^mi'\ >^-f :'%T ■^:j^. ,,-**.,jq|f J^ ^ 2?em Hork Hatt (5oUege of Agticultute Sit (ilotneU Uwiaetoitg 3tt(ara, ^. f. ™Ka°' tariff in Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924014533024 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION WASHINGTON SUMMARY OF ' TARIFF INFORMATION 1921 RELATIVE TO THE BILL H. R. 7456 WASHINGTON QOVBBNMSNT PRIKTmO OFFICE U» UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION WASHINGTON SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION 1921 RELATIVE TO THE BILL H. R. 7456 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1922 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION. Office: Eighth and E Streets NW., Washington. D. C. COUMISSIONEBS. Thomas O. Mabvin, Chairman. WnxiAM S. CtJiBEETSON, ViCB Chairman. David J. Lewis. Edwabd p. Oostigan. Thomas Walker Page. ,. WlIXIAM BtTROESS. John F. Bethune, Secretary. (^ ,3,-'0-x:' I t> ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE FBOCUBEO FBOM THE SDIEBINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS QOVEENMENT FBINTINO OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT $1.25 Per Copy, in Papeb Covebs Uniteo States Taeiff Commission, Washington, D. C, January 01, 1922. SiEs: In accordance with the request of the chairman of the Committee on Finance by letter of November 1, 1921, the Tariff Commission submits the accompanying Summary of Tariff Informa- tion, relative to the bill H. K. 7456 as passed by the House of Repre- sentatives on July 21, 1921. Very truly yours, Thomas O. MjiKwis^-iJhairTnan. The Committee on Finance, ' United States Senate, Washington, D. G. S INTRODUCTION. T^e following compilation has been prepared by the Uni<«d States Tariff Commission pursuant to,a request by the Committee on Finance of the Senate for a summary of pertiner^t, information uppn the bill H.,E^ f 456 (the; Fordney bill) as passed by the Houseiof Repre- sentatives and how pending in the Senate. ' Treatment naturally falls into two main.divisipns, as follows: 1. Descriptiye and economic data on commodities mentioned in the bill, covering description and uses of the articles, and information cohceming thei;; production, ii|j.pof tation, and exportation. 2. Discussion of the form of the bill, including mention of import tant changes in classification made by the Committee on Ways and Meafls and the reasons therefor, notation of some provisions which appear to be inconsistent, and the suggestion of certain textual changes. The principal sources of information have been the commodity surveys and reports of the Tariff Commission, especially the " Sum- mary of Tariff Information, 1920." The material in the latter has been amplified and brought up to date. General statistics were obtained for the most part from official publications or directly from Government departments, as follows: Statistics of manufactures from the United States Census; of min- erals and earth products from the Geological Survey ; of agricultural products from the Department of Agriculture ; of imports and exports from the Department of Commerce. The special commodity surveys to which reference has been made above should be consulted for more extended discussion of the sub- jects appearing in this volume. Under the various subtitles will be found references to these surveys, as, for example : BLEACHING POWDER. (See Survey A-5.) This means that bleaching powder is treated at length in the com- mission's Tariff Information Survey A-5. The reports cited in this manner may be obtained in most cases from the Superintendent of Documents at the Government Printing Office or directly from the commission to a limited extent. In a few cases other abbreviations have been used. "T. I. S.' refers to " Tariff Information Series," " M. S." refers to " Miscel- laneous Series" (unnumbered), and " W. M." to " Reports to Com- mittee on Ways and Means" (unnumbered). 6 6 INTKODUCTION. The tabulated import and export statistics cover calendar years, those in the text fiscal years, unless otherwise indicated. " Imports " are " imports for consumption," except in some instances where " gen- eral imports " are specifically mentioned. The term " tons " used in relation to imports and exports means "long tons." Statistics of production, without definite reference to country, relate to the United States. Statistics of imports and exports, classified in " Commerce and Navigation " according to the paragraphs of the tariff act of 1913, have been brought as far as possible" under the new classification of the bill H. K, 7456, but in a number of cases the figures could not be made to apply exactly to the items in the new bill. Statistics of duties for 1921 were not available and were therefore necessarily omitted from the tables' and elsewhere. . < Under the heading " Suggested x^hanges" obvious reasons' for such suggested changes are omitted. 1.15 .At.the end of the free list on page 1485 is a tabulation of articles transferred from the free list pf the act of 1913 (as modified) to the dutiable schedules of the bill H. R. 7456, and of articles transferred from the dutiable schedules of the act of 1913 to the free list of the bill H. R. T456. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. H. R. 7456. AN ACT To provide reyenue, to regulate commerce , with tbreign countries, to en- courage the industries of the United States, and for other purposes. Be it enacted 63/ the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, '■'' • 1 Title I.— Dutiable List. Section 1. That on and after the day following the passage of this Act, ex- cept as otjtierwise, specially providjed for in this Act, there shall be levied, collected, and paid upon all articles when Imported 'from aby foreign coun- try, into the United States or into any of its posse^io.ns (except the Philip- pine Islands, the Virgin Islands, and the islands of Guam and Tutuila) the rates of duty which are prescribed by the schedules and paragraphs of the dutiable list, of this title, namely : ' SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1909. An Act To provide revenue, equalize duties and encourage the industries of the United States, and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and Souse of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assenvbled, That on and after the day following the passage of this Act, except as otherwise specially pro- vided for in the second section of this Act, there shall be levied, collected, and paid upon all articles when im- . ported from any foreign country into the United States or into any of its possessions (except the Philippine Islands and the islands of Guam and Tutuila) the rates of duty which are by the schedules and paragraphs of the dutiable list of this section pre- scribed, namely : ACT OF 1913. An Act To reduce tariff duties and to pro- vide revenue for the Government, and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That on and after the day following the passage of this Act, ex- cept as otherwise specially provided for in this Act, there shall be levied, collected, and paid upon all articles when imported from any foreign coun- try into the United States or into any of its possessions (except the Philip- pine Islands and the islands of Guam and Tutuila) the rates of duty which are by the schedules and paragraphs of the dutiable list of this section pre- scribed, namely : Suggested changes. — Importations into the Philippine Islands from foreign countries are subject to the rates of duty prescribed in the Philippine tariff act of August 6, 1909 (ch. 8, 36 Stat., 130). The act of March 3, 1917 (ch. 171, sec. 4, 39 Stat., 1133), made im- 8 SUMMARY OF TAEIPF INFORMATIOK, 1921. portations into the Virgin Islands subject to the laws in force there at the time of cession to the United States by Denmark. Prod- ucts of the United States are admitted free into both of those pos- sessions. Duties are collected upon importations into Guam and Tutuila under a tariff administered by the Navy Department^ there having been no legislation governing imperils into? those islands. Product's oi the United States shipped to Tutuila are subject to duty or exempt from duty the same as. like importations from foreign countries. Products of the United States going into Guam are exempt from duty, Under existing laws merchandise can not be shipped to Tutuila or to Guam for drawback of duties iior be with- drawn from bonded warehouses in the United States for shipment thereto without payment of duties. (Art. 200, Cust. Eegis. of 1915.) The Panama Canal Zone is not a possession of' the United States but is a place subject to its jurisdiction for maintenance of the canal. (27 Op. Atty. Gen., 594, of 1909.) , Shipments ^ween the United States and the Canal Zone are treated in all respects as shipments to and from foreign countries. (Act of Mar. 2, 1905; Kaufman v. Smith, 216 U. S., 610, of 1910.) The custoins administtatioii of said Zone is under the jurisdiction of the War Department. (Art. 201, Cust. Eegs. of 1915.) Section 401 (p) of Title IV of H. R. 7456 defines the term " United States " for the purposes of the whole act,, and thei-efore applies to Title I, the dutiable list, and Title 11, the free list, of H, E.^ 7456. The purpose of the definition, as suggested by the Tariff Commission in its report of August 26, 1918, upon the' customs administrative laws, was to give the President authority iiitb.e,. absence of legisla-; tion to treat the insular possessions; and the Panama Canal Zone as foreign or domestic, according to the needs for administrative pur- poses. Unless, therefore, the word " aict " in sfection 401 (p) of Title IV of H. E. 7456 shall be changed to " title " there will be a conflict with the above provision in section 1 of Title I'of H.'E. 7466, and also with the first part of section 201 of Title II of H. R. 7456. a DUTIABLE LIST. SCHEDULE 1.— CHEMICALS, OILS, AND PAINTS. [J^OTE.— The United States Tariff Commission, in response to a request from the Committee on /Waya and Means of the House of Representatives, trans- mitted on March 28, 1&21, to that committee a report entitled " Suggested reclassification of chemicals, oils, and paints." This document; referred to in th« following pages as the " Reclassification Report," was confined to matters of wording, arrangement, and classification of the pTovisions dealing with chemicals, oils, and paints of the acts of 1913 and 1916. No attempt was made to transfer articles from the dutiable to the free list, or the reverse, nor to recommend rates of duty. The suggested reclassification was adopted by the committee as a basis of schedule 1 of H. R. 7456.] H. B. 7456. PARAGRAPH 1. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pabagkaph ,1. Acids and acid anhy- drides : Acetic acid containing, not inore than 65 per centum of acetic acid, ihree-fourths of Icent per pound; con; taining more than 65 per centuim, 2 cents per pound; acetic anhydride, 8' cents per pound ; boric acid, 2 cents per pound; chloroacetlc acid, 5 cents per pound ; citric acid, 12 cents ■ per pound ; lactic acid, containing by weight of lactic acid less than 30 per oftntum, li cents per pound ; 30 per centum or , more and less than 55 per lentum, 3 cents per pound ; arid 55 per centum 'or fijtJre, 5 cerits per'potmd : Pr'o'oided, That -any lactic-acid ' anhy- dride present shall be determined as lactic acid and included as. such : And provided further, That the duty on lacflc acid shair 'not 'be less than 25 per centum ad valorem; tannic acid, tannin, and extracts or decoctions of nu,tgalls, containing l;)y weight of tan- nic acid less tha'n 50 per centum, 4 cents per pound; 50 per centum or more and less than 80 per centum, 10 cents per pound ; and 80 per centum or more, 20 cents per pound ; ■ tartaric ; acid, 6 cents, per pound ;' arsenic acid, arsenious acid or white arsenl*, formic acid, gallic acid, oleic acid or red oil, oxalic acid, phosphoric acid, pyrogallic acid, stearic acid, aijd all other acids and acid anhydrides not specially pro- vided^ for, 25 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. , Schedule A^^Chemicals, Oils, and Paints. ACT OF 1913. SciHEDULE A OHEMlbALS, OlLS, AND Paints: PaB 1 Acids: Acetic or pyrollgne- , Pak. 1. Acids : BoraciC acid, J cent ous acid, not exceeding the specific per pound; citric acid 5 cents per gravity of one and forty-seven one- pound ; formic acid, IJ cents per 9 10 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. thousandths, three-fourths of one cent pound ; gallic acid, 6 cents per pound ; per pound; exceeding the specific grav'- lactic acid, li ceats per pound; oxalic ity of one and forty-seven one-thou- acid, U cents per pound; pyrogallic sandths, two .<:ents per pojind; acetic acid, 12 cents per pound; * , *',, * tan- anhydrid, two and one-half "Cents pei nlc acid and tannin, 5 cents per pound; pound ; boracic acid, three cents per tartai'ic acid, 3J cents per pound ; all' pound; * * * citric acid, seven other acids and acid anhydrides not cents per pound ; lactic acid, contain^ specially provided for in this section, ing not over forty per , centum by ' ^ 15 ■ per centum ad' valorem, weight of actual lactic acid, two cents Pab. 2. Acetic- anhydmd, 2^ cents per. pounds containing , over forty per per pound.- ■ i-. ■:■- centum by weight of actual lactic acid, , , three cents per pound ; oxalic acid, two cents per pound; * ; * * tan- ;.. nic acid or tannin, thirty-five cents per , pound ; gallic acid, eight cents per pound ; tartaric acid, five cents' per i pound ; all other acids not specially provided for in this section," twenty- five per centum ad valorem. PAKr 482. Acids : Arsenic or arseni- Pae. 387. Acids : Acetic or pyroligne- ous, * * * phosphoric, * * * ous, arsenic or arsenious, * * * prussic, silicic, * * * [Free]. phosphoric, * * * prussic, silicic, * *■ * [Free]. Pab. 22. * * * extract of nut- Pab. 30. Extracts and decoctions of galls, aqueous, one-fourth of one cent nutgalis, * * * not containing al- per pound and ten per centum ad eohol and not medicinal, § of 1 cent valorem ; * * *. per pound; ' ACETIC ACID. (See Survey A-2.) Description and uses. — Acetic acid is that chemicstl constituent ■which gives vinegar its sour taste. The common grades of the com- mercial acid contain 28, 66^ and 80 per cent of acetic aci^., The most concentrated form, which contains over 99 pel* cent, is known as glacial acetic acid. The largest use is in manufacturing the pig- ments, white lead, and verdigris. Other uses are in pointing and dyeing textiles; in the leather industry; in the manufacture of in-, secticides, inks, dyes, and drugs; aiid for laundry purposes. Pyro- ligneous acid is the crude acetic-acid solution obtained in the destruc- tive distillation of wood. It does not enter commerce to any great extent, but is usually refined by conversion into calcium acetate. (See par. 1540.) Production of acetic acid in 1914 was 75,303,375 pounds, valued at $1,272,294, and in 1919 (preliminary figures) 46,821,000 pounds, valued at $2,816^300. In 1919 the output of glacial acetic acid was 5,050,000 pounds, valued at $869,200. Acetic acid is usually made from acetate of lime or of soda, and its manufacture is rather wide- spread. As a result of large war demands for acetone a process has been developed in Canada which gives acetic acid as an intermediate product and uses the raw material, calcium carbide. Productive capacity of the Canadian plant is about 650 tons per month of, 100 per cent acetic acid. Im/ports of acetic acid increased after the act of 1913, but from 1910 to 1917 were never more than 1 per cent of domestic production. Later stiatistics follow : SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1931. 11 . ; i Palendar year. Quantity. Value. tnit value. 1918 : Pouiids. 297,323 1,850,427 2,862,068 28,042 J83,907 219,826 365,741 2,315 $0.28 1919 . .12 1920 ;., ,18 1921 f9 months) . .08 In 1919 over 90 per cent of imports came from Canada. The 1920 import was about 6 per cent by quantity and by value 10 per cent of the 1919 domestic output. , Exports of acetic acid are not shown. It is usually exported in the form of calcium acetate. (See par. 1540, p.i 1267.) . . Important changes in elassi^cation. — "Acid anhydrides" added to the heading of this paragraph. Acetic or pyrolignpous acid is exempt from;duty under paragraph 387 of the act of 1913. Suggest^^ changes.-^^ge 2, line 3, of H. E. 7456 : Insert the words "by weight " after the Avord " containing." ACETIC ANHYDRIDE. ' '(See Survey A-2.) ' . Description and uses.— Acetic anhydride, a colorless liquid with a strong acetic odor, is derived from acetic acid by the removal of water. It is used in the manufacture of acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin) and cellulose acetate. (See par. 28.) Production. — Acetic anhydride is made by treating anhydrous sodium acetate with phosphorus chloride or sulphur chloride. Prior to the war little, if any, was made in this cotintry. The war demand for airplane " dopes " and the expiration of the patents on " aspirin " caused a~ great stimulus to the industry. The production in 1919 (preliminary figures) was 1,213,200 pounds, valued at $578,60.0iy . Imports prior to 1915 were from Germany, and amounted: to about 1,200,000 pounds in 1910 and 1911. They declined to about 300,000 pounds in 1913, and during the war were negligible. There have been no imports from 1919 to September 30, 1921, inclusive. Exports. — Statistics not available. ' Important changes in classifi:cation,-^Kcje,t\c anhydride has been transferred to this paragraph from paragraph 2, act of 1913, so as to bring all acids and acid anhydrides together. BOEIC ACID. (See Survey ,A-1.) DescHption. — Boric acid is a white crystalline substance which has very weak acid properties and is a mild antiseptic. Borax re- fined, or borate of soda, closely allied to boric acid, is assessed a duty of one-eighth cent per pound; under paragraph 78 of H. K. 7456. Crude borax and crude borate minerals from which boric acid and, refined borax are made are on the free list, paragraph 1533. Uses. — The principal uses of. boric acid and borax are: {a) In making enamels for iron and steel (kitchen ware, sanitary ware, equipment for chemical factories, watch dials, etc.). {h) As an in- gredieiit for glazes on earthenware and' pottery, {c) In the manu- 12 SUMMARY 01' TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921; facture of some varieties of glass, especially lamp chimneys and chemical laboratory ware, (d) As a flux for welding and brazing metals, (e) As an ingredient for some varieties of soap, principally laundry soap for use with hard water. (/) In the tanning of some varieties of leather, (g) As an antiseptic in eye lotions, cosmetics, and washes for wounds. (A) In Europe as a food preservative, es- pecially in dairy products, dried and smoked meat, and sausages. In the United States this use is prohibited by the food and drugs act, except in products intended for export. ' - '• ' 'Prod'UGtion. — Boric acid and borax are made from crude borate minerals which are mined commercially in California and Nevada, and Chile, Italy; Turkey, and Germany. The United States pro- duces about one-half of the world's total supply and Chile about one- third. The domestic-production of these miner afe^ has grown from 50^609 tons in 1914 to 108,875 tons in 1917. Refined boric acid and borax is manufactured in California, New York, New Jersey, Penn- sylvania, and Illinois. Production in the 'United\ States in 1914 was 4,295 tons, valued at $5'88^981, and in 1917 was 5',888; tons, valued at $1,383,783. The production for 1919 (preliminary figures) was 7,227 tons, valued at $1,754,600.' ' ' Imports have been less than .5 per cent of the American production since 1908. Later statistics follow : Calendar year,. Quantity. Value. Vnit value.' Duty.. Equiva- lent ad valorem. 1918 Pounds'. ' 259,096 276,796 - ■ 189,667' 24^,233 J26,436] 20,716 9/733' , 18,392 !;!»0.10; .07 i05 .07 ,, $1,9*3 , 2,076 1,422 Per cejd. .;. 7.35 ISIQ 10.02 14i63 Exports. — Statistics are not available, but were probably negligible before the war. An important export trad^ has developed since 1914.1 , • i.'i! • CHLOEOACETIC ACID. ' ' ■■ :^!.. .. ' ■...'. ,.;.!J !,■ -^ <■ ■■■': ■ ■ ■'-''■• Description and uses. — Of the various chloroacetic acids, the m'ost important is monochloroatetic.acid (obtained by. treating glacial acetic acid with chlorine) ,> an important intermediate in the manu4 facture of the coal-tar dye indigo. ■ ;, i: Production. — Little or no chloroacetic acid was produced in the United States prior to the war, because of the absence of a synthetic dye industry. The necessary raw materials — acetic acid and chlo- rine — are available in large quantities aiid the manufacture of the acid on a commercial scale was coincident with that' of coal-tar dyes. Statistics of production are not available but thei output is .known to be large. ' ' • ImpoHs are recorded for 1914 (fiscal year) only, when commercial grades of monochloroacetic acid amounted to 12,834 pounds, valued at $2,756. . ._, _. _ i: . ''■'■ ^ '' '■' Exports. — Statistics not available. ' Important change in elassifiGation-.—^'Ne^ specific provision. ifiee Tariff Commission report, "Acids of paragraph 1 and, related materials in the tariff act of 1913,^' for detailed Import and export information. SUMMAEY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 13 CITEIC ACID. (See Survey A-1.) Descriftion and uses.— Qitvic acid is a ;white crystalline substance ipbtained as a by-product of the lemon industry. Its principal use is in the manufacture ' of beverages and pharmaceutical preparations. Citrate of lime (dutiable at 7 cents per pound, par. 46) is the inter- mediary chemical in the manufacture of citric acid f rom Ifemon juice. Citrate of lime is used' exclusively for the manufacture of citric acid. Domestic production. — ^The, greater part of the citric acid manu- factured in the United Statfes is from the citrate of lime imported from Sicily ; a small amount is made from letnon and lime juice im- ported (f rep under par. 1604) f rom th^ West Indies; the reinainder is obtained as a by-product of the lemon industry in California. Citric acid is mafjeifrom " cull " (inferior or damaged) lemons, not salable as fresh, fruit. A by-product obtained at the same time is essential oil of lemon, tvhich is dutiable at 20 per cent under para- ^aph 54. The cultural methods in California are so superior to those commonly Used in Sicily that a smaller proportion of the crop is converted into by-products. There is a large acreage of young, nonbearing lemon trees in California, and a substantial in- crease in the crop may be expected in the near future. In spite of this expansion in tptar "output of lemons, the American demand for citric acid can not be met from domestic sources unless overproduc- tion forces lemons of good grade; into by-products. Besides the Calif brnia producers, a group of manufacturers located near Atlantic ports are engaged in making citric acid, principally from imported citrate of lune. These firms are concerned chiefly with the margin of duty between citrate of lime and citric acid. The production of citric acid in the United States grew from 2.- 729,943 pounds in 1914 to 4,03S,897 pounds in 1917, but decreased in 1919 (preliminary figures) to 3,163,700 pounds, valued at $S,- 047,400. Imports of citric acid in 1913 were only 8,677 pounds, valued at $2,916, on which a revenue of $607 was collected. After the passage of the act of 1913 they increased greatly, although they remained small in comparison with impdrts of citrate of lime. The imports of 1915 amounted to 722,434 pounds, Valued at $447,131, and yielded a revenue of $36,121. This increase was not due entirely to the change in the tariff, but in part to the erection of citric-acid factories in Italy, , Later statistics f ollpw : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem . 1918 .' Pounds. 332,269 1,224,891 1,317,467 610,249 1217,027 1,187,267 1,142,842 378,495 $0.65 .97 .87 .62 $16,613 61,229 65,873 Per cent. 7 (if) 1919 . f) 16 1920 5. 76 1921 (9 months) Imports of 1919 and, 1920 were from six to ten times imports from 1908 to 1913, and about double the 1915 imports. Exports. — Statistics not available. Suggested changes. — See paragraph 46, page 133. 14 SUMMARY 01- TAKIFF INFOKMATIOK, 1921. LACTIC ACID. (See Survey A-1.) Description.— Lactic acid is the acid formed m souring milk, although commercial supplies are bbtaiiied from other sources. Pure lactic acid is a colorless, odorless liquid which mixes with water in all proportions. It attacks iron, and must therefore be shipped in wood or glass containers. It comes on the market in three grades of purity and in several degreies of strength. Tech- nical lactic acid contains impurities which give it a dark color and an unpleasant odor. It is customarily sold either in 22, 44, or 66 per cent strength, and iS graded according to whether it is " hghf" or " dark " in color. Edible lactic acid is free from impurities which give an objectioiiable odor and flavor, is nearly colorless, and is usu- ally about 50 per cent in strength. Medicinal lactic acid (United States Pharmacopoeia) is a refined article of not le^ than 85 per cent of acid and with only traces of impurities. Uses.— Technical lactic acid is used principally in tanning for the "bating" and "plumping" of hides and also in the dyeing and printing of, textiles,. Edible lactip acid has been on the market in considerable amounts only since the summer of 1918. A large rhar- ket will probably develop for it in beverages, especially in nonalco- holic imitation beers and soft drinks.. .A use which may develop is that of bread making. It has been found that the addition of this acid to dough improves the quality of bread. Lactic acid and sev- eral of its salts are used in medicine. Production. — The acid is made from corn or other starchy mater rial and from yegetable-ivpry scrap obtained from button factories. The raw material is heated w;ith sulphuric acid to make glucose, fermented to lactic acid, then concentrated and refined.^ The indus- try began to develop in the United Staites in IgSl and .has steadily grown. There were five manufacturers in 1917, with an output of over 1,900,000 pounds, calculated as 100 per cent lactic acid. The output of American factories increased. rapidly during the war. The production in 1919' (preliininary, figures) was' 5,054,500 pounds (strength not stated) , valued at $'(81,500. Jn 1896 manufacture was begun in Germany, where the indjastry grew more rapidly than in the United States. No figures on production in Germany are available, biiit German exports before the war' were about" equal to the 1919 do- ihestic output. The German acid is made from potatoes. Imports. — The largest during any one year (1912) were 335,335 pounds, valued at $25,267, yielding a revenue of $9,732. Later statis- tics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit.value. Duty. Equiva- lent acL . valorem. 1918 . Pounds. 200 11,023 133,756 .. '■ 853,543 $461 3; 927 65,35* 29; 21-2 , $2.30 M439 .49 ■ 1, .08 $3 Per cent. 0.65 1919 .!->„ 14.21 1920 .■-.... ' 3.07 1921 (9 months) SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1321. 15 Exports. — Export statistics are not given, but it is known that at least one American firm exported lactic acid before the war, and that exports have increased substantially. Important changes im, classification. — Since lactic aqid appears on the market in, many grades varying in strength, quality, or purity, and in price, a single specificduty, as imposed by the act of 1913, be9,rs unevenly on the different grades. Distinction between the various grades aside from strength could not be stated in language simple enough for incorporation in the tariff law. Suggestion of the commission to divide lactic acid into three grades by percentage con- tent of lactic, acid for tariff purposes was adopted by the Way§ and Means Committee. The fact that lactic a,cid always contains lactic acid anhydride in varying amounts made necessa.ry, the provision that any lactic acid knhydride present shall be determined as lactic acid and included as such. (Eeclassification Eeport, p. 9.) TANNIC ACID, TANNIN, AND EXTRACT OF Nt/TGAIXS. . (See Survey A-l.) Description and uses. — The term " tannin " in scieiitific usage is a class name covering a large number of similar substances.' As used in commerce and in the tariff the term apphes to only one mfembfer of this class, namely, that known to chemists as gallotannic acid. A highly purified grade conforming to the specifica,tions of the United States Pharmacopoeia J is known as " tannic acid, TJ. S. P.," aiid a less pure grade as "techiiical tannic acid." The technical grades of tannic acid and extracts 6f nutgalls are used as a mordant in the dyeing and printing of textiles, in the manu- facture of color lakes, in ink making, and for the manufacture of gallic acid. Other materials are both cheaper and better for tanning leather. Tannic acid, U. S. P., is used for medicinal purposes and for the clarification of wines and fruit juices. Production. — Tannic acid is made from nutgalls, obtained almost entirely from China, Japan, and Asia Minor. In 1914 the domestic production by five firms was 853,830 pounds, valued at $287,142. Foreign statistics are not available, but be:l^6re ' the war Germany was the largest producer, German exports exceeding the total Ameri- can production. Imports under the tariff act of 1909, which imposed a dnty of 35 cents per pound, were negligible, the iQaiximum during kriy fiscal year being 8,071 pounds, valued at $3,864. The act of 1913, reducing the duty to 5 cents per pound, was followed by an increase in imports in 1916 to 49,493 pounds, valued at $17,047, or about 6' per cent of the. American production during 1914. Imports from' 1915 to 1918 (fiscal year^ were negligible, probably because of the blockade of Germany. Eecent statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. 1918 1919 . . , . . Potinds. :4S,256 68,336 *!,'669 45,384 $21,139 31,470 15,4«9 10,150 ' $0.44 .46 .54 .22 $2,413 3,417 1,433 Per cent. 11.41 10.86 1920 1.. .....;...; 9.25 1921 19 monthsl 1 16 SUMMARY OF TARIFF IGSTFORMATION, 1921. P&stwair imports have been from three to eight times the pre^^ar imports. '■ ■ ' ^^ ' ^ ^ _ ; Important changes in classification. — ^The act of 1913, in paragraph 1, provides for "tannic aCid and tannin, 5 cents per pound;" while paragraph 30 provides for "extracts and decoctions of nutgalls * * * three-eighths of 1 cent per pound." There is no clear and sharp distinction between a solid extract of nut-galls and tannic acid, technical.' These provisions have caused litigatibri. An im- portation of nutgall extract in solid form,: which on: analysis .was found to contain 78.34 per cent tannic acid, was held without evi- dence of the process of manufacture to be dutiable as tannic acid. (East Asiatic Go. v. United States, 10 Ct. Cust.Appls., 207,of 1920.) The suggestion of the commission that tannic acid and tannin be combinM'-with the provision for extract of nutgalls and that the duties be levied according to percentage content of tannic acid 'or tannin was adopted by the Committee on Ways and Means. (Ee- classification Report, p. 10.) . Suggested changes. — After the indorsement of manufacturers and importers had been secured as to the percentage limitations sug- gested by the Tariff Commission, and after the.passage of the bill H. E.. 7456. by the House of Representatives, a representative of one of the manufacturers wl^o had, previously agreed to the commis- sion's classification stated to the Finance Committee of the Senate that the limit of 80 per cent would not include U. S. P. tannic acid, intended to be included. His statement was based upon analyses made in the manufacturer's laboratory. Upon receipt of the^e analyses, the commission had additional samples of tannic acid analyzed, and its conclusion was that much of the U. S. P. tannic acid would fall below the 80 per cent limit and that higher grades of technical tannic acid have a tannin content approaching that of the U. S. P.. tannic acid. , It is therefore evident that it woulcl be extremely difficult to distinguish the two. grades for tariff purposes by tannic-acid content but thfit other tests specified in detail in the United States Pharmacopoeia must be used. It is now believed that if the following classification be substituted for; the present provision for tannin or. tannic acid in paragraph 1 of Title I of H. E. 7456 the two grades will be easily distinguishable : . ^ tannic acid, tannin, and extracts or decoctions of nutgalls containing by weight of tannic acid less than 50, per cent, [rate] ; 50 per cent or more and not medici- nal, [rate] ; 50 per cent or more and medicinal, [rate]. This classification would divide the various grades of tannic acid above 50 per cent into medicinal and nonmedicinal, according to specifications of the United States Pharmacopoeia, regarded by cus- toms officials and the trade as authoritatively distinguishing between medicinal and nonmedicinal grades of chemicals. TARTARIC ACID. (See Survejr A-1.) Description and wes.— Tartaric acid is present in grapes and Is obtained commercially from wine lees, argols, or crude tartar, by- products of the wine and grape-juice industries. It is closely allied SUMMARY 01" TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 17 in origin, manufacture, and use to cream of tartar or potassium acid tartrate (par. 9). It is used in the 'maTiuf acture of baking powder, in beverages, jellies and preserves, in pharmaceutical products, in the dyeing and printing of textiles, and in the manufacture of various salts of tarta;ric acid used in photography, medicine, silver plating, and chemical laboratories. •■ ! . , ' ' j domestic pTioduetion of crude tartar materials is very small. Either the crude taftar materials or the refined tartaric add £i,hd cream of tartar are imported to supply the demands. Production in 1919 (preliminary figures) of tartaric acid, chiefly, from imported raw materials, was 5,313,000 pounds, valued at $4,262,400. Imports of tartaric acid have varied greatly. They decreased prior to the war from 331,538 pounds, valued at $72,204, in 1911. to 78,942; pounds in 1913. In 1914 and 1915 imports exceeded 800,000 poundisj and from 1916 to 1918, inclusive, they were between 200,000 and 400,000 pounds annually. Recent statistics follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. 1918 1919 , 1920 ;....... 1921 (9 months) Pounds. 316.818 654,736 . 1,367,103 1, 61!;, 203 S200, 145 ' 447,571 ; 850, 389 531,914. t-i:W» 10.63 .70 .62 »11, 089 . 22,916 47,849 Per cent, 5.12 5.63 Exports. — Statistics for. tartaric acid of cream Of tartar are not available, but probably were not large. However, exports of baking powder containing these materials have been extensive. AKSENIC ACID AND AKSENIOTJS ACID OK WHITE ARSENIC. . ,i . (See Survey FL-6.). ■.; ' Description and, uses. — ^Araenious a,Gid or white , arsenic-, -t'lie most important and the commonest form of arsenic in commerce, is an acid anhydride rather than a, true acid. It is also knotv^n simply as " arsenic " or as arsenic trioxide. Arsenious acid is. a white insoluble powder with a slightly metallic, taste and vaporizes without^ melting when heated in the open. Arsenic; acid is chemically different and is obtained by oxidation of ^vhite arsenic. It occurs in commerce as a true, acid, a thick sirupy liquid; packed in steel,, drums;,. and, -in the form of the acid anhydrider^-arsenic pentoxide, which by the addi- tion of \srater fqrms arsenic acid. . Both, of these- acids, as' well as all soluble salts of arsenic, are extremely poisonous. ..^ , , ,;, :_ • Arsenious acid is used in the manufacture of insecjicides, chi«fly lead and calcium arsenates, in plate-glass manuffiicture, as a preserva- tive for green hides^. and in the manufacture" of arsenic, acid and arsenic salts. ,;Arjsenica,cid is jUsed in the prep£|,ratio;i,.of ojg9,niQ medicinal chemicals.containing'arsenip, and its salts , have medicinal uses. - r-,- ' ■ ■ - " ; ■•'•..■-;;.'irj ';.■'■- .,Fro<^i*c^iow.^-prhe domestic production, of white arsenic has in- crea,sed from 1,497 short tons in 1910 to 6,323 short tons, valued at ■ -■ '82304— 22— — 2 ' ■ '■" ' ' ■•' '' ' "''-■'■''-' 18 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. $l,gl3,000, in 1918.; The 1919. output was 6,029 tOi\s. White arsenic is 6btained chiefly in the United States as a by-product of smelting copper and lead ores. Arsenic acid is manufactured by oxidizing white arsenic by means of either nitric acid or chlorine. Iniq)orts of arsenic and arsenious acids from 1908 to 1918 have averaged 2,725,575 pounds, valued at $126,828, and have come chiefly from Germany, Canada, England, and Belgium. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. ■ Quantity. Value. Unit value. iiuty.'' ; ;n 1918 Pounds. 8,694,084 8,778,-218 7,479,486 2,705,625 . {441,212 624,494 532,635 216,276 »0.12 .07 V07 : .08 1919 1920 : :;:::;■•:[ 1921 (9 months) ;. . . Exports. — Statistics not available. Important changes in classification. — The act of 1913 provides for arsenious acid in paragraph 387 and for arsenic in paragraph 403. Information furnished the commission by the collector of customs at New York indicates that importations of " white arsenic," which is the same as "arsenious acid," were included in the statistics for " arsenic and sulphide of arsenic, or orpiment " under paragraph 403. As both of these chemicals were then on the free list, the confusion of the one product with the other had little tariff significance. By including the term " white arsenic " with " arsenious acid " the po^i- bility of this confusion under H. R. 7466 is obviated. FORMIC ACID. ' (See Survey A-1.) Description and uses. — Gbncenti'ated formic acid is a corrosive, fuming, colorless liquid with a characteristic and irritatiAg odor. It mixes with water m all proportions and appears in commerce in strength varying from 50 pier cent to almost 100 per cent. It is serviceable in the dyeing and tanning industries, but other competihg acids have, as a rule, been cheaper, and its use has therefore been re- stricted to a few cases for which it has peculiar advantaged. Formic acid forms esters with various alcohols which are used in perfumes and as solvents. Recent technical advances in its domestic manufac- ture and commercial development indicate that under normal condi- tions it may be put on the market at a lower price. These new dis- coveries will probably have indirectly a marked influence on the manufacture of oxalic acid. P^bdu^tion.'^YoiTD.ic acid is made by two processes, one of which— developed in Germany and controlled hef ore the t^ar by German pat- ents^ but smce^developed in the United States-^depends on heating caustic soda With carbon monoxide under pressure, yielding soditim formate, from which either formic acid or oxalic acid may be made by subsequent treatment. This process has attained commercial pro- duction. By the other process, an American invention developed dur- mg the war the first stage is to make cyanide'of soda from soda, coke, and air. Ihe cyanide of soda is then decomposed by steam, yielding SUMMABY OF TARIFF IHjPOBMATIQIJr, 1921, 19 ammonia and sodium formate.; This l^U^v process has notjbeen a commercial success up to the present time (December, 1921) , Imports.— The largest were in 1914 when 1,119,745 pounds of formic acid and 1,843,245 pounds of sodium formate were imported, almost entirely from Germany. Later statistics of formic acid follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Valu». Unit value. Duty. , Ecjuiva- lent ad valorem. 1918 Pounds. Per cent. 1919 „ 132,333 173,019 415, ear $29, 604 41,426 51,212 $0.22 .24 .12 $1,985 2,695 1920 ..:..... 1921 (9 months)... ...,..,. Exports. — Statistics not available. GALLIC ACIB. (See Survey A-1.) Description and uses. — Gallic acid is found in many plants and commercially is made directly froni nutgalls by boiling tannic-acid solutions with sulphuric or hydrochloric acid, the yield being only about two-thirds of the tannic acid used. This acid, appearing in commerce in tw« grades — refined, conforming to the specifications of the United States Pharmacopceia, and less pure or technical — is an intermediate for making several dyes, including Gallocyanine Blue, formerly much used for dyeing wool for Navy uniforms; also in making ink, and in medicine, and as a raw material for the manu- facture of pyrogallic acid. The output increased greatly during the war, principally on account of the enlarged demand fort dye making. It is made by four firms in the United States. Imports before the war (chiefly from Germany) averaged about 60,000 pounds per year. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. 1918 - Pounds. 2,242 22 $2,748 26 $1.22 1.18 $135 1 Per cent. 4.90 1919 5.08 1920 , 1921 (9 months) ! ; 20 9 .45 Exports. — Statistics not available. OLEIC ACID OK KED OIL. Description and uses. — Oleic acid, commercially known as "red oil," is a clear, dark-red, fatty aqid. It is obtajnec^, frppa fats and oils in the manufacture of soap. There are three grades of oleic acid, one a medicinal grade, conforming to specifications of the United 2()l STTMMABY of TABIFF INPOEMATIONf 1921. (States Pharmacopoeia, and' the other twb, commercial grades, knOAVh as "saponified" and " distilled '"'red oil. The principal consumption of oleic acid is in the manufacture of textile soaps, which are usually made at the textile mills by neutralizing the oleic acid with soda ash. Other important usies include thfe manufacture of oil-solublfe colors, certain kinds of patent leather, polishing preparations, and- lubri- cating and screw-cutting compounds. Production of the larger part of oleic acid or " red oil " is at soap and candle factories, altfaotfgh numerous small factories make this product only. The domestic output of 1912 was 27,494,000 poun^Sj.; but from 1914 to 1920, inclusive, ,it ranged between 38,000,000 and 43,000,000 pounds annually. Production for the first nine monthsf of 1921 (preliminary figures) was about 22,000,000 pounds. "'l Import figures are available for the fiscal year 1914 only, and were 367,070 pounds, valued at $24,662. This is approximately 1 per cent of the domestic production. ^ ./.';•-,>• r Exports. — Statistics not available. Important changes in classification. — New specific provision. OXALIC AGIO. (See Survey A-l.) .Description and uses. — Oxalic acid is a white crystalline .solid which occurs naturally in many plants, especially Oxalis acetos'elht (wood sorrel), but commercial supplies are obtained by chemical processes rather than by extraction from natural sources. Oxalic acid has a great varietyiof uses, the largest probably :in commercial laun- dries for rinsing out the last traces of alkali or soap and for remov- ing iron stains, it is also employed in textile dyeing and, printing, for bleaching leather, cork, wood, straw, arid shellac, and as an ingredi- ent in metal polishes. It serves as a reagent in chemical laboratories. Some of its salts are used in medicine and in photography. ProdU/ction.—Beioie the war there was only one producer in the United States who used a process dependent on- heating sawdust with caustic potash, followed by elaborate chemical treatment. This firm had severe competition from German producers, who have develoi)ed a newer and apparently cheaper process by heating caustic soda with carbon monoxide under pressure, forming sodium formate, which on further heating yields sodium oxalate, and this in turn is converted into" oxalic acid. During the war several firms in the United States, undertook its manufacture by the new method, -but they are still in the infant-industry stage of develbpirierit. : In 1919 (preliminary fig- ures) the output of oxalic acid was 2,103,500 pounds, valued at $545,600. , . ,, Imports. — Prewar imports of okalic' acid, chiefly from Germariy, but partly from Norway and Great Britain, varied from about seven to eight million pounds pfer'yfear, despite a duty of 2 cents per pound. It is, estimated tiiat the imports were sevej;al times greater tljan Amer- ican production. Imports declined during the war; aVeragiiig less than 1,000,000 pounds Jier year. Later statistics follow '.-"':'' SUMMARY, OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 21 Calendar year., 1918 .' 1919 :. 1920 1921 (9 months) . valorem. Per cent. ■ 3.96 S.31 -4.44 Exports. — S,tatistics are not availatjle. PHOSPHORIC ACID. .1,^ ; > .. '-(See Survey iTr-l.) Description and xises. — The pure acid is a white solid, which absorbs moisture rapidly. It is usually sold as a sirupy liquid eontaifilng 85 per cent or less of the acid, produced, techniQally by treating cal- cium phosphate with, sulphuric acid. The pure acid is' made Iby treating pure phosphorus with nitric acid or by burning phosphorus to phosphoric anhydride, followed by treatment with water. The principal uses of phosphoric acid are in medicine, dejital cements, and beverages. . .. i , .;^ Production of phosphoric acid 'in IQl't was 1S,^0,1&1 poullds, valued at $680,239, atidi in 1919 (preliminary figures) increased slightly to43,379,500p6uiids, valued; atJ$l,7il,100. ' ' fm/?or#s have been quitie small and decreased from 528,826 pounds in 1914 to 17-,711 pounds in 1918 (fiscal year). Of the 1914 import, 65 per cent was from England. Luter statistics fellow : -. , calendar year. . ;. Quantity. ■ ' i- ; Value. Unit value. }|j|nr^?.:nvr,-vnr--:---:-:-:;:-::::::::::::::::;:;:::::;: Pounds. ■ ■- . 4,501 JO, 925 .308, 974 50, 33^ ', ':»4,ibi. - , ,89,280 , \l^487 1920 ^.,;.>..-v ,,.......,. 1^1 C9 monfJis^ - ■4 ■i ■ ; }\ 1^ ' -• The maximum postwar import (1920) was less than 3 per cent of the 1919 domestie production. : ; ." ' .£'a;/>4>rr^s.-rStafcisties not avafl}labl0. Important, changes in classification. — ^Pkogphoric acid is exempt from duty uiid^r paragraph 387 of the act of 1913. ; PTROQALMG ACID. (See Survey A-1.) Description and uses. — Pyrogallic acid, or pyrogallol, is a white crystalline solid made by heating gallic acid. It is the oldest photo- gi:aphic developer And is probably used more than any other. Pyro- gallic acid and several products made therefrom are employ:ed in inediciiik' Another use is in the dyeing of fur and hair; alsoin th0 Manufacture of some dye's. It is an important reagent in the chemi- cal laboratory as an absorbent for oxygen gas in gas analysis. 22 StJMMAE.Y OF TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Production.— It is made by three firms in the United States, whose output has shown a substantial increase during the war. Imports have been larger in proportion to American production than have the closely allied substances, tannic acid and gallic acid. Prewar imports with the exception of 1913 ranged between 22,000 and 37,000 pounds. During and since the war imports; have been negligible. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. 1920 1921 (9 months).. Quantity. Pounds. 22 Value. 12,069 45 tJnit value. S2.33 2.05 Duty. $107 Eqjiiva- lent ad valorem. Par cent. 5.15 , .v\ NOTfi.— No imports diiring the calendar years 1918 and 1919. Exports. — Statistics iiot available. STEARIC ACID. Description an4.iises. — Stearic acid, a hard white waxlike sub- Stance, is a fatty acid obtained from the same sources a&. oleic acid {s&e supra). The latter may be converted into stearic acid by treat- ment with hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyzer. Com- mercial stearic acid is usually slightly yellow or gray in color and thegrades include the medicinal (U. S. P.) and technical; the latter is further divided into single, double, apd triple pres^. : Stearic acid is, sometimes erroneously .confused with "stea-rin" in commerce, whereas, correctly, stearin applies to certain solid fats which have not been split into their constituent fatty acids and glycerin. The chief use of stearic acid is for making candles, with or without the addition of paraffin. Considerable amounts are used in the manufacture of wax matches and in the production of metallic stearates, which serve as paint driers, waterproofing compounds and, in the case of zine stiearate, in the manufacture of cosmetics,. Production. — Stearic acid is obtained simultaneously with oleic acid or " red oil " from various oils and fats. The domestic produc- tion has not been so constant as that of oleic acid, but has ranged from 3,773,000 pounds in 1912 to 18,571,000 potmds in 1918. The output increased to 24,372,395 pounds in 19-20, but during tto first nine months of 1921 amounted to only about 12,000,000 pounds. Imports of stearic acid increased from 36,610 pounds, valued at $3,451, in 1911, to 119,519 pounds, valued at $12,160, in 1913. Only 638 pounds were imported' in 1917. Statistics for later years follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. \hat value. Duty. Ad VE^orem rate. 1918 . ■-■i. .>...>. ■. vj... . Pouni). ' ' ' ,, Per cent. 1918 : ; 1920 i ..;...... 3,737 2,850 27,678 1799 466 2,452 ' i0.21 '.20 .89. $120 70 15 16 1921 (9 iliontliSl- . . . ^.... . .-... . . 16 Exports. — Statistics not available. Important changes in classi-jication. — ^New specific provision. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 28 1 I . ALL OTHER ACIDS AND ACID ANHTDRIOIiS. • ' Description. — Other acids and acid anhydrides mentioned else- where, and therefore not dutiable under this proviaioin, include : Glycerophosphoric acid, dutiable under paragraph 24; acids of coal- tar origin, dutiable under paragraph 25 or 26 ; and chromic acid, hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric or muriatic acid, nitric acid, sul- phuric acid or oil of vitriol, and mixtures of nitric and sulphuric acids, valerianic arcid, and all anhydrides of the foregoing, exempt from duty under paragraph 1501. Imports under this provision prior to the war ranged between $5QjOQO and $90,000. They decreased to $36,430 in 1916* and then in- creased to $500,091 in 1918 (fiscal year). Later statistics, follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valoresm rate. 1918 .. PouJiSs. $110,755 31,759 16,202 41,099 $16,613 4,764 2,430 8,165 PifT cent. 15 1919 «,324 63,822 147,355 St0.70 .25 .28 15 1920 '. 15 1931 (9 months) i. 15 Exports. — Statistics not available. Importcmt changes in classification. — The more important acids dutiable under this provision in the act of 1913 (par. 1) have been mentioned specifically in H. R. 7456. These include chloroacetic acid, oleic acid or red oil, and stearic acid. Prussia (hydrocyanic) acid and silicic acid are exempt from duty under paragraph 38T, act of 1913 ; specific mention of thesfe acids is omitted from H. R. 7456, and they therefore come within the provision in this paragraph for " all other acids and acid anhydrides " n. s. p. f . PARAGRAPH 2. H. B. 7456. PAfi. 2. Acetaldehyde, aldol or acetal- dol, aldehyde ammonia, butyjaldehyde, crotonaldeMyde, paracetaldiehyde, ethy- lene cMprohydrin, ethylene dichlorlde, . ethylene glycol, ethylene oxide, glycol monoacetat^, propylene chlorohydrin, propylene diehloride, and propylene glycol, 6 cents per pound and 30 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Pak. 3. * ♦ * chemical compounds, * * ; * , not specially provided for in this section, twenty-five per centum ad ad valorem ; * * *. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Pab. 5. * * * chemical * * * compounds, * * * not specially pro- vided for in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem. 24 S1JMMAE.Y ,03? ! TAEIFF INFORMATION, 19ZK ACETALDEHTDE, ALDOL OB ACETAI»D0L,'.A1jDEHYDE AMMONIA, BUTTEALDE- Description and usesi-^—Acetaldehjde is a colorless liquid boiling at about 21° C. Its largest use is as an intermediate product in manu- facturing acetic acid (par. 1).,. .On account of the low boiling point of acetaldehyde, it ds usually polymerized to form paracetajldeliyde, which has 'promising use in the manufacture of synthetic resins, and when combined with^ amines (a group of coal-tar products), as an accelerator in vulcanizing rubber. Aldehyde ammoiia ds' acetalder hyde combined with andmonia; it has been employed chiefly, as a rubber accelerator. Aldol or acetaldol,' formed by condensing '2 molecules of acetaldehyde, has promising future uses in the. flotation process of ore concentration, particularly of copper ores. Production. — The manufacture of these various compounds de- pends! upon acetaldehyde, which prior to the war, was obtained by oxidizing ethyl alcohol or by fractional distillation from the first runnings of alcohol stills. During the war a process was developed for the production of acetaldehyde from acetylene gas, which is pro- duced from calcium carbide. In America this process was developed commercia:lly at Shawinigan Falls, Canada, where a plant was erected with a capacity of 25 tons of acetaldehyde daily — the larger portion of this output is converted to acetic acid. ; ^/mpprt.st^ti^tics are,, not available, with the exception of those Ip^rparaldehye in 1914, 10,339 pounds, valued a{;$3,003, all f r'oifl Ger- many. . ;- ' ' , '. i^^aJ^or^s.—^O.ne recorded- , Important 'G/^'cmaes dn. classification. — None of |;h.ese cbeniical com- peiinds was specially provided for in the act of 1'909' ot 19l'3"/,. , ETHTliENE'cHLoiiOHYDEijir, ETHYLENE DICHLORIBE, ETHTLElfE' /^hTCtk,, ETHYLENE OXIDE, GLYCOL MONOACETATE, PROPYLENE CH^lioR^HYTiRiN, PROPYLENE DICHLORIDE, AND PROPYLENE GLYCOL. Description amdiises, — The products listed above are derived from ethylene or propylene gas. Until very lately they were not used commercialiyto' any extent, and were of scilh.'iifife Mterest only. Recent development of these products, has been due to the, commer- cial availability of the gases — ethylene and propylene— either from the waste gases given off in certain petroleum cracking processes or from other hydrocarbon gases, or in the case of ethylene, f roni alco- hol. Of these products, probably ethylene dichjbride willbe' the first to assume commercial importance, fhis is a colorless liquid, with a chloroform-like odor, boiling at 83.6°- C. It dissolves oils, fats, and greases, and has the advantage over similar volatile sol- vents in th;q.t' it dpes .not hydrolyze with wateijfto, form liydrochloric acid. Ethylene chlorohydrin may be used as a sblveht," and its great chemical activity makes it valuable in the synthesis of other or- ganic chemicals. , Ethylene glycol can be used to replace glycerine for many purposes. ■ , . > ; , Production of these commodities is being developed oh the semi- commercial scale at the present time (December, 1921) by at least two firms m this country. Ethylene dichloride is produced' by com- SUMMARY OF' TARIFF INFOKMATlOiN, 1921. 2S billing ethylene and chlorine gas. Ilthylehe chlorohydrin is formed by treating ethylene with hypochloi-dUs acid, and in turn is converted into ethylene glycol by treatment with a mild alkali. Ethylene oxide is made by treating a solution of ethylierie chlordhydrin with strong oaustic alkali. ,. ■ : Imports are not recorded except for dichlorohydrin in 1914 — 782 pounds, valued at $500. ."'iiu. ^ i i . , > . :. Ewports.'-i-Wone recorded. . ' ' ' Important changes in elassi'fication. — None of these chemical com- pounds was specially providied for in the act* of 1909 or 1913. PARAGRAPH 3. H. R..7456. '- ' , ' SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pab. 3. Acetone, acetonje oil, and ethyl methyl ketone, 25. per -centum ad vii- lorem;. , '. 7 ', ' il \;i; ACT OF 1909. '- ' ACT OF 1913. Pab. 3. * * * chemical compounds, Pak. 3. Acetone, 1 cent per pound. * * * not specially provided for in this section, twenty-five per centum ad valorem; * *i *'j j \ ACETONE, ACETONE OIL, AND ETHYL METHYL KETONE. • (See Survey A-2.) " ; Description and luses. — ^Acetone (dimethyl ketone) is a, clear, color- less, and highly inflammable liquid. It is used primarily as a solvent for fats, resins, rubber, and other* gums nitrocellulose (cordite, gkn- cotton, pyroxylin plastics) ,' tannins, and acetylene, and in the manu- facture of chloroform, but for the last-named purpose 'has a strong xsompetitor in carbon tetrachloride. .1 : Acetone oiL (cipude ethyl methyl ketone) is a residue obtained in the purification. 6£ acetone produced from acetate of lime. It possesses! the samiBsolvent properties as acetone and on account of its higher boiling point is preferred in some cases. It is also purifiied by distillation to obtain ethyl methyl ketone, which ds sold also as ketone. . Methyl acetone is the first portion of the distillate in refining criide wood aleohoh. It is a mixture of acetone, wood; alcohol, and methyl acetate. ' : j i : i Production of acetone by eight firms in 1914 was 10,425,817 pounds, valued at $1,099,585, but decreased in 1919 (preliminary figures) to 6,045,900 poimds, valued at^$7fe7,0b0. Prior to the war acetone was made exclusively from acetate of lime, a product of thp hardwood distillation industry. During the war the large demand for the manufacture of the British explosive, cordite, led to the development of several new processes, one of which is by the fermentation of vari- ous substances — com, molasses, and kelp. ,, Plants 'employing these fermentation processes, except the fermentation of com, have closed 26 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. since the signing of the armistice. The plant at Terre, Haute,, Ind., built by the United States and, British. Governments to produce acetone by fermentation of, corn, was purchased by the Commercial Solvent? Corporation and reopened in March, 1920. The productive capacity by this process in the latter part of 1920 was about 300,000 pounds per month. ,; !; -ri Another process, developed solely by the Canadian Electro Prod- ucts Co., at Shawinigan Falls, Canada, produced' acetone from calcium carbide. This process was abandoned for acetone, but for the manufacture of acetic acid it is still used. A third ^method in process of development during the war produced acetone from a by- product of the Burton method of cracking petroleum oils. This process, still largely in experimental stages, has promising commer- cial features. The domestic production of ethyl methyl ketone in 1919 (prelimi- nary 'figures) was 1,156,000 pounds, valued at $167,700. Imforts of acetone have been sporadic and negligible when com- pared with domestic production. In 1918 the former wei'e 148,082 pounds. In 1914 the imports of acetone oil were 155,210 pounds, valued at $14,609, chiefly from Canada. Later statistics showing the importation of acetone follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Eqniva- lent ad valorem. 1918 Pounis. 3S1,366 ^6M 54 J66,460 - 41,442 303 8 $0.19 .17 .17 .15 $3,514 2,402 66 Per and. 5.29 1919 5.80 1920 21.78 1921 f 9 months') ■. ■■! jv >': Exports. — Statistics not available. Im/portmvt chamgim im, classvficaMon. — ^Acetone oil, obtained, in the purification of acetonej was declared dutiable under the eo nomine provision for acetone in paragraph 3. {McEnamy v. United Stages, 8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 329, of 1918.) Ethyl methyl ketone is the chief chemical compound contained in acetone oil and is obtained from acetone oil by fractional distillation. Like acetone oil, it is used fof solvent purposes. Because of its commercial importance it has been mentioned specifically. Closei chemical relation between acetone oil and ethyl methyl ketone and administrative difficulties in distinguish- ing them, render advisable a single rate of duty. (Eeclassification Report, pp. 11, 12.) ' PARAGRAPH 4. H. B. 7456. Pab. 4. Alcohol: Amyl, butyl, iso- propyl, and fusel oil, 6 cents per pound ; methyl or wood (or methanol), 15 cents per gallon ; and ethyl for nonbev- erage purposes only, 15 cents per proof gallon. SENATE AMENDMENTS. SUMMAKY OF TARIFF JNFCKMATION, 1921. 27 ACT OF 1909. Pab. 36. Fusel oil, or amylic alcohol, one-fourth of one cent per pound. Pak. 300. * * * spirits manufac- tured or distilled from grain or other materials, and not spedally provided for in tliis section, two. dollars and sixty cents per proof gallon. Pae. 480. * ♦ * articles manufac- tured, in whole or in ^art, not provided for in this section, * * * twenty per centum ad valorem. ACT or 1913. ^Pab. 33. Fusel oil, or amylic alcohol, i cent per pound. Pab. 237. * * * spirits manufac- tuired or distilled from grain or other materials, not specially provided for in thip section, $2,60 .per proof gallon. Pab. 393. Alcohol, methyl or wood [Free]. AMTIi AIX)OHOL AND FUSEL OIL. (See Survey A-9.) Description and uses.— Commevcial fusel oil consists chiefly of two different forms of amyl alcohol, and varying amounts of other alco- hols, traces of acids, and considerable water. There is a crude grade which is light amber to straw colored j having a persistent, disagreeable odor, and a refined grade which is nearly colorless and free from water, made by refdistilling crude fusel oil. The chief use of fusel oil is in the ihanufaettire of amyl acetate, largely used as a solvent in the nitrocellulose industry. Pure amyl alcohol is obtained by refining and purifying fusel Oil. It is converted into amyl esters, which are used as flavors and perfume materials, and as a solvent in the arts. Produffdon.— Fusel oil is obtained as a by-product of fermentation processes, chiefly from distilled liquors and industrial alcohol or cologne spirits. The output as a by -product of distilleries in 1918, about 830,000 ppunds, supplied but an iliconsiderable portion of the domestic rfeouirements for this oil. The production decreased to about 500,000 pbiirids in 1919 and 1920 (fiscal years). Imports from 1910 to 1914, inclusive, averaged about 5,300,000 pounds per year, 75 per cejjt coming from Eussia, the United King- dom, and' Germany in about equal proportions. Imports declined to about 1,600,000 pounds in 1917, accounted for in part by the cessation of those from Russia. In 1918, Canada, which furnished only a small quantity in the past, supplied over 50 per cent of the total. Later statistics follow: ■ . Calendar year. . Quantity. Value. Unit! value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. 1918 Pounds. 2,155,923 3,481,965 3,887,303 713,210 $609,974 m260 $0.28 4.24 .23 .22 $5,390 8,705 9,718 Per cmt. ft 88 1919 1.0« 1920.. 1.11 1921 (9 months) '. Exports. — Statistics not available. Important ehoirhges in classification. — Amyl rather than amylic is the term now generally used. 28 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOEMATIOB', 1921-. 'i BUTTL ALCOHOL. '' ''.^ ,; (See 'Survey A-9.) '' ' ' ' , Description OiVd uses.— Siutjl alGJ(?iljolj,,(C'4HioO)_ occurs iil four isomeric forms. Of these only normal butvl aloohol is of any great commercial importance. The principal Use of, 'butyl alcohol- is as a solvent ii^ the, manufacture of pyroxylin plastics, such as celluloiij. It is also used to prevent " fclushiiiig " and precipitation p| pyrpxylin in photographic films and pyroxylin varnishes and lacquers;-; It may also be employed for other solvent purposes^ sU'ch as in" the manu- facture of paint and varnish removers, imitation leather, and as solvent for gum resins, fats, oils, and waxes. Butyl alcohol is com- petitive with fusel oil or amy] alcobol, which has been largely im- ported, chiefly from Eussia (see Flisel oil, p. 27). ^mdy^tiqn. — Prior tp the, wa,r, butyl alcojiol, was of soie^tifip in- ipterest only and had no .commercial iiser, The large war demand for 9,cetone led to the development of a process of fermenting corn, which produced botli a,cetone .and;' butyl alcohol in the ratio of twp^parts butyl aJcohpL to one part ac.^piie.; A large plant w;.as erected at Terre Haute, Ind., by the United States and British' GoV|ernmeiit§, and following, the war it; was purchased by, the Commercials $plvents Corporation and reopened in March, 192p.. The ability of this process to operate in peace time was d'ue .^9 iw*. development of the use of butyl alcohol in pyroxylin plasti-cs.ij. The process is patented and controlled by the Commercial Spliv^nts, Corporation. , The output of butyl alcohol during the latter papt of i92p approximated 600,000 pounds per raonth. , , .,Impqrts:smc& 1919 are reported in combination with those for fus^l oil or amyl alcoJioL . In 1914, the only year for which figures are • available, imports of butyl alcohol were only 48^ 'pounds, valued at $287, all of which came from Grermany. Exporps.— Statistics i^pt, ayajilable., . . , iTTiportant, changes in classificaUon. — Butyl alcoI),ol is mentioned specifically jfor the first time because of its cpmmerpial impprtanqe. ISOI'EOPTL ALCOHOL. , Description and v^es. — Isopropyl alcohol occurs in fusel oil, the latter bemg a by-product of alcoholic fermentation. Isopropyl alco- hol is made frpm propylene by absorption hi sulphuric acid and subsequent hydrolysis with water. This method is of recent devel- opment and is now operated on a semicommercial scale. It is a cplorless liquid used as a solvent and in the preparation of organic compounds. Jts properties resemble those of ethyl alcohol, but it IS nonpotable, and its use for denaturing alcohol has recently been legalized, for which purpose it is extremely valuable, owing to its lack of odor and possibility of industrial use where wood alcohol and pyridine can not be employed as denaturants. "■'■•• . ' Production figures are not available, but it is known that at least two firms are making it. , : • Imports and exports. — Statistics not available. Importajnt changes in classification. — First specific mention of isopropyl alcohol. StJMMAET QP TAKIFF INFOEMATlOSTi 1921: 29 ■ Sfiggested chrniges. — There are two forms of propyl alcohol, one discussed above — isopropyl alcohol — and the other normal propyl alcohol. '■ The' latter is separated from fusel oil by distillation and is used as a solvent and for , the preparation of esters and dther organic compounds. It is suggested that the term " propyl alcohol " be substituted- for " isopropyl alcohol," as it includes'-btJth forms. ■ "■ ■ ' ■.■;■'.:' -.. FUSEL OIL.' '■ ••■V ' ; ' (See Amyl alcohol, p. 27.) '''■''■■■ ;■;> ' HIETHTL OE VOOD ^JjCDHOL (MBTHANOl,). ' ; ,; ,. . , , ,„(^ee Survey' A-2.y Description and wses.— Methyl or Wood alcohol, or methanol, is one of the priiriary products of the hardwopd-distillatioh industry. The commercial grades vary from '82 per cent to plure methyl alcohol, acetone being the chief impurity. The largest uses of wood alcohol a,re in the manufacture of formaldehyde and of diinethylaniline, an important intermediate for coaj-tar dyes, both uses requiring, pure methanol. Next in importance is its use as a solvent' in manufac- turing pyroxylin plastics. It has maiiy other uses as a solvent and is used for denaturing grain alcohol. Production. — The distillation of wdod produces a raw liquor con- taining acetic acid and alcohol; the acid is neutralized with lime and the alcohol distilled from the solution, and then purified by redistilla- tion. The output of crude wood alcohol in 1909 and 1914 Was slightly in excess of 9,000,000 gallons with a marketed output in 1914 of t,l§7,000 gallons valued ^t. $1,605,900. The marketed production of refined wood alcohol in '1914 was 6,235,113- gallons, valued at $2,709,369. Production increased during' the war because, of the de- mands by the dye indiistry and a larger production of formaldehyde. Preliminary 'figures for 1919 indicate a marketed output practically equal to that of 1914^ the value in 1919 however was^bout Z\ times that in 1914. Michigan, Pennsylvania, and New York have been the principal producers of ■wodd-distillation products. During the wai". large plants were erected in the Southern Appa,lachian Mountains. Imports in 1914 and since the war have been; less than 1 jper cent of domestic production. Exports of wood alcohol in 1909 were 11.8 per cent of domestic production and 16.6 per cent in 1914. Prior to the war, exports were about 1,500,000 gallons, chiefly to Germany, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands. Between 1914 and 1918 they decreased some- what, due to the blockade of Germany. Later statistics for calendar years follow : 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (gallons) .; ,., .... .:.... ■■■^^^ ,. 718,427 ,t7ao,l67 ,703,064. ti; 244, 197 ■ . I'lr ' ', .-,, 308,287 8368,670. .,( , ' ' ' ■ " 30 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INiPOEMATIOJir, 1»21. In postwar years exports were chiefly to England, Switzerland, Japan, and the Netherlands, , . ImfoHoM ehamges inislassiiimdion.-^M^&t.-sl or wood alcohdl is now exempt from duty under paragraph 393, act of 1913., ETHYL ALCOHOL FOR NONBEVERAGE PURPOSES. : Description and uses. — Industrial alcohol includes the various grades of ethyl alcohol, both pure and denatured, used in the arts and industries. The commercial grades of ethyl alcohol include: " Absolute alcohol," which is free from watery " cologne spirit," a high-purity ethyl alcohol; "grain alcohol," which contains about 95 per cent alcohol by volume. Completely denatured and specially denatured alcohol is ethyl alcohol which has been rendered unfit for beverage purposes under formnlse allowed by the Commissioner of Internal Eevenue. Both of these varieties when of domestic origin are exempt' from internal revenue taxes, but the " specially cj^i^a- tured" can be used only under heavy bond. Pure alcohol for non- beverage purposes (not denatured) is subject to an internal revenue tax of $2,20 per proof gallop (a proof gallon contains ,50 per cent alcohdl by volume). , V The largest use of industrial alcohol is as a solvent, as, in lacquers, shellac, essences, tinctures, etc., while other important applications are in "solid alcohol " for dofliesti? purposes, i)harmaceutical prepa- rations, the manufacture of certain dyes, chemicals, apd, other prod- ucts. It has limited use as a fuel in internal combustion en^nes,, and for illuminating. , Production. — Alcohol is prepared by fermentation from materials containing sugar or starch. In the case of starchy materials the starch is first converted to sugars by malt or acid before fermenta- tion. The alcohol is separated after fermentation and concentrated by distillation. The chief raw materials are molassjes and corn (usually frozen or injured). In Europe potatoes^, rice, corn, and molasses are used. The United States produces more industrial alcohol than any other country. This development was primarily due to the law allowing tax-free denatured alcohol for industrial purposes. Wax needs were the chief factor in the recent expansion of the industry to its present size. Hie following table shows production since 1917 : Calendar year. Total ethyl ■ alcidial for purposes oii- cluding de- Jiaturing). Completely denatuiea. Specially denatured. < 1918 , Wine gallcm. 75,181,931.0 49,077,946.0 49,283,326.0 Wine gaUmt. 10,828,464.6 9,976,720.6 13,528,403.0 Wint gallma. 38,834,661.4 28 294 219.0 1919 1920 15,307,947.1 Imports. — The tariff on industrial alcohol has practically pro- hibited imports. A maximum of 44,654 proof gallons was imported in 1913, and since 1916 the imports have varied from, nothing to 312 proof gallons. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 31 Exports of " alcohol " increased froni 25,440 proof gallons in 1912 to a maximum of 51,941,634 proof gallons in 1917, or 25 per cent of the total output. This was due to the war needs for smokeless gun- powder. The exports since 1917 are shown in the following table : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. 1918, 1919 1920 Proof gallons. 8,557,165 20,311,166 25,213,539 $4,704,743 8,966,819 10,860,328 Im/portwni changes in classification. — Ethyl alcohol has been men- tioned specifically ; it is dutiable under paragraph 237 of the act of 1913 at $2.60 per proof gallon. ,, i PARAGRAPH 5. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pab. 5. All chemical elementa and all cbemioal and medicinal compounds, preparations, mixtures and salts, and combinations thereof, all,|;he foregoing, obtained naturally or artificially and not Specially provided for, 25 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Pab. S. Alkalies, alkaloids, * • * and all combinations of the foregoing, and all chemical compounds, mixtures and salts, * * * not specially pro- vided for in this section, twenty-five per centum ad valorem ; * * *. Pab. 28. Iodoform, seventy-five cents per pound. Pab. 62. * * * iodate of potash, - twenty-five cents per pound. Pab. 65. * * * all other medicinal preparations not specially provided for in this section, twenty-five per centum ad valorem : * * *. Pab. 70. * * * alkalies containing fifty per centum or more of bicar- bonate of soda, five-eighths of one cent per pound. Pab. 76. * * * alkaline silicate, three-eighths of one cent per pound. Pae. 248. * * * sugar of milk, five cents per pound. Pab. 639. Oils: * * » ichthyol, * * * [Free]. , ACT OF 1913. Pab. 5. Alkalies, alkaloids, and all chemical and medicinal compounds, preparations, mixtures and salts, and combinations thereof not specially pro- vided for in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem. Pab. 17. Chemical and medicinal compounds, combinations and all simi- • lar -articles dutiable under this section, except soap, whether specially pro- vided for or not, put up in individual packages of two and one-half pounds or less gross weight (except samples without commercial value) shall be dutiable at a rate not less than 20 per centum ad valorem : * * *. Pae. 38. Iodoform, * * * 15 cents per pound. ' Pab. 67. * * * alkalies containing 50 ver centum or more of bicarbonate of soda; » * * J cent per pound; * * •_ Par. 449. Chromium, hydroxide of, crude [Free]. Pab. . 547. * * * sugar of milk [Free]. PAB. 561. Oils : * * « ichthyol, * * * [Free]. Imports reached a maximum of $4,804,036 in ,1913 and yielded. a revenue of $1,201,009. During the war the imports decreased to a 32 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATIOK, 1921. minimum o|. $637,261 in 1916 and increased to- $1,235,112 in 1918, yielding a revenue of $185,267. This .l&rge decrease during the war may be accounted for by the shutting off of impiorts from' Giermany, a country especially successful in producing the rarer chemicals. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 Pounds. $1,130,733 1,088,415 1,828,992 934,926 tl69,610 163,363 274,349 Per cent. 15 1919 4,673,131 10,71Q,840 8,46g,520 JO. 23 .17 ', .11 1920 lS?l.(9monUis) Exports. — Statistics not available. •'"■'>' Important changes in ela8si^cation,irr-The words "alkalies" and " alkaloids " have been omitted. Alkalies and alkaloids that are not specifically provided for. are covered by the provision for chemical and medicinal compounds and preparations in paragraph 5. A spe- cific provision for chemical elements was inserted in this paragraph in order to include such chemical; sujl^stancf!?, as, chlorine, oxygen, argon, and similar chemical elements which do not come within the provision for chemical compounds. The words " all the foregoing obtained naturally or artificially," were added so as to make provision .for all chemical elements, chemi- cal compounds and salts, and medicinal preparations and mixtures thereof, whether derived from natural sources or . manufactured. (Keclassification Eeport, p. 13.) ' ''- Suggested changes.-^" (Jhemical"- should modify 'f compounds" and "salts ", and " medicinal "should modify " preparations." Para- graph 5 might accordingly be changed to read as follows : AU chemical elements, all chemical salts and eomp6u .. > J^.roduation.-^In the United St-ates thesei substances are produced ori a large scale from bauxite. Most of ^that consumed is of domestic manufacture. As many municipal and industrial waterworks pro- duce sulphate for their own consumption a large part of the output does not enter the market. The production of aluminum sulphate and alums in the United States has been as follows : Year. Alums. Aluminum sulphate; Quantity. Value. , Quantity. Value.' 1915 Short torts. 24,915 27,257 ■» 17,019 16,824 S699,256 1,177,881 ,. .J,017,0?3| '' 1,051,449' 879,198 999,259 Short lorn. 169, 153 153,860 ,,,,), ,178,738, 209,079 200„034, 234,003' t3,m,m 4,410,741 , ,.6,746,427 * 6,473r,086 .,, 6,763,06^ ■8,228,71.' 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 S'tfMMARY '6t TARIFF IKrORMATION, 1921, 35 Imports have not been la'r^e and there has been a decrease since 1915.;= In 1914, 152,808 pounds of lump alum Avere imported, 92 per cent of which came from England. Imports of sulphate of alumina have averaged less than 1 per cent of the domestic production. ■ Imports of alums, aluminum sulphate, and other manufactured compounds of aluminum since 1917 hfj-ye been as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value.. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 Pounds. 165,996 686,579 2,678,84(f, 1,280,329- $14,751 21,877 68,035 - " 33,286 ,f 0. 03 .03., .02- .03 $2,213 . 3,.282 ■ 10,205 Per cent. 15 19M L 15 1920j ' ' '-15 1^21 (9 months) 15 Earporis. — None recorded- Important changes in classification. — The two. important true alums — potassium aluminum sulphate or potash, alum, and ammo- nium aluminum sulphate or ammonia alum— have been mentioned specifically because of their commercial importance and because they sell for nearly twice as muc^ as .aluminum sulphate (with which they are classified in previoiis acts) "even when the latter was free. The term " aluminum sulphate " has been substituted for " sulphate of alumina," and "patent aliim" (paragraph 6, act of 1913), now obsolete, has been omitted. The woTd " alum " has also been omitted because the principal true alums have been mentioned specifically. The act of 1913 (par. 6) inade r\(), distinction between the various grades of aluminum sulphate; tl^p act of 1909 divided them into t^vO classes according tp their content of iron oxide and alumina. A classification , similar to^ that of 1909 was adopted in H. R. 7456, except that the limiting iron oxide content was reduced from three-tenths of 1 per cent to one-tenth of 1 per cent to accord with commercial grades. Theipkraseolpgy "oxide of iron" was changed to "ferric oxide " to give a, more precise chemical meaning.' (Ee- classification E-eport, p. 14. ) OTHER ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS. DescHption and Mses^.— Other aluminum compounds of commercial importance are the acetate, loaown as " red liquor," used, as a niordant in calico dyeing and printing and injWaterproofing aud fireproofing fabrics; and aluminum chloride, used, for refining mineral oils, for carbonizing wool, and dn, the manufacture, of certa,i;a organic com- pounds. •' ' ! , Production.— In 1914 three plants were reported to be manufac- tmring aluiniaiiim chloride with a,to|t,al output for the year of 4,702 short tons, valued at $311,900, in 1919 an output of. 4,806 short toris valued at $371,850, and in 1920, 3,571 tons valued at $2^7,55.0. ' , ' '/mjoor^fs 'included uhde^r alums, etc., sw;?rai,' Exports. — None, -recorded. , ii i , Suggested changes.-^lt i§, jsuggested that the phrase "all other alumintim compounds" , in paragraph ,6. jbei changed to "alt other aluminum salts and compounds," since the tariff acts have long dis- tinguished "salts" and "compounds." 36 . SUMMARY or TAEirr INFORMATION, 1921. PARAGRAPH 7. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pab. 7. Ammonium carbonate, li cents per pound ; ammonium chloride, li cents per pound ; ammonium nitrate, ammonium perchlorate, and ammonium phosphate, 25 per centum ad valorem ; ammonium sulphate, three-fifths of 1 cent per pound ; liquid anhydrous am- monia, 2i cents per pound. ACT OF 1909. ACT OP 1913. Pae. 5. Ammonia, carbonate of, one Pab. 7. Ammonia, carbonate of, and and one-half cents per pound ; muriate muriate of, i of 1 cent per pound ; of, or sal ammoniac, three-fourths of phosphate of, 1 cent per pound; liquid one cent per pound ; liquid anhydrous, anhydrous, 2J cents per pound ; * * *. live cents per pound. Pae. 395. Ammonia, sulphate of, per- ,Pae. 3. * * * chemical * * * chlorate of, a:nd nitrate of [Free], salts, * * * twenty-five per centum ad valorem ; * * *. Pab. 490. Ammonia, sulphate of [Free]. AMMONITTM COMPOUNDS. (See Survey A-3.) Genpbal. The largest use of ammonia in normal times is in the form of am- mionium sulphate for fertilizer purposes. Liquid anhydrous ammonia is extensively used for refrigeration, ammonium nitrate and ammo- nivun picrate as explosives, aqiia, ammonia for household cleaning, and other ammonium compounds chiefly for chemical purposes. During the war ammonia was used in large amounts in Germany for the manufacture, pf nitric acid, which, in turn, was used' for mak- ing explosj-ves. A bciginning was made in the development of this in- dustry in the United States during the war, but only a small fraction of the nitric acid consumed in the United States was made in this way. Commercial supplies of ammonia came from three sources: (a) From coal as a by-product in the manufacture of coke and coal gas ; (i) from calcium cyanamide (made by heating calcium carbide in an electri^ furnace in the ipl*eseiice of atmospheric nitrogen) , which is converted into ammonia under the action of steam ; (245. Equiva.- lent ad valorem Per cent. 8.35 6.14 1,, '7.20 ■ ny.i: Imports in postwar ' years have been!' chiefly from, England and Germany. • ,,,=,;,■ Exports. — Statistics tare not available. : AMMONIUM NtTBATE. DescHptioii and wses.-^Ammonium nitrate is a white crystalline salt. When heated it; decomposes into water and .nitrous oxide •(" laughing gas ") , widely used as an anaesthetic during the war. Its largest application is in explosive mixtures, 90 per cent of which .may ibe ammoniiiim nitrate. -, ,,^ , Production greatly increased during the war: tp; supply the demand for explosives. Imports in 1915 were 3,666,880 pounds, valued at $193,907. Later statistics follow : . , Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit " value. 1918 Pounds. ■ 77, 101 509,208 38,476,593 30,724.090 1' -'.(5Hf $4,813 34,630 2, 141, 580 1,987,^90 $ft06" <07 .07 .06 1919. 1920 1921 (9 months) , . ■" £'aj^07'#s.-^StatistiGS not available, ,: ;■ ', ,i, ,!,.,, Important changes in classification. — Ammonium nitrate is exempt from duty under paragraph 395i of the act of 1913. AMMONIUM I'EBCHLOKATE. P ses.— Ammonium perchlorate has been used technically aS' 'an oxidizing agent and in the manufacture of explosive mixtures. ' Imports m 1914 and 1915 were about ,70,000 pounds, valued at about $G,300. Later statistics follow: ' SXJMMAByi ,OJF TAKUT: INFOKMATKJN, 1921. .'59 --.'Exports.- — Statistics not available. Important chmiges in clmdfication.^-Amjnomuia perchlorate is exempt from idMy under* paragraph 395 tof the act of 1913. i ; , . .. ^A^^MOMJUM PH08PHAXK. . ■ ■ ' ■ ! ■• ■ - i M ),- ' : I ' ' ' , . M , . , i,.Desciiptio)i and uses, -rfl-hevesi,ve ,two importai^t ammoniuni phos- phates, the monammonium phospi;i,ate and the c|iammoiiium phos- phate. These are o^, little cooimerci^l importance compared with the other am](nonium compounds, put are used in ihe manufacture; of fireproof cloth and paper and for inedicinal purposes. The so- dium salt of acid ammonium phosphate has important analytical uses. There is a fertilizer known as Ammo-Phos sold in two grades ; one 'grade, contains 13 per cent ammonia and 47 per cent " available phosphoric acid," the other contains 20 per cent ammonia and 20 per cent " available, phosphoric acid." This article is undoubtedly crude ammcinium phosphates. Production ini this country is from calcium acid phosphate and ammonia, liiut the 'output is not known. " = Imports decreased from a maximum of 68,039 povmds in 1911 to abomt ,7,000 pounclsjin ,1913,, increasing^harply to 20,5,742 pounds in 1914. Later statistjcSifollow: ,,, , .,. .1 Calendar year. Quantity., Fou-nds. 1920 1 12, 917 1921,j9moifth,s)...,..,..,j...,....,,.,..,...^i^,f.l,^7^,, i+- -■<+- Value. $1,509 , 418 Unit value; to. 12 ' .21 Duty, 1129 Equiva- lent ad I valorem". Per cent. S.56 1 No imports in calendar years 1918 arid 1919. Exports. — Statistics not available. AMMONlTJir'SUEPHATE. '' ■ ' •'■ Description emd uses. — Amilmonium sulphate or ammonia gasicom- bined with sulphuric acid forms ihsi larger part of the world's trade in ammonia. Commercial transactions a^e abased on a standard con- tent of 25 per cent of ammonia (NH3)i.J'jThe largest use in normal times is in the manufacture of fertilizers. Such application was greatly curtailed during the war on account of the lieed to convert ammonia into ammonium nitrate: for explosive purposes. It is also used in the preparation of other ammonium salts. Production of ammonia (expressed las sulphate of ammonia) in- creased from 191,000 shorj, tons in 1913 -toj.3|8,000 tons in 1918. Pre- liminary figures for 192!0 indicate an output approaching 500,000 tons.': About 90 per ceiit of the output in this cOunti'y is obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of coke. In England the principal source is from illuminating gas works using the coqU-gas process. Other countries obtained supplies from both sources in. fairly equal, quantities. Germany, since 1910, has been the largest producer; from 1910 to 1913 her exports were from 40,000 tb 70,000 tons vk' ex- 40 SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFORMATION', 1921, cess of imports. England, prior to the war, ranked' second, and ex- ported about three- fourths' of heroutput, thus leading as an exporter. ' The United States, prioi" to the war, ranked third in production, with France fourth, but the increase in the United States during and since the war gives this country an output nearly equal to that ob- tained in Germany from by-product sources. Germany, howeyer, ■ has developed large synthetic ammonia plants with a capacity pi s about double the by-product output. '' Imports reached a maximum of 103,251' short tons in 1911, them decreased steadily to 3,983 tons in the fiscal year of 1918. Later sta- tistics follow : Calendar year. Quantity^ ■ : Value. Unit valiie. 1918 1919 \ma. ..:■........ 1921 (9 months) 2,993 2,354 1,993 3,089 $429,881 313,87% 247,495 ,180,98^ tl42.29 133.34 124.18 58.58 •' Exports are not shown prior to 1920, in which year (calendar) they were 66,714 short tons, valued at $7,433,350, and for nine months of 1921, 67,422 tons, valued at $4,119,858. They have been chiefly to Dutch East Indies, Cuba, and Spain. The 1920 export was about 13 per cent of the domestic output. i. LIQUID ANHYDEOUS, AMMONIA. Description and uses.- — The term ammonia refers to a colorless ga^ composed of one part of nitrogen and three parts of hydrogen by voltime. It ifi a weak alkali and has a strong, pungent, penetrating odor. Under pressure it become^ a liquid, which is then stored ana shipped in steel cylinders, commonly containing about 100 pounds of ammonia. Liquid ammonia expands and vaporizes when the pressure is removed, and absorbs a large amount of heat, which gives anhydrous ammonia its wide use for refrigeration and ice making. ' Production in 1914 was 16,659,769 pounds, valued at $3,140,848j and increased greatly, to 54,700,000 pounds, valued at $10,861,600, in 1919 (preliminary figures). ,_ , Imports are negligible^ the largest being 26,506 pounds, valued at $10,404 in 1920 (calendal- year).. Exports. — Statistics not availabk.- . PARAGRAPH 8. H. R. 7456. Par. 8. Antimony : Qxifle, 2 cents per gound ; tartar-emetic or potassium-an- monj' tartrate, 5 cents per pound; Sulphides (and other antimony com- pounds, not specially provided for, 2.'i per centum ad valorem. SENATE AMENDMEUTS. SUMMABY on? TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 41 ACT OF 1909. Pab. 173. * * * antimony, oxide of,, one and one-half cents per pound and, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. Pi^is. 3. * * * chemical compounds,' * * * and salts, * * * twenty- five per centum, ad valorem ; * * *. ACT OF 1913. Par. 144. * * * antimony oxide, ,^alts, and compounds of, 25 per centum ad valorem.'' S'a'8. 5. * * * chemical * * * compounds, * ' * * 15 per centum ad. valorem. [G. A. T899, T. D. 36364 of ;1916 ; United States v. IntUs, 7 Ct. Oust. Appls. 3, of 1916.] ANTiMONT COMPOUNDS. (See Survey C-17.) Descxiption and; i*se/.— Antimony oxide is composed 6f metallic antimony and oxygen. The most important commercial oxide is antimony trioxide. Because of the scarcity and high price of tin oxide during the war antimoiiy tetraoxide was used as, a substitute pigment in the tnanufacture of ceramic enaipels. It is not so satis- factory as tin.ox;ide for pure white enamels, as it tends to produce a yellow, or cream color. Antimony trioxide serves ixi the 'manu- facture of tartar emetic aiid as a coloring agent in glass manufac- ture. Potassium antimony tartrate (tartar emetic) is used as a mordant in dyeing vegetable fibers and is the only official antimony compoupd in the United States phai'ttiacopooia. Antimony sulphide, a chemical combination of antimony and ^ulphu^J occurs naturally as the miiieral stibnite, which, is the inpst important source of anti- mony. Natural sulphide obtained by. the liquation of the mineral is not suitable for pigment purpose's, and therefore artificial antirnony sulphide is usually prepared. It is used chiefly as a pigment in the manufacture oi red-rubl^er goods ancj, to a lesser extent in the manu- faqt'ure of matches, percuss :onjjCaps,,'and in pyrotechnics^ As it pro- duces a!dense white smoke, it was utilized during the war in "range- finding " shells. •,, , , ' ■ Production. — ^Antiinony compounds are manufactured from me- tallic antimony obtained from.,the ore (free under par. 1509), which is imported chiefly from China. Antimony oxide is prepared by burning metallic antimony in air or'.6kidizing it by means of nitric acid j antiniony trisulphide by precipitating a solution of anti- monjr chloride with hydrfetgen sulphide; antimony' penta sulphide from the trisulphide by boiling with-an alkali in sulphur; ajjd tartar emetic by treating antimony trioxide with cream of tartar (potas- sium acid tartrate).. The output of antimdny salts in 1919 (prelimi-i nary figures) was 4,045,600 pounds, valued at $1,190,000,.' , Imports in 1914 were: Antimony oxide,; 386,558 .pounds, valued at $20,476; antimony sulphide, 321,379 pounds, valued -at $54,191; and tartar emetic, 65,744 pounds, valued at $6,336. Imports of "anti- mony oxide, salts, and compounds of," decreased steadily to about 37,000 pounds in 1918. Later statistics follow : Calendar y'ear.- ' 1918. 1919. 1920 1921 (9 months).. Quantity. Pounds. ■ 36,910 252, 785 '595,47< '301,1901 Vafcle. 111,904 9,501 25, 200 14, 134 Unit value. to. 32 .04 .64 .05 Buty. ; : 12, 976 2,375 6,315 Ad valorem rate. Per cent. 25 25 25 26 ' Salts and compounds of antimony oxide are not articles of commerce. 42 S'lrMMABY' OF TARIFF' INFOBMATION, 1921. Exports. — Statistics not available. ' - '- "'"-'■' ImporUint changes in classification. — Tartar emetic, chemically potassium- antimony tartrate, is an important compouiid used chiefly for its antimony content as a mordant in dyeing fibers. The Tariff Commission suggested that, it be mentioned specifically, and. also that the provision for antimony compounds in paragraph 144 of the act of 1913 be transferred from' Schedule C to Schedule 1 and assigned a separate paragraph. The provision for " antimony oxide, salts, and compounds of " the Court of Customs Appealsrhas heldj<(t^«i^e^ States v. Innis, 7 Ct. Cust. Appls.j 3, of l£tl6), is npt to be rp^d fis if there were a " comma " after the , word " antimony " apd .a,n,timopy sulphide was 'declared ijbt classable £|,s. a salt or compound of antimpny oxide guilder this paragraph, 'biif' dutiable as a chemical compound or' sfilt under pai-a-" graph 5. The legislative history sho-ivs that when the tariff hill of 1913 was passed by thes Hoiise of ,' Representatives there was u comma after t}ie word "antimony" and ri()iie after the word," ok^ ide"; that the, cftmina, after ^he'wb'rtV "(antimony" was stricken out in the Senate; "and ;tihat a (joinina was iiiserted by the cbilference coiii- mittee .after the word "oxide;" thereby making the law read "anti- mony oxide, salts, and compounds of.''' (Gc. A. 7688, T. D. 35142, of 1915.) Antimony oxide has also been held' hot within this para- graph. (G. A. 7899, T. D. 36364, bf"1916;) '' To remedy this situa- tion it was suggested that antimony oxide and antimony sulphide be mentioned specifically with all other antimony compounds and b^ included in this .paragraph by a gejieral provision. (See Reclassi- fication Keport, pp. Ipl^lt.) ''' Suggested changes. — It is suggested that tlie phrase " antimony compoundp^be,clianged to read "aiitimony salts and compounds," as salts and cbmpbunds have long been distih'guiyhed\in tariff a,ktL The hyphen betweep^ " tartar " and "emetic " should be omitted. , , ' ' ' • • ■■!:!')! PARAGRAPH 9. i, ^ H, R. 7456. SEBT ATE AMENDMENTS. Pab, 9. ■ Algols, tartar, and wine lees, crude or partly refined, containing not i more than 90 per centum of potassium bitartrate, 5 per centum ad valoreiii; containing more than 90 per centum of ' potassium bitartrate, cream of tartar, Rochelle salts or potassium-sodium. • tartrate, 5 cents per pound ; , calcium tartrate, cru^e, 5 per centum ad va- i lOrem; ''."'' ■ ■ ■>'■•■'... ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pab. 6. Argols or crude tartar or • Pab. 8. Argols or crude tartar or wine lees crude, five per centum ad wine lees crude or partly refined, con- valorem ; tartars, and lees crystals, or taining not more than 90 per centum partly refined argols, containing not of potassium bitartrate, 5 per centum inore than ninety per centum of bi- ad valorem; containing. more than 90 tartrate of potash, and , tartrate of per centum of potassium bitartrate, soda or potassa, or Rochelle salts, cream of tartar, and Rdehelle salts oi^- SiUMMABY 01" (TiAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 43 tUree i cents ,, per po-ulid ; 1 coatainiiig< jt^^ta-ateiof .sodaand, Rotassa, 2|,qen,its more than ninety per centtm of bi- per pound; calcium tartrate crjide, S tartrate of potash, four cents per per centum ad valorem, pound; cream of tartar and patent tartar, fiv^ cents, per poynd. ,,,,, , Pab. 3. * * * chemical compounds, * * * and salts, * * * twenty- five per centum ad valorem; ,1*1 * ;*.j 1;A,BTRAT15 MATERIAL?, CRUDE AND EEFINED. ;' (See Survey 'jt-l ; also ta^arie acid, p. 16.) DesGription .and wses.— iVrgols or crude, tarta^r is.a crystalline de- posit which forms on the sides oi wine casks during fermentation and contain about 50 to 85 per cent of acid potassium tartrate and 6 to 12 per cent of calcium tartrate. Wine lees area similar deposit on the bottom' of the casks and 'contain from 20 to 35 per cent of potassium acid tartrate and up to 20 per cent of calcium tartrate. Argols aind wine ' lees ■ (t%ether with crude calcium tartrate referred tci below) ate the' raw materials from which tartaric acid and all salts of tartaric acid j'inbludihg''erieaiit of tartar ,i Rochelle salts, and tartar emetic, are prepared. Cream pi taj-t^r is , refined potassium bitartrate. The better grades contain raore than iJ9.5 per cent of potassium bitartrate and less than five parts- per million of lead or other heavy metals. It is used prin- cipally ,a§ an ingredient in on^ variety of baking powder; in the dyeing and printing of textiles; iii medicines. and in food products, especially jellies, preserves, and beverages; in photographic develop- ing and printing; in the deposition of silver on glass for mirrors aud.pynam,^ts; and as a laboratory. reageiit, . ;, .„ , ; " Rochelle gaits, or potassium-sodium tartrate is .made ,f rbin creaih' of tartar' and. sodft ash, and i,^ used in inedicihe, photography, artd' W. chernical laboratori'es.r . ' ; , ., '■••-■'■'■ Crude calcium tartrate is also a^. by-product of tlie' wine industry and a raw material f bf the inaniif actllre of tartaric acid. ' Production. — Small quantities have been produced in the past by the wine industry and relatively insignificant amounts are now dht'ained from unfermented grape juice. Domestic production has probably never exceeded 1 per cent of the world's supply, and prob- ably will ba still further reduced ias a result of the constitutional aniendment pwhibiting the manufacture and sale of intoxicating beverages. Although no']?eliable statistics of production are avail- able, Italy and France are undoubtedly the chief sources o-f the raw materials of the tartar industry and together: produce more than three-fifths of the world's . supply. . Spain, Portugal,, and Frpnch Africa are' also important producers. Austria-Hungary iand Ger- many are minor sources of supply. In recent years Argentina has produced argols. l7nports,^,oi argols.and wine lees, containing not mor|e than 90 per cent of potassium bitartrate for the fiscal years 1910-1918, inclusive, have averaged 28,670j615 pounds, valued at $3,416,326, and yielded an average reveniie of $170,815 ; while those containing more than 44 SUMMARY or TARIFF INFORMATION^ 1921. 90 per cent of potassium bibai'trate were negligible. Later statistidij follow: ' Calendar year. Quantity. Value. 'uait value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. CONTAINING NOT MORE THAN 90 PER CENT POTASSIUM BITARTEATE. I '^ 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months).. Poundi)^ 28,041,454 25,758,868 35,347,074 11, 388, 890 $4,777,789 4, 296, 837 4,414,470 898,864 10.17 .17 .12 .08 (238, 889 214,842 220,724 Per cent. 5 5 5 , 5 CONTAINING MORE THAN 90 PER CENT POTASSIUM BITARTKA'TE.' '' !. 1918... I.; 39,236 50, 462 105,381 33,458 $4,478 14,773 37, 958 5,595 $0.11 .29 .38 .17 < $981 1,262 2,635 ; 21.90 1919 8.54 1920 .. . 6.94 Imports of crude calcium tartrate for 1914-1918 (fispal years), inclusive, have average, 693,150 pounds, valued, at $75,435, .and have yielded an ayerage revenue of $3,771. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad rate. 1918. : Pounds. 78,383 $14,584 $0. 19 $729 .P(rcent. 6 1919 '. . .... 1920 , 267,270 - 168,189 28,048 8,509 .10 .05 1,402 5 1921 (9 months) i .'. " '5 Imports of, cream of tartar during 1913 ^ere 66,718 pouilds. Valued at $11,798, and yielded ^ reVenue of $3,335. From ' October 4, '1913, to June 30, 19l4, they Were 812,421 pounds, valued at $l56,886,'ind yielded a revenue of $20,310. Imports since 1914 have declined to 68,586 pounds in 1918, valued at $16,067. Later statistics follow : Calendal- year, i . - Quantity. . Value. Unit value. : Vatr... .'ilquiva- : lent ad ; valorem. 1918 ..'}.j :! Pounds. -';l3i397- , ,,.23,652 '218,887'' .,830,956 . 1 !l ■■ . $3;366 . , ,a0,879 . , "83,903 , .! .?07,£«2 $0.25 .46 .38 .23 > $340 591 ' 5,472 per cent. 1919 1920 :;.; .-....; ,5,44 '■ '^6 52 1921, (9 months). ...ij.. ...; Iriiports of Rochelle salts have been variable, reachitlgta maximum in 1915 of 253j609 pounds, valued at $19,244, yielding a revenue of $6,340. In 1916 imports declined to 187 pounds. Later statistic^ follow: ' .! 'i|(;]i! Calendar year. Quantity. ' Value'. Unit value. Duty. EqUiva^ 'lent ad valorem. 1918 Poinds.- ,; 15,4S0 29,142 117,377 279,205 $4,948 9,537 29,013 47,097 $0.32 .33 .25 .17 $38Y' 729 2,934 Per cent. 7 $2 1919 7 64 1920 10.11 1921 (9 months) SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 45 Exports. — Statistics not available. ' . Important changes in elassification. — Eochelle salts are chemically potassium sodium tartrate. " Potagsa," used in the act of. 1913 is obsolete both for commercial and Scientific use. (Reclassification Eeportip. 17.) Suggested chcmg es.-^-'P&ge, 4, line 16, of Hi. E. 7456: Insert the words " 5 cents per pound " followed by a semicolon before the words " cream of tartar " and after the comma following " bitar- trate." PARAGRAPH 10. H. E. 7456. Pae. 10. Balsams :Copalba, fir or Canada, Peru, tolu, styrax, and all other balsainSj all the foregoing which are natural and ilncompounded, 10 per centum ad valorem : Provided, That no article containing alcohol shall be classified for duty under this para- graph. <(' ACT or 1909. Pae. 20. Drugs, such as * * * balsams, * * * which are natural and uncompounded . drugs and not edible, and not specially provided for in this section, but which are ad- vanced in value or condition by any, process or treatment whatever beyond that essential to the proper packing of the drugs and the prevention of de- cay or deterioration pending manu- facture, one-fourth of one cent per pound, and in addition >therpto ten per centum ad valorem : Provided, That no article containing alcohol, or in the preparation of which alcohol is used, shall be classified for duty under this paragraph. Par. 684. Storax, or styrax [Free]. Pab. 559. Drugs, such as * * * balsams, * * *' any of the foregoing ' which are natural and uncomflounded drugs and not edible and not specially provided for ijQ, this section, and are in a crude state, not advanced in value or condition by any process or 'treat- merit whatever beyond that essential to the proper packing of the drugs and the prevention of decay or de- terioration pending manufacture : Pro- vided, That ho article containing alco- hol, or in the preparation ' of which alcohol is used, shall be admitted free of duty under tfiis. paragraph [Free]. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Pak. 9. Balsams : Copaiba, fir or Canada, Peru, tolu, and all other bal- sams, which are natural and uncom- pounded and not suitable for the manufacture of perfumery and cos- metics, if in a crude state, not ad- vanced in value or condition by any process or treatment whatever beyond that essential to the proper packing' of the balsams and the prevention of de- cay or deterioration pending manu- facture, all the foregoing not specially provided for in this section, 10 per centum ad valorem ; if advaiiced in value or condition by any process> or treatment whatever beyond tliat es- sential to the proper packing of the balsams and the prevention of decay or deterioration pending manufacture, all the foregoing not specially provided for in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That no article containing alcohol shall be classified for duty under this paragraph. BALSAMS. (See Survey A-3.) GeTieral.— The term " balsam " as used in commerce has no exact chemical significance, although chemical authorities have endeavored to limit it to resins and oleoresins containing free or combined cin- 46 StIMMAEY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. namic or benzoic acids. Eesins and oJeoresinSj including those c6m- niercially and technically classed as balsams, are exudations of plants, sometimes occurring naturally in cavities* in the plant, or ©Mained by wounding the plant. The balsams: are used for medicinal pur- poses, in perfumer^' and cosmetics, and occasionally for. technical piijrposee,! such as the'manufacture of varnishes. 7 ■! COPAIBA UAI.SAM. Description and uses. — Copaiba- balsam is a liquid oleoresin and not a true balsam, chemically speaking. Its principal uses are in medicine and in the manufacture of' varnish, lacs, and tracing paper. Pro«?wcife'an.— Brazil and to a less extent Venezuela^ Colombia, and Guiana, produce copaiba balsam in commercial quantities. It is obtained by the natives from wild trees. ' , ', hnports are given for both crude and advanced copaiba balsam but for the latter are quite insignificant. Imports of crude copaiba balsam averaged 199,919 pounds, valued at $62,724, in 1909-1913. In 1914—1918 (fiscal years), the annual average was 281,084 pounds, valued at $105,819, the average revenue since 1913 being $10,170. Later statistics follow : - Calendar year. Quantity. Value.- - Unit Value. Duty. ■ A<1 'Valbrem ratp.. 191S Pounds. ■ • 348,680 342, 185 434,515 '160,602 1183,937 126,796, 160,628 28 766 •' to. 53 .37 .37 .13 518,394 12,680 16,063 Per cent. 10 1919 : 10 1920.. 10 1921 (9taonths).. in ^ Imports of all balsams a,re chiefly from Brazil, Colombia, Vene- zuela, and England. ' ' / ■., Exvorts. — Statistics not available. . , ,, FIR OR CANADA BALSAM. , Description and uses. — This is also an oleores^in rather than a ti?ue balsam. It is chiefly usecL in microscopy and i to some extent in medicinal preparations such as plasters. - Production.— The tree yielding Canada, balsam occurs throtigh Canada and northeastern United States along the Appalachian Kange, and is chiefly valued as a source of cheap lumber and paper pulp. The balsam is principally collected' for commerce by the In- dians of Quebec and is not sufficiently remunerative to attract higher classes of labor, although some is collected by Indians in Maine. Production in the United States is much less than in Canada. No statistics are available. ' 'i Imports are small and variable, consisting chiefly of crude balsams. For 1909-1918 average annual imports of 9,200 pounds, valued at $5,788, are reported, the reveiiue for 1914^1918 averaging $726. Later statistics follow : . - SXJMMABY OF TAKIPE ISF was established, the production increased from 2,106 short tons in 1915 to' 4,870 short tons in 1917. About 4,500 short tons wer6 made in 1918 and in 1919, but in 1920 the output declined to 3,084 tons. Th^ cost of j)roduction of barium chloride in the United Staites in 19l'9, as determined by the Tariff Coihinisteion, was $0:0539 per pound (average of four firms). , Imports prior to 1914 were practically constant at about 2,800,000 pounds per' year, increasing sharply to about 6,"OO0,OO0' pounds in 1914. There were about 5,000,000 pounds in 1915. There were no imports in 1918. Later stiatistics follow: Calendar year. ' Quantity; Value. Unit value. Duty. E(iuiva- lent ad ■ valorem. 1919 1,099,686 i ,,3,190,265 2,798,700 $19,846 161,778 147;.930 $0.02 .05 .05 $2,749 7,976 Per cent, 13.85 1920 5.25 1921 (9 months) t'xports. — Statistics not available. "IToi;' further detail see " Barytes, bjiriunj chemicals, and liibopone " (Survey A-r4), pp. 75-79. ,' StfMMABl' OF TARIFF INFORMATIOJif, 1921. 51 llABrUM DIOXIDE. Description and uses. — Barium dioxide, barium peroxijie, or barium binoxide is a compound of barium and oxygen. When pure it is a white powder insoluble in water. The crude product is usually green in color. It is used chiefly in the productioa o.f hydrogen peroxide, but also as a bleaching agent and as a. source of oxygen. It was used during the war in tracer bullets. • Production. — Barium dioxide is made' by heating barium nitrate or barium carbonate^ first in a closed vessel and then ^n a current of air. Prior to the war Germany supplied our barium dioxide, but when imports from that country ceased, a domestic barium chemicals industry .was established, the production of which reachied a maxi- mum of 2.555 short tons in 1917 and then declined to 858 tons in 1919. . ■ . The cost of production of barium dioxide in 1919, as determined by investi'gatibn of the Tariff Commission, was $0,197 per pound (average of 3 firms). , Imports prior to the war were about 3,700,0^00 pounds per year, in- creasing in 1914 to about 6,ODO,o60 pounds'. Imports ceased by 1917-18. Later statistics follow : . Calendar year. ■ Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty.. Equiva- im ad •vljiDrem. 19201 PouTids. 501,673 ( „ 904,713 ' ■ t34, 447 91, 192 SO. 13 ,10 $7, 625: Per cent. 11.68 1921 (9 months) :. ^ No iiiiport& ill 1918 and 1919. Exports. — Statistics not available. BAEIUM NITRATE. ' Description and wses.— Barium nitrate is made by treating barium chloride with sodium nitrate or Chile saltpeter. It is an important barium chemical used in explosive ''mixtures and for making other barium products, fireworks, detonators, and railroad signals. ^' Production was 971 short tons in 1915, followed by a steady decline to 137 tons in 1918. The 1919 production increased sharply to 784 tons. Imports of barium nitrate in 1914 (only year for which statistics are available) were 1,040,772 pounds, valued at $38,728, chiefly from Germany. Exports. — Statistics not available. Important changes in classification. — Barium nitrate, an impor- tant compound, imported in large quantities before the war, and now being niade jn the United States, is specifically provided for. (Eeclassification Eeport, p. 18!) 52 SUMiMAEY OF TARIFF IN3?0EMATI0N;1!)-I. PARAGRAPH 12. H. R. 7456. Par. 12. Blackings, powders, aiji(| , creams for cleaning or polishing, not specially ijrovided for, 25 per centum ad valorem : Provided, That no prepara- tioae containing alcohol shall be classi- fiefl for duty, jioder. tlijsrparagraph. ,. , , ACT 01* 1909. ' Pab. 7. Black ing of all. kinds, twenty - live per centum ad valorem ; all creams and preparations for cleaning or pol- ishing boots and shoes, twenty -five pel' ' centum ad valorem. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1918. Pab., 11. Blacking of, all kinds, pol- ishing powders, and all creamy and preparations for cleaning or polishing, not specially provided for in this sec- tion, 15 per centum ad valorem:. Pro- vided, Theit no preparatipns contain- ing, alcohol shfill be clasgifipd for duty under this paragraph. ■■;:■>■[ CLEANING AND POLISHING PREPARATIONS. (See Survey A-5.) ' '• Description and uses. — This paragraph covers all articles used^ as blacJiing, polishes, and cleaning preparations, such as shoe blacking, leatffer polishes, stove polishes, floor polishes, furniture polishes, auto body polishes, metal polishes, and scouring compounds used for cleaning, and wall-paper cleaners, Production in 1914 of blacking, stains, and dressings was valued at $10,259,617 ; of polishing preparations, $5,228,178 ; and of cleaning preparations, $5,565,846. In 1919 the output of blacking, stairiS, and dressings was (preliminary figures) $25,279,000, and of clea.nsing and polishing preparations $26,215,000. \ ■ Imports from 1911 to 1913, inclusive, of bianco polish were valued between $15,000 and $35,000 per annum; in 1917 at $53,458, and in 1918 at $24,821. All other blacking, polishing, and cleaning prepa- rations from 1910 to 1914 ran from $35,000 to $45,000 per year and decreased to $26,72^ in 1918. The imports of blacking in 1914 came chiefly from England and were valued at $32,424. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. BLANCO POLISH. 1*21, S93 22,089 33, 742 17,127 $3,284 3,313 6,061 ■ - 1918 Per cent. 1.5 1919 ; 15 1920 . ■ . 15 1921 (9 months). 15 ALL OTHER. 1918 »28, 186 39, 025 34,361 13,943 $4,228 5,854 5,164 15 1919 15 1920 ... ... 15 1921 (9 months) . . SUMMAHY OF 'TAMFir JINFOEMATIOW, 1921. S3 ' E'^pevts- of blackingv including shoe pastes and polishes, prior to !1917. Were fairly constant between • $5'00,000 and $780,000, and then incr'eased steadily to $2,933,448 in thte calendar !year^l?920; for 9 months in 1921 they were only $965,320. Exports in 1920 were chiefly to Mexico, Argentina, and Cuba. PARAGRAPH 13. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pae. 13. Bleaching powder or chlori- nated' lime,: three-fifths: of 1 :cent per pound. 1 1 > ACT b^F ii^O!^! ACT OE 1913. Pae. 8. Bleaching ]1owder, or ^chloride: ' PAB.i 12. Bleaching powder, or clUo- of lime, one fifth jpfj-one cent per ride of lime, iV cent per pjoujid, ; pound. , ,, ,.i ,, I BUEACHING POWDER. ■ ! (See Survey A-5.) Descripfion and uses. — Bleaching powder or chlorinated lime, in- correctly called chloride of lime, is a white powder which, when treated with an acid, evolves chlorine. It iff sold on the basis of the " available chlorine " content. It is primarily a bleaching agent used for bleaching pulp and paper stock, and cotton and, linen in textile mills and laundries. Liquid chlorine^ however, is ; fasti replacing it for the purification of public water supplies. ^. , !<. Production in 1914 was 310,380,p00 pounds, v&JU?dkt $2,916,225, nearly twice that in 1909. Production in l9l9 (preliminary figures) had decreased to 177,140,000 pounds^ valued at $3,418,600, or about one-half the 1914 output.' This decrease may be attributed 'to com- petition from liquid chlorine. The commercial manufacture bf chlo- rinated lime was promoted by a duty of one-fifth cent .per pound in the act of 1897, and the industry subsequently developed rapidly, supplying the greater^part of domestic consumptioii." "^^^ ,, , Blep.ching, pp,wder is produced from linie and, .chlorine gas. The ! chlorine, which is a joint product in the) manufacture of electrolytic caustic soda, is largely made at Niagara Falls, N. Y:.„,,lt is also tnannfactured by two firms in'-Miqhigan and by one firm' in Cali- lornia. Large consumers 'a,i*e installing' electrolytic chlorine plants in order to produce their own bleach in liquid form. Imforts previous to 1914 were between 40,000 and 50,000 short tons a year ; the Unite,d Kingf^oEfi supplied ^rom 70 to 80 per cent, most of the remainder "coming from Germany. Later statistics fol- low: ' ' .•).■" calendar year. •■<.--,■] Quantity. Value, Unit vaJuc. Duty. E (Juiva- lent ad valorem '1919.';. ...'.;... .,.'..'... l92Qi. .-..'.;. .^-Lii. is-. 1921 (9 months) - ■_)-:'■ . <■■ (■' •■•■• •(.-ix ■ Pounds. 540, 131, sm; 812 ■2,474(617 6, 154, 912 Sl),446^ 6,VS7' '86,87.3 13I,'368 $0.02 ■' i02- $540 342: 2,475 Per cent. 4.72 5.04 , 2.85 54 STTMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Exports in 1918 ■(fiscal year) were 13.,060;j401 pounds, valued at $558,066, shifpped chiefly to Argentina, Canada, Brazil, Chile, and Spain, in the order given. South America consumed about -50 per cent of .the total. These markets formerly were supplied by Germany and England. Later sttitistics (for calendar years) follow: Quantity (pounds). . Value.. 1918 9, 450, 79( t Jlfl, 268 1919 21,019,736 ■J317, al7 48, 826, 348 »1, 480, 142 1921 (9 months). 12,04.-),336 $343, 074 In postwar years exports were chiefly to Canada, British India, Sweden, and China. Important changes in classifioation. — " Chloride of lime " as used in the act of 1913 (par. 12) is an incoiTect designation for bleaching powder and confuses it with calcium chloride. ; " Chlorinated lime is a term used in the trade and in the United States Pharmacopoeia. (Reclassification Eeport. p. 19.) PARAGRAPH 14. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Paki 14. Caffleinfe, ,?1..50 per pounfi ; compounds of caffeine, 2.5 per centum ad valorem ; impure tea, tea waste, tea siftings and sweepings, for manufactur- ing purposes in bond, pursuant to tlie provisions of the Act of May 16, 190S, entitled "An Act to amend an Act to prevent the importation of impure and unwholesome tea, approved March 2, 1897," and the Act of May 31, 1920, en- titled "An Act making appropriations for the Department of Agricu.ture for the fiscal year ending .Tune 30, 1921," 1 cent per pound. ACT OP 1909. Par. 65. * * * all other medicinal preparations not specially provided for in this section, twenty-five per centum ad valorem : * * *. ^ P/VB. 559. Drugs, * ; * * not ad- vanced * * * [Free]. ACT OF 1913. Pae. 13. CafEein, $1 per pound ; com- pounds of cafCein, 25 per centum ad valorem; impure tea, tea waste, tea siftings or sweepings, for manufactur- ing purposes in bond, pursuant to the provisions of the Act of May sixteenth, nineteen hundred and eight, 1 cent per pound. CAFTEINE AND TEA WASTE. (See Survey A-5.) Description and v/ses. — Caffeine is an alkaloid obtained princi- pally from the kaves of tea, and also occurring in coffee, kola nut, guarana, and in severaL other plants and plant products. Caffeine forms white, odorless, flexible crystals of a bitter taste. It is chiefly used in the preparation of soft drinks of the Coca-Cola type and also in medicine as a cerebral stimulant. In medical practice it is being displaced to a considerable extent by the related alkaloids, theobro- mine, and theophylline. The first named occurs in cocoa and the sec- SUMMARY OF TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 55 ond in tea, but both, especially theophylline, are manufactured syn- thetically. The^rincipal compounds of caffeine are citrate, effervescent citrate, sodium benzoate, and sodium salicylate. These find application in medicine. . , , Tea siftings, sweepings, wast€, etc., are the inferior qualities of ten leaves unfit for beverage purposes. The average content of caffeine in imported tea waste is about 2 per cent. For the most part they are waste products swept up from warehouses, docks, and vessels. lu addition, low grades of tea, not salable for beverage uses, are de- natured with lime or other substaHces and sold for caffeine manu- facture. Production. — Caffeine is manufactured in the principal European countries, especially Germany, and also in Japan. In the United States it is made chiefly frpni tea waste and to a lesser extent from the refuse of coffee-roasting establishments. After a preliminary treatinent with lime, the. caffeine is extracted with such a solvent as benzol, and the prodiict purified by recrystallization. About 50 pounds of tea waste are required for 1 pound of caffeine. No statis- tics of domestic manufacture are available, but imports of tea waste suffice for the manufacture of about 150,000 pounds annually. Caf- feine has been made in Germany as a by-product of the synthesis of theophylline and theobroinine- from uric acid, derived from Soutli American guano deposits. Imports. — ^Prior to 1914 caffeine and. its compounds were dutiable at 25 per cent ad valorem. For 1909-1914 an average annual import of caffeine of 49,278, pounds, valued at $143,105, was reported. The rate, of $1 per pound imposed by the act of 1913 was equivalent to practically 30 per cent ad A'alorem during 1914^15. For 1916-1918 the highest ad valorem rate was 10.03 per cent.. Importations have decreased markeidly during the war, owing to the shutting off of imports from Germany, Tv^hich supplied about 98 per cent of the irti- pbrts in 1914. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quaritit}'. ^'a'ue. Unit value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. Pounds. 7,32? 1,720 2,332 7,235 t72,2(ll 13,718 11,445 .34,048 $9.99 7.98 4.91 4.71 »7,226 ■ 1,720 2,332 Per crht. 10.01 1919 ^... 12.54 20.37 1921 (9 months) ..;,..■.-■.; Imports of caffeine compounds have not been shown since 1916. Imports of tea waste and siftings in 1913 had reached 7,168,410 pounds, valued at $215,938, and during the war ranged between 5,000,000 and 10,000,000 pounds. Later statistics follow: . Calendar ^ear. , p Quantity, Value. CTnit value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. 1918 Pounds. 9, 857, 029 8,572,030 11,915,732 0, 957, 000 $759,734 537,893 787,508 378. 943 SO. 08 .or. .07 .05 S9S,.570 85,720 119, 157 Per ant. 12.97 15.94 1920 15.13 Exports. — Statistics not available. 56 strMMAIlY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. PA Jl A GRAPH 15. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pae. 15. Calcium carbide, 1 cent per pound. ,j , : , , , , , , , ; ' act'^f lisbs. Act OF '1^13. Par. 3. * ■• * :*',<. cheniiGal compounds, ".,*,* and salts, *; f^.'j*,,;, not speelal,ly. provided for in this^ectibn^ twenty-five jJet centum a'd valoreni';' « * « Pab. 440, * 'f , * caleiuva cafbithe main, by oiie company, that going into calei-um cyariamide being largely consumed where made arid not entering the inarket.' Domes- tic productipri is suiEcient to supplj^ the hom'e demand. ' '' M ■■; ' Impo7t statistics are shOwn in combination with^ those for i other articles. Official Canadian export statistics show that for the fiscal, years (ended March 31) 1916 to 1921 between 90,000,000 and 130,000,000 pounds of Canadian carbide were exp.orted, annually to this country, except in 1920, when only 63,000,000 pounds were ^hipped out. Exports, chiefly to Cuba, South America, Mexico, and Canada, :averag6' a; little over 80,000,000 pounds and have varied little. from 1912 to 1917. "Later statistics for calendar. years follow: Quantity (pounds). liiLv ;.-.l:-.'.'„j.^..L Value 1918 $1,347,458 1919 Z3,l?00,239 11,404,8/0 1920 ;23,369,534 'li; 111, 587 1921 (9^yilths). 9,.674,905 • 8479,801 Irlvportant changes in cZa«s«^ca^*on.-^Transf erred from the free list of the act of 1913. (Par. 440.) 4u]kMk#S'^dp^¥AB]lFP''fi^F0RM'A.TI0W, 1921. -5.7 ,1 PARAGRAPH 16. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pae. 16. Calomel, corrosive subli- mate, and other mercurial prepara- tions, 30 per centum ad valorem. ,, ACT OF 1909. Act of 1913. Pak. 65. * * * calomel, corrosive Pae; 14. Calomel, corrosive Subli- sublimate, and other mercurial medici- mate, and other mercurial prepara- nal preparations, thirty-five perCetitum tions, 15 -per centum ad valorem, ad valorem ; * * *. CALOMEL AND CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE. (See Sutvey A-5. ) Description and uses. — ^These coioipounds, the mostimportant mer- curials, are compos^^ qf mercury ,E^n.d chlorine. Corrosive sublimate or mercury bichloride' contains about ti per ceiit of mercury and about 26 per cent of chlorine./ It, is either a white transparent mass or .forms, lustrous ci-ystals, which are soluble in water and extremely pbisonous. It is Used in iftedicirie attd has valuable antiseptic proper- ties. It is klso' u&ed' in calico printing, for the preservation of wood kitd of ana'toniiCal'JSipeciirL^ns, for embalming, disinfecting, and as a fixing agpnt;^ in photography. ,;-,,,,. Calomel' or laSreuTyttioriochloride is a chemical compound comp&feed of about' 85 ^4r .cent' of mercury and 15 'per cent of chlorine. It is an impalpable powder,' usually yeillowish- AA^hitCj and insolubleda water. JtS' chief iisef is medicinal. -Its technical uses 'are small-and unim- ii'ottaiit. - '''•■'■ -" ' ■ ■ ■•■ 'i ■' i.wit. ,:,i- , :, ,,■,! '- Production, — Both calomel and corrosive sublimate; are prepared from metallic mercury or quicksilver, the latter metal .being ^ub|ect to a dutfj^ of 35 deint's per pound' (pan 383, H. E.. 7456,).' Mercury is first converted into the sulphate by' heating with sulphuric acid. ; , The sulphate "of irifcrcurjfis then' sublimed' with salt '(sodium chloride) and a little manganese 'dioxide, thereby producing corrosive sublimate:. 'Calomel is usually prepared from corrosiye sublimate'oy hpating with metallic mercury.' The. product is then purified by washingi with dilute nitric acid arid' water; ' ii,,-: i ','Th^ 'pii^Muction of me'rcui'ial saits' in 1914; -was 605,701 pounds, Valued at $518;023, and in 1919;''kG«>rdingito; preliminary figures, ^increased 't6 1,143,800 pounds, ^valued at $1,775,000'. This .quantity supplies a, 'U'rg^ ipart dfthe do'mestic con&uiription, as imports are staall,''" '-'■'•"[ ■ ■ ^ ^■■'■- ['■■ ■ 'i-'i'-.'' •>;; IriipoHs of baloniel and coi-rosive ^sublimate prior to the 1918 calen- dar year have been combined with other mercurial pneparations, (see ^p. 5|8'ancl ^9). '"Statistics from July 1, 1918j are as followgii: ' 58 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valo- rem rate. CALOMEl,. , , ■ 1918^ Founds. 500 325 3,301 120 SS52 538 3,607 il.70 1.65 1.09 1.15 $128 81 541 Per cent. 15 1919 1920 15 1921 (9 mofiths) CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE. , .„,\ , 1 9202 3,971 2,941 .74 441 IS ♦Six months only, July 1 to Dec. 3U. 2 Included in " Other mercurial preparations" in 1918 and 1919. Exforts. — Statistics not available. OTHER MEKCURIAL PREPAEAi'IONS. • ( See Survey A-5. ) ., . i., The other important mercurials, which are, however, of lesser im- portance than calomel and corrosive sublimate, are mercuric sulphate, blue mass (U. S. P.), red precipitate, white precipitate, and mercury iodide. Mercuric sulphate is a white crystalline powder used chiefly for the preparation of calomel and corrosive sublimate. It is also used with potassium bisulphate for filling galvanic batteries. Blue mass (U. S. P.) is a mercurial medicinal. The United States Pharmacopoeia specifies that it shall contain not less than 32 per cent nor more than 34 per cent of mercury. Ked precipitate or mercuric oxide is a compound of mercury and oxygen, usually prepared by heating mercuric nitrate. An oxide hav- ing the same chemical composition, but a yellow color, is obtained by adding an alkali to a cold solution of a mercury salt. It is sometimes preferred, as it is usually a finer powder. Ked pi-ecipitate is used for medicinal purposes, for preparing other mercurials, in paint for ship bottoms, and for diluting pigments used on porcelain. White precipitate or ammoniated mercury chloride is obtained by treating a solution of mercuric chloride (corrosive sublimate) witli an excess of ammonia, and is marketed as a white amorphous powder or as pulverulent pieces. It is insoluble ip water and is used as an ointment for sores and skin diseases. This white precipitate should not be confused with the French "white precipitate" (precapite blanc), which is calomel containing not less than 75 nor more than 80 per cent of mercury. Mercury iodide in commerce has two forms, known as yellow (or green) and red. The yellow product is mercurous iodide, while the red is mercuric iodide. They are used both internally and externally for medicinal purposes. Imports of calomel, corrosive sublimate, and other mercurial prep- arations prior to 1915 were valued between $30,000 and $42,000. The SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. 59 imports decreased to;$2,124 in4918. ; Later statistics of. "other mer- curial preparations " foUoyi' : I Calendar year. Quantity. Pounds, 16 10 9,887 1,902 Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad va lorem- rate. 1918ii» $30 33 11,240 1,420 11.87 3.30 - 1.14 .75 »5 5 1,686 Per cent. 15 1919 <... 15 1920 15 1921 (9 months) 15 ■ - i i ■ ' Includes corrqsive sublimate. • Six months only, July 1 to Dec. 'Exports. — Statistics hot available. PARAGRAPH 17. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMEITTS. Pak. 17. Carbon tetrachloride, 2i cents per pound ; cliloroforin, 8, cents per pound; tetrachloroethane and trichloroethyleiie, 25 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Par, 14. Chloroform, ten cefits per pound. I Pae. 3. * * * chemical com- pounds, * * * not specially pro- vided for in this section, twenty-five per centum ad valorem ; *; * *. •. ACT OF 1913. Par. 19. Chloroform, ' 2 cents per pound ; carbon tetrachloride, 1 cent per pound. Par. 5. * * * chemical * * * conipoundsi, * * * not specially pro- vided for in thhis section, 15 per cen- tum ad valorem. CARBON TETKAOHLOEroE. , , , (See Survey A-6.) Description and uses.^ — Carbon tetrachloride or tetrachloromethane is a liquid the vapors of which are very effective in extinguishing fire. It is used in fire extinguishers known as Pyrene, J. M., and Fyr-Fyter, and also for dry cleaning of fabrics and gloves. It is a valuable solvent, an important raw material for making chloroform, and was largely used diiring the war in producing smoke screens. Production. — Increased use as a Solvent and cleanser, great demand for fire extinguishers since 1909, large war needs, and cessation of imports during the war have greatly developed the industry. In 1919 the output (preliminary figures) reached 9,811,800 pounds, valued at $803,600, The raw materials necessary in its production are coke (carbon), sulphur, and chlorine gate, all available in this country. Sulphur chloride is a by-product and may be used for the production of more carbon tetrachloride. Carbon tetrachloride is manufactured at Mid- land, Mich.; Chai'leston, W. Va.; Niagara Falls,' N. Y. ; and Pitts- burg, Calif. . 60 SUMMARY ''dF'TAElFF INFOBMATlOiSf, 1921. Imports in 1914 were 572,^10 'i^btinds ;' in 1915, 342;854' pBtihids ; valued, respectively, at $28,300 and $18,139, and wetti lalmost erititelj^ from Germany. Alter 1915 imports ceased, until in 1921 (9 months) when 12,196 pounds, valued at $387; entered. Exports. — Statistics not availatble." •!.../!,/ ,1.:. OHLOROFOKM. :! 'V,, ■[. li (SeeSuryey A-<50 .. ;'k' Description and uses. — Chloroform is a colorless liquid with a char- acteristic ethereal odor, its vapors, when inhaled, producing ansesthe- sia, a property giving it its largest use. It is employed also as a solvent and as an antiseptic, abo,j;«^(l. per Cl^^t ,of grain alcpJ^C^l, being added to prevent decomposition. Production in 1914 was 1,333^54- pounds, valued at $295,317, a de- crease of more than 500,000 pounds compared with 1909, probably due to the increased us© of ethei' inaneesthesia.' The 1919 output (pre- limiimry figures), wa^ 1,677^600 pounds, valued, at $5^6,^0. Chloro- form is ohebf many^articles which requires chlorine in its manufac- ture. It is made from three different, raw imaterialsr4-ca»rbon tetra- chloride, acetone, or grain alcohol— all of which are produced dn the United States in sufficient quantities; The"wElr deniaiid f of acetone greatly stimulated the production of chloroforrii from carbon tetra- chloride. J .^; . r ,; 00 .. TO Importsm'l^ti. wei"e 2,444 pounds, valued at $990. Since the war they haveJbeeniless^than 100 poundSiannually;-,, ,,/; . 1. ; 1 i i '■'fiaJ^o^fe.— -Statistics not available. Description and ■wses.-^These two products are organic: solvents derived from acetylene by treatment with chlorine in the presence of a catalyst. Tetrachlbroethati'e is foi'nied'first by the direct chlori- nation of acetylene, and may ^then be converted into trichloroethyl- ene by digesting with an alkali at ail elevated temperature. . , Tf3.tr achloroeijiane- is, ,u^ed|;pl'im£^^ily as a solvent in ..|;he-. manufac- ture pf a,rtificiaX, silk, airplane "dopes," and noninfl^ij^mable, film^. TrichlQro^tjhylene i$. used chiefly as, a solventfor thpi .?x,<;raction of various nj.edicinal aJlkaloids, such as ca,ffeine,. and in the preparation jgf,,dpf£^^e|jiized, coffee. These , two «p^y,ent^ , ^r^ preferred to carbon tetrachloride and chloroform, as in the prps^nc.^ of water they do not ihydrolyze. and j give off hydrochloric .acid as readily a§, these, latter products.. ,_ .,,,,., ,.,,, ^ ,:i ...'•■ .;, ,,, " '';^., ,,,, ,,,. I , I Prg^v^tion in the, IJnited States is a, resijjt of war . qon^iiiion? ; doipe#iic! requi^epi^nts WjCre/ supplied by imports prio;'.,t,o the -w^r. They are manufactured by those firms which make/chioirine. ., liZ'i^ijaojr^s. in ,1914 , (only year .^ta,tistics are,,avai.lahje) were 93,581 pqunds^ of teta-achloroethane, valued atr$5^636 (gS.peir cent of .which wasirom Englajid), and 18^16 pounds of tiiqhlppet^yleJiie, valued at $4,393, .(85 per cent from; England).,, Prices of iijiported, products in^April, 1921, were about 16J.cents per poundi for .tetrachloTpeth^ne and about 90 cents Der pound for trichloroethylene. , ,. SUMMARY, OK;, TARIFFi INiBQRJfATlQ^r, 1921. 61. £'a3/ior^s.— Statistics, not available. j ] Important, changes in classification. — T^trachloroethane and tri- chJoroethylene — important chlorine products used , for, solvent pur- poses isiniil^r to carbon tetra,chloride and chloroform— ^are specially provided for. , . PARAGRAPli 18. H. R.,74i56. -, i, .SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 18. Chalji or. vyhitmg oi- Paris white: Dry, ground, bolted, "or -preCit)!- tated, 15 per cent#ii ad ' valorem ; ground in oil: (putty), or; put, up in the form jof J (Cub^s, , bltxcks, st|9)iSj ror < ^igl|;s, or r ,omerwise, including, tailors;,, bil- liard, 'fea,''aridrtitiiitifactUres of chalk ' not specially provided for, 25 per centum ad valorem^:, ! '' i ; ACT, OT^ 1909. ACT OF 1913. Fab. 13. Chalk, vyhen ground; bolted, ' Par. 1'5. Ghalk, precipitated, suitable precipitated naturally or artificially, for medicinal or toilet purposes ; chalk or otTierwise prepared, whether in the put up in the form of cubes, blocks, fornji'of cubes, blocks, sticks or disks, sticks, or disks, or otherwise, includ- or "Otherwise, including tailors', bil- ing tailors', billiard, red, and other Hard, red, * » * one cent per manufactures of chalk not specially pound ; manufactures of ' chalk not provided for in this section, 25 per Specially provided for in this section, centum ad valorem, twenty-five per centuipa ad valorem. Pak. 60. Whiting and Paris white, Pab. 54. Whiting and Paris, white, dry, and chalk, ground or bolted, iV dry, one-fourth of one cent per pound ; cent per pound ; whiting and Paris ground in oil, or putty, one-half of one white, ground in oil, or putty, 15 per cent per. pouijid.' ;; c, i .;';,.' centum ad valorem. CHALK, WHITING, OR PARIS, WHITE. (See Survey A-5.) Descnftion and wses.— Ghalk is a. soft earthy form of calcium car- bonate composed mainly of small marine organisms and shells. It is generally yellowish or grayish, but is sometimes snow white. It occurs abundantly along the southern coast of England and in the north of France. ■ ^ i ' Ground chalk, whiting^ and Paris white are merely different grades of the same material — natural chalk, ground, washed, and bolted. The quality and price are quite variable and dependent on the purity, color- fineness, and frefedom from grit. ' Precipitated chalk is artificially prepared by chemical means from calcium chloride and soda ash. It can be secured i free from grit and in finely divided condition more easily and perfectly than the natural chalk, and it is therefore preferred for toilet and medicinal purposes. Chalk has a great variety of uses. The crude chalk is sometimes used as a fertilizer for clayey or acid soils, and in England in the manufacture of sodium carbonate and for producing carbon dioxide in quantity. It is an ingredient of whitiaag and Paris white, which 62 SUMMARY Ot TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921; enter, into rubber goods, linoleum, paints, calcimine, and putty. The finer grades are used in th'E preparation of metal polishes, in todth powders and pastes, and to a certain extent in medicine as an antacid. Chalk is also used in the manufacture of crajonsj artist^* pastel colors, and paints. "" Production. — There are no known deposits of chalk in the United States which are equal to those of .England and France, though some pure forms of limestone are ground fbr whiting and Paris white. England and France produce nearly all the crude chalk used in this country. Considerable quantities of crude, chg^lk im- ported from these countries are purified in the United States. Whiting and Paris white reach the American market from three sources: (1) Imports, constituting 1 to 2 per cent; (2) manufactures from domestic crude material (limestone), lO to 15 per cent ;and (3) manufactures from imported crude chalk, about 85 per ceiit of the total. ... ,, i! , , Imports in 1914 from England amounted to 84,361 tons of crude chalk and from France 43,203 tons. By 1916 the, iipports from France practically ceased, while those from England increased to 127,536. tons iin 1917. iLater statistics, follow: , ; ,; , Calendar year. 1918 1919 1920 :..,.. 1921 (9 months) Quantity. Lonq tons. 83,933 97,969 1.59, 146 3S, S97 Value. $113,985 140, 614 267, 138 85, 361. Unit, ■' value. tl.36 1.44 ■ 1.68 2.21 Imports of whiting and Paris white, dry, in 1913 were 3,536,747 pounds, valued at $14,000. The maximum import during the war was over 5,000,000 pounds in 1915. Imports since 1917 have been as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. 1918 Pounds. 2,446,180 1,529,668 3,7,749,441 11,350,266 '$16, '949' 12,098 175,743 70,761 $0.01 .01 .01 .01 $2,446 1,530 17,749 Per. cevt. 14 43 1919 1920 , 10 10 W21 (9 months) Imports of chalk, ground or bolted, and precipitated chalk suit- able for medicinal or toilet purposes have been comparatively small. Since the war those of ground 'Or bolted chalk have not exceeded 2,500^000 pounds, valued at $63,000,: in 1920; and the precipitated chalk in 1919 reached a maximum of 1,350,000 pounds, valued at $38,610. Imports of putty have been sporadic and negligible, the maximum since the war being 467,220 pounds, valuesd.at $10,859, during the first nine months of 1921. Imports of manufapturcs of chalk have been practically negligible. Exports in 1910 were valued at $110,647 ; in 1914, at $40,154 ;, in 1918, manufactures of chalk were valued at $186,711. They have increased since the war to $458,868 in 1920 (calendar year). StJMMAEt OF TARIFF INFORMATlOlir, 1921. 63 'Important changes in classification:— 1}}\q act' of 1913 has sepa- rate provisions for ground chalk -and whiting or Paris white and for precipitated chalk suitable for medicinal or toilet purposes at diiferent rates of duty. Although it is possible to form a judg- ment of quality, and therefore price, based upon the fineness, color, and purity, there is no method to determine with certainty the process of manufacture. The Tariff Commission therefore suggested to the Committee on Ways and Means that all varieties of chalk, whiting, or Paris white, whether ground, bolted, or precipitated, be placed together in the same paragraph at the same rate of duty. As there is a wide variation in price between the poorest and highest grades, an ad valorem rate has advantages over a specific rate of duty. (Eeclassification Eeport, p. 21.) PARAGRAPH 19. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMEITTS. Par. 19. Chemical compounds, mix- tures, and salts, of vvlileh gold, plati- num, rhodium, or silver constitutes the element of chief value, 15 per centum ad valorem. ACT OE 1909. Par. 3. * * * chemical compounds, mixtures and salts. * *. * not spe- cially provided for in this section, twenty -five per centum ad valorem ; ACT OF 1913. Par. 65. SHlts and all other com- pounds and mixtures of which * * * gold, platinum, rhodium, silver, * * * constitute the element of chief value, 10, per centum ad valorem. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF GOLD, PLATINUM, RHODIUM, AND SILVER. * (See Survey A-17. ) Description and uses. — The metals named in this paragraph occur in nature in relatively small amounts and their salts and compounds are among the most expensive chemicals of mineral origin which find technical or medicinal use. The evident purpose of this paira- graph is to impose a lower rate of duty on the relatively expensive substances than would be imposed under the general provision for salts, compounds, and nqiixtures not otherwise more specifically pro- vided for (par. 5). Gold, platinum, a:[i,d silver salts are used chiefly in photography. Technical or mediciiial uses for salts of rhodium are not recorded. Production,- — Separate figures for the production of , salts of rho- dium are not available, but in 1914 and 1919 the production of the other salts included in thi,s paragraph was as follows : 1914. 1919. 1 Quantity. Value; Quantity, Value. 28,817 365 2,563,238 $291,658 6,998 846,059 14,844 $143, bV'- do.... . do.... 2,441,7 64 SUMMARY, OF TARIFF, INFORM4.TION, 1921. Imports (including bisniuthandtin s^ts mentione4 W,*h,e act^of 1913) have not been large ^ and Jxave shown, a decided decijease since the beginning of the T^ai:. Tlie total import's inj 1915 "V^ere yalued at $24,685. Imports of silver salts amounted in 1914 to about 306 pounds, mostly from England- Later statistics follow : i / 7 ' I ' < < . w M Calendar year. Quantity./ . 1 . ; ■ , Value,. . Duty. Ad valorem rate! 1918 . ...'.: IL '..... . ....'j.v.'s ■ "I »7,695 3,745 22,944 13, 534 1770 375 2,294 j: Per cent. 10 1919 ;. ,...,, 10 i92o.:.:..:...:C....../:..l..Ij::u ....:.:... 10 1921 (9 months) 10 Exports. — Statistics not avaikble. H. B. 7456. PARAGRAPH 20. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pab. 20. Chemical compounds, salts, and preparations, of bismuth, 25 per centum ad valorem. ^ - ACT OF IQpg, , Par. 3. * * * chemical compounds, mixtures arid' salts, . * * ' * ' , 'not specially provideli for in this section, twenty-five per centuto ad valorem ; ACT OP 1913. i - Pab. 65, Salts and all.' other com- pounds a'iii' mixtures of which bis- m'uth,' * * ■ * coristitute the element of chief value, 10 per centum ad valorem. CHEMICAL, COMPOUNDS AND PREPARATIONS OP BISMUTH. ,1;., . 1, (^See, Survey A-17.) ^ Description And uses. — The chief use of bismuth salts is in medi^ ciii? and cosmetics. The PharmacopOeiai|Clf ttie United States liists various bismuth salts. Bismuth chromate and bismuth oxy chloride are used to a limited extent as pigments. Other salts' and compounds have less important uses. . ; , ' ■ •• :- The above compounds are made from bismuth' chloride ofbisniuth nitrate, which are obtained by the action of hydrochloric and nitric acids, respectively, on metallic bismuth. " Production. — Separate figures for the production of salts of bis- muth are, not available prior to 1919, when the output of bismuth salts was 502,300 pounds, valued at $1,235,500 (prelimina,ry figures). Imports of bismuth salts during 1914 almounted to 588' pbiiiids, most of which came from Germany. Later statistics are included with those of gold, silver, platinum, and rhodium salts. (Par. 19.) Exports. — Statistics not available. . Important changes in classification. — Separated from gold, silver, platinum, and rhodium salts, etc., because not a precious or rare metal. SUMMARY OFiTAHlFF INFOEMATION, 1921. 65 Suggested chomges. — The substitution of the word " mixtures " for " preparations " wouM' make this paragraph agree with paragraph 19 of H. R. T456 and with paragraph 65 of the act qf 1913. PARAGRAPH 21. H. Rj 7456. SEITATE AMENDMENTS. Pae. 21. Chemicals, drugs, medicinal and similar substances, whether duti- able or free, when imported ^inj cap- sules, pills, tablets, lozengesT troches, ampoules^ jubes, or similar formsf; shall be dutiable at not less than 25 per cen- tum ad valorem. .dG.tT .K .>' ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pae. 65. * * * all other medicinal preparations not specially provided for in this section, twenty-five per centum ad valorem : Provided, That chemicals, drugs, medicinal and similar sub- stances, whether dutiable or free, im- ported in capsules, pills, tablets, lozen- ges, troches, or similar forms, and in- tended for medicinal purposes, shall be dutiable at not less than the rate im- posed by this section on medicinal preparations. 1^\R. 17,,*!,,* t Pmvided, I'bat chemicals, dl'wgs, . niedicinal and simi- lar, substances, whetlier dutiable or free, imported in capsules, pills, tab- lets, lozenges, troches, ampoules, jubes* or similar forms, shall be dutiable at not less. tliMu 2r> per centum ad va- lorem . , CHEMICALS, DRUGS, ETC., WHEN niPOKTKDTX CAPSULES, 'J-JfC.' 'I Imports (under paragrapli 17 of the'act oi"|J,913|).'iii,.paQkag;es ftf 2$ pounds or less from 1914, when first, shown, lio 1918. inclusive, have been valued between $455,491 and $711,01&per year, and havi? yielded a yearly revenue varying from $91,357 to $142,203. Imports in* the form of cap^iile^f.etc,, amounted to $800,000 iii„bptkjl914: and 1915, and yielded a yearly revenue of about $200,000. Later statistics follow : :|1 l'-:ij> .'-fli' ■ fT~ Calendar year. CHEMICAL .\ND MEDICINAL COMPOUNDS, ETC., IN. J'ACK.A.GE.S.OF 2i POUNDS OB LESS. ms. ' 1919., 1920 192i:(9 months). J383,923 491, 691 741,360 318,668 t $76,785 .. 98,318 148,272 Is ■■■''< 20 ' 20 20 20 CHEMICAL AND MEDICINAL.^JOMPOUNDS, ETC., IN CAPSULE.S, PILLS, .TABLETS, ETC. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) . 82304-^^2- ■ 93.56, 598 48.i, 787 0^4,286 49 1, SH SS9, 150 120,947 171,072, 25 2,5 .25 66 SUMMABY.Or TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Exports-^-r^tntisiics not available. .Imfortant changes in classification. — The first portion of the 'cor- responding. 1913 iparg-graph, rekting to articles in S^i- pound pack- ages or less, has been omitted .from H. R. 7456, owing to the liti- gation which has arisen in its administration. (Eeclassification Re- port, pp. 24, 25.) , , , , , , o Suggested changes. — Page 6, paragraph Ql, line 13 : Insert " in- cluding powders" put up' in medicinal doses " after '' forms." PARAGRAPH 22. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pae. 22. Chemical elements, and chemical and medicinal compounds, preparations, mixtures, and salts, dis- tilled and essential oils, expressed and extracted oUs, animal oils and gteases, ethers and esters, flavoring and other extracts, and natural or synthetic fruit flavors, ftuit esters, oils and essences, all the foregoing and their combina- tions when containing alcohol, and all articles consisting of vegetable or min- eral objects immersed or placed in, or saturated with, alcohol, except perfum- ery and spirit varnishes, and all alco- holic compounds not specially provided for, if containing 20 per centum of alco- hol or less, 20 cents per pound and 25 per centum ad valorem; containing more than 20 per centum and not more than 50 per centum; of afcohpl, 40 cents pet pound and 25 p6r cientum ad va- lorem; containing more than 50 per centum of alcohol, 80 cents per pound' and 25 per centum ad valorem. , ; : ACT OF 1909. Pak. 2. Alcoholic compounds, includ- ing all articles consisting of vegetable, animal or mineral objects immersed or placed in, or saturated with, alcohol, not specially provided for in this sec- tion, sixty cents per pound and twenty- live per centum ad valorem. Pae. 3. * * * chemical compounds, mixtures aud salts containing alcohol or in the preparation of which alcohol Is used, and not specially provided for in this section, flfty-flve cents per pound, but in no case shall any of the foregoing pay less than twenty-five per centum ad valorem. Pak. 65. Medicinal preparations con- taining alcohol or in the preparation of which alcohol is used, not specially provided for In this section, flfty-flve cents per pound, but in no case shall the same pay less than twenty-five per centum ad valorem; * * *. ACT OF 1913. Par. 16. Chemical and medicinal compounds and preparations, including mixtures and salts, distilled oils, es- sential oils, expressed oils, rendered oils, greases, ethers, flavoring and other' extracts and fruit essences, all the foregoing and their combinations when containing- alcohol, and all ar- ticles consisting of vegetable or min- eral objects immersed or placed in, or saturated with, alcohol, except per- fumery and spirit varnishes, and all alcoholic compounds not specially pro- vided for in this section. If containing 20 per centum of alcohol or less, 10 cents per pound and 20 per centum ad valorem ; containing more than 20 per centum and not more than 50 per centum of alcohol, 20 cents per pound and 20 per centum ad valorem; con- taining more than 50 per centum of alcohol, 40 cents per pound and 20 per centum ad valorem. SUMMAKY OF TAEIi^F l^y-FOEMATIOXv 1&21. 67 CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, MIXTURES AND SALTS, ALCOHOLIC. Imports of chemical compounds have been chiefly in the class con- taining 20 per cent of alcohol or less and in 1918 (fiscal year) were valued at $30,387 and yielded a revenue of $6,893. In 1918 imports of the class containing between 20 and 50 per cent of alcohol were valued at $15,382 and yielded a. revenue of $7,859 ; those containing more than 50 per cent of alcohol, at $850, with a revenue of $709. Imports of medicinal compounds! have also been chiefly in the class containing 20 "pfer cent of alcohol or less, and in 1918 were valued at $63,579 and yielded a revenue of $18,422. In 1918 (fiscal year) im- ports of the class containing between 20 and 50 per cent alcohol were valued at $26,002 and yielded a revenue of $18,400 ; those compounds containing more than 50 per cent of alcohol were valued at $10,789j with a revenue of $13,284. Imports of vegetable or mineral objects immersed in alcohol are practically negligible. Statistics of alcoholic compounds have not been separately reported since 1914. Before then imports decreased from 1,272 pounds, valued at.$l,585 in 1910, to 643 poundsy valued at $749 in 1913; Iniports of chemical compounds, mixtures, and salts since 1917 have been as follows : ' - Calendar year. Quantity. Uijit value.' Duty. Equiva- lent ad Valorem. CONTAINING 20 PER CENT OH LESS OF ALCOHOL. WIS 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). PownAs. 5,023 2*573 2,607 $25,066 • 2,662 3,469 4,720 Per cent. UM $5,613 22.00 2.24 651 24.46 1.36 951 27.42 1.81 CONTAINING MORE THAN 20 PEE CENT AND NOT MORE THAN 50 PER CENT ALCOHOL 1918 26,921 171 1,031 1,415 $9,763 950 1,601 2,195 $0.38 5.56 ■ 1.46 1.55 $7,137 224 606 73.10 1919 23.60 1920 33.74 1921 (9 months) : CONTAINING MORE THAN 60 PER CENT OF ALCOHOL. 1918.. 1919 1920..... 1921 (9 months). $0.48 .62 4.3] .82 $1,225 298 5,304 , 103.34 96.75 29.28 Imp6rts,of medicinal compounds since 1917 have been as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. CONTAINING 20 PEE CENT OR LESS OF ALCOHOL, 1918 <1S19 .7 1920 1921 (9 months). jjjvt:^ i-r.-m-'-i--' Pounds. ^ 49,940 $56, 773 58,236 113,836 77,023! ' .69;655 54,6lO' ' ,i ''i f' ! ." ; ' ' i ' t i $1.14 . 1.96 , r. 37 .91 $16, 349 28, 691 21, 034. Per cent. 28.8 ■ - 26.' 12; 27.31 68 SUMMARY OI^'TAKIKF IXFOElMATIOK, 1921. Cale^iidar year. Quantity. ■ ^--t+: [.'nit value, ■11.1.'.' • — t*-' — ^■ Equiva^' lent ad, valorem. rCONTAININC MORS THAN 20 PER CENT ANU NOT MORiE' ^'H«N 50 -PER CBNT, OF ...,., , ALCOHOL. __^ ' ' ■ ■ '■ ' . ' rj'ii - • ■ ■.:{! : . ' ; . . 1 • ' . i -w,- . Pounds. i '■" U4.H61 I $120,986 1,12, 97S 42, .i:i;j "•' 103,343 L .53,1147 ,; 3U2.973 ,.,[,123,91.? 1919. ,....,.. ..;. 1920 ..'.'.. 1921 t9 months),. -r- -U- $53, 129 31, 103 31, 198 Pn ant. «i81 .73.12 •' '58.16 -frtir. „(,-,■ CONTAINING MQRE THAN ,W, PEE CENT O.F ALCOHOL. ' 111; ' litis 191« 1920 1921 (9 months) . ' ' -^ ^ o pu I 26;r!i92 ! ■ 106/276' j 231,734 ^93,696 $11,448 : 31,464 ! 1.34, 950 ! 276. 672 ,1 $0.43 $12,926 ■'.30 ' 48,801 .58 119,604 .56 ! - I -'JTO'llfi' 112. 93 155. 15 88.90 Emforts. — Statistics' not available; ' ' . •; ; Importmit changes in classification. — The phraseology of this para- graph has been slightly modified to agree with changes made in other iparagrajihs for these articles when not containing alcohol. (Keclas- sification Eeport, p. 23). ,..m -.. . ■;■,-.. Suggested rlianges. — Page 6, lines 16, 17 : "And," between " dis- tilled " and " essential " oils and between " expressed " and " ex- tracted " oils should be changed to " or " to avoid 'a' possible con- sfruction requiring that the oils shall be both distilled and essential or both expressed and extracted, - , .,, . PARAGRAPH 23. H. R. 7456. Pab. 23. Chicle, crude, 15 centfe per pound ; refined or advanced in value by ^dryingi straining, or any other jlrocess or treatment whatever Iteyond that essential to the proper packing. 20 cents per pound. ACT OF 19b9. Tab. 30. Chicle, ten cents per pound. SENATE Amendments. ACT OF 1913. Par. 36. Guuisi * * * chicle, crude, 15 cents per pound ; refined or advanced in value by drying, strain- ing, or any other process or treatment whatever beyond that essential to, the iJl-dpier' paclving. 20 cents per' 'pound; CHICLI:. (See Survey A-9.) Description mid uses.— Gwm chicle is a dried milky juice derived from AreJiassapota, a tree whose habitat extends from Mexico: to Guiana, the principal source of supply being Yucatan. The milky juice derived from incisions in the bark is boiled and allowed to SUMMARY OF TARIFF IXFORMATION, 1921. 69 harden in molds. First-class chicle is nearly white when well cooked, fresh and plean, but tjirns red4ish when overcooked. Certa,in trees also yield a primarily reddish gum. Crude chicle as it leaves Mexico contains about 50, per cent water, some of which is lost in transpoita- tion' and as imported, "contains about 40 per cent water. Its chief use is in the manufacture of chewing gum, for which it is refined by grinding, straining, and drying. , i, Irnports. — Prior to the act of 1913 all cKicle was dutiable at a uni- form rate. In 1913 the import was 6,920.415 iDounds. valued at $3,059,116, and yielded a revenue of'$692,041. From July 1 to Oc- tober 3, 1913, 7,998,186 pounds, but for the remainder of the fiscal year 1914 only about 1,500,000 pounds of both crvide, and refined chicle were imported. Since 1914 the imports of crude chicle have increased from 2,465,400 pounds in 1915 to 4,580,501 pounds, valued at $2,076,143, and yielding a revenue of $687,075 in 19i8. The im- port of refined chicle increased from 1,934.760 pounds in 1915 to 3,935,093 pounds, valued at $2,371,834, and yielded a revenue of $787,018 in 1917. In 1918 (fiscal year;i the import of refined de- creased to 2,028.367 pounds. Later statistics folloW': Calendar year. Qiianl-ity. Value, Unit value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. .0IVypE,CHieL]5. 191S.... 1919 1920 1921 OmoiiWis)!.;..; Pounds. 5,674,724 7,616,266 7,036,9l5 ,:J,936,U5 $2,649,440 I 4,769,601 I 4,868,368 I 2,464,968:1 in • to, 47 .63 .69 .63 t85l, 209 1, 127, 290 1,055,387 I Per cent. 32.13 23.63 21.68 REFINED CHICLE. 1918. .1 1919 1920..' 1921 (0 months)-. • 1,262, 670 566,039 237,665 102, 799 tl,003,;138 698, 598 "29S;S83 , .117-, 199 ,$0. «0 1.23 1.26 1.14 12.52, 534 113, 208 47. 588 2.j. 12 ,16.20 15.90 Exports. — Statistics not available. SuggestS'd changes.— XtteTt\tion is called tO the classification of various gums used as substitutes in part or as adulterants for chicle in the manufactiure of chewing gum,. These gums would, be exempt from duty under paragraph 1577, in H. R. 7456, whereas chicle is dutiable under this paragraph. Such treatment of these gums, re- lated to chicle, in paragraph 1577, Vould tend to encourage the importation of these inferior gums. PARAGRAPH 24. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pak. 24. Oljloml hydrate, terpin b.v- i ' drate, tliyuKjl, iirea, and gi.vcei'ciplio.s- ' plioric a<;id(',an(J salts and cymppunds , • , of glycerophosphoric acid, 2!5 per centum ad valorem. 70 SUM)MAEY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. ACT OF 1913. Pae, 18. Chloral hydrate, "* * * urea, terpin hydrate, * * ' * glyctero- phosphoric acid^ and salts and' com- pounds thereof, i ■? «i * i thymol, 25 per centum ad valorem, ,, . , ACT OF 1909. ! Pab, ,1. * *. ' all other acids not specially prdvliled for in this section, twenty-five pSi- centum ad valorem. Pak. 3. * * * all chemical com- poundSi. T f: , 1 1 * I and ' salts, *,-■.*■. " not specially provided for in this sec- tion, twenty-flve per centum ad valo- rem;' cTi^mltal' Compounds, * * • * and salts containing alcohWibr in the prepara|:ion of which alcohol is used, and not specially provided for 'In this sebtibu, fifty-live cents 'per pound, bui in ho case shall any of the foregoing ■ pay less than twenty-five per |C(»ntiuu ad valorem. ; P : P^K, ■&). Medicinal preparations * * *. in the preparation of whicli alcohol is used, not specially provided for in this section, fiftys-flve cents per pound, but in no qase shall, t^»e, same pay less than twenty-five per ceijtum ad valorem ; * * *. '' CHLORAL HYDRATE. (See Survey A-6.) '' ' ~ Description and v^es. — 'Chloral hydrate is a white crystalline solid of sharp taste used chiefly as a sleep-jitMucing drug. Chloral is con- verted into chloral hydrate by the addition of water, and is also combined with other substances tp form various drugs used for. neuralgi£|; and as sleep producers. ■ Prodwtion. — Chloral hydrate is manufactured by treating ethyl alcohol (grain alcohol) with chlorine gas and subsequently with sul- phuric acid and water. The use of denatured alcohol is lawful for this purpose. I;riortto the war its manufacture was attempted here from tax- paid alcohol buti discontinued because of the reduction in price of the German product. After the war its manufacture was resumed at St. Louis, Mo., and at Midland, Mich., upon a scale sufficient to sup- ply domestic needs. ^ i . ,, Imports in 1914 were 644 pounds., .Later statistics follow: Calendar year.^ ■ ' ■ 'Quaiitey.; I ' ■ ! 1 Poundt. 1,032 ,1,905, Value. ] Unit valne, I Duty. AS , valorem rate., 1918..... J746 1,758 SO. 72 ■ ' ;.92 ■ 187 F^'i'% 1921 (Qmonth.s).. ■ ■ . 1 ■ a/i ; . . \:^^ Exports. — Statistics not available. TERrtN HTlAsATfe. tT . • /; . •■ (See Survey A-6.) .. , . Description and uses. — Terpin hydrate, is prepared by., the action of nitric acid and alcohol on turpentine oil. It crystallizes in color- less, rhombic prisms, has a slightly aromatic odor and a bitter taste, and is used chiefly as a medicinal. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 71 Production. — Terpin hydr'ate is manufactured in the IJnited States by several firms, but data on production ate 'lacking. ' Imports. — The largest imports during any one, ye*r (1914) were 6,929 poundsj valuied at $1,020, yielding a revenue of $255. Over 92 per cent of these imports came from Germany. A few small ship- ments only have been imported in 1921. Exports. — Statistics not available. THYMOL. ,.,';,,., ,,. , , (See Survey A-«.) Description amd uses. — ^Thymol is a chemical derived from ajowan seed, native to India, Egypt, Persia, and Afghanistan. It is used in the treatment of disease, as an antiseptic wash, in some brands of tooth pastes, in preparations to destroy molds and certain parasites, as the hookworm, and as an embalming fluid for corpses and ana- tomical specimens. Production. — Thymol has been produced, domestically from im- ported ajowan seed, although befcoie the war it was chiefly imported from Germany, whjiph had a virtual monopoly in its manufacture. Because of the scarcity of ajowan during the war, experiments have been undertaken on several American plants with the view to obtain- ing a domestic supply. Present production is not known. , Thymol is manufactured to some extent in England and India. ' \ ^ Imports for 1914^-1918 show an average of 12,199 pounds, valued at $33,336 ;Tevenuie, $8j334. Later statistics follow: ■ ' ■' , ,iT :' ■ ' , 1 . fj -,- ■ , ' ■■-> - ' - , . .. , < . -Calerfdar year, ' :',,': : Quantity. . .Valoe. Unit value. Duty. ' Ad ■ valorem! , rate.; , 1918... :...:.....':.....' .'J i J L;iJ; Pounds. ■ /!- 33,743 ,,.: 10;74| 7^078 $105;'829 82,470. ' ■ 66,363- 34,799 "■S3.T4 7.67 ■ 6.94 4.92', ■ $26,467 . 20,618 ' 16,688 Percent. ' 25 li?;::c::::::r::::::::::;:;;:::;::r:-':? ^■''i 1921 (9 months) ...... 1 1 1 ...-.: . 25 ' Exports. — Statistics not available. TJEEIA. (See SuEvey.A-e.) Description cmd uses. — ^Urea is the commercial name for the sub- stance which is found naturally in the urine as weU as in the blood, milk, and other animal fluids. It crystallizes in trarisjparent, color- less, four-sided prisms. Urea forms salts such as the nitrate, oxalate, acetate, citrate, and hydrochloridcy used chiefly as medicinals. Its largest use is as a stabilizer in pyroxylin :|)lastics:. • Prodt£etion.-^JjTea, has been majiufactured in the United ,jStateBJ only since the latter part of 1916. It is made by treating calcium cyanamide with water in the presence of a mineral acid. It may also be prepared from phosgene gas and amihoriia. ■>' ; i-/ Vv> ^ ,,A Oalciuin cyahduEode^ the raw material of urea,- is manufactured by an American firm with a plant, located in Canada. Sutecessfill nianu- facture requires cheap electric power.; j ; ; :'i ' i'' > ''■■' > 12 SUMMARY OJ" TAEIFF INFOBMATIONi' 1021. f, , Domestic, manufacture of urea resulted feofn the failure of German supplies. The anauiai production is not known, but isiestimatedrnot to exceed 200,000 pounds. i; Urea is made in Germany from ammonium cyanate — a by-product c^ the cyanide indnstry-r-by treating with boiling water. Imports. — The largest quantity ©f urea imported since 1914 was 79,192 pounds, valued at $32,498,'with a r^eTenue of $8^125 in 1916.'. Imports since 1917 have been as follows : Calendar year. ....■•r!t j.-wv; Quantity. IfllS ,,1. IjBO. .„:,•.•.'..... 1921 (9 months; il Mis'- . f Pounds. ' ,.; 9,929 ..'' 14,490 ..I 23,-^93 . . I 8, 800 Value. SK, 149 9,741 14,088 Unit value. HH-fa .68 .:.5a '.27 Duty. I . i2,m 2,4§S 3,521 Ad valorem rate. i ■r-iiiil' 26 25 29 25 I ! ) • Exports - ... ,, y: -None recorded. CLYCEROPHOSPHORIC- ACID, AND SAI.TM AND CDMPOtJNDS '/^i&KREOF:' '■' -fiffii(i! ( See i Smcvey A^. ) "on; ,'■''!'- Avu ' ■•- " •- -■ ■ -'f Description and -JWies,.— Glycerophosphoric acid 'i&. the substance fo]TO^i;Yl?^tglycerol (glycerin) and phosphoric acid are hea/ted to- gether. It is a cleac, , colorless liquid w^en made,, but decompoSBl rapidly and changes color. It is rarely obtained pure and is of littie importance commercially, but its salts — sodium, calcium, and pewissium; glycerophosphates — areused as medicinals. Glycerophos- phoric acid is also used in medicine when combined with iron, man- ganese, quinine, and strychnine. : ProducUon. — The production; . of glycerophosphoric acid and its salts is carried but by several niahuf acturers ot a general line of pharmaceuticalsj there being two companies in New York State^ two m St. Louis, and one in Philadelphia. Irnports show a decrease in quantity, since 1914, .but an. incpease!;\in value. In 1917, 5,853 pounds of the acid and its salts were imported as compared with 24,789 pounds in 1914, 15,933 pounds in 1915, and 7,668 pounds in 1916. The revenue obtained during the maximum year, 1914, was $5,767. IrapOl'ts since 1917 have been as follows: --Tf73- trrr ,faooId ! . Calendar year. Quantity. l ;/f> 1918 1919 1920 IWt (9 months). OJiL PMnie. 209 8,840 7, 521 6, 595 1 Value,, r , Unit value. , puly. $849 10,274 10,958 8,169 S4.06 2.4» t212 2,569 1.46.1 2,740 1.24 valorem Per cent,. 25 25 . 25 . 25 Exports. — None recorded, .■ i. ! . Important ahanges in classification.' — Items omitted. from this para- graph but contained in paragraph 18, act of 1913, have been trans- ferred to the coal-tar paragraph. ■ j)0') SUMMARY OXi' TAEIFF INFOEMATION, 1&21. 78 PARAGRAPH ,25. H. R. 7456. Pab. 25; Coal-tar products: Acetani- llde not suitable for ■ medicinal use, alpha-naphthol, aininobenzolc acid, aminbnaphthol.aminophenetole, aminos phenol, aminosalicylic acid, amlnoan- thraquinone, aniline oil, aniline salt, anthraquinone, arfeanilic acid, benzal- dehydfe not suitable for medicinal use, benzal chloride, benzanthrone, benzi- dine, benzidine sulfate, benzoic acid not suitable for medicinal use, benzoqui- none, benzoyl chloride, ibenzyl chloride, benzylethylanlllne, beta^naphthol not suitiible for medicinal use, bromoben>- zene.'clilorobenzene, chlorophthallc acid, iinnamlc'acid,cumidine, dehj^drothloto- lu idene, diaminostilbene, dlanisidine, di - fhlorophtlialic acid, diniethylaniline,di" methylaminopheuol, dlm'ethylphenyl- benzyiammonium hydroxide, dimethyl- phenylenedlamine, dlnitrobenzene, di- nitrochlorobenzerie, 'dinitrbnaphtba^ lene, dinitrophenol," dinltrotoluene, di- hydroxynaphthalene, diphenylamine, hydToxyphenylarsihic acid, metanille acid, methylanthraquinoAe; naphthyl^ amine, naphthylenediamine, nitroani- Ilne, nitroanthraquinone, nittobenzal- dehydei i nitrobenzene, nltronaphtha- Tehe, nitrophenol, nltrophenylenedi- amine; nitrosodimethylaniline, nitro- toluene, nitrotoluylenediamine, phenol, phenylenediamiiie, phenylhydrazlnei phenylnapbthylamine, phenylglycine; phenylglycineortho-carboxylic add, phthallc acid; phthalic anhydride, phthalimide,- quinaldine, quinoline, re sbrclnol not suitable foi- medicinal use, salicylic acid and its salts not suitable for medituial use, sulfanilic acid, thio- carbanilide, thiosalicylic acid, tetra- chlorophthalic acid, tetramethyldiami- nobenzophenohe, tetramethyldiaminc dipheriylmethane,tolueiiesulfochloride, toluene sulfonaimide, tribromophenol, toluidine, tolidlne, toluylenediamine, xylidine, anthracene having a purity of 30 per centum or more, carbazole hav- tfig a purity of 65 per centum or m'dre, metacresol Kavihg*a purity of 90 ^per centum or ''more,' naphthalene which after the removal of all water present has a solidifying point of seventy-nine diegrees centigrade or above, orthocre- soi having a purity of 90 per centum or more, para-cresol having a purity of 90 per centum or more; all the foregoing produots m j this paragraph whether bbtained, derived, oi*' manufactured from coal tar or othfer source ;• all dis- tillates of coal tar, blast-furnac« tar. oil-gas tar, and water-gas tar which ■ ACT OF 1916. ' : . . : TlTl.l!; V. — 'Dy-ESTUFFB. i''Sbc;;500. That' on and, after the day following the passage 6f thisAct, ex- empt as otherwise sp^Ially provided for in thig title, there shall' be ilevied, col- lected,! and paid ■ upon the articles named in this gection 'wheii imported f«om ahy'-iforeigm country into the United States or into any of its pos- sessions, fexcept'it&e PliUippine- Islands and jhe' islands; of <6!uani and Tutuila, the rates of duties which are •■ pre- scribed in this .title, .namely : ■' Group a. * ^* * :quinolin * * * [Freo].' -' I - Group II. 'Amldonaphthol^ amido- phenol, auiidosalicylic acidji auilin oil, amiiiri salts, aiithracehe having a purity of twenty-flve per centum or more, anthraqulnone, benzoic acid, benzaldehyde, benzylchloride, benzi'- din, binitrobenzol," blnltrochlorobenzol, binltronaphthiilene, binitrotoluol, car- bazol liaving a purity of twenty-flve l)ei' icntum or more, chlorophthallc acid, cumidin, dimethylanilin, diani- sidin, dloxynaphthalene, diphenylai- mln, metacresol having a purity of ninety per centum or more, methylan- tlii-aqiiinone, metanilic acid, naphtha- lene having a solidifying point of seventy-nine degrees centigrade or above, naphthylamin, naphthol, naph- thyleuediauiin, nltrobenzol, uitrotoluol, nitronaphthalene, nitranilin, nitro- plienylenediamin, nitrotoluylenedlamin, orthocresol having a purity of ninety per centum or more, paracresol hav- ing a purity of ninety per centum or more, phenol, phtlialic acid, phthalic anhydride, phenylenediamin, phenyl- naphthylamln, resorcin, salicylic acid, sulphanilic acid, toluIdin,tolidin, toluy- lenedianiin, xylldin, or any sulphoacid or sulphoacid salt of any of the fore- going, all .s-imllar products obtained, derived, or manufactured in whole or ifl^part from the products provided for in Group I, and all distillates which on being subjected to distillation yield in the portion -distilling below two hundred degrees centrigrade a quantity of tar acids equal to or more than five per centum of the original distillate, all the foregoing not .colorfr, dyes, or .staihs. photogi-aphic chemicals,' medi- cinals, flavors, or explosives, and not otherwise provided for in this title, i(nd pi'ovided for in the paragraphs of the Act of October thii'd,;liineteen liundii^dand thirteen, which are here- 74 si-tmmAky o^f Tivnirr intAbmationl l92i. on being subjected to distillation yieldf in the portion distilling below one hundred and- ninety degrees centigrade a quantity of tar acids equal to or more than 5 per centum' of the original distillate ; all similar products by whatever name known, wihichr are ob- tained, derived, or manixfactured in whole or injjart from any of the prod- ucts provided for in this paragraph; or from any of the products provided for In paragraph 1546; all mixtures, in- cluding solutions, consisting In whole or in part of any of the foregoing products provided for in this para- graph, Except sheep dip and medicinal soaps ;.■ -all the foregoing products pro- vided for in this paragraph, not colors, dyes, or stains, color acids, color bases, color lakes, leuco-compounds. indoxyl, iudoxyl compotands, ink powders; photo- Kraphic chemicals, inedieinals, syn- thetic aromatic or odoriferous chemi- cals, synthetic resinlike products, syn- thetic tanning materials, or explosives; and not specially; proviiled for in para- gi-aph 26 or 1546, 30 per centum ad valorem and 7 cents per pound. ACT OF 1909. : PABi 1. * * t ..salicylic acid, five cents per pound ; * , ^ * . , Pab. 15. * * *. all other products or preparations of coaL tar, not colors or dyes and not jnediclnal, not spe- cially provided for in this section, twenty per centum ad valorem. , Pak.482i Acids:!* * * benzoICj carbolic, * * * phthalic, * * ,* [Free]. Pak. 491. Aniline salts [Free.]. Pab. 498. Arseniate of aniline [Free]. Par. 536. * * * products of coal tar known as * *; * naphthalin; •iniifter specifically repealed by section five hundred and two, fifteen per centum ad valorem..,'; .t. Sec. 501. That on and after the day following the passage of this Act, in addition to the duties :pro\i(led in sec- tion iive hundred, there shall be levied, collected, and paid . upon all articles contained in' Group II a speeinl duty of 21 cents per pound,'' * ♦ *. During the period of five .years be-: ginnitig five years after ihe :Passage (if this. Act ssueh .special i duties: shaU be iinnually reduced by twenty, per f-eutum of the rate imposed by this section, .s'o fhat at , the end of su(Ji period sucji si^eeial - duties shall no longer be assessed, levied, or collected} l)ut if, at the expiration of five years fi'oni the date of the passage of this .Vft. the President finds .that. there is not being manufactured or produced within the United States as much as ^xty per centum in value of' the do- ifliestic consumption of the- articles mentlonedin Group II , * * * of secr tian.fiveihundred.he.shall by proclama' tion so declare, whereupon the special duties) imposed' by this section on. such articles shall no longer be assessed, levied,; or collected. , 'Sec, 502. That paragraphs • * * twenty-one, twenty-twidy. and twenty- three and the iwordsvft aallc»lic apid" in paragraph one of Schedule A of sec: tlon one of an Act entitled i''An act to rediuee' tariff duties and to proyid? revenue for the Government; and &W other purposes," , approved . Qctoher third, nineteen hundred, and thirteen, and paragraphs *.. *. * four, hundred and flfty-two, '^^ * * and the, words "carbolic" and "phthalic,"; in para- graph three hundred and eightyrseven of the " free list " of section one of said Acti an aeetanilid, * *. *■ 25, per centum ad valorem. (iPab. 21. All other products or prepa- rations of coal tar» not colors or dyes, not ,speciaUy provided for in this sec- tion, 15 iper, centum ad valorem. Par. 22. Coal-tar dlstillatesy not spe^ cially provided for in, this section; * * •* napbtol, resorcln,, , i ,* * * all the foregoing . not medidnali and -not colors or dyesy; 5 per centum ad va- lorem. , .,, . bei^on'^1^'?,?IEr'"(T:*D:1^007.r''- ^' ''^^' *^' '"^ ™^"="™ »^ «P«^«= ^""'^ SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATtOS, 1921. 75 * .* ( * phenol, cresol,"' toluidine, xylidin, cumidin, blnitrotoluol, hini- trobenzol, ibenzidin, tolidin, (Jjanisidin, naphtol, naphtylamin, dlph^nylamin, benTialdehycle, 'benzyl chloride, resoip- cin, nitro-benzol, and nitrotoluol, naph- tylaminsulfoacids and their sodium or potassium salts, naphtolsulfoacids and tUeir sodium or potassium salts, ami- donaphtolsulfoaclds and their sodium or potassium salts, amidosalicylic acid, blnitrochlorbenzol, diamidostilbendi- sulfoacid, metanilic acid, paranitra-, nilin, dimethylanilin ; all the foregoing not medicinal and not colors or dyes [Free]. Par. 639. Oils: * * * aniline. * * * [Free]. il Pap. 23. Coal-ta,r products known as aniliu oil and salts, toluidine, xylidin, cifmidin, binitrotoluol, binitrobenzol, benzidiu, tolidin, dianisidin, naphty- lamih, diphenylamin, benzaldehyde, benzyl chloride, nitro-benzol and uitro^ toluol, naphtylaminsulfoacids and their sodium or potassium salts, naph- tolsulfoacids and their sodium or po- tassium salts, amidonaphtolsulfoacids and their sodium or potassium salts, amidosalicylic acid, blnitrochlorbenzol, diamidostilbendisulfoacid. metanilic acid, paranitranilin, dimethylanilin ; all the foregoing not medicinal and not colors or dyes. 10 per centum ad valorem. Par. 387. Acids; » * *, carbolic, *■ '* '■■■ phtMlic, * * * [Free]. I' Par. 452. * * * products of coal i tar : known a,s anthracene * * * iiaphthaltn, pbenol, aiid cresol [Free]. COAL-TAK INTEKJIBDIATES. ■ (Se^- Kepoi'ts'T. jl^'S.— 6, 11, 'IS,'; 22,,and| 23.) DescnpUov/ amd uses. — Paragraph 2§ includes a class of coal-tar chemicals commonly known as "intermediates." They do not occur as such in coal tar, but are prepared from the " crudes "i by chemi- cal treatment, such as that with sulphuric acid, nitric acid,' alkalies or chlorinej' and other chemicals. The "crudes" are compounds, such as benzene, toluene, naphthalene, separated by simple methods from coal tar^ and are exempt from duty under paragraph 1546. ' Intermediates are the raw materials which, by complex chemical processes are converted into dyes, drugs, perfumes, flavors, photo- graphic chemicals, synthetic resins, "and tanning materials. They are also used to accelerate the vulcanization of rubber, as camphor substitutes, in the direct production of dyes on the fiber, and for in- creasing fastness of dyed colors in which case they are known as " developers." On purification many intermediates are used directly as drugs, perfumes, and. flavors. , ; • Production. — Previous to the war the small requirements of the domestic dye industry were supplied by importation. Production of a single intermediate, aniline, was organized in 1910 and reached in 1914 an output of 18,000,000 poundsj., Production of all interme- diates 'since 1916 is given in the following table. The large reduc- tion in 1919 was due to the decreased output of intemiiediates required in the manufacture of military explosives and poisonous gases. Iii 1920 there w«re 119 firms making 236 intermediates: ; ' 1 1 . ' ; 19.17 1918 1919 1920 Quantity (pounds) : . .;. ■- J 1-. ..;:... 1 Value L , i i . - ■. - - . !■ 322, 745, 868 J10fi,9r)6,7(>0 ■ 357,0(52,261 ,!S124,382,«92 ■ 177,382,428 86.3, 2iq, 079 a.??, 720, 911 S95,291,68ti 76 SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INpOEMATION, 4921.,, Imports. — The prewar supply of intermediates was imported from Germany, a relatively small amotmt comiiig from England. In the calendar year 1913 Germany eipbrted to the United States 9,328,000 ppniids of intermediates. Imports since 1917 are shown in the fol- lowing table : ■ Calendar year. ' ■ , Quantity. . . Value. U'ni't value. Duty. Equiva. lent aid valorem. 1918.- ... /'ound.'s. 358, 034 178, fiW' 4,810,505 , J,329,37lj ■ '■ $99,830 84,815 761,448 325,-587 $0.28 .47 .IB .24 $23,925' 17,089' 232,980 Per ccvi. 1B19 1920i 21.00 192U9 Tfionth.?) ^ Exports. — Statistics hpt available. InuportaM. changes in classif.catio'ii. — On December 12, 1918, the Tariff Commission transmitted tothe Committee on Ways and Means a' report entitled " Dyes and Other Coal-Tar Chemicals." This re- port recommended amendments to Title V of the act of September 8, 1916, repealing provisions of the tariff act 'of 1913 relative to coal- tar products. These r^commendationg have tfeen incorporated in H.-R. 7456. (See also Eeclassification Eeport, p.' 32.) Phenol, anthracene, cresol, and naphthalin were exempt f.romvduty under paragraph 452, and phthalio and, carbolic acids were admitted free under paragi-aph 387 of the act of 1913. Cresol isifree under the act of 19.16. Quinolin, exempt from, duty under tlie act of , 1916, is also transferred to the dutiable schedule of H. R. 7456, The pro- vision "after' 'the removal of all water .present" has been added relative to the solidifying point of naphthalene. Suggested changes'.— V age. 8, lines 12, et seq., of; H. R. 7456 : Ar- range alphabetically. Page 8, line 16, of H; R. 7456. " toluylenediaHiine " should be spelled " tolylenediamine," without the lett'er " u." Page 9, line 1, of H. R. 7456 : Jnsert a c©mmft> after " water-gas tar.?2 PARAGRAPH 26. H. B. 74.56. far -f< ' Par.' 26. Cloalttii- products :''' .\li colors;, fl.ves, or stiiiiis. vrlietheV soluljlt^" or not in water, color acid.f. color bases, color lakes, lenco-cunipound?. .wiietlier colorless or not. indoxyl .and inrloxyl cortipounds ; InkpoAvderS; photofrrnphic chemicals ; acetanilide suitable for me- dicinal use, aeetphenetidine, acetylsal- icyllc acid, antipyrine, benzaldehyde suitable for ruedicinal use. benzoic acid suitable for medicinal use, beta- naphthol suitable for medicinal use, guaiacol and its derivatives, phenol- phthalein, resorcinol sultabte for me- dicinal use, salicylic acid and Its salts suitable for medicinal use, salol, and other medicinals; sodium benzoate; saccharin; artificial musk, benzyl ace- ACT OF 19,16. Title ^'. — DvKSTrKFs. Sue. ,800. That on, arid after the djiy fpllowing. the passage of this Act, ex- cept as- otherwise specially provided for- in this title, thel-e slikll be levied, collected, and paid Upon the articles named in this section when imported from any foreign country into the United States or into any of its pos- sessions, except the Philippine Islands and the islands of Guam and Tutuila:, the rates of duties which are pre- scribed in this title, namely : Group II. * * * benzoic acid, * * * salicylic acid * * * 15 per centum ad valorem and 24 cents per pound. SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. 77 tate, hpuzyl henzoate, couniann, di- pheuyloxide, niethjl anthranilato, methyl salicylate, plieuylacetaklehyde, plieiiylethyl alcohol, and other synthetic odoriferous or aromatic chemicals, in- cluding flavors, ail of these products not marketable as perfumery, cos- metics, or toilet preparations, and not mixed and not compounded, and not containins; alcohol ; synthetic phenolic resin and all resinlike products i>re- pared from phenol, cresol, phthallc an- hydi'ide, couniaroue, indene, or from any other article or material provided for in paragraph 25 or 1546, all of these products whether in a solid, semisolid, or liquid condition ; synthetic tanning materials ; picric acid, trinitrotoluene, and other explosires except smokeless powders ; all of the foregoing products provided for in this paragraph, when obtained, derived, or manufactured in whole or in part from any of the prod- ucts provided for in paragraph 2^ or 1546 ; natural alizarin and natural in- digo, and colors, dyes, stains, color acids, color bases, color lakes, leuco- compounds, indoxyl, and indoxyl com- pounds, obtauied, derived, or manu- factured in whole or in part from nat- ural alizarin or natural indigo ; natural methyl salicylate or ;oil of wintergreen or oil of sweet bii-ch : natural cou- mariu ; natural -gauiacoland its d^ei'i^a- t'Ves ; and all mixtures, including solu- . tions. consisting in whole or in, part of any of the articles or materials pi'O- vided for in this paragraph, excepting mixtures of .synthetic odoriferous or aromatic chemicals, 35 per centum ad valorem and 7,;eents per pound :,Pro- rirled, That the specifiQ duty of T cents pt^r pound herein ijrovided - for on cojors, dyes, or stains, whether soluble or not ill water, color acids, color, bases, color lakes, leuco-conipounds. Indoxyl, and ^ndoxyl compou#ls, shall be lia.sed on standards of strength which shall be established by the Secretary of the Treasury, and that upon all importa- tj.ons of such articles which exceed such standards of strength the specilic duty of .7 cents per pound shall be computed on the weight which the article, wouIO have if it were diluted to therStandard strenglh, but in jaa. case shall an.v such articles of whatever strength, pay a .specific duty, ;0f less than 7 cents- per pound: Frnridad further,, mhat be- ginning six months after the date, of passage of this Act no package con- taining any .such color, dye, stain, color acid, color base, color lake, leuco-com- pounfl. indoxyl. I or indoxyl compound shall lie.admitted to, entry ,, into the .,,,,, Tynited .'states unless such package and ' The Treasury Depai'tmpnt held on Feb. 9, 1922, that the reduction of specific duties ho-,-in.s on Sept. 9. 1922 (T. D. 39007). Oroitp III. All colors, dyes, or stains, whether soluble Or not in water, color acids, color bases, color lakes, photo- graphic chemicals, medioinals, flavors, synthetic phenolic resin, or explosives, not otherwise specially provided for in this title, when! obtained, derived, or manufactured in whole or iii partfrom any of the products provided for in Groups I and II, natural alizarin and indigo, and colors, dyes, or color lakes obtained, derived; or manufactured therefrom, thirty per centum ad va- lorem. ' Skc. 501; That on and after the day following the passage of this Act, in addition to the duties provided in sec- tion five hiuidred, there shall be levied, collected, and paid * * * upon all articles contained in Group III (ex- cept natural and synthetic alizai-in, and dyesobtained from alizarin, anthracene, and carliazol ;■ natural and synthetic in- digo and all indigoids, \yliether or not obtMined from indigo ; and medicinals and flavors), a special duty of 5 cents per pound .° , ■ . , ,■ , 'During the period of five years be- ginning five years after the passage of this Act such special duties ' shall be annually reduced by twenty per ijenituu) of the rate impose^ by this section, so that at the end of such period such special duties shall no longer be jas- sesjjed, leviei), or cqUgcted ; but if, at the expiration of five years from the date of the passage of this. Act, .the President finds that tl^ere is not being manufactured or produced within the United States as miipH a^. sixty per centum in, value of the domestic, con- sumption pf the articles mentioned ^n (jro;nps * * * Iltof section five hun- dred, he shall by pi^oclamatjon so de- clare, whereupon the special (lufies imposed by this section on such .articles shfill no longer be aSsessec,!, levied, or coUectecJ, Skc. 502. That paragraphs twenty, twenty -one, .* *. * and the words " salicylic acid " in' paragraph one of Schedule A qt seqtion one of an Act entitled "An Act to reduce tariff'.duties a.nd to provide revenue for the Gbvern- nient, andj for oilier purposes," ap- proved October third, nineteen hundred and thrteen, and paragraphs three hundred and ninety-four, * '* * and five hundred and fourteen, ' * * of file " free list " of .section (Uie of said Act, and so much of said Act or any exst'Ug' law or parts of law as inay be inconsistent with this title, are liereby repealed. 78 SU.MilABY . 01' TAKIFF INFORMATION, 1921. the invoice sliall bear a plain, eoii- sp;cuous, and I truly descriptive state- ment of the identity and percentage, exclusive of diluents, of such color, dye, stain, color acid, color base, color lake, leuco-compound, indoxyl, or indoxyl compound contained therein : Provided further, That on and after the passage of this Act no package containing any such article shall be admitted to entry into the > United States if it or the in- voice bears any statement, design, or device regarding such article or the ingredients or substances contained therein which is false, fraudulent, or misleading in any particular ; in the enforcement of the foregoing provisos the Secretary of the Treasury shall adopt a standard of strength for each dye or other article which shall con- form as nearly as practicable to the commercial strength in ordinary use in the United States prior to July 1, 1914 : Provided further, ThSit any article or product which may come within the terms of other paragraphs of this Act, as well as within the terms of para- graph 2o, 26, or 1546, shall be assessed for duty or exempted from duty as the casfe may- be, under paragraph 25, 26, or 1546. ACT OF 1909. Pab. 15. Coal-tar dyes or colors, not specially provided for in this section, thirty per centum ad valorem; all other products or preparations of coal tar, not colors of dj^es and not medic- inal, not specially provided for in this section, twenty per centum ad valorenl. Pae. 3. * * * essential oils, * * * not, specially provided for in this sec- tion, twenty-five per centum ad valo- rem; * * '*. Pab. 18. Oolorihg for brandy, wine, beer, or other liqiiors, fifty per 'centum ad valorem. ' Pab. 25. Indigo extracts or pastes, three-fourths of one cent per pound; indigo, carmined, ten cents per poun(l. Pae. 26. * ' * * ink powders, tvyenty-flve per centum ad valorem. Pak. 65. * * * medicitial prepara- tions '* * * not specially provided for in this section, twenty-five per centum a(i valorem: * * *. ' Pab. 218. Saccharine, sixty-five cents per pound. Pae. 435. * * * all explosive sub- stances iised for mining, blasting, ar- tillery, or sporting purposes, when valued at twenty cents or less per pound, two cents per pound ; valued above twenty cents per pound, 4 cents per pound. ACT OF 1013. Pab. 20. Coal-tar dyes or colors, not specially provided for in this section, 30 per centum ad valorem. Pae; 1. * * » salicylic acid,' 2J cents per pound; * « *. Pae. 5.'* * * all * * * medi- cinal compounds, « * * 15 per cen- tum ad valorem. Pab. 18. * * * salol, phenolphtha- lein, * * * aeetanilid, acetphene- tidin, antipyrine, * * * acetylsali- cylic acid, aspirin, guiacol carbonate, • * * 25 per centum ad valorem. Pab. 21. All other products or prep- arations of coal tar, not colors or dyes, not specially provided foi- in this sec- tion, 15 per centuin ad valorem. Pae. 26. Coloring for brandy, wine, beer, '. or other liquors, 40 per centum ad valorem. Pab. 37. * * * . ink powders, 15 per centum ad valorem. PAE. 46: * * * ' essential and dis- tilled oils * * * not specially pro- vided for in this section, 20 per centum ad valorem: * * *. Pab. 49. *" * * all natural or syn- thetic odoriferous or aromatic sub- SUMMARY OF TAKIFP HTFORMATION, 1921. 79 Pa». 482. Aei(}s; [Free]. nitropicr Pab. 487. Alizarin, natural or artifl-" eial, and dyes derived from alizarin or from anthraoin [Free], '. Pae. 936. 1* . * * resorcin * * * [Free]. Par. 592. Indigo [Free]. Par. 617. Madder and munjeet, or Indian . liiadder, ground or prepared, and all extracts of [Free]. stances, preparations, ; and mixtures used in. the manufacture of, but not marltetable'as; perfunies or cosmetics; all the foregoing not containiilg alco- hol and not specially provided for in this section, 20 per centum ad valorem. .Par. 67.. Soda : Benzoate of, 5 cents per pound ; * * *. Par. 179. Saccharin, 65 cents per pound. Pab. 394. Allzatiiii,' natural or syn- thetic, and dyes obtained from aliza- rin, anthracene, and carbazol [Free]. Par. 501. * * * all explosive sub- stances, not specially provided for in this section, used for mining, blasting, and artillery purposes [Free]. Par. 514. Indigo, natural or syn- thetic,: dry or suspended in wa,ter, and dyes obtained frqm, indigo [Free]. Par. 538. Madder and munjeet, or Indian madder, ' ground or prepared, and all extracts of [Free]. COAL-TAR FINISHED PKODUCTg!. (See Reports T. I. S.— 6, 11, 15, 22^ and 23.) i. DYES AND COLORS. . : All colors, dyes, or stains, whether or not soluble In water, color acids, color bases, color lakes, leuco-compounds, whether colorless or not, indoxyl, and indoxyl compounds, ink powders. . ,!. i . , ,,,.,1, Description and uses. — Under paragraph 26 is included a variety of products made by chemical processes from the coal-tar interme- diates enumerated in paragraph 25. They are used in dyeing, color- ing, or staining of vegetable and animal fibers, paper, leather, wood, feathers, varnishes, soaps, fats, foods, and other products; andiin the preparation bf inks and color lakes, a class of paint pigments. The color bases, leuco-compounds, and indoxyl are either nearly finished dyes or products which are closely related and readily converted into dyes by simple treatmeiit. Prod/ucUon. — Previous to the war the domestic , synthetic dye in- dustry was restricted to assembling a limited quantity of dyes from intermediates imported from Germany .^ In 1914, 6,619,729 pounds of " coal-tar dyes," valued at $2,470,096, were made from imported inter- mediates (aniline in part excepted), , : During the war the failure of the foreign supply and the jgt-eat needs of the domestic consumer^ combined with great initiative on the part of the dye makers, gave rise to the rapid development of dye mahufacturirigi In 1917, 45,977,246 pounds were produced, increas- ing to 88,263,776 pounds in 1920. Production since 1914 has been as follows : Quantity (pounds) . yalue-; .- 1914 6,619,729 '$2,470,096 1917 45,977,'246 $57,796,228 1918 58,464,446 $62,026,390 1919 ■63,402,194 $67,698,855 1920 V 88,263,776 $95,^13,749 80 SUMMAEY of TlEIFF raFOKMATIOX, ISei. Imports oi dyes were 45,950,895 pounds in the fiscal year 1914,' at which time the United States depended largely on' Germany for a supply of dyes. During the. war, when the ?upply from Europe was shut off, the domestic production rapidly increased. Imports have shown a permanent decrease sihCe 1914. The following table gives the imports of coal-tar dyes and colors since 1917: i; ■ . .Calqad^r yejr. Quantity. Value. Unit value. $1.01 1.27 1.46 1.33 Duty. 191S ..,,>,,... 1919 , . . . . . -L- ....... J^J^ ..._..: f Povmds. 2,542,039 2,625,946 3,743,318 2,790,096 $2,578,976 3,339,722 5,458,593 3,708,336 $865,122 1,104,173 1920. . .; ' ..::. 1.795,909 1921 {imdaftis). ,'.■:...::...:... ::...., Exports. — The rapid inereasei in dye production, during a period when Germany wa6 shut off from the foreign export markets, led to the establishment of an expprt^t;rade in coal-tai; dyes. In 1,918 the value of exports of '^.' aniline dyes " was $8,629,611,; and of " all other dyes" (not including logwood extract), $6,636,099. In 1920, the maximum export year,! the exiports of "aniline dyes" reached $22,450,480, and of " all other " $7,373,111. For the first nine months of 1921 expor«s^decreased to $4,089,897 for "aniline dyes" and $956,074 for "all .pther." This great reduction in exports, while attributable in part to the general business depres- sion,. was:laEgely'>due to the; a^ppearance of German dyesjin the, large foreign niftrljetfe, such as 'China, India, and Japan. Eiports for the calendar years 1918-1921 are given in th§ following table; Dyes. 1918 , 1919 1920 . !*J 1921 (9m6ntlis)'.' Aniline 'dyes :'...'.■! j i . . .' . AH other dyes and dyestufls ' !$&,'e29,611 6,636j909 $10,724,071 6,00^,428 $22,4S0,<4BO 7,373, 111 $4,1 956, 07* 1 1?herdomestic exports (^ dyes, as shown by tie Cotam&Tpe Departmeht, are divided into 3 groups— (l)«mltoay8s/(2)J%*ili6d'eMte(*(;aM WaU'otBei'/ayes.amadyfestiffls. .-. 'Um' , „ The third classification may include both natural dyes (other than log»;ood extracts, shc^iyn separaf ( ' ' " as well as coal-tar dyes. Since logwood extract, however, is the most-important' hatui*ai dy4' exfidrfed from the JJnitedStates, it is reasoii^blelto assume^ fhat apiQ|i^i^e7able'po]'Uoino{"a)l,oth9rd'}!^.ana\dye- stiifis" represents coal-tar dyes'. ;" , , ' , > ' aiiftii.' AMZABIN AND INDlGO. Important changes in classification. — Natural or synthetic alizarin and4yes^obtained from alizarin, anthraceiie, and carbazol (par. .SOI), and natural or synthetic indigo^ dry or suspended in water, and dyes- obtained from indigo (par. 614) are on the free list of the act of 1913. They are dutiable under Group III of the act of4916. Madder and munjeet, or Indian madder, ground or prepared, and all ex^ tracts of, are free of duty f under parajgraph 538, act of 1913'. See also paragraph 25, page 76. HHOTOGRAPHIC CHEMICALS. Description and. uses. — These impprtajat coal-tar chemicals are strong reducing agents and are Used as " developers " in photography. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Production is given in the following: table : 81 ■■ . • , ■ ' 1917 1918 1919 1920 QnaTitit.y (pn^iuli?) • - ' 263,068 $602, 281 316,749 $823,915 335, 509 $1,059,340 440,759 Value $1, 015, 348 Imports since 1917 have been as follows : Calendar year. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) Quantity. Pounds. 14,550 12, 059 21,808 27,585 Value. $108, 537 77,876 67,640 64,617 Unit value. $7.46 6.46 3.10 2.34 Duty. $33, 289 23,966 21, 382 Equiv- alent ad - valorem. Per cent. 30.67 30.77 31.61 Exports. — Not separately recorded. Nfkportant changes m classification.- -See paragraph 25, page 76. MEDICINALS. Description and uses. — F.rom the viewpoint of national welfare the production of a variety of synthetic coal-tar _drugs is of great importance. These products have a diversified application in the treatment and diagnosis of disease. The majority of them are of re- cent introduction in medicine. ,, The most important from the medi- cal standpoint is arsphenaimine (salvarsan). Production is shown in the follp[Wing table : .1917 : 1918 1919 1920 Quantity (Dounds) .' 2; 418, 274 $5,639,867 3,623,352 $7,792,984 . 6,777,988 $7,883,071 5,184,989 $S, 726, 776 Value .' Imports since 1917 are given in the following table : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 $301,074 168,466 165,055 215,998 $90,322 50,540 4^517 Pa pent. 30 1919...., 30 1920 . . 30 1921 (9 months) ,.- Exports are not separately shown. Im/portcmt cJumges in classification. — ^See Suggested changes. — Page 11, line 3, of should be " guaiacol." paragraph 25, page 76. H. E. T456: "Gauiacol" FLAVOBS AND PERFUME MATBKIALS. ^"Description and uses. — Coal-tar flavors and perfumes are not diarply differentiated, as many are used interchangeably. These classes of coal-tar chemicals constitute a natural and essential branch 82304—22 6 82 SUMMARY OP iXABirPiINFOKMATION, 1921, of a well-rounded dye indjistry. They are used, as a flavoring mate- rial in foods, pharmaceuticals, and tobacco. In addition, many of them are valuable perfumes, serving as satisfactory substitutes for the more costly natural products^ Productvon is given in the following table : Flavors. _ , Perfumes. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. • ,1.1 1918 1 iiU Potmdi. 458,256 610,825 .., 166,884 »4i925,627 1,318,654 527,493 Pountli. 116,263 41,419 99,740 1584,695 1919 164,302 1920 332,008 Imports of perfume materials are not shown separately, and im- ports of flavors have been negligible since 1918. Exports. — Statistics are not a^aijahle. Important changes in classification. — See paragraph 25, page 76. SYNTHETIC TANNING MATERIALS. Description and uses. — Synthetic tanning materials constitute a new branch of the coal-tar industry, which has been de^'eloped since 1918. They are made by the condensation of certain coal-tar, de- rivatives with formaldehyde in *the,;!presence (yf an acid. These prod- ubts are usually applied in taimihg in conjunction with the naltural tanning agents. Production figures are not available prior to 1920, when 3,142,861 pounds, valued at $233,674 were reported. Imports are not .separately shown. Exports figures are not available. Irfifortant cJumges-in classification. — See paragraph 2.5, page 76. SYNTHETIC EESINS. Description and uses. — These products are prepared by condensing phenol or cresol or para-coumarone with formaldehyde and am- monia or with hexamethylenetetramine. They are used as an amber substitute in mouth pieces for pipes, for cigarette holders, and simi- lar articles. They are of especial importance as electrical insulating materials and in the manufacture of varnishes and lacquers. Prodvfition has increased from 3,094,534 pounds, valued at $2;- '311,358 in 1919 to 4,659,680 pounds, valued at $3,410,119 in 1920. Imports since 1918 are shown below: Oalendat year. Quantity. Value. Unit yalue. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. 1919 Pmmii. 1,114 2,479 658 fc,860 »2.57 ■. 1.08 1.47 $914 .928 Per cent. 31.95 34.68 1920 1921 (9 months)....; SUMM^BY or, TABIFF IjSTFQRMATION, 1&21. 83 Exports are not separately! recorded;./! i^' ! Important chcmges in classification. — See paragraph 25, page 76. ;..'i''r:T?JtA COAL-TAE EXPLOSIVES. Description and uses. — Explosivesi made from coal-tar derivatives are used as high-explosive shell fillers in military shells, torpedoes, and grenade?, ,^ ,, ,, -^ ,^ Picric acid is'a trinitro derivative of phenol. It is a pale yellow solid substance which melts to a liqiiid , at 122° G. It is one of the most powerful explosive shell fillers. The raw materials from which picric acid' is niade are phenol (carbolic afcid) or monochlorbenzol and nitric and sulphuric acids. .' Aihmonium picrate is also largely used for the same purposes as picric acid, r . , .. •. Trinitrotoluene, also known as trotyl and T. N. T., is a high ex- plosive used principally in shells, ilt is preferable to picric acid for most purposes. It is made by the nitration of toluene. Tetranitroaniline, or tetryl, is ii more powerful explosive than picric a.cid, aiud ;is.^sp soflieTj^hat more sensitive. It is a solid crystal- line substance made by the nitration of dimethylaniline. It has much the same use as picric a,9J.,4, and T.N. T. Production, figures are , not, available ; during the war large quan- tities of picric acid and T.,.N. T. were produced, and also considerable amounts of the new explosive tetryl. , Imports of picric acid in 1918 ^ere ,3,246,500 pounds, valued at $254,385. . , ,,_ ■_, ,, ,: . ' , , ,/ . , -" . ' Exports of picric acid are shown for calendar years in the following table: Quantity (pounds). Value 1918 39,,p84,858 S23,231,892 1919 ) 2, 474 $2,684 1920 9,480 $4,022 1921 (9 months). 1,366 Important ..changes in classification. — Explosive substances used for mining, blasting, and artillery purposes are exempt from duty under paragraph .501 of the act of 1913. ,(See par. 25, p. 76.) Suggested chang es.--J^iige 12, lines 15-19 of H. E. 7456: The pro- vision " That any article or product which may come within the terms of other ;paragraphs of this Act, as ,well as;Withi.n the terms. of paragraph 25, 26, or 1546, shall be assessed for duty or exempted from duty, as the case may be, under paragraph 25, 26, or 1546 " is too broad. It is therefore suggested that the following phrasing, in which coiiflictj^ig paragraphs are, referred to by number, be; adopted : THat any article or product which may come within the terms of paragraph 1, 5, 35, 37, 56, 63, 79, or 1578 of this act, as well as within the terms of para- graph 25, 26, or 1546, shall be assessed 'for duty or exempted from duty, as the jCase may be, under paragraph 25, 26, or 1546. 84 STJM-MAKV OF TARIFF INFOKMATIOK, 1921. PARAGRAPH 27. H. R. 74,56. Pak. 27. Cobalt: Oxide, 20 cents per pound; sulphate, linoleate, and all other cobalt compounds, 25 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Pab. 16. Cobalt, oxide of, twenty- flve cents per pound. Pab. 3. * * * chemical compounds, * * * and salts, * * * not spe- cially provided for in this section, twenty-five per centum ad valorem ; SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Pab. 24. Cobalt, oxide of, 10 cents per pound. Pab. 5. * * * chemical * * * compounds, * * * and salts, * * * 15 per centum ad valorem. cobalt oxide. (See Survey A-6.) Description aiul uses. — Two grades of cobalt oxide are found on the market, the black and the gray. The oxi<^e is usually produced directly froni the ore, but if the pure substance is wanted the metal is first obtained and then changed to the oxide. Zaffer (par. 1690, free list) isan impure cobalt oxide. Cobalt oxide is used in the preparation of cobalt salts, in the'manu- f acture of sinalt and of enameled iron"ware, for producing blue enamels and glazes on porcelain, and as a drier for paints and var- nishes. Production. — Since Canada began producing cobalt in quantity the production of the oxide in the United States has been very small. Canada furnishes nearly ^1 of the world's supply. The output in 1919 (preliminary figures) of cobalt salts was valued at $104,970. Imports are almost entirely from Canada. They increased from 28,729 pounds in 1913 to 109,484 pounds in 1914 arid to 238,934 pounds in 1916. The import during 1918 was 220,863 pounds. The large increase in imports of cobalt oxide has been accompanied by a marked decrease in irhports of cobalt ore, which was free of duty under the acts of 1909 and 1913. With cobalt oxide dutiable at 25 cents per pound, considerable ore was imported and converted into the oxide in the United States. Since Che passage of the act of 1913 plants have been built jn Canada ; these treat the ore and ship oxide and metal into this country. Imports of cobalt oxide since 1917 have been as follows : Calendar year; Quantity. Value! - Unit value. Duty.' ' Equiva- lent ad valorem. 1918 Povmds. ■■: 208,596 131,424 202,724 85,441 1291,699 184,751 399,605 188,721 , J1.40 1.41 1.97 2,21 $20,869' 13,142 20,272 Per cent. 7.16 1919 7.U 1920 S.07 1921 (9 months) Exports. — Statistics not available. SUMMAKy OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 85 COBALT SULPHATE. Description and uses. — Cobalt sulphate is a red powder derived by the action of sulphuric acid on cobalt oxide. Its chief use is in ceramics. Froduction. — Statistics not available. Imports of cobalt sulphate in 1914 (only year available) were 54,389 pounds, valued at $15,960. lm,fortcmt changes in classification. — New specific provision. COBALT LINOLEATE A>;D OTHEE COBALT COMPOUNDS. Description and uses. — Cobalt linoleate is one of the most impor- tant driers used in the paint, varnish, and printing ink industries, owing to the accelerated drying effect which it produces. It is sold largely admixed with Ifnsieed or soya-bean oil, in paste or liquid form, ready for direct mixing with paints. Prod/uction. — Statistics iare not available^ Considerable quantities,, however, are made in this country. It is produced by heating to- gether sohitions of cobalt sulphate and sodium linoleate. '. /mj3(?r#s.^Statistics are' available for 1914 only, when 18,933 pounds, valued at $4,677, were imported, almost entirely from Ger- many. It is knoAvn that several shipments have come from England during 1921. Exports. — Statistics are not available. Important changes in classificaiion.^1^%^ specific provision. The provi^On for "pth,er cobalt compounds" is also new... Suggested changes. — It is suggested that the word's " cobalt salts and compounds" be substituted for the term "cobalt compounds," since tariff acts have long distinguished salts from compounds. PARAGRAPH 28. H. R. 7456. SENATE AlfflENDMENTS. Pae. 28. Cellulose esters, collodion and other liquid solutions of pyroxylin, of other cellulose esters or ethers, or of cellulose, 35 cents per pound. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. it. Collodion * * * forty Pak. 25. Collodion and all other cents per pound ; » * *. liquid solutions of pyroxylin, or of • ' other cellulose esters, or of cellulose,. 15 per centum ad valorem ; * * *_ CELLULOSE ESTERS AND SOLUTIONS OF PTKOXTLIN. (See Survey A-6.) Description and uses. — Pyroxylin is a name applied to the soluble nitrates of cellulose. Collodion is a solution of pyroxylin in alcohol, and ether. It is used in surgery and to some extent in photography. Of tlie other cellulose esters the acetates are the most important. They are, made by treating cellulose with acetic anhycjride and sul- phuric acid. Cellulose acetate is used for making one variety of artificial silk and replaces nitrocellulose where noninflammability is important, as in "dope" or varnish for airplane wings and for moving picture films, when for use in the home or .small theaters^ 86 SL'MMARY OF TARIFF IXFORMATION, 1921. Production. — The materials used in the manufacture of pyroxylin are cellulose in some form, nitric acid, and sulphuric acid. These liquid solutions of pyroxylin are made by a group of manufacturers other than those making compounds of pyroxylin (par. 29). Imforts of collodion and other liquid solutions of pyroxylin since 1917 have been as follows : - Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. iiuty. A^ valorem rate. 1918 Pmrids. S51 344 i,im 2,180' (Si 52 237 Per cent. 16 1919 226 996 2,350 ji.52 1.59 .93 16 1920 16 1921 f9 monthsl ,'¥ Imports of cellulose esters are not listed sepaiutely. Exports. — Statistics not available. Important changes in classification. — Cellulose esters have been specifically mentioned in this paragraph, and the liquid solutiona of ' cellulose esters have been distinguished ' from compounds of pyroxylin. (See p. 88 and Reclassification Report, p. 37.) PARAGRAPH 29. H. ». 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pab. 29. Compounds ot'i pyroxlin, of other cellulose esters ox ethers, or of, cellulose, by whatever name known, in' blocks, sheets, rods, tubes, or otlier forms, and not made Into finished or partly finished articles, 40 cents* per pound ; made Into finished, or partly finished articles, of %vhicli any- of the foregoing is the component material of chief value, 65 cents per pound and 2.'5 per centum ad valorem : Provided, That all such articles, whether or not more specifically provided for elsewhere, shall be dutiable under this paragraph. ACT OF 1909. Pak. 17. * '' * all compounds of pyroxylin or of other cellulose esters, whether known as celluloid or by any other name, forty cents per pound; if in blocks, sheets, rods, tubes, or other forms, not polished, wholly or partly, and not made up into finished or partly finished articles, forty-five cents per pound ; if polished, wholly or partly, or if in finished or partly finished articles, except moving-picture films, of which collodion or any compound of pyroxylin or of other cellulose esters, by whatever name known, is the component material of chief value, sixty-five cents per pound and thirty per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1913. Pab. 25. * * * compounds of pyroxylin or of other cellulose esters, whether known as celluloid or by any other name, if in blocks, sheets, rods, tubes, or other forms not polished, wholly or partly, and not made into finished or partly finished articles, 25 per centum ad valorem; if polished, wholly or partly, or if finished 'or partly finished articles, of which col- lodion or any compound of pyro;?;ylin or other cellulose esters, by whatever name known, is the component ma- terial of chief value, 40 per centum ad valorem. StJMMAItY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 8-7 ' PTROXYtilN PLASTICS. .,. ,. (See Survey A-6.) Description arid uses. — Pyroxylin is a name applied to the soluble nitrates of cellulose. Pyroxylin plastics are substances composed of pyroxylin, camphor, and a solvent, and are sold under trade names such as "celluloid," "fiberoid," "viscploid," "pyralin," and " nixonoid." They are used for making combs, mirror and brush backs, knife-handles, buttons, toys, rims for eyeglasses^ a^id majiy other articles. Pyroxylin is used also in the manufacture of artificial leather and silk. Production. — The materials used in the manufacture of pyroxylin are cellulose in some form, nitric acid, and. sulphuric acid., A sta- bilizer, usually urea, is added ; also pigments and dyes for opaque or colored products. , I , u I ! ii m i The domestic proaiiction of pyroxylin plastics lias increased greatly, its value being in 1899, $l,,§a6,672; m 1909, $5,682,379; in 1914, $8,876,509; and in 1919 (preliminaiy figures), $30,169,000. Germany was formerly the largest pr6diicer of pyroxylin and our strongest competitor. England and France were extensive manufac- turers of 'pyroxylin plkstics before the war. 'When ttie factories were largely given over to the making of explpsives the production of plastics in those countries ^eatly diminished, with a consequent increase in exports from the United States. Japan will probably become the leading competitor under normal conditions, since she controls the world's supply of camphor and is growing, in experience in manufacture. i Synthetic camphor was manufactured in this country during the war, but its manufacture was discontinued because of the low prices of natural, camphor. It is now reported (December, 1921) that manu- facture is to be resumed at an early date. Imports of pyroxylin plastics not made into finished or partly finished articles have not averaged more than 1 per cent of the do- mestic production, even though a marked increase followed the act of 1913. Imports of the partly or wholly finished manufactured articles in 1914 were about 10 per cent of the domestic production. Later statistics follow : , , . i Calendar year. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. NOT FINISHED. 1918 ; 1919..:..-..':..:.. 1920.' : 1921 (9 months).. Pounds. 4,977 6 234 7,615 29,44? 14,489 ' 6,217 14,210 35,311 SO. 90 1.19 1.87 1.20 «1, 122 1,554 3,563 Per cent. 25 25 25 25 POLISHED OR FINISHED. 1918 $44,846 51,340 110,843 71,332 $17,938 20,536 44,337 40 1919 26,482 J1.94 40 1920 40 1921 (9 months) 40 SS SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Exports of celluloid and manufftotures in 1910 were valued at $1,189,080; in 1914, at $1,387,541; in 1918, at $3,744,745. In postwar years exports increased to $9,046,802 in 1920 (calendar year) and then declined to $1,771,299 during the first nine months of 1921. . Tjiey have gone chiefly to France, England, Canada, and Italy. Important changes in classification. — The words "or ethers, or of cfelhilose," haVe been added, as compounds are inade of cellulose ojr of cellulose ethers similar to those of pyroxylin. Compounds of pyroxylin at'e.noW dutiable (par. 25, act of 1913) at different rates, depending upon whether or not they are polished, those polished carrying' the' same rate of duty as manufactured or finished articles composed in chief yklue of pyroxylin! A^ this divi- sion has caused sortie litigation, arising from the fkcis that thepolish- iii'g constitutes a comparatively slight advafice in the value of py- roxylin, and that the siirfaces are given finishes other than polishing, this distinction was omitted in H. E. 7456, (Keclassifidation Report, PARAGRAPH 3©. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pas.. 30. Compounds of casein, known as galalith, or by any other name, in blocks, sheets, rods^ tubes, or other ,fpr«is, not made into finished or partly tinished articles, 25 cents per pound ; made into finished or partly finished articles of which any of the foregoing is the component material of; chief ; value not specially provided for, 40 cents per pound and 25 per cent ad valorem. , ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. [No corresponding provision.] [No corresponding provision.] ' CASEIN COMPOUNDS. Description and uses. — Galalith, a product of casein, is a hornlike material made largely into fine-toothed combs and other toilet ar- ticles. It competes to a certain extent with celluloid articles, but is not so strong and is subject to warping. It is fire "resistant, however. The process of manufacture consists in hardening casein with for- maldehyde. Production. — The domestic industry manufacturing galalith arti- cles from casein is small. The industry is confined mainly to France, and, to a lesser extent, to Germany. A few manufacturers in this country make finished articles from sheets, rods, tubes, etc. In 1914 the German production amounted to 10 metric tons daily, with the year's output valued at 10,000,000 marks. SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1»21. Imports since 1917 are as follows : 89 Calendar year.' 1918 1919 1920: 1921 (9 months).. Exports. — Statistics not available. .. in ; Importcmt changes in classi'fication. — New provision. Now duti- able according to the kind of article. ' ' ' ' PARAGRAPH 31. H. R. 7456. Pab. 31. Drugs, such as barks, beans, berries, buds, bulbs, bulbous roots, ex- crescences, fruits, flowers, dried fibers, dried insects, grains, herbs, leaves, lichens, mosses, roots, stems, vegeta- bles, seeds (aromatic, not garden seeds), seeds of morbid growth, weeds, and all other drugs of vegetable or animal origin; any of the foregoing which are natural and uncompounded drugs and not edible; and not specially provided for, but which are advanced in value or condition by shredding, grinding, chipping, crushing, or ,ajiy other process or treatment whatever beyond that essential to the proper packing of the drugs and the preven- tion of decay or deterioration pending manufacture, 10 per centum ad va- lorem : Provided, That the term "drug" wherever, used in this Act shall include only those substances having therapeutic or medicinal prop- erties and chiefly used for medicinal pui-poses : And provided further. That no article containing alcohol shall be classified for duty under this para- graph. ACT OF 1909. Par. 20. Drugs, such as barks, beans, berries, * * * buds, bulbs, bulbous roots, excrescences, fruits, flowers, dried fibers, dried insects, grains, * * * herbs, leaves, lichens, mosses, nuts, .nutgalls, roots, stems, spices, veg- etables, seeds (aromatic, not garden seeds), seeds of morbid growth, weeds, and woods used expressly for dyeing or tanning ; any of the foregoing which SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OE 1913. Pab. 27. Drug§, such as barks, beans, berries, buds, "biilbs, btilbous roots, ex- crescences, fruits, flowers, dried fibers, dried insects, grains, * * * herbs, leaves, lichens, mosses, roots, stems, vegetables, seeds (aromatic, not gar- den seeds), seeds of morbid growth, and weeds ; any of the foregoing which are natural and uncompounded drugs and not edible, and not specially pro- 90 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. vided for in this section, but wliich are advanced in value or condition by shredding, grinding, chipping, crushing, or any other process or treatment whatever beyond that essential to the proper packing of the drugs and the prevention of decay or deterioration pending manufacture, 10 per centum ad valorem : Provided,, That no article containing alcohol shall be, classifled for duty under this paragraph.' Pae. 592. Salep, or salop [Free]. Par. 409. Balm of Gilead [Free],. are natural and uncompounded drugs and not edible, and not specially pro- vided for in this section, but which are advanced in value or condition by any process or treatment whatever beyond that essential to the proper packing of the drugs and the prevention of decay or deterioration pending manufacture, one-fourth of one cent per pound, and in addition thereto ten per centum ad valorem: Provided, That no article containing alcohol, or in the prepara- tion of which alcohol is used, shall be classified for duty under this para- graph. ' : Pae. 504. Balm of Gilead [Free]. ., . Pab. 666. Salep, or salop [Free] . BOTANICAL DRUGS. ' (See Survey A-7.) Production.— Tha Axvigs listed under this paragraph and under paragraph 1562 of the free list are extremely numerous and for the most part are of strictly foreign production. Most of those pro- duced domestically are not grown elsewhere. During the war a number of medicinal staples formerly imported were successfully cultivated in this country. American producers, however, use valu- able agricultural land and a high type of labor; foreign materials are collected from plants growing wild, by the cheapest classes of labor. The quality of American drugs excels that of imported prod- ucts, because of scientific research and methods of cultivation. Among such domestic drugs are belladonna, digitalis, cannabis, hen- bane, valerian, insect flowers, and' Levant wonhseed. Important products not commercially cultivated here are senna, rhubarb, quas- sia, orris root, scammony, squills, and colocynth. ■.: Imports were 1,776,386 pounds, valued at $113,165 in 1914. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valo- reidrate. 1918 Pmnds. 332,319 731,506 S98,652 218,789 346,335 125,286 SO. 30 .30 $9,865 21,879, 34,634 PerW. ■ 10 1919 . 10 1920 10 1921 (9 months) '10 Imports of such drugs not advanced in value were valued at $726,675 in 1914, a,nd reached a maximum of $1,710,566 in 1918 (fiscal year). Imports since 1917 have been as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. 1918 Poundt. 1870,829 1,256,307 1,505,662 402,843 1919 S,6i2,946 13,102,419 4,627,735 $0.23 1920 . .01 1921 (9 months) .09 SUMMARY OF TARIFF I^STFORMATIOX, 1921. 91 Exports of.ginseng amounted to $1,832,686 in 1914. Statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow : 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (pounds). Value ' 226,731 $1,372,686 307,585 $3,388,531 160,050 $1,875,348 105,570 $879,666 Exports of ginseng have been; chiefly to Hongkong, Canada, and China. Exports of all other roots, herbs, and barks were valued at $476^837 in 1910 and at $513,071 in 1914. A maximum of $1,632,281 was reached in 1919 (calendar year) . Exports then decreased to $401,282 during the first nine months of 1921. These exports have been chiefly toEnglarid, Canada, and Japan. Important changes in classification. — As the tenn " drugs " has under past acts been interpreted in different ways, it has been defined as applying only to articles having chief use in medicine. Gums were omitted, as they are seldom used medicinally. The provision for all other drugs was expanded to include those of animal origin. .(Reclassification Report, p. 39.) Balm of Gilead and salep or salop, not mentioned in H. R. 7456, are on the free list of the act of 1913 (pars. 409 and 692). PARAGRAPH 32. H. R. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 32. Aconite, aloes, asafetida, cocculus Indicus, Ipecac, jalap, manna, marshmallow or althea root, leaves and flowers, mats, and pyrethrum or insect flowers, all the foregoing which are natural and uncompounded, but which are advanced in value or condition by shredding, grinding, chipping, crush- ing, or any other process or treatment whatever beyond that essential to proper packing and the prevention of decay or deterioration pending manu- facture, 10 per centum ad valorem: Prdvided, That no article containing al- cohol shall be classified' for duty under this paragraph. ACT or 1909. Pak. 483. Aconite [Free]. Pae. 503. Asafetida [Free]. Pab. 538. Cocculus indicus [Free], Par. 594. Ipecac [Free]. Pae. 597. Jalap [Free]. Par. ,620. Manna [Free]. Par. 480. * * * articles manufac- tured, in whole or in part, not pro- vided for in this section, * * * twenty; per cen,tum ad valorem. 'par.' 20. Drugs, * * * advanced * * * one-fourth of one cent per pound, and in addition thereto, ten per centum ad valorem : * * *. ACT OF 1913. Par. 388. Aconite [Free]. Pae. 405. Asafetida [Free]. Par. 454. Cocculus indicus [Free]. Par. 516. Ipecac [Free]. Par. 519. Jalap [Free]. Par. 541. Manna [Free]. Par. 385. * * * articles manu- factured, in whole or in part, not pro- vided for,- in this . section, * * * 15 per centum ad valorem. Par. 27. Drugs, * * * advanced * * * 10 per centum ad va- liirein :*'■*■, 92 SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 192.1. ACOXITE. (See Sui-vey FL-2.") Description and uses. — Aconite is a crude drug. Both the roots and the leaves of the plant are used ; the former, however, are more important. Although the chief use of aconite is as a sedative,, it is also am important therapeutic. The alkaloid- aconitine is also pre- pared from aconite. . ■ Production.— The chief producing countries are Germany,' Austria- Hungary, England, Spain, and Japan. As a rule aconite is coUecteid from wild: plajits chiefly, although it is occasionally^ cultivated. > It has notbeeH commercially produced in the United States because of the sniall demand and low price. Imports of aconite are small and variable in amount. From 1911 to 1917 they averaged 13,769 pounds, valued at $1,992. Later sta- tistics follow : Calendar j'ear. Quantity. - Value. Unit'value. 1919 Pounds. 28,712 32,476 6,168 $6,283 • S,811 884 to. 22 .27 .17 Exports. — Statistics not available. Important ehcmffes im, classijicaXiohi. — Aconite advanced, is trans- ferred, from paragraph 388 of the free list of the act of 1913 and made dutiable like other advanced drugs in paragraph 31. ALOES. (See Survey A-7.) Desori/ption and uses. — Aloes, the dried juice of a tropical plant, is commonly classed as a gum. It comes i^ several varieties from Curacao, Dutch West Indies, and from Africa. It is a cathartic and an ingredient of many proprietary pills. ; Production. — There is no domestic production. Imports of crude aloes from 1909 to 1919 averaged, per annuni, 1,059,300 pounds, valued at $85,351. Statistics for the years 1918-1921 follow : Calendar year. Quantity- Value. .Unit value. 1918 J ' 'FouMs. ■ ],75O„08Q 1,686,800 1,144,009 '628,-495 : 1146,660, 176, 162, 99,215 44, 290:. $0.08 1919 .10 1920 ' .09 .07 ' Exports.— ^^one recorded. Important changes in classification. — First specific mention of aloes. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 93 A8APBTIDA. (See Survey FLr-2.) .Description and uses. — Asafetida, a crude drug, is a gum resin ob- tained from the root of Ferula fo&tida,, It is an ancient medicinal, not now highly valued, but still used in nervous affections. Prodpction. — Asafetida is collected from a wild plant native to the deserts of Persia and Afghanistan. No attempts have been made to cultivate it. The product comes chiefly by way of India. Imports of asafetida for 1909-1917 a^veraged 100,734 pounds,-valued at $40,808. Later statistics follow: '■' Calendar year. Quantity. Pounds. 41,346 91,553 mm 145,966 Value. Unit Value. 1918 $30,581 179,485 133,759 241,072 10 74 1919 1 96 1920 1.95 1921 (9 months) 1.65 s Exports. — Statistics not available. i Important changes im, classification. — Asafetida advanced, is trans- ferred from paragraph 405 of the free list of the act of 1913, and made dutiable at the rate on other advanced drugs in para- graph 31. OOCGULUS INDlCtlS. (See Survey FL-2.) Description and uses. — Cocculus indicus is a berry used in India as a fish poison and in the United States and Europe chiefly in the preparation of ointments for destruction of skin parasites and other purposes. Picrotoxin, used in medicine, is a derivative. Production. — It is derived from a wild plant Occurring. in India and Ceylon. It is also found in the Philippines. Imports TQCovdedi are very small. From 1909 to 1917 they are reported only four times, the total amounting to 24,788 pounds, valued at $3,445. There is reason to believe, however, that larger imports, invoiced as " fish berries," are not tabulated here. Later statistics, follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. 1919 Pounds. 4,097 1,908 21,952 $580 213 1,383 $0.14 1920 » 11 .oe ' Exports. — Statistics not available. Important changes in dassifioation. — Cocculus indicus advanced is transferred from paragraph, 45i|, of .the free list of the act of 1913, and made dutial^le a* the rate on other advanced drugs in para- graph 31.- „; ' .:_{ ;,- 94 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 19^. IPEOAO. (See Survey FI/-2.) Description and lises. — ^Ipecac is a crude root drug. It is used^^ in medicine as an emetic and expectorant; also in the manufacture of its alkaloids, of which emetine is the most important.' Production. — Ipecac groTVs wild in South American forests and is collected by Indians. Attempts have been mkde to cultivate this important and high-priced drug in other tropical regions, but only in India and the Straits Settlements has commercial success oii* a small scale been attained. American supplies are derived from Co- lombia and Brazil. Imports of ipecac for 1909-1918 (fiscal years) averaged 76,131 pounds, valued at $135,248. In recent years its commercial value has increased largely, owing to the demand for emetine. Later sta- tistics foUow: Calendar year. Quantity. ■Value. Unit value. 1918...; Pounds. 137,150 118,873 93,515 50,799 $267,049 292,046 230,548 85 006 $1.95 1919 2.46 1920 2.47 1921 (9 months) \ 1.67 Exports. — Statistics not available. i,. . Important changes in clas^ifi,cation.^-lpec2LC advanced is trans- ferred from paragraph 516 of the free list of the act of 1913 and made dutiable at the rate on other advanced drugs in paragraph 31. JALAP. (See Survey Flr-2.) Description and uses. — Jalap, the tuberous root of Exogonifm^ y^rgna, is a crude drug. It is used in medicine as a cathartic. Production. — Jalap (from Jalapa, a city in Vera Gruz) is native to Mexico, where it grows wild, and is also cultiviated by the Indians. Cultivation on a small scale exists in India, but only the Mexican product reiaches America. in > ' .. . Ivkports of jalap for 1909-1917 averaged 183,126 pounds,' valued at $28,574. Quantitatively jalap is one of the chief drug, roots im- ported. Prices in the New York market increased more than five- fold from 1916 to 1919. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. 1918 P'mmds. 111,873 107,838 175,038 J8,-766 $44,833 56,678 85,261 3, 187 $0 40 1919 53 1920 1921 (9 months) 17 Exports. — Statistics not available. ■ ImpOrtatit changes in classtflcation. — Jalap advanced is tra!ns- f erred from paragraph 519 of the free list of the act of 1913 and made dutiable at the rate on other advanced drugs in paragraph 31. SUMMARY OF TARIFF mFOKMATIQN, 1921, 95r MANNA.,. , . fSee Survey FI/-2.) Description and uses.— Manna, the concrete sacchajrine exudation of the European flowering ash (Fraxinus ornus), is a crude drug. It is eniployed in medicine as a laxative and is a source of mannite, which may also be derived from tagua-nut waste. Production. — Manna is the product of a variety of ash cultivated in Sicily, at present the only commercial source of .the drug. It is largely exported to Central and South America. Porto Rico takes considerable quantities ; it is little used in the United States. Imports of manna for 1909-1918 averaged 65,415 pounds, valued at $30,182, Statistics for the years, 1918-1921 follow: Calendar year. 1 , ( ■!.'., Quantity. Value. Unit value. 1918 . . . Founis. 44,100 82,712 •. •.■,76j778 20,583 S23,386 47^678 ' 32,397 10,626 $0.63 1919 .58 1920 ... ... .42 1921 (9 months) .52 Exports. — Statistics not available. Important changes in classification. — ^Manna advanced, is trans- ferred from paragraph 541 of the free list of tlie act of 1913, and made dutiable at the rate on other advanced drugs in paragraph 31. MAKSHMALLOW OR ALTHEA. (See Survey FL-2.) Description and uses. — ^Marshmallow (or althea) root, leaves, and flowers, crude drugs with mucilaginous properties, used chieflj'^ in pharmacy, are not related to the confectionery marshmallows. Production.— ^T\iQs& drugs under, normal conditions are imported chiefly from Germany, but during the war came from Italy, Spain, and France. The plant is cultivated in Europe and, though intro- duced here, low prices have deterred growth for drug, purposes. Imports of althea root prior to 1917 averaged li^ss than 8,000 pounds. In 1917 the imports were 23, 120, pounds, valued at $5,846. Imports of leaves in 1917 were 21,7l3 pounds, Later statistics follow : , Calendar year. ., Quantity. Value. Unit value. ^aOOT. 1918 /.;i: i' - Pounds. 10,153 32„?23: 52,S04 . 15,248 t2,839 9.579 15,613 2,199 $0.28 1919 .-•. -. ; .29 1920 .. .." .' ".: .29 1921 (9 months) .14 LEAVES AND FLOWEES. 1918 14,287 17,823 34,476 11,287 Jl,659 3,908 7,788 744 $0.12 1919 .22 1920 .23 96 SUMMABY OF TAEIBT INFORMATION, 1921. Exports. — Statistics not available. - Imfortawt changes in classificatio/n.^-r-Fivst specific mention of marshmallow or althea roots, leaves, or flowers advanced. Suffgested chcmges.— Page 14, line 10 ot H. E. 7466 : Change, the comma after the word " manna " to a semicolon, and in line 11,' the comma after the -Word "flowers" to a semicolon. This change is necessary to make it clear that the words "marshmallow or althea" modify "leaves' and flowers" as well as "root." PYRETHEITIvr QK INSECT FLOWER. , , (See Survey A-7.) Description and mes: — Pyrethrnm is a perennial plant growing wild in northern Africa, the Levant, and the Mediterranean coast of Europe, is also cultivated. The root is collected and dried as the valuable portion. It is a powerful irritant and local stimulant. Production. — Gathering of pyrethrum is confined to the localities mentioned above. Imports in 1914 were 503,189 pounds, valued at $90,435, princi- pally from Austria-Hungary and Germany. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. 1918^ Pounds. 2,438,939 6 183,977 5,055,187 1,911,951 1*15,484 1,717,006 2,482,207 710,375 $0.17 1919.. .28 1920 . .49 1921 (9 months) .37 Exports.— ^tati&iics not available. Important' changes in classification . — New specific provision. , ,; MATE. Description and loses. — Mate is a shrub native to Paraguay, an ihfusion of the prepared leaves of Which also called mate is exten- sively consumed as a beverage in the interior of South America. It contains among other substances a peculiar tannin and the alkaloid caffeine. . Prod'Oction. — The leaves of the shrub are gathered at intervals of two or three years by the natives in South Ameriba, and large quantities are annually shipped to the countries of that continent. Import and export statistics not available. Im/portoant changes in classification. — New specific provision. PARAGRAPH 33. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pab. 33. Buchu leaves, 10 cents per pound ; coca leaves, 10 cents per pound ; gentian, one-fourth of 1 cent per pound ; Ucorlce root, one-half of. 1 cent per pound;" sarsaparilla root, 1 cent per pound; belladonna, digitalis, hen- bane, and stramonium,. 25 per centum ad valorem. SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 97 ACT OF 1909. PAn. 41. * * * coca leaves; five cents per pound ; * * *.' Par. 20. Drugs, * * * advanced * * * one-fourth of one cent per pound, and in addition thereto, ten per centum ad valorem : * * *. Pab. 559. Drugs, * * * not ad- vanced * * * [Free]. Pab. 611. Licorice root, unground [Free]. ACT OF 1913. Par. 39. Leaves and roots : Bucliu leaves, 10 Cents per pound ; coca leaves, 10 cents per pound ; gentian, J cent per pound ; licorice root, i cent per' jtound ; sarsaparilla root, 1 cent per pound. Pak. 27. Drugs, * * * advanced * * * 10 per centum ad valorem: * * * , Par. 477. Drugs,. * vanced * * * [Free]. * * not ad- BUCHU tiEAVES. ( See Survey A-10. ) Description and uses. — Buchu leaves are a crude drug, used in medicine, especially for genito-virinary diseases, but not highly valued in modern therapeutics. ProdfUfipiop,.^j-^^Hisii. South Africa ,is the only commercial source of buchji leaves. ;The plant is a native shrub which -grows i wild; owing to extensive collection, it is becoming rare, and cultvtralsex- periments are being made, In order to conserve the supply an 'ex- port duty has been placed on buchu by; British South Africa. The United States, consumes $0 to 80 per cent of the total output. l7nports for,19.11-19lT averaged 119,168 pounds per year, valued at $110,544. Later statistics follow : i Calendar year. Quantity. \'alue. ['nit value.' «0.91 i .12 1 2.22 ! .96 Duty. ' Eijiiiva- ! Itatad- valorem. 1918- ^.," * / Pounds. 55-, 549 108,190 98,502 ~ 44,659 850,677 133,866 218,642 42,805 > < 85,-555 10,819 9,850 Per cent. 10 96 1919.. -.1 8.08 1920.... 4.51 1921 (9 months) Exports.- —Statistics not a (S€ vailable. DOGA X.EAV >e Survey A ES. L-10. ) ! ': L. t c ' r Description and icses. — CocR leave'^kre'i, crude drug used chiefly in the manufacture of cocaine, ^he Harrison Act as recently amended, and also the war revenue act, provide stringent regulations of traiRc ifi qo^a leaves. D^cQcainized coca leaves are used to some .extent in the manufacture of ^oft drinks. This product is in no ;way related . to'COQpa. ■ I -' . . '.;:.■:,;...' ..,'.i Production. — Coca leaves are commercially ' produced, in South America and to a lesser extent in India and Dutch; East Indies. The, plant is native to Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador, and is cultivated in thpse counteie^ by the natives, who chew the leaves. , Successfui ex,periment'al ciiltiyation has recently been .reported in Florida. ' ■'•. 82304^22-^ 7 ' ■■■!••'; ■" .' 98 SUMMARY' OF TAEIFFi INFORMATION, 1&21. Iviports for 1909-1918 averaged 979.312 pounds, valued at $136,680. E^vepue has practically , doublpd with an increase in duty, from, 5 cents to 10 cents a pound. , Later statistics follow : , , , ;, Caleiidar year. Quantity: Value. Qnit v.ilue. Ptity. , Equjya- ; lent ad : vatbi-ein; ' 1918 Fotiitda. , 1,34(1, OK' 796,074 (J34,35b 104,129 ""■'$219,1.53'' 167,957 161,643 15,, 320 "■' $n;in' .21 .25 .15 ■'$ik,o()l* 79,507 ()3,436 Pes cent. :^' 01,42 i9i9i..:(. ....: -.-1. ■ 47. 34 1920 J. — : 1491 fQ mnnth ■ 1 .■ ? Exports. — Statistics not available. ^ .i- /. V,- ' ^i:'. •• GENTIAN, f ■: -,■ ■ •■ ■ . i . • • • . .■ !:-,! 'lif ''■■'' .;'^— ' (gee Sun^ey A-10.) Description and uses. — Gentian is a crude drug root used as a bitter tonic in proprietary medicine. It is the most important of the nonalkaloid bitters. Prodviction. — Gentian plants grow wild in the mountainous por-' tions of central and southern Europe, where they are collected byi very cheap labor — women, children, and old men. France is the chief source of our supplies, lesser amounts coming frdiii' other European countries. ' ' Imports for 1909-1918 averaged 1,376,841 pounds, valued at $81,Q63. The average annual revenue on gentian since 1914 has been $2,676. Later statistics follow: ' ' Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Equiva- . lent f&' valorefi?' 1918 1919 Pown-ds. 275,747 1,M' 267, 381 (35,913 19, 874 $0.13 .0.S .07 $689 1,509 3,0l4' Per cent. 1.92 2.28 1920-...: 1921 (9 months) ' • '3.05 .fi'aj/xj/'fe.^Statistics not available. lilCOEIOE ROOT. (See Survey A-10.) Description and uses. — Licorice root is a, plant product used in tobacco manufacture and in the preparation of licorice paste. The root yields about 20 per cent or more of its weight, in paste. It has been considered indispensable in the mantffadttire of chewing tobacco, but on account of the shortage during the war, flavoring substituted containing little or no liodrice were developed. ' ProduiCtion.—hi(iOTice plant is grown extensively in southern Europe and Asia Minor, and American supplies are nonhally drawn chiefly from Asiatic Turkey. The licorice plant has alS6 been intro- SUMMAKY OF TAEIFF IXFOKiVLATION, 192a. 99 duced into America and grows readily in localities where severe f roats do not occur. Occasional attempts at commercial production have; been made^ but the costs of raising and curing the product have been too high to enable it to compete i with imports. Imports of licorice from China have been noted during the war. '■■■•'. Imports for 1909-1917 averaged 85.225,819 pounds, valued at $1,693,014. Since 1914 the average annual re\enue has been about $138,000. Later statistics follow,: .■ '■ Caleiitiar year. 1918.....' 1919. '....■ 192» 1921 (9 months) Quantity., '.'Vajue."' Pounds. 27;068,489 '•49;4S7;602 50,449,621 38,^531,788, $1,985,796 3,8i5,989 3,581,469 1,724,826 Unit. value.'. Duty. $0.07 ■ .08 : i ! 06 .04 $07, 071 123, 719 141,124 Equiva- lent ad , valorem .' Per cent. 3.41 3.24 1 3. 94 Exports. — Statistics not available.! ■ . .§ARSAPAR1LI.A, ROOT. ' ' ' ' (See Survey A-lO.) Description and iises.-^a.TS&pairil\a is a crude dr«g used chiefly in proprietary medi,cinesy such as blood purifiers and tonics. It may be, but usually is not empltiyed in soft drinks known as " sarsa- parillas.'^ li ' Production^ — Sarsaparilla is chiefly derived from wild plants grow- ing in the, forests. of Mexico, Central America, arid northern South America. Small amounts are cultivated in Jamaica and Ceylon,- biit products of these localities rarely reach the United States. ' •Imports have tended to decrease in recent years, owing presumably to a lessened medicinal demand. The average import from 1900 to 1918 was .328,748 pounds, valued at $41,064.' Between 1913-1918 sarsaparilla yielded an average ; aiiiiual revenue of $1,903. Later statistics follow : : ; ' ' . , <, ' -, 'i- ,-: (1 ,-:'M!'j!» 'Ir Calendar year. f ,, ,. , , . Quantity, , Value. Unit value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad ' valorem. 1918 \':. Y -PmiMdty -. ' ;fc6,'424 211,259 :> 220,358 57,755 -'^-'^^'^84 62,568 68,915 14,290 $0.28 .30 !■; .31 .25 $2,664 2,113 2,204 Per cent. 3.53 1919 3.3& 1920...... ;c-,;.tA..;::;oji.v.".7t 1921 (9 month^l " ^.•- -- 3.20- ^. Exports. — Statistics not available. BELLADONNA, DIGITALIS, HENBANE, AND STRAMONIUM. (See Survey A-7.) Description and uses. — The herbs belladonna, digitalis, henbane^ and stramonium are natural exotic drugs which are gathered be- cause of the valuable medicinal properties due to the alkaloids which they contain. Both the leaves and roots of belladonna are used.. 100 SUMMARY OF TARIFF IXFOKMATION, 1921. The alkaloid- atropine, which is derived from it, is of great importance in surgery tof the eye, and is also used as a sedative and in the manu^ f acture of pain-relieving plasters. Henbane and stramonium ^ are fcloselyr related- to belladonna! and their* fuses are much the same. Digitalis, or ■' foxglove," is ' used chiefly-' as a heart tonic. All of these products are official in the United States Pharmacopoeia. Production. — Experimental cultivation ■ of these drugs has been carried on in the United States for a number of ' years, but has assumed commercial importance only since the commencement of the war. While their commercial value is small, nevertheless they are indispensable to the practice of modern medicine. Production of belladonna in 1918 was estimated at 166,000 pounds of herbs, stems, and leaves, and 22,000 pounds of roots. Sixty jjrowers were engaged in its cultivation and " utilized 274 acres. California, Michigahj Pennsylvania, and Indiana ranked in acreage in the order men- tioned. Michigan has been the chief source of henbane. Stra- monium grows wild in the southern Appalachians, where it has been collected to a limited extent. It has been cultivated in California and elsewhere. Digitalis is cultivated in California, Oregon, Vir- finia. South Carolina, and other States. It now grows wild in the 'acific northwest, where consideraljl,e^ quantities were collected dur- ing the war. Its production in 1917 was estimated at 10,000 pounds. 'Owing, to the care x'eceived in cultivation, domestic crude drugs are, of superior quality to- the imported articles, .which grow wild in southern Europe and! parts of Asial But. owing to the cheap labor eni'ployed in gathering the herbs, the imported drugs constitute the chief source of supply for domestice redjiiirements. The domestic cultivation is not likely to be successful except in the hands of those possessing adequate equipment for proper^ curing' and botanicail knowledge of the characteristics of the drugs'. - Import figures are available for 1914 only,' whto they were: Bella- donna, 141,074 pounds of 'leaves and 65,886 pounds of roots; digitalisj 22,371 pounds, valiied at $1,874; henbane,. 136,429 pounds, valued at $10,609; and stramonium, 171,574 pounds. ' Exports. — Statistics not available. ■' ' '''' Important changes in classifieation. — These drugs are given spe- cific mention for the first time. Under the act of 1913 (par. 477) they are exempt from dyty when not advanced. ' ' PARAGRAPH 34. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pae.'34. Ergot, 10 cents per pound. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 562. Ergot [Free], Par. 28! Ergot, 10 centfe per pound. ERGOT. ,, (See Survey A-7.) ■ Description, use^j and production. — Ergbt is a crude b'dttfiiicsil drug having important and legitimate uses', especially in obstetrics, but-employed criminally to produce abortion. It is a fungous' groAvth' SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOKMATIOivT: 1921. 101 on the rye plant, occurring erratically throughout the rye-growing section of the United States, notably in Minnesota and the Dakotas. On account of its poisonous nature, temoSi'al from the rye is essential. As ergot grains are two or three times larger than rye grains, passing the rye through a screen removes all but the imperfect or broken ergot. Eye flour, containing more than one- tenth of 1 per cent of ergot is held to be adulterated under the Pure Food and Drugs a,ct. Ergot removed from rye by screening is mixed with other refuse, and since machine methodis for its separation and collection are not avail- able, it has not proved commercially -profitable in the United States. Ergot occurs in all rye-growing countries and is collected chiefly in Russia, Spain, Germany, Austria, and Sweden by cheap hand labor. . Iinforts have come jirincipally from Spain and Eussia. For the years 1909-1918 (fiscal) &A annual avetage of 164,^42 pounds, valued at $99,193, is reported. The act of 1913 yielded an average annual revenue of $14,689^ ' Later statistics follow : calendar ,year. 1918^ 1919. 1920. 1921 (9 mqnths). Qu(ijitity.. 'Pounds. I ■ 97,.647 171, 950 '226,«35 31, 334 Value. ; Ujiit value. $61,623 316,707 •' 789,'695 51,660 Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. I $0.63 ] rj,785 2.02 17,195, 3.48 1 22,684' 1.65 I Fer cent. 15.87 4.96 2.87 Exports: — Statistics . not available. PARAGRAPH 35. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pab. 35. Ethers ana esters : Diethyl sulphate and dimethyl sulphate, 25 per centum ad valorem; ethyl acetate, 4 cents per pound ; etliyl chloride, 15 cents per pound ; ethyl ether, 6- cents per;pound ; and ethers and esters, of all kinds not specially provided for, 25 pe^- ; centum ad valorem : Provided, That np article containing' more than 10 per centum of alcohol shall be classified for duty under this paragraph. ACT OF 1909. ■ Pak. 21. Ethers : Sulphuric, eight" cents'. pea', pound; spirits of nitrous ether, twenty cents per pound ; * * i ,* ethers of all kiiids not specially pro- viflgd for in this section, fifty cents per poiind; ethyl chloi-lde, thirty per centum: ad valorem : Provided, That no article of this paragraph shaU pay a less rate of, duty than twenty-five per centum ad valoreni. .. :i ACT OF 1913. Pab. 29. Ethere: Sulpliuric, 4 cents .per pound ;amyl nitrite, 20 per centum ad valorem ; an)yl acetate and ethyl acetate or acetic ether, 5 cents per pound ; ethyl chloride, 20 per centuih ad valorem ; ethers and esters of all kinds not specially provided for in I this section, 20 per centum ad valorem : Provided, That no article containing more than 10 per centum of alcohol shallbe cia'Ssifled for duty under this liiiragi'iipli. , ,1 . 102 SIT.M.MAKY Oi' TARIFF INFOBMATION, 1921. ETHERS AND iCSTERS. (See Survey A-7.) Ethel' when used as ii name alone, without special designation, always signifies ethyl ether or diethyl oxide. The term also serves as a class name to designate a group of organic chemical com- pounds which are oxides of hydrocarbon alkyl radicals. Esters are products of the action; of acids on alcohols with the elimination? of water. They aie analogous to inorganic salts. ' Many compounds which are strictly esters are often and incorrectly called ethers. Of the articles mentioned in this paragraph ethyl ether is the only true ether. The other commoilities are, strictly speaking, esters. IllETIIYL SULrilATlC AXD BlJIlCTJirL SUT.l'lI ATE. Description and uses. — Diethyl sulphate and dimethyl sulphate are sulphuric esters of ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol, respectively. Diethyl sulphate is a fragrant, colorless liquid, inflammable, and boils at 96° C. It is used chiefly as an ethylating agent for intro- ducing the ethyl group in organic compounds, especially in the man- ufacture of coal-tar dyes. Recent developments in its manufacture indicate that its use for this purpose will increase. It has advan- tages over other ethylating agents — such as ethyl chloride and ethyl bromide — due to its lower volatility and the ease with which it can be stored, handled, and shipped. : ; i , • Dimethyl sulphate is very similar chemically to diethyl sulphate, and boils at about 188° C. It is used chiefly as an agent to introduce the methyl group in organic comj)ounds. In the past it has had a wider use as a methylatihg a^ent than has diethyl sulphate as an ethylating agent, due to the fact that it was cheaper. With an im- proved and cheaper process of manufacture, diethyl sulphate will probably assume an increased importance as comparted with di- methyl sulphate. ' • Production.— 'Qoih. of these products are prepared by passing sul- phuric anhydride or sulphur trioxide into the corresponding alco- hol ; that is, ethyl alcohol for diethyl sulphate and methyl alcohol for dimethyl sulphate. Within the last two or three years a new process has been developed for producing diethyl sjilphate from the gas ethylene, the latter being obtained from the waste gases of petroleum-cracking processes, from other hydrocarbon gases,, or from ethyl alcohol. Diethyl sulphate is produced by passing ethyl- ene into sulphuric acid at a temperature approximating the boil- ing point of diethyl sulphatei Dimethyl sulphate is produced by passing sulphuric trioxide into methyL alcohol below 0° C. and dis- tilling off the dimethyl sulphate under vacuum. Production statis- tics are not available. ' ' Import statistics are available for dimethyl sulphate, only in 19i4, when they were 9,134 pounds, valued at.$2,331, chiefly from Germany. Exports. — Statistics not available. ' ; :: Important changes in classification.— JiietYijl sulphate and di- methyl sulphate are mentioned specifically for the first time (Re- classification Report, p. 42). SVMMAEY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 103 ETHTL ACETAiTE. Deicrvption and uses. — Ethyl ' ac6tate is the acetic ester of ethyl alcohol, and is a! colorless liquid boiling at 77° C. It is used qhieny when mixed with amyl acetate as a solvent for pyroxylin plastics. The use of ethyl aeetftte for this purpose has iricreasecj greatly since the introduction of tax-free denatured alcohol. Pure ethyl acetate finds extensive use in the manufacture of artificial fmiit essence^ or flavors. "' Prodketion. — It is produced by boiling under reflux condensation a mixture of ethyl alcohol, fused sodium acetate, and sulphuric acid, and then distilling off the ethyl acetate: Statistics of production are not available prior to 1919, when the output was 2,251,000 pounds, valued at $340,000 (preliminary figures) . Imports since 1918 haVe been as follows : ' ' Calendar yeaf . Quantity. | 'Value. Unit value. Duty. Eqijiva- lentad Talojem. 1918. . . Pownds. 80 400 ' 30f 139 $0.49 493 1.23 8 1 -27 S4 20 Per cent. 10.26 1920 4.06 1921 (9 months).. , . •, Exports. — Statistics not a,vailable. Important chagiges ip, classificatiok. — The term " acetic ether," used as a synonym for ethyl acetate in the act of 1913, has been omitted, since ethyl acetate is an ester. (Reclassification Report, p. 42.) ETHYL CHLOBIDE. Description and uses. — Ethyl' "dhloride is the hydrochloric ester of ethyl' alcohol and is known by fnaiiy pharmaceutical names. It is a very low-boiling liquid and is put tip in mechanically sealed glass or metal tubes. It is used chiefiy as a local anesthetic. ProdAiCtion. — Ethyl chloride ia, usually prepared by treating ethyl alcohol with hydfochloric acid iii the presence of a dehydrating agent, such as anhydrous zinc chloride or phosphorus pentoxide. It is also formed by the action of chlorine on ethane and by the action of hydrochloric acid on ether in sealed tubes. Production in 1919 (pre- liminary figures) was 248,100 pounds, valued at $166,200. Imports prior to the war averaged about 8,000 pounds per year. Imports in 1917 were about 9,000 pounds, but during the other war years was considerably below the average. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1^, ..^..„ , ^....,...... Poanda. ' 22,495 3,373 ;*.566 SO. 10 .95 -, ,.88 $450 644' Per cent, 20.00 20.00 1921 (9 months); , 20.00 Exports. — Statistics not available. ,104 SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFOBMATION, :1921. ETHYL ETHBB. .Des ' Production. — Ethei; is produced by heating ethyl or grain aleohQl with sulphuric acid. . Its production in 1914, excluding the explosiiires industry, wa$ 2,120,082 pounds, valued at $278,816, or .double the pro- duction of 1909. The output ,iEi- 1919 (preliminary figures)o;Was double that of 1914, or 4,^11,800 pounds, valued at $1,103,700^,,. do- mestic production supplies the consumption, imports being sporadic and negligible. Imports in 1912 were 1,435 pounds, valued at $207, decreasing' to less than 100 p»unds a year, 1915-1918. Since 1918 imports have been as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. 1918 ;:; Pounds. •'•'■-• ■ 8 .282,876 100 28,258, to. 88 .10 .34 Per cent. ' • ■ 4.87 1918 ,'...!. M20. . . . ; 11,1,303 ^, 40.00 11. 7« i.'i-i Exports. — Statistics not available^ '' Important changes i(r\, classification. — The term ethyl ether has befin used in place of sulphuric ether (act of 1913), which is not an accurate ! description of. the article. (Reclassification Peport, p. 42.) ALL OTHEK STHERS AND E.STEBS. Production. — The production of all, other ethers in 1919, (pre- liminary figures) wasvalued- at $225,100. , Imports hay^ been as , follows : ; Calendar ypar. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) ...■,.; Quantity Value. Pnundi: ' 120 22,796 249 7,654 t210 2,464 757 1,452 ■ 'A i ynit value. Duty. Ad ' valorem rate. , ; , , r ' j tl.75 i .11 3.04 ,. .19 1 42 493 161 Pa cent. 20 20 20 20 A^porfc.— Statistics not available. Important changes in classification. — Amyl nitrite and amyl acer tate have been omitted' and now fall within the provision for "ethers and esters of all kinds" n. s. p. f . .SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFOEMATIOlsr; 192.1. 106 PARAGRAPH 36. H. K. 7456. SENATE AMENBMENTS. Pab. 36. Extracts, dyeing and' tan- ning : Chieatnilt, . eutch, chlorophyll, divi-divi, fustic, hemlock, logwood, mangrpve, myrobalan, oak, Persian berry, quebracho, valcfnia, wattle, an^ other CKKtracts, Hecbotlons, and prepa- rations of vegetable 'origin used (for dyeing, coloring, staining, or tanning,' not specially provided for, and combi- nations and mixtures of the foregoing, articles in this paragraph, 11 per' centum ad valorem : Provided, That no article containing alcohol shall be clas- sified for duty under this paragraph. ACT OF 1909. Pae. 22. Extracts and decoctions of logwood and other dyewoods, , and ex- ti-acts of bark, such as are commonly used for flyeing or tanning, not spe- cially provided for in this section, seven-eighths of one cent iper pound ; * * *' extract 'of Persian berries, twenty per centum ad valorem ; chloro- phyll, twenty per centum ad valorem ; extracts of quebracho, not exceeding in density twenty-eight degrees Baunifi, one-half of one cent per pound ; ex- ceeding in density twenty-eight : de- grees Baumg, three-fourths of one cent per pound ; extracts of hemlock bark, one-half of oue cent per , pound ; extracts of sumac, and of woods other than dyewoods, not specially: provided for in this section, five-eighths of one (;eiit pfr pound ; all. ejitrapts of vege- table origin suitable for dyeing, col^ oring, ' staining or tanning, not con- taining alcohol and not medicinal, and not (.specially provided for in this sec- tion, fifteen per centum ad valorem. Par. 18. Coloring for brandy, wine, beer, or other liquors, fifty per centum ad valorem. P.\R. 605. Lac (lye, " * * IFree]. ACT OF 1913. Par. 30. Extracts and decoctions of *•,; ^t * Persian berries, sumac, log- wood, and other dyewoods, and all ;extra,Gt§. of vegetable -atigin, suitable for dyeing, coloring, or staining, iiot specially proi^lded foT in' tins section ; ' ' all the f dre^oiug not containing alcohol and not 'inedicinal, f of :1 cent per . pound. ■; ; , ' , Par. 26. Coloring, for brandy, wioe, beer, or other liquors,' 40 per centum "ad valorem. '•" •'■ ' '"' I . ; Par. 31. Extract of chlorophyll, 15 , per centum ad valorem ; * * *. Par. 526. Lac dye * * * LPi'ee].; Par. 624. Tannifig material: Ex- tracts of quebracho, and of hemlock bark ; extracts of oak and chestnut ; a?id other barks and woods other than dyewoods such as are ,commpnly used for tanning riot specially provided fpF ■ in tliis section ; * * * [Free]. '■ EXTRACTS, DYEING AND TANNING. ' • (See Survey A-8.) ' ' Gen^cd.— Dyeing and tanning materials of vegetable origin bear a close relationship as to origin and process of manufacture and us6. The extracts' are prepared from barks, AA'oOds, and fruits by treat- ment with hot water followed by evaporation to a liquid of desired density or a solid. T4ilning and dye extracts afe frequently made in the same plant with thtegame eqta.ipmeiit. In the tanning agents the active ingredient is' tannin, while iii the dyeing materials; color- ing matter is sought. Most of the extracts contkih' both coloring i'Op SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. matter and tannin and many are used for both tanning and dyeing; hence any tariff classificg,tion based on use in:y^olves administrative difficulties and results in litigation. All raw materials for manufacture of; these, extracts are free under the act of 1913 (par. 624) . The extracts received in that act a dif- ferent tariff treatment, depending on their use as a dyeing or tanning material. " Extracts of vegetable origin suitable for dyeing, coloring,, or staining, not specially provided for," are dutiable at three-eighths of one cent per pound under paragraph 30, ' while extracts of vege- table origin, " such as are commonly used for tanning " not specially provided for, are free of duty under paragraph 624. This attempt to classify on basis of use has resulted in litigation- To facilitate customs classification and to avoid litigation these very similar products were given uniform tariff treatment in H. R. 7456. (Reclassification Report, p. 44.) OriESTNUT EXTKACT. (See Survey A-S.) - ■ v..^ Description and uses. — Chestnut e'xtract is the most important do- mestic tanning agent. It is made from the wood of the chestnut (.Castcmea.^niwtfi), a tree of abundant occurrence in the Appa- lachians, althgugihr the, blight threatens the entire stand. The liquid extract contains 25 per cent tannin and the solid extract about 60 per cent. They are i)ised iii tanning (priiicipally oh heavy leathers), and have a small application in dyeing. i : Production of i chestnut extract is not separately shown prior to 1919^ when it was 444,735,000 pounds, ' valued at $17,287,700 (pre- liminary figures). - , f Imports' of chestnut , bark extract (not identical with above), in 1914 were 256,078 pounds, valued at $4^234, : chiefly from France. Imports have been negligible since 1916. Exports of chestnut extract before the war were small. During the war extract was exported to England, a^mounting to approxi- mately 1,200 tons a month in 1918. Important changes in classification. — Chestnut extract is exempt from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 624). CUTCH EXTRACT. (See Survey A-8.) Description and uses. — Cutch or catechu is an extract prepared from the wood of the acaeiq catechu. , This tree is cultivated in India and Burma, and also occurs in the East Indies and East Africa. The extract is sold in blocks or cakes of dark brown color, brittle and glossy when broken. Cutch is used principally in dyeing and textile printing for the production of theweU-imown "cutch brpwn." It is also used to a small extent in tanning. , , ,,.ProduptioV' in 1919 (preliminary figures) - was 525,0Cip pounds, valued at $66,500. As this extract is not qf domestic origjtn these figures undoubtedly represent imported solid extract diss^ved an4 sold as liquid extract. , i SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021. 107 Imports in 1914 were 328,940 pounds, . valued at $16,187. staifcistics are not available. Exports. — None recorded. Later EXTEACT OF CHLOKOPHYLL. Description and uses. — Chlorojphy 11, known as leaf green, is the green coloring matter of the leaves and stalks of growing plants. Being soluble, it may be extracted from plants by volatile solvents. The extracts are of minor imi^rtance and are used to color liqueurs and cordials, confectionery, food preserves, fats, oils, and soaps. Production-— Ghlovo^h.jW is made by extracting the coloring mat- ter of the grefen plant with alcohol or other solvents. The solvent is then tfeually recovered by distillation, and a small amount of an. alkaline carbonate is added to preserve the color. ■ Irhports for 1910-1918 averaged 4,081 ]6ounds annually, valued at ■$3,393', i with revenue of $619. The following table shows imports since 1917; CalendarVekr. ' , Quantity. ' Value. t Unit value. Duty. 1 i ip!' Ad valorem rate. 1919 Pminis. 371 57 1,570 S525 258 2,592 SI. 42 ,, 4.63 1.65 $79 39 Per cent. 15 1920- . ' ■- 15 1921 (Q montliRl 15 Exports. — ^Npt recorded. DI (S VI-DIVI EXT ee Survey RACT. A-8.) '1 Description and uses. — Divi-divi (free under par. 1563) is the dried pod of Caesalpinia coriaria, a small tree found in the neighborhood of Maracaibo, South America, and' also 'in the West Indies and Cen- tral America. The pods are 2 to 3 inches long, red to black brown in color, and after drying frequently resemble the tetter " S.''' They have a tannin content of 40 to 45 per cent, are used as a tanning agent, and are usually leached directly by the tanner. A liquid extract con- taining 23 per cent tannin is an article of commerce. Production of extract is not separately shown. ' Imports of the extract are not separately shown, but imports of divi-divi during 1909-1918 averaged 5,469,181 pounds annually, valued at $98,190. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. 191g 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) Qiiantiiy. Pounds. 22,092,927 28,341,366 15, 528, 823 4,051,418 Value. Unjt valub. $428,421 669,436 371,747 45, 190 $0.02 .02 .02 .01 108 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOBMATIONj 1921. Exports.— ^ISot reborded. Important chaTiges in classification. — Extract of divi-divi is exempt from duty under paragraph 624 of the act of 1913. (See' Survey A-8.) Description and uses. — Fustic ■wood (free under par. 1663) is fi yellow dyewood from the tree Morris, or Maalmn tinctoria. , The wood, is imported frc>m West Indies, Mexico, Central, and/South America. The extract is made from the, heart wood. It occurs as a liquid extract of 51° and as a solid extract,! both, of which are used in jiextile and leather dyeing. , On cotton it is used, extensively for khaki shades. ■,'->■.;:; .■,,,.. ,. ' Production ivL 1 914 ,(;>f fustic, extract was 4,509,943 pounds, valued at $222,804; and in 1919. (prelimpnary figures) 3,896,000 pounds, valued at $355,000. _ .. ,;,<;,, Import statistics of fustic extract are not available, but it is under- stood that this extract is not imported to any extent. Imports of fustic wood during 1909-1915 ranged from 2,466 to 7,121 tons. The maximum import was 17,469 tons in 1916. Fustic wood imports since . 1917 have been as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. . Unit value. 1918 Tom. , 11,866 ' [ ,696 1,304 2,378 ,J280,813 ' -15,091 • 25,033 33,876 S23.67 1919 . 21.68 1920 19.20 1921 ("9 months'! . . . 14.25 HEMLOffiK-BARH, EXTRA (See Survey ,A-8,) CT. Description and vses. — This extract is obtained from the bark (free under par, 1563). of, the eastern Jierolock {Tsilga canadensis) native to North America. Previous to 1900 hemlock was the most impor- tant domestic tanning 'material; -it now ranks second in importance to chestntit. It is used on. sole and heavy leather; in combination with oak it produces "Union" tanned leather. The extract is mar- keted as liquid (25. per cent tannin) and as powder (50 per cent tannin). Production, of extract in 1914 was 18,978,013 pounds, valued at $340^402^ and in 1919 (preliminary figures), 19,706,000 pounds^ valued at $879,400. ■ , ' ' ,,,,,, Imports of hemlock bark, which originate in Canada, decreased from a maximum of 20,311 cords in 1909 to only 270 in 1918 (fiscal year) . Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. 1918 Cords. 670 904 3,813 1,434 $6,726 10,655 42,912 18,044 $8. 55 11 79 1919 1920 11 25 1921 (9 months) SIJlVtMAEY OF, TARIFF INFOEMATlOIs, 1921. 109 Imports of extract in 1915 were 5,263,296 pounds, valued at $173,- 998, chieflv from Canada; in 1920, 45 pounds, valued at $10; and in 1921, first nine months, 306,557 pounds, valued at $11,742. Exforts are not. separately recorded. It is estimated that total exports of extract before the war (to England, Russia, and Canada) did not exceed 10,000 barrels per yeai'. ■ , Ithpovsiant changes in classification. — Extract of hemlock barji is exempt from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 624). LOGWOPD EXTRACT. (See Survey A-8.)' Description arvd%bse'S. — LogT\'Ood (freeunder par. 1563) is the most important natural dye. This tree {Hematoxytm campechianum) is indigenous to Central and South America, Mexico, and West Indies. Extracts ai-fe prepai?ed from the wood by hot-water treatment.) Ex- tract is sold as a thick liquid of 51° Tw. and as a solid. A chemically different extract is obtained from the liquid by a chemical process in which the coloring matter is oxidized to hematine, of which there are several commercial grades. These include liquid hematine extracts of 42° and 51° Tw., crystalline hematine paste, and solid hematine or hematine crystals; all of these grades are sometimes known as oxidized logwood extracts. The various forms are used for! the dye- ing^ of blanks on w:i-.^. ';--- • ^ ^— ■' ■ -r-v • .. ,^. Imports of logwood ranged from 30,000 to 39,000 tons per' yfear in the period 1910-1915. ^,,,„ Irnports since 1917 of logwood and of logwood and other dyewood extracts are given in the following table ': ' ' ^ii; -■ , •..^: "., -.-■■iif ■-, Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value j Duty. Equiva- lenitiaa - valorem. LOGWOOD AND OTHEE DyEWOOD E XTRACTS; i ■ 1- ■ ' - -• : J . 1918 : •..y.: 1919 1920 Pounds. 277,748 1 539,252 545,892 29,867 $4S,89S .52,601 '50,313 i4)992 10.16 • i;2 .09 .17 SI, 042 2,022 ' 2;ti47 Percera.' 2.27 3.23 4.07 1921 (9 months). *' 1 " LOGWOOD.,-. , •, ^ 1^8 . ■> ' ;: '.. Tons. 33,168 29,022 72,830 22,655 S776, 735 549,885 2,179,891 563, 961 523.42 18.95 29.93 24.89 1919 1920 ... Exports oi logwood extracts since 1918 (calendar yearS) have ranged from $1,355,936 in 1919 to $2,606,060 in 1920, and in nine months of 1&21 were $436,849. 110 SXJ.MMAHY OF TASIFF INFOBMATION, 1921. MANGBOVE. (See Survey A.-8.) Description a/nd uses. — Mangrove bark (free under par. 1563) on account of its abundance, wide distribution,' rapid growth^ and:. low cost is one of the world's most important tanning, materials. The mangrove tree occurs in the tidal swamps of ttopical countries. The bark is brown, hard, and heavy. It has a tannin content up to 48 per cent ; the average of commercial grades is about 36 per cent. The extract known as "mangrove extract" ahd "mangrove cutch," im- ported in large blocks, is of a reddish-brown color, and has a tan- nin content of about 55 per cent. Liquid extracts contain 25 per cent tannin. Extract is manufactureid in East Africa,. Madagascar, East Indies, Venezuela, and. Colombia. > Imports of mangrove extract in. 1914 (only year statistics! are available) were 1,981,266 pounds, valued, at $59,899. During the period 1909-7^1913 .importsi of mangrove bark, ranged from 12,200 to 23,700 tons. . Imports since 1917 have been as follows: Calendaf year. Quantity. Value. Unit valuer 1918 . . Tom. 2,363 2,523 6,312 2,192 8'^ 869 260j666' US; 393 140.99 1919 . 34.83 1920 41.30 5 '.7)1 1921 (9 months) . . Exports. — Noli, ,recoi:ded. •. m i C- ' i ' Important changes in classification. — Mangrove extract is exempt from duty under paragraph 624, act of 1913. ; ,„ . MYK0B.4LAX EXTEACT. "(See, Survey A-S.) . ' ;/' ,l_ Description and iises. — Myrobalans (free under par. 1563) are the dried fruit of different species bf TerinThoMa growing in India and China. The most important variety is the ChebulMe or black myro- balsin. The dried fruit is hard, about 1 inch in length, and resembles a slightly shriveled plum. The peel surrounding the kernel contains most of the tannin. The extracts are used in taniiing and to a lim- ited extent in dyeing. The li^juid extracts contain 25 and 30 per cent tannin, and. the solid extract about 50 per cent tannin, Produetipn statistics are not gS^parately^yen. Imports oi myrobalans (fruit) for 1909-1918 averaged 25^302,'' 519 pound.s, valued at $284,442, chiefly from India. Figures since 1917 are given in the following table : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit valut. Myrobalans (fruit): 1918 Pownds. 3,863,382 39,898,549 47,766,473 16,944,725 831,923 2,221,201 2,010,202 1,028,960 t90,798 721, 153 728,208 125,592 19,070 53,221 53,891 18, 929 $0.02 1919 .02 1920 .02 , 1921 (9months) i.i.^f Myrobalan extract and valOnia extract: 1918.1 ..........:: T919 " .01 .02 .02 1920 . .03 1921 (9 months) . .02 SUMMARY OF TABIFF INFOKMATION, 1921. Ill Exports. — None recorded. ■ Important clmnges in classi-fiGc^tion. — Myrobalan extract is exempt from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 624) . OAk 'ijxTKACT. , (See Sui-vey,A-8.) ,,, > : Description, and uses. — Oak bark (free under par. 1563) is one of the oldest tanning materials used for sole and heavy leathers. In the eaistern United States oak extract is made chiefly from: the bark of the chestnut-oak {Qwerffus prinus) , while on the ■ Pacific cOast extract is prepared from the tan bark oak ( Quercus ■deiisiflora) : Barks of other domestic oaks are used to a limited extent. The extract is marketed as a liquid extract, containing 26 per cent tannin, and as a Sblid extract. Production of oak extract in 1914 was 8,797,2l8 pounds, valued at $192,844. Consumption in 1918 was 3,816,056 pounds of solid oak ex- tract and 34,880,396 pounds of liquid oak extract. The production in 1919 (preliminary figures) was 27,726,000 pounds, valued at $1,390'000. Imports of bark are not separately given. Imports of oak bark extract in 1914 were 143,094 pounds, valued at $6.639 ; and in 1915, 66,293 pounds, valued at $2,628. There were no imports of oak extract 1918-1919. Later statistics follow: I Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Urvit value.. 1920 Fownds. 50, 165 1/556,367 13,549 87, 101 SO. 07 1921 (9 months)... .. .06 Exports are not shown separately. Im,poftam,t ch/vnges in olaissiflcatwn.- duty under the act of 1913 (par. 624). -Oak extract is exempt from ;f , PERSIAN BERRY EXTRACT. ; , : ( See Survey A-8. ) Desoription amd wsds.^Persian berries (free under par. 1563) are the half dried fruit of different buck-thorn {Rhwrnnus) species. The berries are yellowish green in color, about the size of a pea and possess an intensely bitter taste. They are gathered in. France, Spain, Italy, Hungary, and Asia Minor. 'The extract made by water treatment of the berries is used as a dye in cotton printing. It is also used to a small extent as a stain and for an artist's pigment i,, .,, . Imports during 1910-1917 averaged 70,677 pounds per year, valued at $8,112, yielding an average annual revenue of $1,015. Imports of ex- tract after 1918 are given in the following table : Calendar year. 19191. ..... -i.;--- 1920..;-..:;..... 1921(9mcmtlis).. Quantity. 6,209 11,357 2,671 Value. $2,691 3,631 426 Unit value. $0.52 .32 .16 Duty. $20 . 43 Equiva- lent ad valorem. Ptr cerd. 0.73 1.17 1 No imports of persian berry extract in 1918. Exports. — None recorded. 112 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. QUEBKACHO. (See. Survey A-8.) Description and uses. — Quebrachp, extract is prepared from a hard- wood tree belonging to the geiiiis Que'hrachia, found in Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. This wood (free under par. 1563) is a natural monopoly .pf South America. The heart wood is dark red, dense,) and, is one of the hardest known woods. A cubic foot weighs about, 78 pounds. The wood averages about 22 per cent tannin. ; It is: one of ,thes world's most important tanning assets. In 1914 que-' hrachoi constituted, 38 per. cent of theitotal tanning agents consumed. Liquid: quebracho extract contains, 35 pericent and the solid extract about 65 per cent tannin. The extracts- are i sold as untreatfed and as chemically treated. The latter process increases the solubility. Production of extracts of quebracho averaged in the period 1914r- 19,17, 48,4P0,,000,, pounds per year, based' on imports of logs. In 1919 the output was 71,412,000 pounds: (preliminary figures), valued' at $7,123,800. , As only 3,962 tons of logs were imported, this probably includes the imported extract, which was dissolved or chemically treatpdan this country. ■,.,;■,;,' , ■ Imforts of quebracho logs in theperiod 1908-1918 ranged from 49,000 to 107,000 tons per year. Imports of extract in the period 1908-1918 varied from,„6?,000,000 to 125,000,000 pounds per year. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value- Unit Talua. QUEBRACHO LOGS. 1918. 1919. 1921 (9 months).. Tom. 23^986 3,962 56,064 6,547 1373, 188 53,679 850,284 108,119 tlg.'M' 13.55 15.17 16.51 QUEBRACHO EXTRACT. 1913 .....1- -- Pounds. 131,264,979 144,496,648 108,897,440 118,900,294 $5,698,618 6,902,947 6,700,216 6,397,612 $0.04 1920.1 ..■.:.;;:......' ^' J [\ . Ill 06 1921 (9 months) ,..j. .:.,'''■'.,.<•: \r - ■■ ' - I '-','■' ' .'--'') ' .. Exports of quebracho extract are chiefly small shipments to Canada. In^ortam,t changes lin cla8£fiGation.-~QuehTSicho extract is exempt fiom duty under par&,graph 624, act of 1913. ' VALONIA EXTRACT. ,, , (See Survey A-8.) Description and uses. — Valonia consists of the acorn cups and beards (free under par. 1563) of certain species of oak. Smymaj Greece, and Asia Minor export IS-rge amounts of valonia. The sol^j extract is imported and contains about 60 per cent tannin. Valonia and valonia extracts are used in tanning high-grade leathers of light color. SUMMABY OF TARIFF IjSTFOEMATION, 1921. 113 Imports of valonia extract are combined with myrobalan (see p. 110). , Imports of valonia during 1912-1915 ranged from 1,200,000 pounds to 6,300,000 pounds annually. Later statistics follow : Calendar ydar. Quantity. Value. Unit value. 1919' Povmis. 1,608,849 19,760 940 .17,495,469 187,098 749,171 320,303 JO. 06 1920 .04 1921 {9 months).... ;j .02 1 No imports of valonia in 1918. Exports. — Not recorded. Important changes in classifloation. — Valonia extract is exempt from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 624) . WATTtB EXTRACT. (See Survey A-8.) Description, uses, and production. — The wattle tarks (free under par. 1563) are of. abundant occurrence and are obtained from a variety of trees in Australia and South Africa. This tanning agent is of comparatively recent development and promises to be of con- siderable importance. Tl^e solid extracts imported contain 60 per cent of tannin. Imports of wattle bark and extract are not separately given. Exports. — None recorded. Important changes in classification. — New specific provision. OTHER EXTRACTS — REDWOODS. (See survey A-8.) Description and uses.— The redwoods are divided into "soluble," as Brazil, Peach, Sapan,, Pernambuco, and Lima wood. Brazil wood, the most important of this class, is imported jfrom South America; the extract known as hypernic is sold as a liquid of ,51° and as a solid. It is principally used in leather dyeing and to a small ex- tent in textile dyeing. ' The insoluble redwoods include sanders, Cam, bar, calistur, and are of small importance in textile dyeing. Production of Brazil and othter redwood extracts in 1919 (prelim- inary figures) was 1,5,53,000 pounds, valued at $246,000. Imports and eajpor-^s.^Statistics are not available. OTHER EXTRACTS — SUM AC. (See Survey A-8.) Descriptian and uses. — ^Among " other extracts " is included one of importance prepared from the dried leaves and leaf stems of sumac (free under par. 1563), a plant embracing several species of the Rhus, of wide distribution- Italy, United States, Qreece, and Spain are large producers of sumac. The domestic harvest is gathered in Virr 82304—22 8 114 SUMMARY 0F TARIFF INFORMATION^ 1921.- ginia, West, Virginia, North Carolina j Maryland,; and Pennsylvania. Domestic leaf has an average tannin content of about 22 per cent. The importjed leaf (ground and unground) comes from Sicily and yields a lighter colored extract. Extracts Occur as liquids of 42° and 61°, containing about 22 and 26 per cent tannin. Sumac extracts are used as a mordant in textUe dyeing and as a tanning agent. Production in 1914 of sumac extract (^-om botn domestic and forei^ leaf) was 4,512,361 pounds, valued at $129,631 ; and in 1919 (preluninary figures), 3,507,000 pounds, valued at $253,100. ImpoHs of sumac "ground" varied from about. 10,000,000 to ' 20,000,000 pounds per year during the period 1909-1919. Later sta- tistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. % ■ > ■ t' Unit value-, Duty, Equiva- lent ad ■ valorem .1 GROUND SUMAC 1919.' Povmdt. 9,695,500 10,702,849 2,981,500 1385,201 343,424 SO. 04 .03 .02 Per cent. 1920 1921 (9 months) ; . 1 1 ,,,. UNGROUND StJMAC. 1918 6,727,288 5,029,031 2,293,762 1,243,246 196,872 173,276 10.03 .04 .04 .02 1919 J- 1920 1921 (9 montlis) .....:....... ■ ■'\ ' ^ SUMAC EXTRACT. 1918 23,706 44,049 1,886 2,616 3,273 203 JO. 11 .07 .11 t89 166 3.40 192&. 5.06 1921 (9 months) Suggested dhanffef. — Sumac extract is an extract of sufficient ifii- portance to be specifically mentioned, as it has been for upward of half a c6ntury. Its place in paragraph 36 is between " quebracho " and " valonia." ALL OTHER EXTRACTS. ■ (See Survey A-S.) Description and uscs.t—T-wo important natural dyes of domestic ori^n are quercitron and osage orange. Quercitron and the related dye — flavine — are prepared from the bark of the blacfe oak {Qu&fC^ vehitina), found in the App»alachians. Osage orange extracts are derived from the wood of the osage orange or bowwood tree {Toxylon pomiferum or MacT/ura- pomifenmi) occurring in Okla- homa, Arkansas, and Texas. These natural extracts are used chiefly in textile and leather dyeing. Pi^dUetion of quercitron in the period 1916 to 1919 varied from 7,600,000 to 15,900,000 pounds {bl'^ extract). The production of osage orange extract in 1919 was 4,8£?7,701 pcrtinds (51° extract). The output of "other natutal dye extracts" in 1919 (preliminary figures) was 896,000 jpoiinds, Valued at $425,000, and of " othet vege- table tanning extracts " 34,805,000 pounds, valued at $3,124,000. SUMMARY OF TAKITF : INFOEMATIOlir; 1©1. 115 Imports of " extracts for tanning, not containing alcohol," since 1917 have been as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. L^i™!^ ALL OTHEK EXTEACTS OF VEGETABLE ORIGIN SUITABLE FOR DYEING. ETC. (CHLOROPHYLL, LOGWOOD^ND OTHER DYEWOODS, NUTGALLS, PERSIAN BER- RIES, AND SUMAC ARE SHOWN SEPARATELY). 1918 .::...'.v.U L. Pounds. 2,889,865 443,749 381,537 390,767 $234,375 80,079 75,613 27,248 $0.08' .18 .20 .07 i' . :. .; - ,' $l6;837 1,664 1,431 Per cent. ' 14.62 1919 12.08 1920 11.89 1921 (9 months) „.. \^, IKQ EXTRACTS OF BARK OTHER THAN HEMLOCK. 19182 6,729,118 1,752,578 4,497,530 5,554,257 $191,584 92, 270 256,037 305,138 $0. 03 1919 .05 ■ 1920 .06 1921 (9montlis)...'# .05 1 '■" i EXTRACTS OF WOODS OTHER THAN DYEWOODS. 1918 1,668,942 $67,890 122,204 48 624 2,013 $0.04 1919 1 2,145,120 .06 1920 . 1 8.59. 379 .06 1921 (9 montlis) . J i 57,508 .03 1 OTHER EXTRACTS FOR TANNING, N. s. P. F. 1918 224,224 26,354 134,840 8,353,654 $7,423 2,372 12,830 160,413 $0.03 .09 .10 .02 $1, 113 356 1,925 15 1919 . . 15 1920 : 15 1921 (9 montlis) . ... 15 1 Equivalent ad valorem rate. « Includes hemlock bark. Exports of "All extracts for tanning " since 1918 ranged from $3,125,842 in 1918 to $5,598,134 in 1919. During the first 9 months of 1921 they wete valued at$80r.325. OTHER Dli'EWOODS AND CRUDE TA.^.XIXG MATERIALS. Imports have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. DYEWOODS, OTHER THAN LOGWOOD Ais'D FUSTIC WOOD. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months).. Tons. 15,966 922 2,6^ 1,258 $401,190 23, 286 51,904 29, 936 $2.55 2.63 i.96 2.38 ALL OTHER ARTICLES IN A CRUDE STATE USED IN TANNING (HEMLOCK BARK, STANGROVE BARK, MYROBOLANS FRUIT, QUEBRACHO WOOD, AND VALONlAj EXCEPTED). : 1918 1919 1920 Pounds. 31,748,511 48,602,728 1921 (g'months) .'- ' i 8, 353, 664 $48,926 737,367 1,188,968 160,413 $0.02 .02 .02 116 ' SUAIMARY OF TARIFF! INFORMATION, 1921. Exports of barks for tanning since 1918 have been as follows : Quantity (tons) . Value 1918 313 818,807 1919 Important changes in classificaiion.—'LAc dye, exempt from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 526), is not mentioned in H. E. 7+56. If imported it will probablj'^ fall under jjaragraph 36. H. B. 7456. PARAGRAPH 37. SENATK AMENIWyiENTS. Pae. 37. Flavoring extracts and nat- ural or synthetic fruit flavors, fruit esters, oils, and essences, all the fore- going not contaiiilng alcohol, and not specially provided for, 25 per centum a. ' -' ' cheiuical eoiupuunds, mixtures * * udt specially pro- vided for i!i this section. t\\'ent.y-fivt^ per ceiituni art vulnreiu; f * J.,- I'AH. 21. ' * * fruit ethers, oils, or essences, one rtolliir per poiinrt ; ACT OF 1913. I'AK. 4!). * ' ■' flavorins exlracts, * * * 20 per centum ad valorem. I 'ah. 5. * * * chemical * * * compouiirts, '', * * mixtures * * * not specially proviiled for in this sec- tion, 1.0 per centum ad valorem. I'.VK. 46. «• « * fruit ethers, oils, and essences, * * * not specially provided for in this section, 20 per centum ad valorem : * * *. FLAVORING EXTRACTS, ETC. ( See .Survey A-14, ) Description and uses. — Flavoring extracts have been defined by the United States Department of Agriculture as alcoholic solutions of the flavoring and odorous principles of plants. They are ex- tracted from the fruits, seeds, leaves, and roots by using alcohol, or by dissolving essential oils in strong alcohol. A second class of extracts consists of solutions of diffe;rent synthetic aromatic chemi- cals which possess odors and flavors similar to the natural products. The Department of Agriculture requires that the latter extracts be labeled " imitations " or " substitutes." These synthetic chemicals may be coal-tar products (dutiable under par. 26), such as coumarin (the flavoring, principle of tonka beans), or methyl sali- cylate (artificial oil of wintergreen) or benzaldehyde (artificial, oil of bitter almonds), or they may be similar synthetic chemicals pre- pared from natural products isolated from essential oils. Other products, , especially the so-called " fruit esters and essences," are made from fusfel oil and other alcohols. The two most important flavoring extracts are vanilla and lemon, and it has been estimated by the Department of Agriculture that they represent more than 95 per cent of the domestic consumption. Vanilla extract alone probably constitutes between 80 and 90 per cent of the total. SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. 117 In addition to the well-known uses of flavoring extracts in the home these products are extensively employed in the manufacture of ice creams and ices, confectionery, of all kinds, fruit sirups and beverages, patent medicines and medicinal compounds, perfumery, and cosmetics, jellies and gelatin, and in many other manufactured food products. Alcoholic flavoi'ing extracts are dutiahle under paragraph 22, ac- cording to their- jllcoholic content rather than under this paragraph. Production. — It is not known that any natural nonalcoholic flavor- ing extracts are manufactured in. this country. Large amounts, however, are manufactured from the so-called fruit esters, and the United States is one of the largest, if not the largest, producer of flavoring extracts. The production of all flavoring extracts was valued at $11,380,423 in 1914. Census figures for 1919 are not as yet available. Domestic production of coal-tar flavors during 1917- 1919 has averaged about 600,000 pounds annually, valued at about $2,000,000. Imports of all alcoholic flavoring extracts totaled only about $4,000 for the six-year period 1914r-1919, or^less than 1 per cent of the exports. Imports since. Ii3l7 have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit valup. Duty.' Ad Talo- rem rate. NONALCOHOLIC FLAVORING EXTItAdtS.' ma. 1919...... ..' 1920..... 1921 (9 months). ■.'i.Li POVTlAs. , 2,353 ' 4,364 10.236 42^116 $6,889 10,002 18, 704 24,210 S2.93 2.29 1.83 ..57 $1,378 2,000 3,741- PeT cent. 20 20 20 20 NONALCOHOLIC iTEtrtT OILSOE ESSENCES, N^'s.r. F..^ 1918.. ..1 : 122 . , 207 4,423 ' 1,928 S347 ■ ; : 5,049 8,347 ■3 429' S2.84 ■ 29. 22 1,89 ■ '■'■■ K78 sea 1,210 1,669 20 1919 20 1920 20 1921 (9 month.=!). . .. • ' 20 ^^a?/? Description and uses.^^Glne and gelatin are extracted from prop- erly prepared animal tissues, such as h^ijiie cuttings and bones of anmials, and the skins and heads of fish. Glue and gelatin resemble each other closely in chemical nature, the distinction betwe..'n them ibeing chiefly a matter of quality. Broadly ^peaking^ glue is impure gelatin,' or gelatin is higb- grade glue. ' ' ' Commercial supplies niay be classified as follows: ' (a) Fish glues, made from fish skins, bones, and heads, usually sold in liquid form. (6) Bone glues, made irom bones of cattle, usually sold in sqlid ^forni. .,,.■.■■■. , <■,•" v: '■.'•■.. {c) Hide glue, made from untahned trimmings of skins and Hides, ears, tails, etc. Hide glues have greater adhesive f)b\ver than the other grades. The bettet grades of hide glue can hardly be dis- tinguished from technical geMin. / \d) Technical gelatin, a high-grade product, usually made from hide. , ',.'■■'■ '"'. "'■ '■ "' ■'■'■ ■ ' "(e) Edible gelatiii, made usually from hide, ahd conforming to the specifications of the Bureau of Chemistry promulgated under the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which require that ]the gelatin shall be clean and free from odor, that only traces of heavy metals, such as arsenic, copper, and zincghEillibe present,' apd that the manufacture shall be carried out in a sanitary manner. (/). Photographic: or .emulsion gelatin, suitable for use in the manufacture of photographic plates and films. The requirements for photographic gelatin are more ^^xacting than for any other use, requiring greater care in manufacture, so that the cost of manufac- ture and selling price of photographic gelatin exceeds even that of food gelatin. Glues are used primarily as an adhesive in the manufacture of furniture, toys, and many other articles, plywoods and veneers, leather belts, for the sizing of paper, for bookbinding, for fastening emery, -sand, or other abrasives in the manufacture of abrasive paper and cloths. Glue is also an essential ingredient in the coniposition of match heads. Gelatin is used for stiffening straw hats and cloths, in the manufacture of ice cream and other food preparations, in the SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 121 manufacture of capsules for the administration of medicine,- and in court-plasterS, inks, and photographic pla,tes, and for many other purposes. Other preparations with adhesive properties like glUe are loosely called glues — for exainple, marine glue, which is a resinous prepara- tion; starch and dextrin glues; and casein glUes. The casein glues are the strongest competitor of gelatin glues. " Glue size is made by dissolving solid glue in water, or it m^y be the water solution of glue obtained by treating' the artimar matter with water. It is used chiefly for kzirig paper. ' ' Isinglass is a preparation of the " s6und "or swi'm'mihg bladder of the sturgeon and other fish. The principal ingredient of isinglass is converted into gelatin on boiling with water. Eussian isiriglass is the most valued kind. It-has been used chiefly for clarifying wiiie, beer, and other liquids. Agar-agar, commonly called Bengal or Japanese isinglass, is a dried seaweed obtained largely from Singapore. It is soluble in hot water, and on cooling the solution forms a thick gelatinous jelly. It is used chiefly as a culture media for bacteria. Agar-agar differs from other products in paragraph 39 in that it is a vegetable, not an animal pi^o'duct. ' \ Casein glue is prepared from casein (par. 1598). It is of recent introduction, being used largely during the war on airplanes be- cause of its water -resisting properties. The strength of casein glue is equal to that of medium grade animal glues. Production. — The material used in the manufacture of ^ue may be divided into three classes — hide, bone, and fish stock. The glue made from fish stock! is always sold in liquid form, and is obtained from these prepared materials by extraction with hot water. The glue solution is clarified, concentrated if necessary, and allowed to oake or " jell " in rectangular tanks. These cakes are then cut into the desired sizes and dried in an oven. The dried glue is cut, broken, or pulverized as desired. The capitalo'f 5T establishments engaged: primarily! in. the. manu- facture of glue in 1914 was $17.;162,000; output was valued at $13,- 733,000. Of this value 80 per ce'iit was produced in Illinois, Massa- chusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania. Glue to the value of $5j992,- 879 was produced by firms engaged in other manufactures, making a total of $19,725,879 in 1914. TCh^, present output is estimated at IQy- 000,000 pounds annually. Of ttie output of glu«; in 1914, slaughter- ing and meat-packing concerns produced 15.7 per cent and fertilizer manufactures 5.75 per cent. The production supplies at least 85 per cent of the domestic consumption.' sin 1919, according to pre- liminary figures, the output of '61 establishments was valued at $32,084,000, or about double the 1914 production. IvrvpovM of ^lue for 1910 to 1913, inclusive, have been between 6,000,0(K) and S^OOOjOOO pounds, increasing sharply to over 22,000,000 in 1914. The imports decreased to about 2,000,000 pounds in 1918 (fiscal year). The import of gelatin prior to 1914 averaged a little over 1,000,000 pounds per year. In 19l4 and 1915 over 2,000,000 pounds were imported. The combined import of glUe and gelatin in 1914 was in value 13 per cent of the domestic pi-oduction. Imports of glue during the calendar year 1920 were largely in the classes " valued at not above 10 cents per pound " and " valued above 122 SUMMARY OF , TARIFF INFORMATIQJST, 1921. 35 .cents per pound," the imports in each class being about 1,000,000 pounds. Imports of gelatin since 1918 have been almost wholly in the class valued above 25 cents per pound. In recent years imports of glue were chiefly from Belgium, Chile, and InIB18 h4. 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). -*57 ■!•«'-•■ T;- ■ Pound*. ■ 1,087,163 3,564,237 22,272,236 2,576,315 $467,418 ■ 417,774 2,912,430 375,345 SO. 43 .12 .13 .16 S10,872 ■ 36,642 222, 7KJ Fer cent. 2.33 8.53 7.65 REFINED. 1918 1919 1920.'; 1921.(9 months). 137,826 39,059 5,381,737 510,17.1 $78,467 4,471 1,170,030 95,104 $0.57 .11 .19 $2,757 781 1OT,6S5 3.61 17.47 9.20 Exports in 1918, the fitst' recorded, were 21,046,991 pounds, valued at $10,587,531, 90 per cent going to Italy. This was chiefly a war condition, as shown in the following table which gives statistic^ for calendar years. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 125 (Quantity pounds. 21.7o4,728 Sli;76a,636 1919 3,963,392 t]„.190,984 1,742,708 (129, IIH 1921. (9 months). 1, 130, 14« 198,417 » In postwar years exports were chiefly to Japan, Canada, China, and Cuba. PARAGRAPH 41. H. B. 7456. I'Aii. 41. Ink, and iuk powders not specially provided for, 20 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Par. 26. Ink and Ink powders, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Pak.' 37. Ink and ink powder,s, 15 per centum ad valorem. INK AND INK POWDERS. (See Survey A-9.) Des^Tption and uses. — The most important ink is black printing ink used in newspaper and book printing. It is composed of finely divided lampblact ground in a varnish composed of linseed oil, rosin oil, a drier, a thinner, and other materials such as soap. In colored inks for printing and lithographing the lampblack is replaced by a color lake, a pigment derived from a coal-tar dye, or in the case of some blues, by a mineral pigment such as Prussian blue. Black writing inks are usually composed of tannate of iron and a gum dis- solved in water. Blue writing inks or fluids are usually composed of a mineral pigment such as Prussian blue (which has been chemically treated to make it water soluble) dissolved in water and oxalic acid. Writing inks, other than blacks and most blues, are composed of a coal-tar dye and a gum dissolved in water In inks used for fountain pens the gum is usually omitted. Ink powders or tablets are sblublei coal-tar dyes, and upon the addition of water form a writing fluid. These powders may also be used, in other products where a soluble color is required. Production of writing inks in 1914 amounted to over $2,500,000, and printing inks valued at approximately $14,000,000 were alsp pro- duced by iunerican manufacturers. In 1919, according to prelimi- nary figures, the output of writing inks Avas $6,434,000 and of print- ing ink $26,238,000. . imports. — The- averagie annual import of writing inks for 1910- 1918 was valued at $21,983 (revenue of $4,402) and of printer's ink, for the same period, at $11,155 (revenue $1,899). The import of 126 SUMMARY OF TABIFF INFOBMATION, 1921.- writing and printing inks in 1914 was less than one-tenth of 1 per cent of domestic production. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Value.i Duty. Ad ' valorem rate. WRITING AND COPYINO INKS. « 1918 $13,363 15,116 15,505 3,096 .$2,004 2,267 2,326 Per cent. 16 1919 15 1920 15 1921 (9 months) 15 PRINTERS' INK. 1918 $4,154 199 15,228 4,59& $623 30 2,284 15 1919 16 1920 15 1921 (9 months) 15 ALL OTHER INKS AND INK POWDER. 1918 $6,342 8,143 10,657 9,176 $951 1,221 1,699 15 1919 16 1920 16 1921 (9 months) 16 ' Quantity is not given. Expor-t8 of printihg ink for 1910-1918 have averaged $525,106, and the average export of all other- inks iot the same period was valued at $242,418. Later statistics follow .' Calendar year. 1918 1919 iSM 1921 (9 months). Printing inks. All other mks andink powder. 11,046,882 1,712,926 1 892 762 775,127 $448,181 866,217 936,^19 366,214 Exports of printing inks are chiefly to China, Argentina, and Brazil, and of all other inks chiefly to Cuba, the Philippines, and Canada. important chxmges in classifieaUon.— Ink powders have been lim ited to those not specially provided for ; those of coal-tar origin are provided for in paragraph 26. PARAGRAPH 42. H. R. 7456. . Pab. 42. Iodine, restlblimed, 20 cents per pound. ACT OF 1909. Pab. 27. Iodine, resublimed, twenty cents per pound. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 515. Iodine limed [Free]. resub- SUMMABY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 127 IODINE. (See Survey A-9.) Description and ■Mses.^-Iodine, a nonmetallic element, is a grayish or purplish-black solid which volatilizes easily, giving off a violet- Colored vapor. It does not occur free in natute, but its salts are widely distributed in small amounts and are always present in sea water and in some mineral springs. The principal source of iodine is found in sodium nitrate beds of Chile. Iodine is used directly and in the form of iodine compounds in medicine. The compounds are also employed in photography. About 80 per cent of the domestic consumption is probably made into sodium and potassium iodides. Crude iodine is provided for in paragraph 1588, page 1335. Production of iodine is not commercially important in the United States, although small amounts have been produced from kelp on the Pacific coast. Exports of iodine from Chile prior to the war were about 1,000,000 pounds, increasing to a maximum of 3,000,000 pounds in 1916 and then decreasing to 2,000,000 pounds in 1918. Chile's potential production as a by-product of nitrate refitting is three to four times these amounts. Output in Japan tripled from 1913 to 484,138 pounds in 1917. Imports of crude iodine are chiefly from Chile. These increased from 195,030 pounds in 1914 to 1,726,723 pounds in 1917, but dropped to 200,448 pounds in 1918. Imports from Japan were 1,500 pounds in 1915, but increased to 53,092 pounds in 1918. Recent statistics of imports df crude iodine follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. 191g Pownds. 391,783 1,251,086 291,171 639,186 $793,719 2,385,226 547,679 1,411,533 $2.03 1919 1.91 1920 1 1.88 2.21 Imports of resublimed iodine have been negligible : the maximum Avas 15,650 pounds in 1918 (calfendar year), valu^ at $49/83'. Exports. — Statistics not available. Important changes in class? fi cation. -r^esuhlitned iodine is exempt from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 515). PARAGRAPH 43. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pae. 43. Bromine and all Bromine compounds not specially provided for, 10 cents per pound. ACT OF 1909. I'AK. 3. * * * chemical com- pounds, * * * and salts, * * * not specially provided for in this sec- tion twenty-five per centum ad valo- rem'; * * *■ ACT OF 1913. I'AK. 433: Bromin [Free]. Par. 5. * * * chemical * * ♦ compounds, « * * ,jot specially provided for in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem. 128 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INPORMATIOPT, in21. REOJllS^E AND BROMINE COMPOUNDS. (See Siu-vey JfI.-8.) ; DeHcriftion and itaes: — ^Bromine is one of the chemical elements. It is a dark reddish-brown, highly corrosive liquid, giving off hea|vy, irritating vapors. It is produced here almost ehtii-ely from natural brine in connection with the salt industry. Bromine is used in the manufacture of certain coal-tar dyes and bromine compounds; the latter are employed principally in photography and medicine. Dur- ing the World War bromine and some of its compounds were used in gas warfare. Owi^g.to the corrosive nature of bromine and consequent dangers attending transportation, it enters commerce largely in the form of its salts-^sodium bromide, potassium bromide, and ammonium bromide. .-■ Prod'aotion of bromine in the United States in 1913 was 572,000 pounds, increased to a maximum of 1^854,971 pounds, valued at $1,234,969, in 1919, and then decreased to 1,160,584 pounds, valued at $746,381, in 1920. Germany is the only other important producer and prior ;to the war ranked first, with an output; in 1912 of l,909jl84 pounds. Domestic figures include bromine content of various bromine, compounds, such as sodium and potassium bromide. Pro- duction in the United iStates is as a by-product of the salt industry, arid in Germany a by-product of refining potash salts at Stassfurt. The output of sodium bromide from 1918 to 1920 .has been around 500 short tons, valued at $500,000. It isi produced by absorbing free bromine in a solution of sodium carbonate. The production of potassium bromide in 1918 was 666,119 pounds, of which 616,232 pounds, valued at $551,079, were sold. Import statistics of bromine and its compounds are not available except for 1914, when only 361 pou^ids of potassium bromide, valued at $200, were imported. Exports. — Large quantities of bromine were exported to Great Britain, France, and Italy in 1918 during the war, at which time these countries were largely dependent on the United States. Important changes in clccssificaMon. — Bromine is provided for specifically in the free list of the act of 1913 as " bromin " (par. 433). Because of its corrosive nature, bromine is usually shipped in the form of its various compounds. The provision for bromine was broadened by amendment on the floor of the House of Eepr^seiita- tives so as to include the various compounds of bromine. PARAGRAPH 44. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENBMElfTS. Par. 44. Lead: Acetate, white, 3i cents per pound ; acetate, brown, gray, or yellow, 21 cents per pound; nitrate, 2i cents per pound ; arsenate, resinate, and all other lead compounds not spe- cially provided for, 30 per centum ad valorem. SUMMABY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 129 ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. , , Par. 58. Lead: Acetate 6f, white, Pak. 57. Leafl, acetate of, white, and three cents per pound; brown, gray,' nilrateof,!* cents per pound; acetate or yellow, two cents per pound ; nitrate of, brown, gray, or yellow, 1 cent per of, two and one-fourth cents per pound; ajl other lead compounds not pound; * * *. specially provided for in this section; Pae. 3. * * * chemical com- ,20 per centum ad valorem, pounds, * * * and salts, * * * not specially provided for in this sec- tion, twenty-five per centum ad va- loreni ; * * *. LEAD COMPOTJNDS. (See Survey A-15.) lead acetate. DescHption and tt^es.— Lead acetate^ often called sugar of lead, is the most soluble of the common lead salts. It is oh the market as (1) "white" or pure acetate of lead and (2) "brown" (also "gray", or "yellow") acetate of lead, an impure grade of the lead salt. White acetate of lead is also known and sold as " crystals," while the brown grade is called " granular." Other qualities of both the white and brbwn acetate of lead are sold as "broken " or "" broken cakes." Lead acetate is one of the most important of lead salts. It' is used in the manufacture of pigments and in the preparation of alum mordants for,. dyeing cloth ajid some fibers; in medicine, in the preparation of insecticides, and in chemical laboratories as a reagent. The basic lead .acetate is used tb some extent for weighting silk. ProduGtion. — Lead acfetate is, usually made b.y the action- of acetic acid upon litharge. In the production of "brOwn" sugar of lead, pyroligneous acid (crude acetic acid or wood vinegar) is used. The brown color is due to the dissoh'ed impurities in pyroligneous >acid. Lead acetate may also be made directly from metallic lead or white lead. Basic lead acetate is prepared by dissolving litharge in acetie acid. The output in 1919 (preliminary figures) was 4,183,600 pounds, valued at $552,400. /?;t;por^« of , lead acetate, prior to the war were sporadic and.i^egli- gible compared with domestic production. They reached a maxi- mum of 128,433 pounds in 1914. During the war and through the first nine months of 1921 there were practically no imports of lead acetate. ' Exports. — Statistics not available. LEAD NITKATE. Description and uses.— Lead nitrate is the compound formed by the action of nitric acid on litharge, and usually costs more than lead acetate, due to the higher cost of nitric acid. It is used in dyeing and calico printing, for the production of mordants, in in^cticides, in the manufacture of matches and lead chromate pigments. ' Production. — Lead nitrate is made by dissolving some form of lead, usually litharge, in dilute nitric acid and crystallizing the lead nitrate from the solution. Statistics are coinbined with " all other lead compounds," page 130. 82304—22 130 SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFOEMATIONj 1921. Imports ot lead nitrate prior to the war were less than 200,000 pounds, and during the war years practically ceased, ^ince the war, the maximum import has been (about 4,000 pounds during the first niue months of 1921. c i ' E'XfoHs. — Statistics not available. ' Description and itses. — Lead arsenate is a white, crystalline com- pound, which is extremely poisonous, and hence is used chiefly in the manufacture of insecticides, Proditction. — It is made by the action of a soluble lead salt on a solution of sodium arsenate,. "irith, subsequent concentration and crys- tallization. Domestic production in 1914 amounted to 8,641,900 pounds, valued at $511,700. In 1919- (preliminary figures) the out- put was 11,465,800 pounds, valued at $2,090,300. Imports and exports^ — ^Statistics not available. Im,poTtam.t' Ghccnges" in classification. — Mentioned specifically - for the first time. ,i - , . : . ' LEAD EESINATE. ■ Description and' uses. — Lead resinate'is one of the most important of the paitit and varnish driers. It is a yellowish 'white, poisdnous paste, and is- used also as a drier in printing inks.' Contrasted with manganese and cobalt driers, lead rfesinate gives toughness of film with no darfceniing effect, rather than speed in drying. There are two grades, precipitated and fused. ' ProdwcU&fh.-^The, precipitated grade is made by heating a solu- tion of lead acetate and rosin oil. The fused grade is made by heat- ing litharge and rosin. Since the war domestic manufacturers have been able to fill all demands. Imports in 1914 were 61,107 pounds of precipitated lead resinate, Valued at $1,099, and'56;560 pounds of the fused resihate, valued at $4,799. Imports for recent yeare are not available, but the quantity has not been large. ' > - Exports. — ^Statistics not available. I Tnportant changes in classification. — 'New specific provision. . ii ' I AIX OTHEB LEAD COMPOUNDS. : Forty-six different lead compounds were imported during' 1914, but only 13 of these in amounts greater than $100 in value. There are a few salts of lead not speciaUy provided for in the act of 1913 which are commercially important. Xead salts are used as reagents in. chemical laboratories, in paint driers, and for the manufacture of rubber, but the quantities required are usually small. Production in the United States of lead acetate., lead nitrate;, and other leatd compounds for the calendar year 1914 was 7,290,936 pounds, valued at $474,430. In 1919 (preliminarjr figures) the out- put of lead salts (exclusive, of arsenate and acetate) was valued at $335,500. Grermaiiy,. Great Britain, Belgium, and France manufac- ture lea4 salts and other lead componente in considerable quantities. SUMMABY. OP TAHIPr INP'Ofi.MATlON. 1921. 131 Imports of all other leEid compounds in 1914 were 102,899 pounds, valued at $9j348. Imports decreased greatly during the war, and since 1917 have been as follows : ' - ' •GalBndar year. 'Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 Pounds. 4,510 . 6,970 14j0,53 275 $242 1,039 2,307 61 10.05 .14 .16 .22 $48 208 461 Per cent. 20 1919 ; 20 1920., , ..., 1921 (9 months)... 20 2ff ExpoTipSy — S,tatistics not available. PARAGRAPH 45. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS.- Pak. 45. Licorice, extracts of; inf pastes, rolls, or other forms,, 25 ^per _ centum ad valorem. " * ACT OF 1909. ACT 01' 1913. Pae. 29. Licorice, extracts of, in ' Par. 40^ Lic6rice, extracts of, to paste, rolls, or other forms, two and pastes, rolls, or other forms, 1 cent one-half cents per pound. \ per pound, r ^ ; MCOEIOE EXTRACT. :, (See Survey A-10.) Description and uses'. — ^Licorice extract is a dried decoction of licorice root. It is sold as a " paste " in cases of 250 to 400 pounds and as stick or roll licorice in smeill cylinders 6 to ,9 inches long and one-half to 1 inch iii thickness.' Thepaste is used almost entirely in chewing tobacco, and the roil and stick fonns in pharmady and con.- fectioitery. ' ' /'/■(^(^Mc^ion.— Licorice extract is extensively produced, in Italy; Lesser amounts are manuf actuVed in Eussia, Spain, Turkey, and other Europedfi countries. ' It iS also extensively manufactured in Americ* from the iniported roqt, and it is prepared chiefly by tobacco manu- facturers for their own psd. , American production is characterized by a higher type of medianicalprocess than that Used abroad, which is chie% depei^dent upon cheap hand labor. The root yields about 6ne-fifth of its weight in extract. The ^production of extract in the United States may be estimated from the root imported to be about 17,000,000 pounds annually. Imports of licorice extract are usually of a high, grade, and a,re used mainly in pharmacy. Imports come chiefly from Spain. They have continued to increase under the successively decreasing rates of recent acts. Trade in this product has also grown at the expense of that of licorice root, owing to the grekter bulk of the latter and the shipping restrictions imposed 132 STIMMABYi OF TARIFF INFQEMATION, 1921. under war conditions. During the year 1909, when it was dutiable'.at 4^ cents a poUndy 520,446 pounds of licorice extract entered. For the years 1910-1913, at 24 cents a pound, the average annual amount was 820,205 pounds. During the years 1916-1918, when it was dutiable at 1 cent per poiihd, the average annual imports increased to 1,162,437 pounds. Revenues have decreased with the diminution in rate. For 1909-1913 they averaged $22,244 annually; for 1915-1918, $11,624. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Valorem.' 1918 871,178 1,796,358 802,468 ■" jl56;69i8 581,909 730,793 225,078 'JSO.40 .67 .41 .28 ■»3,991 8,712 17,964 Per cent. 2.50 1919 1.50 1920 2.46 1921 (9 months) £'xpoHs.—rStatistics not available. PARAGRAPH 46. H. R. 7456. Par. 46. Lime, citraftp.iof, 7 cents per pound; ,, i , , . ACT OP 1909. Par. 613. Lime, citrate of [Free]. SENATE AMEWIUffENTS. ACT or 1913. . Par. 41. Lime, citrate of, 1 cent per pound. CITRATE OF UME. (See Survey, A-1.) i Description and uses. — :Citrate of lime is an intermediate substance obtained in the manufacture of citri.g apid from the juice of lemons or other citrus fruits. It is used only tor' the manufacture of citric acijd- .; Domestic production. — Citrate pf; lime is produced in California from cull lemons, but in amounts much below imports, f See par. 1, p. 13.) . ,., , , ,. Imports for the fiscal year 1913 amounted, to 5,526,954 pounds, valued at $756,309. Imports increased in 1916 to 8,127,364 pounds, ■j^lue^d at $1,763,652, and yielding a revenue of $81,273. Imported citrate of lime comes almost entirely from Sicily. Later statistics, follow: • Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty.^' Equiva- lent ad valorem. 1918. , Poundt. 12,490,196 754,966 . t7'7S,Sl2' > !li8ffl,26i; 3,027,823 116,157 $0.26 .41 .24 .16 129,614 - 38,643 124,902 Percent. 3 83 1919 J.; :. 1920 2.44 4.13 1921 (9 months) 1 SUMMAEY OF ' TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 133 Exports. — Statistics not available. Suggested ehanges. — The rates of 'duty between citrate of lime (7 cents per pound) and citric acid in paragraph. 1 (12 cents per pound) are maladjusted. Citrate of lime is a raw material used for the manufacture of citric acidj 2 pounds of citrate of lime being required to produce 1 pound of citric acid ; hence a duty of 7 cents per pound on citrate of lime is equivalent to 14 cents per pound on the citric-acid content, which is 2 cents greater than the duty, provided, for citric ' acid. Therefore manufacturers engaged in coTiverting citrate of lime into citric acid are placed at a disadvantage of 2 cents per jpound in purchasing their raw material, as compared with imported citric acid. PARAGRAPH 47. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pae. 47. Magnesium : Carbonate, pre- cipitated, 2i cents per pound ; chloride, tbFee-fourths of 1 cent per pound ; sul- phate ifc Epsom salts, one-haM of 1 cent per pound; oxide, medicinal, 7 cents per pound ; calcined magnesia not suitable for medicinal use and cal- cined magnesite, including dead burned and grain,, three-fourths of 1 cent, per pound ; and magnesite, crude ,or ground, one-half of 1 ceiit per pound. , ' ACT OF 1909. ACT OE 1913. ;,, ; Pab. 31. Magnesia and carbonate of. Par. 42. Magnesia : Calcined, 3i medicinal, three cents per pound ; cal- cents per pound; carbonate of, pre- cined, medicinal, seven cents per cipitatedj-li cents per pound ; sulphate pound; sulphate of, or Epsom .salts, of, or Epsom salts, ^ cent per pound, one-fifth of one cent per pouud. ' Par. 5. * ■*,-,* chemical * *, ,* Par. 3. * * * chemical pom- compounds, i* ' * * and salts, pounds, * * * and salts, * * * * * ' * not specially provided for in not .specially provided for in this sec- this section, 15 per centum ad valorem, tion, twenty-five per centum ad va- Par. 589. Magnesite, crude or cal- loreni;' * * *. cined, not purified [Free]. Par. 618. Magnesite, crude or cal- cined, not purified [Free]. ; MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS. (See Survey A-lb.) magnesium carbonate, precipitated. . Description arid wes.— Magnesium carbojiate is a white insoluble substance. The pure product is used, in medicine, in tpbth and face powders, metal and glass polishes, and in some paints^ Crude car- bonate is used extensively as an insulating covering for furnaces and steam pipes. FrodvfiUon in 1919 (preliminary figures) was 2,064,700 , pounds, .valued at $85,700. ' . ■ : : , 134 STTMMABY OF TAEIPF ISTFOKMATION, 1921. Imports in 1914 were 58,683 pounds, chiefly from England. They decreased during the war, and since then have been as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Equiva- lent a4 valorem. M18..^..i.....i ; Povmis. PercetU. 1919 5,094 14,930 15,172 »1,101 1,512 1,701 $0.22 .10 .11 J76 224 6.94 1920........ 14.81 1^1 (9 months). JExports. — Statistics not available. MAGNESIUM CHI-OBIDE. Description a-Qd uses. — Magnesium chloride^— an important mag- nesium compound — is used as a raw mater.i;^i. ,f or , the manufacture of metallic magnesium, which is fast becoming of great industrial importance. It is also used along with calcined magnesia in making oxychloride cement, which serves for floors,' artificial marble,^ and stucco work. . ' Production. — It was not produced, in this country priof to ^ll^ war. Our needs were supplied by impoiits from Germany, where it is obtained as a by-product in the puifi'ficatioii of potash salts at Stass- furt. A large production was developed in the United States dur- ing the war, chiefly as a by-product of the salt industry, particularly :from the salt brines in Michigan. Statistics of production are not available. Imports for 1914 werfe as follows: Commercial crystals, 3)515,^52 pounds-, valued at $11,233, 75 per, cent from Germany ; chemically pure crystals, 3,030,936 pounds, valued at $34,180, and chemically pure anhydrous, 35,438 pounds, valued at$l,513, all from Germany. Imports since^9^8 have been as follows :' , . r ' , , - ',,•:-. calendar year: Quantity. Value. , / 1 ■ Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 J Pounds. 13,076 11,200 454,334 4, 26?, 941 tl,619 637 7,098 48, 518 $0.12 .05 .01 .01 243 81 1,065 Per cent. 15 1919 . .. 15 1920 15 1921 (9 months) i . 15 Exports. — Statistics not available. Important changes in classification. — Because of its importance for industrial uses and, the fact 'that, it was imported in large quan- tities prior to the war, magnesium chloride was specially provided 'for. ' . ' "MAGNESIUM SULPHATE (EPSOM SALTS). ' Description and uses. — Magnesium sulphate (Epsom saltg) is a -white, crystalline salt which is readily soluble in water. It is used extensively for sizing cotton goods and for weighting silks, paper, SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921, 135 an4 leather. Thepurifi^ magnesium' sulphate is used in the manu- facture of laxative mineral water and for medicinal uses. Produefion in 19^4 was 29^65,115 pounds, valued at $297,000. The 1919 production was double that of 1914, or 58i,696,0i)0 pounds, valued at $l,497,0QO (preliminary figures). Some natural deposits of Epsom salts, which before the war could not compete with the imported product, are now being worked. Germany produces enor- mous quantities as a by-product from the Stassf urt potash deposits. Imports in 1914 were 13,549,599 pounds, chiefly, from Germany. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. QriadB'ty. 'Value. Unit value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. 1918; 1919 ■. 1920 M21 (9 months). PauTida '. 'l7,'fei?' .,1,-803,769 '8,2g2,87p $196 1,473 66,914 fi9,52I SO. ID .0,4 .01 $2 18 1,804 Per cerit'. J. 05 1.20 ,.!;.69 ^'cc^or^s.^Statistics not available. , ,; i .. ' MAGNESIUM OXIDE AND OALCINED MA»N)BSIA. ' ' ' r.. ' • h ■ , . " ■ ■ . Description and lisef.-j-The .tei^n magnesia refers to magnesium oxide. The .term; calcine^ magnesia issomejiimes ocfi^fu^pd with, pal- cined magnesite bepause ,qf similar chemical, compositipn. , Strictly speaking, calcined magnesia . is • restricted ,to,; those, grades of mag- nesiumr.oxifie obtained .from other magnesium salts, or by^^chewcal processing, gf -dolomite irather than to the, more, impure, prx?/iuct ph- t,a,ined by calcination of magjiesite (seecaloij^j^dr^ia^nesite, p. 136). Magnesium oxide, medicinal, is prepared by calcination ,pf -precipi- •tated magnesium carbonate and must conform to specificatipfiis of tjie United States Pharmacopceiar. Technical^ calcined magnesia is used largely as an insulating material. , , ', . , , > J, . . . • Productiofi of magnesium pjside, calcined, in 1919 ,(pEeliminfiry figures) was 9,031,600 ipounds,iv,aliied,aJj $1,176,860. It is likely tha.t tliis production was chiefly from magnesite. - , ■ _ ,. „ ., r; Imports, of calcined magneaa.rbefore the war ranged between 60,000 and 110,000 pounds per year. They decreajsed greatly during the war.toabout i2,000 pouncjs.in 1918 (ifiscalyear). .Later statistics ifollow: .- . ; Calendar year. Quantity. , ;Value. ^ Unit, value. Duty. Equi- valent ad- valorem. *191g' " "^ . ...[\.:.'l:'. Pownds. 423 22,637 26,859 18,992 $312 11,368 9,093 5,042 $0. 74 .50 .34 .26 $15 792 940 Per cent. 4.74 1919 , 6.93 1920 10.34 Exports. — Statistics not available. . , Important changes in classification. — Calcined magnesia (par. 42, act of 1913) was changed to "magnesium oxide, medicinal," because of the difficulty, iti distinguishing the technical grades of calcined magnesia from calcined magnesite, which is free of duty under para- 136 •Summary OF' ^AEiFF in^oematiOn, l92i. ^S^H 639, act of 19iS'.: Under the act of 1909, calcined magnesia was -restricted to the medicinal grade. Because of 'their simila? cheiniCal composition, calcined magnesia and calcined' magnesite have been given the' feame'tgtri'ff treatment. (Eeclassification Eeport, pp. 52, 53.') Suggested changes. — Piig& 16, paragraph 47, line 21 : Insert ," or calcined magnesia " dfter "oxide," So' aS to provide specifically' for b(Oth thfc medicinal' and the nonmedicinal forms. ' ' Page 16, paragraph 47, line' ^22: Insert *' oxide or" before "cal- cined magnesia not suitable." '■ '' MAGNESITE, CRUDE, GROUND, AND CALCINED. y"!"' ■■ .,.;u;.ii, -, (Spe Survey ^1^4.) „_ . ,,-. Description and wses.— Magjaesite is a natural carbonate of mag- nesium. When pure it contains &2.4 per cent carbon dioxide (CO^ and 47.6 per cent magnesia (MgO). it is harder and heavier tlfaii limestone, which it most nearly resenibles. Calcined magnesite is a highly refractory material which has no: thoroughly satisfactory sub- stitute in the open-hearth process, for making steel. Caustic mag- nesite is the calcined product wbich still contains 3 to 8 per cent of carbon dioxide,,' It is used chie% with magnesium chloride (see supra) in oxychloride cement for floors, artificial marble, and stucco work. • Deadi-bupned magnesite has had' all traces of carbp'ti dioxide removed. ' It conies in the f orni' of brick and grains and is used as lining for furnaces. We consume the largest amount, having used 50 per cent of th^ world output in 1913. • ^ ' Production. — Before the war fully 90 per cent of the domestic supply of crude magriesite was inipbrted. In 1917 the domestic con- sumption was over 355',b00 tons, valued at more than $3;700',000. Eighty-nine per cent was of domestic origin, valued at $2,899,818 at the mines. A new industry was developed in Washington, while that of California was greatly expanded. Pfoduetidn m 1919 de- creased to 162,000 tons, due to conipetition from Canada, and a more general use of substitutes, notably burnt dolbmite, in metallurgical plants and even in the paper^pulp trade. In 1920 'there was an increase to 276,000 tons. ' > j Imports of crude magnesite are from Canada, Austria-Hungary, Greece, Mexico, and Venezuela. Prior to the! war they were ftaiirlV constant at about 16,000 tons anhually, but in 1917 they reached a maximum of 89,646 tons, valued at $748,951. Imports of calcined magnesite prior to the war reached a maximum of 172,661 tons, valued at ^1,731,443. They decreased to only 4,724 tons in 1917. Statistics since 1917 are as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Crude magnesite: ■ ' 1918 . -- Tans. ■ 4,319 5,697 29,955 I, ., 37,789 17,539 8,456 13,196 4,697 t71,87i 103,311 406,204 .. 412,930^ 855,384 270,721 373,165 179,561 tl6.64 - 1919 .; 1920 - 18.13 13.56 1921 (9 months) : ,. Calcined magnesite: C'j! 1918...:..i.i«ic-......'...t .- ■ 1919 ' " . , •10.93 48.77 32.02 1920 . . ; 28.28 38.23 ^tTMMABY OP TAEirf INFORMATION, 1921. 137 Exports.— Stsitistics not available. ' Important^ &hakffes in classification. — (See magnesium oxide and calcined magnesia, p. 135.) ' ■ Sugrffested changes. — Magnesite in any form is an earthy or min- eral product and not a chemical, as are the other products in this 'paragra{)h. Provision for " calcined magnesite, including dead- burned and grain ;[rate] ; and magnesite, crude or ^ound [rate]," might therefore be transferred to Schedule 2 and giVen a separate paragraph to follow paragraph 204: , ■ i MANGANESE COMPOUNDS. 1 Suggested changes. — Manganese resinate, of which 351,809 pounds^ valued at $8,593j were imported during 1914, is a paint drier of con- siderably more importance than lead resinatb (par. 44) , and is not mentioned in H. R. 7456. It is manufactured by a large niunber of domestic concerns. Manganese sulphate, crude, was imported in 1914 to the extent of 37,981 pounds, valued at $1,448, and is not mentioned in the proposed tariff. Manganese borate, of which 176,384 pounds^ valued at $15,733, were imported in 1914, is also not mentioned in H. B. 7456. It is suggested that the following paragraph covering manganese salts be inseited to follow paragraph 47, covering magnesium com- pounds : -Manganese borate, ti'ate] ; manganese resinate, [rate] ; "inaliganese sulphate,, [rate] ; and other manganese eompounds and salts, not specially provided for, [rate]. PARAGRAPH 48. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pae. 48. Menthol, 25 per centum ad valorem ; camphor, crude, natural, 1 cent per pound; camphor, refined or , synthetic, 6 cents per pound. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pab. 65. * * * medicinal prepa- Par. ■. 43. Menthol, 50 cents per rations * ,* * twenty-five per cen- poupd. ■ . ; turn ad valorfim ;***.■• Par. 12. Camphor, refined, and syn- Pab. 36. Gums: * -' * camphor, thetic camphor, six cents per pound. crude, natural, 1 cent per, pound; Pab. 527. Camphor, crude, natural camphor, refined and synthetic, 5 cents. [Free]. , Pei' pound; * * * MENTHOL. (See Survey A-10.) Description and t Crude camphor is obtained by the first distillation of camphor wood; it contains camphor oil and other impurities and is redis- tilled or sublimed to produqe refined camphor and camphor oil. Synthetic camphor is usually produced from pinene, the chief con- stituent of turpentine oil. ■ >.■ Camphor is used chiefly in the manufacture of pyroxylin plastics and allied products, such as photograph films; it is also employed in pharmacy and medicine, and achieved an extraordinary consump- tion during the influenza epidemic. Production. — ^Commercial camphor is chiefly produced by the Jap- anese in Formosa through a Government monopoly which practically SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1931. 139 ■controls the world trade. Formerly much exported in a crude ■condition, it is now usually refined in Formosa or Japan. Annual exports of Japanese camphor in recent years' are Estimated at be- tween 5,000,000 and 7,000,000 pounds, qf which about five-sixths is from Formosa. Camphor is also commercially produced in China, but wasteful methods have diminished its supply. The camphor tree has been introduced into India, Java, southern Europe, and also into Florida, bift without important commercial result^ in •camphor production. Eefining is carried on in this country chiefly by the manufacturers of pyroxylin plastics, the principal consumers. Camphor oil, a by-product of refining, is important in perfume manufacture. Synthetic camphor has been rather extensively manu- factured in Germany, and about 1907 was also produced here ; but the fall of camphor prices eliminated the American industry and prob^ ■ably damaged that abroad. Production of synthietie camphor in this country was established again during the war, but was discontinued following the. signing of the armistice, due to low-^prices of natural •camphor. It is now reported (December, 1921) that production will be resumed again. ' Imports of crude camphor, 1909-1913, aVeraged 2,875,396 pouhd^, valued at $861,029. During 1915-1918 an average of 4,658^483 pounds, valued at $1,427,311, is reported. Imports of refined -camphor, 1909-1913, averaged 426,403 pounds, valued at $148,112; and for 191549.18, 2,281,035 pounds, valued at $996,145. Ih^ignifi- ■cant amounts of synthetic camphor were imported in ,1915 and 1917. Later statistics follow : ■ . Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. -' — ■■ 1— Equivap •lent ad CRUDE CAMPHOR. \ ' 1918.... Poufids. 3,474,282 2,679,320 1 3,716,937 ,961,543 $1, 547, 180 2,468y884 . 5,Q12,782 ,718,713 $0.44 .92 1.34 534,743 ' 26,783 ,37,169 Per certi. ' 2 25 1919 . • l!i09 ,.74 a920 ..-. ,. . •. 1921,(9monais) , , REFINED CAMPHOR. ;' 1 ' i'jt . 1' ,.,.r'.l 1918 1, 082, 184 - 1,809,684 941, 103 553,224 S863,381 ; 8,079,986 1,913,282 672,403 $0.79 1.70 2.03 1.22 $54, 109 90,484 47,055 6.27 1919 2 94 1920 . 2 46 1921 (9 months) SYNTHETIC CAMPHOR. 1920 1.' 120,320 120,496 $234; 690 17,608 $1.95 .15 $6,016 2.56 1921'(9lllBDtllS)..... * No imports of synthetic camphor in 1918 and 1919. Exports. — Statistics not givaii'able. 140 SUMMARY Oi? TAEIIT INFORMATION, 1&21. PARAGRAPH 49. H. R. 7456. I*AB. 49. Oils, animal : Sod, herring, and menhaden, '8 cents per gallon; whale, seal, and sperm, 10 cents per gallon; cod and cod-liver, 12i cents per gallon; and all fish oils, »pt spe- cially provided for, 20 per centum ad valorem; wool grease, crude, in- cluding that known commercially as degras.or bijown wpol grease, one-half of 1 cpnt per pound ; wool grease, not crude, including a:deps lahSe, hydrous and anhydrous; 1 cent per pound ; all other animal oils and greases, not spe- cially provided for, 20 per centum ad valorem, ACT OF 1909. > i ' .. r , Par. 40. Seal, herring, whale, and other fish oil Including sod oil,, not specially provided" for in this section, eight cents per gallon.- Pab. 290. * * » wool grease, in- cluding tha,t known commercially as degras oj: byo.\vn wool grease, crude and not refined, or improved in value or condition, one-fourth of one cetit per pound ; refined, or improved in value or condition, and not specially provided for in this section, one-half of one cent per pound. Pae. 3. * * * rendered oils * * * and all greases, not specially provided for in this section, twenty-five per centum ad valorem ; * * *. Par. 34. Cod-liver oil, fifteen cents per gallon. PAR. 580. Grease, * * * and oils (excepting fish oils), such as are com- monly used in soap- making or in wire drawing, or for stuffing or dressing leather, and which are fit only for such uses, and not specially provided for in this section [Free]. SENATE AHENBMENTS. ACT OF 1913. I Par. 44. Oils, rendered: Sod, seaj, herring, and other flsh oil, riot > spe- cially provided for in this section, 3 cents pel" gallon ; whale oil, 5 cents per gallon; sperm oil, 8 cents pecgal- loij ; wopl grease, including that kl^p,wn commercially as , degras or brown wool grease, crude and not refined or improved in value or condition, i cent per pound:; ne&ned or improved, in value or condition, and not specially provided for in this section, i cent per pound ; lanolin, 1 cent per pound ; all other animal oils, rendered oils and greases, and all combinations of the same, not spec-ially provided for in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem. Par. 561. Oils: * * * cod, cod liver, * * * [Free]. Par. 498. Grease, * * * and oils (excepting fish oils), not Chemically ^Compounded, such as are commonly used in soap making or in wire draw- ing, or for stuffing or dressing leather, not specially provided for in this sec- tion [Free]. OILS AND FATS. (See Survey A-11.) GENERAL. The "rendered oils" (animal) in paragraph 49 resemble in chem- ical composition and use the " expressed oils " (vegetable) in para- graph 50. Therefore a general discussion of these two paragraphs and of paragraph 1626 of the free list is desirable. There is no essential difference between a vegetable oil and a fat. Both are mixtures of chemical compounds known as glycerides, which are a combination of glycerin with various fatty acids, such as stearic, oleic, palmitic, and others. Those combinations which ara liquid at ordinary temperatures are known as oils, while those which SUMMABY OF TARIjT INFORMATION, 1921. 141 are solid at ordinary temperatures are known as fats. Although most of the so-called oils are obtained either from the fruit or the seied of plants (for example, olive, peanut, and linseed oils) , not all vegetable glycerides are oils; some ai^e solid fats or butters, as cacao and nlitmeg butter and palm-kernel and bbconut oil, which, although liquid in tropical- countries, whence they come, are fairly solid in the Temperate Zones.- On the other hand, animals as a rule produce fats which- are hard at ordinary temperatures (for example, lard, suet, and wool grease) . There are, however, exceptions to this generalization, as fish and whale oils- are liquid. The differences between the various fats and fatty oils are due primarily to the variation in the relative proportions of the fatty acids present. These fats and fatty oils have the following general properties and uses : i! : , (1) If of a good quality, most of them are edible, and, in fact, are an essential part of the diet of man and the food of animals. ( 2 ) Soap , and j glycerin are formed by the action of caustic ?o,da or caustic potash on fats and fatty oils. ' • (3) Some of the fatty oils when spread out in a thin layer absorb oxygen from the air, thereby being converted into a hard, elastic, •w,aferpi;opf.film. This property accQunts-lor thci large use of oils in tine manufacture of paint and yarnish, oilcloth, linoleupi^ patent leather, and various waterproofing coatings. (4) The liquid oils Avhen treated with hydrogen under suitable, con- ditions, combine chemically with the hydrogen and are t|iereby con- verted into solid fats, which are morie suitable than the original oil^ for soap making and for, fpod, purposes, as lard substitutes, ox in the manufacture of butter substitutes. (The manufacture of such " hy- drbgenated " o;.* hardened oils has developed on a large scale in the past decade, both vegetable and fish oils being used.) . (^) Other minor uses include the softening qf leather, lulJricatioii, burning for illumination, tempering steel, manufacture of "vul- canized oils " used by the rubber industry, the manufacture of textiles, and in medicine. _. _ • The relation between the duty on the raw material (seeds) and the duty on the finished product (oils) should be given attention when considering duties on thesei products; 1 •■ , ■ > v ^ . All fish oils of American fisheries are admitted free of duty under that portion of paragraph 1624 which reads : " * * * Spermaceti, wh^le, and other iish oils of ,Aiiierican fisheries, and all fish and other proclucts of such fisheries." / , Description cmd uses.— -Chamois and similar leathers are satu- rated -with whale or fish oil duriiig manufacture, allowed to ferment, and part of the oil pressed out. The oil remainingdn the leather is re- moved with alkali and then liberated with an acid. This recovered oil is known as sod oil, and in Europe as degras. It is in great de- mand for treating leather. ^Production. — Statistics not available. Imports and ewports, — Combined, with "other fish oils," pages 145 and 146. ; . . ' 142 SUMMARY OF TABIFF ' INFORMATION, 1921 . HEERING OIL. .iPescription amd uses. — Herring oil is obtained from, several species of herring, found principaliy in thie North Sear, near Japan, and to some extent,- in American waters. Its uses are somewhat like those of menhaden oil, such as a substitute for Unseed oil in the manual facture and, stuffing of leather and similar products. Proditction of herring qil since, 1912 has been as follows: , ;'• Year. JPpandsi GaUons.i Year. ,< Pounds. .' Gallons.' 1912.. . 1,888,000' 1,512,000 1,476,000 1,637,000 245,200 196,370 191,690 212,600 1918..:.,.;........ 1919 774,000 1,431,230 2,852,840 1,512,073 lOiOj 20 185, 'ii. 1914 1916-.;.; ...-.i-.a'..... 1917 1920. .:.:!. a.-. ' 1921 (9 months) s 370,' 00 196,373 1 Converted at' 7.7 poundsper galloji. » Preliminary figures subject to rerision, ■ • i ■■ * Imports and exports sltb combined with "other fish oils," pages 145 and. 146. . • ■ MENHADEN OIL. ; ., j' pes&ription and uses. — Menhadcin oil is the principal fish oil pro- duced in this cbuntry along the Atlantic coast. The fish is cooked with water or steam and tn$h pressed to separate the oil. The' re- sidual press cake is sold as fertilizer. Menhaden oil is used in temr pering steel arid as a substitute for' linseed, oil in th6 manufacture of paints, patent leather, and similar products. ProducUon of menhaden oil since 1912 has been as follows: Year. Pounds. ; ' . ■ -^ 1 ' J Gajloijs.i Year. IPounds. Gallons.' i9ii .'l......\^....^:J.. 33,009' 000' 16,265^000. 20,598,000 18,640,000 :''i' 28^000 • 2 112,000 ' 2,675,000, ' 2,421,000 'i4i8r.'j;..; 12:37(1,000 12,827,-541 27,573,401 21,'111,'»35 i;6()6,600 Ij 666, 000 1914' ' . ..'. .....'.".... '1919ii. 1^, ., 1916 3,581,000 2, 742, (too 1917 1921 (9 months)^ ' Converted at 7.7 pounds per gallon. ■ ; T ^Preliminary figures suj)jecf to revision. ■ _ Import and export figures are combined with " other fish oilSj" pages 145 and 146; WHALE OIL. Description and uses. — Whale oil is used for illumination, mak- ing leather dressing, and when hydrogenated producJes edible and soap fats. In Norway hydrogenated whale oil is of great importance and is used in the manufacture of olemargarine. In pressing whale oil a by-prodiibt of stearin is obtained, -nshich is used principally in the manufacture of soap and as a lubriciant. Production of whale oil in the United States since 1912 has been as follows: ' Year. 1912 1914 1916 1917, Pounds. 931,000 632,000 1,691,000 1, 193, 000 Gallons.' 120, 910 82,080 219, 620 154,940 ' Year. Ll. 1918 1919 1920 , 1921 (9 months) Pounds. 431,000 8, 712, 308 23,051,811 1,018,820 Gallons.' ' 55j975 1,132,000 2,994 000 132, 31S Converted at 7.7 pounds per gallon. ' Preliminary figures subject to revlsiao. SUMMAE.Y OF TARIFF INFORMATION, lifZl. 143 Imports in 1914 were 373,500 gallons (including some sperna oil), nearly 76 per cent coming from Canada. Imports increased to 1,134,021 gallons- in 1918. Imports of whale oil alone since 1918 hav€l been as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. . . Equiva-i lent.sd ' valorem. 1918 Gallons. 318,609 521, 035 ■ , 8§,788- ' -366; 277' $285,347 572,747 n 75, 176. 135,212' JO. 89 1.09 '•$15,930 26,052 , 4,339 Per citii. 5 58 1919 1920 .^.. . 1921 (9 months) :;... ■ , , ,-. ;-, Exports are combined witli " other fish oils," SEAL OIL. page 146. Description arid uses. — Seal oil is obtained from the blubber of various species of seal. It is used as a lubricant, as illuminating oil in lighthouses, and as an adulterant of cod-liver oil. Poorer qualities are used in the nianufacture of soft soaps and in the leather industry .- Production is small in the United States. . There are legal restric- tions on the killing of seals. 1 ^ IM . Imports have been somewhat irregular.' In 1914 the import, chiefly from Newfoundlan^.^ was 179,734 gallons ';; for, 1915-1917 th© average was about 500,000 gallons. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Quantity. VahieT UnitValiie. Duty. Equiva- leri?-ad v^lor?ns. 191^ ' '. .'; Oallons. 625,839 399,010 $^47,785 ,21,698 11 Wl 109,357 ': ,r: , $1.03 .!,- .93 .90 .27 $18,775 '694. 393 Per cent. ' ■ 2. 90 1919... ' 3.21 1920 3.34 1921 (9 months) , Exports. — Statistics combined with " other fish oils," page 146; sfebm: oil. Description and uses. — Sperm oil is obtained from the blubber a,nd head cavity of the sperm whale. The h,ead oil is considered more valuable than the body oil, but the two are frequently mixed. On standing, a solid portion separates, which is pressed out and sold as spermaceti. .H Arctic sperm oil is obtained from the bottlenose whale. This oil gums more easily than sperm oil, and therefore does not command so nigh a price. Sperm oil, because of its great viscosity, is valuable as a lubricant for light, rapid-running machinery ; it is also used for illumination, forjlpather dressing, and- f or terapering steel. 144 SU]\([MABY, OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Production of sperm oil in the United States sifice 1,91^ Ijas ,b^en as follows: , , . ,, Year. Pounds. Gallons.' Year. '- . ; Pounds. aaHons.ff 1912 4,083,000 2,495,000 14,560,000, 3,567^000 559,320 341, 790 624,660 .488j632 1918 743,000 649,701 3,125,525 52,421 101,782 89,000 428, 153 7,181 1914 1919 .: 1916.;, 1920 ■ 1917. 1921 (9nionths)2 > Coifverled at 7.3 pounds per gallon. • Preliminary figures subject to remslon. ' ImpoHi during 1914 were 157,142 gallons, not inclniding that listed as whale oil under the old law. Imports decreased to 48,178 gallons in 1917 and 60,288 gallons in 1918. Imports since 1918 have been as follows: ■■' r'--"';'- ' ^ -■ . ,-.■<■. .!rT..-i '-■ Calendar year. , , i ! , Quantity,, Value, ITnit value. Duty. Equiva- leijt ad Valortm. 1918.. ' Oallom. . ,., 60,238 •' 124; 747' 99, 783 1,739 $70,223 124, 511 98,033 637 , . J1.16 • .99 .98 $4,819 9,980 7,983 Per eeia. 6.66 M19 8.'02 1920. ..sv... .:..... 8.14 1921 (9 months) f Exports. ^-^CombmQ&'^itla "other fish oils," page 146j COD AND COD-MVEB OILS. DescriptioTk cmd .Mses.-^rGenuine cod and cod-liyer oils are derived from the liver of th^ cod, a fish found chiefly along the coasts of Norway, Scotland, J^orth America, Japan, and Siberia. The best grades of oil are me4icingLl, and kribwn as cod-liver oil ; inferior grades, known simply as j:?od oil; are used in currying leather and for other purposes. ,,a , iji Production. — ^To recover the medicinal oil the livers are treated with liv^ steam in (9 months) ■n\ 1 Coijvert^ at 7.7 pounds per gallon. 2 ^reUniinary 'figures subject to revision. Imports of cod aiid cod-liver oils in 1914 were 14,198^000 pounds i in 1916, 10,973,000 pounds ; in 1917, 16,618,000 pounds. Imports of cod oil in 1913 were 466,494 gallons, valued at $135,969, with a reve- nue of $37,319. This increased in 1918 to 1,747,791 gallons, valued SUMMARY. OF TAJUFF INFOKMATION, 1921. 145 at $l;526,332.. Imports of cod-liveroil in' 1913 were 262.516 gallons, valued at $137,872, with a revenue of $39,377. Imports are chiefly from Newfoundland, Labrador, and Canada. Later statistics fol- low: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. COD OIL. 1918 1919 , 1920 1921(9montlis). -rS-FL-- Gallons. 1,007,508 »1, 172, 397 1,152,252 1,107,221 ':_l,044,624 ,, 979;89J._ ji952,069 361, S48 J1.16 .96 . \-94 .38 COD-LIVEH OIL. -'■'; 1918 :;...;...,. .'.'1'.:.:. • 184,390 ,235,805' 445,167, 214,472 ■«459,840 .. 6P5/08P- 892,^65 • 174,527 ' ' S2. 49 1919 ' . 2.82 1920 2.01 1921 (9Afish oils include chiefly sardine and salmon oils, which are obtained principally as by-produets of the fish-canning industry. The various fish oils are used exjtensively in the lieather industry^ soriie for adulterating linseed oiland others are hydrogenated to produ^ a solid fat, which may be used in the manufacture of soap. ■; Production of "all other fish oils" since 1912 has been as follo'Ws: Year. 1912 1914 1916 1917 Pounds. 1,001,000 1,333,000 1,931,000 3,078,000 Gallons.! 130,000 , 173 120 250,780 399,740 Year. 1918 1919....; 1920 , 1921 (9 months) 2. Pounds. 954,000 8,332j412 7,952,464 3,076,388 Gfallons.i 123,900 1,082,132 1,032,788 399,530 1 Converted at, %1 pouiids per gallon. " Preliminary figures, siitject to revision. Imports of herring and other fish oUs, including sod oil, in 1914 were 386,743 gallons, chiefly from Great Britain and Canada. Im- ports increased to 2,280,013 gallons in 1917, and decreased to 1,532,512 gallons in 1918. Imports since 1918 have been as follows : Calendar year. 1918- 1919. 1920- --• 1921(9montliS)-... 823(Mr-22 10 Quantity. Gallons. 1,763,045 '542,112 575, 842 149,308 Value. $1,197,239 437,836 402,335 45,534 TTnit value. $0.68 .81 .70 .30 Duty. $52,891 16,263 17,276 Equiva- lent ad valorem. Per cent. 4.42 3.71 4.29 146 StTMMJOBfl'Ol? TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Exports.-^'E-xpoTts of jillfish oils since 191^, principally to Scot- land, Canada, and Cubaj have been as follows : ' 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (gallons^. Value 566,763 J638,757 1.085,651 $978,831 . 428,292 $406,966 47,972 146,706 WOOL GBEASE (DEGEAS) AND ADEPS LANAE. ' , Description and uses. — Wool grease is the fatty substance which is present in raw wool. It may be recovered either by extraction with naphtha or from the wool scouring, by w^ans of either centrifugal or acid treatment. In this country the centrifugal process is the one used in most plants,. In the United States crude, brown wool greasej is also kn<^y^ as degras. '<' : Lanolin^ a highly purified wool grease, is a yellowish white mass, which takes up water readily. It is used principally in pharmacy as a basis fpr salves, ointments, emulsions, aiid cosmetips. Cr^de wool grease is used principally for dressing leather ; som4tlihes as a lubri- Saiiing' grease; al^o, to some extent, in making printing ink and in the varnish industry.' ' Production. — Complete figiwes for the ,production of wool grease in the United States are not available, but partial figures indicate the annual production to be about 10,000,000 pounds. ' ■ Imports of crude wool grease in 1914' were 12,284,248 pounds. Imports of partly refined wool grease have decreaJsed, f rom 2,691,591 pounds in 1914 to 31,268 pounds in 1918. Imports of lanolin have befen quite variablej. In 1914 they, were 91,477 pounds; in 1916, 13^42 pounds. : ''Frafetioallyall of the lanolin and most of the wool grease imported in 1914 came from Germany, while England sent more crude wool grease than any other country. In the, European wool-scouring mills purification of the effluent is required by law ; wool grease is one of the products of this process. . :,m, ' Imports since 1918 have beeiji as follows : '; .: Calendar year. Quantity. Value.. Unit yalue. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. WOOL .geea^;e, cri;db. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months).. Powads. 1,051,118 249,320 4,067,303 1,953,578 »135,507 27,662 214,688 69,965 $0.13 .11 .06 .04 $2,628 623 10,168 Per cent. 1.94 2. 26 4.74 WOOL GREASE, REFINED OR IMPROVED IN CONDITION. 1918 4 50 44,685 20,402 67,874 $3 1,702 1332 3 370 $0.06 .03 .06 .06 8 33 1919 . .. - 1 $223 102 13.13 7 65 1920 1921 (9m6ntfis) StTMMAKY 05' TAIRIFF' INa?ORMATI0N, 1921. 147 •LANOIiH*., Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad 7valc»r^, . 1 ■.,.'» 1918 Pounds.- 1,310 2,8^1 1,5« 1316 ,7 604 244 ■ '■ i ■■ 10.24 .39 .21 .16 S13.00 , 29.00 Per cflit:' 4. IS 2.57 4.79 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) ■ ' ■, . Exports. — Statistics not availabWr Important changes m classification. — ^The act of 1913, in addition to a provision for " wool grease, crude," contains two other pro- visions for "refined or improved in value or condition" and "lano- lin." The provision for the intermediate grade between crude wool grease and lanolin has been omittedj as it is of small commercial iia- portance. The term " adeps lanae, hydrous and anhydrous." has been substituted for " lanolin," which was found to be too restricted in its application to include all the highly pttrified forms of wool grease used in the pharmaceutical Jtrade. ' (Eecla^ification Eeport, pp. 55, 56.) - , ' , OTHI^ iiNIMAL OILS AND GBEASES. Imports since 1918 have been as follows : j,, . Calendar year. : Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty.^ Ad valorem rat?. OTHER RENDERED OILS AND COMBINATIONS. 1 1918 . • ' ' ; Oallons: 20,618 ■, .,11,360 -i'A >** i •>y 4^0, 107 8,452 , , ,, ,2,081 ■■ ''1,688 $0.98^ ,.!74 .60 2.07 ■ 13,016 ;: -1,268 -1 312 Per cent. 15 1919 :....,.i 1920, 1921 (9 months) : 15 15 15 OTHER GREASES, N. s. p. F. 1918 143,262 . 1 • ,620 ' „, 1,708 2,146 $6,489 93 256, 15 1919 J 1920 ;'I 2,700 , : Y9,076 ■ 27, 511 SO. 23 .20 .08 IS 15 1921 (9 months) '. ' 15 Exports, — Statistics not available. Important changes in classifiaation. — The provision for all combi- nations of animal oils (par. 44, act of 1913) has been omitted from this paragraph and given separate treatment in paragraph 53, H. K. 7456. Grease and oils such as are commonly used in soap making and wire drawing or for stuffing or, dressing leather, exempt ,from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 498) , will probably fall under the pro- vision in this paragraph for " other animal oils and greases.!? Suggested changes. — Add " fats " to the last provision, making it read " all other animal oils, greases, and fats." 148 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION; 1921. PARAGRAPH 50. H. R. 7456. SEITATE AMENBMEITTS, Pak. 50. Oils, expressed or extracted : Castor oil, 4J cents per pound ; cotton- seed oil, coconut oil, and soya-bean oil, 2 cents per pound ;i; heinpseed oil, IJ > cents per pound ; linseed or flaxseed oil, raw, boiled, oir oxidized, 2§ cents "i per pound ; oiiye oil, weighing with the immediate container less than forty- four pounds, 7i cents per pound on^,; , . •content^ and container; olive oil, not, , ' ' specially jprovided - f of, 6^ Cents per pound ; peamat oil, 2i ceiits per pound j poppyvseed ojil.'raw, boiled.or ojsidized. .. 2 ce;ots per.j pound ; _rapeseed oil, IJ , , ; , , ;_ ,,,,,, cents per pound ; all other expressed and extracted Qils, not specially pro- vided for, 20 per centum ad valorem. ( : T, ■ i; ; ACT? OF 19p9. ' Pae. 33. Castor oil, thirty-five cents per gallon. Pak. 35. Flaxseed, linseed, and poppy- seed oil, raw, boiled, or oxidized, fifteen cents per gallon of seven q.nd one-half pounds weight. •' ? ' ■ ' Par. 37. Hempseed oil, ten cents per gallon ; rapeseed oil, ten cents per gal- lon. Par. 38. Olive oil,' tiot specially pro- vided for in this section, forty cents per gallon ; in bottles, jars, kegs, tins, or other packages, containing less than five gallons each, fifty cents per gallon. Par. 293. * * * refined deodor- ized cocoanut oil, * * * three and one-half cents per pound. Par. 639. Oils: * * * cocoanut (not refined and deodorized), cotton- seed, * * * nut oil or oil of nuts, soya-bean, * * * [Free]. ' Par. 3. * " * expressed oils, * * * and all combinations of the foregoing, * * * not specially pro- vided for in this section, twenty-five per centum ad valorem ; * * *. Par. 580. * * * oils (excepting fish oils), such as are commonly used in soap njaking or in wire drawing, or for stuffing or dressing leather, and which are fit only for such uses, and not specially provided for in this sec- tion [Free]. ' :''actVof idia ' '.'■' Par.' 4.5. Oils, expressed': * * ' castor oil, 12 cents per gallon; flax- seed and linseed oil, raw, boiled, of oxidized; 10 ' cents per gallon of 7J pounds ; poppy-seed oil, raw, boiled, or oxidized, rapeseed oil, and peanut oil,' 6 cents per gallon ; hempseed oil, 3 cents per gallon ; * * * olive oil,' not specially provided for in this sec- tion, 20 cents per gallon ; olive oil,' in bottles, jars, kegs, tins, or other pack- ages having a capacity of less than five standard gallons each, 30 cents per gallon ; all other expressed oils and all combinations of the same, not spe- cially provided for in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem. Fab. 232. * * * refined deodor- ized pOcoiiut oil, * * * 3i cents per pound. Pas. 561. Oils: * * * coconut,' * * * cottonseed,' * * * soya- bean,' * « * [Free]. Par. 498. * * * oils (excepting fish oils), not chemically compounded, such as are commonly used in soap making or in wire drawing, or for stuffing or dressing leather, not spe- cially provided for in this section [Free]. • Emergency tariff act of 1921, par. 11 : 26 cents per gallon. ■ ' EmCTgency tariff 'act of 1921, par.' 11: 40 cents', per ; gallon In bulk, 50 cents per gallon in containers of less than 5 gallons. 8 Emergency tariff act' Bf 193], par. 11: 20 cents per gallon. StTMMAEY OF TAEIFF INFOKMATION, 1921. 149 EXPRESSED OE EXTRACTED OILS. ( See Survey A-11.) (For a general discussion of Oils and Fats see p. 140.) CASTOE OIL. Description arid uses. — Castor oil is obtained from castor beans, which are assessed a, duty of one-half ce'ilt per pound (par. 760) . On large-scale crushing about 45' per cent of the weight of the seed is obtained as castor oil. , The principal use of castor oil prior to the war was in the manu- facture of alizarin, assistants. It is also used as a pttrgative in medi- cine, in the manufacture of transparent soaps, aM as a leather dress- ing. In India the oil is largely ettiployed as a lubribant for locomo- tive bearings. It is a.lso used for lubricating marine engines, for the manufacture of blended lubricating oils, and during the war ii was in great demand for use as a lubricant for high-speed airplane motors'. In' the pteparation of the medicinal oil the outer shell of the bean is removed, and thfe kernels which remain are cold pressed. The cake -from this, expression is pressed a second and third time, and the oil obtained i^ used for technical purposes. The cake or meal, known as castor poBfLace, contains a poisonous substance, preventing its use for cattle feed, but it is a good fertilizer, Domestic production from 1912 has been as follows: Year. Pounds. Year. Pounds. 1912. . 23,359,000 20,423,000 . 22,766,000 22,902,000 1918.. :..,.„.'.'... ' 14,184,000 ' 24,637,203 1914 .. MM 1916 1920 24,}?7,085 I3;966i449 1917 . . . i ,..1....... 1921 » (9 months) ; 1 Preliminary, subject to revision. Imtports were less than 10,000 gallons prior to 1914, but increased in that year to about 19p,000 gallonSj valued at about $88,000^ yield- ing a revenue of about $23,000. iSmce 1915 the imports have in- creased' gradually Until' in 1918 (fiscal year) they reached 1,1T5,064 gallons^ valued at $1,366,573, and yielded a revenue of $141,00a The imports since 1917 have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valttrem. 1918 . .■ Qallom. 1,097,544 375,033 171,482 16,183 11,5181042 ■ ' 504,969 -:. 209,384 24,128 $1.38 1.34 1.22 1.49 J131,705 45,004 20,578 Per cent.. 8..68i 1919 8.91 1920 9.83 1091 ^Q TTinnth*?'^ ExpoHs.'^^t9iX\^\c& not available. 150 SUMMAbV of TAKEFF information, 1921. COTTONSEER OIL. ; ( Description and uses. — Cottonseed oil is the most widely used vege- table oil, due to its suitability for both table and cooking purposes and to the fact that it iorms the bulk of lard substitutes and is used in large quantities in oleomargarine, in soap, and for other tech- nical purposes. In 1917 the lard-substitutes industry consumed 1,069,214,000 pounds; the soap industry, 126,390,000 pounds; and the oleomargarine industry, 68,652,000 poupds of cottonseed oil. , Itgiuse for lard substitutes represented a]aout 80 per cent, of th^ total output in 1917. _ _ ., ' . Production of.cottoixseed oil depends on the cotton crop and not on the demand for the oil. To secure the oil the seed is first screened and sieved to remove foreign mfiterial and passed through delinters to remove shprt: cotton hairs. , These linters are sold to mattres? makers, paper makers, or guncottoiv ma;ni;i^acturers. Tlie, seedgare then hulled to, separate the outer !shell, thus liberating the soft, oil- containing meats, which are heated and pressed in either hydraulic or expeller presses. The residual. cakes is a valuable cattle feed and fertilizer. Production since l9i'2 has been as follows ; Year. Pounds.', Year. Pounds. J 1912 1,435,401,000' 1,789,777,000 - a,492i/430,'000 1,343,849,000 1918 ' l,28.?.8?3/!)a0 1 430 002,962 1914 1919 .... 1916 ' ■' . • 1920 ' 1,141,389,742 1917 1921 (9 montfis) i 779, 049 528 » Prelimifiary, subject to revision. Imports of cottonseed oil in 1914 were 17,293,201 pounds, valjie^ at $1,044,834, about 54 per cent from China. ^ Imports since lOit, chiefly from China,: Japan, Hongkong; and Canada, have been! as follows: Calendaf year. Quantity, Value. Unit ^ alee 1918 Fovnis. 18,967;.'<67 27,805,784 9,457:924 668,380 J2; 2(0,441 3.672,984 ■ 1,30,5,154 58, 166 $0.12 1919 .13 1920 > '.'. . 14 3,921 (9 months) .., < .09 - ; , ' ' ' i .,','/ ! -J .11, ,.; .... ,, Exports have been from seven to ten times the imports. Exports in 1912 were 28 per cent and in 1918 about 8 jjer cent of domestic production. Normal pre"•■, ■ ■.: . Exports. — The exports of coconut oilsihce 1918 have been mainly to Canada, Netherlands, and Belgium, and were as follows: i j;i .-..i .■' , i .. ";,■, - ■ ''■ ". %UV\,1J. \i .\ , * " : ■111 i ; , lOWji s , ■ n^ 1921 '9 mouths). 118,011,743 $24,601,143 21,f94,794 S4. 908,443 ,';.7S1,00.5 Value So41.401 ■ . - ' .- — l_iJ ! 1 ■ - 1 -^ — ; '. ' Last si>cpionth3, not previously shown.. Important changes in classiflcation.- the, oil extracted ranging from 10 to 13 per cent. Previous to 1908 this oil w^as not /much used here or ih Europe. It is a semi-drying oil used in. paint «ther as a substitute for or mixed with linseed oil. Its. greatest, use is in soap making, for which it has largely replaced cottonseed oil, but -the purified oil is edible... After the' oil is expressed the cake becomes a feed for dairy cattle or; a fertilizer. ;! Production oi soya beans 'has increased greatly, -but only a small portion of the crop is used for oil. In 19E5 approximately 100,000 bushels of Amei-ican-grown beans were pressed for- oil. The domestic output ofioil (inedible ajad ediblfc) ineteased from 2,764,000, pounds iia 1914 to. 42,074,000 poundsdn 1917 .and 79,861,000 pounds in 1918. Reports of £he Bureau of the Census show that no crude soya-bean oil has been produced either from domestic or imported beans in this country from 1919 .to September 30, 1921, inclusive. The oil is imported in the crude state and refined in this country. Imports have increased from 16,360,452 pounds in 1914 to 336,- 824,646 pounds in 1918, the great bulk coming from China and Japan. Imports since 191T, almost wholly from Kwangtung, China proper, and Japan, have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. "T ';:: -,1/ 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months)... (^•;.:»i-' ,". )■• i ,V , .Jot ^' Fowndt. 313,3S8,9i8 ..199,803,421 .112,549,075 16, 34% 321 139,309,261 24,0l?y226 13, -767; 917 677,328 to.u .12 .12 .04 Expcirts.—lSiXTpoTts since 1918, chiefly to Italy, France, and Aus- tria, have been as follows Calendar year.- Quantity. Value. 1919 (last 6 montlis) . 1920.. 1921 (9 months) . Pownds. 27,714,784 43,611,862 1,9?3,746 (6,097,692 9,412,431 176,298 -f Important chmiges in classification. — Soya-bean oil was exempt from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 56i) ; it is dutiable under the emergency tariff act of 1921 (par. 11), HEMPSEED Oil.. Description and uses. — ^This oil is obtained from the seeds of the hemp plant, cultivated in France, Belgium, Germany, northern Italy, Turkey, Algeria, North Araerica, India, Manchuria, and Japan. The yield is about 30 per ceht. Hempseed oil is used principally iri paint. It is a dtyihg oil, but does hot have the pronounced drying proper- ties of linseed oil. It is also used foi^ making a soft Soap or a dark- SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 153 green color. The low-grade oils are used for certain. ;varmshes. The press cake contains sharp bits of shell -which make' it unfit for cattle -feed. .r. ,. ,,•;-■• i., ,,.; ,- ' Production. — Figures for the domestic production of hempseed oil are n(i)t available. Some hemp is raised in this country j^p'rincip ally for its fiber ; probably little of the oil is expressed. Imports in 1910 were 471,002 gallons, valued at $154,866; they wfere insignificant for. 1914r-19lY. •• Later statistibs follow : Calendar year. : ' ' 1 •; . r; i. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty; Equiva- lent ad ralprem. 1918...;..:.... Gallons. 124,401 183,926 61,010 8 $120,589- 173,639 61,006 13 JO. 97 .94 1.00 1.62 $»,732 6,618. 1,830 Per eerit. '3.09 1919 ;-3.18 1920 ' '3.00 1921 (9 months) Exports. — Statistics not avajljable. LINSEED OK FLAXSEED Oil,. Description and uses. — Linseed oil belongs, to the class, known in the paint and varnish industry as drying oils. It is very satisfactory for the purpose, and this accounts for' the fact that in the calendar year 1914 that industry alone consulned 24^481,623 gallons of lin- seed oil, costing over $12,000,000. ' Linseed ' oil is ■ also used in the manufacture of soaps, lithographic inks, linoleum, oilcloth, and pat- ent leather.' It is the best oil for making putty and enters into the manufacture of the so-called " vulcanized oils." Cold-pressed linseed oil has a pleasant taste, and considerable quantities are used for edible purposes in Russia, Hungary, Germany, and India. Boiled linseed oil is one to which certain qua;iitatie^ bf lead or manganese oxides have been added and dissolved by ^heat. Other substances, such as resinates, oleates,, and linoleates of various metals, are also used. ' High prices during the war induced the substitution of other drying oils for linseed oil, especially in the paint industry, where soya bean, menhaden, perilla, and China-wood oil have been used to an ap- preciable extent, the last-named most extensively as an improvement on linseed oil in certain varnishes. Prodttction.— Flaxseed, from which linseed oil is obtained, and flax fiber, from which linen is made, are both from the flax plant. It can not, however, be grown for both fiber and seed at the same time. If harvested at a time to yield fiber, the seeds are immature and use- less for oil production. Tf harvesting is delayed until the seeds are ripe enough to yield oil, the stalks are no longer suitable for the recovery of the fiber. The principal countries in which theiflax plant is grown for the seed are Argentina, India, the United Staites, Canada, and Eussia. The oils expressed from the Russian and Indian seeds are superior to those obtained from the Anierican and Argentine seeds. However, seed grown in Canada from imported Russian flax- seed yields an oil equal in quality to the Russian oil. 154 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, .1921. The oil is obtained by three different methods known as hot-pressed, cold-pressed, aiiid extraction. . All of the flaxseed: oil produced hx the United States is hot-pressed in hydraulic presses. The oil ob- tained by thelipressing process is usually refined by treattaent, with strong sulphuric acid. The refined oil is similar to the crude oil in its properties, except that it is less viscous and lighter colored. The press cake or residue is a valuable cattle feed. > The average yield is about 2.5 gallons of oil per bushel of seed. The duty on flaxseed under H. E. 7456 is 25 cents per bushel of 56 pounds. This is equivalent to a duty of 1.33 cents per pound (7^ pounds per gallon) on the oil content as against 2^ cents per pound on linseed oil. This gives a differential of IJ cents per pound of oil in favor of the donlestic crusher. ' The domestic production of linseed oil since 1912 has been as ■follows: Year. Pounds. Year. Pounds, 1912... . 461,656,000 507,422,000 1 ,,,531,586.900. 482,199,000 1918 375,452,000 4.52,927.798 1914 1919 1916 1920 485,271,617 1917 1921 (9 months) • 345,283,876 1 Preliminary, subject to revision. iTtiports of .linseed oil prior to thp w^r -decreased from 3,958,96J gallons in 19li to 172,522 gallons in 1913. The maximum imports between 1913 and 1918 were 535,601 gallons in 1915, valued af, $248,. 344, land yielding a,ret-enue of $53,560. Imports since 1917, chi,efly from England, Netherlarjds, Japan, and Belgiuqi,; jhave, been, as foUow^s:, , } ' ' ■ , ,.-,• ! , Cale;»dary^r, Quantity. Value. Unjt vftlfie. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. laid 6allona. 45,620 , 2,133,706 4,693,410. 3,116,411 $51, 876 . 3,018,725 6, 488, 817 . 1,589,249 $1.14 1.41 1.38 , .51 ; , $4, 662 213, 671 '469,341 Per cent. 8.79 1913 im..... .........;..;.;... 1321 (9 months) 7.07 ■ 7.23 ". ' ' ij< ; , Exports of linseed oil since 1914 have been about 1,200,000 gallons, with the exception of 1916, when the export SKa® only about (00,000 gallons. Previously the export was only about 200,000 gallons per War, except in 1913, when over 1.700,000 gallons were exported. The quantity of exported linseed oil made from imported flaxseed and on which a drawback is, paid has varied greatly. In 1915 fi, drawback of $115,649 'was paid on 533,023 bushels of imported' flaxr seed, from which were produced and exported 1,585,081 gallons of linseed oil. E.xports (for calendar years) since 1917, mainly to Cuba, Mexico, and Canada, have been as follows : _/ ' ■ " , >1i. 1918 ' 1919 1820 , 1921 ,, Omonths). ['n f\fj- -;, ■, 774,192 $1,162,064 ' ■..:'.■,,■.. 1. 1,502,178 $2,606,885 718, 460' $1,239,633 376' ^51 $334,393 SUMMARY OF. TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 155 OLIVE OIL. Uescripiion and uses. — Olive oil is the oil obtained from the fruit of the oHyo tree. Its chief use is as a salad oil, but large quantities of inferior grades and second pressings (olive-oil foots) are used for making castile soap. •Production. — California produce? practically the entire domestic siiPPly of olive, oil, and this suplply— 9.66,000 pounds in 1912 and 1,461,000 pounds in the record year, 1916 — is only about 2 per cent of the consumption. Approximately 40 per cent of the olive crop is crushed for oil, nearly all of the balance being subjected to the pick- ling process, which produces the familiar ripe olive. Special varie- ties are, cultivated for pickling and for oil, the- latter usually being grown without ii*rigation. The culls and injured stock of the pickling varieties are also used for oil. While the area in olives in the year 1916 (36,800 acres) was about double that of four years before, this increase is almost entirely 'in the pickling varieties.; Accordiijg. to testimony submitted by growers at hearings before the Tariff Com- mission (1918) the average price received for oil olives on trees was $42.50 per ton for the period 1915-1917, and the price received for pickling olives was $110 per ton. This, is offset by a considerable difference in costs of production, .Partly because of fluctuation in the quality of the crop, and also because the olive treie usually alter- nates heavy and light yields, the annual output varies considerably. Processes. —Ihe, fleshy part of the olivC; contains the oil- The fruit is aground, usually pits and all, and the oil expressed by hydraulic pressure. The residue is again ground and pressed for ap inferior grade of oil, and the poma ce- sometimes subj^ected to a third pressing, which produces " foots oil," used in the.Uhited .States for iindijstriai purposes, and proyided for in the iree list of the tariff ^ct of 1^13 (par. 561). The ,e(Jible oil is then .placed in tanks and cured in order to eliminate the tannic acid with which it is highly charged. While two or three years are generally allowed for the curing process in Europe, in California it has not been profitable ;to age tlie product for more than a year. This difference iii the aging or curing process gives rise to iClifferences, in- quality, the, heavier foreign oils baing usually preferred to, the more bitter domestic product. Ordinarily the domestic; oils are not shipped east of Chicago, because of freight charges ancl the competition of the foreign oils. In California the IDJckling of ripe olives and oil processing, is carried on by specially equipped packing plants; in the Mediterranean countries olives, are usually grown, in small groves and cured or pressed, on a .^ipusiehold basis, the product being sold to brokers at gathering stations. Imports of edible olive oil have increased rapidly, in 1907 amount- ing to dver 3,100,000 gallons (of 7.56 pounds), and in 1917 to over 7.70(),000,gallons. The duties collected ranged between $1,500,000 and $2,200,000 annually. In 1907 about .75' per cent of the imports were dutiable at the higher rate applying on shipments in containers of less than 5 gallons; by 1917 this proportion had dwindled to about 40 per cent, Imports" since 1917, chiefly from Spain, Italy, France, and Belgium, have been as follows: 156 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOBMATrON, 1921. Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. IN BOTTLES, ETC., CONTAINING LESS THAN B GALLONS. . • 1918 : aallons. 125, 138 1,061,684 1,616,209 2,211,704 t291,463 2,'691,722, 5,273,582 5,229,375 ,. $2.33 . 2.54 . 3.26 2.-36 $37,,541 318,606 484,863. Per cent . 12.88 1919 . 11.83 1920 ,9. 19 1921 (9 months).. ■ ALL OTHER OLIVE OIL. 1918 84,707 7,240,206 2,454,810 2,761,546 $214,741 13,676,263 6,292,861 4,868,357; J2.64 : 1.89 ' 2. 56 1.77. $16,941 1,448,041, • 490,962 7.189 Idl9 10. 6» 1920.. ..i 7.80 1921 (9 months) . , . Exports. — Statistic^ not available. PEANUT OIL. Description and uses.— This oil, ■which is also known as-arachis oil, earthnut oil, and groundnut oil, is obtaiiiied fi:oin the pean\i;t'. The nuts contain from 38 to 50 per cent of oil, and yield about S6 per cent on pressing. The United States and China probably lead in the production of peanutsj although large quantities are also ptOr duced in Africa, Argentina, the East Indies, Japan, Java, Sicily, a.nd Spain. The finest oil is cold pressed, though a much larger yield can ^e obtained by hot pressing. The cold-pressed oil needs no refining if made from good, clean nuts. , It is used as a salad oil, as an adiilter- aht for olive oil, as ari ingredient of margarine, and for soap making. The cake from' which the oil is expressed makes an excellerit cattle feed; if high-grade blanched nuts are used, it can be ground and used with wheat flour for certain kinds of bread. Production.— TUq cultivation of peanuts and the expression of edible oils are increasing in the United States, especially in districts where ravages of the cotton boll weevil have been especially severp. More peanuts are crushed and more oil extracted in Marseille, France, than elsewhere in the world, about 15,500,000 galloi^s 'of edible oil and 23,000,000 gallons of inedible oil being produced in 1912. The output in the United States since 1911 has been as follows: , Year. 1912 1914 1916 1917 Founds. 454,000 1,006,000 28,534,000 50,499,000 ■Year. 19181 1919..; 1920.-. 1921 (9 months) Founds. 95,934/000 87,606,844 13,08^2M 28, 291, 836 • 1 Thgures for 1912-1918 are for edible and inedible oil. Those for later years are for "Vli-gin and crude" peanut oil. ',:•'•''']• 2 Freliminary, subject to revision. SUMMAItY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 157 Imp&nts prior to 1915 far. exceeded the domestic production. The imports for 1914 were 1,332,108 gallons, France supplying more than any other country, Germany ranking second- In 1916 imports amounted to 1,466,043 gallons and in 1917 to 3,018,468 gallons. Lately China has entered the market and is shipping large quantities of a rather poor grade to this country. Imports smce 1917, chiefly from Japan, China, Hongkong, and the Philippines, have been as follows : , ■ Calendar Ji-ear. Quantity. Value; TTriit value. P.^ty- Equiva- lent ad valorem. 1918 Gallont. 12,676,743 j^, 259,,078, $8,49^,308 21-^84; 678 16,991,731 , , 209,148 .1 $0.93 1.07 1.34 .81 l,23l!257' 760,605 Per cent. 6.43 1919 5. 60 1920 4.48 1921 (9 months) Exports of ■peanut oil, which sih'ce 191^ have gone lat-gely to Eng- land, France, and-Norwayi, haT^e been, by calendar yeal's, as follows' 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (pounds) ; Value 4,341, 803' $1,043,117 1,425,225 $291,257 1,253,999 $132,379 ' Last 6 months. POPPY-SEED OIL. ■^^^scription and uses. — Poppy-seed oil is obtained from the seed of two different varieties of the plant. The seeds are dutiable at 32 cents per 100 pounds (par. 760, H. E. 7456). There are two grades of poppy-seed oil on the market. One,, a cold-drawn oil obtained from the first pressing of the seeds, is almost colorless and is known in commerce as white poppy-seed oil; the other, which is obtained from a second pressing of the seed at a higher temperature, is inferior in quality and is known commer- cially as red poppy-seed oil. The best grade is used for edible purposes, chiefly as salad oil, and in the preparation of the finest artist's paint. ' The lower grade is used in the manufacture of potash soaps and is added to olive oil in manufacturing castile soap to make it : " softer." Poppy-seed oil is often adulterated with sesame oil, and in turn is used to adulterate olive oil and bitter-almond oil. Pmdv^tion. — The poppy plant is grown to a large extent in Asia Minor, Persia, India, Egypt/ the southern part of Eussia, and in tha iiorth of France. The Levant seeds are preferred to the Indian seeds, as they yield, when pressed twice on a large scale, 39 to 40 per cent of oil as against 36 to 38 per cent from the Indian seeds. The oil is produced in a manner similar to other vegetable oils. By far the largest quantity of seed is crushed in France, although poppies are cultivated in California for this purpose. 158 SUMMARY 03? TAHIFBi INFOBMATION/ 1921-. Imports.— The, maximum import of poppy-seed oil was in 1911 a'nd amounted to 18,686 gallons, valued at $14,071, yielding' a revemueof $2,802. Imports:decreased to-an. averagBiofc about 9^000 gallfte per year for 1912-1915. Since 1917 they hpive iljpen! as follows : f'");;f" 39. ?.l CaleBjiaryear. ' Quantity. Value. Unit value; Duty. Equiva- • lent ad ' valoremi 1918 Qallom. 1,297 , 259 716 776 J1,9S6 1,087 1,897 1,173 »1.51 4.20 2.65 1.51 J78 16 43 Per cent. 3.9» ms". !" " !'iC' 1.43 2.26 1921 (9months) Exports. — Statistics not a: mailable. BAPESEED Oil.. ..'- Description cmd uses. — Rapeseed or , colza oil is jobtained from the seeds of the plant Brassica fs^Wjpesfofls, which igi grown in almost all European countries, pafticulafly in East India. The soap in- dustry* in 1917 consumed 5,972,000 pounds of rapeseed oil. Smaller quantities are used for lubricating purposes and for quenching steel. It is used as a food in India. ,f, i / ■ i ! c ; ; . The industrial use of chlorinated oils has been only slightly devel- oped. They are claimed to be used' in conjunction with calcium albu- minate in the manufacture of paints, and it is believed tbM a small quantity of chlorinated cottonseed oil is used as a rubber substitute. Nitfatejd^ oils ate. obtained by treating linseed or castor oil with a nitrating mixture of sulphuric '^hd iiitric acids. The m.pst, important use of nitrated oils is that of mixing with nitrocellulose to produce a product reseiublng ebonite. Acetone solutions of nitrated oils have been usfed a^ Varnishes, as a basis for ^aint, and for enameling leather. It is not known definitely that any nitrated oils are pro- duced in the United States. ' , JProdwiUpn .\n,.lQM:tot rubber sub3ti<;utes_ was valued at $428,600, and in 1919 (preliminary figures) at $l,456,QpO, It is not known tjh^t cljorinatecl or nitratec^ oils areproduced in this country. ; Im/potts and exports^. — Statistics not available. , ; Important changes in classification. — New specific, provision. PARAGRAPH 53. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 53. Oomblnations and mixtures of animal, TBgeftable; or mineral oils or of any of them ' (except combina- "tions of , essential or distilled pils or , both), with, or without other ^b- stanqes, and not 'Sfjebially prbvided' fcil', ■' - 25 per centum ad valoirto : Provided, That no; article cpftteinif^,, alcohol t , shall rbe el^?Sjl)Bed,fpr,duty iinder' this, , paragraph. SUMMAHY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 163 ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pah. 3. * * * oils, and all com- Pab. 44. * * * and all combina- binations of the foregoing, * * * tions of the same [animal oils, ren- twenty-flve per centum ad valorem; dered oils, and greases], not specially * * *■ provided for in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem. Pah. 45. * * * all combinations of the same [expressed oils], not spe- cially provjided for in this section, 15 : per centum ad valorem. COMBINATIONS AND MIXTURES OF OILS, N. S. P. F. Description and itses. — This paragraph includes a great variety of oil mixtures which are compounded for special purposes, and com- prise lubricating greases and oils, tanning greases, stuffing greases, and polishing compounds. Production, imports, cmd exports. — Statistics not available. Important chqaiges in classification. — This is a new specific provi- sion. It replaces the provision for combinations of animal oils (par. 44, act of 1913), and f, or combinations of expressed oils (par. 45, act of 1913),,, and includes combinations of these with other oils. Suggested changes.:— 'P^ge. 18, paragraph 53, line 14 : Change " of " to " containing,'^ aft^r " qombinations," to agree with paragraph 56, page 19, line 24. Page 18, p.aKagraph 53, line 13 : Insert " or mixtures " after " com- binations " to agree with liixe ,1?. Page 18, paragraph 63, line 14 : Strike out " or both " after " oils." PARAGRAPH 54. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENBMENTS. Pab. 54. Oils, distilled or essential : Lemon and orange, 20 per centum ad valorem,;, clove, eucalyptus, peppermint patchouli, sandalwood, and all other essential and distilled oils riot specially provided for,' 25 per centum ad va- lorem : Proi;i^e*,iThat no article mixed or compounded; or, containing alcohol shall be classified for duty under this paragraph. ACT OF 1909- Pae. 3. * * * distilled oils, essen- tial oils, * * * not specially pro- vided fort in this section, . twenty-five per centum ad valorem ; * * *. Pae. 39. Peppermint oil, twenty-five cents per pouxid. Pak. 989. Oils : * * * amber, crude and rectified ambergris.', * * * cajeput, * * * cedrat, chainomile, * * * cifet," * * * fennel, * * * juglandium, juniper, * * * lemon,'* *-'* mace, * * * vale- rian; , * * * [Free]. ACT OF 1913. Pae. 46. Oils, distilled and essen- tial: Orange and, lemon, 10 per, centum ad valorem ; peppermint, 25 cents per .pound; mace oil, 6 cents per pound; '■* * * amber; ambergris"; * * * camomile; * * * cedrat; * * * civet ° ; fennel ; * * * juniper ; * * * valerian; all the foregoing oils, * * * and essential and dis- tilled 'oils, * * * not specially pro- vided for in this section. 20 per centum fid valorem : ProviieA^ That no article containing alcohol sha.ll be classified for duty under this paragraph. Pae. S61. Oils: Birch tar, cajeput. * * * juglandium, * * * [FreeJ. » Oils of ambergris and civet are not articles of commerce. 1'64 SUMMARY OF TAltirP INtOEMATION, 1921. OiLS, DISTILLED OR ESSENTIAL. (See Survey A-12.) , , GENEBAL. Descnption and uses. — A scientific definition of the term " essential or distilled oils " is not possible, but the oils may be described as sub- stances of an oily nature obtained, as a rule, from vegetable sources, , possessed usually of an agreeable odor, characteristic:of pr, resembling that of the plants yielding the oils. They are^ generally liquid, although sometiines semisolid at ordinary temperatures, and volatile without decomposition. Essential' oils aire used as flavors and p;^r- f umes, while a few possess medicinal propertiies. ! ' " ' Production. — The essential oils occur in v&,t"ious parts of the plant; in some instances distribuited throughout the plant, in others Re- stricted to a particular portion — for example, in the' petal of'' the flower, as in the rose'; in the bark and leaves, as in the cinnamoii; and in the flower and rind of the fruit, as in the .orange and lemon. The irie^hods of producing esseritial oils inay be divided, into three principal classes: (1) Distillation of the plant or of aii oleo-r6sinous <>xiidation. (2) Mechanical processes. (3 )' Extraction by sol VfiJitk*' Distillation. — ^This method is used, in the preparation of most of the essential oils. The usual procedure is to pass steam through the ma/terial, suitably arranged on .trays, since all of the essential oils are readily volatile by means of steam. Many are distilled under "le- duced pressure, which enables the distillation to be carried out at a much lower temperaturd,' thus avoiding dfetomposition of the oils. The distillation of an oleo-^esin is illustrated in the manufacture of turpentine and copailsa. Mechanical production. — Mechanical processes are employed in the preparation of lemon, orange, bergamot, grapefruit, and lime oils, which are obtained from the peel or rind of the fruit. The most primitive example of this method is employed iin Sicily in the, prepa- ration of orange and lemon oils. The peel is removed from the fruit and is pressed by hand against a' sponge, which 'absorbs the oiL Various other-mechanical processes a^re employed in Italy and France for the production of these oils, especially that of be^amot. ^ Orange oil and lemon oil are produced from cull fruit in California. The whole.- fruit is shredded by a machine and the juice and oils are sepa- rated from this pulp by; presses. The oils are then separated . from the juice of the' fruit by a centrifugal machine. '■ ' i' Extraction hy solvents.. — This method of extraction is employed fbr the preparation of delicate floral essences, which would, be deconi- posed by distillation. Tliis process is used in preparation of jasmine and tuberose.. Three' kinds of extraction processes ai'e used: (1) Those in whjcih a volatile solvent is used ; (2) those in which a non- volatile oil or fat is employed; (3) those in which a curr^t of ttioist air is used. ' ■■ .,,,u'.:,ii. ' Volatile solvents cojamonly used are alcohol, benzine, ether, chloro- form, light petroleum oil, carbon disulphide, acetone, ahd'^ tetra- ohlorethane. The simplest form of extraction is to allow the solvent to percolate either cold or hot over the crude material. On the re- movalof the solvent a mixture "^i 0,^,? resin, and coloring matter ;is SUMMARY OF : TARIFFi INFORMATION, 192J.. 165 obtainfed from which ,'f absolute floral, essences.'' or" concretes" are prepared by extraction with alcohol. . ,, The extraction by nonvolatile solvents is known as the "«nfleurage profcess." This lis both a hot and a cold process.. In the hot process a pure neutral fat, such as purified- lard, is melted in trays; the flowers are placed in the melted grease, which as kept at about 65° C. This mixture is then pressed^, which separates the grease pomade containing the essential oil from the. flower petals. In the cold process the flowers are placed on wire netting, over which a greaser covered glass plate is suspended. The flowers and plates are placed in alternate layers. The first flowers after a time are removed and replaced by more fresh flowers until the fat has become saturated with the oils. The fat containing the oil is removed and sold as " pomades," which are employed in the manufacture of perfume. In the moist-air process hot air is passed through a series of wet sponges, then over the flower, and then into a volatile solvent. The solvent retains the perfume and is afterwards removed, leaving a perfume which contains only the oil and no coloring matter or resins. The domestic production of essential oils in 1914 was valued at $1,289,482. About 50 per cent of this value is represented by pepper- mint oil. In addition to the oils mentioned above, there were pro- duced other essential oils, amounting in value to $348,552, which includes sassafras, cedar, pennyroyal, tansy, sandalwood, camphor, cloves, parsley, patchouli, lemon, and orange. In 1919, according to preliminary figures, the output was valued at $4,411,775. Imports of all essential, and distilled oils prior to the war had increased from $2,118,102 in. 1910 to $4,905,157 in 1913. The im- ports declined until 1916, f i-om , which time they show a gradual increase to $3,948,059 in 1918. Of the total imports of essential oils in 1913, about 70 per cent is represented by seven oils— citronella, lemon grass, lemon, orange, bergamot, attar of roses, and lavender or aspic. These same oils in 1918 represented 56.5 per cent of the vf^lue of the total imports , of essential and distilled ods. The value and percentage of the.tqtal iinports of each of. these,; for, 191? and 1918 are shown in: the following table: . 1913 1918 Citronella and lemon grass ...^ Lemon.. ..-.'.' )'.:J. :.'..:. . .'..'J.'.'- .i — Attar of roses Bergamot Orange Lavender or aspic ■ Total of? oils. ....J ,,...,.;.. Total! essential and distilled oils. , Value.' $885,846 ' 7fl4v2i5. 791,370 310, 835 155,299 482,779 3,420,344 4,905,157 PerxetU. 18.1 ^■ .16.2' 16.1 6.3 3.2 9.8 VfUue. $900,853 404,,568 89,049 241,465 330,506 373,466 6*7 2,239,907 3,948,059 Per cent. , 52. 8 •10. 2 2.2 6.1 8.4 6.9 56.6 LEMON AND OBANtiE OILS. Prodmcti(m,-*—The<\emon and the.orainge are usually cultivated in the same localities. > The greater part of both lemon oil and^orange oil is produced in Sicily, chiefly in the district of i Messina. . These oils are produced in the TJniteid States,) chiefly in! California, from cull fruits. 166 SUMMAEY OF TAKIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Importg of lemon oil prior to the war were Constant at a little over 400,000 pounds, but the value shows an increase from about $300,000 in 1911 to nearly $800,000 in 1913. The import decreased somewhat in 1914, but has shown an increase to 5t7,600 pounds, valued at $404,668, yielding a revenue of $40,456, in 1918. Imports of orange oil have been much less than those of lemon oil, in 1913 being 79,797 pounds, valued at $155,299, and yielding a revenue of $38,824;' In 1918 there was an increase to 196j846 pounds, valued at $330,506, and yielding a revenue of $33,050.: Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Quantit:f. Valiie. '. Unit value. Duty.; Ad' valorem rate. ^, LEiipN OIL. .,' ;r ■' ,'l i 1918 Pounis. 535,868 503,758 662,565 483,616 $3*7 475 ■ ,494,223 900,914 435,444 $0.72 , , .98 1.36 .90 ' $B8,7'48 ,49,422 90,091 Per cent. 10 1919 1920 10 1921 (9 months) 10 ORANGE OIL. 1918... 172,832 227,453 192,675 160,346 $278,974 491,822 "914,863 , , 397,473, $L61 2.16 -4.75 2.48 $27,89? 49,182 "91,-486 10 1919 1920 10 1921 (9 months) 10 Imports ' of lemon oil since 1918 have been chiefly from Italy, France, England, and Turkey in Europe. Exports. — ^Statistics not available. CLOVE OIL. Description and uses. — Oil of cloves is obtained by tlie distillation of the buds of the clove tree, which grows abundantly in the East Indies, the West Indies, Madagascar, Zanzibar, and Pamba. Its chief use is in the production of eugehol, "Which in ttirn is used to produce artificial vanillin. Production. — Statistics for the United States are not available, although some is made in this country. Imports and exports. — Statistics not available. Importcmb ehcmges in classification. — New specific provision. EUCALYPTUS OIL. Description and uses. — Eucalyptus oil is the volatile oil obtained by steam distillation of the leaves of the eucalyptus tree, of which there are many varieties, divided into two general classes : (1) Those valued for their content of eucalyptol. (2) Those valued for their content of phellandrene. The first class is in great demand for pharmaceutical purposes, and the second for separation of metallic sulphides by the flotation process in Australian mines. Production. — Eucalyptus species were introduced into California, and since that time the distillation of the oil has become of con- SUMMABY OF TAMFF INFOKMATION, 1&21. 167 S|iderable importance in the southern part of the State, though rank- ing far below the peppermint and turpentine oil industries in im- portance. Production statistics are not available. Imports since 1918 have been as follows : Calendar year. . Qwantity. Value. Unit taluoj Drily. ; i , , , , , Ad valorem rate. 1918.;.... ...:. 1919 Pounds. ■ 162,638 152,284 319,700 63,640 S57,671 64,734, 148,871 27,826 , ,110.35 ,43 .47 $11,514 12,947 29,774 Per cent: . , 20 20 1920 . , -20 1921 (9 months). 20 I,J>-,J ' Exports. — None recorded. " -.r-/v-,. ,,i v. -v>> Imfortant changes in classification. — New specific provision.; PEPPERMINT OIL. Description and uses. — Oil of peppermint is ft ¥ola;tile oil distilled" ' from the leaved and flowering tops of the peppermint Herk,; It ik a popular flavoring agent and finds' an extensive' use iti chewing gum, confectionery, aiid pharmaceutical preparations. The Japaniese oil is used in the preparation of menthol. (See par. 48, p. 137.) ' _ ' • Production. — Peppermint 6il is produced chiefly in the United States, England, Germany, Japan, and Russia. 'The United States supplie'^ aboTlt 50 per* c6nt of the world's production. The domestic output in 1914 was 363,991 pounds, valued at $601^617. The major part of the crude oil is produced in Michigan and is refined in New York. .-,,;nik, 'I, :■ . '.IfrJiJ '• ;^; v',',r,v,. '^ •/mporfe have been practically >negligible as compared with do- mestic production, the largest since 1910 being 29,360 pounds, valued at $111953, yielding a revenue of $7;340 in 1918. '"^ Later statistics follow": Calendar year. ' Quantity. Value. Unit, value.. : . mty. : Ad," valorem rate. : 1918 Pounis. ' ' 39,687 200,420 62,426 8,587 t46,768 302,18.8 110,703 ■ 10,886 Sl.lS 1.27 $9,922 Per cent. ' \ 21.21 1919 .J...; ,. 16.58 1920 14.10 1921 (9 months) ....;... Exports in 1910 amounted to 110,407 pounds, valued at $215,845 ; in 1914, 117,809 pounds, at $397,050; and in 1918, 76,247 pounds, at $233^899. Later statistics for calendar years follow : ' 1918 1919' 1920 1921 (9 months) uantity (pounds) -,- ■-- ,---■:-••- 59,606 $202,856' 97,880 - $664,282 ■ 61,847 $437,395 64i?38 $181,822 168 aXIMMAKY OF TAKIFF JUI'OE.MATION, 1921. Since 1918 exports ha-vfe been chiefly to England, Canada, France, and; (flFerBaaflytii.in |; "-■'' ,■ .. uv ''■'•'' Suggested changes.— -Fage 18,fline 19-, paragraph 94, H. R. 7456: Insert a comma after the word peppermint. PATCHOTILI OIL. Description and uses. — Patchouli oil is a brownish-yellow, viscous, volatile oil of fragrant, persistent odor, used for making certain perfumes. It is derived by distillation of the leaves of Porgostemon patckovly, with subsequent purification by rectification. The chief, sources of supply are India and the Straits Settlements. Imports are included in " all other essential or distilled oils," infra. Exports. — Statistics not available. Important changes in classificaiion. — ^Mentioned specifically for the first time. r SANDALWOOD OIL. Description and uses. — Sandalwood oil is a thick, yellow, volatile oil, of spicy taste and aromatic odor, used chiefly in medicine and perfumery. It is deriyed by distillation of the wood of Santalwm cdbvmi. The chief source is French Guiana. West Indian sandal- wood oU, which is not a true sandalwood oil, has been substituted for it to a certain extent. Imports. — Included in " all other essential or distilled oils," infra. .. Exports.— ^i2,\iist\Q& not available. Important cha,nges kn, classification. — New specific provision, ^ , ' All other essen-^ial oe distilled oils. ' ' ' ' Imports are tabulated as follows : Calendar ^r. ;(iuaotity. Value. Unit value. 1 ' ' i| Duty, I 1 Ad ' wtorem ■"^ate. \gii Pounds. 1740,709 2,043,050 2,827,484 1,148,065 $148,142 408.610 565^493 Percent. 20 1919 364,916 785,175 288,350 15.60 3.60 3.98 20 1920' . ....;'.: 20 1921 (9 months) 20 Exports, chiefly to Canada, England, Cuba, and France, in 1918 (calendar year) amounted to $744,997, and increased to $1,571,415 in 1920. During the first nine months of 1921 they amounted to $419,724. Important changes in clcLssif cation. — The provision " that no article nii'xed or compounded * * * shall be classified for duty under this para!graph " has. been inserted and the provision in paragraph 46 (act of 1913) f 6r " air conibinations of" essential 6r distilled oils omitted so as to make such combinations of essential or distilled oils dutiable under paragraph ,56, H. E. 7456, as they are intermediate prb'diacts used in the manufacture of perfumes. (Reclassification R^eport, p. 65.) Birch tar, cajeput and juglandium oils (exempt from duty in the act of 1913, par. 561) are not mentioned specifically in H. E. 7456 and therefore fall within the provision for " Other essential and distilled oils " in this paragraph. SUMMARY OF' TARIFF IBTFOEMATION, 1921. 16a H. R. 7456. Pae. 55. Opium containing not less than 8.5 per centum of anhydrous mor- phine, crude or unmanufactured and not adulterated, $3 per pound; pow- dered, or otherwise advanced beyond the condition of crude or unmanufac- tured, and containing 15 per centum or less of moisture, $4 per pound ; mor- phine, morphine sulphate, and all opium alkaloids and salty, esters^ and other derivatives thereof, $3 per ounce ; cocaine, ecgonine, and, salts, esters, and other , derivatives thereof, $2 per ounce; tincture of opium, such as laudanum, aind other liquid- prepara- tions of opium, not specially provided for, 60 per centum ad valorem ; opium containing less than 8.5 per centum of anhydrous morphine, $6 per pound: Provided, That nothing herein con- tained shall be so construed as to re- peal or in any manner impair or afEect the provisions of an Act entitled "An Act to prohibit the importation and use of opium for other than medicinal pur- poses," ' approved February 9, 19&d, as amended by an Act approved .January 17, 1914. . . ACT OF 1909. Par. 41. Opium, crude or unmanu- factured, .and not adulterated, contain- ing nine per centum and over of mor- phia, one dollar and fifty cents per pound ; opium of the same composi- tion , : dried, powdered, or otherwise advanced beyond the concjition of crude of unnlanufactured, two dollars per pound ; morphia or morphine, sulphate of, and. all alkaloids of opium, and salts and esters thereof, one dollar and fifty cents per ounce ; cocaine, " ecgonine, and all salts and' derivatives' of' the same, one dollar aiid fifty cents per ournce; * * * aque- ous extract of opium, for medicinal uses, and tincture of, as laudanum," and other liquid preparations of opium, not specially provided for in this section, forty per centum ad valorem ; opium " containing les,s than nine per centum of morphia, six dollars per pound ; but preparations of opium deposited in bonded warehouses shall not be re- moved ther^frpm without payment of duties, and) such duties shall not be refunded: 'Provided, That nothing herein cblitained shall be so Construed as to repeal or in any manner impair or affect the provisions of an Act eijr titled "An^Act t6 prohibit the importa- tion and. use of opium - for ^ other than mledicinal, purppses," approved Febru- ary ninth, nineteen hunched and ^ nine. PARAGRAPH 55. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Pab, 47, Opium, crude or unmanufac- tured,, and not adulterated, containing 9t>6f centum a«d over of morphia, $3 per pound ; opium of the same compo- sition; dried to contain 15 per centum or less of moisture, powdered, or other- wise advanced beyond the condition of crude or unmanufactufed,' $4 per pound ; morphia or morphine, sulphate of J and all ajkaloids of opium, and salts and esters thereof, $3 ,per ounce ; cocaine, ecgonine, and all salts and de- rivatives of the same, $2 ' per ounce ; aqueous extract of opium, for medi- cinal uses, and tincture of, as laud- anum, and, other liquid preparations of opium, not specially provided ifoi: in this section, 60 per' centum ad va- ' lorem ; opium containing less than 9' per centum of morphia, $6 per pound ; but preparations of opium deposited in bonded warehouses shall' not be re- moved therefrom without payment of duties, and such duties shall not be refunded: Provided. That nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to repeal or in any manner impair Or affect the provisions of an Act efr- titled "An Act to prohibit the importa- tion and use of opium for .other than medicinal purposes," approved Febru- ary ninth, nineteen hundred and nine." J_L M Supplementary acts: Jan. 17, 1914, ch. 9, 38 Stat., 275; Dec. 17, 1914, ch. 7, 38 Stat. 785 ; Feb. 24, 1919, ch. 18, sees. 1006, 1007, 40 Stat., 1057, 1130, 1132. 