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AGRICULTORAL RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES OF PORTO RICO. 
 
 MESSAGE 
 
 FROM THE 
 
 PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 TRANSMITTING 
 
 A REPORT ON INVESTIGATIONS OF THE AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES 
 And CAPABILITIES OF PORTO RICO WITH SPECIAL REFER- , 
 eIcE to- the establishment OF AN AGRICULTU- 
 RAL EXPERIMENT STATION IN THAT ISLAND. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVEBNMBNT FEINTING OFFICE. 
 
 1901. 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924094808957 
 
AGRICCLTURAL RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES OF PORTO RICO. 
 
 MESSAGE 
 
 FROM THE 
 
 PEESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 TRANSMITTING 
 
 A EEPORT ON INVESTIGATIONS OF THE AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES 
 AND CAPABILITIES OF PORTO RICO WITH SPECIAL REFER- 
 ENCE TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN AGRICULTU- 
 RAL EXPERIMENT STATION IN THAT ISLAND. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 1901. 
 
no/ 
 
 ^' 
 
 s-ff/^ 
 
56th Congkess, | HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. J Document 
 
 M Session. f j No. lYl. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES OF 
 PORTO RICO. 
 
 MESSAGE 
 
 FKOM THE 
 
 PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 TRANSMITTING 
 
 A REPORT ON INVESTIGATIONS OF THE AGRICULTURAL RE- 
 SOURCES AND CAPABILITIES OF PORTO RICO WITH SPECIAL 
 REFERENCE TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN AGRICULTURAL 
 EXPERIMENT STATION IN THAT ISLAND. 
 
 December 11, 1900. — Message and accompanying papers ordered printed and re- 
 ferred to the Committee on Insular Affairs. 
 
 To the Senate and House of Representatives: 
 
 I transmit herewith a report on investigations of the agricultural 
 resources and capabilities of Porto Rico with special reference to the 
 establishment of an agricultural experiment station in that island, 
 made in accordance with the act of Congress making appropriations 
 for the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June 
 30, 1901. 
 
 William McKinley. 
 
 Executive Mansion, December lo, 1900. 
 
 LETTER OP transmittal. 
 
 United States Department of Agriculture, 
 
 Office of the Secretary, 
 Washington, D. C, December 5, 1900. 
 Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewith a report on the agricul- 
 tural resources and capabilities of Porto Rico with special reference to 
 the establishment of an agricultural experiment station in that island, 
 made in compliance with the act of Congress making appropriations 
 for this Department for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901. The 
 investigations have, in my judgment, shown the desirability and feasi- 
 bility of maintaining an agricultural experiment station in Porto Rico, 
 
2 AGRICULTUBAL KESOURCES, ETC., OF PORTO RICO. 
 
 and I earnestly recommend that provision be made by Congress for the 
 establishment of such a station in the Territory on a permanent and 
 efiBcient basis in accordance with the recommendations of the Director 
 of the Office of Experiment Stations, herewith submitted, and that an 
 appropriation be made for this purpose equal to that which is given 
 for the maintenance of similar stations elsewhere in the United States. 
 T have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant, 
 
 Jambs Wilson, Secretary. 
 The President. 
 
 United States Department of Agriculture, 
 
 Office of Experiment Stations, 
 Washington, D. C, Decembers, 1900. 
 Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a report on the agricul- 
 tural conditions in Porto Rico with special reference to the establish- 
 ment of an agricultural exijeriment station in that island. This inves- 
 tigation was made in accordance with the terms of the Appropriation 
 act for this Department for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901, which 
 authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to "investigate and report to 
 Congress on the agricultural resources and capabilities of Porto Rico 
 with special reference to the selection of locations for agricultural 
 experiment stations and the determination of the character and extent 
 of agricultural experiments immediately demanded by the condition 
 of agriculture in that island." As the agent to make this investiga- 
 tion. Prof. S. A. Knapp, formerly of the Iowa Agricultural College 
 and more recently engaged in agricultural enterprises in southern 
 Louisiana, was appointed special agent in charge of agricultural 
 investigations in Porto Rico and sent to that island about the middle 
 of June, 1900, with the following instructions: 
 
 The following subjects should be included in your investigations: 
 (1) The general agricultural conditions existing in Porto Eico and the neces- 
 sary and feasible measures for the improvement of these conditions. 
 
 (3) The lines of experimental investigations which should be undertaken in 
 Porto Bico, and especially those which should be undertaken in the immediate 
 future. As far as practicable, the scope, extent, and cost of the experimental 
 inquiries immediately demanded should be determined. 
 
 (3) The locations suitable for agricultural experiment stations in Porto Bico, 
 including a main station with laboratories, farm buildings, and experimental 
 fields, and outlying stations, whose work shall consist of field, garden, and orchard 
 experiments and experiments with domestic animals. 
 
 (4) The buildings, land, and equipment required for the proper maintenance 
 of agricultural investigations in Porto Bico on the plan indicated in section 3. 
 Careful estimates should be made regarding the cost of the buildings, land, and 
 equioment needed to inaugurate the work of the experiment station in the island, 
 with special reference to the sum required for these purposes during the fiscal 
 year ending June 30, 1902. The methods of acquiring real estate for the use of 
 the station should also be investigated. 
 
 (5) The needs of the agricultural people of Porto Bico as regards information 
 on agricultural subjects, and the best means for supplying them with this infor- 
 mation by publications, oral instruction, and demonstration experiments, or 
 otherwise. 
 
 (6) The desirability and feasibility of securing the cooperation of the residents 
 of Porto Eico in the conduct of experimental inquiries and the dissemination of 
 agricultural information; the desirability and feasibility of including instruc- 
 tion in agricultural subjects in the curriculum of the schools of Porto Eico. 
 
 (7) The facilities for preparing, printing, publishing, and distributing in Porto 
 Bico circulars of inquiry and bulletins of information on agricultural subjects in 
 
■AGKICULTUKAL RESOURCES, ETC., OF PORTO RICO. 6 
 
 the English and Spanish languages, and the best ways of securing the preparation 
 and dissemination of such information in printed form. 
 
 (8) The cost of inaugurating and maintaining agricultural investigations and 
 disseminating information (exclusive of the buildings, land, and equipment) in 
 a manner similar to that of an agricultural experiment station in one of the 
 United States having an area approximating that of Porto "Rico. An estimate 
 should be made with special reference to the cost of maintaining such work during 
 the single fiscal year ending June 30, 1902. 
 
 Professor Knapp's report of his investigations is submitted here- 
 with. In this report the need of experiment-statiorf work in Porto 
 Rico is plainly shown, and it is recommended that a station should be 
 established with headquarters in the vicinity of San Juan. This sta- 
 tion should give immediate attention to promoting the production of 
 larger and better crops of coffee, sugar, and tobacco, and of food 
 products for home consumption. As soon as practicable it should 
 undertake work in horticulture, forestry, animal husbandry, and 
 dairying. Besides conducting experiments, it should give object les- 
 sons in improved farming and should disseminate information by pub- 
 lications and agricultural meetings. In these recommendations of 
 Professor Knapp I heartily concur. In my judgment an agricul- 
 tural experiment station should be immediately established in Porto 
 Rico on the same general plan as that pursued elsewhere in the United 
 States. 
 
 Land should be obtained in the vicinity of San Juan on which to 
 erect office, laboratory, and farm buildings and to conduct experi- 
 ments. A competent man should be appointed to act as the chief 
 executive officer of the station, plan and supervise its operations, and 
 begin the organization of a staff of scientific and practical men to con- 
 duct investigations in various lines and instruct the people in improved 
 methods of agriculture. It will be best to limit the work of the sta- 
 tion at the outset to a few main lines, which will require the services 
 of only a small staff, and develop the organization of the working corps 
 as the station becomes more fully established and the way is opened 
 for the extension of its work. As the station will not have the aid of 
 an agricultural college alreadj^ equipped with buildings and land, as has 
 been the ease with most of the stations established in the United States, 
 it will be necessary at the outset to devote a considerable amount of 
 money to its equipment. Without doubt as much will be required for 
 the current expenses involved in the proper maintenance of an experi- 
 ment station in Porto Rico as is the case elsewhere in the United 
 States. I can see no good reason why an appropriation of ,$15,000 a 
 year should not be given to Porto Rico for the maintenance of an 
 experiment station as well as to the other Territories of the United 
 States, and I hope that Congress will make the first appropriation of 
 this kind during its present session. For the purchase of land and the 
 erection of buildings the station should have in addition an initial 
 fund of $15,000. In the case of the other Territories such expenses 
 have been largely provided for by the local governments, and I think it 
 would be well if this plan could be followed in Porto Rico, a portion of 
 the revenues of the island being set aside for this purpose by the 
 action of Congress or the Territorial legislature. 
 
 Authority should be given the Secretary of Agriculture in the 
 appropriation act to establish and maintain an agricultural experi- 
 ment station in Porto Rico, including the purchase of land, the erec- 
 tion of buildings, the printing (in Porto Rico), illustration and distri- 
 bution of reports and bulletins in the English and Spanish languages, 
 
4r AGRICULTUKAL BfiSOUEOES, ETC., OF POKTO BICO. _ 
 
 and all other expenses essential to the maintenance of said station. 
 Half of the first appropriation should be made immediately available. 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 A. C. True, Director. 
 Hon. James Wilson, 
 
 Secretary of Agricuttwre. 
 
 Lake Charles, La., September 22, 1900. 
 Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith my report on the investi- 
 gations regarding the agricultural conditions existing in Porto Rico, 
 with special reference to the establishment of an agricultural experi- 
 ment station in that island, made under your instructions dated June 
 11, 1900. I arrived at San Juan June 19, 1900, and immediately com- 
 menced my observations on the agricultural conditions and capabili- 
 ties of the island. I traveled by private conveyance over 350 miles in 
 the rural districts, and was everywhere cordially met by the farmers 
 and given every facility for obtaining the information desired. 
 Respectfully, 
 
 Seaman A. Knapp, 
 Special Agent in Charge of Agricultural 
 
 Investigations in Porto Rico. 
 Dr. A. C. True, 
 
 Director of Office of Experiment Stations. 
 
AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES OF 
 
 PORTO RICO. 
 
 General Statement. 
 
 The island of Porto Rico is situated in latitude 18° north and lies 
 in the direct line of trade between New York and South America. 
 In a general way it may be described as about 100 miles long and 
 36 miles wide, and has an area, including its dependencies — the 
 islands of Vieques, Culebra, and Mona — of 3,530 to 3,860 square 
 miles. The whole island may be classed as mountainous except a 
 border on the seacoast and numerous interior valleys. The moun- 
 tains are not in bold and forbidding ranges, but consist of an endless 
 variety of immense segregated and fertile hills, with interspersed 
 valleys, in an ascending series, but without special order, from the 
 north coast to two-thirds the distance across the island, where the 
 hills attain an elevation of 1,500 to 2,600 feet, and the valleys, many 
 of which are of considerable extent, are from 500 to 1,500 feet above 
 the sea. 
 
 Climate. 
 
 The temperature of the island is tropical, but is so modified by alti- 
 tude and ocean winds that extreme heat or cold is never experienced. 
 Cold never reaches the frost line and rarely drops below 65° F., while 
 91° is usually the extreme of heat in a season, and that only for a 
 short period. As the temperature is largely modified by the winds 
 from the ocean, and especially by the trade winds, considerable varia- 
 tion is found in different portions of the island, it being warmer where 
 the trade winds are shut off by mountains. A much greater differ- 
 ence is observable in the rainfall. Some sections are ordinarily deficient 
 in rainfall; in others it is very heavy. 
 
 In a recent report on the water resources of Porto Rico, H. M. Wilson ' 
 states ' ' that all the crops which the soil will produce can be grown 
 over three-fourths of the extent of the island with the aid of the abun- 
 dant rainfall alone. The other one-fourth, including all the region 
 near the coast and from Cabo Rojo on the extreme west to beyond 
 Guayama on the east, must be irrigated if the soil is to produce the 
 full measure of crops of which it is capable. The total area of these 
 irrigable lands is, however, relatively small. " 
 
 The weekly crop bulletin issued by the Weather Bureau of this 
 Department, San Juan, P. R., June 18, 1900, confirms the above 
 statement. 
 
 'Water Supply and Irrig. Papers, U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 32, p. 28. 
 
AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, ETC., OF PORTO RICO. 
 
 Temperature and rainfall for the week ending June 18, 1900. 
 
 City. 
 
 Temper- 
 ature. 
 
 Rainfall. 
 
