. ad 
 quam. Madv. § 317 obs, 2. 
 
 cum cognitoribus : ' with those who knew them.' Of. cognoscere 
 used in this sense several times already, e.g. §§ 72, 155. 
 
 exlBtlmatlonis : 'public opinion,' Cf. § 175 liberalum existima- 
 tionis meiu. 
 
 168. liberas civltates: 'free states.' These were communities 
 which, as a special privilege for some benefit conferred on Rome, 
 or from motives of policy, were allowed to administer their own 
 afifairs without interference on the part of the provincial governor. 
 — Ramsay, Man. Antiq. p. 190. 
 
 tua defensione : your plea, that the praetor has arbitrary juris- 
 diction over suspected persons within his province. 
 
 etiamne Id . . , mlttere ? ' was it a very difficult matter to send 
 letters to P. ? ' to establish his identity. 
 
 adservaases : 'you might have kept,' potential subj., Roby 
 § 1534 foil. , 
 
 cognosceret. For the omission of si in the protasis, cf. Roby 
 § 1552. 
 
 hoc iuris. Note to § 106 hoc causae. 
 
 66. 169. fretu. For this heteroclite form, see Roby vol. i. 
 § 396. 
 
 alumnum. Note to § 123. 
 
 adfizum; sc. cruci, supplicio being abl. Another reading is 
 ad/ectum. 
 
 170. nescio quern. Cf. § 156. 
 
 quod: 'the point, which .. .' celebritate : ' concourse,' see § 46, 
 celeberrimo. regione : ' position. ' 
 
 praeterrectione ; 'on the line of passage,' abstract for concrete. 
 
122 CICERO IN VERREM [67. 171 
 
 67. 171 — End. The peroration to the whole of the five books of 
 the aaymalio. 
 
 inauima. Some editors give inanimcda, which Madvig (de Fin. iv. 
 36) shows to be an uu-Ciceromau form. 
 
 iste clvis E. : Verres. Cicero says he ought not to have any 
 apprehension that the Senators will not regard Verres as deserving 
 of crucifixion, though they consider that punishment as most 
 unsuitable for Eoman citizens in general. Some editors omit non 
 before urms, taking eras to refer to Gavins. 
 
 172. tandem: 'pray.' 
 
 Veritas: 'the undoubted fact,' viz. that all Eoman citizens are 
 sprung from one stock and so sanguine coniuncti. 
 
 173. ratio: ' my calculations. ' 
 
 potestatem apud se ageudl. Cicero had been elected as curule 
 aedile for the following year, an office which would give him the 
 right of addressing the people {agere cum popalo) which he had not 
 as ■privaius. Cf. Actio i. 36 ; on the powers of the curule aedile see 
 §36. 
 
 me agente : ' on my prosecution' of Verres. Cicero had threatened 
 that if Verres was acquitted on the present charge of rejpetundae he 
 would impeach him for peculatus, appropriation of public funds : 
 i£ unsuccessful here, he would charge him with maiestas (see § 42) : 
 if that failed, then he would accuse him, before the people, of perdiiellio. 
 The trial for maiestas would take place before a special court 
 appointed to hear such charges — one of the qztaestiones perpettiae or 
 permanent commissions ; the charge of perduellio would be heard 
 and decided by the people — hence the allusion in the text to sw's 
 suffragiis. Cf. bk. i. c. 5 and Ramsay, Man. Antiq. p. 300. 
 
 ante Eal. Feb, : i. e. before he had been a month in office. 
 
 ad lllud p. E. iudlcium. Cf. bk. i. u. 5 : mihi credite, arctioribms 
 apud populum B. laqueis tenebitur. 
 
 probabills et facills : ' admitting of easy proof,' ' easily proved.' 
 
 de uno crescere : ' to gain honour at the cost of Verres alone. ' 
 Cf . pro Cluent. § 77 : ut ex senatoria invidia posset crescere : ' that he 
 might make capital out of the unpopularity of the senate.' 
 