170 SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. OPITTM. (See Survey.A-13.) Description and uses. — Opium is a drug consisting of the air-dried juices of the poppy plant. It is used in medicine to induce sleep and insensibility to pain, and in the manufacture of alkaloids, of which morphine, heroin, and codeine are of chief importance. One pound of opium supplies about 7,000 medicinal doses. Production. — Commercial opium, derived mainly from Asiati9, Turkey and Persia, has an alkaloid \ content which is higher than that from other important producing countries, rendering it unfit for smoking purposes. Smoking opium, which is used chiefly or wholly by addicts, contains less thaii 9 per cent morphine and was! formerly produced in large quantities in India , and .China. East Indian cultivation of the poppy hasn recently been much restricted. - It has also been prohibited in China for some years, although gov- ernmental disturbances in that country have aided illicit production. Greece, Bulgaria, and a. number of other countries produce small amounts of opium. It has been pToduced experimentally ■ in the United States also, but the costs of production are at present con- sidered prohibitive. The poppy is extensively raised for seed, in California and elsewhere. The seed, which, contains no alkaloid, is, used for the expression of oil and for culinary purposes. Poppy culture in the tropical possessions of the United States has been dis- couraged., ' "■ '"' " "■ ' " *- ' ^ ■The ■ consUniption of opium in the manufacture of ^"druggist. preparations and patent medicines and compounds " in 1919 (pre- liminary figures), was 102,761 pounds, valued at $956,354. ; Imports of opium are tabulated under three classes : (1) Crude opium containing 9 per cent or over of'niorphine. — This i4 the chief grade used in medicine and manufacture. For the years 1909-1915 imports averaged 438^634 pounds, valued at $1,787,162. During ' three succeeding years imports decreased largely, owing to war conditions. In 1918 only 21,342 pounds of crude opium, valued at $265,283, are, recorded. Since the signing of the armistice, large amounts of opium are understood to have been imported. Since 1918 imports of crude opium containing 9 per cent or more of mbrphine, chiefly from Turkey in Asia, Turkey iii Europe, France, and England, have been as follows : Calendar year. Quanitity. ' Value. Unit value. Duty. Eq,uiva7 lent ad valorem. 1918 1919... 1920, 1921 (9 months).. Pounds. 15,254 316, 713 224,152 69,231 1240,738 3,818,725 1,795,207 262,768 J15.78 12.06 8.01 4.02 J45,762 950,139 672,456 Per cent, 19.01 24. 8S 37. 4A (2) Dried or advanced opium. — This is normally negligible in amount as compared with the crude grade^ but has increased largely during the war, 98,498 pounds, valued at $1,514,127, being imported in 1918. Imports since then have been as follows: SUMMARY or TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 171 Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. 1918 V. i Pounds. 137,713 ,27,702 1,376 149 $2, 337,278 S05..408 5,757 436 $16.97 18.24 4.18 2.93 $550, 852 110,808 5,504 Per cent. 23.57 1919 .., 1920 .....i 21.92 95.61 1921 (9 months) (3) Opium containing less than 9 per cent Tiwrphine. — This grade includes smoking opium. The importation of low-grade opium has been prohibited by act of Congress since 1909. Import revenues from opium and its derivatives greatly exceed those of all other drug prod- ucts combined. For the years 1909^1916 crude opium yielded an average annual revenue of $671,969 ; that dried or advanced beyond the condition of crude,' for 1910-1918, an average of $178,093. Imports under recent high tariffs have been small as compared with Amierican manufacture and have consisted mainly of the rarer alkaloids tod salts. War conditions caused demand for opium prod- ucts virtually regafdless of price, and considerable increase in im- ports took place in 1917-18. That increases were not larger is doubt- less due to universal scarcity and export restrictions of other nations rather than to high prices or present tariff duties. The duty of $3 per pound on 9 per cent opium is equivalent to a tax of $2.07 per ounde on the contained alkaloid, leaving a margin in favor of the American manufacturer of 93 cents per ounce. This, together Avith the profit gained from codeine and other by-products, and the appli- cation of legal restrictions beyond the purview of the tariff, consider- ably hampered foreign competition in the American markets. Im- ports of morphine fell off under the present tariff rates from an annual average (1910^1913) of 18,004 ounces to (1914^1917) 2,805 ounces. In 1918 imports rose to 25,215 ounces, valued at $202,263. Other alkaloids have pursued a very irreguliai- course. The maxi- mum (1917) is 34,179 ounces, valued at $165,028. Import^ of lau- daiium and other preparations have in recent years passed the ^5,000 mark only in 1915. "Under the tariff of 1909 opium alkailoids yielded an average annual revenue of $5,393. The tariff of 1913 has yielded (1915-1918) an annual average of $49^233. The only imports recorded since 1918 are 951 pounds, valued at $4,542, in the first nine months of 1921. Exports.— 'S)idJiisi\cs not available. -r-r , ■, ci x -du Important changes in'classification^-^The United States Fharma- copceia in the most recent revision changed the specifications tor opium by stating the morphine content on the basis of anhydrous morphine rather than the crystalline morphine. This necessitated changing the 9 per cent limitation as to morphine content of opium to 8.5 per cent. ^ i j • *. " The phrase " dried to contain 15 per cent or less ot moisture fact of 1913) has been changed to "containing 15 per cent or less of moisture" in order to obviate the difficulty which customs au- thorities encountered in determining whether opium had been arti- '^The^provision for " aqueous extract of opium, for medicinal uses " in nRraffraoh 47 (act of 1913) has been omitted because the Com- missSo? Internal Eevenue'(Int. Eev. T. D. 1982) has ruled that 172 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION,' 19a-. aqueous extract of opium is smoking opium, and its importation is therefore prohibited by the act of . .Februaiy 9, 1909, as amended by the act of January 17, 1914. The clause " but preparations of opium deposited in bonded ware- houses shall not be reriioyed therefrom without payment, of dutiesf and such duties shall not be refunded," has been omitted,- because it is believed that it serves no purpose at the present time. (Re- classification Eeport, pp. 67, 68.) MORPHIKE AND OTHER OPIUM ALKALOIDS. ... (See Survey A-13.) Descri'ption and twes,.— The derivatives and preparations of opium are considered for tariff purposes, in two categgries- — (1) opium alkaloids and their derivatives, and (2) medicinal preparations of opium. Morphine, codeine, and heroin, or diacetylmorphine, , are the most important of opium alkaloids. Morphine occurs in medici- nal opium in amounts of 9 per cent or more ; codeine rarely exceedb 3 per cent. Heroin is an artificial product obtained from morphine. These preparations are. used in medicine to relieve pain and induce sleep. Morphine is perhaps the most important single agent in the Materia Medica, both as regards its legitima,te use and in its capacity as a habit-forming drug. The uses of heroin are similar to those of morphine. . It wa$ introduced as a nonhabit- forming substitute, but was speedily found to be even more dangerous in this' respecjt than morphine itself. Heroin and cocaine may probably be consid- ered as most subject, to vicious misuse of any of the habit-forming drugs. Because of this fact and because heroin possesses no, medici- nal superiority to morphine, modern therapeutic authorities have advocated the prohibition of its manufacture and, traffic. The use of codeine is similar to. that of morphine.. It. is considered less habit- forming than morphine and therefore better suited to, repeated ad- ministration. The secret use of the opium alkaloids, and opium preparations in proprietary remedies has been regulated py the Food and; Drugs Act, These materia,ls also cpme^ within the scopp of the Harrison Narcotic Act.. Medicinal preparations, salts, and various combinations of opium are of considerable importance in domestic pharmaceutical manufacture, but t;he "high ,ad yalorenirate (6Q' per cent) has virtually eliminated them from pur imports. Their use is similar to that of opium. Among the i^rincipal preparations may be mentioned laudanum, paregoric, and Dover's powder. The consumption of opium .alkaloids in 1919 .(pielimi.nary , figures) 'in the manufacture of " druggists' preparations and patent medi- cines and compounds" was: Morphine and;sajts, 3,984 pound,s, val-^ ued at $635,912; heroin and salts, 7Q2 pounds, vali^ed at $1178,585; codeine and salts, 2,3i2' pounds, valued at $296,392. , , .Production. — Oj^ium alkaloids are. extensively ijaanufactured in England,, Germany, and the IJnitefl S.tatesi , lEngland and Germaiiy led. in production , pripr to.the |yar. Germany, in partiqular, , pro- duced a large variety of t)ie. rarer, ajkaloids and salts,. Mojphine 'has been extensively manufactured in America for' a number of years. No, statistics ,. of productioii are availa-Wp,. lailt the avejag^i annual opium import heforp the war was equiv'alfnt to aqout ^S'J^O ounces, or 2,,50(),000,000 medicinal^doseg, of morphine,,. Gonsiderable amounts SUMMARY OF TARIFl? INFORMATION,' 1921. 173 of opium, however, are not manufactured into the -alkaloid. Codeine was formerly produced chiefly in Germany. Under war conditions it has been 'extensively manufactured ini;the United . States from Persian djiiiunj which' contains a comparatively large' amount of this alkaloid. Heroin was until recently made only dn Germany, but is now manufactured in this country. Im-fOTts since 1917 haN^e been as follows : Calendar I ! ■ J • ' . year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. ' i ' Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem &ORPHINE OR IIOEPHINE SULPHATE. 19i8 , OvMca. 30,386 15,760 ■ 4,000 951 ,,$226,349 86,451 11, 445 4,542 ; $7.45 .5,48' ,2.86 4.78 •, $91, 155 47,280 12, 000 Ptr cent. 40.27 1919 '. ; . . 64.69 1920;... 1....'. ■ 104. 85 1921 (9 months) ■ odraiER OPIUM ALKALOIDS. 1918 '.... 59,270 31,909 6,522 2,180 $341,771 189,476 30, 537 6,093 $0.77 5.94 4.68 2.79 $177, 810 95,727/ 19,566 52,03 1919 i. ; ^,.. ■ T50.52 1920 64.07 1 Q21 ^9 months'! ' ' - ! — ^ ''■!■! .Exports. — Statistics not available.. Important changes in classifeation. — The act of 1913 provided for " alkaloids of opium and salts and esters thereof," The language has been changed so that " thereof " refers to " alkaloids " and not to ^' opium," since there are no salts and esters of opium. (il/ereS v. United: States, 6,.Ct^ Gust. Appls., 41, of, 1915.) The term "deriva- tives" has;been added so as to correspond to the provision for cocaine and ecgonine- ; , , . ■ COCAINE, ECGONINE, AND DERIVATIVES THEREOE. :; (See Survey A-13.)- Description and uses. — Cocaine is an alkaloid derived from, coca le,aves. It is used chiefly as a local anesthetic in min^r surgical operations and, dentistry, and is the m^st important me;dicinal ot.pl^}^ ■class. It has other less important legitimate uses.. Large. quantities are, used ia,s an,exhilarant by drug addie,ts, . The coca,ine habit is C9n- sidered by medical authorities to be the most vicious and diffi(;tilt to deal with of any narcotic addiction. Ecgonine and its derivatives are alkaloidal substances occurring with cocaine in coca leaves, and from them cocaine may be derived . by chemical processes. They have no ifecognized medicinal use. Production. — Cocaine used in the United States is practically all of domestic manufacture. Statistics ^re lacking, but the normal inir port of coca leaves is sufficient for the annual production of 100,000 or more buncesi - Owing to the habit-forming properties of cocaine, a host of-synthetic local anesthetics -have been developed as substi- tutes. These were formerly chiefly imported irofo, Germany, but under the trading with the enemy act a number of German patents have been licensed to American manufacturers. While these products 174 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. have attained a considerable vogue, apparently they have not de- creased the demand for cocaine. The manufacture of cocaine, like that of most alkaloids, is a specialized industry, requiring a high type of chemical skill, and is carried on by only a few firms* The limita- tions imposed by the Food and Drugs Act,, the Harrison Narcotic Act, and various other laws, have further tended to centralize the in- dustry. Cocaine is also produced commercially in Germany, England, and other European countries. Considerable amounts of the crude product are produced in Peru and exported to Europe for purifi- cation. The consumption of cocaine and salts in the manufacture of "Druggist preparations and patent medicines and compounds" in 1919 (preliminary figures) was 616 pounds, valued at $90,454, a marked decrease from about 26,000 pounds in 1914. , Imports lot the years 1910-1914 have averaged 3,239 ounces per year. After the imposition of the ^ecific rate of $2 per ounce only insignificant amounts of cocaine entered until 1916 and 1917 when, on account of war conditions, imports rose tp 4,275 ounces and 19,388 ounces, respectively. American cocaine imports normally consist largely of rare salts, which are not manufactured in this country. The revenues yielded by cocaine have never been large, reaching': a maximum of $46,933 in 1910, and since then have decreased. ■ * ; Commodities included in paragraph 55 embrace the chief narcotic and habit- forming drugs. The high, rates of duty iniposed by pre- vious tariffs were presumably designed to limit iin^brts and con- sumption rather than to raise revenue, although in the case of opium and its products the revenue has been comparatively large. The testiniony brought out in various hearings on narcotic legislation in- dicates that the average annual amount of opium (and its products) and cocaine consuined within the United States is enormously in ex- cess of medicinal Use. Estimates of actual medicinal need of opium have varied from 50,000 pounds to 100,000 pounds annually. Under .war conditions imports have been about 120,000 pounds annually, and much of this has been absorbed directly or iiidirectly by the Army. Recent investigations of opiumism and cocainism indicate that these addictions are on the increase. Legislation has tended to drive illicit trade in narcotic drugs into' underground channels, 'bui; not to extirpate it. Statistics indicate that past tariff levies have been insufficient to exert atiy marked influence on the use of or de- maiid for narcotics. Imports of cocaine, ecgohine| and their salts, esters, etc., since 1917, have been as follows': Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit valtie. Duty. I Equiva- lent ad- valorem. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Ounces, 18, .SS9 12, 464 8,fi42 $80,632 29. 0.?S 27,324 16,978 $4.38 2,33 2.69 $36,778 24,928 17,i84 Per, cent. 45.60 . 85.86. 63. 26 Exports. — Statistics not available. SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFOEMATION, 1931. 175 PARAGRAPH 66. H. R. 7456. Par. 56. Perfume materials : ' Ane- thol, citral, geranlol, heliotropin, ion- one, rhodinol, ; safrol, terpineol, va- nillin, and all natural or synthetic odoriferous or aromatic chemicals, all the foregoing not mixed and not com- pounded, and: not specially provided for, 35 per centum ad valorem; all mixtures or combinations containing essential or distilled oils, or natural or synthetic odoriferous or aromatic sub- stances, 40 cents per pound, and 40 per centum ad valorem : Provided, That only materials not marke>:able as per- fumery, cosmetics, or toilet prepara- tibnis, and not containing more than 10 per centum of alcohol, shall be classi- fied for duty under this 'paragraph: Provided further, That all of the fore- going materials containing more than 10 per centum of alcohol shall be classi- fied for duty under paragraph ' 58 as toilet preparations! . ACT OP 1909'. Par. 83. Vanillin, twenty cents per ounce. Par. 3. * * * chemical com- pounds, * * * jjot specially pro- vided for in this 'feection, twehty'-five per centum ad vialorem ; * * *: SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1&13. Par. 70. Vanillin, 10 cents per 1 ounce ; * .'^ *-i;. . Par. 49. .'^ *;,* all, natural or syn- thetic odoriferous or aromatic sub- ' stances, 'i)repatations, and mixtures used in the manufacture of, but not marketable as,, perf times or cosmetics i; all the foregoing not containing alco- hol and not specially provided for in . this sectioh, 20 per centum ad valorem. Par. 46. * * * all combinations (if the same [essential and distilled oils],, not specially provided for, in tliis sectioii, 20 per centum ad valo- rem : "* * * PERFUME MATERIALS. (See Survey A-14.) Description and uses. — ^This provision covers various odorous sub- stances and preparations used in the manufacture of perfumes and cosmetics. The first portion of the paragraph, including the sper cific mention of various chemicals and the phrase "all natural or Sfynthetic) odoriferous or aromatic chemicals," embraces odoriferous chemicals obtained directly i from the essential oils (paragraphs 54 and 1624, H. R. 7456).ji or which are prepared from such products by further chemical treatment. . Other materials used in the manufacture of perfumery and cos- metics and specially provided for elsewhere in H. R. 7456, include the following: Synthetic odoriferous chemicals of coal-tar origin 1.76 SUMMAEY 0]? TARIFF INFOKMATION, 1921. (dutiable under paragraph 26J ; sfevepp^,! ahiilnal products (free under paragraph 1506) ; essential oils (some free under paragraph 1625 and others dutiable under 'paragraph 54) ; enflerirage gteases, floral essences, and floral concretes (free; undi^r paragraph 1566) ; a;nd balsams (dutiable under paragraphilO)i The perfumery business is divided into two distinct branches — (1) manufacturers of and dealers in natural odoriferous materials or synthetic odoriferous chemicals; (2) fir^as which mix or blend these odoriferous materials with each other and with alcohol, or other material, to make finished perfumery and cosmetic articles in accordance with their own private formulas, and distribute the product to the wholesale or retail tr{(.de. , Some foreign manufacturers of perfumery) however, do all of the blending or mixing abroad, except the addition of alcohol, and ship the mixture to agents or branch houses in the United States, who add the necessary alcohol to convert these into finished perfumery, and bottle and distribute it. Since the composition of such mixtures is not disclosed and is very difficult, if not impossible, to ascertain by chemical tests, it is practically impossible for the ' appraisers to ascertain their dutiable value. Under the existing tariff this is in effect an evasion of the duties intended to be collected on finished perfumes. These complex compounds are covered by the provision in this paragraph , for " all mixtures or combinations containing essential or distilled oils, or natural or synthetic odoriferous or aromatic substances^" which, in H. E. 7456, are assessed a duty of 40 cents per pound and 40 per centum ad valorem, which is only slightly less than the duty on finished perfumes. (Par. 57.) This arrangement will tend to discourage the importation of such mix- tures instead of the pure unmixed and uncompounded perfume ma- terials which are more easily appraised. Production. — Practically none of the aromatic chemicals, includ- ing those made from coal far (see par. 26, p. 79) , were manufactured in this country prior to the war. The domestic consumption was sup- plied largely by' iniports from Germany. Anethol is obtained by separation froth anise or fennel oils. Citral is separated from lemon grass oil and is the raw material for ionone, which is the basis of synthetic violet perfume. Geraniol is obtained from palma rosa or Indian geranium oil..- JKhfidinol :is a .mixture of geraniol, citro- nellol, and other related alcohols present in oil of rose. Safrol is separated from camphor oil i and/, is converted by oxidation to helio- tropin. Terpineol is made from terpin hydrate (par. 24, H. E. 7456)^ which is obtained from oil of turpentine. "Vanillin" is made from eagenol', which is separated if rom oil of cloves,. Vanillin may be' made also from coal-tar products, although thiS'fj)rocess is not used in the United' States. The domestic outputof vanillin in 1914 amounted 'to^l20,619) poiinds, valued at $5^',219. Vanillin is also produced in foreign countries, including 'Switzetlarid 'and France. Domestic production of vanillin in 1919 (preliminary figures) was 134,700 pounds, valued at $1,365,900. ■ >. ■: StTMMABY OP TAUIFF iINB'OHMA/in01ir,"1921. m Imports of the article^' mentioned 's|)fe6iflcally (vanillin excepted) are available oiily fpr thegscal year 1914 and^,af^ as follows: Article. Quantity. Value. '■' ■' Article.' ^ '; ' Qmnt^iy. V^ue. Anethol Pounds. 495 1,771 2,727 10,219 $890 3,867 6.338 8,715 lonone ■ . Founds. , 189 181 161,194 141,745 $1>178 1493 Catral Geraniol S&frol ;....;..!.. '35,001 Heliotropin Terpineol . . j ^ < . -, * ' i 32 962 Imports of vanillin during 1908-1915 averaged per annum 5,408 ounces, valued at $1,072, with a revenue of $909. No imports of vanillin are recorded for 1918 and 1919. Later statistics follow ; Calendar year. Quantity. Value. .1 ;■ -> Unit value. ^Duty. Equiva- lent ad worem. 1^20... ii^:!.:::.. ; Ounces. , 20,363 26) '456 $1:5,341 11,655 ■ $0.76 .44 $2,030 Per cent. 3.23 1921 (9 months) : :t . . . . . .'. .' .llj • . Imports of "all natural or synthetic odoriferous or aromatic sub- stances, preparations and mixtures" from 1915-1918 have averaged .about $500,000, producing a revenue of about- $100,000 annually. Recent 'statistics follow: • _ . ,;■ ■ il ■ 'l:!J Calendar year. 1.-.. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 Pounis.' $555,824 752,093 1,720,213 67!9,912 $111; ^S Per cent, 20 1919 . 60,870 226,276 128,401 $12. 36 7.60 4.52 20 1920 20 1921 (9 months) 20 Exports. — Statistics not available. ■ Important cJumges in classification. — Perfume materials provided for in paragraph 49 (act of 1913) have been separated into two nat- ural groups' according to degree of manufacture. The more impor- tant aromatic chemicals- of noncoal-tar origin haVe beei. mentioned specifically in paragraph 66 (H. E. 7456). The provision ■ for " 8(11 combinations of " of essential and distilled oils in paragraph 46 (act of 1913) has been combined with this par^a^raph."^ ^K'eclassification Report,- -p. 72.) f '■ -'■"" ' , •-:("'■ - kiwggested changes. — Page. 20, line 1, of H. R. 7456:: Strike out comma after " pound." Page:20, Une 7, of H. R. 7456 : .Change " 58 " to "57." . . >.,::' . m; .. Page, 19, paragraph 56, line 24: Txaiispdse " combinatidns " and "mixtures" to -agree with. paragraph 53. .'^v. ,. 82304—22 12 ;;178 SUMMABX' OF OJABIFFjJNB'OBMATION, 1921. H. B. 7456. SESFATE AMENDMENTS. .P^B. 57. Perfumery, incjuding cologne ahd other tbilet waters, articles of per-: fumery, whether In sachets or other-; , , wise, and al'Ii preparations used as ap- , plications to the -hair; mouth, teeth, .or ■ , skin, such las cosmetics, ;dfen'titrices,| tooth soaps, pastes,- theatrical grease; paints, pomades, powders, and other' toilet preparations, all the foregoing, if containing, alcohpU 40 centg /gpr ppunfl ,,^nd:60i. per centum ad, valojre);a; if not "containing alcohol,, 66 per centtlijn,ftd. valorem. ■;■. LJiij.w^; i- .■.< '.; \i ACT or 1900. ACT OF 1&13. , Pab. 67. Perfumery, induding co- Pak. 48. Periuin^ry, iiicluding co- logne and other toilet waters, articles logne and other toilet waters, articles of perfumery, whether in sachets or of perfumery, whether in sachets or t^j^ qtherwjse, and all preparations u^ed,, btherwise, and all preparations used as applieatioiisi to the hair, mouthj as applications;.tp. the ha^r, moutii, teeth, or skin, such as cosmetics, den- teeth, or skin, such as cosmetics, den- tifrices, ineludfng tooth soaps, pastes, tifrices, including tooth soaps, pastes, ..including theatrical grease, paintstaBjd^ inclf^diilg,J:heatr|eal. grease paints, and ff pastes, pomades, powders,* and other pastes, ,poma(iies, '^owdei*s, arid other toilet' articles, all . the f orelgoiiig ; ff' -'tbiltet'' preparations, '. all' the foregoing, dontainiflg alcohol, or iitt'tttfe manliiteE^Y If icoptaiiaSaig) lajcohol, ' '40' cents ' i per ture or preparation of which alcohol pound arHVj6fft> J?" centum; fid -yaloK^i; is used, sixty cents per pound and if not containing' alcohol, 60 per fifty per centum ad valorem ; if not centum ad valorem ; * * *. cbritaining alcohftl, or In the manufac- ture" or pfeparitlori ©"f which alcohol ' is not used, sixty- per centum ad va^ ^ lorem; * * * not specially provided ■jf or in this section,. twenty per centum ; ad valorem. ;• ,■ y ' ' PERFUMEET AliTD COSMETICS. (See Survey. A-14.) Description and uses. — ^Perfumes and cosmetics include liquid per- fumes, suieh as toilet waters and cdlognej; and driy perfumes, such as sachet and talcilm. They also include preparaticwas for the care, 6f the '' skin, such as emulsions, cremes, and nail powders ; for the care of the i'hairj such as oils, washes, tonic's, and pomades; for the care of ^he rnouth, such; as tooth pastes and powders; and cosmetics, such as face paints, powders, lip sticks^ eyebrow pencils, and theatrical greases and paints. This paragraph covers perfumery and cosmetics in finished form. These prddudts are. made by- mixing perfume materials (see par; 56) with, other substances.; The materials are mixed with alcohol in the case of liquid perfume, toilet waters, and hair. tonics; '' with talc in the case of talcum powders ;.w'ith greases and pigihents in the case of face paints; and rwith many other substances. The manufacture and the sale of these finished articles^ , are, ,^ a rule, by firms other than those dealing in the raw materials". ProdMcUon. — France is probably the leadingproducer of perfume material, finished perfumes, and cosmetics. This is partly due to natural advantages in growing flowers which produce the perfume SUMMAEY or TAPIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 179 odors and to the large use of these commodities by, the French people. The d,omestic ; prpductioBi of perfumery and cosmetics in 1914 was valued at $16,899,000. The State of New York produced nearly one- half of the total output. Illinois and Massachusetts each produced over $1,000,000 worth ; New Jersey Tanks with these two States. In 1919 (preliminary figures) the values of the output of perfumery and cosmetics was $59,592,000. . i Imports of perfumery, cosmetics, and all toilet preparations have shown a steady increase from $1,214,792 in 1910 to $3,^06,699 in 1917. Between 80 and 90 per cent of the imports have been from France. In 1913 the import of perfumery, cosmetics, and all toilet prepara- tions containing alcohol was 285,553 pounds, valued at $818,942, and yielded a revenue of $580,8031 The import of perfumery, cosmetiqs, and all toilet preparations not containing alcohol in 1913 was valued at $1,025,200, and yielded a revenue of $615,120. The imports in- creased to $1,688,256 in 1917, with a; revenue of $1,012,954. Imports of the above articles since 1917 have been as follows : , Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valo- rem rate. PBEyUMES,^ INCLUDING COLOGNE AND OTHER TOILET WATERS (ALCOHOLIC). 1918. .'. ■. . . Pounds.- ' 259,068 356,553 725,684 364,698 $960,615 1,925,225 T 2,108,996 1,391,810 $3.71 .5.40 2.91 - 3.82 $679,936 1,297,756 1,555,671 Per cent. 70.79 1919 . . 67.41 1920 . . .'■•'■■ ...... 73.76 1921 (9 months) ■; , . ■PERFUMES, I]S(,CLyDING COLOGNE AND OT^ER TOILET WATERS (NONALCOHOLIC). 1918 ,..t....-.., 1919 . . .....l.'.;:....'.' 1,082,763 980,618 $1,537,691, 1,893,' 874 1, 175(690 1,296,052 $1.94 1.09 1.32 $922,615 1,136,324 - 705,414 60.00 ' 60.00 1920 i'.4.i.a!:-<'.-;.j..... 1921 (9 months) ;... 60.00 60.00 ''■_-*. ; " PREPARATIONS USED AS APPLICATIONS TO HAIR, MOUTH, TEETH, ETC. (ALCOHOLIC). 1918 > .... 1919 19,878 29,931 12,082 $21,048 84,453 42,193 $1.06 2.82 3.49 $20,580 62,644 97.78 1920 74.18 1921(9 months) , . PREPARATIONS USED AS APPLICATIONS TO HAIR, MOUTH, TEETH, ETC. ^ (NONALCOHOLIC). 1918 1 1919 864,529 914,93d' 695,259 $369, 786 599,869 542,300 $0.43 ->.6B - .78 $221,.872 359,921 60.00 1920 . . . 60.00 ' Included with perfumes, cosmetics, etc. Exports of perfumery, cosmetics, and toilet preparations have steadily increased from $824,460 in 1910 to $3,965,465 in 1918. Eng- land and Canada have been, the chief consumers of our exports. Aus- tralia Cuba, and the Philippines have taken a considerable portion in recent years. Exports were valued at $7,324,422, $8,739,593, and $3 515,070 in 1919, 1920, and in the first nine months of 1921^ respectively. 180 StrlttMARY OF TAKIFF II^FOBMATIGN, 1921. H/ B. 7456. PARAGRAPH,58r I ■ SElfATE AMENDMESTTS. < PA'S. 58.; Floral ot flower waters con' taining no alcohol,, not .specially pro- vided for, 20 per centum aid valorem ; hay rum or bay water, whether dis- tilled or compounded, 40 cents per pound and 60per centijmad valorem. act' of 1^09. Pae. 67. * * "■ floral or. flower wa- ters containing no alCc>hoU not , spe^ > cisjlly provided for ix\ this .sectifmr., fweijty jper centum ad valorem. ' pAia. 305. Bay rurti or bay 'rt'ater, whether distilled ' or compounded, of ' first proof, and in proportion for any greater strength than first proof, one dollar and seventy-five cents per gallon. ACT p;^' 1913. Par. 48. * * * floral or flower wa- ter,'! containing., no alcohol, not spe^ ! cially, provided for ip. this section,, 20 per centum ad valorem. Pae. 242. Bay i-urh' or bay water, Whether distilled or compounded, of first proof, and in .proportion for any greater strength pSiU first proof, r$L75 per gallon. FLORAL OK FLOWER WATERS. (See Survey A-14.) Description and wses.— iFloral or flower waters are obtained as a by-product of the steam distillation process of recovering the essen- tial oils of various flowers. (See par. 54.) The flowers are distilled with steam. and the essential oil of the flower separates from the con- densed steam or water, but the water is left perfumed with the odbr of the flower. An illustration of this is the well-known rose water which is produced in Bulgaria as a by-product of the production of oil of rose. /m^or^s from 1910 ;to 1913 were valued at $31,413. In. 1914 the value was $50,297 and yielded a revenue of $10,059. Imports de- crteased to $22,216 in 19l5. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: Calendar year. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate, 191S :'. 533,735 14, 808 54,384 ■ 28,945 56,747 2,974 . 10,87^ Per cent,. 20 1919 . 20 1920 20 1921 (9 months)' '. Exports. — Statistics not available. Important changes in classifioation.-^Floral waters are: included with perfumery in paragraph 48 of the act of 1913. Their chief use is other than in perfumery (for flavoring medicines), and. therefore they were given a separate paragraph. '/■'■',. !, - , i^^7 RUM. ( See Survey A-14.) I)eScriptio7i.--—J^y.V}iTn;.ov bay:w0,ter ig a; fragrant liquid, u.sually made by mixing the oil of bay .leavjes with alcohol and w&ter; it inay be obtained by distilling the leaves with rum. .v' r/i SUiMMARYi ,OI'; (TARIFF HfJFOKMATIONi, 1-921-. 181 Itnports were 483 gaUoBifs, ^vaiued at' $S19^dn 1914 ; nearly all came from France and the Virgin Islands. Imports of raw materials in 1914 W6te 168,165 .pounds of bay leaves, valuedilt SSjSTO; and 1,631 pounds of bay oil, valued at $2,393, chiefly f rqm Frapce ,a;n^ JF^j^nph West Indies, respectively. ' ' ' ."n... Imports since 1917 have been as follows : .oil)' Calendar 'year. Quantity.' ■ Value. ' Unit value'. Dutyi,', EqiJiVa- lent ad valorem. 1918 Proof gallons. 12 18 : 9,32» $34 51 ■ ' • ■ ^8,675 12 $2.83 2.83 .93 12.00 $21 32 Per ceiit. 61.76 1919 61.76 1920 1921 (9 months) 1 ■: ■ . -. ' ' ' ■ ' ' "' ' ■ -"' 1 1 From tlie Virgin Islands, free ril duty. ' ,.-, • ' p ■Exports. — Stati^icg not' ayailalsle. Im/poftant changes in classification^- — Bay rum is transferred from paragraph 242, schedule H, act of 1913, to this schedule. ' H. R. 7456. PARAGRAPH 39. SEWATE AiMENDMENTS. ACT or 1913. Pab. 59.. Paris \green arid ' London purple, 15 ■^ei cerituril ad valorem.' - ' ACT OE 1909. , . i ! Pab. 57. "Paris green, ' and London Pab. 569. Paris gi''een and l^pndon purple, fifteen per centum ad valorem, purple [Free], ' - , I I'l/'jr-i, ■'' ■ ' I - I ■ . .'-iili' - ;; - : ' ■ , lii ■..: ■ > ^I'viux Production in 1914 was approximately 1,315,000 pounds. Phos- phorus is a product of the' electric furnace, the raw materials being calcium phosphate, sand, and carbon. During the war production in this country, as well as' fn Europe,'' niultiplied four or five times, h^\ since; the war-jtiflie deni^n,d lo.a,^. abated, output h,g.s declined, leav- ing idle a large productive capacity. : - , : i 1 imports 01 phosphorus in 1914 yyere 605 poypds; in,4?J.7, 4,010 pounds. Later stg-tistics, f ipllow :; , , . , , , ;, Calendar year; Quantity. ' Value. '' tTiiit'valtie, 1920-. L. 1921 (9 months). Pbundfii '' i 584,081 Si.m (291j?47 228,962 »222,25p 55; 077 46,090 $0.38 .31 .19 ; .20 Exports. — Statistics not available. . Irrspai4ation. charnge^ ,in \classifioation.---PhosphoTma from duty under the act of 1913 (par. '576). ! - " is! e^iempt? SUMMAEY of 3;iSLRIPF INFORMATION, 1921. 183 PARAGRAPH 61. H. B. 7456. Par. 61. Plasters, healing or curative, of all kkids, ana!tJourt?pl£6ster, ;l8*'per. centum ad valorem. ; ,. . . . . ' ACT OF 1909. Pae, 66. Plasters, healing, or cura- tive, of all kinds, and court-plaster, twenty ;five per centum ad valorem. SENATE AlUENDMENTS. ACT OF 19113. Pak. 5(), Piasters, healing or cura- tive, of all kinds, and court-plaster, 15 per centum ad valorem. PliASTEESj, HEALING OB OUEATIVE. p ( See Survey A-14. ) DescripUon and i<«es.-r-Hga.ling and curative plasters are intended for external application. They are usually pliable at the temperature of the body. The plastic material- may be "lead plaster" (a lead soap made by beating together equal parts of lead oxide, olive oil, and lard), a mixture containing crude rubber, or a mixture of. resin- ous substances with fats and waxes. The substa;n:ce;$: are spread upon linen, muslin, paper, or leather before using. The active principle used in the plaster depends upon the curative action desired, . , Adhesive plasters are usedrin surgery to keep dressings in pla!ce, to cover ulcers, and to strengthen weak'tiiuscleis. Court-plaster is made by applying to silk a coating of isinglass and tincture'of benzoih. Imports for f oiiryears prior to.the- war averaged a little less than $5,000 in value. The vajue of imports was $10,929 in 1914, and $8,094 in 1916. Later statistics follow : "^ Calendar year. .: .'j : . Value. Duty. , Ad valdfem rate. 1918 1919 biibi:L'.:ji. -, :':$7,353 io;ol8' 9,764 SI, 103 921 1,507 Per 'cent. ■ 15 15 1920 IS 15 -^b'L Exports.- -Statistici^fnot available. ■■n 1 , ! PARAGRAPH 62. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pab. 62. Paints, colors, and pigments commonly knovm as artists'! paints or '■ ) colors, whether in tubeSj' paris^ cakes, or other forms, 25 per centum ad valo- rem. .7 .'I ''. ..-''',-.■'•; c6i fallow: Calendar *ear.- ' ' ' Quantity. Value. tTnit value: Duty. Ad valorem rat&«, , , ; 1918 ;.:i^^... ; :.l: . $S5,207 ■a02,9S7 205,007 ' ■■ 143,571 $17,041 PercerO,, , i '20' 1919.... ....»,g.,.,.t 1929 i , 99,3^3 $1.03 1 , 20. 20 1921' (9 montis) .'...■-. I.. . -> t .fi'ajppr^s.— Statistics not, available. , Important changes in classiftcaiion. — The provision in paragraph 63, act of 1913, for artists' colors iias been given a sepai*ate paragraph. ■ PARAGRAPH 63. H. E. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pab. 63. Pigments, colors, stains, and paints, Including enamel paints, whether dry, mixed, or ground in or mixed, with water, oil, or solutions other than oil, not specially provided for, 25 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Pab. 51. * * * enamel paints made i with varnish, thirty-flve per centum ad valorem; * * •. Pae. 56. All paints, colors, gigmei|ts,y stains, lakes," * * * whether crude or dry or miSel, or ^ound'with Water or oil or with Solutions other than oil, not otherwise specially provided for in this section, thirty per centum ad valorem ; * * *. ACT OF 1913. i I Pab. , 63. Enamel paints, and all paints, colors, pigments, stains, * * * wheffier crude, dry, mixed, or ground wH^V water or oil or with solutions other than oil, not specially provided for in this section, 15f per centum ad valorem ; * * * all color lakes," whelier dry or in pulp; not Specially provided for In. this section, 20 per centum ad valBrem. ; PIGMENTS, COLORS, STAINS, AND PAINTS, N. 8. P. F. U "^lO (See Survey A-15.) .Gi Description and t*ses,— Pigments ar6 mineral or organic substances w]biQhj when finely ground and mixed with the proper vehicle, w^ill' form paint.1. It is essential that thenpignjent be insoluble in. wxi^n '■ : ili'a nil;. , ii,; , — I , ' , . I ! • ! —r, — rm — ittt^ — i-M^ fj — rrr^ — < , i' ' ^ Lakes not of coal-tar origin are unprovided for In H. R. 7456 except as colors n. H. p. f. SmvtMABY OP'TABITIF INFOEMlATION, ' 1921: l«>5u vfehkk and opaquteisijacethefse properties 'determme the body a.nd cdtei?ii%!pQwerc;o!f the paint. ' The manuiaeture of pigments is the most iinportahtbraitelMiot the^paint mdusttyj but considerable quan- titidsiarefused far other^induefcriarpu»f[(!)®fes^iBiK}h as fillers in rubber, p«^M, linoleum and oiMath.! Ofcfterfjp^msaats^ especially lampblack and the color lakes, are used in lithographic inks. • ' i The inorganic pigments iQay;be.'cl^^ifieHj according to their origin iii'to three gEOdps:. i(l) 'Natbrabiminffiral pigrnents, such> as ocher, umb^rf sienna, hematitci' siderite,^ fend ground.; shale or slate; (2) pigments made directly from ores, e- g., zinc oxide, leaded zinc oxide, and basic sulphates of lead; and (3) chemically, manufactured pig- ments, e. g., basic carbonate white lead, litharge, red lead, Venetian red, lithopone, vermilion, color lakes, land the chromium colors. The different pigments^ and related paint materials are discussed under their respective headings in the order and in the groups pro- vided, for in HrE: 7456,'paragraphs 63 to 74, inclusive; • Enamel paints, consisting of oil varnishes ground with, finely, di- vided pigments and thinned with turpentine, are decorative paints. Statistics for the production of enamel paints are not published, but the industry is large. Stains, being thinner than paint, are absorbed by the pores of the material to which applied instead of forming a coating on the surface. Those used for staining shingles usually con- tain a creosote or pine oil which has the effect of preserving the wood. The stains useid for interior decorating, such as floor stains, are of greater commercial importance. ' ' Production. — The products of the domestic paint industry in 1914 were valued at $113,408,700 and in 1919 (preliminary figures) at $266,714,300. ' , _ .■....:.:. . . Imports of "all other paints, colors," pigiriients, stains, smalts, and frostings" prior to 1914 averaged about $500,000 annually. They then decreased steadily to $43,623 in 1918: .(fiscal .yiear). The maxi- mum imports of " enamel paints " from 1910 to 1918 was in 1914 and amounted to about $17,000. Later statistics follow : Calencjar year. Quantity. Value. Unit yalue. Duty. Ad , yalpy^m ^ rate: "ALL OTBER PAINTS, 'COLOES, PDGMENTS, 'StAINS, SMAtTS, AND FROSTINGS." 1918 (.liv 1919 ,."■ ibunds per year. Since then imports declined rapidly to legs than 560,00® pounds in 1916 and 1917 and to about 180;000 pounds in 1918. Later statistics follow: 'CSlenilar year. (Juantity. ■ Value. Uiilt'-fralue. Duty. Ad valorMii rate. 1919 PownAs. 1,285 329,299 1,0?5,,452 $90 8,486 16,652 JO. 07 .03 .02 $18 1,697 Per cent. 20 1920.. .. "....-. .- 20 1921 (9 months) - . . 20 ' ' Expdr{s^^^Sia,iisiics riot available. Important changes in classification. — ^Precipitated barium sul- phatfe was ,used . ten dastzsribf blanc fixe, i^s sit i is more accuEait&i IHto artificial sulphate of barytes, theiterm^^Wd) iil'fjparagraph'j 51 -(jaCt of 1913). -rBaryte^ refersftb barium sutphatejiahdtthj^ifeforeithe'ftetm " sulphate of barytes " is redundant. (IKiBgl^ssifiodtiori Seportvpt Tfe) SUMiytARlf , OF . ,T4.RIF]r INFORM ATION, ;192l. ,189 ii.' R. 7456. siiifliTE ■ AMEirbiffitiNTS. , ' ' Par. 65. Blue pigments and all blues containing iron ferrocyanide or iron feiTicyanide, in pulp, dry, o^: ground , , iii.:,pr mixed with bil or Mter, iS ' .u,07),. cents per pound; ultramarine blue, dry, in pulp, or ground in or' mixed with 'oil or water, jvash ai^^d jail othev. {•lues containing ultramarine, 3 ceht^fi: per pound.-' ; ACT OP 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pae. 43. Blues, such as Berlin, Prugjl'M -FAit; 52. BlueS; sSldbfeasBeitlin, Prus- siijB,! CJhinese, andi^U ,p,fihers,'eontaiii- ' siei)5^>Chine.^e, ^nd all othpisSi^icpntkin- ing ferrocyanide of iron, in piilp, ^ry iiig ferrocyanide, jjf Kon,, m pulp, dry or ground in' or: mixed with oil or "Or ^bdrid in'rOt mixed with oil or wat6r, eight centspl8fij6und.- ' 'iT ^'i water', 20 jfafcentum W valdteiii'; -> Pak. -501 Ultraurarinie blue, >XVliiStheti ' ultramarine Islue, whether dry, in pulp, dTiV, in palp, or fliJj^d -with water, and 1 11 or igjx)U)id in orj , pilxed i with oil or wash blue containing ijlir^marin^, ,TyatejL\ and wash i^],ue iMfltajgoing u^ three cents jper pound. ■ .^ marine, 15 per centum ad valorem. rEEKOCYAI^IriE AND FEEijlOYAi^TDl! BJLUES? , ' '■' ' '• (feee'Surviey A-1.5.) ■ ' ■' ' .;-T! . /:?: T ,\-i::-'-:. v.. ^ J.i\ ,■■■ t- r Description and loses. — The terms Berlin blufe, Prussislii blue, and Chinese blue, used in the act of 1913, are commercial names given to blue pigments made frolrt 'iroii ferrocyanide or iron ferricyanide. Many other names are used commercially for very similar pigments. The name Berlin blue is jiractically obsolete. These articles are s^ld in pulp, dry or ground in or mixed^ith oiLor wiater.in vary- i]:fg percentages. Ferrocyanide blues .'are' used a,s pigments, Unpre- pared, paints and dry /colors; printiilg, lithographing, and writing inks ;jjatp£tiis, enamel paints, soluble laundry bliies; and mixed with btjher' pigments, lii' the iaa'iitifacture of other dry colore. '•' Production. — Ferrocyanide "blues in gesneral are inade by Tnixv^g ferrocyanide of potaslioi^ sJdEt' with a soluble' iron salt, su'dh aS copperas, and oxidizing the irisolUbleVhit^'prodiiidt" fotmed with a si^itable chemical under carefully controlled . ,coiiditions.r The iii- sojuble' blue material formed iii the process is then filtered, washe,d, aiifl dried. Ferrocyanide blues are made on a large sciale in the United States, and prior to 19^14 the domestic productiori', supplied pVer 'to per cent of, the tot'al needs, but abplit half of the sb'diiim or potafebiuiii ferrocyanide ^i^e'4 ^s a raw materia'l was' imported. ' Over 1,000,000 pounds of Prusaan blii^jvaluefj at $387,077, were' manufactured in the UhitexJ' States in igii';'and in Wl9 (preliminary figures) , 944,650 ppuij.d,s, yali^ed at $645,200. , Jt.is also manufactured in Germany, Fiahice, and Epgjfind, ;.'■;,' , , 190 SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFGEMATlON, 1921. Imports for the period 1910-1917 have averaged 263,549 pounds, valu^4 aj; $T6,840, yielding, a revenue of $19,623. Jjzi&v statistics follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. ■ ■ tlnit value. Duty. , Ad valorem rate^' 1918 Pounds,,,, 2,923 16,683 465,119 108,093 »3;ioo 5,862 204,845 40,908 (1.06 i36 .44 .38 $620 lvl72 40,969 Per cent. 1919 '20 1920 1 20 1921 (9 months).. 20 Exports. — Statistics not available,. . Important changes in classification^-'—The blue pigments contain- ing as their essential cplistituent iron ferrocyamde or iron ferri- cyanide are sold under various tradie names. Those in paragraph 5^ (act of 1913) are only a few of the names under which these blue pigments are sold. There was no special reason why those names should be continued. (Eeclassificatibn Report, p. 76.) _ , The phrase "and all blues" was added after "blue pigments'' in order to cover articles such as " bleachers.' , blue," containing iron ferrocyanide, which was held to be' dutiable as a nonenumerated manufactured article. (Z?e Rande v. United States, 1 Ct. Oust. Appls., 104 of 1910; Abstract 26014, T. D. 31744, of 1914; and Abstract 40916, of 1917.) -. . .• \. .,.. Vi'^ ^?'.' • ULTEAMAKINE BLUE. (See Survey A-lS-Ii Description an^^'^ses.:— Ultramarine is the commercial name given to the blue pigme:|>t obtained from the mineral J9,pis lazuli, aiiid' to the artificial product obtained by a chemical process; the artifiqiar proc- ess has almost entirely replaced , dependence upon tlieinore ex]^0nsive .;natu^£ll .cplor . Ultramarine' is . sold as dry , po.wder (which is. insolu- ble in water) , in pulp, or ground in or mixed with wat^r oi:' oil"- It is iised in large, quantifies in paints, inks, soap'^^,and paper, and" for ipany^other purposes, including the manufacture! ^bflauiidry blues. Produofioh. — ^Artificial ultramarine, is made by heating' a- mixture of clays, soda ash or Glauber salts, coal, and sulphur ihj specially constructed furnaces, followed by ,grindi^g, and lixiviating the prod- uct in water. Over 2,500,000 pound^ of , ultramarine, with a value of $222,769, Were manufactured in the United 'States in 19i4, and in 1919 (preliming-ry figures) ^,800,000 pounds, valued at $630,000. It is also manufactured in the principial countries, of Europe, chiefly in England and Germany. Imports of ultramariiie for 19ll-19l7 averaged 636,907 pounds, valued at $59,251, yielding a revenue of $14,362^ Imports before the war were obtained chiefly from England and Germany. Later statistics follow: SUiMMARY OF TAHI]?F INFORMATION, 1921. 191 ''' • '• Calerid&r year. Quantity. ' 1 ; (. ' Value. ' itniiMaWe. Duty. Ad valorem rate. ^ ^, ■ ULTRAMABWE. 1918.. ;. J: J.. j;.i....i;L.. .;..... ;........ 1919...^i„,,,,..,„...,j. 1 •■•■287i520 ;, ,310,166 735,971 605,687 'n'tz^,4^ 59,002 ■ 10.10 .13 .11 .10 $4,4^' 12, 617 Per cent. • 15 jj. 15 15 1921 (9 months) i .i;;!]l5 WASH BtTjEs containing: .ultkama-kin^e-. ' 1918 '....' ;. $11 $41- . r $1,776 1,977 4,472 u- • 15 1919 61, 28 165, 361 17,37? 13,178' 29,816 2,246- $0.21 .18 .13j IS 1920 , 1 IS 1921 (9 months) . 15 Exports.-;-Si&t}stics not available. PARAGRAPH 66. H. B. 74:56. Pae. 66. Bone black or bone char,, Wood char, and decoloj:izing.,and d'e- ' odorizing tiiars" fir' carbons, 20 per* centum ad .valorem. ■ , i >: / V,_!j', ,'"-A!c^'''ibF 1909., '"'"' Par. 10. *.(*!'> bone cbari suit-' able for use in decolorizing sugars, and blood char, twenty per centuna- ad- valorem. ' , .,,. Pab. 45. BlacJs, . made from bone, * * *^-by'-^lteteWr name kritfwn, in- cluding bone black * * * dry or ground in oil or water, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT br 1913. (..Pae. 447. * * *, blood char, bohe char, or bone black, not suitable for use as a pigment [Free] . Pae. §3. Black pigments, made from bone, *'- * * by whatever name known; * * .* clry, or ground in or mixed with oil hi Water'; 15 per centum ad valorem. 'Par. 423. Bones * * ■* burned, calcined, * « * [Free]. ' DECOLORIZING AND DEODOEIziNG' CHAES OE , CAEBONS. , (See Survey A-15) v'l ~; ■ ,'-De8cription mid iises.^^— Bone black or bone -char and blood char ;^re produced by heating dried blood and bones in closed retorts until .all volatile matter is driven off. Bone , chair cpntains about 10 |)er cent carboA and 90 per cent mineral matter. ,, Both of these sub- stances are (Sbm^imes called animal charcoal. Bone char to be used for decolorizing purposes differs from that used as a pigment only in that it should be m lumps or grains, while the pigment must be very finely ground. The principal use of these substances is as decolorizers in the refining of .sugar;,, and in the purification of vegetable oils and paraffin. Other uses are in the purification of y drmtoig ' water sand dn casehardening i steel. Decolorizing and de- ri92 , iSlJlVIMAEiT' 0E( ajARIFSF! aUBOBMASCION",; /-Mgl. "odorizing chars or carbons include other forms of carbons, largely .fl;f,!yegetftble wiginj which have .becorne of commercialiimportance. Th(6y were imported prior to the war arid are now being made in this coTintry. . Production. — Most of the'*ffli6i^al'chkrcoal used domestically is pro- duced here. Output of bone black (includes that used as a pigment) in l&14,/ffias 44,^09,000 ,,ppund%/valu:ed. at $1,532,000,. In, 1918 pK©- I; ductioiir {ifigurjes were;- ||)mbined ;%ith. other blaet pigments ; ifg^e '"■par. 68).^. . ''■■ ''iii'i;,- ^ Tin/Jn . '.".'.'".'.'. "\".\^. .'.'..VVrit'noia'!' .'il Imports have been mostly of bone Char. In 1913 imports were valued at $12,484^ in 19^14, at $T7',n5:« in:a9rl35patv$120,7l5. Imports since 1918 have been valued at $36,594, $137,561, $524,172, and ; $170,206 :in ^% caleijdar' year^ 1918, 1919-,192&,- and- th-e first- nine months of 1921,' respectively. , V'.' "//.'/.'.'.'. Imports of blood char since 1918 have been as follows.- '"'"'■""" ** Calendar year. Quantity. Value. ■ 'pnit value. 1919 i920 1921(^ontJ|is). ,.-,:.(:.. -a'?A-*:; Pounis. 10, 732 84,782 $441 1,182 555 $0.04 .01 ,.03 Exports. — Statistics not available/ „, ' j, ;",', ' .,,'), ,,,,.,,i Important changes in cZass^^ca^^on.-^^Th6,pllras6 'WnjJ decoloriz- ing and deodorizing chars or carbons," has beenn -added, and the phrase "n,ot sui^^b^e^lor use as a pigment," onjitted f romH. E. 7456. "Blood char, bone char, or bone black, riot suitable' ibr use as a pigment,.'?, are exempt fBomiduty (paiE. 44Ji act of 1013).: or ■; H. B,.. 7^56. PARAGRAPH 67. :, Pab. 67. Chroma ,,,yell6sn, chrome sreeh, an^, cHJier.;! color's" cohta,ming chromium' in ptilp, dry, or grouna'in -or mixed with oil or water, 25 per centum ad valorem. ' ■''-' ACT OF 1909. JPAft. 46.' Chrome yellow, daromfi green,! , ; andr all otberi chrpmium, coloijs^ in, the ,, mann-faq.tui;e, of svhich lead ap(J p^- ' chromate of pota.sh or .sod^. are used, in piilt), dry, ' pt' 'g*6und ' in 'oif^ mixed wiiai oil or., water; 'four and ' threes yigighttigcepts per pound. .n.i, ., ■ ACT OF 1913. \ Pae. 54..0hBome yellow, 'chrome '^'een, .land ^Hj other chromium cplops iii ithe jiiar^ufacture of which 1,-ead i and bi- chromate of potash ■6l' sodi are Used, in ptil^, dry, or grotond ih ''or iriixed withl oil or water, 20 pei 'ceBtunijad - valorei^g^., , , ,-, ;. ,.;,.- ,,,,;, .,, ■ cHiiOMitJM pigmkNtsJ •I ; !;■ .■ I 'iq M!' ; J "■ (^«liStir5^6Sr>U-i5;)«5e«is*-J@liJ?offleiye]iIow dssa ipignaeiitvobifeaaBlediby mixing solutions of sodium or potassium bichromate with a soluble lead salt (such as the acetate), filtering the insoluble lead chromate SUMMARY OF TARIFF HTFORMATION, 192.1. 193 formed, and washing and, drying to a powder. Shades from deep orange to light canary yellow may be obtained by varying the chemi- cal conditions. , y > Chrome green is a mixture of chrome yellow a,nd Prussian blue. Chrome red is sometimes known as vermilion red or American ver- milion. It is a basic lead chromate made by digesting chrome yellow with caustic soda. Zinc yellow is a pigment containing zinc and chromium. The chrome colors are used in the manufacture of paints and for other purposes where a color pigment is desired. Chrome green is also used in the manufacture of lithographic inks. These colors are sold dry, in pulp, or ground in or mixed with oil or water. Production. — In 1914 the United States produced 5,747,317 pounds of chrome yellow, valued at $641,534. Production of orange and green pigments (including chrome orange and green) in the same year was 8,024,409 pounds, valued at $677,329. The output of chrome yellow, orange, and green in 1919 (preliminary figures) was 9,431,870 pounds, valued at $2,081,400. Imforts prior to 1915 averaged about 155,000 pounds, valued at approximately $25,000. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit f alue. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918.' 1919 Povinds. 37 6,791 70,868 28,957 $10 2,733 38,910 16,573 10.27 .40 .55 .57 $2 547 7,782 Per cent. 20 20 1920 , 1921 (9 months) 20 20 Exports. — Statistics not available. Imfortant ohanges in Gl(issifioation.-r-The chrome colors dutiable under paragraph 54, act of, 1913, are limited to those in the manu- facture of which lead and bichromate of potash or soda are used. Although these are the principal chromium colors, there are other chromium pigments which do not require lead and bichromate of potash or soda in their manufacture. For example, oxide of chromium containing no lead or potassium bichromate has been de- clared dutiable as a color under paragraph 63 (act of 1913) rather than as chrome green under paragraph 54 (same act). (Abstract 37081, of 1914.) Zinc chromate or "zinc yellow" is another im- portant chromium color. There being no apparemt reason wHy all chromium colors should not receive the same tariff treatment, as the chromium content is the item of chief value, the phrase in the manufacture of which lead and bichromate of potash or soda are used," was omitted. (Eeclassification Eeport, p. 78.) 82304—22 13 19'4 SUMMABY W TARIFF llNFORMATION, 1921. PARAGRAPH 68. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. PaIi. '68. Gas black, lampblack, and all other black pigments, by Whatever name known, dry or:ground Inpr; mixed- witli oil or water, and not specially pro- vided for, 20 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OP 1913. Pae.,45, Black, made from ;* * * Pak, 53. Black pigments, m^de from ivory, or vegetable substance, by what- * * *' Ivory, or vegetable substance, ever name known, including * * * by; whatever name known; gas ' black lampblack, dry or ground in oil or and lampblack, dry or ground in ■ or water, it"wenty-five per centum ad va- mixed with oil or water, 15- per cehtum lorem. ad valorem. GAS BLACK, LAMPBLACK, AlSfD OTHER BLACK PIGMENTS. ( See Survey A-15. ) Description and' uses. — Carbon is the )::»ase of nearly all black pig- ments, which may be divided into five groups : (1) Soot blacks, which include lampblack, carbon black, gas black, acetylene black, benzol blapk, and other black pigmejits obtained by the incomplete combustion of many substances, such as natural gas, crude petroleum oil, dead oil (obtained from coal-tar distillation and from resinous woods, ta,r, and pitch). Carbon black, one of the most important of the class, is generally made by burning natural gas sb: that the flfeime impinges on a metal surface, where the carbon is de- posited and later removed by scraping. It is largely used as a filler in rubber, in the manufacture of printing ink, in stove polishes, and in paints. . ■■■i'J!" ■ >; ' .■^.,, r,„,,.iv . :-, (2) The animal blacks, whitih' form the second group, are prin- cipally obtained by calcining' bones. Certain high grades are made from ivory chips or from carefully selected bones. These are knqVn as if pry black and drop black' to distinguish them froin' the other forms' of bone black (par. 66). ' (3) The charcoal blacks are obtained by charting willow, maple, bass, and similar soft woods. A special grade, known as vine blaCk,' is obtained by charring grape vines; ' ■ S (4) The mineral blacks are' po-^dered shale pt Slate and appear in coiiimerce under ihe name of min^fal black, slate black, black chalk, etci' Powdered coal, graphite, mariganese ores, afid aspMliUtiai are occasionally used as black pigments. ' ' ' .•.!■!■;,! , (5) The fifth class are the black lakes, which cftnsist of coloring ma,tter predpitated.on'ari inert base' such as barytes and aluminum hydroxide. Logwood and nigro'sine and" other coal-tar dyes are largely used. , . Production of bone, carbon, and lampblack increased from $1,464,000 by 27 firms in 1914 to $6,194,000 by 36 firms in 1919 (pre- liminary figures). In 1914 the output was: Bone black, $1,532,000; carbon black, $918,091 : and lampblack, $503,856. The 1919 output of carbon black from natural gas was 52,056,940 pounds, valued at $3,816,000 and in 1920 was 51,321,892 pounds, valued at $4,032,286. Imports have been small as compared with the domestic produc- tion. The average value for the five years preceding the war was SUMMABY OF TARIFF. INFORMATION, 1921. 195 about $26,000. Since 1915 the imports have been quite small. Later Statistics follow : : . Ca'endar year. Quantity., Value., Pnit.value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 Pounds. 82,743, , 2,769 ' : '46,754' 16,426 $411 416 :. 7,013 Per cent. 16 1919 ,. , 67,617 609,047 205,054 •$6.04 .08 .08 16 1930 16 1921 (9 montllS) ..; 15 Exports of- carbon, bone, and lamp black have been much larger than imports, ' reaching a value ot -%i,lll,^&5 in 1918. Since 1918 (calendar year) the exports have increased to $2,288,884 in 1920 and during the first nine months of 1921 were valued at $906,608. Imfortan t changes in classification. — The provisiori " Black pig- ments, made from bone, ivory, or vegetable substance," in paragraph 53 (act of 1913), has been omitted and the wording "Gas black, lampblack, and all other black pigments " has been inserted in H. K. 7456. Bone black, also used as a pigment, has been mentioned spe- cifically in paragraph 66. "(I^eclassiniciation Keport; p. 77.) PARAGRAPH 69. H. ]B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pak. 69. Lead pigments: Litharge, orange mineral, red lead, and white ,; , lead, 2J cents per pound ; all pigments containing lead, dry or in pu^p, or ground in or mixed with oil or water, not , specially provided for, 30 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Pae, 58, Lead.: . * ;* ,^ *■ litharge, two aiid',Qne-h4lt clents ^ef pound. Pab. 48. Orange minetftl, three and' one-fourth cents per pound. ' Pak.. 49. Jled lead, two and flve- eighths cents per pound. Pae. ■ 53. White lead, and white pig- ment containing lead, dry or in pulp,' or ground -or mixed with oilj • two and one-half i<;;ents per pound,, .*■> Par. 52. Vermilibii reds, * . * " when not containing quicksilver but made of lead or containing lead, four and .seven-eighths cents per pound. ACT OF 1913. Pae. 66, Lead pigrnents: Lithai^ge, orange mineral, red lead; white lead, and all pigments- containing lead, dry ,0* in pulp, and ground or mixed with oil or water, not specially provided for jin this section, 25 per centum ad val- orem. ■ Pae. 59. Vermilion reds, * * * when not. containing quicksilver , but made of lead or contaiijing lead, 25- per centum ad valorem. LEAD PIGMENTS. (See Sui:v6y A-15.) LITHAEGE. Description and uses. — Litharge is the commercial name given to the yellow monoxide of lead which is formed when raelted lead is heated to about 900° C. and oxidized in a current o^ air. It is used 196 SUMMARY OF TARIFF IlfFORMATIOlT, 1921. in the manufacture of paints; as a drier I for! drying oils, such as lin- seed oil; in glass and pottery manufacture; in the preparation of numerous lead salts, such as lead acetate; and for various other purposes. ProducUon. — ^Litharge is made by ttielting lead in rotating drums or reverberatory furnaces and blowing air through it. The melted litharge is allowed to run over iron plates, when it is chilled with water ; this produces the " yellow " litharge of commerce. Slow cool- ing favors the formation of a red flaky variety. The flakes are sepa-, rated from the lumps by sifting and are sold as " flake." The solid material is ground wet, settled in water, and dried. It is marketed as " levigated " or " buff " litharge. Production in the United States has been steadily increasing — 37,73& short tons, valued at $5,853,543, in 1916; 46,739 pounds, valued at $6,431',801, in 1919; and 62,329 tons, valued at $12,386,185, in 1920. Imports. — The average annual import for 1910-1916 was 35,500 pounds, valued at $1,787, yielding a revenue of $782. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. ■ Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 Pounds. 100 «12 JO. 12 S3 Per cent. •25 1919 1920 21,002 100 2,647 7 .13 .07 662 25 1921 (9 months) 25 Exports. — Statistics not a^ mailable. BANGE MllSrl :kal. Description and uses. — Orange mineral is a tetraoxide of lead which has been prepared with special care and is therefore more ex- pensive than: red lead. It is used as a pigment and for other pur- poses, including the manufacture of rubber. Production. — Orange mineral, is made by heating white lead in the presence of air. It is usually made from the scum which collects on the surface of wash waters used in levigating white lead. The pro- duction figures of orange mineral in the United. States have been in- cluded with the figures for red lead since 1915. Prior to 1915 the production of orange mineral averaged about 600 short tons. Imports. — The average annual import for 1910-1917 was 317,206 pounds, valued at $20,098, yielding a revenue of $9,373. Later sta- tistics follow : Calendar year. 1 Quantity. ■T - Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1919 Pounds. 39,781 $5,082 5,352 7,386 SO. 13 .10 .10 »1,271 1,338 Per cent.. 25 1920 1921 (9 months) 52,094 72i232 25 Exports. — Statistics not available. SUMMARY OF TAMFF INFORMATION, 1921. 197 BED LEAD. DescripUon and uses. — Red lead, the name given to the tetraoxide of lead, is a heavy, orange-red pigment having good covering power. Red lead is used in the manufacture of flint glass and cut-glass tableware^ in the manufacture of preservative paints, and for various other purposes, including the manufacture of rubber goods and stor- age batteries, and as a lute in pipe fittings. * Pro(kictiQn.—Msd lead is made by heating litharge under carefully controlled conditions to about 375° C. Production has steadily in^ creased in the United States, amounting to 23,035 short tons of red lead and orange mineral, valued at $3,933,566, in 1916, and in 1918 and also iii 1919 to an excess of 30,000 tons, valued at more than $5,000,000. In 1920 the output was 34,431 tons, valued at $7,523,089. Imports. — The average annual import for 1910-1917 was 370,351 pounds, valued at $16,075, yielding a revenue of $9,743. Later statis- tics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. . Unit value. Duty. Ad Valo- rem rate. 1918 . . Pounds. 5 7,199 23,076 6,176 $1 1,136 1,789 339 SO. 20 .16 .08 .05 Per cent. 25 1919 $284 447 25 1920 25 1921 (9 months) 25 Exports in 1918 (fiscal year) were 4,792,330 poun $567,854. Later statistics for calendar years follow : is, valued at Quantity (pounds) Value 5,739,819 S662, 584 6,227,797 §735,177 3,083,0^0 $365,675 1921 (9 months). 949,290 $101,628 WHITE LEAD. Description and itses. — ^White lead is the commercial name given to the artificial white pigment consisting of a mixture of carbonate and hydroxide of lead, and is the most important of the paint pig- ments, being impervious to light and possessing the highest cover- ing power. It is sold dry or in pulp, ground or mixed with oil or water.. White lea;d used alone or mixed with other pigments is a constituent of almost all mixed paints, and is used for the produc- tion of other lead compounds a:nd salts. Prodtiction. — ^White lead is manufactured chiefly by a method known in the trade as the "Dutch process," which consists essen- tially in corroding cast lead "buckles" by means of acetic acid and converting the acetate of lead produced into a mixture of lead car- bonate and hydroxide of lead. This is accomplished by the action of carbon dioxide gas, obtained from fermentation of spent tan bark. Several other processes ' are employed which have distinct advan- tages, but the bulk of the white lead produced in this country is made by the Dutch process. 198 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INE0RMATION, 1921. The average annual domestic production for 1910-1916 was 142,- 986 short tons, valued at $18,260,727. The output in 1919 and 1920 was about 140,000 tons. It is manufactured iri' many countries, among them England, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Eussia, Italy, Belgium, and Holland. Prior to 1915 it was produced in France, but manufacture was ^discontinued on account of lead poisoning. Im^ports' prior to the war were about 700,000 pounds— less than 1 per cent of the domestic production — and yielded as revenue a:ver- aging about $4,000. They were negligible during the war, and have since been as follows :; , , - 'I Calendar year. Quantity, . -Value. Uuxt walue. Duty. Ad valo- rem rate. 19191...! ..., 1920...... .' Pounds. 21, 213 169,977 123,616 ,-.$2,M0 '' '.19; 449 12,545 JD,,12 .12 .10 , ,*623 4; 862 Percent. 25 25 1921 (9 months) 25 1 In 1918 imports were combined witli all other pigments containing lead. Exports since 19l3 have averaged about 7 or 10 per cent of the domestic production, and since 1918 (calendar years) have been as follows : 1918 1920 1921 ■ (9 months)- Qtiantity (porinda). Value 15, '^88, 916 $1,756,739 28! 933,48(5 $3j037i292 '29,801,£(57' *3, 195, 101, 8,647,947 -S86^,'84S SUBLIMED WHITE LEAD. Description and uses. — Sublimed white lead (basic lead sulphate) is an amorphous white pigment with excellent covering properties^ It is composed of about 75 per cent lead sulphate, 20 per cent lead oxide, and 5 per cent zinc oxide, B^sic lead sulphate is used in paints, and in the manufacture of oilcloth, stamed paper, and rubber goods. Production. — Sublin^^d. white lead, is Tuade directly fi;ojic\..thetpre (silyer-free galena,) by mixing finely ground ore with coal andjljeat- ing in a furnace. Blue fume or "^sublimed blue lead," which has.^ome use as a pigment, is a by-product. The production of sublimed w.hiji;^ lead in 1910 was 9,951 short tons, valued at $1,002,010. ^inpe, 1910 the .production figures of this comniodity haye been groupeci/witli the figures forj9ther lead pigments, chiefly leaded zinc oxides. Sublimed white lead is made in England ^4 Austral^qi, and ,ej[se,w,here abroad- linport statistics; for this commpdity ;ar^j not shown in ofiiciai,.pub- lica.tions. .'.,',,..,.,,!, •• ! ■ ,, . , -.ffaj^o/'^^.-^Statistics not available. OTHEK LEADrPIGMENTS. !•,.. .Jmports, ffiiill other pigments containing, lea,d since 19.^8 have been as follows: , : , ; ,, ,,. QUjyiMARY OF. TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 199 Calendar year. Quantity. VaJup. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 19181 : FouTids'. 508 115 • 1,757 , i 34,529 S202 46 ' 341 2,922 $0.40 .40 .19 .08 S51 12 85 Per cant. 25 1919 25 1920.. 25 1921 (9 months).. ^ 25 1 Includes white lead. PAI H. R. 7456. ^AGRAPH 7o'. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Pae. 55. Ocher and ochery earths, sienna and sienna earths, and umber and umber earths, 5 per centum ad ya- loreqi ; Spanish brown', Venetian fed, Indian red, iand colcothar or oxide of iron, not specially provided for in this section, 10 per, centum ad valorem. Pab. 70. Ochers, siennas, and um- bers,, crude or not ground, one-fourth , of 1 cent per pound; v?ashed or ground, three-eighths of 1 fceht pet- pound;' iron-oxide arid iron-hydroixide pigments not specially provided for,;20 per centum ad; valorem; ACT OF 1909. Pae. 47. Ocher and ochery earthSj sienna and sienna earths, and umber and umber earths, not specially pro- vided for in this section, when crude or not 'powdered, washed or pulver- ized, one-eighth of one cent per pound ; if powdered, wa,shed or pulverized,; three-*ighthSj of one cent per pound ; , if ground in oil Of water, one cent per pound. ' Par. 56. All * * * pigments * * * not otherwise specially sprovided for in this section, ! thii^ty. per centum ad va- lorem ;***.. ... OCHEK, SIENNA, AND UMBEK. " ' (See Survey A-15.) Description. — Ocher, sienna, and umber are natural pigments con- sisting essentially of clay colored by tKe hydrated oxides of iron and manganese. Ordinary ocher rarely contains more than 30 per cent of the hydrated oxide of iron. The composition of sienna and umber is similar to -that of ocher, although they invariably contain manganese and frequently more if on. Ocher is the cheapest of the common yellow pigments. Umber and sienna are of brown color, due to manganese content. : TVlien ocher is calcined the color is changed to an orange or red, but these varieties, known as burnt ochers, are less important pig- ments ttian the untreated and natural yellows. Umber and sienna are marketed both raw and burnt, biit the burnt pigments, which are darker in color, are the more important. Burnt sienna is reddish brown, while burnt umber is a rich, warm brown. Uses.-r-Coa,rsf!,.pch.ev is used as a filler for linoleum, the finer grade as a pigment in tinted paints or as a stain for the pulp of brown paper. Siennas and umbers are used principally as paint pigments. 200 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Ground sienna is used in lithographic printing and widely as a stain and filler for wood. Umber paints have good covering power, and umber is an essential ingredient, in many weather-proof paints. Production. — France provides the world's greatest output of ocher. Large quantities are also mined in England and the United States. The French colors, are considered more brilliant and finer than those from other countries and are generally recognized as standard gradfe. Prior to the war the United States annually consumed between 20,000 and 25,000 tons of ocher, of which about two-thirds was of domestic origin. Georgia, Pennsylvania, and Florida furnished most of the American product. ■.■■-■■ Neither sienna nor umber is produced in large amounts in the United States, the average domestic output before the war being less than 1,000 tons annually. In 1914, the last year for which complete data are available, the combined imports of umber and sienna were 7,581 short tons, valued at $109,238, as compared with a domestic out- put of only 790 short tons, valued at $21,070. Umber is producedin practically all countries, but the finest qualities are found in Cyprus, Sicily, Asia Minor, and the Netherlands. Turkish umber, chiefly' from the island of Cyprus, is the standard. Italian sienna, produced in Tuscany, has the same preeminence in its field as Turkish umber in the world market. The Harz Mountains are the only other important source of supply, although srnall amounts of sienna are produced in many parts of the world. Imports of ocher prior to the. war were 6,000 to 9,()00 tons annually. Approximately three- fourths came from France. Sienna and umber are imported in three forms: (1) Crude or unpiilverized, (2),pow- dered or washed, and (3) paste (ground in oiL or water).' Imports have been principally in crude form. Imports of umber of all classes in 1914, which is a fairly representative year, amounted to 2,303 short tons, valued at $35,570'; imports of sienna during the same period were 3,245 tons, with a value of $55,925. Impofts of these materials since 1917 are given in the following table : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. OCHEES, CRUDE. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Pounds. 8,321,892 9,137,187 29. '595, 091 7^088,974 1193,647 219,805 ' 375,672 118,055 $0.02 .02 .01 .02 S9,682 10,990 18,784 Percent. 5 5 '5 5 SIENNAS, CRUDE. 1918.. . , ,l,a«,214 1,734,807 5,414,477 2,157,947 $60,154 46, 134 !.M45i480 88,002 $0.04 .03 .03 .04 »3,008 ■2,307 7^274 5 1919 5 1920 . JB 1921 (9 months) '. , 5 UMBERS, .CRUDE. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months).! 487,623 2,316,377 7,643,235 2,617 169 Jl'3,859 :|?3j244 85:424 i '29,485 SO. 03 ,01 .01 .01 1,162 4,271 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 201 Exports. — Statistics not available. Important changes in classiftcdtion. — The term " earths" has been omitted in connection with ochers, siennas, and umbers (par. 55, act of 1913). IKON-OXIDE AND IKON-HTDROXIDE PIGMENTS. (See Survey A-15.) Description, and uses. — These, pigments, consisting chiefly of red and browii oxides of iron, are ls;nown by the general term metallic paint. They were described in the act of 19l3 as "Spanish brown, Venetian red, Indian red, and colcothar or oxide of iron." Commer- cially the brown colors are called metallic, browns to distinguish them from ocher§, umbers, and siennas. Spanish brown is the product im- ported from Spain. The nomenclature of the reds is much more involved, and describes shade and quality rather than origin or method of production. ' Venetian red has been loosely applied to a variety of red pigments, but is correctly applicable only to a combination of iron oxide, and calcium sulphate. All Venetian reds are of the familiar brick color, are paler than other iron reds, and not so brilliant, are permanent, work well with oil, can be mixed with other pigments, and are cheap. Indian red is doubtless the best known of the natural iron' oxide pigments, and in the trade bears various names, such as bole, raddle, oxide red, and rouge. Native Indian red contains about 90 per cent of iron oxide. Colcothar is the obsolete name for iron oxide formed by the cal- cination of copperas — -iron sulphate crystals produced from iron wastes and from pickling liquors in wire works and galvanizing mills. \ Oxide of iron is the commercial term used to describe the arti- ficial oxide obtained by calcination of copperas. The name is not used to describe natural pigments or those made direct from ore, although red hematite and calcined carbonate iron ore may have the same chemical composition. Crocus martis is a trade designation for the purple or deep-red pigment produced by calcining certain iron salts. It is rarely used as a pigment but chiefly for polishing powder. One of the most extensive uses of iron paints is for the protection of structural steel and iron, for which purpose it has proved more satisfactory than either graphite or red lead ; it is also much cheaper in first cost. Large quantities are used for painting freight cars, barns, and houses. In addition to being used as a pigment the best grade of iron oxide is an important abrasive. Iron oxide, of natural and artificial origin, is prepared in extremely fine form and used for polishing plate glass and lenses, gold, silver, and other metals. Production. — The chief source of natural iron paints in the United States is the Clinton hematite found in various places throughout the Appalachian region. There is also a small oiitput froiii the Lake Superior district. Accurate statistics of production are practically impossible to secure, because of the diversity of the products and the difficulty of classification. Data, reported by the United States 202 SUMMAJIY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, ;1921. Geological Survey for the years 1907 to 1914, show an average glo- mestic output of about 25,000 short tons, valued at approximately $180,000. . These figures do not inclvide material , of similar composi- tion used as mortar colors or all of the oxide paints from the mfitalr lurgical waste liquors. The marketed production of Venetian red in 1914 was 7,445 short tons, valued at $119,895.,;, ; - Imports. — The United States is the largest consumer of iron paints in the world. The consumption is increasing rapidly, and is supplied chiefly by domestic production. Spanish iron ores, however, notably the brown hematites, a,re important imports. Special qualities of reds, chiefly of artificial origin, are imported from Europe, espe- cially from England; and, before the war, were brought from Ger- many. The values of the imports of oxides of iron for consumption are the only data shown in Commerce and Navigation. From 1910 to 1918 the annual imports of Spanish 'brown, Indian red, and col- cothar or oxide of iron, n. s. p. f., averaged about $180,000, increasing from $82,514 in 1911 to $335,176 in 1918. Imports of Venetian red from 1910 to 1913 average annually about &,620,000 poUnds, valued at $23,410. They increased to 3,858,611 pounds in 1914, and then decreased steadily to 433,368 pounds in 1918. Later statistics follow : Calendar ydar. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. SPANISH BBOWN, INDIAN RED, AND CG LCOTfHAR OR OXIDE OF IRO ^. ._ ' 1918...;!'.; ^Pounds.. ^ ■ ' t3ii;425 307,413 483,201 ' 337 765 »3l,i43 Per cerU. 10 1919 , ,,J"-'- ■■ 9,971^744 15,200,834 ' 10,-666,007 SO. 03 .03 .03 • 1 10 1920. , .'. ■■' 10 1921 (9 months) ' U.' > ' 10 VENETIAN RED. 1918 1 , ,312,1996 178,700 • 303,'916 266,997 $3,653 3,509 4,802 5,360 to. 01 .02, .02! .02; »3fi5 351 480: 10 1919 , ,10 1920 ' • !• • ■ ;'io 1921 (9 months) ,10 Exports. — Statistics not available. Important changes in classifieation. — The terms " Spanish brown, Venetian red; Indian red, and colcothar or oxide of iron " (par. 55, act of 1913) have been t^plkced with " iron-oxide' and iron-hydroxide pigments."; ; H. R. 7456. PARAGRAPH 71, SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 71. Satin white and precipitated calcium sulphate, piii&;h^lf, of 1 cent per pound, i , , 1 i ACT OF 1909. ACT OP 1913. Pae. 44. * * * satin white, or' , Pab. 51. * * * s&tin white;' or artificial sulphate of lime,' one-half of ' artificial sulphate' of lime, 20 per one Cent per pound. ■ '' ; ; ; centum ad valoreaiw ' : ; ■ SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 2.03 SATIN WHITE AND PRECIPITATED CALCIUM SUUHATE. (See Survey A-15.) Description, •uses, and production. — Satin white is gelatinous alunainum hydroxide mixed with calcium sulphate. It is mad* by precipitating a concentrated solution of isililphate of aluminum with an excess of lime. Precipitated calcium sulphate^ is the pure product obtained by precipitation from a solution of calcium chloride by means of sodium sulphate. It is also obtained as a by-product of ■certain chemical processes. Calcium sulphate also exists in nature as gypsuan. (See par. 205, p. 266.) Satin white and artificial sul- phate of lime are used synonymously in the act of 1&13; in reality they are distinct commodities. Sa^tin white is used largely in the coating of paper. Precipitated calcium sulphate, as well as natural calcium sulphate (gypsum) , is used as an inert pigment aad filler in the manufacture of paints. Imports. — These two commodities are combined with " blanc-fixe or artificial .sulphate of barytes," in the statistics of imports. (See par. 64, p. 187.) . Exports. — Statistics not available. Imyportant ekaneres in classi-fication. — Satin whitfe and artificial calcium sulphate are distinct articles of commerce, satin white being a gelatinous aluminum hydroxide mixed with calcium sulphate and some free lime, and; produced by precipitating a solution of alu- minum sulphate with ah excess of lime, while precipitated (arti- ficial) calcium sulphate is obtained by precipitation from a solution of calcium chloride by means of sodium sulphate. Satin white and precipitated calcium sulphate have no relation (other than being pigments) to the other articles in paragraph 51 (act of 1913) ; therefore they were provided for in separate paragraphs. (Re- classification Eeport, p. 76.) PARAGRAPH 72. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. T2. Spirit varnishes containing less than 5 per centum of methyl alco- hol, $2.20 per gallon and 25 per cientum ad Vi'lore.m; .spirit varnishes contain- ing 5 per centum or more of methyl alcohol, and all other varnishes not specially provided for, 25 per centum ad valorem. ACT or 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 51. Varnishes, including so- Pak. 58. Varnishes, including so- called gold size or japan, twenty-five called gold size or japan, 10 per per centuta ad valorem ; *, ■* *, spirit centum ad valorem : ^j-pvided,; That varnish containing five per centum or spirit varnishes containing less than more of methyl alcohol, thirty-five 10 per centum of methyl alcohol of the cents per gallon, and thirty-flve per total alcohol contained therein, shall centum ad valorem ; spirit varnish be dutiable at $1.32 per gallon and 15 containing less than five ■per centum per centum ad valorem, of methyl alcohol, one dollar and thirty-two cents per gallon and thirty- flve per centum ad valorem. 204 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. VARNISHES. (See Survey A-15.) Deseription and uses. — Varnish is a homogeneous liquid which dries (when applied to a surface) by evaporation of the volatile sol- vent or by evaporation of th« solvent and oxidation of the oil and resins to a more or less impervious elastic film. Varnishes in the drying of which heat is applied in a closed compartment to expel the solvent and the residual layer is fused to a glasslike uniformity are termed japans. In the trade the term is loosely used. Gold size is a varnish used in preparing surfaces to which gold leaf is to be applied. Lacquers are highly transparent varnishes used to produce a thin film on metals to preserve their luster; some are finished by heating ; others by drying in the air. . The term is used somewhat interchangeably with /' japan." ' Varnishes may be divided into three classes: (1) Spirit varnishes, which are a solution of a. gum resin in a volatile solvent, such as grain or wood alcohol or a mixture of the two; for example, shellac. (2) Oil varnishes, which contain a gum resin, a drying oil (linseed,, China wood), a thinner, and a drier. (3) PyroxyEn varnishes, which consist of cellulose nitrate dissolved in a solvent, usually amyl acetate. Pyroxylin varnishes are often classed as spirit varnishes, but are quite different chemically. Production. — In 1914 there were engaged primarily in the manu- facture of varnishes 215 establishments, with a capital of $29,860,798, with 5,610 employees, and an output valued at $33,214,949, an in- crease of about $3,000,000 over 1909. The chief produ(iihg States are New York, Illinois, New Jersey, and Ohio. In 1919, according to preliminary figures, there were 229 establishments with an output valued at $83,632,400, two and one-half times the value of the 1914 output. Imports from 1910 to 1917, inclusive, have ranged from a minimum of $55,787 in 1913 to a maximum of $70,073 in 1916. In 1914 the im- ports were less than 0.2 pet cent of domestic production. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit va'.ue. Duty. Equiva- lent Bd valorem. SPIRIT VARNISHES, CONTAINING LESS THAN 10 PER CENT METHYL ALCOHOL. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months).. OaXlona. 867 48 341 11,046 272 630 1,484 $1.21 5.67 7.33 4.35 11,301 104 208 Per cent. 124. 41 38.29 33.02 SPIRIT VARNISHES, CONTAINING 10 PER CENT OR MORE OF METHYL ALCOHOL. 1918 1919 1920.... 1921 (9 months).. 91 $775 S8.52 $78 380 1,622 4.27 162 798 2,886 3.62 289 161 883 5.48 10.00 10.00 10.00 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 205 Calendar year. Quantity. V^lue. Unit value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. GOLD SIZE OE JAPAN. 1918 8105 9,099 3,131 2,890 $11 910 313 10.00 1919 2)426 1,006 572 S3. 76 3.11 S.05 10 00 1920 10.00 1921 (9 months) ALL OTHER VAEN*ISHEg, N. 3. P. p. 1918 284 $1,127 59,130 51,650 58,378 $3.97 3.16 3.36 3.77 8113 ,5,913 5,165 10.00 1919 .... 18,712 15,391 15,482 10.00 1920 10.00 1921 (9 months) Exports from 1910 to 1915 were practically constant at about $1,000,000, decreasing to $682,352 in 1915 and increasing to prewar figures in 1917 and 1918. In 1914 exports were 3 per cent of the domestic production. Exports since 191Y (calendar years) have been as follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). / 698, 152 $1,213,710 1,418,267 $2,713,7^ 1,623,754 $3,228,350 $2,671,668 Important changes in classification. — Spirit varnishes in the act of 1913 (par. 58) were dutiable at different rates, according to whether or not they contained less than 10 per cent of methyl alcohol. This division at the time of the passage of the act of 1913 was in accordance with the denaturing formula in use in the United States. The limit has been changed to 5 per cent in H. E. 7456 to corre- , spond to present denaturing formula of the Bureau of Internal Eevenue. "Varnishes, including so-called gold size or japan," in paragraph 58, act of 1913, has been omitted and instead the phrase, " other var- nishes not specifically .provided for," '-»" '"""^ ^^c^^i^^A ^r, tt T? t±kr (Eeclassification Eeport, p. 81.) has been inserted in H. E. 7456. PARAGRAPH 73. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pae. 73. Vermilion reds containing quicksilver, dry or ground in or mixed with oil or water, 33 cents per pound. ACT OP 1909. Pak. 52. Vermilion reds, containing quicksilver, dry or grpund, in oil or water, ten cents per pound ; * * *. ACT OF 1913. Pab. 59. Vermilion reds, containing quicksilver, dry or ground in oil or water, 15 per centum ad valorem ; 206 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921; VERMILION RED. ( See Survey A-15. ) Description and uses. — Vermilion red ordinarily refers to the red sulphide of mercury which is suitable for use as a pigment. It is so expensive on account of a large content of quicksilver (mercury) that substitutes are extensively used for the true vermilion. "Ameri- can vermilion " is basic-lead chromate and is more generally, known as chrome red. (See par. 67, p. 193.) Another so-called vermilion is eosine vermilion or " vermilionette," which is a color lake produced by precipitating eosine, a coal-tar dye, on inert white bases, such as barium sulphate, lead sulphate, or white lead. Produotion.-^Tiue vermilion ijjay be of natural or artificial origin. It exists in nature as the mineral cinnabar, but this source, is of minor importance. Practically all of the quicksilver vermilion is now manufactured from quicksilver and sulphur, both producedvin this country. , In H. R. 7456 quicksilver is assessed a duty of 35 cents per pound (par. 383) ; sulphur is free (par. 1663), The production of vermilion reds is one of the, minor braiiphes of the paint industry. The total output of true vermilion as reported by the census in 1914 was 322,759 pounds, valued at $200,1S4; and in 1919 (preliminary figures), 327,500 pounds, vauled at $237,80p. Vermilion is manufactured in various European countries, Ger- many and England being the most important. These, countries de- pend on Spain, Austria, and Italy for their supply of quicksilver. Imports in 1913 of vermilion red containing quicksilver were 84,294 pounds, valued at $44,420, and yielded a revenue of $8,429. The imports in 1914 were about 72,000 pounds, and in, 1915 increased to 94,164 pounds, valuedv^t; $08,464, yielding; a revenue of;, $8,769. Imports then .decreased , to 7,181 pounds in 1918. Later statistics follow: ,,- '' Calendar year. QiiarifSty. Value. Unlt value. Duty. Ad valo- rem rate. 1918 J , ,., Pounds. '2,368 ,13,764, '48j«63' . , 4,289 1 ; S3, 134 21, 122 '" 57,223 ! 3,785- •$1.32 1.63 1.22 .88 S470 3,168 8,683 Per cent. ■ 15 1919 Id- 1920 1 . . . ;. J. . .' ,. ■ '-'. 15- 1921 (9 months) ,.... ,'v 1^ Ci-r The imports of vermilion red not containing quicksilver, but made of lead or containing lead, have been sporadic and practically negli- gible. ; -"'r! • ,,}.•,<:- Exports. — Statistics jiot available. ,-^ . ^ , ,, , , Important changes in classification. — The language in paragraph 69, act of 1913, " when not containing quicksilver but made of ;ilead or containing lead," is in conflict with the language in paragraph 54; "all other chromium colors in the manufactui-e of whibh lead and bichromate of potash, or soda are used." The only- pigment which could possibly be classified under this provision in paragraph 59 is: "American vermilion." This pigment is a basic-lead chromate, dis- tinctly a chrdmium eplpr, .and within the language of paragraph 9,4;, " Vermilionette "is a coal-tar lake which comes within the act of September 8, 1916. The clause for vermilion reds not containinr quicksilver was therefore omitted. (Eeclassification Report, p. 82.) SUMMARY OF TAMPF INFORMATION, 1921. 207 PARAGRAPH 74. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 74. Zinc oxide and leaded zinc oxides containing not more than 25 per centum of lead, in any form of dry powder, 1 J cents per pound ; ground in or mixed with oil or water, 2 cents per pound ; lithopone, and other combina- tions or mixtures of zinc sulphide and barium sulphate, 14 cents per pound. ACT OF 1909. ACT OE 1913. Pak. 55. Zinc, oxide of, and white Pas. , 61. Zinc, oxide of, and pig- p gment contain.ug zinc, but not con- ments containing zinc but not contain- tiiining lead, dry, one cent per pound ; ing more than 5 per centum of lead, ground in oil, one and three-fourths ' ground diy, 10 per centum ad valorem ; cents per pound; sulfid of zinc white, when ground in or mixed with oil or or white sulphide of zinc, one and one- water, lithopone and white sulphide of fourth cents per pound ; * * * zinc, 15 per centum ad valorem. ZINC OXIDE AND LEADED ZINC OXIDE. (See Survey A-15.) Descri-ption and uses. — Zinc oxide is a white, insoluble compound of zinc and oxygen. It is the most important pigment containing zinc as the principal ingredient, and is sold in various grades, deter- mined by the quality and method of manufacture^ all grades con- taining not less than 99 per cent of oxide of zinc. When mixed with other pigments it is used in the manufacture of paint. It is also used as an ingredient in vulcanized rubber goods, in the manufac- ture of oilcloth, linoleum, and printing 'ihts. An especially high-' grade zinc oxide is used in medicine and in many pharmaceutical preparations. . Leaded zinc oxide consists of zinc oxide and basic lead sulphate. This pigment is made by roasting an ore containing zinc and lead and converting, the lead to basic sulphate by the action of the com- bustion gases in the furnace. The leaded zinc, oxides contain from S to 25 per cent of lead. Production. — Zinc oxide is made by two processes — the American and the .French. The American process consists essentially of blow- ing ait tl^rough a heated mixture of oxidized or roasted zinc ore mixed with coal and collecting the fume. This process requires an extremely high-grade pureore in order to obtain a product that will compete with that made by the French process, which method is also used in the United States. The French method consists in oxidizing the vapor given off by a boiling bath of spelter and collecting the fume. This gives a high-grade product and is the process chiefly iiseii in Europe.. The output of American-process oxide is in excess of the domestic consumption and leaves a small margin for export. Zinc oxide is produced in Germany, Belgium, Holland, and France. The output of zing oxide and leaded zinc oxide in the United States since 1912 has been aS follows : 208 SXJMMAEY OF TABIPF INFOBMATION, 1921. Zinc oxide. leaded zinc oxide. Year. Quantity (short tons). Value. Quantity (sliort tons).. Value. ^ 1912 84,002 75,700 82,809 109,261 100,339 107,586 100,286 117,639 99,444 $7,482,409 7,161,528 7, 850, 350 ll,-984,470 ■ 18,816,378 21,589,976 20,560,247 20,591,877 17,859,736 11,410 9,421 ll,3l7 1'8,758 23,003 23,' 450 26,714 27y591 30,460 $953,800 745,698 977,431 1,724,145 3,053,060 3,728,976 4,480,565 4,009,024 1913 1914 1915 1916 ... 1917 .*. 1918 1919.^ 1920 ... 4,467,532 iTuports of dry zinc oxide for the period 1910-1917 have averaged 4,236,109 pounds, valued at $282,883, yielding a revenue of $39,911.i Zinc oxide is imported chiefly from Belgium ; the decrease of about 4,000,000 pounds in 1915 over the previous year was caused by inter- ruptions to shipping; Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 191S ... Pounds. 323,127 209,653 2,861,136 955,060 $62,703 44 338 289; 890 59,084 $0.19 .21 .10 .06 $6,270 4,434 28,989 Per cent. 10 1919 10 1920 1 10 192 1 (9 months) 10 Imports of zinc oxide ground in oil prior to 1914 ranged between 300,000 and 600,000 pounds annually. They were negligible during the war, and since have been as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 Ptmnds. 7,074 6,727 27,899 68,713 $1,043 ,1,351; 3,596 8,460 $0.15 .20 .13 .12 $156 203 539 Per cent. 15 1919. , 15 1920 15 1921 (9 months) . . 16 Exports. — The average annual exports of zinc oxide and leaded zinc oxide for 1910-1917 were about 31,000,000 pounds. Later sta- tistics for calendar years follow : 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months.) 24,541,747 $2,779,507 29,405,334 $3,050,276 22,327,830 $2,151,544 3, 59l! 142 Value ■ . . $317,072 Exports have been chiefly to Canada, England, andTtaly. Important changes in classification. — Paragraph 61, act of 1913, limited other pigments containing zinc to those containing not more SUMMARY OF TAKIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. 209 than 5 per cent of lead. Leaded jsinc oxides, an important group of zmc-oxide pigments, which contain between 3, and 25 per cent of lead, were, therefare dutiable under paragraph 56, act of 1913, as pigments containing lead. These leaded zinc oxides are in chief value of zinc oxide; and since there is no apparent reason why all zinc- oxide pigments should not receive the same tariff itreatment, the limiting lead content was inqreased to 25 per cent. (Reclassification Report, p. 83.) LITHOPONE. ( See Survey A-^. ) Description and uses: — Lithopoiie ' is a coarse-grained, brilliant, white pigment which has excellent covering powers. The quality depends largely upon the method of manufacture. It is used as a pigment chiefly in the manufacture of paints known in the trade as "flat paints"; also as a filler in the manufacture of such articles as linoleum, table oilcloth, window shades, and vulcg,nized rubber goods. Production, — Lithopone is manufactured by mixing solutions of zinc sulphate and barium sulphide. The resultant insoluble mixture of zinc sulphide and barium sulphate is filtered, washed, dried, roasted, quenched, and powdered. Production in the United States has increased steadilv from 25,330,000 pounds^ valued at $916,5l2,,in 1910, to 178,746,000 pounds, valued at $12,484,'925, inl920i The out- put in the first six months of 1921 was about 45,000,000 pounds. Do- mestic production since 1912 has supplied 90 per cent or more of the consumption. ,, i ,■ ;,. The Tariff Commission investigated the' cost of production in the lithopone industry for 1919 and for the first six months iti 1921.^- The total eogt ui,.,1921 was 6.26 cents per pound, a slight increase over the average cost in 1919. Investigation showed that' during the first half of 1921 only about one-third of the entirp capacity o? the domestic industry -was in actual 'operation. This inactivity, however, niust be attributed to reasons other than active competition from- foreign sources, as imports werp^, slightly less than 2 per fcent of the domestic output. . i, . ^i/,.! Imports' oi lithopbnfe'for 1911-il916 have averaged 6,000,000 pournis, yalued at $217,000, yielding 'a revenne of $57,700. During 1917 and 1918 imports were negligible, and since halve been as follows: ■ Calendar year. Quantity. ' ' '■- Value.' ' ■ tJliit value. Duty. valorem rate'. • 1919^ y.'j.: ;.].-':. ' Pounds. • 1,477,296 .- 3,427,321 4,561,750 ' ' ' ~J $122,7018 263, 240 ' 206,072 $0.08 ,. ' .08 .04 $18,406 .39,486 Per cent. ; i'ls 1920 i. :.j:. -..■-.... .::...u 1921 CQ monthsl ■ ... ., ,. 15 1 o No imports of lithopone.tu li£|18 (ca;len(}af year). „ ' " See reports 61 the TaritE Commission : " Baiytes, Barium Chemical and r.lthoponi> Indaiatlies;, Including Costs ofi Production 1919," Tariff Information Series No. 18, and ",I'r.0! • Pak. 5. * * * all chemical * * * cornpounds, * * * an^salts, * *,* not specially provided for in this sec- tion, 15 per centum ad valorem. ' Par. 680. Potash ; * * * carbonate of; '*.. * * hydrate of, when not ' conta.ining more than 15 per centum of caustic soda ; nitrate of, oi* saltpeter, crude; * * * [Free]. STJMMAKY OF TARIFF INFOEMATION, l^. 211 POTASSIUM C;OMPOUNDS.. POTASSIUM CHKOMATB AND BICHROMATE. (See Survey A-18.) Description cmd 'uses. — ^These two salts of chrQmic acid have similar uses, and are readily converted into each other. Both prystalljze well, but the dichromate, being much less soluble in cold water, crystallizes better and is the one usually prepared. Both crystallize more readily than the corresponding sodium salt and are therefore more readily purified. Potassium dichromate is used to a much greater extent than the potassium chromate, owing to its greater richness in chromic acid and the fact that it is more easily crystallized and purified. It is a strong oxidizing agent. The chief uses of these salts are in the chrome tanning of leather, textile dyeing and printing, manu- facture of chrome pigments and colors, pickling of brass, and the electro-engraving of copper plates. They are also used in bleaching oils and fats, for other oxidation purposes, and as a chemical reagent. Wherever jpossible the cheaper sodium salt is now substituted for the potassium salt. Manufacture. — ^Potassium chromate and dichromate are prepared from chrome iron ore or chromite, the larger portion of which is imported. The ore is pulverized and mixed with lime and potassium carbonate. This mixture is then heated to a bright red in a strong current of air. The fused mass is then lixiviated with water, form- ing a solution : of calcium and potassium chromates. Additional potash, usuallypotassium sulphate, is added to the solution to convert the calcium cltiromate into potassium chrotoate. The clear solution of potassium chromate is then drawn off and treated with sulphuric acid, thus producing potassium dichromate, which is crystallized from the solution. ^ Domestic prodiootion. — Figures were not available prior to 1918, when the output of potassium chromate and dichromate was 681,346 jDOunds and sales were 1,@03,698 pounds, valued at $40T,T93. hnports since 1910 have been not more than 40,000 pounds in any year and were negligible during 1915-1918. Imports since 1917 have been as follows : , ; Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value, 1 ■ Duty. Equiva- lent ad- valorem. 1918 Pounds. 20 15,460 4,414 1.120 $8 4,271 2,690 271 SO. 40 .28 .61 .24 Per cent, 2.60 1919 tl55 44 3.62 1920 . 1.64 Exports. — Statistics not available. 212 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. POTASSIUM CHLORATE AND PERCHLOBATE. (See survey A-16.) Description and itses. — Pbtassium chlorate or chlorate of potash is a white crystalline substance not readily soluble in water. It is a strong oxidizing agent and when mixed %ith sulphur and charcoal forms an explosive powder. It is used in the manuf aicture of matches, fireworks, percussion caps, and explosive powders, in dyeing, and in medicine. Potassium perchlorate contains one more atom of oxygen than the chlorate, and therefore possesses greater oxidizing capacity per unit of quantity and is more stable than the chlorate. Its useg are similar to the chlorate. -i Production. — Potassium chlorate is made by subjecting ai solution of potassium chloride to the action of a direct current of electricity in an electrolytic cell. The perchlorate is made by electrolytic oxi- dation of the chlorate or by treating sodiUm perchlorate with potas- sium chloride. In 1914 the combined . production of sodium and potassium chlorates was 8,304 short tons, valued at $1,131,316. The output of potassium chlorate in 1918 by three firms was 9,753,424 pounds, valued at $2,837,892. Production of potassium- perchlorate wasreported in 1918 by oiie firm only. ■ ■ ■' '^ - . . ■ Intports of potassium chlorate' have been rather sporadic, the largest before 1920 being over 1,200,000 pounds in 1913.' 'During the war the import declined to a minimum of 27,000 poimds in.; 1915, increasing to about l,000,00t) pounds in 1918' (fiscal year). Japam has been active recently in the production of potassium chlorate and it is likely that these imports originated in that country. Imports since 1917 have been as follows:. Calendar year. ■1 !■):■' Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. 1918 i Pounds. • 700,805 199,077 1,484,948 2,523,206 J248,160 31, 996 162,417' 137,444 J0;'35 , . 18 " .11 .05 $3,549 995 7,425 Per cent. 1.43 1919 . . 2.84 1920.. 4.57 1921 (9 months) .:.'... ..... .. Exports of potassium chlorate are first shown in Commerce and Navigation in 1918, when 1,564,662 pounds, valued at $681,128, were exported, chiefly to Australia and British Africa'.' Since then ex- ports, chiefly to England, Japan, and Canada, have been as follows, (calendar years) : r 1 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) . l,391j663 $539; 491 ^524^ 193 2,819,459, ■ • $445,243 241,354 Value.. 833,781 Important changes in classification.- mentioned specifically for the first time. -Potassium perchlorate is SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. POTASSIUM FEKKICYANIDE (KED PBUSSIATE OF POTASH). 213 (See Survey A-18.) Description and itses. — Potassium ferricyanide is also known com- mercially as red prussiate of potash. It crystallizes from water in large red anhydrous crystals. It is poisonous, readily soluble in >7a,ter, and is used in calico printing, in the manufacture of blue- print paper, and the production of blue pigments. : Production. — Bed prussiate of potash, is manufactured by treating a solution of yellow prussiate of potash with chlorine. Production by two firms in 1918 was reported to the Geological Survey. Imports in 1914 were 89,976 pounds, chiefly from Germany and Austria-Hungary. In 1915 the import was slightly less, but in 1916 declined to 2,040 pounds. Imports since 1917 have been as follows : Calendar yoar. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) Pounds. 15,516 34,007 101,361 25, 178 829,201 18,096 64, 686 4,878 $1.88 .53 .64 .19 $310 680 2,027 Per cent: 1.06 3. .6 3.14 Exports. — Statistics not available. POTASSIUM FERKOOY.«i-NIDE (YBLJiOW PRUSSIATE OF POTASH). (See Survey A-18.) Des.viption and uses. — Potassium ferrocyanide, known as .yellow prussiate of potash, crystallizes from water in large yellow, crystals containing water of crystallization. When heated or exposed to dry air, the crystals become a white powder. It is used in the prepara- tion of Prussian blue, in calico printing, for dyeing silk, for case- hardening of iron, and for making potassium cyanide and ferri- cyanide. Small amounts are used in the manufacture of some explo- sives and as a reagent in analytical chemistry. Within the last few years sodium ferrocyanide has replaced potassium for most, purposes because it is much cheaper. Production. — Formerly the method. of manufacture was to fuse nitrogenous animal matter (hides, hoofs, hair, bipod, or other ani- mal waste) with potassium carbonate and iron borings. At present potassium ferrocyanide is produced almost entirely as a by-product of the manufacture and purification of coal gas. The exhausted purifying agent is first treated with water to dissolve out ammonia and soluble salts, then dried, the sulphur extracted with carbon bisulphide, and the residue mixed with lime. This is then heated witli steam and forms calcium ferrocyanide, and on treatment with potassium chloride a double calcium potassium ferrocyanide is pro- duced. When the latter is treated with potassium carbonate, cal- cium carbonate separates and potassium ferrocyanide remains in 214 SPMMAltY OF I'ARltP iNI^'ORMATiON', 1921. solution and may be riec6Vered by evapor'ation. Late figures for pro- duction are not available. In 1914 the United States produced 3,204,684 pounds, which probably repreis6'nted a little less than half of the total consumption. Prpduction in 1918 by three firms was 45Y,267 pounds and I sales were 306,535 poiincls_, valued at $204,190. This, decrease from lSl4 Vsis d'ue to ' substitution oif sodi^iii ferro- cyanide"(seepar. 78, p. ^3^2). ' ' •:: .; , ■> Imports for' 1914 amounted to 3,508,229 pounds, ihore than 50 per cent of which came from Germany a,nd about'27'per cent from Engi land. , In, 1915 the imports were 2',316,736 pounds, but dropped the next year tq 44,156 pounds. Later statistics follow : ■ Calendar i^ear. Quantity. "'Value. Unit value.- Duty.; ' ■ Equiva- lent ad valorem. 1918 Pounds. 129,441 515,236 762,857 306,621 $112, 729 122,372 105,962 68,644 $0.87 ..24 .14 .22 $1,618 ,, 6,440 9,536 Per cent. 1.44 1919 ■ 5.26 1920;ij 9.00 1921 (9 months) . Exports. — Statistics not available. POTASSIUM IODIDE. (See Suryey A-9.) Description and uses. — Potassium iodide is a white crystalline salt, easily soluble in water, used in medicine and photography and as a reagent in analytical chemistry. By far the greatest consumption is in medicine. ' '■ Production. — It is produced from iodine and potassium carbonate, both raw materials being obtdined almost entirely by-importations from Chile' and Germany j respectively. During the war, potassium iodide has been largely replaced by ■ sodium dodide, owing to the scarcity of potash. -More than half of ' the iodine consumed in the United States is used for making potassium and' sodium iodide, i In 1918 the output of potassium iodide by eight firms was 521,678 pounds, and salfejs were 481,301 'pounds, valued at $1,587,656. , Imports have averaged less than 100 pounds; lannmally until 1917. For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, ' the . imports: were> 24,357 pounds and for the same period in 1918, 65,992 pounds. The source of these imports is not indicated' in Gomihercie: and Navigation, but as the Japanese annual rfeturns of foreign trade report 38,600 pounds of potassium iodide exported to the United 'States in 19l7j it' is prob- able that 'thfese imports were' almost whplly from Japah. r Ihaports since 1917 have beeh aS' follows: "i;i| : '^^.-in--. -'■■ ^ Oalendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit Taljie. ; Duty. EquIviU lentid: valorem. rs'is.;.. •.--'..■.: 1919.;. -J...... 1920 , 1921 (9 months). '-, Utf.! ■•■ Pov^a, ■ 64,392 ,18,218 ■ 5,184 '«i42;3eki ■ 680 Si!!2U 2.98 ' 2. '87 2.57 $9,659 2,733 778 Pet leht. '.■ ,>e.|79 5.04 6.23 SUMMARY ,QF; TAKIFF ^INFORMATION, 1921. 215 ,,, ^'cc^or^Si—rStatisticg not, available. , ,(] ;Mi ,,, > d Important chcmges in dassificat'lon. — JPtotassium iodide is provided for with iodofftrni in, paragraph 38 of the actrof 1913; it has.lpeen transferred to this paragraph, which covers other potassium salts. ,;. POTASSIUM BROMIDE. (See also Bromine and Bromine Compounds, p. 1-8.) POTASSIUM BICABBONATE. \': _ J :; (See Survey A-16.) . - .'- Description and uses. — Potassium bicarlwnate is a white crystal- line substance which evolves carbon dioxide on treatment with an acid. It is used for making potassium carbonate of high purity, as an antacid, and in the preparation of effervescing salts. Production. — Potassium bicarbonate is prepared by saturating a solution of potassium carbonate with carbon dioxide and crystal- lizing the resulting bicarbonate. Production by one firm in 1918 is included with potassium carbonate, infra. Imports pi-ior to 1914 had increased to about 300,000 pounds per year, valued at. about $15,000, yielding a revenue of about $4,OOQ. In 1914 the impoi-t increased to about 480,000 pounds, and in 1916 de- creased to 2,062 pounds. Later import statistics follow : Calendar year. i Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. 1918 PouTids. 72,188 47,354 387,331 299, 891 134,279, ■ 8,921' 93, 565 29,214 $0.47 .19 ;.24, .10 ,. $361 '237 1,937, Perxent. I.p5 1919 2.B5 1920 . .J • 1 ; , 2.07 Exports. — Statistics not available: POTASSIUM CABBONATE. (See Survey A.-l,6.) , Description ar^d uses. — Potassium carbonate was forriierly obtained from woo^ asiesj but little now comes from this source except that derived from^the iminense forests in Eussia, Mubh is manufactured fi-6m 'ihe 'Stassfilrt Salts and some' f torn the distilleiy waste of mo- lasses in beet-sugar manufacture. It is used in soft soaps, Bohemian and fliht glass, and iil dyeing an'd wool trashing. Production. — A small quantity of crude carbonate of potash was produced here during the war chiefly from wood ashes — 1,035 tons of crude material in 1917 and 438 tons in 1920. In 1918 the output of refined potassium carbonate and bicarbonate was 229,287 pounds, of which- 201,574 pounds, valued at $104,432, was sold. Imports of carbonate of potash formerly averaged about 20,000,000 pounds, chiefly from. iGermany, falling to a minimum , of -about 216 SUMMAEY'OF TAKIFF INFORMATIOSF, 1&21. 2,000,000 pounds in 1916. In 1918 the imports were over 90 per cent from Russia. Imports since 1917 are shown in the following tables : ' ; - >.- ■ ij -;" ; J ! r- Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. POTASSIUM CARBONATE, CRUDE. 1918 Pounds. 8, 593, 268 515, 373 16,903,554 2,985,661 $2,273,202 104,744 510,700 158,783 to. 26 1919 .20 1920 . .03 1921 (9 months) .05 POTASSIUM CARBONATE, REFINED. ' 1918. . 207,055 45,640 Ij7fi4;n7 , 139,497 ( $85,974 9; 665 290, 354 14,952 $0.32 1919 .21 1920 .16 1921 (9 months) .11 Exports. — Statistics not available. , IwipoHant changes in classification. — Carbonate of potash is ex- empt from duty under paragi'aph 580 of the act of 1913. PbtASSItJM HYDROXIDE (CAUSTIC POTASH). (See Survey A-16.) Description and i<5e.s.— Potassium hydroxide, also known as caustic potash, readily absorbs water and carbon dioxide from the air and is very easily soluble in water, giving a strongly caustic solution. The usual method of nianufacture is by the electrolysis of a solution of potassium chloride, chlorine being a by-product. It is used in soft soaps, in the preparation of oxalic acid, in some dyes, in ptfeparing caustic lyes, and as a chemical reagent. Owing to the great advance in the price of potash salts, it has been: replaced wherever possible by sodium hydroxide. Production. — Previous to the war,' according to the only domestic manufacturer at that time, 75 per cent of the doniestic consumption was imported from Germany. The output of this firm was reported ias 6,504,000 pounds in 1914.^ , ^ . Production in 1919 (preliminary figures): w^; 12,625,000 poujids, valued at $2,16_3,400. .',';',<, ' ,, . Imports, which in 1913. amounted to 8,896,805 pounds,. decUnefJ to ,68jP95 .pounds in 1917. ' ,/ " '' ' ' ' ',^', \ , Since 1917 imports,, qhijP^y from Germ,any, Sweden, and Austria, have been as follows f . , Calendar year. ■ Quantity. Value. Unit .'. value. ., ' jF'OliJlBS." 1 . 1 j4a4, 290 . ;i ,_ . 1 ,, $134,166, 451,274 359,-.389 $0.28 1920^.^ -, ----M ,--■- f-iv, 1921 (9 months); : -.-';.- .26 .05 ^ Hearings before the Committee on Ways and Means,. 1921,' Pt. I, pp. .3.35-337. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, '1921. 217 Exports. — Statistics not available. Importcmt changes in classification. — Hydrate of potash when not containing more than 15 per cent of caustic soda is exempt from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 580). POTASSIUM NITKATE OR SALTPETER. j[.See Surveys A-16; A-IS.) Description and uses. — Potassium nitrate, or saltpeter, when pure, is a ^hite crystalline substance and is readily soluble in water. It is used in the manufacture of gunpowder and other explosives and in fireworks. It is also used in curing meats and as a reagent in as- saying. Production.— -FoTmQvlj potassium, nitrate was obtained' almost ex- clusively from niter earths, which occur chiefly in India. Much of it is now produced by treating podium nitrate with potassiuin chlo- ride. Before the war large quantities were made in this manner in Germany from potassium chlorides of Stassfurt and sodium nitrate imported from Chile. Since the beginning of the war considerable amounts have been separated by crystallization from crude Chilean sodium nitrate. Therp are no commercial deposits of potassium nitrate in the United States. In 1914 there were produced from im- ported raw materials 29,480,000 pounds, valued at $1,244,051. The output in 1918 by, four firms was 16,250,433 pounds, of which 8,- 176,382 pounds, valued at $2,206,788, was sold. imports of fefiried nitrate of potash just prior to the war were less than 200 tons, valued at about $20,000. Since then the import de- clined to 2 tons in 1916 and increased to 288 tons, valued at $35,143. in 1917. Imports since 1917 havie been as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. REFINED NITRATE OF POTASH. 1918 - Tom. 2 33 563 74 $730 8,168 107, 154 16,503 $365 247 100 223 $14 231 3,941 Per cent. 1.92 2.83 1920 -',-. 3.68 1021 ro Tnnnfhs^ CRUDE POTASSIUM NITRATE. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) Pounds. 9.3^,826 37,652,334 37,632,131 16, 593, 849 $906, 549 1, 107, 313 1, 599, .■i46 590,200 $0.10 .03 .04 .04 Imports of crude potassium nitrate since 1917 have been chiefly from Chile, British India, and England. Exports.— ^t&iisiics not available. Important changes in classification.— -mtra,te of potash or salt- peter, crude, is exempt from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 580). 218 SUJVtMAEX Qi'riPC'AKIFF ;I,H?0BM:AT'IONr, 1921. POTASSIUM ra»MJA.NG4NATE5. j^, , , ■■ (kee Survey l--i'6.) " - • ii,. ' . ' 'ii'-i , ■{••' Description arid uses. — Potassium ' perm i i Imports in 1914 were 1,351,855 pounds, nearly all of which came from Germany, but by- 1916 imports had fallen to 208,979 pounds, and in 1917 to 6,605 pounds. Some came froni Japan, but when prices fell these imports were reduced, as Japan was not able,to,ship to this country at the lower prices. Imports since 1917 have been as follows : i i / i ; Calendar year. ] "' ', Quantity. ■Value. .Unit value. . Duty, Equivs- lent;ad: valoijejb. 1918 Poimis. 53,798 , » 4,000 53,358 .., 223,266 $128,438 10, 163 ■ 29; 748 ; ; 51„738i $2.39 $538 ■ ■ ',t '■-rVnV- Pet cent. 0.42 , 1 -39 1819..,,......,,,.,-/-.,,-, ;.. ,„,. 1920 ..'.. . . .". .'.'.. 1921 (9 months) >--fh-fV Ea^tinrtsJ^-fjit.a.tistics riot available. StJMMABY OF TARIFF XWFOEMATION, 1921. 219 FARAGRAPH 76. • ' ' H. R. 7436. :>> SENATE AMEHDMENTS. Pak. 76. Santonin, and salts of, 75 i :; cents per pound. , ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Paii. 68. Santonin, and all salts Par. 594. Santonin, and its combina- thereof contaiiiing elg&tyi;per centum tions with acids not subject to duty or over of santonin, fifty cents per under this section [Free]. pound. ■■,■-■•": : ;'-J • -.;!■■. ■■■..'' ' . : ., , :- , ; ,,,,y, , ' " ,V , ' ,' . (^66 Survey^FL-2.)^ '■; Description, and , uses. — Santonin is a. chemical compound used as a vermifuge. It is derived from Levant wormseed, or santonica, a wild shrub occurring in Eussia and Turkestan, where santonin was manufactured under supervision of the Kussian Grovernment and was practically a monopoly. Before the war the article had no large domestic use, but about 1917 it was developed considerably in veteri- nary medicine for the> treatment of hogs, and is now in great de- mand. The elimination of intestinal worms from, swine induces a much more rapid growth without an increase of feed, therefore san- tonin is considered indispensa]3le by many hog raisers. , Produotion. — Prior to the war it commanded a price of about $15 per.poiiind, but duringthe war,rea,ched $70, and in December, 1921, was $147 per pound. Even at this price its cost is said to be negligi- ble as compared, >vi]th. the inqrefised jvalu^ of treated hogs. ,TJie high price and. inQreasing demand have, ^.timulated interest in American production, and santonica has been grown experimentally with favor- able results. Santonin iContent of Levant wormseed runs about 2 ;per cent, and it must be obtained and , purified by an expensive process. . ^ .) .■. ., ,.,, : ' ■ :., - ■ . ... Imports of santonin before -^e war were mostly from Germany and avera,ged about 5,000 pounds, valued at' $40,000.. Imports reached a maximum of 20,925 pounds in 1916, but decreased to 223 .poundg in 1918. Later statistics follow: r : . , 1 ! ■ , i . ' ■ 1 - ■ • i- >;:•,;", I 1 , ,^ ,r . . ■] :■ ' ^ ,.-|. r . ■: ■; " '1 ■;"''"baIendaryeai-V ■■;' ■ '"■' ■l")'"''" ' Quantitt- Value. Umt'value. i9i«„ — .- ;.,.:.. 1919 ...... r.r-n--:r',--' PouMi. '■ ■ ; 1 1 ' ' ■ 3,'463 2,124 ■ . ■ 2,.711 ■ i i ; , s; .' ■ S26 174, 111 S2,5.00 50. 28 19S0.,...i:.-.'.L-..;^LU. 1921(9inontl^^^.,,.p rf^M^-v.-,-.;--,;^-;-;-;-,:---;^ :; 187,518 2.58,736 88.28 95. 44 '■ ';in ■' / T'lric'i! !;")■!'. t! l|. .'[1 1;,..- -"_;]•. Mi: ' •'■..' '^ Importcmt changes in classification.— The articles covered by this paragraph .are exempt fronS duty under the act of 1913 (pa;r. 594). ' Suggested changes.— Psige 23, line 12: Insert a period after "t)0und.'"i ■',',"■' .'.''' '",*'■ 220 SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. PARAGRAPH 77. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 77. Soap : Castile, 15 per centum ad valorem ; toilet, 30 per centum' ad valorem ; all other soap and soap pow- der not specially provided for, 20 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pae. 69. Castile soap, one and one- Pae. 66. Soaps: Perfumed toilet fourth cents per pound ; medicinal or soaps, 30 per centum ad valorem ; medicated soaps, twenty cents per medicinal soaps, 20 per centum ad pound ; fancy or perfumed toilet soaps, valorem ; castile soap, and unperfumed fifty per centum ad valorem ; all other toilet soap, 10 per centum ad valorem ; soaps not specially proyided for in this all other soaps and soap powder not section, twenty per centum ad valorem, specially provided for in this section, 5 per cientum ad valorem. ; , r SOAP^, . (See Survey A-17.), Uescriftion and uses. — The term " soap " is ordinarily confined to the water-soluble potassium and sodiura salts of the fatty acids, although the water-insoluble soaps of lead, magnesium, manganese, and aluminum are used for technical purposes. Pure castile soap is supposed to be made from olive oil and soda lye only, but much of the soap marketed as such is made from other oils as well. ■ The term "toilet soap" is used to distinguish toilet soaps from household and laundry soaps. As certain soaps are suitable for both toilet and laundry purposes, the term' " toilet soap " is rather vagufe and has caused considerable litigation. The tariff act of 1913 makes a distinction between perfumed and unperfumed toilet soap. Soap stocks, as a rule, have an unpleasant odor which prevents their use for toilet purposes. . Soine substance, usually a' ' perfume material, is added to neutralize the odor of the stock or to give the soaj) a decid- edly pleasant smell. Medicinal soaps contain some substance possess- ing antiseptic or healing properties. • ■ rroduction. — The chief raw materials used in making soap are tal- low, grease,, and other f^ts ; coconut, cottonseed, soya-bean, palm, corn, peanut, and other vegetable oils; vegetable waxes and resin; per- fumes, naphthas, and other materials. Large quantitites of caustic soda are used in cbjiverting the materials into soap and lesser quan- tities of caustic potash in making soft soaps, wool-scouring soaps, and shaving soaps. Certain fillers, such as silicate of soda (water glass), borax, and soda ash, and for scouring soaps different abrasive mate- rials are used. Manufacture involves the action of ,a cavistic alkali, usyally caustic soda, on fatty acids or more often on fats or fatty oils. This opera- tion, known as saponification, produces an alkali salt (soap) and, an important by-product, glycerin. Manufacture is by three processes, giving boiled, half-boiled, and cold-process soaps. The names are descriptive of the condition under which the soap is made. Boiled soaps are by far the most important class. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 221 The capital invested in 371 establishinents in 1914 was over .92,000,000, the materials consumed cost $88,866,786, and the value of the finished product was $127,942,441. In 1919 (preliminary fig- ures) output of the " soap industry " reached $317,163,000. Domestic production supplies over 99 per cent of consumption. The principal States producing soap are New York, Illinois, , New Jersey, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. Imports have been valued at less than $850,000. About 50 per cent of the imports is castile soap. Foreign manufacturers of well-known brands have branch factories in this country. Statistics of imports in recent years follow : Calendar year. Value; Unit value, Duty. Ad valorem rate. CASTILE SOAP. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 m'mths)- Pov/nis. '■■' 724,824 1,325,007 2, 350, 720 - i, 439;M8' '$98,t60 222, 698 400, 897 196,014 50.13 $9, 816 22. 270 '4.0,USCi Per cent. ■ 10 10 10 10 TOILET SOAPS, PERFUMED. 1918 $103,646 143,959 180, 771 157, 574 \ $31,094 43, 188 '54,231 30 1919 182,318 319, 847 246,256 $0. 79 1 .66 j .64 ' 30 30 1920 1921 {9 months) TOILET SOAPS, UNPEEFUMED. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (gminths). 55,415 62, 26S 109, 282 ,$7,197 17,910 13, 108 20; 340 SO. 32 .21 .19 $720 1,791 1,.311 10 10 10 10 SOAP POWDERS'.. 1918. .. POUTldS. $15,229 9,756 12,770 8,238 $761 488 639 Per cent. 5 1919 210,001 184,442 152,303 $0.05 .07 .05 1920 g 1921 (9month.s). .. 5 ALL 01 CHER SOAP 3, N. S. P. F. 1918 \ $16,285 ■ ' 22, 579 :!l 28,745 29,908 $814 1,12S 1„437 " 5 1919 ..... 236,457' 230,618- 288,765; ' $0.09' .12 , .10 .,,,5 1920 ,5 1921 (9 months) 5 Exports have shown a steady increase from $3,620,546 in 19l0 to $6,291,790 in 1918. The export in 1-914 was about 4 per cent of the value of domestic production. The, increase has been largely in the export of varieties other than toilet so^p. , The e:^pprt of toilet" or " fancy " soap has been chiefly to the United Kingdom Canada, Argentina, Australia, and Cuba. Prior to 1917 the United Kingdom took between 15,000,000 and 25,000,000 pounds of soap other than 222 SXJMMAEY OF- TAKIFF INFORMATION, 1921. toilet soap. ' i Since 1916 Melxico has takem the largest quantity of this variety, importing over 27,000,000 pounds, valued : at more than $2,000,000, in 1918. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. 'I .f U- /1'oilqtisoaEs . (value); All other 'soaps'. Quantity. Valiie. 191S,.., 1919;.'........: 1920 1921 (9 months) $2,567,614 ■6;054,230 6, 839, U6 2, 147, 892 Pov/ads. 116,986,623 157,749,605 123,821,428. 55, 093, 340 $10, 87L 335 15,266,696 13,315,691 4,697,818 Toilet soaps, perfumed; and unperfumed, were exported chiefly to Cuba, England, and Canada. All other soaps, except toilet, went chiefly to Mexico, Cuba, and Canada. Important clmnges in clasdftbdtion. — The distinction between per- fumed and unperfumed toilet soaps in the act of 1913 (par. 66) is omitted, as is also specific mention of medicinal soaps. (Reclassifica- tion Report, p. 89.) PARAGRAPH 78. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 78. Sodium : Arsenate, 1 cent per pound ; bicarbonate or baking soda, five-eighths of 1 cent per pound ; borate or borax, refined, one-eighth of 1 cent per pound ; bromide, 10 cents per pound ; carbonate, calcined, or soda ash, hydrated or sal soda,' and mono- hydratedj one-fourth of 1 cent per pound; chlorate, 1^ cents' per pound; chloride or salt, In bags, sacks, bar- rels, or other packages, 11 cents per one hundred pounds ; in bulk, 7 cents per one hundred pounds ; chromate and dichroraate, IJ cents per pound ; for- mate, 2.5 per centum ad valorem ; ferr rocyanide or yellow prussiate «f soda, 2 cents per pound'; hydroxide or caus- tic soda, one-half of 1 ceiit per pound ; nitrite, 3 cents per pound ; phosphate, one-half of 1 cent per pound ; sesqui- carbonate, one-fourth of 1 cent per pound; sulphate, crystallized,' or Glau- ber salt, .$1 per ton; sulphate, anhy- drous, $2 per ton ; sulphfde, contain- ing not more than 35 per centum of sodium sulphide, three-eighths of 1 cent pev pound ;;C6ntaiiiing mOre than 35 per centum, thr«6tfourths of 1 C0nti' ,' ' per pound; silicate, sulphite, bisul- ,:■, phite, liieta-bisulphite, apd thiosul- '". phate, three-eighths op 1 peiit per ' , ' pound:' ■ ' •- ■ ■;!;'"'."' !:■•: STJMMABY of tariff information, 1921. 223 ACT OP 1909. Par. 70. Bicarbonate of soda, or supercarbonate of soda, or saleratus, * * * five-eighths of one cent per pound. Par. 71. Bichromate and chromate of soda, one and three-fourths cents per pound. Par. 72. Crystal carbonate of soda, or concentrated soda crystals, or mono- hydrate, or sesquicarbonate of soda, one-fourth of one cent per pound ; chlo- rate of soda, one and one-half cents per pound. Par. 73. Hydrate of, or caustic soda, one-half of one cent per pound ; nitrite of soda and yellow prussiate of soda, two cents per pound ; sulphide of soda containing not more than thirty-flve per centum of sulphide of soda, and hyposulphite of soda, three-eighths of one cent per pound; sulphide of soda, concentrated, or containing more than thirty-five per centum of sulphide, of soda, three-fourths of one ; cent per pound. Par. 74. Sal soda, or Soda crystals, not concentrated, one-sixth of one cent per pound. Par. 75. Soda ash, one-fourth of one cent per pound ; arseniate of soda, one cent per pound. Par. 76. Silicate of soda, * * * three-eighths of one cent per pound. Par. 77. Sulphate of soda, * * * one dollar per ton. Par. 3. * * * all chemical com- pojinds, * * * and salts, * * * not .specially provided for in this sec^.' tion, twenty-five "per • centum ad va- lorem ; ":, * *. ■ Par. 11. Borax, two cents per pound ; borates of * * * soda, * * * not otherwise provided for in this sec- tion, two cents per pound. ' Par. 295. Salt in bags, sacks, barrels, or other packages, eleven cents per one hundred pounds ; in bulk, seven cents per one hundred pouncls : Prp^' Vided, Thsit imported salt in bond may be used in curing flsh. taken by vessels licensed to engage in tlie fisheries and ■ in curing . fish on the chores of ,the navigable waters of the tJnited States under stiih' regulations' as the Secre- tary of the Treasury shall prescribe; and upon proof that the salt has been used for either of the purposes stated in this proTiSQ.rthe duties on the same sliall be reiiiftedl Provided further, That exporters of tpeats, whether packed of smolrfed, which have been cured in the United States with im- ACT OF 1913. Par. 67. Soda ; * * * chlorate of; and nitrite of, i cent per pound ; bicai'bonate of, or supercarbonate of, or saleratus, * * •* hydrate of, or caustic ; phosphate of ; hyposulphite of ; sulphid of; and sulphite of, J cent per pound: chromate and bichromate of, and yel- low prussiate of, J cent per pound ; borate of, or borax refined ; crystal carbonate of, monohydrate, and ses- quicarbonate of; sal soda, and soda crystals, i cent per pound; and sul- phate of soda crystallized, or Glauber salts, $1 per ton. Par. 593. Salt [Free]. Par. 605. Soda, arseniate of, * * * soda ash, silicate of, * * * [Free]. Par. 5. * . * * all chemical * * * compounds, * * * ^jjjj salts, not specially provided for in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem. 224 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. ported salt, shall,-;, upon , satisfactory proof, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall pre- scribe, tha;t such meats r have been cured with imported salt, have re- funded to them from the Treasury the duties paid on the salt so used in cur: ing such exported meats, in amounts not less than one hundred dollars. SODIUM COMPOUNDS. SODrUM ARSENATE. , ,., : .. (gee- Snrvey A-18,) /. Description and Mses.^Sodimn arsenate is a white solid substance, soluble in water, and very poisonous. It is usually prepared by heat- ing together white arsenic (arsenious acid, par. 1) ajidnitrate of soda, th,e product being purified by crystallization from soltitioh. Its principal use is in insecticides, chiefly lead arsenate (par. 44), It is also used in dyeing and calico printing. Production is by a few companies only ;'figures toe not available. Imports m 1913 were 1,267,998 pounds, but in 1914 onl^ 228,;^70 pounds, all from England. Later statistics follow : J;; ;, ;;, ;- Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. 1918 Pounds. „ $88 J2. 51 1919 1920 is, 976 127,53? i,48i llJfilS .09 1921 (9 months) 09 Exports. — Statistics not available.. .; ., ; >. i Importamt changes in classification. — Sodium arsenate (arseniate of soda is free of duty under paragraph 605, act of 1913. (Reclassifi- cation Report, p. 123.) '-■<•'■•■■ SODIUM BICARBONATE (BAKING SODA). (See Survey 4-18.) . , , Description and uses. — Sodium bicarbpiiate Or acid sodiurii .(isu^r bonate, a white opaque powder solojble in water,, is the mild;es,t;toi the alkalies. In pure form it is the ordinary baking soda -or saleratus. When sodium bicarbonate is treated with an acid it evolves carbon dioxide, a property which gives it'a large ^se", for; |iiidtistrjalin^ household purposes. Sodium bicarbonate is the ch(sa.peat and mqst convenient form of storing carbon dioxide. • It is used in the manu- facture of baking powders, Seidlitz powders, effervescing drinks, and in medicine as an antacid. A very, pure product is dem,ahclled for household and medicinal uses ; one of iless purijty for carbpnating waters, charging fire extinguishers,) and prevention of timber mold. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATIOST, 1931. 225 Mixtures of sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate are sold for cleaning purposes. Production.— PvActicallj all of tbe Ipicarbonate of soda is produced by the ammonia-soda " process, the raw inaterials being salt in the torm of brine, limestone, ammonia, and coal. The ammonia is used oter and_ over. The limestone is burned at the plant so that the carbon dioxide evolved is. available for use in the process, and the lime produced is used in the regeneration of the ammonia and in the making of caustic soda. (See m/m) The brine solution is satu- rated with ammonia gas and then subjected to the action of carbon dioxide ih high towers, producing sodium bicarbonate. This crude product is converted by heating into sodium carbonate, which is then dissolved in water and carbon dioxide passed through the solu- tion, giving a refined bicarbonate of soda. A small quantity of. sodium bicarbonate is made from the alkaline waters of Owens Lake, Calif. It is made by the "ammonia-soda " process at Syracuse, N. Y. ; Saltville, Va. ; Detroit and Wyandotte, Mich. ; and Hutchinson, Kans. Production has been as follows : Year. Short ions. Va;ue. 1914.. 90, 169 115,177 119,177 118,535 134, 962 188,906 $1,439,014 2,303,540 4,029,499 3,293,153 3,486,635 4,256,715 1916. 1917 1918 19191 19201 1 Sales rather than production. . Imports are small compared with the domestic production, thp- niaximum since 1910 being 129,414 pounds, vialued at $2,867, in 1916. Later statistics follow : Ca'.endar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. 1918 '. '.... Pounds. 12,383 17, 122 5,828 3,251 . 1629 3,616 593 201 $0.05 .21 .10 .06 $3 43 15 Per cent. -, l.W ' 2.46 1921 (9 months) Exports are not shown separately prior to 1920 (calendar year),- in which year they were 20,642,201 pounds, valued at $616,261, and for the first nine moinths of 1921, 8,S71,534 pounds, valued' at $225,819. Th^y have golle chiefly to Canada, Cuba, and Hongkong. Im/portctmt changes in classification. — ^The term " supercarbonate," used in the act of 1913 (par. 67) in connection with sodium bicar- bonate, has been omitted from H. R. 7466, as it is obsolete. The term "baking soda" has been inserted as a synonym for sodium biparbonate. ■ (Eeclassification Report, p. 92.) 82304—22- -15 226 SUMMARY OF TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. SODIUM BOEATE OB BOBAX, REFINED. , ( See Survey A-L ) ' , Description and uses. — Crude borax and borate materials used in the manufacture of refined borax are free of duty under paragraph 1533. Sodium borate, or borax refined, is the most important deriva- tive of boric add. It comes on, the market in two forms, common or prismatic borax, which contains 10 molecules of water of crystalliza,- tion, and octahedral borax, which contains only 5 molecules. The largest use of borax is in making enamel coating fpr c^st and wrought iron sanitary and kitchen ware. It is also used in the manufacture of glass and soap, for sizing paper, in the soaking and cleaning of hides in tanneries, in the textile industry as a mordant and for rendering certain cloths fireproof, and as a flux in welding and brazing. Production. — It is now made from cplemanite, which is calcined ; the calcium borate is separated mechanically from the minerals, and boiled with a solution of soda ash, forming sodium borate and, insol- uble calcium carbonate. , Domestic production has been as follows : Year. Short tons. ; Value. 26, 601 32,089 26,673 28,518 36,281 $2,071,774 1917 , 4,717,1632 1918 3, 909, '565 19191 , 4,351/891 5,674,012 ' Sa'es, not production. Imports, prior to 1920, have been less than 0.01 per cent of the domestic production ; the maximum was 11,768 pounds, valued at $882f in 1913. Since 1917 imports have been as follows: a Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. 1918 Pounds. 2 378 30,663 226,240 SI 165 2,461 12,477 10.60 .41 .08 .05 Per cent. 1.00 1919 SO. 47 38.00 .30 1920 .' 1.'66 1921 (9 months) Exports before the war were small and chiefly to the Orient. Dur- ing the war a substantial , export trg,de to Europei was developed. Exports in 1920 (calendar year) were 14,325,03? pounds, valued at $1,026,936, and for the first nine months of 1921, 2,750,302 pounds, valued at $191,616. They have gone chiefly to Japian, Canada, and England. SODIUM BKOMIDE. (See Survey FLr-8. For discussion, see Bromine aiid Bromine Oompoundsi : p. 128.), Important changes in classiftoaiion. — Sodium bromide has beeii mentioned specifically for the first time because it is one of the im- portant forms in which bromine is marketed. (Reclassification Ee- Dort. p. 92.) SUMMARY OF TAMFF INFORMATION, 1921. 227 SODIUM CARBONATE, CALCINED (SODA ASH). (See Survey A-18.) Description and w^s.— Soda ash, or calcined sodium carbonate, is the most important indilStrial alkali. It is not as strong as caustic soda, Tjut is cheaper, easier to handle and ship, and is ordinarily- used in preference to caustic soda wherever possible. There are two commercial grades containing 48 and 58 per cent of actual alkali (Na^O) . The 58 per cent grade is sold as " light " and " dense." The dense product is twice as heavy per unit as the light and is used m glass, where small bulk is desired. The largest use of soda ash is in glass, soap, wood pulp and paper, caustic soda, and other sodium chemicals; in the dye and textile industries; in the manu- facture of drugs, enamel ware, and cleaners ; and for softening water. Production. — Practically all of the -soda ash manufactured is made from sodium bicarbonate (see supra) deriv.ed from salt by the ammonia-soda process. A small quantity of soda ash is made from the natural soda brines of the Western States, but this source is of little importance. Sodium bicarbonate is converted into soda ash by simply heating continuously in a revolving furnace. Some soda ash is also made by the Hargreaves-Bird process, which produces caustic soda electrolytically in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide, which immediately converts the caustic soda into soda ash. This process is used by several paper mills in this country. The dolnestic production has been as follows : Year. Short tons. Value. 1914 . 935,305 1,324.208 1,390,625 1,390,628 981,054 1,238,149 $10,937,945 18,283,866 38,028,000 35,635,520 29,895,343 38,908,726 1916 . .. 1917 1918 .. 1919' 19201 ' Sales, not production. Imports have been less than 1 per cent of production, and since 1917 have been as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. 1918 - . . PouTtds. 1,446 829,266 1,515,278 11,734,363 S29 12,998 37, 161 158, 103 SO 02 1919... 02 1920 02 1921 (9 months) .01 Exports in 1918 (fiscal year) were 198,752,457 pounds, valued at $6,074^879, about 40 per cent to Japan and 35 per cent to Canada. Later statistics for calendar years follow : 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (pounds), . Value 238,434,992 -S7;805jS50 100,961,927 $2,656,608 166,761,603 t4,6S9,591 26.402,330 $644,311 228 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 192L. Exports in recent years have been chiefly to Sweden, Netherlands, and Canada. Invportant chawjes in classificatioii. — Sodium carbonate, calcined, or soda ash, is free of duty under paragraph 605, act of 1913. This article is designated only as '• sodja ash " in the act of 1913. The term "sodium carbonate, calcined," has been adiled .in order to include the correct chemical name. (Eeclassification Eeport, p. 124.) HYDEATED SODIUM CARBONATE (SAL SODA) MONOHYDKATED SODIUM CAKBONATE — SODrUM SESQUICABBONATE. (See Survey A-18.) Description and i«ses.— Soda crystals is an indefinite term'appliecl to several crystalline sodium carbonates. These compounds may be sodium carbonate or a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate, containing water of crystallization. Sal soda refers to crystals of completely hydrated sodium carbonate which contain 10 molecules of water (NaaCOg-lOHjO), also known as washing soda. Monohydrated sodium carbonate is a crystalline compound of sodium carbonate containing one molecule of water (NaaCOg-HjO). Sesqui- carbonate of soda is a mixture of chemically equivalent parts of sodium carbonate and sodium acid carbonate crystallized with two molecules of water (Na2C03-NaHC03-2H20). These crystalline products are used, chiefly for washing and cleansing purposes, par- ticularly in the laundry and household. Production. — Sal soda is prepared by dissolving soda ash (sodium carbonate) in hot water to form a solution of a definite specific grav- ity. On allowing this solution to cool, the sodium carbonate crys- tallizes out with 10 molecules of water. The addition of a little so- dium sulphate to the solution is necessary to obtain the proper crystal form. This fact, however, is sometimes taken advantage of to dilute the finished product with a cheaper inert material which has no clean- ing properties. Sodium sesquicarbonate is formed by crystallization from a hot solution containing chemically equivalent quantities of sodium carbonate and sodium acid carbonate. For many purposes this product is preferred to the other soda crystals. Production in 1914 was 106,591 short tons of sal soda;, including monohydrate crystals. The output since then has been as follows: Year. Sal soda. Monohydrated sodium carbonate and sodium sesquicarbonate. . . Short tons. Value. Short, tons. , Value!- 1917 77,939 ' 82,' 465 ,,80,090 62,857 SI, 698, 520 2,«;271 2,229,994 2 128,937 ,, 65,036 : 2E^-678 31,278 12,876 »l,2e!2,876 , 482,958 191g 1919 1 ^ ' -714,930 19201 459,167 1 Sales, not production. Imports. — The maximum imports of crystal carbonate, monohy- drate, and sesquicarbonate were 354,609 pounds in 1912, which is less than 0.2 per cent of, the domestic production. Imports declined to 60,000 pounds in 1917. Later statistics follow: SUMMABY. OF 'TARIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. 229 Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Equlva- i lent ad ' valorem. SODA CRYSTALS. 1918 Pounds. 25 45,060 4,796 68,779 «2 1,182 577 1,652 10.08 .03 .12 .02 Per cent. 1 SO" 1919 $66.00 6.00 4j77' 1920 1.0* 1921 (9 montlis) . ■ ■., MONOHYDEATED SODA, OE SESQUICAEBONATE. 1918 44,800 81,281 $0.03 J56 4.37 1919 1920 3,342 71,132 106 2,176 .03 .03 - 4 3.94 1921 (9 months) Exports of sal soda in 1&18 (jfisc?il year) were 14,076,264 pounds, valued at $205,489. Later statistics for calendar years follovir: 1918 1921 (9 months). Quantity (pounds). Value 12,716,453 $2ia,865 11,126,370 $178,285 12,030,193 ,|Z20,:487 7,750,741 $154, 191 Exports have been chiefly to Canada, Cuba, and Argentina. Imfortant changes in classification. — The' woi'ding " crystal car- bonate of, monohydrate, and sesquicarbonate of; sal soda and soda crystals", paragraph 67, act of 1913, describes three Separate chemi- cal and commercial articles. These have been corrected in this para- graph as (1) sodium carbonate, hydrated, or sal soda; (2) sodium carbonate, monohydrated ; and (3) sodium sesquicarbonate. (Re- classification Report, p. 92.) SODIUM CHLOKATE. (See Survey ,A-18.) Description and uses. — Sodium chlorate is a colorless crystalline compound composed of sodium, chlorine, and oxygen, readily soluble in water. It is used as an oxidizing agent in the manufacture of conl- tar dyes, in dyeing and printing textiles, and in large quantities .in the manufacture of matches and explosives. It was formerly believed that only potassium chlorate could be used for matches, since sodium rblorate is hydroscopic, but the high price of potassium salts during the War led' to methods permitting such use. Sodium chlorate has generally replaced the higher-priced potassium salts. Production in 1917 was large, but statistics are not available.' It is generally manufactured by subjecting a solution of sodium chlo- ride (salt) to the action of a direct current of electricity. The appa- r;)tus for its manufacture electrolytic ally is quite expensive. It was formerly made by treating milk of lime with chlorine gasi and con- v'ferting the calciuni chlorate formed into .sodium chlorate by treat- ment with sodium sulphate (salt cake). 230 SUMMABY OP TARIFF INFOKMATION, 1921. Impdrts from 1915 to 1918 have been between 22,000 and 45,000 pounds a year, and since have been as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Equlva. lent ad valorem. 1918 ■.'ji-'..'ljtA 1919 :..;.....; ill... 1920 ,'■ Z" Pmmds. 44, 810 39,022 56^, 513 267,390 $8,066 3,814 50,266 16,485 $0.18 .10 .09 .06 $224 195 2,808 Per cent. 2.78 5.12 5.59 1921 (9 montlis) 1 Exports. — Statistics are not available. SODIUM CHLOUIDE (SALT). (See Survey A-18.) Descriptip'n,-.and uses. — ^^Salt,^ or sodium chloride, is one of. the mpst common minerals. Besides its well-known uses, it is ernployed.in the manufacture of chemicals, such as sddiuin bicarbonate, soda ash, caustic soda, and chlorine, and in the dye industry for diluting, dyes. Production^ of salt has shown a steady increase from about 3,060,db0 tons in 1900 to about 6,000,000 tons in 1916, and nearly 7,000,000; tons in 1920. Since 1914 it has supplied over 99 per cent of domestic consumption. Michigan and New York produced over one-half of the output, with Ohio and Kansas also contributing largely. Aboijt 5|0, per cent, of the salt; is used as brine for, the manufacture of chemicals; Imports of salt are negligble, .and chiefly from! England and the British West Indies. Since 191f they have been as follows: "Calendar year. . Quantity. Value. Unit value. "■''■'* IN BAGS. 100 pounds. 205,180 193,529 591,348 :1 558,928 $148,128 137,627 240, 923 284,012 $0.72 1919 .71 1920 - .40 .51 >-,: IN BUUK. "' '<■ 1918 i • 100 jpimnds: ^600,627 996,753 2,161,736 j80X096 $133,340 105; 077 435,578, 148 465 $0. 22 1919 - ;- .10 1920 • ..V , . , .20 1921 (9 months) , .18 Exports bf gait increased from 41,908 short tons, valued a^ $286,363 in 1910, to 97,07.5 tons, valued, at $726,761 in 1917. Later statistic? for calendar years follows,, . , : • ,. " "TTTTrr 1918. 1919 1920 1921; (9 iaonths); Quantity (short tons) Value .j-m- ■ 136,783 fl, 677, 577 119,416 $1,396,625 139,2721 $1,901,593 75,484 $994,817 StJMMABY OF TABITF INEOKMATION, 1921. 231 Exports have been chiefly to Canada, Cuba, and Mexico. Important changes in classification. — Tra;nsfer from the free list (par. 593) of the act of 1913. SODIUM CHEOMATE AND DICHEOMATE. (See Survey A-18.), , Description and t*ses.^Sodium dichroinate is a red crystalline com- pound containing about 67 per cent of chromic acid (CrjOj), It is about ten times as soluble as the corresponding potassium salt and is frequeintly preferred. The sodium salt is also much cheaper and has replaced potassium salt to a large extent. Sodium chromate is a yellow crystalline compound containing only 29.2 per cent of chromic acid. Tlie dichromate is therefore generally preferred, owing to its greater richness in chromic acid, which is the active constituent. , Chroipates and dichromates are used for the chrome tanning of leather; in textile dyeing and printing; in the manufacture of chrome colors and pigments, especially lead and barium chromates; for pickling brass ; in the electro-engraving of copper plates ; as laboratory reagents; and in the bleaching of oils and f-ats. Prfduciwn.—rAi^ of the, chromium salts are prepared. from chrome iron ore or chromite. ' (See par. 1644.) The ore is pTilverized and mixed with lime and soda ash and roasted in a strong current of air. Calcium chromate, which is produced with sodium chromate, is con- verted into sodium chromate by means of more soda ash. Sodium chromate, is, usually converted directly in solution to sodiuin dichro- mate by treatment with sulphuric acid. Sodium dichromate when used in oxidation processes is reduced to chromium sulphate, which may be reconverted into sodimn dichromate and used again. Domestic production of sodium dichromate and chromate has been as follows : Calendar year. Short tons^ Value. 1914 11,824 22,446 28,334 26,526 25, 973 ■ $1,125,398 9, 045, 133 1917 . 191S 9, 868, 118 1919' J i 6, 233, 566 1920 1 . . i . . 5,531,954 1 Sales, not production. Imports of dichromate and chromate of soda have been insignifi- cant since 1910. There were no imports from 1919 through nine months of 1921. , ;; . : ■ E xporf s.-^^Stsitvstics not available. SODIUM FORMATE. Description, uses, and production. — Sodium formate is an im- pbrtant chemical compound used as an intermediate material in the manufacture of formic and oxalic acids. It is produced by passing carbon monoxide into a solution of sodium hydroxide under pre^ssure. The sodium formate thus produced may lae converted into formic 232 SUMMABY OF' TABIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. acid by treatment with an acid or into sodium oxalate by heating, which in turn can be converted. into oxalic, acid by means of acid. The establishment of the manufacture of ; oxalic, apd formic acids in the United States by this process is discussed under paragraph 1. Iwbfort j&gures are available for 1914 only, when they were 1,843,245 pounds, valued at $44,693. Exports. — Statistics not available. Imfortcunt cjumges in classification.— Spdinui formate, has been mentioned specifically for the first time. (Eeclassificatio'n Report, p. 92.) . . SODIUM FEREOCYANIDB (YELLOW PKUSSIATE Oj' SODA,),, (See Survey A-18.) , _ Description aiid icses. -^Sodiujn ferrocyanide, or yellow prussiate of soda, is a lemon-yelloW crystalline compound' containing 10 mole- cules of water of -crystallization. It is similar, to the potassium salt which it has largely, replaced on account of the high price of that com- pound. It is used in the manufacture of blue pigments, in calico printing and_ dyeing, for the casehardening of iron, for making sodium ferricyanide, and as a chemical reagent. Proditction. — Sodium ferrocyanide, or yellow prussiate of soda, is prepared in this country as a by-product of the purification of coal gas; also from sodium cyanide by lixiviating with hot water in the presence of iron. . , In 1917 the production was 8,346,000 pounds, valued at $2,577,667; in 1918 it was 9,060,000' pounds, valued at $2,690,110. The output then decreased to 5,860,000 pounds, valued at $1,318,049 iril920. Imports prior to the war had reached about 1,900,000 pounds in 1913. In 1914 they increased to about 2,300,000 pounds, and steadily declined until 1918 (fiscal year), when no imports appeared. Laitet statistics follow : ' " • Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. rruty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. 1918 Pounds. 271, 063 1,299,521 2,.201,.662 1,421,113 $98,505 218,222 400,873 179,429 $0.36 .17 .18 .13 $2,033 9,746. 16, 512 Percmt, 2.06 1919 4.47 1920 4.12 1921 (9 months) Exports. — Statistics not available. , . Important, chmvgegiin classification. — The porrect ; chemical nafljiei, sodium ferrocyanide, has been used in connection with yellow, prus- siate of soda in this paragraph. (jEgclassificatio.n Eeport, p. 9^.) SODIUM HYDKOXIDE (CAUSTIC SODA). •f (See Survey A-18.) , Description and uses. — Sodium hydroxide, rpr caustic soda,, in in- dustrial importance ranks second ordy to soda ash. The commercial product is a white opaque solid having strong caustic properties, sold by content of sodium oxide (NajO). The common grades are 60, 7^, SUIVIMABY OF TAEITT IWFOKMATION, 1921. 233 74, and 76 per cent Sodium oxide. The:method of stating this content isy however, bafeed on erroneous atomic ^weightsl The so-callecl New York and Liverpool test, figured from the actual content, is used in the United States. The difference between the actuaL content and that calculated by this test is show;n for the ordinary grades of caustic soda: Sodium oxide. Actual. New York and Liverpool test. Per cent. 58.12 '■' 67.81 . 71.68 73.62 Per cent. 60 . . .. -70! ■'■.. 74 76 Caustic soda has a wide variety of uses in the manufacture of soap, wood pulp and paper,, chemicals, dyes, and drugs, in refining vegetable and mineral oils, in mercerizing cotton, for water soften- ing, bottle washing, and in the preparation of cleaners. The largest single use is in jthp manufacture of soap. The war caused a large demand for caustic soda for phenol, the raw material of explosive picric acidi Production, — It is made from salt or soda ash, the raw material depending on the method of manufacture. Soda ash is converted into caustic soda by treatment with lime. Caustic soda is also made directly frOm salt, a solution being subjected to the action of direct electric current. Production has been as follows : YBar. ■..:;■ . Short tons. Value; Year. Short tons. ■ Value.;, 1914 '. . , <2.12,S39< 391, 597 •-'• 488; 056' ri6,657JS14 17,426,066 '' 29, 402,1689 .■ . ■ . .' 1 ■ ' 1 1918 . , 513,363 311,388 ,382,680 .831,854,470 20 091 978 1916 .. 19l9'i-. ign, 19201 :.. 25; 894, 641 ' ( ' Sales, not production. In 1917 there we;re 8. firms using the ^oda- ash method and 28 com- panies using the electrolysis of salt niethod. About 28 per cent of the output, in 1917 and,1918 was produced, electrolytically from salt.- iTwports. — ^The largest importation was in 1911j| 1,600 shorij tons.. Later statistics follow.: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. 1918 ' Pounds. 2,002 42,724 97,798 645,694 $193 6,888 11,970 32,060 10.10 .16 .12 .05 85 107 244 Per cent. 2.60 1919 1.55 1920.. , 2.04 1921 (g months"! 234 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. Eteports in 1918 (fiscal year) werle 67,365 i short tons, valued, at $8,629,086. Japan, Italy, Brazil, and Canada were the chief coun- tries of destination. Later statistics for calendar years follow :. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 97,378,334 $5, 602, 813 164,235,420 16.748,762 224,137,406 110,944,017 26,810,068 Value »1, 094, 970 In recent years exports have been chiefly to Japan, Italy, and the Netherlands. Important changes in classification. — The term " hydrate " used in connection with caustic soda m paragraph 67, act of 1913, is not in accordance with correct chemical nomenclature ; therefore, the name "sodium hydroxide" has been used. (Eeclassification Report, p. 92.) ■ -'•; ■' r: ., - ■• ' SODIUM NlTEITE. ' SODIUM NITRITE. Description and uses. — Sodium nitrite is , a chemical compound composed of sodium, nitf bgeti, and oxygen. It differs from nitrate of soda in that it coptams one atom less of oxygen. When pure it is a white crystalline salt,' containing commercially 96 to 98 per cent of sodium nitrite. It is used chiefly in the manufacture of coal-tar dyes, in the dyeing of tiextiles, and has minor laboratory , and pharmaceu- tical uses. '■■'■■ Production. — Sodium nitrite was usually prepared by the reduc- tion of sodium nitrate (Chile saltpeter) by means of lead; also from atmospheric oxygen. In the fixation of nitrogen by the arc process the oxides of nitrogen produced are absorbed in sodium carbonate (soda ash), forming sodium nitrite. Ammonia gas produced from by-product coke ovens or synthetically from atmospheric nitrogen can be oxidized to form a similar mixture of oxides of nitrogen which are converted into sodium nitrite as described above. The domestic production of sodium nitrite in 1917 was 1,722,000 pounds, valued at $480,145, and in 1918 increased to 3,402,000 pounds, valued at $609,779. The output in 1919 and 1920 was about 2,4OOj0OO pounds for each year. ' i ImpoHs increased from 1,696,567 pounds in 1915 to 3^675,179 pounds in 1917, the imports in 1917 being more than twice the do- mestic production. The increase in imports' was caused by the development of the American dye industry, now the largest consumer of sodium nitrite. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad v.aloreni. 1918 2,857,631 2,560,689 11,690,142 3,007,151 $289,182 246,729 1,378,992 '227,016 to. 10 .10 .12 .07 $14,288 12,763 58,451 Per cent. 4.94 1919 ... 6.17 1920 4.24 1921 (9 months) Exports. — Statistics not available. SUMMARY OS" TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 235 SODIUM PHOSPHATE. (See Survey A-18.) Description and unes. — There are a number of sodium phosphates, the most important in commerce being disodium phosphate, also tnown as " neutral phosphate " and " secondary phosphate," usually the product referred to when only sodium phosphate is specified. It is used in the textile industries (especially the silk industry in the "weighting of the material in dyeing) , in the manufacture of baking powder, in the preparation of enamels, in tinning and soldering, and pharmaceutically. The other sodium phosphates, monosodium and trisodium phosphate, are of minor importance. Production. — It is obtained from dicalcium phosphate by treatment with soda ash. It is also prepared from bone ash or phosphorite by digestion with sulphuric acid followed by treatment with soda ash and crystallization of the sodium phosphate from the clear solution. Production has been as follows : Year. Shbrt tons. Value. 1914 . . . . 15,397 13.305 15; 620 14,760 30,615 1853,628 711,283 1917 1918 1,427 947 1919 1,733,996 19201 3,233,896 1 Sales, not production. Imports prior to the war were small and sporadic, the maximum in 1914 being 1,364,767 pouilds. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Equiva .- lent ad valoi-em. 1918 Pounds. . ■->. Per rent. 1919 ^ 56 66 483,130 - $22 19 • 15,773 ISO. 39, .29 .03 $6.14 .17 0.64 1920 0.89 1Q91 fQ ■mnnth2S 1921 (9 months) ..ai.... ,, \25 The only recorded imports of other thorium compouiids, including thorium oxide, were 28 pounds in 1918, valued at $124. Export statistics are wanting, but information from the manufac- turers indicates that exports during the war approximated prewar imports. Important chcmges m, classification. — ^Thorium salts have been transferred from paragraph 154, Schedule C (act of 1913), to the chemical schedule. The paragraph has been amplified by flientioning thorium nitrate specifically. CERIUM COMPOUNDS. (See Survey 0-22.) Description and uses. — Cerium is a soft, steel-gray metal occurring in more than sixty minerals. ,0f the entire list of cerium-bearing min- erals, two may' be regarded as commercial sources; These are the, phosphate (monazite sand) and the silicate (orthite). Cerite, a hydrous silicate occurring in Sweden, was for s6ihetime the only com- mercial source of cerium compo!unds,,H Monazite sand, the most im- portant cerium ore, is miriSd f or its content of thoria, which is used in incandescent gas mantles. Cerium is a by-product and is obtained in excessively large amounts. No commercial' Use has been found for the pure cerium metal, but certain of, its alloys and compounds have a fairly extended range of application. The quantity consumed, how- eVer,:is only a small fraction of 'the crude cerium salts obtained as a by-product in making thorium nitrate. Infckndescent gas mantles SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 247 contain 98-99 per cent of thoria and 1-2 per cent of ceria. Certain cerium alloys, e. g., pyrophoric alloys, throw off glowing particles when scratched by a hard metal, a property utilized in automatic cigarette and gas lighters. Other alloys are used as reducing agents and as deoxidizers in the manufacture of high-grade iron and steel castings. Cerium fluoride is used extensively in carbon plectrodes for " flaming " electric arc lamps. Cerium salts are also used in medicine. Pvoducticm, statistics of cerium are not available, but consumption of monazite sapd indicates an putput of at least 250 tons of ceria. At least 10,000. tons of ceria , are estimE^ted: to have accumulated at the gas-mantle iactofies. Imports of cerium compounds are not shown since 1918. Exports. — Statistics not available. Importam,t changes in classification. — First specific mention of cerium salts. / GAS-MANTLE SCRAP. (See Survey 0-22.) Description, amd uses. — Imperfect mantles and those damaged in manufacture or left over as refuse are reduced to ashes by a firing process and sold to thorium manuf3,cturers for the recovery of the valuable thorium and cerium oxides. Practically 90 per cent of the gas-mantle scrap is obtained in this way and about 10 per cent is col- lected from gas companies and other large consumers. Imports of gas-mantle scrap in 1914 amounted to 60,435 pounds, valued at $3,305, and decreased to 4,175 pounds in 1915 and to 2,291 pounds in 1918. Imports since 1917 follow: - Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 Pounis. 44 144 SlU 364 $2.52 2.53 in 36 Per cent. 10 1920 10 Exports. — Statistics not available. Im/portant chaaiges in dassi-fication.—G&s mantle scrag, in chief value metallic oxide (thorium oxide), has been transferred to this schedule from paragraph 154, Schedule C, act of 1913. PARAGRAPH 85. H. B. 7456. SEITATE AiaEXTDMEOSTTS. Pab. 85. Tin bichloride, tin tetrachlo- ride, and all other chemical compounds, mixtures, and salts, of which tin con- stitutes the element of chief value, 20 per centum ad valorem." ' • i :■ ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pae 3 * i * *. all chemical com- ,,, Pab. 65. Salts apd all other com- pounds, mixtures and salts, * * * jiounds and mixtures of whicli *' * ■< not specially provided for in this sec- tin constitute the element of chief tion, twenty-five per centum ad valo- value, 10 per centum ad valorem, rem; * * *. ,„ , Pak. 606. Lac spirits [Free]. 248 SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORM ATION, 1921. TIN COMPOUNDS. (See Survey A.-17.) Description and uses. — Tlrere are two important chlorides of tin, bichloride of tin iand tin tetrachloride. The bichloride of tin as sold to the trade under the name of tin crystals, contains about 53 per cent of tin. It is used for weighting silk, in dyeing and calico printing. Tin tetrachloride contains about 45 per cent of tin. It is used for weighting silk, and as eL, mordant in dyeing. The silk industry re- quires about 3,000 tons of tin tetrachloride per year. It was used during the war for producing smoke screens. Production. — The preparation of tin chlorides has developed al- most exclusively into the detinning of scrap tin by mean? of chlorine gas. The process Origihated in the plant of the Goldschmidt chemi- cal works at Essen, Germany, and was soon established in this cbtm- try. In 1918 three companies were p'ro'ducing tin chloi^ides in the United States. The growth .of the indiBtry is dependent upon the growth of the silk industry which is the largest consumer. In 1914, census reports give the'production of all-tin salts as 8,291,- 2Cip pounds, valued at $2,028,500. In 1919 (preliminary' figure) the output of tin chlorides was 8,999,200 pounds, valued at $2,986,500, and of oxide of tin, 1,352,600 pounds,'valued at $900,240. /m^or^s.— Statistics a,re combined with those qf gold, j^latinum, silver, and< rhodium salfe. ' ' " £'a;^orfe.— Statistics not available. , :, Important cKcmges in classification.— Tin bichloride and tin tetra-' chloride are mentioned specifically for the first tinle and the tin salts and compounds put in a separate paragraph. PARAGRAPH 86. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. " Pab. 86. Titanium potassium oxalate, -!;, ; \, : t > • i. \ and 'all cpmppun^s, and mixtures cpurv, " , ^ ' '^ , tainjng titahium, 2t per centum ad ^ ' "" " '"*''" | valorem. ''' •'■■■■■'''■'' '■''■■ -:!' , l>i\' \:'>-::i '.a < ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 3. * * * all cliem|p^l com- rPABj.,^. * * * all chemical * * * pounds, mixtures and salts,' * * * compounds, * * * mixtures and not specially provided f^rin .this sec- salts, not specially provided for in this tion, twenty-five per centum ad va- section, 15 per centum ad valorem, lorem; * * *. ijli,, ,. : TITANIUM COMPOUNDS. , , , . ' Description and uses. — Titanium potassium oxal-ate; is used. as a, mordant for fixing certain coal-tar and natup4 dyes oil (^vegetable and animal fibers and on leather. With tannic acid it is Used as a self -color.. Other titanium compounds have, to some extent, uses SUMMAEY of tariff information, 1921. 249 similar to that of the above compound. Titanium chloride is a pow- erful reducing agent and is used in stripping dyes. Production. — Statistics are not available. Titanium potassium ox- alate is prepared by dissolving the mineral Eutile or Ilmenite in sul- phuric acid, followed by precipitating and purifying it as a hy- droxide. The latter is dissolved in oxalic acid with the subsequent addition of potash. Imports for the fiscal year 1914 ^ere 3,328 pounds of titanium trichloride and 1,213 pounds of titanium sulphate. Exports. — Not recorded. Important changes in classification. — This is a new specific pro- vision. '' -J i' ;-r. '.■,-■, , PARAGRAPH 87. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 87: Vanilla jjeans, 30 cents per ^ouild; tonka beans, 25 cents per pound. i ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pae. 559. Drugs, * * * not ad- Fab. 70. * * * vanUla beans, 30 vancdd * *■ * [Free]. cents per pound ; tonka beans, 25 cents Par. 697. Tonquin, tonqua, qr tonka per pound. , beans [Fjee] , :',- VANILLA BEANS. ' ' • ;-';■'■■■ • ' . ' • '.-JK''.' :-• ■ ': ' ji-'i.ii ' '■ "!''' ?•■ ' ■'■ ■ (See Survey A-19.) ■" '■■ '■•-' i~: ■'':' >'■■■:■ 'i^' . : V' •ill '..'-■ ■ •■-■■••- ■'::,, ^ i '";■; !■',;[!, / ,^l,;j,i. ■ :":;;',;.■■'_ Description and uses. — Vanilla beans are the -fruit of a tropical plant and are used in the preparation of the alcoholic extract or " es- sehce/' ordinarily sold as= vanilla. Used in flavoring chocolate, con- fectionery, varJLous foods,- liquors, and in pharmaceutical prepara- tions. , Vanillin, which is the chief aromatic constituent of vanilla beans, is now prepared synthetically. (See Vanillin, par. 56.) t Production.— ^VamUla, beans are not produced commercially in the United States; the industry requiring tropical climatic conditions and specially trained cheap labor. ,The vanilla plant is native to certain localities in Mexico, where it still occurs wild, 'although the vanilla bean of commerce is chiefly cultivated. The cultivation of vanilla has reached comniercial .importance only in the French insu- lar colonies; a few British possessiohsV notably the Seychelles and Maurftite; and in the Java and other Dutch eoldnies. "^ ■ The quality of vanilla varies greatly with it^ geographical sourc.e, no doubt due both to climate and method of culture and cur];ng.. Mexican, Bourbon, Seychelles, and Tahiti vanilla beans rank in quality in the order named. i . . Imports since IQlOrhave been between 800,000 and 1,150,000 pounds per year, valued at from $1,500,000 to $2,500,000. Imports have shown no. appreciable depline during the war. , Since 1917 imports. 250 SUMMAS'V OF TAiRIFF INFORMATION, 1921. chiefly from France, Mexico, ; and French Oceania, have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. ■ Value. Unit value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valbrem. 1918 Pounds. ,. ,846,060, '1,037,865 ' .1,192,757 750 130 11,308,470 2,104,048 , 2,344,703 1,087,517 $1.55 2.03 1.97 1.45 $253,818 311^360 , 367,827 Per cent. 19.40 1919 -. . 14 80 1920 ' 15. 26 1921 (9 months) Exports. — Statistics not available. ' aoja! TONKA BEANS. (See Survey A-19.) Description and itses. — Tonka beans are seeds used in perfuming tobacco (especially snuff), to adulterate vanilla extract, and in the manufacture of perfumery. They have been used in the preparation of coumarin, but this product is now more extensively manufactured^ synthetically. Extracts of tonka beans are sometimes used in phar- macy to mask the odor of iodoform. The beans contsiin about 25 per cent of a fatty substance which is extracted as to'ncm.in butter. Production. — Tonka beans, are not produced in the United States or its possessions. The trees are native to South America, chiefly in the Guianas, northern Brazil, and Venezuela'.' The beans are pre- pared for market by soaking in rum or alcohol and drying in the sun. Imports for the years 19G9 to 1914.have averaged 358,313 pounds, valued at $406,696. For the years 1915 to 1918, during which period the duty was 25 cents per pound, the average annual import was 224,863 pounds, valued at $137,026. Later statistics follow : . i , (f),alendar year. , , Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Equiva- I^t ad. , ralorein. 1918 ; Pmiidi. 112,137 99,973 316,288 47,995 $6P,384 ' ■88/543 288i510 32,060 $0.54 .89 .89 .67 $28,034 24,993 79,072 Per cent ' 46.43 1919 28.23 1920...llL..;;.J.:.i 1921 (9 mcmtlis) 28.19 ) Exports. — Statistics not ayailablpi,. PARAGRAPH 88. H. R. 7456. Pab. 88. Zinc chloride, liftr cents per pound ; ziilc sulphate, three-fourths of li ' cent 'J)efr pound; arid zinc sulplitde; 1i cents per pound. ACT OF 1909. Pae. 5^. *, *,.,?' J sulfid of , zinc white, or white sulphide of zinc, one and one-fourth cents per pound ; chlo- ride of zinc and sulphate of zinc, one cent per pound. SENATE AMEKTDIVEENTS. • ' ■ ACT or 1913. Pab. 61. . * * * , wihite sulphide ' of Kirid, 15 t)fer ceriturfi ad valorem. ' '^ Pak. 62. Zinc, chloride of and sul- phate of, i cent per pound. SUMMAB.Y OP TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 251 ZINC COMPOirND&. (See Survey A-15.) ZINC CHLORIDE. Description amd uses. — Zinc chloride, a chemical compound com- posed of zinc and chlorine, is a white to grayish-white solid. It is sold in solution or as a powder, also in- porcelainlike masses, and cast in the form of pencils and tablets for pharmaceutical purposes. The preservation of wood, chiefly railroad crossties, is its largest use, the annual consumption for this purpose being about 30,000,000 pounds, of about 65 per cent of the domestic production. : !<;, is also used in the manufacture of vulcanized fiber board and for pharmaceu- tipal purposes as a caustic, astringent, antiseptic, disinfectant, and deodorant. Production of " zinc salts " in the United States in 1914 was 40,786,886 pounds, valued at $1,130,959, which supplies the major part of the consumption in this country. The output of zinc chloride in 1919 (preliminary figures) was 74,089,000 pounds, valued at $4,349,100. It is made f roffi zinc scrap or rpasted zinc ores by treat- ment with hydrochloric acid and is obtained as a by-product of gal- vanizing sheet iron. Imports prior to 1914 were over 1,000,000 pounds, declining to about 6,000 pounds in 1917. Later statistics foUow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Equiv alent ad valorem. 1918 PouTids. 195,522 2,016 1,129,231 3,583,494 S15, 177 192 76,495 191,010 $0.08 .10 .07 .05 $978 10 5,646 Per cent. 6 44 1919.:...: S 25 1920 7 38 1921 (9 months)... . Exports. — Statistics not a vailable. INC SUUH 4.TE. 'Description cmd'uses. — ^Zinc sulphate (white vitriol) occurs as col- orless transparent crystals or as graiiular crystalline powder. It contains about 44 per cent of water. It is used for preserving and clarifying glue solutions, as a disinfectant, as a mordant in the dyeing and printing of textiles, as an astringent and emetic in medi- cine, and in electroplating. It is also the intermediate salt used in the electrolytic production of metallic zinc and of the pigment lithopone. Production. — ^Zinc sulphate may be produced from zinc dross, zinc scrap, and roasted zinc ores. The production of zinc sulphate is .closely allied with the zinc industry. Production figures in 1914 were combined with other zinc salts, but in 1919 (preliminary fig- ures) showed an output of 7,325,500 pounds, valued at $267,000. 252 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Iwifoo-ts reached a maximum of 108,065vpounds, valued at $2,176, in 1914. During the war imports were negligible and since have been as follows : . ; Calendar year. Quantity.. Vajue. Unit value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. 1919 POUTldS. 231 100,269' 11, 604 tl52 3,038 ■455 $0.66 .03 .04 $1 601 Percent,, 0.76 1920. : 16 50 1921 (9 months).. ., ' ' Exports.^St&iistics not available. ZINC SULPHIDE. Deseriptioth and uses. — Zinc sulphide is';a white, or yellowish in- soluble compound of zinc and sulphur. When combined with barium sulphate it constitutes the pigirient lithopone (par. 74). Zinc sul- phide alone is seldom used as a pigihent but is used primarily in the manufacture of dental cements, as is also lithopOne containing 50 per cent of zinc sulphide. ■' . Production. — Statistics are not available. Imports have been shown only since 1914. They 'dettreased from 283,356 pounds valued at $8,979 in 1916, to about 7,000 pounds in 1918 (fiscal years). Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. yalue. Unit value. il. ■■■' Duty. Ad valorem rate. • 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) Pownds. 2,670 10,035 45,482 34,503 - r S993 4,413 15,027 4,479 $0.37 .44 .33 .13 $149 .662. 2,254 ^Percent. l.v 15 Exports. — Statistics are not available. Important changes in classification. — Zinc sulphide has been trans- ferred from the paragraph covering lithopone and other zinc pig- ments, as it is used, chiefly for purposes other .'than as a pigiiient. (iBeclassificatipn Eeport, p. $'4.) ' SCHEDULE 2— EARTHS, EARTHENWARE, AND GLASS- WARE. PARAGRAPH 201. H. R. 7456. ,Pak. 201. Fire brick, weighing not more than 10 pounds each, not glazed, ■enameled, ornamented, or decorated in any manner, and brick other than fire Ijrick, 10 per centum ad valorem ; .glazed, enameled, ornamented, or deco- rated, 20 per centum ad valorem ; weighing more than 10 pounds each and not specially provided for, not glazed, enameled, ornamented, or deco- rated in any manner, 17 per centum iid valorem ; glazed, enameled, orna- mented, or decorated, 20 per centum ad valorem; magnesite brick, three- fourths of 1 cent per pound and 10 per centum ad valorem ; chrome brick, , not glazed,' enameled, painted, vitri- fied, ornamented, or decorated in any manner, 20 per centum ad valorem ; if glazed, enameled, painted, vitrified, ornamented, or decorated in any man- ner, 23 i)er centum ad valorem ; bath brick, 23 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Schedule B. — Eakths, Earthenwaee, AND GLASSWAEE. Par. 84. Fire-brick, weighing not more than ten pounds each, not glazed, enameled, ornamented, or decorated in any manner, one dollar and twenty- ' five cents per tofi ; , glazed, enameled, ornamented, or decQrated, thirty-five per centum ad valorem ; weighing more than ten pounds each and not specially provided for in this section, not glazed, enameled, ornamented, or decorated in any manner, thirty per centum ad va- lorem ; glazed, enameled, ornamented, or decorated, thirty-five per centum ad valorem; magnesite brick, chrome brick, and brick other than fire-brick, not glazed, enameled, painted, vitrified, •ornamented, or decorated in ahy man- ner, twenty-five per centum ad valo- rem ; if glazed, enameled, painted, vit- rified, ornamented, or decorated in any manner, thirty-five per centum ad va- lorem. Pa^. 95. Articles and wares com- posed * * *' of earthy or mineral substances, * * * not decorated * * * thirty-five per centum ad va- lorem ; * * *. [Covered bath brick.] SENATE AMENDMENTS. , ACT OP 1913. Schedule B — Earths, Earthenware, AND Glassware. ■ Par. 71. Fire brick, magnesite brick, chrome brick, and brick not specially provided for in this section, not glazed, enameled, painted, vitrified, orna- mented, or deeorated in any manner, 10 per centum ad valorem ; if glazed, enameled, painted, vitrified, orna- mented, or decorated in any manner, and bath brick, 15 per centum ad va- lorem. 253 254 SUMMAR¥-OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. EErKACTOET BEICKS. (See Survey B-1.) Descriftion and loses. — Kef ractary bricks or fire bricks, made of burned clay, have a melting point high enough to withstand the temperatures of metallurgical operations. They are used in all metallurgical and furnace work exposed to intense heat. Those known as silica, magnesite, and chrome bricks are composed of quartz sand, calcined magnesite, and chromic iron ore, respectively. In addition to being refractory each will successfully resist the cor- rosive action of certain metallurgical slags. Production. — Domestic deposits of suitable clays are widely dis- tributed, and the native industry supplies Our needs, besides large quantities for export. The industry is generally local in character, because of the low price of the product, but certain bricks composed of very highly refractory clays have a wide market. Manufacture is concentrated in the large metallurgical and industrial centers. ' Refractory brick production is an important economic factor in Germany, Gfreat Britain, France, and Belgium. The domestic refractory manufacturing industry is independent of foreign competition in the ordinary grades and shapes used by the metallurgical industries. The following tabulation shows the fire brick marketed in the United States in specified years. 1914 1916 19191 19201- 816,784 816,427,547 1,376,000 330,800,000 943,942 $36,170,000 1,131,000 $52,750,000 Value . '' .. 1 Estimated. Imports, of refractory brick are largely supplementary to the do- mestic production. Ordinary grades are imported in small amounts for use in the large metallurgical plants located on the New York and New Jersey seaboard, but most of the importations are standard and special shapes composed of highly refractory English and Scotch clays. The high melting point of these goods is the controlling fac- tor, since they can be used under conditions where more easily fusible brick would be quickly destroyed. Imports of fire brick during the period 1910-1919 fluctuated between $75,000 and $128,000 per annum. Unglazed fire brick weighing less than 10 pounds each are the main item. These were separately listed by the Department of Commerce prior to the tariff act of 1913, but have since been incliided with unglazed, brick weigh- ing more than 10 pounds each. During the, war period the imports of both classes of unglazed fire brick dropped to a minimum of 8,100 tons, valued at $62,293, in the fiscal year 1916, but again increased in 1917 and 1918. The imports of chrome, magnesite,, and, other spepial brick, how- ever, show a rapid increase since 1916, amounting in 1919 to $87,386, which, owing to enhanced prices, is three times the average for the five years immediately preceding the outbreak of the war in 1914. St^MMABY OF TARIFF INFOKijATIOi^, 1921. Later statistics follow : IHre hrick. i 2&5 Calendar year. Quantity. Value. i'Uty. Ad valorem rate.- NOT GLAZED, ENAMELED, PAINTED, VITRiriBD, ORNAMENTED, OR DECORATED. 1918 Tons. 12,769 6,436 11,445 2,527 $156,059, 89,925 163,811 35,473 $15,606 8,992 16,381 Per c&ni. 10 19l9 10 192a :. 10 1921 (9 months) GLAZED, ENAMELED, PAINTED, VlTRIFIED, ORNAMEN'TED, OR DECORATED. 1918 J4 1,976 1,935 15 1919 184 76 $296 290 15 1920 . . 15 1921 (9 months) MAGNESITE, CHROME, AND OTHER THAN FIRE, NOT GLAZED. ENAMELED, PAINTED VITRIFIED, ORNAMENTED, OR DECORATED. 1918 $85,580 59,962 166,442 .57,298 18,558 5,996 16,644 10 1919 ..... 11,574 16,322 5,086 10 1920 10 Exports. — Prewar annual exports of fire brick averaged about $1,000,000. Later statistics follow : Fire brick not glased, enameled, painted, vitrified, ornamented, or decorated. 1918 1919 1920 , 1921 (9 months). Quantity thousands. Value $5,001,057 51,^52 $2,747,512 82, 570 $4,200,266 29,838 $1,985,938 The exports shown above were principally to Canada, Cuba, and Mexico, with smaller shipments to Italy and Chile. Exports of .other kinds of fire brick are negligible. OTHER BRICK. (See Survey B-1.) Description and uses. — Building bricks are classified into (1) com- mon brick, and (2) ornamental brick, the latter including front brick having an attractive finish, enameled brick, and all kinds of fancy brick. Vitrified. bricks are clay bricks which have been made harder and less porous by fusion, for example, paving bricks, which consti- tuted 80 per cent of the vitrified bricks us^d'in 1917. " Seinivitrified " is an unscientific term used in the'trade'to describe articles ranging be- tween porous and vitrified^ Bath brick is an abrasive used for scour- ing and polishing. 256 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Production. — Structural bricks are manufactured from a wide variety of common clays, and numerous grades are recognized in the trade. The color ranges from buff to almost black, according to the iron content. The hardness and porosity of the product is an im- portant factor, and generally a hard-burned brick is considered most desirable. Special bricks for ornamental purposes are manufac- tured in presses^ their production involves considerable hand work. Structural brick is the most important clay product manufactured in the United States. The production surpasses in value the total production of pottery and chinaware or of all other clay products. Suitable clays are widely distributedj and bricks are produced in every State and Territory except Hawaii and Alaska. The .industry is local in character, very few bricks being shipped more than a few miles. Local demand is enormous near the large centers, of population. Brick {othen than fire brioJc) produced in United States in specified years. 19191 Common brick: Quantity (thousands) . . Value JFace brick: Quantity (tliousands) . . Value . : 1 Enameled brick Fancy oromamenta].bri?k Vitrified brick or block: Quantity (tliousands) .^. Value .^.;...'..'....; Sand iime: Quantity (thousand--).. Value 7, 145, 809 $43,763,654 2 810; 395 2 $9, 289, 623 SI, 075, 026 5124,459 931,324 $12,S00,866' 'l72,'629 81,058,512 - 4,,652, 667 $58,220,000 778, 190 $15,240,000 $640, 000 $40, 000 (485, 139 $11, 2io,-ooo 4,709,000 $81,330,000 728,000 $19,050,000 $82O;O00 $30,000 442,000 $12,020,000 ' Estimated; marketed. 2 Front, including fancy colored. Imports. — Imports of common brick are negligible and are con- fined to shipments from Canadian plants to points in the United States near the international boundary. Imports of bath brick amounted to $9,000 in 1919 and $6,000 in 1920. Exports of building brick, mostly to Canada, have in the past been unimportant. Statistics ; for the calendar , years 1918-1921 are as follows: :/ 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (t.hnnfiftnrts) 6,679 $117,263 12,169 $248,690 12,863 $382,814 16,965 $369,267 Value GENERAL NOTES ON PAKAGEAPH. Suggested clumges. — Page 25, line lY, H. Jl. 745.6: "Or" should be inserted before "ornamented" and the comma after "orna- mien^ted", stricken out, since "ornamented" and " decorated " are in- terchangeable terms and so treated elsewhere. Page 25, line 18 : Transfer the words " and bHck other than fir6 brick " to line 17 after the word " each." ' SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 257 Page 26, line 2 : Strike out " if " before " glazed " to agree with similar provisions elsewhere. PARAGRAPH 202. H. B. 7456. Par. 202. Tiles, unglazed, glazed, ornamented, hand painted, enameled, vitrified, semivitrified, decorated, en- caustic, ceramic mosaic, flint, spar, em- bossed, gold decorated, grooved and corrugated, and all other earthenware tiles and tiling by whatever name known, except pill tiles and so-called quarries or quarry tiles, but including tiles wholly or in part of cement, valued at not more than 40 cents per square foot, 8 cents per square foot, but not less than 35 nor more than 50 per centum ad valorem ; valued at more than 40 cents per square foot, 38 per centum ad valorem ; mantels, friezes, and articles of every description or parts thereof, composed wholly or in chief value of earthenware tiles or til- ing, except pill tiles, 38 per centum ad valorem ; so-called quarries or quarry tiles, red or brown in color, 3 cents per square foot, but not less than 20 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Pab. 85. Tiles, plain unglazed, one color, exceeding two square inches in size, four cents per square foot ; glazed, encaustic, ceramic mosaic, vitrified, semivitrified, flint, spar, embossed, enameled, ornamented, hand painted, gold decorated, and all other earthen- ware tiles Eind tiling, by whatever name known, except pill tiles and so- called quarries or quarry tiles, valued at not exceeding forty cents per square foot, eight cents per square foot ; ex- ceeding forty cents per square foot, ten cents per square foot and twenty- five per centum ad valorem ; so-called quarries or quarry tiles, forty-five per centum ad valorem ; mantels, friezes, and articles of every description, com- posed wholly or in chief value of tiles or tiling, sixty per centum ad valorem. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Pak. 72. Tiles, plain unglazed, one color, exceeding two square inches in size, li cents per square foot ; glazed, ornamented, hand'painted, enameled, vitrified, semivitrified, decorated, en- caustic, ceramic mosaic, flint, spar, embossed, gold decorated, grooved and corrugated, and all other earthenware tiles and tiling, except pill tiles and so-called quarries or quarry tiles, biit including tiles wholly or in part of cement, 5 cents per square foot; so- called quarrieS' or quarry tiles, 20 per centum ad valorem ; mantels, friezes, and articles of every description or parts thereof, composed wholly or in chief value of earthenware tiles or tiling, except pill tiles, 30 per centum ad valorem. TILES. (See Surv,ey B-1.) Description and us&s.—tWes, like bricks, are clay products. Port- land and, Sorel cements, instead of clay, are also used in their manu- facture. The chief uses are for roofing, flooring, and wall finishing. Eoofing tiles, made from natural clays, sometimes mixed with other 82304—22—17 258 SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. materials, are usually vitrified and Miay be self -finished or glazed. Flooring tiles are practically all vitrified: and unglazed. The term " quarry tiles " refers to square, unglazed, flooring tiles made of natural clays. Ceramic mosaics are smaller and of better material than quarry tiles. "Wall tiles generally have a white body composi- tion of. clay and other minerals, such as feldspar and flint. They are seldom vitrified, but aretisuaily coated with glaze. Mantels are some- times built of wall tile. " Semivitrified " is not a scientific term, but is used in the trade to describe articles ranging between porous and vitrified. Production of tiles (other than drain tile) was valued at $5,705,583 in 1914 and at $6,821,221 in 1917. The estimated value of the prod- uct in 1919 was $7>260,000; in 1920, $10,930,000., Ohio reported over one-third the total output, with New Jersey second* All grades and varieties are produced in sufficient quantities to supply the domestic market and leave a substantial surplus for export." Tiles used for roofs and flooring are manufactured in pug mills and presses that thoroughly mix the clay and shape the grefen tile. After these are dried they are burned in round or oval coal-fired, kiliis. Decorated tiles are manufactured from china clay or from re- fractory clay covered on one face with a layer of highrgradeT clay. The prepared surface is' decorated and glazed to produce any desired finish. " ' ,y. ,- ' '' All necessary raw materials (except high-gi'a'de china clay), to- gether with all machinery and structural materials, are produced in the United States. ■._ > , i • The manufacture of tile is an important industry in various parts of Europe..^ -.England is the chief producer on. account of her large deposits of coal and suitable clays. The large sale of quarry tiles in the United States is due to their fine quiality and pleasing color rather than to price. Foreign manu- facturers of roofing and flooring tiles specialize on finish and color. This custom gives the imported ware a slight advantage. 'Tiles are brittle and require careful packing to endtard shipment; • Imqyorts in' 1914 were valued a,t $111,566. "Importers state that nijOst of the quarry tile (over 50 per cent of the imports) 'and roofing tile come from England. Later statistics follow : ■ . - Calendar year. i ■ Qaanliity . , Value. J i! Duty. Equiva- lent 'a4 ' yajp^ein. TILBSj PLAIN, UNGLAZED, 0NE;C0Ij0B, EXCEEDING 2 SQUAEEINQHESIffjSIZE. 1918 i.,..-. ■ ' SovMre feet. 15,639' 13, 136 31, 492 51,073 $1,482, 1,303 4,657' 11,595 $236 -, 197 'I 472 Per cerUi 15.83 1919 15.12 1920 1921 (9 months) GLAZED, ENCAUSTIC, CERAMIC, MOSAIC. VITRIFIED. SEMIVITRIFIED, FLINT, SPAR, EMBOSSED, ENAMELED. ORNAMENTED, DECORATED. HAND PAINTED, GOLD DEC ORATED. GROOVED, AND CORRUGATED>AND ALL 0*HER EARTHENWARE TILES A'ljp' {TILING,; BXPEPT ,PiLL.a;.ILES AND SOj-OALLBpt 'QUARR;[ES 0,R QUARRY TIL^S. 1918. ... J. ........ i r. 76,274 • 25,323. , 80,352 '313, 37«' 116,256 8,727 21,916 ■ ■ '78 658 $3,814 i 1,266 4,018 23.46 1919.':.. '. ......'I.'/.....:........'.'....'. 1920 14:51 18.33 SUMMARY OF TAEIFP INFORMATION, 1921. 259 ' QUARRIES OR QUARRY TILES, SO-CALLED. ' 1918 $28,220 22,290 46,994 30,879 , t5,644 4,458 9,399. 20.00 1919 . 20 00 1920 .......i... 20J00 1921 (9 months) MANTELS, FRIEZES, AND ARTICLES 'l>F EVERY DESCRIPTION, OR PARTS OF, COM- POSED, ETC., OF TILES'OR TILING. ' 1918. ..■.'.■.' '. $341 67 554 386 $102 20 166 1919 : .. . 30.00 1920; ,..; ....'......: 30.00 1921 (9 months) ■ CEMENT TILES. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) . 1,436 8,045 99)268 27,525 $711 1,762 7,632 6,475 $72 402 4,963 10.10 B^xportsoi tiles (except drain) principally to Canada,' Cuba, Pan- amay and Mexico were valued as follows for calendar years: 1918, $582,051; 1919, $628,836; 1920, $1;025,083 ; 1921 (9 months) , $608,491. Important changes' in eldsstftcation. — The distinction between un- glazed and glazed tiles has been removed. Suggested, chcmges.-^T?2L.g6 26, line 9: Change "and" to tween " grooved " aiid '' corrugated." Page 26, line 16 : Change " to " and" between' "description" and "parts." Page 26, line 19 or " In color "might be omitted as unnecessary, colors besides red and brown. < There are quarries of PARAGRAPH 203. H. K. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS Pae. 208. Roman, Portlaiid, and othcsr hydraulic cement, in barrels, sackSj or other .packages, 5 cents per 100 pounds, including weight of barrel or package; in biilk, 4 cents per one hundred Jiound?;' other cement, not sEJfecialTy pi*oVided for, IT per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. - Pab. 86. Roman, Portland, and other hydraulic cement, jin barrels, sacks, or other packages, eight cents per one hundred pounds, including weight of barrel ,or package ; in bulk, seven cents per one hundred pounds; other cement, not otherwise specially' provided for in- this section, twenty per centunj ad valorem. Par. 444. Cement, Roman, Portland, and other hydraulic [Free]. Pae. 74. * * * all other cements not specially provided for in this sec- tion, 10 per centum ad valorem. 260 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION",. 1921. • CEMENT. (See Survey B-2.) Description and itses. — Hydraulic cements are complex anhydrous silicates of lime and aluminum which possess the property of absorb- ing water and setting in a hard rocklike mass of complex hydrous silicates. Roman cement is a quick-setting variety of natural cement distinguished by high percentages of iron and alumina. Natural cements are all made by burning natural mixtures of clay and lime- stone; they are rarely as dependable^s artificial cement. Portland cement is cement made by calcining mnestone with a clayey matter or from blast-furnace slag, followed by fine grinding. Pozzuolana or puzzolan cement is a hydraulic cement made by mixing a volcanic ash (granulated blast-furnace slag, broken brick, and burned clay may also be used), with slaked lime. Cement is a most important building material, and is rapidly replacing brick and cut-stone con- struction. The United States was the pioneer in concrete building and industrial construction, and the production and consumption per capita exceed that of any other nation. Prodv,ciion.—DeTposits of all necessary raw materials and fuel are widely distributed ; and domestic costs, owing to cheap domestic fuel supplies and to the utilization of labor-saving excavating and conveying methods, compare favorably with those in Europe. The industry is conducted in large plants, which must operate continu- ously at full capacity to show a profit. The margin between manu- facturing cost and selling price is normally very small, and a rapid turnover is necessary. The bulk of our production originates north of the Potomac and Ohio Rivers and. east of the Mississippi River. The Pacific coast and western Mississippi Valley produce sufficient to satisfy the local demand. New England States are supplied by water and rail from the eastern Pennsylvania producing centers. , ~ Domestic production exceeds consumption. Considerable quanti- ties of domestic cement were used in the Panama Canal, and during the war exports to Cuba and to Soyth American ports reached several million barrels per year. Exports, however, have never ex- ceeded 4 per cent of production. Germany, Great Britain, France, Belgium, and Italy are largo cement producers. The industry is; highly organized abroad and prior to the war a considerable percentage of the output was ex ported to South America and to other undeveloped coiintries. The Canadian industry is expanding rapidly and can compete in domes- tic markets located at some distance f rpm domestic producing centers. Principal hydraulic cements produced in the United States in specified yearn. - Natural cement. Portland cement. Year. ' Quantity (barrels).. Value. ^ Quantity ' (barrelsj/ Value. 1914 7Sl,285 1639,456 1432,966 1528,589 1615 000 $351,370 1435,370 '401,341 1583,554 * 965,000 '88,23p,170 92,814,202 71,081,663 , 80,777,935 100,302,000 $81,789,368 125,670,430 "113; 730, 661 438,1130,289 201,607,000 III! 1917 1918 1919 1930 (estimated) ^ BMgnres for puzzolan cement are included with those for natural cement. SUMMAKY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 261 Principal hydraulic cements produced in the United States in specified yea%s- Continued. Puzzolan cement. Total. Year. Quantity (barrels). Value. Quantity (barrels). Value. 1914 68,311 (■) ' •• $63,358 89,049,766 93:463,658 71,514,629 81,306,524 100,917,000 $82,204,096 126,105,800 114 132 002 1917 1918 1919 138,713,823 202,572,000 1920 (estimated) 1 Figures for puzzolan cement are included with those for natural cement. Imports. — During the first 10 years of the twentieth century, Ger- many, Belgium, France, Great Britain, and, at times, Canada, ex- ported, large quantities of cement to the United States. During the period 1911 to 1913 imports decreased rapidly, and at the time of the last tariff revision European producers had ceased to be factors in the domestic market. Imports from Germany increased sharply when cement was placed on the free list. Imports of hydraulic cement in 1914 were 37,447,094 pounds, valued at $163,460. German ship- ments ceased entirely on the outbreak of the war. Importations have increased since the armistice. The bulk of the increase is Canadian cement from plants located near the border. The Canadian industry is expanding and will be of increasing importance in the domestic market. Most Canadian plants operate at a disadvantage, however, since fuel must, in most cases, be imported from the United States. Over 2,000,000 pounds of cement was imported from Austria-Hun- gary during the fiscal year 1919. It is probable that this was caustic magnesia for use in Sorel cement, since the value ($36) per ton is higher than any commercial grade of Portland cement. Imports from 1918-1921 were as follows: Calendar year. ROMAN, POETLA.ND, AND OTHEE HYDRAULIC CEMENT, N. E. s. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 100 pounds. 1,146 32, 325 1,969,477 246,017 $1, 185 51, 363 1,230,914 237,240 Per cent. ALL OTHER CEMENT, N. s. P. P. 191g $10,849 9,981 49,105 21,064 $1,085 998 4,910 10 1919 10 1920 10 262 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOKMATION, 1921. Exports of hydraulic cement in 1914 were 2,391,453 barrels, Valued at $3,382,282. Later statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 fol- low: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (barrels) 2,252,446 15,912,166 2,463,673 $7,513,389 2,985,807 110,045,369 .933,639 Value $3,529,^456 The principal countries to which shipments were made were Cuba, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Peru, Colombia, and Panama. Important cho/nges in classification. — Roman,"Portland, and other hydraulic cement is exempt from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 444). . . . ■,: Suggested changes.— F age 26 of H.E: 7456, in line 22, "100 pounds " is. in figures. In line 24 " one hundred: pounds" is in words. The figures should be changed to words to agree with practice elsewhere. i PARAGRAPH 204. H. R. 7456. SENATE: AMENDMENTS. Pae. 204. Limestone (not suitable for use as monumental or building stone), crude, or crushed but not pul- verized, 5 cents per one hundred pounds; lime, not specially provided for, 10 cents per one hundred pounds,, ; including weight of barrel oT package; hydrated lime, 12 cents per one hun- dred pounds, Including weight of bar- rel or package. ACT OE 1909. Pab. 87. Lime, five cents per one hundred pounds, including weight of barrel or package. [No corresponding provision for the other commodities.] ACT OF 1913, Pab. 73. Lime, 5 per centum ad va- lorem. Pae. 614. * * * limestone, un- manufactured and not suitable for use as monumental or building' stone ; all of the foregoing not specially provided for in this section [Free]. LIMESTONE. (See Survey B-2.) Description and use. — ^Limestone is natural calcium carbonate formed under pressure of qverlying sediments from the accumulated remains of marine shellfish. It is a Soft, porous, even-grained white rock which often contains fossil impressions of shells and other marine growths, and may be colored red, green, or gray by iron or granite impurities. Limestone includes a great variety of stones. Although there are no chemical differences, it is customary to call those limestones possessing especial value in fine building or decora- STJMMABY OF XAHIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 263 tive work marbles (see par. 232), and the ordinary dull-colored non- crystalline and oolitic varieties, suitable only for building and lime- burning, limestones. Production. — The following table shows the amount and disposi- tion of limestone sold in the United States in 1918 and 1920 : Use. 1918 Quantity. Value. 