 Arecibo 
 
 „ J, 
 78.4 
 80.4 
 80.0 
 79.3 
 79.8 
 77.3 
 ■80.8 
 80.2 
 80.4 
 80.3 
 80.9 
 83.9 
 81.4 
 
 Inches. 
 1.65 
 
 
 .58 
 
 Issbela . ---. 
 
 1.22 
 
 Baynas 
 
 1.90 
 
 
 4.37 
 
 Cidra .. . --.. 
 
 3.40 
 
 Maunabo - 
 
 8.19 
 
 
 6.52 
 
 Juana Diaz . 
 
 4.73 
 
 Lajas .. - 
 
 4.20 
 
 
 .30 
 
 
 1.48 
 
 
 1.33 
 
 
 
 The above being a report for one week does not indicate the relative 
 rainfall for the year at the different points, but it shows how unequallj^ 
 the rainfall is liable to be distributed in a given period. It is said 
 that the rainfall was much more equal when the summits of the 
 mountains were well wooded. An article bj^ Prof. Mark W. Harring- 
 ton, of the United States Weather Bureau (in U. S. Treasury Doc. 
 2118), is instructive: 
 
 The published observations of Porto Rico are very scanty, consisting of a total 
 of about nine years at San Juan only, and these are fragmentary, being scattered 
 through twenty years. They show a true tropical climate, with a high mean 
 temperature (78.9° F.) and very little difference in season, except in rainfall. 
 The coldest month on the average is February (75.7°) and the hottest, June (81.5), 
 but December to March are very much alike in temperature, and so are the months 
 from June to September. The very coldest month on record is January, 1895 
 (70°), and the very warmest is June, 1878 (86°). The average change from the 
 coldest to the hottest is only 6°, but this is very appreciable to one who has lived 
 long in the. Tropics. The cool months really seem to the natives to be decidedly 
 cold, requiring additional covering on the bed and heavier clothing. The coldest 
 temperature on record in San Juan is 57.2° on a day in January, 1894. The very 
 hottest on record is 108° on a day in May, 1878. The absolute range of tempera- 
 ture observed is therefore between 43' and 44°. The lormer temperature is far 
 above frost, but would seem to the natives very cold and would check the growth 
 of tropical plants. The latter would seem very hot, for the air of San Juan is 
 very moist and the evaporation of perspiration is slow. 
 
 The comfort of San Juan as a place of residence, not to mention its healthful- 
 ness, is very much increased by the "briza," which is not given in the public 
 reports. It is the northeast trade wind which has been turned toward the west, 
 until the ' ' briza '' comes quite regularly from the east. It is not felt much during 
 the day, but springs up late in the afternoon and lasts through the evening. It is 
 a soft, gentle breeze, laving the body and giving an effect which is most fresh and 
 delightful. It has a regularity approaching that of the sun, and Santurce and 
 Cataiio, two suburbs of the capital, get it both more strongly and through a larger 
 part of the twenty-four hours. At Catano it may be felt until the middle of the 
 forenoon, and begins again in the mid afternoon. At Santurce it makes the nights 
 positively cool. 
 
 The year at San Juan is divided into the dry season and the wet season; but the 
 dry season has about as much rainfall as the Northeastern States, and the wet 
 season more than twice as much. The dry season embraces the months from 
 December to March, with a rainfall of 10 or 11 inches. It is the most attractive 
 season of the year, relatively dry and cool. It is the proper season for the visits 
 of Northerners to San Juan, and winter residents would find its climate very 
 gentle, mild, and safe. The wet season embraces the other eight months in the 
 year, and has a rainfall of 48 to 49 inches, or more than the whole of the year for 
 the most of the United States. The total rainfall at San Juan is nearly 60 inches, 
 and the culmination is in November, when an average of nearly 8 inches falls. 
 
 The rainfall is not excessi ve. It is equaled in many places in the Southern States 
 and in the northern part of the Pacific coast, and is surpassed in many places. It 
 is less significant from the ease with which the rain comes down. There are no 
 threatenings of storms for days beforehand. There is little wind and little light- 
 
AGRICULTURAL RESOUEOES, ETC., OF PORTO RICO. 7 
 
 ning. Eainy days are rare, but rainy afternoons or evenings — for an hour or two — 
 common. The rain begins suddenly, falls heavily, and ends soon. There is no 
 impression of rainy climate, except that everything seems constantly fresh and 
 clean. 
 
 The healthfuluess of San Juan is the greatest of any city in the West Indies. 
 Yellow fever is never at home here, and when imported it rarely, if ever, 
 spreads. * * * 
 
 The climate of the rest of the island is much like that of San Juan, with modifi- 
 cations due to elevation above the sea and to changes in the "briza" due to the 
 topography. The change of the temperature with elevation is relatively rapid 
 here, being approximately 4" of temperature to every 1,000 feet. 
 
 Now, Mount Yunque, at the northeastern part of the island, is, according to the 
 chief of the department of engineers of the island, about 6,000 feet high, and its 
 summit would have a mean temperature as low as that of many places in the States. 
 Besides, elevations of 2,000 feet are not unusual for towns; snow apparently never 
 falls upon the islands, but hoarfrosts are reported as occasional in high places. 
 Several towns of some size in the interior have a popular reputation as being cold — 
 Cayey, Adjuntas, and Utuado. That black frosts do not occur, however, is evi- 
 dent from the fact that the banana grows freely up to at least 2,000 feet, and is 
 very sensitive to frost. 
 
 There appear to be three mountain ridges running from end to end in the island, 
 but the central is the commanding one, and the elevations are, on the whole, high- 
 est toward the eastern end, and especially at the northeastern angle. The result 
 is that the "briza" most wets and refreshes the eastern end of the island, and the 
 rainfall changes greatly from point to point. Judging by Jamaica, of which the 
 climate has been carefully studied, the heaviest rainfall is in the northeast, and it 
 may here in places amount to 100 inches annually or more. In Jamaica it is 
 known to surpass 300 inches in some places, and El Yunque, as seen from San 
 Juan, is very generally capped by a rain cloud. The interior valleys of the island 
 are relatively dry, while the northern and eastern mountain slopes are wet. 
 
 The following summary, taken from the United States ^Veather 
 Bureau report for Porto Rico, shows the temperature, rainfall, cloudy 
 and clear days, and wind velocity at San Juan for one year : 
 
 Summary for twelve months. 
 
 Month. 
 
 November, 1898 
 December, 1808 - 
 Jaauary,1899--- 
 February, 1899. 
 
 March, 1899 , 
 
 April, 1899 
 
 May, 1899 
 
 June, 1899 
 
 July, 1899 
 
 August, 1899 ..., 
 September, 1899 
 October, 1899 ... 
 
 Highest 
 tempera- 
 ture. 
 
 Lowest 
 tempera- 
 ture. 
 
 65 
 
 Date. 
 
 '18 
 19 
 2 20 
 8 
 i 
 1 
 6 
 54 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 Mean. 
 
 ' F. 
 77.3 
 75.9 
 74.0 
 75.2 
 74.7 
 76.6 
 79 
 79.4 
 
 Greatest 
 daily 
 range. 
 
 ' F. 
 
 18 
 17 
 13 
 10 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 17 
 16 
 16 
 14 
 17 
 
 Least 
 daily 
 range. 
 
 Cloudy 
 days. 
 
 Partly 
 cloudy 
 days. 
 
 Clear 
 days. 
 
 Kain. 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum ve- 
 locity 
 of wind, s 
 
 November, 1898 
 December, 1898 
 January, 1899 . . 
 February, 1899. 
 March, 1899,... 
 
 April, 1899 
 
 May, 1899 
 
 June, 1899 
 
 July, 1899 
 
 August, 1899... 
 September, 1899 
 October, 1899 . . 
 
 «2 
 
 «12 
 22 
 
 19 
 21 
 20 
 11 
 
 7 
 11 
 
 i 
 13 
 
 Inches. 
 
 12.08 
 
 5.34 
 
 2.92 
 
 .80 
 
 2.29 
 
 6.09 
 
 2.59 
 
 7.23 
 
 7.53 
 
 10.38 
 
 1.3.66 
 
 10.21 
 
 23 
 20 
 21 
 24 
 19 
 24 
 19 
 '66 
 31 
 38 
 
 ■ Also 19, 22. 
 = Also 28. 
 
 3 Also 7, 19, 20, 29, 30. 
 < Also 4, 32, 27. 
 
 » Also 8, 27, 28. 
 
 ^ Beginning Nov. 13. 
 
 ' Eighth, east. 
 ® Miles per hour. 
 
o agricultural resources, etc., of l^orto rico. 
 
 Soils. 
 
 Near the ocean the soil is quite sandy, merging'into a sandy loam a 
 short distance inland and gradually changing into a clay loam as the 
 hills are approached. This is generally but not universally the case. 
 Sometimes a spur of the mountain projects into the ocean and carries 
 its soil conditions to the water's edge. Occasionally there are tracts 
 of gravelly soil, but all very fertile as far as observed. The soil along 
 the larger streams is a deep, rich, sandy loam, merging into a clay loam 
 near the hills and frequently extends to the top of the hills and minor 
 mountains, rendering them so fertile that they produce excellent crops 
 of sugar cane. The soil of the mountains is a peculiar ferruginous 
 clay, which readily disintegrates when exposed to the air, and under 
 the influence of tropical heat and moisture furnishes an abundant 
 supply of plant food. Bananas and coffee grow luxuriantly on the 
 mountain sides, more than 2,000 feet above the sea level. Limestone 
 is abundant in all portions of the island and more or less affects the 
 soils, producing on the mountains a slightly calcareous soil. A green- 
 sand marl, similar in appearance to that of New Jersey and rich in 
 phosphates, is, according to Wilson,* " found extensively in the north- 
 western portion of the island, between Lares and San Sebastian, and 
 also in the neighborhood of Carolina, at the northeastern extremity of 
 the island. " The division of soils for taxation by General Henry in 
 his Order No. 6, dated January 19, 1899, throws some light on the waj' 
 soils are classified. It is as follows : 
 
 LANDS AS CLASSIFIED FOR TAXATION. 
 
 (1) The assessment of taxes upon lands will hereafter be made in accordance 
 with the various cultivations existing in tlie island and the quality of the land 
 taxed. 
 
 (3) In accordance with the various cultivations there will be taxes on cane 
 lands, coffee lands, tobacco lands, pasture lands, minor-produce lands, and forest 
 lands. 
 
 (3) In accordance with the quality of the land there will be taxes of the first, 
 second, and third classes — the first class comprising the best lands, the second class 
 the next best, and the third class the poorest. 
 
 (4) On all lands of the first class there will be a tax of 1 peso per cuerda (acre); 
 on all lands of the second class a tax of 0.50 peso per cuerda; on all lands of the 
 third class a tax of 0.25 peso per cuerda. 
 
 (5) Each municipal corporation will appoint a classifying commission, which 
 will select commissioners in the different districts of each township, the subcom- 
 missioners to report to the classifying commission on the class of lands in their 
 respective districts. 
 
 (6) These commissioners will be guided by the following instructions: 
 First-class cane lands are plains and valleys and other alluvial lands lying near 
 
 settled communities, highways, railroads, and seaports, and the lands of drained 
 lagoons and mangrove marshes. 
 
 Second-class cane lands are the highland plains, generally surcharged with oxids 
 of iron, and known in the coiintry as clayish lands. 
 
 First-class coffee lands are valley lands and hills abounding in organic detritus. 
 
 Second-class coffee lands are highlands having a calcareous or limy formation. 
 
 First-class tobacco lands are valley lands watered by rivers. 
 
 Second-class tobacco lands are loamy highlands mixed with clay and sand. 
 
 Third-class tobacco lands are sandy lands along the coast and calcareous lands 
 among the hills. 
 
 First-class pasture lands are valleys, lagoons, and glens, where grow "malojila" 
 and guinea grass. 
 
 Second-class pasture lands are those on the hills and those on the coast, where 
 grow guinea and dog grass. 
 
 ' Loc. cit., p. 33. 
 
AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, ETC., OF PORTO RICO. 9 
 
 Third-class pasture lands are those along the coast and lime hills, where grow 
 only brush, "rat-tail," sweet grass, etc. 
 
 First-class minor-produce lands are valley lands. 
 
 Second-class minor-produce lands are highlands. 
 
 Third-class minor-produce lands are sandy and limy lands. 
 
 First-class forest lands are those growing virgin forest whose timber can supply 
 building and cabinet woods, e. g., "aceitillo," "cedar,"' "capa,"' "ausubo," etc. 
 
 Second-class forest lands are lands with a rocky and calcareous soil growing 
 only bushes available for fuel. 
 
 Renewal of Soil. 
 