 68. delecto oonsilio : ' select body ' of judges : a certain number 
 of citizens were annually chosen by the praetor urbanus to ^erve 
 during the year as indices in the ' permanent commissions ' ; the list 
 of men thus chosen was called album iudicum, from whom the 
 requisite number was taken by lot for each trial, and these "were 
 further liable to rejection {reiectio) by either party to the suit. See 
 Ramsay, Mem. Antiq. p. 294 ; Cic. pro Ghient. § 121 ; and Appendix. 
 
69. 1V7] NOTES ' 123 
 
 delegerim : i.e. he had not ' rejected.' them. 
 
 cera : an allusionjto the tablets smeared with wax (cera) with 
 which the iudices recorded their votes. 
 
 174. ex lioc loco : i.e. if in my position, as your opponent, I may 
 offer you advice, locus, loco : this figure of speech, where the same 
 word is used in two difierent senses, is called traduciio ; cf. auct. ad 
 Her. iv. 14. : cum idem verbum modo ponitur in hoc, modo in altera 
 re, hoe modo : Veniam ad vos si mild senatus det veniam. Cf, Cic. 
 Oral. 135. 
 
 de Ulo . . . praeflnio : ' set any limitation on you in this matter. ' 
 censeo desistas. Cf. Gat. iv. § 13 vereamini censeo, on which 
 Halm says : ' the subjunctive after censeo (I imagine you must be 
 fearing) in this form of speech has generally an ironical force.' 
 
 temptata : for the various manceuvres by which Verres tried to 
 get the trial postponed till the following year, see In trod. §§9, 10, 11. 
 
 175. designatiun cons. : see Introd. § 11. Defunctum, designatum : 
 causal ; def. honoribus : ' because you have filled all the ofBces of 
 state. ' Hortensius had already held the offices of quaestor, aedile 
 and praetor, and was consul-elect for the following year, B. c. 69, 
 with Q. Caecilius Metellus. 
 
 ezistimatlonls. Cf. § 167 : existimationis periciUo continenlur. 
 
 quoad necesse fuit : i.e. under Sulla's constitution, by which the 
 senate received full control of legislation and judicial business. 
 
 regiam V. dominatlonem : 'your despotic sway.' vesiram veiera 
 to Hortensius and his party, the nobility. 
 
 plebi : an archaic genitive for plebei from plebes of the 5th 
 declension. Roby, vol. i. § 357 d. 
 
 omnia ista adepta, etc. On the overthrow of the SuUan con- 
 stitution the initiative in legislation was restored to the tribunes, 
 and the equiies were partly readmitted to the indicia, sharing with 
 the senators and tribuni aerarii the privilege o£ serving as indices. 
 B.C. 70. 
 
 176. recta regione : ' straight line, path.' Cf. Livy xxi. 31, med. ; 
 non recta regione iter instituit, sed at laevam in 2Vicastinos flexit. 
 Cf . e regione = in a straight line, Lucr. vi. 823. 
 
 tacita exlstlmatlo. The voice of public opinion had been practi- 
 cally 'silenced' by Sulla, when he restricted the rights of the 
 tribunes agendi cumpopulo. See note § 163. 
 
 libemm : ' free-spoken ' )( tacita. 
 
 tua fiducia : ' relying on you.' tva for the objective genitive tut. 
 Eoby § 1315. 
 
 69. 177. rationem . . . ofBcii : a periphrasis for officium, rationem 
 
134 CICERO IN VERREM [69. 1V7 
 
 being used in the mercantile sense of ' account ':<?-. ' my debt of 
 duty is -paid.' 
 