1920 Quantity. Value. Building stone ' '. cubic feet. Curbing, flagging and paving do . . . Bubble sbort tons. Kiprap I do... Crushed stone do... FluSing stone long tons. Alkali worlds short tons.' Sugar factories do. . . Glass works do. . . Paper mills do. . . Agriculture do. . . Other uses' do. . . Total (quantities approximate, in short tons) 3,698,035 37,698 106,327 1, 118, 109 19,120,858 23,862,029 3,437,066 435, 555 202,211 100, 247 1,091,918 1,216,633 $2,266,654 37,836 109, 369 969, 276 16,273,184 23,427,736 2,263,821 649, 589 332,744 117, 829 1,626,292 1,378,676 7,542,150 41,870 274,630 892,610 25,807,800 22,301,060 $8,197,866 22,841 425,279 907,616 30,608,799 26,475,763 637,090 196, 150 139,880 1,364,260 4, 432, 170 1,200,394 400, 873 256,278 2, 724, 209 4,435,432 53,868,200 49,453,006 59,290,000 1 Includes stone sold as a filler for asphalt, paint, rubber, soap, and other material; stone sold for th^ manufacture of basic magnesium carbonate; stone sold to alcohol worts and calcium carbide works; dolo mite sold for use in maMng refractory products; stone sold for chicken grit and other products. Imports of limestone are not given separately, but are included with freestone, granite, and sandstone, unmanufactured, and unsuit- able for monumental or building stone. The total imports of thesie materials were in 1919 $42,186 and in 1920 $97,199. , Exports. — None recorded. Important changes in classification, e^c— See General Notes on Paragraph, page 265. LIME. (See Survey B-2.) Description and itses. — Lime is a white^ infusible material made by calcining relatively pure limestone. Quicklime and hydrated lime are the two general classes of lime on the market. Pure quicklime is the oxide of calcium, but all commercial limes contain magnesia and other oxides, sometimes as much as 45 per cent. Hydrated lime, as its name implies, has been slaked or hydrated by the addition of water. In the chemical action between quicklime and water the calcium oxide is converted to calcium hydroxide. Hydrated lime possesses the advantages of keeping better' and of being more easily handled than qiiicklime. Its principal use, for building purposes, ac- counted for about 35 per cent of the total consumption in 1917. The chemical industry consumed 20 per cent and agriculture 13 per cent in 1917. Quicklime may be shipped in bulk, in wooden barrels of about 200 pounds capacity, or in iron casks holding 400 pounds. Hydrated lime is "sold in 100-pound burlap sacks or in 40-pound paper sacks. 264 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFQEMATION, 1921. ProdMction. — Pennsylvania by a large margin is the largest pror ducing State. Ohio, with a production over half of that of I'ennsyl- vania, is then followed by Virginia and West Virginia. Pennsyl- vania and Ohio together produce a little over one-third of the total production of the United States. The greatest increase in State production since 1910 is that of West Virginia, whSse output has been tripled. Virginia has also shown a large increase. • . The tendency in recent years has been to concentrate the manu- facture of lime in larger and more economically operated plants. The railroads have been a large factor in bringing about this centrali- zation of the industry into a comparatively few advantageous posi- tions. The greatest improvement in marketable lime is that of hydrated lime, which is increasing in use and in the favor of the consumer. The following table shows the amount and value of lime sold in the United States in 1&16-1&20. Year. Quantity (short tons). Value.' Average value per ton. Number of plants in oper- ation. 1916 4,073,433 3,786,364 3,206,016 3,330,347 3, 570, 141 $18,509,305 23,807,877 26,808,909 29,4*8,553 37,543,840 $4.54 6.29 8.36 8.84 10.62 778 1917. . 595 1918..., 496 1919... 539 1920 615 1 The value given represents the value of bulk lime I. o. b. at point of shipment and does not include cost of barrel or package. Imports have been less than 1 per cent of the domestic production. Of these imports, approximately 90 per cent has come from Canada and the remainder, a special grade of high-priced lime, from Europe. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. .id valorem rate. 1918 100 pounds. 132,998 173,576 453,769 176,904 $73,458 128,519 392,137 190,360 $3,673 6,426 19,607 5 1919 5 1920., 5 1921 (9 months).. Exports have been less than 1 per cent of production, 90 per cent going to Canada. This exchange of~lime has caused severe compe- tition between producers in British Columbia and the State of Wash- ington. Washington, however, has furnished less than 1 per cent of domestic production since 1911. Exports for calendar years since 1917 follow : 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) . 71,907 $105,803 63,719 $108,370 59,211 $128,296 38, 595 $86,308 Value . SUMMARY OF TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 265 ' " GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. Important changes in classification. — Limestone, unmanufactured, and not suitable for use as monumental br building stone is exempt from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 614) . Suggested changes. — Page 27, line 6: Strike out "barrel or pack- age" and insert "container." The word "package" includes con- tents ; the word " container" stands for barrel or any other kind of container. PARAGRAPH 205. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pak. 205. Plaster rock or gypsum, crude, 25 cents per ton; if ground or calcined, $1.40 per ton ; white non- staining Portland cement, 8 cents; per one hundred pounds, including weight of barrel or package ; Keene's cement, or other cement of which gypsum is the component material of chief value, if valued at $14 per ton or less, $3.50 per ton ; if valued above $14 and not above $20 per ton, $5 per ton ; if valued above $20 and not above $40 per ton, $10 per ton ; if valued above $40 per ton, $14 per ton. ^ ACT OF 1913. Pab. 74. Plaster rock or gypsum, crude, ground or calcined, pearl hard- ening for paper makers' use; white, non-staining Portland cement, Keene's cement, or other cement of which gyp- sum is the component material of chief value, * * * 10 per centum: ad va- lorem. ACT OF 1909. Pak. 88. Plaster rock or gypsum, crude, thirty cents per ton ; if. ground or calcined, one dollar and seventyr five cents per ton ; pearl hardening for paper makers' use, twenty per centum ad valorem ; Keene's cement, or other cement of which gypsum is the com- ponent material of chief value, if valued at ten dollars per ton or less, three dollars and fifty cents per ton ; if valued above ten dollars and not above fifteen dollars per ton, five dol- lars per ton; if valued above fifteen dollars and not above thirty dollars per ton, ten dollars per ton ; if valued above thirty dollars per ton, fourteen doUars per ton. Pab. 86.' * * * Portland * * * cement, in barrels, sacks, or other packages, eight cents per one hundred pounds, including weight of barrel or package ; * * * . GYPSUM, keene's CEMENT, ETC. (See Survey B-2.) Description and uses. — Plaster rock or gypsum is a naturally oc- curring form of calcium sulphate crystallized with two molecules of water. Gypsum when calcined at about 105° C. loses one molecule of water to form plaster of Paris; when heated further, it loses all 266 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. of its water of crystallization and also its property of hardening when treated with water. It is then known as " dead " or " over- burnt " plaster; Pearl hardening is the name applied to artificial or natural calcium sulphate usecr as a filler in writing paper; it is more commonly applied to artificial cailcium sulphate, provided for in paragraph 71. About 500,000 tons of gypsum are sold annually without calcining. The bulk of this material is used as a retarder in Portland cement. White, nonstaining Portland cement is a white cement with a very low iron content. Minor quantities are used as a pigment base in making cold-water paints and crayons, as a filler for paper and cloth, as a base for insecticides, and as hand plaster or fertilizer. The calcined product is used for plaster casts and molds, and is an important ingredient in the manufacture of Keene's ce- ment and plaster board and block,,, Small amojints are used for art statuary. ' .. i Keene's cement is a hard-finish wall plaster.; Essentially it is completely calcined gypsum . which has been heated with small quantities of alum or borax. It differs from ordinary gypsum wall plasters in the time required for setting and in superior hardness. Production. — The United States- possesses extensive deposits of high-grade gypsum, and domestic production is the largest in the world. The deposits are close to the surface and are mined very cheaply. The fact that only low temperatures are required for cal- cining and the habit of the mineral to disintegrate on heating both help to keep do.wn the cost of the finished product; Plant and mining expenses and capital requirements are .small as compared with other mining industries, consequently a large hiimber of small operators compete keenly in the open market. Cement manufacturers often own gypsum mines. ^Gypsum is- mined extensively in 18 States and in Alaska. New York, Iowa, Michigan, aiid Ohio lead in pro- ductioui The general tendency is to decrease the aimount used in a crude state and to increase the use of the calcined material as plaster and plaster board. France, Great Britain, and Canada lead as for- eim producers. Production of crude gypsum, 1912-1915, was constant at about 2,500,000 short tons. Later statistics of domestic production follow: Year. Grade mined (sliort tons). Value of crude and caWned sold. 1916 2,757,730 2;'696 226 a,OS7;01S ,2,420, IfiS 3,129,142 57,959,032 11,116,462 ^ llv47D;a54 1917 1918 1919 ■.. '. 15 727907 24,533.066 1920 '.'. Imports of gypsum and plaster of Paris before 1918 were less than 1 per cent of domestic production; They have been mostly from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick and are entered a,t various Atlantic ports. Large blocks of gypsum are occasionally received from Eng- land. Later statistics follow : , ' c SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Gypsum and gypsum products. 267 Calendar year. Quantity. Ad valorem rate. PLASTER ROCK OE GYPSUM,, CRUDE. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) - Tmn. 44,.826 15S,333 252,220 167,085 $55,004 211,946 397,942 ,240,677 $5,580 21,195 39,794 Per cent. 10 10 JO PLASTER ROCK OR SYPSUM, GROUND OR CALCINED. 1918 5,462 9,299 13,322 3,783 J70,028 126,405 179,191 49,491 S7,003 12,641 17,919 10 1919-.-,-,, ,--^,. ....-:. 1920:;-... . .■ . ' ■'"■' - >■' 10 10 1921 (9 months) .-..'.'...' ..- .. * KEENE'S CEMENT, OR OTHER CEMENT OF WHICH GYPSUM IS THE COMPONENT MATERIAL OF CHIEF VALUE. 1918 99 167 180 . 129 J2,259 5 984. 5,338 6; 735 J226 698 534 10 1919 10 1920 10 1921 (9 months) ... . PORTLAND CEMENT, WHITE, 1 *joNsn PAINING. 1918 . . 1 72 582 $15 1,273 23,815 14 , ( . , $1 127 2,381 10 1919 .-. 10 1920 10 . - PEARL HARDENING FOR PAPER MAKERS' USE. 19l8 ■' ^ $450 ■ 139 226 $45 14 23 10 1919 : ,., 10 1920 . 10 1921 f 9' months') ■ . , r Exports of plaster/of Paris have been small ; the maximum value was $28,144 in 1917. Small amounts are shipped to Canada. No exports of gypsum are recorded. , 'Important chescription-and uses.— China, clay or kaolin is a white-burning clay of residual origin. This clay is largely used in the manufacture of white earthenware and china pottery, in high-grade tile, and as filler in paper, paint, rubber, -and oilcloth. Kaolin forms from 20 to 50 per cent of the body in china, with varying proportions of ball clay, flint or quartz, and feldspar. The clay gives plasticity and working properties and acts as a bond during early stages of firing. Ball clay is the most plastic ingredient ; kaolin, although -less plastic, is used because of the whiteness it irap.arts. Much of the domestic paper clay and some of the ball clay have similar uses, though not called kaolin Jjecause of different geologic origin. ' Production. — Domestic deposits of kaolin are extensive, but the crude product is generally regarded as inferior to that imported from England. The industry in this country has suffered from shortage and high CQst of labor and from adverse transportation con- ditions, and yet has shown considerable progress both iii increased output to regular ciistomers and in'the development of new markets. It is doubtful if domestic kaolin can entirely replace the imported product, unless the quality improves, either through the discovery of new high-grade deposits or better systems of purifying and stand- ardizing the product now mined, for production statistics see fore- going table under clays, not specially provided for. Imports of kaolin, which include clays used in the paper, pottery, and other industries, were 241,935 short tons, valued at $1,590,054 in 1914. Of the china clay used in American potteries, 56 per cent is imported from England, because it has been considered indispensable -for the higher-grade ware. Some imports are from Canada. Recent statistics follow : - - Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. 1918 Tons. 150,089 161,243 323,036 79,381 81,153,240 1,965,393 3,568,677 873,989 $187,611 201,554 403,795 Per cejii. 16.27 1919 10.26 1920 11.31 1921 (9 months) !» BAUXITE, C (See Survey »KUDE. C-16.) Description an4 uses. — Crude bauxite is a form of aluminum oxide, the commercial grade containing at least 52 per cent of alumina, although material is. mined of varying content ranging from 40 to 70 per cent. The silica and iron should not run over 15 per cent. Bauxite is the chief ore of aluminum, but also ha^ many other im- 82304—22 18 274 STJMMARY OP TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. portant uses. It is emplofyed in the manufacture of artificial abra- sives, and is also the crude material from which alum, aluminum sul- phate, and several other chemicals for %ater purification, djeing, and tanning are made. A rapidly growing application is in the manuf aciture of bauxite brick for furnace linings. In 1917 nearly 65 per cent of the domestic output went into metallic aluminum, nearly 13 per cent into aluminum saltSj 19 per cent into bauxite abrasives, and 3 per cent to makers of bauxite refractories. The purest varieties are used in high-grade chemicals. Production.— The principal bauxite deposits of the world are in the Provinces of Var and Herault, southern France; in the former Empire of Austria-Hungary ; in Arkansas, Georgia, and Alabama ; in British and I)utch Guiana; and in northwestern Ireland., Minor deposits are located in Germany, Russia, Venezuela, Frehch Guiana, Brazil, Africa, Australia^ and probably China. It is believed that the tropical countries contain immense reserves. The largest produc- ing bauxite deposits are controlled politically by the United Staties and France. Great Britain rules a large share of the equatorial regions which probably contain most of the undeveloped deposits. Bauxite may also be found in the colonial possessions of Portugal and Belgium and in those formerly owned by Germany. The alumi- num works of the world are controlled by the United States, Great Britain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, and Norway. Bauxite produced and consumed in the United States, 19161920. - Domestic production. Year. Georgia, Alabama, and Tennessee. Arkansas. Total. Quantity .(long tons). Value. Quantity (long tons). Vdlue. Quantity (long tons). Value. 1916 ... 49jl90 62,134 42,829 43,076 40,029 S284,810 395,051 . 314,112 346,588 349,463 375,910 506,556 562,892 333,490 481,279 »2, Oil, 590 2,724,007 3,133,880 1,855,159 2,897,892 425,100 568,690 605,721 376,566 521,308 $2,296,400 3,119,058 3,447,992 2,201,747 3 247,345 1917 1918 1919 1920 World's production of lauxite, 191S and 1916-1920, hy countries, in metric tons. Country. 1913 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 •Austria (Dalmatia and Istria) . British Guiana British India France • --n-'- '■ Hungary. . '. . '.'., . . „.'.'. '. .'. . . . . .' Italy.:....;.!. ^..j. ..,.,.... Spam United Kingddm .'^t-J. United atafes... , (') "142,326 1,203 309,294 m 6,952 762 » 106, 170 8,887 ' 163, 122 2,070 1,385 2 120,883 '16, 213 • ,.7,789 6,152 213, 615 . 10,495 431,923 14,960 577,817 ' 155,000 4,266 1,211 7,800 460 9,743 615,443 W 2,008 1,709 159, 103 2,972 1,780 9,369 382,610 "27,872 ("} "186,693 (') 2 8 37,960 0) 11,197 629,675 1 Figures not yet available. ' Unofficial. > Production of Dalmatia and Istria (33,860 tons) included under Italy. StlMMAHY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 275 Imports. — Before the war the United States generally imported between 10 and 20 per cent of its supply, which was of French origin. Imports of bauxite in 1914 were 24,844 tons, valued at $86,871. Later statistics for calendar years follow : Bauooite, or ieauxite, oruAe, not refined or advanced. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (tons) 3,653 $14,791 6,082 $36,820 42,895 8251,284 24,883 Value $150,479 Imports above shown are chiefly from France and British Guiana. Exports consist largely of purified alumina, or bauxite concen- trates, by one company to a Canadian subsidiary. Exports of bauxite concentrates since 1917 are shown as follows : 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 19,711 $1,523,688 17,701 $1,372,094 22,257 $1,843,596 4,455 Value $371,873 Important changes in classi'flcaMon.^ etc.- Paragraph, page 279. -See General Notes on FTJliLEE'S EARTH. (See Survey B^.) Description and uses. — Fuller's earth is a clay having the power of absorbing greasy substances and of decolorizing fats and oils. Its variations in chemical composition and in physical properties determine its value. It is used principally for bleaching, clarifying, or filtering fats, greases, and oils. Other uses are in pigments for printing wall paper, in detecting certain coloring matters in fodd products, and as a substitute for talcum powder. The domestic industry first assumed importance in 1895. Production. — Domestic deposits of fuller's earth are of high grade, and home production could easily be made to supply the entire do- mestic demand. The industry is unorganized and some properties are idle a large part of the time. Almost 99 per cent of the out- put originates in the Southern States, but California yields suffi- cient-material to supply the petroleum refineries located on the Pacific slope. Great Britain and Germany are normally large producers, but the English product is the only one entering the domestic market to any extent. The domestic industry occupies a strong position in all home mar- kets except along the Atlantic seaboafdfrbiia New "Jersey to New England. Domestic material sent here must absorb a heavy rail 276 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. and water freight charge, while foreign material can in many cases be shipped direct from England to the consuming plant at a lower cost for transportation. Statistics of production of Fuller's earth produced and marketed in the United States f qUow : YearJ 1911-1915 Caverage) . 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 Number of operators reporting Quantity (short tons). 40,178 67, 822 72, 567 84,468 106, 146 128,487 Value. $390, 252 706,951 772,087 1,146,354 1,998,829 2, 606, 189 Average price per ton. $9. 71 10 42 10.64 13:57 18.83 19.51 , Imports are as follows: Unwrought or unmanufactured in 1913, 1,597 short tons, valued at $10,359 ; in 1917, 975 short tons, valued at $7,486. Wrought or manufactured have been greater, amounting in 1913 to 15,269 short tons, valued at $135,229 ; in 1917 to 15,077 short tons, valued at $159,071. Imports amount to about 15 per cent of the domestic production. The material enters through New York and New England ports, .and is consumed at the refining plants located in that section. Statistics of imports since 1917 follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty^ Equiva- lent Sid valorem. ■ FULLER'S EARTH, tTNWROUGHT AND UNMANUFACTURED. 1918 Tons. ' 969 333 1,365 205 $12,636 4,301 19, 793 2,438 $727 250 1,016 Per cent. 5 75 1919 5.81 1920 ......: 5 13 1921 (9 months) FULLER'S EARTH, WROUGHT OR MANUFACTURED. 1918 14, 140 12,054 15,622 5,761 $213,599 185,410 202,100 76,713 $21,210 18,081 23,433 9 93 1919 9.75 1920 11 59 1921 (9 months) Exfort figures- are not available. SILICA. Description and uses. — Silica is used in the manufacture of wood tiller, pottery, paints, and scouring soaps, as a polisher, as foundry mold wash, in metallurgic and chemical processes, and for cosmetics and dentifrices. Pro(Luction.-^^h.& following table summarizes the data available to show the silica of the specified forms marketed in the United States from 1918 to 1920, inclusive. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 277 Silica sold for pottery, paints, fillers, polishers, abrasives, and other uses in the United States, 1918-1920. 1918 1919 1920 Material, j - Quantity (short tons). Value. Quantity (short tons). Value. Quantity (short tons). Value. Quartz (vein quartz, pegmatite, and 71,740 98,956 19,982 3 2,965 $259,330 620, 584 199, 854 2 24,947 63,332 47,277 24,292 42,642 $373,571 288)890 181, 541 531,960 68, 190 158,395 40,233 61,922 $320,350 1 18:) Oil I'ripoR (ground and otherwise pre- 569, 677 1,079,693 • U93,643 ' 1, 104, 715 177, 543 1, 37.5, 962 328,740 3,152,734 1 Includes only finely ground material. Figures probably incomplete. 2 Excludes California product used for filters and as insulating and fireproofing material. Quartc: sold in the United States, 1916-1920. Crude. Ground. Total. Year. Quantity (short tons). Value. Quantity (short tons). Value. Quantity (short tons). Value. 1916 ...;^ 1917 70,417 126, 575 61i008 51,774 59,423 $78,283 120,856 121,888 135,187 142,397 18,097 16,098 10, 732 11, 558 8,767 $164,503 197, 213 137,442 238,384 177,963 88,514 142, 673 71,740 63,332 63,190 $242,786 318, 069 259, 330 1918 ..il.. 1919 , 373, 571 1920 '.:"..'. 320, 360 Irnforts. — The Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commei\ e records imports of " flint, flints, and flint stones, unground," from several countries. These imports are mainly flint pebbles for use in grind- ing mills but partly material for uses such as are listed in this report. The figures can not be accurately separated. Value of pehhles and flint imported for consumption in the United States, 1916-19M. 1916 $313, 120 li)17 197, 156 1918 127,808 1919 -;— $250, 096 1920 ^^-. 338,630 Im-fortflnt changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- graph, page 279. FLUORSPAR. (See Survey B-4.) Description and uses. — Fluorspar or fluorite, chemicaly calcium fluoride (CaFj), contains 48.9 per cent fluorine and 51.1 per cent calcium. It is translucent to transparent and has about the same hardness as calcite. The general grades are lump, ground, and gravel spar. The principal uses in order of importance are (1) metallur- gical work, (2) manufacture of opalefscent, glass aiid enameled ware, and (3) chemical manufactures, especially hydrofluoric acid. The 278 SUMMARY OF TAKIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. bulk of domestic production and, practically all of the injpoicted supply appear as gravel spar, 80 per cent of the domestic production being used in the basic open-hearth steel jfurnaces. In metallurgy fluorite makes extremely fluid slags, with great solvent power for refractory substances. It has a comparatively low melting point, and at high temperatures it has a higher quantitative efficiency as a flux than limestone. In the making of ferromanganese and ferrosilicon it gives great fluidity to the slag without too high temperature and greatly reduces the amount of phosphorus, s;ul- phur, and other impiirities in the pig. The most important use is in basic open-hearth steel furnaces, where, with limestone, it is of value as a desulphurizing agent. It makes the melt more fluid and permits the use of greater quantities of lower grades and scrap. V§ry little lump is used for metallurgical purposes. Theoretically gravel spar rulis in sizes from one-half inch down, but as a matter of fact it may vary from egg size to " fines." The highest grade is white or clear, pale green, or blue and is the material used by glass, enameling, and chemical industries, including the manufacture of hydrofluoric acid, which accounts for the bulk of the consumption. Some sodium fluoride is used in the preservation of wood. For most chemical uses a purity of 95 to &8 per cent is necessary. ' , ~ Miscellaneous- uses for the mineral are as a binding agent in emery wheels and for carbon electrodes, in the extraction of potash from feldspar, and for increasing the volatilization of potassium in the recovery of potash from Portland cement clinker. As an electrode bond, fluorite increases the lighting efficiency and decreases the! current required. Small amounts of fluorspar are used annually for optical purposes. Only the purest, qlearest specimens — pieces as small as one-quarter inch in diameter — are used in making lenses. Pr'oduofipn. — Until 1916 over 90 per cent of the output of ground fluorspar was mined near Rosiclare, 111. The field extends across the Ohio River into the adjoining counties 6f Kentucky. Fluorspar is also produced in New Hamjpshire, Arizona, and Colorado. Prior to 1905 the domestic output was less than 50,000 tons an- nually-and fluctuated considerably. In 1909^ its use for open-hearth steel being more generally recognized, the mining and milling facili- ties in the Illinois-Kentucky fields expanded greatly, and production increased rapidly until 1912. Fluorspar is^nined by the usual underground methods. On ac- count of the comparatively low value of the product, extensive, or costly treatment is not possible, and only those deposits which fur- nish sufficiently pure material with a minimum of preparation can be worked advantageously. The latest available records rank England next to the United States in production, with Germany thirdj and France fourth. A few hundred tons are annually produced m Spain. Austria-Hun- gary, which formerly produced 8,000 to 9,000 tons a year, had no out- put in 1911. Canada and Mexico possess deposits contaitiing fluor- spar, but little is known as to their grade or extent. Canada began to produce regularly in 1917. ^ ■ With the English steel industry in normal state, more than 50 per cent of the fluorspar output of Great Britain was exported to the; SUMMABY QF TARIFF INFOEMATIQlir, 1921. 279 United States, where it, was able to compete with the, American prod- uct as far west as Pittsburgh. The production from old mine dumps was cheaply obtajLned and exceeded English requirements. This ma- terial is rapidly disappearing, while the greatly expanded, steel in- dustry of the United Kingdom will continue to make larger de- mands on the output of spar. It is therefore doubtful if, in thei future, there will be much excess for export. Domestic supplies are ample for any probable requirement for a great many years. The cost of mining exceeds that in foreign countries, but the material has a higher average purity. Fluorspar produced ' in the United States, 1916-I9S0. Year. Quantity ■ (short tons). Value. 1916 155,735 218)828 263,817 138,290 186,778 $922,654 2,287,722 5,466,481 3,525,574 4,718,647 1917 1918 v... 1919 1920 1 .2,126,409 24,001,045 1 Figures representshipments from mines. ' Imports, until 1916, were from 100 to 300 tons annually of ground fluorspar from Germany. In recent years nearly, all has been the medium-grade gravel spar, chiefly from England. The supply was derived largely from old mine dumps, and was purchased at the docks in Liverpool for about $2 a tbn and brought over as ballast. The low- est average valuation of the material at the port of entry was $2.46 in 1911 (calendar year) and the highest, not including duty or freight, was $15.10 in 1918. Imports in 1910 were 42,488 short tons, valued at $135,152; in 1914, 10,206 short tons, at $38,943. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. 1918 Tims. ,11,225 ., 6,199 21,975 , ,3,612 $169,364 107,631 265,630 43,318 $16,837 9,298 32,962 Per cent. 9.94 1919 . , ;. 8.64 1920 - 12.41 .Exports. — None rfecdrded. GENERAI/ NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. Important changes in classi-fication. — The following articles cov- ered by this paragraph are exempt from duty undei* the act of 1913: Common blue clay and Gross- Almerode glass-pot clay, in cases or casks, suitable for the manufacture of crucibles and 'glass-melting pots or tank blocks (par. 450) j terra alba, hot made from gypsum or plaster rock (par. 629) ; and bauxite or" beauxite, crude, notsrMined or otherwise advariced in condition from its natural state {par. 411). 280 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATIOW, 1921i Confuting provisions. -^Th& provision in this paragraph for " silica, crude, not specially provided for, $4 per ton " may be in con- flict with the provision in paragraph 1661 exempting from duty " sand, crude or manufactured." The provisions for silica are new. Suggested changes. — Page 28, line 2 : Strike out " or beauxite " to agree with paragraph 6. PARAGRAPH 208. H. E. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 208. Mica, unmanufactured, or rough trimmed only, 4 cents per pound and IT per centum ad valorem ; mica, cut or trimmed, mica splittings, mica plates, and built-up mica, and all manufactures of mica or of which mica is the component material of chief value, 10 cents per pound and 17 per centum ad valorem ; ground mica, 4 cents per pound and 20 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pae. 91. Mica, unmanufactured, or Par. 77. Mica, unmanufactured, rough trimmed only, five cents per valued at not above 15 cents per pound and twenty per centunj ad va- pound, 4 cents per pound; valued iprem ; mica,' cut or trimmed, mica above 15 cents per pound, 25 per plates or built-up mica,' and all manu- centum ad valorem ; cut mica, mica factures of mica or "of which mica is splittings, built-up mica, and all manu- the component material of chief value, factures of mica, or of which mica is ten cents per pound and twenty per the component material of chief value, centum ad valorem. 30 per centum ad valoreim ; ground [No corresponding provision fbr mica, 15 per centum ad valorem, ground inica.] MICA. (See Survey B-5.) Description and uses. — Mica is a mineral marketed as cut or un- cut blocks and sheets, as splittings, and in a ground form. Mica splittings is a form of rough-trimmed mica which has been separated into sheets. Cut mica is separated into sheets and accurately trimmed to size — either squares, oblongs, discs, or washers. The value of mica of same quality depends upon the size of the sheets- and whether it is clear or stained. Sheet mica, noninflammable and insulating, is essential in the manufacture of electrical machinery. Other uses, including windows for stoves, goggles, and lanterns, are dependent upon its transparency and resistance to, heat and shock. It is used in pho}jograph diaphragms. Built-up mica, or mica board, an insulating material having -various trade names, utilizes the split- tings. Ground mica is used in patent roofing, in annealing steel, in lubrication, and in decoration. ' Production. — Deposits of mica of economic value may be found in small quantities in many parts of the world, but India, ther United Statesy'-and Canada now produce 96 per cent of the world's output. Brazil, Argentina, the British East Africa, Protectorate, and, Aus- tralia are rapidly becoming important producers., GrUjitemala, the Union, of South Africa, Madagascar, Nyasaland, China, and- Ceylon have deposits which will undoubtedly be exploited in the near future. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 281 In the United States, North Carolina and New Hampshire are the principal mica producers. The following States contain mica deposits which are now being worked or which have been worked in recent years : North Carolina, Georgia, Virginia, South Carolina, Alabama, New Hampshire, Maine, South -Dakota, Idaho, New Mexico, Colorado, and Texas. The Appalachian region has usually produced the best quality of sheet mica, although good deposits'are known in South Dakota and Idaho. In general, however, a greater percentage of scrap mica is taken from the western than from the eastern deposits. It is' the relatively large quantity of good sheet mica in the deposits in the East that has made the mining of mica more profitable there than in the West. The following table shows the mica produced and sold in the United States, 1914-1919 : Mica produced and sold in the United States, l&U-WW. Sheet mica. Scrap mica. Total quantity , (short tons). Year. Quantity (pounds). Value. Quantity (short tons). Value. Total value. 1914 1 556,933 553,821 > 865,863 a, 276, 533 1, 644, 200 ;,^5,709 $278,540 378,259 524,485 753,874 731,810 483,667 3,730 3,959 4,433 3,429 2,292 3,258 $51,416 50,510 69,906 52,908 33, 130 58,084 • '4,008 4,236 4,866 4,067 3,ll4 4,031 $329,956 428, 769 594 391 191.i 1916.... 1917... 806^782 764,940 191S.. . 1919 , Imports of unmanufactured mica in 1913 were 2,339,5'87 pounds, valued at $819,902, ah increase over previous years; but imports declined during the war period to about $500,000 annually. Cut mica, mica splittings, and manufactures increased from $398,580 in 1914 to $1,002,821 in 1917. In 1917 unmanufactured mica, except the ground variety, was valued at $453,978. Very little ground mica is imported. Imports of all kinds of mica are from India (directly and through' England):, Canada, Germany, and South. America. Later statistics follow : Mica. Calendar year. Quantity. CUT MICA, MICA SPLITTINGS, BUILT-UP MIGA, AND ALL MANUFACTURES OF MICA, ETC. 1918 Pounds. $880,906 762, 228 2, on, 434 588,688 $264, 2f 2 '■ 228,668 , 603; 430 Per cent. 3P.00 1919 ' 30. 00 1920 ' 1 30. 00 1921 ^9 months) ! GROUND. 282 SXrHMABY OP TAEIFF; INFOEMATIONj 1921, J/icOrp-Cpriti nuefl. . (Jalendar year. Quantity. UNMANUFACTURED, VALUED ABOVE is' CENTS PER PbUND^ 1918, 1919 1920..; 1921 "(9 months) Pounds. '■ 675, 117 645,637 1,199,517 179, 660 . i652,lQ9 7i8,389 .l.,il63, 48S '234, 281' $163, P27 ' 179,597 290, W),, Per cent, . 25.00 ' -25.00 ■:, 25.00 UNMANUFACTURED, VALtJED' AT NOT ABOVE 15 CENTS PER, POUND. ' 191S 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 66, 312 78,076 107, 260 69,690 ■ i6;467 , i8,143 ■ 12,702 7,213 " $2,'652' .,,3,123 * t< A oan 4l.'02 38.35 33. 78 Exports of unmanufactured mica declined from $25,962 in 1914 to about $4,000 in 1917j while exports of maniif actures increased over 100 per cent to $84,755 m 1917. Later exports of mica and manufactures of (by calendar years) have been valued as follows: 1918, $74,529; 1919, $109,348; 1920, $316,169; 1921 (9 months), $112,883. Exports have been destined chiefly to England, Canada, France, and Japan. Important changes in classification. — The provisions in the act of 1909 (par. 91) for mica rough-trimmed only, for mica trimmed, and for mica plates are here revived. Suggested changes. — ^It has been represented to the Tariff Commis- sion that mica splittings are a material in the class with rough- trimmed block mica rather than with mica plates, built-up mica, and manufactures of mica. PARAGRAPH 209. H. B. 7456. Par. 209. Talc, steatite or soapstone, and French chalk, crude and unground, one-fourth of 1 cent per pound ; ground, ' washed, powdered, or pulverized, ex- cept tgilet preparations, one-half of 1 cent per pound; ^cut or sawed, or in blanks, crayons, cubes, disks, or other forms, 1 cent per pound ; manufactures ( except toilet preparations), of which talc, steatite or soapstone, or French chalk is the component material of chief value, wholly or i>artly finished, and not specially provided for,. if not decorated, 25 per centum ad valorem ; if decorated, 30 per centum ad valorem. ACT OP 1909. Pab. 13. * * * French chalk, one cent per pound ; * * *. Par. 95. Articles and wares com- posed wholly or in chief value of SEM"ATE AMEITDMENTS. ACT or 1913. Pab. 69. Talcum, ground talc, stea- tite, and French chalk, cut, powderefl,, washed, or pulverized,. 15 per centum ad valorem. SUMMARY OF TAjRIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 283 earthy or mineral substances, * * * if not decorated in any manner, thirty- five per centum ad valorem; if dec- orated, forty-five per centum ad va- lorem ; * * *_ Pae. 480. * * * articles manufac- tured, In v?hole or in part, not provided for In this section, * * * twenty per centum ad valorem. Pab. 626. Minerals, crude, * * * [Free] . Par. 81. Earthy or mineral sub- stances wholly or partially manufac- tured and articles and wares composed wholly or in chief value of earthy or mineral substances, not specially provided for in this section, whether susceptible of decoration or not, if not decorated in ' any manner, 20 per centum ad valorem ; if decorated, 25 per centum ad valorem ; * * *. Par. 621. Talcum, steatite, and French chalk, crude and unground [Free]. TALC ^FRENCH CHALK. (See Survey A-19.) Description and iises. — ^Talc is a natural magnesium hydrous sili- cate. It has a greasy or soapy feel, and is one of the softest minerals known. The massive, compact variety is known as steatite or soap- stone. Talc has a great variety of uses. As soapstotte it is cut into slabs and used for table tops in hospitals and laboratories ; it is also made into sinks and laundry tubs and into vessels for storing acids. As a heat resistant it is used 'for griddles, foot warmers, and hearthstones ; as an insulator, for electric switchboards and floors of electrical, plants. Ground or powdered talc is used as a filler in the manufacture of paper and paint and as a dressing for rubber, cloth, and leather. It is e.'rtensively employed in the manufacture of toilet powders; as a preservative coating for stonework and as a nonconductive material for covering steam pipes; and as an adulterant for soaps and other goods. French chalk is high-grade talc in its natural state cut to shape and size for marking cloth, metals, slate, etc. Talc is used in making tips for gas burners, and some varieties are substituted for graphite in lubricants. Prodiiction. — ^The United States produces more talc than all other countries; Italy and France produce the finest varieties. Before the war France ranked second to' the United States in total production. Virginia produces all the soapstone mined in this country, and New York produces most of the fibrous talc used in paper making. In 1915 the total production of talc and soapstone in the United §tates was 186,891 short tons and in 1917 it was 218,848 short tons, liater statistics follow : • Talc mined and sold in the United States in 1918 and 1919 , by States. 1918 1919 State. Quantity (short tons) . Value. Average value per ton. Quantity (short tons). Value. Average value per ton. 11,864 , 71,167 1,661 90,537 3,265 14,483, $186,775 , 902,100 ' 72,S4S . 776,012 ; ^ 24,.723 ..145,002 $15.66 12.68 43.56 8.66 7.57 10.01 9,837 62,495 2,602 78,661 14,744 $147,470 750,765 76,158 666,652 182,467 $14.99 New York .a,., „ .' - 12.01 29.27 , , 8.46 Georgia,' MM^land, ' kassJ^husettV, New* JJersey,iPeiili^lvania, and Washington. . 12.38 192,977 2,104,960 10.91 168,339 1,822,512 10.83 284 StrMMABY OF TARIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. Domestic talc sold in the United States, WIS and 1915-1920, by- classes. Kough (crude). Manufactured into pencils and blanks.^ • Ground.^ Total. Year. Quantity (short . tons). ■Value. Quantity (short tons). Value. Quantity (short tons). Va'ue. Quantity (short tons). Value. 1913 2,454 8,235 11,299 a2,269 13,263 15, 625 30,955 $11,597 68,867 106,928 68,440 106,228 73,437 137,388 138 39 ■ 828 5,781 946 921 $36,272 11,941 102,674 176,404 114,002 ,147:339 146,679 168,062 181,182 180,563 177,209 151,793 "167,594 $1,232,161 1,330,389 1,653,240 1,644,828 1,869,730 1,601,736 "2,174,453 149,271 166,336 193,309 198,613 191,477 168,339 198,549 $1,280,020 1,401,197 1 762 842 1915 1916... 1917 1,889,672 2 0S9 ftRft. 1918 1919 1920 2,311,841 1 Includes slate pencils and metal workers' crayons and blanks used in making acety ene burners and other objects. ■* For loundry lacings, filler for paper, paint, and rubber goo^B, toilet powder, foot ease,, lubricators for dressing skins and leather, etc. ' Figures for talc manufactured into pencils and blanks included under "Ground." The total sales of soapstoue in the United States in 1920 amounted to 24,175 shor,t tons, valued at $740,197, as compared with 15,330 short tons, valued at $576,059 in 1918. Imports.— rMost of the talc, ground or prepared, imported before the war came from France and Italy, with smaller amounts from Canada and Austria-Hungary. After 1914 the imports from France fell, but those from Italy increased. ^The total imports during 1914 were 29,690,092 pounds, and' during 1917 were 34,288,429 pounds. In 1914 the imports of crude and .unground talcum and French chalk amounted to 2,807,974 pounds. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Quantity, Ad , valorem" rate. TALCUM, STEATITE, AND FRENCH CHALK, CRUDE AND UNGROUND. ' 1918 Pounds. 2,868,540 3,281,^53 1,S82,;379 265,703 $9,253 10, 105 7,206 1,385 Per cent. 191'9 ■ 1920.. I 1921 (9 months) TALCUM, GROUND TALC, OR STEATITE, CUT, POWDERfeD, 'WASHED, OR PULVERIZED. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 25,469,657 25, 916, 193 143,477,182 16,633,622 $251,323 248,576 443,514 165,856 $37,698 661527 16 15 15 FRENCH CHALK, CUT, POWDERED WASHED, OR PULVERIZED. 1918 $266 323 ,. $<0 48 15 1919. . . . 6,313 15 1 Includes French chalk. Imports since 1918 have coriie principally from, Canada and Italy. Exports. — None recorded. Important chmiges in classification.- — Talcum, steatite, and French chalk, crude and unground, are exempt from duty under the acl of SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFOKMATION, 1921. 285 1913 (par. 621). The provisions for talc, cut or sawed or in blocks •or other forms and manufactureSj are new. Suggested changes.— Page 28, Ime 21 : Put the words " except toilet preparations " in parentheses to agree with line 24. [See par. 1449, page 1200, in connection with crayons.] PARAGRAPH 210. H. U. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 210. Common yellow, brown, or gray earthenware made of natural, unwashed, and unmixed clay, plain or embossed ; common salt-glazed stone- ware ; stoneware and earthenware cru- cibles ; all the foregoing not orna- mented, incised, or decorated in any manner, and manufactures wholly or in chief value of such ware, not spe- cially provided for, 20 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Pak. 92. Common yellow, brown, or gray earthenware, plain, embossed, or salt-glazed common stoneware, and earthenware or stoneware crucibles, all the foregoing not decorated in any manner, twenty-five per centum ad "valorem ; yellow earthenware, plain or <>mbossed, coated with white or trans- parent vitreous glaze but not other- wise ornamented or decorated, * * * forty per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1913. Pak. 78. Common yellow, brown, or gray earthenware made of natural un- washed and unmixed clay; plain or embossed, common salt-glazed stone- ware; stoneware and earthenware crucibles ; all the foregoing, not orna- m.ented, incised, or decorated in any manner, 15 per centum ad valorem ; * * * and manufactures wholly or in chief value of such ware, not spe- cially provided for in this section, 20 per centum ad valorem ; * * *. COMMON TELLOW, BEOWN, OR GRAY EAETHENWARE. (See Survey B-6.) ^ Description and uses. — Common earthenware, yellow, brown, or gray, includes , kitchen and culinary utensils; common stoneware, crocks, butter jars, churns, fruit jars, water filters, etc.; red earthen- ware, flower pots, jardinieres, vases, fern pots, window boxes, etc. Common stoneware is an opaque, highly fired, vitrified pottery, com- posed of plastic clay, the body being gray, buff, brown, or other color, caused by iron and other impurities present, with the natural color of the crude clay after being burned in the kiln. Red earthen- ware, usually porous, is made from red-burning clays ; yellow, brown, or gray earthenwares are made from natural clays, the solors being brought out by burning. Production. — In 1918 stoneware was made in 20 States, Ohio pro- ducing nearly one-half the output; red earthenware, in '31 States, Ohio being the largest producer. Statistics of production follow : Year. Stoneware and yellow and Eock- ingham ware Red earthen- ware. Total. 1914 1916 1918 1920 $3,349,301 3,696,288 4,454,164 5,475,660 $1,059,904 1,156,351 906,861 1,766,919 $4,409,205 4,852,639 5,361,026 7,242,579 286 SUMMABY OF TAHIFF INFORMATION, 1921. ImpoHs. — From 1908 to 1913 the average value of" imports was $67,000, but decreased to $27,173 in 1918 (fiscal year). Later statis- tics follow : Common yellow, 'brown, or gray earthenware, made of natural unwashed and unrmxed clay, and plain or embossed common salt-glazed stoneware. Calendar year. NOT DECORATED, ORNAMENTED, OR INCISED IN ANY MANNER. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) t5j251 6,048 14,248 12,087 Per cent. DECORATED, ORNAMENTED, OR INCISED IN ANY MANNER, AND MANUFACTURES OF SUCH WARE. 1918 ". 12,726 4,829 9,649 5,J836 $545 966 1,930 20 1919 20 1920 20 1921 (9 months) CRUCIBLES OF STONE AND EARTHENWARE. 1918 $3,019 7,486 9,145 4,675 $453 1,123 1,372 15 1919 * 15 1920 ... 16 1921 (9 months) Exports. — None recorded. ROCKINGHAM EARTHENWARE. (See Survey B-6.) Description and uses. — Rockingham ware imported froin England is of cheap brown, yellow, or reddish clay, often elaborately deco- rated ; the domestic make is of yellow or buff clays. It is covered with a rich brown glaze which gives its distinctive characteristic, manganese being the chief color ingredient. Except for its glaze it is the same as otner common ware made of domestic clays. It is used largely for teapots. ' Production. — The statistics of production include stoneware and yellow ware with Rockingham earthenware. See common yellow, brown, or gray earthenware, supra. Import value in 1908-9 was $20,000; in 1911, $89,692; in 1913, $75,006. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) $43, 137 47,613 99,931 62,949 $12,941 14,254 29,979 Per cent. 30 30 SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFOBMATION, 1921. 287 Impotta/nt chcmges in classification. — The words " plain or em- bossed " qualify earthenware instead of stoneware, and provision for earthenware, ornamented or decorated or incised has been omitted. Separate provision for Rockingham ware Was not made in H. R. 7456, because it is equal in all respects to other earthenware covered by paragraph 212. PARAGRAPH 211, H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pab. 211. Graphite or plumbago, crude or refined, not specially provided for, 10 per centum ad valorem. ACT OP 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pab. 654. Plumbago [Free]. Pab. 579. Plumbago [Free]. GEAPHITE OR ELUMBAGO. (See Survey FL-24.) Description and uses. — Plumbago, or graphite, is a soft, black variety of carbon. It occurs in nature in two forms, crystalline and amorphous, and is also produced artificially in the electric furnace from coal or other carbonaceous material. Graphite is employed for crucibles, as a lubricant, in paints, foundry facings, shoe polish, stove polish, dry batteries, electrodes, and boiler compounds, and for other purposes. For the making of good crucibles, its chief use, crystalline graphite, with flakes large enough to add to the binding power of clay, is essential. Production.^^^J.u the order of their importance, the following lists show the principal graphite producing countries or those in which - graphite deposits have been reported : CBySTALLINE , GKAPHITB. (a) Vein graphite : Ceylon could produce up to 35,000 shbrt tons per year, ail grades ; the fjnited States, small production from Mon- tana ; Canada, small iamount recently produced. (Jb) Flake graphite: Madagascar could produce up to nearly 50,- 000 short tons per year; Bavaria produced 40,000 metric tons in 1917; the United States fiould readily produce 4,000 tons of flake, ex- clusive of dust ; Rumania, ' important deposits recently reported ; Greenland and Brazil, large deposits reported, very little develop- ment; German East Africa (former), deposits of supposed large extent reported. ' AMORPHOUS GEAPHITE. German Austria and Czechoslovakia have long produced large amounts of graphite annually ; Chosen could probably produce 12,- 000 tons per anrtuni ; Italy could probably produce 12,000 tons per annum; Mexico could probably produce 6,000 tons per annum; the United States could readily produce 6,000 tons of natural and 6,000 tons of artificial amorphous graphite; Siberia, large amounts available but undeveloped. 288 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Amorphous graphite is so widely distributed that no serious diffi- culty is likely to be encountered by any of the great commercial nations in filling their vital needs, The most important deposits pf crystalline graphite are controlled by Great Britain through her sovereignty over Ceylon and by Frapce through sovereignty over Madagascar. Part of the Madagascar deposits are owned, by a Brit- ish company and part by Belgian capital. Japan controls the' de- posits of Chosen. American capital controls the deposits of the United States, of Mexico, aiid in part those of Canada. British interests own a part of the Italian and a part of the Spanish de- posits. The United States has heretofore not been considered independ- ent in the matter of crucible graphite. Crucible makers, who use about 15,000 tons a year, have insisted on having Ceylon graphite. Montana produces a graphite that has been accepted by crucible manufacturers as equal to Ceylon material. The quantity ultimately available has not been proved, but may be sufficient to satisfy domes- tic demands for many years, It would appear that crucibles prop- erly made from Alabama flake will give as good service as those made from the Ceylon material, . , There is a larger degree of independence in the matter of amor- phous graphite, of which. the consumption is in the neighborhood of 15,000 tons annually. Practically' all of this can be furnished from domestic sources, including both ^naturall and artificial graphite, but during the war American-owned mines in Mexico and Canada were drawn upon to some extent and, more recently, Korean graphite has again been imported. It is probable that Ceylon lump, regardless of price, will continue to be imported for some years as raw material for crucible manufac- ture on account of its established reputation. Extreme reluctance to use more than 20 per cent of domestic graphite. in place of Ceylon is evinced by crucible manufacturers, but it is by no means clear as yet, either to those within the trade or without', that this is a neces- sary restriction. Foreign manufacturers were using up to 100 per cent Madagascar flake duringf the war period. Production of natural graphite in the United Sta,tes previous to 1914 was under 5,000 tons annually. Stimulated by war prices, the output rose to 8,088 tons in 1916 and to 13,593 tons valued at $1,167,879 in 1917. In 1920 the production had declined to 9,510 tons valued at $626,202; there were 17 producers. Operations in 1921 were practically discontinued at several mines. The following table shows the domestic natural graphite sold, 1916-1920 : Amorphous. Crystalline. ; Total. Year. Quantity (short tons). Value. Quantity (short tons). Value. I Quantity (short tons). 1' Value. 1916. '2,622 ,8,301 6,660 3,379 4,694 120,723 73,481 69^465 47,716 49,758' 6,466 5,292 6,431 , . .4,043 4,816 $914,748 1,094,398 1,464,799 731, 141 576,444 8,088 13,693 12,991 7,422 9,510 $935,471 1917 1,167,879 1918 1 624 254 1919 778.857 1920 626,202 SUMMABY dF 'iARIJT iNFOBilAl^lbN, 1921. 289 Imports of plumbago in 1917 amounted to 4S^,270 tons, valued at $9,678,160. Later statistics follow : "i : . * l4l8 l9l9 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (tons) .. , 17,053 t2, 983, 250 23,753 $2,978,096 18,835 11,711,300 ! , 6,825 1424,261 Value..:...... .... The principal sources of importation, 1918-1921, were the British East Indies,' 'England, and France. Exports. — Some graphite is normally exported. The qtiantity in 1914 was 2,688 tons, valued at $387,Q75. Later statistics follow : ' Manufactures ol: (Value) tJnmanuIactiured: . Quantity (poufads) . . Value. S731,518i 1,907,719 $121,555 1919 $788,755 1,258,040 $90,185 1920 $610,281 1, 213/618 $112,771- 1921 (9 months). $530,203 911,192 $59,904 The principal countries of destination were the United Kingdom, Canada, Mexico, Japan, and Denmark. Important changes in classification. — Plumhago is exempt from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 579), Suggested cJmnff^s.^--*^2Lg& 29, lines 11, 12: Paragraph 211 is out of place. It should be renumbered 213; paragraph 212 should be renumbered 211, and paragraph 213 should be renumbered 212. PARAGRAPH 212. H. R. 74^6. Par. 212. Earthenware and crockery ware composed of a nonvitrified ab- , sorbent body, including , white granite and semiporcelain earthenware, and cream-colored ware, and stoneware, in- cluding clock cases with or without movements, pill tiles, plaques, orna- ments, toy,s, charms, vases, statues, statuettes, mugs, cups, steins, lamps, and all other articles composed whoUy , or in chief vsllue of such' ware; if plain white, plain yellow; itilaih brown, plain red, or plain black,, not, painted, colored, tinted, stainied, enameled, gilded, printed, ornamented, or deco- rated in any manner, and raanufec- tures in chief value of such ware not specially provided ^or, 25 per centum ad valorem ; if painted, cplored, tipted, stained, enameled, gilded, printed. Or ornamented or d^Cdrated in any man- ner, and manufactures in chief value of such ware, not spec-ally provided fojT, 28 per centun^ ^d vaioieiii. , , 82304— 22— —19 SEITATE AMENDMENTS. ^9Q ^■^Ji^IlVtARY OF TmfFY.n^l^O^MATigj!,^ }.92^. , ACT OF 1909. , ■ ' !";■• .!!■ . , ! =;,'•'■■ ' n ' '■i>('!i>-i! Pae. 93. * * * earthen, stone and crockery ware, including clock cases with or without movements, pUl tiles, placfues, ornaments, .,toys, charms, vaSeS, Statues, statuettes, mugs, cups, steins, and lamps, all the foregoing wholly or in chief value of sucli -ware ; painted, colored, tinted^ stained, enam- eled) gilded, printed,- or ornamented or decorated in any manner ; and manu- factures in chief Value bf sUeh ware not specially provided for in this sec- tjLqn, sixty per centum ads y^lprem. , ' Pae. 94. * / „* eartlien,"stoiie arid crockery^' ' 'wa:re," plain white, * plain brown, including clock , cases with or withpvit movements, pill tiles, plaques, ornanlents, toys, charms, vases,' stat- ues, statuettes, mugs, cups, steins, and lamps, all the forcigoing wholly or in chief value 'bf such Ware, not' 'palin'ted, Gol<)ired, tinted, stained, enameled, gilded, printed, or ornamented or deco- rated in any manner and manufac- tures in chief value of such ware not speeiklly ipioiided . for in this section, fifty-five per centum ad valorem. • ,., Pab. 96. * * * filter tubes» ;thirty- ' five pfer centum ad' valorem V * * *, . Pab. 92. * * * Rockingham earth- enware, fciCty. per centum^ ad: valorem. ACT OF 1913. ih'^'Asif. 79i 'BdEthenwar^ and' crockery ware composed of a nonvltrifled ab- sorbent body, including white granite and semiporcelain earthenware, and cream-colored ware, and stoneware, including clock cases with or without movements, pill tiles, plaques, orna- ments, toys, charms, vases,- statues,' statuettes, mugs, cups, steins, lamps, and all other articles composed wholly or in chief value of such Ware J if plain white, plain y011o?esf,; plain -browa, plain ,,;i;eji,,. or,j>laip black, not painted, col- - ored,. tinted; stained, enameled, gilded, ' printed,' ornamented or decorited iii any manner, and manufactures in chief vaiue of such ware not specially pro- vided for in this section, 35 per Centum ad valorem ; if painted, colored, tinted, stained, enameled, gilded, printed, or ornamented or decorated in any 'man^ ner, and manufactures in chiejvaiiie of such ware not specially provided for in this section, 40 per centum ad valorem. Miter tubes, 'SjO per ' Pae! 82. *' '*• * centum ad valdreia ; PiEiT^"*"* ** * Rockinghaih earth- en#ar>e>, 30." per> centum ad valorem.-'. ..'fp •WHITE, fWAEE. (See Survey B-6.) DescripUon avd Mses.-^EarlhenVat^ and ctockery ware composed of a iion,Titrj|i^(|,^l?sor^ent .body, including white. granit^ and semi- porcelain earthenware, arid cream-colored ware (and plain earthen- ware articles of corresponding grades made of i.mixed, washed, or prepared clays other than white) are known to 'manufaetnrers and the trade as earthenware. They are made of materials whi6h result in an absorbent body usually covered with a brilliant transparent i glaze. ■.^:U' : I-. V . ._. The manufactured articles include plates^ cups, saucers,' dishes, toilet and kitchen ware, and other af ticles^, made ordinarily in three grades, as follows: White earthenware, seni^poi;celaijn, and "cream color." These terms are used for the best quality of white earthen^, ware. Queen's ware, ironstone china, and ■white granite ware a,re names used indiscriminately by the trad^/for the next gr aide of ■jvhite earthenware- They are made of a superior quality of .materials, and the body is slightly stained by a solution of cobalt, which, gives it^a. bluish white cast. C. C. ware is a variety of goods made of i low j grade china clays, the name being an abbrfeviation: of the words "cream-colored ware." It is considered the cheapest quality of whiti, pottery product. Fine stoneware, covered by the above paragraph, differs from common stoneware in the use of prepared clays and in greater care in the process of manufacture. Articles made of mixed, washed, or prepared clays, other than white, including fin6 yellow SUMMABY of TAEIF^i INFORMATION^ 1921; 291 carmelite and red Vhiie-lined cooking walre, jet ware teapots, and others as mentioned, are ineltidediii"tfeis'classifi6ation. ^ ! : 'P'r'diiuetioTi^—Iii 1917-18 there were 55 potteries, *ith a capacity of 473 kilns. Sixty-five pfer 6ent of the total production was niade in Ohio, nearly 20 per cent dn West Virginia, and 15 per cent in seven other States. The principal materials used in the United States in the production 'of white ware are kaolin or china clay,::ball clay, quartz, and feldspar. Nearly 3^ per cent of white earthenware 'mate- rial is china clay, almost 15 per cent is baU clay, 32 per cent is flint, and 14 per cbnt feldspar; A large proportion of imported English chiha and ball clays is relied upon to bring American ware to the desired standard of quality. Before the war 56 per cent of the china clays and 77 per cent of the ball clays were itaported from England. In 1917-18 about '50 per Cent of the ball clays, were imported, iand this reduction in the proportion used resulted iri a deteribration of the ware. The proportion of, imported china clays has remained un- changed. Flint and feldspar are almost entirely of domestic origin. The domestic production of white ware, including C. C. ware, white granite, semiporcelain ware and semivitreous porcelain ware has been as follows: 1914, $14,963,079; 1916, $18,191,390; 1918,, $25,305,926 ; 1920, $40,048,355. The great increase in value is due chiefly to an increase of about 100 per cent in cost rather than to an increase in quantity. In the years prior to the war imports of white ware, of a competi- tive character, from France, Germany, Austria, and Japan were small. The better grades of English earthenware and of French, German, and Austrian china are not directly coriipetitive with domestic pro- duction but do displace it indirectly. This was true also of a large Jroportion of German and Austrian china of a cheap character'; apanese chinaware at the present time also displaces American earthenware,. In 1919 the exports from Japan of china were $2,042,- 055 and of earthenware $227,220 (foreign value). The exports of pottery to the United States in the calendar years immediately before the war were: 1913, from England, $2,029,939, mainly earthenware; 1912, from Germatty, china, $3,017,364, earthenware, $182,646; 1913, from Austria, china, $468,825, earthenware, $8,491 ; 1913, from France, $1,704,440, china ; 1912, from Japan, $1,231,507, mainly china. In 1913 an investigation of the cost of producing earthenware and chin aware in the United States and comipeting European countries was conducted, the full report of which is found in the Department of Commerce reports, Miscellaneous Series, No. 21, entitled " The Pottery Industry." The comparative net value of the products of the various countries; based upon the cubic-foot measurement, is indicative of the total cost value of the glost-Mln (trade unit) , as follows : Barthenwaie ratio of values . Ratio of direct labor values . . Chinaware ratio of values . . . Ratio of direct labor values . . United States. J377. 08 126.97 701. 47 206.39 England $239. 00 65.91 Ger- many. $213. 81 67.10 233.03 47.87 Austria. $286. 46 68.64 292 SUMMABiY, OE TABIfF; HSTFOpMATIO^Tj, 192}, Importp in 1918 were valued; at $2,433^5i .. Prjor tQ J;h|^, ^ct of 1?^3, import statistics of chiiia .siod earthenware iw^re C05al)iiji|e4.;! For tjje five, years, 1909-1913, imports, from Getmany averaged $3,94^,Q57; from Japan, $1,200,114; from Austria-Hungary,,, $735,625... ^These values are largely for cheap chinaware competitive with 4^9?*rican earthenware. Xhiring th^ same period .imports from Englapji! aver- aged $2,192,495, chiefly for earthenware. Shipments from J^apan an4 from England have increased, since the elimination of German and Austrian competition. , In 1914 indications were that fore^n warp, brought higher prices, than domestic ware^ and that the dilSrei^ce rh#^e^n thp cost to. the domestic retailer and his selling price was 66 ,per cent pn Americw , earthenware, 65 per cent on Austrian china, 78 periOeut on German china, 89 per cent on French i china, and 67 per .cei^t pi* English earthenware. Later statistics follow::. [<;li / Earthen and' crockery inare, etc. f Calendar year. ValuW' Duty. Ad valoretn rate. . PAINTED, COLQEiED, ETC., TABLE AND TOILET WAKE. ..i.h.', ' X918 ' : . ' . ^ . ■ : ' ' '»976,964 2,342,742 3,124,977 2,21B,S47 $396,786 937,093 1,249,991 Pf^nh 1919 1920 40 1921 (9 months)..... ;..... \ .- ... PAINTED, COLORED, ETC., PLAQUES, OKNAMENTS'. TOYS, CHARMS, VASES, STATUES, , AND statuettes: ' . ' 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). PAINTED, COLORED, ETC., A^L OTHER,, INC'LUDING PltL TILES. ' ' i9i8 ..;uX: i»90,B28. ,57,015 479,793 373,209 1 »3S(091 22,806 1«1,917 40 1919.. . . 40 1920 40 1921 (9 months) . . . : .-J. . ...'... PLAIN WHITE, YELLOW, BROWN, 4^4 O^t BLA,CK— TAHLE AND TJOILET? WARES. 1918. 1 S146,027 : 331,918 " ^64,780 ,251,|S51 Sol, 109 116,165 ' 89,173 35 1919. , ,35 1920.. ...'. ,^5 1921 (9montl)S) ;.;.. PLAIN WHITE, YELLOW, 'j3R0WN,.RED, Oil BLACK-PLAQUES, ORNAMENTS',' TOYS CHARMS, VASES,' Statues,' AND' STATUETTES, ■ 1^ 1918 : : i..,: ..,.-- 1919 : i«l,594 13,090 30,049; 17,p27| $598 4,682' 10,617 35 3S 1920 .= -'.'. I. :..... li... 35 1 >:■ ■ PLAIN WHITE, YELLOW, BROWN, RED, OR BLACK— ALL OTHER, INCLUDING PILL TILES. 1918 1 126, 224 $9,170 5,630 1,970 55,847 19,540 .. .'iO,.7:il . . . 35 1919 35 1920 3.'i 1991 f9 month,^! - ■ . . 1 "July I to Dec. 31, 1918. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 293 The aboveiiiiipoWsWFeTe chiefly from England, Japan, and Canada. Exports of earthen and stone ware, principally to Canada, Cuba, and Mexico, have been" as follows: 1918, $783,§77; 1919, $1,148,051; 1920, $1,241,938; 1921 (first nine months), $855,203. SANITARY EAKTHENWAKE. iKSeeSm-veyB^.) Description and itses. — Sanitary earthenware consists of bathtubs, lavatories, bowls, sinks, and other bathroom fixttjres. The ware is composed of a mixture of china and other white clays throughout, or of high-grade fire clays coated with porcelain. , Production. — The domestic production is sufficient to supply the home market and furnishes a considerable volunle of exports. The raw paaterials are all found in considerable quantities within the borders of the United States. High-grade chiina and ball clays are ifliported to a large extent, but domestic deposits of fire clays and coal are equal or superior to any found abroad. The equipment and structural materials necessary to the manufacturing process are all produced or manufactured, in^ the United States. The manufacture of sanitary ware is largely handwork. Most of the material is built up and shaped by hand. The industries are operated in large plants usually located near sources of raw material and fuel. New Jersey is the largest producer of sanitary ware, while Ohio holds an im- portant, position. , ,„, Great Britain, France, "^weTfmany, and Austria are large producers. Sanitary ware was first developed in England, and continental pot- teries have brought the manufacture. of porcelain ware to a high state of perfection. England formerly exported considerable quan^ titles of sanitary ware to the United States; but with the improve- ment of the domestic product only small amounts, chiefly specialties, are now imported. !>« The domestic production of sanitary ware has been as follows : 1910, $7,874,269; 1916, $11,111,417; 1918, $11,241,138; 1920, $22,- 014,657. Im,ports of sanitary earthenware .(closet bowls, lavatories, sinks, and similar articles) are shown in the following table : Calendar year. Ad valorem rate. PLAIN WHITE, YELLOW, BKOWN, BED, OR BLACK. 1918 ;;'...'...'..1>.J ■ -'$5,624 ■ 4,307, 2,952 ; $1,968 r ..1,607. ... 2,p^ Per cent. 35 1919 -'" J''' ' 35 35 1920 1921 (9 months) "■:■;:.•.•■:■■ , -I xoapainted, colored, etc 1918... $12,'710 3,673 7,0S4 4,020 $5,084 1,469 .2, 834 40 1919 i . ■ i 1 ^:V. 40 1920 - - --- 40 1921 fO iiiontlisl ■1 2'94 SUMMAEY '0¥. TAEIFF 'INFORMATIO'N^ 1921. Exporis'ioi sanitary eartHenware^ • principa/lly to Giibay Ca>Baida, Argentina,' and theEhilippinesj have been astfoUonre: 1918, $37(^,527; 1919, $563,734 ;.1920, .$778,714 ; 1921 /(first 9 months) j $45.6,260.! ?. ! . . ^ FILTER TUBES. .'•'•■■ /■ -■ i;n;.,- , .:^ n ' . Description and uses. — Filter tubes are usually made of porous earthenware and are used for'filteriiig drinking water and solutions in r chemical ■^ypijk^. , . , > ■• , Imports Have y^'pied in value from:f7,432 in 1914 to $2,769 in 1916, $3,394inl&l?tanci$3,096in;l§Sa,. ;■';' ' ;;''; "' .■";;' Exports. — ^None recorded. : " ;'" , , . . '• '' ' r ' GEiriERAL NOTES 'oh' PARa'^KAPH. •, ' .,! Important changes in classif,cation. — ^Filter tubes' are tlOf specifi- cally provided for ill H. B. 7456. ' .-..' i'. i.ir;; f •; :■.- , ,, i \ Suggested cTumges'.-^^^ 29, lines '20', 24 : Strike out *' if,'* to agree with practice elsewhere. '■;■'' ' '■ '. ' ' Page 29, line 22': Insert " or" before " ornam'6nted " ahd strike out the comma after '" ornamented," ,tb agree with line 25.'' PAR4^GRAPH 21,3, H. B. 7456. Pae. 213. Chiidk', pbrcelairi, and othet vitifified' wares, ''mclTiidiiig.' chemieal • porcelain' ware and, chemical- stone- , ware, composed pf a vitrified . nonab- sorbent "Body which ' wheri Wokdn" shows 'i vitrifled'or vitreous, or seml- vitrifled or semivitreous fracture, and all bisque an^ parian .wareSj ,including , clockcaseswith or witliout mov^nients,- plaques, ornaineh'ts', 'toys, charms, " ' vases, statutes, statuettes, mugs, cups, steins, lamps,, and' alii other- articles') ; composed wholly or. la chief yalup ot\ such ware, if plain white, or plain brown, not painted, colored, tinted, stained, enameled, gilded, printed, or ornamented or decorated in any man- ner, and manufactures in chief value of such ware not specially provided for, 35 per centum ad valorem ; if painted, colored, tinted, stained, enam- eled, glided, printed, or ornamented or decorated in any manner, and manu- factures in chief value of such ware not specially' provided for, 40 per centum ad valorem. ACT OP 1909. Pab. 93. 1 China, pprciBlain, parian, bisque, * * • ware, including clock cases with or withoiit, movements, pill tiles, plaques, ornaments, toys, charms, SENATE AMEilSTDMSNTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 80. China and porcelain wares composed of a vitrified nonabsorbent body which when broken shows a vitri- fied or vitreous, or semlvitrifled or StJivEMliiy oj' 'taki'ff' Ikjormation, wzi. 2f§5 vases, statues, stetuettes, mug^.cjip^,' s^ml«treolis fraciiiWi, and '^ll "bisque steins, and lamps, all the f6i?el6itag'i! and' i^aWfth ' Wares, "IbelUding cloels wioUy or dn.blilef -value of such wtwe;'. 'd'ases /: with' or I withoRb movements, Eainted, cplored,. tinted, :stained, enain- ., plaq,ues, ornament?) toys, charms, vases, eled, gilded, printed, or pmamentpd or , ^tatii;^, statuettes mugs, cups, steins, decorated to any manner ; and jflanu- lamps, aid all othe^ articles composed factures in' chief valtie of such ware- wholly 'Ot in' chief value of 'such ware, not specially provided for in this see- ■ if plain white, or plain .browb, riot tion, sixty. per centum ad. yp-loreip. ,, painted^ colored, tljited, stained,, enam- Pae. 94. China, porcelain, parian, , eled, gilded, priatejd,' or ornamented or bisque, * * , * ' ware, plain 'white, 'decorated in any manner';- and 'rna,nu- plain brown. Including clock cases -With fafctures in chief "value 'of such ware QT: without movements/' pill tiles, not specially , provided' fori in, this sec- plaques, c^rnaments, toys, charms, yases, tion, ,50 per centum . ad valorem ; if ^tatues, statuettes, mugs,, cups, steins, painted, colored, .tinted, stained', enam- and"lanipfe', .air tte fb^'egoiiig ^wliojly' or eled, gilded, pi'inted, or oAiaroented 6ii In chief vaiueof such wstre, not painted, decorated in any manner and manufac- colored, tinted, stained, enameled, tures in chief rvalue of sach wave not gilded, printed, , or ornamented , iOr specially provided for in tjiis section, decorated in any manner; and manu- . 55 per^'centum a^ valorelii. fclctures in chief value of such ware ' ■'' ' • ''• .''''' ■' "■ ' not specially provided for in this sec- ' ' '':'' '- . • • . j tioB, fifty-five per centum ad valorem. , ' ' ,ri |i CHINA WARE; .. , ,( See. Survey, B-r6i), , . , ,.. ,,; . Description and use. — China,' or porce'lain is a fine, translucent ware having a wjiite body. Domestic vitrecius chindj howeiveii', in- cllldes heavy,, opaque hotel a,nd club china of sii^eWbr quality, be- sides a general' linie of translucent tablewate rivaliri£ the high-gfade products', of Eitrope in dutaibility and beauty. '.■High-grade tioiife china taoleware is' naade in this couritr'y which equals in bfe^uty, textui-fe, and artistic' decoration thfe china af famous English pot- teries. Ohind and porcelain wares include dinne'f sets, ' kitcheri, toilet, and 'art' wares, and elpctrical p'drcelain. ' Pariaii and bi^iis, are unglazed porcela'in. '' ". '/ ' ' . ' , " . -" '' Chfiinical ytdneware cbrisists'bf hard-burn'ed articles such 'as valves, crocks, digestors, and other objects which are used to contain or convey corrosive liquids. Production.— YiiT&ons china is manufactured in the United States in 8 potteries, having 74 kilns capacity (1919). Seventy-eight per cent of the total production is made in the States of New Jersey and New York and 22, per cent' in 3 other States. Vitreous china or porce- lain is made from the same materials as earthenware by increasing the feldspar and decreasing the clay content; by firing to a higher temperature the transition from white earthenware to vitreous china is made. Bone china contains from 40 to 50 per cent bone ash, 20 to 30 per cent Cornish stone, and 25 to 30 per cent clay, and is a typical English product. ■' ' : n;:.' .! ' , !,[: , ^" ■' Statistics of foreign production of chinawar6 arei not obtstinable, but potential foreign competitive' power is indicated in exports. For the yieap 1913, the total exports ' of chinaware from Grepmanj^* France, Efigland,' Jai^an^ and Austria were vklued at $23,532,930', and of this the anibunt' imported by the' United States from* these countries was approximately $7,500,000, or 32 per cent. In that year we imported the following percentages of the total exports of m SUMMABX ,0|, TABJPS; INF0BMATI9% JL9?1. the countries naeiitione^; France, Q^,; Japan, 31; (Jrermany, alxtuit 27; Austria, about, ^2; agfiEnglandJ, about 52. ! The Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce made an inter- national irive'^tigsltiori '\6f ' (Siina pottery costs during -the year 1^13 'dUd up to the, outbreak jjf the war iii 1914. The repoj-t shows tHisit, per unit of produet, the average cost of production f . o. b. factory of vitreous china not decordted was 129 per cent higher in four typical American china potteries than in Austrian chma potteries, and 197.4 per cent higher than in German china potteries. The increased costs of iniported chinaware into the United States borne by the Austrian and German china potteries above the factory costs of productito and atove their selling prices were from 60 to 75 per cent and included the rate of duty of 60 per cent, local and ocean rates of transportation, package charges and duties, insurance^ consular, and other fees. The average labor cost pet unit of product in the American vitreous china potteries was very much greater than in American earthen- ware potteries, owing to the slower processes of manufacture and the difficulty in firing and in manipulating the material in all stages. The American vitreous china labor cost was 73.3 per cent higher than in American earthenware, 18213 per beht higher than in Austrian china, and 314 per cent higher than in German china potteries. The average wage per full-tiine M'eek of jiggermen (typical skilled workingmen). was $23.87; i^ American vitreous china potteries, $6,65 in German, and $6-37, in Austrian china potj^ries. As an evidence of greater efficiency in productip|i it, was jioted that while the labor cost per uivit of; production was 182, per (>ent higher than in Aus^ian potteries, th^ wage rate was 275 per cent higher in the typv, cfti occupation pf jiggermen than in Austrian, potteries. The con- trary was true with regard to German china, for while the Ameri- can vitreous china labor; post per ujxit was 31,4 per cent higher than for German china, thfi: vitreous china wage rate was 259 per cent higher than for German cliina. The following table shows tla§, value ott^e chinaware produce*^ in the Unite^ States in specified jea^s : "Year. China.. Cliemical stoneware and porce- lain. Porcelain eteta-ical supplies.. 1916.. 1918. . 1920.. $2,3g4,6S6 3,478,372 6,307,349 11,054,061" 1,769,710 ■,.014,623 ■te;888 {h' 7,(B4,420 ! 12,S05/970: y2&,218,9Zi 1 Not separately classified prior to 1916. ^ Chemical stoneware. I ^ Chemical porceUin. Import value in 1913 from the five principal countries W3,s aboijit{ $7;525,Q00;; 49 per ceut f rom Germany, 22 per cent from France, 14 per cent from Japan, 8 per cent from Austria,, and. 7 per cent from Englaiid. ) After th*e:7W£^r:th?: Japanese imports more than dpujjle^.: Japan, , (Germany, and France Jiave, ren)i3,jne4. the (prpipipal source pf; imports since 1918. Statistics for 19i8-192;l are tabulajfecf as follows: SUMMABY QF TABIFP INFORMATION, 1921. Chi)m, porcelain, pnria,r^, and Msque ware»: g97 Calendar year. .,yaljie, I Dutj'. Aa ' yalorem ' rate. PLAIN WHITE OE BROWN-^PORCELAIJ^ ELECTRIC WARE. 1918. 1919...;..-... ■ r-:-:- ■•-■ 1920 1$8 460 4,474 543 2,237 Per cerUt ■ , SO 50 SO 1921 (9 months) ,■■!)■ ,..-..,...--.: etAIN WHITE OR BROWN— PARIAN AND BISQUE WARES,' PLAQUES; ORNAMENT'S , • TOYS, CHARMS, VASES, STATUES, AND STATUETTES. - \ 1918..... .:. . $1,001 1„991 12, 360 50 50 1919...... ^..,. . J920.. .:.:.;, J..:......: ..', .3! 982 1921 (9 months) ... , ' * .,. , !9;,642 PLAIN WHITE OR BROWN— TABiE AND TOILET WARES. 1918 ■i..:ai.'.u"..;; . 1 1100, 809 342,522 330,768 L 422, "758' . $50,404 171,261 165,384 50 1919 1920 'io 1921 (9 months) ....:. ;.^. - , ■ i *" ' I-)6. •n> --I'' - -: ■■ ■•, '■:'.'- PLAIN WHITE OR BROWN.— ALL OTHER. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months).. »i$22i^2 71,665 f '46,330 $11,461 6,298 ,35,832 50 ,59 50 •AINTED, COLORED, TINTED, STAINED. ENAMETCED, GitDED, PRINTED, ORNA- MENTED, OR DECORATED— PARIAN, AND BISQUE WARES, PLAQUES, ORNAMfeNTS, TOYS, CHARMS, VASES, STATUES, AND STATUETTES. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months).. 1 113, 168 90,137 : 295,802; ,121,980 . S7,242. • '49,575 162; 691 55 55 S5 'FAQSTTED, COLORED, ETC.— TABLE AND TOILET WARES. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months).. I $1,570,771 3,43^,349 5,072,859 4,939,275 $8S3,!924 l';88i;342 .2,790,072 55 CLOCK cases; with or WITHOUT MOVEMENTS, COMPOSED OF CHINA AND PORCE LAIN, BISQUE AND PARIAN WARE— DECORATED. 1918 ■ • '( -^ $314 32 1, 195 270 $173 18 657 55 1919 - 1920 55 55 1921 (9 months) - . I i-. PAINTED, COLORED; ^TC— ALL OTHER. 1918 ,.,:;t.,;-.. 1919 .,:.;. 192OU.. :.'... 1921(9 months) '$U2,975' '203,209 . 1487, 723i 386,971 $62, 136 ,111,765 268,138 55 55 55 iJflJy 1 to Dec: 31, 1918. 298 glJMM'^BY 'Oi'^iTARII'i' TUFOrSIATION, 1921. Imports of clock cases, with or without movements, composed of china and porcelain, bisque and parian ware, plain, white, or brown, were negligible. Exports of chinaware, chiefly to Canada, Cuba, and Mexico, have been as foUows: 1914, $166,635; 1918, $318,448; 1919, $523,861; 1920, $816,817; 1921 (9,piontte),,$?48,627. , .:, . , Suggested changes. — ^Page 30, line 6: Insert a comma after "semi- vitreous." :'' Page 30, lines, 11 and 15: Strike out "if" to agree with similar provisions elsewhere. As pill tiles arie made of porcelain as well as of earthenware! but are mentione,d^only in paragraph 212 of H. B.. 7456, tliey. might be mentioned in'paragr'aph 213 of H. R. 7456 between "movements'* and " plaques," page 30, line 8. Omission of the words " vitrified nonabsorbent " before " body," in line 5, page 30, would avoid conflict with the words " semivitrified . or semivitreous," inline 6, page 30, before " fracture." ' pl^RAGRAiPH 214. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ';;■ Pae. 214. Earthy or , mineral sub- stances wholly or partly manufactured and articles, wares, ajid m^^terlals,^ , crude or advanced in' condition, com- ' ' posed wholly or in chief value of - earthy or mineral substances, not spe- cially provided for, whether suscepti- ble of decoration or not, if not deco- rated in any manner, 21 per centum ad . . ,yalorem ; if decorated, 28 ^ per , cehtunj k&rnsXi&ewx. '•; ''■■■ '/', .''' "' ; ' ' '.', ," ' !',' .,", ••!;,,, ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913! ''Pae. 95, Xrticles ?ind wares com- Pae. 81. Earthy or mineral suh- posed wholly or in chief value of stances wholly or partially manufa'c« earthy or mineral substances, not spe- tured and articles and wares cdmposed eia-lly provided for in this section, wholly or in chief value of earthy or whether susceptible, of , decor aticm or . jnineral. substances, not specially pro- not, if not decorated in any manner, vided for in this section, whether sus- thirty-flve per centum ad valorem ; if ceptible of decoration or not, if not decorated, forty-five per centum ad va- decorated in any manner, 20 per lorem ; *- * *. centum ad valorem ; if decorated, 25 per centum ad valorem ; unntanufa'e^ tured carbon, not specially provided for in this section, -15, per centupi ad, , , , , ,, valorem ; , * * *'. '•' . EARTHY AND MINERAL SUBSTANCES, N. S. P. F. (See Surveys B-4 and B-7.) Description and wse.^These include too Inany items for special de- scription. ; Production. — The classification is too general for statistics. 'Imports of plain articles and wares were valued at $90,326 and of decorated articles and wares at $22,089 in 1914. Later statistics follow: SUMMAKY QF, TAKIPF IJiTFOEMATION;, 1921. 299 1 ■- ■ ■ I I . 1 ; ! , Calend^t year. >l , ,, yp|us. Duty. Ad valorem rate.' ' EAE*Mk^ OR MliltERAL'gtiBSTJi.NCES.'WHCrLLY' Oil ''PARTLY MANUI'ACTURErv , .:■ y'i:'i" '.'"•■ '. Jl; ■',,,(!■.>, |. N. S; p. ».l ..', i;' 1918, i9i9h!.'.r....... lMX9nffith^)'" 'J: -iiil ■ : ■ ,■ ■; '].■ ■ ims:'/n.:id.;i).:^J.'}.s:}.i.i.... .i. ...';}.. ...:i:......u iS:^{h:!a::{!^:'::::!:^:"::::::::::::::::;:::::;:::'?^!::i!: 1921 '(9lmont^'s)!Xj:('!J!!!ti'! ."!..'.. '......;.;... .vw,.^..i;,.- $2,908 780 3,620 .25 ,3§ CARBON— UNMANUFACTURED, N. s. P. F.s 1918 ■ i' '■ 1 $493 $74 120 15 1919 ! - 799 15 1920,, ■■:x-m---'^'rr ; 3 FLATTENING STONES.' 1918 $576 2,873 4,908' $115 575 982 20 1919 .. 20 1920 ■ :20 » Mainly from England. Includes dental supplies (false teeth), roofing compositions, silica ware, cements , etc.' ■■"■!:_'.'•:,: - ' [■,!<.> ', ■ . U:\ '. y. i ■-, n, ■ ',-'\.i'^\.' • >' - ■'■■ ■ ' » Mostly from Germany. . , a Prom Eff^and ana' Italy; ■I . • ■■' ' Xo ii'i'uOLi, , ;,;'.-■ .^'.n : \: .£'a;j!?(Wfe.-r|StatistiGS npt. available. ; ( , li-" — W SEWEE PIPE, PRAIBTTILE, AND FIEEPEOOFING TILE OE BLOCK. , -■• -' i--^ ■'■■' '■ ■ ''(See^Survey B-7.) '',>■- Description and uses. — Sewer pipe is salt^glazed; clay pipe used for conveying water or sewage. and ^s conduit pipe for;,. subsurface electric cables, firaintile are unglazed clay pipes tised fqr draining the surplus water from marshy or flooded farm lands. Fireproofin^ tile or block are solid or hollow blocks of burned clay used in place of brick or concrete for walls and floors. Combustible material, such as straw, sawdust, or coal, is often added to the clay mix, so that the burned product is light in weight and very porous. 300 SUMMARY OF TAKIFF INFORMATTON, 1921. Psroduotion. — The domestic industry manufactures practically the entire domestic supply of these products. All machinery and equip- ment are produced or manufactured in the United States, and the domestic processes are at least as efficient as those used in any for- eign country. Sewer pipe is produced in heavy presses, which shape the artiple from a clay slug', draintile and fii^eprpjQ^g block are made by forcing the clay through a die at the discharge end of the mixing or pug mill. In this manner finished green tile are produced in one operation. ' The industry is widely distributed throughout the United States, There was $70,900,000 invested therein in 1914, divided a,mong 769 establishments manufacturing sewer pipe and draintile, and 115 es- tablishments manufacturing fireproofing tile or block. Ohio,, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Missouri, Indiana, and Iowa are the most important producing States. The manufacture of sewer pipe. and draintile originated in Eng- land and continental Europe, but fireproofing tile is an American development growing out of the local steel-construction praoticej The manufactures of sewer pipe and draintile are local industries in all foreign countries, the domestic industries producing enough .'to satisfy the home market. ,, / The cost of these articles per unit of weight is small, and the care- ful packing necessary when long-distance shipments are to be made restricts the market of the domestic plants and practically prohibitis international shipments. The production of specified clay products in the United States in specified years has been as follows : 1914 1918 19191 19201, nraintile.' . ." ' '" '.". »8, 522, 039 »8, 196, 199 2 1,953,392 »»13,037,102 15,333,673 n0,-420,000' 2,310,450 $16,620,000 16,170,000 J13,080;0(X> 2,457,000 125,900,000 22,240,000 Hollow building tile or block: 0,uaiititv Ctons) ^.^ -. . . . »J8,'38S,3S7 14,014,767 I Estimated. - '» Includes "fireproofing." ' Includes fireproofing and terra-cotta lumber. ;.',;■ Imports. — No statistics are available, but the amount is negligible. At times small amounts of Canadian pipe and tile are imporjted from plants close to the international boundary. Exports. — Small shipments of ^e^er pipe" and buil i< ,' \ Suggested changes. — Strike out comma after " materials " ili lilie 20, page 30; " '' SUMMARY OF TABirr IN^FQEMATIQN, 1921. 30.1 PARAGRAPH 215: H. R. 7456^ SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pae. 215. Gas retorts, 15 per centum ad valorem ; lava tips for burners, and magnesia clay supporters, consisting of rings, rods, and other forms for gas mantles, 35 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OE 1913. Pae. 96. Gas retorts, twenty per Pais. 82. Gas retorts, 10 per centum ■centum ad valorem ; lava tips for burn- ad valorem ; lava tips for burners,, 15 ■ers, ten cents per gross and fifteen per. per centum ad valorem ; * * *. centum ad valorem ; * * *. Par. 81. Earthy or mineral sub- stances vi'holly or partially manufac- tui:ed and articles and vi^ares composed wholly or in chief value of earthy or mineral substances, not specially pro- vided for in this section, whether sus- ceptible of decoration or not, if not decorated ', in any manner, 20 per centum ad valorem ; * * ' . GAS RETORTS. Desci^ption.mul iise. — ^Gas retorts for use in the manufacture of coal gas are made usually of fire clay or silica. Production figures ai-e not available, but most of the retorts used are of domestic manufacture. Imports have been small — in 1914. 455 retorts, valued at $17,627 ; in 1915, 152 retorts. Eayports. — None recorded. r:-AVA TIPS FOR BURNERS. Description and uses. — Lava tips for burners Eire not made pf lava, l)ut of talc. hrvports before the war were almost entirely from Germany, amounting in 1913 to 17,148 'gross, valued at $9,769. In 1914, 2,955 gross were imported, and in 1915,^1,680 gross. Imports are not shown separately since 1915. Exports. — None recorded. , - • ; 1.?. , Important changes in classifioastion. — Magnesia clay supporters are ior the first time specifically provided for. Suggested changes. — P,age 3il, line 3 : Insert comma after " forms." 302 striiMifeY' of 'ri'Kii'r iirs"c(E]*ATlO]!r|' lfl2l; P4.BACI>B4.I»H 2J6> H. B. 7456. Auaa SENATE j^MiaCinjiIENTS. Pae. 216. Carbons and electrodes, of whatever material composed, and wholly or partly manufactured, for producing electric arc light ; electrodes, composed wholly or in part of carbon or graphite, and wholly or partly manufactured, for electric furnace or electrolytic pii^^dses ;*bifushes, of what- ever material composed, and wholly or partly maniifaetmred, for,: electric motors, generators; or other electrical machines or appliances ; plates,, rods, and other forms, of whatever material composed, aBid wJioUy or' partly manu- factured, for manutactutlng • into the aforesaid brushles ; and . articles; or wares '(composedi wholly or in part Of carbon or.grai*ite>i whMly or partly- manufactured, not speclallyi provided for, 35''per centum ad valorem. ACT OE 1909. Pae. 95. * * * carbon, not sji^- cially prov;i.ded for in this section, twentt j^er 'dentuih ad' valorem ; elec- trodes, brushes, plates, and disks, all- th€! .iforegoing . composed wholly, , or , in chief value of carbon, thirty' per cetftum ad valorem. PM. 96. *• * *' Carbons fori electric lighting, wholly or partly finished, made entirely from petroleum coke, thirty-five cents per hundred feet ; if composed chiefly of lampblack or re- tort carbon, sixty-five cents per hun- dred feet; * * * porous carbon pots for electric, batt,eri^s, jvjfhout] me- tallic cohnectioils, twenty ijef' centiim' ad valorem. ACT OE 1913. Pae'. 81. * * * electrodes for elec- tric furnaces, electrolytic, and battery purposes, 'brushes, plates, and disks, all , I thei foiregQihg icajmRosedi wJioUy or .in^ ;chi^f value of carbon, 25 ',per,!;c^iitijm ad valorem; manufactures of carbon not specially -provided for" 'iil this sec- tion, 20 per centum ad valorem. Pab. 82. * * * i-carbpnatOr electric lighting, whplly .or,^imrtly\ finished, made entirely from' petroleum eok'ei 15 cents per hundred feet; if composed , , .chi^y of lajmpblack or retort carbon, 40 cents per hundred feet; carbons for flaming arc lamps, not -specla^y provided for In this section, ' ** * » 30 per centum ad valorem ; porous car- bon-.pots ifor 'electriei batteries, , 15 per ceptjjm ad valiprem. :.,,;!) ■ CAEiBbN PEODtrCtS. ' (See Surveys B-8 and 0-31:) •;, GENEJJAL. " ,. ^ . , , , I Description' arid uses'.-^^a,Thon products in recent yeats hiave been rapidly increasing in importance. While carbon arc lamps for street lighting are now becoming obsolete, new fields have developed, chief among which are the manufacture of steel, ferro-alloys, aluminum, and chemical products, electrolytically or in the electric furnace. Other important uses are for the telephone, dry batteries, motion- picture projection, photography, searchlights, brushes for motors and generators, and many miscellaneous purposes. Prodiiction. — The bulk of production in the United States is by the aluminum industry, manufacturing electrodes for its own use, and by two other large producers, which specialize in the graphitic and amorphous types. There are a considerable number of smaller manu- SUMB([AEY OH?., TARIFF l^U'OKMATIONy 1921. 303 factuters. Our exporttrade in .certain- iirieaw-asioonsideijable before the war, and was generally increased by Ithe large European war demandsi 1 . . i it " i : , The chief foreign producers are .'Germany, England, and; France. Eiiglish .and French competition in-ithe domestic market is almbsi entirely in brushes; i that ; of Germany largely in electric-lighting carbons. Carbon products are also made in other countries of Eu- rope and in Japan. Foreign manufacturers have no advantage in obtaining materials. Success depends largely on careful supervision, requiring relatively highly paid labor. I^bor forms a large propor- tion of the total cost. In the case of large electrodes, running in size up to_ 24 inches in diameter, labor is a smaller part of the total cost than in lighting carbons of half -inch size. , 'Production of all classes of carbons in 1919 amounted to $13,- 29^,000, included in which were furnace carbons, $5,846,594 ; brushes, battery, and miscellaneous carbons, $5,342,633 ; and lighting carbons, $1,248,683. Brushes alone, produced during 1914-1919, were valued as follows : • - 1914__^ $822, 226. 80 1915 1, 572, 449. 18 19l6 _1 J 1, 768, 773. 39 1917 $2, 336, 462. 44 1918 2, 834, 249. 90 1919 4, 088, 411. 40 EI,EOTKIC-LIGHT CAKBONS. (See Survey B-8.) Description and uses. — Electric lighting carbons are cylindric3,l rods used for the production of the arc light. Two carbons, con- nected to a source of current, are brought together, end to end, com- pleting the circuit and staijting, a current, and are then separated slightly; a portion of the C3,rbbn is vaporized,' and the current con- tinues across the bridge of carbpn vapor ,^ called, the arc. Carbon arcs are of two general types, (a) 'the orcJinary arc, in which the light is produced by the high temperature to which the end of bne or both of the carbons is raised, and (5 ) the flaming arc, in which the light is produced by the arc itself.' In the ordinary arc, the arc of carbon vapor gives very little light, but by adding to one or both of the carbon rods certain salts, the hot vapor becomes very luminous, producing the flaming arc. I <■ Each of the types of arc mentioned requires a carbon of a specjal composition ; and further, there is required a large variety of carbons thie fehpice of which depends ujjon the purpose for which the light is to be used. Petroleum coke carbons, used for the open arc lamp, are nearly obsolete, though still employed to some extent for old type locomotive headlights and for street lighting. I^ampblaek carbons, solid or having\a core containing neutral salts, are widely used for motion-picture projection. Lampblack carbons, with core Contain- ing flaming' ^alts, are adapted to projectors used Mth certain types of current, and also to fndoof photogra:phy and photoengraving. Homogeneous mixtures of carbons and flaming salts are now littlte ' used. Production. — The value of carbons for electric lighting produced in the 'United States in 1914 was about $800,000. . 304 SUMMARY OF TARIFF IKFORMATION, 1921. Imports have been principally of carbon composed chiefly of lamp- black or retort carbon. ' These amounted in 1913 to 17,600,330 feet'y in 1914 to 15,690,763 feet. Imports of carbons made entirely from petroleum coke amounted in 1913 to 642 feet; in 1914 to 51,950 feet. Imports of carbons for recent years, for electHc lighting, chiefly from Germany and England, haA^e bden as follows'; Calendar year; Equiva- lent ad.> valorem. ' FOE FLAMING jVKC LAIklPS, N. £ . P. F. 1918 100 feet. 3 42 50 ■ $13 24 45 218 " ■ $4' 7 13- Per icenl. 30 00 1919. ..,: ..;..,...., , 30100 30 00 1920 1921 (9 mcmtlis). ,:....: ;. f ■ .1 ^-. ,. r, MADE ENTIRELY FROM PETROLEUM COKE. '■I 1918 1919 1920 .... 360 42 »3,517 170- $84 2.39 1921 (9 months) COMPOSED CHIEFLY OF LAMPBLACK OE RETORT CARBON. 1918.. 1919.. 1921 (Amontbs). 24 3,224 41,868 355,723 $101 20,967 217,947 177,^8 $10 1,290 16,747 9.51 6.15 7.68 Expo9'ts.—See below, electrodes, brushes, etc. Iviportant cTianges in classification. — ^The separate provisions for thi-ee types of lighting carbons in the act of 1913, two of which car- riied a specific and the other an ad valorem duty, have been replaced by a single classification,, coyering, all .electrodes for, electric lighting, of whatever material composed, and providing an ad yaloreni duty. ELECTRODES. BRtJSHEK, PLATES, DI.SKS.' " '^ , " ' (SeeSm-veyB-S.) Description aWt<«^«,T— Carbon electrodes are. rods of carbon,, ordi- narily ranging- from, 3 to 24; inches in diameter, but sometimes as small asl inch in diameter. They are used either in (1) the,electri(^', furnace,, or (2) electrolytic processes,, ."''■''■■-. J^.uriiace electrodes are .used, in furnaces of the arc type, in whicfii a high temperature is produced by the passage of a current through an arc formed betweep two carbons or between a, carboji and the con- ducting contents, of an. electric furnace. Carbon is the only, material 8uit£(,ble for this purpose on account of its high vaporizing tempera- ture and its electrical conductivity. Owing t'p, their resistance to chemical action, carbon electrodes are used for the manuf act urci pf , . chemicals by electrolytic processes. Carbon brushes are small'|)ieces of carbon .which convey electri- cal current to revolving parts of machines by bearing against the SUMMARY OF TABIFiF INl'OBMAMON,; 1921. 305 revolving surface. -The greater number of' the articles classed as car- bon plates, disks, and specialties are used for electrical equipment, -*some of thi3' niore'llhpdrt'ah't of which are-^rahuiat^d cdrbon^and disks for tekphbnes, batiery carbons, earbori' contacts, and packing rinjgSi' ■' ■■ -.'■'■ ' "''■••'• ' ■■ ^ ..'''■ > \: : \ ■,;;., Production.' — ^The materials lis^din the manufacture of 'these arti- cles are anthracite coal, coal-gas coke or petroleum coke, lampblack, graphite, hard and soft pitch, and coal tar. For electrical brushes, copper powder is sometimes mixed with the carbon to increase the conductivity. The coke is ground, the ingredients mixed, pressed into the desired shape by hydraulic pressure, and then baked to drive off volatile products. Graphite electrodes are graphitized by the heat of the electric furnace instead of being baked, as in the amorphous forms. Imports of brushes, electrodes, disks, and plates in 1914 were -valued at $147,771. The value was slightly lowjer in 19.15. ,. , Recent imports have been principally from Finance and theUxiitfed Kingdom. ; Statistics of imports since 1917 foUovp : Calendar yefir. Quantity. Duty. Ad valorem rate. BBUSHES. 1918 •677,754 1,766,730 2,704,774 740,998 > $55, 004 :v 173,122 140,791 82,478 $13,751 43,281 35,198 Per cerU. 26 1919...,..i^i ,.i.J„i 1920.... 25 25 1921 (9 months) ■ J ELECTIIODES FOB ELECTEIC FURNACES, ELECTROLYTIC AND BATTERY PURPOSES. 1918 1919 1920 , 216 i$27,406 6,209 229, 3,196 $6,8S1'' 1,552: .57 25 25 .25 1921 (9 months) .. 13,436 ■ --."■■ PLATES AND DISKS. 1918. 1919. 1921 (9 months). 1772,354 579,759 526,^5 11,1,620 1 $21, 666 11,867 13,323 2,498 $5,416 2,967 3,331 25 •' '25 ',;i!25 I July 1 to Dec. 31, 1918. '■ Exports of electrical carbons, principally to Canada, Japan, Italy, and England, have been as follows (calendar years) :, 1918, $1,600,920 ; 1919, $1,391,765 ; 1920, $1,477,831 ; 1921 , (9 months) , $347,306. Important cJianges in classification.^-^'The provision for electrodes has been broadened to include those in part of carbon as well as those in chief value of carbon. All electric brushes of whatever material composed have been included in this paragraph, as well as all wholly or partly manufactured material for manufacture into brushes. This is of importance, as material for brushes has been imported as manufactures of metal. 82304—22- -20 306 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. ALL OTHBB MANUrACTUEES OF CAEBON. Imports. — In 1913 Germany contributed nearly 50 per cent oitlie total imports ($38,863). Since 1915 the inaports have been mostly from France, Japan, and Canada. The value in 1917 was $135,424. "All other manufactures "were reported as follows: Calendar year. Value. ,,s Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 $107,480 51,25S •98,644, 46,356 .*2i;|96 1,0, §61 19,729 Per ceM. ao 1919 20 r w ; ,' J -t ' ." 20 1921 (9 months) : .,,,,^._.... Imports of porous carbon pots for batteries were valued at less than $100 a yeair since 1914. Important changes' in classifieation. — ^The paragraph has been broadened to include all manufactures in part of carbon. /Suggested changes. — The parentheses near the end of the paragraph inclosing the words "composed wholly or in part' of carbon or graphite " have no effect, and should be omitted. PARAGRAPH 217. H. B. 7456. Pab. 217. Plain green or colored, molded or pressed, and flint, lime, or lead glass bottles, vials, jars, and cov- ered or uncovered demijohns, and car- -boys, any of the foregoing, filled or ■Tinfllled, not specially provided, for, and whether their contents be!^ dutiable or free (except sucli as contain merchan- dise subject to an ad valorem rate of duty, or to a rate of duty based in whole or in part upon the value thereof .which ^hajl be dutiable at the rate applicable to' their coritentsj, shall -pay duty as follows: If holding more •than one pint, 1 cent per pound; if holding not more than one pint and not less than one-fourth of a pint, IJ cents per pound; if holding less than one-fourthi of a pint, 50 cents, per. sroB& -.FrfiviMAi That none of : the above articles shall pg!y a less rate of duty than 28 -per centum ad Valorem : Provided further, That the terms " bot-' ties," " vials," : " jars,!? , " demijohns,!' ' ,and " carboys.,!' as used herein,, shall be restricted io such articles when suitable for use as and of the charac- ter ordinarily employed as ccftitainers for the holding,' and transportation of merchandise, and not as appliances or implements in chemical or other op- eratlonfl. SENATE AMENDMENTS. SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. S07 ACT OF 1909. Par. 97; , Plain green or colored, molded of pressed, and flint, lime, or lead glass bottles, vials, jars, and cov- eredor uncovered demijolms, and car- boys, any of ; the foregoing, filled or un- filled, not otherwise specially provided fdr IQ this section, and vyhether their contents be! dutiable or free (except such as contain merchandise subject to. an ad valorem, rate of duty, or to a rate of duty based in whole or in part upon the value thereof which shall be dutiable at the rate applicable to their contents), shall pay duty as follows: If holding more than one pint, one cent per pound ; if -holding not more than one pint and not less than one-foiiriii of a pint, one and one-half tents per pound ; if holding less than one-fourth of a pint, fifty cents per gross : Pro- videa. That none of the above articles shall pay a less rate of duty than forty per centum ad valorem : Provided 'fur- ther, That the. terms bottles, vials, jars, demijohns, and carboys, as used herein, shall be restricted :t;o such articles when suitable for use as and of the character ordinarily employed as con- tainers for the holding or transporta- tion of merchandise, and not as ap- pliances or implejQients in chemical or other operations. ;: ACT OF 1913. 'Pab. 83. Plain .green or colored, molded or pressed, and flint, lime, or lead glass bottles, vials, jars, and cov- ered and uncovered demijohns, and carboys, any of the .foregoing, filled or unfilled, not otherwise specially pro- vided for in this section, and whether their contents be dutiable or free (ex- cept such as contain merchandise sub- ject to an ad valorem rate of duty, or to a rate of duty based in whole or in part upon the value thereof which shall be dutiable at the rate applicable to their contents), 30 per centum ad valorem : Provi4ed, That the terms bottles, vials, jars, demijohns, and car- boys, as used herein, shall be restricted to such articles when suitable for use as and of the character ordinarily em- ployed as containers, for the holding or transportation; of merchandise, and not as appliances of implements in chemical or other operations. GLASS CONTAINERS, ETC. ' " '■ ' ■ (See Snrvey B-9.) Description and v^ses. — Molded, pressed, or other glass containers, which may be plain green or colored, include fruit jars, milk bottles, medicine bottles, and bottles for liquors, preserves, and other food- stuffs. Lime glass is used for ordinary large bottles ; small vials are usually made of lead glass. The principal materials used are sand, soda ash, groiftid limestone, salt cake, lead oxide, and small amounts of arsenic, all of domestic origin. Produ6tion.-^T\\& number of establishments engaged, in the manu- rfacture of gliass bottles, jars, etc., "was, in 1914, 150; in 1919, 139. The total value of the product in 1914 was $51,959,000, and in 1919, $87,762,000. In 1918, 45 per cent of the oiitput came from automatic ma- chines, 35 per cent from semiautomatic machines, and about 20 per ;|;oent, f rom hand' labor. In 1914 the output was 4-,893;,416 gross druggist's bottles, etc., 4,673,610 gross beer, soda, and mineral- water bottles, 2,689,022 gross liquor bottles and flasks ; 1,198,962 grbss fruit jars, 1,188,891 gross milk, bottles, 1,384,689 gross patent-medicine ibottles, 3,271,184 gross food-preserving and paicker's containers ; ,79,211 gj-oss battery jars and electric goods; and 160,796 dozen dem;- johns and carboys. The value Of production increased 54.6 per cent between 1904r-1914, this form of glass .constituting 42 per cent in value of the total production. 308 SXTMMABY OEi TAJBIFF i IWFiQKMATIDN, ' 1921. Statistics lof foreign production are not available; For the year 1913, however, the figures of imports^of bottles by 82 foreign i;ounti;ies ,sh6w thatih value they' araqj^^ted t^''$14,05l,982,, an(| of ^hi^''att^pimt the ; exports , from ibft nniiea, .States '^mounted to. , $8b8i$gj;. .^ Qt the :: total, the principal glassHprodiacingi; countries imported ivmno each father' a total of $51,775,620, 'including" Germany, Austria, 'F^t^iifc^^', Netherlands,, Italyj and the United' 'Ivingcl?»i- The same year tjie exports of hollow glassware from Gerinany were valued at 1S|. mil- lions of dollars, from Austria: 7^ millions, ■ fromi France 6^ millions, Belgium 4J millions. United Kingdoto'3' millions, Netherlands' 600 thousand. Iniipne of these colintries is domestic Qpnsttinptioii indi- cated, but to, some ; extent their. pot,i^ntial power is indicated by the above figures. > ' A report on the condition of the Belgian glasg industry by Consul Charles Roy Nasmith, Brussels, under date of March, 13!, '1919, states that "there was only one bottle factory in ,1914 and that was at Jumet, where two furnaces were in operation. They were 'in operation during the war and contifiiie to work. 'A new fa;ctory is being constructed' at Merxem, iipar Antwerp." The makers of :b©ttles by automatic machines apparently have no fear of foreign comjjetitidn. They espect to holdi the domestic market by the superior quality of their bottles made in modernly constructed factories, with improved methods for the systematic factory handling of their product. , , n The makers- of bottles by hand, however, are depending upon a pro^ tective tariff upon the ground of labor cost. ■ ' Imports, including filled and empty bottles, were valued at $1,185,015 in 1914. Imports are chiefly from France and Germany. Later statistics follow : ■ Bottles, vials, and jar*, plain green or colored, molded or pressed, and flint, Ume, or lead, n. s. p. f. .EMPT-5 r. .,.■■» 1918 .. '■ ; I Founii. 160,8821 229,561. 1,278,622 ! 749,125 ■ , ■ 16,656 11,129 '75,695 43,475: ■ , $1,997 3,338 22,708 30 1919......,., ...:.....; 30 1920 30 1921 (9 momtha) ;:.'.>:... ...j,...,,. j.r.. , FILLED. 1918 ,. 1919 1920 ,:.:..;. 1921 (9 months).. 1,453.649' 2,446:754 3,032,032 $89,791 67,550 122,336, 137,472 I $26,896 20,264 ,.(36; 699' TV 30 30 FILLED, CONTAINING T, IltJERAL WATERS. " 1918 .„ , $50,022 ,51; 667 SS863 .i.e;l72 $5,002 5,157 5,686 10 1919.. ....: ;lilS9,464 •i;iSl6i98S ■10 1920 10 1921 (9 abnths). . '- \ ■. t SUMMABY OP TARIFF i INFOKMATION^ 1921. 309 Bottlesli'i-taW,anB.'}ar8, plain green or colored/'^ett.—ConUAned. ,, DEMIJOHNS AND CARBOYS (COVERED OR, Ul^Cp5tPRE5J,, EMPTY. 1919.... ji.. 1920 1921 (9 months) ;...,, 5,,oe5. 218 15,230 $3,051 53 3,244 i $915 16, Pef cent. 30 DEMIJOHNS AND CARBOYS (COVERED C*R UNCOVERED), FILLED; 1918..; - $808 2,558 6,695 2; 951 3; i 30 1919... '.. ■. ,53,880 136, 145 76,222 30 19B0....... .: 30 192i(«moaths)..i. :...... DEMIJOHNS AND CARBOYS (COVERED OR UNCOVERED), FILLED, CONTAINING ' MINERAL WATERS. - ' 1918 1919 1920 1921(9montIls). 5.218 175,271' 145, 038 $33,210 264 6,900 2,919 $3,321 26 lOf 10 10 Exports go to Canada, Cuba, England, Argentina and other South American countries. They have been as follows (calendar years ) : ISlSj $2;T:81,076; 1919, $5,283^665 ; 192D; $9,675,543; 1921 (0 months), $3,989,579. P^BAGRAPH 218. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMEUDMENTS. Pab. 218. Bottles, and all,ai'ticles:0f n every description, composed wholly, oi: , , in chief value of glass or paste, blown ' or partly WoWn in the mold or other- '■' f wise, colored, cut, engraved; etched, frosted, gilded, - ground (except r^^i^cji ,-,-,, ,.. grinding as is necessary for "fitting stoppers or^for purposes other than orhaiiientation ) , painted, prinfed' in ' any manner, sand-blasted, iisilvered,! ^ stained, or, decorated pr'ornamenited in any manner, whether filled or unfilled,. ^ or -whether their contents; be ^dutiable or free, 40 per Cerftum ad' valorem i'- Provided, That the ' foregoing :con-.' tai-alue th6*e6f,sliall be dutiable^ at ;• the rate' applicable to their; contents,- ■ but noit .less than : the rate provided for : • in th-ls .flaragfaph : ^p.rovifled, fuf:ther, . i ! , .. . > That Sor tfcfe purposes of tliis, Act, bot- ' ties with''^c'ift;glass stoppers Ishall with ' the gtoppers^be deeme'3'*»ntlreties'..' ' ■, ; . , ■ ; , ,'] 7 i ' ':!;• '' ■;,,i! trriil ■ • ■• rr-. 310 SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. ACT OF 1909. . , • •, V. ACT OF 1918.V V Par. 98. Glass bottles, decanters, and Par. 84. Glass bottles, decanters, and all articles of every description com- all articles of every description> com- posed wholly Ov in chief value of glass, posed wholly or in chief value of glass, ornamented or decorated in any man- ornamented or decorated in any man- ner, or cut, engraved, painted, deco- ner, or cut, engraved, painted, deco- rated, ornamented, colored, stained, tiited, ornamented,' colored, ' stained, silvered, gilded, etched, sand blasted, silvered, gilded, etched, sand blasted, frosted, or printed in any manner, or frosted, or printed in any manner, or ground (except such grinding as is nee- ground (except such griiiding as is essary for fitting stoppers or lor pur- necessary for fitting stoppers or, for Pbses other than ornamentation), and purposes other' thaii orhamentation), all articles of every description, in- and all articles of every description, eluding bottles, and bottle glassware, inpluding bottles and b,pttle glassware, composed wholly or in chief value of composed wholly or in chief value of glass blown either in a mold or other- glass blown either in a mold or other- wise ; all flf 'the fotegoing, not specially wise ; all of the foregoing, not specially provided , for in this sectioii, filled of ' provided fdr in this seetion, filled or unfilled, and whether their contents be unfilled, and^ whether their contents dutiable or free, sixty per centum ad be dutiable or free, 45 per centum ad valorem: Provj,ded^ .Thut for the pur- valorem: ^r(wf(?ef?,, That for the pur^i poses of this Act, tbttles with cut glass poses of this Act; bottles with cut- stoppers shall, with the stoppers, be glass stoppers shall, with the stoppers, ^eemed entireties. be deemed entireties. ,!blown Ai^D, pressed glassware, etc. (See Survey B-9.) Description. — The principS,! groups of blo'wn and pressed glass- •ware are pressed table and lighting glasfeware, blown tumblers,' stem, ware and bar goods, lamps and lamp. chimneys, cut glass, aixd deco- rated ware, pressed jelly glasses, tumblers, and goblete. ; , '.jh* Production. — The number of establishments manufacturing pressed and blown glass in. J.914, ff?l.^XQX a|id.in 1919, 130. The value of the product in the corresponding years was $30,279,000 and $70,708,000. In 1917,., 8,282 skilled workmen wei-e -.emplgyed in this industry. The raw materials used are sand, soda ash, lime, lead oxide (all of domestic origin), and carbonate of potash',' nitrate of soda, manganese, antimony compounds, absfenic, and powdered blue (partly or wholly of foreign origin)., Red lead,, saltpeter, and barium carbonate also are used in crystal and cut glassware. Lime glass is used for the cheapest pressed ware, but the bettet grades are made of lead glass. Statistics of foreign production are not available. The export trade of the European glass-producing countries is an index of their competitive power. Their exports in 1913 of all kinds of glassware were $93,500,000, those from Germany representing 30.3 per cent; Belgium, 21.6; Austria, 18.8; France, 10; Netherlands, 9.8; and the United Kingdom, 9.5 per cent. Forty per cent of the European ex- ports were of hollow glassware. The exports of all glass products' to the United States were a little over 4 per cent of the total. Imports were valued at $2,223,38V in 1914. Little pressed table-; ware has been imported, while other pressed ware consisted largely of door knobs. Imports of fine grades of blown ware, both decorated' and undecorated, were considerable. Cut of Ornamental glassware, valued at $1,151,875, was imported, in, ,1914, ,34.5 per cent from Austria, 28 per cent from Germany, 14 pM?>cent from Belgium,, 10 per cent from France, 9.6 per cent from England, and about 4 per cent from other countries. Competition has been particularly felt in the SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 311 fine grades of blown ware and decorated blown ware, 34 per cent of these imports coming from Austria and 28 per cent from Germany. Later statistics follow : Glassware, bloivn either in mould or othenoise, n. s. p. f. Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valo- rem rate. BOTTLES AND BOTTLE GLASSWAKE. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) . Pounds. 1 72, 322 89, 921 124, 917 277,542 $9,811 40, 159 !,25,<010 ' 22,;597 $4,415 18,072 11,254 Per cent, 45 45 45 BULBS FOE INCANDESCENT LAMPS AND TUBES FOR MAKING THEM. 1919 .;..,.....:..,. 670 " -$280 1,045 777 ■ $126 470 45 1920 i . . , .45 1921 (9 months) CHEMICAL GXASSWAEE.! ' ' '"' 1918 1919 1920. . .'. 1921 (9 months) . 1 78, 536 .268,494 $33,786 62,181 190,624 133, 866 $15, 204 27,981 85^ 781 45 46 45. CHIMNEYS FOE-Olii'LAMPS. 1918 Number. 1144 11, 164 21, 806 142,376 $12 1,252 863 6,795 $5 563 388 45 1919 45 1920 :....:'.- . 45 1921 (9 months) , .'1 . -.. CHIMNEYS FOE GAS 4..4.MFS„AND , TUBING FOR SAME. 1920 1921 (9 months). Number. 133,964 451,952 $5, 081 18, 719 $2,286 GLOBES AND SHADES FOE GAS AND ELECTRIC LIGHT. 1918 16 ■ . 56,067 ' 34,408 371,976 $2 %433 1,886 21,770 45 1919 , $1,095 849 45 1920 ' 45 ~ TABLEWARE AND BAE.GLAS S. , , . ) 1918 1 31, 7S7 910, 756 $8,939 83,626 38,347 79,131 t4,'023 37,.632 45 1919 ^ , 46 45 ALL' OTHER ARTICLES. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921 (Omonths) . 12,032,736 4,Slo,,06S $61,241 217, 416 926,235 865, 917 $27, 558 97,837 416,806 46 46 45 July 1 to-Dee. 31, 1918; rAi ViaUv/ie eiitered free of duty as philosophical and scientific apparsitus has been valuad 5 (calendar rears): 1918, $27,525; 1919, $2,123; 1920, $20,963; 1921 « mpnfh^ $2U396. 2 Chemii as (oIloH'S 312; StlMMARY rftj. TAEflTF 'INFORMATION, 1921^ Olasstoare of every description^ omdmented- of diBcoraied, etc. \i\ Calendar year. BOTTI,ES,AND DECANTERS. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Number. '1.258,137. 1,308,04,5 2,473,9.37 1,266,312 ;»33,772 190,431 226,834 149,421 $15, 197 85,694 102,075 PerceM. 45 45 45 CANDLESTICKS, CANDELABEA, CHANDELIERS, AND PARTS OF, AND OTHER ARTI. CLES, THAT CAN BE USED INCONNECTION WITH ARTIJFICIAL METHODS OF .ILLUMINATION, N. a. p. p. . '-i' ... . ' ■ 1918.-. U,059 52,416 1390 6,142 41, 63! 35,767 J175 2,764 18,734 45 1919 45 1920 '.::. .., • • 45 1^1 (9 months) ■ .'.i - i: ii "0;: GLOBES AND SHADES FOR (iA^ AND EpECTRIC LIGHTS. 1918 12,647 487 12,476 43,830 $271 427 2,173 6,060 S122 192 978 45 1919 45 1920 45 1921 (9 months); 1 TABLEWARE AND BAR GLASS. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Pieces. 1 14,029 m, 440 $14,880 98,313 112, 675 166,066 $B,696 44,241 50,659 46 45; .45 1 ALL OTHER ARTICLES. 1918 ... 1919... 1920 .....^... 1921 (9 months). 1 236, 814 2,213,732 $20,323 133,731 761,999 695,648 19,145 60,179 342,899 45 45 45 1 July 1 to Dec. 31, 1918. ..ffaj^ori^s' were, valued 0:t $2,671,164 in 1914 and at $5,411,995 in 1917. The increase, due to cessation of European production, was: To Canada, 41 per cent ; to Cuba, 228 per cent ; to South America, 372 per cent J to Asia, 556 per cent; and to Australia and other coun- tries, 80 per cent. Exports of cut or engraved glassware ! ha ve^ been as follows (for calendar years) : 1918, $139,449; 1919," $269,126; 1920, $422,864 ; 1921, $146,698. Exports of chemical glassware have bfeen : 1918, $179,682 ; 1919, $200,969; 1920, $262,391; 1921 (9 months), $189,008. ' Exports ha^ei been largely to Canada,^ England, Cuba, China, Mexico,, and Brazil. Jm^briant chcmg^es^m olc^d^catl^ provision for partly' blown glassware and also the first proviso in paragraph, 218 are new.. The word " paste " thas also been inserted to correspond, with the langrfsE^e' in' pai'iagraph 230. SUJMMAEY OF.TAEI-PF !l[Ni"ORMiATION, 1921. sa^e; Suggested changes.— The word "or " inserted before "colored ??r would make the provision applicable to blown or partly blown glass- ware whether or not colored, etc., and also to glassware colored, etc., whether or not blown or partly blown. To prevent the possible restriction of paragraph 218 to containers the firstproviso might be changed bj^ striking out in line 22, page 32, of H. R. 7456 the words "containers of" aiid inserting the words "when imported containing." , • PARAGRAPH 219. H. B. 7456. _ Par. 219. Cylinder, croWn, and sheet glass, by whatever process made, un- polished, not exceeding one hundred and fifty square inches, IJ cents per pound ; above that, and not' exceeding three hundred and eighty-four sqjiare inches. If cents per pound-; abovethat, and ,not exceecjing seven h,ui),drpd and twenty scjuare Indhes;-, 2}' cen1:s per pound; above that, and not exceeding eight hundred, and sixty-four square inches, 2i jients , per pound ; aboy.e that, and not exceeding one thousand two hundred square inches, 3i cents per pound ; above that, and not ex:ceeding two -thousand four hundred square inches, 3| cents per pound ; above that, 4 cents per pound : Provided, That hone of the' foregoing Shall pay less duty than 35 per centum' ad valorem: Pfo-' vided fUtkfter, That unpolished cylin- der,, crown, a;nd sheet glass,; imported ; in box^s, shall contain fifty square feet, -as nearly as sizes will permit, and th6 duty shall be computed thereOn according to -the actual weight of glass. APT OF 1909. Pae. 99. Tftipolished, cylinder; crown,' and common ^window glass, not exceed- ing one Kundred and' .fifty i square inches, valued at not more than one and one-half cents per polind, one and one-fourth cen,^ per^ pound ; valued at more than one iand' one^half cents per pound, one and three-eighths cents pep pound; above that, and not, exceeding three hundred and eighty-four square inches, valued sit not ikoiM ' than one and three-fpuMhs cents perpo'und, one and three-fourths cents per i pound ; ; valued at more 't^ian one and three- , , fourths cents per pound, one ,ajid seven- eighths cents 'per pcrtiiid'; above that, and Uot exceeding sevfen hundred and ■ tsrenty square . inches, valued, 3^t 'flot more than two and one-elglith cents per pound, two and one-fourth cents per pound ; valued at more than two SENATE AMENDMENTS. JfCT OE 1913. Pab. 85. TJnpoliAed', cylinder, crown, and common wincjow glass< not exceed- , ing one hundred and fifty square inches, i of 1 cent per pound ; above that, and not' exceeding three hundred and eiglity-four square inches, li cent per pound ; above that, and not exceed- ing seven hundred and twenty square inches, li- cent^ per pound; above tTiatJ' and not exceeding- one thousand tw'o hundred square inches, li cents per pound; abovie that, and not exceeding tw;o thousand four hundred square inqhes, 1 J c^nts per pound ; aboye that, 2 C'en,ts per pound': Prdvided, That 'an- pOTished, cylinder, 'fcrbwB; and common' wiiidowrgidS's, imported in vj^oxes, shall cpntaig fifty .sq^a^^e feet, as njearly as, sizes will permit, and the duty shall be computed thereon according to the actual weight of glass. 314 SUMMARYOI' TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. aiid 'one'-eightb. cents iter pouud, two and threereighths" cents per pound;,, above that, and not exceeding eight hundred and sixty-four square inches, ' two and three-fourths cents per pound ; above that, and not exceeding one • thousand two, -hundred square inches, ; three and one^j^ourth cents per pound ; , , ajDove that, and iiot extfeedihg ' two ' thousand four hundred square inches, . ^ > three and three-fourths cents per pound ; above that, four and one-fourth — cents per pound : Provided, That un- polished cylinder, crown, and common window glass, imported in boxes, shall contain fifty square' feet, as' nearly as sizes will permit, and the duty shall be computed thereon according to the actual weight of glass. COMMON WINDOW GJLASS, ETC. (See Survey B-9.) '"'■ Description. — Common window glass is usually blown into cylin- der form, by hand or machine, and afterwards flattened into sheets, annealed, and cut to desired commercial sizes. A method of draw- ing the glass in a continuous flsTt sheet is still in an 'experimental stage in the United States, but is said to be successfully employed in Belgium. The materials used — silica sand, crushed limestone, car- bonate of soda or soda ash, ground carbon, sulphate of soda or salt cake, are all of domestic origin. Manganese dioxide or pyrolusite and white arsenic are used in relatively small amounts. The use of crown glass for glazing is practically obsolete, but there is^ still i a limited production for special purposes. It is. made by blowing a hollow ball, which is opened and then flattened to a disk by cen^' trifugal force. . , Production statistics of window glags; are as follows: Quantity, square feet, 1914, 400,998,893 ; 1919, 368,9.12,209.. Value, 1914, $17,- 496,000; 1919, $41,106,Qp0. Sixty per cent of the total of about 9,000,000 50-foot boxes of window glass. of the' blast of ,1916-lT was made in 2,7 factories by ^he machine method,' and the remaining 40 per cent was made in 55 factories by the hattd method. The present machine factories might readily produce, all the window glass ijeeded and eliminate the hanjd- blowing factories, but fear of a price war deters. .i; Statistics of foreign production are mot obtainable. The question of foreign rivalry centers around th6' efficiency of the machine versus tjip hand process.. It is believed that the :Ajnerican machine-made glass can compete favorably, with the European handmade ' article. European conipetition is keenest in the smaller sizes of glass. ,^, /,. iTi^ports were a little over 34,073,429' pounds, valued at $1;259,497 . in 1906, biit decreased almost constantly until 1913, when they were only 20,458,970 pounds, valued at,$804,731. They increased to' 31,19.7;- 530 pounds, valued at $1,212,536, in 1&14; for some years thereafter they were almost nfegligible. Of the imports during the period SUMMAKY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, iy2U, 315 1906-1914, from 80 to 95 per cent was of the small sizes, 8 by 16 to 16 by 21 inches, and mostly from Belgium. Later statistics follow : Cylmder, crown, and common window glass, unpolished. J,A.)J ^-^ i)^'' *■', Calendar year. Quantity.. Value. ,_ Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorqyi. NOT EXCEEDING 150 SQUARE INCHES. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) . Pounds. ;-•. ',149,615, 404,443 3, 190, 492 5,631,862 .SU, SOS 60,708 319,396 368,285 81,309. 3i 539 27,917 Per cent. 8.84 6.98 8.74 ABOVE 150 AND, NOT BXOEEDINO 384 SQUARE INCHES, .1918 1919 1920 .1921 (9 months). 140,926 112,811 1,166,063 : 9;. 140,1685 $16, 936 10, 870 101,795 ! 482y 165 SI, 409 1,128 11,661 8 84 10.38 11.46 ABOVE 384 AND. NOT EXCEEDING 720 .SQUARE INCHES. .1918 1919 1920 .1921 (9 months) . 8,008 91, 338 499, 044- 9,404,442 $2,074 7, 311 . 48,158 604,658 . $90 1,028 6,614 4 34 14.06 11.66 ABOVE 720 AND NOT EXCEEDING 1,200 SQUARE INCHES.' 1918 1919 1920..., 1921 (9 mointh-s) . 3,912 17, 638 303,369 7, 278, 344 $821 3,496 27,442 400,948 $59 266 4,651 7.16 7,67 16.58 ABOVE 1,200 AND NOT EXCEEDING 2;40d SQUARE INCHES.. 1919 i 8,808 144,035 ■3,673,779 $1,1S9 15,768 161,389 ' '$165 2,701 14.25 17. 13- 1921 C9'moiirt:Iis) ■ . ABOVE' 2,400 SQUARE INCHES ., ■ 1919 . .. ■ .IV 465; 16,037 323,825 $89 1,021 21,615 $9 321 10.45 1920. i 31.41 1921 (9 months^ ... The principal countries of origin of the above imports were the United'Kirigdom, Belgium, and Japan. Exports, which, in 1914 amounted to $311,339,, increased notably 'during the war, production in Belgium and in northern France hav- ing ceaised and supplies from central Europe having failed. In 1915 the export trade was over $1,000,000. Increases during the war -to non'combatant countries and to Canada and Australia were nota- ible. Exports of common window glass, since 1917 (calendar years) , 316 SUMSMABY op tariff INFOEMATIONji' 1921. largely to Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Cuba, afid, Argentina), 'hkvfe been *s follows: ' : I ,; . ■-,'.{■ ■ 1918 1919 1920 1921 ^. (9 months). 683,215 $3,812,653 965,970 $6,492,608 ■ 593,808 $4,097,133 53,989 Value $430,264 Important changes in classification. — ^A minimum rate of duty is added. "Sheet glass" has been substituted for "common window glass."' PARAGRAPH 220. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pab. 220. Cylinder, crown, and sheet glass, by whatever process made, pol- ished, not exceeding three hundred and eighty-four square inches, 5 cents per square foot ; above that, and not ex- ceeding seven hundred and twenty squd,re inches, 6 cents per square foot ;. above, that, and not exceeding one thou- sand four hundred and forty square inches, 12 cents per square foot ; above that, 15 cents per square foot. ACT OS 1909. Pae. 100. Cylinder and crown glass, polished, not exceeding three hundred and eighty-four square inches, four cents per square foot; above that, and not exceeding seven hundred and twenty square inches, six cents per square foot.;: above that, and not ex- ceeding one thousand four hundred and forty square inches, twelve cents per square foot; above that fifteen cents per square foot. CYLINDER AND CKOWN GLASS, POLISHED. (See Survey B-9.) DescHptidn and wses.— Cylinder and crown glass, . blown : in thick sheets which are subsequently ground down and polished in the same mannefas plate glass, is superior to ordinary cylinder '^lass in that it is freefrGltf the wavy irregularities caused by flafctjenmg. A .much thinndr plate glass can be niade at less exp^nsaby this process than by casting, as little material i^ wasted in the grinding iand 'polfehing; Polished cylinder .glass as used, where exceptionally clear bu(t< thinj sheets are required-^automobile wind shieldsj etc. I i. ' ACT OF 1913. Pak.. 86. Cylinder and crown glass, polished, not exceeding three hundred and eighty-four square inches, 3 cents per square: foot; above that, and not exceeding seven hundred and twenty square inches, 4 cents per square foot ; , above that, and not exceeding one thousand four hundred and' forty square inches, 7 cents per square foot r above that, .10 cents per square foot. SUMMABY 01", TAKJFF; INFORMATION, 1921. 3:17 Production. — Polished cyl^uj^er £^ni.;J.'... .69 .J ■ ■■ . '1- 1 ' ABOVE 384 SQUARE I*JCHl!S " ■ , ) . 1918 ,... , ...:...'... 8,25b 16,47'4 20,658 $710 1,448- 2,941 17,204 $83 155. 207 1I.'66 1919 .-...I...- ... . ..; 10.69 1920 ,.. .. 7.02 1921 (9 months). 202,285 ■ , Plate glass, fluted, rolled ribl)ed, etc., grownd, smoothed, or ^otJierioise ofisaureji.' •'-■ 'iiuh , Calendar year. Quantity. ^-i~i Value, Equlva* Djity. ; lent ad valorem. NOT EXCEEDING 384 SQUARE INCHES. 1919;'. Sqwtrejeet. 5,455 $1,996 14,630 20,307 $327 1,140 Percent. 16.40 1920 7.80 1921 (9 months) '. ABOVE 384 AND NOT EXCEEDING 720 SQUARE INCHES. 1919... : 1,119 51,295 ,47,389 $809 43,952- 34,816 $90 4,104 11.07 1920 ' 9.34 1921 (9 months) !' ABOVE 720 SQUARE INCHES. 4919 i 15,850 284,735 51, 758 $10,952 194,932 41,870 $1,902 34,168 17.37 1920 - .- 17. 53 1921 (9 months). ^. Exports are not separately stated. . Important changes in classification. — " Sheet glass " has, been sub- ^titufed for, "common window glass" in the exception in para- graph 221. Suggested changes. — rPage 3$^, line 5: Change "or" to ".and." SUMMARi' OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921r. 321 PARAGJRAPH 222. r H. R. 7456. Var. 222. CiiWt polished plate glass, ■ finishied or miflnished, and nnsilvered, not exceeding three hundred and eighty-four square inches, 11 cents per square foot ; above that, and not ex- ceeding seveii hundred and twenty square inches, 12J cents per square foot; all above that, 20 cents per square foot. Plate glass described in this paragraph containing a wire net- ting within itself, not exceedlilg three hundred and eighty-four square inches, 12 cents per square foot; above that, and not exceeding seven hundred and twenty square inches, 15 cents per square foot; all above that. 25 cents per square foot. ACT OF 1909. Pak. 102. Cast polished plate glass, finished or unfinished and unsilvered, not exceeding three hundred and eighty-four square inches, ten cents per square foot ; above that, and not exceeding seven hundred and twenty square inches, twelve and one-half cents per square foot; all above that, twenty-two and one-half cents per square foot. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Pab. 88. Cast polished plate glass, tinished or unfinished and unsilvered, or the same containing a wire netting- within itself, not exceeding three hun- dred and eighty-four square inches, 6 cents per square foot; above that, and not exceeding seven hundred and twenty square inches, 8 cents per square foot ; all above, that, 12 cents per square foot. POLISHED PLATE GLASS, ITTC. (See Survey B-9.) Description and wses.-^The essential properties of polished plate glass are transparency, homogeneity, and strength. For some years it has been in general use for glazing in first-class buildings. It is practically the only glass used for mirrors. It is also used for tables, desks, and other furniture, for wind shields, ship lights, and many other purposes. Production. — In 1917 there were nine companies operating 15 plate-glass factories. The production of plate glass in 1914 was 60,515,008 square feet (11.6 per cent of all building glass), vialued at $14,800,000. In 1919 it was .57,612,491 square feet, valued at $33,519,000. Since its development the plate-glass ■ industry has made inroads upon other branches of building ^lass manufacture. Besides the batch materials, its production requires finishing and other essential ma.terials, such as carbon, copperas, grinding sand, rouge, felt, emery, gypsum, and pot clay. Turkish emery and Ger- man pot clay were prewar imports. Statistics of foreign produc- tion of plate glass are not obtainable, but the competitive power of European countries is indicated in their exports, which ior six coun- tries in 1913 were yajued at $11,493,122, of which Belgium exported 49 per cent; (rerrhany. 25 per cent: England, 17 per cent; France, 82304—22 21 322 SUMMARY OF TARXrr INFORMATION, 1921. 4 per cent; Netherlands, -3 per cent; and Austria, 2 per cent. Of this the total imports into the United States were but $247,015, with a revenue of $156^017. Apparently the imports 'of "much of the plate glass were to meet the requirements of American, mirror manufac- turers for high grades. Belgium has a plate-^glass syndicate which regulates production, following the world's markets closely to pre- vent overproduction and to give stability to selling prices. Imports are mainly of the finer and more expensive grades used for mirrors ; 75 per cent of this glass is imported. In 1914 imports were valued at $631,618, which was 4.27 per cent of the domestic production. In 1914, 73.68 per cent of the polished plate gla^s im- ported was of sizes not exceeding 720 square inches. No imports are reported for 1918. Later statistics follow : Plate glass, cast, polished, unsilvered, finished or unfinished, or the same con- taining a wire netting. Calendar year. Equiva- lent ad valorem. NOT EXCEEDING 384 SQUARE INCHES. lbl9 . . . . . ;. Square feet. 705 262,808 363,605 M88 167,913 194,104 S42 ■ 15,768 Per cent. 8 67 1920 i 9.39 1921 f 9 months') ... ABOVE 384 AND NOT EXCEEDING 720 SQUARE INCHES. -I ^ ■ ! 1 Vi. 1919 287 443,904 592,730 $228 363,554 448,292 $23 35,432 '10.07 1920 .. . . -i 9 75 1921 (9 months) ABOVE 720 SQUARE INCHES 1919 .-. . . i i. i 3,181 1,825,991 806,957 $2,339 1,697,205 684,795 $382 219,119, 16 32 1920 12.91 1921 (9months) ' In 1919 Canada, in 1920 Belgium and the Netherlands were the principal source of imports. Exports in 1914 were valued at $35,767 ; in 1917 they increased to $2,223,329. Later statistics (for calendar years) of plate.glass, unsil- vered, follow: Quantity (square feet) . VilM 1918 6,022,083 $3,155,627 1919 7,318,099 $4,221,360 1920 4,140,985 $2,853,666 1921 (9months). 1,865,174 $1,125,854 The above exports were chiefly to Japan, Canada, Cuba, Aus- tralia, and Mexico. Imfortant changes in classification.— Th.& provision for plate glass containing a wire netting within itself is new. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 323 PARAGRAPH 228. H. it. 7456. Par. 223. Cast polished plate glass, silvfered', cylinder and crown glass, silvered, and lobkiug-glass plates, ex- ceeding in size one hundred and forty- four square inches and not exceeding three hundred and eighty-four square inches, 11 cents per square foot ; above that, and not exceeding seven hundred and twenty square inches, 13 cents per square foot; all above that, 22i cents per square foot : Provided, That no looking^lass plates or glass, silvered, when framed, shall pay a" less rate of duty than that imposed upon similar glass of like description not framed, but shall pay in addition thereto upon such frames the rate of duty applica- ble thereto when imported separate. ACT OF 1909. Pak. 103. Oast polished plate glass, .silvered, cylinder and crown glass, silvered, and looking-glass plates, ex- feeding in size one hundred and forty- four square inches and not exceeding three hundred and eighty-four square inches, eleven cents per square foot ; above that, and not exceeding seven hun(}rert and twenty square inches, thirteen cents per square foot; all above that, twenty-five cents per square foot : Provided, That no look- ing-glass plates or plate glass, silvered, when framed, shall pay a less rate of duty than that imposed upon similar glass of like description not framed, bnt shall pay in addition thereto upon such frames the rate of duty applicable thereto when imported separate. SENATE AMENBMENTS. ACT OP 1913. Pae. 89. Cast polished plate glass, silvered, cylinder and crown glass, silvered, and looking-glass plates ex- ceeding in size one hundred and forty- four square inches, shall be subject to a duty of 1 cent per square foot In addition to the rates otherwise charge- able on such glass unsilvered : Pro- vided, That no looking-glass plates or glass silvered, when framed, shall pay a less rate of duty than that imposed upon similar glass of like description not framed, but shall pay in addition thereto upon such frames the rate of duty applicable thereto when imported separate. SILVERED GLASS. (See Survey B-9.) Description and uses. — Ordinary grades of silvered glass are made -of cylinder glass, but for high-grade mirrors plate glass is used (im- ported before the war). The glass is seldom manufactured by the silvering concerns. Formerly there was used for the backing of mirrors a compound of mercury and tin. This has now been super- seded by silver, which increases reflectivity from 20 to 25 per cent and is applied by chemical processes. Ornamental mirrors and look- ing-glasses comprise the larger part of the product under this para- graph, but silvered glass has many industrial and scientific uses. Production of mirrors, framed and unframed, has been as fol- lows: Number of establishments, 1914, 182; 1919, 186; value of products, 1914, $10,189,000; 1919, $20,831,000. These figures include the silvered glass under paragraphs 224 and 230. There is little 324 SlflMMABYOF TAKTFf INFOEMATTOIS) 1923. foreign competition in silvered glass, because of the additional tariff and liability to damage in transit. Imports of silverM glass amounted to $24,398 in 1914 and to $21,618 in 1915 — unprecedented recprds, as imports in former years averaged about $300. Silvered plate glass, imported in .1914 amounted to $4,861, which was, above the average. Later statistics follow : Plate glaxn. cast, polished, silrered, anil lookinfl-rjlass plates. Otileiidar year. , Quantily.; Value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem . EXCEEDING IN SIZE 144 SQUARE INCHES, NOT EXCEEDING 384 SQUARE INCHES. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Square feet. : ' .. 2 1 13, 309 2,81.5 $10 1 10,495 2,178 S932. Per cent. ABOVE 384 AND NOT EXCEEDING 720 SQUARE INCHES'. 1918 1919 9 5,667 3,688 S21 4,410 3,380 3.86 1920. "!!..'.{...." S510. 11.57 1921 (9 mdhths) . . .' : ABO.VE 720 SQUARE INCHES. 1918 - 21 , , 86. 16,162 16,678 $13 153 12; ii »3 11 2,101 , 21.00 1919 7.31 1920 . 16.37 1921 (9 months) Cylinder' and croion glass, poUshed, silvered. Calendar year. Quantity. Value. NOT EXCEEDING 384 SQp-^RE INCHES. Duty. Equiva- lent ad, valorem. 1920 1921 (9 months) . Square feet. 10,173 32,194 14,769 16,748 $407 Per cent. 8.53 ABOVE 384 AND NOT; EXCEEDING 720 'SQUAIIE INCHES. 1920 1921 (9 months). S9, 736 ?16,092 21,890 $1,141 ABOVE 720 AND NOT EXCEEDING 1,440 SQUARE INCHES. 1920 1921 (9 months) . 55,052 21,411 $105,261 23,012 $4,404 ABOVE 1,440 SQUARE INCHES. 1920. $6,390 $575 !.99 SUMMARY OF TARJFF teFOEMATIoii, l021. 325 Imports of cylinder, cro'ft'n, ahd'conlnibn window. ginss, iihpdlishfed, silvered, are hfe^ligible. " ;' '' Exports were slight during the war, and to markets formerly sup- plied by Germany, France, and England. None are recorded since. PARAGRAPH 224. H. R. 745^. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pak. 22-1. Cast polished plate glass, silvered or unsUvered, and cylinder, crown, and sheet glass, by whatever process made, silvered or nnsilvered, polished or unpolished, when bent, ground, obscured, frosted, sanded, enameled, beveled, etched, embossed, engraved, flashed, stained, colored, painted, ornamented, or decorated, shall be subject to a duty of 5 per centum ad valorem in addition to the rates otherwise chargeable thereon. ACT OF 1909. Par. 104. Cast polished plate; glass, silvered or imsilvered, and cylinder, crown, or common window glass, sil- vered or unsilvered, polished or un- polished, when bent, ground, obscured, frosted, sanded, enameled, beveled, etched, embossed, engraved, flashed, stained, colored, painted, ornamented, or decorated, shall be subject to a duty of five per centum ad valorem in ad- dition to the rates otherwise cliarge- able thereon. ACT OF 1913. Pak. 90. Cast polished plate glass, silvered or unsilvered, and cylinder, crown, or common window glass, sil- vered or unsilvered, polished or un- polished, when bent, ground, obscured, frosted, sanded, enameled, beveled, etched, embossed, engraved, flashed, stained, colored, painted,' ornamented, or decorated, shall be subject to a duty of 4 per centum ad valorem in addition to the rates otherwise chargeable thereon. GLASS, BENT, GKOTJND, OBSCURED, ORNAMENTED, ETC. (See Survey B-9.) Description and uses. — The processes enumerated in this paragraph are applied principally to ornamented glass. Certain industrial uses, however, depend on these processes, e. g., colored glass for signal lights, concave reflectors for headlights and searchlights, and magni- fying and reducing mirror lenses in instruments. Enamel is usually applied to glass in designs, portions of the surface remaining uncov- ered. Patterns may be made in the glass by etching with hydro- fluoric acid, by engraving with copper disks, or by sand blasting. In the process of blowing, a thin layer of colored glass is sometimes ap- plied; this is known as " flashing." To obtain colored glass, coloring materials (usually metal oxides) are introduced into the molten mass'. Beveled glass, used for heavy plate-glass mirrors and doore, has the edges ground at an angle of from 45 to 60°. (See also par. 221.) Frodioction of obscured glass, including cathedral and skylight glass, has been as follows : (^antitT (square feet) 1 Value 1914 4S; 040, 079 $2,417,000 1919 33,822,302 84,300,000 326 SUMMAEY.OF TABiy]? INEOKMATION, 1921. The following figures relatp to jthe cutting, staining, and ornament- ing of glass : Number of establishments, 1914, 635 ; 1919, 607 ; value of products, 1914, $16,446,000 ; , 1919, $48,583,000. Imports of " unpolished, uns^lvered cylinder, crown, and common window glass, bent^ ground, etc.," were usually the largest of thu group, amounting, m 1914, to 1,703,186 square feet, valued at $149,- 203; while "polished unsilvered eylinderi etc." were 147,482 square feet, valued at $36,116; "polished, silvered cylinder, et,q.," 138,158 square' feet, valued at $33,034; "polished, unsilvered plate, etc.," 140,805 square feet, valued at $62,228 ;; and " polished, silvered plate, etc.," 19,659 square feet, valued at $5,854;. Later statistics follow : Oylmder, crown, and common tvindow glass, unpolished — Sent, ground, oliscured, frosted, sanded, enameled, beveled, etched, embossed, engraved, flashed, stamed, colored, painted, ornamented or decorated. Calendar year. Quantity. NOT EXCEEDING 150 SQUARE INCHES. 1918 1919 '.... 1920 1921 (9 mouths). Pownis. 5,159 13,807 . 122,731 472,906 81,429 4,695 19,445 51,469 tl02 309 Per cent. 7.18 6.57 9. St ABOVE 150 AND NOT EXCEEDING 384 SQUARE INCHES. 1918 1919....... 1920 1921(9nionttis). 62, 454 80,728 '79,069 345)817 $9,294 14,576 11,959 34,616 $996 1,390 1,269 10.72 9.64 10.61 ABOVE 384 AND NOT EXCEEDING 720 SQUARE INCHES. 1918 ' 11,036 124,155 207,218 84,662 $1,333 17,7JB8 16,271 7,679 $177 2,107 2,982 13.31 1919 11.86 1920 1 18.33 1921(9months) . . •■\> ABOVE 720 AND NOT EXCEEDING 1,200 SQUARE' INCHES. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) . 24,265 16,424 84,574 15,486 $2,493 .2,629, 8,111 1,911 $464 352 18.60 13.37 19.64 ABOVE 1,200 AND NOT EXCEEDING 2,400 SQUARE INCHES. 1918...... . 25,791 69,420 249,583 164,410 $6,530 15,987 32,242 19,797 $745 1,941 5,969 11.41 1919...... :...: 12.14 1920 - 18. 51, ABOVE 2,400/ S'QU ARE JNCHES. 1918 372 28,278 4,771 4,983 ■ $76 5,278 685 457 ) $10 777 123 - 13. 79 1919 14.72 1920 - 17.93 1921 (9 months) . The imports of the above type of glass, polished or silvered, are negligible. SUMMABY OV TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 327 I'late glass — Cast, polished — Vnsilveredf flmished, or unfinished, etc. — Bent, ground, obscured. Calendar year. Quantity. Equiva- lent ad valorem. NOT EXCEEDING 384 SQUARE INCHES. 1918 Square feet. 132 194 J12 Per cent. 12.43 1919 1920 7,013 ■ 50,199 4,277 23,884 592 13.84 1921 (9 months) „ ABOVE 384 AND NOT EXCEEDING 720 SQUARE INCHES. 1918 76 $66 $9 13.21 1919 1920 3,993 2,325. 2,486 ,, , -2,695 419 16.85 1921 (9 months) ABOVE 720 SQUARE INCHES. 1918 ; 65 $50 $10 19.60 1919 1920 8,303 16,320 12,383 11,126 1,492 12.05 1921 (9 months) The imports of the silvered glass of the above type are negligible. Exports. — Statistics not available. Im'portafiit changes in classification. — " Sheet glass " has been sub- stituted for "common window glass." PARAGRAPH 225. H. B,. 7456. Pae. 225. Spectacles, eyeglasses, and goggles, and frames for the same, or parts thereof, finished or unfinished, valued at not over 65 cents per dozen,_ 20 cents per dozen and 15 per qentum ad valorem ; valued at over ,65, cents per dozen and not over $2.50 per dozen, 60 cents per dozen and 20 per centum ad valorem ; valued at over $2.50 per dozen, 40 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Par. 105. Spectacles, eyeglasses, and goggles, and frames for the same, or parts thereof, finished or unfinished, valued at not over forty cents per dozen, twenty cents per dozen and fif- teen per centum ad valorem ; valued at over forty cents per dozen and not over one dollar and fifty cents per dozen, forty-five cents per dozen and twenty per centum ad valorem ; valued at over one dollar and fifty cents per dozen, fifty per centum ad valorem. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 91. Specta,cles, eyeglasses, and goggles, and frames for the same, or parts thereof, finished or unfinished, 35 per centum ad valorem. 328 SUMJVJABY 0¥ TABII^'F INFORMATION,, 1921. SPECTACLES, EYEGLASSES, GOGGLES, ETC. (See Survey B-10.) Descriptioii and uses. — Spectacles are flat or toric glasses, prisms, and spherical or cylindrical lenses, mechanically adjusted to the eye to correct defects of vision. They are usually made of crown glass or rock crystal, the latter being somewhat lighter and cooler to wear. Spectacles and eyeglasses are usually mounted in rigid steel wire, shell or horn (real or imitation), or metal frames. Goggles have projecting eye_ tubes with plain glass to protect against dust, etc., or colored ones to soften the light. Production, — Exact figures are not available. The estimated out- put for 1912 was valued at about $8,500,000, produced by between 25 and 30 manufacturers, capitalized at $7,500,000, and located mainly in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Ehode Island, Connecticut, New Yoirk, Pennsylvania, and Michigan. Imports in 1914 amounted to $68,370, mostly from France, Ger- many, and England. They decreased to $10,916 in 1916. Later statistics follow: Spectacles, eyeglasses and goggles, andt frames therefor, or ': finished or unfinished. parts thereof. 1 Calendar year. Quantity. - V^lUJ.. Duty. Ad va- lorem rate. 1918 '..'. Dozen. . , 5,517 2,414' 8,625 2,445 $20,294 20,508 7,590 S7^103i 4 018. 7,178 Per etnt. 35 1919 . . . 35 1920 35 1921 (9 months) Imports are chiefly from France, Germany, and England. Expovts hdovQ the war consisted of styles and qualities superior to foreign goods, comprising less than 10 per cent of the production. The export figures are consolidated with those for optical instru- ments. PARAGRAPH 226. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pak. 226. Lense.s of glass or pebble, iiioWert or pressed, or ground and pol- ished to a spherical, cylindrical, or prismatic form, and ground and pol- ished piano or coquill glasses, wholly or partly manufactured, with the edges iinground, 40 per centum ad valorem ; w:th' the edges ground or beveled, 10 cents t>er dozen pairs and 35 iier centum ad valorem ; strips of glass not more than three Inches wide,- ground or polished on one or both sides to a cylindrical or prismatic form, Includ- ing those used in the construction of gauges, and glass slides for magic Ian terns, 35 per centum ad valorem. SV.M.MAhY OV TARIFF INFORMATION, 19-21. 329 ACT OF 1913. Par. 92. Lenses of glass or pebble, molded or pressed, or ground and pol- ished to a Spherical, cylindrical, or prismatic form, and ground and pol ished piano or coquill glasses, wholly or partly manufactured, strips of glass, not more than three inches wide, ground or polished on one or both siiles to a cylindrical or prismatic form, in- cluding those used in the construction of gauges, and glass slides for magic hinterns, 2.T per centum ad valorfeffl; ACT OF 1909. Pak. 106. Lenses of glass or pebble, molded or pressed, or ground and polished to a spherical, cylindrical, or prismatic form, and ground and pol- ished piano or coquill glasses, wholly or partly manufactured, with the edges unground, forty-live per centum ad va- lorem ; if with their edges ground or beveled, ten cents per dozen pairs and forty-iive per centum ad valorem. Par. 107. Strips of glass, not more than three inches wide, ground or pol- ished on one or both sides to a cylin- drical or prismatic form, includin.? those used in the construction of gauges, and glass slides for magic lan- ternSi" forty-five per ' centum ad va- lorem. LENSES. (See Survey B-10.) Description and uses. — Lenses of glass are fashioned from rough optical glass and used chiefly in the manufacture of scientific, pro- fessional, £ind optical instruments and goods. A pebble lens is a spectacle lens made of rock crystal, which is harder than glass. A piano lens is a flat plane of glass, while a coquill lens is a piece of glass of uniform thickness with concentric spherical surfaces. ,. Production &guves for the particular items of paragraph 226 are not available, because part or parts of each are reported under "In- struments, professional and scientific," and " Optical goods." Sta- tistics for these industries. are as follows: Instruments, professional . and sci- entific. Optical goods. Nuinber of establishments: 1914 .307 . 3o0 $17,495,000 ■W, 135, 000 314 1919 506 Valrie of products: 1914 . S18,188,00O 1919. 53, 718, OOO Imports totaled $169,951 in 1914, $120,297 in 1915, $54,483 in 1916, and $40,971 in 1917. The decrease followed the war, with a conse- quent stimulation of domestic production. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. LENSES OF GLASS OK PEBBLE AND GROUND AND POLISHED PLANO OR COQUILL GLASSES, WHOLLY OR -PARTLY MANUI;ACTURED. 1918...., 1919... l»2a..:.V...:...'.. 1921 (9 months) . Nuinber. ,481, 503 . 428, 280 69,019 '71; 426 ■105,718 *7, 070 17, 255 •17,856 Per cent. 25 2S 330 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION^ 1921. STRIPS OF GLASS! NOT MORE THAN 3 INCHES WIDE, GROUND OR POLISHED TO A CYLINDRICAL OR PRISMATIC FORM, ETC. Calendar year. Quantity. , Yfi\\xe. Duty. Ad valorem rate. i918 $34,362 28,051 91,793 18,925 $8,640 7,013 22,948 Per cent. 25 1919 25 1920... .'...J 25 1921 (9 months) .. . . . Exports not recorded. PARAGRAPH 227. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pab. 227. Optical glass, or glass used in the manufacture of lenses or prisms for spectacles, or for optical instru- ments or equipment or optical parts, flcientific or commercial, In any and all forms, 35 per centum ad valorem. ACT OE 1909. Par. 577. Glass plates; . or disks, rough-cut or unvsrought, for use in the manufacture of optical instruments, spectacles, and eyeglasses, and suitahle ■only for such use: [Free] Provided, however, That such disks exceeding •eight inches in , diameter may be polished sufficiently to enable the char- acter of the glass to be determined. ACT OF 1913. Par. , 494. Glass plates : or r disks, rough-cut or unwrought, for use in the manufacture of optical instru- ments, spectacles, and eyeglasses, and suitable only for such use : [Free] Provided, however. That such disks ex- ceeding eight inches in diameter may be polished Sufficiently to enable the charactier ' of the glass to be deter- mined. optical glass, etc. (See Survey B-10.) Description and loses. — Optical glass is the essential element in the making of microscopes, field glasses, range finders, gun sights, peri- scopes, aiming circles, photographic lenses, etc. It is indispensahle in directing and controlling the firing of modem artillery in general, but the quantities needed for range finders, gun sights, trench peri- scopes, etc., are not great in any country, even in time of war. How- ever, its commercial uses will cause a steady and increasing, though limited, demand. ! • ..- Production prior to 1918 was negligible. The failure of. German imports and the necessities of the allied Governments practically exhausted our supply. In 1917 four manufacturers, assisted by Government and other scientists, succeeded in making certain varie- ties of optical glass for the -A^rmj and Navy, and factories were built and equipped to produce in sufficient quantities to supply domestic requii-ements. The principal materials used are silica sand, soda, potash, lime, lead oxides^ baryta, zinc oxide, and borax. In seven months (April to October, 1918) the production of eight classes of optical glass was 475,924 pounds. SUMMARY or TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 331 Statistics of foreign production are not available, blit the potential power of foreign competitors is indicated in their export trade and in the great advantages they have had in the earlier scientific devel- opment of this product. The statistics of exports of this particular kind of glass are meager and not reported at all for some countries. In 1913 GermaJiy exported optical glass of various kinds, valued at $7,900,172, classified as follows: Rough . optical glass, $271,320; lenses, $2,528,274; and other optical glass, $6,100,578. In the same year France exported lenses valued at $493,887, and other optical glass, $18,760. The manufacture of optical glass requires scientific knowledge of a high order as well as exceptional skill. It is one of jpeculiar techni- cal difficulties, both chemical and mechanical. English, French, and German producers are offering optical glass of all grades and in any quantity for export to the United States. Imports of optical glass plates and disks, rough cut and un- wrought, were valued at $499,364 in 1913 and $612,830 in 1914, fall- ing in 1916, 1917, and 1918 to less than one-half, partly the result of the new domestic industry. In 1913 and 1914 imports from Ger- many were 50 per cent and from England 27 per cent of the total. In 1918 the imports from England were 73 per cent, 40 per cent more than in 1913. Imports from France in 1913 were 18 per cent of the total; in 1918, 26 per cent. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 562,983 $410,775 '941,860 $980,289 572,667 v^ue..„... ::::;:::::::::::;:::::::::::::::;::: t341, 734 $525,940 The above imports are chiefly from the United Kingdom and France. Exports not reported. Important chmigres in classification. — -Transferred frojp free list (par. 494) , act of 1913, and rewritten. Suggested chmiges. —Pa,ge 36, lines 14-16 : Provision is here made for glass for optical part's but none in paragraph 228 for parts of optical instruments, etc., n. s. p. f. PARAGRAPH 228. H. R. 7456. Pak. 228. Photographic and projec- tion lenses, opera and field glasses, sur- veying instruments, telescopes, micro- scopes, and other optical instruments, and frames and mountings for the same; all the foregoing not specially provided for, 35 per centum ad va- lorem. : : SENATE AMENDMENTS. 332 SUMMARY QE TARIFF INFOKMATIONi 1921. ACT OF X9O0. Pab. 108: Opera aiid 'ffeld glasses, ^ telescopes, nSlcroscopes, phatograpivic and projection lenses and optical in- struments, and traines ! or fliountings ff>r , ^he same ; all^ the foregoing not specially provided for In this section, forty-five per ceiitum ad valorem. r , ACT OF 1913. ' Par.' &3. Opera and field gJai^sesy op- tical instruments' and frames 'and mountings for Idle same ; ;all the fore- going not specially proyideid! for ^nithis. section, 35 per cehtuni ad, valorem. ' Par-. 94.' Surveyfhg instruments, tele- scojies', micrbscojpes, photographic and projection; lenses, and frames and mountings for the same, 2-5 per centum, ad valorem. PHOTOGBAPHIC AND PROJECTION LENSES. (See Survey B-10.) Deseriptio'ii and uses.— O^X^c&l instruments are. primarily used to. aid or siipplement liiima/n, :vi^ion ; they also include apparatus whiph depend for their operation on the |)assagfi of light through prisiiiatic or lenticular glassl ' , _ . . : . , Lenses and prisms are the primary cohstjtuents of optical instru- ments. Lenses ,a,re used for three purposes : (1) To concentrate and direct a ray of light (searchlight and automobile lenses) ; (2.) tc^ project a perfectly clear image on a sensitized plate, (photography) or scireen (motion pictures) ; (3) to magnify an, image so that greater detail niay be observed by the eye. The instrument which enlarges small objects at short range is known as the microscope, while those used for examining larger fields of vision located at' a distance are known as telescopes or field or opera glasses. Eyeglasses are simple magnifying or field glasses composed of a single lens for each eye instead of the conibination of lenses found in the adjustable instrument. :..'■.-, Production. — Prior to the war domestic manufacturers confined their operations to the production of those instruments which could be marketed in considerable quantities, and manufactured the special apparatus used by research organizations on special order only, if at all. They de^sended upon foreign , producers for practically the entire supply of optical glass and in a great majority of cases im- ported finished lenses which could be inserted in domestic movlnting without further manufacture. Available production statistics are as follows : Iudustry.„ . Number of establish- ments. Value of products. 1914 1919 1914 JIS,18R,000 17,495,000 , 1,2.H.331 1919 Optical goodvS 314 ;307 '50« 350 «53, 718,000 .58,135,000 Instruments, professional and scientific The optical goods listed above consist of spectacle, eyeglass, and goggle lenses and mountings. The bulk of the scientific and pro- fessional instruments produced fall outside the scope of this para- graph. The total includes, besides surveying instruments, tele- SUIMMABY OF TARIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. 333 scopes, microscopes, and like articles, a large variety of electrical, thermal, and various measuring instruments, some of which wBre sold in large numbers. The value' of cameras produced included the value of the mounting as well as the lens, but in the better grades of cameras the lens is an important part of the total value, and large quantities of auxiliary lenses were produced, the value of which is included in that of other photographic materials. ' Many optical instruments required in war time hai^e little or no market during peace times. Manufacturers of miscellaneous ap- paratus ai*e admirably situated to manufacture this material because the work 'is largely hand labor, and their plants can change from one class of work to another without loss of time. Some of the machinery "iised in the manufacttire of bulk lines can be utilized to advantage, but the operatives do not usually possess the broad experience neces- sary for such a radircal change in product. The free entrance of instrunie'nts.for educational putposes deprives the hand manufacturer of a large part of his iilarket and must eventually force him to restrict production to the lines which can be produced by machine. Imports are shown in the following tables : /■ Calendar year. Quantity. ■ Value. Diitv. Ad valorem rate. SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS, TELESCOPES,' MICROSCOPES, PHOTOGRAPHIC AND PROJECTING LENSES, AND FRAMES AND M,OUNTINGS IfQE THE SA.ME. 1915' Nnmbtr. $160,193 117, 183 29,460 74,727 284,495 273,921 S40,(I48 29,295 7,365 18,682 71,105 Per ceiH. 25 1914 2 , 25 1918 1 25 1919... 1920.. 1 209,273 25 25 1921 (9 month-S) . . i ■OPERA AND FIELD GLASSES, 01 'TICAL INSTRUMENTS, AND FRAMES AND MOUNTINGS FOR THE SAME. 1915 1 '. $333,387 ■186,592 79,144 188, 569 523,141 415,314 $116,685 63,307 27,700 65.857 l!i3;099 35 1914 ' 35 1918 36 1919 62,668 35 1920 . .. 35 '' I Oct. 4, 1913, to June 30, 1914. 2 Fiscal years. Exports of optical instruments in 1914 were valued at $865^074,. of which England took 54 per cent, Canada 13~per cent, and South America 10 per cent. The 1915 figures show a value of $1,018,016 ; 1916, $2,593,500; and 1917, $2,945,920. Of the 1918 total, $1,073,339, 28 per cent went to England, 14 per cent to Canada, 17 per cent to ^uth America, and 15 per cent to Eus^ia. Export figures for the greater part of the articles covered by paragraphs 225 and 228, are included above, no separate figures being available. Exports of optical instruments for scientific purposes were valued in 1919 (calendar years) at $1,540,979, in 1-920 at $1,355,002,. and for 9 nidnths in 1921 at $698,799. The United Kingdom, Argentina, and Canada were the principal countries of destination. 334 sujMjMaey of taeiff iNFpKMATio:sf, 1021. 1 Imfq^ptamt ck ! Description caid uses. — Smalt is, a deep-blue pigmento made by fusing the oxide of cobalt with silica and potash to form a glass. This product is reduced to a powder and used in the arts, although at present it is largely replaced by cobalt blue and artificial ultra- marine. Frostings are made from coarsely powdered, thin flakes of glass and are used for decorative work, signs, and the like. Imports amd exports. — Separate statistics not given. CEKAMIC AND GLASS COLORS, GLAZES, AND FLUXESl (See Survey A-15.) Peso'iption and iises.^The ceramic colors, a distinct article of commerce and essentially different from 'the paint pigments, are used in the manufacture of glass, for. the coloring of glaze on pot- tery and other earthenware, and for coloring enamels. They are all of inorganic nature and must be able to withstand the tempera- ture in firing the ware. They are chiefly metallic oxides, in general the same as for coloring enamels. Pottery or earthen-ware is colored by one of three methods: (1) By applying the coloring materials to the body of the ware, which is afterwards glazed, a process known as " underglaze " ; (2) by placing the coloring materials on an already glazed article and refiring the ware, a process known as " overglaze " ; and (3) by mixing the color with the glaze and applying the two simultaneously, known as the " colored glaze " method. The glazes SXTMMAEY OF TAKIFK INFORMATION,, 1S>21. 339 used in r ceramic manufacture are either silicates of tlie- alkali or alkaline earths, with or without lead/ In other words, they are simply a. glass. The proportion of lead affects chiefly the. melting point of the glaze. The materials used chiefly for glazing are cer- tain natural silicates, such as : feldspar,, china clay, or kaolin mixed with flint or sand^ chalk, borax, soda, and; lead. ■ Production. — Data as to domesticf production have not been ob- tained, but it is not large. This is due partly to thci comparatively small output of hand-decorated china and to the use of imported ceramic colors and decalcomanias (see par. 1306) for decorating dor niestic pottery. England, France, and Germany have developed the manufacture of these colors to a high degree. iihports.—'ReAa.ctiovi. of duty (1913) from 30 ■ per cent to 15 -per cent was followed hy an increase inimports of fluxes, glazes,:enamels, and colors, ceramic and glass. , The average import during the three years, 1911 to 1913, was $13,589; and the average annual revenue for the same period under the 30 per cent rate was $4,0Y7. In 1915-16 the average was valued at. $67,460, and the revenue was $10,119 per year. , In 1917-18, owing to war conditions, the imports and conse^ quently the revenue were considerably lower. Later statistics follow. .■;i .'"'■'' ' ! .^, i? Olames, fluxes,- enamels, and colors, ceramic and glass. Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. AA valorem rate. 1918 Pounds. »21,864 30,137 63,588 ■ 31,510 $3,280 4,521 9,538 Per cent. IS 1919 25,841 63,202 25,791 16 1920 15 1921 (9 months) Exports. — None recorded. ENAMEL. (See Survey A-15.) Descnption and v^es^ — Enamel is glass applied by fusion as a coating to any substance which will bear the necessary heat, espe- cially to metals and tq pottery. Commercial fusible enamel comes in the form of cakes, plates, lumps, or po-^der, and is of various colofs. according to tlje amounts of various metallic oxides used in its composition. Its use may be decorative or to reduce pprosity or to protect the surface from oxidation or, other cheijaical action. The art of enameling pottery, glass, gold, silver, and copper is very old, but, industrial applications to iron and stegl are coniparatively recent. The process, however, has rapidly developed, especially in making kitchen, and hospital utensils, bathtubs, and stationary washstands. Although enamels may be used with pottery, tlietenn, is usually understood' to mean an" applicatipn to. metallic bodies, usually steel or cast iron. The fact that enamel must adhere to steel and resist the abuse common to cooking utensils, makes necessary other qual- ities besides those of ordinary glass. For example, the requirement that it should adhere firmly to a metal body necessitates as nearly 340 SXTMMAHY or TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. as possible a similar coefficient of expansion. Enamels are used chiefiy as a protective coating, which wiU resist the action of alkalies, acids, or other chemicals, and withsta;nd the strain of impact and rapid changes of temperature. They are also used for decorative purposes. Enamels are complex Silicates orboro-silicates of sodium, potassium, calcium, and aluminum. In addition they contain vari- ous metallic oxides to produce opacity or colof.i The principal materials are quartz and flint, which supply the silica; fluorspar, which supplies calcium or lime ; feldspar, which is a complex double silicate of ahuninum with sodium, potassium, or calcium ; i borax or boric acid. The ingredients of the enamel vary with the re- sult desired, and materials other than those enumerated are used in special cases. Tin oxide is one of the most impoii;ant and ex- pensive materials and usually constitutes from 5 to 10 per cent of white enamels. Cobalt is used for blue; manganese for violet and brown ; nickel for gray ; copper or chroniium for green ; uranium or titanium for yellow; and iron, selenium, or gold for red enamelss' Production.— In 1914 there were 77 establishments engaged' in enameling with a production valued at $2,166,000.; in 1919 the cor- responding figures were 74 and $2,645,000. Imports amounted to $18,028 in 1914 and to $8,052 in 1918. The largest amount in the period 1908-1918 was $21,431 in 1909. Later statistics foUow. (See also ceramic and glass colors, glazes and fluxes, p. 338, and white glass enamel, infra.) Calendar year. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate.- 1 .I'll 1918 $4,106 17,727 31,331 ■9^478 $821 3,545 6,266 Percmt. 20 1919 20 1920 20 1921 (9 months) Exports. — None recorded. WHITE GLASS ENAMEL. (See Survey A-15.) Description cmd wses.-^White glass enamel, a fusible' enamel, is siiitable for watch and clock dials, and is often used fdr' scale dials, tliermometers, faces' of steam ' ga,uges aiid speedometers, novelties, and for lettering signs on glass. Production.-— Rei^ve the war enamel for watch and clock dials was obtained chiefly from Switzerland and France ; other white enamel has been made here for some years. Some dial enamel was produceii during the war. Figures, hdwever, are hot available. Imports of white ehaniel for wdtch and clock dials in 1914 were valued at $13;284. In' 1918 the value was $10,465; in 1919 (calendar year), $1,6,778; in 1920, $5,349; and in nine months of 1921,' $2,006; • Exports.— "^on^ recorded^ ' ' . SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 341 GLASS TILES. Desmption and uses. — Glass tiles are used for walls and for floors, especially where the transmission of light is desired. Opal tiles have a white opacity, imparted usually by cryolite, feldspar, or aluminium compounds. Production. ^Theve are several domestic manufacturers of glass tiles and opal glass, but no statistics are available. Imports have not exceeded $500 in any one year. Exports. — None recorded. GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. Important changes in classification. — Glass enamel, white, for watch and clock dials is exempt from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 493). That paragraph and the provision for fusible and glass enamel (par. 96) are combined in this paragraph with paragraph 63 of the act of 1913. Sugfgested changes. — Page 37, line 10: Insert comma after " opal." PARAGRAPH 232. H. R. 7456. Pae. 232. Marble, breccia, and onyx, in block, rough or squared only, 65 cents per cubic foot; marble, breccia, and onyx, sawed or dressed, over two inches in thickness, $1 per cubic foot; slabs and paving tiles of marble, breccia, or onyx, containing not less than four superficial inches, if not more than one inch in thickness, 8 cents per superficial foot ; if more than one inch and not mare than one and one-half inches in thickness, 10 cents per s^lperflcial foot; if more than one and one-half inches and not more than two inches in thickness, 13 cents per superficial foot; if rubbed in whole or in part, 3 cents per superficial foot in addition; mosaic cubes of marble, breccia, or onyx, not exceeding two cubic inches in size, if loose, one- fourth of 1 cent per pound and 17 per' centum ad valorem ; if attached to pa- per or other material, 5 cents per su- perficial foot and 26 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Pae. 111. Marble and onyx, in block, rough or squared only, sixty-five cents per cubic foot; ma*ble aiid onyx, sawed or dressed, over two inches in, thickness, one dollar per cubic foot; slabs or paving tiles of marble or onyx. SENATE AMEND3IENTS. ACT OE 1913. Pae. 97. Marble, breccia, and onyx, in block, rough or squared only, 50 cents per cubic foot; marble, breccia, and onyx, sawed or dressed, over two inches in thickness, 75 cents per cubic foot; slabs or paving tiles of marble 342 SVMMAEY 0¥ laFARIFP INFORMATION, 1921. containiug not less than four super-' ficial inches, If not more than one inch in, th;icimess, eight cents per suger- flcial foot'; if'kiqre than one inch and not more than one and one-half inches in thickness, ten cents per superficial, foot ; if more than one and one-half inches and not more than tyco inches in thickness, twelve and one^half centfe per superficial foot ; if rubbed in whole ' or in part, two cents per superficial foot in addition ; mosaic cubes of mar- ble or onyx, not exceeding two cubic inches in size, if loose, one-fourth of one cent per pound and twenty per centum ad valorem ; If attached to paper or other material, five, cents .p^r superficial foot ; and thirty-five , per centum ad valorem. or onyx, containing not less than four superficial inches, if not more than one inch in thickness, 6 cents per superflei'al foot ; if more, than odie inch and not more than one and one-Iialf inches in thickness, .8 cents per super- ficial foot; if more than Q^p,i^!;df. one- half inches and not more tlian. two inches in thickness, lOcents'per super- 'ficial foot ; if rubbed in whole oT in part, ) 2 ] cents per ■ superficial foot in additiojii ; mosaic cubes o^ niartile or onyx, not exceeding two cubic inches in size, if loose, 20 per centum ad va- 'ioreln ; if attached to paper or other material, 35 per centum ad valorem. ; , i MARBLE, BBECQIA, ONTX. (See Survey B-11.) , ' , .. ; ', Description' aihd uses. — ^This paTagraph covers marble, breccia, and onyx used for monumental and s tr uctural work. Marble is a crystal- line limestone ; onyx, used in building, is a marble having the appear- ance of real onyx. Breccia consists of frsgjgaents cemented together by natural processes. It usually is (but may not be) marble in chemical composition^ but it is included in the group because of simi- larity of use. Marble slabs of superior quality are used Jfpr orna- mental purposes, but inferior grades are also largely used, for interip,^ finishing, as sanitary or fireproof material. Breccia and oriyx are used almost entirely for decorative purposes. Mosaics and paving tiles are flooring materials competitive with ceramic mosiacs- and other flooring tiles (par. 202). Production of building and monumental marble in 1§14 was valued at $7,871,978 and in 1917 at $6,100,280.- Competition is chiefly on'the stones used for interior work. Separate statistics are not given for mosaic marble, which is included ih " all' other." Breccia : is not reported separately in domestic production ; onyx marble in 1915 amounted to 4,574 cubic feet, valued at $19,270, and came from Utah, Kentucky, and New Mexico. Detailed statistics for 1918 and 1920 are given in the following table: MarMe sold in the United States in 1918 and 1920. 1918 1920 Use. Quantity. Value. Average value. Quantity. Value. Average value.; . ■ fi ' Building stone: Kough— Exterior cubic £eet. . Interior. : .do. . . ; Dressed— . Exterior .J .do Interior do... '. . 178,090 375,651. 151,490 174,866 1274,704 679,975 394,349- 903,234 J1.54 1.81 2.60 5.16 147,090 694,990 101,420 221,400 $295,162 1,881,480 '569,395 1,854,054: $2.01 .2.66 S.61 , as? Total eicierior do. . . . Total interior do.... 329,580 550,517 669,053 1,583,209 ' 3.63 .•2.88 '248,510 916,390 864,557 3,705,534 '"■■a48 ■ 1 -4.04 Total building stone . .do 880,097 2,252,262 2.56' '1,164,900 » 4, 570, 091 '3.'fc 'Building stone figures may be somewhat less than given and monumental stone somewhat more, as some of the Tennessee producers were unable to divide their product according to use. •i^UMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 343 Marile soU in the United ma1e» in 1'.)1S and 1920— Gonfimed.'' '■- , ■ 1918 1920 ' Use. Quantity. Value. Average value. Quantity. Value. Average value. M63rUin«ntal stone: Eough cubic feet.. Dressed do 349,823 364,089 $1,126,259 1,821,029 S3. 22 5.00 640,660 ,529,^440 $2,187,469 3,758,041 S3. 41 7.10 Total monumental stone. 713,912 2,947,288 4.13 11,170,100 6,945,510 6.08 Total building and monu- mental cubic feet . . Marble tor other uses, .short tons. . •1,594,009 . 169,432 5,199,550 296,839 3.26 1.75 2,335,000 231,500 10,516,601 553,984 4. SO 2.39 Total marble sold: Cubic feet ' 3,575,670 305,720 5,496,389 1.54 17.98 5,035,000 431,600 11,069,685 2.20 25.65 1 Building stone figures may be somewhat less than given and monumental stone somewhat more, as some of the Tennessee producers were unable to divide their product according to use. ' Approxlinately. The marble industry is represented by quarrymen who sell their product in all stages from the rough block to the article ready for use, and by the manufacturers who buy either domestic or foreign raw material. It is between these two classes that competition is most severe, as very little manufactured marble is imported. The domestic marble deposits of commercial value are confined to the northeastern and southeastern United States and to limited areas on the Pacific slope. Deposits of onyx exist in the Mississippi Val- ley, but high-grade material is rare. The quarrying process is sim- ple and requires no permanent buildings, and only a small amount of equipment, unless the material is dressed by the producer. In this case rough sheds are erected and pneumatic machinery installed. The tendency is toward large production units with manufacturing facilities located at the quarry. , European deposits of marble are of high grade, and contain many fancy varieties not available in the United States. The quarries of Italy and Greece have been operated for centuries, but the product is still considered the best for certain ornamental and sculptural work. There are extensive deposits of onyx marble in Mexico, but devel- - opment has been slow. Imports of marble, breccia, and onyx, rough, dressed, and in slabs, were valued at $1,068,132 in 1914. During the war shipping restric- tions and export embargoes reduced foreign trade in these articles to a minimum. Imports of rough blocks were valued at $997,734 in 1914 and un- rubbed slabs, at $47,841. Dressed marble and rubbed slabs are im- ported in comparatively small amounts. The imports in 1914 equaled 13 per cent of the domestic produc- tion of building and monumental marble and 32 per cent of that used for interior work. From 1910 to 1914 there was a slight annual decrease in imports. Italy furnishes fully 80 per cent of the marble imported, the remainder coming from France,' Greece, Belgium, Spain and other countries. Onyx is now imported mainly from 344 SUiytMARY OF TAKIFF Il^FOKMATION, 1921. Mexico. Imports, of loose mosaic cubes were valued at $42,945 in 1914 and those attached to some material at $976. Later statisti(^ follow : Marhle OMd ireccia. Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equiva- Isntad yalocem. m BLOCK, ROUGH, OR SQUARED ONLY. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Cubic feet, 112,757 209,945 468,815 306, 725 $222, S39 593,340 1,258,192 635, 158 856,378 104,972 231,422 Per cent. 25.30 17.69 18.63 SAWED OR DRESSED, OVER 2 INCHES THICK. 1919 9 102 $90 922 105 »7 76 7.50 1920 8.30 SLABS OR PAVING TILES CONTAINING NOT LESS THAN 4 SUPERFICIAL INCHES, NOT MORE THAN 1 INCH THICK— UNRUBBED. 1918 Superficial ft. 24,617 74,6R0 40,356 53,310 S4,967 17,896 22,193 19,982 81,477 4,481 2,421 29.74 1919 : 25.04 1920 10.91 SLABS OR PAVING TILES CONTAINING NOT LESS THAN 4 SUPEKTICIAT- INCHES. NOT MORE THAN ;1 INCH THICK— RUBBED. I 1918 3,102 19,583 2,239 19,184 i$9e7 5,047 2,331 10 509 $248 1,567 179 25.66 1919 31.04 1920 ■-.. - 7.68 1921 ^9 months') LABS OR PAVING TILES ETC , MORE THAN 1 AND NOT MORE THAN li INCHES THICK- UNRUBBED. 1918 5,577 8,561 6,213 6,550 tl,322 2,424 2,435 3,?50 $446 685, 497 33.75 1919 28.25 1920 20.41 1921 f 9 months^ J : SLABS QE PAVING TILES, ETC., MORE THAN li AND NOT MORE THAN 2INCHES THICK— ' ' UNRUBBED. ' . . i , ., 1919 1,278 145 1,839 $474 118, 1,153 S128 14 26.96 1920 12.20 1921 f 9 months^ -. MOSAIC CUBES OF mARBLE OR ONYX. NOT EXCEEDING 2 CUBIC INCHES IN SIZE— LOOSE. I9ig ; $8,454 3,888 18,221 22,939 $1,291 778 3,644 20.00 1919 20.00 1920 ' .. -..' 1 : 20.00 f. — STJMMAKY Ol^ TAKIFF IK FORMATION, 1921. Oni/a-. 345 Calendar year. Quantity. IN BLOCK, ROUGH, OH SQUARED ONLY. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) Cubic feet. 1,425 2,040 6,395 721 13,181 9,517 36,840 2,948 $712 1,020 3,197 Per cent. 22.40' 10.72 g.68 SLABS OR PAVING TILES CONTAINING NOT LESS THAN 4 SUPERriCIAL INCHES, MORE THAN 1 AND NOT MORE THAN IJ INCHES THICK— UNRUBBED. 1918 .....' .....;....!!...... Superficial feet. 1,923 4,200 9,462 $741 4,009 3,568 $154 336 20.76 1920 -..:i.-....:.'j.... 8.38 1921 (9 months). . Exports of stone, including marble unmanufactured, have been as follows: 1914, $676,723; 1918 (calendar year), $552;261; 1919, $770,392; 1920, $774,442; 1921 (9 months), $425,614. PARAGRAPH 233. H. B. 7456. Pab. 233. Marble, breccia, onyx, ala- baster, and jet, wholly or partly manu- factured into monuments, benches, vases, and other articles, and articles of which these substances or any of them is the component material of chief value, and all articles composed wholly 01" In chief value of agate, rock crystal, or other semiprecious stone, except such as are cut into shapes and forms fitting them expressly for use in the construction of jewelry, not specially provided for, 40 per centum ad valorem. , ACT OF 1909. Pae. 112. Marble, breccia, onyx, ala- baster, and jet, wholly or partly man- ufactured into monuments, benches, vases, and other articles, or of whixdi, these substances or either of them Is the component material of chief value, and all articles composed wholly or In chief value of agate, rock crystal, or other semiprecious stones, except such as are cut Into shapes and forms fitting them expressly for use in the construc- tion of Jewelry, not specially provided for in this section, fifty per centum ad valorem. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT or 1,913. ; , ,; Pab. 98. Marble, breccia, onyx, ala- baster, and jet, wholly or partly! man- ufactured into monuments, benches, vases, and other articles, or of which these substances or either of them is. the component material of chief value, and all articles composed wholly or in chief value of agate, rock crystal, or other semiprecious stones, except such as are cut into shapes and forms fitting them expressly for use in the construc- tion of jewerly, not specially provided for in this section, 45 per centum ad. valorem. u& S\5MU&RY OF TARIFF iNFOKMATIOJS', 1021. ARTICLES OF MARBLE, BRECCIA, ONYX, ETC. (See Survey B-11.) ,,.', , '' ■' GENERAL. Stone manufactures include, besides tonibstonep and monuments made of marble and kindred stones, a large and diverse list suph as commercial and religious statuary, paper weights, inkwells, table tops, and jet spangles for ornamenting textiles and millinery goods. The manufacturing industry aside from the prodijction pf monuments is of very' minor importance. Stone monuments are produced in all parts of the United States. The plants are usually located close to burial grounds, but som6 large quarry organizations ship to distant domestic markets. Desk and novelty articles are produced as a side line by manufacturers of monuments, as well as by makers of novelties, „and also on special order. The manufg-c- ture of jet is an important industry in many parts of Europe, bilt not here. The stone- working industries of Greece and Italy have been famous for centuries because of their fine marble and excellent wprkinanship. , • '■,',- . ' i Toinbstones, monuments, and, grave markers can) usually be cut and finished by stone- working machinery, which eliminates hand' work to a large extent. Up to this point the domestic industry 1918 . . »6,936 4,752 14,038 8,987 J2,671 2,138 6,317 Per cent, 45 1919 45 1920 ... 45 1921 (9 months) . , v Exports. — Not recorded separately. PARAGRAPH 234. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OE 1913. Pak. 234. Burrstones, manufactured or bound up into millstones, 13 per centum ad valorem.. , , ACT or 1909. Pab. 113. Burrstones, manufactured Pab. 438. Burrstones, maniifactured or bound up into millstones, fifteen per or bound up iiito millstones [Free], ceiitum ad valorem. ' , BURRSTONES, MIIiLSTONES, ETC. ,,,' . (See Survey B-3.) Description and Mses.— Burrstones or millstones_ and the closely related quarry products, chasers and dragstones, are natural quarried stones which are used for grinding purposes. Millstones were for- merly used for grinding' grain, but hav6 been replaced by modern grain-milling machinery. This has been somewhat offset by the growing use of chasers and dragstones for grinding mineral prod- ucts, ^uch as feldspar, quartz, and pigments. Chasers are similar in composition to millstones, but ares larger in size and i by- being made to run on edge curl the material; millstones are run. horizontally and the materials are ground between two stones. i' Production of millstones (burrstones) and related quarry prod- ucts has varied widel;^i. New York and Virginia are the chief pro- ducers. 850 SUKlMAKY OF TAKIFF INFORMATION, 1921. The value of the output in successive years has been as follows : 1912, $71,414.; 1917, $43,489.; 1918, $92,514; 1919, $66,972; 1920, |63,325: '-'•' ■ '"^"■, ■• ■ ' '<> ■' ''-■'• ■;•■■''■-■ ••;'^"-- ' ItTilports 61 millstones since 1913 liaA'e varied from $15,000 'to $20!,000; in'1917 they werfe about 40 per cent of the domestic pro- duction. Eecently, at least, the imports have come priiicipklly from Fi'ance. Later statistics for calendar years follow"' C^ ■ • . Yh: 1918. 1919 1920 19?1 (9 months). Quantity . . . ... .. . . . tons 143 $17,360, 873 Jll,947 45 Value ■ T, — 19 67S ■ ' H -t-aH rH+ Exports not recorded separately. . lmportq,nt changes in classification. — Transferred from the free listj act of 1913 (par. 438). PARAGRAPH 235. H. B. 7456. Par. 235. Freestone, granite, sand- stone, limestone, lava, and all other stone suitable for use as monumental or building stone, except marble, brec- cia, and onyx, not .specially provided for, hewn, dreiSsed; or polished, or otherwise man-uJCactur^d, 40 per centum ad valorem ; uriinanufactiired, or not ilressed, hewn, or polished, 15 cents per cubic foot. ACT OF 1909. Pab. 114. Freestone, granite, sand- stone, limestone, and all other monu- mental or building stone, except marble, breccia, and onyx, riot specially provided for in this section, hewn, ilressed, or polished, or otherwise man- ufactured, fifty per ceiituin ad valo- lem ; unmanufactured, or not dressed, liewn, or polished, ten cents per cubic l'l)Ot. ' Pak. 551. Onrling stones; * -s * IPreel. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OP 1913. Par. 99. Freestone, granite, sand- stone, limestone, lava, and all other stone suitable for use as monumental or building stone, except marble, brec- cia, and onyx, not specially' 'provided for in this section, hewn, dressed, or ^polished, or^ otherwise manufactured, 25 per centum ad valorem ; unmanufac- tured, or not dressed, hewn, or pol- ished', 3 cents per cubic foot. Par. 470. Curling stones, * * * [Free]. , . , T ■ • . SANDSTONE AND rREESTONE. (See Survey B-11.) Description anduse. — Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed of ■ sand' (usually 'accumulated under water) and. a calcareous or silicious cenient, deposited from subsurface waters. "White,igray, and red are the principal color variations. ' The value varies with Ithe color and the uniformity sind size of the individual sand grctfais. Freestone is a variety of sandstone, or sand-lime stone so 'called. SUMMARY OF TARIFF I N KORMATIOX, 192r. 351 because it can be cut and shaped easih'. Among the important stones sandstone ranks tliird as a building stone, first for flagging, and second for paving and curbing; The following table shows the uses of sandstone. sold in the United States in 1918 and 1920: ' , ' '1' , '' Use. Bifllding stcme ,ciiWcieet ' = ' Apt>rotmiate equivalent in short tons. Paving bl(*ks.- 1 number Approximate equivalent in sliort tons. Curbing....'.... cubic feet Approximate equivalent in sliort tons Flagging cubic feet Approximate equivalent in short tons Crushed stone short tons Riprap do.. Bubble do. . Canister do. . Other do.. Total (approximate quantities, in short tons).,. Quantity. 973J990 '75,650 2,lSSs419 21,900 5311952 43,800 798,934 65,900 882,831 356,784 105,022 1,297,874 8,355 2,858,100 Value. «536,474 "iis.ogi' "298," 97i' '"373,' 729 192P Quantity, 1,050,106 305,308 107,958 1,688,334 20,327 3,699,1680 37,650 7S1S;!160 62,060 688,890 56,460 1,394,270 455,500 86,770 1,095,390 5,010 4,529,298 3,343,000 V^tue. $1,619,724 304,476 sis/w? "463,'7i8 2,043,621 602,492- 153,298 1,682,255 22,029 7,310,290- Production statistics are given as follows : Quaiitity. Value. 1916 Sluttt tans. 4,681J90 3,880,500 -2,858,100 2,623,270 3,343,000 S5, 603, 778 1917 5,512,421 4, 529, 298 1918 1919 5, 283, 842 1920 7,310,290 Imports of these stones suitable^for building were valued at $72,207 in 1914. Later statistics foUo-w: ' Freestone, sandstone, timesione, lava, and ail other monumental or building stone, except granite, marble, breccia, and onyx, it. s. p. f. . Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad- valorem. UNMANUFACTURED, OR NOT DRESSED, HEWN, OR POLISHED. . 1918 .., . . „ Cubic feet. 13,370 13,807 110,940 46,716 $14,088 14,228 1401 414 Per cent. 2.85 J919 .6 J'' . 2.91 1920 .- 98, 327- [ 13,328 3.38 1921 ^9 mnnthsl -48,083 HEWN, DRESSED, OR POLISHED, OR OTHERWISE MANUFACTURED. 1918 ^J.,v 1919 1920; >.......-.... 1921 {9 months). $5,990 21, 444 17,622 27, 947 $1,497 5,361 4, 405 25.00 25.00 25.00 Exports. — Not separately recorded. (See par. 232, p. 346.) 352 SUMMABY OX' TAKIFF IKFORMATION, 1921. GRANITE. (See Survey B-11.) Description and use. — Granite is an igneous rock, formed from liquid material after a long period of slow cooling. It consists of a mixture of crystals of quartz, feldspar, mica, and other minerals, and the color ranges from gray white to gray black. The combination of light and dark minerals gives the rock a mottled appearance that varies with the percentages of the different minerals and the size of the individual crystals. Granite is very durable, and takes a high polish that brings oiit the beauty of the crystal structure., It is the most important monumental and building stone. The quantity and value of granite sold for various uses in 1918 and 1920 are shown as ioUows: Use,; Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Building stone (rough and dressed) cubic feet . . A.pproxlmate equivalent in short tons. . . . : Monumental stone cubic feet . . Approximate equivalent in short tons Paving number of blocks. . Approximate eqpivalent in short tons Curbing and flagging . . . '. cubic feet. . Approximate equivalent in short tons Bubble short tons. . Riprap do Crushed stone - .* do ■Othof stone do Total (quantities approximate, in short tons). !, 771, 013 .232,770 ;;35^431 282,000 i, 923, 526 272,200 382,000 33,600 140,472 624, 964 1,069,473 171,944 $2,349,790 "6;9&J,'879' 1,547,612 ""324'38i' 161,408 480,666 2,583,449 64,232 4,896,880 4).1,170 3, S79, 330 283,910 32,230,270 361, 260 997,950 62, 100 90,760 525,470 3,016,960 18,370 3,827,400 14,466,423 4,760,000 $4,492,482 'ii,'543,'255 2,682,93-4 "'756,'546 154,036 478) 128 4, 831i77e 116,757 24,954,908 Production. — The granite deposits of present economic importance are located near the Appalachian continental plateau j: the most valu- ably occurring at the noi^thern and southern extremities of this. area. Another area of growing importaiice includes the, western Lake States. Granite production was reported from 31 States in 1919; Vermont, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Maine, Wisconsin, Minne- .sota, and New Hampshire produced the bulk of the supply. The following table gives statistics of production : Quantity. Value. 1914 Short tons. Ill, 225' 179 17,456,SS8 15 544,957 1916 : 9,270,866 5,684,200 3,827,400 4,221,220 1917 1918 14,466,423 19 345,714 1919. Imports in 1914 were valued at $157,211, nearly all hewn granite for monumental work, chiefly from Scotland. Later statistics follow : " ' SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOEMATIONj 1921-. Oraiiite. 353 Calendar year. UNMANUFACTURED OR NOT.DEESSED, HEWN, OR POLISHED. 1918 1919 r..... 1920...: 1921 (9 months). 1918 1919 > J.iC. 1 1920 ,., 1921 (9 mouths)....:.... :....:;. HEWN, DRESSED, OR POLISHED OR OTHERWISE MANUFACTURED :tm ■"^- 12, 086 9,983 108, 193 89, 296 Exports. — Not separately stated. (See par. 232, p. 345.) LIMESTONE. [See par. 204, p. 262.] ■ t . - lava: TRAP ROCK (BASALT AND RELATED ROCKS). Description a?id ii>se.—Al\ rock of voicanic origin is lava, of whicli there are many varieties. (See also par. 206, p. 268.) "' ' '' Trap, rock is an igneous rock formed by a rapid cooling of the molten lava. The rock is fine grained and shows little or no crystal structure. The color ranges from white to black. The name is ap- plied to any fine-grained lava or dike rock. The chief use of trap rock is in crushed form for road metal or ballast. Small amounts are used for rough building stone, although not if other materials are available, as this rock has no definite, cleavage planes and breaks with a jagged fracture. It finds some use in paving. Production. — Trap rock for building material is produced irregu- larly by several States, but Massachusetts and Connecticut are the only localities reporting continuous operation. Statistics of production of basalt and related rocks (trap rock) are given in the following table : Quantity. Value. Jqi6 Short tons. 10, 233, 640 9,103,580 6,859,200 7,410,770 9,219,200 ■ $7, 666; 297 7, .570, 885 1918 7,782,280 1919 8,944,686 1920 .., J..,.,,. ...,,..,. j.,.,..,.,,..,.^ , 12,260,148 Imports. — (See Sandstone and Freestone, p. 351.) Exports. — Not separately recorded. (See par. 232, p. 82304—22 23 345.) 354 SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFOKMiATIOST, 1921. GENERAL NOTES ON PAEAGRAPH. Important changes in classification. — The provision for curling stones, exempt from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 470), has been dropped. PARAGRAPH 236. H. B. 7456. Pab. 236. Grindstones, finished or unfinislied, $2 per ton. ACT OP 1909. Pak. 115. Grindstones, finished or unfinished, one dollar and seventy-five ""•ents per ton. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Pak. 300. Grindstones, finished or unfinished, $1.50 per ton. GRINDSTONES. (See Survey B-3.) Description and uses. — The term " grindstone " usually refers to tlie natural quarried stone. Pulpstones are heavy grindstones used for grinding wood in making pulp and paper, and weigh from 2 to 4 tons. Production.-T-Th& value of grindstones and pulpstones produced in 1917 was $1,147,784 as compared with $766,140 in 1916. Ohio has always produced 85 to 90 per cent of the total. Grindstones have a serious competitor in grinding wheels made from artificial abrasive. (See par. 1415, p. 1121.) Later statistics of domestic production are as follows: Quantity short tons. Value. 63,339 11,776,282 46,865 11,336,015 53,484 $1,707,004 Imports were $139,386 in 1913. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. 1918 Tom. 2,134 1,628 2,076 1,373 $55,283 50,551 77,046 67,633 $3,201 2,442 3,114 Percent. 5.79 1919 4.83 1920 4.04 1921 (9 months) Exports latgely to Canada and Cuba have been for calendar years as follows: 1918, $210,889; 1919, $297,068; 1920, $424,322;' 1921, $222,349. : ;, , ,. ; i ,, ■,-.,.': SltMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 355 PARAGRAPH 237. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pab. 237. Slates, slate chimney pieces, mantles, slabs for tables, roof- ing slates, and all other manufactures of slate, not specially provided for, 17 per centum ad valorem. ACT OP 1909. ACT OE 1913. Par. 116. Slates, slate chimney Par. 101. Slates, slate chimney pieces, mantels, slabs for tables, roof- pieces, mantels, slabs for tables, roof- ing, slates, and all other manufactures ing slates, and all other manufactures of slate, not specially provided for in of slate, not specially provided for in this section, twenty per centum ad va- this section, 10 per centum ad valorem, lorem. SLATES. (See Survey B-11.) Description and uses. — Slate is a fine, compact rock with easy parallel cleavage, much used where smooth slabs are required. About three-fifths of the slate quarried in 1917 M'as used for roofing. Mill stock, slates 1 to 3 inches thick used for structural and sanitary purposes, is second in importance. Other uses are for electrical switchboards, blackboards, and billiard-table tops. Ground slate is made of slate-cutting waste. The granules are used as a coating for composition tar shingles, and the flour goes into linoleum, paint, and wall finishies. Production. — Domestic slate deposits aie of a high grade, and besides supplying the home market furnish a considerable tonnage for export. Over 99 per cent of production originates in the States ftorth'' and east of Virginia. The quarries require little machinery, as it is more economical to split the roUgh blocks by hand. The dressing sheds contain trimming knives for finishing shingles and rotary planers for truing the surfaces of thick slabs. The industry was formerly conducted by many small operators^ but the present tendency is toward extensive organization. Although slate quarry- ing is a domestic industry in most countries, Welsh slates have long been exported. They meet active American competition, however, in the foreign markets. The value of the slate sold by quarrymen in 1920 was the largest yet recorded for this material, but this fact does not indicate any de- cided revival in the slate industry as a whole, for the quantity of roofing slate sold was only 8 per cent more than in 1879, the year of the lowest recorded sales (367,857 squares), and 72 per cent less than in 1902, the year of the largest recorded sales (1,435,168 squares). The average value per square, however, was $3.35 in 1879, $3.45 in 1902, and $8.90 in 1920. The total quantity of mill stock sold i,n 1920 -^sis an increase of 33 per cent bv'er the quantity sold in 1919, but 24 per cent less than that sold in 1913, the record year. ' '/ , The slate sold in 1920 was produced at well-established quarries in Maine, Maryland, Neiv York, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and Vii-ginia, 356 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Slate sold in the United States, 19 16rjl920, T>v uses. Roofing slate. Mill stoct.' ■Other : uses.,.,, (value)." Year. Number of squares (100 square feet). Value. Average value per square. Quantity' ' (square., feet).-,, Value. Average Value per ' square ■■foot. fotal ■ value.' 