 While the soils of Porto Rico retain their fertility to a remarkable 
 extent, they have deteriorated, in a measure imder the effects of con- 
 stant cropping without the use of manure. Like most tropical soils, 
 they are deflcient in humus, and this is particularly noticeable in old 
 fields "turned out to rest." The Porto Ricans say that the land is 
 "tired." It is further noticeable in the fact that the soil is too adhe- 
 sive in wet periods, and too dry, with a tendency to "bake," in dry 
 weather. That there is no deficiency of elements in the soil is shown 
 by the large grass crops these old fields will prodiice. Cowpeas, velvet 
 beans, and other renovating crops have enormously vigorous g:fowth 
 and furnish a ready means of supplying humus. In all parts of the 
 island are caves with vast quantities of bat guano, which is a cheap 
 and ready source of nitrogen. The large number of cattle and horses 
 furnish considerable manure, easily obtained, because many cattle are 
 herded on account of the absence of fences. 
 
 Rivers and Drainage. 
 
 Few countries are better drained than Porto Rico. It is claimed 
 that there are over 1,200 streams in the island, of which 50 are rivers 
 of considerable size. Springs are abundant in the mountain district 
 and the water is pure. 
 
 There are several mineral springs of value, such as the sulphur 
 baths near Ponce, the mineral springs near Coamo and at San Sebas- 
 tian and San Lorenzo, and the hot springs of Caguitas. 
 
 Forestry. 
 
 One of the most serious obstacles confronting the agriculturist in 
 Porto Rico is the scarcity of timber and wood. There is practically 
 no accessible building timber. Occasionally a small log is brought 
 from the interior at great expense and sawed into boards bj^ hand. 
 There is not a power sawmill in the interior of the island. There are 
 a few sawmills in the coast cities, mainly for sawing imported tim- 
 ber. At Mayaguez one of these mills had a small stock of native logs. 
 They were from 6 to 12 inches in diameter and 8 to 12 feet long, 
 crooked and knotty. The mill had a stock of four or five thousand feet 
 of native lumber, in which were a few tropical cedar boards, short 
 but of superior quality. 
 
 The principal lumber sold in the coast cities is hard pine, which 
 retails at $30 to $60 per 1,000, depending upon the quality. This 
 scarcity of timber accounts for many things. It renders it almost 
 impossible to erect or maintain creditable farm buildings in the inte- 
 rior, especially where there are no good roads. Ifcrenders itnecessaryto 
 construct the cottages of the laborers of bark and poles. It precludes 
 the fencing of the farms into suitable fields for keeping the variety of 
 
10 AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, ETC., OE PORTO RICO. 
 
 stock best adapted to the conditions and yielding the largest profits to 
 the farmer. It accounts iii part for only one-eighth of the arable land 
 of the island being under cultivation. The absence of timber on the 
 mountains is believed to affect in a large degree the amount and 
 regularity of the rainfall. The records of historj'^ and the samples of 
 the woods preserved prove that Porto Rico at the time of its discov- 
 ery had a wealth of timber unsurpassed by any island in the world. 
 In tlie United States quartermaster's department at San Juan is the 
 relic of an old Spanish military museum, which contains samples of 
 Porto Rioan woods selected over fifty years since, from which Mr. Paul 
 L. Hardy, engineer, made me a list of 150 varieties, with the uses for 
 which they are valuable. Among them are found cabinet woods, as 
 mahogany, satinwood, cedar, walnut, etc. ; other woods that are almost 
 indestructible in air or water, especially valuable for wharves. Many 
 varieties are suitable for posts, fencing, and building purposes. That 
 immediate steps should be taken to reforest the island to the extent of 
 its own uses is self-evident, especially as there is plenty of idle land 
 for this purpose. There is much government land in the mountains 
 that can be profitably used for woodland, on which could be planted 
 hard-wood trees of quick maturity for fuel and more durable woods 
 for posts and building purposes. 
 
 Paemhouses. 
 
 The huts in which farm laborers live are either in tent form, 10 by 
 14 feet on the ground and 6 feet high at the ridge, made of poles and 
 covered with the bark of the royal palm or with grass, with the ground 
 for floor; or they are made house fashion, 12 by 16 feet base, 5 to 6 feet 
 high at the eaves, sides and roof covered with palm bark, with which 
 the so-called windows are closed at night; rarely the roof is thatched 
 with grass. In the vicinity of towns the sides are frequently made of 
 boxes. Most of the huts built in house form stand on short posts and 
 have a rough floor made of palm boards sawed by hand. Many of 
 them have a small room, possibly 6 feet square, for cooking. In these 
 small houses large families are raised. Sometimes more than one family 
 reside in one house. There are rarely any gardens, flowers, or fruit, 
 except the banana. The water is not always the best, and few make 
 any efl;ort to improve it. Under such circumstances it is impossible 
 to have comfort or good morals. The houses occupied by the proprie- 
 tors or farm managers are generally fairly comfortable dwellings, occa- 
 sionally of a superior type, according to the taste and wealth of the 
 owner. 
 
 Public Roads. 
 
 In a country like Porto Rico there are no medium roads. They are 
 either good or so bad as to be impassable with a wagon. Unless a 
 road is constructed of stone, thoroughly ditched and bridged, the tor- 
 rents in the rainy season will wreck it. There are about 150 miles of 
 first-class road, which were constructed by the Spaniards at an aver- 
 age cost of over 112,000 per mile (gold). These roads are a monu- 
 ment to the science and thorough work of the Spanish engineers. 
 Outside of these military highways transportation must mainly be by 
 pack train. The cost of this in some seasons of the year operates as 
 a complete embargo on marketing farm products. Landslides cover 
 the trail, bridges have been swept away, and the swollen streams are 
 impassable at the fords. One person reported that he sometimes paid 
 
AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, ETC., OF PORTO RICO. 11 
 
 $12.80 (gold) for an ox load — distance, 21 miles. To relieve the most 
 important rural sections and to furnish labor to the peasants, deprived 
 of labor by the destruction of the coffee plantations, the insular gov- 
 ernment has undertaken to construct about 125 miles of first-class 
 roads in the island. (See map. ) The construction of these roads will 
 cost about $1,000,000. In addition, large sums have been expended 
 in repairing the old military roads injured by the floods at the time 
 of the hurricane. When these are completed and dirt roads con- 
 structed in sections not liable to torrents, nearly all portions of the 
 island will be accessible. 
 
 Lack of Manufactures. 
 
 There are very few manufactures in Porto Rico, except such as are 
 the necessary adjuncts of a farm crop, to fit it for market — as coffee 
 and sugar mills. Manufactures other than these are not sufficient to 
 produce any material efl:ect upon the general industrial situation. At 
 the time of the American occupation they were limited to cigars, ciga- 
 rettes, macaroni, chocolate, ice, matches, and rum. The cost for the 
 initiative, or the privilege of starting the enterprise, was high; the 
 permit was slow in coming, and sometimes never granted ; an enormous 
 tax was placed upon the importation of all kinds of machinery, and, 
 finally, the laws were so framed as to favor the Spanish merchant. 
 For example, wheat and wheat flour had to pay a high duty when 
 imported directly from the United States into Porto Rico, but they 
 could be shipped to Spain and thence to Porto Rico free or at a nomi- 
 nal duty. This benefited the millers of Spain and the manufacturers 
 of biscuits, soup paste, and other products of flour. The following 
 statement from the report of Dr. Henry K. Carroll (U. S. Treasury 
 Dept., Doc. 2118), is in point: 
 
 As between Spanish and Porto Rican producers and manufacturers the latter 
 had no chances. Nor were the needs of Porto Eican consumers, however urgent 
 they might apj)ear from the insular point of view, treated as worthy of serious 
 attention. Indispensable articles of food not produced in the island had to come 
 in a roundabout way through the hands of the merchants in Spain or pay enor- 
 mous duties if imported direct from other countries. The Porto Eicans thought 
 that some of the many streams of the island might well furnish power to mills to 
 grind wheat from the United States or Canada Into flour, but the Government at 
 Madrid punished these aspirations by making the duty on wheat almost as high as 
 that on fiour. Flour paid $4 per sack of 93 kilos (about 300 pounds) and wheat 
 ?)3.15, and Hour paid also, for municipal purposes, a consumption tax of §2.30. 
 There were mills in Spain, and by importing wheat for them from the United 
 States they could be kept going. The millers of Spain profited; the people of 
 Porto Rico suffered. 
 
 Attempts were made in the island to manufacture soup paste and crackers. 
 The result is graphically described in the report of the manulacturers of Ponce, 
 drawn up in 1898 for the use of the colonial minister at Madrid and presented to 
 the commissioner of the United States without change, as the best statement pos- 
 sible of the needs of the island. The cracker manufacturers had to pay the high 
 duty on flour and compete with crackers from the Peninsula entered free of all 
 duty. Those who invested largely in the manufacture of soup paste saw their 
 business killed in the same way. Their petition to the liberal minister, from 
 which they hoped so much, is pathetic in its pleadings for simple .justice. Appeal 
 after appeal was made, they say, but all " slept the sleep of the just " (are pigeon- 
 holed) , for if ever a minister intended to cast a pitying glance upon such injus- 
 tice and relieve so much misfortune by some saving measure this intention never 
 materialized, but was strangled in Its birth by the Influences brought to bear by 
 Spanish manufacturers. 
 
 The shoe manufacturers have the same story to tell; shoes imported free from 
 Spain, shoes of the poorest quality — -'pasteboard soles, badly made, unsightly, 
 coarse, and without durability "—while Porto Rican manufacturers were heavily 
 
12 AGEICULTUEAL RESOURCES, ETC., OF PORTO RICO. 
 
 taxed for the raw materials. Of course shoes are costly, and 700,000 out of the 
 900,000 population go bare-footed. It was the opinion of the industrialists that they 
 could make better shoes and furnish them more cheaply than the Balearic Island 
 manufacturers, but they were not given the chance. They believed that the result 
 of home manufacture would be to lower the prices, as in other instances, but com- 
 petition with Spanish producers, when the latter had both the home and insular 
 markets, was impossible. There are salt mines at Cabo Rojo, but salt from Spain 
 is free, and vessels loading with salt had to clear from Mayaguez, increasing the 
 expenses of shipments, because the port of Cabo Rojo had been closed, so the salt 
 industry was crippled. 
 
 Those interested, or who would be glad to be interested, in the manufacture of 
 soap show that while soap from Barcelona paid only the transitory duty of 10 per 
 cent at the ports of the island, amounting to |15 for every htindred boxes of a 
 hundredweight each, the insular industry is compelled to pay $32.83 in duties 
 for the raw materials to make that quantity of soap. No wonder they ask, in 
 despair. What business can succeed under such circumstances? 
 
 Agriculture on Narrow Lines. 
 
 Agriculture in Porto Rico is conducted on narrow lines. Sugar, 
 coffee, tobacco, and cattle constitute almost the entire exports. In 
 1897 the total agricultural exports amounted to 18, .352,541 pesos (peso 
 valued at 60 cents gold), and of this total, sugar, coffee, tobacco, and 
 cattle furnished 18,133,682 pesos. 
 
 Rural lands are classified, as declared by their owners for assessment, 
 as follows : 
 
 Classification of rural lands. 
 
 Cuer'dos facres). 
 
 Tobacco -- 4,264.07 
 
 Sugar cane _ 61, 558. 43 
 
 Coffee _ - 122,359.76 
 
 Minor crops 93,511.08 
 
 Cultivated grasses .-. _ . .. . 16,277.23 
 
 Natural pasture -_ _ 1,127,087.55 
 
 Mountain lands and forests :. 664,273.37 
 
 Total area of island 2,089,331.49 
 
 SUGAR-CANE LANDS. 
 
 Cane lands may be divided into three divisions, according to quality 
 required for this purpose : 
 
 First. The rich alluvial bottoms along'the rivers. 
 
 Second. Second bottoms somewhat remote from the rivers. 
 
 Third. Fertile hill lands. 
 
 The best cane lands produce 60 to 60 tons of cane per acre when 
 virgin, and one planting will last ten to twelve years. After the land 
 has been in cane four or five years the annual crop falls to 30 and 35 
 tons, and finally to 20 tons. The productive power of the soil gradu- 
 ally declines under the system of cultivation at present pursued. 
 
 Twenty to 25 tons of cane per acre is now regarded as a fair crop 
 on old land, and one planting will not continue profitable more than 
 three years on an average. 
 
 Second-class land yields on virgin soil 30 to 35 tons of cane per acre 
 and must be replanted after three crops. When somewhat worn, 15 
 to 20 tons of cane per acre is an average crop, and must be replanted 
 the third season. 
 