 Iniquissimis meis : 'my bitterest foes. ' Cf . pro Mil. 9, 25, 
 inimicisdimum suum. 
 
 panels horls p. actionis : the actio prima lasted but nine days in 
 spite of all Verres and Hortensius could do to prolong the trial till 
 the following year. See Introd. § 11. 
 
 ratio atque Incl. temp. -. 'the spirit and bias of the times.' 
 
 aliiim ordinem: i.e. the equites; see note§ 175, omnia ista adempia. 
 
 lege : the lex Aurelia of L. Aurelius Cotta (B.C. 70) which enacted 
 that the indices should be chosen equally from the senators, 
 equites and tribuni aerarii, and not from the senators alone, as 
 under the Sullan constitution. Momm. iv, p. 95. 
 
 is : L. Aurelius Cotta. quo nomine = cuius n. ' in whose name.' 
 
 promulgandam. This was the technical word for making known 
 a proposed new law before it was actually discussed in the Comitia. 
 Cicero says that V. himself was the real promulgator of this bill, as 
 it was the fear of his being acquitted by a jury composed of senators 
 alone that led to its being proposed. 
 
 cum prime agere : i. e. when he delivered the actio prima. The 
 actual terms of the bill were not published till after the summary 
 conclusion of the trial of Verres [i.e. till after the actio prima), 
 though various proposals were being made for some change in the 
 iudicia before the commencement of the case. See Actio i. § 2 : 
 nunc in ipso discrimine ordinis (i.e. senatorum) iudiciorumque ves- 
 trorum . . . reus in iudicium adductus est G. Verres : ' in the midst 
 of the agitation concerning your order and its tenure of the law- 
 courts, is G. Verres brought to trial.' 
 
 posteaquam . . . promulgata est. Verres had of course been 
 convicted when the five orations of the second book were written, 
 but C, to give vividness to his speeches, keeps up the deception of 
 supposing him to be undergoing a second indictment (see Appendix), 
 and says that the lex was immediately proposed when Verres was 
 thought to be gaining fresh energies and support (by bribery), i. e. 
 during the interval between the first and second hearing. Cf. sua 
 spe atque opinione quam de vobis hdbet : above. 
 
 aut populus R., etc. : 'either the Roman people will pass judg- 
 ment upon that man, whom they will already have considered 
 unworthy of the office of judge ; or those men, who, through the 
 misconduct of the courts, shall by the new law be appointed new 
 judges, will pass judgment on the late judges.' The meaning is 
 not very clear, owing to the uncertainty of who is meant by eo 
 
70. 181] NOTES 125 
 
 homine. The above rendering follows Halm and Eberhard, who 
 refer eo to the corrupt judge implied in the previous clause. Long 
 reads pulavit, and refers eo to Verres, translating ' whom they have 
 already considered unworthy of a trial (c. 63).' As translated 
 above, the sentence conveys a double threat to the senatorial 
 judges ; either impeachment before the people if they fail in their 
 duty, or before a new body of judges composed, in part, of the 
 equites whose participation in the judicial prerogatives would be 
 hastened by any dishonest verdict in the present case, by ensuring 
 the passing of the lex Aurelia. It is one more note of warning to 
 the senate that their tenure of the indicia depends on their conduct 
 in this trial. 
 
 70. 179. ut non dicam = trf taceam : ' how far I must go before I 
 keep silence ' : i. e. I must pursue the case to its close : if V. be 
 acquitted here, I must impeach him before the people. 
 
 ezpilatae provlnciae : Introd. § 5. 
 
 in discrimen ac iud. =iii iudicll dlscrimen. 
 
 180. studio: ' inclination ' J TOluntate : 'freewill.' 
 
 M. Catonis. M. Porcius Cato, the Censor, consul B.C. 195, sur- 
 named Sa/piens, was born of plebeian family about B.C. 234, and 
 served with distinction through the Second Punic War. He is the 
 principal character in Cicero's dialogue ' de senectute,' and is 
 chosen by Horace as a typical example of the old Roman simplicity 
 and austerity in an age which was fast becoming enervated by 
 corruption and luxury. (Hor. 2 Od. xv. 11.) 
 
 sui generis initium. Cato was the first of his family to hold any 
 curule office (i.e. he was a nomis homo), and thus was the first to 
 introduce into it the ius imaginum. See note to § 36. 
 
 inimicitias. In the div. in Caecil. § 63 Cicero says : M. Catonem 
 ilium Sapientem cum multis graves inimicitias gessisse accepimus 
 propter Hispanorum iniurias : ' we have heard that the wise 
 M. Cato became the bitter enemy of many men, on account of the 
 injustice done to the Hispani,' referring to Cato's denunciation of 
 Galba for his perfidy and treachery towards the Lusitanians, 
 B.C. 150. Cato also quarrelled with Scipio during the last campaigns 
 against Hannibal, for his lavish distribution of the spoil among the 
 troops, which tended, he said, to enervate the old warlike spirit of 
 the Roman armies. 
 
 summam senect. Cato died b.c, 149, aged 85. 
 