1 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 835,873 703,667 379,817 454,337 396,230 $3,408,934 3,411,740 2, 219, 131 3,085,957 3,624,658 $4.08 4.85 5.84 6.79 8.90 5,782,842 5,478,151 4,^41,133 7,466,000 9, 910, COO $1,177,260 1,277,249 1,498,164 ,1,782,793 • 3,147,281 10.20 .23; .31 .24 .32 ?762,643 1,060,.'977 1,123,825 1,161,898, 2,054,503 $5,338,837 5,749,966 4,841,120 6,030,648 8;726;442 1 For 1919 and 1920 total output of mill stock is given. Prior to 1919 bulletin, blackboard, and school slate material was included under "'Other uses." Imports were greatest in 1912, $11,042. Later statistics follow': Calendar year. Value. Duty. Ad valo- rem rate. 1918 $531 691 4,512 2,864 $53 69 461 Per cent. 10 1919 10 1920 -..- 10 1921 (9 monti^). . . ....'.'.. Exports of slate, other than roofing, for the year 1917 were valued at $204,690, over 80 per cent being, for school slates and : pencils. Exports of roofing slate, principally to Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom, have been as follows: 1914, $188,057; (calendar years 1918-1921) 1918, $65,224; 1919, $56,164; 1920, $122,105; 1921 (9 months), $64,818. PARAGRAPH 238. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. I'AH. 238. Watch crystjils, 40 per cc'utnin art valorem. ACT OF 1909. I'AR. 192. * * * parts of watches, * * * forty per centum ad valorem i * * * ' ACT OF 1913. I'AR. 161. * * * parts of watches, * * * 30 per centum ad valorem ; * * * WATCH CRYSTALS. (See Survey C-26.) Description and use. — ^Watch crystals are too familiar to require description. Proditction.—^etore the European war, ;Watch crystals were not made in the United States, the Americaji supply being received chiefly from France, Germany, Switzerland, and Austria. After the wa,r t>egaii they were received from Japan and Switzerland, the former country being the chief source of supply. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 357 In 1915 the Macbeth-Evans Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., undertook the manufacture of watch crystals, but with poor success, and sub- sequently discontinued their manufacture. Shortly afterwards the Waterbury Clock Co., Waterbury, Conn., built- a plant and began the manufacture of crystals, with fair success. The crystals made by this company are said to be accepted by the trade as equal to the European crystals and as better in quality than those imported from Japan. In 1918 the Waterbury Clock Co. manufactured 14,070,960 watch crystals. There are said to be certain difficulties attending the production of watch crystals that explain why the industry has never progressed in this country. " Glass is of such a nature that uniformity of product can not be counted on, making most uncertain the cost of the material itself. " The grinding and shaping of the crystal in its manufacture is not on such positive lines that the required size can be obtained. " The more extended the business the greater the opportunity of utilizing off sizes, otherwise valueless." Im/ports. — None separately recorded since 1918. Exports. — None recorded. Imfortant changes in classification. — New specific provision. SCHEDULE 3.- METALS AND MANUFACTURES OF. PARAGRAPH 301. H. B. 7458. Par. 301. Iron in pigs, iron kentledge, Bpiegeleisen containing more than 1 per cent of carbon, wrought and cast, scrap iron, and scrap steel, including scrap tin plate, $1.25 per ton: Provided, That Bpiegeleisen for the purposes of this Act shall be an irpn manganese alloy con- taining- less than 45 per centum of man- gatiese: Provided /urilW, That' ' lio'thing shall be deemed scrap iron or scrap steel ' except secondhand or wiaste or, refuse iron or steel fit only to be remanu- factured. ACT OF 1909. ScHEDiTLE C — ^Metals and Manupac- TTTRES OF. Par. 118. Iron in pigs, iron kentledge, Bpiegeleisen, * * * two dollars and fifty cents per ton; wrought and cast scrap iron, and scrap steel, one dollar per ton; but nothing shall be deemed scrap iron or scrap steel except waste or refuse iron or steel fit only to be remanufactured by melting, and excluding pig iron in all forms. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Schedule C — ^Metals and Manufac- tures OF. Par. 518. * * * iron in pigs, iron kentledge, spiegeleisen, wrought iron and scrap and scrap steel ; but nothing shall be deemed scrap iron or scrap steel except second-hand or waste or refuse iron or fit only to be remanufactured; * [Free]. PIG IRON, SCRAP AND SPIEGELEISEN. (See Surveys FI,^21 and 0-1.) Description and use. — Pig iron is classified as Bessemer, basic, low phosphorus, foundry, malleable, forge, and the ferroalloys. The first three are usually manufactured into steel; the next three into castings or into wrought iron; and the last are used to purify and give certain desirable qualities to steel. Spiegeleisen is an alloy of iron and manganese, having a manganese content between 10 and 45 per cent, the commercial grade in this country being about 20 per cent; a 10 to 12 per cent alloy, however, is also mar- keted in Europe. Iron kentledge is pig iron shipped on a vessel as ballast. Wrought iron is the purest form of iron used and can be forged, rolled, or welded. It is made by puddling pig iron. Cast . iron is pig iron run into molds when molten or reheated and al- lowed to cool. Waste or old wrought iron and old cast iron, as well as waste or old steel, constitute scrap. Scrap tin plate is old or waste tin plate, a form of steel scrap consisting mainly of clip- pings and valuable principally for the tin which may be recovered 358 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 359 from it. Scrap is largely used in opeh-hearth furnaces in the manu- facture of steel. , : Production. — Domestic pig-iron production in 1913 was 30,966,- 152 long tons out of an estimated world total of 72,400,000 tons. In 1918 it was 39,054,644 long tons, valued at $1,180,759,565, and in 1920, 36,925,987 long tons. The leading States are Pennsylvania, Ohioj Illinois, Indiana, and New York. The output of spiegel- eisen in 1913 amounted to 110,338 gross tons; in 1918, to 283,853 gross toils; and in 1920, to 111,449 gross tons. In 1913 the pig^-iron production of Germany was 18,987,039 tons; of the United Kingdom, 10,316,265 tons; and of France 5,227,378 tons. In 1917 the output of Germany was 12,932,338 gross tons and^ of the United Kingdom 9,640,936 gross tons. These countries are also large producers of spiegeleisen and ferroman- ganese, Germany's output in 1917 aggregatmg 316,577 gross tons. Imports during the calendar years 1918-1921 were as follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Pig iron (all other); i Quantity (tons) Value Iron kentledge: Quantity (tons) Value , Spiegeleisen: Quantity (tons) Value Scrap iron an(}.seral) steel: Quantity (tons) Value Scrap tin plate; Quantity (pounds).. . Value I 361 515,828 20 . S326 '' 1,969' $228,012 63,218 SI, 221, 765 1/9^3,^23' .119,591 , S8,m $1,651,185 107,547 34,029,210 20,358 $596,442 if $1,018 177,293 $3,249,322 11,771,218 $91,281 ■ 5,234 $277,900 134,209 $2,831,048 2 6,436 I 1'=" 269 $9, 260 27,984 $306,922 >962 $8,635 • "All other" means pig iron proper— i. e., pig iron other than spiegeleisen, terromanganese, iron kent- ledge, and during some years, ferrosilioon. ■ . ■ ' i . 2 Tons. .., ■ Imports of pig iron come chiefly from England and Canada; and scrap iron and steel, largely from Canada. ' Exports in the calendar years 1918-1921 of pig iron and of scrap iron and steel were as follows : 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Pig iron;" Quantity (tons).. Value Scrap iron and steel: Quantity (tons).. Value -■ 261, 891 $10,327,178 2,160 $63,626- 316,718 $11,722,033 ' 27,275 ' $717, 325 212,742 $9,390,750 . 2l9,25b $6,411,534 20, 801 .$666,405 27,201 $430,479 No exports of iron kentledge, spiegeleisfen, or scrap tin plate are recorded. a . The pig iron goes mainly to Canada, Italy, the Netherlands, and Belgium, and the scrap iron and scrap steel, to Canada, the United Kingdom, China, Hongkong, and Japan. Important changes in classiJicatioi^,-^lj;oTi m pigs, iron kpntledge, spiegeleisen, wrought iron and scrap iron and scrap steel are exempt 360 SUMMABY OF TAEIFF INFOKMATIONj 1921. from duty under paragraph 518 of the act of 1913. In the act of 1913 ferromanganese as well as spiegeleise» was placed with pig iron, but in H. R. 7456 it has been transferred to the paragraph which deals with the ferroalloys. The dividing line between spiegeleisen and ferromanganese was fixed by the War Industries Board at 45 per cent manganese content. This dividing line had never been definitely determined in trade practice, as standard spiegeleisen has a manganese content from 18 to 22 per cent and standard ferroman- ganese, a manganese content from 70 to 80 or 82 per cent. Tiemann, an authority, makes the dividing line 30 per cent manganese. Suggested changes. ^spiegeleisen is a ferroalloy as much as ferro- manganese and f ©rrosilioon, which are included in the paragraph devoted to the ferroalloys. It is suggested, therefore, that spiegeleisen be transferred fromthis paragraph to the following one. (See Ferro- manganese, par. 302, p. 367.) The Treasury Departjnen-tiheld. that the provision for scrap tin in paragraph '631 of the act of 1913 includes scrap tin plate. The pro- vision for scrap steel might be construed to include alloy steel, espeeiaUy tungsten steel, a much more expensive material than ordi- nary scrap steel. In order to obviate this construction a proviso reading somewhat as foUows might be inserted : " Provided further, That alloy steels valued at 7 cents per pound or more shall not be classed as scrap iron or scrap steel." Page 39, line 3, H. R. 7466: Change "per cent" to "per centum" to agree with usage elsewhere in H. R. 7456. PARAGRAPH 302. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 302. Manganese ore or concen- trates containing in excess of 30 per centum of metallic manganese, 1 cent per poujid on the metallic manganese contained therein; molybdenum ore or concentrates, 75 cents per pound on the metallic molybdenum contained therein; tungsten ore or concentrates, 45 cents per pound on the metallic tungsten con- tained therein; ferromanganese contain- ing more than 1 per centum of carbon, 2^ cents per pound on the metallic manga- nese contained therein: Provided, That ferromanganese for the purposes of this , Act shall be such iron manganese alloys as contain 45 per centum or more of man- ganese; manganese metal, manganese sili- con, manganese boron, and ferromanga- nese and spiegeleisen containing not more than 1 per centum of carbon, 2^ cents per pound on the manganese contained therein and 28 per centum ad valorem 5 ferromolybdenum, metallic molybde- num, molybdenum powder, calcium molybdate, and all other compounds and alloys of molybdenum, $1.25 per pound on the molybdenum contained therein and 17 per centuni ad valorem; SUMMARY OF TARIFF IKFOEMATION, 1921. 361 H. R. 7456. terrotungsten, metallic tungsten, tung- sten powder, tungstic acid, and all other compounds of tungsten, 72 cents per pound on the tungsten contained therein and 15 per centum ad valorem; ferro- chromium tungsten, chromium tungsten, chromium cobalt tungsten, tungsten nickel, and all other alloys of tungsten not specially provided for, 72 cents per pound on the tungsten contained therein and 17 per centuni ad valorem; ferro- silicon, containing 8 per centum or mbre of silicon and less than 30 per centum, 2J cents p6r pound on the silicon con- tained therein; containing 30 ppr centum or more of silicon and less than 60 per centum, 2J cents per pound on the silicon contained therein; , containing ' 60 per centum or more of silicon and less than 80 per centum, 3^ cents per pound on the silicon contained therein; containing 80 per centum or more of silicon and' Ifess than 90 per centum, 4 cents per pound on the silicon contained therein; containing 90 per centum or more of silicon, and silicon metal, 8 cents per pouiid on the silicon contained therein; ferrochrome' or ferrochromium containing 3 per centum or more of carbon, 3J cents per pound on the chromium contained therein; ferro- chrome or ferrochromium containing less than 3 per centum of carbon, and chrome or chromium metal, 30 per centum ad valorem; ferrophosphorus, ferrotitanium, ferro vanadium, ferrouranium, ferroce- rium, ferrozirconium, ferrosilicon, ferro- boron, titanium, zirconium, tantalum, chromium nickel, vanadium nickel, zirconium nickel, chromium vanadium, chromium silicon, zirconium silicon, cal- cium silicide, and all alloys used in the manufacture of steel not specially pro- vided for, 30 per centum ad valorem. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 184. Chrome or chromium metal, ferrochrome or ferrochromium, ferro- molybdenum,- ferrophosphorus, ferrotitan- ium, ferrotungsten, ferrovanadium, mo- lybdenum, titanium, tantalum, tungsten, or wolfram metal, valued at two hundred dollars per ton or less, twenty-five per centum ad valorem; valued .at more than two hundred dollars per ton, twenty per centum ad valorem; ferrosilicon contain- ing not jnore than fifteen per centum of silicon, five dollars per ton; ferrosilicon containing more than fifteen per centum of silicon, twenty per centum ad valorem. Par. 183. * * * metals unwrought, whether capable of being wrought or not, not specially provided for in this section, twentyper centum ad valorem; * * *. Par. 102. Chrome or chromium metal, ferrochrome or ferrochromium, ferro- molybdenum, ferrophosphorus, ferroti- tanium, ferrotungsten, ferrovanadium, molybdenum, titanium, tantalum, tung- sten or wolfram metal, and ferrosilicon, and other alloys used in the manufacture of steel, not specially provided for in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem. Par. 154. * * * metals unwrought, whether capable of being wrought or not, not specially provided for in this section, 10 per centum ad valorem; * * *. 362 SUMMAB.Y OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1013. Par. 118. * * * ferro-manganese, Pah. 518. * * * ferromanganeae two dollars and fifty cents per ton; * * *. * * * [Free], Par. 619. Manganese, oxide and ore Par. 540. Man9;ane8e, oxide and ore of of [Free]. [Free]. Par. 626. Minerals, crude * * » Par., 549. Minerals, crude * * « [Free]. [Free]. Par. 190. Tungsten-bearing ores of all Par. 633. Tungsten-bearingTjres of all kinds, ten per centum ad valorem. kinds [Free]. Par. 3. * * * chemical compounds, Par. 5. * * * chemical * * « mixtures and salts, * * * not spe- compounds, * * * mixtures and cially pro\T.ded for in this section, twenty- saltrf, * * * not specially provided five per centum ad valorem; * * *. for. in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem. FEEROALLOTS AND ORES OF FERROALLOYS. (See Surveys C-1 and FL-28.) MANGANESE lORBS. Description and uses. — ^Manganese is not found in the metallic state in nature; it occurs only in combination with other elements as an oxide, carbonate, or silicate, oxides being the most common. IVlan- ganese ore is the raw material for ferromanganese and spiegeleisen, products employed in the manufacture of steel. Minor amounts of the ore are used in chemical and other industries, but 96 per. cent goes into the making of steel.- Practically! all steel contains manga- nese, and of all alloys ferromanganese is lised in the largest quantity. Manganese alloys when added to steel in proper proportions impart the essential qualities of toughness and hardness. Production. — Prior to the war we produced less than 1 per cent of our manganese requirements, the output , rarely exceeding 4,000 tons of high-grade ore. In 1915 production of high-grade ore (metallic content 35 per cent or more) increased to nearly 10,000 tons; in 1916, to 31,000 tons; in 1917, to 129,000 tons; and in 1918, to approximately 305,869 tons. In 1919 it fell to less than 56,000 ton^,, but m 1920 increased to about 94,000 tons. During the war tjic production of manganese ore was a profitable industry in many localities, but only because prices were from three to four times prewar quotations. Foreign ores are of a better general grade and more easily mined, averaging from 45 to 55, per cent manganese, as compared with domestic "high grade" running from 35 to 45 per cent. Operating costs here are much higher than abroad, American mines being situated far from points of consumption, and often at considerable distances from railroadg. Dorriestic resources have b,een carefully estimated and found to be insufficient, to supply our, .requirements for more than a few years. Under normal trade conditions, with a free movement of ore from foreign countries, domestic manganese mining can not continue except on a liinited scale. Imports. — Before the war nearly all foreign manganese or^ came from British India, Brazil, and Russia. In 1914 these countries -sup- plied 99 per cent — British India, 40per cen-t; Brazil, 25 per cent; and RUssiaj: 34 per cent. After 1915 unpOrts from Russia ceased, the British In^ia supply was greatly reduced, and Brazil showed large increases. The mining of manganese ore in Cuba began in 1915; it SUMMAKY OF XAKITT INFOKMATION, 1921. 363 was promoted by American capital, and the entire production was sent here, 550 tons in 1915 and 67,780 tons in 1918, one-ninth of our imports. Total imports in 1914 were 288,837 long tons, valued at $1,841,472. Imports , since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows : igis 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantit.v (tons). Value 491, 157 115,096,920 333,933 511,261,021 60li,937 812,230,922 341,074 $3,025,533 The imports during 1920 came from- Brazil, India, and Eussia. Exports. — None reported. Important changes in classification. — ^Manganese ore is exempt from duty under paragraph 540 of the act of 1913. In H. R. 7456, it is for the first jtime placed in the same paragraph with the ferro-alloys and alloying ihetals. Manganese oxide occurring as a natural mineral and exempt from duty under paragraph 540 of the act of 1913 is covered by the provision in this paragraph for manganese ore and concentrates. Manganese oxide made by chemical means, also exempt from duty under paragraph 540 of the act of 1913, is included in the suggestion under paragraph 44 that manganese salts and compounds be specially provided for. MOLYBDENUM ORE. Description and uses:^^The most important molybdenum ore is molybdenite, a sulphide of molybdenum. It is a flaky mineral resembling graphite iri appearance. Molybdenum is used in the steel industry in the maliufacture of stainless steel and high-speed steel and in the chemical industry in the production of ammonium molybdate and other molybdenum compounds. Wulfenite is another molybdenum ore conltaifiing 26.2 per cent molybdenum. It is rarer than molybdenite and is now relatively unimportant as a source of molybdetu^m. '■ Production. — In 1918 there were gold in the United States 861,637 pounds of niolybdenum ore or concentrate, valued at $1,253,700, and m 1919, 297,926 pounds, valued at $341,814. Imports since 1917 by calendar years have beeii as follows: Quantity (pounds). Value 1918 140, 222 8123,924 1919 106,743 $77,572 15,639 $9, 707 192.1 (9 months). ' 24,2l'8 Exports. — None recorded. It is reported that some molybdenite concentrate is exported, but no figures are available. Important changes iji classification. — Molybdenum ore is exempt from duty as, a. crude niineral under paragraph 549 of the act of 1913. In H. R. 7456 it is for the first time placed in the sarne paragraph with the ferro-alloys arid alloyiiig metals. , : 364 SUMMARY OF TAKIFF INFORMATION, 1921. TUNGSTEN-BEABlNG ORES. Description and uses. — Tungsten metal is found only in the form of tungstates of iron, manganese, or calcium. Except in the United States it is usually accompanied by tin ore. There are four commer- cial tungsten minerals — scheelite, ferberite, huebnerite, and wolfram- ite. Scheelite is the tungstate of lime! The other three are fre- quently grouped together as the wolframite series, and range in com- position from ferberite (tungstate of iron) to huebnerite (tungstate of manganese) . The . pure minerals of the wolframite series contain over 76 per cent tungsten trioxide (WO,); scheelite contains about 80 per cent (WO3). The tungsten ore of commerce, however, con- tains a certain amount of nontungsten-bearing material in addition to one or more of the above nndnerals. The standard ore contains 60 per cent (WO3) , and this tenor is usually obtained by concentra- tion of low-grade ore. Although the occurrence of tungsten is wide- spread, the individual deposits are never of large extent. The ore comes in lenticular shoots and masses, in veins, or irregularly dis- tributed along contacts. The deposits of Boiilder. County, Colo., are narrow stringers; the lodes, of the Southwest are usually wider and can be worked on a larger scale. Lode mining of tungsten does not differ essentially from the mining of. other ores, except that tungsten rarely is found in sufficient amounts or in shoots regular enough to permit of systematic extraction. The ores are concentrated to 60 per cent or more tungsten-trioxide, but the recovery ;of so rich a product from ore, usually coi^tauiing only 2 to 10 per cent, results in high losses and much waste of tungsten. To increase the extrac- tion, many mills make two grades of concentrate — a higb-grade sand concentrate, containing approximately 60 per cent, and suitable for making ferrotungsten m the electric furnace, and a, slime concentrate of lower grade, containing about 20 per cent and suitable only for chemical process. , , Of all the tungsten ore now produced, 90 to 95 per cent goes into the manufacture of tungsten powder and ferrotungsten for ,use in the manufactm-e of high-speed tool steels. The addition of tungsten to steel gives it the property of holding its temper at a much higher heat than that at which simple carbon steels and most other alloy steels become soft and worthless. Molybdenum has somewhat similar properties, and is used to some extent, especially in Europe, but it has never proved so satisfactory and is now generally used in conjunction with tungsten, which it replaces only in part. Production. — The maximum domestic production of tungsten ore was, in 1917, 6,144 short tons of concentrates, containing 60 per cent (WO3), and in 1916, 5,923 short tons, valued, respectively, at $6,783,162 and $12,075,417. The 1918 output was 5,061 short tons. In 1920 the estimated production had dropped to 216 short tons. The tungsten industry was characterized by a large number of small independent producers with only a few well-financed companies. A considerable number of the stronger operators had connections with manufacturers or consumers of tungsten metal and ore. The largest producer, operating in California, had a prewar output about 30 per cent of the total. Fully 75 per cent of the prewar output was by four large companies, one in California and three in Boulder County, Colo. The remainder came from a large and constantly shifting group of SUMMAEY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 365 small operators. Domestic production was slightly over 50 per cent of thie country's requirements in 1917, about 30 per cent in 1918, and in 1919, less than 5 per cent. In 1916 and 1917 the combined produc- tion of Colorado and California was 4,582 and 5,488 short tons, 77 and 89 per cent of the total outputin these years. Nevada came third with an output considerably less. Arizona was a small but regular producer. The small production in 1919 (330 short tons) was dis- tributed among the States of California, Arizona, Colorado, and South Dakota. -The metallurgical treatment of tungsten ores is as efficient in this country as elsewhere and far in advance of most other countries, though the foreign ore is decidedly more easily mined. American labor is superior to. that in any other large tungsten-producing region, and it is also much better paid. Where the output depends on a large amount of handwork, as in mines of the Boulder , County type, there is no possibility of producing- ore as cheaply as in countries of low wages. The main dependence of the United States therefore is on the probably extensive but low-grade deposits of the Southwest. Imports of tungsten-bearing ores are large. Before the war Ger- many furnished about two-thirds, besides large amounts of tungsten metal And ferro-alloy; but most of these shipments were from ote of. other countries, either made into metal or ferrotungsten in Germany, or better, grades reshipped through brokerage to the United States. In 1913 (fiscal year) a total of 766 long tons of .tungsten ore came in, 600 long tons from Germany. In 1917 (calendar year) total imports were 4,876 short tons of 60 per cent (WO3), or 44 per cent of the total consumption. Statistics for later calendar years follow: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (tons) _ 10,491 $11,652,218 8,400 16,261,190 1,740 1779,593 ■ ' 1,287 Value $239,413 Iinported ore or concentrates came from Hongkong, China, Japan, and Bolivia. Exports. — No tungsten-bearing ores are exported. In the prewar period some ore was exported to Germany. Important changes in classification. — Tungsten-bearing ores of all kinds are exempt from duty under paragraph 633 of the act of 1913. In H. R. 7456, tungsten ore is, for the first time, placed in the same paragraph with the ferrp-alloys and alloying metals. Suggested changes. — Page 39, line 16, of H. R. 7456: Tungsten ores and concentrates are customarily sold on the basis of their content of tungsten trioxide (WO3) rather than on their content of metallic tungsten. The assessment of duties on the basis of the tungtsen trioxide content would,' therefore, be more in accord with commercial practice. Tungsten trioxide contains 79.31 per cent of metallic tungsten. On the basis of tungsten trioxide the duty equivalent to 45 cents per pound on the metallic tungsten content woiild be (forty-five times 0.7931, or 35.7 cents per pound. 366 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. FERKOMANGANESB. Description and uses. — Ferromanganese is an alloy of manganese and iron, the content of the former being 45 per cent or more. Stand- ard ferromanganese contains from 70 to 80 per cent manganese. The bulk of the ferromanganese produced has a carbon content varying from 5 to 7 per cent, and is usedia the manufacture of soft steel both as a deoxidizing and as an alloying agent. Ordinary carbon steel contains from 0.4 to 0.6 per cent manganese. Manganese steel, however, contains a much larger percentage of manganese (11 to 15 per cent) and ferromanganese is largely used in adding the manganese to the steel. Ferromanganese containing less than 1 per cent carbon is much more expensive than the high carbon product and is made in smaller quantities. One grade with about 85 per cent manganese content is used in the manufacture -of certain types of resistance wire> for electric purposes, and also in the manufacture of certain nonferrous alloys. Another grade is called ferromanganese, but properly is "spiegeleisen," because it contains only 20 per cent manganese. It is employed in the manufacture of nickel silver. Both of these low carbon grades are high priced, ranging from about 60 to 80 cents per pound. Production in 1913 amounted to 119,495 long tons, and in 1918, to 333,027 tons. In 1920 the country's output of high carbon ferro- manganese was 295,447 gross tons, and of low carbon ferromanganese, about half a ton. Imports since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Ouantity (tons) 26,906 14,300,604 33,022 14,283,541 59,254 $7,775,278 6,603 Value 1748, 194 Imported ferromanganese comes mainly from England. During the years above tabulated, small amounts were contributed by Japan, Canada, British India, and Brazil. Exports, which are small compared with imports, were, for the caleiidar years 1918-1921, as follows: Quantity (tons). Value 3,577 $806,087 1919 « 2,999 $445,840 3,454 $642, 570 1921 (9 months). 604 $88, 853 The exported product goes largely: to Canada, South America^ and Italy. Important changes in classification.-— FevTojnaag&n-ese> is free under paragraph 518 of the act of 1913. In H. R. 7456 it is placed with the ferroalloys, instea,d of with "iron in pigs' ' as heretofore.; The dividing line between spiegeleisen and ferromanganese has been fixed at 45 per cent manganese content. Iron-manganese alloys containing 45 per cent or more manganese, are called ferromanganese, SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 367 and those having a smaller percentage of manganese, spiegeleisen. There is also a division between low carbon (1 per cent and less), and high carbon (above 1 per cent) grades, the former having a higher rate of duty. Suggested changes. — Statements have been made to the Tariff Com- mission that 45 per cent is too high a percentage of manganese to distinguish ferromanganese and spiegeleisen. As the production of iron-manganese alloys containing over 25 and less than 70 per cent of manganese is small, the precise dividing line is unimportant. Forty-five per cent in H. R. 7456 is that adopted by the War Indus- tries Board. Tiemann, an authority, puts the dividing line at 30 per cent manganese. MANGANESE METAL, MANGANESE-SILICON, AND MANGANESE-BORON. Description. — ^Manganese metal ordinarily contains 90 to 97 per cent manganese with a small percentage of iron, carbon and other ingredients. It is used largely in the nonferrous industries. Man- ganese-boron is a high-priced alloy containing from 19 to 25 per cent boron. Its principal use is in deoxidizing bronzes and brasses. Man- ganese-silicon or silico-manganese has a manganese content ranging from 55 to 70 per cent and a silicon content averaging about 25 per cent. Its use is practically the same as that of ferromanganese but it sells at a highei: price per ton. It is made in Europe but its production in this country is very spasmodic. Production. — There are no statistics concerning this country's output of these metals and alloys. The production, however, is known to be very small. Imports. — Not separately recorded. Imports since the war, de- rived mainly from France, have not been large. Exports. — None recorded. Important changes in classification. — Manganese metal, manganese- sUicon and manganese-boron are specifically mentioned in H. R. 7456 for the first time. Under the act of 1913 the second is governed by the provision referring to "other alloys used in the manufacture of steel" (par. 102), and the first and third, by the provision for ''metals unwrought" (par. 154). MOLYBDENUM AND FERROMOLYBDENUM. Description. — Molybdenum is a heavy, white, malleable, tenacious metal, softer than steel, and with an exceptionally high melting point. Ferromolybdenum is an alloy of iron and molybdenum and is used in pia Wing molybdenum steel. Very little pure metal is used. Prac- tically all the molybdenum added to steel is first reduced to the form of ferro-alloy. Where pure molybdenum is used it is generally in the form of powder. CTalcium molybdate is a coinppund of calcium and molybdenum generally containing approximately 40 per, cent molybdenum; it may be used in the manufacture of steel. JJses.—F&rrojnoljbdenujn. is added in definite propprtions to steel in open-hearth, crucible, apd electric fm-naces in the production of molybdenum steel. It raises the elasticity and tensile , strength of steel and gives it toughness. (The addition of 0.25 per cent increases the elongation of steel from 4 per cent to 45 per cent. Molybdenum, either alone or in conjunction with tungsten, has been recomniended 368 SUMMARY QF TABIFr INFOEMATION, 1921. for giving high-speed cutting qualities to steel, hut many jnanufac- turers have found it unsatisfactory for thjs purpose. Considerable molybdenum steel is used, for rear-axle and, Crank-&haft material, in automobiles. Molybdenum and calcium molybdate are similarly used'to add molybdenum: to steel. Production.— The United States is probably the world's graatest producer of ferromolybdenum, but no adequate statistics are avail- able. The output, however, amounts to several hundred; tons a year. , , Price. — Ferromolybdenum was quoted (November, 1921) at $2,25 per pound of molybdenum content. Imports. — The imports of molybdenum and ferromolybdenum, which are small compared with the domestic production, were valued, at $203 in 1916. Statistics for later years follow: Calendar year. Qxiantity. Value. Duty. Ad, valorem rate; 1918 " Fouruls. 72, 925 102,700 260 519,280 40, 759 292 52,892 6,114 Percen'. ', 15 1919 : ■'15 1921 (9montlis) " . : Exports. — Some molybdenum is exported, the greater part in the form of moly|)denite concentrate. ' Important cTianges in classification. — In H. R. 7456 calcium molyb- date is specially provided for. TUNGSTEN AND FERHOTUNGSTBN. I Description. — Pure tungsten is almost white and is largely used in powdered form. It is also employed as an alloy with iron (f^iro- tujigsten), with a tungsten content of about 70 per cent or, over. The value of the ferroalloy rises as the tungsten; content; incjreases andthe carbon content diminishes. In August, 1919, tie quotations on ferrptungsten,, 70 to 80 per, cent grade, ranged from $1.,35 to $1.60 per pound of tungsten content. In November, ,1921, thss quoted price was 40 to 45 cents per pound of tungsten content. Tungstic acid is a chemically prepared oxide or hydroxide. The name, howeyer, is often erroneously applied to tungsten trioxide (WO3) contained in ore. Uses. — The principal use of ferrotungsten and tungsten metal is its addition to tool steel, especially for "high-speed" tools. When employed in small amounts (2 to 5 per cent), the steel becomes self- hardening; used in larger amounts (10 to 25 per cent), the steel remains hard even after becioming red-hot. Production. — In 1918 the United States was the largest producer of this important tool-steel alloy. Complete statistics are not avail- able, but six companies reported their production for 1917 aS 1,270 gross tons. For 1918 the Geological Survey reported shipments of ferrotungsten of domestic manufacture amounting to 2,142 gross tons. In 1919, production declined to something over 1,000 tons.' A further decline is reported for 1920. It is manufactured inFrance,' England^ and Germany. Prior to the war, the bulk of the world's output was made in Germany. SUMMABY OP TJLEIIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 369 Price. — Ferrotungsten is a high-priced alloy, the standard grades selling (1917-lj919), at, over |2:per pound, a large parj;. of which represents the price of the tungsten ore concentrate. liK 1917 the average, price (f. o. b. Pittsburgh) of 'ferrotungsten containing, 75; to 85 pier cent tungsten was $2.37 per pound, the tungsten ore concen- trate alone costing $1:60. I^; December, 1920, the price of ferro- tungsten, "was betweeji'$0.§8. and $0:79 per pound of contained tungsten and a year later had fallen to $0.40 and less. per pound of metal content. Th,e cost of the raw material — ^tungsten-bearing ores--is an important facte"? in the American competitive position. Imports.— The imports of tungsten metal and ferrotungsten have aried greatly during the period 19l3-192i. The imports were 654 variec long tons in 1913, and 3i lojjg tons in 1^15, ' Imports increased greatly after the close of the war ■an.d were as follows : Calendar year. ft\iantity. Value. Duty. Ad • valorem rate. ' ' 1918 Pmiiii. .,.,. i t8 287,981 .1,180,829 180,371 SI 43, 197 . 177^124. ■■-■'■:. i-i-- Per cent. 15 1919 ...' •'. 396,460 1,997^719 507,206 15 1920.,.. ;U J... .........:..• 1921(9montti;s) 1... ...... '....?., ■, ■ .'115 Exports increased greatly during the war. In 1916 they' were 128,718 pounds, valued at $184, 876. During the calendar years 1918-1921 exports were as follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9inoiit)is). Ql1fint.it.y (TimiTiflR) 1,232,260 82,545,087 38,130 $113,276 4,989 . $5,913 Value -.■:'... Importamit changes iri classification. — In H. R. 7456' tu-ngstic acid is given special mention. ' ' OTHER TUNGSTEN ALLOTS. ' ^Description and uses. — Other alloys of tungsten mentioned in the proposed tariff law are ferrochromium tungsten, chromium tungsten, chrpmium cobalt tungsten, and tungsten nickel. These alloys when produced are made m limited quantities; while they may be em- ployed in making high-speed steel, their principal use is in making other alloys, e. 'g), st'ellitki' > Chromium cobalt; tungsten which contains no steel is used as a substitute for tooLsteel. ' . ''Production of these alloys^is very small. Irhports Bind exports not recorded. ':■.'■■ - •;: Important changes in classification. — The words " ori wolfram metal" have ibeen omitted after ^'tungsten" as unnecessary;.- The tungsten i alloys above named are specifically mentioned for the first time in this act. i ; I , ' 82304—22 24 370 STJMMABY OF TABIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. FERROSILICON. Description. — Ferrosilicbh is an alloy of iron arid silicon used in the manufacture of steel. The silicon acts as a deoxidizing agent, redufc- ing blowholes and purifying the steel. The silicon content varies from 10 to 90 per cent and determines the grade. Ferrosilicon con- taining 10 to 15 per cent silicon is largely manufactured in blast fur- liaces, but is also produced in the electric furnace; the higher grades are produced only in electric furnaces. Where the percentage of silicon rises above 90, per cent, especially when over 95 per cent, the product is known as silicon metal. SiUcon metal is employed in the manufacture of aluminum castings, and to some extent in the manufacture of other no'nferrous alloys. Production. — The production ^in 1918 was 297,940 gross tpris and was larger than heretofore, owing to war demands. An estimate' in May, 1918, for ferrosilicon with 50 per cent silicon content was from 100,000 to 110,000 tons per anniun. Produc,trto in 1920 amounted to 235,526 tons. Ferrosilicon is made in Canada, and much is exported to this country. It is also produced in France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Norway, and Sweden. Price. — Ferrosilicon with 50 per cent silicon content was quoted in 1919 at an average price of $105.75 per gross ton. In 1920 the price averaged S85.50, and in November, 1921, it had fallen to about $5^.00. Imports in 1917 were 8,715 long tons. For later years they were as follows: , i Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 . Tonu 5,540 10,445 13,909 3,883 1424,932 629,362 719,446 203,198 163,740 94,404 107^917 Per cent. 15 1919 15 1920 15 1921 (9 months) . . . .... The bulk of the imported ferrosilicon comes from Canada. Exports, which are relatively small, are shown in the following table for the calendar years 1918-1921: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 4,107 $443,456 1,544 $145,310 632 $41,057 221 Value $11,325 The exported ferrosilicon goes principally to Chile, Argentina, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Important cMnges in classification. — Ferrosilicon has been graded according to silicon content with an increasing scale of duties. These grades are five in number. Conflicting provisions.— Ferrosilicon containing 8 per cent or more of silicon is provided for twice in this paragraph, once upon a graduated scale of specific duties and the other time at 30 per centum ad valoFem. Possibly the latter is intended to be for zirconium-ferrogilicon, for which no specific provision is made in H. R. 7456. SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION,, 1921. 371 CHROMS AND FBRROCHROME. Description. — Chrome or chromium occurs chiefly as an oxide in combination with iron or other elements. The pure metal is hard, steel-gray in color, and not readily oxidized. It alloys with iron in all j)foportions and is used principally in the form of ferrochrome whifch IS sold on a basis of its chromium and carbon contents, the price increasing with the chromium and decreasing with the carbon content. Uses. — Ferrochrome is used extensively in the manufacture of armor-plate steel, armor-piercing projectiles, bullet-proof steel, high- speed steel and alloys, high-grade castings, stamp-mul shoes and dies, safe steel, wire, tires, springs, razors, me and cutlery steel, and for other minor purposes. Hardness and toughness are the principal characteristics of steels containing chromium. Production. — ^An incomplete outline by the Geological Survey of production of ferro-alloys in the United States gives sales of 3,524 gross tons of ferrochrome, ferromolybdenum, ferrotungsten, and ferrovanadium in 1916, and 6,066 gross tons of ferrochrome, ferro- molybdenum, ferrotitanium, ferrozirconium', and ferrovanadium in 1919. These figures, however, include only a fraction of the pro- duction, as an incomplete survey made by the Tariff Commission showed an output in excess of the figures given. Pn<;e.— -Ferrochrome containing 6 to 8 per cent carbon was quoted in August, 1919, at 32 to 40 cents per pound of chromium content, and ferrochrome containing 2 to 4 per cent carbon, at 70 cents per Sound of contained chromium. The prices later declined, and in ovember, 1921, the high carbon grades were quoted as low as 11 cents per pound of contained chromium. Imports of ferrochrome were 208 long tons in 1914 and 10 tons in 1917. Later statistics follow : • Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1919 .... . . . Pounds. 926,616 3,922,514 999,077 1100,404 428,619 104,738 {15,061 64,293 Per cent. IS 1920 16 1921 (» months) . . Exports. — Some ferrochrome has been exported, but the figures are not available. Important changes in classification. — Ferrochrome is classified with regard to carbon content in grades containing 3 per cent or more of that material and those containing less than 3 per cent. The latter grades become rapidly more expensive as the carbon content is re- duced. FERROPHOSPHORUS . Description and uses. — Ferrophosphorus is a chemical combina- tion of iron and phosphorus with smaller amounts of other ingre- dients. Its principal use is in making basic open-hearth pipe, screw stock, and sheet oars. Ferrophosphorus restores the phosphorus content in open-hearth steel to the point desired and increases the tensile strength and welding quality of pipe steel. In screw steel more uniform and cleaner cut threads are made possible by the 372 SUMJVEARY OFTAEIFE INFORMAmoaS^ 1921. addition of phosphorus. About 75 or 80 per cent of the ferrophos- phorus now used goes jnto.sheet b;9,ji;s,, tin platei, and sheets; .mamjl^c- turers fiijdthat: the, stripping, 'or tearing apart of the plates or sheets can be accomplished with the ndinimum loss when ferrophos- phorus is used. , , . ,. . ' . . ,„ Production.' — No reliable figures are published concerning tjti^|!pro- duction of ferrophosphorus in this or, other countries. Sale^,. as. re- ported by the Geological Survey, in 1916 aggregated 12,966 gfp^s tqns, and in 1919 6,706,gross tons. . , i" r /mporte since 1917 have been as follows: [., '. | Calendar year. Quantity.' ■ Vaiili' -' Duty. ' Ad •■ . valorem _ 1 rate. 1918 Pounds., c 22,400 '■■ 170^806 . ll.dra ■ .8,846 780 $158' 877 U7 Per Mf«. 19 1919 ' • -■'■*(■ ^ ' - 19 1920, ,...,,,,,,..,..,..:. , .., . ,1? Exports. — -(None recorded, TITANIUM AND FBKHOTITANIUM. Description. — ^Titanium is abundant in nature. . . Pure metsjlic titftT tiium has found no domestic applications of comme:rcial importance. Ferroiitanium, an alloy of iron and, titanium,. is ithciform generally used. The two most prominent .varieties- of this alloy,, ajid theioply ones of domestic maufacture, arfe ferrocarbontitaniujn,, containing from 15 to 18 per cent titanium, and ca,rbonrfreQferrotitaniutii, con- taining about 25 per cent titanium and somQ.5 to 6 per cent, ^luoiinuin, , Uses. — Titanium has been employed in thiB; treatment pf steel rails made by .the Bessemer process, but since the increased use .©f opeuT hearth steel in heavy rails the demand for titanium for rail use has decreased. A much larger use, however, has been found in the making of sheet steel; as steel treated with titanium is wiell svdted for gal- vanizing. The estimated tonnage of steel treated with titamum was 2,200,000 in 1917. Production. — The United States is the chief producer of ferro- titanium and titaiiium. No statistics, however, are available, , . . Before the war ferro titanium was made by 15 manufacturers in Germany, 3 in Great Britain, and 2 in Fj-ancei, Switzerli^jad , and Sweden also manufactured some of this ferroalloy, and pure iitariium was mafie in Norw'ay. , .-..,. .■' Imports and exports'. ^-There are practically no exports of metallic titanium ;0r f errotitanium. The imports haye teen small and spo- radic. The, maximum importation ^as 48 tons, valued at $21, '656 in 1912. Importation is principally from England. Later statisticfif follow : , . . 1 V , Calendar year. ' f^uaiitlty, Value. ; • ., puty. : A'd', valorem 1918 Pournls. 10 12,000 1,367 3,036 110 3,317 713 801 SI 49S 107 Pefcertt. 1919 IS 1920 - ..'...' J ■ " ' 16 1921 (9 mpnths) ....^ ,. SUMMAKY OF' TABIFF INFORMATION,- :1921. 373 • •Jjescrvption. — Ferrovanaoium. is an alloy of iron and vanadium. Ainerican manufacturers report a product containing from^ 30 to 40 per cent vanadium. ■ TJsts.^^The vanadium in this ferroalloy, acts as a cleanser apd ^eoxidizerof a.steel.bath. It i^. employed af^er.lerromanganese and ferrosilicon have been added and carries 3eoxiaization beyond the point obtained by these alloys. ,Ferrovai^adium is also used to add vanadium to the steel ; in proportions up to 0,3 per cent the vanadium toughens .and ad4s to the tensile strength.! of the pteel. Steely, so treated are, unusually resistant .j;o shock and' alternate stresses, and hence are. very, psefuMor axles, cranks, piston rods, an'i s™^^^ steiels. The 'autonaobile is a much stronger machine because of vanadium'. Production: — Schedules -returned to the United States Tariff Com- mission by manufacturers, show a yearly output of over 2,700 short ton's during the period 1916; to 1918, inclusive, production having increased between 700 and 800 per 'dent since 1910. More feirb- yanadi^m is produced here than abroad, but some is manufactured in Germany and England.' The world's output is practically under Anierican control. Vanadium deposits in Peru, Colorado, and Utah are cont:rolled by American companies. South Africa has lately produced some vanadium. Price. — Ferrovanadium containing 30 to 40 per cent vanadium was quoted during 19l9 at $5.50to $7 per pound of vanadium contained, and during 1920 at 15.50 to $8.25, per pound. By November, 1921, the price ranged from $4.25 to $4.50 per pOund of contained vana- dium. ' Imports since 1917 have been as foUows: Calendar yean Quantity. V.liie. ?il,923 14,331 Duty. -Ad vslorem rate. 1919 11,200 7,989 -«3,738 2,150 ■1 ' Per cevt 15 1920 Exports amounted to ovei; 1,300 short tons in 1917. For the calen- dar years 1918 to 1921 they are shown in the following table: . • , , . 1918, J91? 1920 1921 (9 months). f, 512, 737 11,774,062 04,626 896,560, ■ 387,060 $706,385 192,933 $388,378 Value ■ , . ■ , J ■ ^/::::" " TANTALt IM. ■; Degoription.—Taht&lum is a . .metallic element associated with coliimbium.in the minerals tantalite, yttrotantalite; columbite, and other .rheavy rareuainerals. , It ;is obtained chiefly firpm tantalite. Tantaiium is black.in color, assuming an j ircairgray lustejr under a burnisher. 8 '74 SUMMARY OF TAKIFF INFORMATION j. 1921. Uses. — Wrought tantalum' is exceedingly hard and tough and has been used in the manufacture of pen nibs. It resists aU ordinary acids, even aqua regia, hence its gireat usefulness for chemical pur- poses. It was formerly employed lor electric-light filaments. Production. — There are no, published statistics, but the, output is known to be very limited.- 'Becd,use of their close simil'&rity, the separation of tantalum from cblumbium is a long and coibpficated process. /mpoT'fe are small; in 1917 they were valued at $2,000. No imports are recorded for the calendar years 1918 and 1919. In 1920, 60 pounds valued at 154, were imported, and during nine months of 1921 there were received 1,229 pounds, valued at $788, from England. Exports.— There are no statistics . Exports are probably negligible OTHER ALLOYS USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF STEEL. Description and lises.— Such alloys include a vast number of metals and alloys used either in very limited amounts or experimentally. Some alloys enumerated in the act are the following: Ferrouranium. — Uranium is a heavy and extremely active element. It is added to ssteel in the form of ferrouranium. The influence of uranium on steel is not completely known, but it is said to give a decided strengthening power and resistance , to shock, The high price of uranium has deterred experimentation, uranium oxide hav- ing brought $3.25 to $3.60 per pound in 1918, and ferrouranium $7 to $7.50 per pound of contained metal. Even in the fall of 1^21 the latter wais quoted at $6 per pound of metal content. . ,. Ferrdboron. — The qualities of ferroboron are not fully determined. Boron occurs in the form of borax. Borax is. very .difficult to reduce to the elemental state, and only small quantities of ferroboron have been manufactured. Experiments in France showed that remarkably strong steels are made by using 0.5 to 2 per cent of boron. Its action is much like that of vanadium. Ferrozirconium. — ^This alloy carries 30 to 40 per cent zirconium metal and sells for $4 to $4.50 per pound of metal contained. Zir- conium-bearing steel is reported to be adapted for bullet-proof sheets,, armor plate, and armor-piercing projectiles. Investigations of its steel-hardening qualities, itis fitness for light armor plate on tanks, aeroplanes, etc., are still uiider way in the trade, 'i ■''■•*£ Ferrocetium. — This alloy, 30 per cent iron and 70 pet 'Cent cerium, is employed as tinder in pocket cigar lighters, gas lighters, and as igniters for mine lamps. During the war it was also used in hand grenades and projectiles. Its domestic production probably runs from 1,000 to2,0b0poundspermonth — priorto 1917 under Austrian patents, now under licenses granted American manufacturers by the AUen Property Custodian. The manufacture of ferroceriiim is part of the pyrophoric-alloy industry, of which the incandescent gas mantle is a widely known product. The use of ferrocerium for making stronger iron castings has been recommended. In additioO. to these alloys are chromium nickel, vanadium nickel, zirconium nickel, chromium vanadium, chromium silicon, zircdflitim silicon, and calcium silicide. lifone' of 'these compounds are made in steady quantities since'ithey are in an experinieiital sttlgeiof ptt*-' duction. '' "'•' SUMMARY OP TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 3'7B Prodttciiow is small and no reliable statistics exist. Imports of ferroalloys and metals iised in making ^loy steels other than those for which figures haye been tabulated aoove, are grouped in the tables of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce imder the caption "All other alloys used iii'the manufacture of steel, n. s. p. f." The largest single item is calcium silicide or silicon-calcium, which is imported from France by several concerns that are endeav- oriiig to introduce this alloy into American steel practice as a substi- tute for ferromanganese arid ferrosilicon. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad Valo- rem rate. 1918 Pmmds. 31,920 19,178 241,029 134,661 J6,025 2,504 23,093 15,209 »754 376 3,644 Per cent. 15 1919 15 1920 15 1921 (9 months) NOTE ON FERROALLOYS AND STEEL-ALLOYING METAL,8. Metals and alloys produced in steady quantities. — ^Many of the ferroalloys or alloying metals mentioned m this paragraph are pro- duced only spasmodically and for experiment. The following are manufactured in steady quantities:, Ferromanganese (high, and low carbon grades) ; ferrosilicon ; f erro- chrome (high and low carbon grades) ; ferro tungsten; ferro vanadium; ferromolybdenum; ferrophosphorus; ferro titanium; metallic man- ganese; calcium molybdate; manganeseboron; metallic tungsten; chromium tungsten; silicon metal; and ferrocerium, ,; , In addition to these, ferrouranuim is quoted regidarly on the market and some authorities say that ferrozirconium is a coming alloy of importance. PARAGRAPH 303. H. R. 7458. Pah. 303. Muck bars and bar iron, square iron, rolled or hammerea, com- prising flats not less than one iiich wide nor less than three-eighths of one inch' thick, round iron not less, r than seven- sixteenths of one inch in diameter, one- fourth of I cent per pound; round iron, in coils or rods, less than seven-sixteenths of. one inch in diameter, and bars and shapes of rolled or hainmered iron, , not specially pro^dded for, five-tenths of 1 cent per pound ;, iron in slabs, blooms, loops, or other fornls less finished than iro'n in bars, and more advanced than pig iron, ■ except' castings; two-tenthsjof .1 cenj;,per , pound: Provided, That all iron bars, blooms, billets, slabs or loops in the manu- facture of which charcoal is used as fuel shall be subject to a duty of three-tenths of 1 cent per pound. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 3ft6 SUMMARY OB/ TABIF,F INFOBMATION, , 1921v ACT OF 1909. ; ACT; QF lfll3. i ;iv , ' Par. n6'. Bar iron, mrick bars; square Par. Ib3; Mvick bk'si'bar iroh^, isqual'e iron, rolled dr hammered, 6onlpJiBihg flits iron, rolled or hamlniered, round iron, in notjeag than one inch wide nor lese than coilfi or-rodff, baTs or ahapes of rolled or three-eighths of one indi (thick, round l^amJmere4iron not specially proyj^ed for , iron notles,s tjxaniseven-sixteeiiit&s.of one , in tlM, section,. 5 per centupi afltvdlorem. inch in diameter, thre'e-tenths of one C^rit' ' "', ' ' ', , ' ■ ' ' per pound. '■■ ■ "''- ';' " ' ' ' " • ' Pa_r. 120. Bfound iron, ;in coils or i»ds,r ■/ Pahj 518. * * ■ * ; iron j in ■' slabs,' Ies8,-tlian:seven-sixteenth8 of pne inch in : blooinsj loops or ftljher .fornipileBS -finished diameter, and bars or staphs of rolled or than iron bars, and more advanced, than hammered iron, not specially provided pig iron, except castings, not specially for in this section, six-tenths of one cent pro\ided for in this section [Free], per pound: Provided, That all iron in slabs, blooms, loops, or other forms less finished than iron in bars, and more advanced than pig iron, except castings, shall be, subject to a duty of four-tenths of one cent per pound: . Provided further, That .all irqn bars, blooms, billets, slabs or loops, in the manufacture of which charcoal is used as fuel, shall be subject to a duty of eight, dollars per ton.' ' ' ■ ' ' BAE IRON. ■ ' ' y ■ (See Survey C-2.') Description. — Bar iron is wrought iron in the form'of'bars. The rough iron bloom coming from the puddHng furnace is first rolled into a flat bar, known as a muck bar or puddle bar. It is then cut into shdrt lengths and the pieces piled together to-be reheated. After reheating and reroUing the material is known as refined iron, refined bars, or, more commonly, frierchant bars'. There is sometimes a s6cbnd and third reheating and reroUing to improve the grade; In the process of rolling iron is reduced to simple forms, such as squares, rounds, and flats. These forms resemble the cross sections of the material from which they are made — blooms, billets, or slabs — and their final section determines their nomenclg-ture. The terms "slabs," "blboins," "loops," and "billets," as applied to wr&ughtiron, represent earlier stages of production thEn those of bars and indicate the shapes the iron assumes before being made into bars. ' , ' . , Where charcoal is used in the manufacture of tiars, blooms, billets, etc., a purer product is usually obtained, but the cost is-much.greater. Production of merchant iron bars in 1917 amounted to 983,926 gross tons and in 1920 to 663,032 gross tons. Wrought-iron bars in recent jrears have maintained an unequal competition with soft steel, which IS occasionally used in the place of wrought iron. . The labor cost of iron bars is greater than that involved in the production of' steel bars. Imports may be tabulated under three general heads: (1) Muck bars; (2) Bar iron, including flat and, square iron and iron in rods or coils, and shapes or rolled or hammered iron, n. s. p. f.; (3) Slabs, blooms, loops, etc. ,, SUMMAfiY iOF TABIFP INFOEMATION, 1921. 377; Imports since 1917 havfe'feeM'afe follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valo- Tem rate; MUCK BARS. 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) . Tans. 760 717 347 $122,078 62,283 37, 573 $6,104 3,H4 PcT'Ctnt. BAE IRON, INCLUDING FLAT, SQUARE, BOUND IRON, ETC. 1919 . . 1,049 3,906 938 $86,205 ' 562,231 87,720 ' $4,310 28,111 4,386 5 1920 5 1921 (9 months) 5 IRON SLABS, BLOOMS, LOOPS^iiTC. 1918 Founds. ■, ,.610j684 ,4P1,263 463,765 , :.$15,6P7 11,457 i3,ra3 1919 1920 Most of tlie imported iron enterii^ithe country in the form of bars comes from England, Sweden, and Canada. Exports of bar iron for the calendar years 1918 to 1921 have been as follows : 191S 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 141,942,462 $6,576,362 135,624,896 $5,634,398 104,44.5,766 $4; 651,^24 26,195,249 Value .'. $1,143,736 Exports go mainly to Japan, Canada, United Kingdom, Brazil, • and Cuba. Important changes in classification. — Iron in the forni of blooms, slabs, loops, etc., is transferred from the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 518). A distinction is made between iron in the manufacture of which charcoal is used as a fuel and iron produced with the use of other fueli ,1 » Suggested change's. — All iron bars, blooms, billets, slabs etc., in the manufacture of which charcoal is used are subject to a duty of three- tenths of 1 cent per pound. Round iron in coils or rods less than seven-sixteenths of 1 incb in diameter and bars and shapes of rolled or hammered iron not specially, provided for are subject to a rate of five- tenths of 1 cent per p6und. All charcoal iron coming under this' paragraph is, therefore, subject to a lower rate of duty than certain kiiids of wrought iron which are more cheaply maniif actured- In order to obviate the. imposition of higher duties on the cheaper than on the more expensive irons, the. proviso in the paragraph might be made to read as follows : Provided, That all 'iron bars, blboms, billets, 'slabs, or loops in the manufacture o£- which charcoal is used asa. fuelj shall be subjfeurt to a duty of not less than [rate] per: pound. 378 SUMMARY OF TAKIFF INFORMATION, 1921. PARAGRAPH 304. H. K. 7466. Par. 304. Steel ingots, "cogged ingots, blooms and slabs, by whatever process made; die blocks or blanks; billets anij bars; shafting; pressed, sheared, or staijippc^ shapes, not advanced in value or condition by any process or' operation subsequent to the process of stamping; hammer molds or swaged steel; gun-barrel molds nc^t in bars; alloys no,t specially provided for used as substitutes for steel in the manufacture of tools; all descrip- tions and shapes of dry sand, loam, or iron molded steel castings; sheets and pfotes and gteel not specially provided for; all of the foregoing valued at not over 1 cent per pound, two-tenths of 1 cent per pound; valued above 1 cent apd not a,bove \i cents per pound, three-tenths of 1 cent per pound; valued above IJ and no^ above 2 J cents per pound, five-tenths of 1 cent per pound; valued above 2i and not above 3^ cents per pound, eight- tenths of 1 cent per pound; valued above 3 J and not above 5 cents per pound, 1 cent per pound; valued above 5 £ind not above 8 cents per pound, IJ cents per' pound; valued above 8 and not above 12 cents per pound, 2 cents per pound; valued above 12- and not above 16 cents per pound, 2i cents per pound; valued above 16 and not above 20 cents per pound, 3i cents per pound; valued above 20 and not above 24 cents per pound, 4 cents per pound; valued above 24 and not above 32 cents per pound, 5 cents per poufl,d; valued above 32 and not above 40 cents per pound, 6 cents per pound; valued ■ above 40 cents per pound, 20 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That,on steel circu- lar saw plates there shall be levied, col- lected and paid an additional duty of one-foiirthofl cent per pound. • '' , ACT OF 1909. Par. 131. Steel ingots, cogged ingots blooms, and slabs, by whatever process made; die blocks oi* blanks; billets and barB and tapered or beveled :bars; mill shafting; pressed, sheared,, or. stamped shapes, not advanced in value or condi-" tion by 'any process or operation siibse- quent to the process of stamping; hammer molds or swaged steel; gun-bar?,el molds not in bars; alloys used, as substitutes Jor steel'in the manufacture of tools; all. de- scriptions and shapes of dry sand, loam or iron-molded steel castings; shfeets and plates , and : ^teel not specially provided for in this section, all of the above valued at three-fourths of one cent per pound or less, seveB-fortieths of one cent per pound ; valued • above thr^e- fourths of one ■. cent. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par.' 613. Steel ingots, coggied ingots, blooms and slabs, die blocks or blanks, and billets, H made by the Bessemer, Siemens-Martin, openrhearth or similar processes, npt containing alloy, such as nickel, cobalt, vanadium, chromium, tungsten, or wolfram, molybdenum, ti- tanium, iridium,' uranium, tantalum; boron, and similar alloys; [Free]. , Pak. 110. Ste,61 b.^j-s, and tapered or beveled ' bars; inill shafting; pressed, sheared, or gtaihped 'shapes,' not advanced in valne or condition by any! process or ope^atipp subsequent to, .the prqc(BSS;.of stamping.; hammer mplds pjc swaged gtMl.;., gun-barrel molds iiot in bars; all descrip- tions'. ,andl' shapes ol dry sand, loam, or ' iron i mddied steel castings, sheets^ and SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 379 ACT OF 1009. and not above one and three- tenths cents per .polind,' three-tenths 'of one' cent per pound; valued above one and thtee- tenths cents and not above one and eight- tenths cents per pound, five-tenths of one cent per pound; valued abgve one and eight'-tentiis cents and hot above two and two-tenths cents per pound, six-tenths of one cent per pound; valued above two and two- tenths cents and not above three cents per pound, eight-tenths of one cent per pound ; valued above three cents per pound and not above four cents per pound, one and one-tenth cents per pound; valued above four cents and not above seven cents per pound, one and two- tenths cents pet pound; valued aboVe seven cents and not above ten cents per pound, one and nine-tenths cents per pound; valued above ten cents and not above thirteen cents per pound, two and three-tenths cents per pound; valued above thirteen cents and not above six- teen cents per pound, two ahd seven- tenths cents per pound; valued above sixteen cents and not above twenty-four cents per pound, four and six-tenths cents per pound; valued above twenty-four cents and not above thirty- two , cents per pound, six cents per pound; valued above thirty-two cents and not above forty cents per pound, seven cents per pound; valued above forty cents per pound, twenty per centum ad valorem. Par. 137. * * * on steel circuls-r saw plates there shall be paid one-fourth of one cent per pound in addition to the rates provided in this section for steel plates. l^AR. 171. *. * , * ingots, cogged in- gots, blooms, or' blanks for the same, with- out regard to the degree of manufacture, one cent per pound: * * * ["The same ", refers to wheels for railway pur- poses or parts thereof made of steel and steel locomotive car or other railway tires or parts thereof.] CRUDE STEEL, ETC. (See Surveys C-4 and C-7.) Description. — The steel ingot is the first solid form which pig iron takes when converted into steel. When made -by the Bessemer or open-hearth process, it is usually a block about 6 feet long, 1^ feet wide; and H feet thick. Blooms, billets, and slabs are oisuaUy modi- fications of the ingot after being subjected to rolling. Blooms and billets have a rectangular cross section and are square or nearly so. Slabs are rectangular, with a width at least twice their thickness. Blooms and billets are rolled into structural shapes, bars, and the like and slabs, into plates and sheets. Ordinary steel bars are rolled ACT OF 1913. plates; all the foregoing, if made by the Bessemer, Siemens- Martin, open-hearth, or similar pi-ocesses, not containing alloys, such as nickel, co.balt, vanadium, chro- mium, tungsten or wolfram, molyb- denum, titanium, iridium, uranium, tantalum, boron, and similar alloys, 8 per" centum ad valorem; steel ingots, cogged ingots, blooms and slabs, die blocks or blanks; billets and bars and tapered or beveled bars; pressed, sheared, or stamped shapes not advanced in Value or condition by any process or operation subsequent to the process of stamping; hammer molds or swaged steel ; gun-bari'el molds not in bars; aUoys used as substitutes for steel in the manufacture of tools; all descrip- tions and shapes ot dry sand, loam, or iron molded castings, sheets, and plates; * * * and steel not specially provided for in this section, all tlie foregoing when made by the crucible, electric, or ce- mentation process, either with or without alloys, and finished by rolling, hammer- ing, or otherwise, and all steels by, what- ever process made, containing alloys such as nickel, cobalt, vanadiiun, chromium, tungsten, wolfram, molybdemun, tita- nium, iridium, uranium, tantalum,, boron, and similar alloys, 15 per centum ad valorem. Par. 105. * * * crucible plate steel and saw plates, cut or sheared to shape or otherwise, or unsheared,* * * 12 per centum ad valorem. Par. 109. * * * metal sheets deco- rated in colors * * * 15 per tent um ad valorem. 380. STIMM-ABY OF TAKIFF INiFOKMATIOM"i,: 1921. products iriadfe from billets and are classified ad'rodnds, flats, squares,, hexagons, ovals, half, rounds, or half ovals, according to section. A. di^ block or blank is a mass of met^], attaelied toi a hammer which falls or is driven violently against a piece to be worked) or is the anvil block on which the piece is placed. Shafting, pressed and; stamped shapes, and hammer and gun-barrel molds represent forms qt finished iron and steel which have received little or 410 treatriaent beyond rolling, pressing, hammering, or. stamping.. Hammer molds, or swaged steel is steel shaped by a hammer and swage. Steel cast- ings are- steel forms shaped by molds into which the molten metal is- poured and allowed to solidify. They 'may be annealed QT'ihachinedr or both; but they do not receive any rolling or forging- Alloys which, can be used as substitutes for steel in the manufacture of tools are- not at present numerous. ' The most promising is stellitej 'which is composed of cobalt, chromium, and tungsten (or molybdenum), al- ready provided for in paragraph 302. Sheets and plates are pieces- of iron and steel ranging generally from 6 to 200 inches in width and cut to various lengths. Plates have a thickness of oiie hundred and f orty-one ^thousandths of 1 inch. This thickness corresponds to No> 10 wire gauge. Circular-saw plates are plates made under certain- specifications, circular in form and intended for useas saws. Production. — The production of steel is usually given in terms of ingots and castings. In 1914 this production was 23,513,030 gross tons. The country's output of steel in 1920 amounted to 42,132,934 gross tons, of which 40,881,392 tons constituted ingots and 1,251,542 tons, castings. Over three-fourths of the steel output was open- hearth and about one-fifth Bessemer, the greater part of the remainder consisting of electric steel. Of the steel produced in 1920, 6,130,240 gross tons were rolled into merchant bars and 9,337,680 gross ton* were rolled into plates and sheets. The leading foreign produdfers of steel are Germany, the United Kingdom, iand irahce, wnos^ ontput in 1918 was 14,874,000 tons, 9,591,000 tons, ' and' 1,912,000 tons,, respectively; Imports. — Imports of articles enumerated in this paragraph are in some instances difficult to state, because they overlap articles men- tioned in other paragraphs. This is particularly true with reference to steel plate. Roughly speaking, imports tnay be divided into eight distinct classes: (1) Steel ingots made by the Bessemer and open-hearth processes. (2) Cogged ingots, blooms and slabs, die blocks and blanks, billets and bars, made by the Bessemer and open-hearth processes, (3) Steel ingots, cogged ingots, blooms and slabs, made by the crucible, electric, or cementation process. (4) Shafting, hammer molds, gun-barrel molds, etc. (5) Sheets and plates Inob containing alloys, made by the Bessemer ' ill and open-hearth processes. (6) .Saw plate, (7) Sheets and plates, either withor withouti alloys, finished by : rolling, hammering, or otherwise, made by the crucible^ electric, or cementation process." (8) Crucible plate steel. ' . , ! .SUMMARY OF TAKlFF USTFORMATIOW, 1921. 381 Statistics of imports simce 1917 follows CaleBdar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valorem , rate. STEEL I^TGOTS MADE .BY THE BESSEMER i'ND OEEN-HEARTH. PROCESSES. ' :i8i9 ...: '.. .. Pounds. 410,439 10,606,891 5,205,170 $13,793 215,908 59,610 Per ctnt. :I920 :....... 1921 (9 months).. i...U.. ,- ;.:. .... -COGGpO INGOTS, BLOOMS AND SLABS, DIE BLOCKS AND BLANKS, BILLETS AND BARS ;.■ ;,, MADE BY THE RfeSSEMER AND OPEN-HEARTH PROCESSES. 1918' - 1919.. 1920..; .';. 1921 (9 mouths). 76,287,681 18,025,191 10:222,858 1,562,533 $1,549,788 424,677 346,637 - 32,462 -STEEL INGOTS, eOGGED INGOTS, BLOoks AND' .-SLABs' 'MADE ^B-S^-THE CRUCIBLE, ELECTRIC, OR CEMENTATION PROCESSES. 1918 ,., 1919 ....' 1920..j;;.,..i : ,i^j,..ti..>... 1921 (9"mont!is) 31,489,695 1,566,025 837,889 176,157 15 15 ■ ii <:) i ' SHIFTING, HAMMER, MOLDS. GUN-BARREL MOLDS, ETC. 1, 1918. 1919. 1920. 3921 (9 maiiths) . -r«- 9,829,641 1,434,123 3,733,057 965,9.55 $468, 451 86,412 263,653 '44,480 $37, 476 6,913 21,084 ' ■ SHEETS AND PLATES NOT CONTAINING ALLOYS, 1918. I..- ,.., 2,269„863 1,248,931 1 766 989 , $271,342 142,784 184 9dn $21,707," 11,42S 14,739 .8 1919 ; .....:.. . .' : . . 1 8 1920 ■'8 390, 990. f. 46;3.54 ■• : ■■■■ -• SAW PLATE. 1918...: ...:... 1919 /,j.i. 1920 .:;.:. 1921 (9 months) . 96 416 71 .149 236 25 1 13 12 .12 -SHEETS AND PLATES, EITHER WITH'DR WITHOUT ALLOYS, FINISHED BY ROLLING, HAMMERING, OR OTHERWISE. 1918 .,., 1919 '.-'-- 218,066 531,322 1,325,979 232,392 J56,639 136,614 I 251,737 48,262 . ,48,496 -"^20,492 37,761 15 15 1920 . IS 1921 r9 months^ CRUCIBLE PLATE STEEL 41,893 171,588 191, .256 49,403 ■ $9,690 • 38,904 34,940 4,306 $1,163 4,668 4,193. 13 12 12 1 Includes steel ingots. 382 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. In addition to the above there were imported into the United States a few tons of crucible-steel ingots in 1919 for the construction of vessels and in 1918 and 1920 similar amounts of shafting, shapes, etc., for the same purpose. The greater part of the imported steel ia these forms comes from the United Kingdom, Canada, and Sweden. Exports. — ^The United States is a great exporter of steel but most of the exported material goes abroad in forms more highly finished than those enumerated in this paragraph. Exports of billets, ingots, and blooms in the calendar years 1918-1921 were as follows: -' 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 montns). Quantity (tons) ~- 1,786,189 J1S0,668,151 2Sg,424 119,370,787 216,873 112,646,950 8,091 Value. (416,267 During 1920 and 1921 the greater part of this steel went to the United Kingdom, Canada, Italy, Belgium, and Japan. In 1918^19 much steel in these forms went also to France. Important changes in classification. — Steel ingots, cogged ingots, blooms and slabs, die blocks or blanks, and billets, if made by the Bessemer, Siemens-Martin, open-hearth or similar processes, not containing alloys, are free under paragraph 613 of the act of 1913. In H. R. 7456 the distinction between steel made by the open-hearth and Bessemer processes and steel made by the crucible, electric- furnace, and cementation processes in the act of 1913 is no longer retained. A graduated scale of duties is employed for steels varying in quality. Specific mention of crucible plate steel is also omitted but is by implication retained in the provisions for the duties on high-grade plate steel. The specific provision for saw plate con- ■tained in the act of 1913 is limited in the proposed tariff act to steel "circular saw plates." Suggested changes. — The provisions for sheets and plates, including circular saw plates, in this paragraph might be transferred to a sepa- rate paragraph including all sheets and plates of the character desig- nated. Paragraph 304 deals with crude and half-finished steel mate- rial, and from the viewpoint of the ^teel manufacturer plates and sheets constitute finished material. PARAGRAPH 305. H. R. 7466. SEITATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 305. In addition to the rates of duty provided for in this title on steel in all forms and shapes, by whatever process made, and by whatever name designated, whether cast, hot or cold rolled, forged, stamped, or drawn, containing more than six-tenths of 1 per centum of nickel, co- balt, vanadium, chromium, tungsten, mo- SUMMAEY OF TAHIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 383 H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. lybdenum, or any other metallic element used in alloying steel, there shall be levied, collected, and paid 15 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That manganese and silicon shall not be considered as allpying material unless . present in the steel in excess of 1 per centum manga- nese or silicon: Provided further. That an additional cumulative duty of '$1,25 per pound on the molybdenmn content in excess of IJ per centum, and 72 cents per . pound on the turigsteh contlent in excess of li per centum shall be levied, collected and paid on any articles containing mo- lybdenum and tungsten. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 131. [Specific rates according to Par. 110. * * * and all steels by value up to 40 cents per pound, above whatever process made, containing alloys which 20 percentum ad valorem. No such as nickel, cobalt, vanadium, chrom- distinction between alloy steels and car- ium, tungsten, wolfram, molybdenum, bon steels of similar value.] * titanium, iridium, uranium, tantalum, boron, and similar alloys, 15 per centum , ad valorem. ALLOY STEELS. '(See Survey 0-7.) Bescription and uses. — ^^Certain elements or metals are capable of purifying steel, and when alloyed therewith, of giving it certaiiji desirable qualities. These metals are generally rare but add mate- rially to the value of the steel. Alloy steels vary in character and value. The principal ones are the following: (1) Nickel steel, with a nickel content from 2 to 4 per cent, used mainly in the manufacture of high-class structural steel, forgings, and plates. (2) Chrome nickel steel, with a chromium content of 1^ per cent, used in the manufacture of forgings like axles. (3) Tungsten steel, ordinarily containing either 14 or 18 per cent tungsten, used in the manufacture of high-speed, steel- tools, and with a smaller percentage of tungsten, in the manufacture of other tools. (4) Vanadium steel, containing less than 1 per cent vanadium, used for automobile parts, subject to repeated stresses. (5) Molybdenum steel, for the same uses as vanadium steel. (6) Chrome steel used in small quantities in the manufacture of ball bearings. (7) Manganese steel employed in the making of rolls and rails and other products subject to abrasion. In addition to these steels there are copper steels which resist corrosion, silicon steel employed in thf manuiacture of springs, elec- tric transformers, etc., and zirconium steel which may come into com- petition with vanadium steel. The production of alloy steels in 1920 amounted to 1,660,292 gross tons. The output in 1910 amounted to 567,819 gross tons or :;384 SUMMARY OS TAEIEI! IiaSTFOEMATION, 1921. about one-third of tfiast prSduced in 1920. Of < the ouff)ut in 1920, 1,591,939 gross tons consisted of ingots ^nd 68,353 gross tons pf castings. In 1920, 1,283,646 gross to:ti's wer^' ihade By: the open- hearth process and over half of the remainder hj_ the electric furnace method. ■'' Imports. — ^Much of the imported'ahoy steels cibme into the country in the forms of bars, rods, plates' and the like. Some alloy steel is imported under the general designation '' steel' in all forms and shapes by whatever process made, n. s. p. f.," statistics^of the importation of which are given in the table below. (This imported material, however, includes much steel that does libti come under the designation of alloy.) i... i Calendar year. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months.) Quantity. - Paunis. 151, 424 204, *57 "883,740 209,950 Value. |55,548 122.964 371, 147 60,049 ^Duty. tS,'332 18,445 55,672 Ad valo- rem rate. Per eera. i- 15 ■ '"15 Important changes in classification. — ^A new provision. Suggested changes. — Insert a comma after "collected", in line 17, on page 43 of H. R. 7456. . ' . In the second proviso, the, word '.' a-rticles " may apply to tools made from tungsten or molybdenum steels, and particularly high- speed steel twist .drills, reamers, and milling cutters. These articles .are .not specially provided ifor ahd will- therefore be dutiable as manu- factures of metal, n. s. p. f. under paragraph 393. They arei sold by ;the ipiece, and the value per pound varies between! wide limits (say from SI to $10 or more);,=andtthe .actual percentagmof tungstens may .ailgo vary from as low as 1,0 per cent to:18 per cent or more. ; The !g«dilection of a specific duty son the tungsten content would involve the weighing of the articles and the ascertainment of the percentage of .tungsten.". In order to .secure a representative sample it would be necessary to destroy. the article or at least: injure it by drilling in such a manne^ as to lower materially the value of any part actually examined. The average value of these articles is probabty considerably in excess of IS.p&ripound, hence the duty at 35 per cent would amount to more than $1 per pound of metal. The duty collected _ on' ithe tungsten content (aimoximum of about ISpericent) iwouldi amount to less than 13- cents per pound, or, say, an additional 4 per cent ad valorem. There is some doubt concerning the scope of this paragraph. The [expression i" steel in. all forms, and ishapes inotlvspeojally provided for in this Act," is a catchall phrase in paragraph 135 of the act of ■1897;,which was omitted from ,thei acts of 1909 and 1913, Para^aph 305 is evidently intended' to embrace more r than that provision in ttha.act of, 1897. If the intention is to limit the provision to the steels jenumerated in paragraph 30(4,: the ( words " the , immediately preceding paragraph" might be substituted for "this title?' in line 4, page 43. ,i ,' ; ; , ■ .; ..--'lljiei word "articles" would jnake the second, proviso applicable to any product, whatsoever, iwhether unfinished or finished, containing more than 1^ per cent of tungsten or molybdenum. iSUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATIOIir, 1921. 385 PARAGRAPH 306. H. B. 7456. SENATK AMENDMENTS. Par. 306. All metal' produced from iran or its ores, which is cast ajad ^l^.lleable, of whatever description or forri^, without regard to the percentage of carbon con- tained therein, , whether produced by' cementation, or 'Converted, cast, or made from iron or its ores,! by the- crucible, «lectric, Bessemer, Clapp-Griffithj pneur , matic, Thpjap,s-Gil Christ, basic, Siismens- Martin, or bpen-heartl; process, or by the equivalent of 'either, or 'by a combination of two or more of the processes, or their equivalents, or by any fusion or other pro- cess which produces from iron or its ores a metal either gtabular or fibroiiS in struc- ture, which is cast and malleable, ex- cepting what is known as malleable-iron ' castings, shall be , classed and denonii- nated as steel. ACT OF 1909. , , Par. 139. All, metal produced from j.ron or its ores, which is cast and malle- able, of whatever descriptidn or form, without 'r^atd-to the percentage of carbon contained therein, whether pro- duced by cemjentation,, or converted, cast, or made from iron or its ores, by the crucible,. Bessemer, Clapp-Grifiith, pneu- matic, Thomas-Gilchrist, basic,; Siemens^ llaftin, or «pen-heartih, process, or by th& ■equi;valent ofjeither, pr by a combinatipn of two or inore of the processes, pi their ' equivalents, or by any fusion or other 'process which ■ produces from iron or its- ' ores ai metal, eiwier g^ranular or fibrous in structure, which is cast and. malleable, excepting what iskriown as malleable- irori castings, shall' be' Classed and denomi- nated as steel.- ■'! '' = ' ' ; ACT OF 1913. Par. 117. All metal produced from iron or its ores, -which is cast and malle- able, of whatever description or forin, without regard to the percentage of . carbon icpntajned therein, whether pro- . duped : by cementation, or converted, cast, or made from iron or its ores, by the .crupible,' Bessemer, Clapp-Griffith, pneu- matic, Thomasi-Gilchrist, basic, Siemens- i Martin, ar open-hearth processi or by the equivalent of either, o?" by a -combinatipn of two or more of the processes, , or thpir '■ equivalents, or' by any fusion or other process which! produces from iron or its ores a metal eiwier g^-anular or fibrous in .(Structure, wMcb is ca^t and malleable, excepting what is known as malleable- ,' ^6h qastin^s', shall be'classed and denomi- nated as'steel. ' ■ ■ - STEEL, PEOCESSE8 OF MA-NTJUFACTUIIE.; ' ..- ;" -';-, ,, ■"]'-: ' ,; -'(See Su^yey.p-7.); ',;,., ^ , ' -, , •- . This. paragrap]i is' descriptive only, aiid it^Mefinitioii of Steel is lather^ more iaclusiVe tiiaii tHe usuaf. trade acceptance. As defined generally - , , ^ , ,- -i i - .-■ ■ eleraent fcon'stitufes steel. Steel i^' 61iaracterized by relatlVe' tough- •'liess', and, ■sullen tempered, b^''liafdii(^Ss"aild' elasticity. It dififers frona cast iroa in tHat it has a smallier percentage oi carbon ahd froin wrought iron by its freedoin 'frbm slag. Ordinarily, steel has also a smaller percentage of' silicon than pig iron, although in the case of certain alloyed steel the silicon content may be relatively ,iigh. • '■"' ■''':";;" ;/'';' ■ ' , 82304—22 25 ' 3 §'6 • Ifetf^MABS. '0V07XRWP iI!]SFORiM:AT?IG]IS'/..1921. At the present time, Ifherd 4re five^^^feized processes in manu- facturing steeljia^ef JB^ssejner, the openieaj^,„ t^Bj^nicible, the elecfric-iufnac'e, and the cementation processes. The Bessemer proc- ess consists in blowing air throughimolten. ;pig iroB/Containfid in a suitable vessel, whereby its impiiritife^ are oxidized and removed. The open-hearth process consists in the oxida,tioll aiid removal of the impurities contained in a bath of metallic iron IjHlig on' a: hearth! of a regenerative furnace, the product being tapped m a basic-Besseimer process is seldom, em- ployed in the United States, 'owing ^to the relatively low phosphorus content of American pig iron'. F6jr thfe' acid-Biessemer process; the phosphorus 'content of the pig iron 'shpuldikpt lie great^':r than 0.1 per cent, whereas a typical analysis of, pig iron adapted to the basic- Bessemer prpdess would show a ph6sphorus content of about, 2.5 per cent. Most of ;fch;e non-Bessemer ddmestic pig iriJn'fg thus inanUfac- .tured into steel l)y the basic open^TheftTthppdcesS,, which does not require ,ao high ia phosphorus .content.,,. On accoimtpfi the greatier •' jmiformity'''and relmbility of the steel produced by the open^learth process much of the pig iron suitable; for th6 Bessemer pitocesS is'How i converted by the apid open-hearth' method. ' Two pf^nipre pf these processes may be combined. Thu^ in the duplex process thp ^metal IS partly purified in Bessemer converters and finally purified in basic open-hearth steel'furnaces. ,' ■-:!;'.::r." ;• i ^ia.r, The Clapp-Griffith process is one form of the Bessemer, wherein the Clapp-Griffith converter is employed. ' The pneumatic process is an ..;ob,spI$>ti?,tftrmjfipr thp.Bessemer.and is, also apR|hed tp^a ^ppcml form , of th,e Bessemer' process for the making of wroj(ig^t'iron. (the 'Cham- pion pneumatic process). The nan^'^s '"thonias,", "Thomas-Gil- christ/^' and "basic" are used in'Eiirojie synrihympusly with the basic-Bessemerjprocess', although the term "basic," as h3,s, just been noted, ig. also use|d;.fliore broadjy to include, the basic' open-hearth .. pifpce^s. The ' Siemeps-Martin , proc^ssi, as ' ,tl^a t^rih , is prditiarily lised, signifies open-hearth, ,\ ■ ,..;,"' "'.'.'.', [\ Importance of steeZ.— At the present tinie most of the p.i§-irdfl out- put; of th^ world is Converted mto sjt'eei,.the domestic 'proportion being between 80 and 90 per cent. , . , In tixe calendar year 1920 the United 'States produced 4^,132,934 gross tons of steel. Of this output, 32,671,895 tons were made by the open-hearth process; 8,883,087 were made by tie Bessemer; 72,265 . SUMJMAiRY. OF TABIFF i iaTFOBMATK)2r,i 1921. 'mi '' Thoma^VGilchrist ■ ' repre§e,nt and th^ 'i^VW- tons by the cruGdbl©5?502,152'toi]Biby^:the elBCtrie'futnace; and 3,535 tons by miscellaneous processes or processes not named. Sv^gested changes. — In eiitmiei'atmg tKfe methods of steel manufac- tiire :iws suggested tha^ ,:|ihg fi]ire process^ npK .i^sf^d . by ,p,Qm^§irpial katiJDns be named' ■w^tl^oilt'^th^, additton'^f the others. The tpyiiis ''Clapp-Grifl^th;*'' "phetoat^/\:ah(^;^^Thoma^VG^fl^^ certaim specialized types olthje Bessemer process, "Siemens-Martin^" is synonymous with open-hearth. If these t^rms are ' included' in the paragraph,' there is no apparent re^sbn for^. the oihission of 30 orn4'0 other variations of the, Besseiuer, opei^-hearth, and other processes. The phrase. "or'by any fusion or other process which produces from iron or its ores ;aH};etal either granular or fibii^Qus in structure, which is cast" and nialleable, excepting what is knowiias maUeable-irOn' castiligs,' shallbe classed and, .denominated' as, steel j' sufficjently provides Jor any other; possible, inethod of naanufacturihg steeL':.' '■ .;,^:"'. '■" '''[' ' '■T-' '''■'/" [:'.:" ',.^~ PARAGRAPH 307. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 307. Boilfe'r or 'otHet plate iron i or steel, except crucible plate steel and skw plate steel, not thinner than one hundred, and forty one-thousg,nd.tii8 of one indi, cut or sheared to shape or otherwise, ojr Tiiisheared, and skelp irOn or steel sheared or rolled in grooves, valued at 1 cent per pound -or less,, seven-twentieths of. 1 cent per pound;' valued above 1 cent per pound aiid'nbt ab6Ve 3 cents perpouhd, five- tenths of 1 cent per pound; valued at over 3_ cents per j)ound, 20 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That all sheets or plates of ir.opf,or 8tegl(,t>iinn9rr,tJian one hundred and fo^ one-thousandths of one inch shall pay duty as iron or steel sheets. . , , . ACT OF 1909. .Par." 122. BoileJ or other plate iron or ste.el, except crucible -p late steel and saw plates hereinafter provided for in this section^ not. thuiner than number ten wi^e gauge, "cut , or. sheared to shape or 6,th^r\yise, or up^h,eared, and skelpj iron or stieel sheared or' rolled in' grboVes, val- ued at eight-tenths of one cent per pound .or.less, three-tenthsiof one cent pier pound ; valued aboveeight-tenths of one cent and hot above one cent per .pou:ri?l,.fo>ir- tenths Bf one cent per ^)0Utid; val^ued above one -cent and not above t'wro cents 'jjer pound, five-tenths of one cent per pound : valued above two cents and not above three cents per pound, si.t.-tonths of one cent per pounil! valued at, over three cents per pound, "twenty per centum ad valorem: Providfd, That all sheets or plates of iron I or steel thinner than. 'Jiumber: ten wire 'g-aug«' shall pfeV' duty as iron or stpr-. -sheets. ACT OF 1913. Par. 105. Boiler or other plate irbii- or steel, * ■* * not specialty provided for, in this, section; sheets of ir9n or steel, commbii or black, of whatever diirieriiitins, jyhether, plain, corrugated or crilnpeii', * ,.*, *^..; .and ^kelp iroij:or-steel,iwhether sheared or rolled in grooves, or ol^etwigjs, 12 per centum ad valorem. 388 SUMMABY. OET' TARIIT I^STFOBMATIOW, ' 1921. IRON AND STEEL PLATES AND SKELP. „ (See Survey- C-4.) Description arfd, uses. — Plates are pieces of iron 6t steel, principally steel, ranging in thiclmess frojn No. 10 wire gauge (approxiinately ^\ inch) to 2* inches, and in width over 7 inches, and cut to various lengths. No. 10 wire gauge has been used as a line of division between plates and sheets, the latter being the thinner, but No. 12 wire gauge (^ inch') is probably the more common.. ^These divisions, however, are not in alP cases sharply drawn. The principal uses of plates are for boilers, tanks, steel cars, buildings, bridges, etc. Boiler plates niay be subdivided into flange, fire-box, and extra-soft steel. Skelp iron or steel consists of long strips used in the manu- facture of tubes and pipes. i , , :,, Plates and sheets, before 'Spiefriarpreparation for their several uses,, represent a relatively low stage of steel manufacture. Additional rolling, cutting, smoothing, polishing, galvanizing, etc., carry further the process of production." Vi' ,>' Prodv^tiori. — Statistics concerning . plates and sheets included in this paragraph are not in all cases available. T'he production of plates and sheets, divided almost equally, exceeded 8,000,000 gross tons in 1917 and 1918. In 1920 production amounted to 9,337^680 gross tons, of which 4,755,133 grosS' tons consisted' of plate. , In addition to this figure is a small amount Si n^il plat'e. A considerjtble part of this plate tonnage consists of material,', covered by other paragraphs. . , ;> Imports of plates and sheets partly covered by this p^agpaph are insignificant compared with the domestic production. lirapdrts since 1917 have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity; Valiiii. Djity.' , Ad,,, valorem 'rale;' 1918 1919 :■. 1920 1921(9p»ontlls). !\;T-y:r-!^-"- Pounds, 145,318£ 6,596'' 21,336 2,548 ii'f^'il;!575i $1,300 96 306 Per cent. 12 12 , 12 . In addition, to the,:iabove ith€re were; imported initdi the United States for the construction and equipment of vessels ^82,790'pounds valued at $26,318 in '1918, and m, 1920, 58,620 po'utttis! valued at $8,290. _ ;.;;„(,i.^ ;;;■;' ' ' [/''^ r ■ '"vr ,.,,-:,:..;.' '. ' '' Exports in geheralf ar exceed imports. The export figures; however, do not divide plates and sheets according to use or degree of filnish, except in the cases of galvanized and tinned sheets and. plates. The exports of steel plates are shown for the calendar years 1918-1921 in the following table : 1918 1919 . 1921 (9 months.) Quantity (pounds) . Value 1,236,405,734 $64,678,628 1,690,428,674 856,701,651 2, 062; 947,743 $72,q95i,7jl7f 679,537,763 !t21,780,121 SUMMABY OF TABIFF INFOBMATION, 1921. 389 In addition to thfese exports are those of iron sheets and plates, amounting in 1920 to 72,032,603 pounds valued at $1,411,143. The exported material goes mainly to Japan, Canada and the United Eangdom. in addition to these exports ship and tank plates, punched and shaped, were shipped in the calendar years 1918-1921 as follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 65,519,432 $4,321,268 30,661,005 tl, 497, 202 95,937,363 34,380,360 19,503,683 Value ..... . . $920,373 The principal countries of destination of the above exports were Japan, Cuba, and Mexico. Important changes in classification.— This paragraph excludes crucible plate steel and saw-plate steel- The proviso, omitted in the act of 1913, has been incorporated with the designated thickness given in fractions of an inch mstead' of by wire gauge.. Suggested changes. — ^As plate iron and steel may be divided broadly into plates with specifications and plates without specifications, sucli a division might hjs made, in this par8,graph,- ^ Ordinary tank plate is plate without specifications. Boiler plate and saw plate are plates with specifications. These and other plates could be specifically mentioned with the duties applicable to each; and^other jilates pro- vided for under a general ad valorem ' duty. The most irkpbrtant plates made accordmg to specifications are boiler plate, saw platej crucible or electric furnace steel plia,tes, and alloy pl4tes; ' The last consist of material' oif greatly varying chemical constitution and value. ' H. R. 7456. PARAGRAPH 308. ! SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 308. Sheets of iron or steel, com- mon or black, of whatever dimensions, and skelp iroii'^or steel, valued at 3 cents per pound or less, thinner than one hundred and forty one- thousandths and not thinner than thirty-eight one-thou- sandths of an inch, forty-five one-hun- dredths of 1 cent per pound; thinner than thirty-eight one-thousandths and' not thinner than twenty- two one-thousandths of an inch, fifty-five one-hundredths of 1 cent per pound; thinner than twenty- two one-thousandths and not thinner than ten one-thousandths of an inch, seventy- five one-hundredths of 1 cent per pound,; thinner than ten one-thousandths of an inch, eighty-five one-hundredths of a cent per pound; corrugated or crimped, ffeventy-flve one-hundredths of 1 cent per pound; all the foregoing ivheii valued, at more than 3 cents per pounds 20 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That all sheets or plates of common or black iron or steel not tWnner than one huildred and' forty one-thousandths of an inch shall pay duty as plate iron or plate steel. mo: STHMlVPtBYr OF. TMIIFF! INiPOEM'ATfOSrj' lOSl; ...jj/.;,; . ACT 'PF 490,9; yj ft>-. • n- : - ' : ; ; :( ,: - In addition to these imports and those of plates and sheets in para- ^aphs 304; 307, :andr308, there were imported in 1919, 7,0,314 pounds of-'iron, or steeil plates ■ or, shfeets made, by the Bessenaer and open- hearth processes for the, construction of vessels.) Exports greatly exceed imports, j, During the calendar years 1918-1921, the exports of galvanized iron and steel sheets and plates have been as follows: Quantity (pounds). Value 19.18 153,982,456 $12,609,628 191_9 227,669,237 $15, 223, 289 1920 242,745,308 $16,727,690 1921 (9 months). 102,074,891 $6,709,611 J The principal coiiiitries receiving this export material were Canada, Cuba, Argentina, aind Mexico. In addition there are other exports not separately tabulated by the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. SUMMAKY OP TAEIFF INFOEMlATroisry 1921. gi96 Important' changes in classification'. — ^In' . Suggested changes — The attention < of the Tariff Coiainussioh has been called to the recent development of the manufacture of thermostatic metal in the United States. Under the act of 1913 and under H. R. 7456 this metal is " sheets or plates composed of ircto, steel, copper, nickel, or other metal, with layers of other metal or metals imposed thereon by forging, hammering, rolling, or , welding. " Ther- mostatic metal is composed of two plates, welded' together, one of nickel steel (36 per cent nickel) and the other of brass. The prin- cipal use of thermostatic metal is the regulation of temperature iij houses, gas ovens, electric ovens, hot water heaters, etc. It is also used for compensating for changes in temperatm'e where changes in temperature would affect measurements, as in speedometers. The process of manufacture consists of welding, the.metala in thick plates and rolling them down to conimercial thicknesses. The chier dim-, culty is in securing an absolutely perfect union of the dissimilar metals. This product is much more costly than other products within the foregoing provision, and might' be specially provided for. PARAGRAPH 310. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pah. 310. Sheets or plates of iron or steel, or taggers iron or steel, coated with tin or lead, or with a mixture of which these metals, or either of them, is a com- . ; ponent part, .by the dipping or any other process, and corrimercially known as , , tin plates, terneplates, and taggers tin, ' ■ ^r-; ( > ItTj- cents per pound. ' ,■ ii ACT OF 1909. ACT OS 1013. Par. 130. Sheets or plates of iron or Par. 109. * * * and sheets or plateS:- steel, or taggers iron or steel, coated with _ of iron or steel, or taggers iron or steel, tin or lead, or with a mixture of which coated with tin or lead, or with a mixture these metals, or either of them, ier a ciom- of whith these metals, or either of them ponent part, by the dipping or any other is a component part, by the dipping or process, and commercially known as tin any other pro6e6&,? and H commercially plates, terneplates, and taggers tin, one known as tin plates, terneplates, and and two-tenths cents per pound. taggers tin, and tin plates coated with metal, and metal sheets * f * coated with nickel ior other metals by dipping, printing, stenciling, or other process^ 15 per. centum ■g.d i yalorem j TIN OK TEENB PLATE. ! ♦ (See Survey C-4.) . - ;■,' ", • ■■:, Description and uses. — ^Tin plate consists of black plate coated iwith tin; temeplate, of black plate coated with a mixture of tin and lead — ^generally in the proportion of one to two. Taggers tin, 6* 396 STJ.MMABY OE TAEIFF INPOKMATIOWj 1921. "taggers," is 'tia plate which is undersfzedt *■ e., below the gauge 'of the box. The amount of . tin ini tin plate will avemgei about 2 per cent of the total: weights ^; M ' fj' ' . ProdAuHon. — ^The production of tin and terne plates in 1917 aggregated 1,512,145 long tons, less than 5 per cent consistihg : of t^neplate. The country.'s output in 1920 was 1,436,686 lon^ tons.; The. United .States now^ leads the world; in the production of tin and terne plate. England, the next greatest producer, formerly sup- plied the bulk of the World oiitput. ,. " ; Imports. — The importation of tin and terne plate in 1913 amounted t&,28,345,141:pounds (12,654 long tbns) , valued at $973,005. Im- port? since 1917 have been< as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. -^ SS9S 10,041 19 075 Ad valo- rem rate. 1918..... 1919;., 1920; 1921 (9 months). Pounds. 71, 403 541,912 878, 073 718, 905 S5,964 66,944 127,168 103,332 Per cevt. ■15 15 15 ^he great bulk of this, imported flaaterial comes from the United Kingdom and Canada. Exports of tin and terneplate and taggers tin in 1913 amounted to 164,362,281 ,poimds (73,376 gross tons), valued at $5,767,043. Ex- ports since 1^17 by calendar years have been as follows: " 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (pounds) 579,125,457 $56,8^0,294 . 458,127,594 $36,997,634 507,159,211 .$40,545,291 , 189 687,759 Value $14,695,703 A large part of this exported material went to Jfapan and Canada. Important changes in classification.- — ^Tin and terne plates are classified separately from galvanized sheets and other sheets on which metal is imposed. Suggested changes. — As paragraph 311 is practically a proviso to paragraph 310, it is suggested that 311 be made a part of paragraph 310. PARAGRAPH 311. H. B. 7466. . Par. 311. No article not specially pro- vided for which is wholly or partly manu- factured from tin plate, terneplate, or the sheet,= pliwte, hoop, band, or scroll iron or steel, or of which such tin plate, terne- plate, sheet, plate, hoop, band, or scroll iron or steel shall be the material of chief value, shall pay a lower rate of duty than that imposed on the tin plate, ternfejslate;"' or.sheet plate, hoop, bg,nd, pr.scroll iron or'slpa from" -which it is^adfei, of of which it shall be the com|)onent tlnereof of chief' Va.lUe. . ^ r.-^c'l > .;; SENATE AMENDMENTS. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATIOST, 1921. 3^ , ACT OF 1909. Par. 136. tio article not specially pro- vided for in this section, which is wholly or partly manufactured from tin plate, terneplate, or the sheets plate, noop, band, or scroll iron or steel herein pro- vided for, or of which such tin plate, terneplate, sheet, plate, hoop, band, or scroll iron or steel shall be the material of chief value, shall pay a lower rate of duty than that imposadon the tin plate, terneplate, or sheet, plate, hoop, band, or scroll iron or steel from which it is made, or of which dt shall be the component thereof of chief value. ACT OF 1913. Par. 115. ,!Np article not specially pro- vided for in this section, which is wholly or partly manuf actured ; from tin plate, tcirneplate, or the sheet, plate, hoop, band, or scroll iron or steel herein pro- vided for, or of which such tin plate, terneplate, sheet, plate, hoop, bahd, or scroll iron or steel shall b^ the material of chief value, shall pay alpwer rate of duty than that imposed on the tin plate, terneplate, or sheet, plate, hoop, band, or scroll iron or steel from which it is madfe, or of which it shall be the com- ponent thereof of chief value. PARAGRAPH 312. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDBCENTS. Par. 312. Beams, girders, joists, an- gles, channels, car-truck channelSj tees, columns and posts, or parts or sections of columns and posts, deck and bulb beams, and building forma,' together with all other structural shapes of iron or steel, not assembled, manufactured, or advanced beyond hammering, rolling, or casting, seven-twentieths of 1 cent per pound; any of the foregoing if machined, drilled, pnnched, assembled, fi,tted, fabricated for use, or otherwise advanced beyond hammering, rolling, or casting, 25 per centum ad -valorem. . „„ , ACT OF 1913. Par. lOii Beams, girders, joists, angles, channels, car-truck channels, TT; col- umns and posts or .jmrts or ^eqtiprp of columns and posts, deck and bulb beams, *'*i*' and building ' forms, tosjethex with 'all other strufturaT Shapes di iron- or steel, whether pMn, punched j or' fitted for use, or whetjier assembled pr manu- factured, 10 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Par. 121. Beams, girders, joists, angles, channels, car-truck channels, TT, col- umns and posts or parts or sections of i columns and posts, deck ^nd bulb beams, and building forms,' together with all other structural shapes of iron or steel, not assembled, or manufactured, or ad- vanced beyond hammering, rolling, or casting, valued at hine-tenths of one cept ■per pound or less, thre'e-teivths of. 'one cSntper^pound; valued above mne-'teiiths ':';.':^ M one cent per pound, four-tenths of one ■ : i ' > cent per pound. ' ■; STUUCTUEAL SHAPES. .;' ' (See Survey 0-3.) Description and uses. — Structural shapes are iron of steel rolled for structural. piurposes. : They are classifled. into heavy and. light-^the latter being those with the leg or web less than 3 inchesr— and are , given, commercial names, e. g., I-beams, channels, joists, (girders, 'ailgles, tees, and zees, haihes largely descriptive of their cross-section appearance. Nearly 90 per cent of J,he. country's production consists of heavy stru'ctilral shapes. They are used, i^ t)Uildings, bridges, ships, cars, etc. Light sliap6s are used in the manuf actpe, of agi-i- 1898 , SU!MMAIiy..DF ISAKJFF; INFORMATION, 1921. cultural iaojflenSiaitS'pbedsteads, fences, safes,' automobfres, and other articles reg^uiring Ught section^. . , , ''."'Pz'6Su(ii'ioiiv^Tne'an^ butput of , structural shapes in 1016 and il;§ii7 ramounfed, jiO over.3,OO0,pOO gross tons. In 1918 andil919 pro- dudtion ideciinfed, but in 1920 it rose again to 3,306,748 gross tons. Germany, England, a;nd France arfe important" producers, Germany grbdiicihg oV^ii, l,O00jO0Q tons of girders' in 1914^, The output of ianada increased rapidly during the war,. and in 1920 amounted to 'over2OO,O0O'.gross' tonsl ■ "Thfe prices of light structliral shapes are generally higher per unit of weight than those of heavy shapes, and nnder a system of specific duties, the' rate should ordinarily be higher to give the- same, ad valorem duty. Cost of transportation is a more important element in the prices of heavy than of light shapes. In remote markets the cost 01 shipping structural materiar ihay be an important factor in determining the relative, competitive strength of American and foreign . producers. Before the war ocean freight rates from western Europe to the Pacifitf'coas^ of the United States were less than the rail rates from the steel-manufacturing States of the East to the same destina- tion, a circumstance which favored European producers in Pacific coast markets. During the war ocean freight rates increased enormously, altering this situation to the advantage of the home industry. Imports in 1913 amounted to 6,738 gross tons, valued at $245,156. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Valued Duty. Ad Talo- rem rate. 1918 1919 ,...;.;.... ■.:... 1920 '. PovMds. 7,766,735 2,695,638> 3,771,611 1,232,389 S394,902 1, ;}31V669 284 167 J10,470 S39,490 13,167 28, 417 Per cent. 10 10 10 1921 (9 months) ■-•r)l:ill« .; -.Wi ,«!"'•"■_ . i'.C:- in 1918,, 45,973,264 pounds, valued at $2,427,739, were imported fdr, the' construction and equipment of vessels; in 19l9 there wpre 32,226,60.4 pounds, valued at $1,881,019, imported, for this purpose. In 192Q I and 1921 the amounts were negligible. ^ In addition to this imported material, a small amount of structural shapes' entered the country free of duty under the Panama Canal act. Exports of structural shapes vastly exceed imports. In 1913 these exports amounted to 366,654 long tons, valued at $16,054,788. In the calendar years 1918-1921 exports have been as follows: ' ' , : ";'..".. ;; / : ; 1 ■ i .i - 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). . , d ., ... 1 i Quantity, (tpns), ■-:•-- •-•-•• 232,729 121,468,462 . 360,787 128,966,816 493;'633 $38,384,690 266,008 . $24; 499, 610 ■•11 1 r , ■ ■ . , : ■ : i The bulk Qf thip exported materi,al gofes ,t6 Japan, Canada, ^nd 'Cuba. ""''',, ' ",-_ '' '' \ t.. "' ' ' - ,, ' . imvortcmt ckariges in classification. — Sashes a,rid frames are omitted 't>ecause they are no't'siructural shapes. {AcTj^erson v.' JJriited States, "17^'Fed., lOfl^, of 1910.)' ' ' '■ 'StrMMAiW OStiTAHIElJl 'IiK]roUMAl?IOIirf4921. ^&^9 "Structural shapes of iron orsteetj not assembled, manufactured, or advanced beyond hammering.^ rolling, or casting," are separated from the material which is "assembled, fitted, fabricated for use, or otherwise advanced beyond hammebingj rolling, or basting;" ' ' The expression "tees" inline 21j'pagea:6, of H.R.74S6i was "T-T" in the act of 1913 (pan 104), and- "TT"' in the act of 1909Kpar. 121). Suggested changes.— F&ge 46, line 24,''df H. R. 7456: Change "or" to "nor" before "advanced." , ■ n ' 'Page 47, line 1: Strike out "if'' before "machined," to agree with practice elsewhere. ■ ' PARAGRAPH 31.3. H. K. 7456. Pae. 313. Hoop, band, and scroll iron or steel, not specially provided for, valued, at 3 cents pel* pound or less, eight incHes or less in width, and thinner than three- : eighths and not thinner than one hun- dred and forty one-thousandths of one inch, twenty-five , one-huhdredths of 1 cent per pound; thinner than ohe huh- dred and forty one-thousandths and not thinner than tlfiirty-eight one-thousandths of one inch, thirty -five one-hTJudredths .1 pf 1 cent per pound;' thinner than thirty- eight bne-thousandths of oneaitch, fifty- five one-hundredths of 1 cent per pound: Provided, That barrel hoops of iron or steel, and hoop or band iron, or hoop or ban^ steel, flared, splayed, or punched, ■vfith or without buckles or fastenings, shall pay no niore duty than that imposed on the hoop or band iron or steel from which they are made, bands and. strips of iron of steel', whether in long or short lengths, not specially provided for, 20 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Pak. 124. Hoop, band, or scroll iron or steel, not otherwise provj.d,ed. for in this . section, valued at three cents per pound or less, eight inches or less in width, and less than three-eighths of one inch thick and not thinner than number ten wire, gauge, three-tenths of one cent per pound; thinner than number ten wire gauge and not thinner than number twenty .^^,. gaiige, four-tenths of one cent pier pound; thinner than number twmi^ wire gauge, six-tenths of one cent per pound: Pro- vided, That barrel hoops of iron or steel, , and hoop or band iron or hoop, or band steel flared, splayed or punched, with oi" without buckles or fastenings, shall pay one-tenth of one cent per pound more duty than that imposed drithe hoo^ or band iron or- steel from which they are made; bands and strips of steel, exceeding , twelve feet in length, not specially pro- vided for in this section, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. SENATE AMENDMiiENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 105. * * * strips of -iron or steel, not speicially provided for in this section; * * * 12 per centum ad valorem. ; Pak. 107. Hoop, .band, dr. scroll iron or fiteel. not otherwise provided for in" this section, and barrel hoops of ii'dii' bir steel, wholly or partly manufactured, 10 per centj:(m ad yalprem. , j , „ , . | ; j ' ^ 400 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. HOOPS AND BANDS. (See Survey C-4.) , . . ' ^ ' ' Description. — Hoops and bands are of great length oompared wi•••.''••: ICjV l-ui,.; 1.>',VL- i ■■^in; Important changes in classification. — In the act of 1913 no line of demarcatiojj with reference to width i^ dji-ftWW between hoop, band, and scroll iron or steel, on the one hand, and sheets and plates, on the otherhand. In H. R. 7456 a graduated scale of specific duties is provided for in the case of hoop, band, and scroll iron or steel, 8 inches or less in width. In the proviso of the paragraph 20 per centum ad valorem is imposed on bands and strips of iron or steel, whether in; long or short lengths, not specially provided for, without any limi- tation as to width. .. .__ Suggested changes. ^-Y age 47, line liS, of H. R. 7456 : Change comma to a semicolon after "made" to separate the provision for bands, and tstrips fi-om the proviso. , Dividing lines between hoops, bands, and strips and sheets and plates are advisable for purposes of administration; there is none carefully drawn in the steel trade. It is also important to recognize, the difference between hot-rolled strips and bands and cold-rolled stiipsalid bands, the latter being a more expensive material- g e .t PARAGRAPH 314. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 314. Hoop or band iron, and hoop ,, or band steel, cut to lengths, or wholly or partly manufactured into hoops or ties, , ' coated or not coated with paint or any , , , , other preparation, with or without buck- , ' , , les or fastenings, for baling cotton or any .,-|| ,^ ',.,,-.",' other commodity, one-fourth of 1 cent per ,'; t, ! ,/ ^ , pound. '\, ' ,,,,-',' ,,;,- ' ,;.' ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913, \ ',',' ,. Par. 125. Hoop or band iron, or hoop Par., 509. Hoop pr band iron, or hoop or band steel, cut to lengths, or wholly or lOr band steel, cut to lengths, or iwhally or partly manufactured into hoops or ties, partly manufaiCtijred into, hoops or ties, coated or not coated with paint or any icjoat^ or not coated with, paint .or any other preparation, with or without buckles other, preparation, i .with ori-iW-thout or fastenings, for baling cotton or any buckles or fastenings, for baling. cotton qr other commodity, three-tenths of one cent any other commodity [Free] . , , , ; o per pound. , -.- ■ • : ' HOOPS AND BANDS CUT TO LBN'OT^HS— -.qp'T^^il^i^fijE's, ETC. ; ' ' '" (See Survey .C-4.) . •■' - _ ^^ ' Description and uses. — This paragraph applies particularly to. the standard cotton tie, a strip of steel xf-incb wide by xr^u-iJi'ch thick (20 gauge) and 11^ feet long, chiefly used iji tying bales of cotton. Once used, they are reroUed and used Again,., . , Production is part of the output of rollingr mills,' making also hoops, wire naUs, smooth wire, barbed wire, woven-wire fence, 'bars, spikes, and similar products. Four plants arfe located in Pennsylvania, oTie in Georgia, and one in Alabama. Th^-ftniiual pro4uction is estiihated at 2,000,000 to 3,000,000 bundles ofi.ls .pounds eftchj appro!ximately two-thirds of the world's output. E]J#aiyd and Germany arfe 'the prin- cipal "foreign producers. 1' 82304r-22 26 402 SUMMAES or TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Imports of hoop or band iron, etc., in 1915 were 1,416,538 pounds, valued at 122,552. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. 1920 1921 (9 months) . Pouiids. 13l,,37D 1,055,366 15,952 32,883 Exports are irregular; they depend almost entirely upon the cotton crop and English competition. It is roughly estimated that in recent years they have ranged somewhat over 1,500,000 pounds annually. Imvortant changes in classification.— ^oo^ or band iron or steel used tor baling cotton or any other commodity has been transferred from the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 509). ' H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pah. 315. Wire rods: Rivet, screw^ fence, and other iron or steel wire rods, whether round, oval, or square, or in any other shape, nail rods ana flat rods up to six inches in width ready to be drawn or rolled into wire or strips, all the foregoing in coils or otherwise, valued at not over 4 cents per pound, three-tenths of 1 cent per pound ; valued over 4 cents per pound, six-tenths of 1 cent per pound: Provided, That all round iron or steel rods smaller than twenty one-hundredths of one inch in diameter shall be classed and dutiable as wire: Provided further, That all iron or steel wire rods which have been tem- pered or treated in any manner or partly manufactured shall pay an additional duty of one-fourth of 1 cent per pound: Provided further. That on all iron or steel bars and rods of whatever shape or sec- tion which are cold rolled, cold drawn, cold hammered, or polished in any way in addition to the ordinary process of hot rolling or hammering, there shall be paid one-eighth of 1 cent per pound in addition to the rates provided on bars or rods of whatever section or shape which are hot rolled; and on all strips, plates, or sheets of iron or steel of what- ever shape, other than polished, plan- ished, or glanced sheet iron or sheet st^el, which are cold hammered, blued, bright- ened, tempered, or polished by aiiy process to such perfected surface finish or polish better than the grade of cold rolled, smoothed only, there shall be paid two-tenths of 1 cent per pound in addition to the rates provided on plates, strips, or sheets of iron or steel of com- fflion or black finish of corresponding thickness or value. SXrMMAKT OF TARTET INVOJIMJlTIOIS!, 1921. 403 ACT OF 1900. Par. 134. Wire rods: Rivet, screw, fence, and other iron or steel wire rods, whether round, oval, flat, or square, or in any i other shape, and nail rods, all the foregoing in coils or otherwise, valued at four cents or less per pound, three-tenths of one cent per pound; ya,lued over four cents per pound, six- tenths of one cent per pound: Provided, That all round iron or steel rods smallei; than number six wire gauge shall be classed and dutiable as wire: Provided further, That' all iron or steel wire rods which have been tempered or treated in any manner or partly manu- factured shall pay an additional duty ;of one-half of one cent per pound. . Par. 137. On all iron or steel bars or rods of whatever shape or section which, are cold rolled, cold drawn, cold ham- mered," or polished in ahy way'in addition to the ordinary process of hot rolling or ■ha.TTiTnerLng, there shall be paid one-eighth of one cent per pound in addition to the rates provided in this section.on'.bars or rods of whatever section or shape which are hot rolled; and on all stripff, plates, or sheets of iron or steel of whatever shape, other than the polished, planished, or glanced sheet iron or sheet stefel herein- before provided for, which are cold ham- mered, blued, brightened, tempered, or polished by any process to such perfected surface finish or polish better than the grade of cold rolled, smoothed only, here- inbefore provided for, there shall be paid four-tenths of one cent per pqund in addition to the rates provided in this section upon plates, strips, or sheets of iron or steel of common or black finish of corresponding gauge or value; * * * [No correspondmg provision for horse- shoe nail rods;] ' ACT or 1913. Pak. 113.' Rivet, screw, fence, nail, and other iron or steel wire rods, whether round, oval, or square, or in any other shape, and j^a,t rods, up to six inches in width ready to be drawn or rolled into wire or strips, alMhe foregoing in coila or otherwise, I including wire rods and iron or steel bars, cold rolled, cold drawn, cold hammered, or polished in any way in addition to the ordinary process of hot rolling or hammering, iiot specially pro- vided for in this section, 10 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That allrOu'nd iron or steel rods smaller than twenty one- hundredthfl of one inch in diameter shall be classed and dutiable as wire. Par. 109. * * * sheets or plates composed, of iron, steel,. * * * and such as are cold hammered, blued, bright- e'ned, tempered, or polished fcy any pro- cess to such perfected surface fiuish or polish better than the gradfei of cold rolled, smoothed only; * * * 15 per centum ad .valorem. Par. 110. * *■■ * rolled wire rods in coils or bars not smaller than twenty one- huiidredths of 1 inch in diameter * * * when made by the crucible, electric, or cemfentatibn process, * * * and fin- ished by rolling, hammering, or other- wise, * * *. . 15 per centum ad va- lorem. Par. 554. * * * horseshoe nail rods, * * * [Free]. WIRE RODS AND BLUED, BRIGHTENED, AND POLISHED PLATES AND SHEETS. (See Surveys C-8 and C-4.) , Description. — Iron and steel wire rods, are prpduced by rolling, and generally serve as a raw material, chiefly for the drawing of' wire; ,^hey are also used for rivets, horseshoe nails,, and other articles. Strips, sheets, and plates which have been blued^. brightened, tem- pered, or polished, etc., have been subjected to annealing or reheating. Production in 1918 of iron and steel wire rods was 2,562,390 long tons; in 1920, 3,136,907 long tons. Wire rods are but one among the numerous semifinished, forms .produced by the rolling mills located for the most part in the iron regions centering around Pitts- burgh; the industry is oiie of large-scale ownership. Germany, Great Britain, and France are the principal European producers. ^C Irn,ports of, wire rods in the prewar period were much greater than during and since the war. In 1913 they amounted to 17,362 tons, mA . SEJMJSyaPrA OBI'^IKEIFF} IKEOIBKIATliaBr, J /19ffl.. valued at« $837,^26; -'Ciater imports of the Ai*t?(fle§'grSi!lr|)ed in this paragraph are shown, as, follows: , ',,1 li,. 1.1 ' Calendar year. Quantity. !&%:'■' ■■ill-.'Xl'/,' valorem I' rate. ' ■■'■ 11 I 1 WIEE EODs;^ RfVET, SCREWj FEN'CE, and OTiffER. . 1918 , ... . :...i ■..: Fov/ads: 16,802,840. 2%, 655 9, 111, 168 i 870,697 $578, 114 22,766 527,514 50,441 $57,811. 2,277 52,751 Per cent. 10 1919 ;>..'. 10 1920 i 10 1921 (9 months) KOLtED WIRE BODS IN- COILS OR BARS.' -■ ' 1918- . '■" .MA'S 1 131,356 .20,839 738,208, $12,678 3,732 63,247 10,446 $1,902' ' 9,4f7: ■' 15 !l919 1920 '. :i»u>l.pHOa...P..- 16 '.. 15 1921 (9 months) BARS AND RODS,! COLD ROLLED, COLD! DRAWN, COLD HAMMERED, OR FOLISHiBD. 1918 '. : . . ■ '255; 332 . 449,546 2,426,461- ' 290,023 $31,606- ',. '.37,074 . 155, 887 14,251 $3;i61' 3,707 15,589- '10 1919 ; ...I il... -10 1920 :.,.. 1921 Omonths) .;.......,...■., :....: ' , 10 -1 ' HORSESHOE NjAIL RODS. r . r ■•"■>' ■1920 ' ' f'j ' - ' '■ '' r. ' ■■.- :" ! ■• ■ 40. ., ,' , ,1,278 $2 ' -, -70 , ! .1- ,1 u':ai <.{ ,i'-'T->in 1921 "(9 months) .' ' . .' f . .-.,. i -i :i .,:f;u!i:'i-'. IRON OR STEEL BARS, COLD ROIAJbD; COiLD-DIjiA'WN, ETC 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) - .hi.ht'K'.'---. 181 '"1$5,060 r| 1-112, 585 $506 1,26B' 10 ■M 10 '"1^.J 't':'- -S'-.- ),..U-... 1920 15 15 1921 C9 months) , Imported wire rods come piaiiily from England, Sweden, "and Canada. ' . .:)!i-.': ' Exports of wife rods in'1913 aggregated 74,823 tons. Statistics for the calendaf'yeaTs 1918-1921 follow: | , " I ,;i92ip. (9moli'ffls), ■.!i7A918. ih.r.J ;;.1919 ,! 1 1920 Wire 'rods, 'sted': ' ' :J i : - i 'j i i -' Quantity (pounds);!, ti.;j.-,i ' '- Value'.. ■.'•..'.'.-....;;:■. Bacs^nfl/radsof steel/ all other: : , , , , SV,Wfit? (pPJind?)., -,. $li-46g;71S -1, 297, 517, 6 ■ '$84 575^ Wl$t 9 Jiil !! I .III llif^ 6 261,576,518 ; $8,884,854 if) :28^ H)fTi( --lU-iiib 607 StIMMAK!Y;:OK.aCAMFFiINiPORMi.TrON, 1921: 406 The exports? ^ jSrittcipally to Japan, CaiiiEldsi, and the United Kingdom. . , • , . ..,,,, ',Jmportanp,c7iang^ i^da^sijlcapion--— horseshoe nail rods are exempt. from duty yjiier the act oil9i3 (par. 554). Plates or sheets i of iron or steel which are cold hammered, blued, brightened, tfempered,'or polished, bf a ^aHb better than that of cold rolled and smooth mate- rial have beeri. placed in this paragraph with wire rods and ba,rs. _ Suggested cfmnges.r—As this paragraph is concerned primarily with rods and bars, it is Suggested that the provision with reference t©- strips, sheets, and pl$.tes be transferred to a paragraph deypted to such articles. See pafagreLpM 307, 508, 309, and 313, "Suggested chajiges.," .,■ . ; • , j: . < n' Page 48, line 9i of H.iR. 7456: Change "classed" to "olassifi&d'?' to agree with practice elsewhere. ' .' ' ' "V, PARAGRAPH 316. H. R. 74,56. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 316. Round iron or steel wire, not smaller than ninety-five one-thousandths , of one inch in diameter, three-fourths of | 1 cent per pound; smaller than ninety- five one-thousandths and not smaller than , ^ | sixty-five one-thousandths of one inch in , \ diameter, IJ cents per pound ; smaller ; , than sixty-five one-thousandths of one inch in diameter, li cents per pound: Provided, That all of the foregoing valued above 6 cents per pound shall pay a duty of 20 per centum ad valorem; all wire composed of iron, steel, or other metal, not specially provided for, except gold, silver, or platmum; all flat wires and all steel in strips not thicker than one- quarter of one inch and not exceeding sixteen inches in width, whether in long or short lengths, in coils or otherwise, and whether rolled or drawn through dies or rolls, or otherwise produced, and all other wire not specially provided for, 20, per centum ad' valorem: Provided, That all wire of iron, steel or other metal coated by dipping, galvanizing, sherardizing, elec- trfiytic or any other process with zinc, tin, or other metal, shall pay a duty of two-tenths of 1 cent per pound in addi- tion to the rate imposed on the wire, of;: ,■ which it is made; telegraph, telephone, and other wires and cables composed of iron, steel, or other metal except gold, silver, or platinum, covered with or com- posed in part pf cotton, jute, silk, enamel, lacquer, rubber, pap6r, Compound, or other material, with or without metal covering, 30 per centum ad valorem i wire rope^^nd wire ptrand, SQ p,er centum ad valorem; spinning' and twisting, ring trav-, , eiefs, 30 per centum: ad' valorem; wire heddles and healds,- 25 cents per thousand and .30 per centum ad valorem. 408 SUMMARY OP TABIFF IITPQRMATIOliTj 1921; ApT,,p? 19Q9. ^qnu Par. 135. Roiind irpn or steel wire, not sinalter than number thirteen wire'^auge, one centiper pottndfBmalleir than number tl^fteen aj(i<},not Bni,alleir thginnmnlpexsix:- teeiij'vrae. gSuge, one and pnS-fourth cen^s per i)6un!d|8jnallertha4 number sixteen wire gauge, one and- three-fourths cents peif 'pound: Pnovided,' That all the teego- ing shaft pay duty at.not leaSithan thirty- five per centum ad Yalorem; all wire com-,, pdsed of irony steel, or pther'nietarexcef)t gold or silver, covered with cotton, silk, or other material, * * * and all flat wires, and steeLiinfltjdps, not thieker than number fifteen wire gaugeand not exceeding five inches in width, whether in long or short lengths, in coils or otherwise, and whether rolled or drawn through dies or rolls, ot otherwise produced, and all other ^jre not specially provided for in this sectidn, shall pay a duty of not, less .than thirty-five per centum'ad valorem; on iron or steel wire coated by dipping, galvanizing, or similar process with zinc, tin, or other metal, there shall be paid two-tenths of one cent per pound in addition to the rate imposed on the wire of which it is made : Provided further, That articles manufactured wholly or in chief value of any wire or wires pro- vided for in this paragraph shall pay the maximum rate of duty imposed in this section upon any wire used in the manu- facture of such articles and in addition thereto one cent per pound: And provided further, That no article made from or com- • posed of wire shall pay a less rate of duty than forty per centum ad valorem; tele- graph, telephone, and other wires and ca- bles composed of metal and rubber, or of metal, rubber, and other materials, forty per centum ad valorem; * * * wire heddles or healds, twenty-five cents per thousand, and in addition thereto, forty per centum ad valorem. Par. 199. Articles or wares not specially provided for in this section, composed wholly or in part of * * * metal, * * * forty-five per centum ad valo- rem. , ACT OF 1913. , Pah, 114 , 3ound iron or steel wire ; wire ' co(mpi[jsi^d''6f iron, slf^el, 'Cji' Other metal, ex- 'cept gold or silvel'', covered with cotton,' silk, orjQther material; * *'?!', arid, all flat- wires,^nd steel in strips nGt'jthickeii than, 'number 'fifteen iwire g?.uge_'an(I not e^^; 'Ceedihg ^ve inches in' wiStli',' Hrhether in' long or snort lengths, in cciilsor otherwise, and T^rheikber rolled or drawn through dies OT rolls, or otherTviae produced; .telegraph, j telephone, , arid other wires, and cables i composed bimetal and rubber, or of metal, rubber, and other materials; iron and steel wire coated by dipping, galvanizing, or similar process with zinc, tin, or other, metal; all other wire not specially pro- vided for in this section and articles man- ■ Tlfactured wholly or in chief value of any j^re pr wire,p provided for in this section; all the foregoing 15 per centum ad valo- rem; wire heddles and healds, 25 per centum ad valorem; wire rope, 30 per centum ad,valorem. Pkn. 167. -Articles or waf^s riot specially provided for in thissectioint * » * jf composed wholly or in chie;f value of * * * metal * * *~' 20 per centum, ad valorem. ', ", ' ' ' WIBE AND WIRE PRODUCTS. (See Survey C-8.) Description and uses. — A large portion of the round iron and steel wire produced in this country^ is converted .iiltp some other fofm,',sUch as wire naUs, barbed wire, wire rope; etc. , i. Of the wire made from nonferrous metals, that of copper is the most important. Bronze and brass wires also find extended use. Aluminumi wire has to some extent been employed as a. substitute for copper wire for electrical purposes. .Examples, of other wires and their many uses are wire of alloys containing nickel used for electrical StIMMAKY OF TARUF IMEOJEMATION, 1921.. 407 resi^tanice and for purposed in wMdi rbsistanbe to corrosion is im- portant; tungsten wire fonjucatid'escent filaments of electric bulbs;; and wire made of an alloy of platinum and rhodium used in pyiometerk='i-:rM :-iiA,y_';\'>,; i^. ■ ■'■ " !-.■■> %. ' . ' :: <■ ■;; - ;■■. .t ,, Mucb of the wire of nonfeErolis metals is used in th^ manufacture of wire cloth. Wire with a cross section other than roimd is drawn for special purposes. Thus triangiilar and lozenge-shaped wire is used in wire rope to some extent alld pinion wire is drawn wire that may be cut up into gears for clock mechanisms, etc. Telegraph, telephone, and other wires and cables include insulated wire and cables — submarine, imdergroimd and other — in which rubber insulation is used. Wire rope consists of several strands of wire and is used as guy rope in construction and engineering works and on shipboard. It is also employed in hoisting and httiiling, and in the transmission of power. Construction work, mining, and logging are industries which con- sume large quantities, but nearly every mdustry of importance uses wire rope to some extent. American engineering has tended to throw the burden on the rope to a much greater extent than the more con- servative European practice would allow. Covered wire consists of ordinary metallic wire covered with cotton, sUk, paper, or other materials and is used extensively in the manu- facture of millinery, novelties, tags, artificial flowers, clothing, and electrical manufactures. - - Spinning and twisting ring travelers are metal rings and bars of high resiliency used in cotton spinning. Wire heddles or healds are part of the harness of a loom, the mechanism by which some of the threads of the warp are raised and others lowered upon each' passage of the shuttle. The heddles themselves are formed by wire or string attached at each end to the shafts of the hammers and having a loop in the center through which the warp threads are passed. It is esti- mated that atout one- third of the loom harness in use in the United States is equipped with wire heddles. Production. — -A prel'inunary stateimMt of the 1920 census of manu- factures with respect to wire-drawing mills shows that the value of the output of 11 7, establishments for the year 1919 was 1409,058,300. Of this dutput $401,376,400 represents wire and mantif actures of wire. The value of the output of steel and iron wire and manufactures thereof was $264,778,000, and that, of copper wire and its manu- factures $114,234,200. The outpiit of brass wire was valued at $16,024,500. The total production of steel and iron wire in 1919 was 2,508,890 short tons, an increase of but 3 per cent over that of 1914. The pro- duction of coated wire for sale as such ia 1919, chiefly galvanized wire, was 392,925 tons as compared with 37^,480, ..tons .in 1914. The country's output of bare copper wire in 1919 was 193,370 tons. The total production of insulated wire and cable for the same year was valued at $129,623,100, of which the major portion was reported by insulating establishments that purchased the wire. The output of brass wire was reported in 1919 as 50,521,000 pounds, valued at $16,024,050, a quantity increase of 28 per cent. The output of wire of other metals amounted to 14,596,000 pounds, valued at $6,339,700. Included in this total are wires of copper-clad steel, Monel metal, nickel silver, other nickel alloys, zinc, etc. The production of wire 41)8 SUMMARY OF TARIFF : IISFOEMATIOW, 1921i rope, cable; aadistrand in' 1919 timounited to 10S,OIO tons, valued at. $29;825,i'0©.^ i The pFoductioniin I«!l4ia)^regated753i740 tons, valued ati'$7,9-73,50a.'!'*'J'- :..ij. . '; .i'iJi; '■•'' --U" .u. '.h. ■..>,>:,. iiw i;:ii- Imports. — Imports of wire and wire manufactures includeddnctkisj paragraph have been since 191'?: as follows : to << V, •fiV iffi '! r! i !' , , ■-.,-"■■' ,;■ w ,,■],' 1- . ! ;■( ' 1 , i '1 ,— - 'M ■'■" : , Calendar y^ar. , , , . , . . ■ ■ ;;•.-; I':''., Quaift^ty.; ,.,ya}upp . . D«*y,- Ad valorem, 'rati>. ' _,;-.,. ,• ■■ ,.r!;.,. r-i'f ■'.■ - •:•:-);. ■. ■,-■ • .Iw -, [ / 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9, months). Pounds. T ■,•58(787 ■ 927, 7« '5,3K,i56' 3,361,389 i; $35,, 198 ■ 'MTiiis 1 $a,280 13,323 I ' 71, 934 Per ce^U ';''■■' 16 ■WIRE, N.'a.r. F. •r- ! ; i ^-^ — f— j 1 ,::;■ ;:' ! rj'i > — '-H' ^-^ 1918t:'J. i:iL../JJ.j-.J..:.;.....:....ai.j;V.%.!J,.j 1919 ;.....,.:... _ -^ .' ; > J .!$31,664 1,586 i 16,S6T . 21^872, $4,i748 238 2,379' ' ' la 15 1920 '.'.['iJ..;:::L. 15 1921 (9 montlis) .^^ i . .-. -...f .... ,. 1 [' MANUFAC.TWBES of BEASBi WIRE. 1918 ..ij..!...... .'...;... $9,427 12,676 -6,308.f 9,2^9, i; .: $1,414, 1,901 '■ ' 946 -'i:,-i> 16 1919 15 1920 ' ' ' ■-.' . ■ '. '. . .,-•15 1921 (9 montlis^ ^ ' . - ... irr- ;■ i.pEONZE.WIflE. 1928.., ..].. 1921 (9 mdntlis) -■!, 2,228 $595 1,422 ,.-._,'- , !'•- MANUFA,CTUI^ES, OF BRONZE ifIB I ■■ ■'; '■■.' ji :.:':,, ' $5,977, 33,094 1 40,406'! • 19, 184 ■' •, ' *897'' 4i964i 16 1919' . •. ' • . 1 , ■ , ' 18 1920 - j_ , . , , <15 1921 (9 moiltts) ;.'].'.... , . 'H . COPPER WIRE. '1 i ■ '.jijl' " '-, , _ ; 1918 $3,559 !'. '27,088', 50,^0, $634 4,063 - 7,596 ''l5' 1919 ... .-, J 1 .t' 77,774 208,844 6,366 15 ,15 re'21 (9 months) - . . -: ■ , '' ; ,'i i: 1 - ■ ' WIRE AND MAWWACTUEte'S OF, n! s.'p. ^. " 1918' .'.'.'..,•'...'. ..'.'.. ..'.■': $28,219 22,381 22,366 36, 513 $4,233 3,36^ 3,353 16 1919... ;..... j -J... ' 15 1920 . 15 1921 (9 months) . 1 ' , ; Ai^'tfifmuil wire: -ll, . ! -,:i 1 - ■ 1918.... :..!.:. ..:... .-....: ..'...i.:.;. .;.'..:. '"$624' 4 ii' $^4 ' ' 1^ 1921 (9 nlonths) ..'...., ^ .... .- ...'..■ ' 8 SUMMAEY OF TAMFFiINB'OKMBATIONi' 1&21. 409 Mil Calendar yean . r n t ! i r Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. MANUFAQTUEES'OF ALUMINUM Y^JRE. 1920.;..; Pounds. $337 1,-065- $51 Per cent. 15 1921 (9 months) : .: ;•;.', "BRASS WIRE. 1918 „„„.., ... . $3,087 32 2,283 1,84«' $463 5 M2, 1 16 1919 102 4,010 4,432' 15 W20 , 1921 (9 itiontte) '...'..: .■;'....;.■.'.-. . ' ; 15 ■ ' ■ '. . ■ ■.>'•,■ ■■' '■> III ■ -;i : ! •• ■ . U 7/ MANUFACTURES OF COPPER -WIRE. 1918 ....j;.. i.:... , $16,447 14,956 17, 071 ■ 34,634 $2; 467. ' ' 2|56r li lis 1919 1920. .i..L...^.... ; :..:....'. 1921 (9 months) ,. . •- 16 ■ - 15 'f WIRE OF IRON OR STEEL OR OTHER METAL COATED BY DIPPING, GALVANIZING, ETC. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) . - -29; 601 483, 623 14, 542 14,361 3,817 60, 932 4,808 $653 573 9, 140., 15 15 15 TELEGiRAPH, TELEPHONE, AND OTHER WIRES .AND CABLES. 1918 ; $17,964 44,966 59,074 138,604 $2,695 6,. 743 8i861 16 1919 174,981 327, 169 8.30,085 15 1920 i: - M 15 1921 (9 months).;, . ; WIRE OF IRON OR STEEL COVERED WITH COTTON, SILK, OR OTHER MATERIAL. 1918 . '.'.'. '. .1.'. ^1 $22,?I5 ■ 4480. 18,087, 31, 571 $3,422 822 2,713 15 1919 : ■. 5,767 58,276 • 39,433 '■ 15 1920 1921<9months) 15 WIRE ROPE. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 49,996 100,932 1,021,221 ,47,462 $6,740 18, 577 188,795 6,597 $2,022 ,5,573 56,038 30 30 30 ALL OrrHER WIRE, N. s. p. F. 1918 1919... 1920 1921 (9 months). .. 766,'689 2,398,923 1,262,353 $55, 418 63,224 203,029 171,909 $8,313 ' 9, '484 30,4fi4 15 ■16 15 ALL OTHER MANUFACTURES OF WlitE, N.'!s. P. r. . ■ ' •",,,"'.■■''.''' r: ,;: ■ i9i8.....r;.an,L;.'i ■ ^.i;i...i..-:i ■V,'2i8;767' ' 595, 138 :• i3SQ,601 $116,016 161, 475 277,648 208,085 $17,402 24, 221 41,647 15 16 15 1921 (Q months') ' ',t-ir--J.i.'il ■ ■ ■ 'il' 1- • .■.■■.;_•. *10 SUMMARY OF TAKIFFi INFORMATION"; 1921. !i Calenc!al!t.year. . i;; Quantity. Valuer Duty. L Ad valorem rate. WIKE HEDDLES AND HKAIiDS. 1918 :.... Thousands. 8,597 34,965 , Pounds. ' 78,701 68,486 114)661 ■ 72,313 113, 184 102,660 28,296 Per cent. ■ 25 1919 26 1920 ..!....;....* 25 1921 (9 months) In addition to this imported material, tliere were some imports of Tvire and wire manufactures for use in the construction and equip- ment 'of vessels. », . . .if! A considerable part of the manufactures of wire come from the United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, and France. - Exports. — The exports for the Calendar years 1918-1921 of wire :and wire products have been as follows : .; 1918 1919 1920 - 15,-689,554- .$4,760,942 65,551,602 $14,810,357 41,812,713 $10,191,273 ■1,748,883 $707,287 $4,225,019 $5,604,929 1,115,; 908 - $403,899 $4,379,478 «8, 816, 212- 1,169,087 $398,328 $2,148,294 $8, 208, 639 362,177,754 $20,704,503 $3,677,127 426,074,277 $24,641,-881 - $5,090,491 427,769j910 -$25,371,-776', $6,765,429 1921 . (9 months). •Cepper wire: Quantity (pounds). .'..'. Value 3rass wire: Quantity (pounds). ! . .«. Value "Wire rope : insulated wire and cables Wire, n. s. p.-:f.: i Quantity (pounds) Value :. Other manufactures of wire, n. s. p. f. . 10,146,666 $1,973,754 368,874 $132,119 $1,203,047 $7,621,996 130,554,482 $7,730,872 $2,641,442 Of the exported material, copper wire goes largely to the United Engdom, the Netherlands, Norway, and some other European coun- tries; brass wire, to the United Kingdom, Canada/ France) and: Bxazil; wire rope, to Mexico, Canada, and Cuba; wire, n. s. p. f., ito Argentina,^ ■Canada, Australia, and Brazil; and i other manufactures of wire to •Canada, Cuba, Argentina, and the United Kingdom. • r Important changes in classiJication.—CoTsei clasps, corset steels, etc;,' which arfi included in the corresponding paragraph of the act of 1913 , ; 19^9 ■ '1921' (9ini)ii);tu}, Galvanized wire: Quantity (pounds) Value x-fft-i Galvani«ed-wire fencing: ■ i I • / Quantity (pounds) Valraa:^.SM' .■^nr., ■ [•- i.. !;■■'■■' -..i. .'\^ -'! Production. — ^In the figures of the Federal Census the country's out- put of woven-wire cloth is included with that of other woven-wire prpdupts. Excluding woven-wire fencing and poultry nettings, the output of woven-wire products in the United States in 1919 amoxmted to 26,610 short tons, valued at $4,274,200. In 1914 the country's output was 22,720 tons, valued at $2,822,700. ; Imports and exports. — The imports and exports of woven-wire cloth are not separately tabulated by the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. Important changes in classification. — ^Woven-wire cloth was not sep- arately specified in the act of 1913, but was. classified among " articles 'tnanufactlired wholly or in chief value of any wire or wires provided for" in this section.iinder paragraph 114, bt'sls "articles or w'areSnot specially provided for * * * if composed wholly or in' chief value of * * * metal" uiider paragraph 167. . PARAGRAPH 319. i H. R. 7456. SENATE iLMENDMENTS. Pab. 319. Iron or steels iantehors and; i parts thereof; forginge of iron or steel, o^^ , . ' of combined iron and steel, not machined, ' ' " tooled, or otherwise advanced in condi- tion by any process or operation siibse- ' quent to the forging process, not specially provided for, 25 per centum ad valorem. , ,1 > , ACT OF 1S09. - ACT OF ,1013. ; Par. 1^3. Iron or steel anchorsor parts iPARvlOB- Iron or stegl ancjifl^s, or parts %hereof,^ one cent per pound; forgings of thereof; fbrgings of'iTon br eteei, or of iron or ■ steel, or of -combined iron and ' iiombined iton and steel, but Hot; ma- steel, but not machined, tooled, or other- chined, tooled, .or otherwiefe advaincediin ,wige, advanced .in,., condition, Jay. any, , condition by any process or operation •(procq^s^ pr' operation subsequent to. the, subsequent to the- forging process, not T6r|iiig procei'sy,' ilot sp«tially provided specially' 'provided fot in this secYion!j 'IS "for in this section,' thirty per centum ad - per cehtlim afl'*alt)raM;' * * *. '*'t valorem; J*, * *. , ' ■ ., t ,->?•' • oii' '!'"'',oi. ■ ':< 'tj ANCHOES. "'•■■' '-''■'■' ' ■' "' . ,,-|,i -);,' 1 i.if; ,., (See Survey ^5.). ■■ " > ,• 'i : -.;J- IXescrip^on. — -'^he making of anchors, once a formidable pipce.of smitjh.work,.is a simple operation witK the^use of the steam hammer, jjtlie shftnk of a large, anqhor i^ built up by welding together fears of iiioii. K-Although many anchorsiare forged, ;c,ast-stepT anchors ,are,)Used to a .cohsiderable extent. ., . ,; .• _ ,. ; r ^ , .Production- — ^There, are! no reliable, statistics as to putput, but even 'during the -war- time expansion in shapbuirding domestic needs .werp amply supplied by American plants. Certain manufacturers fepbrted to the Tariff Commission that the output in 1920 was only about one- quarter the quantity and only one-seventh the value of the 1918 total. England is the largest producer. 414 SUMMAEY OF TARIFF' INFORMATION, 1921. ii.i/mjswjrfe; for consumption are smally amounting in 1917 to about 48,133 pounds (about 21.5 gross, tons), valued at, $2,61L Later -Statis'tiesf follow':' ; 'n^'i; i- ;■-. -, ■ :,i ■ '•■' ■- . 'i "■ - '■'^!!i- ■ Calendar yte&r. ■■ i'' . Quantity: ' Value. Duty. Ad' valorem rate. 1918..;. :.v. ....^:..:.^1.. i Pounds. 37,344 51 064 .6,323 , Jl,616 7,216 3,127 2,036 tl94'' 866 375 Per cent. 12 ^|^jtfS'r-.i.--M-I-o--"^---!--'- ■"-■-• 12 12 1921 (9 months) -r,,.^ i ...:... '• .'.,-_ -j!l').- , Ii^j^^ji^ttion to , tiigs^ , ipiports there was a larger importation .qf aiijc^oiis' for vessel jSupplie^, construction and equipment; of vessels, and a small apiount-- for tjxe . repair of vessels. In 1918, 105,971 poiinds, valued at 14,420, were importedras supplies of vessels;-; 501,42j) pounds, valued at $35,936, for tKe construction and equipment of vessels; and 120 pounds, valued„at $20, for the repair oi vessels. These were imported duty free. In 1919 such importations fell off greatly, but 456,449 pounds, valued' at $51,432, were imported for the coi^teggtion and equipnient of vessels. . ,_> Exporisl—^one recorded. Certain firms, however, do some export business — especially in smaller anchors — 'with the Far East, Latin America, and even in Europe. ; ' '; ' FORGINGS. (See Survey C-5.) ■ ' ■ i DescripUiofiand uses.— Forgings are metals which have undergone the process of hammering or pressing into special shapes while hot. Origmally forging was solely a hammering process, but w:ith, large masses to be treated,. pressing has come into use, especially for mak- ing heavy forgings of steel. Many small articles of common use, such as balls, screws, rivet blanks, nuts, nails, etc., are forged by machinery. Many articles of intricate patterns are drop-forged, i. e., a heated piece of metal is put on a lower die placed on the anvil of a drop hammer which, f all- mg from a height, carries the upper die and stamps the plastic metal into shape. Such drop forgings are largely used in motor vehicles for levers, treadles, connecting rods, and the like. The "finishing process" consists in aimealing, or tenipering,the forged material and thein machining it. ' ' ' • ; , Production. — Forgings reipresent a vast variety of articles. Accord- ing to the American MetaJ Market the country's output of forged work done in MMgiMls and steel works amounted to 1,295,566 gross tojis in 1918 and to 534,346. gross tons in 1919. This product iiivolved stfSh items "as anchors, armor plate, axles, eyebars, gun carriage's, etc. ' ' '' ' ' ■■ •• SUMMAKY or TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 4T5 Imports of ordinary forged iron and steel, i. e., not finished or ad- vanced beyond the forging proceiss, are not large. In 1917 they amounted to only $37,302. Later statistics follow: "^ calendar ypar. i . ; n ; Quantity. Value. ! .Duty. Ad valorem rate. , 1918 .-'....-...... ■ " Pounds. ■ t394,566 51,312 35, 103 23,618 ' $47,348 6,167 4,212 Per cent. 12 1919 361, 6^5'' 184,096' 141,364 12 1920 .;..... . 12 1921 (9 months) In addition to these imports other forgings for the construction and equipment of vessels, for the , Uiiited States Govemjilefiit .'an^ for diplomatic officers came into thd' country free of du'ty. In 19 Id, 485,777 pdtmds, valued at $79,152, were imported fof the construc- tion and equipment of vessels; 6,583,124 pounds,' valued at $754,706, for the Government of the United States; anid in 1918,' 43,383,685 pounds, valued at $2,576,831, for diplomatic 'officers. Exports. — Exports since 1917,^ calendar years, have been as fljl- lows: 1918, $27,679,680; 19f9, $1,88T,814; 1920, $1,833,925; 1921 (9 months), $358,299. Some ;of the important countries receiving this exported ma,terial are Canada, France, the United^ Kingdom, Japan, Italy, Spain, and Mexico. - •^'- '^ PARAGRAPH 320. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pak. 320. Electric storage batteries and parts thereof,, storage battery plates and storage battery plate raaterial, wholly or partly manufactured, all the foregoi.ng not specially pro-vided for, 30 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OP 1913. [Olassable according to component ma- [Olassable according to component ma- terial of chief value.] ' ' terial of chief value.] ELECTRIC STORAGE BATTERIES AND PARTS. - (See Survey C-13.')-, Description and uses. — ^An'electric battery is an apparatus, consist- ing of one or more cells, used for the generation of voltaic electricity. A storage battery— also called secondary battery and accumulator— is for the so-called storagei of electricityv ' In storage batteries the elec- trodes are commonly leftd plates surrounded by dilute sulphuric acid. During the discharge lead sulphate is formed on the plates, the action being similar to that of the' primary battery. The action of the storage battery is, however, reversible, since, by passing a current through the battery in the opposite direction, the plates are restored to their original state, iand ai'e again capable of delivering a current. ?41t6 . SUMMASY/ OfF: ■ TARIFF 1 IKFOEMATHOS^ ! 1921. . 011ft oelliuistially«OAtains&6Tjerd,lplateSi ■ The automobile industrjiis a large Mser of stoc^gelbatiberies. , Tliesmairafacturel of [plates and con- nections for storage batteries bas beeodie a, very imjjortant outlet for lead. In the storage cell invented by Edison the plates are perforated cases of nickel, containing nickel oxide and finely divided iron, surrounded by an alkaline solution. Production ^^^In 1919 the production of storage batteries was valued at $'56,648,347, and of parts for storagebatteries, at $3,387,805. The corresponding' figures for 1914 were $10,615,150' and $2,465,814. Imports. — None recorded. Exports. — Exports of batteries for recent calendar years were as follows:., 1918, $3,178,437;, 1,919, $5,998,^37; 1.920, ^6,633:^5^^; and . 1921 (9 inont$s),,J3,267,726. This exported material, gpes principally to the .United Kingdpm, Argentine,; Australia, and Cuba. Important 'chq,nges iji- classification. — New, specific pro visionr; the fate of duty under the apt of 1913 d^ehds.upon the component niatefial of chief value. ,, ; ,, i Suggested changes. — Page ,51, line. 5, of iH, K.'7456: Ii^sert. comma lifter "plates." i,; i T PARAGRAPH 321. 'h.'b,; 7456. SBNAXE AMENDMENTS. Pak. 321. Antifriction balls and rollers, metal balls and rollers commonly uBgd"tn ball or roller bearings, metal ball or roller bearings, and parts thereof, wbether fin- ished or^uji;^n|^^4.>, |oJ whatever use in- tended,- 10" cents per -pound and 35 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. .' ' , .JVC^ O:^^ 1913. Par. 128.* * * antifriction balls, [., Pae. 106. *^ ■■^,!' *' antiiriction. balls, ball bearings, and roller bearings, of "ball bearings,' 'add roller bearings, of irqn iron or steel or other metal, finished or or steel or other metal, finished or uh- unfinished, i.foi;ty-five per centum ad finished, an^,parts.1^«reof-, 35 per centum valorem. " "^ '- ad valorem. AJJTIFBICTlQlir BALLS ANiJ BEARINGS. ; Description and uses. — ^Aji,ti£ri.ction bearings consist of metal balls or rollers fitted between two metar cases in such a way that a shaft may be inserted ifltq.the inner oase, and thft outer case into"-, the. bearing frame;, I the cpntact, bietwe^n- the two. cases, b,feingthrO(Ughr, balls, or rollers., ! This arrftngemenit substitutes a roUjng tepntact f on thfi. sliding .-^ofitajjt of the> ordinary .bearing and, thus Jgduoes frictifliii ,- ,;'* . tu >Ehe' lautomobile industry, is the largest consumler pf rball and roller jjj^ariiigs; ,the bicyple,,aff!o;Ffis,fexamples of the use ,0l;iball. bearings. 'Some antifriptiofi bearings, are used in,! screw ,-jacka,jmajiyi. machine -toQ3fljye]jev|(tprs, etc.; .-v)..;i-_ , ...ii .; • , . . ,,'..;. ■ -_ i ■ ;. ,;• ! 1 <)'i|y,p(^"w«4*p»4n-The,iio,m«gtic iljdwstry has gone; extensively iiito both .J^f>fia'Ofribeating — roUerjftndibali-i), Thet'EUW^P.eain ind}j^tr;y has. given attention chiefly to the ball bearing. SUMMARY OF. TAMFB IHffORMATION, 1921. 417 /mporfs.— Imports -of antifriction bearings in 1917 timounted in value to over $1,500,000, of /wjiich pve^ $1,488,000 consisted of ball bearings aa distinguisbed from balls, parts, and roller bearings. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Ad valorem rate. ANTIFRICTION BALLS. 1918 I9l4..;. im^: 1921 (9 months) $27,'.619 23,817 ,474,176 10,344 PALL SEARINGS. 1918,.,..,,.., 1920.. ..,,,41,... :;:::'::::::::::i:::::::":;::::::::: :::!::) $5lMg •49, B^ $181,820 i;i7,K8 ..mm. 35 35 35 1921 (9 months)... '..... 1 ......: ROLLER BEARINGS. 1918 ; ■ $18,636 248 9,679 $6,523 87 35 1920 I 35 1921 (9 months) .':....: ANTIFRICTION BEARINGS, ETC., PARTS THEREOF. 1918 - - $33,439 177^58^' 9,638. $11,704 35 1919 1920., r j.jj.|..,f[.. -r 1 35 35 -'"'(■ , " 1 - ' - ' ' , Some of .tbe' most important contributing na,tions ,were Sweden, Caiiada, and lately Germany. , ^} Exports. — None recorded. ' ,...', ^ Important changes in classification.- — Antifriction balls and bearings arei treated in a smgle paragraph instead of being combined %& in tbe ac| of (1913 witb ^nchprs and forgihgs of ii36n,(^r^^^^^ " ;ii.i. PARAGRAPH 322. H. B. 7456. ^ . SEITATE AMEITDMBNTS. Pae. 322. Railway fishplates or splice bars, made of iron or steel, One-fourth of 1 cent per pound; all othei; railway bars maiie of iifan or steel, and railwaly bars ' made in ^art of sted; T rails, 'and pumched • ■ irfan' or ^^te^. flat; rails, -seven^fortiethfl of l.^eijtper poJipd^, ., . , 418 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1821. ACT OF 1909. :,i!i- , Pah. 126. Railway bars, maae-of iron or steel, and- railway bars made in part of steel, T rails and punched iron or steel flat rails, seven-fortieths of one cent per pound; railway fish-plates or splice-bars, made of iron or steel , three-tenths of one cen\ per pound . ■''■'■'■■' ACT OE 1913, V,,. txR. 108. Rjtiiway fish plates 6r splibe bars inade Gf iron" or steel, 10 p6f^'centutri ad valorem. .• -■■■.■ /i.fi :, Par. 587. Railway bars, made of iron or steel, and railway bars made in part of steel, T rails, and punched iron or steel flat rails [Free]. ' KAIL SPLICE BARS AND BRACES. (See Survey C— 6.) Description and iwes.— Splice bars, fishplates; tie plates, etc., are used for connecting endwise and holding in place rails oh a roadbed. They embrace the general group of rail joints and fastenings, but not spikes, bolts, nuts, and similar material. Production in 1917 amounted to 528,403 gross tons, and in 1920 to 575,830 gross tqns. Imports in 1917 of railway fishplates .and sphce bars, amounted to .350 gross tons, valued at $13,116. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 . Pounis,. '. 127,080 1,033,031 1,731,787 * 14,980' JS,678 29,831 2,983 5,138 .Per cent. 10 1919 10 1920 10 1921 (9 months) ._....... . . :; Exports are rnuch larger. In 1917 the exports of railway track material, excluding rails and spikes, amounted to $9,108,617. Sta- tistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows: 1918, $5,582,860; 1919,, $9^280,7.25^ 1920, $7,570,236; 1921,(9 months), $5,751,897. The prifacipal' " countries of destination were ' Cuba, Japan, France, Brazil, and European Russia. ■' ' Suggested changes. — In vieiw of the importance of tie plates, these should be mentioned, as well as railway fishplates or splice bars, and " all other railway bars miade of irbn or steel," designated by the term "rail braces." The latter term i^ ttiofe specific thah the phrase "all other railway bars mad e of iron or steel," and is sufficiently inclusive to describe with precision what is intended to be covered in this part of the paragraph. RAILS. (See Survey 0^6.) Description and uses. — Rails for steam and electric railways are heavy or light, the former 50 pounda or more per linear yard, and the latter less than 50 pounds. Rails with a weight of 85 to 125' pounds are standard for the leadii^ railroads; light rails go mostly into mining, lumbering, and other industrial operations. Pfadtieally all rails are now made of steel. The raw material of heavy rails is the steel ingot; and of light rails, largely old heavy rails. Old heavy ■StlMMARY OFiTAEiFlf INFOEMATION', 1921. 419 rails constitvite Qi6 raVmaterial for splice barS. Most rails, light and heavy, are T rails. ; About 3 to 5 per cent of ,the produptioii of the rail mills of the United; States consists of girder and high T rails for electric and street railways. i PrOdudtion of rails in 1913 iamouhted to 3,502,780 gross tons, and ih 1920 ito 2,604,116 gross tons, nearly 90 per cent heavy rails. For- merly Germany manufactured over .1,000,000 tons of rails per year, and Great Britain between 800,000 and 1,000,000 tons, France, Bel- gium, Russia, and Canada following. Imports. — Imports of bars and rails for railways, small compared with exports, are shown for the period 1918-1921 as foUows: 1913 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Iron rails and b^rs for railways: , ; Quantity Ctoiis) .' ; . ■ Value. ..;.;...;iii.'l<.a.."l-.i.-...' ;U...... Eaik and bars for railways^ steel or part steel: Quantity (tons) ,. yalue ,.... I.T.I,'..; '.If ...,...;.... 8,336 $319,380 200 $14,014 11008 $651,830 - $28,183 44,798 $1,894,226 167 $5,522 17,455 $69;;, 926 Imported rails Coktie mainly frorii Canada,' a few from Mexico: Exports. — Exported rails consist of steel. For the calendar years since 1917 exports have been as follows: ' 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (toils).'. . ..... 1 : 453,537' $26,402,864 ' t(52,443 $38,986,855 594,628 $36,193,689 282,162 $16,863,894 Value These exports went mainly to Japan, the Dutch East Indies, Brazil, and China. During the war period a large tonnage of steel rails was shipped to France and Russia.! fn the fiscal year 1916 over half the steel rails exported from the tJnited States were shipped to European and Asiatic? Russia- ' Imyportant changes iri dassifieation. — Rails, including railway bars made of iron or steel, have been transferred from the free list of the actof 1913 (par. 587). PARAGRAPH 323. , H. R. 7466. ^ : , Par. 323. Axles and parts thereof, axle bars, axle blaaks, and forgings for axles, of iron or steel, without reference to the stage or state of manufacture, not specially provided for, valued at not more than 6 cents per pound, six-tenths of 1 cent per pound: Provided, That when iron or steel axles are imported fitted in wheels, or parts of wheels, of iron or steel, they shall be dutiable at the same rate as the wheels in which they are fitted. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 420 SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921, ACT OF 11909. Pah. l42. Axles, or parts thereoi, axlle bars, axle blanks, or for^iigsi'for axlbs', whether of iron or steel, without reference .to the stage or state .ol manufacture, ,p<>t otherwise provided tor ,in this sectiop, valued at ridt iriore tUak' six cents pfer pound, three-fourths of onte cent per pound: Provided, That wheii iron or steel axles are imported fitted in wheels, or, parts of wheels, of iron or steel, they shall ' be dutiable at the same rate'ag the wheela in which they are fitted.! ■ ' I, , ACT OF 1913. PAii, 121.' Axles, iJi* parts thereof, axle 'bairs; 'axle biltais, or forgihgs' for axles, whether of iroii or steelj wilihoift reference )bo, ttie. stage oJ* state, of manufacture'^ -..I...... 1919...... ' I'ounds'.^ 56,286 316,936 ..... 767 2,113 107, 119 109, S5 211: 10,712 Percent'' ^10 1920 10 l^piC^ months)..,,..,-..,. ,,..-•.'.,..,.... ....,: Exports. — None recorded. — r , PARAGRAPH i^24. l'.\K. 324. Wheels for railway purposes, and parts thereof, of iron or steel, and steel-tired wheels for railway purposes, wholly or partly finished, and iron or steel locoinoti e, car, or other railway tires and parts thereof, wholly or partly manufactured, 1 cent per pound: Pro- rided, That when wheels for railway pur- poses, or parts thereof, of iron or steel, are imported with iron or steel axles fitted in them, the wheels and axles together shall be dutiable at the same rate as is provided for the wheels when imported separately. SENATE 'AftlBftl^ENTS. STJMMAEY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 421 ACT OF 1909. Par. 171. Wheelff for railway puf^es, or parte thereof, made of iron or steel, and steel- tired wheels for railway purposes, whether wholly or partly finished, and iron or steel locomotive, car, or other rail- way tires or parts thereof, wholly or partly manufactured, one and one-fourth cents per pound; ingots, cogged ingots, blooms, or blanks tor the same, without regard to ^the degree of. manufacture, one cent per pbunii: Provided, That when wheels for i^lway purposes, or parts thereof, of iron or steel, afe- imported with iron or steel axles fitted in them, the wheels and axles together shall be dutiable at the same rate as is provided for the wheels when imported separately. ACT OF 1913. Par. 142. Wheels'fof railway purposes, or parts thereof, made of iron or steel, and Bteel-tired wheels for railway purposes, whether wholly or partly finished, and iron or steel locomotive, car, or other rail- way tirea or parts thereof, wholly or partly manufactured, 20 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That when wheels for railway purposes, or parts thereof, of iron or steel, are imported with iron or steel axles fitted in them, the wheels and axles together shall be dutiable at the' same rate aa is provided fbi^ the wheels when impbirted separately. ;j ' : i WHEELS FOB RAILWAY PURPOSES. ,,,;(See Survey C-ls!,) Descriptitih. — -The car wheels in general domestic use are either of chUled cast iron, cast steel, or rolled steel. A car wheel made with a csist or forged center piece, about which a steel tire is shrunk, is used to some extent. Locomotive drive(/W;h'eel9 are of this type. ' Production. — It has been estimated th4t 3,000,000 ohUled c'ast-irdi^' wheels, valued at $40,000,000, were produced in 1917. According to the 1920 Census there were produced in 1919, 117,700 "gross tons of car and locomotive wheels, rolled or forged, valued at $17,044,700. Pennsylvania has a larger number of manufacturers than any other State; Michigan, New York, and Ohio follow. European concerns havie not developed the chilled cast-iron or rolled-steel wheels which are the predominant types here. The bulk of foreign production has been the steel-tired wheel. Such wheels are likewise made here, and (according to report) before the war could be produced as cheaply as in Europe. Imports of wheels for raUway purposes in 1918 (fiscal year) were valued at $194,316, over five times the value of the imports in 1914. These figures include wheels^ tires, and axles inserted in wheels. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. , ■ , Duty. Ad valo- rem rate. 1918 ■ Pounds: 1,368,263 936,006 258,360 7,520 $69,444 32,^40 8,392 821 $13,889 ,; 6,488 1,678 Per cent. 20 1919 i ... . . 20 1920 ; 20 1921 (9 months) ..,' Exports. — Exports of car wheels have been as follows^: 1916, $741,542; 1917, $2,384,973; 1918, $6,889,084; 1919, $11,843,738; 1920, $9,061,305; and 1921 (9 months), $2,577,671. These exports went chiefly to France, Cuba, Canada, Japan, and Italy. 1 1916 «ad 1917, fiscal years; 191S-1921, calendar years. 422 SUMMARY OF TABIFF INFORMATION,, 1921, PARAGRAPH 325. H. R. 7456. Par. 325. Anvils of iron or steel, or of. iron and steel combined, by whatevpr process made, or iu -whateyer stag^ of manufacture, 1-f cents per pound. , ACT OF 1909. Pab. 140. Anvils of iron or steel, or of iron and steel combined, by whateyer process naade, or in whatever stage of manufa.cture, one anji five-eighths ceiats, per pound. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. I Par. 118. Anvils, of iron or steel, , or of iron and steel combined, by whatever process made, o^ in whateyer stage of manufacture, 15 per centupi a^ valorem, ANVILS. (See Survey C-9.) Description. — ^Anvils may be either cast or wrought (forged). They are of several types, the ordinary blacksmith's anvil, the small anvils used by jewelers, and heavy blocks for power hammers. Production of wrought anvils in 1911 was estimated at 2,60p.,000 pounds. An increase in domestic pit^oduction has followed the declin- ing imports since the beginning of the war and the demand created by military operations. Colunibus, Ohio is the center of manufacture in this c'ountry. England, Germany, and Sweden are the principal foreign producers. Imports of anvils were 727,502 pounds in 1914. A considerable portion of the imports consists ; of Swedish cast anvils, tater statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918. 1919. 1921 (9 months) . Pounds, 10,863 88,961 .^5,805 34,650 W, 161 14,458 33,820 3.471 1174 2,169 , S,073 Per ant. 15 . 15 15 Exports. — None recorded. Suggested changes.— T>uty at the rate of If cents per pound on jewelers' anvils would be practically negligible. PARAGRAPH 326. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 326. Blacksmiths' hammers, tongs, and sledges, track tools, wedges, and crowbars, of iron or steel, 1| cents per pound. '■'■■'-!■ ■' -•' . ACT OF 1909. Par. 143. Blacksmith's hammers and sledges, track tools, wedges, and crow- bars, whether pf iron or steel, one and three-eighths cents per pound. ACT OF 1913. Par. 122. 'Blacksmiths' hammers,tongs, and sledges, track tools, wedges, and crowbars, whether of iron or steel, 10 per centum ad valorem. summaky of tariff information, 1921. 423 blacksmiths' tools. (See Survey 0-9.) Production. — No data are available as to the domestic output of blacksmiths' hammers, tongs, and sledges, track tools, wedges, and crowbars, but these manufactures are known to have been large. Imports are small, aggregating in 1914, 23,340 poundsj valued at $1,661. Later statistics are as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 . . Pounds. 9,668 2,911 $751 593 5,318 1,502 175 59 532 Per cent. 10 1919...- 10 1920 10 1921 (9 months).... : Exports. — Exports of hammers and hatchets are large compared with imports. During the calendar years 1918-1921 Qiey were as follows: 1918, $484,679; 1919, $973,547; 1920, $1,303,185; 1921 (9 months), $597,793. The principal countries of destination were Cuba, Brazil, Argentina, and Australia. PARAGRAPH 327. H. K. 7456. Par. 327. Cast-iron pipe of every de- scription, cast-iron andirons, plates, stove plates, sadirons, tailors' irons, hatters' irons, but not including electric irons, and castings and vessels wholly of cast iron, including all castings of iron or cast-iron plates which have been chiseled, drilled, machined, or otherwise advanced in condition by processes or operations subsequent to the casting process but not made up into articles, or parts thereof, or finished machine parts; castings oi malleable iron not specially provided for; cast hollow ware, coated, glazed, or tinned, but not including enameled ware or hollow ware containing electrical elements, 10 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Par. 146. Cast-iron pipe of every de- scription, one-fourth of one cent per pound. Par. 147. Cast-iron a,ndirons, plates, stove plates, sadirons, tailor's irons, hat- ter's irons, and castings and vessels wholly of cast iron, eight-tenths of one cent per pound. All castings of iron or cast-iron plates which have been chiseled, drilled, machined, or otherwise advanced in con- dition by processes or operations subse- SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 125. Cast-iron pipe of every de- scription, cast-iron andirons, plates, stove plates, sadirons, tailor's irons, hatter's irons, and castings and vessels wholly of cast iron, including all castings of iron or cast-iron plates which have been chiseled , drilled, machined, or otherwise advanced in condition by processes or operations subsequent to the casting process but not made up into articles or finished machine parts p castings of malleable iron not spe- 424 StJMMMlY/OPITABrFF INKOBMATIOK,' 1921. ACT OF 1913. cially provided for in this section; cast fiollow ware, coated, gljazed, or tinned, 10 per centum jad. Tfilprpm . ; , , , \ , ACT OF 1909. quent to the casting process but notlnade up into articles, shall pay two-tenths of One <;ent per pound more than the- rate imposed upon th^ castings of irop ;and &^t-irbn. plates hereinbefore provided for. Pab. 148. Castings of rilalteable iroM not Specaally provided for in fhis section, seven-tenths of one cent per pound. Pae. 149. Oast hollow ware, coated, glazed, or tinned, one and one-half cents per pound. IRON CASTINGS. .. , (See Survey 0-11.) 1 Description and uses.— These articles include (1) a variety of familiar commodities made of cast iron, (2) castings of malleable iron, and (3) cast hollow ware, coated, glazed, or tinned. Malleable cast iron is a crude form of wrought iron obtained by decarbonization. The castings are made in the oraiiiary w&y from low silifcon iron with Httle phosphorus and sulphur; they are embedded in oxide of ironoi' peroxide of manganese and' heated to a red heat until' most of the carbon is removed from the surface. ' "■ Production. — Available statis-tics cover Only cast-iron pij)ei, includ- ing fittings, with an output in 1913 of 1,266,245 net tons; in 1916 of 1,214,333 tons; in 1918 of 619,673 toils; and in 1920 of 886,515 tons. Imports. — During the fiscg-l year, 1918 the; imports of iron castings amounted to 3,324,002 pounds, or 1,662 short tons, valued.at $181,258. More'than one-half of this imported material consisted of cast-iron plates, stove plates and irons, sadirons, tailors' irons, hajtters' irons and castings, and vessels wholly of capt iron. Only a, little over 10 per cent consisted of cast-iron pipe and about 25 per cent of malleable iron castings, n. s. p. f. Later statistics follow: ' >- Calendar year. CAST-IEON PIPE. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Pounds. '■' '■ '' ' 269,364 $5,074 »507 164,945 6,226 i > . 623 • 670,224 41,074, .,, '4107 27,294 2,052 Per cent,, 10 U 16 OAST.^1RON ANDIRONS, PLATES, STOVE PLATES, ETC. 1918..,, I9l9.'......'. 1920.... 1921 (9 months).. 1,631,225 1,559,012 2,383,842 i 739,783 tl03,309 147,607 225,863 61,719 ,tlO,331 14 t61 22,586 10 10 10 IRON OR CAST IRON PLATES, (3HISELfiD, DEItLED, ETC. 1918 1919,. 1920 1921 (9 months). 381,592 47,247 129,181 12,724 (24,884 4,307 13,147 12:488 431 1,315 10 10 10 SUMIVIAKY /OF TARIFF INFORMATION^ 1921. 425 "jirxv/: Calendar year. CAST-IEON HOLLOW WARE, COATED, GLAZED, OR TINNED. 1918 Pounis. 5,317 3,575 214,632 12,690 $461 425 15,066 1702 S46 42 1,607 Per cent. 10 1919 10 1920 : ' 10 1921 (9 months) CASTINGS OF MALLEABLE IRON, N. s. P. P. 1918 681,423 1919 1,319,233 1920 6,696,068 1921 (9 months) 1,867,154 »71,235 107,163 668,331 186,416 Exports. — Exports, a large proportion of which, is in the form of cast-iron pipe and fittings, are much greater than imports. ;| Statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 are as follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Cast-iron tjlpe fittings: Qiiantity (pounds). ...... Value ...; Iron and steel castings, n. e. s 125,362,066 $6,665,597 $4,535,553 88,379:704 $5,177,752 $4,;508,044 153,254,227 $9,763,446 $6,810,511 96,080,'663 $6,617,832 $3,414,263 The principal cdimtries of destination are Cuha, Mexico, and Canada, j Important changes in dassijication.— The exclusion of electric irons and the limitation relative to electrical elements are, new. Suggested changes. — ^Page 52, line 25, and page 53, line, 1, of H. R. 7456: If the word "or" connecting " enameled ware " and "hollow ware" is not intended to make the words "enameled w'are" and "hoUow ware" apply to the same thing, it shpuld be changed to "and." PARAGRAPH 328. H. B. 7456. Par. 328. Lap-welded, butt-welded, seamed, or jointed iron or steel tubes, pipes, flues, and stays, not thinner than sixty-five one-thousandths of an inch, if nroli iiBBS than thrfee-eighths of an inch in diameter, three-fourths of I cent per pound ; if less than three-eighths and not fes8|than olie-foUrth of an inch in diam- eter, IJ cents per pound ; if less than one- fourth of an inch in diameter, IJ cents per |>ouiid: Provided, That no tubes, pipes, flues, or stays made of charcoal iron wiall pay a less rate of diity than IJ cents per pound; cylindrical and tubular tanks or vessels, for holding gas, liquids, SENATE AMENDMENTS. 426 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, liB21. SENATE A3IENSMENTS. H. B. 7456. or other material, whether full or empty; welded cylindrical furnaces, tubes and flues made from plate metal, whether corrugated, ribbed,' or otherwise rein^ forced against collapsing pressure, and all other finished or unfinished iron or steel tubes not specially provided for, 20 per centum ad valorem; flexible metal tubing or hose, whether covered with wire or other material, including any appliances or attachments affixed thereto, not specially provided for, and rigid iron or steel tubes or pipes prepared and lined or coated in any manner suitable for use as conduits for electrical conductors, 25 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Par. 151. Lap-welded, butt-welded, seamed^, or jointed iron or, steel tubes, pipes, flues, or stays, not thinner than number sixteen wire gauge, if not less than three-eighths of an indi in diameter, one cent per pound; if less than three-;, eighths of: an inch and not less than one- fourth of an inch in diameter, one and one-half cents per pound; if less than one-fourth of an indi in .diameter, two cents per pound : Provided, That no tubes, pipes, flues, or stays, made of charcoal iron, shall pay a less rate of duty than one and one-half cents per pound; cylindrical or tubular tanks or vessels, for holding gas, liquids, or other material, whether full or empty, thirty, per centum ad valorem; flexible metal tubing or hose, , , not specially provided for in this section, ' Whether covered with wire or other mate- rial, or otherwise, including any appli- ances or attachments, affixed thereto, thirty per centum adi valorem; welded cylindrical furnaces, tubes' or flues made from plate metal, and corrugated, ribbed, or otherwise reinforced against coUapsii^- pressure, two cents per pound; all other iron or steel tubes, finished, not specially provided for in this section, thirty per centum ad valorem.'" : .. TUBES, PIPES, AND TANKS. (See Survey C-12,) Description. — This paragraph covers pipes, tubes, cylinders, tanks, etc., made of iron and steel, exceptinSg east-iron pipes. While cast'- iron pipes are cast in molds and the center is cored out, welded pipes are made from narrow plates of steel or wrought iron called skelp, which is rolled into shape and the edges welded together. When the edges simply come together, the welding is callea butt- welding, and when they overlap, lap-welding. Riveted pipe, ordi- narily made only in large sizes, is frequently formed in spirals of sheet iron or steel or by simply curling the sheet so as to make* ACT OF 1913. Par. 127. Lap -welded, butt -welded, seamedj' or jointed ■ iron or steel tubes, pipes, flues, or stays; cylindrical or tubular tanks or vessels, for holding gas, liquids, or other material, whether full or empty; flexible metal tubing or hose, not specially provided for in this section, whether covered with wire or other mate- rial, or otherwise, including, any appli- ances or attachments affixed thereto; welded cylindrical fianaces, tubes or flues made from plate metal, and corru- gated, ribbed, or otherwise reenforced against collapsing pressure, and all other iron or steeL tubes, finished, not specially provided for in this section, 20 per centum ad vailorem. SUMMARY or TARIFF INEORMATION, 1921. 427 horizontal joint, the overlapping edgesy in either case, being riveted together. , ,, Production. — The domiestic ioutptit of wrought iron and steel pipe and boiler tubes in 1916 amounted to 2,651,058 gross tons and in 1920 to 3,002,725 gross tons. In 1914 there were 36 establishments engaged in tl^e manufacture of wrought-iron pipe alone, with an aggregate capital of $39,407,6'28, employing 8,745 wage earners whose output was valued at $37,655^229. In 1919 there were 51 establishments with an output valued at $84,011,000. Other great iron and steel producing countries, like Great Britain and Germany, also have a large output. Imports. — Imports are insignificant compared with production and exports. Since 1917 they have been as follows : Calendar ytor. Ad valorem rate. TUBES, PIPES, FLUES AND STAfS, LAP WELDED, BUTT WELDED, ETC. 1918 1919 ; 1920 1921 (9 months) Poimd^.. 778,798 2,076,179 527, 122 63,508 $45,458 87,519 39,886, 9,272 $9,092 17,504 7,977 Per cent. 20 20 TANKS OR.VESSELS, CYLINDRICAL OR TUBULAR, ETC. 1918 Number. $148,587 263,878 535,156 162,054 $29,649 52,775 107,031 1919 26,235 IMO 20 1921 (9 months) FURNACES, WELDED, CYLINDRICAL, ETC. 1918 .- _ Pounds. 103,474 92,806 59,580 ' 6,793 $15,237 17,103 8,777 2,.035 $3,047 3,421 1,755 20 1919 ; 20 1920 :..... 20 1921 (9 months) ALL OTHER FINISHED IRON OI I STEEL TUBES, N.s P. P. 1918 ; $17,471. 7tf 1J,.976 46,031 -. ■ $3,494 15 2,795 20 1919 104)012 295,056 20 1920........ ; '. 20 1921 (9 months) FLEXIBLE METAL TUBING, HOSE , ETC. 1918 $1,221 231 25,458 21,392 $244 46 5,092 20 1919 20 1920. ... 20 1921 (9 months) ^ In addition to these, there were some importations of furnaces, welded, cylindrical, etc., and flexible metal tubing Or hose, for the Iquipment of vessels. In 1919, 627,071 pounds, valued at $151,041 of the former were imported; in 1920 the imports amounted to 59,580 pounds, valued at $8,777. 428 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOBMATIOiN, 1921. i Exports. — Exports in theform of boiler tubes have been since 1917 (calendar year) as follows: 1918, $6,405,728; 1919, $7,916,66i5>; 1920, $6;0|7?,930; 1921 (9 months), 13,149,345. Exports of pipes and fit- tings have been as follows : ■ Pipes and fittings, wrought: Quantity (pounds) .' . Valuej: 1918 201,560,061 !$14,993,967 1919 528,819.607 135, 229! 750' 1920 , 637, 888, 077 $43,774,296 1921 !(9montli^). 6,89,031,930 The principal countncis of destinftstion were Canada, Japan^ Cuba, Mexico, and France. Important changes in classification. — ^A minimum rate is fixed for tubes, pipes, flues, or stays made of charcoal iron, as in the act of 1909. Special mention is also made of "rigid iron or steel tubes or pipes prepared and lined or coated in any manner suitable for use as conduits for electoioal conductors." Suggested changes. — ^The Tariff Commission has received sugges- tions that a special provision should be miade for large pipes of 25 inches or more in, diameter which are made by ciirling sheets and plates and welding the joint. These articles are distinctly different; _ both as regards method of manufacture and even uses, from the usual forms of pipes and tubes. As regards ma,nufacture they are doubt- less more similar to tanks, which are dutiable in this paragraph at. 20 per cent ad valorem. Such articles could be provided for by in- serting ''less than 25 inches in diameter and" after "if" in line 5, f)age 53, and by inserting the words "pipes and" after "tubes", in ine 17, page 53. In lines 4 and 10, page 53, tubes, pipes, flues, and stays, are named, whereas in line 14, tubes' and flues, in liiie 17, tubes, and in line 21, tubes or pipes only are mentioned. "Or" between "tubes" and "pipes" in fine 21 indicates the use of two terms for one class of mer- chandise, but this inference is negatived by the absence of "or" be- tween "tubes" and "pipes" in line 4. If tubes and pipes are to be treated as distinct articles for tariff purposes, and the foregoing recommendation for a special provision for pipes of 25 inches or more in diameter, should be adopted, the words "and pipes" should be inserted in line 17 at page 53. On page 53, lines 5, 7, and 8, of H. R. 7456, strike out "if" to agree with similar provisions elsewhere. PARAGRAPH 329. H. B. 7466. • SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 329. Chain and chains of all kinds, made of iron or steel, not less tiham three- fourths of one inch in diameter,, 1 cent per; ; pound; leas than three-fourths and not less than three-eighths of one inch in diameter, I'J' cents per pound; ieris than thfee- eighths and not less than five-sixteenths SUMMARY OF TAMFP INFORMATION, 1921. 429 H. B. 7466. , of one^ inch in diameter^ 2J . cents per pound; less' than five-sixteenths of one mch in diameter, 4 cents per J»o«ad;' chain and chains of all kinds, of iron or steel, not specially provided for, 25 per centum ad valorem; sprocket and ma- chine chains, of iron or Bteel, and parts thereof, 30 per centum ad valorem; anchor or stud'link chain, two inches or more in diameter, J J cents per pound; less than two inches in diametef, 2 cents per pound: Provided, That all articles manufactured whollyjior in chief value of chain shall not pay a lower rate, oi duty than that im- posed upon the chai;i of which it is made, or. of which chain- is the component material of chief value. ACT OF 1009. , Par. 150. Chain or chains of all kinds, made of iron or steel, not less than three- fourths of one inch in diametjer, seven- eighths of one cent per pound; less than three-fourths of one inch and not less than three-eighths of one inch in diameter, one and onei^^hth cents per pound; less than three-eighths of one inch in diameter and not less than five-sixteenths of one inch in diameter, one and six-eighths cents per pound; less than five-sixteenths of one inch in diameter, three cents per pound; but no chain or chains, of any dpscription shall pay a lower rate of duty than forty- five per centum ad valorem. SENATE AMENDMENTS. i . I ACT OF 1913. Pab. 126. Chain or chains of all kinds, made of iron or steel, not specially pror vided for in this section, 20 per centum ad valorem; sprocket and machine chains, 26 per centuitf ad valorem. CHAINS. " ' ' ' ' " (See-Survey C-12.) Descrivtiton and /wses.-^-^jthicturally, chains made of iron or steel may be divided into (1) those with each link a single piece of metal and (2) those with each link made of several pieces of metal. The first are used generally for fastening objects together or support- ing or liftiilg weights. Such chains,, if small, are chiefly made by machinery, but larger sizes are usually handmade. Chains for cranes, ships' cables, dredges, etc., have each link welded by hand, often hoih formed and welded from the rolled bar iron. Those of the second class are known as sprocket or driving chains and are used for trans- piitting power. In certain of these each link -is made of several piecps of metjal connected by rivets, bolts, or steel scanews/ and so lorinj^i^ as to ^n§$ge with, the teeth qf a sprocket wheel,! The bicycle chain is a familiar example. , , n ;.•■',: ' ;,, Stud-link chains are thpspswith a bar or rod across the width of the Production. — The United Sta,tes,is p..laiige producer of chains made of iron or, steel, but .statistics are, not available. A representative of ai;i imporiant producer (ep^imated. the investment in the chain in- dustry in, 1918 at $5,006,OQQ and the country's normal output at $io,odo,bb6.' ' .; i 430 SUMMARY or TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921, Imports. ^^mports of chains are small con^pared with exports. During the years 1918 and 1919 there was a large importation for the construction and equipment of vessels. Ifi fhe tabulation below impoHs are given both by kinds and uses: Calendar year. Quantity, Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. CHAIN AND CHAINS, OTHER THAN SPROCKET. AND MACHINE, OF IRON OR STEEL, N. S. P.iF. , 1918 Pounds. 517,927 141,885 44i9,403 165,647 S40y936 20; 257- ..»8,187 3(341 ,. 8,91^ Per cent. 1919 20 1920 20 1921 ^9 months^ v .r , , - . ' .. '.'^ ^ _ .. CHAIN AND CHAINS:, OTHER THAN SPROCKET AND MACHJUJE, -FOE THE CONSTEUC- ■ '. '-: r !■ TION AND EQUIPMENT OF VESSELS. 191S-. 1919. 1920.; 1921. (9 mouths). ,5, 595, 583. 9,507,189 CHAIN AND CHAINS, OTHER THAN SPROCKET AND M;ACPINE FOR SUPPLIES OF vesseSjs. - ' 1918. . 1919.. 81,848 341,221 (5,155 26, 160 CHAIN AND CHAINS, ETC., FOE THE UNITED STATES, N^ E. s;: '"' ■'"; I ' ■! ■ 1919 2,103,508 $172,624 „' :■■■■ SPROCKET AND MACHINE CHAINS OF lEON AND STEEL AND PARTS THEREOF. 1918..,...^ : , ;.-. 4rf.--.-. 1919 .?... '.... :.A'.-.'.'.... .,,429,237 ' 42;,447- 61,7!?4f 32,257 ! 24,i802 . I?i035 14,191 2,957 6y200' ■, 25 ■ 25 1920 , :...;i/... ...... „o.d.1.,i.. 1921 (9 months) , -, .' ..25 ...r \ .■•• :■■, or-.-: SPROCKET And machine chains for the CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT OF .! -■ •- ' . ;■ -'-'i- "VESSELS. ■ - '■ '- : . ' " 1 ' , 1 f : i <-. . r . 1918 y. ; . . : i i i ^ i 50, 68^ ?9,844 t3,634 2,850 1919 Exports. — Exports of chains have been since 1917 by calendar years as follows: 1918^ $l,94py000; 1919, $3,3 18,,56'5-, 1920, $3,335,637; 1921 (9 months); $1,950,797.- The principal counTtries of destination were Canada, Japan, and Cuba. • i 1 ; ■ Important eMrtgeS' in classificatiorh.^— There is special mention of anchor or stud-link chain and a minimum duty for ^articles manufac- tured wholly or in chief value of chain; illS i I. i .,.,(v . Suggested changes. — Sprocket and machine chains ahd partis thereof, and anchor and stud-link chain, being prbvided for eo nomine, wo\xM naturally precede chain and chains of all kinds in the order of arrange- ment of the articles in this paragraph. • SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 481 A provision for weldless chains might be advisable unless it is intended that they should come within the specific provisions for chain and chains of all kinds of certain diameters at specific rates of duty. If specific provision should be made for weldless chains, it should follow the provision for anchor or stud-link chain. PARAGRAPH 330. H. R. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. ,330. Nuts, nut blanks, and Washers, of wrought iron or steel, six- tenths of 1 cent per pound; bolts, with or without, threads or niits, and bolt blanks, of iron or steel, 1 cent per pound; spiral nut locks, and lock washers, of iron or steel,; 30; per centum 8,d valcfremr vj , ; ■; , ACT OF 1009. Pak. 144. Bqlts, with, or without threads or nuts, or bolt blanks, * * * whether of iron or steel, one and one- ei&hth cents per pound. ' ' Par. 162. * * * riuts, and wash- ers, * * * of wrought iron or steel, three-foyrths of one cent per pound. ACT OF 1913. Par. 123. Nuts or nut blanks, and washers, 5 per centum ad valorem; bolts of iron or steel, with or without threads or nuts, or bolt blanks, * * * 10 per centum ad -valorem; spiral nut locks and lock washers, whether of iron or steel, 30 per centum ad valorem. BOLTS, NtTTg, ANR WASHERS OF IRON OR STEEL. ''•'•• ' (See Sm-vey C-11.) Description, arid uses. — These articles — nuts, bolts, washers, spiral nut locks, etc.— and their uses are for the most part well known. The word "blank" used in connection 'with nuts and bolts signifies a piece of metal Jhat has been prepared for manufacture into" these sner Idenc f orated plate used to distribute pressure to (prevent motion or play. various forms. The. term "wasi "Idenotes a ring of metal or p,er- isure to (prevent motion or pl'ay. Spiral nut locks are special devices for locking a nut, as on a bolt, so that it may not be loosened by jarring. Production. — In 1914 the output of bolts, nuts, rivets, and washers was valued at $23,403,000, in addition to that of builders' hardware which was valued at $24,280,000. Imports. — Imports are small compared with exports, and since 1917 have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. , Duty. Aa valorem .rate. NUTS, NUT BLANKS, AND WASHERS OF WROUGHT IRON OR STEEL. 1918.. Pounds. 36,338 65,399 78,924 147,734 JH,512 15,207 12,601 9,075 .»576 760 630 Per cetU. 5 1919 6 I92D 6 1921 (9 months) 432 StJMMABY pK TAKIFP ISfFOBiyiATJION, 1921, BOLTS, WITH OK WITHOUT THI^EADS OB ^UTS, OB B^LT.BLANKJS, AND FINISHED ' '■ -.' ' iHlfNGES OB HINGE SlANES, etc; ' ". '' f , ; ; .1 . , J ( ■ ■ - -, /■. ■'(! i; .:-■•■ 1918 . . .... Pomids. 110,306 t8,253 17,433 57; 761 32,194 $825 1,743 5,776 Per cent. 10 1919 147,369 ' lidl-lfc 10 1920 10 1921 (9 months) ....'.•..'. ■^:r;!3Kr SPIBXl nut LOCKS AND LOCK WASHEItS.' 1918 200 700 1,566 818 . tl8. 28 761 219 8 228 30 1919 30 1920 30 1921 C9 months) Exports. — Exports of bolts, nuts, rivetsj and washers have been since 1917 by calendar years as follows: 1918 1919 1920 19211 (9nioj)tIis). ysike Utf (pounds). , 63,465,111 15,687,998 89,023,056 »7,76S|,893 87,^5,02g> J7v274,4H' • 4y,S74,367 t4,468,l9l2 The principar countries of destination were Canada, the United Kingdom, Cuba, Argep^a, Mexico^ ,ai^ British India,n^oa Important changes in classification. — Hinges and ninge blanks, which are included in the corresponding paragraph of the act of 1913 (par. 123), are omitted. The phrase "of wrought iron or steel" is added aiid appMbd'to V^nuts, hut blanks^ and washers;'' ■ ''"^^^ Suggested changes. — ^Hinfees and hinge blanks^ might' be Tclas^ififed with the articles mentioned in this paragraph, i' ';"'<■ ■' .v)! PABAGRiAPH 331. H. fe. 7456. Pak. 331;, Gut nails and cut spilses,' of irpn 0T,-fitp^r,i.i exceeding two inchesi lin , length, four-tenths of 1 cent per pound; cut t^.cka and brads, hobnails, :and cut nails,^ of'iifcfn b* -steel, not exceeding tVo' inches in length, 20 per centum ad valorem; horseshoe nails, and other iron or steel vails, not speciallypiovided for, 2 cents per pound; naUs, sjiikes, tacks, brads; and staples, made 'of iroh"W Steel wire, not less than one inch in length nor smaller than sixty-five one-thou- sandths of one jjiclj- in. diameter, four- tenths of 1 cent per pound; less than one inch in length and' smaller than sixty- five one-thousandths ,■ " 1918 1919 W2q 1921 (9 months). ■j j vii ion 9* ^.OS,i; ii^dk -|-!ff-ft---i« Valuo. ■Tifl-Tiiir *2U0,.389 ^.f.^jn^t 159' 190 809,745 809, 74i 4.5n„M! Duty., KO, 958 23,878 121,i«)2 ■ M'. valorem 1 1 1-MeJ ' ! Per imih 15 15 15 .Sxporte.-rNone rejcorded. Important changes in classification. — The articles in this paragraph are classified with round iron or steel wire, etc., in the act of 1913. The words "whether plain or covered with cotton, silk,- or other material", have been added.. SUMMARY OF TARUi'i' INF'ORMATIOK, 1921 . 441 PARAGRAPH 337. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pah. 337. Card clothing not actually and permanently fitted to and attached to carding machines or to parts thereof at the time of importation, when manufac- i;ured with te'JMpered or untempered round iron or steelwire, or with plated wire, or other than round iron or steel wire, or with felt face, wool face, or rubber-face cloth containing wo^^, ,35 per centum ad va-, lorem. ACT OF 1909. P\n. 145. Card clothing not actually and jiermanently fitted to and attached t) i;arding machines or to parts thereof at the time of importation, when manufac- ^tured with round iron or, untempered 'rouiid steel wire, twenty cents per square ^fbot; when manufactured witii tempered rouiad steel wire, forty-five cents per square foot; when manufactured , wijh p.ated wire or other than round iron or steel wire, or with felt face, ■wf»ol:-face, Sr rubber-face cloth containing wool, fifty- five cents per square foot.; , , . ; '; ACT OF 1913. VKr. 124. Card clothing not actually and permanently fitted to and attached to carding machines or to parts thereof at the time of importation,, when maiiufac- tured with rqund iron or uuten;pered round steel wire, 10 per centum ad valo- rem; when manufiiftured with 'tempered round steel wire, or with plated wiTe Or jJther tnan round iron or steel wire, or with fe"t face, or wool face, or rubber-face cloth ; containing wool, 35 per centum ad valo- rem. CARD CLOTHING. (See Survey C-8,.) ' Description and uxe. — Card clotbing is a wire-toothed cloth or leather used for covering the cylinders, rollers, doffers, etc., of a card- ing machine. Carding is the process of cleaning and disentangling the fibers of cotton or wool by action of we-toothed Cylinders, and is the first important mechanical operation in the treatment of fibers preparatory to yarn making. The cloth is measured by the square foot in the tic.de. Productio.i. — The carding machines (including card clothing) used in cotton-spinning mills are for the most part of" domestic production, but no statistics are available. Much of the carding machinery for woolen yarn is imported from England, although mOre than one-half of that used by domestic manufacturers is produced at home. Imports for the fiscal year 1918 amounted to 200,035 square feet, valued at $307,343. England and the United States are the main producing countries, the former the only important source of imports. Later statistics follow : ' ' Calendar year. CA.RD CLOTHING MANUFAC'JfURED WITH UNTEMPERED ROUND IRON OR STEEL WIRE. W18 D./jiJS.i.l ...: '-:■ 1919 Square feet. , I ' f • 583 - '4,241 ,W- ;■ 984 i448 ' i,'E9»' $45< 349 1,186 Per cent. 10 .10 1920 ■ ■■ • 10 192-{«jno]aths) .■...,^.....U,^. 442 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Calendar year. Quantity. MANUFACTURED WITH TEMPERED WIRE. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Square feet. 207,153 176,169 258,837 208,153 t341,520 356,546 '490,405 394,189 {120,582' 124,791 171,642 Per emt. 35 35 35 CARD CLOTHING * * * WHEN MANUFACTURED WITH PLATED WIRE. 1918. 1919. 1920 1921 (9 months). 22,062 35,020 48,887 43,689 $48,336 48,379 82,275 84,943 116,918 16,933 28,796 35 36 3S Exports. — None recorded. Important changes of classification. — Card clothing of all kinds is classified in a single paragraph in H. R. 7456 instead of in two brackets, as in the act of 1913 (par. 124). PARAGRAPH 338. H. R. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 338. Screws, commonly ciilldd' wood screws, of iron or steel, more than two inches in length, 10 cents jjer gross; over one inch and not over two inches in length, 8 cents per gross; over one-half inch and not over one inch in length, 5 cents per gross; one-half inch and less in length, 3 cents per gross: Pro W(fe PARAGRAPH 339. H. B. 7466. Par. 339. Table, household, kitchen, and hospital utensils, and similar hollow or flat ware, not specially provided for; composed of ii'on or steel and enameled or glazed with vitreous glasses, 5 cents per pound and 30 per centum ad valorem; composed wholly or in chief value of aluminum, 28 per centum ad valorem; and in addition thereto, upon any of the foregoing articles containing electrical heating elements as constituent parts thereof, 10 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Par. 158. Table, kitchen, and hospital utensils, or other similar hollow ware,_ of iron or steel, enameled or glazed with vitreous glasses, but not ornamented or decorated with lithographic or other {Printing, forty per centum ad valorem, i I Par. 199. Articles or wares not specially provided for in this section, composed wholly or in part of * * * alumi- num, or other metal, * * * forty-five per, centum ad valorem. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 184. Table, kitchen, and hospital utensils or other similar hollow ware com- posed of iron or steel, enameled or glazed with vitreous glasses; table, kitchen, and hospital utensils or other similar hollow ware composed wholly or in chief value of aluminum; all the foregoing not spe- cially provided for in this section, 25 per centum ad valorem. 444 SUMMARV OV TARIKK i:^"K(;l!M.\TION,' V.in. HOUSEHOLD AND HOSPITAL' UTETSTSILS AND HOLLOW WARE. (See Surveys C-15 and C-16.) Description and, use.— The names of the articles .enumerated in this paragrapti sufficiently indicate their description and uses. Production statistics indicate production of enameled ware to the value of about $20,000,000 in 1914, consisting mainly of enameled kitchen ware and similar articles. '• Aluminum articles, other than castings,- manufactured: in. the United States in 1914 were valued at 119,597,465, and nearly the whole amount was consumed at home. Imports. ^-Frnm 1910 tjfl913' the imports of table, i^kitchen, and hospital utensils of iron and steel declined, but after the passage of the act of 1913 increased nearly 25 per cent— from $667,831 m 1913 to $833,251 in 1914. After 1914 imports again decreased, duo probably to the blockade of Germany and Austria-Hungary,- whence came three-fourths of the imports in previous years. lihports in the last nine months of 1914 (fiscal year) of the above articles made of aluminum were $507,349, but decreased rapidly until 1918. .. The war demand by European countries for aluminum , metal was largely responsible for the decreased importation. Imports have come from Germany, Great Britain; France, and • Switzerland— mostly from Germany. Imports since 1917 are shown below. Calendar year; Value. Dutv '^'^ ^^'O- "'"J- rem rate. ENAMEL WARE, TABLE, HOUSEHOLD, KITCHEN, AND HOSPITAL UTENSILS, ETC. Ans ■' '' • 819,497 'j4,?74 65,828 16,457 366,238 91.. 559 Per cent. 23 ^919 25 1920 25 1921 (9 months^ 249,295 TABLE, HOUSEHOLD, KITCHEN, AND H0S)?ITAI WHOLLY OR IN CHIEF VALUE ufE Of A NSILS, * * * COMPOSED LUMINUM. '' ■"■ 1918 . ;.*i,oi9 1,855 422,024 .,, .581.214 4262 26 1919 464 105, ,506 25 1920 25 1921 (9 months) i ■T 1 Exports of "eflamel ware, all other," were valued at $448,789 in 1913. They declined to $271,426 in 1915, and then rose sharply to $1,282,262 in 1916 and to $2,266,641 in'1917:.' , The leading countries of , destina,tion in 1913 were Canada, Argentina, Mexico, Englana, and Cuba. During the war period England became less important in, the export trade. t. Domestic exports' of aluminum utensils are noti reported sepa- rately. Exports of all aluminum manufactures, other i than ingot metal, plates, and sheets amounted to $1,804,632 in the fiscal year 1918 and to $2,563,164 in the calendar year 1920. More than, half of the exports during the latter year was destined to American countries. Included in these exports are motor castings, rods, leaf, wire, and other forms not properly belonging to this paragraph. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATIOIs^ lt>21. 