 Third-class lands produce about 20 to 25 tons of cane on virgin soil, 
 and deterioriate within a few years below the point of profitable cul- 
 tivation. 
 
 The extent of first-class sugar lands is quite limited in Porto Rico, 
 and nearly all of it has been farmed for many years. The proprietor 
 of one tract stated that it had been in cane continuously for ninety 
 
AGKICULTURAL EESOUKOES, ETC., OF POETO BICO. 13 
 
 j'ears without fertilization of the crop, a proof of the marvelous pro- 
 ductive capacity of the soil. The growing crop of cane looked as if 
 it would yield 20 tons per acre. 
 
 Cane Culture. 
 
 Instead of planting in drills as in the United States, with the middle 
 upon each side deeply furrowed for drainage, the Porto Rican method 
 is to plant in double rows of hills, allowing the rubbish from the canes 
 of the previous crops to be windrowed between the rows of cane and 
 alternating with the deeply plowed middles, thus placing the drainage 
 middles about 10 to 12 feet apart. The drainage middles are 5 to 6 feet 
 wide, but those for piling the rubbish are narrower. This has some 
 advantage over our plan and some disadvantages. It is of great bene- 
 fit to the soil to allow the rubbish to decay upon it. It acts as a mulch 
 and as a positive fertilizer. On the other hand, while our method of 
 burning the rubbish is wasteful of the fertilizer, it gives better drain- 
 age by allowing a deeply plowed middle on each side of a row of cane. 
 Cane planting is almost a continuous operation from December till 
 July following, as canes are cut for the mill. On the,2d of July, near 
 Arecibo, I saw trains of carts carrying cane to the sugar factory, and 
 as late as the 7th of July a factory south of Mayaguez was still grind- 
 ing cane. In both cases I was informed that the saccharine contents 
 were very low — reduced by the rains — and gave only about 130 pounds 
 of sugar per ton of cane. 
 
 The average period for maturing cane is one year, dating from the 
 cutting of the previous crop. Where the planting for some excep- 
 tional reason must be done as late as July, generally white cane is 
 planted and allowed to stand till a year from the following December 
 before cutting, allowing eighteen months in which to mature. Ribbon 
 cane, if allowed to stand so long, matures and cracks open, souring 
 the juice. This long period is given to avoid cutting in the rainy 
 season. 
 
 Manufacture of Sugar. 
 
 There are but few modern sugar mills in Porto Rico. Most of them 
 have a single three-roller mill and are strictly upon the old open- 
 kettle or Jamaica plan, using the dried bagasse under the kettles for 
 fuel, and completing the reduction in an open steam evaporator. 
 Draining is accomplished in the usual way, producing a low to extra 
 grade of muscovado sugar, according to the care taken. Little fuel 
 in addition to the bagasse is required. 
 
 Large planters have introduced steam train vacuum pans and cen- 
 trifugals; a few have double mills, triple effects, vacuum pans, etc. 
 All defecate the juice with lime, but I found no filter presses, though 
 I was informed that some were in use. Factories make from 140 to 
 190 pounds of sugar per ton of cane, according to process pursued. 
 Only one factory was reported as making 200 pounds. 
 
 The progress of the sugar industry may be noted by the following 
 statistics : 
 
 Equipment of sugar factories, 1888 and 1898. 
 
 Factory equipment. 
 
 Factories with steam vacuum pans 
 
 Factories with open steam evaporators 
 
 Factories using ox power and open kettles . 
 
 .50 
 100 
 100 
 
14 ageicultural resources, etc., of porto rico. 
 
 Molasses and Rum. 
 
 Inferior machinery used in such a large number of sugar factories 
 leaves the molasses rich in sugar. Part of this is exported for reboil- 
 ing in the United States; the remainder is manufactured into rum. 
 
 In 1897 the number of distilleries of rum was . _ - . 198 
 
 In 1897 the number of distilleries of bay rum was 28 
 
 Gallons of rum distilled in 1897... _. 1,615,075 
 
 jQ-allons of rum exported in 1897 - - - 85, 352 
 
 Gallons of rum consumed at home 1,529,823 
 
 Gallons of bay rum manufactured 15,143 
 
 Gallons of bay rum exported 13,843 
 
 Gallons of bay rum consumed at home 1, 300 
 
 Total export of molasses in 1897: 
 
 Number of gallons _ 3,543,330 
 
 Value $291,906 
 
 Value per gallon.... cents.. 8.2 
 
 General Comments on the Sugar Industry. 
 
 With United States markets and under Spanish conditions of labor 
 in semiservitude, Porto Rican planters could make money rapidly 
 even with existing methods ; but under American conditions of labor — 
 i. e. , labor under American laws — it is an even thing between the pro- 
 duction of cane sugar in Porto Rico and cane sugar in the United 
 States. The sugar estates in Porto Rico pay lower wages than those 
 in the United States. They have a longer period in which to mature 
 and manufacture their crop, with no danger of frost. The cane has a 
 full year for growth and five months in which it can be ground under 
 favorable conditions, as against nine months for growth and seventy- 
 five days for manufacture in the United States. 
 
 Labor, however, owing mainly to the primitive methods employed, 
 accomplishes very little in a day in Porto Rico, and notwithstanding 
 that men were paid only 50 cents a day, silver (worth 30 cents gold), it 
 was expensive labor. It required 6 yoke of oxen and 3 men to plow 
 three-fourths of an acre in a day. The oxen subsisted on grass with- 
 out grain, could plow only half a day at a time, consequently 3 yoke 
 were used in the forenoon and 3 in the afternoon. One of the most 
 thoroTigh xjlanters in the island stated to me that he used 420 oxen to 
 cultivate and harvest his cane crop — a little over 800 acres. He 
 thought it would be economical to substitute mules. The farm work 
 is vmiversally done with oxen. No labor-saving machinery is employed 
 in the cane shed or in the field. 
 
 renovating crops. 
 
 Sugar planters appear to have little knowledge of the importance and 
 value of renovating crops. When a field has been in cane so long- 
 that it is exhausted, the Porto Rican planter says "it is sick," or "it 
 is tired," and forthwith turns it out to common till it is recuperated. 
 A system of rotating cane with corn and the free use of cowpeas 
 (which grow luxuriantly) would soon restore the cane fields. One 
 planter nearBayamonputsomemanure on his old field, andhe reported 
 a crop of 50 tons per acre last year. Improved implements, modern 
 methods in handling cane fields, the substitution of mules for oxen, 
 
AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, ETC., OF PORTO RICO. 15 
 
 and better sugar machinery will enable the Porto Rican farmer to 
 compete with any country in the world in the sugar industry. The 
 available lands for sugar are too limited in Porto Rico, however suc- 
 cessfidly managed, to materially affect the markets of the United 
 States. Wages are certain to advance. In fact, since the substitu- 
 tion of the gold standard, August 1, 1900, laborers are demanding 50 
 cents per day in gold instead of silver, and some sugar planters have 
 granted the advance. With better wages more sugar will be con- 
 sumed in the island. If the Porto Rican laborer used as much sugar 
 as the American, nearly the entire crop would be consumed at home 
 and there would be little sugar for export. 
 
 PRESENT CONDITION OP THE SUGAR INDUSTRY. 
 
 Prior to the American occupation of the island the sugar industry 
 was in a bankrupt condition, owing to the low prices of sugar and other 
 causes. Many planters allowed their sugarhouses to go to. decay, 
 and turned their cane fields into pastures. Of the 26 sugar estates 
 in the district of Farjardo, 14 were idle and turned out for grazing in 
 1898 — the year of our occupancy. Had they been prosperous they 
 would have been in cane that year. Further statistics show that about 
 two-sevenths of the larger sugar estates of the island had gone out of 
 business. A few sugar estates, with capital and close management, 
 were able to pay expenses and continue the business. For the ten 
 years prior to 1898 Porto Rico had marketed in the United States an 
 average of over 80,000,000 pounds of sugar annually, at prices ranging 
 from 1.7 cents to 2 cents per pound. The crop of 1899, though injured 
 about 33 per cent by the hurricane, netted the planters more money 
 than any crop for several years. They stated that they realized from 
 3^ to 4 cents per pound, according to quality. It is estimated that 
 the present crop will furnish about 80,000,000 pounds for export. 
 The sugar industry is therefore in a flourishing condition. 
 
 The Ooppee Industry. 
 
 Thecoffee plant is strictly a tropical evergreen, and, if left unpruned, 
 attains a height of 20 to 30 feet. It should be headed low; so as to 
 be more productive, and to make all parts easily accessible to the 
 picker. The leaves are 4 or 5 inches long, oblong-ovate, dark green in 
 color. The whole plant is fresh and attractive in appearance. The 
 fruit is much like a cherry in form. Each berry contains two seeds, 
 surrounded by a thin, sweet pulp. The flat surfaces of the two seeds 
 are facing and are separated by a thin layei- of pulp, and also by a 
 tough membrane or skin which envelops each. As the fruit approaches 
 maturity the berry turns red, and later a dark purple. The plant 
 requires good drainage. The taproot penetrates to a depth of 3 to 5 
 feet, and is injured if it reaches standing water. 
 
 COPPEE CULTURE IN PORTO RICO. 
 
 The favorite places selected for coffee plantations in Porto Rico are 
 narrow ravines on the sides of mountains, where on three sides the 
 plant will be protected from the wind. Plants are started in a seed 
 bed and when 1 year old are transplanted into the field and set in 
 rows 4 to 5 feet apart. In Porto Rico little attention is given the 
 preparation of the soil, and no fertilizer is used. Very little pruning 
 
16 AGRICULTUEAL EESOUBCES, ETC., OF PORTO RICO. 
 
 is done. Shade for the first five years is furnished by planting bananas 
 between the coffee plants. Later guava trees, furnish shade. On 
 the coffee plantations I visited little attention had been paid to setting 
 in rows to any exact distance apart. In many instances two plants 
 had been set together, on the theory that one might die. Sufficient 
 cai-e was not taken to thin the bananas, so as to furnish the requisite 
 amount of sunshine. The most reliable inforuiation I could obtain 
 placed the average annual yield of coffee per acre at 100 to 400 pounds ; 
 but if the total product of coffee any year be divided by the number 
 of acres given by the planters for assessment, it shows a product of 
 430 pounds per acre for the entire island. Notoriously, however, the 
 number of acres given for assessment was below the real number in 
 crop, and consequently is not an exact guide. 
 
 A coffee plantation should improve every year with increase in age 
 for twenty-five to thirty years, and the annual product should average 
 1,000 pounds per acre under cultivation. When it falls to 250 pounds, 
 it shows faulty cultivation. 
 
 The crop commences to ripen in the early fall, and is picked by hand 
 at an average cost of half a cent (gold) per pound for the green fruit. 
 There are three processes of curing. One exposes the ripe berry to 
 the sun till the pulp is desiccated, which requires several weeks. In 
 the second process the berries are passed between the rollers of a 
 "pulper," and reduced to a pulp, which is dried in the sun before 
 removing the grain. By the third method, and the one generally 
 used, the pulping process is followed by washing, to free the grains 
 from the pulp. The grains are then dried and sent to the merchant's 
 warehouse, or to the port, where the skin enveloping the grain is 
 removed by machinery and the grain polished. Mocha and Old Gov- 
 ernment Java are prepared by the first process, which is considered 
 to give a coffee of higher flavor. The third process enables the planter 
 to market his crop much earlier and with less labor. 
 
 MARKETING THE CROP. 
 
 Before placing coffee upon the gen^'al market it is graded by selec- 
 tion into six classes, known in the island by the following names, in 
 order of quality: First, caracolillo; second, hacienda; third, pueblo; 
 fourth, cubano; fifth, merinda; sixth, frilla. The quality of the better 
 grades of Porto Rican coffee is excellent, and compares favorably with 
 the best coffees of the world. Till the American occupation it was 
 chiefly marketed in Europe, as shown by the following table for the 
 year 1896: 
 
 Exportation of coffee frovi Porto Rico for the year ISOG. 
 
 Countries to which exported: Pounds. 
 
 Spain 16,405,900 
 
 France _. 11,306,689 
 
 Germany 8, 130, 409 
 
 Italy .._. 4,388,819 
 
 Cuba - - 15,577,710 
 
 United Kingdom 304, 119 
 
 Austria-Hungary ._. __ 3,280,331 
 
 United States _ 333, 591 
 
 Danish possessions _ 19,595 
 
 British possessions 453 
 
 Santo Domingo — 33, 501 
 
 Total 58,780,006 
 
AGEIOULTUKAL KESOTJBCES, ETC., OF PORTO EICO. 
 FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE COFFEE PLANTERS. 
 