 181. Q. Fompeius (Rufus), consul B.C. 141, served with little 
 success and less honour in Spain, where he unsuccessfully laid 
 siege to Numantia. Cicero speaks of him {Brut. 25) as an orator of 
 
126 CICERO IN VERREM [71.182 
 
 no mean power, who had worked his way up to the highest honours 
 without any family influence. He was accused of extortion in 
 B.C. 139, but was acquitted, although he had against him some of 
 the most powerful men in Kome. 
 
 C. Flbriam : cons. 104 (with 0. Marius, who was then holding his 
 second consulship). C. Caelius Caldus, cons. 94. 
 
 71. reglo : 'direction.' Cf. § 176. 
 
 locum aperuerimuB: 'if we lay ourselves open to . . .' The 
 metaphor is, of course, from defective or ill-fitting armour. 
 
 182. non fere quisquam : ' hardly anyone ' ; lit. ' no one, scarcely. ' 
 nullis noBtris off. Cf. § 64, cuidam amico suo. 
 
 183. satis factum. Cf. § 139, siUis estfaetum Siculis, etc. 
 reoeptum : ' undertaken as a trust or duty. ' Cf . reddo, ' to give 
 
 as one's due ' : div. in Gaecil. § 26 ; ego in hoc indicia mihi Sicvlorum 
 causam receptam, populi Romani susceptam ease arhitror. See 
 note § 139 of this speech. 
 
 corrupt! iudlcll : 'of having corrupted the court,' 'The common 
 reading is corrumpendi, on which Madvig observes that among 
 classical writers this use of the gerundive is confined to present 
 time.' — LpNG. 
 
 artifices ad oorr. : ' masters in the art of corrupting. ' Cf . di Fin. 
 2, § 116 : artifex comparandwnim volv/ptatum ; de Orat. i. 23 : dicendi 
 a/rtifices et doctores. 
 
 dlsceptante=iudicante. Cf. Livy v. 4 : ipso exercitu disceptante : 
 ' in the judgment of the army.' 
 
 72. 184. Nunc te, etc. A recapitulation of all the sacrilegious 
 acts of Verres, in the form of an invocation to the gods whose 
 temples he had plundered. 
 
 donum. This was a golden candelabra of exquisite workmanship 
 and set with gems, which the two sons of Antiochus, king of Syria, 
 had intended as a gift to the temple of Jupiter. Verres had asked 
 them to send him the treasure to look at, and had forgotten to 
 return it. See bk. iv. c. 27, 28. 
 
 dignum reglo munere. So Verres had called it dignam rem esse 
 regno Syriae, dignam regio munere, dignam Oapitolio. He might 
 have added dignam Verre ! 
 
 simulacrum : a statue of Zeiis Otfpios ; iv. § 128. 
 
 185. cuius simulacrum. Cicero, in bk. iv. § 74, has an interest- 
 ing description of this statue. It was of colossal size, clad in the 
 stola or long robe reaching to the feet, the quiver and arrows hung 
 from the shoulder, in the left hand was a bow, and in the right a 
 flaming torch. 
 