445 . Exports of electrical heating and cooking apparatus during recent calendar years were as follows:, 1918, $686,339; 1919, 11,579,757; 1920, $1,801,127; 1921 (9 months), $1,419,175. Important changes in dassiUcation. — All the articles in this para- graph were classified together in the act of 1913. H. E. 7456 clas- sifies the articles in two groups : The first, those composed of iron or steel, enameled or glazed with vitreous glasses, and second, ■ those composed wholly or in chief value of aluminum. "Household," in the first line, and ."flatware," in the second line, and the words "and in addition thereto, upon any of the foregoing articles con- taining electrical heating elements as constituent parts thereof, 10 per centum ad valorem, are new. PARAGRAPH 340. H. B. 7456. . SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 340. Crosscut saws, mill saws, pit and drag saws, circular saws, steel band saws, finished or further advanced than tempered and polished, hand, back, and all other saws, not specially provided for, 15 per centum ad valorem; jewelers' or piercing saws, 40 cents per gross. ACT OP 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 168. Crosscut saws, five cents per Par. 139. Crosscut saws, mill saws, pit linear foot; mill saws, Bjight cents per linear and drag saws, circular saws, steel band foot; pit_ and drag; saws, six cents per saws, finished or further advanced than linear foot; circular saws, twenty per tempered and polished, hand, lack, and centum ad valorem; steel band saws, fin- all other saws, not specially provided for ished or further advanced than tempered in this section, 12 per centum ad valorem, and polished, five cents per pound and twenty per centum ad valorem; hand, back, and all other saws, not specially provided for in this section, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. SAWS. (See Survey C-4.) Description and uses. — Crosscut saws of the hand-manipulated type vary greatly in character. They are used in logging and in saw- ing wood for fuel. Drag-saws are similar to crosscut saws, but are operated by machinery, and are usually used in mills for cutting de- fective logs or for cutting logs into shorter lengths. Pit saws are handsaws used for sawing boards directly from the log. Mill saws are upright saws operated by machinery and used for rift sawing. The circular saw of disk shape is commonly used in sawmills and for sawing wood for fuel. Band saws are continuous bands run over pulleys and used in sawmills; they require the highest grade of steel and the greatest care in manufacture of any of the saws mentioned. A hacksaw is a small variety of handsaw. It is used for very fine cutting requiring a straight or even saw cut. The blade is so thin that a strip of metal, usually steel or brass, is necessary along the back to prevent its buckling. Handsaws, broadly speaking, include 446 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. such saws as buck, hack, keyhole, plumbers', back, pruniug saws, and many others for special purposes. The most common is me familiar handsaw used by carpenters and other woodworkers. A jeweler's saw has a very thin blade, tempered hard throughout, for cutting metal, and is used in a frame. Metal-splittiug saws, whether of car- bon or high-speed tool steel, are classed as saws, although they more closely resemble thin miUiag cutters. Production. — In 1914 there were 100 establishmeints manufacturing saws in the United States. Wage earners numbeted 4,560; capital' was $15,860,000; wages paid, $3,019,000; cost of materials, $4,714,000; and value of product, $12,517,000. In 1919 there were 112 estab- lishments, and the value of the product was $31,473,000. The States leading in production iu 1914 were Illinois, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. /mports of saws embraced in this paja.graph were valued at $63,570 in 1914. Later statistics follow: Galendar year. ' :' 'r Value. ':■ Duty. Ad valo- rem rate. 1918 . ... 118,473 51„645 126,906 78,075 $2,217 6,196 1S,228 Percmt. 12. 1919 12 1920 . . 12 1921 (9 months)... . . Exports in 1914 were valued at $1,474,077, more than half of which went to Canada, Australia, England, and Germany, the rest being widely distributed. Later exports by calendar year have been valued as follows: 1918, $3,790,416;19l9,$4,851,791; 1920,$4,455,639; 1921 (9 months), $2,020,723. The principal countries of destination were, in 1919, United Kingdom, Japan, Australia, Brazil; in 1920, United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, Australia. Important changes of classification. — Jewelers' or piercing saws are added. PARAGRAPH 341. H. K. 7456. Par.- 341. Steel plates, stereotype plates, electrotype plates, halftone plates, photogravure plates, photo-en- graved plates, and plates of other ma- terialsj engraved for printing, and plates of iron or steel engraved or fashioned for use in the production of desigris, patterns, or impressions on glass in the process of manufacturing plate or other glass, 15 per centum ad valorem; lithographic plates of stone or other material engraved, drawn, or prepared, 20 per centum ad valorern. , SENATE AMENDMENTS. SUMMAEY OF TARIFF' INFORMATION, 1921. 447 ACT OF 1009. Pah. 166. Steel plates engraved, stereo- type plates, electrotype plates, and plates of other materials, engraved for printing, twenty per centum ad valorem; plates of iron or steel engraved or fashioned for use in the production of designs, patterns, or impressions^ on glass in the process of manufacturing plate or other glass, twenty-five per centum ad valorem; lithographic plates of stone or other matt^al, engraved, drawn, or prepared, * * * fifty per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1913. Par. 137. Steel plates engraved, stereo- type plates, electrotype plates, halftone plates, photogravure plates, photo- engraved plates,, and plates of other materials, engraved for printing, plates of iron or steel engraved or fashioned for use in the production of designs, patterns, or impressions on glass in the process of manufacturing plate or other glass, 15 per centum ad valorem; lithographic plates of stone or other material engraved, drawn, or prepared, * * * 25 per centum ad valorem. Par. 612. Steel engraved forms for bonds, debentures, stock certificates, negotiable receipts, notes and other securi- ties; and engraved steel plates', * * * suitable for use in engraving or printing bonds, stock certificates or other securities [Free]. ' STEEL PLATES FOB PRINTING, DESIGNS, ETC. (See Survey C-15.) Description and «ses.— These articles include plates engraved or prepared for printing or used for making impressions on glass in process of manufacture. They may be divided into three classes : (1); Steel plates engraved for printing and plates of iron and steel en- graved or fashioned for use in the production of plate or other glass; (2) plates, electro typed, stereotyped, photo-engraved, etc, and plates of other material , than steel engraved for printing; and (3) litho- graphic plates, drawn or prepared, and wet transfer paper prepared wholly or partly with glycerin and containing imprints taken from lithographic plates. Production. — The latest available figures cover only part of these materials. In 1914 the country's output of engraved steel and copper plate, including plate printing, amounted to $13,786,000; photoen- gi-aved plates not done in printing establishments, to $15,359,000; and stereotype and electrotype plates, to $8,154,000,, The figureS; for the output of lithographic plates include so much other material as to be valueless in this connection. England and Germany are large producers of the several articles embraced in this paragraph. Imports in 1914 approximated $50,000. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. ENGRAVED PLATES, STEEL, N. E. S. 1918 $S, 139 587 ' 600 256 J771 SS 90 Per cent. IS 1919 15 1920 . 15 1921 (9 months) 4... 448 SUMMARY 03? .TAJUFF, INBOEMATION,. 1921. Calendar vptir. :'cik Ad Daly. . valorem rate. ENGRAVED PLATES OF IROl^ OR STEljL, ENGRAVED OR FASHIONED FOR USE IN THE PRODUGTION OF. DESIGNS, PATTERNS, OR IMPRESSIONS ON GLASS, ETC. 1918 i .:<.:. ' :> -j $44 58 990 280 $7 9 14S Per cent. 15 1919 : ^,.ji 1920... :....... 15 15 1921 (9 months) .' ENGRAVED STEEL PLATES, DIES, AND ROLLS, FOR USE IN. ENGRAVING OR PRINTING BONDSj STOCK CERTIFICATES, ETC. 1918 ; I $15,946 1919...' ..:..;., I 18,920 1920; ..;.'.: ...:.... I 28,761 1921 (9 mouths) ;......... 44,010 PLATES. ELECTROTYPE, ■ -STEREOTYPE, HALFTONE. PHOTOGRAVURE, PHOTO- GRAVED, AND PLATES OF OTHER. MATERIAL THAN STEEL, ENGRAVED FOR PRINT- ING. 1918 $15,369 32, 312 72,535 26,546 $2,306 4,847 10,880 15 1919 15 1920 . 15 1921 (9 months) LITHOGRAPHIC PLATES OF STONE OR OTHER MATERIAL ENGRAVED, ETC.' 1918 . . . . . . $979' 482 16,474 1,903 $245 120; 4,118 ■ ' 25 1919 } 2S 1925 25 1921 (9 months) -' ' Eieports in 1914 amounted to 172,752. Exports of plates and cuts, electrotype, stereotype, or engraved, for later calendar years have been valued as follows: 1918, $181,020; 1919, $389,048; 1920, $535,597; 1921 (9 months), $299,431. The principal countries of dtestihation were, in 1919, Canada, United Kingdom, Cuba, Brazil; in 1920, Canada, United Kingdom, Cuba, Argentina. Important changes in classification. — Steel engraved forms for bonds, stock certificates, etc., now included in this paragraph are exempt from duty u'nder paragraph 612 of the act of 1913. ^ Suggested changes. — The platies named in this paragraph are not' strictly engraved plates. The words "br otherwise prepared" might, be inserted in line 6, page 57, of H. K. 7456, after "engraved.'^ The provision is evidently intended to apply to plates, irrespective of material, for printing; a specific provision, therefore, for steel plates and the words "and plates of other materials" appear to be un- necessary. PARAGRAPH 342. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 342. Umbrella and parasol rijJB and stretchers, composed wnoUy or in chief valhe of iron,, steel, or other metal, in frames or otherwise, and tubes for um- brellas, wholly or partly finished, 35 per centum ad valorem. SUMMAJ^Y; OV TARIFF, INf ORJVtAT^ON, 1821. 449 ACT, OF 19Q9. Par. 170, Umbrella and parafiol ribs and Btretchers, composed in chief value of iron, steel, or other metal, in frames or oth,erwise, and tubes for umbrellas, wholly or partially finished, fifty per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 191;^. Pah. 141. Umbrella and parasol ribs and stretchers, composed in chief value of iron, steel, or other metal, in frames or otherwise, arid tubes for um|)rell^8, wholly or partially finished, 35' per. centum ad valorem. ' UMBRELLA RIBS AND TUBES. (See Survey. C-8.) Description and uses are indicated by the articles themselves, Praduction.-^The United States is a large producer of umbrella and parasol ribs and tubes. The value of the annual production is esti- mated at from $1,250,000 to $2,000,000. Although figures regarding the extent of the output of parts are not ayailable, thp prpdubtioh of umbrellas, parasols, and canes in 1914 was valued at $13,813,353, and in 1919 at $22,199,000. These completed articles are provided for in paragraph 1454. ^ . . Imports. — In the calendar year 191 § the imports of metallic ribs, stretchers, and tubes for umbrellas, and, psirasols were valued at $14, the smallest annual importation on record since 1884. In the fiscal year ,1914, the amount was f$28i, 985. 'After that year the annualim- ports decreased steadily until 1918. ; * .; .. Statistics fofc the years 1919-1921 are as follo'ws: " ' Calendar. yj 1920... 19aC9 months).. iii Value: ; »7, 809- 18,088, 26,639 Doty- $2,733 Ad Talorem rate. Ftr cent. 3& Exports. — -The total ampunt and, vaLue of the annual pxportation of unabrella hardware jsdifficult to .9;aCjer.tain. Itfis, known, however, that exports of .thjB domest^p, prpduqi to foreign m^rj^j^^ have in7 creased since. 19 14- i';...^ ■• i'?' ■;,'■;' H. B. 7466.; PARAGRAPH 343. SENAtE AMENDIIENTS. •'Rii: i^iv. 343. Spring-beard needles, and other needles for knitting, dewing, Shoe, or embroidery machines of e*ery deecrip-, tion, not specially provided for,,aiKiicro- chet needles, $1,15 per thousand) a^-.,^i per centum ad valorem ; latch, fneajle?, S2 '{)6r' 'thousand' and. 35"^er dehttfm ad valorem; > 'tape, 'knitting, ahd all cither needles, not specially) iprovided for,!bodTj< kins of. metal, and pe^dlf; cases or needle- books furnished with assortments ol; needles cfrcbmbihations of needles and ' olher artides, '30 Jier dehtiltn ad*valortel: 82804^22!^-i— ^2d ' " 450 SXfMKTAfeY 'O* 'Ti'LlilFF l!KrJ"ORMA.T46ir, ^921. ACT ^ OF 1909. £i3T OF IdVs'i^ Par. 164. N'eedlfes' for 'knitting or sdw- ^ Par.' 1,35'.' Needles fgjj'jimitting or in^ ' machiiies, one dollar per thousand in^ inachipe's, 'latch nej^^lies, j^ crofflet, and twenty-five per c^iitvtin ad valoreni; needles, 'arid, ^'tape n'e^BieSj ,]£nit^f\g,^n(i latch n.eedlee, one dollar and fifteen d^iijts all other 'iiee4l,ig8 not specially .jj)roOTded per thousand aild thirty-Mve per centum for in 'this section, bodkins of in^t^,,and, ad valorem; crochet ■ ileedles and tape needle cases or needle Book's furnished needles, knitting and all other needles, with assortments of needles or combina- not specially provided for,inithiBisectit)n, > tions-of nfe^d-les aind other articles, 20 per and bodkins of metal, twenty-five per centum ad valorem; but no articles other centum ad valorem; but no articles jother , thanj tlie needles which are specifically than the needles which are specifically named in this section shall be dutiable as named in (this ,sec1iio^|eh^,b© ,^uti^^l¥j., Bjegdl^ unless hayiipg an eye,and fitted as needles unless' 'h^viii^' an ^ye, and . an^ used for; carrying- a thread., , t: fiWied and used 'for carrying a '^Mead. ' '' Par! ,555.'* *• * nsfedle^' for shoe BJdedle cases or needle IbooiB'fuMABhlBd 'machines^ [Free]. '"'^' ■' '' ■Wfj.th,4,8SDrJ.m,eE]5itB,.of)nfe41e?!9rjcoml)ipa.r.i , . '- . pay diity ' as' ^iE^ntireties according to thej ' , , ' " compoiient inaietia,! of chief valiie therein. ;■•>•:'• k i ■. ■ ■■•'■•!,!■ NEEDLES. ((SeeStirveyiC-W.) .... ... , . - :■• " 'Ml ''_'■ " ■ ■ , Description,' and MsesJ-r-Thie dutiaWe. needles used in' the largest quantities are knitting-machine needles, . sewing-machine, needles, hand-crochet andhandHknitting needles,; and tape needles or bodies. The latch and the spring-beard are the two important kinds of knit- ting-machine needles. A knitting-machine needle has no eye. The latch needle scarries the thread by a tiny hook over which the latch, a proportionately small piece of metal held in place by a rivet, alternately opens and closes to form each stitch or loop in the opera- tion" of fcnjttmg. The springTbeard needle is made . of one piece of wire, one end of which is drawn out extremely fine and bent back along the shank, forming a hook much longer and more delicate than the hook on a latch needle. , , , , , Se'wing-machinie needles' are' Sufficiently familiar. , " Crochet needles' have at one end a siristl! hook Siplth which the thread is pulled through successive loops. Hand-knitting needles have neither eye nor hook. These needles are frequently in'dde of other material than steel. ~ Tape needles, made witl^ auj elongat^j eye through which the tape may be easily threaded, have a blunt end designed merely to carry the tftf^e, in and out.of hples already provided. The term lAbodkin " is also applied to tape needles, but may mean a small puncheir or stiletto without an eye, used simply to puncture, the material. ',' Shoe-machme needles are extensivelyjused.in this country, and are of two kinds — ^wax-thread and dry-thread>'-hwhichi differ widely. The wax-thread needle is eyeless, curved to almost a half circle, and has a hook near the point, closely resepibling the hook of a crochet needle. It is used exclusively in a mactiihe for sewing the sole to the upper with a waxed thread. The dry-thread needle is straight, with an e;^e near the point, and closely resembles an, otdipary' sewing- machine needle in appearance and .use,/ The nifl,chine ^sing this needle differs from the ordinary sewmg machine only in tte shape of the table holding the article. A dry or unwax,ed tbrea,^ is, used . SUMMARY GF 'TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Ul ordinarily, hence its name. The use of "this needle is confined, prac- tically, to the sewing of uppers of shoes; it is not employed for sewing soles to uppers. Production. — The two principal classes of knitting-machine needles involve so many differences' in i construction — chiefly in labor and factory equipment— that they are distinct industries. In 1914 the domestic production of latch needles amoimted to 46,165,600, valued at $492j387, while spring-beard, needles amounted. to 47,934,000, "valued at $129,39.7; in 1919 latch needles amounted to 121,000,000, valued at $3,845,000, and &pring-beard needles amounted to 43,000,- 000, valued at $341,000. , Reports , of .map,uf9,citurers of spring-beard needles show production for 1919 to have been over 80,000,000 needles, , valued at more than $600,000. Germany is the largest producer of knitting-machine needles. The Census includes aewing-machine needles in "all other needles," and gave the production for 1914 as 74,635,000, valued at $656,660; for 1919,. as; 100,000,000 valued at,$l,:829,00Q,, According to figures submitted by manufacturers, this is less than one-half the actual pro- duction in 1914. Returns made by three of these companies, not included in the Census reports, added to those figures, give a total for 1914 of 173,214,000 needles, withan estimated value of $1,500,0601 This represents closely the entire domestic output of sewing-machine needles in 1914 The United States, Germany, and England produce practically the world supply. Some crochet hooks are manufactured here. England and Germany are the leading manufacturers of hand crochet and knittihg needles, but nearly all uie shoe machine needles are a domestic product. Imports. — The largest, annual importa,tion since 1910 was in 1913 (fiscal year), 26,751,000' needles, and iii 1917 (fiscal year) imports were less than 1,000,000 needles. Prewar imports averaged about 50 per cent of the domestic output and were increasing. . . Spring-beard needles have been imported less extensively. Most knitting needles imported come from Gerttiany. " > Imports of sewing-machine needles are small, estimated in 1914 as about 5 per ceht of doinestic production. Hand-pfophi^t needles,^ hand-liiiitting Aeedles., and tape needles or boidkins are grouped together >vrith."all other" in statistics of imports wliichlin 1918 .(fiscal yeiar) showed' a value of $139,455. The largest annual iiripdrtatiori since 1908 wsp^ in 1917 (fiscal year), ^171,983^ and ^the smallest in 1^08 (fiscal year), $50,044. . /?M)orte of shoe-machine needles in- I9I8 (fiscal year) ahaoiinted to $3,03i8, 'and. in ^915' (fiscal year) to $3,217, the maximum. . Iniports,sinCj^;1^17 of the various kinds of needles have been as follows: Calendar ybir; ' ' " ' ' Quantity. Valu«. Duty. Ad valorem rate. . ; , NEgDLPS, AftL KINPS. ,, , , 1918 1388,432 507,301 538,057 276,803 $77,686 101,460 106,375 f Per cent. 20 1919 20 1920 20 1921 (9 months^ 452 SUMMARY ' OF TABIFF i INFOKMATIDH^ ' 1921. Calendar vear. Quaiitity. ' Value, •Duty. 'valbreitl ■ LATCH iNEEJJ PES,-. .iHi 1918.: 1919.i 1,920 .,, 1931 (9 months) . Tliousmtds. 1,432 2,03Z , ■ 5,301 3,467 $34,136 4*937 .9S„S38 43,936 -■Pi) :.. .-^,827 . ■8y987 19, 108 Per,(ent, ' 20 L ■ KNITtlNG OR SEWlNG-MACHiNE NEEDLES'." 1918... 1919 1020..., 1921 (9iaonths) CRbd&ET NEEDiLES—CROCHE'r'AND'^TAPE' NEEDLES, KNIT^tkc}' AND ALL'OTH^H, .;.,-.. ,,lt 'j 'N. S.JPf.F-, A?ID BOpKjIIfl^ OF.JIETAL.i ,,., ,, , ' .■. ,;afir- i92i'(rTOcmt&)^,.r,^'.r. ■!"!;;!;.".;. '!!!..\'!!i^7-------- 18,979 §8,j334! 15, 128 , (119, 1)42 179, 824 I'' 192,917. : 101,318 123,828 ,35 9^5 138/883 t ! , 20 2fl !^P0E-MA,CHIJME, JjTEEDLES; ^CyiJEE),'! . ; , , , ,::i iii'! ■: 1920 ' . ■ ; ■ 1 ; ' ' . ■ 1 ' , ' 1 !■•'>■! i; .:,,;,' 1921 (9 months) 1 . . - 1 ~ NEEDLE CAS OR NEEI)1,E'bOOK|S, ETC. 1918:.. J.-., i9l9-.-,-,, 1920: ...-X::u.;;:a...j.;.'j;..: ■--;l'-ivi-.--/ -'■\-.--r.' 1921 (9 months) . t)iiiaii' Number:.^ "'"i36,"90l" ' 285,160 ,275,402, tl2,i063 19,937 38,536 38,|468 |2,!413 3,987 7>?07 20 20 20 (■■«*!)• ■ ■ ;-i.!. i 'i! i)^>; i iiiiu^. ' . .Ui;j j^ ii r^ :— -^ — : a ^ i ^ V . 1 Spring-beard needles and other needles for knitting, sewing, shoe, pr embroidery maQhin^s,- ' £'xporis.— It 'is' estiinated'th,at soikie'w-hat.les's than dri^-Half of the domestic sewihg-TinachTJi^ needles ai;fe eXpofted ; 6'therclasses ;6f nee(il,es exported are insignificant. ^ Some doniesflc shoe-inaqhine needles arfe exported, but the' iext'^ht' is ;unknotvn. ', ,, , '' Exports for the calendar years 1918 tb 1921 Are valued als follows'; 1918, $32i;651; 1919, $535,656'; I920/$548,783;: 1921' (9 months), $270,749. Prindipal coUhtri6s, of dfestinatipn were, in 1918',jCaiiada, Brazil,' Argientina; in 1919, Canada', Brazil, Mexico; iii 1920, Canada, Argentina, Brazil. Important changes in classification. — Shoe-machine needles are transferred from the free,list,of the act of 1913 (par. 555), and spring- beard needles and needles for embroidery machines are specificalTy mentioned.- The provision in paragraph 135 of the act of 1913 for needles not specifically naitfdd, having an eye and fitted and used for carrvinq; a thread, has been omitted. SU.MJ!r4RY OF TARIFFr HiTFORlVtATJQNv X02;l, 458 PARAGRAPH 344. H. B. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. ,344. Fishhooks, fishing rods and reels, artificial fliss, artificial baits.snelled hooks, leaders or casts, and all other fiah-, ; ing tackle and parts thereof , fly hooks, fly boxes, baskets or crefeW, finished or unfin- ished, not specially, provided' for, except fisliing lines, fishing nets, and seines, 35 per centum ad valorem: Provided, TJiat- any prohibition of the importation of feathers in this Act shall not be construed as applying to artificial flies used for fish-' ing, or to feathers used for the manufac- ture ofPfilchrfli^. :-■ '. . ■ / ''. ■ ? - ACT OF 1900. Par. 165. Fish hooks, fishing rods and reels, artificial flies, artificial baits, snelled hooks and all other fishing tackle or parts thereof, not specially provided for in this section, except fishing lines, fishing nets and seines, forty-five per centum ad valorem. ACT.PF 1013. -Par. 136,.; Fishhooks, fishing rods and reels, artificial , flies, artificial • baits, snelled hooks, and all other fishing tackle or. parts thereof, ,not, specially provided for, in this section, .except, fishing lines, fishing nets and seines, 30 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That any prohibition of the import^tipii of feathers in this sec- tion shall not be construed as applying to artificial flies used for fishing. ,.,,,./ FISHING TACKLE. (See "Survey '6— IS.') """ ' Description and uses. — This includes the equipment of the man who fis!^i,es for diyergion ov on a lirpdtedr scale. Fishing nets fl,nd seines used for more extensive operations are^provided for in,pajrjagraph i0O6. rractically the only items in this paragraph that ar6,used m quan- tity, by compiercial fisherman are hooks, especially tliose used in marine fisheries for trawling and hand-liniijg. Production.— The 'Vmted States, "like Canada, EnglaJnd, and sopae other countries of a considerable fishing^ihdustryj)js'ala^,e producer of fishhooks, fisliing rods and reels, and similar equipment., 'statistics are not available..^ ,. , ' .'i '» - Imporis.— The avei-age' annual imports during the five-year period, 1910 to 1914, were valued at $160,101. Over 95 per cent of the total foreign fishing tackle sold in tEe United States comes from the United Kingdom and Norway. Imports since 19 17 (have been as follows: ; ii'. g:.: dalehaar'ycan '■ Ad valorem rate. FISHHOOKS, FISHING RODS AND KEELS, ARTIFICIAL FLIES, ETC. 1918 .'. $202, 211 227,307. 313,234 434,365 »60,663 68,192 93,970 Per cent: 30 1919 fWf^v',. 1920... ; ..;'.,...: 30 30 1921 (9 months) ..1.... FISHHOOKS, ETC.— FOR THE EQUIPMENT OJF VESSELS, ETC. 1918. 1919. 1921 (9 months). S2,342 1,332 3,052 454 SUMMARY^ OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Exports. — ^None reported. **''■' '' • '* ' '■ Important changes in class^cation. — Leaders or casts'^ fly books, fly- boxes, baskets or creels, finished or unfinished., are added. Feathers used for the manufacture of flies,- prohibited in former acts, are specifically exempted from the prohibition. Suggested changes. — Page 58, line 3: Iji^ert "fishing" before "jjas- kets to prevent a conflict with paragraph 413. ! . , PARAGRAPH 345, H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 345. Saddler;^ and Harness hard- ware: Buckles, Tings, snaps, bits, swivels, and all other articles of iron, steel, trass, composition, or other metal, commonly Or commercially known as saddlery or harness ' hardwkre, 35 per centum ad iJ-alorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. [No corresponding provision.] ' [No corresponding provision.] SADDLERY AND HARNESS HARDWARE. '„, , ;i, (See Survey N-18.) , ... , _ Description andf v^esi — The phrase " saddlery and harness hard- Ware" is applijed'to buckles, rings, etc., made of nietal and used on bridles, saddles, and harness. ' Production. — In i914 there were 58 establishments in the United States manufacturing saddlery hardware, with ,an output valued at $4,040,000. ' In 1919 the riumbfer of establishments had declined to 37, but the value of the product had increased to' $14,137,000. , Imports and exports. — ^No sepS,fate statistics. Important changes in classification. — This is a newparagtaph."' i" PARAGRAPH: 346. H. B. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 346. Belt buckles, trouser buckles, and waistc^oat bupkJeEi,, shjoe or slipper, buckles, and parts thereof, made wholly or partly of iron or steel, valued at not more than 20cents per hundred, 5 cents per hundred; valued at more than 20 and hot more than 50 cents per hundred, 10 cents per hundred; valued at more than ■ 50 cents per hundred, 15 cents per hun- dred; and in addition thereto, on all of the foregoing, 20 per,cei)tum ad valorem. SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, jL921. 455 ACT OF 1913. Par. 151. Belt'buckles, trousers buckles, waistcoat buckles, * * * any of the foregoing made 'wliolly or in ■chief value of iron or st6el; ^t' * * all the forfegbing and parts thereof , not otherwise specially provided for in this settion; 15 per centum ad valorem, -s ■" [No correspondiiig provision for shoe or slipper buckles; classable according to kind or cornponeilt' material of chief value.] ACT OF 1909. Par. i425^ Trousers budries and^vaist- coat buckles, made wholly or partly of iron or steel, or parts thereof, valued at not more than fifteen cents per hundred, five cents per hundred; valued at more than fifteen cents per hundred and not more than fifty cents per hundred, ten cents per hundred; valued at more than fifty cents per hundred, fifteen cents per hundred; and in 9d4i!^oii ItshBreto on each and all of the above buckles or parts of buckl6s^i fifteen per centum ad valorem. [No ;correspoading provision for belt buckles, shoe and slipper buckles; class- able according to kind or component ma- terial of chief value.] ■ BUCKLES. . (See Survey C-20.) . Description and izses. — These articles include various kinds of ffesteining devices used chiefly on men's; clothing; Other, fastenerl belonging tb this general group are provided foif in paragraph 349, •Production. — No s'epara;t6 figures' are published for buckles, but production of garment buckles amounts t6 approximately $1,000,000 annually. Imports in 1908 of buckles — ^belt, trouser, and waistcoat-^m-ade wholly or partly of iron or steel, amounted to $19,304, and decreaised until 1918. Germany, Austria, and France are the principal dountries exporting to this country. Imports since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows : Calendar year. Quantity.. Value. Duty. • Ad valo- rem rate. ■ ■ 1918 Gross. S484 17,880 ! .7,349 793 - S73 , 2,682 1,095 Per cerU. 15 1919 2,524 14, 688 > 642 15 1920 15 1921 (9 mopths) ,.... 1 Exports are not reporjted. ' Important changes' iri' classification. — Hooks and eyes, etc.; snap ifasteners, etc.; and steeL trouser buttons, etc., which ares classified with belt buckles, etc'., in the act of 1913 with an ad valorem rate of duty, have each been given a separate paragraph, 347, 348, and 349, respectively, in H. K. 7456. Shoe and sUpper buckles have >been inserted in this paragraph, and aU. articles have bepg., classified into groups, according to value with a specific rate of duty and an additional ad valorem duty. Suggested changes. — Page 58, line 17: Substitute a comma for "or" between "iron"" and "steel" and add the words "of other base metal" after "steel" to make the paragraph include buckles, etc., made of any base metal. • : 456 StTMMAKY OF TARIFF INFOEMATItftlf', 1921. PARAGRAPH 347. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDBIENTS. o AGT OP 1913. Par, lai' * * *i .'hookai and', eyes, metallic; * * '^ .allithe foregoing and parts thereof, not otherwise specially -provided for in this section j 15 >'pbT centum ad valorem.; i !■• Par. 347, Hooks and eyes, wholly or in chief, value of metal, whether loose, carded, or otherwise, including; iweight of cards, cartojiS) i and immediate; Wrap- pings and labels, 4J cents pev pound and 15 per centum ad valorem. ', ^ (. ACT OF 1909. = '-•■■!■' Par. 180. Hooks and eyesi metallic, whether loose, carded, or otherwise, in- cluding weight of cards, cartons, and im- mediate wrappings and labels, four and one-half cents per pound and fifteen per centum ad valorem. HOOKTs' AND'*fcYES. (See Survey 0-20.) Descj;iption. qifii uses , — ^Hoojcs and , ^j,^; are u^d \^^ di;ess ig-^t^ers . ]cPf,q^uct'U)p in' 1914 -of, hooks sifldjf^yesifiipow.ted, tp l:,p7Q, 17,7 great gross, valued. ;at $1,^,94,74;5;, and m 1919 to J4,098,p00,gre$,tv gross, valued 'at!$^,3,54,000, apcording to the .census li^ort.. An iinpqrt^t pianufacturer ofhpoks and' ey^^. estimate^ thp ;f^ue of production j^ 1914 at $4,660,000. ' .':;;;.-! Zmporte.rr-No imports, pf, hooks and eyes ar^ reported fpr 1918, but in 1917 they anaQiinted.tGrl,Q61 pounds, valued at $374; and in ;1914 to 86,710 jjpun^s, valued a,t,|27,878. Later statistics foIloTsyi:,; . [[, ' .i-i^ : ■ , ■ ' . ■ • ■■.■:^: -^ t ii| Calendar year. Quantity. Value. • ~T^ ' Buly.^ ■ Ad'valo^ rem rate. 1919.; '...... .ijliiiV ■ ■,■■>. ,,, i Pounds. 16 $50 3,401 '3,633 S8 610 Per cent. 15 1920 16 1921 (9 months) ' ■ ' .. . Exports. — None reported. 1 ' Important changes in vlassifica1,ivn.^^-H.ooks and eyes are classified with belt buckles, etc., in the act of 1913 with an ad valorem rate of duty. . , t,)!- ■, „ ; H. E. 7456 provides a specific, and an ad valorem rat^ of d^jj-y on the airticles, whether loose, . carded, ; or otherwise, including weight . of cards, qartpilSj and rimmediate; wrappings and labels as in 1909. . 'in H. B. 7456. PARAGRAPH 348. / SENATE AMENDiBlilN^il.:'.'' Par. 348 •■ Snap fasteners and . claspg, ■ and parts thereof, by, whatever lUiame; known, or of whatever material composed, not plated with gold, silver, or platiniiin, and not mounted on tape, 40 per centum ad valorem; mounted on tape, 45 per centum ad valorem. SUMMiUlY OVTARIKII' INFORMATION, 1921. 457 ! ACT OF 1009. ^ ' Par. 427! * * * snap fasteners, or ^Ifes^s,' or parts thereof, by whateVer natne known,' fifty per centum ad valo- rem; * » *. ;- :i-., ACT OF 1918. ..MiPr,,, ' sPAji. 151. * * * siiap fasjteners and clasps by whatever namd known, any of the foregoing made whbny. or in chief value of iron or steel; * * * all the - foregoing and parts thereof, not otherwise specially provided for in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem. :, , , [Snap fasten^rsj^nd.elagps composed of metsA other than iron or steel, dutiable as manufactures of metal, Par. 167, 20 per centum ad valorem.] ' , - . . . SNAP FASTENERS ANP OJLAiSPS. (See Survey (3-^20.) Description and uses. — These articles are fastening devices chiefly for clothing, and are used as a substittite for buttons, hooks, and eyes, buckles, and pins. . i ", - Production. — In 1914 snap fasteners and; clasps,, or parts of, amounted to 91,957 great gross, valiued at $714,492. Production was estimated by a "well-informed manufacturer in July' 1919, to be at the rate of about 1,500,000 great gross annually, valued at approxi- mately $6iOa{^,Oe0. J Oi. i^' 'r-;/: /mjpor^s.-r-The .value of imports increased steadily from $11,0(64 in 1910 to, $130,078 in, 1914.' 'Xhe^, came a sharp drop^to $1^,^'94 in 1915, & slight further decline in 1916> and a recovery toi $34,315 in 1917. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. rem- rate-. SNAP FASTENERS AND CLASPS, AND PARTS THEREOF, ETC. 1918 Nuiiiber. $1,513 778 28,351 7,000 -- i 8227 117 3,963 Per cent. 16 1919 15 15 1921 (9 months) .:.: ■■r-;:' BRASS SNAP FASTEN^ERS ANb CCASPS, or PARTS OF. 'isis-- ' '-': .'':::::^:.::'^:'j:}:.':::..:.^..:.. r-''-',' is: ' -'55 57i ■■■■'■'"' Iks' . ,,2,2ffl 20 1919 . ' ■. '. HOIjJ;; ' 864r ^ u 120 1921 (9 months) ' .'V '.' ....'.'^..^ .....:h_,?? . i,. . ' ■ uin- ''f'.'j- : . ff ()-' . v< ',-1 fin Exports. — Official statistics of exports are lacking, but it is stated in Commerce Reports, ;'Ma5Qh 1, 1918, that exports to Brazii reached a large volume in 1917. _ : . , .; Important chan^eg. in classification. — Snaip fasteners ^and clasps ai'e classified with belt] buckles, etc., in the act of 1913. (par. 151)*, with a •}im'it,ation to such as arem?,de wholly or in chief value of iron or steel. The restriction , to mounting on tape is new. .. , ,l . . ^ Suggested changes. — If snap fasteners mounted on tape are dis- tinguished from those in bulk, it is suggested that snap fasteners 458 SUMMAKY OP TARIFF INFORMATION, ,1921. mounted on cards J be similarly distinguished. The mounting on cards is common with respect, to the style of fasteners imported, in the past. The mounting of th? cheaper gri^d^SaV''^^ is dona l?y machinery while in the United States all mounting; is i done by hand. PARAGRAPH 349. H. B. 'S'456. -Par. 349; Metal trduser buttons, ex- cept steel and nickel bar buttons, one- twelfth of 1 cent per line per gross; steel trouser buttons, one-fourth ef 1 cent per line per gross; buttons of metal, not specially provided for, three-fourtlis- of 1 cent per line per gross; and in addition tleretb, on all of the foregoing, 10 per c'e;ij;uro- ad valorem; metaL buttons em-, bossed with a design, device, pattern, qr lettering, 35 per centum, ad valorem: jProrTrfeifj-That'tW ternl'"'liQe" as used in this paragraph' shall imeati. the line button measure of; one-forfieth of one inch. ACT OF 1909. Pak, 427. * * * metal trouse;rs but- tons (except steel), and nickel bar but- tons, one-twelfth of one ceiit per line per gross; * * * steel trousers buttons, one-fourth of one cent per line per grogs; * * * buttons of * * * inetal, not specially provided for in this section, three-^uruis of one cent per line per gj:os8,'s,nd in addition thereto, o& all the foregoing articles in this paragraph, fifteen per centum ad valorem; * * * buttons of metal, embossed with a deMgn, device, pattern, or lettering, forty-rfive per centum ad valorem; * * *. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. , PiB. 151. * *' *' steel trousets butr tons, and metal buttohs; all Me foregoiii^ and parts thereof, not otherwise specially provided for in this section, . 15 per centum ad valorem; , ., ;'.(,, / , METAL BUTTONS. (See T. I. S.-4.) Description and use. — The industry includes practically every kind of metal button, from the most ordmary button of sheet iron, made automatically, to the expensive gold button, made by hand. , There are sew-on trouser buttons; tack buttons, put on by machine; bachelor buttons, put on by hand; uniform buttons; and buttons for women's and children's clothing. ■' ^' '^ " ' • ii- > ' ' ■ , iF/iodwciion.— Connecticut, New Jersej^, New York- Massachusetts, and Rhode Island are the leading States in the nikh'uf acture of metal buttons. Production in 1914 of steel trouper buttons amoimted to 535,207' gross, valued at $307,802; other metal trouser buttons^ to 252,248 grOss, at $44,150; metal buttons, not indiiding trouser or collar or cuff buttons, to 872,563 gross, atsS455f,48S.'i '"li STJMMABY OF iTAEIiFB INFOEMATIOW, 1921. 459 Imports. — Before the war trotiser buttons were imported frojn Germany and Austria. They were inferior, in quality and work- manship, but were 30 per cent cheaper than the domestic product. Gold-plated collar and Imk buttons were also imported from Germany. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. .!: METAL BUTTONS, TOTAL, ALL KINDS; ,- . • Gross. IMS .., : .:.'....:....... 7,495 1919 . 4 150 1920 i 70,746 1921 (9 months) ....". , 31,877 $1,567 4,141 27,684 17, 765 METAL TEOUSEK BUTTONS, EXCEPT STEEL AND NICKEL BAR BUTT(>NS,ETO., O^HEE' METAL. 1918 .,, ,2,400 23 16, 299 22 S60 37 4,335 13 $9 6 650 15 1919.. •; 15 i92iY9 months)".' ;■.:!!■■■.".;■■'; ^"'^^ ■"■'■ ■■' ', 15 ' ^STEEL' TKOUSM BUTTONS. 1918 445 344 $201 291 644 1,560 $30 ; 44 97 1^ 1919 15 1920 16 1921 (9 months) .,,! i ALi; OTHER METAL BUTTONS, n. s. p. i. ' ', , 1918 --- 3,738 3,783 53,552 29,586 $1,094 3:813 22,705 16,192 $164 572 3,406 15 1919 .:. ... ■_ .....c,!.. :_. 15 1920 .? - , 16 1921 (9 months) .... .'. -.;..:ui!.,^.iac-... ......;.. i Exports. — ^All kinds of metalbuttohs were being exported in 1918, but doubt was expressed as to whether this trade could be held in competition with the cheaper foreign goodsi after the war. Iji 1918 (fiscal year), exports of buttons, other than pearl, amounted to $1,503,865. These figures, of course, cover more ,than metal buttons; Important changes in classification. — The provision in the act of 191$ (par. 151) has been enlarged. Suggested changes. —"Except steel" should be put in parentheses as ill paragraph 427 of the act of 1909, unless nickel bar buttons are also intended to be excepted, as appears by paragraph 427 of the act of 1909 not to be the case. - The duties on some embossed buttons might be less than the duty on plain buttons under this paragraph. In the absence of a specific provision therefor in this paragraph, parts of buttons of metal would Qome within paragraph 1411 which imposes a rate of 38 per centum ad Valorem. This rate might be more than the rates imposed in paragraph'i349 on finished metal buttons. :>'!' 46a SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATIG»"v 1921. PA^IAGRAPH 350. H. B.t74i56. ' ' Par. 350. Pins with solid heads, with- out JDruxmeittatioii^ incltidinighair, ^fetyv ' hat, bonnet, and shawl pins; andjbrassi copper, iron, steel, or other basic metal pins, with heads of glass, paste, or fusible ena,mel; all the foregoing not plated with gold or silver^ and not commonly known as jjdvfelry, 28 per ceijtum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Par. 188. Pins with solid heads, with- out ornamentation, including hair, safety, hat, bonnet, and 8hawJL,pins; any'of the foregoing composed 'Wholly of brass, cop- per, iron, steel, or other basemetal, not plated with gold or silver, and riot com- monly known as jewelry, thirty-five per ceijitum ad-valorepi. ,{;;_,. ;:i;-.!, >: . SENATE . AMENDMENTS; ACT OF 1913. Par. 158. Pins with solid heads, with- out ornamentation, including hair, safety, hat, bonnet, and shawl pins; any of the foregoing composed .wholly, oj brass, cop- per, iroHj steal, or other base metal^ not plated with gold or silver, aha not cora- monly known as jewelry, 20 per centum ■ad-i-y^ilorem. . . ,,'p.j;;;i ;;■] ,.-;■; ; . i,. PINS. •; •' ', ;:; (See Survey G-8.) ' ' Production of commori or toilet pins in 1914 amounted tq, 641,121 pounds plus 1,825,673 packs of 3,360 pins of steel wire, and 1,186,397 pounds plus 1,638,035 p^acks, jaf, 3,.^0Q pins of brass wire, with a com- bined value of $1,248,757. ' Soirie firms report output in pounds and others in packs. Production of hairpins was 9,242,01-2 gross, valu^^ ait S528j362; ancLof safety pins,. 4,744,303 gross, Valiiedat;$g36,663. Production of ciimmon or toilet pins in 1919 amounted to 2,799,000 pounds plus 1,342,000 packs of 3,360 pins of steel wire, valued at $1,521,000; and 74il, ,0^0 pounds pli^s ,l,0S^,0q0i packs of 3,600 pin^ of brass wire, valued at $1,269,000. .* Production of liajr pins was 24,310,000 gross, valued at $l,481,0Qp; and of safety pins, 8,428^000 gross, valued at$2,977,000; The total value of common pins!,' hairpins, aiid safety pins produced in 1914 was $2,713,782, and in 1919 was $7,248,000. Connecticut leads in the manufacture of articles covered ,by ^ this paragraph. The leadiixg foreign producers af&^ance, Germany,' and England. '^' Imports of all pins covered by paragraph 35(J amounted to $235,571 in 1914. Impprtkhavirf' been mainly- from Eriglarid and Gefihany. " Imports 'of pins': with solid' heads, withotit^ ornamentation, etc., have been, since' 1'91 7, as follows: ' ''•'? calendar year, Value. . Duty; A,d valbfem . rate. 1918 ■'.'■' ' $104,081' 130, 105 Ifil, 142 150,175' $20;«16' ,2S,033 32,228 J J :..,.;, Per cent. 20 1919 : , .. . . ._._;__ 20 1920; ' - ...'...'.. ^ . ■ ' ■ - 20 1921 ("9 months)! ji'^...^ J^ "^. ; . ; . .,-*. .' — li..;.^ ' — . — - -■ — i Sports.— Before' the war American manufacturers produced some pins for export, but 'England^and Germany held most of the expdrt trade. After 1915 there was a better foreign market for. American pins, but American producers had difficulty in supplying the domes- tic demand and made little effort to develop the foreign trade. SUMMARY OF. TAKIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 461 Important changes in dassificationr^r— The first clause of this,pdra- grapE enumerates pins, but does not mention the material or ma- terials of which they, are made.: The second clause classifies brass, copper, iron, steel, or other "basic" metal pins with heads of glass in the same group. Suggested cJianges.—V&se 59, line 20 of H. R. 7456: Change "basic" to "base." • ' PARAGRAPH 351. H. B. 7456. Par. 351. Pens, metallic, not specially provided for, 12 cents per gross; with nib aid b'airrel in one piece, l5 cfents pergrbss." ACT OF 1909. Par. 186. Pens, metallic, except gold pens, twelve cents per gross i^.jidth nib and barrel in one piece, fifteen cents per gross . t "►? i:; " ■ , -A i{ M.A '.:'C .:■- ■ i J ' ■, SENATK AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 156. Pens, metallic, not specially provided 'for in this section, 8 cents per gross; with nib and barrel in one piece, 12 cents per gross. - cf u PENS. J, (See Surve:f ;C-?4.) _' , " . , Description and uses. — This paragraph relates to metallib pens other than gold. Pens are made principally of steel, but there is a growing demand for gold pens, because more fte^iible and' of greater durability. " Fountam pens" have attained wideuse in recent years. Production.— The domestic manufacture of steel pens begap in 1860, when the knowledge of the quality of nietal best adapted for . tjbeir manufacture was acquired. Most of the steel used has been imported from England a,nd Sweden. Five establishments, -J^^jth,, a^ capital of $870,601 and '573 wi,§e earners, manufactured steel pens in 1914. M.aterials us;ed, were -v^orth $117,113,- wages amounted to $243,043, and the value of the product was $513^498. -Steel pens valued' at > $160y068 were also produced by establishments classified' Under other industries. The value 6f the product of five establishments in 1-919 was $1,706,000. A pfei^ar estimate credited domestic production withca,500,000 gros&. , /,;',« m ^ ,. .r- ' r- , ^ - .- Imports. — Imports of metallic pens, n. s. pif*., in 1914|'were 698,642 gross, valued at $174,044. Later statistics follow; : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. PENS, METALLIC, WITH NI^ AND BARREL IN ONE PIECE. m.A...^.... .:..■.::.:...:■::.:::.'. .:.::..:....^ , ' Oross. 942 12,066 , 5, 142 1,740 82,839 12, 202 ,,9,091, 3,770 $113 1,448 Percent.' 3.98 1919 11.87 ■. ' p.79 i92ic9s&mi«hsr;:::;v:::::::jy::;::;:^:5^i:::n:r'l.::." hi')rf '■ U ' . ALL- O^HfiK METALLid PENS, ji'. s.}. P. '■;<.( 1818... .U I m.::.v.::. ...:::. lW()».w^a,.,';*..tJ^S. 1921(9montha).... V/54%.969 572,604" i 823,887' 384, 169 S193,040 265,066 J:390SW 166,036 ■ $*8j768 45,808, ' 73J888' : 22,67 17.28 n. i8.)90 462 .SUMlirAPiy OFITAEIFE IWFOKMATION,' >1921. Exports in 1914i were 2M,'525 grossj valued at $116,501, going to the tJmited Kdiagddm, Britisk India^'Gerjniinyj' and Canada. Later exports ofmeitaBic'pieiis (except gold) have been as f cyllows (oaleiaidar years)': 1918 1919 1920 192J(9. montUs); Quantity (gross) ,.\.. .:■... UH-hi'-'i ftMi^^ Value 1231,345 1,098,677 1569,239 968,809 $489,326 129,740 »83, 165 -W}^ The principal countries of destination were r In 1919, XJhitfed Ehig- dojn, British India, Brazil, Cuba; in 1^20, United KShg4,QJli,;^i'azil, British India, and Cuba. PAllAGRAPH 352.- H. B. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 352. Penholder tips, penholders' and parts thereof, gold pens, combina- tion penholders comprising penholders, pencil, rubber eraser, .aiitomatic stamp, or other attachments, 25 ceritSj per. grosg , , , and 20 per cetitum ad Worem; mecnkn-' ' . ical pencils made of base irietail and not plated with gold, silver,' or platinmui;,, 45 , . , i centi; per , gross and 20 per qentijrn: ad valorem: Provided, That pens and pen-. . holders shall be assessed for duty sepa: rately. , . • . , ACT OF 1909. ^•Par; 187. Penholder tips, penholders ■ andlpartB thereof, five cents per grdis and twenty-five per centum ad valorem; goM pens, twenty-five per centum ad valctrein; * ' '* * ^ combiriation penholders, co'm- pirising'peiiliiald'ef, pencil, rubber eriasfer, ' automatic stamp, or other attachment, forty per centum lad; valoresm; ProWfd, t That pens and penholders! sh^i,; be assessed for duty separately." ' ' ^ ACT OF 1913. Par. 157? Penholder' tips, penholders and parts. thereof, gold jjens, * * * eombiliatioii penholders, compriMiig penr hplder,! pencil,, rubber eraser, automatic stg,inp, or piher atta,pjljiment, . 25 per cfe'nttim ad vaforem: Provided, That pens and penholders shall be! aferiBSged for' duty separately, i- , , , '•■ ■ \ PENHOLDBB8, ETC. - (See Survey C-24.) Description and uses, — ^A penholder tip is the ehd of a penholder designed for holding a pen, and made as a separate part of the pen- holder. Gold pens are superiqj; to steel pens in flexibility and durability and are essential in fountain pens, the gold being alloyed with silver and copper and protected by an iridium pQiiit. : ; Combination penholders consist of tubes made to hold a reversible tube at either end, in one of which is a penholder tip with or without pen and in the other a lead pencil, rubber eraser, or other attachment. SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 463 Mechanical metal pencils have a h'oUow' center throughout the length for^ ^insertion qf^penpil lead, one end oLwhich protrudes to form the point of the' pencil which may be regulated mechanically. Production. — In 1914 there were 12 mtoufacturers of gold peris, with 246 wage earners, a capital of $408,228, wages of $174,209, cost of materials $301,893, and value of product $642,461. ' In I9l9 there were 15 manufacturers, with an oiitpij^ valued at, $1,801,000. Imports. — In 1914 imports of penholder tips were 15,420 gross, valued at $16,615; and of combination penholders; $11,257. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: ! Calendar ye&^. PENHOLDER TIPS, PENHOLDERS, ANI) PAJlTS I^BtiiREbE. ' 191S 1919 1920....: 1921 (9 months) Gross. . . 8; 054' 8,141 9,515 '8,133 {4,419 6,605 9,737 7,224 {1,105 1,626 2,434 Per cent. 25 25 25 COMBINATION PENHOLDERS COMPRISING PENHOLDERS, .PENCIL,, RUBBER, ■ ■"•'.' '' ' '"■ ERASER, ETC. ' ■" - 1918 1919 1920 1921 "(V months")! Grass. 310 1,441 361 {1,4?4 357 2,589 606 M647 Per cimt. 25 25 25 Very' few gold pens are imported. In 1920 there were but 19 recorded, valued at $362. '' Exports. — In 1914 exportsof penholders were 79,648 gross, valued at $88,056, of which $57,446 worth went to Europe (mainly Eng- land), $19,914 to North America, $7,576 to Sduth America, and $3,120 to all other countries. Exports of penholders for the cal- endar years 1918 to 1921 have been as follows: .n-'h 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). QnantitT (cross). . , . .-. 59,666 {114,031 112,674 {200,354 107,042 {223,376 .59,' 542 Value. '. , {06,045 The principal countries of d,estiifta(tion were : Jn 1919, United Kingdom, Canada, ' Brazil; Argentina;; in 1920, United Kingdom, Canada, Argentina, British India. , ' Important' I cl^^g^^ in plassification.—A. provision |^or mechanical pencils, not plated with precious metals, is added. (Other mechani- cal pencils are dutiable under par. 1449 or par. 1428.) 464 SUMMARY 01\ ■.TARIFF, INFORMATION, 1921; PARAGRAPH 353. H. B. 7466. -Par. 353.- Fauntain ■ pens,; •fountain- ' pep., holders, stylc^rapluc pens, -and parts, thereof, valued at not more, ithan $2 per" dozen, 72 cents jie? dozeii; Valued at more than $2'and'n6U more ttiali $6 per dozen, $1.50 per d»zen;iand in addi- tion thereto, on .all of the foregoing, 35;, per ceint ad valorem: Provided, That tlie value of cartons and fillers shall be in- cluded in the dutiable value. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. ; 187, * * * fountain pens, Par. 157. * * « stylographic pens, thii-ty per.cenjtijm atl - stylographic pens; valorem; * * * ' ., .- i i ^gjj^^j^ j^(j x-alorem: fountain pens, and ,*..,.*, * 25 per •" ' FOUNTAIN PENS, ETC. • ' ■ ?' '- ,','; .(See Survey C-24.); . " ., -.i.-^^ ■ Description and uses. — Stylographic pens, like foiintain^pens, have a reservoir io hold the ink. The; poiriti of a stylographic pen is tubular and pencil shaped, with a needle playing in it which releases the ink when pressed on the paper. This form of pen is especially'\iseful for manifolding with carbon paper. Production. — In il914 there were 55 manufacturers of f^ountain and stylographic pens, with 1,154 wage earners, a capital of S3',- 269,B09, wages of $717,533, cost of material $1,614,145, and value of product , $6 ,865,074, ,^ iln.11919 there iwere SGi maiiufacturers with an output valued at ^15,997,000. j ,.. :; Imports .in 19 14 (pf fountain and stylographic pens were valu^dVat $51,526;, later imports of fountain pens, fountain-ipen- holders, sjtyLographie, pens,>> and parts thereofhavejbeen as follows: :; Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. ■ id ''■' valorem rate. 1918 Gross. $4,408 12, 169 70,083 51,482 11,102 3„042 17,521 Per ant. 25 1919 , , 1920... ...... .',.,.! ..-.,-. '.; ■-. 817 1,861 2,360 ,.; as 25 1921 (S montlis) -. < ' Exports.'— In lbl4'the 'exports of fountain pens were 332,935, valufed at $326,906, abbut two- thirds "going tp Eiigliftnd and most of the rest to Canada, France, and'BraZu. Exports of fountain' pens'for the CaletidaT* years; 1918-1921 have been a^ follows: ■.O ,_)_4 , , ^. J -^ 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9montba) 161,399 (123,952 423,906 $409,517 465,300 $518,410 147,028 Value.." ' '. $197,561) SUMMARY OF TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 465 The principal countries of destination were, in 1919, Canada, British India, Denmark, Spain; in 1920, Italy, British, India, France, Spain. ' ; Important changes in cZassi/icovhatsQever ':' be in- serted, after the word "instnmients" and before the comma in line 6 at page 64. . Page 64, line 6: Change "or" to "and" before,"parts." , Page 64, line 15: Strike out hyphen between die and sunk to agree with paragraphs 354 and 361. H. R. 7456. PARAGRAPH 360, SENATE AMENDMENTS. , Par. 360. .Philosophical, sciemtific, aad laboratory instrumeiats, apparatus, u,teii- sils, appliances (including drawing, sur- veying, and mathematical instruments), and parts thereoi, composed wholly or in chief value of metal, and not plated with gold, silver, or platinum, finished or un- finished, not specially provided for, 40 per centxmi ad valorem: Provided, That air articles specified in this paragraph, when imported, shall have the name of the maker and beneath the same the country of origin die-sunk conspicuously and in- delibly on the outside, or if a jointed in- 'strument on the outside when closed. ACT OF 1909. Pae. 650. Philosophical and scientific apparatus, utensils, instruments, and preparations, ", including bottles and boxes containing the same, specially im- ported in good faith for the use and by order of any society or institution incor- porated or established solely for refigious, philosophical, educational, scientific, or literary purposes, or for the encdurage- ment of the fine arts, or for the use and by order of any college, academy, school, or sesninary of learning in the United States^ ,• or any state or public library, and not for sale, subject to such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe [Free]. ' ■ 1. ACT OF 1913. Par.. 573. Philosophical and scientific a,ppatarus, utjensilsi, instruments,, and preparations,'^ including bottles and boxes containing the same, specially Janported in good faith for the use and by order of any society or institution incorporated or esfaifclish'ed solely for religious, philoaoph- ical, educational, scientific, or literary purposes, or for the encouragement of the .fine arts, or for the use and by order of any college, academy, school, or seminary of learning in the United States, or any State or public library, ajid not for sale, and articles solely tor experimental purposes, when imported by any society or institu- tion of the character herein described, subject to Buch. regulations as the Secre- tary of the Treasury shall prescribe [Free]. < Frepaiations clagsable under H. R. 7456 according to component materials. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921, 479 ACT OF 1909. Par. ,653. * * * > vases, retorts, and other apparatus, vessels, and parts there- of, compitetid of (platinum, for chemical uses[Freei.- ^ Pa^. 199. Articles or wares not specially ; provided for in this section, composed wholly or in part of iron, steel, lead, cop- per, nickel, pewter, zinc, gold, silver, platinum, aluminum, or other metal, and whether partly or wholly manufactured, forty-five per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1913. Pae. 578. * * * vases, retorts, and other apparatus, vessels, and parts there- of, composed of platinum, for chemical uses [Free]. Par. 167. Articles or wares not spe- cially provided for in this section; if com- posed wholly or in part of platinum, gold, or silver,, and articles or wares plated with gold or silver, and whether partly or wholly manufactured, 50 per centum ad valorem; if composed wholly or in chief value of iron, steel, lead, copper, brass, nickel, pewter, zinc, aluminum, or other metal, hut not plated with gold or silver, 'and whether partly oi ,whoily manufac- tured, 20 per centum ad valorem. PHILOSOPHICAL, SCIENTIFIC, AND LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS. (See Survey B-10.) , ^^Description and'uses. — The term "scienti&e instruments" covers a large variety of articles intended for the accurate observation and measurement of natural phenomena. Most important among them are engineering, physical, chemical, and medical instruments of various kinds, used for the measurement of weight, volume, length, heat, temperature, light, color, and time. Production in 1914, excluding medical and surgical instruments, wasrieperted, as valued at $15,000,000. In general those instruments which before the war had a sufficiently large market to permit large- scale production virere produced here successfully; but certain instru- ments of high precision, for which the demand was not large and for which sMUful hand labor was necessary, were imported. Gernlany, with a world-wide reputation based upon skilled hand, labor trained for generations, was the chief producer. During the war, however, foreign competition was removed and domestic production expanded in yolunae and variety. i , Imports in 1914 were valued at, $704,496.: These figures include certam articles in addition to scientific instruments, such as chemical ware and exclude scientific instruments not admitted free; hence they can not properly be used in comparison, with production and export figures. Of the imports in 1914, 80 per cent came from Germany; the remainder mainly iro-m England and France. In 1918 about 84 per cent of the imports came from England, Japan, and Canada. In 1914 imports of vases, retorts, and other apparatus, vessels, and parts of, composed of platinum, for chemical uses were valued at 182,000; total imports of platinum and manufactures of platinum, including a small quantity oi ore, were valued at $3,982,708. Later imports have been as follows (calendar years) : ' 1918 1921 (9 months). Platinum vases, retorts, and other apparatus, vessels, and parts of, for chemical use: Quantity (ounces, Troy) Value ,-,•-■: — Philosophical and scientific apparatus, etc., all other, value J2,750 »51,972 22 $2, 672 $71,453 781 $78, 697 $161,334 68 $6, 718 $142, 314 480 SUMMARY OF TABIFF INFOEMATION, 1921 Exports of scientific instruments, other than those Used for medical, surgical, and optical ptu-poses, in 1914, amounted to $689,366, more than one-half of which went to Canada; the remainder was widely distributed. In 1918 thp exports were destined mailfly tifc^Sanada, England, France, Russia, Chile, Japa,n, and Spain. Exports of manufactures of platinum in 1914 were valued at $71,172, about 75 per cent of which went to Canada, and nearly all the' rest to Germany. Exports of scientific instruments for' recent calendar years have been valued as follows : 19l8, $2,921,474; 1919, $3,550,261 ;1920, $3,995,484; 1921 (9 months), $2,266,598. Important changes in . classification. — This paragraph makes duti- able philosophical or scientific instruments for institutions. Labo- ratory instruments, apparatus, and appliances (including drawing, surveying,, and mathematical instruments), and parts thereof, com- posed of metal, finished or unfinished, and not plated with gold, silver, or platinum, have beeii added. The proviso is new. Conflicting provisions. — Swyeyi,ng. instruments are mentioned in both paragraphs 228 and 360; parts of surveying instruments are provided for only in paragraph 360. Suggested, changes. — "Surveying" might be stricken out of para- graph 360. This might, however, restrict the! specific provision for surveying instruments to those that are optical. If it should be desired to have all surveying instruments whoUy or in chief value of metal specially provided for, the word "surveying" should be taken out of paragraph 228 and left in paragraph 360. "The name of" should be inserted just before "the cotiiitry of origin." Under the wording of this paragraph, philosophical, scientific and laboratory instruments, etc., wholly or in chief value of gold, silver, or platinum^ would be included although such instruments, etc., plated with precious metals are excinded. If it should be desired to make the exclusion complete, itisertion of the word "base" before "metal" in line 21, t)age 64, would accomplish the purpose. Page 65, line 1 : Strik:e out the hyphen between die and sunk to agree with paragraphs 354 and 361. • PARAGRAPH 361. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ■ , . t I '111 I ' ■ ; Par. 361. Pliers, , pincers, and nippers of aU kinds,, finished or unfinished, lour inches in length and under, 8 cents each; over four and not over six inches in length, 10 cents each; over six inches in length, 12 cents each; and in addition thereto on all of the foregoing 25 per centum ad valorem; Provided, That all articles speci- fied in this paragraph, when imported, shall have tne name of the maker and beneath the same the name of the country of origin die sunk conspicuously and in- delibly on the outside of the joint. SUMMARY QF TARIFF INFQRMAnO;^, 1921, 4,81 ACT OF 1809. .: , > • 1 , ACT OP 1913. Pak. .198. Nippers and pliers of all kinds (except blacksmiths' tongs, surgical and dental instruments or parts thereof), wholly or partly manufactured, eight cents per pound and forty per centum ad valorem. Par. 166. Nippers and pliers of all kinds wholly or partly manufactured, 30 per centum ad valorem. NIPPERS AND PLIERS. (See Survey 0-9.) Description and uses. — Nippers and pliers are tools ordinarily having two lever handles and two jaws working on a pivot, for grasp- ing or cutting small objects. Pliers have numerous forms and sizes for many; purposes. Tyfb of the most important uses are in bending and cutting vdre and in 'screwing or unscrevring gas burners or gas pipes. They are much employed by linemen, electricians, pliunbers, mechanics, farmers, and, in the household- Weavers' nippers are composed of two narrow strips of steel welded together at one end and naving sharp cutting jaws on the other, and are used by weavers while the cloth is in the loom or to clear the cloth of loose ends after it comes from the loom. Nippers differ froni pliers generally irL having cutting jaws approximating semicircles in form and meeting only at the ends. ,> A pmcer- differs '-but little, in form Jrom a nipper, but is commonly distinguished from it in trade. A pincer is designed only for grasping and not for cutting, as, ior example, carpenters' pincers a;id farriers' pincers. Pincers mji nippers are less exten- sively used thanpliers. ' " ■"-'; ' •■v,^-!Y ' Production. — There are, according to nbhofficial report, 32 ■ firms manufacturing pliers and 16 firtns niaking pincers, but no official figures of outfiut are' available. The value of domestic production has been 'estimated at from $2,000,000 fo' 13,000,000 foril914, and $8,000,000 to 110,000,000 for 19l8. "- " = ' ' ,Im,pbrts in 1-914 of nippers and pliers of all kinds antotmtM to $144,818. Later statistics-foUb'w: ',"• ■ • _ Calendar lyeir.' Quantil^. ■Vklue.; ,Duty. 1 A,di valo- rem tate. l-)i' ■kUi. ■ 1818-.a,r-!.;;.<...'.ilj.. tvjj..'. ^ — ■ 100,103 ■SW1,065 iO,S02' 194,445 i 228, 457 1^ 6*333 Per cent. .-ii. , 30 30 >IJ: ^ _ -^ExpOrt'^^tatistics sire lackihgV but dl' classes of 'nippers, fuel's' '4rifl-pince'rs'hayp'be'^A expbrtfed ih'i*eceilf years. 'It iS'estilliat&d that,%!per celi,t bf''doiM.estic prb'ducti6i3/is exported.'!'- fiiii ' ' "'■ Irnportdnt' changes in' tlassiJicatiow'.-^FmceT's 'a,Te 'fikided.- Pliers, f)incers, "and riipper^'-Are divided into fhree'' groups, Bccording to ellgth. The, i)'i-ovi^5 i'g'heW.' • ;■" v-ij;!;!.,-! , ■■ ivv,, ;' ,' ' .' 82304— -22— --31 482 StrillM-AKY OF ■TAEIFP'OIKFQEMATI^N,, 1921. -U; ■■'O A PARAGRAPH 362. .lii.'"- -V ' n/- H. B. 7456. ' SENATE AMENiDMBNTS. Par. 362. Files, file blanks, rasps, and floats of all cuts and kinds, two and one- half inches in length and under, 25 cents per dozen; over two and one-half and not over four and one-half inches in length. 47i cents per dozen; oyer four arid' one- half and under seven inches in length, 62i cents per dozen; seven inches in length and over, 77J cents per dozen. ' ACT O]? 1909' '' ' ^'1* ACT dip' 1913. Par. 155. Files, file-blanks; rasps, and Par. 131. Files; file blanks, rasps, and floats, of all' cuts and kinds, two and one- 1 floats, of all cuts andteBfls, ^5 per centum half inches in lesngtha,nd (Under, twenty- ad valorem. ■, ,. ,, ,\;), , five cents per dozen; oy&r two and one- half inches m length and riot over four and one-half inches, forty-seven and one-half cents per dozen; over four and one-half inches in length and under severi.iniches, ^ixty-two and one-half. c^nfts per dozen; seven, inches in length and over, seVerity- severi and dne-half cents per dozen. FILES, FILE BLANKSj RASPS, AND^FLOATS. i. ' ^ ■•, ; '. fSee; Survey 0^13. V; > .; , Description and uses. — Tiles are made in varying sizes. Those with raised points, instead of lines, are technically known as rasps, and are used by carpenters, hprseshoers, and shoemakers- Files grade according to fineness. The;"cnt^'' in general use for 12-inch files are classified as follows:. First, or coarsest, rough.; second, middle; third, bastard; fourth, second cut; fifth, smooth;; me finest, !,dead smooth.. Files are used for abrading, reducing, or smoothing metal, ivory, wood, marble, or biher resistai^t materials. Floats are single cut files of the coarse grades for use on soft metals, wood, or ivory. , Production.— In 1914 there were 48 establishments manufacturing files, with 4,349 wage earners, a capital of $11,327^000, wages oi $2,135,000, cost of materials $1,595,000, and value of product $5,608,000. In 1909 there were 57 establishments and the value of product $5,691,000. In 1919 there were 50 establishments and the value of product $17,617,000. Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and New Jersey are among the leading producing States. : Imports. — Imports have been small ; compared with domestic production and exports. The greatest from 1907 to 1920 were in 1914, when imports aioipuntedto $101,949, which w^as 1.82,pOT cent of domestic production. Most of the files entered at, Nfew, York during, the six (jtnonths^ from July to December, 1919, came from Switzerland, which country is admittedly, the source,x)f files ofbigh quality. Sweden and, more recently, Germany, are also important sources of imports. Later imports of files, file blanks, rasps, and floats of all cuts and kinds have been as follows : StJ^IMARY, XJiP-iTAREFi:: lifif 0EM;4TJON, 1921, 48?. .i.^; Calendar year. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) Quantity. Dozen. 3L.713, 33, 129 83, 197 83, 396 Value. .W,384 49; 85^ 100, 471 96, 278 Duty. $10; 346 12,464 25,118 Ad valo- rem rate. Peraht. ■ 25 Experts for many years have been'large. ■ Official statistics are riot available prior , to the fiscal yeax 191'8, whe^i' exports of files and rasps were valued at $3,681,457,, of which $1,6'^3,933 went to Europe. iHe hve leading coTintrieS of destination' were : Italy, British Infia Australia, England, and Russia in Europe. Exports of files and rasps tor recent calendar years have been valued as follows- 1918' !o'?^f'nM' ^^l^' «5.I81,792; 1920^,^5,550,61:9; 1921 (9, months),' »^, 155,940. i-he, principal, countries of destination were, m, 1919i,' British India Australia,, United, Kingdom, Brazil; in 1920, Brazil United Kmgdom, Denmark, British India. Important changes in classification. ~H. U. 7456 divides files into lour'groups. ' PARAGRAPH 363. H. R. 7456. - Par. 363. Sword blades, and swords and side arms, irrespective of quality or use, wholly or in part of metal, 40 per centum ad valorem. r-, ACT OF 1909i ; SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 153. Sword blades, and swords and side arms irrespective of quality or use, in part of metal, fifty per centumad valorem. PA».il29.i Sword 1 blades, , and swords and side arms, irrespective of quality or use, in part of metal, 30 per centum ad valorem. . r .. ■-./ ',? ' - _,,,„-,,_.. SWOEDS AND SWORD BLADES. (See Survey Ci-13.Jl^gg^ Description and uses. — The term swor(^*Sword blades, and side arms includes bayonets, daggers, foils and foil blades f or ' fencing, and other small arms, but not revolvers and part^ thereof, wl;i(3i are specifically enumerated in the provision in paragraph 366 for "pistols, whether automatic, magazine or revolving, or parts thereof and fittings therefor. " Proiudion. — ^Figm;es for production .are not available. The most essential of these articles is the bayonet. Imports have been continuous, but small — in 1914 (fiscal year) valued at $15,212. Later imports have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 Number. 8,084 20,543 '289 2,425 Per ce4t. 30 1919 6,641 , : 39,026 30 1920 • 1921 (9 months) Exports. — Not recorded, of bayonets to Europe. During the war there were large exports 484 SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. PARAGRAPH 364. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pah. 364. Muzzle-loading muskets, shotguns, rifles, and parts thereof, 20 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1009. ACT OF 1913. Pae. 156. Muskets, muzzle-loading Par. 132. Muskets, * *• * muzzle- sho1gun8,.rifles, and parts thereof, twenty- loading shotguns ajad rifles, and parts thereof, 15 per centum ad valorem. five per centum ad valorem. MUZZLE-LOADING GUNS AND RIFLES. (See Survey C-14.) Description, uses, and froduction.^-The musket, muzzle-loading shotgun, and muzzle^loading rifle are old forms of firearms, whose domestic manufacture has been practically discontinued. Ifdports. — ^Imports since 1917 nave been as follows: Calendar year. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 1919.... '^.i.rt.;. 1920....'......... 1921 (9 months).. S821 12, 6V0 3, 691 S123 ■ 182 1,900 Per cent. 15 15 15 »-■>■■ Exports. — None recorded. '"■ ' ' '' ' ,, :| '," Important changes in classification.— A.ix rifles were uicluded in the corresponding paragraph "(132) of the act of 1913) and are classified with toys in paragraph 1414 of H. R. 7456. H. B. 7456. PARAGRAPH 365. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 365. Douhle or singmjfcarreled spbeting ibreecli-iloadirfg i < and^Wpeating sholgHns, (rifles, ,an more than 125 each, $6 each; valued at more than S25 ^s^eh, ^iP;9ach;.an $37,299,450, and those of all other 'firearms were valued at $11,541,913. Statistics for the calendar years; 1918 to 1921 follow: - 1! . • ;-i ;. ;< . (,■-; ,, 1.., ., • : 1918 ' ' 1919 1920 1921 (9 months)., Rifles and shotguns , All other firearihs . -.l Li . 1 .'.'.. $21,014,509 8,63S,963 $13,414,932 419,221 $3,456,431 711,697 . $980,639 321,098 li... ■:•■ ■ .•■: The principal coiih tries of destihatioh of rifles and shptguns wer6^ in" 1918, England, Elissia in Asia, Firarifee;' in 1919, Eussia ih 4?^ia, Russia in Europe, Belgium, Canada; in 1920, Canada, Austfafia, Argentina, and BraziJ. SiOMMARy .OiF^-iTAKIFEf WimOKMATJpiJr, 1921, m j,irwportanUchmige$ in0)msijieaiion.r-Shoim'm,''Xi^Qn, and icombma- tion shotguns and rifles areijjvided into four classes aowrding! to value, vraia specific duties forj^acji class a^d an additional ad valorem duty on a,E'dasS6s,: : ! ,., _,. , :. , , , ,. Repeating shotguns ai^id stocks for shotguns and rifles are mentioneid m H. R. 7456,, and pistols, which are in the same paragraph with shot- guns and rifles in the act of 1913, are provided for in paragraph 366 of H. R. 7456. The provision for repeating shotguns is new- Suggested chaifhges. -^Vva^sioTi is made for shotguns and repeating rifles and combination shotguns 'and rifles, and for barrels for sporting breech-loading shotgun^ and riflesy but none for barrels for repeating shotguns, etc. Nor is provisiori made for shotguns, rifles, and com- bination shotguns and rifles that are not sporting. If it should be desired to have the paragraph-apply -as^ell to arms of those descrip- tions, the word "sporting",, should be omitted from page 66 of H. R. 7456, lines 1, 8, 10, and 15.' " ^ " There is doubt whether "repeating" embraces more than shotguns. PARAGRAPH 366. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 366. Pistols: Automatic, magazine, or revol-ving, and parts thereof and fittings , therefor, valued at not more than $4 each, /, : , $1.25 each; valued at more than $4 and not more than $8 each, ?2.50 each; valued ■ . at more than $8 each, $3.50 each; and in addition thereto, on all of the foregoing, 25 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Par. 157. * * * pistols, automatic, magazine, or revolving, or parts thereof, seventy-five cents each and twenty-five per centum ad valorem. ACT OP 1913. , Par.: 133. * -*' * pistols, whethei^ automatic, magazine, or . revolving, or parts thereof and fittingj therefor, 35 per centum ad valorem. . PISTOLS. • , (See Survey C-14-.) ,. , ': Description and uses. — Pistols fire, a single bullet, and are , rifled. They may be single shot (used chiefly for target practice) , revolving (called revolvers), or automatic, in which 'the used shell is ejected, a new cartridge inserted from the magazine, and the arin cocked auto- matically by the action of the recoil. Production. — ^There are no separate figures of production of pistols. Imports of pistols and parts thereof for the calendar years 1918 to 1921, have been as follows: , ; ' Calendar year. . Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 ' ; liwmber. . ■,• 21 2,270 ' 36, '597 1 127,703 1165 13,421 169,217 452,302 ,,i.t58 ' 4;697' 59,226' Per cent. 35 1919. 35 1920 35 488 SUMMARY OF TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. In 1921, Spain supplied the bulk of the imports and smaller quan- tities came from GermanV and Belgium. Exports' ot revolvers dttd' pistols for the calendar years 1918 to 1921 have been as follows: 1918, $592,078; 1919, $512,145; 1920, $1,337,- 400; 1921 (9 months)', -$44e;0'59. T!he principal countries cif destina- tion were, in 1918, Italy, England, Camada; in 1919, Cahada, United Kingdom, Argentina, Brfczil, Japan; in 1920, Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, Uruguay, andCanaOT,. , • ''-■ ' • ' ■' ■ Important changes i% classificatiom-^-iiithe act of 1913 pistols were iilcluded with shotgtos and rifles at the sarhe rate Of duty. They are divided into tHrSe classes according to value, with a specific' rate of duty for each class and an additional ad valorem duty. PARAGiRAlPH 367. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMKNDBIENTS. Par. 367. Watch movements, whether^ imported in cases or otherwise, assembled or knocked down for reassemblit^df havr ing less than seven jewels, 75 cents each; having' seven and notTmore thaiiigleven jewels, $1.25 each; having more than eleven and not more than fifteen jewels, |2 each; having more than fifteen and not more than seventeen jewels, unadjusted, $2.75 each; having seventeen jewels and adjusted to temperature, $3.50 each; hav- ing seventeen jewels and adjusted to three positions, $4.75 each; having seven- teen jewels and adjusted to five positions, $6.50 each; having more than seventeen jewels, adjusted or unadjusted, $10.75 each; watchcases and parts of watches. Chronometers, -box or ship, and parts thereof, 35 per centum ad valorem; all jewels for use in the manufacture of watches, clocks, meters, or compasses, 10 per centum ad valorem; enameled dials for watches or other instruments, 3 cents • per dial and 35 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That all watch and clock dials, whether attached to movements or not, when imported shall have indelibly' painted or printed thereon the name of the country of origin, and that^aU watcb movements and plates, lever clock move- ments with jewels in the escapement, assembled or knocked down for reassem- bling, and cases shall have the name of the mamufacturer and the country of manufacture cut, engraved, or die-sunk conspicuously and indelibly on the plate of the movement and the inside of the case, respectively, and the movement and plates shall also have marked thereon by one of the methods indicated the number of jewels and adjustments, said numbers to be expressed both in words, and' in .^abic numerals, and if "lihe movement is not adjusted, the word "unadjusted" shall be marked thereon by one of the SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATIOlir, 1921. 48& H. R. 7456 methods indicated, and none of the afore- said articles shall be delivered to the im- porter unless marked in exact conformity to this direction: Provided further, That only the number of the jewels which serve a mechanical purpose as frictional bear- ings shall be marked as herein provided. ACT OF 1909. Par. 192. Watch movements, iijclud- ing time-detectors, whether imported in cases'' or not. If having not more than seven jewels, seventy cents each; if having more than seven jewels and not more than eleven jewels, one dollar and thirty-five cents each; if having inore than eleven jewels and not more than fifteen jewels, one dollar and eighty-five cents ; each; if having more than fifteen and not more than, seventeen jewels, one , dollar and twenty-five cents eactf aiid iwenty-five per centum ad valorem; if having more than seventeen jewels, thi«e dollars each and twpnty-five per centum ad valorem; watcjh cases and parts of Watches, chronometers, box or ship, and parts thereof, forty per centum ad val- orum; * * * all jewels for use in the manufacture of watches or clocks, ten per centum ad valorern; enanieled dials for watches or other instruments, thr^e cents per dial and forty jjer centum ad valorem: Frovided, That all watch and clock dials, whether attached to movements or not, shall have indelibly painted or printed thereon the country of origin, and that all watch movements, lever clock move- ments with jewels in-the escapement, and cases of foreign manufacture shall have the name of the manufacturer and coun- try of manufacture cut, engraved, or die- sunk conspicuously and indelibly on the plate of the movement and the inside of the case, respectively, and the move- ments shall also have marked thereon by one of the methods indicated the number of jewels and adjustments, said number to be expressed both in words and in Arabic numerals; and none of the afore- said articles shall be delivered to the im- porter unless marked in exact conformity to this direction. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par, 161. Watch movements, whether imported in cases oj; not, watch cases and parts of watches, chronometers, box gr ship, and parts -thereof *■ ^"*'air jewels for use in the manufacture- of watches, clocks, or metersj IQ per centum ad valoreni;,.* * * enameled dials and dial plates for watches or other in- struments, 30 per centum ad valoreni:' Provided, That all watch and clock _diara;> whether attached to mqyements or natj- shall havp indelibly painted or printed thereon the naxMeof the country of origin, andlthat all watch movements, and^^lates/ lever clock movements with, jewels in ihej escapement, Wh^tlier imported assem- bled or knocked down for reassembling, and cases of foreign manufacture,' shall have the name of the manufacturer and country of manufacture cut, engraved, or die-sunk conspicuously |and indelibly on' the plate of the movement and the i'nsid^' of the case, respectively, and the move- ments and plates shall also have marked thereon by one of the njethods_ indicated the number of jewels and adjustments, said numbers to be expressed either in words or in Arabic numerals; and if the movement is not adjusted, the word "unadjusted" shall be marked thereon by one of the methods indicated; and none of the aforesaid articles shall be delivered to the importer unless marked in exact conformity to this direction. ' WATCHES, CHKONOMETBRS, DIALS, AND PARTS. . (See Survey 0-26.). , i WATCHES AND OHRONOMBTBRS. ,,, ,, . , ,:!'' Description and mes.—Th.B chronometer, a timepiece of great accuracy, is used on ships or wherever precise measurementsof time are required. It differs from the watch in its escapement, which is so constructed that the balance is free from the wheels during the mo. SJEFJNIMARY OE-TABIFF, INFORMATION, 1921. greateripECFtjof its ivibratior^'and also in being fitt^J^dtli aJdompensat- mg adjustment to prevent expansion by heat or contr3.ction by cold from affecting the movements. Its bal^cie spring is helicpidal; that of the watch is spiral. •,., , ,, The watch is a small portable timepiece' or tmaekeeper that may be worn on the person. It is operated by power stored in a coiled spring, and is capable of keepiag time when held in any piQsitiqnv . , ^ Modern watch movements require the use of gold, nickel, brass, steel, and jewels of sapphire, ruby, and garnet. Watch cases are made of gold, silver, nickeX. brass, and gun metal, and of. various alloys knowii under trade names as silver oid, nickel silver,' and the like. Production. — The principal watch-producing centers are in Massa- chusetts and Illinois; most, of the clocks are manufactured in Con- nectieut and N«w York. In 1914 there were 119 establishments, em- ploying 23,328 wage earners, manufacturing watches and clocks an,d their parts. The capital iavested was $62,470,000, and the ya.lue of the product $35,237,431, of which $23,267,620 represented the value of watches and parts. Of the 119 establishments, 15 were engaged primarily in the manufacture of watches with a total capital invested of $36,388,700, 31 establishments were engaged in the manufactur,e of watch cases with a total capital invested of $11,220,024, and 25 estab- lishments were engaged in the manufacture of parts of watches and clocks with a total c&pital invested of $1,296,290, The consumption of watches in 1914 was approximately $1,200,000 more in value than the domestic production. . Imports oi watches and parts of watches for 1911-1915 averaged $2,72'9,898 annually. The largest importation of chronometers since 1907 was in 1914, amounting to $11,109, and the smallest in 1907, valued at $1,738. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Qilantity; ' Value. ' Duty. Ad valo- rem rate. WATGHEB, COMPLETE. 1918 . . . ..'.' .;. . . .... Number. ■ $3,532,670 3,195,385 , 3,284,498 1,758,600 $1,059,771 ' 958,608' 986,349 'Per cent. 30 1919 ........j::L...... 1920 1,084; 123 1,252,325 847,075 '30 30 1921 (9 months) WATCH MOVEMENTS. 1918 84,191,237 6,505,267 7,813,445 3,226,260 $1,257,371 1,951,580 2,344,033 30 1919 • 2, 316; 262 '2,106,131 821,607 30 1920 . 30 1921 (9 months) WATCH CASES AND PARTS OF WATCHES, EXCEPT. DIALS. • 1918 $1,191,743 1,180,361 1,308,989 1,088,781 $357,523 354,108 392,697 30 1919 30 1920 30 1921 (9 months) l -.',-- , . ,-.-,.-- ■■ . i , ;..Vi\;i.>- s(t3'MMAUY O'P' 'TARIFF. INFORMATTIOW, 1831. 491 ('alendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valo- rem rate. CHRONokisTiiRS, BOk iJR -SHIP;-' AnB 'PARTS OF. 1918... i '....:..i^.^- ■ ' . J Number. (.$6,640 13,?07 20,627: 9,276 , Jl,954 4,082 ,i 6;i88 Pk cent. -, 30 1919 ■ 30 1920 30 1921 {9 months) :. . .^...,. .' , . ' . . ' ' ' CHRONOMETERS, ETC., FOR THE SUPPLIES, CONSTRUCTION, EQUIPMENT, AND RE- PAIRS OF VESSELS. 1918 W19 1920... '1921 (9 months) . $21,974 56, 151 46, 932 23,759 Foreign watclies come chiefly from Switzerland. Exports. — From 5 to 7 per cent of American-made watches is exported, chiefly to the United Kingdom and Canada. Exports increased a httle in 1S19 and 1920, but fell off in 1921. Exports since 1917 of watckes and parts thereof have been by calendar years as follows: 19l8, $1,804,388; 1919, $2,273,045; 1920, $2,145,463; 1921 (9 months), $659,999. The principal countries of destination were: In 1918, Canada, Eiigland, Australia; in 1919, Canada, United Kingdom, Argentina, China, Australia; in 1920, Canada, United Kingdom, Cuba, Argentina, and Australia. JEWELS. Description. — Jewels used in the manufacture of watches, clocks, and meters include various kinds of stones' — agate, garnet, sapphire, diamond, ruby; and also the synthetic or nianuf actured ru'by and sapphire. _ ' . ^jPraductioVf. — Scarcely any jewels are produced in the United States, chiefly because of the lack of skilled workers and explerience in jewel manufacture. Fully 95 per cent of the consumption of \^^atch and clock jewels is imported, principally from Switzerland, Germany, and Italy. Imports are from England and Fi-ance in addition to the countries mentioned. The annual average for the 12-year period 1907-1918, was $707,932. Imports in later years of jewels for use ia the manu- faicture of watcnes, clocks, meters, or compasses have been as follows : Calendar year. -)U. Exports. — None recorded. 1918 ..-■■■ -•■• - ■'■■■' 1919 ■ ■,-,■■ 1920 ■ .......vi^.. 1921 (9 months) ■-r--.--,--,ir'-t Value. '1943,077 1,341,473 1,863,115 1,217,772 Duty. (94,308 134, 147 185,311 Ad valo- rem rate. Per cent. '- 10 10 10 492 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Description and uses. — A dial is the plate or face on which the pointer or index moves for the purpose of indicating time, revolutions, pressure, points of the compass, etc. Production. — ^Most domestic dials are produced in Waltham, Mass. Imports. — ^Between 70 and 95 per cent of the annual imports come from Switzerland. Imports since 1917 of enameled dials for watches or other instru- ments have been as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty.- Ad valo- rem rate. 1918 Number. J7,286 14,035 18,487 44,559 12,186 ,4,211 5,646 Per cent. 30 1919 38,108 62,784 139,594 30 1920 1921 (9 months) ■ Exports.— None recovded. ,' i i,' . WATCH CETS;rALS. [For discussion see par. 23S, p. 356.] GENERAL NQTES ON PARAGRAPH. '^/Important changes in classification, — In H. E. 7456, watch move- tdehtSj'whether imported in cases or otherwise, assem|)led or knocked down for reas'seinhnng, have been divided into eight classes, according to the number of jewels and adjustment of each movement, with specific rate of duty on each class and an additional ad valorem rate (H'duty; watchcages, and parts of, watches, chronometers, box or ship, and parts thereof, are classed together. '^ , Lever clock movements, etc., which were classed with, the above articles in the act of 1913, have been provided for in paragraph 368 of IJ. R. 7456. Time detectors have been omitted from paragraph 367 of H, R. 7456, but might be said to be cOyered by paragraph 368. ; Jewels for compasses are specifically mentioned in H. R. 7'45d (par. 367). H. R. 7456. has an additional. provision that only the number of jew:els which serve a mechanical purpose as friptionaj bearings shall be marked. Conflicting provisions. — Paragraphs. 367 and. 368:. The provisos to these two paragraphs contain in part similar provisions, but differing in some requirements. Suggested changes. — This paragraph includes in the first proviso "lever clock movements with jewels in the escapement, assembled or knocked down for .reassembling," but omits them from the purview of the paragraph. Paragraph 368 relates to clock movements. ' Page 67, lines 4-8 of page 67 of H. R. 7456: There is apparently noprovisionfor 16jewels adjusted. If it is intended to include them wiwi the 17 jewels, ' 'having" seven teeiTjewels and" might be strioken out in lines 6, 7, and 8. .= ( 1 ., n; .;, - ,, "For reassembling" requires determination of use, which is difficult "assembled or knocked down" appears sufiicient for the purpose in view. 8UMMAKY OP TAKEFF rNFORMATION, 1921. 49a PARAGRAPH 368. H. B. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 368. Clocks and clock move- ments, and clockwork mechanisms, cased or uncased, whether imported complete or in parts, and any device or mechanism having an essential operating feature in- tended for measuring time, or the flowage of water, gas, electricity, or similar uses, or for regulating or controlling the speed of arbors, drums, disks, or sinular uses, or for recording, indicating, or performing any operation or function at a predeter- mined time or times, any of the foregoing whether wholly or partly complete or knocked down for reaseembling (in yjiich condition they shall be appraised ai, the valuation of the complete article) ; cases and casings for clockwork mechaliisnis im- ported separately; all the foregoing, 35 ' per centum ad valorem; and in ad|dition thereto, upon any.of the foregoing articles or parts thereof, having, jewels, but not more than two j ewels.ih tlie esdapement, |1- each; having more than two but not more than four jewels, $2 each; having more than four jewels, $4 each; if without jew- els in, the escapenient and valued at not . dver $1.10 each; 35 cents eacji; valued at ' more than $1.16 and not more than $2.25 each, 70 cents each;, valued at more than 1 J2.25 but;ijot more than $5 each, $1 each; valiied at more than $5 but not more thp,n $10 each, $2 each^ valued at more than $10 each, $3 each;' all parts and materials for U8e,in any, of the foregoing if'^Jlnpoited , , ■separately, and not specially projvidfid for, , , 40 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That all dials and the front or back plate of the movement frame of any of the foregoing wh^en imported shall have the name of the maker, the country where manufactured, and the number of jewels, if any, indeli- bly stamped on the most visible part of same; but if such markings are in. whole or in part sufficiently similar to the trade name of an established American manu- facturer as to be liable to deceive the user in tile United States^ entry thereof shall be denied if such trade na,me or trade- mark has been placed on file with the col- lector ol customs. ACT OF 190^1 ";Par. 192. * * *, lever clock move- ments having jewels in the escapement, :and clocks' containing such movements, -one dollar each and forty per centum ad valorem; all other clocks and parts there- of, not otherwise provided for in this sec- "tion, whether separately packed or other- wise, not composed wholly or in chief value of china, porcelain, parian, bisque, •or earthenware, forty per centum ad va- ACT' OF I&I3. Par. 161. * * * lever clock, movei- ments having jewels in the escapement, and clocks containing siich mpyements, all other clocks and parts thereof, not otherwise provided for in this section, whether separately packed or otherwise, not composed wholly or in chief value of china, porcelain, parian, bisque, or earthenware, 30 per centum ad valorem; * * * time detectors, 15 per centum 404 sTJiitMAiftS!:' 'Cfg '. TJSKDPF ' iNEdRwa-iaoKi, jtsat. ACT OF 1909..-! ii*IA;l ^}r H. ACT or 1913. loremje * *iiv * ..^iatoelefcL- dials for ad valorem; e&ameled ifels and dial watches or other instrumenta, three cents plates for watches or other instruments, per dial and forty per centum ad valorem : 30 per centum ad valarem,s'f *; *. ^' j * * * , ■ : ■ - ,-;:i-wi., ^ ' ,„ [See proviso to par. 367, H. R. 7456.] [See proviso to par. 367, tt. Ri 7456.]-, CLOCKS. ,'^; ■' (See Survey;C-26.)' ',,' ' Descrivtion and use. — ^IVIodem clock m6vements require tlie use of gold, nickel, brass, steel, and jewels of sapphire, ruby, and garnet. Clock cases are made of wood, metal, china, porcelain, pariani. bisque, marble, earthenware, stoneware, and crockery ware. ■ Production. — ^IMost of the clocks are manufactured in Connecticut and New York. In 1914 there were 48 establishments engaged in the maiir ufacture of clocks, with a total capital iavested of $13,564,482, and 25 establishments engaged in the manufacture of parts bf watches and clocks, with a total capital invested of $1,296,290. The production of clocks and parts for 1914 amounted to $11,969,811. The produc- tion of clocks exceeded the consumption by about $600,000. . In 1919 there were 46 establishments with a total output valued at $23,380,000. Imports. — Before the war clocks were received chiefly from Ger- many, and since the war mainly from France, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. The importation of clocks and parts of clocks during the nve year period 1911 to 1915 shows an annual average of $794,389; of this amount clocks and parts received from Germany averaged $586,407, or 73 per cent. After, 1915 the imports decreased rapidly until the fiscal year 1918. The imports from Germany in 1918 were valued at only $12. However, by 1920 the imports from'that coimtry increased to $115,023. Statistics for the years 1918 to 1921 follow: i' Calendar year. • Quantity. Value. i ' Duty/ Ad valorem rate. LEVER CLOCK MOVEMENTS HAVING JEWELS IN THE ESCAPEMENT, AND CLOCKS- CONTAINING SUCH MOVEMENTS. • .. • 1918 Number. 602 81 1,520 2,691 i $4,629 2,291 5,986 2,465 $1,389 687 1,796 Per cent. 30 1919 30 1920 30 1921 (9 months) . . }'. \ ' . , ^ ' V J. ALL OTHER CLOCjES AND. CLOCK MOVEMENTS, ETC., AND FARTS OF (Bi^CEPT DIALS). 1918 . . :....' -^ ;. t48,223 .560! 831 739; 886' $14,467 42, 161 150,349 30 1919. ,,.... ,, ; 30 1920 . '.. '. 30 SUMMABiT . OF. '■ IFAEIFP INFfflKMAOTONf )1821^ 4'95 }uEx-ports. — A large percentage of tiie'expbrts;of.cl6cks TIME DETECTOES. ' Description ani use. — A time detector is a watch or clock used for obtaining time: records of watchmen's rounds. ' . ■ -. ProS^ciion.— Time detectors are largely made by hand. rThe variety in styles and sizes, and the small number sold, preclude the use of automatic machinery in their manufacture. Imports. — During the nine months October 4, 1913, to June 30, 1914, imports were valued at. $27,476. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. valorein rate. 1918 "Number. $5,058 527 1,324 35,251 $759 79 199 Per cent. 15 1919 :vr";"i9' 161 4,601 15 1920 . . 15 1921 (9 months).. ..,............,,..-,.,.. Exports. — None recorded. GEIfERAL NOTES ON PAKAGKAPH. Important changes in classification.-— Jjever clock movements havirig jewels in the escapement, and clocks Containing. such movements, all other clocks and parts thereof, etc., are classified with watch move- ments, etc., in paragraph 161 of the act of 1913. ■ Clocks a,nd clock movements are given a separate paragraph in H. R. '7456, with the special mention -of cases and casings for clockwork mechanisms, which were omitted in the act of 1913. The following clause is alsp inserted in this paragraph: "any device or mechanism having an essential operating feature intended for measuring time, or the'nOw- age of water; gas, electricity, or similar uses, or^ftH- regulating or con- trolling the speed of arbprs, drums, disks, or similar uses, or for recoTdihg,. inmpatiflg, or; performing any operation or function at a predetermined time or times." ,,; . n- i Clock movements, which were all in one class in the act of 19l3, havebeen divided into three groups according to the number of jewels in tlie movement; and o^ movements without jewels, into five groups 496 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. according to value. Each group or class has in addition to an ad valorem rate of duty, a specific rate of duty. The provision in the proviso "but if such markings are in whole or in part sufficiently similar to the trade name of an esta,blished American manufacturer as to be liable to deceive the user in the United States, entry thereof shall be denied if such trade name or trade-mark has been placed on file with the collector of- customs" is new. Suggested changes. — The proviso states that "dials, etc., * * * when imported shall have the name of the maker, the country where manufactured, and the number of jewels, if any, indel- ibly stamped on the most visible part of same; * * *;" This clause might be as follows: "Provided, That all dials, whether attached to movements or not, when imported, shall have indelibly painted, printed, or stamped thereon the name of the country of origin, and the front or back plate of the movement frame of any of the foregoing, when imported, shall have the name of the maker, the name of the country where manufactured, and the number of jewels, if any, indelibly stamped on the most visible part of same; but if such markings are in whole or in part sufficiently similar to the trade name of an established American manufacturer as to be liable to deceive the user in the United States, entry thereof shall be denied, if such trade name or trade-mark has been placed on file with the' col- lector of customs." , ".• u If the name of the maker and name of Country of origin are tb be marked upon clock cases, provision should also be made therefor. "For reassembling" requires determination of use, which is difii- cult; "assembled or knocked down" appears sufficient for the pur- pose in view. PARAGRAPH 369. H. B. 7456. Par. 369. Automobiles, automobile bodies, automobile chassis, and parts of automobiles, not including tires, 25 per centum ad valorem: Provided, -ThaX if there be imported into the United States aijiy pf .the foregoing article^ manufaijtured iii or exported froni'any country; which i imposes a duty greater than 25 per centum ad valorem u^^Oneitailar articles exported from the United -States, there. shall be levied, paid, ^nd- collected HPOI'v Wch afr, , tides a duty equal to the duty imposed by such country 'upon Such 'articles im- ported from' the United States, but not to.ejyjeed in any ease 50' per. centum ad valorem- ; , AjGTOF 1909. ' Par. 14i. 'Automobiles, * * * and flnishe'd parts of any of the foregoitig', not including tires, forty-five per centum ad ■valorem, t ,f- •. < :i ...:,-• : SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OI- 1913. Par. ilS. Autornobilea, vajiied at $2,000 or'mbfe, and automobile iDddies, 45 per centum ad ■ valorem ; automobiles valued at less than $2,000, 30 per centum ad valorem ;j automobile chassis, ,and fin- ished parts of lautomobiles, not incl^^ng tires, 30 per centum ad valorem. " SXrMMABy: OfF.iaiABliFPi-IilSFO'KMATIOKy 1921-, 497 fi jLlJ^OtoJiBItEsL (See Survey C-10.) ' pescription and ttse.^-Automobiles may be divided into two general clsj^sses — palsSehger and commercial. Unofficialrfipioi'ts gave registered motor vehicles m the United States (Dec. 1, 1921) as 10,000,000, of which 1,000,000 were trucks or commercial cars, and the remainder passenger cars. In 1921, 83 per cent of the c^rs in use in the world were in the United States. The license fees paid amounted to ;|102,034,000. T^e domestic gasoline jnroduction for 11 months of 1918 is officially eiyen as 3,278,568,498 gallons. • Production. — 'flie surnmary of the Census Bureau concerning th!e automobile industry for 1919 states that reports were received in 1919 from 315 establishments with products valued at $2,387,- ,834,000, as compared with 300 establishments in 1914 with products to the amount of $503^230,000; Of "the total valu^e of products in ,1919,. about 56 per cent, or $1,3^,076,000, was reported by the 68 establishments located in Micmgan. _ The total mmiber of automo- biles manufactured in 1919 was ;l,y683y938i, valued at $1,555,129,000, as-Compared with 537,039 in 1914, valued at $465,058,000, an increase nearly three fold jin number and more than that, in value. In f919 the total number of automobiles included only 3,034 electric and 406 steam propelled machines, while in 1914 there were 4,669 electric and 401 steam automobiles manufactured. The $533,068,000 reported as the value of bodies and parts represents only such bodies and parts as were produced for sale by establishments engaged in the manufacture of coniplete automobiles, and does not include the value of bodies and parts made by establishments making no automobiles. Relative production figilres are given in the following table: ' -^ ^-t*^ Type. . - . 1914 - — '^^—i 1919 •Number. " ■ vaiuf Number." ■ Value. 534,438 24,172 $413,696,000 40,278,000 1,553,349 120,914 $1,318,038,000 Business vehicles - 212,204,000 All other yejoicle^. , ; — ..... \:--:rvif--r,v.:- ,, -> 14,^87,000 . ;•■ Tpta|l(...... .;....;! !(, ',57ft 039 :1|i|f' Ij 683^938, , $l,555;mflOD .2,387, fe4,1)00 ■r:;i'i'^i 1 ■;'/■:''; ' . 'j-iU'. J ins ■ F«rthenn6re,'in 1919,; the mandfactur^JWi 5,012 automobiliBls and 80 trailers to the value of $8;067,562, and in 1914, 4,258 automobiles iralued at $6,2^6i,(558,' -Were ' r6f)orted by establishments i engaged primarily in other industries. -'i ^ - ■ . ... >> -.p. -: Imports. ^^ThelimpoTts of automobiles anjd partsreached a maximum in' 1507; thereafter it declined untii 1918.« Since 1918' imports havie iBLci^eased rapidly, amounting in 1920 to oVer $2,000,000, which, nevertheless, is only about onfe-^tSnth of li per cent of the domestic Jjrodliction' for that yeari .Before the war the (principal sources ' of 498 SUMMARY OP TARIFF INFORMATION', 1921. imports were France (which furnished about half), Great Britain, Germany, and Italy. Imports for later years have been as follow: Calendar year. Quantity, ' ' AUTOMOtBILES, -VALUED AT'LESS THAN $2,008. 1918...., • Number. 73 97 .811 222 $2L134 3Z130 (559,W5 233,302 i .$6,340 9,639 •■■ 197,992 Percent. 30 1919.".:l.'.-j..;'. ■ '! 30 1920 . 30 1921 (9 months) «;•) '■.(■>>!;,■- ■' AUTOMOb^LfeS VALTjfe' AT" $2^000, dE OVEE. 1918 ' ' ■ 3 18 93 90 ' .11 ', ^$8,176 ■ t9,907 297,428 • 34fe,-392 $3,679 36,958 ,; 133,843 45 1919.. J ' 45 1920 45 1921 (9^months) . . : -r,r , ^ . - Ifi:' AUTOMOBILE &©tflis. 1 r ! ■ ! ' i 19i«.. ..;...:.-. ^ 1919.............. 1920..:^.-.:..; L-C.i.. •■•: ■-;•■■. ".'.;• •!- -.11 -"- 380 ',i 9.' i $2,355 . 52,066 81,397 ..15,545 $1,060 28,430- 36,629 45 45 45 192r(9montlis) — :'. ■'.'-,] ;:':r.;" , ' . '—^ —. — ; — ti- 1 ;_ ^., ■' ..,{ . ! . , . ; . . .- AUTOMOiBILE C HASSIS. 1918 ,..., , 20 37 240 ■ 176 $35,890 113,9^ ■ 856il56i $10,767 34,195 256,547 i 1 1 i ■; '1 1919 .'. 1920l , m i ■ , I - ■ !> i'l 30 1921 (9 months) ... ^ , ... 1^. PARTS OF AUTOMOBILES, NOT INCLUDING TIRES.- 1918 -. $13, 141 ■ 115,822 238,781 152,585 $3,942 34,747 71,607 30 1919 30 1920 ... '' . . 30 1921 (9 months) In 1920 Canada supplied about one-third of the imports: one- third came from England, and consisted almost entirely, of parts. A considerable portion of the remainder was from France. The importations of automobile engines are small, being in 1919 and 1921 as follows: 1919, 3 valued at ,$185; 1921 (9 months), 2 valued at $1,232. : . , . ' Exports.— ^'ExpoTta for the year 1916, the last year before the United States entered the war, were $122,633,710, amountiiig to about 13 Eer cent of the domestic, production.) In the fiscal year 1918 they ad declined to $114,2j66,875,ror about 9 per cent of the production. In the fiscal year 1920 exptorts had increased to $298,219,875j or 13 per cent of production. Parts of autoniobiles, other than fengines and tires, e?;ported in the calendar year 1920, show a value of $86,198,013, as compared with $6,624,232 in 1914., Export statistics for the calendar years 1918 to 1921 follow: SKTMMABY ®J? TAEJFF INPORMATION, 1921. 499 1918 1919 1921 (9 months). ConmeroSal automobiles : iQuantity (number) .,. - i :.'..■ , Value. ,.....;;''.-:..'...':. .'.'.. lPatesengejSi4t6roobileB;Mi^ii!.' ■ ' -; .fjifnulii' (riiimb^r)'; Value Passenger chassis: Quantity (number) •. .;;..;' Value Automobile engines, gasoline: '. 10,308 J26,.814,9S2 36,936 • $36,'278,2te 15,685 $35,425,437 67, 145 »73, 700,527 ■S?4)> ^u^ti(i3^(number) . ■ ■(•■' $aiue Parts of automobiles (not including engines .>> and tires) ■30,813 »4, 188, 675 $33,607,050 31,358 $4,738>341 $42,562,186 ,^. ! 17,686 $27,15^,544; 130,711 $152,694,024 "' 11,4^ $19,187,237 ':'■• 11,797 $12,561,897 '■" 'aofsSi $5,031J858 $86,198,013 , 3,641 $5,033,362 .■!,'; 7 21,401 .'$24,138,?36 $3,681,261 2,499 $2,239,866 ■ "■' 6,577 i«l,S90(i48 , $31, 1^, '453 ' Included in "automobiles, parts of," prior to 1920. ,, ; •'■ Thfe principal countpies of destination in 1920 were, in order of in)agniti|de; tn6-''Uilit§d Kingdom, Canada, Australia 'atttf^NeTt' Zeja;- landj'Caba, Argentina,' and Sirazil. '''"" ■ '" Important changes in classijipation,— -In H. E. 7456, "automobiles, automobile bodies, automobile chassis, and parts of automobiles, imt including tir^es,'''arerQl^?se(i|QgJ5|hpp. r;4 new proviso js,a?.follo^s: '^ '''' '"*' .imppfted'mto tbp, U if Jiliere be,,inip()fted mto tnp . Up^ted States any of %.e- foregoing ;ar'ti9tje^.m&niifaettti:^(d iitdr exported, from a,n;^ country Vl^b'iniposiBS a duty greater tiiaii 2'^ per centum ad valorem iipon sinpXlpr articles exported from the United States, there shall! be levied, paid, and collected upon such articles a duty equal to the" duty imposed by such coimtry upon such articles imported from the United States, but not to Exceed in any case 50 per centum ad valorem. The word "finished" in-par-agraph 119 of the act of IfllS is omitted before "parts of automobflesj''!;!-' ^v Suggested cha'riges.-—P&g&70,lme& 1 and 2, of H. R. 7456; Change "levied;;- paid, and collected," to "levied, collected, and paid" to agree with usual practice. ' If it shall be' &esit-fed tO'have imfinished bodies and othefr parts of automobiles ccm^ within thiS-'j^atdigi'a'ph M^tekd of being classified according to component material of chief value, it is suggested that the, words "all the fqregoing, whether finished or unfiiiished," be inserted after the Word ^'automobiles" in line 21, page 69. H. B. 7456. PARAGRAPH 370. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ; Par. ;,3,70, Airplaaes, Hydroplanes, ihptor bpiate, and parts thereof, 30 per centum ad yalorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. ''- [No corresponding' -pravision; classable (No corresponding provision ;classable !according to component .material of chief according to component material of chief ^lue.] ' : ' value.] ,;,- ■ >■■ 60© StiTMlirABY OP TAKIFt imFOBMAMON, 19^1. AIRPLANES. Production. — Statistics of the Bureau jof-iha .Census show that reports were receiyed from 31 establishments engagediift, the; aircraft Industry in. 1919 with products valued at $14,372,6435^ as compared with 16 establishments m 1914 with products valued at $789,872. Of the i31;estfl,ijl|shmen$s reporting for me year 1919, 10 Were located in JJ^ew York, 4 in Ohio, 2 each in Califomia, Massachusetts, and Missouri. 'K ... i I- Sumrrmryfof statistics of the aircraft indiistTy, 1919. > i .o,>; ,o." ;■; I -■ '. !• . . . ; ,■_ ■ -]>}u,jnber of establishments, i ....,Q", ' '' '; 31 Total value of products.;. .,:;..' j ., . . . . .;. . . ,^^ ; ,!. $14,-.3?2, 643 Airplanes: 'u, ■»:-■; ■ .,'.:■ >• i'.iU,: ■'.it • '"' NumberJ:;v! :.. : : :.....::.... 432 - Value. $3, 466, 452 Seaplanes: ' / -'"''' '■'■''■ Number 230 '\r ;Yaine. lu. . .. v. . . . i . - . ; ,........,....,....;.....,. $4,'580,016 Yaljie ^ .wprfcd9ne ,during y«ar on airplanes and ,seaplane8 not completed. ; s%L 658, 67O AU'other products, includirig parts and repair \ifork.. ...,.'... ,$4,667,568 MOTOE BOAtS. In l9l9*there were built by private eStabU^Jimeht& r,159 inotbr feoats of'S^^oss tons or' less, valued at f i;797,6ob, 'aS compiared with S',t06 boafe;' valued' at $^,'d01V2g(4' in 1914. The |)i-6du6l;iori of motor li;oats,in;i9i9 wasa^olio'l^s;;^ ;|'';,, ,'''", ''^' ' " ^'■ ^Number GrosS-i [ , Value. Motor boats of over 5 gross tons, including sailing vessels eqiU{>p4i(witfa ffll^S^?K"l^lstorts;!a;:yj::i::^:^c;:r;-u::rL:^^ si: V 195 l,lS9 -'J'ljj.' : iff- ■•,b(J 14,773,000 >1, 797,000 lo /wj>(??'te,r-'IinpGrtSiof .fliifplfnes for thp,fis0,al,ymrfl918 w^rp valued ;at!!$423,980. , (Imports sipcp.li917 h.?,ve!,beefti^^r|ol](>-5^s,: - _,(iti,,, • i u •■Tjli 9fJ palendariyear, , , ; : , , Quantity. Y?J"f,,; . Duty. AfliJ :,i: ^^Vi^fcifAS 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) . Number. 3 78 .i[r;- .•5?r-r .r. .}■'. 1119,218 w (23,844 sS.'eoe .'iii-yhiii., iiL Per cent. 20 ., ., 20 , ' 20 'iUI ^PTS OF AIRPLANES. METAL CHIEF-VALUJE. -^, ril8L..j.l.i.:i...i-.: S::;«::«:v!!r: 1921 (9 months)... -V I»;«3?il8?rij -«iri 17, 467 i!-n«87,S7;9. r, 0/ ! 20 [.9;;...;. SUJVTMABy . OF lABIBT 'IWEOEMATIOiN, 1921, 501 'um . . .8 rv, ;; f-r :/^^*yWT AK^a Quantity. Value. I?uty. Ad valorem rate. PARTS OF AIRPLANES, METAI^FOR THE CONSTRUCTION AND i:^QUIPMENT, OP VESSELS. ' ' ; ' ' ,.-■ 1918 :'■:'.- .. .., $20,500 .%062 ■ J .Her cent 1919 '' ■■ ■'■* ■ ; '' ' il ■ ' : AIRPLANES AND PARTS OF, FOE THE UNITE-D STATESi N. E. s. , 1918 -1 $1,656,'148 467,061 i ■.■:.. 1919.. p [•".;:■. r ni AIRPLANES AND PARTS OF, FOR DIPLOMATIC O^iri^ERS^CJ.'R. ART. 377). $30,966 :..... J. AIRPLANES ANi, PARTS OF, WOOD Oin,SF YAtlJE. ' 1918 ■i' ST2,,151 419, 481 61, 667 17,749 »10,823 112,922 9,235 Xb 1919 15 1920 15 Ii;i addition, there, 'sye^e ipaport^d " parts of airplanes, wopjd chief value," Talued '^^ S^l,275 for tE^e, construction, and equipment of vessels. • •; " , . .Imports of j;m6toir' boats are not separately classified; they are probably siriall, r, ,,,, , ,. ■ T Export staij;?tics for the calendar year?, 1018 to 1921 follow:.. . !lM8v;i 1919. . (9'mOfflM):' ' Airplanes: (iuantity (nunJlJer) . . Value ( PArts of airplane.^'.'. '.^-j..-'. Moiorboat^:: !,,'•.'??." ., ',, , irit'r' ' C^inntlty (ntriiil>er5 . ... .,- : - - •'■ • ...-':?!.';: yaUie. -;. -■-..■■ - -M^-w'-.-iUt ('•'>()■ ■■'■■'■ ' ■ - r r-.i ■■'■• -i^l; S667,"25' ! $14, 670, 269- '■ 8)6 ' - »3, 663,S12 44 : $2i5;3Qo f7'^/j49j2a6 ■'^''■"' 140 $368,851 66 ■ ?598,?74 S554;3?5 298 81,008,872 43 $271,940 $132, 634 " " 146 $666,,(i69. , Theprineiptil countries of destination in, 1 92(1 were as follows: Of airplanes, Peru, Brazil, France, i and Argentina; of airplane parts, thfe United Kingdom, Hongkong, Brazil, and Canada; of motor boats, about one-half went to Latin-Amferican countries. ■ . ■ 'j u: ' Important changes in classification. — ^^This is-a neW pajagoraph.'^ Un^ der the act of 1913 they are ^classified according to the component material of chief' value. i > 'Suggested c^ayi^res.-^The word:'' thereof" in line -7,:'page 70, might be changed to "of the foregoing" to prevent possible restriction to motor boats,' the immediJately preceding commodity. Consideration might also be given to the discussion of finished and unfinished parts under paragraph 369 and paragraph 371. SW STJ.MMAKY ; OE TAKCFFjIHTOEMATIOIif, 1921. PARAGRAPH 371. 11.11.7466. SENATE AiCBNDMENTS. Par. 371. Bicycles, motor cycles, and fidslied parts of bicycles and m'otor cy- , , J / i cles, 30 per centum ad valorem : Provided^ ' That if there be imported into theXJnited States any of the foregoing articles manu- factured in or exported from any country which imposes a duty greater than 30 per centum ad valorem upon similar articles exported from the United States, there shall be levied, paid, and collected upon ■uch articles a duty equal to the duty im- posed by such country upon such articles imported from the United States, but not to exceed in any case 50 per centiun ad valorem.' ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 141. * * * bicycles, and motor- Par. 120. Bicycles, motor cycles, and cycles, and finished parts of any of the fimshed parts thereof, not including tires, foregoing, not including tires, forty^fiye 25 per centum ad valorem, per centum ad valorem; BICYCLES AND MOTOR CYCLES. (See Survey C-14.) Description and tees.— Bicycles and mdtbr cycles ata used to a con- siderable extent by workjhen and other^ as a' means of ifttii^ortation to and from work. Bath are use,d conmiercially for th^ delivery pi messages and sinall parcels' of in^c3iaS!disfeJ and by p6li'6fe bt^dhiza- tions for patrol and special ,duty. Motor cycles are of great yiStie for military as well as police pnrpb^sl^^' Four-cylinder madliineS df 20 horsepower are made, and side cars are provided with a seating capac- ity of two or more, and are equipped with tops, wind shields, and upholstery. Production of bicycles in 1914 was 398,899 machines, valued at, $5,361,230. The output in the year ended August 31, 1918, was esti- mated by the War Industries JBbard as 507,207. The production of : nwjtor cycles for the same period was estimated as 53^,0,0, In the calendar year 1914 the output was 62,793 machines, valued at $12,306,447. The production of bicycles in 1919 was 470,675 ma- chines, valued at $12;2?7,341',ahd the (niimber of mdtorcyiel^*jwas 59,214, valued at $16,176,055. Duripig the jperiod 1914 to 1919 the bicycle industry again ahioiwed rapid? growth, mu9hi greater thaiiithat; of the motor cycle. The^ total; value of; the' product/of i the bievcl6 industry was $22,234,262 in 1914 and $53,105,995 in 1919. Other industries produced $4^647,798 in 19'14 and $2,205,743 in 1919. . Imports. — Imports of bicycles increased up .to the time, of the war; sthey were chiefly from England, but? a portion cameirom Germaiiy. ■ ■ ■ 'i'-'-i ■■■'■/^ -^ '-■ '■ 'i '. \ ■ ,/■> ■•' ' Imports in 1914 6f bicycles and finished I parts i were valuediiati $205,062, motor cyclesi and finished parts at $55,869. : v ^i Later statistics follow: < : , atJMMABK Affii TAEIIFB INFOKMATaOlir, 1921: SOS .« Tmxu< ; VI 3:3M^'^^y?*^;a BICYCLES AND FINISHED PARTS THEBRPF, NOT INCLUDING TIRES.; ,[,,v 1918 ......'..'i.:i,. .. ':■■■ .«;i920 10,953 ■48 143 ■■■38,695, 1980 : 2,738 12,048 Per cent. 25 1919 ,.., -v^ 25 1920 25 1921 (9 months) : . . . ; ....:....„ MOTOR CYCLES AND FINISHED PARTS THEREOF, NO;r INCLUDING TIRES. > 1918 tl,278 2,1016 15,472 6,658 S319 605! 3,868 2R 1919 ..i..;... 25 1920 ." P 1921 f 9 months^ . . . ' Exports. — Exports of bicycles, tricycles, etc., in the fiscal year 1918 aiuounted to $1,366,747 and in 1914 to $608,931, which was 10 per cent of domestic production. Ji^Iotor cycles exported in 1918 num- bered 10,599, Talued at $2,364,785, having increased from 6,410, valued at $1,234,194, in 1914. The exports in 19 14 equated 10 per cent of the domestic production. In the year ,1919, 42 per cent of the domestic production of motorcycles and about 21 per cent of (domestic production of bicycles were exported. Exports of bicycles, tricycles, etc., for the calendar years 1918 to 1921 have been valued as follows: 1918, $1,540,920; 1919, $3,234,915; 1920, $4,72^,643; 1921 (9 months), $1,353,234. , .The principal countries of destination were, in 1918,„Japan^ Norway, Canada, Italy;. in 1919, United Kingdom, japan, Denmark, Net*ierlands, in 1920/ Japan, Sweden, United King- dom, Netherlands. Exports of motorcycles for the calendar years 1918 t& 1921 hav^ been as follows : 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (number) . Value 9,212 $2,169,385 24,481 $6,687,436 37,622 110,756,580 9,240 $3,011,286 The principal countries of destination were, in 1918, Australia, Italy, ''BritiBfe! South 'kMii&; in 1919, Netherlands, AustraliaV/Nor- mij> British' South Mritea; in 1920, Sweden,' Netherlands, Australia, Uflited Kingdom. '': ^ ' •' , , important -changes in classification.— Th.^ ■ words 'not including tired" are oinitted, and' the proviso is new.i ' - ' ■ _-; ' ■SuggesfedcMnges:—Pa.ge70,'UtieUyoiB:.R:74:56: Change levied, paid, a,nd collected" to "levied, collected, and paid" to agree with Usual bba^tice; ^."' • ' '.- ' ' ■ , , i .n j- • v j j i If tlle'sug^estiOil under paragraph 369- that both finished and unfinished parts of automobiles be specially provided for should be adopted there is a question whether unfinished parts of bicycles and motor cycles should not be specially provided for in this paragraph. Bicycles and motor cycles in Ime 9, mge 70, might be cha,nged to "the foregoing," if the suggestion under paragraph 370 should be adopted. 504 SUBUMABS /OF TAEIFF liNFOEMATIONi^ 1921. PARAGRAPH 372. / H. B. 7456. SENA*E AMENDMENTS. Par. 372. Steam, engines and steam locomotive8,'7l5pei*^centllin'a,d valorem;'" ' ' machine tools and- parts of machine tools, emhroidery mach-jnes, including shuttles for sewing ; and Mabreidery. . machines, ... lace-makiag'; machi&e's, machines -for making lacecurtains, nets and Bettings, and all otlier machines or parts tliereof, finished or unfinished, not specially pro- vided for, 55 'per'centum' ad valorfein: '- ' ' ' ' •' ' Provided, That machine tools as used in this paragraf)h shall:'i)e.'held to mean any, machine operating other than by hand power which employs, a tool for work on metal. , ACT OF 1809. ACT OF 1913. ., .Ear. 197--* . * *, jute manufacturing ]f ae., 165. AJl, steam engines,- s,teaailo,- machinery, ^ * * *' machine tools, comotives, printing presses, and' machine printing presses; sewing machines, * ** tools, 15 per centum ad valorem; em- and all steam Jengines, thirty per centum broidering machines, and lace-making ad valorem'; embroidery machines and:! machines, including machines for! making lace-making machines, including ma- lace .cu;t^in?. nets, or .aettipg^j 25 per chines for making lace curtains, nets, or centum ad valorem; i3ia.chaae'ioQjs as used nettings, forty-flve per centum' ^advalo- in ttds-'pafagrapli sliali be held to mein rem; Provided;' hoijbever, That rail em- any 'machine operated by other than broidery ; machines, , and . Lever or , Got ■hand; power which employs a iteol for through laqe-ipaking machines, machines , woirbing on- metaL , !, . used only for the weaving of linen cloth ' Par. 441. *,.',* r*'. sewing machines, from flax and flax fib^r, *' * * shall, cream separators valued at not exceed- if imported prior to January first, nine- ing $75, * / »' *^ whether imported in teen hundred and, eleven, be .admitted whqle or in parts, * .*i *. [Free].' free of duty. : . ' , j,^^, _ Pah. -167,., Articles or wares not epe- cially piroyided for in this section j . * . *. * If composed' wlioUy 'or in chifef' value of iron, steel, lead, copper, brass, nickel, pewter, zinc, aluminum, or other metal, but not plated with gold or silver, and whether partly or wholly manufactured, 20 per centum ad valorem. [Covering " parts of machine tools.] ' STEAM ENGINES, STEAM LOCOMOTIVES, MACHINE TOOLS, ETC. Description. — Steam engines may be; described as prime mQTerS whioh utilize the beat, energy, pressure, or.ldneU.c energy ,of steam, to generate power; reciprocating and rotary engines and steam turbines are includedin this designation: Steafia locomotives are, of, two general classes, standard railroad engines and industrial .locomotives; Raikoad engines are futther distinguished as ipassenger, freight, and switching engines. , The machines enumerated ill {this paragraph are certain speciahzed types producing widely varying commodilties or Uitilities. The,term<"inaehiTie tools ."•lias no very definite or fixed meaning. ,One class of power-driven machines is designed to pro- duce a ^iijgle )type of , article in great, jiumbers with a, considerable . 1 u ■ ry—- '~"^' — ■! '•■'[•!> — rrr. ' J,: I .;, , ' — i — ' '• — TTrTi — , ; - -; — TT— ^ — 3 Exempt under Par. 1604 if h^ld to be agricultural implements: otherwise possibly dutiable as machines not speeiallt provided for, Par. 3?2, H. R.j7466. ' -,•..,.,;, .,:t .1, J. di^^feb'bf ftiitOMatift'-acteoil, i. 6. se?i4HiflASi&^iiA^«Mife¥,'fedlt iWteM^ ers, nut tappers, ^ear cutters, and spring-making macnffidfe" ^mii are styled _!' special "_,macMnes,_ .They usually turn out „ a com- pleted productfor one requiring little subsequent nmshing. The other class, propetly called machine' tools, consists of 'po^^^s^d&iven forming or shaping machines which are not special, but are adaptable for afl kinds oFwork within their sphere pn ajl shapes of metal stock or raw material. Machine tools are so defined in the act of 1913 as to ipclude both the above classes.' , " Metal^working machinery ' ' is a. term . applied to power-operated ijaachin^g for worMng E^etals in the form of bara,; rods, wire, platesi^ sheets, or casting, but eXcludingmachinery used- in the production Sf the metal in the forms mentioned. Metal-working machinery, as ordinarily understood, does riot include' machines or tools for use in the hand trades, like plumbef's and tinsmith's tools and watch- ihaker's lathes, iipr, rolling-mill machinery, cranes; hoists, etc. '-^V, '■'■ Embroidering and lace-making miachines and machiiies for making lace curtains, nets, or net curtains are highly specialized forihs of textile, machinery. , Other kinds of textile machinery which are J)rovided for under the basket clause and constitute one of the argest imports in the inachinery group, are included in the ne;sv paragraph under "All other iriach in es." Fiihtiog: machinery, calcu- lating inachinesj electrical machinery, cream separators, cigarette m,a- cHnery, baker's machinery, and candy-making machinery may also be mentioned as of competi.tjiveiinteresit in this group. .Pro(Ziidio7i.^In 1914 _steam lsocomotL\:es, valued at $46,968,144, .were manufactured in 33.establishments,and.all other steam engines; gained -at" S30,498,638, in 243- establishments. The value of jail steam engines made in 1919 was 4'72,04'7,00'0. The production of printing presses in 1914 amounted to $8;396,508rthe output of 88 establisWents.^f Manufactured 'ffiet'sLl-WOrkiag-Madhiiiery for 1914 wasvalued at 148,866,186, of which $31,446,660 represented machine ^ools. The census figures for 1919 show an output of metal-workirj.g machines valued at $212,225,000. The census xeports a production of textile machinery valued at $30,437,689 in 1914 and^$121,006,000 in 19 1 9, but gives no separate figm-es for embroideniigaiid lace- making machinery and machines for makirig^face curtains, nets, or net curtains. Lace and embrbidery machines are not made in the llnited States. ■■ -■• ■■■ ■ / ;; ; "^ Both England and Germany are important producer^, of the articles in this paragraph. Before the war Germany had a large foreign trade in machine, itools and gxportod^itQ the United States. England was a, great producer and exporter of_textilte machinery. „. Imports, -^-The imports of steam engines in recent years have been negligible : as compared with the domestic production. Imports were $183,539 in 1912 and $13,945 in 1917. Imports i of steam locomotives have been negligible, ranging from 1, valued at $3,324, in 1915 to 21, valued at $170,037, in 1918f4fiSGalvy6ar). Imports of machine tools were $306,096 in 1914 and $100,685 in 1915. Imports of embroidery and lace-making machines, etc., were $1,792,216 in 1911 arid $434,041 in i 1914. Imports of printing presses were m ^BSjytMABJf (^IriAPiFFj M5'^¥A330if» ia?i- 5§8^3Cfl in IQ^Aiapd 53jgft§in 1917,y Lat^r imports areishox^^iiij th|^ -ffi;; j: '! jw -rri --'L--^! . , i- -; C.S,. ( QaleBdsiryear, . . i t-:f. ■'.ir;P' .i= . , ; Quantity;. * '1 ,■ ,'" iDuty. ;\ ^■•'"'iai-: ivalpi;^^. ' rate. I, ilk -,<-> ;: ■ 1 ." ';'M.tf6oii;tiTiVEs'. ; i , . , , - , , , ! , ' ::^,^''ir,-[ '&is:..j.....^ii..:^j...i.i.^: 1919„,.... ;.,..„ i9!SS..Cv:....v..;.. ..v.. ...:.:: :fflSl i9,m.ontika)..,^,....:,..^. Number. .: rl4 ;J98„9S3. 37,785, '«3,739 .,20,06Q $14,843; 5,668 ' 9,561 Ferpeni. 15 15 15 1 <; ,^- '. p, ^LL QTiaE^ STEAM ENGINES. ■ - J ' 1918 : $758,501 344,092 ., 148,878 3,529 $113,775 51,614 -22,332 15 1919 ....... ■^62" , 60 IS 1920..i....L.....^ :... : i 15 -1921 (9 months) iSTEAM ENGINES yOR THE CONSTRUCTION, EQUIPMENT , And REPAIR OF VEte'iliS. 1918....! ...;.. $85,970~ 198,441 7,322 1,217 1919.i . 54 ' 2. 1 1920. , -.,.,.,.,,,._... -1921 (9 months) : ,!_.'" ; . >i - ■^■.Oi.i,-: MACaiNE TOOliS. 1018.....:.. '1919..... :J920 '... ii^l C9 months). - $30O;572 139)619 432, 581 178, 646 EMB?.OipERY.A.ND UACK-MAI ^N.G MACHINES, ETC>:i. ; - ■ . . ■ -. J -1919:........."..... ...... .].^;..'.,,f^,..,....., „-,' ,. 1,;308. , .,$58,843 245,758 _ 554(,436 578,192 .--; $U,f711 61,'439 '.; 138,609! ■"'•■r"'u: I: .' ;.' ■ K -»920..:.i.Liu.>... 1921 (9 months).,. ....... :ij;....i......i...l.:.. J. i^. !." li'. --1125 —'.-■■In ,Si:j JUTE-MANUFACTURING MACHINERY. •^ilU 1918 1 .'.'IP 8')''! .: >■ .V ;;r b;- :ii i:. ;, ^^^a^,26r 57,048 I, 49,362 ' 148, 807 1 ^-■ $9,26^' -.'>ill,410 . 9,872 ■"/I 1919 __ __ -1921''(9 itioTitfis5 V '.'."".' ..... ;,.-,-r.7 ...-...,.'.-....;.... .,. . '-:..' 20 ' h-nf,l ' i/fl'' "/ '-'.:■•!, ] ,t..> ■ ,■;, !!' :■ i' i.'t ... .','>, 1 1 ,-, ;( -"■'^'^•' ."'■'• ;;;•' irtLto-PHEte- textile:' WACHnirERY.' :". . .V'» > i9tg-^'}.:'.i.:d.::'.i':>J,.)jJJj2:j:'..['.i.:.::i:. ..■.:..:... ■' f5S3,l74' 2,16S?879 2,738,391 ' $116,' 635 152,214 433,776' -.■A 20 :1.9l9,.s..,,^),....,..-.H.,.,i;me--., ^ ■'.;. •'^T'l^ Jtaa (9 iooniilis). ;..■.;.. i-j..!... i ...,.;;.'. ;....".'.,.j. , ; CRE^il SEPARATORS, iVAI/UEp;NOTiOVER $75., M18- i . .^ ... .'7;^ ?-. i .■•-..■.).■ 1. ' ,; 16,884 '■J;lo^l 9,437 ,$273,419 667,903 -1,344,287 334,230 1919 '. ' 1920;. ...i'liv.J.'.J.. ..:;!.. .......: 1921 (9 months) SUMMARYi OF TARIFF INFQRMATIQN, 1921. 5^7 Calendariyear, ! i QuWitHty. V^lue, Duty. Ad valDrem! rate. PARTS OF, CREAM. SiEPAEATOES. 1918 1919:.. 1920. .i.i.. 1921 (9 months) . Numb^. |38, 402 59,091 21(1,624 80,381 ' Per cent. , PEINi;iNG PRESSES. ... i ■ •') Mi's.....; 122,118 2(<999 r 18,994 ' 22,126 »3,318 KISO 2,849 15 1918 .;. .. ; 171 15' 1920 15 1921 (9 months) MACHINES, MACHINERY. AND PARTS OF K. s. p. P. 1918 i J2, 116, 935 1,311,115 3,033,902 3,189,440 $423,387 262,201 605, 871 20 1919 20 1920 , 20 1921(9months) MACHINES, ETC., FOR THE CONSTRUCTION, EQUIPMENT, SUPPLY ■-,■'! .--- VESSELS. , AND REPAIR OF 1918 J . Jl, 010, 341 1,208,817 1,097,537 382,615 1919... ,L .V^ , 1920 :;.:. 1921 (9 months) "... ■ . ** . - , 3. :,; .-' 13,419,509 500,041 23,982 1920....,: i.... Exports. — ^Exports of steam engines were $2,112,3St in 1913, and $594,916 in 1915. Exports of steam locomotives were $6,442,674 in 1913, and $2,115,866 in 1915. Those of macliine tools were $14,011,359 in 1914, and $84,S35,410 in 1917. ExjJarts of jprinting presses were $2,487,277 in 1914. In 1914 the exports 'pf^Jextile machinery aggregated $1,611,279. There were no exports of em- broidery and lace-making machines, etc. Ex:ports have l>een as follows: ' '■; 1918 1920 1921 (9 tttonths). Steam locomotives: Quantity (number) . Value Maehinte tools . . .; : Textile juachmery . .' Cotton carding and spinning machinery. Cotton looms: Quantity (number) , Value Textile machinery, all other Cream separators: I. Quantity (number) Value Printmg presses i ....;.. .. All other macliinery and parts of 1,062 $27,064,042 $11,626,360 :$7j296,607 21, 822 $841, 171 $1,462,834 $42,299,866 $30,275,728 $12,490,600 $14,986,369 22, 480 $1,093,821 J. $3, 827, 038 1 $73, 426, 726 1,711 $53,629,847 $13,961,243 $7,314,511 , $840,788 $12,764,335 24,915 $1, 106, 298 : $9,253,711 $96j 657^650 ,794 $25; 449, 500 $4,140,439 $6,987,331 786 $281,210 $7,590,714 7,342 $374, 417 $6,515,123 $58,603,723 ■ St^MMAKf! Op TABll'Fi lNFOKMATTOSr}'1921r fj^e texports of steam locomotives have Been principany to tlie Far East and liatin Americaj^butsome number hasbeen sent to France, and formerly both Spain and Kussia were important customers. Machine lobls are expOTtpd tQ. mo^t pf the, maiiufactufing centers of Europe, and to Oanada and Japan: ' I'ex tile 'machinery is exported tfls.jQftiha and Japan afn^. ,,8(1^0 j (special types) to Canada and the United Kingdoirfi^ ""-Cahada, Arlgentinaj Francej Australia, and New Zealand are .the firincipal inarMts. f or the ireain isepaiators export^.. , In addition to the above classes of machinery, there are a grSfifin&ny different kinds of machinery that figure largely in our export trade, but which are not imported in siifficien't 'quantity to warrant the pub- lication of ^sepay^rtift., statistics, i The destinations of these different, Glasses vary, of course, apcording to! the nature of: the. machine,: buti liipst of the item^^ listed fh the following table of exports by calendar' year are consignei to Canada, Great Britain, Japan, or T'xance : _ Miscellaneous machinery. .TY.AU. Elestridalffiitfthiflei^i'.' .Y.l'iT Dynamos or generators. . , - Magnetos, spark plugs, etc Motors - Eheostats and oontroMerBJ/i. .;..,..,.-..-. . . ■ ■ SwitGhfes and accessories.-l!.''^ .1 ..-.. - . Telegraph apparatus,' inclitding wireless... - Telephones ".:.'.: :i: Translormers... . . . „ . .^. ^ Another....;.............'.;...... Machinery, n. e. s.: s ,3 .v ^JTA'lr. ' . Adding_and calculating macmnes Air-coihpressing machinery; . . .'.'. . .V. '. . . Brewers^ madiCiery, : . . . Concrete mixers,— J MX .i it ,S4 . '. . _ . EleTators and eleyatonmaehinery Engines and parts.bl— .(,. Electric locomotives Internal-combustion « o-t-r- ■ • ) i • ,_ tMarine.v,,, .,,-. ...„,i,.'. . . . c,.,. . '. " Siationaiy,.' I ...'.. .'. '[/[..Iraction .;...,.....;.... to...'...-.. Kerosene enrines. : . '■' Tractibhil...;......'.!.'.;.'... . ., Allpthgr..,.. i<...'..;.ui Stcaih engines— ■' ' . I ^Marinejj. -'....' ..i;. Stationary -. , ^ ' • ' Tiaeticfa-.'. . .< I a'.'} i...'J. ;'.'. '. All other engines Parts of engmes— Boilers. . ^ v. = , „,. Another , Eioayayng macMoery eiki Floiir and grist mill machinery Laundry machinery- Power machines AU other '. '' 'Lawn mowers. ; -''I ' '"Tiiefal-working machinery— " ■'■'" Lathes ^ , ■'■ ■ ' Sharpening aBd grinding mathkiSs Allother... ...-. ;;..'.'.. ! ^^Mining machinei'y-^ ' ^■ Oil-well machinery...' ' ' Allother; .- .- ' ^-^ajger and polp mijl machinery .-..-. . , . I • ■i'ump-and pumjimgiriachinery Refrigerating machinery ' ' 'Windmills '. .-.^ . . . , ; . .- , ~'V ■! iXilTl.' Jt3i'36a,'349 _ 2,749,705 8,225,197 . , 288,737 .2,195,300. -- .378,80a .2,687,483 3,528,673 17, 845,641 r aiiT HO 1, 974, 250 -2,694,755 ...130,357. ....315,337. .2,214,537. 183,200 478,871 J.'T!-..: • (• ■'3,332/184 24,4j)I,fft! ;8,536,-.y3. ]::::'.::'uf.(. I,337;jj49l 1,056,884. 5,450,418 4,415,467 24,420,286 1,274,926 1,435,211 4ari596 269, 136 '.Includes In additian to.machines:a lew itemsf e nattia5SQd"4s maobjne^ but rather,^ miniifactuFes ',■'-■« 9, 853, 507 6J161, 876- 23, 978, 554 2,759,286 8,730,338- -1,667,622 6,-008,-piO- 1,436,110 - 772, 003- g., telephones 01' metal Cpa''. TPlVlOO .■:. 16,799,885 3„!m,775_ 10, 635, 476 514,760 - . -3,-564,772 .... 830,887 . - .3,783,398 3.787.851 ""27^277128 I ■ tTjj >. tj , 3,'863,,5l7 3,761,290 . 213,590 . ...246,631 . - .2,601,643 835,978 . ,692, 58i ..:t .1.228,^45 1,3'21,247 ■a,*724 201 '■9,97S;887' 2,*2,015 10, 690; 224' l;415/789 . ■1;674,734 SUMMAKllf OF iTAEI'FB ilNFOEMATION;' 1921-. -'509 Mwella^eQv^.m(iehineriJi^Gp^^i^\ie)i- toflchineiry^n.e.s.^Contiiiued. • '•' ■ Wop(^orMhg machinery — , , i , . , ■ ' .' I i ' .Ml other '....!!'.., ^ . i i! !.!! i ! ./..'. ! ! '. , Cs^rs, automot^les, and other vehicles — Motor, warehouse and motor-station jf,.,,., tru<*s ^.j..c..^ ■ V Whe^lhatrows, pushcairts, and hand ••'.'*,'.>' trucks r.».'i^.;.ii...i.;iii.U All other vehicles and parts of 1,154,789 1,0*9,595 349,403 ;;), 480,914 20,432,996 19J9f 1, 141, 248 2,«DB,4fl7) '•, '.'1 49^,^43 ■J774>2S0 33,345,238 :•■: 1920, • 1,220,028 '3,754,823 :317,137 Ij 528, 217 8,963,724 1921 (9-mbhths). 953,94k 2,M0,Z79 2^9,385 755,901 3,696,559 ' Intjportant. changes, in> classijication.-^The provisions . for parts fof machine tools, for shuttles for sewing or enlDroideryi machiaes, and for all other machines or parts thereof, are new. Printing presses, which are specially proTided for in paragraph 165 of the act ofil9i3, and cream separators valued at not exceeding $75, Which are spfecially provided for in paragraph 441 of that act, are not mentioned in H. R. 7456. Shuttles for sewing machines have been transferred from the free list (parts of sewing machines); There is doubt as to how fair-reaching the term " all other machinies or parts thereof j finished or unfinished/' is intended to be. Many inq^uiries have been received in regard to the inclusion of certain articles in the provision, such'as 'printing presses, combination type- writer and adding machine,, ajidL cream separators. Electrical, telegraph, " khd telephbne ' "a^^aratuSj appliances, etc., have also beeai the subjecti3of numerous mquiries. .JuBthe absence of a more specific enumeration such articles wiU come within para- graph 393 01 H. R. 7456 as manufactures ti^holly- or iii chieif value of metal, unless classable as machines within this paragraph. , ., PARAGRAPH 373. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 373. Shovels, spades, scoops, and drainage '•tools, and parts- thereof, ' com- 'pofeed wholly or in chief value of iron, steel, lead,' copper, brksS, nickel, aliimi- lium, or othel: metal, whether partly or Wholly manufacturtdy 25 per'dentum ad valorem. .1 ACT OF 1909. .1'- ) /:! Par. 199. Articles or wares not spe- cially provided for in this sectibn,' com-' posed wholly or in part of ..iron, steel, leadfitfopper, nickel, pewter,' zincj gold, t silver, platinum, : alumintun,; or , other metal, and whether, partly or wholly, mani}facture.d, forty-five, per centum ad , valorem. ' ' ' ..•■-••'■ ACT OF 1913. i; ' ' '. Par. 167. Articles or wares not spe- cialiyprovidedforin this section; * * » if composed wholly or in chief valu? of iron, isteel, lead, copper, brass, nifckel, pewter, zinc, aluminum,- or other metali i*,i* *; .and whether partly or ^ wholly manuf£iciurea,'20 per centum ad valorem. ••' Par.' SJIi: '*'*•'* all otlier agri't^l^ tufalimpleineintsfftahyMnd and descripr tioji, wh9ther . ! specifipally 1 mentigped hj^r^n or not, whether in wh,olf 01 ;in parts, including repair parts [Free],* « Exempt under Par. 1504 if held to be agricultutal Implements; otherwise passibly dutiable as ma- chines not specially provided for, Par. 372, H. R. 7456. 510 StTMMAEY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. SHOVELS, SPADES, S0OOI"S, EtC. , J^ro,cZ«dtion.^^tatisticB of the Bureau of the Census as to the pro- duction of these airticles are not available, although, the production of shovels, spades, scoops, and hoes was estimated at $4,7li,QC)tP in 1914. The following figures ^ere obtained from' the tariff heariiigs in 1921 before the; Committee on Ways and Means.. The productive capacity of the 20 plants scattered throughout the country is from 1^000,000 to 1,250,000 dozerts-per annum, which at the 'present average market price of shovels would amount to tetween $10,000,000 and $12,000,000. ''- " "'•"' /mporte.-^— Statistics are not available. Apparently there has been some importatioiBpifrom Canada, as Canadian, shovels when polished are adrmtitedffreesbfi ddty-as agriculturail implements. (Tiariff. hear- ings, 'W. ; ■-• .■'•••: ': - ■ ; liii ;:.T -I >„;,. If!; J ;; . y ' Exports. ^^Th.et( prikicipal 'countries' of destinatioii '.of i exporits i ' of shovels -and spia'desi"w''ere:Lln 1918', Chile,i Mexico^ AEgentina,tPeru, Cuba; in.l919,' *^^ ^9^^ 9'^ ^® grouped together as semifinished shapes obtained either by rolling or extrusion.,, , , ; , ^ Jhe productjlon qf alumijjujn g?-ew frpm 60,00p pou^nds in 1890 to 7,000,000 pounds in 19OO.,40,O9(^„QQb pounds in 1910, ,9p,000,00p pqu^ds in 1915, 110,000,000 pounds in ,1916, and^pprpxiniately l,3):i,000,OQO pounds in 1920, X^ie value p^ the product, amounted to $2,000,000 in 1900, about |3'0,000„OQO in 19l5, and apprpxiipiitely i'ipjOOOjOOO ^1 1920. This exceptibna!|ly rapid increas,eiici production paced the.tliyted States far in the ^eadt'pf a,llthe ^jl^^mmuin-prpduci^'g jepuntries. Fully^©neTh'^ of thf. ,wprld^s, ^putput is produced ift this ^buntry., [] , . , -q .'■:;\,)A ■ ' i ,- .■■\un'.f'- y_-' ' 'n, i ,i;; •;■.:'- 518 pBi|yi]Vl^A»^ /Q?' TAjap'E jS^fQBMA'MQW, %W^ I Immrtsc iTpriov tp/ IQliir were/Jargelyi jfiiom iPftPfS^ao-api^ jrepsreseiltftd fl(ierefy .iaterglantiiiF^latioiigjQl )t]}e ,oiie, t^Meti^jaii! large-scale pTmnami Mpsjt of tliiSi wa^,[ldtjIfta,telj^, exported .witlij benefit, p;f .d^a^bao^i There was aJsQ.sonif jiinpQjqtia^oni^ieoijilietpltiye metal fropa European countries^/ During ther^ariiiiiiports pf {lUptes^eS of lalurpiiiu^lk w§xe cut off, except for a small ampunti.of scrap derived jfrqia near-by countries, i^nd 6;sported, -alter/jremeltijig, witb benefit of .drawback. Imports, pf plates,, sheets, bars, strips, and rods, .chiefly frpjn iQW niany 3,nd Eiigland, reached 2,775,804 pounds, yaluedtat. $654,765i in 1914,; ThosjBjpf ingot wer,e .113,il3J55' pounds in ,1908 ;4nd 2,6,95p,354 pounds, yfiliigd at J4,315,233, m 1913. Since jthearmir stice tpiports of aluininum h%ye increased fairiy steadily except fpr a few months in 1919 and early in. 1^29 wjipn European requiremeiits temporarily expanded so, as Jo, ;exqeed ).production and le^ye np ?urplus for export. Imports of alupiiniiminetal since. 1918 have Iteei^ derived principally from Engl(ajad and |Yance; small quantities; con^e from , Switzerland, , Norway, ^d Germany. Germany has , f m-nished t^ bulk of the more or less, higMjrp^anufacturedfoipiis, of aluminum. Total iinports from all countries since 1917 have been as foUows: Calraidar year. ' Quantity.' Value. Duty. - ' :aLTJMINUM, IN CRUDE FORM, SCRAP, 'imV ALLOYS OF ANY- KIND wk"' '■'-'' ■■'" '' Pbimds. , 1,690,146 13,326,595 , 35,W1,I32 26,014,687 ..... ->'^ . i^'2,754 '4, MO, 749 ' » i^fts^ '■-''-■ 192b 1 . . 1 . i 'I ..'■ ^ n%m ■ ' ; ; . >' -Tnrr ALUMINUM IN bar's, ^TRIES, AN*!)' ROlis. Mis'. 1.1 :.:: .L...':..::^.. ■'-'■■ 432- .4^149 345(367 ' i ■265,939! ... ,:',■' $315 21,133 , .165,981 'v JJ79;549 • ' 'U Mim.i.j.--- ' --;..- ^.. ::..:. 1920,. if :.J ,..., .....v>. M2l'^(8inonths) :...'!,,' :; ' . ) "; .:<;,) : ajiS* .( , 1 ', 1 ; . . ■ '. '^'-^ / ■ . ■ > r^ ■ ■ ' ■'( ~^ " ' ' ' ALUMINUM PLATES AND SHEETS. 19I81.. ::...:.:. 1919;.,,.,,.. ::'Xi\i.AiJJ.:\'.i 1921 (9^mont]is)^.j In addition to^ the imports lifted above k fair ainounf of aluminum circles are imported from Germany. These are, however, included in lihe statistics of "All other' manufactures of aluminum" as gi"t^en under, paragraph 893. ' ' ' , ',' " ' "JSxports. — Almninum in crude Or sejnifiiiished forlii w-ks not ex- jaorted in any c6nside'f$,ble quttntJty'prior tp 1914. li'thaiyeAr the exports of all kiiids of . »luininujn metal tod lianuf actur'es T^^ere valued at $1,101,920. Tho etxoriiious'demand and liigh prfces abroaid Resulted fenotfit^diio l,6^,8S4'pSuhas; with'k value of t78^,S^6, and itf'all other manufactures of aluminum, $1,804,632. Practically 'all the ingot metal was sold to the allied Governments. SUMMARY Oi TAlilFK INFORMATION, 1921. 513 Later export figures for' the calendar years 1918 to 1921 are given in the tables below. 1918 1920 1921 (9 months)* Alummuin, ingot metal and alloys Quantity (pounds) , . . Value . . : AuiTninum, plates and sheets; Quantity (pounds) Value 20,152,798 J7, 478i 149 3, 982, 173 SI, 500, 903 i, 158, 196 $1,495,659 sen, 157 $249,237 7,381,874 $2, 244, 559 2,0^5,767 $823,058 1,024)346 $293,696 927,873 $423,753 The principal countries of destination were as follows: Of ingot metal and alloyS^n 1918, France, Italy, Japan; in 1919, Japan, France, Canada, Italy; in 1920, United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, Netherlands. Of plates and sheets — in 1918, Italy, France, Canada; in 1919, Denmark, France, British India, Brazil; in 1920, United Kingdom, British India, Germany, Canada. Important changes in classification.-^AlMxauxum in circles, disks, blanks, rectangles, and squares has been added- Suggested changes. — No provision is made for aluminum foil, which is imported in large quantities. This product is thinner than sheets but not so thin as leaf (provided for in par. 379) and is used for wrapping chocolate, etc. PARAGRAPH 375. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 375. Metallic magnesium and metallic magnesium scrap, $1 per pound; magnesium alloys, powder, sheets, rib- bons, tubing, wire, and all other articles, wares, or manufactures of malginesium, not specially provided for, $1 per pound on the metallic magnesium content and 20 per centum ad valprem, | . ^ ACT OF ,1909. ,. , Pahv 172. *. .■* * magnegium, * * * and alloys of which said metals are the compoi^ent material, of chief value, three cents ' per pound , and twenty-five per centum ad valorem. ' ACT OF 1913. . Par. 143. * 'i*. ^. magnesium, * * * and alloys of which said metals are the component material pf chief value,, 25 per centum ad valoreni. METALLIC MAGNESIUM, METALS AND ALLOYS. Description and -uses.-rr-Magnesium is the lightest lof the known metals that withstand atmospheric corrosion. It is silver-white, tough, malleable, and, when heated, ductile. There are three forms on the market: (1) A silvery powdei; or gray granular substance, (2) narrow ribbon, and (3) round or square sticks. Flashlight powder used in photography comes in the first class, and powdered mag- nesium, on account of its intense white light, rich in chemical rays, 82304—22- -33 514 SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. is much used in va,rious pyrotechnical mixtures and in explosives. Ribbon is used chiefly in chemical laboratbries and for the ignition of thermite. Magnesium in stick form is used in alloys, both as a constituent and as a deoxidizer or scavenger (especially for nickel- copper alloys), as a dehydrating agent for oils and coal-tar deriva- tives, and in various electrolytic processes (as cathode) . The growth in the quantity and diversity of the consumption has been very rapid, and is likely to continue with the lessening of production cost. The most important alloys of magnesium are those containing aluminum, widely used in airplane and automobile construction. Elektron metal, an alloy contaming nearly 95 per cent magnesium and a little zinc, has found a variety of applications in Germany and has 'been introduced into the United States. , Production of metallic mia^esium is a new industry in ^Jnerica. Prior to the war the limited demand was supplied from Germany, the sole producer on a commercial scale. Domestic production by three firnis began iiaj.915, with 87,600 pounds, valued at $440,000, and sold at an average price of $5 per pounds The price declined a little in the. following year, and production decreased slightly.^- But in 1917 the quantity increased to 115,813 pounds, and in 19J.8 to 284, 188; pounds, valued at $615,217. The latter output included con- siderable magnesium J powder, which increased the average value to $2.16 per pound, whereas magnesiym, in stick form was sold at' from $1.85 to $2 per pound. , . ,,,: Imports. — Prior to the war the entire supply of this comitry came from Germany. Imports since 1918 of metallic magnesium, metals, and alloys have been as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valo- rem rate. 1919 Pownds. 13,239 29,275 26,041 $13,583 25,055 23,158 $3,396 6,264 Percent. 25 1920 25 1921 (9 months) Exports. — -There are no published statistics of exports of magne- sium. Reports of producers to the Geological Survey indicate that there were sold to the AlUes in 1918 between 50,000 and 60,000 pounds, which probably constitutes almost tiie total export of do- mestic material. Irnportant changes in cZassi/icaiion.-—" Magnesium and alloys," bearing an ad valorem rate of duty, were grouped with barium, etc., in paragraph 143 of the act of 1913. Suggested changes. — Unless barium, calcium, sodium, and potas- sium and their aUoys, provided for in paragraph 143 of the act of 1913, were intentionally omitted they should be added to this paragraph. SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 515 H. B. 7456. PARAGRAPH 376. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 376. Antimony, as . regulus or metal, IJ cents per pound. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 17S. Antimony, as reguluB or , Par. 144. Antimony, as regulus or metal, one and one-half cents per pound; metalj * * * 10 per centum ad va- * * * lorem; * * *. ANTIMONY. Description and iises. — ^Metallic antimony unalloyed has few indus- trial uses, since it. is very brittle; but it enters, into many valuable alloys, especially with lead and with tin, into such as type metal (par, 389), pewter and Britannia metal, and in bearing metals. Its chief importance is as a hardening agent for lead and in shrapnel bullets. The term regulus, a relic of alchemy, although still used to describe refined antimony metal, is superfluous. Production. — The chief sources of the domestic antimony supply are China and Japan, but thete is a considerable production of antimonial lead in domestic lead smelters. The annual require- ments of antimony prior to the war were, roughly, 7,000 tons, about one-third being suppUed by the silver-lead smelters, the remainder from imports corisisting chiefly of metal. During the war the con- sumption increased to 20,000 tons, of which slightly more than one- third was derived froin antimonial lead and antimony inetal smelted in the United States. The production of antimony metal from domestic ores and anti- mony metal contained in antimonial lead produced by domestic smelters is as follows: 3,898,000 pounds in 1912, 11,050,000 pounds in 1915, ajiql 6^034,000 pounds in 1917, In 1917 the production of antimony from domestic or^s was 517,013 pounds; from antimonial lead, 5,518,000 pounds; and from foreign ores, 4,880,419 poun=ds, liiaking a total from all sources of 10,9.15,432 pounds. China dominates the antimony situation by its large and cheaply mined deposits. The Chinese companies, together with a few Japanese smelters which also treat a portion of the Chinese ore, con- tribute 60 pei- cent of the world output. Imports. — Prior to the war over 60 per cent of our antimony supply came from Great Britain, whereas in 1918-19 it came almost whoUy from the Far East. The imports of antimony metal (includ- ing also a very little needle antimony) amounted to 13,110,426 pounds, valued at $736,420 in 1914. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. j91g t Pounds. 28,292,934 14,318,793 19,633,904 14,994,842 13,065,619 1,021,587 1,216,376 593,923 8306,662 102, 159 121,638 Per cent. 10 1919 10 1920 10 Ifl21 (9 months) 516 SUMMARY OlF'TAIlirF ISTFOEMATION, 1921. The principal countries of origin were Chii^a, Japan, and Canada. Exports.-^Th.ere are no appreciable exports of domestic antimony. Foreign exports, however, have been an important item, especially during the war period, when New York became an important second- ary market. The exports in 1916 were 3,018,251 pounds and only 989,477 pounds in 1917. ,:: Important changes in classification. — Antimony, as regulus or metal, has bSen sepalrated from antiiiiony matte. Antimony matte is not provided for as such in H. R, 7456, but a provision appears in para- graph 1509 for "needle or liquated antimony, but only as to the antimony content." PARAGRAPH 377. H. B. 7456. Pak. 377. German silver, or nickel silver, unmanufactured, 20 per cenitum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Pab. 174. Argentine, albata, or Ger- man silver, unmanufactured, twenty-five per centum ad valorem, SENATE AMENDMENTS. . ACT OF 1913. Par. 145. .Argentine, albata, or Ger- man silver, unmanufaptured, 15 per centum ad valorem. ,' . GERMAN SILVER. (See Survey C-19.) ■ Description and'uses. — German silver and nickel silver are names applied to an alloy of , nickel, copper, and zinc . Ay;bich is ' prepared largely as a base metal for electroplating (especially in, the better class of silver-plated ware) and ^s, a sulastitiite for silver. Consider- able quantities; are also .us^ in the, form of slieets, wire, and ro(|s where, a strong, white, rust-resisting m,etali is required. Nickel, siji,ver exists under a great nuinber of nathes.,, TCJjie proportions, of thp conr gtjtuents vary considerably,! but nickel or, copper is generally , pi chief value,,... (':,_,, ,; ,.., .,; i,,,,; ,,, , . : ' ■. -\ j',.. Production. — The United State^ is^ihe,prineipal producer.-, and con- sumer of nickeil alloy; England and GerBiany, ,als,o important pro- ducers, use ailarge part of the product in silver-plated ware .for export. , The chief it^m of cost of this alloy is the raw, material,, but the price of virgin metals is not a handicap to, domestic. majiufac^ turers as compared with foreign prodiicers. , ./ No estinftates , of t^tal production are , available^ as, it is ordinarily prepared; from tKe cpnstitueiit metals at the plani Qfithe consumer and is tKerefore; not, a commpfi.pommercial, product except ill, manu- factured forms, such as sheet, rods,; etc. Imports of unmanufactured German silver consist almost exclu- sively of scrap from Canada, amounting to $4,014 in 1916. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Qimntity. Value. Duty. Ad valorem 1 '^^^■, 1918 y. ] Poutids. 151 429 330 527 is' 64 50 Per cent. 15 1919 3,074 200 2,448 15 1920 15 SUMMARY OF TAKIFF INFOEMATIOW, 1921. 517 Exports m 1914 were valued at $38,691, increasing in 1917 to $410,295, of which over 75 per cent went' to Canada. Exports for the calendar years 1918 to 1921 were valued as follows : 1918, $227,439 • 1919,_ $389,000; 1920, $589,508; 1921 (9 months), $395,952. ' The principal countries of destination in 1918 were Canada, Japan, and Brazil; in 1919 and 1920, Canada, Denmark, and Argentina. Important changes in dassification.—" Aigentine" and "albata" haye been omitted. They are practically obsolete terms. Nickel silver has been inserted in this paragraph. PARAORAPH 378. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pah. 378. Copper in rolls, rods, or sheets, 2J cents per pound; copper en- gravers' plates, not ground, and seamless copper tubes and tubing, 7 cents per J)Ound; copper engraver's plates, ground, and brazed copper tubes, 11 cents per pound ; brass rods, sheet brass, brags plates, bars, and strips, Muntz or yellow metal' sheets, sheathiiig, bolts,' piston rods, and shafting, 4 cents per pound; seamless brass tubes and tubmg, 8 cents per pound; .brazed brass tubes, brass angles and channels, 12 cents per pound; bronze rods and streets, 4 cents per pound ; bronze tubes, 8 cents per poiind. ACT OF 1909. vPae. 176. Copper, * * * called brazjers' copper, sheets, rods, pipes, and copper bottoms, two and one^half cents per pound; sheathing or yellow metal of which copper is the component material of chief value, and not composed wholly or in part of iron ungalvanized, two cents per pound. , j,Par. 199. Articles or wares not spe- cially provided for in this section, com- posed wholly or in part of * * * metal, and whether partly or wholly manufac- tured, forty-five per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1913. ' Pah. 147. Copper, * * * called braziers' copper, sheets, rode, strips, pipes, and copper bottoms, sheathing or yellow metal of which xippper is the component material of chief value, and not composed wholly or in part of iron ungalvanized, 5 per centum' ad valoreln. Par. 167. Articles or wares not spe- cially provided for in this section; * * * if composed wholly or in chief value of * * * brass * * * and whether partly or wholly manufactured, 20 per centum ad valorem. COPPER. (See Survey 0-19.) Description and uses. — The definitions -of plates, sheets, and strips of copper are the same as those of similar products of steel (par. 307),. Copper rods and copper wire have been qpted (par. 316). Coppfer and yellow metal (brass) sheathing for wooden vessels was once an important outlet for copper, but the increased use of iron in ship- building has reduced this consumption to a negligible fraction of the total (kmsumption of sheet copper and brass. Wire, rods, and rolled plates are the most important forms, since these are used in the electrical industry, which consumes 50 to 60 per cent of all the 518 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1^1. copper used. Sheet copper, is used, in the manufacture of cooking utensils. Copper pipes ,are used in stills, watpr heaters, and con- densers. ; , . I . Productipn. — The United States is the leading producer of copper, and refines laxge quantities of foreign ore and jnetal. The total pro- duction of new refined copper in 1917 was 2,432,385,290 pounds, more than two-thirds from domestic ore- There are no data as to sheets and plates, but the quantity, is doulitles^ 10 per cent of the total. The total output of cotiper "prbducts in 1914 was $^2,841,246, divided approximately as follows: Wire, $53,000,000; rods, over $6,000,000; sheets and tubing, over $17^000,000; all other manu- factured products, about $5,000,000. ■' The''quantity of copper pro- duced at smeltersj as compiled by the Geological Survey, aggregated 1,310,972,580 pounds in 1919, compared with 1,150,137,192 pounds in 1914. Primary copper of domestic origin produced at refineries was 1,441,643,000 pounds in 1919, compared with 1,210,423,000 pounds in 1914, while total refined, copper, primary and secondary, of both domestic and foreign origin, is reported at 1,863,580,000 pounds for 1919, compared with 1,565,708,000 pounds for 1914, a five-year increase of 297,872,000 pounds, or 19 per ceiit. The copper products of both smelters and refineries, trie gold, silver, and other metallic contents of ore and bullion treated, and the sundry by-products of the respective establishments, were valued^, in 1914, at $444,022,000, and m 1919 at $632,8^7,000, an increase of $188,875,000, or 42.5 per cent. , ' Imports. — Imports of rolled copper plates, sheets, pipes, and copper hpttoms were $62,176 in 1914 and $81,446 in 1917. Imports of copper since 1917 have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. •Ad valorem rate. COPPBH IN ROLLED PLATES, CALLED BRAZIERS' COPPER, SHEETS, RODS, STRIPS, ETC. if 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) Pounds. 347 1,031 3,549 33, 510 '»W3 ■ 713 1,463 5,901 Percent. COPPER PLATES, ROLLED, ETC., SHEETS. ETC., FOR SUPPLIES, CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT OF VESSELS. 1918. 1919. 23,216 11,552 S7, 306 4,462 COPPER RODS AND STRIPS. 1918... 200 2,373 8,71Z $126. 989 2,390' »6: 49 S 1920 s 1921 (9 months) . .'..J»». SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1&21. 519 Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad ■valorem rate. COPPER PIPES. 1919 Pounds. 10,217 4,529 800 $4,618 1,618 227. $231 81 Per cent. 5 1920 ; '5 1921 (9 moiitlis) COPPER PIPES FOR SulpPiLIES,: CONSTRUCTION, AND EQUIPMENT OF VESSELS.,,, 1918 ,, 64,,163 14, 848 ■ $24, 112 6, 132 1919 •'*>I ■*5y. Exports. — Exports for 1913 were: Copper plates and sheets, 61,050,138 pounds, valued at $10,028,960; copper rods and wire, 41^459,901 pounds, valued at $7,217,166. Exports of copper sheets, pipes, plates, braziers, and copper bottoms were $8,753,920 in 1914 and $32,976,942 in 1917. Exports went to all the manufacturing countries of Europe. Germany was the largest buyer of plates and sheets. The United Kingdom has been the largest buyer of domestic copper wire. Since 1913, however, important markets have been deyeloped in South America and the Far East. Exports since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows: 1918 1919 1921 (9 months). Copper plates and sheets: Quantity (pounds).. Value Copper pipes and tubes; Quantity (pounds).. Value 19, 471, 584 $5,677,408 4,109,226 $1,845,222 13,764,426 $4,090,491 5, -993, 959 $2, 206, 895 22, 799, 148 $6,685,858 4, 899, 223 $1, 757, 382 4, 118, 195 $1,090,651 2,002,628 $599, 518 Exports of copper rods were not recorded before July 1, 1921. During July, August, and September there were exported 7,322,267 pounds valued at $976,032. BRASS AND BRONZE. Description and use. — Brass and bronze are the most important alloys of copper and zinc. They are made up into a large number of forms, ana as sheet, strip, rod, wire, pipe, tubes, or castings they enter into practically every important industry. These alloys are easily machined, &pun, and starhped, and resist corrosion. They are therefore suitable for iise in many places where it is impossible to use iron or steel. Brass £ind bronze find a multitude of uses in the trade. They are used for boiler and condenser tubes, for bear- ing bushings, for railings on passenger ships and war vessels. They are also used in the plumbing trade, in the manufacture of build- ers' and cabinet hardware, in the manufacture 6f brass bedsteads, in the brass-spinning industries prdduciiig cartridges, ornamental articles, and in an extensive line of electrical fixtures. The con- sumption of this class of material is increasing yearly. 520 SUMMARY OF TAKfri' INrOKMATION, 1921. Production. — In 1914 the capital invested in all branches of the industry amounted to $95,827,707 and the manufacturing estab- lishments gave employment to 37,627 persons. In that year, out of a total of $131,503f724 in brass and bronze products, 26 millions was in plates and sheets, 16 millions was in ingots and rods, 6 mil- lions was in wire, 10 millions was in pipe and tubing, and the rest was in other manufactured products. Estimates of production in brass-rolling mills in 1919, furnished the United States Tariff Commission by manufacturers, range between 200,000,000 and 1,000,000,000 pounds. The value of the output was doubtless in the neighborhood of $250,000,000. The Census Bureau reports that all classes of brass, bronze,- and copper products from 992 establishments in 1914 amounted to $162,199,000, and from 1,119 establishments in 1919 amounted to $487,707,000. Imports. — ^Imports of brass and bronze rolling-mill products were $598,841 in 1914,. $264,725 in 1916, and $620(881 in 1920. Exports. — The value of the exports of brass bars, plates, sheets, etc., averaged $1,000,000 during the fiscal years 1912 to 1914, in- clusive, and the value of the exports of all other manufactures of brass averaged $4,S00,000 a year during the same period. The exports of brass bars, plates, sheets, etc., were $6,149,183- in 1915 and $121,368,019 in 1917. The exports of all other manufactures of brass were $12;819,373 in 1915 and $259,980,247 in 1917: The exports of manufactures of bronze were $333,589 in 1915 and $1,- 586,553 in 1917. In 1920, Canada, Netherlands, !and Brazil and Argentina were the priiicipal countries of destination. During the war period large quantities were shipped to France, Italy, and even England, but witn the resumption of European production 6n a peace basis, this trade largely disappeared. Statistics for the cal- endar years 1918 to 1'921 follow: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Brass bai's, plates, sheets, etc.: Qiiantlty Cpouiids); ■- 1 '. i I'J/. " Value... :..-...^..-- Brass pipes and flttings. : 30,989,717 S9,S22,934 »1, 137, 336 7,770,671 $2,310,561 $1,413,875 5,810,733 $1,671,608 $2, 141, 217 '2,425,680 $649,724 $892,984 Principal countries of destination were: In 1918, Italy, France, Canada, AJn,ited Kingdom; in 1919, Canada, Italy, Denmark, Brazil, France; in 1920, Canada, Netherlands, Argentina, Brazil. ' Important changes, in classification. — All of the articles in jpara- graph 147 of the act of 1913 appear in one classification. In H. R. 7456- there are eight groups. Copper strips, pipes, and copper bot- toms have been omitted. All of the paragraph begianihg with copper engravers' plates, not ground, except sheathing, hios been added. Suggested changes.— F&ge 71, line 25, of H. K. 7466: Change "(engraver's" to "engravers'" to agree with usual practice. Specific provision might be made in this paragraph for nickel silver sheets and strips and rods SUMMAKY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 521 PARAGRAPH 379. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pah. 379. Bronze powder, powdered tin, brocades, flitters, and metallics, 16 cents per pound; bronze, or Dutch metal, or aluminum, in leaf, 8 cents per one hundred leaves. The foregoing rate ap- plies to leaf not exceeding in size the equivalent of five and one-half by five and one-half inches; additional dunes in the same proportion shall be assessed on leaf exceeding in size said equivalent. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 175. Bronze powder, brocades. Par. 146. Bronze powder, brocades, flitters, and metallics, twelve cents per flitters, and metallics; bronze, or Dutch- pound ;" bronze, or Dutch-metal or alumi- metal or aluminum, in leaf, 25 per num, in leaf, six cents per one hundred centum ad valorem, leaves. BKONZE POWDEE, ETC. Description and uses. — Bronze powder is a pulverized metal varying in color from pale yellow to dark red ; the color depends chiefly upon the proportions of the copper and zinc. It is sometimes made from brass cHppings, or "schrote," which are hammered for hours to reduce them to a powder. Brocades are of the same quality with the same uses. (G. A. 5113, T. D. 23635, of 1902.) Metallics or metallic flitters consist of small particles of lame, used chiefly for the manu- facture of wall paper. Flitters are made by reducing thin sheets of brass to flakes; this material is sprinkled over surfaces to produce a sparkling effect. They differ from bronze powder only in that the latter has been hanunered for a much longer period and is, therefore, more finely divided and more expensive. Aluminum bronze powder is a silvery pigment made by powdering aluminum foil; this foil is often substituted for tin foil for wrapping food products, teas, soap, chewing gum, and similar articles. The powder is used in the manu- facture of certain explosives. The various bronze powders are used chiefly with a size or in oil, as a pigment in finishing brass beds, gilt frames, radiators, and other articles in imitation of gold or silver. Dutch metal in leaf is produced from Dutch metal, a high-copper brass containing about 80 per cent of copper, by rolling or beatmg into sheets of th^ required thinness; it is also used as an imitation of gold leaf. ' Production^ — Prior "to the war about one-half the domestic supply of bronze powders came from five plants, most of which were situated near New York; the remainder., was imported. During the war, domestic production increased so as to supply all domestic require- ments and leave a small surplus for export. The number of plants increased from five to nine. Whereas, normally, American plants have the advantage as regards cost of raw material, large accumula- tions of scrap metals have since the war given an added advantage to the German producers, who shipped large quantities of bronze powder to this country in 1920 and 1921 at prices materially lower than American costs of production as reported to «the Tariff Commis- sion by the manufacturers. It has been stated that 65 to 70 per 522 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATiON, 1921. cent of the cost of bronze powder is represented. by the cost of pro- ducing the schro'te of thin brass cUppmgs. r f _ ,! The production of bronze and aluminum leaf in this country is negligible. Germany is the center of the industry which is largely a household occupation. Aluminum leaf was made in the United Sjtates Erior to 1911, but its manufacture was discontinued: before the'out- reak of the war and was not revived even when prices increased. Imports of bronze powder, etc., in 1914 were 1,403,091 pounds, valued at 1406,849. The import of, Dutch metal in leaf was 792,578 packs (100 leaves to the pack), valued at $110,316. The 1914 figures are fairly representative of the prewar importations; The imports of aluminum leaf decreased after 1910 to only $141 in 1914. Im- ports since 1917 have been as follows: ■' ' Calendar year. Quantity, Value. Duty. . Ad valorem rate; BKONZE POWDEH, BKOCADES, FLITTERS, AND METALLICS. iois; ...'.; Povmds. 34,412 ■ 16 596 611,133 • 546,302 ' $19,105 24,03$ 229,293 186; 586 $4,776 6,009 57,323 Per cent. 25 1919 ■ ! • 1920 , 1921 (9 months) ...............'.';.. BEONZE OR DUTCH METAL IN LEAF; ! 1918 100 leave). 313,748 157,258 296,000 103,243 ' 46 698 '87,595 19,267 $24,228 11,674 ■21, 899 25 1919. .. ...;.. 25 1920....,..:. .,..L..x..,.. : 1921 (9 months) , . . '. '. 25 I ' !-l J' I ALUMINUM LEAF. 1918 , \'.. '.'...! 68,545 74,665 263,389 83,785 $15, 193 ' ; 15, 382 69,233 i :;i8,741 $3,798 3,846 17, 308 25 1919...., .25 1920... 1 25 1921 (9 months) 1 Exports. — None recordeid, ■ , , Important changes in classification. — The act of 1913 provided an ad valorem rate of duty on all these articles, wtiich were grouped together. Powdered tin has been inserted in H. E. 7456, .and the paragraph has been divided into two groups with a specie rate of duty for each, and the size of the leaf specified. * , . , , ' PARAGRAPH 380. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 380. Gold leaf, 50 cents per one hundred leaves. The foregoing rate ap- plies to> leaf liot exceeding in size the equivalent of three and threeteighths by ttrcee and three-eighths inclxes; addi- tional duties, in the same WQportiQn shall be assessed oh leaf exceeding in size said equivalent. SUMMARY OF TAEIFF IlSf FORMATION, 1»21. 523 ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 148. Gold leaf, 35 per centum ad valorem. Par. 177. Gold leal, tliirty-iive cehts per one hundred leaves. The foregoing rate applies to leaf of not exceeding in size the equivalent of three and three- eighths by three and three-eighths inches; additional duties in the sarne proportion ■shall be assessed on leaf exceeding in size said equivalent. GOLD LEAF. Description and use. — Gold leaf is obtained by hammering thin sheets of gold between the leaves of a book. Ten or more colors are produced by melting pure gold with various alloying metals. The resulting bullion is cast into bars, which are rolled out into ribbon- like strips; these ribbons are cut into pieces of the requisite size (1 inch sqiiare), placed between leaves of vellum] and the whole, bound in leather covets, is beaten with a hammer. The thin sheets are then taken out, cut to a size, interleaved with goldbeater's skin, bound in a goldbeater's mold (par; 1574), and again beaten. There are three such beatings, all by hand. "The finished leaf is cut into sheets 3f inches square, and 25 leaves are placed in a book, which measures 3f by 3^ inches. Twenty of these books make a pack (500 leaves). The leaf is used for gilding, especially for window signs, decorating, bookbinding, and dental purposes. Production. — There were 79 establishments producing gold leaf in 1914, about one-half in New York. Certain of these manufactured some silver leaf, also some composition leaf. The total value of the product, gold and silver leaf, was $2,432,000, and the cpst of mate- rials used was $1,452,000. Manufacturers state that because of high wages they can not beat the gold out thin, and that the cost of making bunion is therefore greater here than in the foreign countries. Imports of gold leaf were $32,482 in 1914. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 100 leaves. 2,110 59 44, 502 38,000 SI, 160 43 31-868. 60,063 .J406 15 11, 154 Per cent. 35 1919 . .... 35 1920 .'. 36 1921 (9 months) Exports. — No domestic gold leaf is exported,, but some foreign leaf is made up into rolls and exported to Canada, with beiiefit of drawback. Important changes in classification.^— The provision for size of leaf is new. 524 SUMMARY OP TAKIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. PARAGRAPH 381. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 381. Silver leaf, 5 cents per one hundred leaves. ACT OF 1009. ACT OF 1913. Par. 178. Silver leaf, ten cents per one Par. 149. Silver leaf, 30 per centum ad hundred leaves. valorem. SILVER LEAF. Description and uses. — Silver leaf or foil is made by bfeating, as in rdanufaoturiTig gold leaf (par. 380), but is in much less common use. Statistics of domestic production are included in those for gold leaf , as the entire output is from establishments producing gold leaf. Production. — -Silver leaf is now a minor product} as aluminum leaf is used instead. ' . Imports of silver leaf in 1914 were 6J814 packs, valued at $4,353, double the quantity for 1913. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. , Value. Duty. ;. Ad' valorem rate. 1919 100 leaves. 705 , 11,525 -375' J595 3,931 254 S179 1,179 Per cent. 30 1920 ^0 1921 (9 months) .' Scporte.— No silver leaf is exported. -. .... Suggested changes. — Page 72, line 20 of H. R. 7456: Should, there not be a provision for the size of the leaf as in the case of leaves pro- vided for in paragraphs 379 and 380 ? PARAGRAPH 382. H. B. 7456. Pah. 382. Tinsel wire, lame or lahn, made wholly or in chief value of gold, silver, or other metal, 10 cents per pound and 30 per centum ad valorem; bullions and metal threads made wholly or in chief value of tinsel wire, laine or lahn, 10- cents pet pound and 35 per centum ad valorem; ribbons, beltings, toys, and other articles i^de, wholly or in t;hief value of tinsel wire, lame or lahn, and India rubber, bullions, or metal threads, not specially provided for, 45 per centum ad valorem; woven fabrics, .fringes, and tassels, made of any of the foregoing, 55 per centum ad valorem . SENATE AMENDMENTS. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 525 ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 179. Tinsel wire, lame or lahn, Par. 150. Tinsel wire, lame or lahn, made -wholly or in chief value of gold, made wholly or in chief value of gold, silver, or other metal, five cents per silver, or other metal, 6 per centum ad pound; bullions and metal threads, made valorem; bullions and metal threads, wholly or in chief value of tinsel wire, made wholly or in chief value of tinsel lame or lahn, five cents per pound and wire, lame or lahn, 25 per centum ad thirty per centum ad valorem; fabrics, valorem; fabrics, ribbons, beltings, toys, * * * ribbons, beltinm, * * * or other articles, made wholly or in chief toys, or other articles, made wholly or in value of tinsel wire, lame or lahn, or of chief value of tinsel wire, lame or lahn, tinsel wire, lame, or lahn, and india rub- bullions, or metal threads, fifteen cents ber, bullions, or metal threads, not spe per pound and sixty per centum ad cially provided for in this section, 40 pet valorem. centum ad valorem. TINSEL WIRE, ETC. Description and uses. — Tinsel wire, lame or lahn, and bullion: "The testimony discloses the fact that both lame or lahn, and bullions, begin their existence in the form of tinsel wire. This is round wire composed principally of copper or brass, and usually coated with a bright metal, such as gold, silver, bronze, or foil. The article in this form is well known under the name of tinsel wire in trade and commerce and alsp in tariff nomenclature, and is devoted to various distinctive uses. "Lame or lahn is produced by drawing the round tinsel wire through metal rollers, whereby it is flattened into various widths. At the same time it is gfenerally subjected to an ornamental corrugating process, or to a coating or coloring process. When thus, flattened and corrugated, or coated or colored, the article no longer bears the name of tinsel wire in trade and commerce or in tariff nomenclature, but is known as lame or lahn. "Bullion is pj^oduced by subjecting lame or lahn to a twisting firocess whereby it is permanently brought to a hollow spiral f ormi n this form the article no longer bears the name of lame or lahn' in trade and commerce or in tariff nomenclature, but passes under the name of bullion only. When imported into this coup,try it is said to come in lengths of a yard or less. When applied to use, it is strengthened by means of a core of cotton or other ntrous thread run- ning lengthwise through its center." {United States y. Veit, 8 Ct. Oust. Appls., 290, 292, 293, of 1918.) Tinsel thread and string are lame or lahn wound around a cotton or silk core. They are used in the manufacture of tinsel fabrics. Tinsel fabrics, products, etc., are articles in which tinsel products, usually lahn or thread, are used to produce a metallic effect in the finished work. The tinsel thread gives a glistening effect and throws the pattern into sbarp relief. , Tinsel wire is manufactured into lame or lahn, bullion, threads; and the very flexible electric drop cords. Lame or lahn is wouild afpuiid a cotton core in the manufacture of tinsel string used to tie fancy bundles, and tinsel thread is used in the manufacture of fabrics and trirnrnings. It is uspd direct in the rnanufacture of Chris'tnias tree ornaments and tinsel decorations fpv the theatrical profession. Bulliqjis are, used in the manufacture, of fringes, tassels,. aiid military uniforni insignia,^, Tinsql, fabrics and trimmings are used in the mariiifacture of uniforms and women's wearing appairel, especially in dresses to be worn on the stage. 526 SUMMARY 01? TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Production. — There is only a small, domestic production of tinsel wire or lame, the consumption being largely supplied by Prance and Germany. A large proportion of the more finished products is fac- tory made in this country. In Europe much of this work is done in the homes. Prior to the war almost the entire supply of tinsel wire, lames, tinsel , threads,, and a large part of the toys, ornaiuents, fab- rics, and trimmings were imported. All of these product^ are now produced in considerable quantities ia the United States, There is now one large manufacturer of tinsel wire and two large manu- facturers of lames and tinsel thread. The domestic Christmas-tree ornament industry is now capable of supplying the domestic demand for this class of goods. • Imports. — Prior to the war all the tinsel wire and lame, and a large part of the fabrics, toys, and ornaments, made wholly or in part of tinsel, were imported. The imports in 1914 of tinsel wire, lame or lahn were $146,793; of bullion, metal thread, etc., $89,448, of fabrics, ornaments, toys, etc., $657,490. Later statisti^cs follow: Calendar year. ' Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. TINSEL WIRE, LAME OE LAHN, MABE WHOLLY OR IN CHIEF VALUE OF GOLD, SILVER OR OTHER MET'AL. l9i8 Founds-. ■$97; 777 = ^07,186 180^897 ,. 311,486 $5,867 6,431 10,854 Per cent. 5 1919 77,636 183,854 '378,164 6 1920 ^ 1921 (9 montha). ■..;.. BULLIONS AND METAL THREADS, MADE WHOLLY OR IN CHIEF VALUE OF TINSEL WIRE, LAME OR LAHN. 1918 < $275,204 1,120,396 1,176,597 557,942 $68,801 280,099 294, up 25 1919 . ... ... : 303,292 437,639 263,309 25 1920..., 25 1921 (9 months) FABRICS, RIBBONS, tiELTING, TOYS, OR OTHER ARTICLES, MADE 'WHOLLY OR IN CHIEF VALUE OF TINSEL WIRE', LAME OR LAHN, AND INDIA RUBBER, BULLIONS,, OR METAL THREADS. 1918 . Yards. $155,577' 909,665 1,276,239 1,293,939 , $62,231 363,826 510,496 - '4» 1919 1,138,218, .40 1920 :.... :•• ■ 40 1921 (9 months) . . ■ 1 ' Exports. — None. Importarit changes in classification. — In the act or 1913 there are three groups: first, tinsel wire, lame or lahn, made wholly or in chief value of gold, silver, or other metal; second, biillions and metal threads, made wholly or in chief value of tinsel wire, lame or lahn; and third, fabrics, ribbons, beltings, toys, or other' articles, made wholly or in chief value of tinsel wire, lame or lahii, or of tinsel wire, lame, lahn, and india rubber, bullions, or metal threads, not specially provided .for. Each group bears an ad valorem' rate of duty. H. R. 7456 places specific and ad valorem rates of duty' on eAch of the first two groups, \ut retains an ad valorem duty on the third SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 527 group; Fabrics are omitted frpm the third group and classified with the following articles which have been added to the paragraph, all bearing an, ad valorem rate pf duty; woven fabrics, fringes, and tassels, raade of any of the foregoing. Suggested changes. — Strike put " lahn " because omitted elsewhere in the bill. The act of 1913 provides for articles of tinsel wire or lame, or of tinsel wire, lame and mdia rubber, bullions or metal threads. Paragraph 382 leaves but articles made wholly or in chief value of tinsel wire or lame. In this paragraph there is onei rate of, duty on ribbons, beltings, toys, etc., and another rate on woven fabrics, fringes, and tassels "made of any of the foregoing." It is suggested that these two be combined with one rate of duty, particularly as thie cPst of manufac- ture of ribbons and beltings is usually more and not less than that of woven fabrics. In general, the narrower a, fabric is made the higher the cost per square yard, and ribbons should, therefore, carry fully as high a rate as woven fabrics,: It; the act of 1909 (par. 179) specific provision was made for laces, embroideries, braids, galloons, trimmings, and ornaments made wholly or in chief value of tinsel wire, lame or lahn, bullions or metal threads. Thes^ enumera- tions were omitted in the corresponding provision (par. 150) of the act of 1913 and are omitted from paragraph 382 of, H. R. 7456. The suggested exclusion of this paragraph from the operation of paragraph 1430 of H. R. 7456 makes advisable specific provision m paragraph 382 for those articles. The absence of the words orna- ments or trimmings in paragraph 150 of the act of 1913 led to a de- cision that ti-immings in chief value of lame or bullions, were dutiable as articles composed in chief value of metal ( United States v. Veit, 8 Ct. Gust. Appls., 290, of 1918). PARAGRAPH 383. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 383. Quicksilver, 35 cents per pound: Provided, That the flasks, bottles, or other vessels in which quicksilver is imported shall be subject to the same rate of duty as they would be sutijected to if imported empty. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 189. Quicksilver, seven cents per Par. 159. Qmcksilver, 10 per centum pound. The flasks, bottles, or other ves- ad valorem. The flasks, bottles, or other seisin which quicksilver is imported shall vessels in which quicksilver is imported be subject to the same rate of duty as they shall be subject to the same rate of duty would be subjected to if imported empty, as they would be subjected to if imported empty. • QUICKSILVER. ■ liescription and uses.— Quicksilver or mercury, although a metal, is liquid at ordinary temperatures. Practically all the supply comes from sulphide ore, notably cinnabar. The ore is invariably reduced a.t the mme, therefore is not an article of commerce. In 1917 one-half 528 SUMMARY or TARIFF IHFORMATIOW, 1921. of our mercury was used irl making blasting caps fdr high explosives and for drugs and chemicals. It is also extensively used in the hat and fur industry, in thermometers and barometers, in gold and silver amalgamatip|i, a,nd for other purposes. Production. ^Ovfing to foreign competition, production before the war was decreasing, but war prices again led to an expansion of the industry. In 1905 the United States was the leading producer, with 30,534 flasks of 75 pounds each; this fell to 16,648 flasks in 1914, and rose to 36,159 flasks in 1917. About 66 per cent of the produc- tion in 1917 was in Califoi-nia and 33 per cent in Nevada, Oregon^ Idaho, Arizona, and Texas. Estimated production for 1921 was 6,339 flasks, of. which all but 101 flasks'were produced in Texas and California, each State furnishing about oneialf of the total. The world's supply in 1913 was about 117,000 flasks, of which Spain produced 31.3 per 6ent, Italy 25.2 per cent, Austria 20.6 per cent, the United States 17.3 per cent, and other countries 5.6 per cent. The cost of domestic production before the war was greater than in Spain, Italy, and Austria, because of lower-grade ores and higher labor costs. The dofnestic ore averages not over 0.5 per cent quick- silver, while that of Spain ruHs 8 per cent, that of Italy 0.9 per cent, and^hat of Austria 0.65 per cent! Imports of quicksilver Defore 1911 were small, but in 1914 aggre- gated 444,373 pounds, valued at 1192,609. Later statistics follow. ,, ,, ..- Calendar, year. Quantity. Value.; Duty. Ad valortm rate. 1918 - ^Pbimis. 503,053 797,613 1,062,647 528,003 1 ) '" 1: $533,408 791,226 971,610 329, 145 , -,' ' $53,341 79,123 97,151 Per cent. 10 1919 10 1920 :... 10 1921 (9 montlis) , .. Exports. — Prior" to' 1910 the United States liiade xather large exports of mercury. This situation was reversejd in ,1911. Exports dwindled to about 300 flasks, compared with an average of over 4,200 flasks shipped annually during the preceding four years. Soon after the outbreak of the war exports beg an to inqreafee rapidly. The exports in 1917 of 850,603 pounds were the .greatest in the history of the industry. Exports since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows:-'^ '-•'-■ ; ij 1918 1919 1920 1921 ' , (9 mopths),. 232, 3«i $338,620 683; 004 $817,328 1I6L4S3 $129,993 ■16,067 Value 1:.^...'.. $10,992 The principal countries of destination were: In 1919, Japan, Hongkong, Sweden, Canada, Denmark; in 1920, Japan, Canada, British India, Cuba, Pferu. /.;, ■,■■'' Sf MMARY OF TARIFF INFOEMATIQlir, 1921. 529 3T' H. R.r456. PARAORAPH 384; - - SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 384. New types, 15 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 191. * * * new types, twenty- Par. 160.' * * * types, 15 per centum five per centum ad valorem. ad valorem. " ' ■ ■ = ' ■" ■ " TYPES. ' Description and use.— Types are sliigs of iii6tal containing on one end raised di,es,,Qf letters, figures, or typographical signs. They are used for setting up type composition for printing,!. or as a form from which a stereotype or electrotype impression is taken. . Production. — There wtere' 31 establishments engaged in type founding in 1914, with a production valued at $2,320,000. Domestic output exceeds consumption. , /mpo?-fe.— Imports- of type from, all sources aye small, and consist mainly of special font^ for loreign-lai^uage publications. They are derived principally from Germany, Japan, and China. Imports of new type in 1Q14 were 50,343 pounds, valued ;at $9,866. ., Later statistic? follow: Calendar year. Ciuantity. Value. Duty. Ad valorem- rate. 1918 ^ ....■ ....; Pound). 15,600 17,657 35)016 22,633 li,069 5,749 10,691 12,021 1610 862 1,604 Per cent. 15 1919 „ 15 1920 :.. :..... ::CU...iu...... 15 1921 (9 months) . ■ ... . . Exports of type amounted' to 614,421 pounds, vaJlued.at $219,491, in 1914, Later statistics by calendar yeai-s follow: Quantity (pounds). Value ...i , 1918 27*6, 001 $143,428' 1919 626,634 $320,715 1920 646,639 $341,697 1921 (9 months). 434,352 $298,430 The principal coimtries of destination were: In 1919, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, United Kingdom, Argentina; in 1920, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Philippine Islands, and Peru. , Imfortant changes in classification. — ^" Types" has been changed to "new types," and "type metal" has been transferred to paragraph 389. 82304^22- -34 530 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. PARAGRAPH 385. H. B. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pae. 385. Nickel, nickel oxide, alloy of any kind in which nickel is the com- ponent material of chief value, in pigs or ingots, or similar formSfj/S cents per pound; in bars, rods, plates, sheets, strips, strandsj anodes, pr electrodes, 30 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 185,. Nickel, nickel oxide, alloy Par. 155. Nickel, nickel oxide, alloy of 9,ny kind in which nickel is a com- of any kind in which nickel is a com- ponent material of chief value, in pigs, ponent material of chief value, in pigs, ingots, bars, rods, or plates, six cents per ingotSj bars, rods, or plates, 10 per pound; sheets or strips, thirty-five per centum ad valorem; sheets or strips, 20 centum ad valorem. per centum, ad valorem. NICKEL. Description and uses. — The principal use of nickel- is in alloys of which nickel steel is the mtjist iikiportant, absorbing one-half the output. Nickel is also used in 'cheap jewelry (particularly watches); in German silver,' nickel platiiig, laboratory appliances, ,and cooking and table utensils. Nickel oxide is used in Edison storage batteries and in the manufacture of glass. The salts are largely used in elec- troplating; also in the hydrolysis of fats into solids suitable for soap making, etc. Nickel ingots, bars, rods, and plates are the raw mate- rials from which wire (round, square, a,nd flat) is made. Plates are used, also in electroplating, .Sheets and strips are the relatively thin forms of nickel. ■ To distinguish sheets from strips arbitrary lines of demarcation have been adopted by the Treasury Department, as follows: Sheet, over 7 inches in width and 0.14 inch or less in thick- ness; strip, 7 inches and under in width and -j^ inch and under in tl?.ickness. Thi^ sheets pf ftickel are welded on sheet iron and steel, and are said' to wear better than eleciiroplated sheets. , ; Production. — The United States produces no nickel from domestic materials except as a by-product oi copper refining. The production from this source in 1918 was 882,000 pounds, valued at $401,000. This country is, however, the greatest producer of refined nickel in the. world, yrith an output of about 70,000,000 pounds per year by one eastern company which easily dominates the mdustry thi^ough the ownership of the largest Canadian mines and smelters and by its l^ge refilling works in New Jersey. In 1918 the company began refilling some of its nickel iii Canada. Caiiadian nickel is also re- fined in Wales, and French company produces nickel from New Cal- edonian ores and matte. The latter is Also employed by a smaller American producer'of the metal.' The prbduction of nickelin 1914 was 35,098,958 pounds, valued at $12,284,625, and in 1915 was 56,566,890 pounds, valued at $22,626,756. The production of nick6l oxide in 1914 was 1,692,000 pounds and in 1915 was 2,764,000 pounds. The production of nickel as a by-product in the electrolytic refining of copper was 846,000 pounds in 1914, valued at $413,000 and 1,644,000 pounds in 1915, valued at $538,222. Imports. — In 1914 nickel, nickel oxide, alloy of any kind in which nickel is a component material of chief value, in pigs, ingots, b^s, SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 531 rods, or plates, was iroported to the amount of 109,213 pounds, valued at $M,146. Imports of sheets and strips amounted to $6,851 in the fiscal year 1914. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. NICKEL OXIDE. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Poundit, 10,902 1,078 215 ' 22,347 $3,221 324 65 6,432 $322' 32 6 Per cent. ' 10 10 10 NICKEL AND ALLOYS OF ANY KIND, JETC, IN PIGS, INGOTS, BARS, EODS, OR PLATES. 1918 1919..... 1920 1921(9montlis). 40 7,256,992 6,905,763 1,463,603 eg 2,653,030 2,193,256 482,381 $1 255, 303 219,326 10 10 10 NICKEL SHEETS OR STRIPS. 1918. 1919. 10, 152 $6, 881 4,889 $1,376 978 20 20 Exports. — Exports in 1914 amounted to 28,895,242 pounds, valued at $9,403,708. Prior to 1914, exports went chiefly to the Netherlands, France, and the United Kingdom. Exports of nickel, nickel oxide, and matte: since 1917 by ealendar yearfe have been as follows : 1918 1919 1920 1921 ' (9 months). 0?wnt(t-v fPOIIildR')-. . ., : , 17,469,500 $6,927,041 3,810,656 $1,697,5^4 1,215,232 $574,845 425,439 $103,244 The principal countries of destination were, in 1919, France, Japan, United Kingdom, Belginm,' Italy; in 1920, Belgium, Japan, Switzerland, France, United Kiagdom. Important changes in classification. — In the act of 1913 (par. 155) the articles mentioned in this paragraph are classified in two groups as follows: First, nickel, nickel oxide, alloy of any kind in which nickel is a component material of chief value, in pigs, ingots, bars, rods, or plates; and second, sheets or strips. In H. E,. 7456, bars, rods, and plates have been transferred from the firgt group into the second group. "Or similar forms" has been added to the first group, and strands, anodes, and electrodes have been added to the second group. Suggested changes. — Wire is a form of nickel not mentioned here. It has also been suggested that tubes be provided for in this para- graph. Nickel shot, an important commercial product, might also be Inentioned in thig paragraph unless it shall be desired to exempt it froni duty. , _ _ _ 532 SUMMAiRY ,0F TARIFF INFORMAnON, 1921. PAI^AGRAPH 386. H. B. 7456. Par. 386. Tin in bars, blocks or pigs, and grain or granulated and scrap (in, 2 cents per pound. ACT OF 1909. SENATE AMENDMENl^S. ACT OF 1913. Pah. 695. * * * tin in bars, blocks, Par. 631. * * * tin in bars, blocks, pigs, or grain or granulated: * * * pigs, or grain or granulated, and scrap [Free]. tin: * * * [Free]. [See also paragraph 1670, H. R. 7456,] [See also paragraph 1670, H. R. 7456;] TIN IN BARS, BLOCKS, PIGS, OR GRAIN, OR GRANULATED. Descri'^tion and uses.— Tin in bar§, blocks, aod pigs, is commerci^ tin cast into convenient shapes, and only partially reined. Grain or grapjijlated tin has been tested for its purity at the smelter and is a finer grade. Tin is used chiefly as a protective coating for other metals and in the making of alloys, especially bearing metals and solders. A considerable quantity of pure tin oxide goes into white enamel. By increasijig the proportions of lead, aluminum, zinc, antimony, copper, cadmium, and bismuth in alloys of these metals with tin, the latter has been considerably conserved. A complete substitute for tin is not known. Production. — This is one of the few metals not found in the United States in deposits of sufficient purity and extent to justify a domestic mining industry., Domestic smelters depend upon Bolivian ore and lacking this source of supply jsvould probably be obliged to suspend operations. , Ores from all pthier known deposits of workable size are either inaccessable or are not exported because of prohibitive export taxes or local transportation charges. Less than 100 tons of tin are annually recovered from domestic ore — all of which is from Alaska, whereas the smelter output from imported ores may be taken at about 12,000 tons. Imports in 1914 of tin in bars, blocks, pigs, or grain or granulated were 100,17'7J962 pounds, valued at $39,422,479. Prior to 1915 about one-half were transshipments from England, and only since 19il4 have shipments come direct from the Dutch, East Indies,, with increasing amounts from the Straits Settlements. Later statistics by calendar years follow: 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (pounds)-, Value ;...'.., 142,678,763 192, 259, 799 89,7}8,525 150, 906; 126 125, 590, 278 $t3,'440, 872 34,083,996 »11, 176,081 Thesa imports catae mainly from the Straits Settlements, United Kingdom and Dutch East Indies. ■ ' Exports. — Exports of tin in pigs and oxide of' tin were 30i;213 pounds in 1915; and 798,288 pounds in 1917. Exports of tin in pigs, bars, etc., since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows: 1918 1919 1920 .,1921 ,, (9 months). Ouantitv f Dounds') ' 40,033 131,952 611,778 1415,921 if770|375 , 2,125,725 i695,om SUMMAKiy 'OF ia?AKEFP ENFORMA'nON, 1921. 538 The principali countries of destination were, in 1919, Russia in Asia, Canada, Mexico, Sweden; in 1920, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Rumania. in / : .1 ,. , ■ ' ■ . ' '■ ■" SCRAP "tin; ' ■ ' DescHption' and uses. — Considerable tin is recovered from scrap ■metals, bronze, solder, pewter, and electrotype metal, and some from old' tin cans and containers. Tin plate scrap, now admitted as scrap tin, is specially mentioned in ^ar. 301 of H. R, 7456. Production. — -Practically no clean tin scrap or tinplate clippings are wasted, but it is difficult to collect and transport old tin cans and containers, and with no sale for the residue (black ■ tin plate) the output from this source is greatly curtailed. The tin content of the average tin can and container is about 2 per cent. Detinners formerly recovered from 60 to 70 pounds of tin from a long ton of scrap, but only 40 to 45 pounds are now regained, and from used cans only 29 to 30 pounds. The production of secondary tin was 4,535 tons in 1914 and 7,142 tons in 1918. The production of secondary tin in the form of alloys Was 7,912 tbhs in 1914 and 16.695 tons in 1918. The total value was $8,887,158 in 1914 and $41,381,000 in 1918. Imports in 1914 were 10,'778,343 pounds, valued at $61,490; in 1918, 17,718,044 pounds, valued at $115,963. These imports, which came maiiily from Canada and Mexico, consisted almost wholly of scrap tin-plate (see paragraph 301), and since 1918 have been so de^gnatea by the Department of Commerce. ' ' mports in 1914 were valued at $75,426 ; in 1917, at $140,996. Prior to 1914 scrap tin was exported chiefly to Germany and Belgium; the 1917 exports practically all went to Japan. Important changes in classification. — These articles were trans- ferred from the Free List of the act of 1913 (par. 631). PARAGRAPH 387. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 387. Bottle caps of metal, collap- sible tubes, and sprinkler tops, if not decorated, colored, waxed, lacquered, enameled, lithographed, electroplated, or embossed in color, 25 per centum ad ^ valorem; if decorated, colored, waxed, lacquered, enameled, lithographed, elec- troplated, or embossed in color, 40 per ■centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 196. Bottle caps of metal, if not Pah. 164. Bottle caps of metal, col- colored, waxed, lacquered, enameled, lapsible tubes, and sprinkler tops, if not lithographed, or embossed in color, one- decorated, colored, waxed, lacquered, half of one cent per pound and forty-five enameled, lithographed, electroplated, or per centum ad valorem; it colored, embossed in color, 30 per centum ad waxed, lacquered, enameled, litho- valorem; if decorated, colored, waxed, graphed, or embossed in color, fifty-five lacquered, enameled, lithographed, dee- per centum ad valorem.- ' troplated, or embossed in color, 40 pp"- centum ad valorem. 534 SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFOKMAHON", 1921. BOTTLE CAPS, COLLAPSIBLE TUBES, ETC, Description and itses. — ^Bottle caps may be made of paper or metal. Metal bottle caps may be those familiar on beer and soda- water bottles or the decorative foil caps wound around the cork and tops of wine bottles to keep them air-tight. It is this fine foil cap, made largely of lead, that is referred to here. Collapsible tubes are the metal containers for tooth paste, photog- rapher's paste, shaving cream, etc., which may be pinched together and rolled up at, the bottom to force out the contents at the top. Sprinkler tops are perforated metal caps or stoppers for bottles from which liquids, such as perfumery and toilet waters, are sprin- kled. , Prodvfition. — In 1913 four domestic factories, none of them west of Chicago, were manufacturing bottle caps. There were about 100 factories in all Europe — 25 each in Germany, France,, and Aus- tria. Seven American factories in 1913 manufactured collapsible tubes; two, sprinkler tops; and two others, both collapsible tubes and sprinkler tops. Consumption of bottle caps is estimated to be from 25,000,000 to 50,000,000 caps annually. Production of collapsible tubes was estimated at about $500^000 in 1913 and in 1920 from $15,000,000 to $20,000,000. Production of sprinkler tops was estimated at about $300,000 in 1913, and at several million dollars in 1920. Autoinatic machines are used in American bottle-cap factories, but much skilled, labor is said to be required in coloring. Imports. — In 1914, imports of bottle caps, collapsible tubes, and sprinkler tops amounted to $597,458. Later statistics follow'; Calendar year. Value. Duty. , • AA •valorem rale. BOTTLE CAPS, COLLAPSIBLE TUBES, AND SPRINKLER TOPS; NOT DECORATED, COL- ,. ,O.RED, ETC. 1918 .'..." ■ -'l-'v .. $2,666 254 1,238 1,203 $800 76 371 Parcevt. 30 1919 30 1920 ...: 30 1921 (9 months) BOTTLE CAPS, COLLAPSIBLE TUBES, AND SPRINKLER TOPS— DECORATED, COLORED, ETC. 1918 ,^.. ...... $26,380 13,99^ 92,996 40,057 310,538 5,597 37,198 1919 •.... .• 40 1920 40 1921 (9 months) . p-i-^ '■ Exports. — None recorded^ BXJMMAEY or TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 535 PARAGRAPH 388. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 388. Lead-bearing ores and mattes of all kinds, IJ cents per pound on the , lead contained therein: Pro- vided, That such duty shall not be ap- plied to the lead contained in copper mattes until after two thousand tons of such lead 8ha,ll have been imported in any one year, to be allocated under rules and regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury: Provided fur-, ther, That on all importations of lead- bearing ores and mattes of all kinds the duties stfall be estimated at the port of entry and a bond given in double the amount of such estimated duties for the transportation of the ores or mattes by common carriers bonded for the transportation of appraised or unap- praised merchandise to properly equipped sampling or smelting establishments, whether designated as bonded ware- houses or otherwise. On the arrival of the ores or mattes at, such establish- ments they shall be sampled according to commercial methods iihder the super- vision of Government officers, who shall be stationed at such establishments, and who shall submit: the samples thus ob- tained to a Government assayer, desig- . nated by the Secretary of the Treasury, who shall make an assay ' of the sample by wet assay without deduction and report the result to the proper, customs officers, and the import entries shall be liquidated thereon. And the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to make all neces- sary regulations to enforce the provisions of this paragraph. ACT OF 1909. Par. 181. Lead-bearing ore of all kinds, one and one-half cents per pound on the lead contained therein: Provided, That on all importatioiis of lead-bearing ores the duties shall be estimated at the port of entry, and a bond given in double the amount of such estimated duties for the transportation of the ores by common carriers bonded for the transportation of appraised or unappraised merchandise to properly equipped sampling or smelting establishments, whether designated as bonded warehouses or otherwise. On the arrival of the ores a,t such estabUshments they shall be sampled according to com- mercial methods under the supervision of government officers, who shall be sta- tioned at such establishments, and who shall submit the samples thus obtained to a government assayer, designated by the Secretary of the Treasury, who shall make a proper assay of the sample and ACT OF 1913. Pah. 152. Lead-bearing ores of all kinds containing more than 3 per centum of lead, J cent per pound on the lead contained therein: Provided, That on all importations of lead-bearing ores the duties shall be estimated at the port of entry, and a bond given in double the amount of such estimated duties for the transportation of the ores by common carriers bonded for the trans- portation of appraised or unappraised merchandise to properly equipped sam- pling or smelting establishments, whether designated as bonded warehouses or others wise. On the arrival of the ores at such establishments they shall be sampled ac- cording to commercial methods under the supervision of Government officers, who shall be stationed at such establishments, and who shall subnoit the samples thus obtained to a Government assayer, desig- nated by the Secretary of the Treasury, 536 SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFOBMATION, 1921. ACT or 1909. liHJ.' vil'.ii. ACT OF 1913. report^itJief result' J;o' 'the prober cilStomB' wto shall majse^ a .proper assay of the- officers, and the import entries shall be sample and report the resuTt to the projjer liquidated thereon, except iti case of ores customs officei;s, and the.impor); entries that shall be removed to a bonded ware- shall be liquidated thereon;, except in house to be refined for exportation as case of ores; th^t, shall be rempvei(J to a provided by law. And the Secretary of bonded warehouse to be; refilled ior ex^ the Treasury is authorized to make all portation as provided by laifi Ajid th& necessary regulations to enforce the pro- Secretary of the Treasury is authorized visions of this paragraph. to make, all necessary regulations to. enforce the provisions of this, paragraph. LEAD-BEARING ORES AND MATTES. (See Survey C-21'.)' , Description and uses. — ^The typical lead ore is. complex. Most mines produce lead with silver, zinc, and varigus otner metals. Besides supplying metallic lead, the ores are used as carriers in the smelting process for the recovery of gold and silver. Lead sulphate and similar lead pigments are made to an increasing extent directly from the ore. Mattes are mixtures of artificial sulphides produced in smelting. Lead-bearing mattes invariably contain iron and sulphur and generally copper, silver, gold, and other, metals in such amount as to exceed the value of the lead contained. Production. — The United States is the leading producer of lead ore. Australia, Spain, Germany, and Mexico are next in order named. These five countries produce fully 80 per cent of the world's output. The United States is also the largest consumer of lead: metaL Before the war, consumption practically equaled the production.. In addition, however, American smelting and refining works pro- duce refined lead derived from foreign (chiefly Mexican) ore and base bullion for export, the output of this lead amounting to about 25 per cent of the domestic business. By virtue of the provision for bonded smelting, this trafiic, although frequently carried on with the smeltiftg of domestic ores, is entirely distinct, as far as the tariff is concem^d. Since 1870 production of lead has . increased steadily. The out- put ifrom domestic ores in short tons was, in 1880, 97,825; in 1890,. 143,630; in 1900, 270,824; in 1910, 395,313; in 1918, 539,905; and in 1920, 424,433. The capacity of domestic furnaces for smelting lead ore was rated in 1918 at 5,521,000 tons. Imports and exports. — ^The lead content of ore imported, 1910 ta 1918, inclusive, averaged over 38,000,000 pounds annually. Less than 12^ per cent was imported for consumption by payment of duty, and more than one-half of this amount was exported witt benefit of drawback. The average net consumption, therefore, amounted annually to only slightly more than 2,225,000 pouiids of lead. Thus in this nineTye^-r period less than .6 per cent of the totaj. lead content of imported ore was actually used in the United States*! The total net revenue in thenine-year period was only $187,766.29,, and the average yearly revenue was les^ than $21,000. Practically Tit> lead ore qf. either 'domestic or foreign origin is ex- ported fr.om the United States. .The lead imported in the form of or& for treatment m bonded works for export does not compete with th& SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 537 product of domestic mines, extJept- in ibt&^ markets. Until the war, however, practically . JIG lead of domestic. origin was exported. The I'al-ge exports of domestic lead during the war period were a result of war conditions, the curtailment of -European supplies from Australia and Spain, and the unprecedented demand. Broadly speaking, the only countries that compete with domestic output in the domestic ore market are Mexico, Canada, and Chile. Except locally, serious competition comes only from Mexico,, but this is becoming less of a factor since the development of smelteries in Mexico nearer to the sources of supply. Mexican lead.ore, however, is a potential factor. It is of high ^ade, ^eneirally rich in silver, and, except for the duty, can be obtained cheaper than domestic ore. Mexican lead deposits are controlled almost entirely by American companies, chief among which are the American Smelting' & Refining Co. and the American Metal Co. Mexico is thejOnly country, having large known deposits of lead that is not producing to practically its full economic limit, and which can, therefore, largely increase pro- duction. Imports of lead ore containing more than 3 per cent of lead (lead content) have been, since 1917, as follows: Calendar year. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) Quantity. Pounds. 6,084,802 4,106,823 13,700,499 5,471,833 Value. J344,080 196,363 908,619 254,762 Duty. $45,476 30, 801 102,754 Equiva- lent ad valorem. Per cent. 15.69 11.31 These imports came mainly from Canada and Mexico. Important changes in classification. — The act of 1913 provides for lead-bearing ores of all kinds containing more than 3 per centum of lead. H. R. 7456 provides for lead-bearing ores of all kinds, and includes "mattes" in the paragraph and also in the proviso. The Eroviso omits the following words: "except in case of ores that shall e removed to a bonded warehouse to be refined for exportation as {)rovided by law", after the words; "and the import entries shall be iquidated thereon." The following is a new provision: "Provided, That such duty shall not be applied to the lead contained in copper mattes until after 2,000 tons of such lead shall have been imported in any one year, to be .allocated under rules and regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury." The provision for wet assay without deduction is new. This change will be considered in connection with Title III, Section 315. 588 SUMMAKY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. PARAGRAPH 389. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENSMENTS. Par. 389. Lead bullion or base bullion, lead in pigs and bars, lead • dross, re- claimed lead, scrap lead, antimonial lead, antimonial scrap lead, type metal, Babbitt metal, solder, all alloys or com- binations of lead not specially provided for, 2J! cents per pound on the lead con- tained therein; lead in sheets, pipe, shot, glazier's lead, and lead wire, lead in any article or material not specially, provided for, 2| cents per pound. ACT OF 1909. Par. 182. Lead dross, lead bullion or base bullion, lead in pigs and bars, lead in any form not specially provided 'for in this section, old refuse lead run into blocks and iars, and, old scrap lead fit only to be femaniifactured; all tlie fore- going, two and one-eighth cents per pound; lead in sheets, pipe, shot, glaziers' lead and lead wire, two and three- eirfiths cents per pound, . Par. 191. Type metal, one and one- half cents per pound on the lead contained therein; * * *. Par. 649. Pewter and britannia metal, old, and fit only to be remanufactured [Free]. Par. 702. Types, old, and fit only to be remanufactured [Free]. ACT OF 1913. Par. 153. Lead dross', lead bullion or base bullion, lead in pigS and bars, lead in any form not specia/Uiy provided for in this section, old refuse lead run intp blocks an,d bars, and old scrap lead- fit only to "be remanufactured : lead in sheets, pipe; shot, glaziers' lead, and lead wire; all the, foregoing, 25 per centum ad va- lorem, on the lead contained therein. Par. 160. Type metal, * * * 15 per centum ad valorem. .^.^ Par. 572. Pewter and britannia metal, old, and fit only to be remanufactured [Free]. Par. 637. Type, stereotype metal, elec- trotype metal, linotype composition, all of the foregoing, old and fit only to be re- manufactured [Free]. LEAD. (See Survey 0-21.) Description and uses. — The cMef consumption of lead is in the form of white lead for paint. Large quantities are used in pipe and sheet, and in shot and htillets; lesser quantities in bearing metals, solders, and other white-metal alloys. The market, grades are (1) desilverized, (2) "soft," and (3) anti- monial lead. Lead bullion or base bullion is metallic lead contain- ing gold and silver, differing from market lead in that it must be desilverized or refined. Lead pigs and bars^ — usually about 3 feet long and weighing from 80 to 110 pounds — includes all merchantable forms of pig lead whether virgin (produced direct from ore) or of secondary origin, and whether soft, desilverized, or base bullion. Lead dross, made in recovering the metal from its ores, is valueless except as a source of lead and the minor amounts of other metals which it may contain. The chief source of antimonial lead (pro- vided for in the act of 1,913 as "type metal") is from the refining of lead bullion; as the name implies, it is lead alloyed with a certain amount of antimony. Type metal is an alloy of lead and antimony with small amounts of tm and is used for the manufacture of type. Babbitt metal is representative of a large group of bearing metals SUMMARY OF a?AEIFP INFORMATION, 1921. 539 containing lead and antimony to which may be added copper, zinc, or other metallic substances. Solder, an alloy of tin and lead, is used for joining metals together. Production. — The United States is the largest producer and con- sumer of lead. Since 1875 it has been practically independent of foreign supplies, with a domestic production very nearly equal to consumption. Although large amounts appear in the import sta- tistics, little foreign lead is ultimately absorbed in the United States, as most of the ore and base buUion imported is treated in bonded works without payment of duty, and the larger part of the imports upon which duty is paid is eventually reexported, generally with benefit of drawback. For instance, we carry on a large smelting and refining business in bond, treating by far the greater part of the Mexican output. In 1918 more than 550,000 tons of lead were ob- tained from domestic ore, and 109,159 tons from foreign ore, the total output being 659,888 tons, valued at more than $97,000,000. The 1917 output was 635,669 tons, worth about $112,000,000. The value of the products of the lead smelting and refijiuig industry, including the gold, silver, and copper contents of the ores and bul- lion treated, was $171,579,000 in 1914 and $192,655,000 in 1919, an increase of $21,076,000, or 12.3 per cent. The value of products of smelting only was $64,695,000 in 1914 and $70,973,000 in 1919. The value of products of refining was $107,884,000 in 1914 and $121,862,000 in 1919. Primary lead smelted or refined was valued at $563,810 in 1914, as compared with $485,112 in 1919. Utah is the leading State in the industry. Smelting and refining are centralized in a few strong companies, almost one-haK the output of refined metal being controlled by one large producer. The independent producing companies are highly integrated, have ample capital, and substantial ore supplies. The production of antimonial lead from domestic ore was 19,371 tons in 1915 and 10,777 tons in 1918. Production from foreign ores for the same years was 3,853 tons and 7,793 tons, respectively. The production of alloys of lead in 1914 was valued at $19,179,976. Imports. — Of the various forms in which lead is imported, the most important is base bullion. In the fiscal year 1918 the maximum importation of pigs, bars, etc., was over 19,000,000 pounds, which compares with 150,000,000 pounds of lead in base bullion. In 1913 and 1914 only a few hundred thousand pounds were imported, show- ing an enormous fluctuation in the imports of bo.th classes of the metal. This was due largely to political conditions in Mexico, the only important country of origin of both classes of imports. The imports from all other countries are small and, excepting those from Canada, sporadic. Mexican lead is refined in bond and shipped chiefly to Great Britain. Practically the entire imports of antimonial lead or type metal are produced in bonded smeltmg works from the refining of imported lead base bullion, mainly from Mexico. The type metaj is with- drawn for consumption, as provided for in Section IV, paragraph N, subsection 1, of the act of 1913. Imports have fluctuated widely; the maximum was in 1907, nearly 12,000 tons of antimonial lead, valued at more than $1,300,000. There were no imports in 1916, and 105 pounds, valued at $20, in 1918. The imports of type metal fit only to be remanufactured were 329,825 pounds, valued at $20,822, in 540 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOEMATTON, 1921. 1913, and 16,964 pounds, valued at $1,621, in 1918. The imports &f A'eets, pipes, snot, glaziers' liead", lead wire, sand other manufac- tures were 163,512 in 1915 and $13,841 in 1918. Ija ten, statistics follow: '•', ■.''■." ' ip ' ■ . Calendar year. Quantity. Value- Duty. Ad valorem Ate. LEAD BULLION OR BASE BtJtLION (LEAD OONT'ENT).' 1918 1919....; 1920-. ..-;.-:..,. 1921 (9 months). Pounds. 3,559,071 31,796,693 e«»816,820 50,923,348 tl80,070 1,130,937 3,340,608 1,531,701 146,017 282,734 835, 160, Per cent. 26. 25. '25. LEAD IN PIGS AND BARS, LEAD IN ANY FORM N. 8. P. ¥., OLD REFUSE LEAD RUN INTO- BLOCKS AND BARS, A^rD OLD SCRAP LEAD FIT ONLY TO BE RBMANUFACTURED (LEAD CONTENT).! 1918 19.19 1920 1921 (9 months). 1,139,950 10, 174, 115 68,901,959 56,555,873 166,694 . 415,094 3,887,921 1,815,055 $13,994 103,773 971,960 1918 1919 1920.... 1921 (9 mouths) . , 613, 166 11,000,498 25,761,543 39, 208, 643 t35j 938 816,642 1,349,495 1,108,217 15,391 122,496 202^424 25. LEAD SHEETS (LEAD CONTENT). 1919 ■ 6,995 189 300 $449 27 30 $112 7 25- 1920 25. - LEAD PIPE (LEAD CONTENT). 1918 6,892 1,875 81,207 $624 149 , 5,456 $156 37 1,364 25- 1919 25. 1920 26- LEAD SHOT, GLAZIER'S LEAD, AND LEAD WIRE (LEAD CONTENT). 1919 148 822 $30 25 $7 ) 25. 1921 (9 months) TYPE METAL (LEAD CONTENT). IS- IS 15. PEWTER AND BRITANNIA METAL, OLD AND FIT ONLY TO BE REMANUFACTURED. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) . 26,129 $10,729 13,607 2,401 3,995 1,640 2,904 362 T?YPE, STEREOTYPE AND ELECTRbTYPE' METAL, AND LINOTYPE COMPOSITION, OLD AND FIT ONLY TO BE REMANUEACTURED.; , 1918........ 1919 1920..,.' '.... 1921 (9J!ionths), -n-l- 100 $3 1,088 ■ 66^690' 10,988 11,212 32,279 ' ' These Imporls-oaine nrineipally froiih Jffextco, Canada, and France. 2 Canada and Mexico tarnished the greater part ol th^se imports. SUMMARY 03?TARirr INFORMATION, 1921, 541 Exports. — For 10 yearS'pribr tb 1914 tiheTe are no records of the expor^T^oi domestic pig lea^. However, dopiestic smelters were treating 'and exporting a 'considerable tonnagjfe of foreign lead. A large amount of domestic lead was exported during the, war period. In the fiscal year 1918, more than 107,000 tons of pig lead (from both foreign and domestic ore), valued at $17,400,000, were exported, the maximum of domestic lead being 96,500 tons in 1915. No appreciable quantity of antimonial .lead or type metal is exported. The exports of Babbitt metal were, 1,010,651 pounds, valued at $181,958 in 1914. Later exports for the calendar years 1918 to 1921 have been as follows: 191S 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Lead pigs, bars, etc., produced from domestic .ore: Quantity (pounds) Value Lead pigs, bars, etc., produced from foreign ore: Quantity (pounds) Value Babbitt metal: Quantity (pounds) Value 83,662,322' $5,889,381 108,568,854 $7,605,403 2, 240, 193 $559,332 21,019,605 $1; 471, 266 81,016,588 $4,479,723 2,188,164 $718,223 5,469,713 $462^223 33,663,553 $2, 486, 576 2,371,906 $697,476 976,321 $63,340 28,371,805 $1,2^2,649 631,961 $169,936 The principal countries of destination in 1920 were Brazil, Japan, Canada, the United Kingdom, Cuba, the Netherlands, Argentina, Mexico, and ,the Philippine Islands. Important changes %n classification.— AnimvoniiA lead, antimonial scrap lead, type metal. Babbitt metal, and solder have been included in this paragraph. Type metal is transferred from a separate para- graph m the act of 1913 (par. 160). The rate of duty has been ■changed from ad valorem to specific. Pewter and Britannia metal, -old and fit only to be remanufac- tured (par. 572), and type, stereotype jmetal, electrotype metal, linotype composition, old and fit only to oe remanuf actured (par. 637) , are transferred from the free list of the act of 1913. The provision for "lead in any article or material not specially pro- vided for " is new. ^ Gonflictifig provisions. — The added provision "lead in any article or material not specially j)rovided for" conflicts with the provision in paragraph 393 for jnanufactures wholly or in chief value of lead, not spe/eially provided for. , ' Suggested changes. — No provision is made for duties on alloys used "with lead in any of the articles provided for in this paragraph. One- half of solder is ordinarily tin. ' There is doubt whether the 2f cents per pound is to be imposed •on the lead or on the total weight of the sheets and pipe and articles thereafter enujnerated. The main bracket specifically imposes duty on lead in pigs, etc., on the lead content. If the intention is to impose duty on the lead content of lead in sheets, etc., it is sug- giested that the words "on the lead contained therein" be inserted •after the iiirovd "pound" in line 6, page 75. If, on the other hand, the intention is to ijoipog^, duty on the gross weight, it is slaggested that the words "on the gross weight of the sheets .or other articles or materials" be inserted after the word "pound" in line 6, page 75. 542 SUMMARY OF TAKIFF INFOBMATION, 1921. PARAGRAPH 390. H. B. 7456. SENATE AlCENDMEITTS. Paii. 390. Zinc-bearing ore of allldnds, containing less than 10 per centum of zinc, shall be admitted free of duty; containing 10 per centum or more of zinc and' less than 20 per centum, one-half of 1 cent per pouitd on the zinc contained therein; containing 20 per centum or more of zinc and less than«25 per centum, 1 cent per pound on the zinc contained therein; containing 25 per centum of zinc, or more, IJ cents per pound on the zinc contained therein: Provided, That on all importa- tions of zinc-bearing ores the duties shall be estimated at the port of entry, and a bond given in double the amount of such estimated duties for the transportation of the ores by common carriers bonded for the transportation of appraised or unap- praised merchandise to properly equipped sampling or smelting establishments, whether designated as bonded warehouses or otherwise. On the arrival of the ores at such establishments they shall be sampled according to commercial methods under the supervision of Government ofBcers, who shall be stationed at such establishments, and who shall subinit the samples thus obtained to a Government , assayer, designated by the , Secretary of the Treasury, who shall make an assay of the sample by wet assay without deduc- tion and repoijt the result to the proper customs officers^, and th? import entries shall be liquidated thereon. And the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized,' to make all necessary regulations to en- force the provisions of this paragraph. ACT OF 1909. Par; 193. Zinc-bearing ore of all kinds, including calamine, containing less than ten per centum of zinc, shall be admitted ' free of duty; containing ten per centum or more of zinc and less than twenty, per centum, bhe-fourth of one cent per pound on the zinc contained therein; cofitaining twenty per centum or' more of zinc and less than twenty-five per cen- tum, one-half of one cent per pound on the zinc contained therein; containing twenty-five per centum of zinc, or more, one celit per pound on the zinc contained therein: Provided, That on all importar tions of zinc-bearing ores J;he duties shall- be estimated at the port of eniry, and a bond given in double the amount of such estimated duties for the transportation of the ores by common carriers bonded for the transportation of appraised or unap- praised merchandise to properly equipped sampling or smelting establishments, whether desigtiated as- bonded ware- houses or otherwise. On the arrival 'of ACT OF 1913. Par. 162. Zinc-bearing ores of all kinds, includiag calamine, 10 per centum ad valorem upon the zinc contained therein: Provided., That on all importation? of zinc-bearing ores the duties shaH.be esti- mated at the port of entry, and' a bond given in double the amount of such esti- mated duties for the transportatioaof the ores by common carriers bonded for the transportation of appraised or unappraised merchandise to, properly equipped sam- pling or smelting establishments, whether designated as borided warehouses or other- wise. On the arrival of the ores at such establisljments they shall be sampled according to comniercial methods under the supervision of Government officers, who shall be stationed at such establish- ments, and who sl\all submit the samples thus o,bt?4ned to a Government assayer, designated by the Secretary of the Treas- 'uiy, who shall make a proper a^say of the sample and report the result to the proper custom officers, and the import entries SUMMAKY/OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 543 ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. the ores at Buch establishments they shall shall be liquidated thereon, except in be sampled according to commerciaT case of ores that shall be removed to a methods under the supervision of govern- bonded warehouse to be refined for ex- ment officers, who shall be stationed at portation as provided by law; -And the such establishments^ and who shall sub- 1 Secretary of tlie Treasury is authorized mit the samples thus obtained to a gov- to make all necessary regulations to ernment assayer, designated by the enforce the provisions of this paragraph. Secretary of the Treasury, who shall • ■ make a proper assay of the sample, and r^ort the result to the proper customs officers, and the import entries shall be liquidated thereon, except in case of ores that shall be removed to a bonded ware- house to be refined for exportation as provided by law. And the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to make all necessary regulations to enforce the pro- ' visions of this paragraph. ■ ■ , ZINg-BEAklNG OKES, • '(See Survey C-17.) • Description and uses. — Zinc ores separate into the following classes: (1) Calamine or carbonate ore and concentrates, ; approximately 40 Eer cent zinc with small amounts of o,ther metallic elements; (2) lende or sulphide ores and concentrates, approximately 60 percent zinc with small amounts of other metallic elements; (3) sulphide ores and concentrates, Kocky Mountain products averaging between 38 and 50 per cent zinc with relatively high content of iron and sulphur; (4), complex sulphide , ores containing up to 35 per cent zinc, but averaging about 20 to 25 per cent of zinc associated with other metals besides iron, and including lead or copper. Unusual varieties of zinc minerals are found in important quantities only at Franklin Furnace, N, J., a deposit unique in the character of its ores which are used in the production of zinc oxide and of zinc metal of exceptional purity. It is operated by one company and is not a factor in the general con- sideration of the industry. ; " . Ores of the first two classes rarely h^ave any precious-metal value; class 3 usuiaily contains some precious metal; wihjle.cl^ss 4 almosjt invariably carries precious- metal. The first three classes are smelted for the prodfuetion of spelter; the fourth class is a middling product usually sold to concentrating plants for further mechanicm separation. More recently a market has begun to develop for such ores in making electrolytic zinc and for igneous concentration. In the Missouri ore schedule only two classes of ore are distinguished. Blende is sold on the basis of a 60 per cent zinc content, calamine on a basis of 40 per cent. The, chief use of zinc ores is in the manufacture of spelter (zinc metal), but an increasingly large amount is used do- mestically for the direct manufacture of zinc oxide and other pig- ments and zinc dust. A large tonnage of sulphuric acid is derived as a by-product in the making' of spelter from blende. Production. — The United States is the largest producer of zinc ore, as well as of metal, other countries producing in the following order in 1917: Germany, Australia, Mexico, Canada, Italy, Japan, Spain, Siberia, and India.. The greater part of the zinc resources as well as reduction works of Germany are transferred to the new State of Poland. Doniestic proportion of the world's output has increased 544 .SUMMARY OF. TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. from abou't^O pe* cent in the early nineties to about 60' per Cent during the war. The output of domestic zinc mines in ,19J7 was. 710,972 short tons— eight times the a,nniial output of 25 years ago, increasing by over 50 per cent since 1914. ■ It was lestimated at 627,100 short tons in 1918. ■' ' ' Zinc mining as well as smeltirig has been peculiarly free from large combinations of capital, ^nii with ;the exceptipn, of perhaps a; half dozen exceptionally large producers, most. of the zinc mines are operated independently. Zinc production was reported from 23 States in 1917. Over 80 per cent of the total output, however, came ffoni six districts, namely: (1) Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma; (2) New Jersey; (3) Montana; (4) Wisconsin; (5) Colorado.^ and (6) Idaho. The first is the largest producing region in the^ world, in recent years yielding about one-seventh of the total output. Since the location of zihc-reductiop works ia.dfiterihjiiefl,^ by availa^ bility of fuel and labor supply rather than by piroximity-jto ere de- posits, zuic ore and concentrates are transported long distances. The ore from North American mines niVist be 'transported largely by rail, the oreg of other countries by water, thus Australian concentrates nor- mally go to European works for treatment. Geographical position constrains Mexico and Canada — until very recently the only countries shipping us ore — to market their ores in the United States. Except for South America, whose resources are not yet gauged, they alone are likely to compete actively in our zinc-ore inarkets. ^ ' Few of the Canadian mines possesses advantages over those located adjaeehtly in the United States, costs of labor and supplies' being nearly the same. The Caiiadian miiies are not inuch, richer and are a little farther away from smelting centers. In Mexico, however, there are large deposite of highTgrade zinc ote which eventually may provide enormous sup- plies at extremely low cost. Despite the high freight rates, the low cost of prodviction makes it possible to deliver the ore at Mississippi Valley smelteries for less than much of the output from: our mines, even of that section. Imports. — Mexico is the most important exporter of ore to- the United States. The"c[uantity greatly increased until the disturbances in 1911. The most importaM factor aside from market conditions is the Mexican: situation, which .involves large potential tonnage. The average annual customs on the zinc contents of all ore during 1910-1918 was $146,136.72; Sdeductiiig the drawbacks. The average annual net consumption of foreign ore (zinc content) during this nine-year period was 16;698 short tons, the average general import being 44,742 tons. In the fiscal year 1918 the total was 24,809 short tons of which 18,'426 tons came from Mexico and 5,173 tons from Canada. The general iiaports were 7,242 tons in 1914, andl27,433 tons in 1916. Later imports of zinC ore; irlbluding calamine (zinc contents) have been as- follows: . j: i ; ' ii.r Calendar year. . ; ' :Quantity. ; .Value. ' Duty. - 'Ad '' valorem rate. 1918 . ... ..' 1 Paunis.. 17,'00i;226 5,956,481. 13,942,878 18, 512; 603 ! ''.»291,449 119,640 198,156 - 246,834 $29,145 11,954 19,816 Per cent. ■' ■ 10 1919 ,...,...„ 1920 ....!.... 10 10 SXJMMABY OP TAEIFP - INFOEMATION, 1921. 545 The imports came mainly from Mexicb and Canada. Bkports. — All the domestic ore exported is high-grade wiUemite from New Jersey, used for high-grade spelter in Europe. From 1910 to 1915 exports of zinc ore ranged from 15,000 to 20,000 tons; in 1915 they declined to some 3,000 tons, and in the fiscal year 1917 to 71 tons, but increased in 19lS to 1,203 tons.- Importdint changes in classification. — ^" Calamine" has been omitted from this paragraph as unneeessaty and the' following words have been omitted from the proviso: "except in case of ores that shall be removed to a bonded warehouse to be refined for exportation as provided by law." The duty is ad valorem in the act of 1913. H. R. 7456 provides a graduated scale; of specific rates depending upon the per centuna of zinc contained in the ores, zinc ores contain- ing less than 10 per cent of zinc to be admitted free of duty. The provision for wet assay without deduction is new. Suggested changes. ^~It has been represented to the Tariff Commis- sion that a provision might be inserted in this paragraph for zinc- bearing ore containing 40 per cent or more of zinc, since the zinc in excess of such percentage is more valuable per pound ^ than ore containing a smaller percentage of zinc. PARAGRAPH 391. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 391. Zinc in blocks or pigs and Bine dust, 1| cents p^r^ppund; in sheets, If cents per pound; in sheets coated or plated with nickfel or other metal, or solutions, If cents per pound; old and worn-out, .fit only to be remanufactured, 1 cent per pound: Provided, That for a period of -two years beginning on, the day following the enactment of this Act the rates of duty shall be as follows: On zinc in blocks, pigs, - or slabs, and old ,and ' worn-out zinc fit pnly to be remanufac- tured, 2 cents per ^pound; zinc in sheets, plates, strips, or'coils, plated with nickel or ftther base metals,' or in fabricated ' - form; and zinc dust, 24 cents per pound. • ACT OF 1909. ' ', ACT| 6f 1913. Par. 194. Zincin blopks pr.pigs and; Par. 163. Zinc in blocks, pigs, or sheets, zinc dust, one and three-eighths pents and zinc dust; and old and worn-out zinc per pound; in s;heets, one and five-eighths fit only td be remanufactured,' 15 per cents per pound; in sheets coated or centuril ad Valorem, plated with .nickel or o'ther, metal; or Par. 109.;*r,* ^. metal sheets, * ;* .* solutions, one and -three-fourths cents per, coated with ^laickel or -other inetals by, po^nd; old and wornr'out, fit only. to be , dipping,' priiiting, stenciling, or othep retiianufactured, otle c,erit pei: pound. process; 15 per ceatuin ad valorem. .'• ■ ' ZINC IN BLOCKS, PIGS, AND SHEETS. ,(See Survey 0-27.) Descrippion and uses. — The zinc, of commprqe, more or less impure, cast from molten metal into slabs, blocks, plates, or mgots, etc., is: callei spelter. The chief uses of zinc are for gaJyanizing, brass mak- ing, and sheet rolling. Sheet zinc is used in large amounts for dry 82304—22 35 546 SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. batteries in automobile ignition, telephones, etc., and is of growing importance as a building material. In most structural uses zinc sheet may be replaced by the cheaper zincrcoated (galYanized) iron- sheet; but where resistance to 'the atmosphere is the important requirement, pure zinc is claimed to be ultimately cheaper. An important amount of^ spelter is cdhsumed in the desUverization (■refining) of silver-lead bullion. Zinc in the form of shavings; (from sheets) br as zinc dust is used for the precipitation, of gold and silver in the "cyanide process. A certain amoimt is used in the. making, of zinc white (French process oxide)", and other pigments, although these are more often in this country prepared directly from the ore. The salts of zinc are also made from the metal, although generally frona metallurgical by-products and scrap. Production.— The United States is the world's largest producer and consumer of zinc, its prewar output (300,000 tons) being about, one- third" of the total. The supply is derived almost exclusively from domestic sources, and, except during the war, exports have been, smali, although the bonded smelting privilege is extended tp zinc ores and large -supplies' of cheap raw materials are available in Mexico. The American industry is highly competitive, Over 75 per cent of the zinc smelting is by nine companies, four of which control 48.7 per cent of the totah 4^here is a large excess of smelting facilities in the United States, tut they are not favorably situated for conducting a bonded-smelting business on foreign ores, and because of the higher cost of domestic ore — due in part to railroad freights — ^little export business in the metal produced from this ore is probable. The European smelteries, located at or near sea- board, nave an advantage as regards cost of ore delivered at their plants, although the ore is derived in large part from distant regions, notably Australia. The spelter they produce is the main feature in the world trade. Domestic production of spelter reached its maximum in 1917, when the total was 669,573 tons. At the! average price f or, ihe year this output approximated $119,184,000. Production decreased to 517,927 tons in 1918. The total capacity is about 864,000 short tons per year. Approximately 40 per cent of the output is in the vicinity oi the Joplin district, centering in southwest Missouri and extending into OHahoma, Kansas, and Arkansas. Illinois ranks next, with from 25 to 35 per cent of the. output. Large individual plants are located in Pennsylvania, Colorado, Montana, and other States. The Federal census shows that the production of spelter in 1909 amounted to $34^206,000, in 1914 to $53,538,000, and in 1919 to $103,103,000, which is an increase of $49,565,0.00, or 92.6 per cent over 1914. The production of zinc sheets and strips was 90i425,811 pounds in 1915 and 11,7,252,951 pounds in 1917. Primary zinc pro-_ duced at the smelters, as reported by the Geological Survey, increased', from 353,049 tons in 1914 to 465,743 tons in 1919, an increase of 31.9 per cent. Illinois is the leading producing State with Oklahoma a close second. Imports of zinc have averaged less than 1 .per cent of the domestic production since about 1900. The imports of 1912 (10,866 short tons) were exceptional, due to a generally prosperous state of the domei^tic zinc industry, high prices, increasing consumption, a,nd a slight lag in SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 547 production. Imports before thfe war were chiefly from Germany; smaller amounts came from Belgium, but sbipments from both were sporadic. The large imports in 1921 came in mostly in March and April from England, Belgium, and Germany (via Holland). Imports since 1917 have been as follows: Calendar year.! , . Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. ZINC IN BLOCICa OR PIGS. 1918 : : PQvmds. . 22,760 64,397 101 13,064,016 $2,897' 2,284 17 552,256 $435 343 3 Per cent. 15 1919 . 15 1920 15 1921 (9 months) ..... ZINC SHEETS. 1918 142 ■ 2,072 7,572 13,037,221 $29 249 614 477,617 $4 15 1919 37 15 1920..." 92 IS 1921 (9 months) 1 Exports were not large prior to the war. They went to Canada, with occasionally large shipments, representing excess production, to Great Britain. Exports approximated 5,000 tons per year for the five years immediately preceding the war, the maximum being 9,730 tons in . 1912. The maximum exportation of spelter produced from domestic ore was 183,656 short tons in the fiscal year 1917, as well as 54,209 tons from foreign ore smelted in bond. England has been one of the best customers for American spelter and sheets. France, Italy, and even Belgium have bought spelter since 1917, and since 1918 Japan has also absorb^ some quantity, while Canada has been in the market from time to time. Zinc sheets are shipped to all the above countries and also to South Africa and Latin America. Exports for the calendar years 1918 to 1921 have been as foUowsi: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Zinc, cast in pigs, slabs, etc., produced from domestic ore: Quantity (pounds) 'J.'.' ; Value Zinc, cast in pigs, slabs, etc., prod^ced from foreign ore: Quantity (pounds) .-. ■ Value ......:..; Zinc, rolled in sheets, strips, etc.: ' ' Quantity (pounds) , -Value •- ....:....i.i.,' 132,736,629 $12,469,622 40,045,871 $3,554,608 27,750,910 $4,566,756 219:491,983 $17,524,153 24,338,266 $1,929,487 39,524,616 $5,212,002 148,091,432 $12,495,144 56,262,876 $4,331,529 23,704,197 $2,832,993 2,257, 468 $131,925 1,280,002 $48,090 2,605,634 $322,900 Irhfortant changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on Paragraph,-page 549. • ' '' ZINC DUST. Description and uses.— Zinc dust consists of metallic zinc in the form of yery fine, almost impalpable, powder. The most important type is ordinary furnace blue powder, a by-product of the retort smelt- ing of zinc ores. Furnace blue powder contains 80 to 90 per cent; "standard" fumed dust, 92 to 94 per cent; while "atomized" aver- ages 98 to 99 per cent. The last two are made from spelter. 548 SUMMARY OF TA3IFF INFORMAnQN^ 1921. The important use of zinc dusli is fpf shjerardizing, a pTocesSi pfpoat- ing other metals witljL zinc. Large quantities are used in, the; dye industries and in the cyanide process for the extraction of gold and silver from ores. . Zinc dust has a variety of minor uses through its extraordinary chemical activity as a reducing agent. , .';, Production hegan in 1910, amoimting to only 69 tons. The output increased steadily to over 1,000 tons in 1914. In 1918 it was 6,995 tons. Twelve companies make zinc dust, al"W^ays as a hjr-product. Most manufacturers make only blue powder. A New Jersey zinc company makes a fumed product from spelter. There are only four producers of atomized zinc. With the exception of one plant in Colorado, the whole output comes from the Eastern or Middle Western States. _ Most European zinc smelters sell zinc dust as a by-product... Ger- many and Belgium were the chief producers before the war, with smaller amounts produced in France, England and other zinc-smelting countries. Germany was the dominant exporter to the world market as well as to the United States. The dome&tic indiiatfy is fairly estab- lished and its future rests on the same basis as does that of spelter. Imports. — Before 1909 the idomestic. supply was iraported chiefly from Gernjany. Even in 1913,, 85 per cent of the, supply wag im- ported. Imports (all in the form pi. blue powder) were 2.^808 tions in 1913. Later statistics follow: " ,',, ; Calendar year. Qoaptity. Value. . Duty. Ad Talorem ralre. Pound). 31,155 103,662 33,364 .K,552. 6 753 6,207 i Li- «S33 863 :•■■ 931' Per cent. ■ 15 1919 15 ' 15 The principal counti^ies of origin were: In 1918, Jfipan; in 1919; Uni'ted^ingdom, Canada; in 1920, United Kingdom. Exports. — ^No exports reported. ^ Important changes in' ctassific&tion, etc. — See General Notes on Paragraph, page 549. _ - QLD AND WOKN-OUT ZINC FIT ONLY TO BE REMAN UFACTUEEb, Production and uses. — ^Large quantities of secondary spelter are recovered from old metal and drosses. The output of secondary zinc, including that recovered in the. form of brass, was 116,200 tofls in 1917, equaling 17.3 per cent of the domestic iaiitput of primary spelter. Part of this secondary metal is recovered by smelters which mix these secondary materials with low-grade ore. Therfe are two such smelters in New Jersey, two ih New York, and one each in Pennsylvania and ■California. The largest recoveries of secondary zinc metal now are in the form of resmeited brass. Zinc drosses and skimmings (deriyed chiefly from galtanizing works) are important ai^ticles of commerce. They are not all used for spelter, but large, quah'titifeS are consumed in the production of zinc chloride and oJ.her salts' and lithopone. SUMMAEii^ OF TARIFF INFOEMATION, 19'21. 549 Imports. — Except in abnonliW jqWs; receipts of old zinc fit only to_ be remanufactured an^ derived^rom various nonpro^ucing coun- tries exceeded 'tEetmporis'ofVir^in metal. From 1914 to 1921 old zinc was almost the only zinc metal imported. :! Later statistics follow: Calendar year. "i Quantity. Value. Duty. 1918 Pounds. 47,792 '74i785 28,954 11,121 12,056 !2,216 1,065 341 ^91 1919 297 1920 lfr7 1921(9months) Japan, Canada, and Cuba were the principal countries of origin. jEJrpor^s.— No exports have been reported. GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. ; Important changes in classification. — Zinc sheets, which were classi- fied with zinc in blocks, pigs, and zinc dust in the act of 1913, have been given a separate classification. Sheets coated or plated with nickel or other metal, or solutions, has been added to the paragraph. A provision has been made thai for two years after the enactment of the act, zinc in blocks, pigs, or slabs, and old and worn-out zinc shall bear a duty of 2 cents per pound; and zinc in sheets, plates, strips, or coils, plated withnicl^el pr p,ther base metals, or in fabricated form, and zmc dust shall bear a duty of 2f cents per pound. / The proyisiop in paragraph, 109 of the act of, 1913, "metal sheets decoraited in colors,' has been omitted. , Suggested changes. — No provision is made for zinc in slabs after twp years, and also, none for zinc in plates, strips, or coils if the provision for them should be h^ld,,to be a part, of ithe proviso. Consideration might also be given to the relative differences iu rates of duties. If these.materials are not intended to be. a part of the proviso, such intei?,- tipn shquld be made qlear. . The part of the proviso beginning with line ^4, page 76, might b,emade to read "the .rates of duty on zinc in blocks, pigs, or slabs, and old, worn-out zinc fit only to be remanufactured, shall pay 2 cents per pound" (then the semicolon). In any event, the pro- visions beginning wifeh the word "Provided",. in line 12, and ending with the word "pound" in line 18, might be reconstructed to conform more closely to the language of the purview contained in lines 8 to 12. Special reference may oe made to the. words "coated or plated" in lines 9 and 10 as against the word "plated" only in line 17, m connec- tion with sheets and' the wotds "metal or other solutions" in line 10, and "base metals, or in fabricated form," in lines 17 and 18. There is doubt whether the proviso continues to the end of the paragraph. If it does, no provision is made thereiij for slabs, plates, ^ strips, or coils, imported after two years from the, enactment of H. R. 7456. If, on the other hand, the proviso ends with the semicolon after "2 cents per pound" in line 16, page 76, there are two provisions carrying different rates of duty on zinc dust and zinc in sheets plated with nickel or other base metal. Zinc in sheets, not coated or plated,, will be subject to a duty of If cents per pound, as against 2 cents per pound on zinc in blocks, pigs, or slabs, and old worn-out zinc fit only to be remanufactured, for a period of two years following the enactment of H. R. 7456. 550 SUMMARY OF TAEIFJ" INFORMATTQlsr, 1921. PARAGRAPH 392. H. B. 7456. % SENATE AMENDMENTS. » ..J Pas. 392. Print rollers and print blocks used' in printing, stamping, or cutting designs for wall or crgpe paper, linoleum, oilcloth, or other material, not specially- provided for, composed wholly or in chief value of iron, steel, copper, brass, or any other' metal, 30 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 199. Articles or wares, not spe- Par. 167. Articles or, wares not .spe- cially provided for in this section,' com- ciallly' provided for in this section; if posed wholly or in part of iron, steel, composed wholly or in part of platinum, lead, copper, mckel, pewter, zinc, rgoldj gold, or silver, and articles or wares silver, platinum, aluminum, or other plated with gold or silver, and whether metal, and whether partly or.. wholly partly or, wholly, manufactured, 50 per manufacljured,' forty-five per centum ad centum ad valorem; if composeji wholly ■valorem." , ' or in chief value of iron, steel, lead, coppier, brass, nickel, pewter, zinc, aluminum, or other , metal, but not plated with, gold op silyerj, and whether partly or wholly manutaci,;f^.ed, 20 per ' , centum ad valorem; ' ' . PRISTT ROLi,ERS AND PRINT flLOCKS. ' '' Description and vises. — Print rollers and print blocks havi^ the pattern carved or engraved- on 'blocks-^generally of wodd-^with the patterns putlined in copper or'btass tiboon, and tlite'sblid' surface filled with felt. They are used in' printing, Stamping, or cutting designs for -vraU or crSpe paper; linoletim; oilcloth, or other materiaL In block printing ea;ch color dries before 'the next is applifed, while in roller printing all the colors follo-vv one another immediately. The best wall paper^'are printed from blocks manipulated by hand. The cheaper wall papers are printed by m'achinery.- Production.- — None recorded separately. Imports. — :None recorded. Exports. — None recorded. ■• Important changes in classification. — New paragraph. PARAGRAPH 393. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 393. Articles or wares not specially provided for, if composed wholly or in chief value of platinum,^ gold, or silver, and articles or wares plated with plati- i;um, gold, or silver, or colored -with ' gold lacquer, whether partly ,or wholly manufactured, 45 per centum ail valorem; if composed wholly or in chief dded for in this paragraph shstll pay the maxi- mum rate of duty imposed in this section upon any wire usediin the manufacture of such articles and [ia addition thereto one cent per pound: And provided further, Tiiat no article made from oi* composed of wire shall pay a less rate of duty than forty p4r centum ad valorem; * * ' *. Pae, 144. *, * . *.^ finished hinges or hinge blanks, whether of iron or steely one and ohe-^ighth 'cents per pound. ' Pae. 551. *■ * *' quoits, arid curl- ing-stone handles pPree]. , , , Par. ^53.^Platinum .* * * in * * _ * ' sieets, wire,' * * * [Free]. ACT OF 1913. Par. 104. * * * sashes, frames, * * * of iron or steel, * * * 10 per centum ad valorem. , Par. 114.i * * « articles manufac- iured wholly or in chief value of any wire or wires provided for in this fpction; all the foregoing 15 per centum ad valorem; Pab. 167. Articles or wares notspecially provided for in this section; if composed whjolly or in part of platinum, gold, or sil- ver," a,nd articlfe "Or wares plated with gold or silver,' and whether partly or wholly manufactured, 50 per centuia ad valorem;, jf composed wholly or in, chief value of iron, steel, lead, copper, brass, nickel, pewtet, zinc, aluminuiii- or other "metal, but not plated with gold'or silver, and. whether partly or who^yj. manu- factured, 20 per centum ad "valorem. Par. 4/0. * * * quoits, and curl- ing-stone handles' [Free]. ' Par. 678. Platinum * * * in * * * sheets, wire, * *^ ;t j [Prp&]ii , , . , Par. 612. * ^* * .esagrayed ' ftt^el * * * dies an4 rolls, suitable for ilse in engraving or printing bonds, stiockcer- ■tificat^s'or other seGuritieS-[Free]; ' FINISHED OR PARTLY FINISHED ARTICLES MADE OF METAL NOT '( ^ SPECIALLY PROVIDED FOR. (See Surveys^ C-29;C-30; andCySl.) ; Paragraph 393 embraces all finished and partly finished articles .manufactured wholly or in chief value of metal and not specially ^provided for in the other, paragraphs of Schedule 3 of Title. - Production.^— The United States is a large producer of m.pst^of the articles included in this paragraph. Thus there were recorded in the census of 1914! values of such products as follows: Stoves and ranges, 155,108,000; gas and oil stoves, $21,449,000; steel springs, car and, carriage, not made in.steelworks or ro.Uing mills, $ll,595,.0Q0i; products of boiler shops, $27,140,000; brass and bronze products, $123,580,000; silverware, $19,786,000; and silver-plated ware, $18,484,000. England, Germany, France, and Japan are important producers of iron and steel manufactures; France, Germany, and Japan, of bronze; and France and England, of articles made of gold and silver. Imports ioT the fiscal year 1918 were valued at over $6,000,000, the most important item being airplanies .(metal chief value) , $423,980 ; other manufactures of iron and steel n. s. p. f., $1,741,205; manu- factures of brass n. e. s., $241,293,; manufactures of bronze n. s. p. f., $196,660; manufactures of nickel n. e. s., $116,858; metals and metal coiaposition n. s. p. f., $752,950; and manufactures of silver n. e. s., including metals plated with silver, $200,997. Most of the manufactures of alttminum under this provision have come from Canada and the United Kingdom, but since 1920, Germany has been the main source of supply while increased quantities have also been imported from Switzerland. The statistics for brass as 5«2 SUMMARY OP TAEIFF flNFORMAnOlT, 1921. given bel6'w*' also include some brass manufactures that are now specifically^^ prgvi^de^ for in paragjraph 378 although most of the imtiprts m'lh^ spripg of 192L consisted of art infetal goods and mis- cellaneous articles, such as oil cups. Canaida, the United Kingdom, and France ffurnished the gred,ter part of these producte. Imports of bronze manufactures, n. s. p. f., ai*e derived principally from Japaii, Fraiice, and Germany and consist mainly of statuary and art metal goods. The copper manufactures in this group are diverse in character and in 1921 were imported from France, Switzefrland, Italy, Canada, China, and the Netherldiids. Both the gold and' silver manufactures n. s. p, f. (including a variety of tiableware, ornaments, etc., but not jewelry) come mainly from France and Englani The lead manufactures imported are almost wholly of ■ English origin whereas nlariufactures of tin (and tin-plate) are imported from Erigland and Germany in about equ,al; proportions with small amoimts from France. Nickel manufactures include various nickel-plated wares imported from Germany, France, and Switzerland, i The small imports of r&,ilivay cars and of carriages n. s. p. f. have' in recent years been derived wholly from Canada- The largest item in the group is that for other manufactures of iron and steel, which comprises a heterogeneous variety of tools, locks, lighting fixtures, and miscellaneous, articles of iron or steel and derived from every country of the earth. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: Calendar ye&K Qnantity^ . Value. Duty. Ad , valorem rate. ALUMINUM-ALL OTHER MANUFACTURES OF. Itiis : 1 ; , $4,640 • 201779 401)637 ■ 483,687 $928 4,1S6' 80,307 ; Per cent. 20 1919 20 1920 ; 20 1921 (9 montlis) : :[ BRASS— ALL OTHER MANUFACTURES OF. ', ' ! 1918. '. . , '■' i236l025 ,,i 252,978 ' ' 322, i92' ,■ 356J132 $47,200 150,495. 64,488 ■ " .'1 1919 1920 ^i .■ -•iT--t:i- 1921 (9 months) . . - ..._,..,... BRASS— MANUFACTURES OF, N. S. P. F., FOR SUPPLIES, REPAIRS,, CONSTRUCTION, AND EQUIPMENT OF VESSEL^. ^-^ ■ ' ^ 1918 ....;..,.. 45,187 9,374 19191 ......j:.!.^;. 1929, 1921 (9 months) '...':.... . ' . 1 ', , 1bi^ass-ma:nufactures of, n. s. p. f.-for the united states, n. e. s. i9i9J. ; .;. $117,147 123,227 1921 (9 months) . SUMMARY OE TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 55^3 Calendar year. Quantity.' Value; Duty. Ad valorem rate. BRONZE— MANUFACTURES OF, N. s. P.. P.' • ■ ■.■■•■r ■■ -1 ' , ,-1 ■ Ms.... tl22,472 167,886 '296,511 126,483 J24,494 33,573 69 090 Per cent- 1919; : " 20 1920..;:........ "■ 1921 (9 months) ,. . ' ' ■ ■ - GARS— PASSENGER AND FREIGHT, AND- PARTS THEREOF. i918 $12,152 3,478 869 $2,430 696 174 20 1919 1920 .....". -J.,.; . . ■ ■ 1921 (9 months) 5,440 CARRIAGES, OTHER VEHICLES, N. E. S., AND PARTS THEREOF— METAL CHIEF VALUE . 1918 '. .".'. $3 839 $768 1,687 2,327 20 1919 1920 ■.■ ■ ll' 636 20 COPPER- ALL OTHER MANUFACTURES OF, N. B. P. P. im....... I9l9 1920 1921 (9 months). $53,188 , 61,355 232,366 43,676 $19,638 12,271 46,473 20 20 20 COPPER— ALL OTHER MANUFACTURES OF, N. S. P. F.— FOR SUPPLIES, CONSTRUCTION, , AND EQXJIPMENT OF' VESSELS. 1918 ,. 1919 ...;... 1920 1921 (9 months). $54,141 158,311 2,728 GOLD— ALL OTHER MANUFACTURES OF, OR PLATED WITH. 1918 Pouv4s. $19,069 30,849 74,993 50 332 $9,534 15,-424 37,496 60 1919 8,225 50 1920 , 50 ^921 (9 months) !'' ' i , SILVER— ALL OTHER MANUFACTURES OF, OR PLATED WITH. 1918 $110,805 222,319 605,128 351,551 $55,394 111,159 302,560 1919 56,781 60 1920 50 1921 (9 months'! i ■> ■ . - IRON AND STEEL— MANUFACTURES OF, N. s. P. P 1918 $2,515,664 1,934,738 .3,250,863 2,103,284 $603,082 386,912 650, 003 1919 V 1 TiV 1920 Iron and steel— manufactures of, n. s. p. f.— for supplies, repairs, con- struction, AND equipment OF VESSELS. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). $4, 060, 265 1,276,116 377, 417 70,413 554 SUMMARY OF. TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Caletndar year. Quantity..- Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. IKON AND STEEL— MANUFACTURES OF, N. S. P. F.— FOE THE UNITED STATES, N. E. o. 1^18 ii^;.. $30, 613, 676 14, 137,995 328,- 529 8,641 Per cent. M19 ;.... .; 1920 .'?..;.. . :■■::.—-.•--- 1921 (9 months) " LEAD— ALL OTHEK MANUFACTURES OF. i918 ■ ^,»c Pounds. , $36,723 17,.1S7 21,328 8, 468 $7,313 3,437 4,266 ,20 1919 >i4.„ ....:.: ;. 1920 . .. 69,833 .'20 20 1921 (9 months) .- A... , METALS AND'METAL COMPOSITIONS— MANUFACTURES OF, i^'^ ''■"'' . . N. s. p. r. .... 'i(T 1918 ''''•'• '''■■' $693,214 938, 121 3,272,714 ; 2, 966,-981 *138-,569 187,615 654, 530 J«i 1919 1920 1921 (9 months)^ . ,. i- ;i"f^ , , METALS, ate. -MANUFACTURES OF, N, S. P. F.— FOR SUPPLIES, CONSTRUGTldN, EQUIPMENT, AND REPAIR OF VESSELS, ;.'.; 1918 $254,220 466,604 ' 78 645 223, 611 1919 ? , 1Q20 ■ /0.,t,dtf'W ■ ■'■' - ' ; ' '' ■ -i 1021 (9 months) ' '-' ' ' METALS, ETC.— MANUFACTURES OF, N. S. P. F.— FOR THE UNITED STATES, N. E. a.. 1918.^1.......' ... . ..... $732,061 102,654 3,018 ,,,;,,-> j;' ■■ 1919..........-....;.. ; 1921 (9 monthsJl^t.., ■.,,.. ,..,.... i->-'-(?.-v;'r- NICKEL— ALL OTHER MANUFACTURES OF. 1918 : .-..-.•.■...■ - Pounds. $108j382- 85,682 200,464 : • W,«61'. ■ $21,672^ 17, 112 40,093 1.. "'20 1919 : , 1920 87,527 _30 20 1921 (9 months);.. .':u....U.e;'UL. ;.......;. PEWTER— -MANUFACTURES OF, N. ». p. 1918:;;::........ 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) . 960 721 469 $317 981 687 357 $63 196 117 ' if-- :■ PLATINUM WIRE. 1918 $2,747 11,720 6,433 2,958 $412 1,768 816 15 1919 15 1920. ......;;.... ■-^. ; 3 2 15 1921 (9 months) j ; ^ SUMMARY OF TAKIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 555 Calendar year. Quantity. PLATINUM— ALL OTHER MANUFACTURES OF. 1918 ■- 1919 ii 1920 1921 (9 months) . *5,847 2,821 10, 278 4,777 $2,923 1,411 5,139 Per cent. sa 50 50 '.'tinfoil. 1918 , $45 47 6,121 3,713 $9 9 1,224 1919 , '... 20 ;i920.-.. '. ■ 20 1921 (9 months) .,j,.,,. -^ TIN— ALL OTHER MANUFACTURES OF. = ■:,'.' -.0 .-■■ 1918 ' $10,513 26, 873 86; 784' 67,283 $2, 103 5,375 17,357 ao 1919. . iSao;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;:::::::;::::::.;:: 20 ' ZINC— ALL OTHER MANUFACTURES OF. J.918 $331 1,258 1,748, 7,703 $96 252 , 849 20 1919 . 20 1920...- 20 Exports eoming within the scope of this paragraph vastly exceed imports. Brass manufactures exported; ia the fiscal year 1918 were more than $56,000,000; manufacturer of gold and silver, other than jewelry, $565,406; and of platinum, $33,557. These figures do not correspond with the tariff classifications; 'and some do hot wholly apply to the articles^described. They are given to illustrate the large exportation of products included in this paragraph. : Exports for the calendar years 1918 to 1921 have been as follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). AliimmUm — all other manufactures of. Arc lamps Brass— all other manufactures of Bronze — manufactm'es of, n. s. p. f Cars for steam railways, passenger: Quantity (number) V^ue Cars for steam railways, freight and other: Quantity (number) Value Cars for other railways: Quantity (number) Value... Cars for railways — parts of, except car wheels and axles Carriages: Quantity (number) Value Copper—^ other manufactures of, n. s. p. f — Hardware, builders': Hiuges and other , JLOEKS - Other $1,890,336 14,139 $17,071,694 $1,267,032 $883,607 8,050 $11,522,608 2,621 $1,192,403 1,100 $56, 265 $5,286,143 2,091,812 2,191,702 2,304,408 $2,145,430 16,836 $9,438,554 $1,508,086 104 $1,606,540 27,317 $57,473,824 2f913 $1,668,672 1,352 $112,505 $4,557,812 3,268,435 4,145,325 4, 267, 125 $2,563,164 25,098 $10,541,116 $1,390,141 123 $1,171,674 21,651 $37,189,684 6,465 $3,606,012 $13,189,911 1,123 $154, 154 $6,040,069 4,870,974 6,387,214 6,216,636 $1,906,363 9,153 $4,974,209 $832, 286 125 $1,016,704 6,415 $10,370,877 6,041 $5, 090, 149 $9, 047, 610 600 $57,366 $3,654,648 1, 840, 190 1,927,279 -3,006,350 556 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOEMATlOlSr, 1921. 1918 1920 1921 (9 months). Interior-wiring supplies, including fixtures Iron and steel — all other manufactures of „ i .-: , Lead— manufactures of. Metals and metal compositions— all other man- ufactures of .■ . . JJickel— manufiictures of. . , ,» Radiators and house-heating boilers Safes ...^ ,..i ; Scales and balances '.. Shells and projectiles, empty Stoves and ranges .-. Tinware Tin plates— all otiier manufactures oj Tools, n. e. s.: Augers, bits, and drills Axes.... Another Zinc — all other manufactures ol $1,428,615 141,160,907' $1,824,126 $3,645,838 $2,152,692 548,800 401,294 1,359,142 22,112,293 1,703,724 $530,571 $2,467;481 2,545,074 1,008,818 9,140,700 $722,671 $2,319,498 $48; 035,213 $2,155,392 $3,400,849 $2,412j287 779,259 738,269 2,278,921 '3,228,454 2,-609,715 $863,447 $3,644,268 4,402,039 1,613,862 14,382,767 $538,133 $3,386,068 $55,672,396 $3,586,251 $4,314,897 $1,875,991 1,337,032 1,429,535 3,242,459 75,344 ^,937,301 $877, 179 $4,735,138 4,425,507 1,478,935 ..16,945,325 $1,057,676 $1,594,16S; $29,642,889" $1,084,37*' $1,822,040 $256,606 438^591 866,665 2,311,661 4,976. 2,476,599 $302,267 $1,878,193: 2,303,3691 1,187,790 7,318,722 $335,120 Important changes in cktssifUxbtionJ^-The follbwiiig words have been inserted: "platinmn" after the words "and articles or wares plated with"; "or colored with gold lacquer" after the words "gold, or silver" and in the third and seventh lines; and "platinum" after the words "but not plated with." PARAGRAPH 394. H. B. 7456. Par. 394. No allowance or reduction gf 4utiea for partial loss or damage in conse- quence 01 rust di of discoloration shall be made upon any description ' of iron or steel, or upon any arti^ile wltolly^pr partly manufactured of iron or steel, or upon any manufacture of iron or steel. ACT OF 1909. Par. 138. No allowance or reduction of duties for partial loss or damage in consequence of rust or of discoloration shall be made upon any description of iron or steel, or upon any article wholly or partly manufactured of iron or steel, or upon any manufacture of iron or steel. SENATE AMENDMENTS. AdT OF liBia; Par. 116. No allowance or reduction of duties for partial loss or damage in consequence of rust or of discoloration shall be made upon auy description of iron or steel, or upon any article wholly- or partly manufactured of iron or steel, or upon any manufacture of iron or steel. SCHEDULE 4— WOOD AND MANUFACTURES OF. PARAGRAPH 401. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pak. 401. Tigiber, hewn, .sided or squared otherwise than by sawing (not less than eight inches square) and round timber used for spars or in building wharves, one-half of 1 bent per cubic foot. ACT OF 1909. ScHEbuLE D. — Wood aneI Manu- -'"''' > ■ ' FACTUKES OF. ' ■ ' Pab. 200. Timber, hewn, sided or squared otherwise than by sawing (not less than eight inches square) and round timber used for spars or in building wharves, one-half of o"ne cent I)er cubic foot.'. Pae. 713. Woods: * * * red cedar (Juniperus Virginiana) timber, hewn, sided, squared, or round ; * * * [Free]. ACT OF 1913. Schedule t) — Wood and Manu- fActuees of. ' Pab. 647. Wood: * * * timber * * * hewn or sawed, sided or squared; * * * [Free]. Par. 648. Woods ; * * * red cedar (.Juniperus virginiana) timber, hewn, sided, squared, or round; * * * [Free]. TIMBER. • Description and uses. — Hewn timber is timber squared and dressed with the axe or adz. It was formerly much used in the construction of the walls, posts, and floor beams of buildings, and is still occa- sionally so used. Archaic houses are still seen with solid walls of hewn timbers piled one above the other and with clay istuffed between the joints to keep out the cold, wind, and rain. The chief use at the present time is for railroad ties. Logs are also often roughly dressed with the axe to fit them for ocean transportation. Production . — No figures available, s . i. Imports of hewn timber liot segregated from imports of sawed timber. Exports for the "calendar years 1918-1921 are shown in the follow- ing table: .'-' ■ 'ii \o , ' , . ' 1918. 1919 ' 1920 1921 (9 montte). Ouantitv CM feet^ 6,086 S203,648 8,499 $414, 513 10,394 $439,734 2,055 Value ; $149,361 Impofiaikt changes in classification. — ^The act of 1913 placed " timber, rouiidf, unmanufactured, hewn or sawed, sided or' squared" on the free list.' In H. It. 7456 " tihiber, hewn, sided or squiared other- • 557 558 SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFOEMATTON, 1921. wise than by sawing (not less than 8 inches square) " is made dutiable, thus returning to the classification of the act of 1909. Specific pro- vision was not made in either the act of 1909 nor in H. K. 7456 for sawed timber nor for timber less than 8 inches square. Suggested changes. — Explicit provision might be made for sawed timber and for all tiniber less than 8 inches square. . If it is desired to make these items dutiable, a provision might be added to para- graph 401. If it is desired to place them on the free list, they could be specifically mentioned in paragraph 1683. ROTTND TIMBER USED FOE SPARS OR IN BDILDING Wl^JARVES. , Description and uses. — Use and description indicated in the title. Production. — No data available. ' Imports. — Not segregated. Exports. — Not segregated. Important changes in classification. — This item is not specifically provided for in the act of 1913. Such timber is exempt, from duty under the provision in paragraph 647 " for logs, timber, round, un- manufactured." The classification in H. E. 7456 is a return to the classification of the act of 1909. PARAGRAPH 402. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 402. Logs of flr, spruce, cedar, ■ •'' or Western hemlock, $1 per one thou- sand feet board measure : Provided., That any such class of logs cut from any particular class of lands shall be exempt from 'such duty if Imported from any country, dependency, prov- ince, or other subdivision of govern- ment;, which has,, at no time during the twelve months immediately preceding their impm-tation into the United States, maintained any embargo, pro- hibition, or other restriction (whether by law, order, regulation, contractual relation or otherwise, directly or indi- rectly) upon the exportation df such class of logs from such country, de- pendency, province, or other subdivi- sion of government, if cut from such class of lands. • , ACT OP 1909. ACT OF 1918. Pab. 712. Wood : Logs and round Par. 647. Wood : Logs, >■ * * unmanufactured ^ timber, including round, unmanufactured. * * * pulp pulp woods, * * * not specially woods, * * * [Free], provided for in this section [Free]. LOGS OF FIR, SPRUCE, CEDAR, WESTERN HEMLOCK, ETC. Description and twes.^— The woods enumerated in paragraph 402 are softwoods furnishing lumber for general building construction ; especially is this statement true of the Douglas fir. Aside from general construction work, spruce is by far the most important of the SUMMABY OF TARIFF' INFORMATION, 1921. 559 pulp woods, hemlock is also an important pulp wood, and cedar, because of its high power of resistance to decay, is especially adapted to use as shingles and telegraph, telephone, trolley, and electric-light poles. The red cedar is also used for manufacturing chests for stor- ing clothing, its pungent odor affording a protection against moths. production. — Douglas fir (the most important commercially of the firs), western hemlock, and western red cedar are woods found chiefly in Washington, Oregon, and some other parts of the inland empire. Spruce is widely distributed' throughout the whole northern portion of the United States. There are also other species of cedar having a wide distribution. On the whole, however, the paragraph relates to woods of concern to the Pacific Northwest. The follow- ing table ^ shows in board feet for the year 1918 the total cut of each of the woods mentioned in paragraph 402 and also in board feet and in percentages the cut in the States of Washington and Oregon. ■ " '. 'Species. Total cut (board teet). Cut in Washington and Oregon. Board leet. Percentage. 6,819,141,000 980,561,000 230,476,000 348,117,000 5,476,911,000 491(664,000 148, 176, OdO 343,852,000 Spruce 50 1 Western hemlock.' : 98 8 Total .': '........ 7, 378, 295, 000 6,460„593,000 1 87 6 Imports of logs of fir, spruce, cedar, and western hemlock are not segregated from the imports of other logs,^ The dis.tribution of these species in Canada, however, is somewliat sirailar to that of the United States. Douglas fir, western hemlock, and western red cedar, grow for the most part in British Columbia, and hence, importations of logs of these species would presumably compete with logs of the same species in Washington a;^d Oregon. Spruce, however, and. other yar rietJes of cedar grow also between the Kpckies and the Atlantic sea- board and are imported into States all along the northeast boundary. Especially are large quantities of spruce logs imported as pulp wood, many of the pulp and paper mills in the Northeast being dependent in whole or in part upon such importations for their supply of raw material. Easforts of fir for the calendar years 1918-1921 are shown in the following table. Export of logs of the oth^r species specified are not segregated. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (M feet) 8,216 tl28,627 4,924 $114,939 14,986 $464,760 9,405 $209,443 1 Figures from Bulletin No. 845, United States Department of Agriculture, Production of lumber, lath, and shingles In 1918'. 560 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOKMAnON, 1921. Imjjortw^t changes in olassifipation. — Logs of spruce, one of the most important of the pulp woods, are provided for in paragraph 402 of H. R. 7456, with logs of fir, cedar, and western hemlock in a new upro vision. . Pulp woods, specifically exempted in paragraph 647 of thei act of 1913, are made conditionally free of duty in this paragraph. PARAGRAPH' 403. H. K. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pae. 403. Brier root, or brier wood, ivy, or laurel root, arid Siihilar wood unmanufactured, or not . further ad- vanced, than cut Jnto blocks siiita.bie for the articles into which tliey are in- tended to be converted, 10 per centum ad valorem. , ACT OE 1909. Pae. 202. Briar root or briar wood, ivy or laurel root, . and similar wood unmanufactured, or not further; ad- vanced than cut into blocks suitable for the articles into which they are in- tended to be converted, fifteen per cen- tum ad valorem. ACT OF 1913. Par. 168. Briar root or briar wood, ivy OT laurel root, and similar wood unmanufactured, or not further ad- vanced than cut into blocks suitable for the articles into which they are in- tended to be converted, 10 per centum ad valorem. BKIEE EOOT. . ' ■ ! (See Survey N-26.') Description, uses, and production.— 'Brier root or brierwood, used. in making tobacco-smoking pipes, is the root of the -^hiteor'tr^p heath (Erfca ariorea) ot southern Europe. Ivy root is the A!iheri- can laurel which groWs in the southern United States. The brier root is exclusively an 'imported wood. Attempts have l^een made to use the ivy &r laurel root, growing chiefly in North Carolina, as, a substitute. It has not proved satislactbry. ' ' Imports in 1914''w'ere valued at $241,493. Later 'st&:tistics follow: CalBndar year. 'Value Duty. Ad valorem rate. ■ , o -'i -l 1918 1919 1920 , 1921 (9 months) $825,695 1,156,371 982,852 105,655 $82,569 115,637 98,285 Per cent. 10 10 Eociports. — None. Suggested changes. — Page 78, ling 6, oi miha after " ivy," as ivy is ihe same thing' as " laurel root." of, H. R. 7456: Omit the comma SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 561 PARAGRAPH 404. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 404. Cedar commercially known as Spanish cedar, ilignum-vitaj, lance- wood, ebony, box, granadilla, ma- hogany, rosewood, satinwood. Jaiianese white oak, and Japanese maple, in the log, 10 per centum ad valorem ;. In the form of sawed boards, planks, deals, and all other formsjnOt further majiu- , factured than sawed, 15 per ceiitum ad valorem ; veneers of wood and wood unmanufactured, not specially pro-, vlded for, 20 per centum ad valorem. -; ACT OF 1909. Par. 203. Sawed boards, planks, deals, and all forms of sawed cedar, llgnum- vitse, lancewood, ebony, box, granadilla, mahogany, rosfewood, satinwood, and all other cabinet woods not further manufactured than sawed, fifteen per centum ad valorem; veneers of wood, and wood unmanufactured, not spe- cially provided for in this section, twenty per centum ad valorem. Par. 713. Woods: Cedar, ■ lignum- vitfe, lancewood, ebony, box, grana- dilla, mahogany, rosewood, satin- wood, and all forms of cabinet woods, in the log, rough, or hewn only, * » * [Free!. ACT or 1913. Par. 169. Cedar commercially known as Spanish cedar, lignum- vitse, lance- wood, ebony, box, granadilla, mahog- any, rosewood, and satinwood ; all the foregoing when sawed into boards, planks, deals, or other forms, and not specially provided for in. this section, and all cabinet woods not further man- ufactured than sawed, 10 per centum ad valorem ; veneers of wood, 15 pet centum ad valorem. Par, 648. Woods : Cedar, including Spanish cedar, lignum-vitse, lancewood, ebony, box, granadilla, mahogany, rosewood, satinwood, and all forms of cabinet woods, in the log,- rooigh, or hewn only, * * * [Free]. CABINET WOODS. (See Survey D-1.) Description, uses,, and production. — Cedar, coromereially known as Spanish cedar, is not, strictly, a cedar (Cedrus), but the Cedrela odorata, a large tree .growing in Mexico, Cuba, and the West Indies. The trunk may attain a diameter; of 5 feet. It bears panicles of pale yellow flowers and a fruit somewhat like pecan nuts, and sug- gests the walnut rather than the <;edar. , The wood, however, resem- bles cedar. It is brownish red, soft, fragrant, porous, and durable. The Cuban supply is rapidly vanishing, and Mexico is now the chief source. It is imported in logs, flitches, and bolts, and used for cigar, boxes, boats, and to some extent for cabinet- w:ork. Its porous struc- ture assists the cigar to season and its odor improves the flavor. Lignum-vitse is wood derived from the Guaiacum oificirMle, a slow- f rowing tree of Jamaica, Trinidad, St. Lucia, and the West Indies, 'he heartwood is of a. dark greenish brown; the sapwood, yellow. It is remarkable for its hardness, ;toughness, and heaviness, f^ach layer of fibers crosses the preceding diagonally, obscuring the annual rings. It weighs 76 pounds to the cubic foot— :heavier than water (62.5) — and is imported, in billets about 3 feet , long and 1 foot in diameter, chiefly from Cuba, Jamaica, and Santo .JDoniingo. It is used in i^iaking sheaves for pulleys, rulesrs, pestles, tenpin balls, ship ■82304—22- -36 562 SUMMARY OF TAEIPF INFOKMATlOK, 1921. blocks, and various artibles of turnery, and, in the Bahamas, for door hinges. , . , , Lancewood is from two small, slim West Indian trees (Bocagea virgata and Bocagea lancifolia) growing about 30 feet high and 1 foot in diameter, and from several other trees. It is remarkable for its strength and elasticity, and is used for carriage poles and shafts,, fishing rods, and bows. It is imported chiefly from Cuba, Guiana, and Brazil, principally in the form of poles, frequently 20 feet long and 6 to 8 inches in diameter, " Ebony " applies commercially to, several hard, black woods. The best ebony is derived from the Diospyros ebeiriuTn, a large tree of India, Ceylon, and other tropical countries. Logs from 10 to 15 feet in length and with the heartwood 2 feet in diameter are common in' this species. , Bastard ebony {Jacaranda ovalifolia) comes from Brazil. "Ebonies" come also from Mauritius, Egypt, Zanzibar, Madagascar, and Jamaica. A fairly good quality is obtained from the American species {Diospyros virgfrndna and Diospyros texana). It is used for inlaid work, veneers, and the black keys of piafaos. Box is a sm^air tre& (Biixits sempervirens) growing wild in the south of Europe and parts of Asia, attaining a height of 20 feet. The wood is heavy (68f pounds per cubic foot when dry), of a pale- yellow color, remarkably hard and' strong, and of a fine, 'regular, compact text^ire susceptible of a, beautiful ipolish. It, is apt to split in drying, hence is seasoned in dark cellars for from three to five years. Wood for delicate ware is soaked in cl^ar^ fresh water, boiled, wiped, and buried in sand or bran. It is valued by the turner and carver for flutes, flageolets, mathematical instruments, , etc., and, for wood engraving. It is imported from Spain, Portugal, Circassiai, Georgia, and elsewhere. An inferior variety, the Minorca or Balearic box ^Buxus halearica) , is imported in large quantities from Minorca, Sardinia, Corsica, and Turkey. The root is also used, Granadilla wood (not the vine, granadilla, bearing fruit) is de- rived from a large tree, 80 feet high and 2 feet in diameter, in British Honduras. The name is also applied to the wood of the Jamaican or West Indian ebony tree {Brya ebenus) and to woods of uncertain origin from northern South America. It is a hard, dark-red wood with g, beautiful fine grain, easy to work, and is -used for furniture, house decorations, and especially for flutes. Mahqgany is the name given to the wood of a considerable number of trees, the most highly esteemed being the Swietenia nidkogani, a large tree of the family Meliacese, which attains a height of from 60 to 100 feet and a diameter of 6 feet or more. It flourishes in Cuba, Jamaica, the West Indies, Central America, and sparingly in south- ern Florida. It grows either on rich, moist soils, or on rocky land. In the former ca,se the wood is coarse grained and inferior ; in the lat- ter case it is a rich, reddish brown, varying widely in its shades and markings, and susceptible of high polish. It is used extensively in cabinetmaking, both solid aiid as a veneer. The name is also applied to woods resembling " true " mahogany — e. g., African mahogany (K?iaya senegalensis) , having a tinge of pink, in contrast with the American variety; the padouk {Pterocarpus indicus) of, India' and Burma; the Cedrela Toona of India; some species of Eucalyptus in Australia ; and the " mountain " and " valley *' mahogany of the west- ern United States. Importations come chiefly from England (in STJMMAUT OP TAEIFF INFOBMATIOK, 1921. 563 transit-), and from Mexico, Cuba, British Honduras, and British West Africa. Eosewood_ comes from various trees, suchias the Brazilian Mimosa,' several species of Dalbergia, and woods found in Jamaica, Africa, Burma, Malabar, and Australia. The principal supplies are from Brazil, the Canary Islands, East Indies, aad Africa. ; Rosewood, when sawed or cut, yields the odor of roses, and varies in color from a reddish brown to purple or almost Mack, often beautifully marked. Because of its oily character it is difficult to fix with glue. It is second only to ttiahogaiiy as an imported furniture Wood, and is used as a veneer for pianoforte cases, table tops, and expensive furniture. Light, artistic drawing-room furniture and musical instruments are made of the solid wood. Satinwood is the name given a wood of white color and fine grain, susceptible of a high polish. The best variety is derived from a tree (Parinariimiffidanensis) of the West Indies. It is also derived from the East Indian tree Chloroxylon svdetenia, and from the Zanthoxy- Inrni cribosuTU, growing in Florida, Santo Domingo, Porto Rico, atid the Bermudas. Satinwood is much used by cabinetmakers and for marquetry. _ Imports.— The cabinet and other woods .mentioned in paragraph' 404 are virtually all foreign woods imported largely from Central and South America, from Japan, and from- the West Indies. They are imported both in the log and as sawed lumber. Imports in the log for the fiscal years 1914 and 1918 are shown by the following table: 1914 Qdantity. Value. 1918 Quantity. Value. Box Cedar, including Spanish cedar.. Ebony GranadiUa Mgnum-vitse -Mabogany Rosewood Satinwood Walnut AM other Mfeet. 17, Ui 70, 112 '2,' 628 $49,446 977, 746 86,786 206 72,632 4,919,368 78, 551- 10,345 382,940 539, 780 Mfeet. 12,431 $24,317 842,968 8,812 50, 303 '•'■"468' 171,844 3,736,688 53,716 596 28,295 193,686 Total. 7,112,800 5,060,922 When imported as sawed lumber they are not segregated by spe- cies. Total importations of boards, planks, deals, and other forms of sawed and cabinet w'oods from all sources are shown in the following table : 1914 1916 1918 Quan- tity. Value per M. Quan- tity. Value per M. Quan- tity. Value perM. Cuba . M/eet. 1,570 1,423 649 664 $48.20 31.20 .37.10 56.30 Mfeet. 5,732 10,545 1,529 185 $34.20 36.20 55.50 71.90 Mfeet. 1,857 164 2,004 140 $44. 00 Japan *..' 57.10 Central Ameilca ^includine Mexico') ... 79.75 Another .* .". .' 93.80 4,306 42.10 17,991 37.60 4,165 63.30 564 StnSIMAEY OF TARIFF INFOEMATION, 1921, " Observe: (1) The large proportion of the. trade i with Cuba, Japan, and Central America ; (2) the great increase from 1914 to 1916 and the falling off in 1918; and (3) the increase in imports from Japan in 1916 and the falling off in 1918. Later statistics of the imports of the woods mentioned in para- graph 404, both in the: log and as sawed lumber, follow : Cabinet woods in the log, rough or hewri only. Calendar years. Quaatity. Valuei ■ I Unit value. BOX. 1918 ; M/ea. 130, ^lO' 55,325 84,489 63,925 1919 978 1,290 831 t56.57 1920 65.50 1921 {9 months) . ..i.X'"XJ., 76.93 ' CEDAR, INCLUDING. SPANISH CEDAR. 1918 9,844 8,611 ,8,254, 5,616 »685,213 593, 769 • 729,754 387,113 169.61 1919 'i 68.97 1920..., ,. ,..1. 88.48 1921 (9 months) . . - 68.93 EBONY. ', .; I 1 1918 [■>'■■<'' i J 1' ■ '['■ 16,397 71,838 130,548 14,963 1919 ." . . ! '. ' 432 1,115 61 tl66. 34- 1920 117 09 1921 (9 months) ^.,.^ 245.30 LANCEWOOD 1919 $94 922 1920. . '.. 11 $83.82 LIGNUM-VITjE. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 1,725 2,166 $282. 672 178,632 145,769 42,933 $103. 55 67.32 61.88 MAHOGANY. 1918 42,631 43,588 52,602 32,987 $3,848,378 4,049,842 7,191,758 3,526,989 $90.26 1919 92.91 1920 ;'. ... . 136. 75 192). (9 months) , 106.92 ROSEWOOD. 1918 ■' ' '■ ' M.;. $47,939 39,052 133,643 51,752 1919 ..;.; 489 1,265 539 $79.86 1920 i •- 105. 63 1921 (9 months) ^V. :.'^-'.^.'. ., 96.02 SATIN WOOD. 191g . ,1, ,. ■ $387 5,735 8,431 2,828 1919 . ....i.. ..';.j : 168 81 28 $34. 14 1D4.09 1921 (9'months).-. .. ; 101.00 SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 565 Cabinet woods irf the log, rough or Ueicn only — Continued. calendar year. Quantity. Value.' 1 : Unit value. WAWUT. 1918 :.■':[...., , 30 207 438 382 $3,255 33,003 89, 551 71,560 , .$108.?3 1919...:... 1920.. ..I ..■.; , . 204.46 1921 (9 months) ..;........ , ,! •■ • ; . CABINET W00DS,;N,3 P.F, . 1918 -' $347,354 - 322,043 737,134 • 316,657 1919....' s/eoo 7,635 ' ■' 3,020 $89 45 1920 96.52, 1921 (9 months) :....,1:.... ; 104.85 TOTAL CABINET WOODS IN THE LOG, ETC. ' :.!■.....:..:.,:::. ...i.^v:'.: :. .'-■...' $5,262,005 5,3#i333 9 251 999 4,478,720 Boards, plamjcs, deals, and other swived Spanish ceda/r ; Ugivum-vitm, lance- wood, eiony, box, granadilla, mahogany, rosewood, satinwood, and all other cabinet woods not further manufactured than sawed.^ Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value; Duty. 1918 . . Mfeet. 3,108 3,795 12,513 6,509 1'/ (Mir , $211,578 ■•'.:24M529 1,116,645 652,281 $68.07 68;l-2' 89.24 100.00 $P,602 16,661 99, 179 1919 1920 1921 (9 monthsl .1.. ; , . - '.'•! ! f.-i.-j 1 Of these imports, a considerable part came in free o f duty from the Philippines— about 20 per cent in 192 Exports. — None recorded, : .■ >[| Ti ' Important changes in classification.— This paragraph is in part a transfer from the free list (par. 648) of the 1913 act. The words '' roughj or hewn only " are omitted after the word " log." Eed cedar {Juniperus virginiana), mentioned in the previous acts, is not mentioned in H. E. 7456 ; on the other hand, Japanese white oak and Japanese maple, not mentioned in the previous acts, are added to the list in H. E. 7456, The term " cabinet woods," comprehending woods of that nature not specially provided for, is omitted. " ^ J : '. VENEERS OF WOOD. (See Survey D-1.) DescHpM&H ami Uses. — A veneer is a thin sheet of wood, often a valuable cabinet wood, used for gluing to the surface. of an inferior wood to Imprcfve the a^^peEirance of the extferioft Veneers are also used fo;- mamifa.qtui:ijig ply woq(J. Two pr more layers of veneer are glded together, the gtain of each layer running crosswise to the grain of the layer to which it is glued, thus increasing the strength and preventing warping and splitting. Ply wood is much used in 566 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. the manufacture of furniture and boxes. Veneers of cheap woods are used in the manufacture of baskets. There are three methods of making veneers, (1) by a peripheral slicing, (2) by longitudinal slicing, (3) by sawing. Production.— Tla& census shows, for 1909, 637 establishments en- gaged in the manufacture of veneers, consuming 435,981,000 board feet of lumber for this purpose, and for 1919, 362 establishments consuming 637,520,000 board feet of lumber. These figures include veneers of both imported and domestic woods. Of the domestic woods one of the most important is red gum— 30 per cent of the total in 1909 and 41 per cent in 1919. The industry is widespread. Among the most important States may be mentioned in order of rank — Arkansas, Delaware, Wisconsin, Florida, Alabama, Missis- sippi, Tennessee, New York, North Carolina, Illinois, Indiana, Ken- tucky, Missouri, Georgia, "Washington, Michigan, Maine, Louisiana, and South Carolina. Imports of veneers of wood declined during the war from $23,981 in 1914 to $8,567 in 1916 and to $5,669 in 1918 (fiscal year). Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 . n ' »17,118 18,526 48,890 34,544 $2,568 2,779 ,, 5,844 Per cent. 15 1919 ;. 15 1920 .. --1 ; - -- 15 ' - - , Exports. — Not segregated. WOOD tjnmanufactdeed not specially provided foe. Description, uses, and production. — No data. Imports are shown in the following table: i ,,i - ' Cal^ndaj-.year. •";i"^'??T.^' Duty. ^ Equivalent »d yalprepi.' 1918 . , ;: $U,424 34,448 108,783 43,435 $1,314 3,282 10,614 Per cent. 9.112 1919 1920 :■.:.:..:. ^JJ.::i:ij..3l:... 9..527 9.754 1Q21 fQ-mnnth'!^ .. . ' • . i . , r , . ,' i.i : .., . . Important changes in classificatipn,— The provision for " wood unmanufactured, not specially provided for," is new. Spanish cedar, lignum^vitge, etc., further manufactured than sawed, are not specifically provided for. Spanish cedar, lignum- vitae,e,tcj,, further xnanuf^ctured, than.sawad,.,w;pul4, be, eov^f ei4 by a pgoyision for ''"wood manufacture^, not specially, pjjqyided; for," which might be inserted before "and manufacture^, of wqod*' in paragraph 414. . i M ,,' Suggested chcmges. — Page 78, line 16 of H, H. 740; I)tt?ert,..a comma after "veneers of wood" a.p,d omit tlie comma aftei; "un- manufactured." i , SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 567 PARAGRAPH 405. H. R. 7456. l^JENATE AJftENBMEITTS. Par. 405. Paving posts, railroad ties, and telephone, trolley, electric-light, und telegraph poles of cedar or other \voods, 10 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pae. 204. Paying posts, railroad ties. Par. ItO. Paving posts, railroad ties, and ' 'telephone, trolley, electric light, and telephone, trolley, electric-light, and telegraph poles of cedar or other an(f telegraph poles of cedar or other •woods, ten per centum ad valorem. woods,. 10 per centum ad valorem. PAVING POSTS. Description, uses, and production. — No dat^a available. Imports have been as iollovfs : i Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. *^ Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1920 , Number, ■. 17,357 1,791 J4,142 1,698 JO. 24 .95 $414 Per cent. 10 1 ■. Exports.— 'Soi segregated. •Suggested cJiMnges. — It is suggested that. " paving; posts " may be omitted from separate enumeration and assessed for duty as " posts " under paragraph 406. There will be no change in the rate of duty — 10 per centum. POLES. (See Survey D-2.) Description and uses. — The most important wood used for posts and poles — about two-thirds of the, total-r-is cedar, including northern white, western red, and southern white.. ; Other woods used are chest- nut, oak, pine, cypress, Douglas fir, tamarack, redwood, osage orange, spruce, juniper, hemlock, and locust. Cedar is preferred because of its resistance to decay in the ground. Poles are from 20 to 60 feet and upward in length. Top diameters, always specified, vary from 4 to 6 inches in 20 to 30 foot lengths, and from 6 to 10 ihches in lengths of. 40 feet and over. Steel and concrete poles and steel towers poles compete with the northern white-cedar poles of New England and the Lake States in 568 SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. the middle western and eastern markets. In Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, and Pennsylvania western red cedar coinpetes with the locallj produced chestnut and pine poles, even finding its way to the Southeastern States to compete with the eastern red cedar, cypress, and pine. ' The only foreign competition of consequence is with Canada. In British Columbia western red cedar grows in pure stands, making the logging of cedar potes less dependent upon conditions in the Douglas- fir trade. The extent of this competition is affected by the policy of the. Provinces of Canada imposing restrictions upon the exportation of logs. Intermittently these restrictions, are practically abolished in British Columbia, thus subjecting the logging interest to more active competition, but tending to the advantage of shingle manufacturers and others using cedar logs. ' '' ' ' ' ' ProdiLction. — A.n estimate made by the Forest Service places the number of poles ahnuallyproduced .it 4,250,000, consuming 55,000,000 board feet of hardwood and 200,000,666 board feet of softwood tim- ber. Poles ihS^^V^ toted per linear foot, according to the length and top diameter. In May, 1921, prices of western red-cedar poles in the Nelson market ran froin 4;J cents per linear foot for a pole 10 to 20 feet long and 5 inches in diameter at the top to 12 cents per linear foot for a pole 55 to 60 feet long and 8 inches in diameter at the top. Assuming for an average! pole a length of 30, feet and a top diameter of 7 inches and a price of 8^ cents per linear foot, the total value of the poles produced would be $10,625,000. Irri'poris ,of^ paving .posts, railroad, ties, and telephone, trolley, electric-light,' and telegraph poles' (not separately enumerated) in 1914 were valued' at f409,449 ;' in 1916, at ',$145,1^99; in ii918 (fisca,! year) , at $347,910. Virtually all came from tianada. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. i . , ■ , . . . Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad Talorem PAVING POST?, RMLKOAD TIES, A^TD TELEPHONE, TIlQLLEY,.E^^pT^;C LliOHT, Niimbar. ■ $273,069 '' $27,185 Per' cent. I^OLES, TELEJ^KONEi TROLLEY, ELECTRIC LIQHT,.AJSrVTELEGRAPH>, I8I9' '' ■ i il.' ... ...f. Number. 69,537 158,255; 129,683 $182,412 . 600,300 499,363 $a.62 3.16 3.86 ' $18,241 50,; 030 Per cent. '• ;■■ 10 10 Exports aj?e not segregated from logs and rounder hewn timbei-i RAILROAD TIES, (See Survey D-k) De^oription cmdi6se. — JRailroad ties are the. pieced of timber laid in thfi ^oJind crosswise to the rails and attaehed to :tHmi -by 'spikesi aiieyiafe niade either of hewn or sawed timber, th&fdrmer being SUMMARY OF TAE.IFS' INFORMATTON, 1921. '569 much the more generally employed. They are either treated or un- treated with preservative before being used; If untreated, compara- tively few woods possess sufficient resistance to wear and decay, but by far the best is white oak. Other woods used are locust, osage orange, cypress, chestnut, and the heartwood of long-leaf pine. TVTien treated by being inclosed in large steel cylinders and sub- jected, under heavy pressure, to solutions of zinc chloride or creo- sote until thoroughly impregnated, the list may be greatly extended and will include the black and red oaks, beech, birch, maple, elm, gum, ash, hickory, sassafras, hackberry, poplar, cottonwood, sycar more, loblolly, short-leaf » pine, Douglas fir, tamarack, hemlock, and white cyp^eiss. Thus 'pr^ervativies make possible the utilization of much inferior timber, release the more valuable woods, and greatly extend the average life of ties.. .TJntreated ties last on an average for 7 or 8 years ; treated ties, from 20 to 30 years. Whether treated or untreated, oak still holds first place, about one- half the ties being of this wood. Oak, southern pine, Douglas fir, cedar, chestnut, and cypress compose about 85 per cent of the total. Eailroad ties are the only wood products of first-class commercial importance for which there are no satisfactory substitutes. Concrete, steel, and leather waste have been tried, only to be abandoned. Some of the patent steel, ties are satisfactory, but the expense is prohibitive. Production can only be estimated. An estimate (191S) based on consumption, after making allowance for imports and.e^iports, places the number at 126,000,000, with a value of $63,000,000. A recent esti- mate made by the Forfest service (year not stated) places the number of hewn ties at 87,500,000 ties, consuming 2,100,000,000 board feet of hardwood and 625,000,000 board feet of softwood. The quantity of timber consumed for railroad ties exceeds that forsany single use except lumber. The proportion of treated ties increased from 17 per cent in 1909 to 38 per cent in 1915.; As the life of treated ties is much longer than that of the untrea-ted ties, this movement is in the interest of the conservation of one of our mpst valuable hard- wodds— white oak. The economy of treated ties is evidenced by the stefady faliirtg' off in the total demand— 148,231,000 in, 1910, 126,- 000,000 in 1915, 87,500,000 according, to the recent estimate by the Forest Service.^ , .yi?' jj, Imports of railroad ties Were not 'Segregated fronl paving posts and telephone, trolley, electric-light, and telegraph poles until 1919. For the years 1919,1920, and 1921 they are shown in the following table: Calendar year. ■; Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1919 ' ' o'L,. C Number. 462, 36& 4355,257 1,185,887 695,924 $0. 77 .86 .95 $35,526 118,589 Per cent. 10 1920 1,384,026 732,593 10 1921 fa months^ "The Forest Service estimate, howeverj does not include sawed ties. 570 BUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFOEMATION, 1921, Exports: oi railroad ties in 1914 were 5,^123,004, valued at $2,564,545. The most important country of destination was Canada-^3,492,928. Other countries of importance were Mexico, Peru, and Honduras. Later statistics for calendar years follow : 1918 1919 1920 - 1931(9 inonths). Quantity (number) . Value 2,681,823 t2,,308,171 i4, 699, 902 $4,178,525 ~ 4, 246; 238 $5,565,604 2,784,471 $3,917,868 Suggested changes. — A judicial decision {Mitchell Co. v.. Uniied States, 10 Ct. Cust. Appls., 104 of 1920) makes advisable insertion of the words "finished or unfinished" after "woods." - PARAGRAPH 406. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 406.' Hubs for wheels, posts, headiing.bplts, stave bolts; last, blocks, wagon blocks, car blpQks, beading, blocks, and all like blocks or sticks, roughhewn, saWe^ or bored, 10 per centum ad valorem. ' ACT OF 1909. ACT OE 1913. Par. 206. Hubs for wheels, posts, heading • bdlts/ stave bolts, last blocks, wagon blOqks, Oarblocks, headjng blocks,, and all like blp,oks or sticks,, rOnghhewn, sawed or bored, twenty per centum ad valorem. " ' Pais.;' 565.' Fencei posts of wood [Free.]. J : „ , , Par. 647. Wood : * * > * fence posts, * f * hubs for wheels, posts, head- , ing holts, stave bolts,; last, blocks, ' wagon blocks oar blocks, heading blocks, and all like blocks or sticks, rough hewn, sawed, or bored ; i* ' * * not specially provided for in: this secr tion [JTree]. : , ' HUBS TOE • WHEELS, POSTS, ETC. ' (See Surveir Flr-37.) Description q^. uses.' — The items i^, paragraph 406 are i'ough, unshaped bolts or blocks of a size and kind of wood suitable for the purposes eniimeratied., ., . : ,, , Production. — No data available. Imports are shown in the follq,w|ng ta,ble.: : ,C»len'1ar year. 0.uantity. . Value, Unit value. FENCE POSTS. 1914 > 1918 1919 1920: 1921 (9 months) . Numher. 433,207 SSO, 119 1,435,252 1,546,744 38,3, 2P5 $32,901 8,5,933 137,475 201, 756 39,790 SO. 08 .10 .10 .13 .10 ' Fisnal year. HUB,S FOR WETEJiLiS, POSTS, HE.\r>ING BOLTS, ETC. 19W > . IflS.. 1919 . . 1920 1921 (9 months) . 1, 381, 190 $16,549 136,816 144,768 147,527 93,909 SO. 10 'Fiscal year. Dutiablerrom JvJy 1, to Oct. 3, 1913. Duty collected, $836. SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 571 Exports.— -TSot separately enumerated. Important changes in classification.— Fence, posts, specifically enumerated in the act of 1913, are not mentioned in H. E. 7456 and would probably come within the general term " posts." All of the items mentioned in paragraph 406, H. K. 7456, are on the free list, paragraph 647, of the act of 1913. Suggested changes.— In the acts of 1909 (par. 206) and 1913 (par. 647) the provision is for oar blocks rather than car blocks. PARAGRAPH 407. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pab. 407. Pickets, palings, hoops, and staves of wood of all kinds, 10 per ■centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Par. 208. Pickets, palings and staves of wood, of all kinds, ten per centum ad valorem. Pab. 215. * * * manufactures of wood * * * not specially provided for in this section, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1913. Par. 176. * * * manufactures of wood * * * not specially pro- vided for in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem; Par. 647. Wood: * * * pickets, palings, staves, * * * [Free]. PICKETS, PALINGS, HOOFS, AND STAVES. (For staves see also Survey D-2 and par. 409, p. 574.) Description and uses. — Pickets and palings are the upright pieces used in making wood fences and for other purposes. Hoops and staves are used in making barrels, hogsheads, casks, etc. Production. — A recent estimate by the Forest Service places the annual production of tight staves "at 286,000,000 staves, of tight heading at 21,000,000 sets ; of slack staves at 1,010,000,000 staves';" of slack heading at 61,000,000 sets ; of hoops at 333,000,000 hoops. Data as to pickets and palings not available. Imports in 1914 and in recent years are shown in. the following table : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit valUe. Duty. PICKETS' .AND PALINGS. i914i., 1914'., 1918... 1919... 19^1 (9 months). Thottmrtds. . -15,634 »78,390 $5.01 - 23,639 110,239 4.67 - 34,077 273, ,921 8.04 41,214 : 342,976 8.32 52,645 586,644 11.14 21,782 231,857 10.64 $7.84 ' - WOOD STAVES 1914' Number. «16,039 34,894 115,183 40,093 i ..110,750 2ft, 410 ' 81 '60 1914'! 1918 ..;.,.......;.... J , 1919 .'....'. 4,905,574 •8,127^096 1,867^000 to.ol ; : 0.01' 0.01 1920... .;.!.'.[. i.'.t..j.'..L. 1921 (9 months) .' ' Fiscal year. 572 SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. Exports of staves in 1914 were 77,150,535, valued at $5,852,230. Exports of pickets and palings are not enumerated. Later 'statistics for calendar years follow : ' 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (number) \ Value 53, 373; 526 $3, 605, 332 81,657.792 113,160,377 ; '■ 82, 583, 716 $15,408,334 27,646,177 13,078,531 Iniportant chmiges in classi'fication. — The items mentioned in this paragraph,- except' hoops, are on the free list, paTagraph 647 of the act of 1913. PARAGRAPH 408. H. K. 7456. Par. 408. Shitpgles, 50;cents per thou- sand. • . ACT OP 1909. Par. 209, Shingles, fifty .cents per thousand. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Pab. 647. Woo(},:. * * [Free]. shinglfts. SHINGUES. (See Survey FL-37,) Production. — Shingles are among the important wood •: products and have given rise :to considerable tariff controversy. They are pror duced from several kinds of wood and in nearly all the States, but over 70 per cent of the output is of western red cedar in the State of "Washington alone. In 1912 the, total output was 12,037,685,000; of these, 9,500,908,000 were of cedar (western red and white) and 1,311,- 750,000 were of cypress, two woods particularly suitable because of their Iresistalnce to decay. ; Other woods in ordeir of; importance (amounts in millions of shingles) were: Yellow pine, 578 (i, e., 578,000,000 shingles); redwood, 447; white pine, 69; chestnut, 45; western pine, 30; hemloiek, 29; and spruce, 8. In 1911 the States producing over 100,000,000 shingles were (amounts in millions) Washington 7,745 (i. e., .7,745,OOQ,00O shingles) ; Louisiana, 800; Maine, 559 ; Michigan, 510 ; California, 404 ; Oregon, 392 ; Wisconsin, ,324; Georgia, 256; Florida, 167 J North Carolina, 161 ; Alabama, 148,; and Arkansas, 146., It will be seen that the industry centers in the Pacific Northwest, the South, the Laike States^ and the State of Maine. The four States, Washington, Louisiaitay Maine, and Michii gan, each typical of these regions, produce about 80 per cent of the total output. In recent years the production has declined. The year of maximum production was 1909 (14,907,371 thousand). In 1919 the production had fallen to 9,453,000 thousand. In Washington alone production has fallen from 8,879,000; thousand in .'.1909; to 6,133,000 thoiusand in 1919. Produciiion in British Columbia is in- creasing (725,000 thousand in 1908; 2,412,000 thousand in 1919). ' ' SUMMARY 0¥ TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 573 In the United States the red cedar grows in mixed stands with the -Douglas fir. As the cutting of Douglas fir is the preponderant log- fing interest, cedar bolts and logs are somewhat of the nature of a y-product. The supply of raw material for the shingle mills there- fore depends upon conditions in the fir trade. Other factors are the proportion of cedar in the timber being logged and the proportion of cedar logs used for other purposes than shingles. When there is a curtailment of output on the part of loggers, because of the low price of fir, cedar logs become scarce. It also sometimes happens that there is a strong demand for cedar logs for siding or other purposes. In either case the shingle manufacturers have difficulty in obtaining raw material, and -at times have been compelled to shut down. A considerable proportion of the shingles are made from bolts derived from dead stumps left in cut-over land. This is' especially true in the "straight shingle mills" (mills producing shingles only). Logs are more extensively used in the "combination mills" (mills pro- ducing other products as well as shingleg^) .• ' Imports were 895,038 thousand, valued at $2,190,170 in 1914 and 1,878,466 thousand, valued at $5,453,951 in 1918 (fiscal year), virtu- ^y all from Canada. Later statistics follow : Calendar yoar. Quantity. Val'ie. Unit value. Ills 1,797,610 1,987,4S0 1,963, .567 1,708 1,594,995 $5,626,932 P, 72p,!032 11, 260, 189 .7,453 4,274,,TO8 S3 10 1919 4 39 1920 1921 i'9monthsV ;' . .. Do.' 2 68 1 WMte Dine. 2 A.-II bther. Exports in 1914 were 46,964 thousand shingles valued at $112^463. Later statistics for calendar years follow : 1918 1919 1920 1921 9 months). "QnftTitit.y (thn^T ii; ,'. Par. 172. Bpx;es, barrels, or oilier articles containing oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruit, shaddocks, or poine- : los, 15 per centum ad valorem : Pro- videA, That the thin wood, so called, comprising, the sides, tops ai^d, bottoms of friiit boxes' of the gro\yth "and maiju- facture of the United States, iexported as fruit box shooks, may be reimported in completed J form, filled with fruit, without the paj'ment of ' duty ; but proof of the identity of such shooks j^hail be made under regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. and lemons, by the payment of duty jat one-Jtialf thera'ate imposed on! similar boxes of entirely foreign growth, and liianufacture ; but pi-oof of the identity of such shooks shall be made under regulations, to be prescribed by "the Secretary of-^the,Tr^aspry, ACT OP 1909. Par. 211. Boxes, Jt>arrels, or other articles containing orangeS', lemons, litnfes, grapefruit, Hladdoeks or pome- los, thirty per centum ad valorem : Provided, jTliat the ithin, wopd, so, palled, comprising tliesidps,. tops and hottoms of orange and lemon boxes of the growth and manufacture of the United States, exported as orange and lemon box shooks, may be reimported in completed form, filled' with oranges and lemons, by the payment of duty at one-half the rate imposed on similar boxes of entirely foreign growth and manufacture; but proof of the identity of'^uch shooks shall be made under regulations to be prescribed by the Seci-etary Of the Treasury. ' ,"', BOXES, BARRELS, ETC. "doNT^AINING CERTAIN FRUIT's!''^^'- ^ ■■' = ; ';' (See' Survey D^20 ■*'' Production.. — Previous to 1909 a considerable business had i devel- oped, especially in Maine, of manufacturing wood fruit-box shooks (sides, tops,, and bottoips) and exporting them in a knocked-down condition. Th'ey were assembled by foreign fruit merchants, the ends and the middle piece added, and then filled with fruit. Estimates of the manufacturers placed the busiftess at about 3,000,000 bundles, which were valued at $150,000. This business has greatly declined in recent years. Imports, "when of the growth and manufacture of the United States," in 1907 were valued at $109*,688 ; in 1909, at $64,323 ; in 1913, at $15,815 ; in 1914, at $2,778. " When of foreign growth and manu- facture," in 1907, $204,160; in 1909, $247,819; in 1913, $348,620^; in 1914, $635,974. Later statistics follow : Barrels or boxes containing orangeh, lemons,' limes, grapefruit, shaddocks or ,,,_ pomelos of foreign groivth or manufacture,. Calendar year. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months).. Quantity. Number. l,144,2lf, 1, 632, 805-' 135,37^' S374, 826 ,522, 196 508, 1-49 240,863 Unit value. $0.46 .31 .33 .tIJ Duiy $55, 916 77,367 7.5; 415 Equivalent ad valorem. Per cent. 14.92 14. iB 14.85 In the years 1918-1921 there werei no imports of the specified fruits in boxes or barrels of domestic manufacture. Exports. — No data. -.: i- SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 579 Suggested cAowi^es.— Page 79, line 9, of H. R. 7466: ^..„^.. „, between " limes " and " grapefruit," strike out " shaddocks or pome- los, and make one word of " grape fruit " to agree with paragraph 743 of schedule 7. "= . Should not thin wood of boxes for limes and grapefruit be included if it is desirable to continue the prpviso at all? > ..Thisjparagraph requires , wood for orange and lemon boxes to be grown m the United States as well, as that the boxes shall be manu- factured m the United States, whereas paragraph 1514 does not re- quire that articles to be exempt from duty shall be both of. the growth and maniifacttire of the United States. PARAGRAPH 411. H. B. 7456. Pab. 411. Reeds wrought or lyanu-t, facturetl from rattans or reeds, whether round, flaf, split, oval, or in whatever form, cane wrought or raanu- factured from rattan, cane \yehhing, • and, spKt, oi; ,partiall,v manufactured rattan, not specia^lly prpyid^d: fPr in this section, 20, p6r Cferituni ad valorem. For the p'urpfdse' of '^sSess'ng duties, hand-raade reeds or cane shall be held to-fte coniparableiin value to machine- cut ifee(is or cane, of porre^ponding^size^ , Furniture inade with franie^ wholly or in parf of wood, ratfart, reed; ham- hoo,' or malacca, and covered wholly or in part with rattan, reed, grass, or fiber of any kind, 50 per .pen turn ad va'oeiii; split bamboo, 2 cents' pei-' pound ; OKier or willow, includ ng chip of and .split willow, prepared for basket maker's use, 25 per, centum ad valoreju: all articles not, si )ec^aUy pro- vided fdr, '\(fholly or partly riianufac- tured of rattan, lianlboo.'osie'; or wil- low. 40 per centum ad valoremi ACT OP 1909. Kak. 212^ .Chair cane or reeds wrought or manufactured from rat- tans or reeds, ten per centum a'd valorem ; osier or willow, including; Chip'jof and split' willow, prepared for basket makers' f use,- > tvyenty -five per cen turn ad valorem ; , manufactures of osier or willow and\ willow furniture, forty jfive per centum ad valorem. - Par. 215. House or cabinet furniture wjiolly or j'n chief value of wood, wholly or partly finished, and manu- . fadtiu-es of wood ' * ' * ' * not spe- cially providefl for iri tliis section, thirtv-five per centum ad valorem. Par. 71,S. Woods: * * * rattan, veeds manufactured, .,* * * in the roufrh pr not further' advanced than , cut into lengths suitable fof sticks for umbrellas, parasols, sunshades, whips, fishing rods, or walking canes fFree]. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT Oi; 1913. Par. : 173. Chair cane or reeds wrought or manufactured from rat- tans or refedg, 10' per .centum ad va- lorem ; osier 'O* willow, including' chip of and split willow, prepared for )ba,sket makers' use, 10 per centum *d valorem; manufactures of osier or wil- low and willow furniture, 2-5 per centum ad valorfem. Par. 176./ House or cabinet fUTniture wholly or in chief ' value of wood, wholly or partly finished,, and manu- factures of wood * .* * Tiioi spe- cially provicled for iri this section; 15 per centum ad valorem. , , ; Par. 648. Woods: * ' ,* ; rattan, reeds unmanufactured, ■' *i * in the rough, or not fut'ther advanced ' than cut into' length^ suitable fbr sticks for umbrellas, parasols, sunshades,' whips, fishing rods, or walking canes [Free]. 580 SUMIvIAEiY OF TAKIIT aNFOEMATIOSf, -1:921. KATTAN, WILLOW, AND MANTTBACTURES OF: :,: r'j,',;-i; .i I ■:' > ;■!■. (■ (See Survey D-S.). i, Pe^crijhUo^ and uses,. — Rattan and willow , may oJten be used for similar purposes. ' ', , 'f ' ' " '/'' Eattan is the trade name' for the long, slender, itrailing sterns, of plants of the genus Calamus of the family Palm^cese, These steins va^y from the size of a goose quill to'rhore than 3 inches.'iii diametet. They sometimes grow to a length of bv6r , 200 feet,, climbing the lofttest trees "by means of recurved spines Ijeoeath, the ,leaif stalisl The smaller sizes are called " rattans "' in comnierce ; the larger, Malacca canes. The rattan flnurishes in southern Asia and adjacent islands, some species inf Australia :and ; Africa. Its fibers are ex- traordinarily tough and strong. The surface of the stem is of a tawny yellow or brownish color, covered with a flinty deposit of silica capable of resisting acid, making it valuable for covering containers of sulphuric acid. When split into stri'ps, it is used for caning.chairs, couches, etc. ,, , The inner fibrous tissue, known as "reed," is of a dull-gray or reddish white color. It may be split into strips of great tensile strength and elasticity, when it is uspd in basketry and braided work. Rattan is gathered from the forests by natives, cut into lengths of 12 or 16 feet, seasoned, doubled, and tied! in bundles in lotsiof 100 canes, the unit of commerce. It finds domestic nse in the manufac- ture of baskets for fruit dealers, gardeners, florists, hucksters, potters, and grocers ; also for clothes and coal baskets, cars for balloons, rustic chairs, latticework, doormats, brooms,' and whips. When impreg- nated with caoutchouc, it is a substitute fot whalebone in corsets. The larger canes are used for walking sticks, whip, and umbrella handles, and light furniture. , , There are some 200 species of willow, several of which, suitable for making baskets and furniture, are known as " basket willow." It is cultivated in this country to a, considerable extent, especially near Liverpool, N. Y., whence comes about 90, per cent of the willow clothes baskets. The withes are reaped ' in the autumn and, for basket or furniture work, may be either " sap peeled" , or " steam peeled." The former, of a beautiful, pure' white color, are pre- ferred for fine warefe, white steam-peeled withes, of a dull reddish color, are cheaper and involve less hand Idhot. As the greater part of the American product is steam peeled, hand-peeleid w,illow is. im- ported in considerable quantities, though domestic rods of as good quality could be produced by equal care in peeling a.nd sorting. Prodiuition i^ 191 J/,. — Rattan md wfllOw furniture : Factories,,' 85 ; persons engaged in industry, 2,^59 (2,262 laborers) f capital, $3,371,- 218;! wages, $1,281,141 ($566 average per capita) ; value of products, $5,022,089; value added by manufacture, $3,008,310. Baskets' amd raitaxi and willow wasre: Factories, 419 ; persons engaged in indiistry, 5,302 (4,574 laborers) ; capital, $4,590,515; wages, $1,922,965 ($421 average per capita) ; value of products, $6,578,468; value added by raalnufacture, $3,579,183. ' About one-third of the output is from New York. Other important States are Michiganj Indiana, Qhio, California; and Pennsylvania. Of the $6,578,468 given as the value of "baskets and rattah and SUMMARY OF TARIFF INirOBMATION, 1921. 58i willow ware," it is estimated that approximately $3,000,000 is for "splint" baskets and $1,500,000 for baskets of rattan and willow; the rest, for small wares. The factories are few, the manufacture of rattan and w'illow baskets being a "household industry," often carried on by " pitting out^ " on contract the material to be made into baskets. Machinery is little used; a jackknife and a scroll saw to fashion the ;*?ooden bottom are about all required. Because of the hand labor Jiecessary and the general high wages, manufacturers find it difficult to compete with foreign makers. Before the war importations came chiefly from Germany, and in the United States the industry is largely carried on by families of Grerman or other European descent. In the case of small fancy baskets, raffia, sweet grassj and some other substances niay be regarded as substitutes for rattan and willow; at the othe^ extreme, the cheap splint basket is 3. substitute. Each of these types, however, has its own field. As between willow and jpattan, willqw seryes-well when great strength is not required, as for the clothes basket. For coal baskets, the tough fiber of the rattan is preferable. Rattan and willow furniture compete with each other and with furniture of other materials. : Imports^ f pr, the fiscal .years .1914 and ,1918 were ,as, follows : .iaiJ_ ■ti. ^-hliv'tO r-.-l-.t l 1914 1918 Battan and reeds (unmanufactured) Clmir canes or reeds wrBuglJt]from,r^iui Qr reed.s. ..,,.. . .. . 7/ Prepared for bjiSffet makers' uq^..-. ,ij.l ^...\.'...i Manufactures of, except furniture I : ■■ ;tyilft)V fUMiturefi i'.'l . .^.iUiii! .'.L'.-. ...'.. J , :. .:v:. . ... .- Sl, 210j 390 450, ^13, 95,^4 25, 821 ■>• ,26,061' $1,781,239 202, 585 144,629 10,836 '< ■ 2, 8^4 Eattan and reeds are imported unmanufactured' from the East In- dies'and split,' cut,' aiiS j:^l-et:liirM'W' factories, chiefij' in Massachu- setts, New Jersey, and New T9rk.. for the manufacture of baskets, iitrniture, and' for 'bthfeit' 'wares -ih Massachusetts, New York, Chicago, etc. The , split and otherwise prepared cari6 is also imported, ,q,nd comes dri iom'petitibn ^'ith the' product of -factories splitting and pre- Iparing'thei cane in'tMS Uliited' states. Later. statistics follow'; i iGaleiidar year. EATTAN AND REEDS, UNMANUFACTURED. 1918 ' ' ' -'"''■- -' ■' '■ "■ '"'".' »!,&■§, 4(55 872,374 2, 466, 617 887,647 Per cent. 1919 . 1920 i X921 (S months) i . ... CHAIR CANE OR REED, WROUGHT OR MANUFACTURED FROM RATTAN OR REEDS. 1918 o;»ji HO r:/. -J244,268 269, 265 1,166,538 431,021 S24, 382 26,921 , 116,'6S4 10 1919 10 ii?'&minthi) ■'■-'^^^*^'r ■;■:■;::"::;::::::::::;::;:::::;: 1 10 582 SUMMARY OF,, TARIFF INFORMATION j_ il921. Calendar ye^is.. ,:,, ,^ Value. . -SWy-( Ad valo- QSII^K'AND WII^LOW l^IJE?jA.]^ED FQE tS^mETJ-JiJ^K^aS; ;Up^. ! 1918.. , iflia 1920 1921 (9mbnths). : I.,,. 3o,*r» ,. /- iiWILLOW FURNITURE. '.'.J-i'UJ •.'..■ff ■-'■') 1918 m, ni, 52,276 r,. . \S3?2,, ■' , ■ 5^1' ■ (6,771 & f, 1919 - - _ _ . / ". 1920.. ' '' 25 1921 ('9 months) -■■-;■ - ■ -^ 'i'yy,':'"'" T ■ ' ■ 1 . , ■ .- .^Sl.' .--.-a-x'jJi a "Ai -v. MANtTFACTURES OF OSIER.ANP -^ILLOiif, EXCEPT W^AloW 'ArRA^Tti-Rfii ' '''' 1918 .'. . .1 S9,W • , 13,845', 30,0gt 38,428 •; S2,365 u. ' 13, 461 7^258 25 1919 '• . ' 25 1920 25 1921 (9 montl^) ; ' Exports oi items mentioned in paragraph 411 ate not segregated. Important chaxnges in classifvcOition. — This is partly a rephrasing of par-agraphS) 173 and 648 of the act of 1913, and partly new. The new provisions concern cane webbing, the basis of duties, furniture, and split bamboo. ' . , Conflicting provisions. — The omission from H. R. 7456, of the specific provision in paragraph 173 of the act of 1913 for willow furniture raises a doubt whether such furniture will come within paragraph 411 as a manufacture of willow or within paragraph 414 as house or cabinet furniture. ., ,; j , ,. , ; ,• ; , '- Suggested changes. — Page 79, Une 20, of H. R. ,7456: Strike out the " s " from " rattans." , /^ ..,,,, . Page 79, line 24 : Strike out "in this section " to agree with prac- tice throughout the title. 1 , ' I Page 79, line 24, and page .80,, lines 1-3, of H. R. 7466: The- mean- ing of this, sentence, is not clear.^ Ad, valorem duties are assessed upon the value of the imported articles themselves as returned by the appraising oiRcers. Page 80, line 8, of H. R. 7456: Change 'f basket maker's" to " basket makers'." PARAGRAPH 412. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pae. 412. Toottipcks of wood or other vegetable substance, 2.5 per centum ad valorem ; butchers' and packers' skewers of wood, 2.5 cents per thou- sand. ACT OE 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pae. 213. Toothpicks of wood or Pae; 174. Toothpicks of, wood or other vegetable suijstance, two cents other vegetable substance, 25 per per one thousand and fifteen per centum ad valorem; butchers' and centum ad valorem ; butchers' and packers' skewers of wood, 10 cents packers' skewers of wood, forty cents per thousand, per thousand. SUMMABYrOF TAJIIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 583 TOOTHPICKS AND SKEWERS. (See Survey D-3.) Description and uses. — Toothpicks^ of the most f amiiia,r form have a square or rectangular cross-section. The imported toothpicks, often made of orange wood, have a circular cross-section and are of a higher grade. Skewers are used for holding meat tbgether. Production-^Both. wood toothpicks and skewers, are, mamjtf3,ctured in large quantities by comparatively ifew establishments making use of highly specialized- machinery. The birthplaca of „the wood-tooth- pick industry is Dixfield, Me., and Maine is stili the most important producing State. There are also factories in Massachusetts, Vermont, New York, and some other States. The lumber annually consumed is estimated at 10,850,000 feet, of which 51.4 per cent is basswood, 32.9 per cent is paper birch, 11.1 per cent sugar maple, and 4.6 per cent yellow poplar. The annual production is estimated at 54,000,- 000,000. V ' The principal skewer factories are located in Maine, Massachusetts, New York, and Tennessee. The best woods are hickory and oak, though other woods are used. Imports of toothpicks' weSre valued at$4',551 in 1914, and at $3,421 in 1918; of skewers, at $20 in ,1914 dnd $992 in 1918 (fiscal year). Toothpicks come chiefly from Japan,' Portugal, and Italy. Many of the imported tpoth,piqks are pf, oraingewood, of a circular cross- section, polished, and of a higher grade than the American product., Later statistics follow : ! Calendai; year. Quantity. Value. Unit value, Duty. Eqiiivalent ad-Tal|]lrem. WOOD TOOTHPICKS. 1918 -..I'V,!'-'' Thouscmd,, SI, 832 ■, ; 227 2,091 ■177 $458 57 523 Per cent. 25 00 1919.,....' ., '! i 25.00 1920. .► ' 25.00 1921 (9 months).. -iinr/i _ BUTCHERS' AND PACKERS' SKEWERS. 1918. . '. , 755 - ^ , 228 $519 33 682 181 $0.69 ' -.66 $75 5 58 14.55 1919. : 15.15 1920 . . .. _ __.: L_i_ 8.56 1921 (9 months^ ■.,!'!'' Exports not segr&g&ted. . : Suggested. (Hjamges. — Page 80, line 13, of Hi R. 7456 : iQhange " and " to " or " between " butchers ' " and " packers'." 584 StJMMAEY OF TAEIFF' IN^FORMATtON, 1921: PARAGRAPH 413. H. R. 7456. , , SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pae. 413. Poi-ch an.d window bliods, , baskets, curtains, shades,' 'bjc.scr^eiis of baiab('o, wcKtdj' straw, or eomposi- tions of woad, mot specially provided for, 25 per , centmu, > aid valwetp, i if stained, •d.yecl, painted, printed, pol-,, islied, grained, or creosoted, SO pfef centuiii ad Valorem. ' ' ACT OP 1909. ■1' ACT OF 1913. Pab. 214. Poroh .and, window blinds, Pab. 175. Blinds, curtaiins, shades, ha.skets, , curtains, shades, or screens of or soreen^ any .of the, foregoing, iii bambpo, wood, straw, or compositions -cliiej, valvie of bamboo, wood,, straw. at wood, not specially provided for tn fhis section, thirtyriive per centum aid' valorem ; if stained^ dyed, painted, printed, polished, grained, or creosoted, forty percentiun ad valorem. , , or compositions "of woOfd, not'specially; provided' for in this section, 20 per centum; ad valorem ;;i,ifi: stained, dyad, painted, printed, polished. grainiQ^i,/ or , creospted, and bq^ejts in chief .yjalue ' of Jifee inaterial, ' 25 'per centnirl "-ad valorem'. ;' ''f' ■"'• nu:U BLINDS, CURTAllfS, SHADES^- A^D SCREENS. ^,, ■ • , (^e6.'^u^vey|',I)-4.) .,' "'^Sicrip^^' and -Wses.-^Bliricls; curtains, shades, and scr^^ils are* niade ller^' iii' lafgfe ^iiantitaeS and itt"tila?ny lorins. The pai-agrtoh^ includes the well-known wooden blinds with rigid slats'; Pei?siw blinds, with movable slats which rotate to control the light and„view; Venetian blinds, or flexible inside window screens, that may be raised or lowered", haviri'g^^ horizontal slatsj' fastened on a webbing', that may be turned to admit or exclude light; wooden frames supporting screens of muslin, paper, etc.," ttsually mbvable, so that they may be placed before a window, a fire, or an object which it is desired to conceal; .p^rch screens constructed of parallel lengths of bambo(^, hniiig with si9.all spaces between them, permitting a limited view from the porch, but iiot from the street ; Emd other forms made from bamboo, wood, or straw, excluding view and light. Production. — Figures are not available for blinds, curtains, shades,, and screens. Of varied types, and produced in connection with numerou? other articles, their segregatipn would be difficult. Ob- sei'vation,'howeveE, indicates that t^e annual production is very large; and ah element of much importance in the woodworking industries. Imports of porch and window blinds, curtains, shades, or screens of bamboo, wood, straw, or compositions of wood in 1914 were valued at $543,5O0v"^ndin 1918 at $29,320. Later statistics follow : •;->' PLAIN. Calendar year. Value. Duty. Ad valo- rem rate. igig J5,747 10,108 23,282 10,930 ji.ue 2,022 4,653 Per cejii. 20 1919 :'... 20 1920 20 1991 CQ montlis^ . . .... SUMMAfiY OF TA.EIFF iijJFOEMATlbN, 192J. 585 STAINED, iBYED, PAINTED, PRINTED,! POLISHED, CHAINED, OE 'GRfeOSOTED. _ Calendar yeai'.' ' " ' ' . ' •'Value. <7,931- 21,559, 46,800' , 22,687, Duty. ' ' Ad valo- rem rate 1918.. .'...I...; i $1,955 , . 5,388 11,700 Per cent, ■ '25 25 25 1919 ;-.......,;...,..., .'.\'.\'.\]'.W[..V.\.'.'^, 1921 (9 months) ■ ^^ — ^- 1 Ex'^orts for these items are hot segregated. Important changes 'in classification. — The wording of paragraph 176, act of 1913, is "blinds, curtains, shades, or screens, any of the fbl-egoin^ in chief v&;lue of bamboo, wood, straw, or compositions of wood." H. K. 7456, reverting to the wording of the act of 1909, reads " porch and window blinds, * * * curtains, shades, or screens of bamboo," etc. The phrase " in chief value " has been omitted. Suggested chamges. — The words " wholly or in chief value " might be inserted after the word " screens " in line 16, page 80, H. E. 7456, to make the provision more specific. BASKETS. . (See, Survey D-4.) Description and uses. — Baskets are made in many forms and for divers purposes, including wood,, baskets, coal baskets^ market baskets, clothes baskets, and ladies' work baskets. Various materials are used— willow, rattaii^" and " splints " of ash, maple, oak, beech, bircli,' etc. They are.^cl^ssifipd in the trade as (1) fancy baskets, such as silk-lined sewing baskets, jewel cases, and baby " bassinets ; (2) "staple " baskets of, willow or rattan; and (3) " splint " baskets ma^^ of a thin wood ven-eer a,nd used as containers for friiit of as cheap iriarket baskets. . ..i Production. — In the census for 19^14, baskets and rattan ;a;id willow v?are are united in a single classification. The total output is placed at. $6^578,4-68, of which; it jfe estimated about $3,000,000 repEesehts splint baskets, $1,500,000 baskets of rattan aijd willow, and the re- mainder other articles of rattan or .irillow ware..- P{Feliminary figures of the census of 1919 place the*; value, of the. combined output of *' baskets and rattan and willbw- ware" ati$ll,831,OO0. : , . Splint ]baskets are made, as a ruley by small factories, using: ash, maple, oak, beech, ibirch, and gum. The pieces are* prepared! and fitted and made ready to be nailed together near the wood, supply, and.to save freight are sent in "knocked down" form to shops. near theiretail market. Splint baskets are a peculiarly American product, ^ithflittleior no -foreign competition. Canada is -the only source from which I they might be; imported, and.it is doubtful if manufacturers there possess any advantages over domestic makers. The making of willow and rattan baskets is largely a handicraft or household industry^ few establishments properly being termed fac- tories. Some of the work is done by " putting out "material on con- tract, or in little shops in the rear of stores wherte sold; very little machinery is used. Willows equal to7those imported are grown in 686 SUMMARY OF TARIFF IKFOKMATION, 1921. America, but are usually not so thoroughly dried or so carefully sorted, and are steam peeled, which gi\!es a brown color after a brief time. French willows ^.re sap peeled, a process which is laborious but causes them to remain a brilliant white. The American manufac- turer is therefore compelled to import the raw material for the better trades of baskets. Much handwork is required in weaving, and it is iiRcult to, obtain American labor at wages permitting competition with foreign production. Imports of baskets of bamboo, wood, straw, or compositions of wood were valued at $853,409 ip, 1914 and at $479,803 ip 1^18 (fiscal year). .Germany was tb^ei chief manufacturing country. During thei w&v Japan began to. take the place of Germany. Imports coine also from France, Belgium, A.ustria, England, and China. Later sta- tistics follow: Calendar year. iQuairtity. : •Value. Unit value. . Diiter; - BASKETS, BAMBOO.i ■ ,^.:i ' ; 1918 iVjimSer. $261,994 187,372 729,478 622,887 163,671 45,840 1919 '. ;r,855;i04 to. 10 .16 .16 1920 - 4,650,373 3,969,779 180 644 1921 (9 months) . . BASKETS, STRAW. 1919. 1920 1921 (9 months) . 17,035 32,113 . > 1 f < - BASKETS, WOOD AND COMPOSITIONS OF WOOD. ' ■ if ■ . - ■■ 1 1919 ,. ' i'479,'fe4 8,029,7881 4,142,028 ' '$375,282 . 1/378,203 761,946 to. 25 ,17 ■t91,343 1920.. ;... 340,294 1921 (9 months) ' Figures for 1918 include "baskets of bamboo, •wood, straw, and (iomt)ositions of wood."- Jmppftant chcmges in, ctes»/?e«^w.— Baskets are incliided in both parts of the paragraph. ^ 8v,ggestedi changes. — Page 80, lines 15-17, of H. E,. 7456 : Baskets of palni leaf have been h'dd in the absence of a specific provision there- for classable as manufactures of palm leaf. As palm leaf is of the same class as bamboo, wood^ and straw, would it not be weHto add palm leaf to the enumeration of materials of which the articles in this paragraph may be made ? ' This provision placing a different rate of dutj' on merchandise when stained, dyed, etc., makes it very difiicult of administration^ especially in the case of baskets. Baskets are received in a large variety of designs i and sizes and in order to ascertain whether; duti> able under the first: or last part of the paragraph an examination of every number is necessary. > ' ' One rate' for baskets, blinds^ etc., whether ^plain dr stained,! dyed, painted, etc., would facilitate the ejcaihination and; apptaisSmrait of this class of merchandise. ' ■" : ' i ■/) ,1)' Page 80, line 16, of H. R. 7456: Change ".or" to "and" between " shades " and " screens " and insert a comma after " screens." SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 587 PARAGRAPH 414, H. K. 7456. Par. 414. House or cabinet furniture wlioliy or in chief value of wood, \yliolly or partly finished, and luanu-, factures of wood or bark, or of wh:ch ■\vood or bark is the component ma- terial of chief value, not specially pro- vided for in this section, 25 per centum ad valprem. ACT OP 1909. Par. 215. House or, cabinet furniture \yholly or , in cl>ief value , of wood, wholly or partly finished, and manu- factures of wood or bark, or of which wood or bark is the component mate- rial of chief value, not specially pro- vided for in this section, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. Pab. 603. Kindlfrig wood [Free]. Paii. 712. Wood : * . * * hop poles, * * * ship planking; all the fore- going not specially provided for in this section [Free]. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 176. House or cabinet furni- ture wholly or in chief value of wood, wholly or partly finished, and manu- factures of wood or bark, or of which wood or bark is the component mate- rial of chief viilue, not specially pro- vided for in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem. Pab. 647. Wood: * * * kindling wood, * * * hop poles, hoop poles, * * * ship planking, broom handles, sawdust, and wood flour ; all the fore- going not specially provided for in this section [Free]. HOUSE OR CABINET FUKNITURE. (See Survey r)-4.) • 'ResGription and uses. — ^The term " furniture" mcludes a consider- able nuinber of familar articles of household or office use, as chairs, tables, lounges, bedsteads, dressers, etc. , It is classified by use as bed- room furniture, kitchen furniture, dining-room furniture, drawing- room furniture. , It is also classified by styles, as Old Colonial, Chip- pendale, MorriSj and Mission. , , . Production. — The furniture industry takes high rank among do- mestic manufactures. The following table, giving figures for 1914, segregates material and certain kinds of articles, such as metal, rat- tan, and willow, to show the relative importance of these " substi- tutes." Store and office fixtures and refrigerators are included, though not always classified as furniture. Items. Wood other than rattan and willow. Rattan and wIHow. Metal. Store and office fix- tures. Refrig- erators. Total. 2,251 108,143 96,417 $31,674,815 $536 $196,819,858 J187,926,556 $102,483,512 ' 86 2,559 • 2,262 $1,281,141 $567 $3,371,218 $5,022,089 $3,008,310 173 14,980 12,560 $7,965,682 $633 $35,231,002 $34,439,087 116,403,098 " .3 19, 945 16,642 $10,904,278 $655 $32,462,705 $38,31S,fl31, $22,32^,347 • 134 ,6,481 5,617 $3,572,334 $636 $14,611,158 ,$15,051,794) $7,708,402 3,326 Persons in industry . . a '. 152,108 133,498 Amount paid in wages . - Average annual wage. . . Capital $75,388,250 $565 $282,395,941 Virtue :pi products Value added .$280,767,557 $151,927,669 588 SUMMARY OF TAEIF]? INFOKMATIOK, 1921. Preliminary figures frOm the 1919 census place the number of establishments at 3,153 and the value of products a"t $5.73,785,000. The lumber consumed in the manufacture of furnltiire in 1916 was^ 944,677,807 board feet, oak being 45.6 per cent of the total. Other woods used were, in order of importance, red gum, maple, birch, yel^ low poplar, chestnut, basswood, and, beech. In all, 71 different kinds, are employed. The most important, foreign woods were mahogany (1.7 per cent), lignum-vitse (0.06 per cent), satinwood,- and rosewood (each representing less than 0.01 per cent of the total).' Foreign woods, or considerable importance in the finest grades of furniture, are insignificant with jrespect to the industry as a whole. The pro- ducing States r.ank as follows: With respect to value of furniturfr produced. New York, Illinois, Michigari^ Pennsylvania', Indiana, Wisconsin, Ohio, Massachusetts ; with respfbct to boaird feet of lumber consumed. North Carolina, Illinois,, New .York, Indiana, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Ohio. Im/poTts fell in value from $1,017,201 in 1914 to $333,368' in' 191& (fiscal year). ' The chief spujrce^ are' France, Italy, the United King- dom, Canada, Hongkong, and; Japan. ;F. * * * Pro. vided, That the duties imposed in this paragraph shall be effective on and^ after the first day of March, nineteen hundred and fourteen, until which date t;he rates of duty provided by par- agraph two hundred and sixteen of tlie tariif Act approved Augiist fifth, nine- teen hundred and nine, shall remain in force: Provided, however. That' so much of paragraph two hundr^tl and sixteen of an Act to provide revenue, equalize duties, and encourage the In- dustries of the United States, and for other purposes, approved August ,flfth, nineteen hundred and nine, as relates to tlie color test denominated as Num- ber Sixteen Dutch standard in color, shall 1)6 and is hereby, repealed: Pro- vided further, That on ancl fiftgr the 1 Sugars, tank bottoms, sirups of cane juice, melada, coiieentrated melada, concrete and concentrated molasses, testin.g by tUe polariscope not a-bpye , seventy -five ; degrees, one and sixteen one-hundredths of 1 cent per pound, and for every- additional degree shown by the polariscopic test, four one-hundredths o{ 1 cent per pojand additional, and fractions of a degree in proportion : Par. 20, emergency tariff act of 1921. 530 SUMMARY OP "TAEiFF INFOEMATlON, 1921. 591 first d'ay of May", nineteen hundred and sixteen, the' articles lierelnbefore enu- merated in this paragraph shall be ad- mitted free of duty. [The last pro- viso was. repealed by the act of April 27, 1916, eh: 93.] [No corresponding provision for all mixtures containing sugar and water.] [For draiijings and sweepings see par. .TO3, H. R. 7456.] ' ' ' SUGAH. (See Reports T. I. S.-9 and 16, and Survey K-l.) This paragraph embraces refined sugar and raw or' unrefined sugar in any form which might be used commercially for the manu- facture of refined sugar. Description md uses. — Puye sugar (sucrose) is' a defiilite chemical compound {Cyj3.^^0^.^) derived from the juices of several plants, especially the cane, beet, maple, and palm. Sucrose, in varying de- grees of purity, is the sugar of commeirpe ^nd the'tariff! There are, however, more than 100 siibstances known to chemicah bci'ence as " sugars," but differing from' sucrbSe in composition and properties: Of these, the, most important comrtiefcially are 'dextr6se and levulose (CeHi^O,;),: found in certain fruits and in honey. Dextrose iS also manufactured from starch as a constituent of glucose and grape sugar. Tank bottoms are the settlings frdtn sugar solutions and are the impurities found in molaj^ses tanks. Melada is another naine for cane sirup, and, like molasses, may be " cohcentrated " by boiling down. to, a thick granulous mass, which hardens Ujiori cooling. The tlnited States consumes (1920) over 4,500,000 tphs of sugar per year (morp .than one-fifth of the world's consumption)," about one-sixth of which is beet sugar. The per capita consumptipn in the United States, M^hich has increased from 18.2 pounds in 1865 to' 91.5 pounds in 1920, ranks high, and is now exceed,ed but slightly, if at all, by only a few countries — ^the' tJnited ^Kingdom, Mexico, Denmark, Aus- traJia., and New, Zealand. About th,r6e-f burths of the American con- sumption is used, directly^ in the household; the reinaihder iW various forms of manufacturing^ e. g.,'soft drinks, cttiidensed milk, bakers' products, canned fruits, and tobacco. Raw and refined sugar: Nearly all the sugar produced by the fac- tories in Cuba, Porto Kico, and Hawaii and about two-thirds of the product of the factories in Louisiana are raw sugar — ^that is, it still contains molasses and other impurities adhering to the crystals. An increasing proportion of the Louisiana product is carried beyond tlie rat? stage and marketed as "yellow clarified," "plantation granu- lated," and other forms suitable for final consumption. The great bulk of the sugars imported from Cuba consists of raw centrifugal sugar, the polariscbpic test of which ranges approximately from 92° to 97°. The selling basis is 96°, with allowances up or down from the. basic price, according to test. By far the greater portion- is pur- chased by the refineries aiid after being purifjed and decolorized be- comes "refined" sugar. Refined sugars as turned out by the. large cane-sugar refineries consist of two general classes — hard refined sugars, such as granulated, powdered, cube, loaf, etc., the polariscopic test of which will approximate 100°. and soft refined sugars ranging 592 SUMMARY , OF TAEIFF |I5rF0EMATI0N, 1921. from, about 80° to 90° in. polariscopic test. The latter sugars vary in color from a light yellow to bi'own and have some of the sirup or niolasses adhering to the* crystals. They include the " brown " sugar of ,Goi](imei-ce. The beet-sugar |actories produce hard sugars only. Prodiwtion.— before the, y^SLT' the world production had reached 20,603,000 short tons, 11,169,000 tons of cane and 9,434,000 tons of beet sugar. The chief sources of supply were, in order, for cane sugar, Cuba, India, United States (including insular possessions), Java, Conflicting provisions. — There is a conflict between paragraph 501 and paragraph 503. The same material might come within the provisions of paragraph 501, "sirups of cane juice, melada, * *' * testing by the polariscope not above 75 ' sugar degrees," and " all inixtures containing sugar and water testing by the polariscope above 50 sugar degrees and not above 75 sugan degrees," and tJie prx)yision of paragraph 503, "molasses and sirups * * * testing above 48 per centum total sugars." There is also a conflict between the pro- Aasion in paragraph 501 for "sugars" and "all mixtures contain- ing sugar and water," and the provision in paragraph 504 for "maple sugar and maple sirup," and the provision in paragraph 506 for " sugar candy arid confectionery." - ^ Suggested changes. — The dividing line between raw sugars i and molasses in the tariff laws has for many years been placed at 56 sugar degrees. This dividing line is, lowered to 50 sugar degrees in H. E. 7456. No adequate reason for this change has been found, but on the jother hand strong objection to it can logically be made because the edible grades of molasses will frequently test above 50 degrees. (See also discussion under par. 5D3, p. 599.) Tank bottoms, siryps of cane juice, melada, concentrated melada, and concrete' and concentrated molasses eriumerated in this paragraph are mixtures of srigar arid water with impurities and are therefore covered by the new provision in this paragraph for such milxtures, and might be omitted. It is suggested to avoid possible litigation that the words "sirups and other" be inserted befoi'fr "inixtures " in line 5, page 81, of H. E. 7456, and the words "of, or" inserted after " mixtures." SUMMAEY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, ]921. 597 The words " all the foregoing iiot specially provided for " should be added after " seventy-five sugar degi'ees,*' f)age 81, line 7, H. R. 7456, to avoid conflict with paragraph 504, which provides for "maple siigar and maple sirup," and with paragraph 506, which provides for "sugar candy and confectionery." With all these changes the paragiaph ^^oiild read : . Par. 501. Sugars , testing by tliie polariscope not ; )iove seventy-five sugar de- grees, and all sirups and other mixtures of or containing sugar anl water, t'estiiig by the polarisoope above fifty-six sugar degrees and not above seventy- five sugar degrees, all the foregoing not specially provided for, cents per pound, and for each additional sugar degree shown by the polarlscopic; test, of 1 cent per ,poun(l ad:litlonal, and fractions of a degree in pro- portion. Page 81, line 1 (title of schedule 5) : Insert a comma after "sugar." PARAGRAPH 502. H. R. 7456. , SENATE AMENDMENTS. P.M!. ."02. Any pers6n manufacturing or reiin ;ng in the United St£ttes sugar, testing by the polariscope over ninety- nine degrees, produced from, beet or cane grown in the continental United States, shall for each pound so manu- factured or refined during iany month in any State, Territory, ar the Dis- trict, of Columbia,. be permitted to im- port, at any time before the expiration of nine months after the last day of such month (for the Sole purpose of being manufactured or refined by him in such State, Territory, or District), two pounds of sugar testing by the polariscope not above ninety-six de- grees, at three-fourths of the rate of ■ duty to which such slugar would, other- wise be subject. The: Secre'.ary of the Treasury shall make all regulations neces.'iary for the enforcement of this paiaf; aph. including the takhg of bcnrt.s to secure compliance with its ' provisions. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. I No corresponding provision.] [No corresponding provision.] EEDUCTIOX OF DUTY ON IMPORTED RAWS TO REFINERIES USING DOMESTIC RAAVS. General comments.— Fa.TSigra.ph. 502 is new matter, having no cor- responding provision in previous acts. The concession as to rate of duty provided for in the paragraph is open to refiners who make use of domestic raw sugar for the purpose of refining. Beet sugar manufacturers and Louisiana refiners could undoubtedly avail themselves of the privileges of the paragraph. Doubt has been expressed whether the seaboard refineries could do so. The im- ported sugar must be refined in the same State, Territorv. or District 598 SUMMARY OF TAE^FF INFORMATION, 1921. in which the domestic raw sugar is manufactured or refined, and some have interpreted the paragraph as, requiring tliat the domestic raw sugar must also be produced, in the same State, Territory, or District in which it is refined. If the latter interpretation holds, the seaboard refiners would be precluded from the benefits of the paragraph, as raw sugar is not produced in the Atlantic seaboard States. On the other hand the paragraph may be interpreted in Puch a way as to permit the seaboard refiniers to import foreign sugars, under the concession as to duty, on the basis of Louisiana or other domestic raw sugars which they may have refined. Production.— As the provision is new there are no previous sta- tistics as toi production under the paragraph. It has been suggested by members of the trade that some beet sugar factories in Michigan and some cane sugar factories in Louisiana might avail themselves of the privileges of the provision. It is thought that beet sugar man- ufacturers in other regions would be precluded from the benefits of the provision by freight costs on imported raws. Imforts. — The total beet-sugar production of Michigan averaged for the three years 1918-1920 about 284,000,000 pounds, and the total cane-sugar production of Louisiana and Texas averaged for the same years about 385,000,000 pounds, a, total of 669,000,000 pounds, or about 300,000 long tons. If this domestic production were made the basis for importing foreign raws under .the provisions of the para- graph, it would appear that the maximum tonnage of imported raws on which the concession could be allowed would be 600,000 long tons, or about 18 per cent of the total imports. As it is doubtful to what extent Michigan beet-sugar manufacturers could ' refine raw caije sugar without extensive changes in their machinery, and as it is un- likely that the total output of Louisiana raws would be made the basis of imports, it is probable that the actual imported tonnage subject to the concession in duty would be much less than the above figure. Exforts. — It is unlikely that there, would be any exports under the provision, as refiners would find it^to their advantage to export sugars refined exclusively from imported raws and obtain the draw- back of 99 per cent of the entire duty paid, rather than to export refined sugar made partly from domestic raws. Important changes in classiflcaiion^ — The provision is new. Suggested changes. — Page 81, lines 14 and 21, of H. R. 7456: The word " sugar " should be inserted before the word " degrees " to make the reading conform to the wording of paragraph 501. PARAGRAPH 503. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Tab. 503. Molasses and sirups ■tes*'- v^ ing not above 48 per centum total sugars, twenty-five one-Jjundredths of 1 cent per gallon ; testing above 48 per C(;ntun] total sugars, two hundred and seventy-flve one-thousaudtlis of 1 cent additional for each per centum of total sugars and fractions of a per centum in proportion. SUMMABX OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 599 ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 216. * * * molasses testing Pab. 177. * * " molasses testing not above forty degrees, twenty per not above forty degrees, 15 per centmn •centum ad valorem; testing above ad valorem; testing above forty de- forty degrees and not above- fifty-six grees and not above fifty-six degrees, ■degrees, three cents per gallon ; test- 2i cents per gallon ; testing above fifty- ing above fifty-six degrees, six cents six degrees, 4i cents per gallon ; sugar Ver gallon ; sugar drainiugs and sugar drainings and sugar sweepings shall sweepings shall be subject to duty as be subject to duty as molasses or molasses or sugar, as the case may ; sugar, as the case may be, according to 1)6, according to polariscopic test. ' T)61^riscopic test ■.'*** MOLASSES AND SIRTJP. (See Survey E-1.) Description and uses. — Molasses is a by-product of the sugar in- dustry. It is what remains of the juice after the principal impurities have been removed, the juice boiled down, and the greater part of the :sugar content crystallized and removed by centriftigation. Sirup is a direct product of the cane juice, containing all the sugar, but freed from some impurities and boiled to the desired consistency. An exception to the description given is to be noted in " fancy " sind "extra fancy" molasses produced in the "West India Islands, chiefly Barbados. In this variety cane juice is concentrated to a thick sirup after treatment which converts a portion of the, sucrose content into invert sugar, but from which none of the sucrose has been ex- tracted. The introduction of modern methods into the manufacture •of raw sugar and consequent reduction in the suppjy of. edible mo- lasses resulted in the above-mentioned " fancy " product which is faiown commercially asimolasses. This product differs from sirup of cane juice in,.that the latter has been concentrated without any process of inversion and might profit- ably be converted into sugar by continuing the process of evaporation, -while the former, by reason pf. the lar.ge percentage of invert sugar, would yield comparatively little crystallized sucrose. Molasses is produced from both the beet and cane, that obtained from the beet being unsuitable for human food. Beet and lo^-grade -cane molasses (blackstrap) are used in the manufacture of industrial alcohol and as a cattle feed. Cane molasses is also us^d in the manu- facture of rum. , , • , Production. — In 1914 20,675,260 gallons of cane molasses, valued at $2,021,517, 2,420,633 gallons of cane sirup, valued at $609,696, and :26,000,000 gallons of beet molasses were produced as by-products in factories whose principal output was sugar. Sirup is also manufac- tured as a major product in several of the Gulf States on farms and in small factories making no sugar. Later statistics follow : ' Molasses testing not above forty degrees, 24 per centum ad valorem ; testing above "forty degrees and not above fifty-six degrees, 3i cents per gallon ; testing above flfty-six ■degrees,. 7, cents per gallon ; sugar drainings and sugar sweepings . sball he subject to duty as molasses or sugar as the case may be accordirig to polarisQO'pic test ; I'ar. 20, emergency iaritf act of 1921. ■ ; I 600 SUMMAEY'dFTAKirF INFOEMATION, 1921. Commodity. Year. Unit. Quantity. Value. 1917-18 1920-21 1920-21: Ton 2.39,338 54,089,867 43, 507, 000 17,000,000. Cane molasses 3 . . .■ i Gallon ......do Cane sirup ^ .^ ^ *.... ^ Figures from completed schedules secured- by the Tariff Commission. ' Figures from Statistical Abstraet of. Uniteii States, 192Q, p. 229. ' Department, of Agriculture estimate.^ For preliminary figures from the census of 1919 showing, prodtic- tion of sirup and molasses as by-products of the sugar industry, see- under " Sugar," paragraj)h 501. Imports nave rapidly increased in recent years from 51,410,271 gallons in 1914, valued at $1,774,719, to 130,730,861 gallons in 1918: (fiscal year), valued at nearly $9,177,833. Imports of molasses fer- tile calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit vilue. Duty. ' 1918 Gallort^. M2, 546, 811 118,842,094 .161,177,519 57,633,168 J10,326,611 4,161,210 5,081,610 1,44.3,083 $0.07, .03 .03 , .62 i Jl, 193, 329» 1919 . 469, 166 1920 ' ' ' . - - ... 507,66»i 192l''(9 months)...... ^.,., The above table shows total importations of all grades of molasses.. If segregated by the grades provided for in the Act of 1913, the average annual importations for th« three years 1918-1920 were: (1) Molasses testing not above 40 degrees, 139,289,062 gallons valued, at $5,670,762; (2) testJiig -above 40 degrees and not above 56 degreesi,. 1,555,771 gallons valued at $847,111; (3) above 56 degrees, 10,642' gallons valued at $5,268. A comparatively small quantity, 20,792 gallons in 1920, is im- ported free of duty— all from the Virgin Islands. Of the dutiable imports by far the greater part is from Cuba — 148,084,934 gallons, out of the total of 161,156,639 gallons in 1920. The imports from Cuba, however, are a low-grade molasses, blackstrap, used largely in the manufacture of industrial alcohol and as an ingredient of cattle feed. A high-grade molasses is imported in considerable quantities- (728,925 gallons in 1920) from Barba,dos. Recent imports of sirups- are ^s follows : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. 19X8 : Founds, 153,953 753,968 1j 6^,129 346, 410 •,16,483 35,069 81, 102 10, 033 $0.04 .06 .05 .03 $873 4,660 1920 -■ 6,013 1Q2] CQ months') Exports. — The most important countries of destination for mo- lasses are the United Kingdom, Canada, and the West Indies. The United Kingdom, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, and the Netherlands are the most important purchasers of American sirup. Prewar ex- ports (fiscal year 1914) are comi^ared with shipments during the calendar years 1918-1921 in the following table : SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 601 1914 1918 1919 1920 1921 . (9 months). MOLASSES. Quantity (gallons). Value 1,002,441 8175,498 5,413,982 SI, 190, 911 6, 685, 784 $1,311,217 ,4, 828, 149 $1,097,480 4,438,904 $88.3, 582 SIRUPS, INCLUDING MAPLE SIRUP. Quantity, (gallons).. Value.,. ..J... 11, 630, 528 $l,491i639 3, 184, 290 $2, 012, 121 .16,731,846 SIO, 299, 24i 6, 594, 835 S4, 164, 177^ 4,322,652 $1,187,729 hnportant changes in classification. — In the acts.'qf 1909 and 1913 molasses testing not above 40° by the polaxiscope was subject to an ad valorem duty. If testing above 40° it was subject to a specific duty, the specific rate being twice as high when the test was above 66° as the rate when the test was between 40° and 56°. In H. R. 7466 a new method of assessment for duty is introduced. The polari- scopic test is abandoned, sirups, previously pot coupled with molasses, are put in the same classification with that article, and the duty upon both is based upon total sugar content, a specific rate per gallon being^ levied when the total sugar content is not above 48 per cent, and an added specific rate for each percentage of sugar content above 48. Confdcfing provisions. — There is a conflict between the provision of paragraph 503 for " molasses and sirups " and that of paragraph 601 for " sirups " and " mixtures containing sugar and water " ^nd the provision in paragraph 504 for " maple sugar." The same article might be assessed for duty as a " sirup " or as a " mixture contaiiiing sugar and water." There are three fairly distinct articles of commerce to be provided for under the general head of " Molasses, sirup, and other mixtures containing sugar and water." To make clear the distinction it is necessary to distinguish first between " sucrose " and " invert sugar." Chemically speaking there are a considerable number of substances known as " sugars." The sugar of commerce is sucrose (C12H22O11), The process of manufacturing sugar consists in the extraction and crystallization of sucrose from the juice of the cane or beet. After the extracting process has been carried as far as is economical there remains a liquor containing a small quantity of unextracted sucrose and a considerable quantity of "invert sugar." " Invert sugar " is a mixture of two other .sugars, " dextrose " and " levulose," both hav- ing the formula CeH^jOe. Sucrose and dextrose both have the property of rotating a beam of polarized light to the bright, while levulose rotates it to the left. The combination of dextrose and levulose in equal parts, i. e., invert sugar, rotates it to tlie left, and, if mixed with sucrose, tends to neutralize the action of the sucrose. It follows that a molasses or sirup may have a considerable percent- age "total sugars" and yet show a low test by the polariscope. The polariscopic |test alone, therefore, applied in previous acts, is not a proper test for molasses and sirup which contain invert sugar. The introduction of the test by content of total sugars is a step in the right direction, but the dividing lines in paragraphs 501 and 503 are 602 SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. not SO chosen as best to correspond with commercial practice. This leads to the three types of products referred to above. (1) Blackstraf. — This is a by-product of the process of manufac- turing sugar by the modern method of the vacuum pan and centrif- ugal machine. Blackstrap contains, besides the concentrated impuri- ties remaining in the liquor after the sucrose has been extracted, a small amount of unextracted sucrose and a considerable amount of invert sugar. The polariscopic test therefore is low, 26° to 36°, but the total sugars may run as high as 56 per cent and usually run above 48 per cent. Blackstrap is not suitable for human food, but is valu- able for cattle feed and for the manufacture of industrial alcohol. Since it is not customarily bought and sold at a price on a sliding scale based on the analysis but rather at a fixed price per gallon it may properly carry a specific duty. Paragraph -503 is faulty as it stands, as the dividing line, 48 per cent, cuts into the b]ackstr,ap in- stead of separating all blackstrap from the next general commercial grade, edible molasses and sirups. As blackstrap, for the purpdses for which it is used, is not appreciably more valuable when its total sugars run above 48 per cent, while the rate of increase, for assessment of duty is made very rapid (e. g., for only 1 per cent above 48 the rate of duty would be more than doubled) the practical effect of the provision would be to cause importers to have the blackstrap tested before shipment, and if the test ran aboye 48 per ( ent to dilute it until it was not above 48 per cent. The additional freight charge caused by useless water would be much less than the additional duty. If the importation is used in cattle feed the dilution increases the danger of fermentation. (2) Edible inolasses and .sirup. — The qtiality and price of' the edible grades of naolasses and sirup are determined primarily by the flavor and color rather than by the percentage of total sugar. There- fore a fixed rate of duty expressed in cents per gallon would be more in accord with conunercial practice than a sliding scale of duties based on the percentage of sugar as provided for in H. R. 7456 (para- graph 503). The recommendation given below as to the dividing lines between blackstrap molasses, edible inolasses, and high-grade sirups from ^yhich granulated sugar might be made is based upon a study of the analyses of many typical samples. (3) Sirups of polariseopic test above 56°. — Only a small fraction (probably less than 1 per cent) of the edible molasses on the market tests more than 56 degrees by the polariscopp. However, a concen- trated cane juice containing little invert sugar and testing above 56 degrees might be imported for the purpose of making refined sugar; if the rates of duty on such sirups were substantially below the rate on raw sugar. They should therefore come under the same provision as that for raw sugar in^lparagraph 601. Actual experience under the acts of 1909 and 1913 demonstrates that there is no danger that the intended duty on raw sugar will be evaded by the importation of sirups testing below 56 degrees by the polariscope. • Although the polariscopic test is not suitable for distinguishing be- tween blackstrap and edible molasses for reasons explained above, nevertheless it is a good method of testing sirups intended for or suit- able for use in the preparation of granulated sugar. The specifica- tion recommended has been in use for tariff purposes for many years and is in accord with trade practice and should be retained. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 603 The words " not specially provided for " should be added to avoid conflict with paragraph 504 " maple sirup." In the last part of paragraph 503 as it now stands it is not clear whether the additional rate is fer gallon for each additional per ■centum of total sugars. Suggested changes. — Paragraph 503 might accordingly be changed to read: Molasses and sirups lukI other mixtures of or coutaining sugar and water, not specially provided for, containing not above 56 per centum of total sugars, — ■cents per gallon; containing above 56 per cent of total sug:irs and testiuf; liy the polariscope not above 56 sugar degrees, — cents per gallon. PARAGRAPH 504. H. K. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pak. 504. Maple sugar and maple sirup, 4 cents per pound ; dextrose testing not above 09.7 per centum and dextrose sirup, IJ cents per pound. Sugar cane in its natural state, or unmanufactured, $1 per ton of two thousand pounds; sugar contained in dried sugar cane, or in stigttr cane in any other than its natural state, 75 per centum of the rate of duty ap- plicable to manufactured sugar of like polariscopic test. ACT OF 1909. Pae. 217. Maple sugar and maple sirup, four cents per pound ; glucose or grape sugar, one and one-half cents per pound ; sugar cane in its natural state, or unmanufactured, twenty per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1913. Pae. 178. Maple sugar and maple sirup, 3 cents per pound ; glucose or grape sugar, IJ cents per pound ; sugar cane in its natural state, or un- manufactured, 15 per centum ad va- lorem : Provided, That on and after the first day of May, nineteen hundred and sixteen, the articles hereinbefore enumerated in this paragraph shall be adinitted free of duty. [The proviso was rejpealed by the act Of April 27, 1916, chapter 93.] MAPLE SJIiUP A>'I) MAl'LE SUGAIi. (See Survey ¥^,-2.) Description and uses. — Maple sirup and maple sugar are derived from the sap of the maple tree and contain sucrose, identical with that in the juices of the cane or beet. Refined maple sugar is indis- tinguishable from cane sugar. Maple sugar is prized, however, be- cause of the impurities which give it a characteristic flavor, hence is not refined. Besides its well-known uses as a confection and for table purposes, a large part is employed in the manufacture of to- bacco products. It is .said that this industry consumed half the do- mestic crop in; 1913. Pro(hi,ction.^M.a\)\& sirup and maple sugar are produced chiefly in Xew England and in the North Atlantic and Lake States — New York, Ohio, and Vermont leading. The total output in 1910 was 4,100,000 604 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. gallons of sirup and 14,100,000 pounds of sugar, valued at $5,200,000; in 1918, 5,000,000 gallons of sirup and 13,000,000 pounds of sugar. In 1919, because of unfavorable weather conditions, there was a marked decline — 3,900,000 gallons of sirup and 10,400,000 pounds of sugar. More detailed statistics are shown in the following table : Year. Maple sirup. M^ple sugar. Total on sugar basis, 8 pounds to gallon: Percesitage in form of sugar. 1900 Gallons. 2,056,611 4,106,118 4,286,100 4,905,264 3,g54,'4S8 3,605,558 Pounds. 11,928,770 14,060,206 10,838,650 13,270,865 10,168,629 7,528,640 Pounds. 28,381,668 46,911,550 45,127,450 52,512,977 41,004,533 36,373,080 1910 . . 30 0- 1917 1918 .... 25 3i 1919 ; 1920 . . 20 T It will be seen that the output fluctuated considerably from year to year, one reason being the dependence of the industry upon seasonal conditions, some years being much more favorable to the flow of sap than others. The table shows a tendency to market an increasing proportion of the product in the form of sirup. Imports of sirup and sugar in 1914, chiefly from Canada, were 2,096,983 pounds, valued at $163,047; in 1918 (fiscal year), 5,049,474 pounds, valued at $909,412. Statistics for the period 1918-1921 follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. tfnit value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorenii 1918 Pounds. 3,807,111 4,277,300 7,607,634 1, 586. 116 ■ $800, 873 1,189,696 1, 812, 102 288,908 $0.21' .28 .24 .18 $114,213 128,319 228,229 Per cent. 1919 ..j..,.. 10.79 1920 12 5ft 1921 (9 months) Imports are derived almost exclusively from Canada. Exports are not segregated. Exports of maple sugar are included under the heading, " Sugar, refined, including maple sugar." Ex- ports of maple sirup are included under the heading, " ^irup, in- cluding maple sirup." DEXTROSE AND DEXTROSE SIRUP (REFERRED TO IN PREVIOUS ACTS AS GRAPE SUGAR AND GLUCOSE.) (See Survey E-2.) Description and users. — Glucose a;nd grape sugar are manufactured from starch and" are therefore usually made by firms which also make starch for sale. In the United States the raw material for the com- bined starchrglucose industry is usually com, although potatoes and wheat are used to some extent. In Europe potatoes are the most im-^ portant raw material. In the process, starch is boiled with dilute hydrochloric acid thus causing the starch to combine chemically, with water, which converts it into dextrin, maltose, and fi^na^ly dextrose. The product is then neutralized, deciolorized, and concentrated by SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 605 evaporation. If the boiling with acid and the concentration by evap- oration are stopped at a relatively early stage a liquid sirup known as glucose is obtained,: whereas if both these operations are prolonged, a^ solid sugar known as grape sugar is obtained. Glucose is a colorless or slightly amber-colored sirup, with about one-half the sweetening power of sugar. Mixed with cane sirup or maple sirup, it is a familiar article of table use. It is also known as corn sirup. It is extensively used by tanners, bakers, and brew- ers, and in the manufacture of jellies and confectionery. Grape sugar is used in the manufacture of vinegar and in brewing; also, as a reducing agent in many industries, and in silvering glass. Production of glucose in 1909 was 769,700,000 pounds, valued at $17,900,000, and of grape sugar, 159,100,000 pounds, valued at $3,600,000. Preliminary figures from the census of 1919 show the value of the glucose (including all sirups) produced in that year to have been, $80,608,000 j grape sugar (157,276,000 pounds) $9,315,- 000. The industry flourishes chiefly in the corn belt — Illinois, In- diana, Iowa, and Missouri. The most important factories are in Argo, 111., and Edgewater, N. J. Though less favorably located with respect to the domestic corn supply, Edgewater, in addition to being nearer . eastern and European markets, is advantageously situated with respect to imported Argentine cprn^ which is often cheaper than • the American grain and contains more oil — corn oil being an impor- tant by-product of the industry. This industry lends itself to the economies of large-scale produc- tion and has been subject to persistent atteinpts at monopoly. A pool was arranged in 1885, which continued, with intermission, until 1890. Consolidations were effected in 1897, in 1902, and in 1906. The last consolidation, under the name of the Corn Products Kefining Co., still remains the dominant figure in the industry. Its dissolution has been ordered by the courts. Imports. — ^Imports of glucose are comparatively small, the largest since 1910 being 268,592 pounds, valued at $8,345, in 1911. Later statistics follow. Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. 1918 Pounds. 104, 557 ' 40,267 50 J6, 331 3,040 5 SO. 06 .07 .10 $1, 176 453 Per cent. 18.58 igi9 . :...... 14.90 1920 11.20 In only one year since 1910 have imports of grape sugar exceeded 500 pounds. No imports, are recorded for 1918, 1919, or 1920. Exports.^- About one-e'ighth of domestic glucose is exported. In 1914* the exports were 162,680,378 pounds, valued at $3,766,289; in 1916, 148,523,098 pounds, valued at $3,772,860; in 1918^ 80,970,749 pounds, valued at $4^949,159. The exports decreased during the war to less than one-half j but the rise in price increased the value. The destination of the exports was widespread, including all the principal countries of Europe, several countries of South America, Canada, Cuba, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. From one-half to 606 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. four-fifths of the trade was with the United Kingdom. Exports of grape sugar in 1914 were 36,860,496 pounds, valued at $799,635; in 1916, 3Y,883,089 pounds, valued at $962,101; in 1918 (fiscal year), 16,887,557 pounds, valued at $1,045,512. Over 90 per cent of the export trade was with the United Kitigdom. Statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 foUoAA' : 1921 (9 months). GLUCOSE. Quantity (pounds) . Value 42,740,417 $2,552,637 220,380,761 S13, 169, 061 144,760,031 J8, 993, 815 169,479,032 $4,793,757 GRAPE SUGAR. Quantity (pounds). Value. j 14,591,733 $906, 290 35,236,948 $1, 970, 893 17, 736, 137 $1, 074, 015 14, 303, 990 $463,444 . Im/portant,. changes in Glassification. — In previous acts the sub- , stances referred to in paragraph '504 as " dextrose testing not above 99.7 per centum " and. " dextrose sirup" were called respectively " grape sugar " and " glucose." Suggested changes.- — The term dextrose refers to a. definite chem- ical substance {QJ^xi^e) ^^^ nia,y, properly apply to the substance referred to in paragraph 505 as " dextrose testing above 99.7 .per centum." The substances which will be assessed for duty under paragraph 604 and referred to as " dextrose testing not above 99.7 pier centiini" and "-dextrose sirup" are commercial .products, coht taining, it is true, dextrose, but containing also othei-i substances! The first is known to the trade as "grape sugar" or "corn sugar"; the second as "glucose." , The normal composition of glucose, exclu- sive of water, is about 45 per cent maltose, 35 per cent idextrin, and 20 per cent dextrose. It is questionable whether in framing a tariff act which has to do with commercial products it is preferable to de- part from commercial terminology, especially when the chemical term substituted represents only a minor ingredient of the commercial product in question. The following wording is suggested : " Grape sugar or cereal sugar or corn sugar or potato sugar, and glucose or corn sirup or potato sirup, [rate] per pound. SUGAR CANE. Production and uses. -^The cane from which sugar is obtained is a species of grass, requiring from 18 months £o 2 years to mature suffi- ciently to yield the best results, and hence can be best produced in tropical climates. In no ])art of continental United' Stat^, except southern Florida (a sugar region of potential promise), is continue ous growth of the cane through 12 months of the year possible; The other Gulf States, though growing cane, are somewhat at a dis- advantage because the season is seldom longer than nine months. The superiority of a mature cane for sugar extraction is shown by SUMMARY OF TARIFF nSTFORMATION, 1921. 607 the fact that in Hawaii the aviefage yield of sugar per ton of cane is 245.6 pounds; in Porto' Kico, 221.9 pounds; in Cuba, 229.1 pounds^ while in Louisiana it is only 143.3 pounds. Louisiana and Texas^ however, are important siigar-producihg States, furnishing 5 per cent of the total domestic consumption. Sugar cane is also grown in the other Gulf States, but mainly for making sirup, for which purpose a mature cane is not so necessary. Imports. — Because of the bulk of cane in comparison with its value, it is unprofitable to transport it any considerable distance for manufacture. For this reason the foreign trade in cane is necessarily ' of small importance. Imports in 1918 (fiscal year) are given as hav- ing a value of $639,392. Statistics for the period 1918-1921 follow : ! Calendar year. Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. 1918 " - . !623, 584 398,284 331,502 309,628 $93, 535 ,59,743 49, 577 15. 0» 1919 . . : • , 15.00 1920 ..;. 14.96 1921 (9 months) .■:>.'. ■■. i Exports. — None, recorded. Suggested changes. — Page 82, line 12, paragraph 504.. If the words " or unmanufactured " after the words " in its natural state " shall be considered necessary the same words should be inserted in line 14 after the words " in any other than its natural state." The words " or unmanufactured " are apparently unnecessai-y in either place. PARAGRAPH 505. H. R. 7456. Pak. 505. Adonite, arabiiiose, dulcite, galactose, inosite, inulln, levulose, man-' nite, d-talose, d-tagatose. ribctse. imeli- biose, dextrose testing above 99.7 per centum, manuose, melitzitose,^ raffinose, rhamnose, saKcin, sorbite, xylose, and other of the higher saccKarides re- quired for scientific purposes,' 50 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Par. 665. Salicin [Free]. Pae. 3. * * * all chemical com- pounds, mixtures and salts, * » • not specially, provided for in this sec- tion, twenty-five per centum ad -va- lorem ; * * *. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Pae. 591. Salicin [Free]. Pae.. 5. * * * all chemical and medicinal compounds, preparations, mixtures and salts * * * not spe- cially provided for in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem. VARIOUS " SUGARS •(Description and Mses.-^The items enumerated in paragraph, 505 are: for the most part substances belonging to a class of carbohydrates chemically known as sugars. They are not, however, used as foods 608 SUMMARY OF;. TARIFF INFORMATIOH, 1921. nor do they have an industrial or economie , relationship to commer- cial sugar. They are in fact highly refined; chemicals, used primarily for bacteriological testing and medicinal diagnosis. Two of the substances included in the,. list in paragraph 505 are not sugars at all ; inulin is a variety of starch, and salicin is a glucoside. . ■ !>! ' ^ . : . Production. — These substances are extracted irom yarious vege- table materials on a small laboratory scalp and are commonly fold in bottles containing a f rg-ction of an.; ounce. , Before the., war they were not prodifced for sale at all, in,, the United. States, but since the outbreg-k of thei European war two American firms have undertaken the manufacture of, som,e of them. The annual demand for these rare sugars is very small, probably not more than a few hundred pounds a year for any one of them, with the possible exception of salicin. Imports during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, were as fol- lows : Salicin, 4,200 .pounds, valued at $15,234 ; mannite, 451 pounds, $1,129; dulcite, 77 pounds, $559; adonite, arabinose, inulin, raffinose, rhamnose, xylose, each less"" than $100 worth imported. There is no record that any of the others were imported at all. With the excep- tion of 1914, the several items in paragraph 505, excluding salicin, were imported under a basket clause and were not segregated. The following table shows the imports of sajicin since 1917 : Calendar year. .Quantity. Value, XJjlit value. 191g . Pounds. 729 365 2,772 230 »7,046 4,254 32,396 1,080 S9.66 1919 11.65 1920 11.69 1921 (9 months) .1..-. ..-. 4.70 • Exports. — Not recorded. Important changes in classification. — ^The items in paragraph 505, with the exception of salicin, are for the first time specifically provided for. Salicin was on the free list (par. 591) of the act of 1913. The other items were assessed !for duty under the gen- eral provisions of paragraph 5, "Alkalies, alkaloids, and .all chem- ical and medicinal compounds, preparations and salts, and combina- tions thereof, not specially provided for in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem." ■.. - . , Suggested cJianges. — Paragraph 505, page 82, line 20: Strike out the word " melitzitose " and insert " melezitose " to correct a mis- spelling. It is suggested^ that these' names be rearranged in alpha- betical order for convenience in reference. ' Paragraph 505, page 82, lines 21 and 22:, The phrase " and other of the higher saccharides required for scientific purposes" is objec- tionable for several reasons. In the first place, the word " higher " would exclude some of the simpler saccharides known as " monosac- charides," which logically belong herein and which it is probably intended to include hereini; and in the second place, the phrase " for scientific purposes" would require tlie customs authorities to deter- mine the use for which the import' is intended: which always gives SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 609 difficulty in admiiiistrtition ; and thirdly, and most important, this provision is probably too broad because it might be held to include maltose or malt sugar and lactose or milk sugar, which are not else- where more specifically provided for. Lactose or milk sugar was specifically provided for on the free list in the act of 1913 (par. 547) , but was omitted from the present bill; wi^h the intention of throwing it into the basket clause in paragraph 5, dutiable at 25 per cent. In the absence of this provision in paragraph 505, malt sugai- would probably also be dutiable under paragraph 5 at 25 per cent. Neither malt sugar nor milk sugar are, froin ah industrial point of view, in the same class with these rare sugars referred to in para!graph 505 and should not be classified with ,them. If specific inention for lac- tose or m^k sugar and maltose or malt sugar is made elsewhere, then it is suggested that in lines 16 ahd 17 the phrase " and other of the higher saccharides required for scientific purpose " should be stricken out and there should be inserted the phrase "and other saccharides not specially provided for." It is further suggested that the whole of paragraph 505 shoul^ be transferred to schedule 1 arid, inserted between paragraphs 81 and 82. Although the products prbvided for in paragraph 505 are chemi- cally sugars, they are not used for food or confectionery and have ho industrial or economic relationship to, commercial Sugar, but are. highly refined chemicals used primarily for bacteriological testing ' and medicinal diagnosis and logically belong in schedule 1 with other chemicals aiid drugs. PARAGRAPH 506. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 506. Sugar candy and all con- fectionery not specially provided for, ii'id on sugar'after being'reflned, when tinctured, colored, or in any way adul- terated, 30 per centum ad valorem. Tbe v-nlue of the Immediate coverings ■ other than the outer pack'ng case oi other covei'ing shall be included in thi dutiable value of the merchandise. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 219. Sugar candy- and all con- ' Pab. 180. Sugar candy and ail con- fectionery not specially provided for fectiobery not specially provided for in in this section, valued at fifteen cents , this .section, valued at 15 cents per per pound or less, and on sugars after, pound or less, 2 , cents , .l>er , pound ; being refined, when tinctured, cbloried valued, at more tlian 15 cents per or in any: "way adulterated, four cents p6und,'25 per centum ad valorem. The per iwund and fifteen per centum ad weight and the value of the immediate valorem; valued at more than 15. cents coverings, other than the outer pack- per pound, fifty per centum ad va- ing case or other covering, shall be in- loi-em. The weight and the value of eluded in the dutiable weight and th? the immediate coverings, other than value of the merchandise, the outer packing case or other cover- iijg,. shall be included in the dutiable . weight and the value of the merchan- dise. 82304r— 22^— — ^ 610 SUMMARY OF TAKCFF . rBTFOEMATlON, 1921. SUGAR CANDY AND GONFECTTIONERT, N. S. P. F.^ ETC. (See Survey F-2.) DescHption. — The^ distinction ^ bejtwefsn confectionery .and; certain food products is not always, easily drawn, The figures in the next paragraph, follow the classification of the Census Bureau, and, in- clude under " cohf ect;ionery " candy and confections, ca^e omameiits, popcorn balls and cafee, chewing gilm, salted nuts, and, stuffed dates, but do riot include the products of establishments making primarily chocolate and cocoa. Production.— To the value of total output in 1914, $164,000,000. may be added $17,000,000, for the allied product, chevipg gum. The industry is widespread,' but centers in New York, Massachu- setts, Pennsylvania, and Illinois, four States producing a little more than pne-half the entire domestic output. Preliminary figures for the 1919 census show 3,148 establishments engaged in the manufacture of confectionery, with products valued at $447,^00,000. In value of output the rank of States was : New York, Massachusetts, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin, Mis- souri, California, Maryland, New Jersey. Imports from Germany in 1912 aggregated 799,000 pounds and from AustriarHungary 215,000 poun(^, about 64 per cent of the whole. , Other important sources are the United Kingdom, France, Nietherlands, Spain, Italy, Bussia, and several • Asiatic countries. The total annual imports for 1911-1914 decreased from an average of 1,486,000 pounds, valued at $265,000, to 714,000 pounds, valued at $126,000, for 1915-1918. Imports for, ^914 .were 1,671,806 pounds, valued at $294,019; for 1918 (fiscal'year)',' 301,796 pounds, valued at $64,588. Statistics for the period 1918-1921 follow: -^ ' Calendar year. Quantity. Poundi. 180, 5£0 839, 376 1,229,325 M2.602 Value. Unit value. Duty. BquiTslent ad valorem. 1918 • t27,399 ., 195, .515 371,796 ' 122,322 $0.16 .23 .30 .28 J6,039 , 42,317. 87,346 Per cent., 22.01 1919 21. Bit 1920 2.3.49 1921 (9 months! ExportrS increased during the war from an annual average of $1,200,000 during the preceding four years ito an annual average of $1,800,000. The exports for 1914 were valued at $1,329,147; for 1918 (fiscal year), $1,856,751. The countries of chief importance in the export trade are the United Kingdom, Canada, Cuba, the Philippine islands, Austiralia, South -Africa, Panama, and Mexico. Statistics for later- calendar years were as follows: 1918, $1,225,928; 1919, $12,- 305,082; 1920, $6,255,476; 1921 (9 months), $1,239,233. Important changes in classification. — The act of 1913 divides con- fectionery into two classes. The clause " and on all sugar after being refined, when tinctured, colored; or in any way adulterated," is added. The provision for " weight "in the Case of outer covering is omitted as unnecessary. Suggested changes. — Omit " on " before sugar in, the second- line of the paragraph. SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, lf>21. 611 Paragraph 506, page 82, line 25 : A duty of 30 per cent on " sugar after being refined, when tinctured, colored, or in any way adulter- ated," will be less than the duties imposed in paragraph 501 on raw or refined sugars whenever the dutiable value of sugar is less than 7.2 cents per pound. Pulverized sugar is sometimes mixed with a small: percentage of starch for -the. purpose pi preventing caking. Granulated sugar is sometimes colored for confectioners' use. Such adulterated sugars would come under the ' provisions of this para- graph. An addition of tincture or coloring matter or other adulter- ant mig'ht permit the importation of sugars at less than the rates imposed in paragraph 501. Paragraph 506, page 83, lines 1-3 : Strike out all of the paragraph after the words " ad valorem " in line 1. This entire sentence is un- necessary because coverings of goods carrying ad valorem duties are dealt with by general provisions, or if an exception shall be made in case of these goods the word " only " should be inserted after " coTer- ings" in line 1, and the words "other than the outer packing case or other covering" should be stricken out of lines 1 and 2, SCHEDULE 6— TOBACCO AND MANUFACTURES OF. PARAGRAPH 601. H. R. 7456. I'ak. 601. Wrapper tobacco, and filler tobacco when mixed or picked with more than 50 per centum of wrapper tobacco, and all leaf tobacco, the prod, uct of two or more countries ' or de- pendencies wheui mixed or packed to- gether, -if unstemmed, $2.10 per pound ; if .=!temmed, $2.75 per pound; filler tobacco of the kind l^nowu.asiTurkisih, $1 per pound ; filler tobacco not spe- cially provided for, if unstemmed, 45 cents per pound ; if stemmed, 60 cents per pound : Provided, That filler to- bacco, not specifically provided for, commonly used without removing the stem shall be subject to the same duty as stemmed. ACT OF 1909. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Schedule F. -Tobacco and Manufac- TUKES OF. Par. 220. Wrapper tobacco, and filler tobacco vfiiea mixed or packed with more than fifteen per centum of wrap- per tobacco, and all leaf tobacco the product of two or more countries or dependencies when mixed or packed together, if unstemmed, one dollar and eighty-five cents per pound ; if stemmed, two dollars and fifty cents per pound ; filler tobacco not specially provided for in this section, if un- stemmed, thirty-five cents per pound; if stemmed, fifty cents per pound. [No corresponding provision for to^ bacco of the kind known as Turkish.] iSoHEDTjfjis F. — Tobacco and Manufac- TTJKES OF. ft I Par. 181. Wrapper tobacco, and filler tobacco when mixed or packed with more than 15 per centum of wrap- per tobacco, and all leaf tobacco the product of two or more countries or dependencies when mixed or packed together, if unstemmed, .$1.85 per pound ; '■ if stemmed, $2.50 per pound ; ' filler tobacco not specially provided for in this section, if unstemmed, 35 cents per pound ; " if stemmed, .50 cpnts per pound.* [No corresponding provision for to- bacco of the kind known as Turkish.] TOBACCO. Description and uses. — Tobacco of commerce consists of the dried, cured leaves of Nicotiana tabacwn and N. rustica (with or without the midrib or stem), commonly known as leaf tobacco, and its various manufactured products intended for smoking, chewing, or snuffing. The green leaves are subjected to curing, which removes most of the water, and usually to fermentation or aging in preparation for manii- '■ $2.35 per pound, par. 25, emergency tariff act of 1921. ^ $3 per pound, par. 25, emergency tariff act of 1921. ' 35 cents per pound, par. 25, emergency tariff act of 1921. *50 cents per pound, par. 25, emergency tariff act of 1921. 612 Austrla-Himgary 188, 18!) Germany 85, 741 Russia J 237, 400 Britisli Inaia ^ 450, 000 Japan ___L 93, 690 Otber countries less than 40,000,000 pounds 298,748 SUJIMARY OF TARIFF .IX FORMATION, 1921. 613 fiicmie into eioars, figiirettes, plug, twist, and vaiious types of granulated, fine-cut, and cut-plug tobaccos. PfodMction. — The Upited States is the largest producer and ex- porter of tobacco,, growing nearly one-third of the world's crop, now estimated at 4,000,000,000 pounds; other leading countries are India, China, Russia, Austria-Hungary, thfr Dutch East Indies, the Philip- pines, Japan, 'riu-key, Cuba, and Brazil. World production in 191"2 (latest complete figures) Avas as follows: fin 1,000 pounds.] I'nitetl States (except I'liil- . ippines) -_ 979,355 Brazil (1911) .54,468 France 49,884 Italy 39,683 Turkey .l. US', 894 Dutch East Indies 182,427 Philippine Islands ^ 65,219 Cuba (estimated) 42,030 Total 2,835,740 The production of India and China is very grfeat, but for the most part is consumed locally. ; In international trade the tobaccos of the United States. Cuba, the Dutch East Indies, Turkey, Bulgaria, Greece, the Philippines, and Brazil are of most significance. Tobacco culture is highly specialized in this country and several distinct types (for different uses) are growyn in well-defined, areas. Different types of foreign a,nd domestic tobaccos a're largely noncompetitive. In 1920 a crop of .1,508,000,000 pounds Ivas pl-oduced on 1,894,000 acres, about 56 per ceiit in Kentucky and North Carolina, ahd 34 per cent in Virginia, Ohio, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Tennessee. Establishments engaged in its manufacture in 1914 numbered 13,951, employing 178,872 wage earners, receiving wages of $77,856,0;0O'; with capital of $303,840,000 -cost of materials, $207,- 134,000; and value of products, $490,165,000 (latest available figures). The number of retail tobacconists in 1918 was 823,000.' In 1920 large cigars consumed 183,000,000 pounds; small cigars, 2,500,000 poUiids; large cigarettes, 141,000 'pounds; small cigarettes, 177,009,000 pounds; smoking tobacco, chewing tobacco, and snuff, 306,000,000 pounds. Revenues from tobacco. — Manufactured tobacco is universally an important source of public revenue and in some 18 countries (includ- ing France, Italy, Spain, Japan, Austria-Hungary, and Sweden) State monopolies have been founded for this purpose. Great gains in the revenue are said to be thus realized without adding to the consum- er's price. Distribution is concentrated in a single revenue agency, retaining the profits of wholesalers and retailors and saving the ex- penses incident to competition. In JFraiice ex-soldiers are preferred and given a fixed commission for the work of retail distribution iii lieu of (or supplemental to) pensions. In the fiscal year 1921 our internal revenue from tobacco aggregated more than $255,000,000 — over $135,000,000 froni cigarettes, $52,000,000 from cigars, and $65,- 000,000 from "manufactured tobacco." To offset the heavy internal taxes, coiiipensatory duties are levied upOh imijorts plus an additional percentage for protection. In 1920 these duties yielded $34,000,000. of which $30,000,000 was, from unmanufactured tobacco. The ad valorem equivalents are sometimes over 180 per cent. 6i4 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Imports of manufactured and unmanufactured tobacco in 1920 totaled 68,000,000 poundsj' valued at $75^000,000, leaf tobacco mak- ing up 88 per Cent of the quantity and '78 per cent of the value of the whole/ Generally our imports are high-grade leaf tobacco used in making cigars and; cigarettes. From Cuba we receive chiefly cigar filler and relatively small quantities of cigar wrapper; from Turkey, Greece, and Bulgaria (Turkish or cigarette tobacco) , 'the Dutch East Indies (cigar wrapper), and the Philippines (cigarS and cheroots). Manufactured imports, other than from the Philippines, consist chiefly of high-priced cigars and cigarettes. Exports in 1920 were valued at $288j700,000, of which leaf tobacco constituted about $24:5,OOQ,O0O and cigarettes about $36,000,000. ; Leaf tobacco has been an important export since the settlement at James- town, averaging in recent years more than 400,000,000 pounds. The so-called " dark fire-cured " and " bright " or " flue-cured " types of Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and the Carolinas constitute the greater portion of leaf exports. Their average valuation price is lower than that of the imported product, but the volume of exports is much largerl Exports have been chiefly to England, France, Italy, Germany, Australia, Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Canada. WRAPPEK TOBACCO AND FILLEE TOBACCO. Desariftion and tises. — The typical cigar-wrapper leaf — thin, light in weight, of fine texture,, elastic, and of proper fiolor, size, and burning properties — is readily distinguished from typical cigar- filler leaf and from the. American cigarette tobacco. ; Wrapper, ^- pecially the lower grades, is not so easily distinguished from binder grades, and in the less typical grades it may be difficiilt even to dis- tinguish wrapper and filler. As, a rule, the same locality does not produce cigar wrapper, binder j ^nd filler of equal excellence. , The type of leaf required, for domestic cigarettes is quite different from cigar leaf. : Prod/uction. — The Sumatra wrapper is^ conceded to be the standard of excellence, largely because of its " covering capacity," 1 pound providing .wrappers for 500 or more cigars. , A similar grade is grown in Java, and Oufcia prociuces a fine cigar wrapper in limited quantities. The well-known " broadleaf " wrappep is extensively; grown in the Connecticut Valley ; the " Havana seed " wrapper is grown there also, and to a limited extent in other sections, , Th^ greater proportion of these types, however, is of the binder and fillei' grades. A high- grade wrapper (from Cuban seed) is extensively grown under arti- ficial shade in the Connecticut Valley and in the vicinity of Quincy, Fla., the total production now averaging 6,000,000 to 8,000,000 pounds. Cigar hinder and filler types are grown in large cfuantities in Cuba, the Philippines, and in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin, apd New York. " Turkish " tobacco of hi^ aroma and excellent flavor pro- duced in Macedonia, in Asiatic Turkey, and in, the islands, of the vEgean, bears a relation to the cigarette induwtry analogous to that of Cuban tobacco to the cigar industry. Typical cigarette leaf is grown in large quantities in Virginia, the Cjarolinas, and Georgia ; burlej? also being used in increasing quantities in cigarettes and, other types adapted to chewing and pipe-smoking tobaccos and for export are giown chiefly in Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Ohio, and Maryland. SUMMARY OS' TARIFF; INEORMATION,1'92]. 615 In recQiit years a relatively small amount of cigarette leaf has been grown in Calif orniajfrom.Turkish. seed. , i. . - -in / ;, i Imports of wrapper tobacco during 1910-1914 ifrom Sumatra and Java (through Amsterdam) averaged about 6,000,000 pounds; filler leaf from Cuba, including some wrapper and binder grades, averaged 25,000,000 pounds. Before the war large and rapidly increasing quantities (reaching 20,000,000 pounds) of leaf, designated " Turkish tobacco," were imported from Macedonia and Asia Minor for ciga- rettes and fancy smpking mixtures. During the war notable quanti- ties of cigarette tobacco came from Greece and China. Detailed statistics for the years 1918-1921 follow : C/alondar year. Quantity. Value, Duty. 1918 WRAPPER TOBACCO, ETC., I •NSTEMMED Pownds. 4,393,631 j 4,861,440 6,963,954 S,533,asi i . $5i888,695 7,-437,751 11,137^579 15,693,684 $7,707,471 ■ 8,9,56,463 12,S57,362 1919.; 1920 : : WE.^PPEE TOBACCO, ETC., STEMMED. ■ .: 1918 206,095 10,302 S2 16,365 $70,095 8,961 101 20,772 $53,046 20,601 205 1919 1920. 1921 (9 months) ' FILLER TOBACCO, N, S. P. J-., UNSTEMMED.i 1918. 33,287,472 ' $21,980,576 .35,^72,123 29,860,717 38,033,019 33,756,720 30,273,215 26.668.552 $10,043,034 11,829,457 12, oEO, 272 1919 1920..- ..., 1921 (9 months) 1 -i! FILLER TOBACCO, N. S.,P. T. ,.'t. •'■ I ... STEMMED 1918 9 117 160 $8,208,806 9,641,1.^,1 13, 170, S53' 9,143,845 $2,944,6,36 3,576,076 -■ 4,^4,834 i919.. iteo.. ,-_T -, ' ' " ; ^ "■'■-■(■■ ■ 9, 138,500 11,418,293 7,019,677 i921 ^ months) . . ■ TUEKISH-TYPK TOBACCO (CIGARETTE FILLER). = 1918 -..;;. 1919 ; • 23,682,514 , $19,498,352 46,326,607 41, 362, .524 39; 590, 767 34 545 169 1-*. 288, 880 16,214,312 1920 13 891 765 ' ' 1 Includes Turkish-type tobacco; = General Imports from countries producing I'vukLsh-typc tobacco. Under the emergency tariff act (par. 25) wrapper tobacco, and filler tobacco when mixed' or packed with more than 15 per centum of wrapper tobacco, a,iid , all leaf tobacco the product of two or niore countries or' dependencies, when mixed or packed together are duti- able if unstemmed at $2.;?5 per pound: if stemmed, at $S per poimd. 616 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INPOEMATION,- 1921. The following table shows imports of leaf tobacco suitable for cigar wrappers during nine months of 1920 and 1921 : Months. Quantity. Value, ' , 1920 1921 1920' 1921 Pounds. 261/695 330,694 10,716 50,492 191,709 882,979 1,509,855 1, 615, 566 2,148,620 Pounds. 265,926 402,869 419.654 420,428 107; 622 447,964 788,207 896. 746 165, 144 8361.038 393,737 26,396 60,875 231,208 1,385,246 3, 016, 418 3,319,372 4,114,728 S660.670 February ... 846 526 Marcfli. . : 547.516 April 911,378 May 97 526 898,163 July 1,823,683 1,740,882 SfiptflTriVifir 342,188 Exports of cigar leaf tobacco were inconsiderable until the war. There has been an expa,nding foreign demand for the bright flue- cui-ed type ; other exports have continued stable. England and conti- nental Europe are the chief purchasers. It is estimated that fully 80 per cent of the country's production of fire-cured leaf and Mary- land tobacco (about 60 per cent of the flue-cured) and nearly 50 per cent of the dark air-cured types are exported. Exports of leaf tobacco since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows : Quantity (pounds). Value 403,-871,275 $122, 599, 767 765,913,164 $269,438,483 1920 467,662,124 $244, 897, 187 1921 (9 months). 403,880,003 $167,729,793 Imfortant changes in classif,cation. — The tariff acts of 1909, and 1913 provided that when a bale of mixed filler and wrapper tobacco contained more than 15 per centum of wrapper tobacco the entire bale should be dutiable at the wrapper i-ate, which at the present; time is six times as high as the duty on fillers. H. K. 7456 changes the percentage of wrapper from 15 to 50 per cent. It does not, how- ever, affect the present practice of assessing duties on mixed bales AY hen the percentage of wrapper is within the prescribed amount ; in such cases the wrapper and filler tobacco are assessed the rates of duty provided for each class. Mixed bales of wrapper and filler are imported almost entirely from Cuba where leaves suitable for wrap- per are grown on the same plant with the filler gi'ades and where it is not the general practice to sort these two kinds. In addition to the foregoing alteration, two provisions have been added to this paragraph — one for " filler tobacco of the kind known as Turkish," and another for " filler tobacco, not specifically provided (for, commonly used without removing the stem." Both provide for the cigarette tobaccos coming chiefly from 'Macedonia, Samsoun, Smyrna, and the iglands of the Aegean. Suggested changes.