 17 
 
 All careful investigations show that when Porto Rico came under 
 American control the financial condition of the coffee planters, in the 
 aggregate, was about as bad as it could be. Of course there were 
 some exceptions. A few wealthy merchants owned plantations, and 
 some planters were very thrifty; but about 70 to 75 per cent of the 
 coffee plantations were heavily mortgaged, 30 per cent or more being 
 mortgaged to the full vahie of the plantations. To make clear how 
 this occurred, the financial system under which coffee plantations 
 were managed should be explained. It is well known in Louisiana as 
 the sj'stem of " advances." At the commencement of the fiscal year 
 the Porto Rican -planter arranged with some city merchant (provided 
 the planter was not a merchant or a capitalist) to advance him from 
 time to time money and supplies sufficient to make his crop. He 
 pledged his plantation and crop by mortgage, agreed to pay 12 to 18 
 per cent interest, as the merchant might demand, and to turn over his 
 crop, when harvested, to be sold at the option of the merchant. The 
 planter received very little money and was charged a profit of 50 to 
 75 per cent on all supplies. The merchant, if he found it necessary, 
 could buy his goods in foreign ports on a year's time. The coffee 
 planter opened a small store on his plantation and paid his laborers 
 in orders on this store or gave duebills on- some branch store of his 
 merchant. Under this system it cost the planter 30 to 40 per cent for 
 funds to make his crop, and at the end of the season he had no option 
 as to price or time in disposing of his crop; the mei chant was the sole 
 judge. Frequently the crop did not pay expenses; then a mortgage 
 was retained, which increased from year to year till it absorbed the 
 property. 
 
 The testimony of Mr. Sasteria Francisca, before United States Com- 
 missioner Carroll, November 1, 1898, is in point: 
 
 Importations formerly were made on a half scale in Porto Rico — that is to say, 
 were imported over and above the needs of the island, because the importers could 
 get a year's credit from Paris, London, or Hamburg commission houses. These 
 merchants or Importers, when they sold to smaller houses, charged them from the 
 date of invoice one-half per cent interest (monthly] outside of their commission on 
 the merchandise shipped, while they only paid their bankers at the rate of 4 per 
 cent per year. Moreover, these importers sold that very merchandise on long 
 terms to merchants in the interior, these terms extending as long as one year and 
 a half in some cases, and generally sold at wholesale at higher prices than wei'e 
 paid by retail at the rates prevailing in the capital. These merchants of the 
 interior would do exactly the same things in turn with the smaller merchants of 
 the country, selling to them on long terms, and charging them at least 1 per cent 
 a month on the invoiced values, and often from 1^ to 2J per cent. 
 
 This class of smaller merchants in the interior consists for the most part of cul- 
 tivators, and it is a very important matter to be considered that these small culti- 
 vators are charged at least 35 per cent per annum over and above any profit realized 
 in any country in the world. The results of that system have been that at least 
 one-quarter of the small proprietors in the island, buying in that way, in the period 
 of five years have all lost their estates, the estates going into the hands of Spanish 
 merchants who commenced selling goods on credit without any capital to speak 
 of, and who after five or ten years have become worth $20,000 and even $50,000. 
 The estates on which they held mortgages were unable to produce sufficient to pay 
 back at the half rates that were collected. 
 
 The evidence is to the effect that planters with plenty of capital 
 could make money in the coffee industry, but those who were obliged 
 to borrow lost money. The Porto Rican coffee crop of the years 1892 
 to 1896, inclusive, sold in foreign markets in cargo lots at over 14 cents 
 per pound (gold). This high price stimulated speculation in coffee 
 plantations till they were rated at fabulous prices. In some cases 
 H. Doc. 171 2 
 
18 AGRICULTUKAL EESOUECES, ETC., OF POETO BICO. 
 
 they were qaoted at $600 (gold.) par acre for all the land in coflfee- 
 bearing plants. Probably $150 to $200 would be nearer a true aver- 
 age. Many coffee estates were sold on long time at these high prices 
 to planters. Small payments were made at the time of the purchase, 
 and the unpaid amounts were secured by mortgage at 12 per cent 
 interest. The records of mortgages in Porto Rico show $15,664,971.69 
 uncanceled mortgages on country property in 1898. By cai-eful com- 
 parison of this with statements by bankers, it appears that the mort- 
 gage indebtedness of coffee estates at that time was about $8,000,000. 
 The total acreage of coffee reported for assessment was 122,389.76 
 acres, which would make the indebtedness on coffee lands equal to 
 $65.46 on every acre in cultivation. If 30 per cent of the estates were 
 not mortgaged, as appeared evident, but were owned by capitalists, 
 then the mortgage indebtedness on the remainder must have been 
 $93.51 per acre, an amount altogether too large for a farmer to safely 
 carry. The mortgage is purposely attached to the lands in coffee, 
 for in coffee estates they are the only income-producing property. 
 Under these conditions coffee planters were compelled to face a great 
 decline in prices, owing to increased competition in the markets of the 
 world and special changes in the Porto Riean market arising from 
 change of flag. 
 
 Under such burdens the coffee planters entered upon the season 
 of 1899 and secured such advances as they could to make the crop. 
 August 8, 1899, a destructive hurricane visited all portions of the 
 island, sweeping away many buildings and a large portion of the 
 coffee crop, tearing up the trees used for shade for the coffee, and 
 greatly damaging the coffee plants. This left the coffee planters with- 
 out means to continue work, because it destroyed credit as well as 
 property. Had the planter possessed the capital to go immediately 
 after the storm and clear away the debris, restore the buildings, and 
 straighten up the coffee plants, the damage would largely have been 
 limited to the partial loss of a crop; but not being able to do this, the 
 loss in most cases amounted to the practical destruction of the planta- 
 tion, which it will require five years to restore. In tropical countries 
 the growth of grass, weeds, and vines is very rapid, converting the 
 uncultivated coffee plantations in a few months into a jungle and . 
 destroying the trees. 
 
 From 70 to 76 per cent of the coffee plantations are now seriously 
 injured, and the value of all coffee lands has declined. In case of the 
 abandonment of this large percentage of coffee plantations these lands 
 will become nonproductive, except the slight value in grasses and 
 brush. This will reduce the export products of the island, as coffee 
 constituted about seven-tenths of the exports of the island, during 1895, 
 1896, and 1897. In 1896 it amounted to 68,780,000 pounds and brought 
 $8,505,666. Abandonment would mean death to manj^ laborers, who 
 could find no other immediate employment. If not to be abandoned, 
 vigorou s steps should be taken to restore old plantations and set new ones. 
 
 Can this be done profitably? Planters claim that it now costs 9 cents a 
 pound on an average to make and market a crop of coffee ; that if former 
 methods are to be continued and Porto Rican coffee is to be sold 
 in the United States in competition with the Rio, it is better to 
 abandon coffee planting in Porto Rico. But it is not necessary to 
 continue former methods. The average product per acre should be 
 increased three or fourfold, which would reduce the cost of production 
 below 5 cents per pound. The best coffee in the world should be pro- 
 duced. Such coffees ought to average 14 to 20 cents per pound. This 
 result could be accomplished at a nominal expense by the United States 
 
AGRICULTUBAL EESOURCES, ETC., OF POKTO EICO. 19 
 
 Department of Agriculture through an experiment station, experi- 
 menting in, and disseminating knowledge of, coffee production. From 
 this standpoint coffee production in Porto Rico has a hopeful future. 
 
 The Tobacco Industry. 
 
 Tobacco, the third chief product of Porto Rico, does not labor under 
 any such disadvantages as coffee, as the loss of a crop can be repaired 
 in one year. Aside from the temporary loss by the hurricane, the 
 chief difficulty of the tobacco industry is the change of markets. 
 Formerly a large percentage of the tobacco of Porto Rico was shipped 
 to Cuba. This consisted of the better grade of "fillers and wrap- 
 pers." In 1895 the amount shipped to Cuba was 2,160,347 pounds, 
 or nearly two-thirds of the entire crop exported. In Cuba it was 
 manufactured and sold as Cuban product. Of the remainder, about 
 1,000,000 pounds were manufactured and consumed at home. Of the 
 balance, mainly low-grade tobacco, 1,375,761 pounds were sent to 
 Spain and smaller lots to Germany, France, and other countries. 
 
 In January, 1899, the Cuban tariff, imposing prohibitive dutes ($5 
 per pound) on the Porto Rican product, went into effect, and the 
 market for two-thirds of the crop was at once lost. The Spanish 
 market was lost by change of flag, and tobacco was compelled to seek 
 new markets. In this emergency the tobacco dealers met the difficul- 
 ties by studying the markets of the United States and producing the 
 qualities here demanded. Formerly they assorted their tobacco into 
 three grades. Recently some have employed Cuban experts and are 
 making fi.fteen or sixteen grades. 
 
 Rorto Rican tobacco produced near the coast is of a low grade, but 
 in the interior valleys the tobacco is very superior and ranks with 
 Cuban where the seed, care, and curing have been similar. The hills 
 near Cayey are dotted with immense sheds for curing tobacco. For- 
 merly tobacco was grown in the valley only; later it was discovered 
 that the hills produced a better grade than the valleys. The plants 
 are set in August or September, and the crop is harvested in April 
 and May. At the proper time the stem of the tobacco plant is cut on 
 the two-leaf plan and hung in the sheds for about fifty days. It is 
 then taken down, stem removed, and packed in a warehouse. The 
 average production is 400 to 600 pounds per acre. Afterwards it is 
 assorted, which gives the country people employment. A majority 
 of the persons employed in the assorting were women, girls, and boys. 
 Labor in the tobacco districts is noticeably better paid than in the 
 coffee districts. As soon as it has been ascertained that Porto Rican 
 tobacco and cigars can be profitably sold in the United States, there 
 will be a large increase in the annual output, as coffee planters will 
 engage in the industry to provide an income while they are restoring 
 their coffee plantations. The following iable oliows the quantity and 
 value of the tobacco exports for the eleven years preceding American 
 occupation : 
 
 Tobacco exports. Pounds. 
 
 1887 - - -. - --- 7,633,000 
 
 1888 - - 3,347,000 
 
 1889 7,786,000 
 
 1890 .. - 3,984,000 
 
 1891 - -.- -- 5,387,000 
 
 1892 - 4,307,000 
 
 1893 ., - ---- 4,208,000 
 
 1894..._ ---- -.-- 3,370,000 
 
 1895 3,665,000 
 
 1896 --- 3,230,000 
 
 1897 - - - 6,353,958 
 
20 
 
 AGBICULTTTEAL RESOURCES, ETC., OF POETO BICO. 
 
 This table sHows that the tobacco industry had been on the decline 
 for nearly a decade. In 1897 it showed sudden increase, due doubt- 
 less to the condition of the sugar and coffee industries. 
 
 Minor Crops. 
 
 Corn, rice, beans, potatoes, bananas, peanuts, citrus fruits, pine- 
 apples, cocoanuts, vegetables, etc., are classed as minor crops. 
 According to records, 93,511 acres are assessed as devoted to these 
 products, the chief of which is corn. 
 
 CORN. 
 
 The climate, rainfall, and soil of Porto Rico indicate, upon the 
 whole, a good country for corn. Farmers report a crop of 60 bushels 
 upon virgin land of good quality and 20 to 25 bushels on old land. 
 This is equal to the average crop in the corn belt of the United States. 
 A further evidence of the corn-producing capacity of Porto Rico is 
 shown by the exports. In 1897 Porto Rico exported to Cuba 4,246,776 
 pounds of corn and 7,946 pounds of corn meal, and to Spain 30,133 
 pounds of corn. No corn was imported that year, thus showing that 
 Porto Rico produced more than sufiiGient for home consumption. It 
 should also be taken into account that the interior of the island could 
 furnish no portion of this surplus, because, with the exception of one 
 military road, there were no roads in the interior on which it could be 
 transported to the coast. With a better knowledge of the corn plant 
 and the conditions requisite for its best yield we may expect large 
 corn products in Porto Rico. 
 
 RICE. 
 
 In former years Porto Rico produced considerable rice, and the 
 only reason why it might not again is that there is very little level 
 land easily flooded except near the coast, and this can be more prof- 
 itably devoted to sugar cane. On the mountain summits, where 
 there is a surplus of rain during the rainy season, small fields are 
 raised without flooding. Here, however, the mole cricket ( Gryllotalpa) 
 attacks it and does considerable damage. It is probable that Porto 
 Rico will continue to import the rice required by her people. The 
 advance in rice at this time came inopportunely for Porto Rico, but 
 it has increased the consumption of flour and corn meal. The annual 
 importation of rice into Porto Rico will be seen from the following 
 statistics : 
 
 Imports of rice. Pounds. 
 