72. 186] NOTES 127 
 
 P. African! victoria. See note to § 124. 
 Mercuri. § 124 and iv. § 84. 
 186. nocte intempesta. Note § 92. 
 
 oonatus est. The attempt of Verres' emissaries on this temple 
 was unsuooessful. The attendants were roused, and the whole city 
 turned out and drove off the plunderers with showers of stones. A 
 couple of tiny images (sigilla perparvula) was all they managed to 
 secure, and saved them, as Cicero sarcastically remarks, from 
 returning absolutely empty-handed to the sacrilegious robber, 
 bk. iv. § 95. 
 Mater Idaea = Cybele, Mater Magna, iv. 97. 
 nomeu mode Africani. Of. iv. § 97 : in hoc fano lorkas galeasque 
 ameas, caelatas opere Corinthio, hydriasque grandes idem ille Scipio 
 posuerat et suum noinen inscripserat : ' in this shrine Scipio had 
 also deposited some brazen breast-plates and helmets, worked in 
 Corinthian relief, and some huge urns, and had inscribed his name 
 thereon.' 
 
 Castor et FoUuz. The temple of the Dioscuri, or aedes Oastoris 
 as it was generally called, was vowed by the dictator A. Postumius 
 after the battle of Lake Regillus, B.C. 496. It was built ten years 
 later on the south side of the Forum, on the spot where the two 
 heroes watered their horses after the battle. 
 
 consilionim : referring to the meetings of the senate which were 
 frequently held in the temple of Castor. 
 
 iudiciorum testes : e.g. the trial of Verres himself took place in 
 this temple. 
 
 quaestum . . . comparavit. In bk. i. c. 50 foil. Cicero shows 
 how Verres, as praetor urbanus, made considerable gain out of the 
 contracts for repairing the temple of Castor. 
 
 ludorum : i.e. the ludi circenses. iter refers to the sacred pro- 
 cession {pompa) from the Capitol to the Circus Maxiraus with 
 which the games commenced, and in which the images of the most 
 important gods were carried on sacred vehicles (teusae). Verres 
 . had apparently made profit by selling the contract for the repair of 
 the streets through which this procession passed. See bk. i. § 154. 
 ezigendum : exigere = to demand the performance of any duty. 
 Cf. i. § 154, viam exegisti, 'demanded the construction of the road.' 
 occultissimls : referring to the ' mysteries ' in connection with 
 the 'EXevalvM, a festival held at Eleusis in honour of Demeter 
 (Ceres) and Persephone (Libera). 
 
 a Graecis ascita. Cf. pro Balb. 24, 55 : sacra Cereris . . . 
 adsmwpta de Graecia et per Graecas semper curata sunt sacerdotes : 
 
128 CICERO IN VERREM [72. 188 
 
 'the sacred rites of Ceres were imported from Greece and were 
 always administered by Grecian priestesses.' 
 Oatina : Henna, bk. iv. §§ 99, 107. 
 
 188. sanctisslmae deae: i.e. Ceres and Libera; lacus lucosque, 
 iv. § 107. 
 
 religloniljus : concrete 'saored objects, statues, etc' Cf. bk. iv. 
 § 95, praedonem rdigionum. 
 nefario quodam. See note § 29, novo quodam genere. 
 
 189. mihique postbac. See de Off. ii. 14, 50, quoted on the first 
 page, iiecesse sit implies that his accusation of Verres was under- 
 taken as an unwelcome duty, to the Sicilians. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 EEPETUNDAE. 
 
 The word Eepetundae (sc. pecuniae) was applied in its most 
 restricted sense to the money or other valuable property which a 
 provincial governor had illegally appropriated. In course of time 
 the meaning of the word was extended to embrace any act of 
 maladministration, oppression, or corruption on the part of such 
 governor, and was further made to cover the taking of bribes by 
 indices, and, in general, any fraudulent proceeding on the part of 
 any magistrate in the discharge of his official duty. The word, 
 however, was not restricted to the actual objects sought to be 
 recovered, but was also sometimes applied to the offence itself in 
 the sense of ' extortion ' : e.g. repetundarwn reus, argui, etc. 
 
 The crime of Eepetundae was one which grew with the growth 
 of the Koman empire. In the earliest days of the republic the 
 offence is unheard of, for opportunities for committing it were 
 wanting : but the gradual extension of Eoman conquest, necessi- 
 tating as it did the sending out of special magistrates to the 
 newly acquired provinces, opened up to unscrupulous magistrates 
 an almost unlimited field for amassing private wealth at the 
 expense of the unfortunate provincials. Law after law was 
 passed more clearly and closely defining the offence, with the 
 object of repressing the growing cupidity of magistrates, but all 
 were equally ineflcacious. 
 