 1894... -- 72,674,540 
 
 1895 - ..-- 74,145,046 
 
 1896 _ 70,763,249 
 
 1897 , 77,994,132 
 
 This is an average of over 73 pounds per capita. 
 
 BEANS, SWEET POTATOES, AND BANANAS. 
 
 Beans are planted on farms for home consumption. The quality 
 and yield are good. I was unable to obtain any data showing the 
 amounts produced annually, but from the crops observed the supply 
 appeared entirely inadequate to the necessities of the people. The 
 nutritious sweet potato flourishes in all portions of the island, but, 
 like beans, the supply produced for home consumption is less than it 
 
AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, ETC., OP PORTO RICO. 21 
 
 should be. It is a much more healthful article of food than unripe 
 bananas, and if supplied in abundance to the peasants of the coffee 
 district there would be greater health and vigor. 
 
 Bananas are ordinarily produced in great abundance, because they 
 furnish the shade of the young coffee plants. They are also grown 
 for food without reference to coffee shade. They constitute the 
 principal vegetable food of the laboring classes. The banana pos- 
 sesses some advantages. The product per acre on rich land is enor- 
 mous, yielding in some cases as much as 60,000 pounds of fruit. In 
 well-cultivated orchards it is possible to have fruit most of the year, 
 though it is more abundant at certain seasons. The fruit should be cut 
 before it is ripe and hung in a dark place till mellow. Some place it 
 in a dirt house till mature; others simply cover it Avith dirt. In most 
 tropical countries the ripening is neglected and the fruit is eaten in 
 an immature state. It is usually cooked. A dwarf varietj^, known 
 as Guineo fruit, about 4 inches long, is greatly prized. The skin is 
 very thin, meat yellow and highly flavored. I observed a good many 
 stems that had failed to mature more than half a bunch of bananas, 
 probably the result of a deficiency in fertility or moisture, or both. 
 A little knowledge and care would easilj^ remedy this defect. When 
 a line of fruit steamers is established to Porto Rico bananas will 
 constitute an important part of the exports. 
 
 VEGETABLES. 
 
 A visit to the markets does not give a favorable impression of the 
 capacity of Porto Rico to produce vegetables. The cabbages for sale 
 are very inferior in size and quality. Many are not more than 4 
 inches in diameter, and not solid heads. The tomatoes usually range 
 from 1 to 2 inches in diameter. Root crops are in proportion. 
 Watermelons offered are inferior in size and quality; the lettuce is 
 small and bitter. An inspection of the gardens or fields where these 
 vegetables are produced affords an entirely different vicAv of the gar- 
 den problem. Vegetables are planted on land long in use, imperfectly 
 tilled, without fertilizer, and turned over for further care to Provi- 
 dence. The seeds in many instances are sown broadcast. Gardeners 
 from south Florida, located near San Juan, showed good results. 
 Their vegetables were not only of good size, but of excellent quality. 
 One gardener near Rio Piedraa delivered in San Juan several loads 
 of watermelons each weighing 50 pounds or over. His produce 
 brought high prices. The following vegetables can be successfully 
 raised : 
 
 Vegetables which can be raised in Porto Rico. 
 
 Beans. Kenep. Peppers (green). 
 
 Beets. Lettuce. Peas. 
 
 Cabbage. Lentils. Pumpkins. 
 
 Cassava. Lechosa (species of musk- Radishes. 
 
 Carrots. melon) . Sesame. 
 
 Celery. Muskmelons. Squash. 
 
 Corn (sweet). Okra. String beans. 
 
 Corn (field). Onions. Tallote. 
 
 Cucumbers. Potatoes (sweet). Turnips. 
 
 Eggplant. Potatoes (Irish). Tomatoes. 
 
 Garlic. Peanuts. "Watermelon. 
 
 Gourds. Peppers (tabasco). Yams. 
 
 ORANGES, LIMES, AND LEMONS. 
 
 Porto Rico is well adapted to the growth of the orange. Here the 
 tree is hardy, healthy, a rapid grower, a marvelous producer, and 
 
22 AGBICULTUEAI. RESOITBCES, ETC., OF POETO BICO. 
 
 retains its vigor for many years. It develops its fruit perfectly, even 
 in the wild state in the forest. In all parts of the island it is possible 
 to find many excellent locations for orange orchards. The planter 
 can select such a conformation of hills as to protect his orchard from 
 prevailing winds. In soils he can take his choice between the rich, 
 sandy loam, the fertile gravel (6 feet deep), and the porous clay loams. 
 Lands for such purposes can be purchased at from 15 to $20 per acre 
 near a good port. At Mayaguez I visited the fruit farm of F. G. Molina 
 on the bay and photographed an orange tree 3 years old from setting. 
 It was 6 inches in diameter at the base and about 18 feet high with 
 branches 5 or 6 feet long, full of fruit. I also photographed a tree 5 
 years old, which bore 5,000 oranges last crop, and another 7 years old, 
 which bore 7,000 oranges. Mr. Molina sold his oranges at $-3 per thou- 
 sand f. o. b. ship for New York. 
 
 What has been said of oranges applies equally to limes and lemons, 
 except that lemons are prodxiced solely by cultivation, and very little 
 attention has been paid to them. , 
 
 SHADDOCK, GRAPE FRUIT, OR POMELO. 
 
 The shaddock is in habit like the orange, grows 30 to 40 feet high, 
 ornamental, globose or pj'riform in shape, pale yellow in color, and 
 produces a large subacid fruit, rather coarse, with thick rind. Speci- 
 mens of this fruit sometimes weigh 10 pounds each and in rare cases 
 15. It is a native of the Polynesian Islands, and was early brought to 
 the West Indies. It is hardy in Porto Rico. 
 
 Grape fruit, the best variety of the shaddock family, attains perfec- 
 tion in Porto Rico. Conditions of growth are like those of the Grange, 
 except that it is more sensitive to frost, which makes it an unsafe 
 product in the United States, only in the extreme south of Florida. 
 This large, luscious fruit would be greatly appreciated in all portions 
 of the United States if it could be placed on the market at a moderate 
 price. With the low freight rates to New York, Porto Rico should 
 supply this demand. 
 
 MANGO. 
 
 The mango is a luscious semiacid fruit, greatly prized in the Trop- 
 ics. Its reliability as an annual product is one of its chief merits. It 
 is valuable simply for home consumption. 
 
 COCOANUTS. 
 
 The cocoa palm is one of the most valuable trees produced in any 
 country. It thrives on the sand dunes, valuable for little else, near 
 the seashore. The trees are from 50 to 90 feet high, and 100 to 160 
 can stand upon an acre. When mature the trees produce an average 
 of 150 nuts each annually. With due allowance the crop of an acre 
 may be estimated at 10,000 nuts annually, worth $150 on shipboard. 
 To gather the nuts, remove the fibroxis shuck, and load costs $2.40 per 
 1,000 nuts, or 124 total cost of crop per acre. The shuck is sold for 
 matting material. Trees begin to bear at 5 years old and continue 
 for about one hundred years. Every part of the tree is valuable. The 
 hard portion of the trunk makes the celebrated porcupine wood ; the 
 leaves are used for baskets and thatching; the fibrous husk of the 
 nuts is made into mats; the shell of Che nuts i§ used for drinking 
 cups, frequently beautifully carved; the meat is used for confec- 
 tionery, and the water or liquor is an agreeable and healthful drink. 
 
AGBICULTUEAL RESOURCES, ETC., OE PORTO RICO. 23 
 
 PINEAPPLES. 
 
 Pineapples are produced in all parts of Porto Rico with great suc- 
 cess at a trifling cost of labor. Eight to ten thousand plants are set 
 on an acre, and after the sets are well established no further care is 
 taken. As a rule, after the plants are set they are neither hoed nor 
 shaded, as in Florida. The ripe fruit weighs from 2 to 16 pounds per 
 plant, and may be averaged at 6 pounds. At 3 cents apiece the pine- 
 apple crop is very profitable. It is one of the most luscious of fruits 
 when ripe, and if sold at reasonable rates the United States will prove 
 an unlimited market for it. In time pineapples should become as 
 abundant and as cheap as apples in our market. At Fajardo, San 
 Juan, and Mayaguez small farmers are prepared to make large con- 
 tracts for delivery to anyone establishing a cannery. 
 
 GUAVA. 
 
 The variety cultivated for the fruit is a small tree from 9 to 15 feet 
 high, with angular branches and an abundance of pointed, elliptical 
 leaves. The fruit is about 1 inch in diameter, apple or pear-shaped, 
 yellow, very fragrant, and filled with a yellowish or reddish pulp, sub- 
 acid in flavor. It is an abundant bearer, and furnishes one of the best 
 fruits known for the manufacture of jelly. 
 
 PEACHES, PEARS, PIGS, AND GRAPES. 
 
 These fruits have not yet been produced to any extent. Sample 
 trees of the peach, of the Leconte and Keiffer pear, planted near Baya- 
 mon, show excellent growth and vigor. There is apparently no rea- 
 son why they should not become staple products. Figs are yet on 
 trial. They do fairly well in some parts of the island. It is a ques- 
 tion whether they have been given a fair trial. 
 
 Few grapes are produced. Under Spanish rule grape culture was 
 discouraged, because it might interfere with the wine industry of 
 Spain. Wine is commonly used as a table drink in Porto Rico. In 
 1897 the import of common wine was 4,314,473 liters (a liter is about 
 a quart), at a cost of about 52 cents per liter. Mr. George Bird, of 
 Fajardo, stated to me that his father, on his return from Spain some 
 years since, brought from Malaga a few of the best varieties of grapes 
 produced there, and on trial they did better in Porto Rico than in 
 Spain. By pruning he had produced in some years four crops. 
 
 List of fruits and nuts produced in Porto Rico. 
 
 Alligator pear. Grosella. Orange. 
 
 Almond. ' Grape fruit. Pajuil. 
 
 Bread fruit. Grapes. Pineapple. 
 
 Banana. Guava. Plantain. 
 
 Cactus pear. Ivory nut. Raspberry. 
 
 Cocoanut. Lemon. Rose apple. 
 
 Cherry (tropical). Lime. Russet fruit. 
 
 Cocoa plum. Mamee sapota. Shaddock. 
 
 Chocolate bean. Mango. Soursap. 
 
 Cayoll (palm fruit). Mangosteen. Strawberry (wild). 
 
 Coffee. Mulberry. Tamarind fruit. 
 
 Custard apple. Nutmeg (spice) . 
 
 Fruits and nuts that may safely be introduced. 
 
 Blactberry. Strawberry. Japanese persimmon. 
 
 J apanese plum. Keiffer pear. Leconte pear. 
 
 Olives. Pecan nut. Walnut. 
 
24 ageicultukal eesources, etc, of poeto eico. 
 
 Stock Raising. 
 
 Five conditions are requisite to make an excellent stock country: 
 (1) Abundant grasses, of superior quality, and pasturage as nearly 
 continuous as possible. 
 
 (2^ Pure and abundant water. 
 (3^ Equable climate. 
 
 (4) Freedom from annoying insects. 
 
 (5) Good markets. 
 
 Porto Rico possesses all of these advantages in an eminent degree. 
 As a grass-producing country it is unsurpassed. Its hills are covered 
 with grama grass, corresponding for pasture to the mesquite grass 
 and the buffalo grass of the United States. The cultivated grasses, 
 guinea ^rass {Panicum maximum) and malojilla, are very nutritious, 
 and produce a large amount of forage per acre. Dr. Don Augustin 
 Stahl states that 50 square meters of these gra.sses will sustain an ox 
 or a horse, which would be equal to 81 horses or oxen per acre. This 
 could scarcely hold good for the entire year. Twelve animals are 
 probably nearer the average. Authentic cases are given where land 
 set in guinea grass has produced 130 tons of green fodder per acre, 
 equal to 32.5 tons of hay. Cattle and horses in the working season 
 rai-ely receive any other food than these grasses, cut and fed in a 
 manger under shelter. 
 
 The creeks and rivers have sufficient current to keep the water pure, 
 and springs are plentiful in the mountains. The weather is always 
 cool, mornings and evenings, when the stock is grazing. Flies and 
 mosquitoes are about the same as in the higher portions of the South- 
 ern States. Cuba and St. Thomas take all surplus stock at good 
 prices. The horses are the exact type of those descended from Span- 
 ish stock in the prairie sections of Louisiana, very small but full of 
 energy. The foundation was evidently of the best Arabian stock, but 
 now greatly deteriorated. 
 