 The first legislative enactment that dealt directly with the 
 subject was the Lex Porcia of M. Poroius Cato, b.c, 198, which 
 apparently limited the amount which a governor could legally 
 demand from the provincials for the necessary expenses of ad- 
 ministration. The next law was the Lex Galpurnia, proposed in 
 B.C. 149 by L. Calpumius Piso, a tribune of the people. By this 
 law the trial of cases of Eepetundae was referred to a ' standing 
 
 I 
 
I30 CICERO IN VERREM 
 
 commigsion ' {Quaestio perpehia), all previous methods of dealing 
 with such cases having proved unsatisfactory. The commission 
 was presided over by the Praetor Peregrinus, the indices being 
 chosen from the Senate and serving for a year — hence the term 
 'perpefiia'. The lex further provided that only foreigners could 
 maintain an Actio Repetundarum. Roman citizens under similar 
 circumstances could recover by the ordinary civil processes. The 
 next enactment of importance was the Lex Servilia ( 1 B.C. 106) 
 proposed by the Tribunus Plebis, 0. Servilius Grlaucia, by which 
 not only provincial governors but all magistrates were made 
 equally liable to prosecution for the abuse of their judicial power. 
 The law also introduced into cases De Repetundis a peculiar 
 •arrangement called Gomperendinatio, by which all such trials were 
 divided into two distinct parts — actio prima and secunda : in the 
 first of which the accuser sketched out the case in outline and the 
 defender replied, witnesses being examined and cross-examined. 
 No verdict, however, was given at the first hearing, but the case 
 was adjourned till the next day but one {perendie — Whence the 
 name) when the trial proceeded and a verdict was pronounced. 
 (Verres anticipated the actio secunda by voluntary exile, hence a . 
 verdict was in his case given after the actio prima.) Under this 
 law, too, Indices to the number of 450 were annually chosen by 
 the presiding praetor from non-senators, from whom the requisite 
 number were taken by lot for each case — ^both parties to the suit 
 having the right of rejecting a certain number. The penalty 
 fixed by the lex was twice the amount of the extortion proved to 
 have been committed. This law was followed in b.c. 101 by the 
 hx Acilia, passed by M. Acilius Glabrio, which took away the 
 ' com/permdinatio' which had been allowed by the lex Servilia. 
 Then came the lex Gornelia of SuUa, B.C. 81, which restored the 
 ' comperendin,atio,' and, among other provisions, enacted that a 
 provincial governor should be held liable to prosecution if he took 
 money for the purpose of having statues erected to him and 
 failed to have the statues set up within five years ; and that no 
 aedUe should borrow works of art from the provinces for the 
 adornment of their shows at Rome. The penalty was increased to 
 four times the amount of the extortion, with the additional 
 punishment of outlawry {ignis et aquae interdictio), and provisions 
 were made for tracing and recovering any of the plunder that 
 
APPENDIX 131 
 
 might have found its way into other persons' hands. It also made 
 magistrates liable to prosecution who did not give in their pro 
 consular accounts to the treasury. The last enactment on the 
 subject was the lex Julia, passed in b.c. 59 in the first consulship of 
 0. Julius Caesar. It ordained that persons conyicted of Repe- 
 tundae should lose their rank and be disqualified from being 
 witnesses, indices, or senators. 
 
 The Verrine prosecution then was conducted under the lex 
 Gornelia — though Verres seems to have been mulcted in only two 
 and a half times the amount of his extortions ; and though tliis 
 law had considerably enlarged the limits within which a charge for 
 Repetundae fell, Cicero allows himself still further latitude, and 
 touches upon crimes in Verres' career on which the law was not 
 directly operative. 
 
 [I am indebted for most of the above remarks to Long's articles 
 on Repetundae in his edition of Cicero in the Bibliotheca Glassica, 
 and in the Did. Greek and Boman Antiqiiities.'\ 
 
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