 The cattle are also of Spanish stock, but have been crossed more or 
 less with Senegambian males, adding something to the size and fat- 
 tening properties, but reducing their value for milk. 
 
 Some sheep are kept, but the industry has not been a great success. 
 There is too much rain in the highlands. Goats are common in all 
 parts of the island, and with a better stock might be made the basis of 
 an industry of much profit. 
 
 Comparatively few swine are raised. Possibly the absence of fences 
 is the cause. With small fields of cassava, sweet potatoes, peanuts, 
 and sorghum it ought to be possible to raise hogs at a nominal cost, 
 and the market is excellent. 
 
 The small amount of poultry kept is a perpetual surprise. One may 
 travel for miles in the country without finding a good flock of chickens. 
 Most of those raised are inferior in size and quality. The eggs are 
 small and lack in flavor, but the price is large enough — 36 cents per 
 dozen. Chickens sell at 40 to 75 cents each. Investigations show 
 that there is little reason why chickens should not be produced in 
 great abundance. 
 
 Farm Wages. 
 
 The usual hours of work in the field are from 6 to 6. A majority of 
 the field hands commence work in the morning without having eaten 
 anything. A few take early coffee. At 11 o'clock half an hour is 
 given for breakfast. Breakfast consists of rice and beans, bread and 
 
AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, ETC., OP PORTO RICO. 25 
 
 cheese, or sweet potatoes and fish. Where the plantation boards the 
 hands, as sometimes occurs in the sugar-harvest season, board con- 
 sists in furnishing daily one-half pound of rice and one-fourth pound 
 of beans, or 3 pounds of sweet potatoes and half a pound of fish 
 (dried), or 1 pound of bread and one-fourth of a pound of cheese. 
 The laborers on coffee estates rarely eat meat, except on Sunday. 
 Many laborers eat nothing till the close of the day. 
 
 The customary wages were 30 cents (gold) per day prior to the 
 changes in currency, but, instead of money, in most cases the pay- 
 ment was made by giTing an order on the store, which reduced the 
 value at least 33 percent. In coffee-picking time the -women were 
 able to earn 15 to 25 cents per day. Coffee planters are generally lib- 
 eral in allowing their laborers to use the bananas on the farm, and in 
 giving them the iise of small tracts for vegetables if they will use them. 
 The laborers complained that they had no time to make a garden. 
 Many laborers were unemployed in the coffee districts because the 
 plantations were uncultivated and had remained so since the hurri- 
 cane of last year. In the tobacco and sugar districts labor was in a 
 much better condition. Tobacco culture gives more employment to 
 women and children. On the sugar plantations higher wages have 
 usually been paid during sugar making, which continues for four or 
 five months. This better condition is shown more by the personal 
 appearance of the laborers than bj^ improvement in their houses and 
 home surroundings. The constant efforts of the insular government 
 since the island came under American control have been directed to 
 the relief of the labor situation. 
 
 (1) All personal taxes have been removed from laborers. 
 
 (2) The oppressive consumers' taxes on food and articles of neces- 
 sity have been abolished. 
 
 (3) The change of the money standard, which took effect August 1, 
 1900, has benefited labor. In many cases laborers are now receiving 
 in gold what they formerly received in silver. 
 
 (4) Thousands of laborers in the coffee districts have been given 
 employment on the public roads now in process of construction by the 
 insular government. 
 
 (5) The Porto Rican tariff on flour, corn, and rice was forraeiiy very 
 high; now they are admitted free. 
 
 (6) Indirectly labor has been benefited by the removal of the export 
 taxes on sugar, coffee, and tobacco, and by the repeal of the law levy- 
 ing royal dues and taxes on importing agricultural implements. 
 
 Character of the Laboring Classes. 
 
 The laboring classes have surprisingly active minds, considering 
 the conditions under which they have lived. They are mechanically 
 inclined, kindly disposed, and respond readily to fair treatment. 
 With opportunities and reasonable encouragement they will rapidly 
 improve. Many American employers of Porto Rican laborers gave a 
 very encouraging report of their industry and faithfulness. It was 
 gratifying to note the desire to be self-supporting. The Women's 
 Aid Society of Porto Rico gives partial employment to aboiit 400 poor 
 women, many of whom are from the country. Garments are given to 
 the very poor. Only 3 per cent of the women employed, however, 
 accept alms, preferring to pay for their garments by installments at 
 the rate of 5 cents per week. Their average earnings are 15 cents per 
 week. 
 
26 agbicultural eesourojis, etc., of porto rico. 
 Depression in Agriculture. 
 
 Many persons are under the impression that the agricultural indus- 
 tries of Porto Rico were prosperous under Spain, and that their decline 
 is due to bad management upon our part and to the hurricane of 
 August 8, 1899. The American flag was not formally raised over the 
 island till October, 1898. Almost immediately evidence was taken set- 
 ting forth the condition of agriculture. This evidence conclusively 
 establishes the fact that, while the income of the coffee farms was con- 
 siderable, the profits did not go into the hands of the tillers of the soil, 
 but went to enrich the capitalist, who in many cases returned to Spain 
 in a few years to enjoy his wealth. Blocks of stately buildings in Bar- 
 celona and other Spanish cities are shown the traveler which were 
 built with the profits obtained from the products of Porto Rican farms. 
 
 The conditions upon which the coffee planters secured loans to ma.ke 
 their crops is proof that the coffee industry had not been prospering 
 as it should. But there is plenty of direct proof taken prior to the 
 hurricane, and all to the same effect. 
 
 SeSor Luis Cenal, of Fajardo, stated on November 6, 1898: 
 
 The abandoned cane estates are run to pasture, but as this is not making proper 
 use of the land it can be calculated that 75 per cent of the district is, properly 
 speaking, unproductive. 
 
 "November 7, 1898, Mayor Eustaquio Torres, of Guyanilla stated: 
 
 Agriculture, which has been languishing and has been impoverished, is over- 
 whelmed by enormous tributes, wanting facilities afforded by an agricultural 
 bank, and fighting an unequal fight with the merchants, owing to the tact that 
 the difficulties of the money system closes to it foreign and national markets. 
 From this cause originates the general depression of the country, especially of the 
 laboring class. This class does not earn enough to buy food, and its ranks 
 are being swelled enormously by small proprietors, who, wanting in means to till 
 their small farms, are obliged to sell them. That is the reason why public wealth 
 is concentrated in the hands of a few capitalists in each town, and also why so 
 many uncultivated lands are seen, their owners, owing to their great extent, not 
 being able to give them attention. 
 
 The above evidence was taken before Dr. H. K. Carroll, commis- 
 sioner ; and evidence was placed before me proving that the sugar inter- 
 ests had scarcely paid expenses for the ten years prior to 1899. 
 
 Causes of Depression in Agriculture. 
 
 It is pertinent to inquire the causes of the decline of agriculture 
 under Spanish rule. They may be summarized as follows : 
 
 (1) The system of credit or "advances" — explained under head of 
 "coffee." 
 
 (2) The manufactures necessary to obtain full value of farm crops 
 discouraged. 
 
 (3^ Farms taxed for benefit of cities. 
 f4j Tendency to build up large farms. 
 (6) The consumption tax on food. 
 
 (6) Laws favoring the merchant class. 
 
 (7) No country roads; cost of transportation excessive. In some 
 cases it costs $1.25 to transport 100 pounds 5 miles. 
 
 (8) Economic conditions bad. Little agricultural machinery and 
 few implements used on account of excessive import duties; labor 
 depressed and unable to do good work. 
 
 (9) Landlordism. Farms fell into the hands of town and city peo- 
 ple who knew little of farming. Many farmers were so involved that 
 they could not control the management of their farms. 
 
AGKICtTLTUBAL BESOUECES, ETC., OF POETO EICO. 27 
 
 (10) Too narrow a range of agricultural production. The agricul- 
 tural products imported amounted to about five-elevenths of the total 
 imports. In 1895 the agricultural products imported amounted to 
 $7,171,352 (gold), and the total nonagricultural to $9,644,101, or 42.60 
 per cent of the former to 57.40 per cent of the latter. The total 
 exports of native products in 1895 were $15,190,856, of whicli amount 
 $14,573,366 were agricultural. Tersely stated, they imported 50 cents' 
 worth of rice, flour, fish, etc., for subsistence to enable them to pro- 
 duce one dollar's worth of sugar, coffee, and tobacco for export. If 
 there was any failure in the dollar crop, money must be borrowed to 
 pay the 50 cents. 
 
 (11) No agricultural schools nor journals to disseminate knowledge 
 upon agricultural subjects, without which no nation has taken front 
 rank in agriculture. 
 
 Effects of such CJonditions. 
 
 The consumption tax was a tax levied by towns and cities upon the 
 necessities of life, such as maize, rice, lard, sugar, flour, silk, char- 
 coal (used for cooking), petroleum, etc. It was not placed on dry 
 goods, jewelry, and similar articles. This tax was very heavy, as the 
 following will illustrate: 
 
 (consumption 
 tax (silver). 
 
 Muscovado sugar _ per cwt.. $3.00 
 
 Flour_ ._ do... 1.25 
 
 Rice do... 2.25 
 
 This tax was far-reaching in its effect. It not only nearlj- doubled 
 the cost of living, but it prevented the establishment of small farms 
 in the vicinity of cities, because the farmer must provide for the con- 
 sumption tax before he could sell. This was practically prohibitory. 
 
 The effect of landlordism is to obtain the largest present revenue 
 from the land possible, regardless of the future. To this may be 
 charged the complete destruction of all the timber within merchant- 
 able distance of any good road or any market. Present fertility of 
 soil is taxed to the utmost at the expense of future production. 
 Improvements are cheap and rude. 
 
 Under such conditions it was only a question of time when general 
 bankruptcy must be forced on the producers. It was certain to fol- 
 low any general failure of crops, any great decline in prices or radical 
 change in the character of the markets, or any monetary crisis which 
 should destroy credit. Unfortunately for Porto Rico, all these things 
 occurred at once. Change of flag necessitated new markets for a 
 majority of her staples, the hurricane destroyed most of the crop In 
 1899, and credit to planters was totally withdrawn. The hurricane 
 was a crowning calamity. It swept away not only crops, but the 
 improvements, and devastated the island in all portions to an amount 
 scarcely to be estimated. While it visited the coffee plantations with 
 special violence, it left its wreckage marks on every sugar plantation 
 in the island. 
 
 How Can Depression in Agriculture be Relieved? 
 
 I have stated the condition of agricultui'e and the cause of its decline 
 somewhat fully in order to point out clearly the relief. It is evident 
 that the only immediate relief that can be afforded the agricultural 
 interests in Porto Rico must be provided through the established lines 
 
28 AGBICULTUEAL KE80URCES, ETC., OF POKTO RICO. 
 
 of industry — sugar, tobacco, and cofEee. Wliile immediate steps 
 should be taken greatly to increase the number of proiitable agricul- 
 tural industries, such changes can only be effected gradually and 
 should be regarded rather as part of a wise economic policy for the 
 future than as a measure to afford the immediate relief required. All 
 the farm labor of the island was formerly given employment. The insuf- 
 ficiency of employment now arises chiefly from the prostration of the 
 coffee farms. While the sugar and tobacco industries will provide 
 about the normal amount of labor the present year, they can be greatly 
 strengthened financially. Better drainage, the use of renovating 
 crops, and a judicious system of crop rotation will enormously increase 
 the product per acre, and more improved machinery will add largely 
 to the sugar product. 
 
 SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY AND EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 These improvements rsquire scientific inquiry and experiments 
 along practical lines. These experiments, to be of assured value, must 
 be made upon Porto Rican soil. The tobacco industry comes nearer 
 being able to sustain itself and provide for future improvement than 
 the other industries. This, however, applies more to the large plant- 
 ers and manufacturers than to the small producers, who at least need 
 instruction. Few crops require more technical knowledge and skill 
 in production and manufacture than tobacco. The production of the 
 best varieties is a fine art and is complicated by fashion, which differs 
 in different markets. What is a vei-y high grade in one market is a 
 low grade in another, and small producers can not investigate meth- 
 ods as adapted to markets. 
 
 HOME PRODUCTION OF FOOD. 
 
 A further means of improving agricultural conditions is for all the 
 sugar, coffee, and tobacco plantations to produce a variety of food 
 crops sufficient for their employees, and for each employee who is the 
 head of a family to produce the food for his household. This should 
 be a cardinal principle adopted by all planters. For an island as 
 fertile as Porto Rico to import annually 50 cents' worth of alimentary 
 products in order to export one dollar's worth of sugar, coffee, and 
 tobacco is an unsafe policy and should be discontinued at once. 
 
 INCREASE OF SMALL FARMS. , 
 
 Naturally when a large number of small farms fell into the hands 
 of the capitalist he consolidated them and placed them under one 
 administration. If it was not convenient to work them, they were 
 grazed, reducing the demand for labor. 
 
 The number of small farms should be greatly increased and their 
 products diversified to the limit of profit. The fruit and nut crop in 
 ten years should exceed the combined annual export of all farm crops 
 at this date. Winter vegetables, poultry, and dairy products should 
 form large items in the export columns. 
 
 INDUSTRIAL VILLAGES. 
 
 The early establishment of a number of minor industries closely 
 related to agriculture is of vital importance to future prosperity. The 
 
AGRICULTUKAL EESOUECES, ETC., OF POETO EICO. 29 
 
 object of such industries is to give profitable employment to the wives 
 and children of farm laborers, so that the earning ability of the home 
 may be doubled and in some cases quadrupled. Under such conditions, 
 if the head of the family fails for any cause to earn his wage, the 
 home goes on; the earning capacity is lessened, but the home is not 
 destroyed. This has its moral as well as economic bearing. Many 
 philanthropic Porto Ricans suggested that the farm laborers on the 
 coffee and tobacco plantations scattered upon the mountains, without 
 roads, society, or schools, children nude and semiwild, could never 
 derive the full advantages of free education and be influenced by the 
 elevation of society until they were gathered into small villages and 
 became amenable to society. In a republic this can not be done by 
 force, but once establish small industrial villages in the country and 
 the small, scattered mountain population will be attracted to the vil- 
 lage by its superior earning capacity and its advantages for schools, 
 society, and better living. This will be no detriment to the farms, 
 because the village laborers will be within reach of every farm. The 
 industrial village where all are workers, is fundamental in Japanese 
 civilization. The manufacture of hats, straw goods, and matting, the 
 production of raw silk, and the canning of tropical fruits are examples 
 of the employments in question. 
 
 BETTER HOMES. 
 
 It is of vital importance to the future prosperity of Porto Rico that 
 there should be a great improvement in the homes of the farm laborers, 
 better houses, and more comforts. To this end a larger and more 
 comfortable house must be devised that will be within the means of 
 the laborer to build. This can be done with a slight addition of the 
 labor expended upon it. In this connection the necessity of encour- 
 aging the planting of trees for building purposes is apparent. 
 
 Present Agricultural Resources and Possibilities op Porto 
 
 Rico. 
 
 The exports of Porto Rico for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901, 
 may be estimated as follows: 
 
 Estimated exports of Porto Rico for 1901. 
 
 Articles. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Sugar . . 
 
 80,000,000 
 
 $3,000,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 5,505,762 
 
 800,000 
 
 
 
 5,000,000 
 25,000,000 
 
 Coffee . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 10,605,762 
 
 
 
 Note: Tlie total exports for 1897 were $11,011,524. 
 
 The sugar crop of 1900 will be less than normal, but, by reason of 
 the better price, will bring considerably more monej^ The tobacco 
 crop is placed at normal, and the coffee crop at 50 per cent of normal. 
 It will be seen that the estimated exports of the fiscal year ending 
 June 1, 1901, are only $405,762 below those of 1897, the last year of 
 Spanish possession, regardless of the destruction of the hurricane, which 
 reduced the coffee export about $5,500,000. The farmers have given 
 
30 AGEICULTTJBAL RESOURCES, ETC. , OF PORTO RICO. 
 
 more attention this year to the production of food crops. It may, 
 therefore, be fairly claimed that, as a whole, the net income of Porto 
 Rico from farm crops will be about the same as iisual; but this will 
 not relieve the distress, because it will not be as widely distributed 
 as formerly, the deficiency occurring in the coffee districts. 
 
 Possibilities of Agriculture in Porto Rico. 
 
 As to the possibilities of agriculture in Porto Rico I submit the 
 following statement: 
 
 The United States imported in 1899, in addition to the imports of 
 sugar, coffee, and tobacco, the following: 
 
 Fibers (vegetable) , manufactures of, including mattings, etc $45, 457, 687 
 
 Nuts and fruits -- 18,317,201 
 
 Silk, unmanufactured 32,479,637 
 
 Total - --- --- 96,254,515 
 
 The industries of Porto Rico, properly developed, could produce 
 a large portion of the foregoing without interfering with her present 
 exports. In addition, it could produce camphor, India rubber, spices, 
 and other articles of which we import large quantities. Thrifty speci- 
 mens of India rubber plants and of camphor plants were seen. In 
 case of such an expansion in the production of tropical products, 
 Porto Rico would become a large consumer of the food products 
 exported by the United States, which would be greatly to our trade 
 advantage over the present plan of securing these articles. No por- 
 tion of Porto Rico is over 20 miles from the coast, and with good 
 roads all products could reach an ocean port in a few hours and by 
 the conveyances of the farm. The transportation from the ports to 
 New York is low and with increased freights will be much reduced. 
 A few thousand dollars .iudiciously expended annually in the devel- 
 opment of the agricultural resources of Porto Rico will result greatly 
 to our benefit, because we shall then be buying our tropical imports 
 with our surplus products. 
 
 The appended list shows some articles, and their values, of import 
 into the United States in 1899, all, or a portion of which, could be 
 profitably produced in Porto Rico : 
 
 Articles imported into the United States which might be produced in Porto Rico. 
 
 Cocoa and the manufactuies of - - _ -.- $5,360,116 
 
 Coffee - 55,375,470 
 
 Fibers, vegetable, and manufactures of.-. -. 45,457,687 
 
 Fruits and nuts 18,317,201 
 
 Hats and bonnets, materials for -- - 3,436,736 
 
 India rubber andguttaperchaand manufactures of 33,370,098 
 
 Molasses _ ..-.■. 789,576 
 
 Silk, unmanufactured 33,479,637 
 
 Spices.-- 3,783,301 
 
 Sugar... .-.- 94,964,120 
 
 Tea - - 9,675,081 
 
 Tobacco and manufactures of - 11,843,357 
 
 Vanilla bean - 1,335,412 
 
 Total 313,976,771 
 
 An Agricultural Experiment Station. 
 
 The most potent factor in accomplishing the improvement of agri- 
 culture would be a properly equipped agricultural experiment station, 
 
AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, ETC., OF PORTO RICO. 31 
 
 with a wider range of investigation and application than is usually 
 given to such institutions. 
 
 First. Such a station should give immediate attention to the pro- 
 duction of larger and better crops of coffee, sugar, and tobacco, at a 
 less cost than at present. 
 
 Second. It should encourage the production of food products to 
 the extent of home consumption. 
 
 Third. It should promote the establishment of small farms for fruit 
 and vegetables. 
 
 Fourth. As soon as practicable it should prosecute investigations 
 that will lead to the improvement of farm stock with special reference 
 to the requirements of the farms for work animals and of the markets 
 for beef and dairy products. There is no good reason why Porto Rico 
 should import 743,560 pounds of cheese annually at a cost of 16.4 
 cents per pound when there is an abundant supply of sweet grasses 
 and rich milk on the island. 
 
 Fifth. The station should diligently prosecute investigations in for- 
 estry to reestablish the woodlands. 
 
 Sixth. It should be especially empowered and charged to introduce 
 minor industries for the betterment of the families of farm laborers. 
 
 Seventh. An important part of the station work should be the 
 introduction of new varieties of seeds, plants, trees, and animals 
 which are adapted to the climate and conditions found in Porto Rico ; 
 also to see that the best seeds and fertilizers are sold to farmers. For 
 any country to fail to keep a watchful eye on the progress of other 
 countries and take advantage of their natural resources and the 
 i mprovements they have made in the products of the soil is to fall 
 behind in the race of life and publicly acknowledge a lack of enter- 
 prise. 
 
 OBJECT LESSONS. 
 
 It will be necessary to place the work of the station mainly in the 
 form of object lessons and on a sufficient scale to show economic 
 results. This will reqiiire more land than would be sufficient to 
 establish theories or principles in agriculture. 
 
 To carry out the plan of the station the earnest cooperation of the 
 farmers should be secured by local associations and otherwise. The 
 station should issue bvilletins at regular periods, and the officers of 
 the station should meet the local association for discussion of agricul- 
 tural topics at least once a year. At the same time schools for women 
 could be held, giving instruction in various home industries suited to 
 their condition. 
 
 DESIRABILITY OF SECURING THE COOPERATION OF POKTO RICAN 
 FARMERS IN EXPERIMENT WORK. 
 
 It is highly important to secure the active cooperation of the farmers 
 in investigations of the station and in the dissemination of information. 
 The best plan is to organize local associations of farmers in every im- 
 portant rural center in the island who will cooperate in testing seeds, 
 plants, and methods of cultivation and aid in distributing bulletins, 
 pamphlets, etc. In nearly every community can be found planters 
 of liberal education and travel. Some were educated in the United 
 States and can speak English. As far as consulted, all planters were 
 enthusiastically in sympathy with the proposed work of the station. 
 
32 AGKIO0LTUEAL RESOURCES, ETC., OF PORTO RICO. 
 
 INSTRUCTION IN AGRICULTURE IN THE COMMON SCHOOLS. 
 
 A few simple oral lessons on the nature of seeds and plants, how to 
 prepare the soil, and how to plant and care for the crop, with some 
 small plats around the schoolhouse as object lessons, would be of in- 
 estimable value to the youth and far-reaching in its results. Many 
 of the lower classes in the country appear to have no knowledge of 
 the principles of agriculture or of its successful practice. They half 
 stir the soil, sow the garden seeds broadcast, and let Providence do 
 the weeding. The commissioner of education for the island expressed 
 a desire to do all in his power to promote agricultural education in 
 the common schools. 
 
 LOCATION OF THE STATION. 
 
 There are a number of reasons why the experiment station should 
 be located near San Juan. 
 
 First. It is the opinion of all who have investigated the subject that 
 object lessons under farm conditions should form an essential feature 
 of the station. It must, then, be at the place most accessible for the 
 people of the whole island and for persons temporarily visiting the 
 island. 
 
 Second. The station must be located where it can have direct and 
 prompt communication with the Department of Agriculture at Wash- 
 ington, because for some years it will not have equipment to do all 
 the scientific work required, and reference must be constantly had to 
 the several departments at Washington. 
 
 Third. San Juan is the only city upon the island which has printing 
 establishments sufficiently equipped to issue bulletins in English and 
 Spanish with reasonable facility. 
 
 Fourth. Lands near San Juan can be purchased at reasonable prices. 
 
 FINANCIAL SUPPORT OF THE STATION. 
 
 For the current expenses of an agricultural experiment station in 
 Porto Rico at least as much money will annually be required as is now 
 appropriated for such stations in the States and Territories ($15,000). 
 The cost of the buildings needed by the station is estimated as follows: 
 
 One building for director and assistants . $5, 000 
 
 One building for ofaces and laboratory 3, 000 
 
 One house for farm foreman _ _ 1,000 
 
 Four cottages for farm laborers,. 800 
 
 Barns. 1,000 
 
 Total 10,800 
 
 Suitable land in the vicinity of San Juan will probably cost $25 per 
 acre, and at least 200 acres should be obtained for the station there, 
 for the purchase of which 15,000 will be required. For outlying experi- 
 ments Government land on the island may be reserved. These reser- 
 vations should include alluvial or level lands for sugar and rice, 
 mountain lands for forestry, tobacco, and coffee, and sandy sea-coast 
 lands for cocoanuts. 
 
 O 
 
House Doc. No. 171. 
 
 Plate I. 
 
 Gathering Coooanuts. 
 
House Doc. No. 171. 
 
 Plate II. 
 
 
 Mm^ W^M^^^ 
 
 -^T^m 
 
 ^X''-.lh:- 
 
 ■*^f:' -^ 
 
 
 
 #^ 
 
 Plowing for Sugar Cane. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
\ 
 
House Doc. No. 171. 
 
 Plate 111. 
 
 
 Cane Mill. 
 
 
 Spreading Bagasse to Dry. 
 
House Doc. No. 171. 
 
 Plate IV. 
 
 Exporting Sugar. 
 
 Hauling Molasses to Market. 
 
House Doc. No. 171. 
 
 Plate V. 
 
 Sugar Planter's House, Arecibo. 
 
 
 LABORER'S Hut, near Carmen. 
 
House Doc. No. 171. 
 
 Plate VI. 
 
 Three-year-old Orange Trees. 
 
 LABORER'S Hut, Coffee Plantation. 
 
House Doc. No. 171 
 
 PLATE VII.