-^Theve are two important changes to be con- sidered here. One relates to the provision for " filler tobacco com- nionly known as Turkish,"' which would be difficult of administration, and, moreover, includes substantially all tobacco used without I'e- SUM-MAEY OF TARTFF INFORMATION, 1921. 617 moTing the stein. So-called Turkish tobacco is grown iij Greece, Asia Minor, Bulgaria, and Eoumania, i\nd similar kinds are grown in South Africa, Italy, China, and California. Types of Turkish to- bacco grown in the various producing sections differ so widely that it would be difficult precisely to define the term. Turkish tobacco is commonly used without removing the stem and without special pro- vision therefor would take the rate for stemmed filler tobacco by virtue of the proviso to this paragiaph. If, however, the provision for "filler tobacco commonly known as Turkish" were eliminated the rate on such tobacco would not be so high as that now given for it in this paragraph. The other important chailge to be considered is the provision for wrapper tobacco. The tariff provisions regarding wrapper tbbacco for many years have resulted in constant administrative difficulties, 'since it is almost impossible accurately to differentiate some types of wrapper from binder and filler. This is illustrated by the St. Elmo case (St Elmb Cigar Co. v. United States, 7'Ct. Cust. Appls., 153, of 1916), wherein eight tobacco experts estimated the percent- age of wrapper in identical bales at from 15 to 90 per cent. As a remedy for the difficulties arisiilg from basing the duties upon any percentage of wrapper tobacco in bales containing both wrapper and filler, it is proposed that duties might be levied upon types of tobacco such as Sumatra and Cuban. This proposal will perhaps be more clearly understood if a suggested rephrasing of paragraphs 601 and 602 be submitted, as follows : ' ■ Par. 601. I-«af tobacco of tiie type commonly known as Java or Sumatra ; leaf tobacco tbe product 6f two or more countries 'or dfependencies, when mixed or packed together ; and Wrapper tobacco not specially provided for ; all the fore- going, unstemmed [rate]; stemmed [rate]. Pae. 602. Leaf tobacco of the type commonly linown as Cuban, unstemmed [rate]; stemmed [rate]; filler tobacco not specially provided for, unstemmed [tate] ; stemijied [rate] . PAR.16O3. Turkish aiid other tobacco commonly used without removing the stem [rate]. .; • ■•■ ' Reasons for suggested redmsif-cation, i. e., for the adoption of fieijo provision^ for Cuban amd Sumatra or Jdvd tohaceo and the omission of special duties on mixed bales of lorapper and filler. ' (1) Cuban and Sumatra or Java tobacco are distinctive; each type is sui generis. Only wrapper tobacco' is imported from the Dutch East Indies, but of the iniports from Cuba,' such tobacco constitutes onlv about one-half of 1 pet cent. (2) Cuba produces relatively little of the grades of wrapper ac- ceptable to the American trade. Cuba itself hardly produces suffi- cient of the better grades of wrapper for its own large export trade in fancy cigars. The Cuban ' cliinate and soil are not adapted to wrapper tobaccos, and attempts to produce wrapper under shadte have met with litt!le success. I'he production of " clear Havanas in the United States has declined within recent years, and high- priced 'Cohnecticut wrapper has to a large extent replaced Havana wrapper in the finer grades of cigars. ' . . » . (3) It is the relatively' unimportant proportion ot wrapper trora Cuba that has caused most of the difficulty in the administration of the tobacco duties. The declared imports of wrapper tobacco are about 7,000,000 pounds; Cuba ships about 100,000 pounds, or 1.6 -618 STJMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. per cent and the Dutch East; Indies nearly all of the remainder. The declared imports of wrapper from Cuba are only about one-half of ^. per cent of the domestic wrapper, consiunption. Of a total production of about 8,000,000,000 cigars they would , .cover only some 30,000,000. , Cuba is virtually the sole source oi imported cigar fillei: of the Cuban type. .The Cuban type of filler is in/ great de- mand for blending Avitli domestic tobaccos and for the manufacture of clear Havana cigars.. [ There it i& not the general practice to sort wrapper and filler; the same plant produces both. Moreover, , no definite standard exists for wrapper ; tobacco. Nearly every < Cuban bale contains a few leaves suitable for wrapper. Some are clearly of wrapper grade; others are of indeterminable, quality, which manu- facturers will variously appraise as wrapper, binder, or filler, ac- cording, to the quality, size, and shape of cigars they produce. After the tobacco is baled in Cuba fermentative changes occur in the leaf which. alter its, quality. Moreo^'er, manufacturers whose output con- .sists of "seed and Havana cigars"' use imported tobacco only for filler. ; ; ., ,' • (4) The change from 15 to 50. per, cent proposed in H., K.. 7,456 does not obviate the fundamental administrative difficulty.of idijier- entiating wrapper and filler. : ^ ... :i (5) Under the e:sisti.ng law, if. a bale contains not more than 15 per cent of wrapper, the wrapper and filler pay the duties respec- tiyely provided for each., class. , If, however, it is. found to contain more than 15 per cent of wrapper, the entire bale takep th« wrapper rate, six times as |iigh as for ^Uer. In such a contingency, after the customs appraisers have gone to the trouble and expense of examin- ing 10 hands in every bale, in accordance with present requirements, the bales are often exported in preference to paying the wrapper rate on tobacco consisting largely of fiUer. (6) If the indicated rephfasing'of'iJaragraphs ,601 and 602 were adopted, the administration of the tobacco schedule would be greatly simplified; regulations under paragraph 602 of H. R. 7456, which would doubtless continue to require the examiij^atipn of at least 10 hands, in ..every bale of Cuban tobacco, would he render)B,^d unneces- sary. Only the .first sentence of- that paragraph, which defines wrapper, need be retained., Jn actuajl practipei, the!j('e4w'eipent that " at least. one bale, box, or papkage* in. every ten" shall te esjamined, and "at least 10, hands in each exaihined bale, bo2j,; or pack- age " is not carried out. In Turkish tobacco,, for. instance, the im- portations consist of anywhere from 2 to 50,OOG bales, covered, by one invoice. It is unnecessary to examine 10 .hands in every tenth bale of such shipments, wherein, there is never any questiou as to classification, because Turkish tobacco is all of one type. Similarly, all the imported Java or Sumatra consists of ^rapper; here also the examination is not necessary. In the case of Cuban tobapcQ) the Treasury regulations require the examination of every bale. (7); The adoption of the Sumatra or Java classification will pre- vent similar complications from airising In the case, of tobacco, from tlie Dutch East Indies. It is in this type of tobacco tlia^' tlie tariff problem chiefly ceiiters. There are indications that complications similar to those in the Cuban trade may here develop., SUMMARY OF TARIFF IBTFOKMATIOBT, 1921. 619 . (8) C^tch-all provisions are added for wrapper and filler tobacco not specially provided for ;. these general provisions would take care of the relatively small quantities of imported tobacco that do not fall under the three important distinctive classes, i. e.y Java or Su- matra wrapper, Cuban filler, and Turkish leaf. It has been suggested that the Cuban and Sumatra classification may be discriminatory between different countries. But the classi- fications xefer to types, not to geographic boundaries ; moreover, they merely continue ratios of duty long in effect and simplify the lan- guage of the bill. ' Reasons for the change in II. R..7i5jB:,frotii, 13 iq 50 per cent, as a dividing line hetween wrapper and fUer tohacco, — (1) Under para- graphs 601 and 602 of H. E. 7456 Cuban bales, like all other im- ported tobaccos containing less than 50 per cent pf wj,-apper tobacco, would pay wrapper duty on the wrapper content and filler duty on the filler content; whereas the proposed reclassification would pro- vide one rate only for Cuban leaf tobacco, regardless of the propor- tions of wrapper and filler. Separa-te duties for such tobaccos have . been customary in the tariff legislation of this country. (2) Unless the duty on Cuban tobaccos be raised above the present iluty on Cuban filler, the change in classification will involve the abandonment of certain revenues heretofore collected upon the rela- tively small quantity of wrappers imported from Cuba. (3) As in the case of the suggested reclassification, the change from 15 to 50 per cent provided m H. E. 7456 would permit the im- portation of the intermediate grade of Cuban tobacco and thereby increase the customs revenue and permit manufacturers to make a higher grades of cigars. At present only the typical wrapper and the typical filler grades of Cuban tobacco can be inlported, because the bales of other Cuban ^tobacco when classified as wrapper are usu- ally returned to Cuba or exported to some other country. The tobac- cos that would be most affected by the change from 15 to 50 per cent as a dividing line betAvefen wrapper and filler tobacco are Cuban. (4) Neither the suggested 'reclassific£ttion nor the change from 15 to. 50 per cent would have any effect upon the importation of Su- matra tobacco, since virtuallj' no Sumatra fillers are imported and Sumatra tobacco packed with other tobacco would be subject to the provisions in liiies 7 and 8, page 53, of H. E. 7456, treating leaf to- bacco the product of two or more countries or dependencies, when mixed or packed together, the same as wrapper. If the distinction between wrapper and filler tobacco in paragraph 601 as passed by the House of Eepresentatives shall be continued, the following changes should be made : Page 83, line 13 : Strike out comma after " tobacco " to agree with line 11, and change " specifically " to " specially " to agree with the usual form. ,, Page 83, line 14: Insert a comma after "stem." Page 83., paragraph 601, lines 11, 12 : The rate on stemmed filler to- bacco is not proportionate to the rate on unstemmed filler tobacco in the ratio of 35 cents to 50 cents in the acts of 1909 and 1913. There is a loss in stemming of about 40 per cent between the weight of the 620 SUMMARY OF TAEIFF I5IF0BMATI0N, 1921. unstemmed and stemmed tobacco. One hundred pounds of un- stemmed leaf tobacco when stemmed would weigh about 60 pounds. Sixty-five cents instead of 60 cents per pound would be a nearer equivalent to the existing rate. PARAGRAPH 602. H. B. 7456. Pab. 602. The term " wrapper to- bacco " as used in this title means that quality of leaf tobacco which has the regjBisite color, texture, and burn, and is of sufficient size for cigar wrappers, and the term "filler tobacco" means all other leaf tobacco. ' Collectors of customs shall permit entrj to be made, under rules and .regulations to be pre- scribed by the SejCj-etary of the Trea,s- ury, of any leaf .tobacco when the in^ voices of the same shall specify in de- tail the character of such tobacco, whether wrapper oi. filler, its origin and quality. In the examination fo;r classification of any imported leaf to- bacco, at least 1 bale, box, or package in every 10, and at least 1 in every invoice, shall be examined; by the ap-- praiser or; person authorized by law; to make such examination, and at least 10 hands shall bie examined in each examined bale, box, or pickage. ACT OF 1909. Par. 221, The term wrapper tobacco iis used in this section means that qual- ' ity of leaf tobacco which is suitable for cigar wrappers, and the term fiUer to- bacco means all other, leaf tobacco. Collectors of customs shall not permit entry to be made, except under regula- tions to be prescribed by the Secretary of , the Treasury, of any leaf tobacco, unless the invoices of the same shall specify in detail the character Of such tobacco, whether wrapper or filler, its origin and quality. In the examination for classification of any Imported leaf tobacco, at least one bale, box, or pack- age in every ten, and at least one in every invoice, shall be examined by the appraiser or person authorized by law to make such examination, and at least ten hands shall be examined in each examined bale, box, or package. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OE 1913. i'AK. 182. The term wrapper tobacco as used in this section means that qual- ity of leaf tobacco which has the req- uisite color, texture, and; burn, and is of sufficient size for cigar wrappers, and the term filler tobacco means all other leaf tobacco. Collectors of cus- toms shall not permit entry to be made,, except under regulations to be pre- scribed by the Secretary of the Treas- ury, of any leaf tobacco, unless the in- voices of the same shall Spedfy In de- tail the character' of such tobacco, whether wrapper , or filler, its origin and quality, In the examination for classification of any imported leaf to- bacco, at least one bale, box, or package in every ten, and at least one in every invoice, shall- be examined by the ap- praiser or person authorized by law to make such examination,' and at 16ast Ion hands shall be examined in each examined bale, box, or packa.ge. Suqgested changes. — See Suggested Changes, paragraph 601, pai^e 616. ' SUMMARY OF TARIFF JNFORMATION,, 1921. 621 PARAGRAPH 603. H. K. 7456. I'AB. 603. All other tobacco, manu- factured or unmanufactured, Including scrap tobacco, not specially provided for, 55 cents per pound. ACT OF 1909. I'AR. 222. All other tobacco, manufac- tured or unmanufactured, not specially provided for in this section, and scrap tc>bacfo, fifty-five cents per pound. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. I'AR. 183. All other tobacco, manufac- tured or unmanufactured, not specially provided for in this section, 55 cents per pound ; scrap tobacco, 35 cents per pound. TOBACCO, ?>■. s. P. r. description and loses. — The term scrap tobacco includes the broken fragnients of leaves which are the by-product of stemmeries and also the clippings which accumulate in working cigars. " Scrap " denotes both raw and manufactured products. There is a marked increase in the production of chewing tobacco made from scrap, considerable quantities of cigar leaf being used for that purpose. Various, other types' and forms of smoking and chewing tobaccos come under this paragraph — granulated, fine-cut, and long-cut, types used for rolling cigarettes: pipe smoking and chewing, made from various combinations and blends of domestic and imported tobaccos. The flat plug, heavily swi?etened western plug, and twist are also im- portant forms of manufacture in which large quantities, of licorice, sugar, honey, and flavoring materials are used. Profhi€tioy» of' scrap, plug, and other forms of smoking and chew- ing tobacco if3 Aery large. In 1920 there were produced 22^,000,000 pounds of smoking tobacco, 139,000,000 pounds of plug, 12,000,000 pounds of twist, and 9,000,000 pounds of fine cut. With the excep- tion of scrap, nearly all of these are made from ^the flue-cured, the hurley, and the dark air-cured types (other than cigar leaf), to- gether with certain (Jjiantities of imported tobacco. In general, tjh.is class of manufactures requires considerable special machinery and equipment. The demand for pipe and cigarette preparations seems to be increasing at the expense of chewing products. Imports of scrap from C,uba ^nd .the Philippines are considerable. Imported Cuban scrap is used as filler in low-priced cigars to give them the- distinctive " Havana ■' flavor. Limited' qtaantititss of manu- factured tobacco used for a special class of trade are imported under this paragraph, mainly from the United Kingdom, Italy, China, and Hongkong. Imports of scrap in the fiscal year 1918 aggregated 3,829,834' pounds ; the total value of "iall other manufactures of" was about $130,000. Detailed statistics of imports follow : . Calendatyear. i Quantity, Value. Duty. .SCKAP TOBACCO.: 1918 ■- Pounis. 3,748,354 1,438,610 2,526,151 1,216,271 k 7,59,116 450,077 ,$246, 07V '296; 772 369, leO' 62'2 SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. .f-'.}ti •■.,'■ Calendar year. Quanitty. Value. , Duty. ALL OTHER TOBACCO. UNMA.MUFACTUBED. 1918. . Pounds. 46,886 32,784 .54,271 31,218 $37,467. ■14,858 33,136 17,969 $25,696 17,664 29 795 1919 1920 ... 1921 (9 months) - ^ " ALL OTHER TOBACCO, MANUFACTURED. 191K 189,684 -)57,595 205,697 173,247 S104, 863 117,729 178, 075 126, .593 $102,491 1919... ., . . 88,420 112,880 1920 1921 (9 months). Exports since 1.9.17 by calendar years are tabulated as follows: Smoking tobacco: Quantity (pounds) . Value'. . - , '. Plug tobacco: ■ 'Quantity' (pounds). Value. . '. AU'other tobacco, manufactured Value ; . 1918 5,340.226 $2,96^992 5, 663, 614 $2,; 067, 969 $484,841 1919 6,260,086 $3,260,789 5,62S,350 (2,74^,484 $1, 710, 527 1920 '4,887,721 $2,196,713 5, 185, 157 $2,878,015 $963, 453 1921 (9 months). 6,877,.661 $1,847,416 1,959,025 <1, 073, 848 $463,620 Irniport'cmt changes' inclassi'fication. — Scyap tobacco, and tobacco,! n. s. p. f ., have been classed together, at the same rate. In the act of 1913 there was a difference of 20 cents between the duties upon these two classes. Suggested cAflwi^es.— Paragraph 603: The rate of 55l cents per pound on manufactured tobacco being lower than 60 cents per pound on filler tobacco, stemmed, might lead to the importation pf manu- factured tobacco for use as filler tobacco, and thereby to the escape from the difference of 5 cents per pound in, the duty. ,, ' Manufacturers assert that the proposed duty upon scrap, tobacco is disproportionately high, in comparison with filler tobacco. PARAGRAPH 604. H. B,. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pab. 604. Snuff and snuff flour, man- ufaictured of tobacco,- ground dry, or dtunp, and pickled, scented, or -other- wise, of all deiscriptions, and 'tobacco, stems, cut, ground, or pulverized, ,55 'cents per pound. ACT OF 1909. Par. 223. Snuff and snuff flour; man-, ufactured of tobacco, ground dry, or dampj and pickled, spented, or other- wise, of all descriptions, fifty-five cents peripound. • Par. 696. Tobacco st€fms [Free]. ACT OF 1913. Par. 184. Snuff and snuff flour, man- ufactured of tobacco, ground dry, or damp, and pickled, scented, or other- wise, of all descriptions, 55 cents per pound. Par. 632. Tobacco stems [Free].' SUMMARY; OF TAKIFl*' INBOEMATION, 1921. 623 Description and uses. — Snuff is made chiefty from the darker grades of .the heavy fire-cured type of tobacco admixed with stems and fats, pepper, sand, etc. The principal clashes are (1) rappee, or French snuff, used for inhaling; (2) maccaboy, for inhaling and chewing; (3) Scotch, Swedish, Polish, Copenhagen, etc., for chew- ing or dipping. The Scotch types are strong and practically free from added flavoring materials. Manufacture consists essentiallj in fermenting, drying, and grinding under special conditions. Production was 37^000,000 pounds in 1918 and 26,000,000 in 1920. It is made in large quantities in France and in other countries. Imports of snuff, chiefly from Italy, are fairly constant at about 30,000 pounds, valued at $1 per pound. Imports since 1917 of snuff and snuff flour have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. 1918 ; . Pov/nds. , 33,157 26,244 - 23,8S0 23,437 $16,727 13,039 10,500 11,420 1919. L ;....... '. 14,430 13 130 1920 ..,. i :..: , 1921 (ginontlis).. Exports are not separately recorded. Important changes in classifjoatvon. — A new provision h^s been added for tobacco stems, cut, ground, or pulverized. , When not so prepared, they remain free of duty (see par. 1671, p. 1457). Suggested changes.- — Page 84, paragraph 604, lines. 10, 11: Strike out "of all descriptions" and insert in line 9 after "flour" making the paragraph rea,d : " Snuff and snuff flour, of all descriptions, manu- factured of tobacco, ground dry, or damp, and pickled, scented, or otherwise, and tobacco stems, cut, ground, or pulverized, 55 cents per pound. PARAGRAPH 605. H. R. 7456. Par. 605. Cigars, cigarettes, cheroots of all kinds, $4.50 per pound and 25 per centum ad valorem, and paper cigars and cigarettfes, including wrap- pers, shall be subject to the same duties as are herein imposed upon cigars. ~ , ACT or 1909. Par. 224. Cigars, cigarettes, cheroots of all kinds, four dollars and fifty cents per pound and twenty-five per centum ad valorem, and paper cigars and ciga- rettes, including wrappers, shall be subject to the same duties as are tiffein imposed, upon cigars. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 185. Cigars, cigarettes, cheroots of all kinds, $4.50 per pound and 25 per centum ad valorem, and paper cigars and cigarettes, including wrap- pers, shall be subject to the same duties as are herein imposed upon rigars. CIGARS, CIGARETTES, AND CHEROOTS. Description and uses. — The cigar is made of three components, viz., the filler or body, the binder which serves to retain the form of the filler, and the wrapper which covers and imparts finish to the cigar. 624 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Cigars are of many shapes and sizes, but average about 21'pounds of leaf to 1,000 cigars of the most popular size. The highest priced cigars are shaped and rolled by hand, whereas cheroots are usually made by machinery. Until recently, medium priced cigars were handmade, except the shaping of them in molds. Cuban tobacco is conceded to produce the finest cigar, and the "-clear Havana^" or all- Cuban cigar, is the standard of excellence. The " seed and Havana " cigar is made of Cuban filler, a domestic binder, and Connecticut broadleaf wrapper. The lower priced cigars have for filler a mixture of Cuban and domestic leaf or domestic leaf alone, a domestic binder, and, chiefly, a Sumatra wrapper. The domestic shade-grown wrapper has come into extensive use for both the higher and the medium priced cigars; Cheroots are largely made ..of 'tobacco not usually classed as cigar leaf. ; The principal classes of American cigarettes are (1) those made entirely from domestic leaf, chiefly the bright flue-cured, and, to a lesser extent,, hurley ; (2) the "Turkish blendj" made of mixtures of domestic and imported cigarette tobacco; (3) the .." Turkish " and " Egyptian " cigarettes, made from the products of Macedonia and Asia Minor, designated collectively as " Turkish tobacco." The man- ufacture of cigarettes involves elaborate and complex machinery^ special and fancy brands being made by hand. Flavoring herbs, cascarilla bark,*corn husk, etc., are sometimes used. Some cigarettes have mouthpieces of paper, cork, or other material. Cigarettes vary in weight, but the most popular size approximates 3 pounds to 1,000. P\mduetioii of large cigars amounted to aboiit 7,000,000,000 and 7,917,000,000, andiof small cigars toover 844,000,000 Sind 633,000,000 in 1918 and 1920,' respectively. The gi-^ater portion consists of popu- lar priced grades of domestic tobacco except,- perhaps, the wrapper. The " seed or Havana " cigar also has accounted for an extensive branch of the industry. The manufacture of " clear Havana " cigars from Cuban leaf is an 'important industry in Tampa and Key West, Fla. _ Cigar production has not increased greatly in recent years,' and manufacturers have declined in number.' Domestic output of cig- arettes, especially of the " Turkish blend " class, has grown remark- ably, in 1908 being less" than 7,000,000,000 ; in 1919 over^g,000,000,000. In 1920 the production was 47,O0O,OQ.O,00Oj a recession from tho hi^fh point of the previous year. " , Imports of cigars average per annum abput 600,000 pounds from Cuba-, with increasingly large quantities^ from the Philippines — about 4,200j000 pounds in 1918. Imports of cigarettes are small, averaging 75,000 pounds before the war, mostly frpm^Mexico, the Philippines, and Egj'pt. Imports since 1917 have beeil as' follows : CIGARS AND CHEKOOTS OF ALL KINDS. Calendar year. 1918 , 1919 1920 1921 (9 ramths) "Quantity. FovMia. 5, 071, 360 4, 435, 531 6; 103, 381 1, 431, 814 Value. $^,'658,138 11,040,943 16,175,037 4,284,036 Duty; $2,233,657 2,746,426 3,334,960 SUMMARY OF TABIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. 625 CIGARETTES AND PAPER CIGARS, INCLUDING WRAPPERS. Calendar .yoar. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity. Pounds. 10, 399 9, KSK 23,078 7,634 Value. $18,830 25,862 85,669 28, 274 Duty. 812, 085 18,260 , 73, 296 'Exports' of cigars and cigarettes are unimportant, except to China and the Straits Settlements, these countries taking nearly 6,000,000,000 cigarettes in 1918. Exports since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows : Cigars and cheroots: < t Quantity (M) Value Cigarette.'!: Quantity (M) Value 22.900 S809, 411 12,145,^9 S23,723,922 ,50,056 51,088,504 16,2U,769 838,070,451 .52,361 $1,146,173 15,833,870 f35,977,374 1921 (9 months). 4,018 $119,211 6,299,782 812,070,837 82304^22- -40 SCHEDULE 7.— AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AND PROVISIONS. GENERAL. Note. — In a report entitled " Suggested reclassification and re\ision of tariff sched- ules relating to agricultural products and provisions," prepared Isy the United States Tariff CommisBion and printed by the Ways and Means eonunitteis, many changes were suggested in the wording, sequence, and arrangement of the agricultural schedule. New provisions were inserted, unimportant or unnecessary clauses were eliminated, and the paragraphs were reframed in the light of custoifce litigation and decisions, aa well as of changes in commercial nomenclature. Nearly all of these suggestions were embodied m the bill H. R. 7456. Attention is directed to the fact that the document above referred to explains these changes in greater detail than is here pos- sible, and gives conversion equivalents and other incidental information that may be of use in the framing of a tariff bill. It also contains an appendix giving statistics of production) imports, and exports. Important changes in classification applicable to the entire scJiedvle. — With a view to a more logical and orderly presentation, the agricul- tural paragraphs have been entirely rearranged, under general cap- tions such as "Meat animals and their products," "Fish and fish products," under which the particular paragraphs have been placed in alphabetical order. Suggested changes. — ^The general headings referred to above have been omitted from the bill H. R. 7456. Without them the arrange- ment and sequence of the provisions are not so effective. It is therefore suggested that they be inserted in the appropriate places in this schedule. Th6 headings in question are : Meat animals and their products. Dairy products. Birds, poultry, and poultry products. Other live animals and animal products. Fish and fish products. Cereals and cereal products. Fruits and fruit products. Nursery and greenhouse stock. Nuts. Seeds. Vegetables and vegetable products. Miscellaneous. PARAGRAPH 701. H. K. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par, 701. Cattle, less than two years old, 1 cent per pound; two years old or over, IJ cents per pound; fresh beef and veal, 2 cents per pound; tallow, one-half of 1 cent per pound; oleo oil and oleo stearin, 1 cent per pound. 626 SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 627 ACT OF 1009. ACT OP 1013. RcHEDULE G.— Agricultural Products Schedule G.— Agricultural Products AND Provisions. and Provisions. Par. 225 Cattle,, if less than one year. Par. 619. * * * cattle * « * old, two dollars per head; all other cattle [Free] ' if valued at not more than fourteen dollars per head, three dollars and seventy-five cents per head; if valued at more than fourteen dollars per head, twenty-seven and one-half, per centum ad valorem. Par 285. Fresh beef, veal, * * * Par. 545. Meats: Fresh beef, veal, one and one-half cents per pound. * * * rptee] ^ Par. 290. Tallow, one-half of one cent Par. 622. Tallow IFreel per pound; » * *. ■■ J Par. 3. * * * expressed oils, * * * Par. 44. * » * all other animal twenty-five per.eentum ad valorem. oils, * * * 15 per centum ad valo- ' ■ „ ^, rem. [Covered oleo oil.] Par. 640. Oleo steaiin [Free]. Par. 562. Oleo stearin [Free]. CATTLE. . • (See Survey FI^25.) Description and uses.— The cattle industry is of two general types. One is primarily for the production of dairy products, with a secondary yield of beef and veal. The other concerns itself principally with beef production. The first type prevails throughout the farming regions, the second on both range and farm. Approximately equ^ propor- tions of the domestic beef supply are contributed by the western ranges and by the farming regions. Production. — On January 1, 1921, the number of cattle (exclusive of calves) on farms and ranges was 66,191,000, of which 23,321,000 were milch cows. No other country possesses so many cattle, except British India, and the statistics for that country include a large number of water buffaloes. From 1907 to 1914 there was a steady decline in the number of beef cattle. In the West this decline fiesulted from the direct and indirect effects of homesteading; in the farming sections iti was largely dui to the competition of other types of agriculture. During the war the number of beef cattle greatly increased, but market statistics indicate that the present number is little larger than in 1914. : The distribution of beef cattle depends largely upon cheap feed and pasture, hence the region west of the Mississippi is more than twice as important as the country eastward. The Corn Belt shows the greatest density of cattle, largely because of the fact that feeder cattle from the West are shipped in for fattening. In the number of dairy cattle there was a slow but steady growth during the period of the decline in beef cattle. Dairying has pro- gressed at the expense of beef production, especially in or near areas of dense population, and to some extent elsewhere. Wisconsin, New York, Jllinnesota, Illinois, Iowa, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Michigan rank in order in the number of dairy cows.. Imports of cattle were relatively small for a number of years prior to 1910; they consisted largely of feeders brought in from Mexico, • Cattle, except tor breeding, 30 per centum ad valorem. (Par, 12, emergency tariff act of 1921 .) • Tresh or froisen beef or veal, 2cents per pound. (Par. 14, emergency tariff act of 1921.) 628 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOKMATIOW, 1921. although pure-breds frbjn England were also imported in some nujn- bers. After 1910 the internal troubles of, Mexico grea,tly stimulated shipments from that country. Of the 872,093 head imported in 1914, Mexico contributed 72 per cent and Canada nearly all of the remain- der. Thereafter imports' from Mexico' f eir ofiF rapidly, Canadian shipments replacing them. The Canadian receipts consist largely of stockers and feeders. (For imports of pure-bred stock, see par. 1507, p. 1231.) Imports for the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows: Cattle. 1918 1919 1920 , 1921 (9 months). Total: 353,189 $25,170,588 14,198 '$178,366 '12,692 1 $252, 671 2 546,299 = $24,7.59,561 642,^5 $53,296,078 8,'olDO $457,897 13,840 $1,050,509 620,555 $51,787,672 379,114 $27,418,604 3,302 $480,668 4,479 $854,717 371,333 $26,083,219 .11 . . . '. 114,363 $4,301,800 548 Value... . Bulls: Number Value. $62,283 595 Cows, dairy or milk: Number . . Value $206,331 113 210 Another cattle; Number - .- Value $4, 033,' 186 iJulyl toDec. 31.; \ ] '' • 2 Jan. i to June 30, cows and bulls were included with "All other"; they were reported separately after June 30, 1918, . ; ; Statistics bearing on imports of cattle uinder the emergency tariff act are presented below : , Month. January. . February. March. Ap Api Ma; ril. I , ,., fJ'reei.... '"■""" \Dutiable. ■ I ■ . /Free' \0utiable. (Free'.... IDutiable. ^^P}o^b«. : iDuTiabie: Oo'^ber : pkiie. ^o^o^^r -iDuTiabie: 4ay,... June July.... August. "•^""ber {g™ Dutiable . Quantity. 1920 Number. 26,971 24,590 16,766 19,874 16,094 24,381 18,333 'ii'.m 43,055 '4r"6s6' 62,049 '46|256'| I Number. 17,468 8,066 11,677 23,674 14,498 392 3,760 8 5,049 152 10,796 ■ 52 18,762 105 28,429 248 '■- 37,7(*7 ■ , r. 75, 13,718 Value. $1,924,945 2,003,097 986,336 809,791 640,239 1,101,417 ,1,100,049; '2,"32i,'663 3,740,570 '4,'266,'644' 5,063,039 '3,'526,'8i4' ' 1921 $1,137,503 514,601 674,277 742,760 476,696 89,408 46,237 1,416 71,510 33; 162 199,359 16,135 301, 6M. ' 24,638 S9«,223 98,731 761001 .:S6,308. ' 271,9?4 ' "Cattle and sheep and bther stock imported for breeding purposes shall be admitted free of duty" (par- IS, omergeney tariff act of 1921). No separate dassiflcation lor "Cattle for breeding purposes" from Oct- 3, 1913, to JSne, 1921. ,, ' . e J- f Exports of cattle declined from 593,409 heiad in 1904 (of which' 65 per cent went to Great Britain) to 18,000' in 1914. The latter went chiefly, to Canada,. Mexico, and Cuba. During the ■ World War cattle exports were relatively unimportant, but smce 1918 thcirehas been a considerable increase. The largest numbers went to Mexico, -owing to the depletion of the Mexican netds. Some shipments have SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. 629 also gone' to Eui-ope. Exports since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows : 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 17 2M0 69, 859 $6, 439, 521 S5, 302 Silt. 752, 526 161, 608 Value 1,0S2,758 $10,318,513 Important changes in classification:, gfc.— See General Notes on Paragraph, page 632. PRESH BEEF AND VEAL. Description and uses. — Carcass beef is placed on the market in three conditions — chilled, frozen, or unrefrigerated. The greater part is chilled or frozen, according to the conditions of shipment. Chilled beef is kept in refrigerator cars and is shipped at temperatures ranging from 32° to 38° F. At these temperatures chemical and bac- terial action are greatly retarded and beef sides and quarters may be kept in good condition for from 30 to 60 days. Meat is frozen solid at aboutl6° F., the growth and reproduction of bacteria being there- by arrested. E^tperiments indicate that it may be maintained in wholesome condition for three years and probably much longer. On the average the weight of meat obtained is somewhat over ope-half of the Iiye weight of the animal, but the amount received for meat is usually about 80 per cent of the total value of products. Production by packers in 1919 was 4,932,000,000 poimds of fresh beef, valued at $847,000,000, greater in quantity and much greater in value than the output of 1909, 4,200,000,000 pounds, valued at $327,000,000. Concentration of operation and control is pronounced in the packing industry, especially m cattle slaughtering. Df the total slaughter of cattle in 1916 by interstate slaughterers, 81 per cent was in 42 large packing centers — 24.5 per cent in Chicago, 14.7 per cent in Kansas City, 10.2 per cent in Omaha, 8.7 per cent in St. Louis, and 5.2 per cent in New York City. In 1916 five great interests are reported to have handled 82.2 per cent of the cattle slaughtered by interstate slaughterers. These tendencies result from conditions in the raising and marketing of live stock and the very great economies in large-scale production, especially in the utilization of by-products. liOCation in the corn belt makes possible great saving in freight of finished products as compared with transportation of live animals. Imports advanced from 4,150,139 pounds in 1913 to 175,740,155 pounds in 1914; this was just as the country was changing' from a beef surplus to a beef deficiency." Jniports increased to 182;00OiOOO pounds m 1915, 72 per cent coming from Argentina and most' of the rest from Uruguay, Canada, and Australia. In 1916 and 1917 there were sharp declines in imports. It is reported that th« Krge Ameri- can packing interests controlled the production of 63.3 per cent of the chilled and frozen beef exported from Argentina in 1914. Im- ports since 1917 by^ calendar years have been as follows. 630 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Fresh beef: Quantity (pounds) Value Fresh veal: Quantity (pounds). Value 1918 22, SOI, 954 $3,974,092 939, 121 S199, 353 1919 33, 588, 24) J5, 394, 609 4, 873, 515 $1, 013, 472 1920 , 40,520,057 • $6, 160, 993 9,662,048 $1, 896, 277 1921 (9 months). 18,518,540 J2, 431, 972 3,614,436 »468,981 About 80 per cent of the relatively small imports in recent years have come from Canada. Below is given a comparison by months for 1920 and 1921 of beef and veal, wnich are provided for in paragraph 14 of the emergency tariff act of 1921 : Month. January. . . February. March April. May Jane July August.... September OctoDer,.. November. December. Quantity, ' 1920 Pounds. 2,717,414 2,276,408 2,981,916 5,195,400 4, 138, 79R 5, 819, 305 2, 778, 844 5, 618; 896 6,808,068 5,251,153 5,437,271 2,158,633 1921 Pounds^ 4, 273, 228 1, 167, 706 1, 741, 884 2, 571, 947 3, 293, 2,18 1, 855, 874 1, 922, 634 3, 141, 482 2,065,569 3, .^1,848 3,361,417 3,421,681 Value. 19^0 $409,3,53 $613, .338,459 222, 266, 1,056,606 373, 739,915 408, 9.14,044 225, 471,342 208 971,937 346, 926,754 234, 728,779 337, 736,808 353, 300,234 354, 1,510 1,093 >,94S 1,212 1,168 1,102 1,978 r,674 1,624 1,477 Exports.— Tias country practically dominated the foreign trade in fresh, chilled, and frozen beef 15 years ago, but by 1914 only 6,300,000 poimds were exported, 5,500,000 to Panama. Argentine exports have steadily increased, displacing those oithe United States which formerly supplied the United Kingdom. : During, the war American exports again increased under the stirnulation of Europeail war demands. Later statistics for calendar years follow: , Quaittity, (pounds). Value... 1918 514,341,529 $109, 605, 363 174,426,999. $40, 280, 747' 1920 ■ 89,649,148' $17,564,887 1921 (9 mouths). .9,660,116 $1,691,707 In 1919 the United Kingdom received over 40 per ceut of our exports; in 1920 Belgium and Germany were the most important markets. , Important changes in classification, etc. — See General Iilotes on Paragraph, pag« 632. TALLOW. Description and uses. — The term "tallow" includes the fats from sheep and cattle. The larger part of the tallow produced in the United States comes from the fat of cattle, the yield being 50 pounds from a steer to 1 pound from a sheep or goat. The edible fats of SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 631 beef are handled much the same as hog fats. Oleo stock is merely a high grade of edible beef tallow, used in making oleo oil and stearin, Oleo oil is used in the manufacture of margarines and is also heavily exported, especially to Holland. Edible tallows are also used in inakiiig sausage, suet puddings, mincemeat,' and sttniliar products. The inedible tallows, produced from city butchers' scraps and from the fat of diseased and fallen animals, are used in soap, leather dressings, greases,, and in the technical industries. Production. — -The output of tallows in the United States in 1917 was 259,509,000 pounds. If 153,188,000 pounds of oleo produced in 1917 are added, tallows rank fourth in production of all fats and oils. In 1920, 263,990,000 pounds of inedible and 37,353,000 pounds of edible tallow were produced. Imports of tallow in the fiscal year 1918 were unprecedented, being 98,176,560 pounds, valued at $14,365,676. The raw tallow imported (mostly from Canada) was over sfx times the exports. The average imports for 1911-1914 were only 1,299,025 pounds; in 1914, 3,371,833 pounds. Later statistics for calendar years follow : Quantity (pounds). Valuel... :. 51, 885, 808 $7,444,230 12, 096, 189 $1,812,903 14,874^637 $1,841,796 1921 (9 months)., l,r!.5S,429 $1, OSS, 429 New Zealand, Australia, Argentina, and Canada were the principal sources of imports in 1919 and 1920. Exports of tallow, as such, decreased from an average of 28,900,000 pounds for 1911-1914 to 5,014,000 pounds in 1918 (fiscal year.) Exportation of oleo oU, the most important tallow derivative, simi- larly decreased. Much more oleo ou is exported than raw tallow, the average being 113,759,000 pounds for 1911-1914. Holland, the largest importer of American oleo oil, manufactured it into margarines for the European trade. Later statistics for calendar years follow : 1918 1919 1920 ■ ■' 1921 (9 months). Ouantitv fnounds) 4,222,657 $745,977, 38,953,783 $6,370,112- 20, 691, 638 $2,930,675 10,749,517 $805, 154 Value . ' •*-- Exports in 1919 and 1920 went largely to the United Kingdom, France, and the Netherlands. , Important changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on Paragraph, page 632. OLEO STEARIN AND OLEO OIL. Description and uses. — Oleo stearin is a joint derivative with oleo oil from edible tallows. The stearin is separated from the oil by a "graining" process j which consists in running the melted tallow into large truck tanks; it is then wheeled into a graining room and kept for a day or. so at the crystalHzing temperature of stearin. After the solid stearin is removed, the mass is pressed in hydraulic or lever 632 SUJMMABY OF TAKIFF INFORMATION, 1921. presses. The oleo oil is used in margarines and the solid stearin as .a base for lard substitutes and stiffening for lard compounds, also to a less extent in oleomargarines and candles. Most of the domestic stearin is produced by the large-scale packing establishments having special equipment for the purpose; the smaller packers do not ordi- narily convert tallows. Production. — In 1920 the production of oleo oil amounted to 132,- 000,000 pounds and that of edible animal stearin (mostly oleo stearin) to 69,000,000 pounds. Imports of oleo stearin, principally from Argentina and Uruguay, ranged from about 900,000 pounds in 1916 to over 9,600,000 pounds in 1913; Later statistics for calendar years follow: Quantity (pounds). Value 1918 1,536,781 $250,122 1919 2,358,306 $475,156 1920 1 962,657 $189,590 1921 (9 months). 385,334 $28,17) Exports. — In late years the United Kingdom with its greatly enlarged oleomargarine industry has rivaled Holland in importance as a destination for our exports of oleo oil. Exports of "stearin from animal fats, " largely consisting of oleo stearin, go mostly to Canada, Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and France. Exports for calendar years 1918 to 1921 have been as follows: Oleo oil: Quantity (pomids). . Value Stearin from animal fats: Quantity (pounds). . Value 1918 69,106,350 $15,493,321 Ip, 550, 241 $2,291,160 1919 75,-585,164 $22,025,340 20,854,724 $4,171,151 1920 74,368,344 $16,585,209 / ■*■ 17,612,978 $3,487,578 1921 (9 months). 106,150,316 $12,077,941 22,268,559 $2,191,814 Important changes in classification, etc. — See below. GENERAL NOTES ON PAEAGKAPH. Important cJiOnges in classification. -^Ca,tt[e and the principal cattle Eroducts (other than hides), separated in previous tariff acts, have een brought togetheir in pne paragraph. Th^,duty qn cattle, which in the act of 1909 was upon the p,er-he?b4,bas^s, according to age, is based in H. R. 7456 on weight (pound) and age (less, than two years old and two years old or more). Most of the higher- priced heavy animals would come within the latter class. Cattle were on the f^ee.li^t (par. 619), of the act of 1913 and are dutiable under paragraph 12 of the emergency tariff act of 1921. •Frfish beef and veal were on the free list (par. 545) of the 1913 act and: are dutiable Hinder para^aph 14 of the emergency tariff act. . A new provision is made for oleo: oil; and^oleo stearin is transferred from the free list (par., 562), act of 1913. - : ; Tallow is exempt from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 622), SUMMARY OF TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 633 Suggested changes. — H. R. 7456 provides two sets of duties upon liye cattle, based upon weight; one for animals below two years of age and the other for animals two years old or over. These rates are more flexible than the former rates per head. These duties, however, bear more heavily upon the lighter and cheaper Mexican ; cattle than upon those originating in Canada. If specific duties should be retamed, another method would be to base the duties upon ani- mals falling under certain weights; (1) one rate for animals weighing 1,050 pounds or:more; (2) one rate for animals weighing less than 1,050 and not less than 725 pounds; and (3) a third rate for animals weighing less than 725 pounds* The first group takes in animals of feeder type which often are butchered immediately, as well as butcher cattle. Some feeder cattle that are not fleshy enough for immediate slaughter, except under unusual market conditions, also would be included, but this division deals with approximate fairness with the butcher and heavy feeder types. The second group would include light and medium weight feeders. It would also include relatively unimportant numbers of light butcher cattle. The third class covers stocker cattle — animals brought in for more or less -prolonged OTazing before finishing for slaughter. With a duty of 2 cents per pound upon fresh beef and veal, a proportionate rate for the first class would approximately be 1.1 cents per pound live weight; for the second class 0.9 cent, and for the third class 0.8 cent, based on normal live-weight values. In view of the fact that cattle and the principal products thereof are grouped in paragraph 701, provision might there be made for '■'beef and veal, prepared or preserved in any manner, not specially provided for." This would include such products as corned beei and canned beef, which otherwise would be dutiable under the general provision in paragraph 706. PARAGRAPH 702. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 702. Sheep and goats. 1 cent per pound; fresh mutton, \\ cents per pound: fresh lamb, 2 cents per pound. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Far. 22S. Sheep, one year old or over, Pah. 619. * * * sheep, and all other- one dollar and fifty cents per head; less domestic live animals suitable for human than one year old, seventy-five cents per food not otherwise provided for in this head. i section [Free].' Par. 229. All other live animals, not Par. 545.. Meats: Fresh * * * mut- specially provided for in this section, ton, lamb, * * * [Free].'' twenty per centum ad valorem. Par. 285. Fresh * * * mutton, lamb, * * * one and one-half cents per pound. '' » Sheep; One year old or over, $2 per head; less than one year old, *1 per head. (Par. 13, emergeney tariff act of 1921 ) ^ < Fresh or frozen mutton, lamb, 2 cents per pound. (Par. 14, emergency tarifi act of 1921.) 634 SUMMAEY OF TARIFF IKFOBMATIOIT, 1621. SHKEP AND GOATS. (Siee Report on the Wool -growing Industry.) Production.' — In acttial number of sheep the United States ranks fourth among the countries of the world, but in the number relative to the population it. is far below other countries, notably New Zea- land, Australia/' Uruguay, and Argentina. Since 1900 the number of sheep per capita has steadily decreased (barring a slight increase during the war). In 1900 there were 39,853,000 animals of shearing age, in 1920 only 34,985,000. The number of goats, on the other hand, rose from 3,000,000 in 1910 to 3,500,000 in' 1920. In the far West the decline in the sheep population has primarily been due to the eflEects of homesteading; in the farraing regions it has resulted largely from the competition of other farm enterprises. Sheep are especially adapted to rough land; goats to dry shrubby regions. Goats do well where sheep can not exist xmless fed. Texas leads in the number of goats with 1,707,000 head. New Mexico being second with 227,000. Texas also has the largest number of sheep. 2,552,000; it. is followed, by California with 2,356,000 and Ohio with 2,103,000. Michigan is the only other State east of the Mississippi that has more than 1,000,000 head. Imports ot sheep were negligible prior to 1914, when 223,729 were brought in, 92 per cent from Mexico and the remainder largely from Canada. During the later years they were for immediate slaughter and were chieflyfrom Canada, while the goats were mostly from Mexico and, the West Indies. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months).' Slieep: Quantity (number) Value Ooats: (.iuantity (number) Value 150, 203 $1,663,717 43,749 $120,294 224,774 $2,473,385 8,635 $20,871 172,90.'; $1,730,272 11,548 $51, 141 53,117 $306,071 290 $806 The table below, showing imports by months for 1920 and 1921, indicates the effect of the emergency tariff act ^ upon imports. Month. tiuantity. 1920 1921 Value. 1921 January. . . ■ February. March April. May ,,.,.... . ' /free ■'™« Wtiable. ■""ly -jdutiabie; ^"B"5t teabi4: free.. September ,. {dutiable /free,. O"^^"' jduttaM^: N"^™""' • {dS5ti4i)i;; December.. (bee. 'Idutiable. Number. 8,611 3,263 6,247 1,763 1,114 1,883 1,633 'i5,'83.5' 37,634 '39,'6S7 19,666 Number. 5,232 261 1,241 1,234 416 1,815 49 10 846 118 9,9.57 7 31,931 3- 18,607 57 11,380 92 1,483 $127,381. 46,864 47:693 16, 146 12,925 24,330 24,189 'i97,'i35' 372,389 '371,079 338,711 $48,044 6,866 10 000 7,781 3,446 10,411 211 530 4,414 2,024 48,821 169 163,35 95 87,939 5,139 98,905 3 655 10,206 ' " Cattle and sheep and other stock imported for breeding purpose.s shall be admitted free of duty." N o separate classiRc a1 ion for " sheep, for breeding purposes," prior to June, 1921. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 635 Ex-ports of sheep and goats have never been more than negligible in amount. The average annual value of sheep exported dunng the period for 1913-1917 was $99,606. The demoralized market of 1921 permitted the shipment of 106,000 head mainly to Mexico; the bulk of those exported in 1919 also went to that coiintry. Exports of sheep since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows: 191 S 7,962 .?120,882 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Number 34,631 8369,974 48,878 $571,690 103,922 $555,283 Value Important changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on paragraph, page 636. FRESH MUTTON AND LAMB. Production in 1914 was 629,232,690 pounds, valued at $74,675,627, 495,000,000 pounds in 1909, 460,000,000 pounds in 1904, and 400,- 000,000 pounds in 1899. In 1919, production had declined to 501,201,000 pounds with a value of $120,451,000. Of the sheep slaughtered m.l916 by interstate slaughterers, 86.4 per cent was handled by the five big packing companies, 63.4 per cent in Chicago, Kansas Citj', Omaha, and New York City. Imports.-:~Ait(iT the removal of tl;ie duty ua 1913, imports of mutton in, 1914 increased from 212,843 pounds in the previous year to 9,705,923 pounds and of lamb from 12,722 pounds to 3,026,372 pounds.. These imports were about 2.5 per cent of the domestic production. Later statistics for calendar years follow: Frosh mnttoii: Quantity (pounds) Value Fresh lamb: Quantity (poimds) ^'aIue 22, 145 $4,594 585,741 $129,694 1919 3,357,424 $545,608 4,851,758 $1,001,830 ' 23:468,107 . $2,. 567, 803 77,700,214 $10,087,676 1921 (9 months). '6,192,139 $683, 104 15,241,200 $1,639,468 The greatly increased imports in 1920 consisted largely of British surplus stocks frorn New Zealand. i ' - Below is given a comparison by months for 1920 and 1921 of imports of fresh mutton arid lamb provided for in paragraph 14 of the emergency tafiflF act of 1921. Month. ) January. . . February. March April May June July August September October November. December. , Quantity. 1920 Pownds'. 864,561 850,243 744,174 2,368,858 5,253,962 2,033,200 5,181,526 13,956,578 18,460,700 27,024,972 13,791,198 10,648,347 1921 Poujifis.. 13,864,205 4,980,140 415,955 53,380 47,387 103,826 113,801 617,243 1,237,402 1,301,338 1,244,103 1,416,20^ Value. 1920 $180,599 189,405 178,075 411,252 539,813 282,978 701,227 1,971,726 2,186,495 3,191,632 1,649,702 1,262,475 1!?21 $1,304,914 594,741 50,533 10,311 7,023 12,792 20,679 113,946 207,633 212,397 198,719 256,933 636 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. . Exforts. — Before the war the proportion taken by the United King- dom decreased from 43 per cent m 1909 to 10 per cent in 1913 ; and that by Canada increased from 16 to 80 per cent. New Zealand is the most important' exporter, shipping 212,000,000 pounds in 1911. Argentina;, AustraHa, and Uruguay export more than this coimtry. Exports of mutton (except canned) for the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 1,630,815 1387, 132 3,009,164 J632,667 3,575,409 $768,526 6,463,199 Value .. 81,193,286 In 1919 Canada took 86 per cent and in 1920, 51 per cent of the total exports. Important changes m classification, etc. — See below. GENERAL NOTES ON PARAOKAPH. Importarit changes in classification.^-Mu.tion'eiiK^ lainb are put in the same 'paragraph with sheep in accordance with the general plan of grouping in this schedule. A new specific provision is made for goats, and the rate, upon sheep is put upon a basis of live weight, rather than per head as in the act of 1909 (par. 228). Fresh mutton and lainb were on the free list (par. 545) of the 1913 act and are dutiable under paragraph 14 of the emergency tariff act of 1921. Sheep were on the free' list (par. 619) of the act'of 1913 and are diltiable under paragraph 13 of the emergencj'^ tariff act of May 27, 1921. Suggested changes. — ^Under the emergency tariff act sheep less than one year old are dutiable at $1 per head, one year old or older at |2 per head, while H. K. 7456 bases the duty upon live weight — 1 cent per pound. There is much less need for a duty per pound of live weight in the case of sheep than of cattle. (See par. 701.) Owing to flie character of the sheep and lamb market, a flat rate per head may be applied to both sheep and lambs; the much higher price paid for lambs per 100 pounds, virtually offsets the lower price iqr sheep; the weight of which, per head, averages much greater than that of lambs. . . ; The limited outlet for dressed muttpn, compared with dressed larmb, also suggests a single classification for the two pro^i.icts. The same rates as on sheep and lambs may be applied to goats and the rate on fresh mutton and lamb majf with approximate justice be applied to goat meat. Provision inight also be made for mutton and lamb, prepared or preserved,, to take care of- such products as canned mutton. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. PARAGRAPH 703. H. R. ^7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS Par. 703. Swine, one-half of 1 cent per pound; fresh pork, three-fourths of 1 cent per pound; bacon^ hams, and shoulders, Qf.pork, prepared or preserved, l^- cents per pound;, lard, 1 cent per pound;- lard c6mpoundS and lard substitutes, 20 ^'er centum ad valorem. • ACT OF 1909. Pak. 2^6. Swine, one dollar and fifty cents per head. - Pak. 284. Bacon and hams, four cents per pound. Par. 28^. Fresh * * * pork, * * * one and oiie-half cents per poimd. Par. 288. Lard, one and one-half cents per pound. [No corresponding provision for lard compounds and lard substitutes.] 637 ACT OF 1913. Par. 619. Swine, * * * [Free]. Par. 545. Meats: Fresh * * * pork;' bacon and hams; * * * [Free].' Par. 528. Lard, lard compounds, and .lard substitutes [Free]. SWINE. Production. — ^The United States is by far the most importapt swine- producing country in the world, the number on farms, January 1, 1919, being estimated as 75,587,000, a steady increase from about 59,000,000 in 1914. This increase was influenced by demands during the war. By January, 1921, the number had decreased to 66,649,000. About one-half of the hogs are found in the corn belt— Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, Indiana, and Ohio. These States con- vert com into pork which, because of its much greater value, can better bear transportation charges. Imports. — With the removal of the duty of $1.50 per head, there was an increase from 1,547 head in 1913 to 96,429 head in 1914, valued at $1,473,357. Later statistics for calendar years follow: Xumber . Value .1918 7,474 Ji85,617 .1919 20,657 1758,259 1,096 »22, 868 1921 .', (9 months). 1,399 S35,21g ■;n- ':.' In 1920, 86 per cent of the imports were from Canada. Exports. —The export trade in live swine, except pure-bred stock, i.s confiiied for the most part to neighboring countries. Exports since 1917 by calendar years have been as fpUo'ws: Number. Value 1918 10, SOS 1333,729 1919 24,745 $683, 911 ■-1920 65,-250 SI, 723, 7»1 1921 (9 months). 93, 8.55 11,471,708 5 Pork dutiable at 2 cents per poimd,. . (Par. 14, emergency tariff act of 1921.) I Meats of all kinds, prepared or preserved, u. s. p.- 1., 25 per centum ad valorem. (Par. 14, emergency tariff act of 1921.) 638 SUMMARY OF rAEirl' INFORMATION, 1921. In 1920, 86 per cent of the exports went to Cuba. Imfortant changes in classification, ete.— See . General Notes on Paragraph, page 642. FRESH PORK. Production. — Over 44,000,000 hogs were slaughtered in 1919 and the production of dressed pork w4s 2,112,000,000' pounds, valued at $532,000,000, an increase from 1,877,000,000 pounds, valued at $226,000,000 in 1914. Pork packing is well adapted to small estab- lishments, therefore concentration is much less marked than in the slaughter of other food animals. Of the hogs handled in 1916 by interstate slaughterers,. 18.4 per centj were slaugh termed in Chicago, as conipared with 24.^ per cent of the cattle. ■ ' Imports of fresh pork previous to 1914 ranged from 130,000 pounds to 260,000 pounds. With the removal of the duty in 1914 they- rose to 4,700,000 pounds, and in 1915 to 16,200,000 pounds, almost all of which came from Canada. From 1916 to 1918 (fiscal year) imports declined to less than 2,000,000 pounds annually. Later statistics for calendar years follow : ' ; ' 19W 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Ouantitv (pbunds^j 1 ; 1,716,989 ■ ; $3,75) 306 2,779,361 • 1601,061 , 1 . 1,541,009 • MIS/092 ' 435, 193 Value j;.;.. ., ■■$110,397 Below is given a comparison of imports, by months, for 1920 and 1921 of fresh pork, provided for in paragraph 14 Of the emei^eiicy tariff act of 1921: , <- Moijth. January... February . March April...,.., May June July August September October November. December. Quantity. 1920 Founds! 127,165 234,013 45,249 69,611 148,410 50, 896 33,877 47,959 50,560 539,355 68,810 .125,114 •i ■■I I Pounds. 37,492 33, 183 138,539 39,341 30,207 ,68,058 11,916 20,410 56,047 226,180 46,873 107,847 Value. 1920 $35,504 53,817 11,369 18,747 41,792 13,029 11,835 16,991 18,664 126,865 27,166 39,323 1921 $12,763 16,517 36,460 9,869 8,739 11,231 2,705 4,424 7:689 32,206 12,770 22,976 Exports of fresh pork are unimportant compared with exports of other pork products. Before t^e war they ranged frpm 1,040,0Q0 to 2,597,000 pounds, but in 1916 expanded to 63,0d5;000 pouiids. The United Kingdom took 26,402,000 pounds and Canada 32,962,000 pounds. Statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow: 191S 11,832:635 $2,907,894 Value 26>776,978 •«8;347, 557 38, 305; 236 $9,090,463 1921 (9 months). 49,466,.'il'i $8,481,067 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INtPORMATION, 1921. 639 In 1919, 82 per cent of the exports went to Canada while in 1920 the United Kingdom took 51 per cent and Canada 33 per cent. Important changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on Paragraph, page 642. BACON AND HAMS. Imports before 1914 ranged from 400,000 pounds to 650,000 pounds, but rose in 1914, with the abolition of the duty, to 2,131,000 pounds and in 1915 to 7,533,000 pounds (96 per cent from Canada). Later statistics, fof cialendar years follow: Quantity (poui«Js). . ; . Value ; 1918 1,877,387 SS4S,650 1919 2,646,,239 $787,730 ' / -.u J i920 1921 (9 months). ' »23<919' 182,412 ' 466,835 , Nearly 90 per cent came from Canada in 1920. • ' Below is given a comparison of imports,, by months; for 1920 and 192i of bacon and hams.' provided for in paragraph 14 of the^ emer- gency tariff act of 1921. 'Mbtith'. FebruaW ..!.. ^ " i ! T :*:.!' ' i ^'-1 Marelkt. ■■. - i ' ' '■ \ l ■■ ■ V- April ... jSSy.:;. ...:;;;:;■[:::;;:::;::;;;:::;::::::;::::::;: : .Tm>A ^ ....;..,. .,,... July..:. ...:..:.-. September . . , NovflTTTTw^r . . , , . December '.'....' Quantity. 1920 PouTids. "80, .WO 23, 772 47, i«i 113,580 38.401 7;29I 102,025 107,713 Ii0,286 1 118,462 I 41,998 13,174 1' ' -■■ 1921 ■ l(i,782 59,100 29,041 49, 317 8,754 Value. 1920 S25,554 7,375 14,411 27,831 U,'063 ' 3,522 31,218 33,051 22, 537 3.5,487 16, 917 .5,953 1921 S(i,901 1.5,432 9; 693 13,603 3,'811 Exports. -^The United States is by far the leading country in the export of hams and bacon; Denmark follows, but is far below, and Canada is next. Exports of bacon before the war ranged from 152,000,000 pounds in 1910 to 208,000,000 pounds in 1912. Exports of hams, shoulders, and bacon reached an unprecedented figure in 1918 (fiscal year). Statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow : Bacon: Quantity ,(pound!4) Value ..: Hams and shoulders, cured: Quantity (pounds). .... Value 1918 1,104,788,081 $■31.5,908,064 537,213,041 $146,674,888, 1919 1,190,297,494 $.373,913,227 596,796,683 $189,428,837 636„675,572 $156,296,908 185,246,765 $80,887,588 1921 (9 months). 354,746,660 $60,622,960 187,948,909 !39i929y857 8 Included in "All other, prepared.or pre^ryed meats," after May, 1921. 640 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. In 1920, 63 per cent of the hams and shoulders and 54 per cent of the bacon exported went to the United Kingdom j France, Germany, and the Netherlands, and Belgium also received important amounts. Important changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on Paragraph, page 642. LARD. Description and uses. — Lard is America's iiiost important fat,: butter excepted; The term! includes prime steam, neutral, leaf, and aU lards made from hog' fat exclusively. By far the larger part of the output of big packing plants is prime steam lard, produced by the live-steam method of rendering the chopped fats. Leaf lard is kettle rendered from the leaf fats that smround the kidneys. Neutral lard, or "neutral," is kettle rendered, but at a lower tem- Serature than ordinary lard, so that it retains practically no hog avor, and is used largely in oleomargarine. Large quantities of lard are chilled and pressed to separate the stearin from the olein and palmitin. Stearin is 'mixed with ordinary lard to give it firmness in warm weather and to make a base for margarines; it is also used in making candles. X])lein or lard oil is used in signal lights and miner's lamps and as a lubricant. Production of lard in 1914 was 1,119,188,675 pounds, valued at $120,414,007, a decrease of 10 per cent compared with 1909, coinciding with a greatly increased use of lard compounds and substitutes for culi- nary purposes. The figures given do not include the output of small butchers nor thai of farmers, estimated at perhaps 1,000,000,000 pounds. Under favorable conditions the output can be quickly increased, as instanced by the increase in the number of swine On farms from 67,503,000 in 1917 to 71,374,000 in 1918. In 1919 produc- tion rose to 1,373,000,000 pounds, valued at $416,000,000. Imports: oi lard are insignificant compared with production or export, having reached the maximum of 1,131,998 pounds, including compounds and substitutes, in the fiscal year 1918, with 230,816 ?ounds as the average for the four years previous. Under a duty of, I cents per pound 4,117 pounds were imported in 1913 and 125, 63f pounds came in duty free'in 1914. Later imports of lard, lard com- pounds, and lard substitutes for calendar years are as follows : Quantity, (pounds ), Value .800,777. $182,821 1919 3, 845r865 $1,042,989 1920 14,466 $3,099 1921 (9 months). $74l Exports of lard in 1920 (calendar year) were 612,000,000 pounds, valued at $143,000,000, about 21 per cent going to the United Kingdom, 20 per cent to Germany, and 15 per cent to the Nether- lands. Exports decreased during the war. The average for 1915- 1918 was 434,954,000 pounds, compared with 502,211,000 pounds for 1911-1914. Higher prices, difB.culities of trans-AtlantiC shipping, and loss of exports to Germany (normally "about 30 per cent) prob- ably explain the decrease. Before the war lard was by far the most important export of the meat-packing industry. Exports of neutral lard were 6,307,000 pounds in 1918 (fiscal year) as compared with SUMMARY OF rARIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. 641 the maximum of 62,317,909 pounds in 1912. Statistics of exports since 1917 by calendar years follow: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). lard: Quantity (pounds) Value J. Neutiallard: Quantity (pounds) •J 'Value.. ,548,817,901 »1«, 933, 151 6, 307, 164 11,612,780 760,901,611 $237,983,449 22,957,137 »7, 725, 983 612,249,951 $143,371)441 23,238,071 $5,<80e,042 695,658,722 $93,454,373 iO, 515, 126 $3)018,060 Important chanqeS in classification 'etc. — See GeneraL Notes on Paragraph, page 642. laHd substitutes and lard compounds. Description ahd uses. — Lard substitutes and lard Compounds, are of two types — (1) thdse containing a base of animal fats, and. (2) those made entirely from vegetaWe oils by a process of hydrogena- tion. The first is mad6 by mixing heated vegetable oil with a pro- per proportion of melted hog or beef fats; this is qilicfely chilled and violently be&teni to give it the appearance of natural lard. The second, from vegetable oils, is a recent development. The refined and bleacked oil is subjected to a hardening process in which reduced nickel is employed to effect a combination of the hydrogen gas and Uquid glycerides. The oieins of the oil are changed into stearins, which are_solid a,t ordinary temperatures. By this process most of our tremendous production of cotton seed oil has been made avail- able for use as a cooking fat. Production of 1,173,446,000 pounds of lard substitutes was reported in 1917, an increase of 146,313,000 over 1916. The most important constituent of this lard substitute was , cottonseed oil, of which 1,069,214,000 poimds were used; 55,000,000 pounds of stearin, 34,000,000 pounds of soy-bean oil, 17,000,000 pounds of vegetable stearin, arid 12,000,000 pounds of peanut oil were also employed. Besides an enormous increase in the output of lard substitutes, the variety of oUs uged therein has also increased. Of the materials used in producing lard substitutes in 1918 less than 10 per cent were imported. Imports of lard compounds and substitutes are combined in the statistics with the imports of lard. Exports of lard compounds aiid substitutes decreased during the war, averagmg 65,500,000 pounds for 1911-1914 and 52,500*000 for 1915-1918. Statistics of exports for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 43,977,410 $10,258,536 124,962,950 $31,605,885 82.051,458 $7,218,845 37,601,644 Value.. ... $4,303,920 82304r-22 41 642 SUMMAEYjOF TAKIFI" INFORMATION, 1921. In 1920 Cubajr.eeeiv,edt22!peEicejit!of the itotal exports; Mexico, 19 per cent, and the United Kingdoin,. 13 per cent,. ■■>■. Important changes in classification, etc. — ^ee below. genEeal notes on parageaph. Important changes in classification. ^^wine are transferred from the free fist of the act- of' 1913 (par. 619). Several provisions for, hogs and hog products have been combined in one paragraph. ' Neces- sarily their tariff problems require joint c6hsidera;£i6n.l Anew pro- vision has been added for shoulders of pork. To avoid conflict, and because^/ofjpps^ible substitution,, lard compounds and Ifircjl .^^ibsti- tutes exempt from dii^ under the act of 1913 (par, 528),, areassessed the same duty as hydrogenated oils provided for in paragraph 52. Fresh, pork and .bacon and, ,h^s were pn the free .list (par. 545) of the act of 1913. fhe emergency tariff act of 1^2 1 (par. 14) imposes a duty on, meats of all Mnds prepared or preserved, n. s. p. f. S%ggested changeSTr-P'ic^eA. ov cured pork which is in part dutiable under paragraph 7,06 constitutes by far the laajgestatpm in our pork trade. To inaint&,in, the general plan Qf bringing together the prin- cipal hog: products, it is suggested that "shoulders, of pork, prepared or preserved,", be replaced by "all other pork, prepared or preserveid, and not specially provided for."'. PARAGRAPH 704; , H. B. 7456. Y ,, , SENATE ABIENEIMENTS. ,, Par. 704. Reindeer. me^t, 20 per cen- tum ad Valorem; Venison aHd other game-, not specially provided Sor, IJ cents per pound. ' . , . - ,^ , '_ ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1&13. ;-', , • in'j , i .' ■>■ : ,0- ;, uii;' ,■■ ■' ■ :, Pah. 285. * f , ^ , veni^pn and, oJihgri .Pae.,227.; Veniaon, andjother game,.li game, except .birjis, one and ppe-hsfclf : cents per pound; *, * * ceiits per pound. '. ' ,, .. _ . u , [No corresponding provision for rein- fNo' cofrespoiiding provision for ■ rein- 'deer meat:] - <:.'■■- deerineat.] ' . i l- ■ M '-•■ •;•!■-! - .'.RBINDEEE MEAT. -; -■■„;n: ■ i SO ■' 'ij'i ' ' ' ' ,-' ''}•■:'• Description and Mses^r— Within,^ the Is^atf decade reindeer,.. iaye be- come, the principal source of meat s^upply ,for the n,atives,£)f Alasl?a> The skin is Jiighly prized for clothiiigi on aiC^^unt ,of itg frqst-resistiiig qualities. The Alaskan reindeer is a domestic animal, whi^),js able to live on the moss and other sparse vegetation of the Arctics. The average dressed weight of the carcass is 150 poiihds. The meat ia not a "game" variety, but has a distinctive, fine flavor and in quality has been classed with beef and mutton. t'-^fyoductien^^lOind imports. — rReindeer are not. native.-to Alaska; imports from Siberi'a' have fortned the basis of herds which now number about 93,000 animals. Three-fourths of these are, owned by natives. There is now an increasing surplus over locil 'tequire- SUMMARY OP TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921, 643 ments. In 1920, shipments' t6' the Uhited States amounted to 1,600 carcasses, weighing about 250,000 pounds, valufid.at $60,000. Rein- deer are also produced in Scandinavian countries. Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Pp,ra- graph below. ;, ' " VENISON AND OTHER GAM&.'" ' ' - Various Federal arid State staitutes place certain limitations on .the commerce in game, defining hunting seasons, providing for hunting iicensps and , bag , liinits, and conditioning the possession, sale,. 'arid export of gamei.' the Criminal Code; of liilarch 4, l,9d9 (35 Stat., 1137) prohibits the importation or interstate transportation of certain noxious animals and birds and of animals and birds illegally imported or killed or shipped in violation of State laws. The act of May 25, 1900, subjects foreign 'game' to State laws prohibiting sale, etc., and jparagi^aph 347 of the act of 1913 prohibits the importation of plumes; feathers, skins, etc., of wild birds, except for scientific or educational purposes. These laws tend to restrict the commerce in gaine. Imports in 1913 of venison reached the maxiriium of 294,315 pounds, valued at $46,739; of all other gairie except birds, 448,570 Sounds,, valued at $31,763. In 1915 imports of "game birds, ressed," were valued at $15,354. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. VENISON., 1918 Pounds. . 16-979" ! 1 44:660 167,823 47,400 ; ! I ■ .'' ■ ' 12,546 .7,966 41,545 16,569 $255 674 2,517 P« eenL 1919 ....:. .......:.. 1920 8.48 6.03 1921 (9 mODths) ALL 0¥riER GAME EXCEPT BIRDS. 1918 96,042 508 740 370,272 390,476 $8,979 69,276 961987 - 107,595 $1,441 7,631 5,554 16.05 1919 11.02 1920 5.7ft mi(9months) '•:'..' GENERAL NOTES 6]i Suggested changes.— F age 85, line 5, of H. R. 7456: Insert "except birds'^ after "game."" ■ ' '' ' '['"'■ ' ■' - " ■ 644 SUMMARY OF TARrPF INFORMATION. 1921. PARAGRAPH 705. H. R. 7456. Par. 705. Extract of meat, including fluid, ]5 centB per pound. ACT OF 1909. _ Pab. 287. Extract of meat, not espe- cially provided for in this Section, thirty- five cents per pound; , fluid extract of meat, fifteen cents per poun(i, but the dutiable weight.of the extract of meat and of the fluid extract of meat shall not in- clude the weight of the packages in which the same'is imported. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 228. Extract of meat, not spe- cially provided! for in : this sectipn, 10 cents per pound; fluid extract of meat, .5 cents per pound, but the dutiable weight of the extract of meat and of the fluid extract of meat shall not include the weight of the packages in which the same is imported. MEAT EXTRACT. Description arwZ uses. — ^Meat extract is obtained by boUing meat with water and concentrating jbhe evaporated portion after the re- moval of fats. It is now largely a by-product of packing houses. In; cooking, canning, and soaking naeats, tne-meat juices are dissolved to a considerable extent in the water; by evaporating this water thg meat extraet is obtained.. Fluid extract of nieat is thq,same as meat extract, but less concentrated.; A true nieat extract con tS'ins' only ingredients of meat soluble in hot water. A standard commercial variety shows 58.5 per pent organic matter, 21.5 per cent inorganic matter (salts), and 20 per cent water. Bouillon cubes, fluid, and semisohd extracts of meat are sold under various trade names. Gelatin, blood, albuAen, or meat fiber are added to some extracts of beef, and sometimes the albumen is more or less peptonized. True meat extract has very Uttle if any food value and can not be regarded as concentrated meat, but "ppssesses marked stimulative and restora- tive properties. Being rion; in cooked meat substances,, it is used for flavoring soups. , ■- ' Imports in 1918 (fiscal year) were 12 pounds of fiuid and 1,401 pounds of all other meat extracts. Since 1912 imports have not exceeded 200,000 pounds. X/ater statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. FLUID EXTKACT OF MEAT. 1918 . . Pounds. 43 13,000 2,642 133 »71 17,342 2,367 MV>. S2 650 127 Per cent. 3 03 1919 3.75 1920 . . .. 5.37 1921 (9 months) . . . ALL OTHER EXTRACT OF MEAT. 1918 5,58S 12,003 62,592 37^465 »8,747 11,246 43,990 23,733 S55g 1,200 6,259 6.39 1919 10.67 1920 14.23 1921 (9 months) SUMMARY OF TAKIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 645 Important chaTiqks in classification. — The provisions for fluid extract of meat and all other meat extract, separately provided for in previous acts, are here grouped together. The exception concerning weight. of packages in paragraph 228 of the actof 1913 is omitted as unneces- sary, because, under a specific rate, net weight would be taken. Suggested changes. — The words "ihcludiiig fluid" may be omitted, since the term "extract" appears to be sufficiently inclusive. PARAGRAPH 706. H..II. 7456. Par. 706. Sausage casings, weasands, intestines, bladders, tendons and integu- ments, not specially provided for; meats, fresh, prepared, or preserved, not special- ly provided for, 15 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That no meats of any kind shall be imported into the United States unless the same is healthful, wholesome, and fit for human food and contains no dye, chemical, preservative, or ingredient which renders the same unhealthful, un- wholesome, or unfit for human food, and unless the same also complies with the rules and regulations made by the Secre- tary of Agriculture!, and that, after entry into the United States in compliance with said rules and regulations, said meats shall beideemed and treated as domestic meats within the meaning of and shall be sub- ject to the provisions of the Act of June 30, 1906 (Thirty-fourth Statutes at Large, page 674), commonly called the "Meat Inspection Amendment," and the Act of June 30, 1906 (Thirty-fourth Statutes at Large, page 768), commonly called the "Food and Drugs Act," and that the Secretary of Agriculture be and hereby' is authorized to make rules and regulations to carry out the purposes of this provision, and that in such rules and regulations the Secretary of Agriculture may prescribe the terms and conditions for the destruc- tion of all such meats offered for entry and refused admission into the United States unless the same be, exported by the consignee within the time fixed therefor in such rules and regulations. ACT OF 1909. Par. 512. Bladders^ and 'all integu- ments, tendons and intestines of ani- mals * * * crude, dried or salted for preserva,tion only, and unmanufactured, not specially provided fox iii this section [Free]. Par. 23. * * ' * fish bladders * » * other than crude or dried or salted for preservation only, valued at not above ten cents per pound, two and one-half SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 419. Bladders, and all integu- ments, tendons and intestines of ani- ma)ls * * * crude, dried or salted for preservation only, and unmanufactured, not specially provided for in this" section [Free]. , ' ' ' , Par, 385. * * * unmanufactured articles not enumerated or pitovided for in this section, a duty of 10 per centum ad valorem, * * *.- 6i6 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. cents per pound; valued at above ten [Weasands fall -within this provision, cents per pound and not above thirty-five T. D. 35886 of 1915; United States d. eentd-per pound, twenty-five' per centum White, 8 Ct. Oust. Appla., 115, of 1917. ad valorem; valued abovg thirty-five Sausage casings comei, within paragraph cent? per pound, fifteen cents per pound 419 above. (Abstract 19V44, T. D. 29288, and twehtyper centum ad valorem; ** *. of 1908.')] Par. 28^-. Meats of all kinds, prepared ^ Pah. 545. * * * meats of all kinds, or preserved, not specially provided for prepared or preserved, not specially pro- in this section, twenty-five per centum -vided for in this section [Free] Provided, ad valorem. feoitiejjer, That none of the foregoing, meats Par. 667. Sausages, bologna, [Free]. .shall be admitted into the United States unless the same is healthful, wholesome and fit for human food' and contains no dye, chemical, preservative, or ingredient which renders the same unhealthful, un- wholesome or unfit, for human food, and unless the same also complies i with the rules and regulations made by the Secre- tary of Agriculture, and that, after entry into the United Staites, in compliance with said rules and regulations, said imported meats shall be deemed and treated as domestic meats within the meaning of and shall be subject to the provisions of the Act of Jime thirtieth, nineteen hun- htmdred-and six, (Thirty-fourth Statutes at-Latge, page six hundred and seventy- four), conmionly called the Meat Inspec- tion Amendment, andi the Act of June thirtieth, 'nineteen, hundred' • and six (Thirty-fourth Statutes at Large, page seven hundred and sixty-eigjit),, com- monly called the Food and Dciiigs Act, and; that the Secretary of Agriculture be and hereby is authorized to make rules and regulatidns to carry out the purposes of this pa;ragraph,, and that in such rules and regulations the Secretary of Agricul- ture may prescribf the terms aad condi- tions for the destruction for; food, purposes of all. such laeats offered for, entry and refused admission into the United States unless the same, be exported by theicon- signee within, the time fixed therefor in such rules and regulations.' SAUSAGE CASINGS, ETC., AND MEATS PREPARED OE PRESERVED N.S.P.F. Description and use. — Under this head fall pickled and cured beef, pickled pork, canned meats, sausage, sausage casing^j scrapple, head, cheese, livers, sweetbreads, etc. Beef that is dried, salted, or pickled has lost its former proininent position in trade in favor of chiUed and frozen beef; pork is, however, most in demand when it is salted, pickled, cured, or otherwise preserved. Canned meats, of which there are many varieties, are increasing in commercial importance. Production of pickled and cured beef for 1899-1914 showed a steady debline, from 137,000,000 pounds to 91,000,000 ponnds; while pickled and cured pork remained fairly steady, amounting to 3,138,000,000 pounds in 1899 (including bacon and hams) and to 2,929,000,000 » Meats of all Mnds, prepared or proservad, 'n. f . p. £., 26 per centum ad valorem. (Pan 14, emergency tarM act of 1921.). SUMMABY of TAEIFP INITOKMATION, 1921. 647 pounds in 1914. The prpduction of canned meats increased from 112,000,000 pounds in 1899 to 160,000,000 pounds in 1914. In 1919' 790,703,000 pounds of sausage and 102,281,000 pouiids of sausage casmgi were produced in packing houses. Imports in this class of products are relatively much less important than exports. Imports of canned corned beef ranged in value from $118,000 m 1915 to $36,673,000 in 1918 (calendar years). In the latter year doubtless a large part of the imports consisted of American goods returned from Europe. Statistics of imports for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow: Bold^ia sausage: Quantity (pounds) Value Canned beef: Quantity (pounds) .'. .. Value' Other canned meats: ' Quantity (pounds) Vsilue .J. Other prepared or preserved meats: Qtfantity (pounds) Value Sausage casings-^iiitestines,^etc.: Quantity (poiinds) Value '.: '. . Sausage casings — weasands or ox gullets: Quantity (pounds) Value Bladders, integuments, tendons, etc., crude and manufactured: Quantity (pounds) Value iivers, sweetbreads, etc.: Quantity (pounds) Value Frogs' legs and snails: Quantity (poniids) Value .' 1918 5,417 12,797 ■I- 136,673,220 11,156,337 J379,076 $3,624,025 $43,973 $389,311 $165,837 ""$4,"436 1919. 71,722 $43,340 16,731,826 $4,753,298 1,620,638 $453,732 2,937,392 $631,668 11,234,028 $5,629,412 188,099 $132,263 2,808,388 $198,933 3,532,074 $302,256 20,460 $7,065 1920 156,735 $73,996 3,979,073 $814,790 943,801 $295,072 1, 976, 163 $500, 119 12,137,901 $7,049,347 174,326 $120,019 1,279,818 $251,423 3,389,607 $412,358 24,814 $10,627 1921 (9 months). 81,611 $33,921 264,281 $41,587 167,838 $60,952 1,823,192 $328,517 7,712,066 $4,208,042 124,848 $80,590 246,058 $34,767 763,678 $112,544 24,378 $7,013 Below is given a comparison by mbnths for 1920 and 1921 of imports of several items provided for in paragraph 14 of the emer- gency tariff act of 1921: ., i. . : ; . Mouth. qjuantity. Value. 1920 1921 1920 1921 00!) BOLOGNA SAUSAGE.i January... February. . ilaroh.i... April..:... May....... June ., July.. SSt)teiitiber. October November.. IJeoember. . Ponnia. 15,004 7,339 3,034 10, 450 1,508 10,680 5,143 26,726 3,727 19, 251 i2, 673 42, 300 Pounds. 18,099 3,845 18,940 6,983 8,106 $10,120 3<270 2,173 6,004 1,125 6,259 3,559 5,26r 2,2d2 12,612 97,622' 13, 889 $7,282 1,788 ■8,479 3,162 3,708 ' Included in "All other prepared or preserved meats" after May, 1921. 648 SUMMARY OF TAEIFF JNFORMATIPN", 1921. Month. Quantity! 1921 yaiueV 1920 1921 SAUSAGE CASINGS. January... Febriiary.. Marcli..... April May June .. July August-,,. Septeinber OctdWer. . . November . December. Pounds. Founai. 899,618 ,i 704,399 648,116 ' 74/, 058 40*,;921' 1:1,120,888 1,000,049 . 663,983 1,325,476 973,648! 1,042,738 1, 044, 134 2,205,706 969,931 1,608,110 758,288 752,666 729,727 857,604 470, 269 770,259 876, 952 622,638 870, 877 .348,281 593,956 876,275 600,016 942,461 1,003,014 413,053 634, 874 - 391,560 277, 715 »8%297 37? 236 «i;i310 360,551 627^352 607,733 567,082 455,675 430,806 355,729 362,510 431,390 ALL OTHEE PBEPABED OR PRESERVED MEATS. January Februyy. . March' pril ay June July August September. October November. December. . 388,458 677,892 $116,935 351,959 650, 147 133,572 29£803 449, 271 106,381 326,782 475,799 ,88,084 449,059 320,797 169,054 982,222 72, 566 205,947 1,188,784 66,773 214,777 533,585 162, 762 77,836 500, 108 422,808 125,383 536, 702 285, 816 139,579 498, 986 574, 708 153, 714 1,398,561 1,484,064 477, 889 t219,964 235,256 134,732 144,520 6X732 27,6§1 28; 687 96,792 96,440 82,523 231,520 617,941 CANNED MEATS. 7,779 6,335 89,242 7,502 57, 712 8,431 12,297 $2,441 1 755 July 14,832 September '.' ' 2,510 October 5 583 3,065 : 4i255 ■ n Exports of canned beef before the war ranged' fi'6m'3,464,(J00 pounds (minimum) in 1914 to 14,804,000 pounds (maximum) in 1910. The United Kingdom is normally the largest purchaser; smaller amounts fo to British Africa, the Philippines, Belgium^, and Panama. Exports reached the unprecedented figure of 97,343,000 pounds in 1958 (fiscal year). Exports of pickled and other cured beef also rose during the war, reaching the maximum, 58,053,000 pounds, in 1917. Normally the United Kingdom takes about 25 per cent; Newfound- land and Germany rank next. Exports of pickled pork fluctuated from 63,460,000 pounds in 1916 to 33,221,000 pounds in 1918 (fiscal years), with Canada and the United Kingdom the most important destinations. Exports of canned and other sausage increased to 15,026,449 pounds in 1918 (fiscal year). Most of this increase went to France, but normally more goes tq Cuba. Later statistics for calendar years follow : SUMMARY OF TARIFF' INFORMATION, 1921. 649 Canned sausage: Quantity (pounds) Value All other sausage: Quantity Cpounds)....i Value Beef, pickled, and other cured: Quantity (pounds) Value Beef, canned: Quantity (pounds) Value Pork, pickled: Qua^itity (pounds) Value Pork, canned: Quantity (pouiids) Value ::• Sausage casings: Quantity (pounds) ;. . Value All other meat products, canned: Value '. ...,.' . , All other meat products— except canned: Value .J : »2, ,«, ,$7, Ul, J51, 36, t8, i: '- ^, $2, 18, J6, 1,349,602 .,817,199 029, 364' 125,373 206,-020 921,220 467, 163 498, 010 671,650 636,017 267,342 776,392 03i,391 611, 680 819, 996 943, 692 1919 8,198,336 12,761,944 13,889,285 J6, 911, 860 42, 804, 724 $8,739/141 ■63,867,327 '*20,672,964 34, 113, 876 $8, 632, -518 5,791,706 $2; 422, 364 26,*77,028 $6, S09, 834 $12,960,669 $11,642,614 1920 7, 168, 291 $2,844,-684 10,609,095 $4,187,674 25,771,176 $3, 659, 815 23,766,000 $6, 789, 711 38,708,841 $7,670,024 1, 802, 241 $752, 120 26,238,187 $6; 860, 935 $6,480,276 $7, 169, 589 1921 (9 months). 2,060,392 $719, 807 4,886,143 $1,670,222 18,968,576 $2,128,557 6,171,518 $1,034,996 25,647,620 $3, 433, 766 757,318 $220,800 25, 568, 832 $4, 896, 300 $3, -996, 151 $3,894,830 Important changes in classification. — Specific provision is made for sausage casings (free under paragraph 419, act of 1913, Abstract 19744, T. D. 29288 of 1908) and weasands, dutiable as an unenumer- ated unmanufactuTbd article {United States v. WJiite, 8 Ct. Oust. Appls. 1 15, of 1917 ; T., D. 35886 of 1915) . The other articles were on the free list (pars. 419 and 545) of the act of 1913. Suggested changes. — To maintain the general plan of the rearrange- ment of the Agricultural Schedule, sausage casmgs, weasands, intes- tines, etc., might be provided for in a paragraph separate frofli meats n. s. p. f. If specific provision should be made for prepared or'preserved beef (par. 701), prepared or preserved mutton (par. 702), and prepared or preserved pork (par. 703) a provision migKt be inserted in this paragraph for sausage by insertion of the words "including sausage." PARAGRAPH 707. H. K,. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 707. Milk, fresh, 1 cent per gallon ; sour milk and buttermilk, one-Kalf of 1 cent per gallon; cream, having less than 30 per centum of butter fat. 5 cents per gallon: having 30 per centum or more of butter fat, 10 cents per gallon. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 247. Milk, fresh, two cents per gallon; cream, five cents per gallon. [No corresponding provision for sour milk and buttemiilk.] M Milk, fresh, 2 cents per gallon; cream, 5 ceiits per gallon Par. 547. Milk and cream, * * * [Freel.i" .[No corresponding provision for sour milk and buttermilk.] (Par. 23, emergency tarifl act of 1921.) 650 SUMMARY OF TABIFFl INFQRMATlOKri 1921. MILK AND OEEAM. (See Survey G-7.; Description and uses.— Milk and cream are among the^ most impor- tant of foods, furnishing from 16 to 18 per cent of the nourishment of the average. American family. In the value of its annual outpiit the dairy industry approximates the production of wheat. Inter- national trade in unmanufactured milk and cream, howevfer, is very small relative to the country's total supply and demand. Because- of its limited keeping quality ,j;he paaximum distance that milk can profitably be shipped is about 500 miles. The great bulk of the imports moves from eastern Canada to the New England States. Production of milk in 1920 was 89,658,000,000 pounds, yajued at about $2,000,000,000. The number of milch cows increased froni 18,150,000 in 1910 to 19,672,000 in 1919. Since that year there has been a slight decrease. '■' , Imforts in 1913 of fresh cream amounted to 1,247,000 gallons valued_at $1,068,000; of fresh milk, 46,000.gallons valued at $6,900. Statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow: Fresh mlLk: Quantity (gallons) Value ' Fresh cream: Quantity (gallons) > Value '....:■..': . .0. l Cream — preserved or condensed or steriliz^: Quantity (pounds) :.'....'. '.\. Value ;.;... 1,519,966 $341,584 ' 704, 031 i *7S6y809 7,034 J677 2,753,401 $739; 073 931,416 $1, 111, 130 240,290 $32,927 • 2,520,657 to, 407' 1,597,160 $2^079,863 852, 631 $136,030 1921 (9 months). ; 1,955,729 $354,781 1,533,573 $1,902,051 3,661 $906 Below is given a comparison by months for. 1920 and 1921 of fresh milk and cream, provided for in plaragfaph 23 Of the emergency tariff act of 1921: ' . .'■I Month. Quantity. 1920 1921 Value. 1921 January... February. March April M^y June July August September October. . . November . December. OalloTis. 196, 159 < 141, 196 169,958 221,866 ■343,116 473, 853 ■ 457,614 703 '150 525,078 383,823 301, 230 200,674 Oallons. • 145,924 126, 36^ 160,167 234; 179 . 427^244. 756,,006: 545, 46i = ''583,925 ■ 540,030 424,003 $76,970 52,i^6 75,367 ' 119;04S ail;l,20' 377, 799 1 '512,648 371.373 283,674 197,092 iiij'ede 43,022 72,892 129,131 270,370 468, 4tf 372,699 425,633- 404,977 314,091 248,553 171,098 Exports of milk and cream, other than' condensed, in 1913 were valued at $474,000. Later exports by calendar years are as foUo-svs: 1918, $528,607; 1919, $1,729,884; 1920, $381,626; l92l (9 months), $366,417. - . Important changes in classification. — To avoid litigation, new spe- cific provisions have been made for buttermilk and sour milk, although SUMMAEY 0F~ TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 651 little of either is imported, Milk that has soured in transit is some- tunes sold lor Its butterfat content. Cream varies greatly in butterf at content and thus m value. The new provisions for a heavier duty on cream havmg more than 30 per cent butterfat content is an attempt to naamtam specific rather than ad valorem rates, and yet distribute ^tmY*-''' '^"^^ nearly according to the relative value of the products. Milk and cream were fr^e of duty under the act of 1913 (par. 547) and milk, fresh, and cream are dutiable under paragraph 23 of the emergency tariff act of 1921. Suggested changes.— ba. view of the fact that imports of sour milk and buttermilk are insignificant, the specific provisions therefor might be dropped and the word "fresh" eliminated in connection with milk. TTiere are administrative difficulties in determining the percentage of butter fat in. cream imported on~the frontiers. PARAGRAPH 708. • H. K. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pak. 708. Milk, condensed or evapo- rated: In hermetically sealed.* containers, unsweetened, 1 cent per pobnd; sweet- ened, 1^ cents peri pound; all other, 1| cents per pound; whole milk powder, 3 cents per pound; cream powder, 8 cents p^ pound; and skimmed milk powder, rj cents per pound; malted milk, and comi)ounds of or substitutes for milk or cream, 20. per centum ad valorem, ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 248. Milk, preserved or condensed, Pak. 5.47. Milk and cream, including or sterilized by heating or other processes, milk or cream preserved or condensed, or including weight of immediate- coverings, sterilized by heating or other processes, two cents per pound; * * *. * * « [Free]." [No corresponding provision for the [No corresponding provision for the other commodities.] other commodities.] CONDENSED OR EVAPORATED MILK AND RELATED PRODUCTS. (See Survey G-7.) Description and v^es. — The tremendous growth in recent years in the production of preiserved milk has resulted from the demand for milk without the bulkiness and perishability of the fresh product, and from the perfection of methods of manufacture. Water constitutes about 87 per cent 6f the weight of fresh milk.. In contrast to the local distribution of fresh milk, there is an extensive domestic and foreign trade in the condensed, evaporated, and powdered forms. In 1919, nearly 5,000,000,000 pounds of milk, or over 10 per cent of the total amount used for manufacturing purposes, was used in the production of the cdridensed and evaporated article. This was more than the amount used for cheese and about one-seventh of that con- sumed for butter. • 'li-Mllfc, preserved or condensed, or sterilized by heating or other processes, including weight of immediate coverings, 2 cents per pound. (Par. 21, emergency tariff act of 1921.) 652 StTMMAEY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921; Both skimmed and unskimmed milk are condensed and eraporated. Condensed milk is distinguislied from' evaporated milk largely by ihe fact that as a finislied product the former contains about 40 per cent cane sugar. Evaporated and condensed milk are put' up in small cans for household, hotel, and restaurant trade and also in bulk for ice-cream manufacturers, bakers, etc. The value of the various milk products varies widely with- the degree of concentration. The following table shows the relative amounts of various products obtained from 100 pounds of average (3.5 per cent butter fat) milk :< i ! ': ii . ■ i . ' ' : , Pounds.., Evaporated milt (unsweetened)... r'.-,-...;- .-, -.-' , 40. . Condensed milk (phis 16 pounds of sugar) 36-40 Evaporated bulk nulk , ; 25-34 Whole milk powder...'...'.^;. . :....': ....-;..-...■..' .' '12. 5 Cream powder ; -Us-riii!. .■>. ;:.:.. ..:•- 1 :..:>.;.. .. . :,.\' A. S And skimmed-milk po^rder 7. 6 Skimmed -milk powder 8. 2 And butter .^_ 4.2 Milk powder is made by evaporating whole or skimmed milk to dryness: if In appearance it closely resembles wheat flour. ' Skimmed- milk powder, because of its superior keeping qualities, is produced in larger quantities than the full-milk product. ', , Produckon of condensed and evaporated mUk increased from 1,676,000,000 pounds' m'l918' (fiscal' year) to 2,094,000,000 pounds valued at $293,000,000 in 1919. In 1920, with the falling off of both foreign and domestic demand, production declined to 1,559,000,000 pounds. The following table indicates that canned evaporated whole milk and condensed -vdiole milk are the articles of outstanding im- portance in this group. In contrast to the general decline in 1920, it is iateresting to note the increase in proxiuption of filled milk (evaporated skmameci milk modified with foreign fats) and also the increase in powdered milk. ; , „; ; ^ ■ Production, of milh preparations, 1918-1920} ''■ ■ '■ [Pounds.] . I . ' . • . ! Sweetened condensed milk: Case goods — ' Skimmed Unskimmed Bulk goods- Slammed. Unskimmed: Unsweetened evaporated milk: . - Case goods — Skimmed Unskimmed , Bulk goods — Skimmed ; " Unskimmed Evaporated skimmed milk modified with foreign fat Case goods Bulk goods Sterilized milk (canned like condensed) Canned or evaporated buttermilk Powdered whole milk .' Powdered skimmed milk Powdered cream Malted mJlk Dried or powdered buttermilk 1918 1919 8, 653, 000 411,226,000 46, 303, 009 40,872,000 12, 049, 000 916,438,000 6g, 782, 000 183, 612, 000 41,034,000 7,591,000 6,268,000 6,534,000 4,164,000 26,432,000 654,000 16, 664, 000 3, 341, 000 7, 232, 000 568, 251,000 ;61,792,000 "36,910,000 3,626,000 1,159, 217, OOp 65, 442, poo 74,985,000 62,262,000 2,748,000 4,415,^- 22,536,000 ■ 8,661000 33, 076, 000 592,000 17,486,000 5,279,000 7,700,00 -340,391,000 84,223,000 23, 524, m 5,526,000 •979,;873,00O 64,384,000 72,474,000 84,044,000 - ■i"517,000 ' 5,623,000 32,539,000 10,334,000 41,893,000 309,000 1 From figures of the Bureau of Markets; U. S., Department of Agriculture. SUMMARY OF TAKIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 653 Imp&rts oi preserved, condensed, or evaporated milk in 1920 came largely from Canada and the Netherlands. Statistics of imports since 1917 by calendar years are as follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). OnftTittt-v (pniirtfis) 23,198,388 12,221,730 16,268,949 ,t2;047,143 22,903,145 J3,1S!S,.781 7,720)178 $1,252,090 ^Xr. ■:;?!:!:...„:::::::.;::;:::;::;:;::: :" ■ _ i Below is given a comparison, by months, for 1920 and 1921 of milk preserved or condensed, provided tor in paragraph 24 of the emer- gency tariff act of 1921: Month: Quantity. 1920 1921 ■Value. 1920 1921 January February. . March-iiXL ^ April May June July August September. October November, Pecember. . -'2)574,763 1,689,294 1,250,926 1, 436, 055 702, 811 '14,'lg6,279 4,584,718. 2,628,895 1,190,632 1, 560, 298 978, 867 962, 242 Pounds.- 162,659 1, 600, -135 1.412,500' 1, 152, 509 2, 684, 392 1354,681 , , 623, 398 594,007 3,501. i!' '341963 43,390 1,491 1344, 525 $51, 134 219,528 227,930 •:i75,216 243,525 227,046 197,512 106,382 418,394 537,1576 47,672 676,513, 110,079 387,928 109,378 180, 575 368 18:3,486 7,539 147, 756 6,133 , 146,^081," ■ , .:679 Exports of condensed . milk Increased tremendously, being 551,139,000 pounds, valued' at $72,825,000 in 1918 (fiscal year), as compared with an average of 15,773,900 pounds for 1910-1914. In 1918 (fiscal year) the United^ingdom, France, Belgium, and Cuba were the principal destinations of exports. Statistics tor the calendar years 1918-1921 follow: . 1918 1919 1920 ' 1921 (9 months). Condensed and evaporated milk: Quantity (pounds) Value Sweetened condensed milk: Quantity (pounds) , Value , .^ ■Unsweetened;evaporated milk: ' Quantity (pounds) . Value Powdered milk: Quantity (pounds) Value 551,139,754 $72, 824, 897 (') 852,865,414 $121,893,337 « , w (I) (1) ■- (f) 277, 132, 114 $47,566,834 133, 945, 868 116,672,432 3,172,039 $999,754 72,001,461 $12,284,353 145,129,067 $15, 493, 458 7,166,177 $1, 124, 594 1 Sweetened condensed, unsweetened evaporated, and powdered milk not separately reported.until 1920 Important changes vn' cfcssi^ca^wrt.-— Milk or cream preserved or condensed or sterilized by heating or other processies was free under paragraph 547 of the act of 1913, and milk, «o prepared, including the weight of the immediate coverings^ is dutiable under paragraph 24 of the emergency tariff act of ;1921. In previous laws alLmilk 654 STJMMAET OF TARirS" INFORMATION, 1921. preparations^ including products differing widely in value aiid in the amount of raw milk used per pound of product, were grouped togetker and were dutiable at the same rate. The prestent 'classificAtibn dis- tinguishes them, and the duty is distributed more nearly according to valu«i. The first two clauses cover condensed and evaporated canned milk. ' The "all other "clause covers condensed or evaporated bulk milk, which is usually condensed to a greater degree than the canned product. The last clause pTQvides lor -'filled milk" (condensed skimmed milk in which other fat lias been substituted for the butter fat) and for other milk preparations. ; SuffgMed changes.' — Inlview of judicial constructions marrowidg the word 'compoima," it nnghtibe weU to insert after the word "com- pounds," in line 21, page 86, of H. R. 7456, thie words "or mixtures," making the phrase read "compoimds or mixtures of or substitutes for milk or cream." "All other" is indefinite; "in other containers." ;^ight be substi- tuted. PARAGRAPH 709. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. . Par. 709. .Butter; 8 cents per pound; oleomargarine, 8 cents per pound. ACT OF 1009. ACT OF 1913. Pah. 245. Butter and substitutes there- Par. 195. Butter and butter substi- for, sK cents per pound. tutes, 2i cents per pound." - ' BUTTEB AND OLEOMARGARINE, ' ' ■ ■ - ■ '■ ' (See Survey 0-7.)' . ' ' ' ,. Description, and, uses.-f^^utteTisi by- far the most important mUk product. In 1919 it constituted two-thirds of. the cotnbLned valtie'of condensed milk, cheese, and butter. One hundred pounds of aver- age milk (3.5 per cent butter fat) produce about 4.2 pounds of l)ut- ter. In the'liarge markets butter is carefully graded, the quality being determined according to certain standards based on flavor, body, color, amount of salt, and condition of package. Imports com- pete more directly with; one or more of these well-defiiied grades according to tlieir quality-. ''..'" .' oleomargarine, the legal term under the internal-revenue pleomarr garine act of .1886 for all butter substitutes, ni% be divided. i^nto thrfee classes — (1) that made exclusively of animal oils arid fats (chiefly oleo oil and neutral lard), (2) that made of a mixture of ani- mal dhd vegetable oils, and (3) that exclusively of vegetable oUs (niostly coconut, peanuj;,^^^ and cottonseed oils).T„j,,JIn 192(|,8,b9,ut 1 P^^ cent of the total production was of tbe first class, 46 per cent of the second class, andiM Pier cent of t^e. third elasSi-^ An inter^ial-reyetiue tax, of 10 cents per pound is>;injpoS;ed on coloj-ed, oleomargarinei and one-four(1;h iOf 1 ^ejitpei: pound. on; uncolored. In consequence. the P butler and substitutes therefor," 6 'cents per'noiind.' (Par. 2l',"eniefgehcy tarifE act of 1921, ), Oleomat- gariffeinpicKa^^ of lessthanlOfiouiiasprohimtedby adtW Aug:'2;i888,sfec.'10. '!•'" '■ SUMMARY OF TAKlrl' INFORMATION, 1921. 655 latter maJces up 96 per cent of the amount produced. The internal- revenue tax on imports of both colored and uncolored is 15 cents per pound in addition to: the duty, and imports in packages contain- ing less than 10 poxmds are prohibited. ; .)^: ' t ' -' Production. — The quantity of butter manufactured in factories rose from 420,126,546 pounds in 1899 to 769,809,781 pounds in 1914 and to 938,505,382 in 1919. The leading States in 1914 were Wisconsin (116,149,000 pounds), Minnesota (111,165,000 pounds), and Iowa (92,405,000 pounds). Farm and factory output was about 1,706,000,000 pounds in 1914 and 1,649,000,000 pounds in 1919. The factory output has increased, while the farm production has diBodnished. 'P^duction of butter substitutes was 95,397,000 pounds in 1912 and 370,730,000 pounds in 1920. ^Imports of butter and -butter substitutes form a small part of our consumption. Normally Canada and Denmark are the chief sources. In 1917, 523,573 poimds, valued at $197,767, were imported— from Ca;nada, 311,257 pounds; from Denmark, 149,075 pounds; and from New Zealand, 50,4:00 pounds. Later statistics follows: Calendar yeai-. '■ Quantity. ■ Value. ' Duty: EqulyaT lent ad valorem. 1918 Pounds. n, 479, 114 6,961,950 37,626,045 12,006,610 J516,17S 3,481,976 18,793,055 5,122,147 136,978 174,048 940,651 Per cent. 7.16 1919 1920 .„ 5.01 1921 (9 months).... =.'::-.: .........: Over 50 per cent of the imports in 1920 came from Denmark. Canada, Argentina, and the Netherlands were the other important sources. i ; . Below are statistics," by months, for 1920 and 1921 of butter and butter substitutes prb'^ded for in paragraph'- 21 of the emergency tariff act, of 1921:. ., , , , ,, Month'. i :■ 4 '1 Quantity. 19?0 1921 Value. 1920 1921 January February J . March April.....'.. May Jtme July..;.... August Septeinber. Oetoibep Ndvember.: December J.! •)■*: Founds^ 334,135 1,095,^13 3,151,640 5,063,020 1, 710, 519 3,'186,559 8,311,404 .2,737,2^5 .2, 574, 064 2,455,315 2,798,^84 4,033,754 Pounds. 3,81i;9dS ■ 1,896,938 4,S65,581 1, 370; 222 , 54,637 ' 33,884 - .191,748 , ,149, .886 ■ '397,929 1,858,409 1,425,560 2,601,689 $194,643 163% 162 1,76^935 2,666,339 ,797,700 1,665; 911 4, 166, 03^3 1,262,427 lyl2^'445 1,104,944, 1,419,528 1,955,393 $1,831,708 355,944 ! 17, 973 18,750 ,6Q92S 6S21I '142,960 695,982 711,068 ,827,162 ' Exports. -^Vrora, 1909 t6 191'3 this 'coujj try ranked twelfth Elmong ex- porting countries. Denmark .averaged 195,530,000; Russia, 150,- 294,000; Australia, '"77,859,000;l;he' Netherlands, 75,133,000; and the United States, 4,125i0b0 pounds. Exports" increased gfeiatly u Figures are for butter only, beginnihg July, i921. 656 SUMMARY OF TAKIFF INFOEMATIOlir, 1921. during the war, .being 26,835,092 pounds in 1917, of which 20,839,000 pounds went to the United Kingdom; and^ 1,323,653 tot Canada, Exports of oleomargarine increased froma, 2,967,000 pounds in.. 1913 to 5,561,000 pounds in 1917, with the British West Indies the best customer. Exports since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows: 1919 1920 1921 (9 mouths). Butter; Quantity pounds, , Vaue :... Oleomargarine: Quantity pounds. . Valtoe.....: _ 26,194,416 tlO;868,953 8,909,108 12,398,908 , 34,556,485. •«17, 504,446 22, 939, 589 16,576,760 17,487,735 $10,142,403 16,557,746 «4,.567, 120 6,636,749 S2, 679) 809 2,642,036"^ t543, 503 Important cJiang£s in classification. — "Oleomargarine" is used instead of "butter substitutes." ,, ■ ,, ,. , , , Suggested changes. — In order to assure the classification of all butter substitutes under this paragraph, the words "and other butter substitutes" should be added after "oleomargarine." . PARAGRAPH 710. H. R. 7456. Pah. 710. Cheese, valued at less than 30 cents per pound, 5 cents per pound; valued at 30 cents or more per pound,, 25 per centum ad valorem; cheese substi- tutes, 5 cents per pound, ACT OF 1909. Par. 246. Cheese, and substitutes therefor, six cents per pound. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913 Par. 196. Cheese and substitiites there- for, 20 per centum ad valorem." CHEESE. (See Survey G-7.) Description and uses.^Cheese is made by separating the curd or casein and portions of the fat and other constituents of milk from the whey. There are more than 150 varieties. The principal kinds of hard cheese are Cheddar, English Cheshire and Stilton, the Dutch Edam and Gonda, the Schweitzer (Swiss) , and the Italian Parmesan and Gorgonzola. Of the soft cheeses, the principal are Brie, Camem- bert, Neufchatel, Limberger, Philadelphia cream, and cottage. Some fancy brands of cheese are made by mixing with creani, Abutter, or oils. Many foreign cheeses are now successfully made here, but more than nine-tenths is the familiar sta,ndard variety, Cheddar; of which there are three gradesr—" full cream," from whole milk; "skims," from skimmed or partly skimmed milk; and "filled," in which oleo or neutral lard is substituted for b;Utter fat,. ■ u Cheese, and substitutes therefor, 23 per centum ad valorem. (Far. 22, emergency tariff act of 1921.) SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 657 Filled dheese, marketed as full-cream cheese,, was formerly a serious form of adulteration or substitution. An internal-revenue tax of 1 cent per pound is now ley;ed on the manufacture of filled cheese and 8 cents per pound on imports. At present pradtieally none is pro- duced here, and none is imported. ; Production in 1914 was 370,278,599 pounds of factory cheese, valued at $50,377,018. Of this, 332,690,891 pounds were "full cream" and 18,318,437 pounds "part cream." In 1909, 97.1 per cent of the product was made in factories; in 1914 there were 2,843 factories. Wi^pnsin produced 56.6 per cent of the total in 1914 and New York . 26.4 per cent. During 1909-1914 the total production increased by 59,152,282 pounds or 19,01 per cent; the increase in Wisconsin was •89.07 per cent and the decrease in New York was 7.2 per cent. In 1919, factory production amounted to 475,331,000 pounds, valued at $137,281,000, while the amount produced on farms amounted to only 6,600,000 pounds, valued at $2,300,000. J Imports of cheese from 1911 to 1915 averaged 50,499,356 pounds per annum, In 1918 (fiscal year) Argentina supplied 83.9' per cent, whereas before the war Italy and Switzerland led, nearly one-half coming from the former (Parmesan a,nd Gorgonzola) and one-third from the latter (Schweitzer). A la;rge proportion of these importH are fancy foreign varieties not extensively manufactured here. Im,- ports increased from'48,449,902 pounds' in 1913 to 04,497,471 pounds in 1914, with duties of $2,906,947 and $2,532,742, respectively. Later imports of cheese and substitutes therefor have been as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 Pounds. 6,931,975 7,399,520 14, 592, 403 15,510,764, $2,740,146 3, 005, 420 5, 237, 841 5, 196, 274 $547,995 600,504 1,047,564 Per cent. 1919 1920 20 1921 (9 months) In 1920, 62 per cent came from Argentina, 10 per cent from France, and smaller amounts from Italy, Switzerland, and Canada. , Below is given a comparison '^ hj months for 1920 and 1921 of cheese and substitutes therefor, provided for in paragraph 22 of the emergency tariff act of 1921 : Month. Quantity. 1920 1921 Value. 1921 Janijiary;... Fefiruary - March April May June July....... August . . . Septejnber October... November . December. Founds. 1,155', 278 667,497 1,335,924 740, 158 2,307,554 1,822,027 1,042,791 660,963 961,460 1, 780, 698 1,739,351 1,780, '034 Potmds.- 1,844,115 713,324 1,342,192 1, 558, 123 1,469,677 1,691, 860 1,^,506 3,091,008 2,570,827 3, 952, 650 3,980,147 3, 398, 876 $458, 429 221,492 483, 165 187,130 810,282 661,205 381,814 241,689 323, 180 629,866 640, 186 618,607 $661,438 226,668 466,874 505,871 465,717 528,964 353,666 1,057,019 , 847,96:i 1,203,140 1, 215, 689 1,144,207 15 Figures are for cheese only, beginning July, 1921. 82304—22 *42 .658 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Exports increased from an average of 4,915,501 pounds, for 1910- 191'4 to 52,527,576 pounds for 1915-1918. Ihl912, ian average year, the United Kingdom took 3,822,735 out of a totaP of 6,337,559 founds. Other important' purchasers were Canada, the British West ndies, Panama, Mexico, and Cuba. During the war most of the large increases went to the United Kingdom — 55,399,101 out of 66,050;pi3 pounds in 1917. Exports since 1917 by calendar yelars have been as follows: ' i 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 48,404,672 $11,735,266 14,159,721 $5,349,577 16,291,^29 $5,054,253 10,437,719 VUue ; $2,363,(ff2 importani changes in classification. — ^A specific duty is imposed on the, cheaper varieties of cheese. Imports valued at less than 30 cents per pound are those which compete with the great bulk of domestic production. The many varieties of imported chees^ have so wide a range in value that a simple, specific duty might bear lightly on the most expensive and heavily on the cheapest. The method ojf differ- ent specific rates on different classes of cheese can not well be applied because there is no way of definitely classifying the varieties according to value. PARAGRAPH 711. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pab. 711. Birds, live: Poultry, 2 cents - per pound; all other, valued at $5 or less each, 50 cents each; valued at more than $5 each, 20 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Par. 289. Poultry, live, three cents per pound; * * *. ; Par. 510.^ Birds and land and water fowls' [FJee].' ACT OF 1913. s Par. 229. Poultry, < live, : 1 cent! per pound; * * *. : , . i r Par. 416. Birds and land and water fowls,' not speciaiUy provides for ill tliis section [Free]. ■ ! is '; ]<; ' > POULTRY. Description and uses. — ^Most of the specialized poultry farms are in the Atlantic and Pacific coast sections, near the great centers of population. The demand is largely supplied by general farms, where Jioultry-raising is incidental to other farm operations. Cold-storage acUities tod rapid transit have greatly influenced the poultry indus- try, in equalizmg prices and making possible the importation of foreign products. Production of poultry has increased but little in recent years. In 1909, 488,468,364 fowls of all kinds were raised. Of these 461,000,000, or 94 per cent, were chickens; the rest consisted of geese, ducks, turkeys, and pigjeons, In 1920, 474,000,000 chickens were raised, which would mdicate about 500,000,000 fowls of all kinds. About SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 659 half of the chickens were raised, in the, North Central States, i. e., in or adjacent to the corn belt. Four times as many chickens were raised in this region as in the Nor^th Atlantic and Pacifio States, where the greater number of the specialized poultry farms are located.. Imports. — Following the reduction of the duty oii' live poultry from 3 cents to 1 cent, imports of live poultry in 1914 were 954,624 pounds compared with 366,854 pounds in 1913. There were largie increases during the war. The annual receipt of live poultry during 1911-1914 averaged 602,418 pounds. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. 1918 ' , * Pounds. 676, 765 1,326,440 1,592,962 373,498 $160, 842 315,710 425, 222 89,267 $6,768 13 261 1919 .. ... 1920 15, 929 1921 (9 months) .Exporfe of poultry and game (not segregated) amounted to 1,241,144 pounds in 1918 (fiscal year) — 1^090,288 pounds of which went to the United Kingdom, 71,091 pounds to Panama, and 23,861 pounds to Canada. The value of exports for later calendar years was as fol- lows: 1919, $4,560,278; 1920, $756,748; 1921 (9' months), $936,873. Important changes in classification. — See General Note on Para- graph below. BIRDS, OTHER THAN POULTRY. Description and uses. — The principal birds coming under this provision are canary birds, the imports of which are of relatively small value, and also some high-priced birds such as parrots. Production. — No statistics available. Imports have ranged in normal years from 300,000 to 500,000. About 60 per cent of these have been canary birds. Some of these birds are of so little value that it would be difficult to determine the basis for an ad valorem rate. Others are rare birds which are sold at high prices. Import values for recent calendar years have been as follows: Birds— 1918, $16,387; 1919, $47,599; 1920, $244,432; 1921 (9 months), $182,253'. Fowls, land and water— 1918, $507; 1919, $4,762; 1920, $9,217; 1921 (9 months), $4,153. Exports are not separately stated. , Important changes in classification. — See below. ■• > GENERAL NOTE ON PARAGRAPH. Important changes, in classification. — ^A dutiable provision for live poultry (par. 229, act of 1913) has been Combined with the free-list provision for "birds and land and water fowls" (par. 416 of the act of 1913) and the heading "Birds, livte" added. 660 SUMMARY 6t TAKIFF lif FORM ATlOir, ' 1921. PARAGRAPH 712. H. B. 7456. Par. 712. Birds, des^d, 'dressed or un- dressed: Poultry, 4 cents per pound; all other, 20 per centum ad valorem; all the fpregping, prepared or preserved in any manner und, not specially provided for, 22 per centum ad valorem. ACT or 1909. dead, Par. 289. Poultry, * ' five cents per pound. [No corresponding provision for the other commodities.] ■■■. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 227. * * * game birds, dressed, 30 per centum ad valorem. Par. 229. Poultry, * * * dead, or prepared in any manner, including the weight of the immediate coverings or containers, 2,cents per pound. [No corresponding provision for the other commodities.], BIRDS, DEAD. ' , , , _ ^ . . . .. { .|, Description, useSj and production. ^^ee paragraph 711. Imports of dressed poultry - during 1911-1914 averaged 419,940 pounds. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. POULTRY.'DBAD OR PREPARED IN ANY MANNER. 1918 1919 1920 ..'. 1921 (9 months). Pounds. 391,633 412, 297 2, 867, 097 1,^994,666 $177,846 230,771 1,200,483 745,291 Per cent. 4.40 3.57 4.78 GAME BIRDS, DRESSED. 1918 '.'.'.'.. ,. 11,047 3,952 9,871 3,194 S314 i;i86 2,961 3O.'0O 1919 . .',''.'.. 7,091 14,413 9,634 30.00 1920 30.00 Exports are not separately stated. Important changes in classification. — Parts of two paragraphs of the act of 1913 (227 and 229) have been combined, to avoid uncer- tainty with respect to the s'cope of "game" birds; the clause regard- ing containers has been elimmated as unnecessary and a separate provision has been made for poultry, etc., prepared or preserved, to take care of a wide range of hi^h-priced specialties such as pate de foie gras, and also such products as canned chicken, goose fiver paste, etc. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 661 PARAGRAPH 713. H. B. 7456. . i , . SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 713. Eggs of poultry, in the shell, fi cents per dozen; whole eggs, egg yolk, and egg albumen, frozen or otherwise prepared or preserved, and not specially provided for, 4 cents per pound; dried whole :egg8, dried egg yolk, and dried egg albumen, 15 cents per pound. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 256. Eggs, n6t specially provided. Par. -4. Dried egg albumen, 3 cfnts' for in this, section, five cents per, dozen, per pound. ;, Par. 257. Eggs, dried, fifteen cents per Par. 203. Eggs frozen or otherwise pound; eggs, yo"lk of, twent'y-five p§r prepared or preserved in, 'tins. or other centum ad valorem;' albumen, egg or packages, not specially provided for in blood, three centsper pound; * * *. this section, including the weight of the immediat« coverings ol, containers, 2' , cents per pound; frozen or liquid egg albumeii, 1 cent per pound. Par. 204. Eggs, dried, 10 cents per pound; eggs, yolk of, 10 per centum ad valorem. , .r Par. 478. Eggs of poultry, * * * [Free]. EGGS OF POULTRY. Production. — The domestic production of eggs reaches enormous figures: In 1909,' 1,575,000,000 dozen were reported, valued- at $281,000,000. Farm sales amounted to $150,000,000. - In 1919 Sroduction amounted to 1,654,000^000 dozens. Although egg pro- uction is usually a by-product enterprise, there are large numljers of poultry farms and ranches in regions climatically and economically faTorable, and especially near dense populations, as in Ne\v Jersey, the southeastern counties of Pennsylvania, and at Petaluma, nea-f San Francisco. Cold storage and refrigeration in transit have revo- lutionized the business, making possible the commercial shipment of eggs from Hungaiy, California, and even -China, to Atlantic markets; Production is largely seasonal; a surplus is produced during the four months beginning' with April, placed in cold storage, and marketed during the succeeding months bi comparative scarcity and higher prices! The annualreceipts of cities such as Nfew York and Chicago approximate 150,000,000 dozetis, and of St. Louis and Cincinnati 50,000,000 dozens. i , - . i . , , Imports of eggs in the shell during 1911-1913 averaged about 1,000,000 dozens. The removal of the duty of 5 cents per dozen : in 1913 was followed by a great increase in imports from Hungary, from Russia (via Germany) , and especially from China, which : subsequently, became the chief source of foreign supplies with the loss of EurOpiean soilrces during the war. From 1914 to 1921, inclusive, the Average annual importation amounted to 1,906,000 dozens. In 'China 2 to 3 dozens can be bought at seaports for the price of 1 dozen here; when carefully selected and handled, these eggs can be placed on the American market and sold to bakers, who use principally cheaper grades known as "seconds." Chinese- 662 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOEMATIbN, 1921. eggs are marketed chiefly at New York. Since 1917 imports of eggs itt the shell have been, by calendar years, as follows: ' 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months); Quantity (dozens) 1,244,728 $362,665 1,247,355 $394;629 1,708,701 $617,909 2.707,923 $794,352 Value Exports. — The annual exports of eggs of poultry have varied from 15,400,000 dozens to 38,327,000 dpzens between 1912 and 1921, and have averaged 28,600,-000 dozens. Previous to the war they went principally to Cuba, Mexico, Panama, and Canada. A part of the exports to Canada were regraded and forwarded to Engknd. During the war heavy shipments were made direct to England, but dtiring 1921 these vu-tually ceased; Cuba, Mexico, and Canada again are the chief customers. Exports of eggs since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). ■ 3IIW;' 21,195,249 JHItt $6,735,772 Quantity (dozens) . Value 20,938,278 $8,428,214 38,789,470 $18,812,231 26,841,772 $13,569,144 'Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- graph, page 664. ' FROZEN EGGS. Description and uses. — Of the three methods of preserving eggs removed from the shell— (1) freezing, (2) drying or desiccating, and (3) adding preservatives — the first two produce food if the material used is wholesome, while the third gives a product known as "liquid" eggs or liquid albumen and yolk, which, under the pure food and drugs act, must be denatured, or rendered imfit for other than industrial purposes. Commercial frozen eggs, frozen albumen and yolk (eggs, that are gradedj broken,' and frozen in large containers, the whites and yolk being I first either mixed, when whole eggs are desired, or separatejd; in the case of the other products) are extensively, used byestablishr menjts (principally cake oakers) which consume large quantities of eggs. There is a. large demand for the separated albumen and yojk, as well as, for the whole egg. Apart from being .cheaper, the frozen ^ product Ixas advantages over the shell egg in, long distance trans- portation; its importation in this form saves space and storage, and eliminates breakage, and, other W3,gte. ,, Liquid eggs, liquid yolk, and, especially liquid and dried albumen are used in the mdustries, the first t;wo in tanning leather, while albumen is extensively used in the ,textil^e( industries, in finishing paper, sensitizing photographic plates, ,?ind ^thickening inks. Production,— M-Osi of the " egg-^reg|,king " plants are located near the important sources of raw materials, c|iiefly in ,the Middle West. In manufacture, the commercial grade of "seconds" is employed. SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. 663 The industry furnishes an outlet for,, and prevents the loss of, millions of dozens of inferior eggs, which, though still wholesome, often may not be profitably transported or stored. Indicative of the importance of this indiistry may be cited the fact that 15,800,000 pounds of frozen eggs, equivalent to about 14,000,000 dozen fresh eggs, were reported in cold storage in September, 1918, at the close of the principsl breaking season. Imports of frozen eggs were negligible prior to 1914; in that year those of frozen eggs amounted to 2,647,974 pounds, valued at $305,232, and of frozen albumen to 259,587 pounds, valued at $4,067. Imports increased steadily thereafter until their prohibition effective from June, 1918, to February, 1919. After the removal of the prohibition the volume of imports again increased. Egg products are imported almost exclusively from China, where the industry has rapidly developed imder American, European, and Japanese capital. Eng- land, the center of the egg trade, usually has taken the greater ?art of Chinese exports. American receipts are chiefly at New ork, Seattle, and San Francisco. Statistics of imports of eggs and egg products follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equivalent ^"■'J'- ad valorem. 1 WHOLE EGGS, FROZEN. 1918 Pounds. 1,099,251 3,104,687 9,187^355 6,707,659 $142,296 619,784 1,503,932 982,284 S21,985 62,094 183,747 Per cent. 1919 11 95 1920 1921 (9 mouths) YOLK OF EGGS, FEOZEN OE DRIED. 1918 7,132,207 6,737,847 9,109,774 9,017,652 12,204,140 2,649,2.59 3,443,048 2,472,128 $220,309 264,926 344,305 1919 10.00 1920 10.00 1921 (9 months) EGG ALBUMEN, FEOZEN OR LIQUID. 1918 1,424,128 2,573,271 3,113,008 4,004,356 1150,189 399,643 582,426 528,997 $14,241 25,733 31,130 9.48 1919 6.44 1920 5.34 1921 (9 months) . Exports.— lii one recorded. Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- graph, page 664. DRIED EGGS. Dfiscjiiption and uses. — ^Either the whole egg broken but of the shell, or the whjte and yolk separated, on being siibjected to the application of heat, have the water content (about 73 per cent) reduced by more than 90 per cent; thus a pound of the dried product equals from 36 to 40 eggs in the shell. From iO to, 11 eggs in the shell will rnake 1 pound of frozen or one- third pound dried egg. One pound of dried egg equals 3.5 "pounds of 664 SUiytMAKY OP TAEIFF INFOKMATIONj 1921. frozen, or liquid whole egg, or 3 dozen shell eggs. One pound o| dried, albumen is equivalent to ahput; 7 pounds of frozeh. or liquid albumeii.' One pound of dried yolk is equiyalent to about 2 potinds of frd^eri or liquid yolk. Dried eggs have a wider i-ange of usefulness than frozen eggsj since the dried product can be used in the household/ Snd in camp's, etc., where fresh eggs and refrigerating facilities ate not available^ Dried eggs are also used somewhat in hospitals and other institutions. Dried whole eggs and yolks are mainly consumed by pie' and pastry bakers; dried albumen hj cake, pie, and pastry bakers and con- fectioners. Quantities are also used in the arts. ' Production. — In the United States the drying industry is of little importance as compared with that of freezing eggs.; It has virtually ceased since 1916 owing to competition with China. . Imports of dried-egg products, almost exclusively from China, increased enormously after the reduction of the import duties. American plants operating in China supply only a small part." of domestic consumption. Prior to 1914 imports were negligible, the domestic demand being supplied, by domestic manufacturers. In 1914 the total imports' of dried-egg products amounted to about 1,700,000 pounds. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. DHIED EGGS. 1918 Pov/nds. 366, -189 2,643,302 2,719,276 1,420,802 $124,785 1, 562, 587 . 1, 251, 843 599, 271 $36-, 619 264, 330 271,.928 ■P-ereent.' 29; 34 1919 16.' 92 1920. 21.72 1921 C9 months) DRIED EGG ALBUMEN. 1918 ' ' . 2, 311, 979 -4; 060, 361 2, 719, 582 1,958,609 $1,-533,107 4,148,522 3,041,968 1,626,199 • $69,369 ■131,811; 81,587 4.62 1919 ;:■........■ J ; - . '•<: 2.94 1920 2.68 1921 (9 months) ' • f Exports, of yolk and canned eggs have never been of more than slight importance. They were valued at less than 1.50, 000. in prewar years. Kecent exports, which have gone largely to Great Britain, have been valued by calendar years as follows: 1918, 1718,066; 1919, $131,747; 1920, $309,651; 1921 (nine month?), $126,575. Ini,portant changes in classification.. — See below.' ' " GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. Important changes ,iin classification. — Paragraphs 4 (chemical schedule) , 203 and 204 (agricultural schedule) , and 478 (free list), of the act of 1913, all relating to eggs and egg products, have been com- bined, in one dutiable paragraph m the agricultural schediile of H. R. 7456. This combination is warranted by the nature and uses of these Er,o(J,ucts. The more definite term " eg^s of poultry, in the shell" has een substituted for "egge of poultry" (pai*. 478, act of 1913) or SUMMARY OF TAKIFr INFORMATION, 1921. 665 A^F'a^S ■!^^^'^'J'^^^ provided for ^ in this section" (act of 1909), in order definitely to include 'a eggs in the shell, whether or 'ndt' treated by a preserva4.ve The adjective "whole" has been added to. the provisions fdr dried and frozen eggs to differentiate them from the separated yolk and albumen; separate provision has been made for dried and frozen egg yolk, and the clause with respect to containers has been dropped as unnecessary. PARAGRAPH 714. H. R. 74S6. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 186. Horses and mules, 10 per centum ad valorem. Par. 714. Horses and mules, valued at not more than $150 per head, $30 per head; valued at more than $150 per head, 20< per cfen tum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Par. 227. Horses and mules, valued at one hundred and flity dollars or less per head, thirty dollars per head; if valued at over one hundred and fifty dollars, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. HORSES. Description and uses. — This paragraph applies only to horses of common stock. Animals of recognized breed, immigrants' teariis, and animals imported temporarily for show purposes are free. (See pars. 1507 and 1508.) The average farm price of horses reached $104 in, 1918, but declined to $82 in 1921. Prices of five or six classes are quoted on the Chicago m&rket, in 1920 ranging from an average of $88 for "southern chunks" to $242 for "drafters." Production. — The total number of horses on farms and elsewhere declined from 23,016,000 in 1910 to 21,492,000 in;1920; Most of this decline was in the number not on farms. The decrease was no doubt dhiefly due tO' the increased competition of motor cars, trucks, and tractors. The registration of motor cars in 1920 was 8,370,000 and of trucks 842,000, while in the same year 163,000 tractors were sold in the country. . Imports of horses, principally from Mexico, Canada, France, and Belgium, reached the maximum in 1914, after the reduction of the duty from 25 per cent to 10 per cent. In that year a total dutiable import of 23,866 horses was valued at $924,417, producing a revenue of.$107,191. ...Laterstatistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918.. ..;..^ !ir....^.v.:..X.^ : Number. 3,376 4,188 3,835 2,237 J432,221 500,964 562,036 343,346 143,214 50,084 56,131 Per cent. 1919. . 10 1920 1921 (9 months) Exports reached 357,553 head in 1916. In that year France received 52.4 per cent of the horses, the United Kingdom, 13.6 per cent, and Canada, 23 per cent. The exports to France and Italy were large 666 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. during the war. Exports since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows : 1918 1919 1920 1921 <9 months). 61,170 $9,858,475 19,691 $2,856,396 14,338 $2,716,400 10,180 $1,365,620 Value In 1920, half of the exports went to Canada. Other important destinations were Mexico, Cuba, and the United Kingdom. MULES. Production. — Statistics show a steady increment in the number of mules on farms, the increase being from 4,210,000 in 1910 to 5,451,000 in 1920, The average farm value in January, 1921, was S116. Texas has 792,000, and Missouri, Georgia, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Alabama each have over 300,000 mules. Imports reached their maximum in 1914 after the reduction of duty, numbering 16,992, with a value of $428,380. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 ■ Number. 1,426 560 490 132 $41,946 43,226 16,245 $4,195 2,295 4,275 Per cent. 10 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) Exports increased from an average of 5,125 for the years 1910- 1914 to 136,689 in 1917. Canada, Cuba, and Mexico were the im- portant destinations before the war, but in 1915 the United Kingdom received 61,160. Exports since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows : 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Niim^er , , 17,319 $3,360,653 ' i, 122 $1,189,180 " 9,089 $1,866,343 5,019 Value $383,513 In 1920, of the total number exported, Mexico received 57 per cent and Cuba, 22 per cent. PAKAGRAPH 715. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 71-5. Black or ' silver foxes, |350 per head. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 229. All other live animals, not' PAR.il87. AH . live animals not spe- specially ■ provided for in this section, - ;cially provided fjjir,in this section.^ 10 per twenty per centum ad valorem. centum ad valorem. SUMMARY OP TAKIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. 667 BLACK OR SILVER FOXES. Description and uses. — ^The black or silver fox is raised in captivity for its beautiful and valuable pelt. The fur is especially prized for neckpieces and muffs. Only in recent years has the industry been developed in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, New York, Massachu- setts, and other northern States, but it has flourished in Canada, espe- cially in Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Quebec for the last 40 years. Ordinary pelts range in price from $50 to $200 or $300, while the better pelts bring as much as $1,000 to $1,200. A common price for a pair of good breeding animals is $2,500, although poorer animals are sold as low as $500 per pair. Production. — In April, 1921, there were over 200 fox farms in the United States, having about 5,000 breeding animals. The number was doubtless considerably increased during the year. In Canada there were 424 fox farms in 1919, possessing 7,181 silver foxes, valued at $3,111,000. Imports consist mostly of breeding animals from the eastern Provinces of Canada, where the breeders' association has established a stud book for pure-bred animals. No separate statistics of imports are available. Exports. — None recorded. Important changes in classification. — New specific provision. PARAGRAPH 716. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 716. Live animale, vertebrate and invertebrate, not specially provided for, 15 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1908. Pae. 229. All other live animals, not * specially provided for in this section, twenty per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1913. Par. 187. All live animals not specially provided for in this section, 10 per centum ad valorem. Par. 619. * * * all other domestic live animals suitable for human food not otherwise provided for in this section [Free]. LIVE ANIMALS, N. S. P. F. Production figures are not available. ,, Imports were valued at $153,373 in 1916 and. $152,983 in 1917, yielding revenues of $15,337 and $15,272, , respectively. Detailed, statistics for later years follow: :. .irr Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valo- rem rate. ASSES AND BUEROS. 1918 1919 1920 '. Per cent. 10 6-68 SUMMARY OF TARIFF IjS^FOEMATION, 1921. Calendar year: ■ ' ■ ' Quantity. -'iValue. Duty. Ad valo- rem rate. DOGS. 1918 . 197 840 1,235 1,059 S5, 917 28,489 46,850 38, 892 $592 2,849 4,685 -1.. "I" '10 1919 '.'. 1920 10 1921 (9 montljs) : ALL ANIMALS NOT SPECIALLY PROVIDED FOR. 1918 - tP. : $91,316 208, 692 , , 351,424 89,033 ■ $9,132 20,848 35, 142 10 1919 ^ ; 5, 135 , 5,436 ■' 4,931: 1920 10 1921 (9 months) Exports of all other animals (including fowls):, for calendar years, have been as follows: 1918,1288,645; 1919, $464,702; 1920, 1702,218; 1921 (9 months), $797,318. Important changes in classification. — The :words "vertebrate and invertebrate" have been added' to .make the provision rappUcable to bees,: snails, frogs, lizards, etc., as well as to quadruped animals. Domestic live animals for food are exempt from duty under para- graph 619 of the act of 1913. ! ' :,' PARAGRAPH 717. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pae. 717. Honey, 2J cents per pound. ACT OF 1909. '•' ACT OP 1913. i ,, ' o, ., i . j .11.'.' Par. 259. Honey ^ twenty cents per Par. 206. Honey, iO cents per gallon, gallon. ' - ' '-'•'•-' ' . HONEY. , :; Description and uses. — Commercial honey is divided, into two classes — comb and extracted. Cpmb honey and the better grades of extracted honey are used for table purposes, while the darker and the poorer grades of extracted honey are used in the manufacture of fancy cakes and biscuits. Honey possesses a special property which preserves and extends the keeping qualities of foodstuffs. Invert sugar is the baker's substitute for honey. Production on farms was 61,099,290 pounds in 1899, 54,814,890 pounds in 1909> and 55,224,061 pounds in 1919. These figures include ctnly the farm production. If the produetioh in small towns and on small farms be included, the total would approximate 15O,OO0,0OOJt6 200,000,000 poimds. Beekeeping is a side line with many farmers and gardeners, but is gradually becoming more important as a main enterprise. Imports of honey for 1910-1914. averaged 104,517 gallons, valued at $57,195, principally from^ Cuba,- Mexico,- and Haiti. Following the reduction of the duty from 20 cents to 10 cents per gallo9,j^ SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 669 imports bx ,1914 declined to 75,0t9 gallons, valued at $38,665. They increased greatly during the war, but vs^ere in large part reexported. iLa,ter statistics follow: Calendar .year. Quantity. Value. ' '1237,820 • K9,860 ).■■■;■,■ ' Duty. 1918 : Gallons. 151,854 211,346 933,215 111, 767 $14,340 19 304 1919 1920..... 85,037 1921 (9 montts) In 1920, imports ifrom Cuba jamounted t^ over 40 per cent of the total; ;those from the Dominican Republic, to 16iper cent; from Haiti, to about 10 per cent. Eg^fortsiov 1910-1914 averaged $154,325. They were $135,669 in 1914, over 55 per cent going to Germany. Later ; statistics .for calendar years follow: ; )n bat 'Quantity (pounds). Value .'. null!! ;rj,--|--^|-|.' JnitJi 1918 11,598,8.57 S2, 223, 396 1919 9,075,602 SI, 935; 091 1, 539, 878 t265,362 1921 (9 montlis). 1,147,049 $141, 100 In 1920 the United Kingdom received 28 per cent of our exports; the Netherlands, -21 per. cent. Important changes irir classification. — The unit for levying duty has I)een changed from "gallon" to "pound." PARAGRAPH 718. H. B. 7456- SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 718. All fish, fresh, frozen, or packed in ice, sot specially provided for, 1 cent per pound. ACT OF 1909. Par. 271. Fresh-water fish not specially provided for in this section, one-fourth of one cent per pound. Par. 272. * * *; herrings, fresh, oue- fourth of one cent per pound; eels and smelts, fresh or frozen, three-fourths of one cent per pound. Par. 273. Fish, fresh, * » * frozen, packed in ice or otherwise prepared for preservation, not specially provided for in this section, three-fourths of one cent per pound; * * * mackerel; halibut, or salmon, fresh, *, * * one cent per pound. ACT OF 1913, Par. 483. Fresh-Vater fish, and all other fish not otherwise specially pro- vided for in this section [Free].; FISH, FRESH, FROZEN, OR PACKED IN ICE. Descrijption and uses. — Under this paragraph are included all fresh fish except shellfish, sea herring, and tuna. Because oi the variable 670 SUMMARY or TAKIFF INFORMATION, 1921. habitat of many fish it is difficult to classify them, except arbitrarily, into the groupings of fresh-wateir or salt-water fish. The places of capture will, ih a general way, determine whether they are of the fresh or salt-water varieties. Herring and cod arte the world's most important fish. The average consimiption of fish per capita in various countries is as follows: The Umted States, about 20 pounds; Japan, 200; the United Kingdom, 65; Canada, 57; Sweden, 52; Norway, 44; and Denmark, 39 pounds. The United Kingdom leads the world in the amount and value of fisheries products; Japan, Norway, the United States, Canada, and France follow. Production statistics are not vmiformly available for recent years. It is estimated, however, that the present annual catch of United States fisheries amoimts to 2,500,000,000 pounds, with a value of at least $85,000,000. In 1908, the latest year for which detailed statistics have been obtained, the total was 1,893,454,000 poimds, valued at $54,031,000. Oysters ranked first, comprising 29 per cent of the total value of the 1908 catch; the fish next m importance were salmon, cod, shad, lobsters, clams, squeteague, and halibut. The fisheries of the Atlantic coast division contributed nearly two-thirds of the value of products, an output which corresponds to the propor- tion credited to this division of the total national capital invested in fishing vessels and boats and to the number of persons engaged. Of the domestic fresh-water fish the more important are the carp, lake herring, catfish, trout, pike perch, yellow perch, and white fish. The lake herring or ciscoe is the most important fish of the Great -Lakes region, the catch in 1908 being 41,118,000 pounds, valued at $989,000. The carp led the fresh-water fish, with 42,763,000 pounds, valued at $1,135,000. In 1908 the catch of cod was 110,054,000 pounds, valued at $2,914,000; of shad 27,641,000 pounds worth $2,113,000; of the com- mon weakfish or squeteague, which is a,bimdant along the Atlantic coast, 49,8jg9,000 pounds, valued at $1,776,000. Hdibut is foirnd in the ONorth Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the 1908 catch being 34,441,000 pounds, valued at $1,562,000. Menhaden, the mpst abimdant fish found in domestic waters is valued maiijly for oU and guano; the catch in 1908 was 394,776,000 pounds,, valued at $893,000. The mackerel catch was 12,103,000 pounds, valued at $848,000; that of herring, 125,050,000 pounds, valued at $796,000. Impbrts of all fish, in the fiscal years 1913 and 1914, were valuediat $15,330,280 and $18,758,743. In the calendar year'l920 the imports were 262,671,266 poimds, valued in foreign markets at $34,122,423. Of this total, shellfish (chiefly crab meat from Japan and lobster from Canada) constituted $6,345,233. Cured or preserved fish amounted to 168,723,182 poimds, valued at $17,241,478, the principal items in this group consisting of cod, haddock, hake, and pollock, chiefly from Canada and Newfoimdland; sardines, chiefly from Norway, Portugal, and France; herring and mackerel, chiefly from, the United Kingdom, Canada, Newfoxmdland, and Holland. Fresh fish, exclusive of shell- fish, amounted to 113,174,345 pojmds, valued at $10,535,712^ and were received mostly from Canada. The great bulk of the imported salmon, haUbut, and smelts are received in the fresh state; most of the imported cod, haddock, hake, and poUock are cured or preserved, and the herring and mackerel are pickled or salted. SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 671 More detailed information concerning imports since 1917 of fresh fish are given by calendar years in the following table : 1918 1919 1920 1921-,. I (9 months). Er'esh-water fish: Quantity (pounds) ".'T. , Value ^ . , Halibut, fresh, frozen, or packed in ice: ' - Quantity (pounds) Vfiue Cod, haddock, hake, and pollock, fresh, frozen, or packed in ice: Quantity (pounds) Value Smelts, fresh or frozen: Quantity (pounds) Value Salmon, fresh, frozen, or packed in ice: Quantity (pounds) , Value Mackerel, fresh, frozen, or packed in ice: Quantity (potinds) Value Eels, fresh or frozen: Quantity (pounds) Value Other fish, n. s. p. f.— fresh, frozen, or packed in ice: Quantity (pounds) Value Total fresh fish (ejojept shellflsh): Quantity (pounds) Value .:. 41,442,824 $3,200,435 16,783,580 $2,079,694 11,350,424 $723,513 5,154,783 $637,606 15,192,708 $916,707 6,067,238 $656,107 388,049 $43,206 6,910,936 $538,256 113,060,793 $9,073,944 46, 790, 144 $3,818,607 17,471,860 $2,335,086 9,146,618 $468, 187 6,202,946 $755,696 13,746,948 $826,067 6,073,698 $548,874 459,059 $47,632 30,086,176 $1,206,696 135,605,168 $10,129,719 46,316,440 $4,486,248 17,585,664 $2,604,813 8,301,218 $449,176 6,284,641 $747,162 5,649,599 $664,216 5,378,544 $543,807 665,270 $69,058 14,973,585 $812,651 113,174,345 $10,535,712 33,395,968 $2,801,917 16,636,092 $2,181,832 7,294,426 $321,011 4,357,995 $573,814 9,401,631 $979,237 4,315,860 $400,910 140,787 $14,-288 7,108,789 $586,406 87,231,399 $7,964,517 Of the 1920 imports of "fish, fresh, frozen, or packed in ice," fresh- water fish amounted to 41 per cent in quantity and 43 per cent in value. The following fish amounted to the specified percentages of quantity and value, respectively: Halibut, 16 and 25 per cent; cod, haddock, hake, and pollock, 7 and 4 per cent; herring, 7 and 2 per cent; smelts, 6 and 7 per cent; salmon, 5 and 6 per cent; inackerel, 5 and 5 per cent; and all other, n. s. p. f., 13 and 8 per cent. Exports of all fish in the year 1914. amounted to $12,842,173, of which salmon j chiefly canned and cured, constituted about 80 per cent and oysters 5 per cent. In 1920, exports were $31,498,507, of which salmon was less than half. Between 1914 and 1920 a large export ,trade developed in other canned and cured fish, such as canned tuna and sardines, and cured or preserved cod, hake, haddock, and pollock, the prewar exports of wmch had been small. Our exports of fresh fish have been relatively small. Exports of "fresh fish, except salmon" in 1914 were 6,534^460 poimds, valued at $366,871, most of the shipments going to Canada and Cuba. Unknown quantities of fresh salmon are included in the export classi- fication "salmon, except canned and pickled," under which was recorded in 1914 a total value of $2,196,309. Later export returns, for fresh fish, follow : 1918 1921 (9 months). Fresh fish, except salmon: Quantity (pounds) Value Salmon (except canned and pickled): Value 8, 922, 615 $832, 968 $313,637 10, 162, 596 $919, 093 $842; 464 9, 624, 692 $840, 641 $359,364 7, 451, 706 $575,625 $320, 56S 672 SUMMARY OF ?rARlFt' tNT'OE'MATIOlSr^ 1921. Important changes in classification.— "^b fish covered by this par- agraph are exempt from duty under paragraiph 4^3 of the act of 1913. With a view to simplification, all fresh fish (except shellfish, sea herring, and tuna), whether fresh water or salt water varieties, have been provided for in this paragraph. PARAGRAPH 719. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 719. Salmon, pickled, salted, smoked, kippered, or otherwise prepared or preserved, 25. per centum a,d valorem; finnan haddie, 25 per centum ad valoi-fein; fish, dried, salted or unsalted, 1| cents per pound; fish, skinned or boned, in- cluding herring skinned, in bulk, or in immediate containers weighing with their contents more than thirty pounds each, 2^ cents per pound, including the weight ot the immediate container with the contents. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 273. Fish, * * * smoked, dried. Par. 216. * * * all other fish, except ' salted, pickled, ^ * * or otherwise shellfish, in tin. packages,. not specially- prepared for preservation, not specially provided for in this section, 15_ per cen- provided for in this section, three-fourths tum ad valorem; * * * fish, skinned or of one cent per pound; fish, skinned or boned, f of 1 cent per pound. ,i boned, one and one-fourth cents per Par. 483. * * * all oth^r fish not pound; * * * salmon, ,f * * pick- otherwise specially provided for in thia led, or salted, one cent per pound. section [Free]: ' SALMON. (See Survey G-19.) Description and uses. — Salmon, finnan haddie, herring, mackerel, cod, haddock, hake, and pollock, and other fish, dried, salted or un- salted, skinned or boned, and prepared or preserved, are included tinder this heading; The salmon is preeipilient among canned fish, sardines and tuna ranking next. The two .last named are dutiable xmder paragraph 721. Production.— The salmon is caught in immense quantities in the rivers emptying into the Pacific, from San Francisco to the straits in Alaska, the indlistry centering in Alaska and on the Columbia River and Puget Sound. Five general species are packed, varying in size, in color and texture of the fleshy and in flavor. The red or sockeye and humpback or pink comprise over half of the canned salmon. Other brands are chum or keta, coho or silver, and king or spring. The prejudice against the paler varieties arises from appearance rather than quality. In 1918 the domestic catch of salmon was 613,910,343 pounds, of which Alaska contributed 516,723,167 pounds and the Pacific coast States the remain'der. The products of the salmon fisheries are either canned or mild cured, sn^oked, pickled, or sold fresh or frozen. The great bulk of the catch is canned, and of this canned salmon the United States packs about 90 per cent of the world's output. In the census year 1919, the domestic pack of canned salmon was approximately SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 673 300,000,000 pounds, valued at $56,467,000; the production of mild cured salmon was about 13,747,000 pounds, and of smoked and dried salmon 5,574,273 pounds. The Alaskan output of pickled sahnon in 1918 was about 11,370,000 pounds. Imports in 1914 of salmon other than fresh, were 1,173,261 poimds, valued at $90,783. Practically all of such imports were of pickled or salted salmon from Canada. Imports since 1917 by calendar years follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. SALMON, PICKLED OR SALTED. 1918 , Pounds. 637,622 1,004,978 718,670 605,808 181,984 163,360 117,248 97,279 Per cent. 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) , SALMON IN TIN PACKAGES. 1918 2,393,666 2,740,572 1,609,319 80, 166 $346,656 348,708 237,026 19,896 151,983 52,306 35,554 15 1919 16 1920 ...'..... 15 1921 (9 months) • SALMON, DRIED OR SMOKED . 1918 '. . 179,556 139, 736 306,364 193,279 {28,101 27,161 66,755 47,556 1919 1920.... 1921 (9 months) Exports of canned sahnon in 1914 were 87,750,920 pounds, valued at $7,799,293; and of all other salmon, fresh or cured, $2,195,309. Later statistics of exports for calendar years follow: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). SiOmon, canned: Quantity (pounds) Valiie Salmon, pickled: Quantity (barrels) . Value AH other salmon , 91,101,734 $13,149,307 2,185 $55, 097 $313, 637 169,750,672 $28,644,706 22,256 $947,694 $842,464 64,832,363 $12,186,733 28,636 $1,402,681 $359, 364 28,402,776 $4,287,849 22,306 $1,165,011 $320, 668 Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- graph, page 675. FINNAN HADDIE. Description and uses. — Finnan haddie is a lightly pickled and lightly smoked product of the haddock. Production in 1919 was 6,707,687 pounds, valued at $579,000, com- pared with 4,095,693 pounds, valued at $2,759,000 in 1914. Imports and exports.— l^oi separately stated. 82304— 2a- 43 674 SUMMARY OP TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. FISH, DRIED, SALTED, OR UNSALTED. Description and uses. — This group includes chiefly the cod, had- dock, hake, pollock, and cusk; they are generally known as ground fish, and are characterized by a low percentage of oil in the tissues, the oil being stored in the livers. Large quantities are fui^ther pre- pared by skinning and boning. Production of all smoked or dried fish amounted in 1919 to 39,362,345 pounds, with a value of $5,733,000. This census classi- fication, however, appears chiefly to include smoked fish. The bulk of the dry salted fish seems to have been reported under "salted or pickled fish" (see Production, p. 679). Import returns do not segregate dried and other cured forms. The chief items in the imports of dried fish, however, appear to be the cod and related fish, and herring. The following table gives a compari- son for the fiscal year 1914 and for later calendar years of imports of dried fish, exclusive of salmon. (In a number of instances the import returns do not separate dried from other cured forms.) Cod, haddock, hake, and pollock, dried, smoked^ salted, or pickled: Quantity (pounds) Value Hahbut, dried or smoked: Quantity (pounds) Value Herring, dried or smoked: Quantity (pounds) Value other fish, dried or smoked: Quantity (pounds) ....'. Value 38, 446, 163 $1, 988, 970 tl, 930 8,002,304 $218, 897 7,679,010 1517, 150 1918 83,458,448 J7, 020, 367 40,565 13,086 4,378,849 $297,044 4,692,212 t689,966 1919 79,460,202 t7, 167, 834 74,348 $9,783 6,120,915 1397, 265 6, 126, 691 $1,066,587 49,141,413 $4,229,638 97, 231 $11,375 10,122,475 $626, 168 4, 941; 279 $723, 300 1921 (9 months). 32,465,066 $2,167,743 85,614 $10,899 5,179,197 $160,739 2,173,130 $1,342,246 Exports, likewise, do not segregate dried fish. for recent years are quoted below: The available data 1918 1919 1921 (9 months). Cod, haddock, hake, and pollock, dried, smoked, or cured: Quantity (pounds) Value Herring, dried, smoked, or ctu'ed: Quantity (pounds) . Value 31,404,648 $4, 221, 858 4,295,251 $437, 991 42, 068, 547 $6,560,673 6,164,727 $502,416 33,768,409 $4,818,693 7,863,618 $600,326 14,799,291 $1,427,698 3,469,290 $199,648 Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- graph, page 675. FISH, SKINNED OR BONED. Description and uses. — Fish falling under this class represent an advanced state of preparation, chiefly of the group cod, haddock, hake, and pollock. It isprobable that the item of greatest importance under "fish, skinned or boned," is the cod. Production of boned fish in 1908 amounted to 38; 307,000 pounds, valued at $3,526,000. The output of cod, boned, was 90 per cent in value and 84 per cent in quantity of the total. Herring and haddock SUMMARY OV TARrFF INFORMATION, 1921. 675 were the other two fish of some importance; pollock, hake, and cusk were reported in small amounts! Imports increased from 2,382,914 pounds in 1913 to 3,154,899 poimds in 1914, and in value from $176,742 to $244,775, respectively, the greater part probably coming from Canada. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value Duty. Equivalent ad valorem 1918 Pounds. 2,374,938 2, 871, 551 3,177,318 2,028,404 $351,188 436,442 442,362, 286,605' S17j 812 21, 537 23, 830 Per cent. 5.03 1919 4.93 1920 5.39 1921 (9 months) • Exports. — None recorded. Important changes in classification. — See below. GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. Important changes in classification. — ^Most of the fish enumerated in this paragraph come within paragraph 483 of the free list of the act of 1913. The provision for salmon is intended to include salmon, whether canned, smoked, or prepared or preserved ia any manner, except when packed in on or oil and other substances (see par. 721). Fresh salmon is included in paragraph 718, with all other fresh fish n. s. p. f. A new provision has been outlined for finnan haddie. This fish has not been specially provided for in forrder tariff acts. The clause "fish, dried; salted or unsalted, " is intended to cover the group, cod, haddock, pollock, hake, cusk, and stock fish (a Norwegian dried, unsalted product) and any other fish similarly prepared. Tne clause "fish, skinned or boned, including herring skinned, in bulk, or in immediate containers weighing * * *," includes fish listed in paragraph 718, in an advanced state of preparation. When packed in containers of 30 pounds or less, they would be dutiable under the second provision in paragraph 721; and when green or wet salted, under the last provision of paragraph 721. ' Suggested changes. — ^The new plan of fixing duties upon gross weight may avoid some losses to importers through the occasional opening of barrels to verify the net weights stamped thereon. It has been represented to the Commission, however, that assessment of duty upon brine would tend to reduce the quantity of brine and impair the quality of the imported product. PARAGRAPH 720. H. E.. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 720. Herring and mackerel, pickled or salted, whether or not boned, when in bulk, or in immediate containers weighing with their contents more then thirty pounds each, IJ cents per pound, including the weight of the iriimediate container and the brine, pickle, and salt. 676 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOEMATION^ 1921. ACT OP 1909. ACT OF 1913. « Par^272. Herrings, pickled or aalted, Par. 483. * * * all other fist not « « » one-iialf of one cent per pound; otherwise specially provided for in this T, ;,»o ^ ^ ^ section [Free]. ' Par. 273. * * « mackerel, * » * ^ ^ pickled, or salted, one cent per pound. HERRING AND MACKEREL. Description and wses.— Herring is sold fresh to a limited extent only. The bulk of the catch is salted or pickled, and smoked, sold as bloaters, or hard smoked and dried. The last named are further prepared by skinning and boning. A small quantity is preserved 7 ^??^^S- The immature hemng is the fish used for sardmes in the Maine sardine industry. A cured herring industry using the Scotch method of salt curing has been developed in Alaska during the past few years. The product is the equal of the Scotch cured herrmg. Mackerel, taken on the North Atlantic Coast, are extensively mar- Jseted as fresh fish. The surplus, after the fresh fish markets of this country are supplied, goes to the salters for preparation as salt mackerel. In localities remote from fresh fish marKets the catches are generally salted. A relatively small quantity of mackerel is preserved by canning. Production. — ^Herring are taken in greatest abundance on the North Atlantic coast and on the Pacific Northwest coast from Puget Sound to Alaska. Fresh herring taken oflF the New England coast in 1919 amounted to 97,630,195 pounds, valued at $589,093. , The catch off the Pacific coast was 2,906,033 pounds in 1915. TTiei products of the herring fisheries in Alask;a in 1917 amounted to $562,002. The do- mestic catch of mackerel is taken chiefly off the New England coast. In 1919 the fresh, mackerel, from this region; amounted tp 14,527,950 pounds, valued at $1,451,490. , The total production of salted or pickled herring for continental United States and Alaska in 1919 amounted to 18^823,979 pounds, valued at $1,101,000, compared with 22,150,974 pounds, valued at $669,000 in 1914. The total production of salted ajid pickled mack- erel in 1919 amoimted to 5,162,900 pounds, valued at $1,006,000, compared with 6,224,313 pounds, valued at $520,000 in 1914. Imports in 1914 of herring, pickled or salted, amounted to 93,769,564 pounds, valued at $3,373,249. In the same year imports qf mackerel, pickled or salted, amounted to 31,496,847 pounds, valued at $1,729,- 718. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Herring, pickled or salted: Quantity (pounds) Value...; ; Mackerel, pickled or salted: Quantity (pounds) .V Value 66,664,421 $3,761,616 15,086,402 $1,894,765 68,024,884 $4,663,693 19,129,830 $2,389,769 50,449,414 $3,157,010 19,864,291 $1,868,540 30,588,329 $1,929,169 6,330,533 $440,305 Exports. — ^Not shown separately. See "Fish, n. s. p. f. pickled or salted" (par. 721): SUMMARY OP TAEIFF INPOBMATION, 1921. 67T Important changes in classification. — Fish covered by this paragraph are exempt from duty (unless boned) under paragraph 483 of the act of 1913. Paragraph 720 includes salt and pidded herring and mackerel, when in packages weighing more than 30 pounds each; these are usually packed commercially in half barrels and barrels, as the Scotch-cured herring. Herring and mackerel ia barrels- and half barrels also come from Norway and Holland. The paragraph is so worded as to obviate the necessity, in determining the dutiable weight, of opening the packages in order to weigh the fish, exclusive of the contamer, brine, pickle, and salt. "Whether or not boned" has been added in order to include in this provision, rather than in paragraph 719, such products as Bis- marck herring, roUmops, roulade, etc., in pickle or spiced pickle, when in packages conforming to the sizes specified. When herring and mackerel of the above descriptions are imported in containers weighing 30 pounds or less, they are intended to come within paragraph 721. Suggested changes. — The fish paragraphs have in general been ar- ranged according to the degree of advancement in the preparation of thfe products. For this reason paragraphs 719 and 720 should be transposed. (See also Suggested changes on page 675.) PARAGRAPH 721. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 721. Fish (except shellfish), by whatever name known, packed in oil or in oil and other substances, 26 per centum ad valorem; all fish (except. shellfish), pickled, salted, smoked, kippered, or otherwise prepared or preserved (except In oil or in oil and other substances), in immediate containers weighing with their contents not more than thirty pounds each, 20 per centum ad valorem.; in bulk or in immediate containers weighing with their contents more than thirty pounds each, IJ cents per pound, including the weight of the immediate container with the contents. ACT OF 1909. Par. 270. Fish ("except shellfish) by whatever name known, packed in oil, in bottles, jars, kegs, tin boxes, or cans, shall be dutiable as follows: When in packages containing seven and one-half cubic inches or less, one and . one-half cents per bottle, jar, keg, box, or can; containing more than seven and one-half and not more than twenty-one cubic inches, two and one-haU cents per bottle, jar, keg, box, or can; containing more than twenty-one and not more than thirty-three cubic inches, five cents per bottle, jar, keg, box, or can; containing more than thirty-three and not more than seventy cubic inches, ten cents per bottle, jar, keg, box, or can; all other fish (ex- ACT OF 1913. 'Par. 216. Fish, except shellfish, by whatever name known, packed in oil or in oil and other substances, in bottles, jars, kegs, tin boxes, or cans, 25 per centum ad valorem; all other fish, ex- cept shellfish, in tin packages, not spe- cially provided for in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem; * * *. Par. 483. * * * all other fish not otherwise specially provided for in this section [Free]. 678 SUMMARY OF TAKIiT INFORMATION, 1921. ACT OP 1909. ACT OF 1913. cept shellfish) in tin packages, thirty per centum_ ad valorem; fish in packages, containing less than one-half barrel, and not specially provided for in this section, thirty per centum ad valorem; * * *. Par. 272. Herrings, pickled or salted, smoked or kippered, one-half of one cent per pound; * * *. Par. 273. Fish, * * * smoked, dried, salted, pickled, * * * or other- wise prepared Jor preservation, not spe- cially provided for in this section, threer fourths of one cent per pound; * * * mackerel, halibut, or salmon, * * * pickled or salted, one cent per pound. CANNED FISH, EXCEPT SHELLFISH. (See Survey G-19.) Description and lises. — Sardines, tuna, and anchovies make up nearly all of the total of fish packed in oil, or in oU and other sub- stances. The sardine is by far the most important. The Maine sardine is prepared from the small herring; the California sardine from the pilGnard, a fish closely resembling the French pilchard. The sprat, pilchard, and brisling, used in Europe for sardines, are usually imported canned in oi . Anchovies packed in pil are imported in small amounts. The tuna is the only important American fish, except sardines canned in oU. Olive oil, peanut oil, and cottonseed oil are used in the preparation of the sardine, either as a frying substance or for canning. The variation in prices of sardines is largely due to varying memods of preparation, and to different costs of cottonseed oil and olive oils, various sauces are also often added to impart flavoring. Production. — The output of domestic sardines amounted to 5,012,199 cases in 1914, valued at $6,238,933. In 1919 the output was 5,777,935 cases, valued at $20,258,565. A small amount of the sardines is not canned in oil, the fish being smoked and prepared with sauces, usually mustard and tomato. The canning of tuna fish in oU has assumed considerable proportions recently, in 1914 amount- ing to 437,090 cases valued at $1,638,675, and in 1919; 874,380 cases, valued at $5 710,188. About 63 per cent of the sardines were packed in Maine and the rest in California. All of the tuna is packed in California. Anchovies in oil are not packed in this country. In 1919 the output of other canned fish (excluding clams, oysters, salmon, sardines, shrimp, and tima, elsewhere separately given), was valued at $2,234,000. Among the more important items in this group are canned shad and canned roe, mackeral, and herring. Imports in 1914, of canned "fish in oil, or in oil and other sub- stances" were $3,220,696. These consisted largely of sardines from Norway, Portugal, France, and Spain, and of relatively small quanti- ties of tuna and anchovies in oil. Of other canned fish, imports in 1914 were: Canned herring, '4,643,158 pounds, $373,648; canned mackerel, 679,239 pounds, $41,514; other canned fish (excluding the fish above enumerated, as well as salmon and shellfish), $761,100. Later statistics follow: SUMMARY OP TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 679 Calendar year. Ad valorem rate. CANNED SARDINES, TUNA, AND ANCHOVIES. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) . Pounds. 5,406,454 11,734,613 12,827,424 tl83,419 1,946,154 3,316,022 2,708,163 145,855 486,538 829,005 Per cent. 25 25 25 CANNED HERRING. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 mouths) . 343,468 1,089,820 2,963,701 1,256,927 $30, 172 147, 414 434, 731 167,031 S4,526 22, 112 65,210 15 15 15 CANNED MACKEREL. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 77,608 78,563 372,200 257,794 (8,473 11,656 54,916 46,068 $1,271 1,748 8,237 IS 15 15 CANNED FISH, N. s. r. F. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 9, 148, 355 7,920,204 3,091,694 $246,976 1,496,771 1,462,441 509, 767 $37,046 224,516 219,366 15 15 15 Export statistics are not available for fish packed in oil. Canned fish (except salmon and shellfish) were valued at S118,836 in 1914. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Canned fish, except salmon and shellfish: $8,609,313 $6,755,074 $8,183,729 $1,043,276 ALL FISH, PREPARED OR PRESERVED, N. S. P. F., IN BULK, ETC. Description and uses. — This is a catch-all clause for such prepared or preserved fish, shipped in bulk, as do not fall under the more specific provisions of other paragraphs relating to fish. Among the chief items under this general provision are pickled or salted cod, hake, haddock, and poflock, as well as halibut similarly prepared. Production of salted or pickled fish in 1919 was 119,613,388 pounds. Two of the largest items therein, herring and mackerel, are provided for in other sections (see pars. 720 and 721, fish in containers of less than 30 poimds); the production of cod was 63,551,903 pounds, val- ued at $12,687,000; haddock, 7,491,146 pouuds, $815,000; and a group designated as "all other" 24,583,460 pounds, $3,628,000. A large proportion of the fish classified as "salted or pickled" by the 680 SUMMARY OEiTAEIF]? INFOEMATION, 192^. Census appears to be of dry salted fish, especially cod, haddock, hake, and pollock. These are included under paragraph 719 on page 674. Import statistics are not sufiiciently detailed to segregate such fish as would fall under this provision. Recent statistics for some kinds of pickled fish follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. ALL risn:, N. S. P. F., PICKLED OE SALTED. 1918 Pounds. 4,470,352 7,823,667 4,995,532 1,164,777 J272,523 696,478 389,040 105 798 1919 ... . . 1920 1921 (9 months) ' HALIBUT, PICKLED OE SALTED. 1918 680 70,316 246,678 6,400 $106 1919 8,030 1920. . . 17, 018 1921 (9 montlis) 1,249 Exports are combined with other classifications. Important changes in classification. — The words "in bottles, jars, kegs, tin boxes, or cans" have been omitted, since mention of the method of putting up "in oil, or in oil and other substances," appears sufficient without specification of containers. The clause "all fish (except shellfish), pickled, salted, smoked, kip- pered, or otherwise prepared or preserved (except in oil or in oil and other substances), * * * jg intended to include all fish not specially provided for. Use of the term "canned" has been avoided because of possible difficulties of interpretation. A division at 30 pounds has been made, for the reason that while many of these products are packed in small containers, others, such as anchovies and herring, are packed in large hermetically sealed cans, and sold in such large cans to the retail trade, to grocers, etc. The provision for fish in containers weighing over 30 pounds is intended to include fish in bulk, bundles, and large contamers, and avoids the necessity of determining what weights constitute a half barrel or a barrel. Cod, hake, haddock, pollock, and cusk when green or wet salted, in bulk, come within this general provision. Suggested changes. — See under Suggested changes on page 675. PARAGRAPH 722. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 722. Crab meat, packed in ice or frozen, or prepared or preaefyed in any manner, 26 per centum ad valorem; flsh paste and fiah sauce, 28 per centum ad valorem; caviar and other fiah roe for food purposes, packed in. ice or frozen, prepared or preserved, by the addition of salt in any amount, or by other means, 28 per centum ad valorem. SUMMARY OF TAKIFF INFOBMATION, 1921. 681 ACT OF 1909. A'CT OF 1913. Par. 253. * * * fish paste or aauce, Par. 201. * * * fish paste or sauce, forty per centum ad vajorem. 25 per centum ad valorem. Par. 270. » * » ca^dar, and other Par. 216. * * * caviar and other preserved roe of fish, thirty per centum preserved roe of fish, 30 per centum ad ad valorem. valorem- * * *. [No corresponding provision for crab [No corresponding provision for orab meat.] meat.] 1 CRAB MEAT. Description and uses. — The demand for fresh crab meat, such as the lobster, has become so great that now only a limited "quantity is canned. A few canneries are located around Norfolk, Va. The crab is first boiled, then the shells are cracked and the meat removed by picking, by centrifugal force, or by compressed air. It is packed in two grades, the large clear "wrhite meat and the mixture of small bits and of dark meat. Production of canned crab meat in 1908 was 789,000 pounds, valued at $166,000. The crab catch off the Pacific Coast States was 3,563,837 pounds, valued at $196,715, in 1915; the South Atlantic catch was 458,065 poimds, valued at $28,583, in 1918; and the New England catch was 1,869,866 pounds, valued at $54,821, in 1919. Imports of crab meat in 1913 amounted to 2,819,752 pounds, valued at $448,247. Practically aU crab meat now comes from Japan. Later. statistics for calendar years follow: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 3, 154, 183 Jl, 029, 413 2,689,915 $1,066,248 4,078,980 »2, 166, 068 1 723 719 Value ; $748,773 Exports. — None recorded. Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- graph, page 682. PISH PASTE AND FISH SAUCE. Description, uses, and production. — Fish paste and sauce are condi- ments especially prepared as a seasoning or dressing for fish. Pro- duction statistics are not available. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: Calendar year. Value. ■ Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 J16,009 31,597 54, 105 32,792 $3,941 7,899 13,526 Per cent. 25 1919 . 25 1920 25 Exports. — Not separately recorded. Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- grapE, page 682. 682 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. CAVIAR, AND OTHER FISH ROE FOR FOOD PURPOSES. Description and uses. — Caviai* is the roe of the sturgeon and other large fish, prepared in several grades as a food. Next to the sturgeon, the spoonbill catfish or paddlefish yields the highest grade of caviar. The large demand has led to the use of the roe of other fish, prin- cipally the shad and herring. Many of these preserved roes resemble sturgeon caviar in color and textiire, but are not labeled and sold as caviar without qualifying names to indicate their source. A product similar to caviar from the roe ctf pollock has recently been marketed. Production statistics are not available for recent years. The sturgeon found in the Mississippi VaUey, in the Great Lakes region, and on the Atlantic seaboard being almost extinct, the greater part of American "caviar" is necessarily the roe of other fish. In 1908 the domestic output amounted to 217,000 pounds, valued at $95,000. Florida reported 135,000 pounds, valued at $16,000. In 1919 a total of 26 768 cases of fish roe valued at $174,268 was canned in this country. Of foreign production the highest grades and the largest quan- tities of the cheaper grades have in the past been manufactured in Russia, principally on the Volga River. Besides the several varieties of sturgeon utilized, the roe of the pike perch is used in the manu- facture of a red caviar, and of the dog salmon for what is known as keta caviar. Imports of caviar in 1913 were valued at $184,745 and of other preserved roes, $13,180; they increased to $213,320 and $27,182 in 1914. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Qi»ntity. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. CAVIAE. 1918 Pounds. $34,097 7,715 65,793 26,755 $10,229 2,314 19,738 Per ant. 30 1919 1920 4,961 41,601 12,286 30 30 1921 (9 months) . . OTHEE PEESEEVED ROE OF FISH. 1918 ... $8,524 35,804 32,097 8,233 $2,557 10,741 9,629 30 1919 131,966 120,979 38,795 30 1920 30 1921 (9 months). Exports of caviar and other preserved roe of fish- in 1909 (the last year they were separately given) were valued at $14,883, and went mostly to Canada, Cuba, and Central American States. Important changes in classijication. — See below. GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. Important changes in classification!— A, new specific provision has been added for crab meat. This product is imported in large quan- tities, chiefly from Japan and from Norway. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 683 "Fish paste and fish sauce" have been transferred from para- graph 253 of the act of 1909 (par. 201, act of 1913) with a view to including in this section of the tariflf all dutiable fish and fish pro- ducts. The portion of the paragraph relating to caviar has been so worded as to include roe of fish other than the sturgeon, which is entitled to be call^ed "ca-viar" without a qualifying name. It will include "Tarama" (Russian for red caviar, made from roe of the pike- perch), "Glossar" (name applied to fish roe preserved with the sac intact), and other fish roe, qualified by the name of the fish from which taken, when prepared or preserved for food purposes by any manner or means. The clause "by the addition of salt in any amount" in connection with the preparation and preservation of fish roe has been inserted to include cases where it has been held that 10 per cent of salt must be present to constitute preservation by salt (T. D. 37701, of 1918), and where the presence of a quantity of salt suflicient to preserve in New York during the winter but not during the summei was held not to constitute "preservation" {Mascahledes v. Vnitei States, 6 Ct. Gust. Appls. 399, of 1915). PARAGRAPH 723. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS Pak. 723. Barley, hulled or unhulled, 15 cents per bushel of forty-eight pounds; barley malt, 40 cents per one hundred pounds; pearl barley and barley flour, 2 cents per pound. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 230. Barley, thirty cents per Par. 188. Barley, 15 cents per bushel bushel of forty-eight pounds. of forty-eight pounds. Par. 231. Barley malt, forty-five cents Par. 189. Barley ma,lt, 25 cents per per bushel of thirty-four pounds. bushel of thirty-four pounds. Par. 232. Barley, pearled, patent, or Par. 190. Barley, pearled, patent, or hulled, two cents per pound. hulled, 1 cent per pound. BARLEY. (See Keport T. I. S.-20.) Description and uses. — ^The better grades of barley are required for malting purposes, and, to a small extent, in the manufacture of products such as pearl barley; the lower grades, which constitute the bulk of the crop, are largely fed on the farms where grown. While the malsters have taken most of the commercial crop, the great in- crease in barley production is due to its use as a feedstuff on farms. Production. — The barley crop increased nearly threefold from 1891 to 1920 (average per annum, 1891-1895, 77,000,000 bushels; 1916- 1920, 203,000,000 bushels). The 1921 production was 151,181,000 bushels. The principal producing regions, which also yield the best brewing barlet, are the Dakotas, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and California. Imports of barley are insignificant except when the domestic crop is short or of poor quality. Ontario produces a superior grade of 684 SUMMAKY OF TARIFF liSTFORMATION, 1921. brewing barley, and formerly supplied us annually from 8,000,000 to- 11,000,000 bushels; but the American tariff of 15 cents per bushel, being higher than the normal ocean freight, the Canadian surplus usually moves to England. Imports since 1917 have been as fol- lows : ■.•.-• . . ; calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. 1918 Busliels. 368,170 14,941 347,897 2,414 $605,669 17,296 527,772 2,266 155,225 2,241 52,486 Percent. 9. 12' 1919 ; 12,96 1920 9.89 1921 (9 moMhs) Exports of barley for 1909-1918 ranged from 1,500,000 to 27,000,000 bushels. Ordinanly over 90 per cent of these exports originate in the Pacific States. These produce excellent brewing barley, but the rail rates prevent a large eastern movement, except when prices are unusually nigh. Statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 18,805,219 $30,565,377 37,611,840 $53,832,319 17,854,227 $27,165,189 20,410,876 $16,836,595 In 1920, the United Kingdom received about 80 per cent; Belgium, 8 per cent. Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- graph, page 686. ' BAKLEY MALT. (See Report T. I. S.-20.) Description and uses. — Barley malt is prepared by steeping the grain in water; this causes it to soften and swell. It is then allowed to germinate or grow sprouts, the germination being arrested by drying and curing in kilns. During germination the enzyme diastase is developed, the final malt being to some extent soluble. In the subsequent brewing processes the crushed malt is attacked by the en2;ymes and converted into soluble compounds. From 1 bushel of barley are produce^ 1.1 bushels of malt. Malt sprouts, a by-product, are used as a feedstuff. Malt is used chiefly in the brewing of fermented liquors, and" to a smaller extent hi the manufacture of distilled liquors. Since the enactment of prohibition legislation it is finding a large and rapidly increasing outlet in the manufacture of near-beer and other non- intoxicating beverages. Small quantities are used in making various breakfast foods and malt preparations* The consumption in 1915-16 of malt and its equivalent in barley was as follows : SUMMARY OF TAKIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. 685 Malt. Equivalent -in barley. Manufacture of fermented liquors Bushels. , 57,683,970 4,480,588 Bushels. 52,439,920 4,073,258 Manufacture of distilled liquors . . Total 62,164,558 56,513,178 Production. — Imports being negligible (less than $20,000), these 62,164,558 bushels of malt plus exports amounting to about 2,000,000 bushels may be assumed to represent the domestic production. While the greater part was made from barley, use was also made of <;orn, rye, wheat, and other cereals. In 1914 there were 97 malting •estabhshments, whose materials cost $39,000,000, and the value of -whose products reached $48,000,000. A considerable production of malt by brewers is not reported. In 1919, production of all malt (chiefly barley) was valued at $39,340,000. Imports. — tio imports are recorded for 1919 and 1920. In 1918 and the first nine months of 1921 they were as follows: 10,847 bushels, valued at $19,212, and 3,580 bushels, valued at $2,026. , Exports of malt averaged about 210,000 bushels annually during 1910-1914 and moved chiefly to Canada. During the war the exports rose over tenfold. Later statistics for- calendar years follow: 1919 1920 1921 (9 montlis). Quantity (bushels). V^ue , 896,307 $1,694,651 10,045,941 S16,694,614 4, 250, 627 $7,595,396 7,859,360 $10,206,564 In 1920, Argentina received 19 per cent; Brazil, 15 per cent; the Netherlands, 8 per cent; Italy, 8 per cent. Important changes in classijkation. — See General Notes on Para- graph, page 686. BARLEY, PBAELED, PATENT, OR HCHLLED. (See Report T. I. S.-20.) Description and uses. — ^HuUed or pot barley is prepared by grinding off the outer cuticle or husk. When the grinding is carried further, so that the grain is reduced to small round pellets, it is termed pearl barley. Patent barley is pearled or pot barley reduced to flour. Pea^rled barley, the most important of these products, demands a high-grade grain — large, spherical, free from weather damage, and unbroken. Large, two-row varieties are grown for pearling. Production statistics for barley products are not available, but pearled, patent, or hulled barleys amount to an insignificant propor- tion of me crop. Four bushels of barley (48 pounds per ijusnel) yield 100 pounds of pearl barley and approximately 90 pounds of leed. Imports of pearled, patent, or hulled barley have increased steadily, coming from Europe; especially from Germany. From 489,244 pounds in 1907 they rose to 1,826,213 pounds in 1914. During the 686 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATIOiir, 1921. war imports dropped to about one-half the prewar level. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. 1918 Pounds: 113,394 142,819 974,896 513,683. $5,608 28,639 ; 205,480' 71 753 $1,134 1,428 9,749 Per cent, 20.23 S 00 1919 1920 ■ . 4 74 1921 (9 months).:... ' ! ' Exports were not separately stated prior to 1918. The following statistics for barley flour are for the calendar years 1918-1920: 1918 1919 1920 Quantity (barrels) '360,073 I $3,877,852 255,845 $2,572,396 20- Value . . - %2m 1 Figures are for the period July 1 to Dec. 31, 1918. In 1919, the United Kingdom took 62 per cent; Belgium, 19 per cent; Austria-Hungary, 9 per cent. Important changes in classification. — See below. GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. Important changes in classifiMvtion. — ^Three paragraphs of the act of 1913 (188-190) relating to barley and barley products have been combined; the provisions for barley have been extended definitely to include the whole grain, whether unhulled or hulled (pot barley), the ,husk being of no value; the duty upon: barley malt ha§ been changed from the bushel to a weight basis; and "barley flour," the commercial designation, substituted for patent barley. PARAGRAPH 724. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 724. Buckwheat, hulled or un- hulled, 30 cents per one hundred pounds; buckwheat flour and grits or groats, one- half of 1 cent per pound. ACT OF 1909. Par. 234. Buckwheat, fifteen cents per bushel of forty-eight pounds; buckwheat flour, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1913. Par. 435. Buckwheat and buckwheat flour [Free]. BUCKWHEAT, BUCKWHEAT FLOUK^ ETC. Descrvption and uses. — Buckwheat is a quick maturing, poor soil crop. Ixie grain is chiefly cultivated as a feed and for the production of buckwheat flour. A by-produot in flouring (middlings) is esteemed by dairymen as feed for cows, because of the high protein SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 687 content. The plant is sometimes cultivated as a source of nectar for bees. Production.— Buckwhesit is native to Europe and Central Asia. It is found wild in China and Siberia and is grown wherever grain" crops are cultivated. In 1908 the domestic yiesW on 803,000 acres was 15,874,000 bushels, valued at $12,004,000; in 1921, on 671,000 acres, the yield was 14,079,000 bushels, valued at $11,438,000. Imports (grain) in l9l3 amounted to 62,979 bushels, valued at $38,829; in 1914, to 191,396 bushels, valued at $152,350. Later statistics for calendar years follow : 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (bushels) 403,373 1734, 116 322,791 J450, 810 227, 182 S317, 389 190 864 Value $220, 801 Exports of buckwheat in 1910 were 158,160 bushels, valued at $103,138, but declined to practically nothmg in 1911-1914. In 1915 exports, going chiefly to the Netherlands, rose to 413,643 bushels, valued at $396,987. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (bushels) 1,420 $3,021 186,074 $307,454 299,693 $543,468 279 249 $41i;310 Of the 1920 export, 80 per cent went to the Netherlands, 8 per cent to Belgium, and 5 per cent to Canada. ; Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- graph, page 688. BUCKWHEAT FLOUR. Description and uses. — In Europe buckwheat flour is consumed chiefly by the poor. In America it is generally popular in the form of buckwheat pancakes. Production of buckwheat flour decreased from 176,081,891 pounds in 1909 to 125,622,189 pounds in 1914, valued at $4,663,561 and $3,754,857, respectively. New York and Pennsylvania mill more than two-thirds of the domestic grain. In 1919, buckwheat flour production was 90,137,407 pounds, valued at $5,244,000. Imports oi flour increased from 35,788 pounds in 1913 to 402,966 pounds in 1914, valued at $950 and $10,282, respectively. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 233,673 $16,654 280,557 $10,580 761,118 $26,911 195,933 $7,211 Exports are not sepa.rately stated. Important changes in classification. — See page 688. 688 SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFOEMATION", 1921. GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. Important changes in^ classification. — ^Buckwheat and buckwheat flour axe transferred from the free list of the act of 1913,(;par. 435). The provision for buckwheat has been extended definitely, to include the hulled as well as the unhuUed grain upon the same dutiable basis: the unit has been changed from "bushel" to "hundred pounds;'' ^nd grits or groats are specifically mentioned. PARAGRAPH 725. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 725. Com or maize, including CTacked com, 15 cents per bushel of fifty- six pounds; com grits, meal, and flour, and similar products, 30 cents per one hundred pounds. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pak. 235. Com or maize, fifteen cents Par. 465. Com or maize [Free]." per bushel of fifty-six pounds. Par. 236. Com meal, forty cents per Par. 466. Com meal [Free], one hundred pounds. CORN. (See Survey FL-11.) Uses. — It is estimated that 80 per cent of the domestic com crop is consumed on farms and does not enter the channels of trade. The commercial crop is distributed in approximately the following pro- portions : Consumed in flour and grist mills, chiefly for human food, but also for stock feed (census of 1914), about 6.5 per cent (180,000- 000 bushels); in glucose and starch factories (census of 1914), 1.6 per cent (44,000,000 bushels); in distilled spirits (1915), 1.2 per cent (32,000,000 bushels); in fermented liquors, 0.5 per cent (14,000,000 bushels); exports (average for 1911-1915), 1.4 per cent (39,000,000 bushels); fed to live stock not on farms, 5.4 per cent (about 150,- 000,000 bushels). ProdiLction.^-The United States produces over 70 per cent (3,000,- 000,000 bushels) of the com crop of the world. Domestic con- sumption takes about 98 per cent of this. The 20 per cent which enters trade represents largely the surplus, over farm consumption, pf the North Central States; the great bulk of this moves to the Eastern and Southern States. The eastern seaboard markets receive the imported corn. The commercial supply varies greatly, according to the price and volume of substitute feedstuffs, the mer- chantable quality of the crop, and the condition of the live-stock markets. Imports of com or maize during 1914-1918 (fiscal years) ranged from 2,000,000 to 11,000,000 bushels, ahnost entirely from Argentina. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 16 Cora or maize, 15 cents per bushel of 66 pounds. (Par. 4, emergency tariff act of 1921.) summary" oi" TARIFF 'l] ^ '' Description and uses. — Approximately 85 per cent of our oat, crop is fed to live stock, principally horses; 4 per cent becomes oatmeal or some similar product; and the remainder is sown or exported.. Oat straw is used for feeding purposes., .The oat crop is sometimes cut for hay, or is pastured, or turned under for green manure. Nearly 70 per cent of the grain is consigned on the farm where> produced; but the remaining 30 per cent, the colmmercial crop, exceeds, in volume the world trade in oats-. Its markets are vpry elastic, ;being dependent upon live-stock conditions , and prices of corn, hay, and other com- peting feedstuffs. Production. — ^The American crop is normally aroundil, 500,000,000 bushels, exceeding that of any other country; 75 per cent is grown in the North Central States, whoset surplus, with the small excess grown in the Pacific Northwest, supplies the.deficienpips of ;the South, and East as well as the exports. In foreign countries pats are, used to a larger extent for human food. Imports for 1897-1913, principally from Canada, under a duty of 15 cents per bushel, exceeded 1,000,000 bushels only in years of do- mestic crop shortage. In 1914, under a duty of 6 cents per bushel, coinciding with a harvest of about 300,000,000 bushels less than the preceding year, about 22,000,000 bushels were imported, chiefly from Canada but also from Argentina. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. 1918. 1. 1919 . '. . '.'.' .;.'.'.■.'.'.; ■:.■;.' Bmhel't. '■ 1,461,527 609, 131 , 6,723,134, ■'3,081,109 Si,'256,r83' ■469;'«8i e, 549, 111 i; 328^ 003 $87,692 '. • S6;S48> ,, ,,.403,688 PercM. 6.98 7.78 1920i. : ...'. J.J.i. 1921 (9 months) '. '../.'I...'...'. ^.J6 i"' aUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFOKMATION-, ,1921. 693 In 4920, 95 per cent of the imports came from Canada, and 4 per cent from Argentina. Exports fluctuate grea.tly, ^according to domestic and foreign har- vests. Although the domestic crop nearly doubled in 20 years, exports declined from over 40,000,000 bushels in ' 1900 to less than 3,000,000 bushels in 1914. Considerable exports from the Pacific States went to Europe in' 1914. During the war .exports increased enormously. Later statistics follow : 1918 1919 1920 1921 i (9 montlis). Quantity (bushels) . 114,462,9^2 198,221,637 '55; 294, 479 $46,435,294 12,877,874 $12,338,104 2,474,291 $1,286,941 Value..... :. In 1920, Fra:nce received 49 per cent; Belgium, 20 per cent; Cuba, 12 per cent; and Canada, 10 per cent. Important changes in. classification. — See General Notes on Para- graph, page 694. ' OATMEAL AND EOLLED OATS. Description and uses. ^O&tineal, rolled«oats, and similar prepara- tions are miUed from hulled and kiln-dried oats, 10 bushels pro- ducing one barrel (180:pounds) of oatmeal. For these products high- grade, plump, heavy white oats with thin hulls are preferred. Oat- meal and sinoiUar products are consumed largely as breakfast foods and are also used for feeding stock. , Production of oatmeal by merchant flour mills in 1914 was 30,- 451;581 pounds, valued at $757,804, principally in New York and Wis- consin, and of rolled oats (iaciuding other breakfast foods) 92,676,085 pounds, valued at ,$2,932,238, In 1914 approximately, 50,000,000 bushels of oats went into merchant flour mills manufacturing oatmeal, and 23,000,000 bushels into meals prepared chiefly for live-stock feed; 10,000,000 to 15,000,000 bushels Were consumed by custom mills. In 1920, oatmeal production was 28,120,649 pounds, valued at $1,101,000. 'Import values of oatmeal and rolled bats are normally less than $50,000. Statistics of imports since 1917 follow: ■ Calendar Jneai'. ' ' ' Quantity. Value. ' > Duty. '■ Equlyalent adTalorem. 1918 100 paunds. ,194,217 ' 4;463 8,812 3,784 $667,089 36,770 63,958 30,613 $31,265 1 339 , , , , -2, 044 Per cent. 5.61 1919 1920.. , . 1921 (9 months) '-; ^ 1' Exports of,, oatmeal a.nd rolled oats for 1913-1918 (fiscal yeai-s) ranged from 16,000,000 to 347,06Q,OdO pounds, valued at $569,0Q0 to $17,500,000, and went principa,lly to the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Later statistics for calendar years follow: '; ■1, . 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Qliaktity (pounas).........,- ,...:.:...... ■299,198,015 $i'7,353,080 '220,966,637 $11, 999; 382 65,920,516 $3,891,346 79,445,962 $2,959,239 694 ^tTMMABY OF ■'SaKIFF INFORMATION, 1921: ' ' In 1920, the United Kingdom received 47 ptt-' Cient; the Nether- lands, 18 per, cent. ' Important chan0^ in dassificaiidn.^^eeh'elow. ' '■'■■" ■■ 'GOENBEAL notes; ON PAIEA..GEAPH. ly^Jmvortant chanffes,,in.^classiJication,--^Th6 words . "hulled f or uijk hulled" have been added; provisiQns^aiV&ialgo been added for un- hulled ground oats, oat grits (Scotch oatmeal) and similar oat products. PARAGRAPH 728. S. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 728;. Paddy or rough rice, 1 cent . per pound; brown rice (hulls removed),,-, . , .' , , 1} cents per pound; inilled rice (bran ^ removed), ' 2 cents per pound; 'broken' !■ " rice, and rice meal, flour, polish, and bran, one-half of 1 cent per paund;ialli !;,.!, the foregoing not specially provided for. '•' '■ ' ACT OF 1^06. '" ' ' ' ' ' ACT OF 1913. Pah. 240. Bice, cleanfed,' two cents per Par. 193. Rice, cleaned, 1 cent per pound; uncleaned rice,ior ace free of the pound; unfileaned, ricCi or rice.'free of the outer hull and still having the inner outer hull and still, having the inner cuticle on, one and one fourth cents per cuticle on, f of 1 cent per pounds rice pound; rice. flour, and, rice meal, and; flour, and rice meal, and rice broken rice broken 1 which will pass fthrbugh a which will 'pass through a number twelve nuimb^ twelve wire sieve of 3. kind pre- sieve, of ajlaild.pteseribi^di by the SeCfe- Bcribed by the Secretary of ithe Treasury, tary of the Treasury, ^ cent, per pound; one-fourth of one cent per pound; paddy, paddy, or rice having the outer hull oh, or rice having the oiiter hull on, three- | of 1 cent per pound.*' fourths of bne cent per pound. KICB. (See Survey Gr-5.) ' ■ Prod'uetidn^T— The domestic rice crop nearly doubled (between the years 1908 and 1918. Of the 40,000,000 bushels harvested m 1918, Louisiana produced 18,000,000, and Texas, Arkansas, and California each more than 7,000,000 bushels. Kice cijl]t«,re lias developed rapitily in these States, especially in California, but has been nearly discontinued in the South Atlantic division, where once was grown nearly all the domesstic supply. It is a special form of agriculture, requiring unusual, eduipment and a considerable plant investmejil. Because of overproduction and. low prices, the crop of 1921 was reduced to 35,lp5,000 bushels. Growers igenerally market the product as "rough rice," that is, in the condition it leaves the thresher, retaining 'dirt a,nd other foreign substances. Specially equipped mills in the 'growing regions take this rough rice, clean it, remove the outer shell or hull, thfe inner " Eice, cleaned, 2 ceiits per poundifexcept rice; ol'eaned for use in the manufacture of canned foods, on whicli the rate of duty shalibe 1 cent per pound; uncleaned rice, or rice free of the outer hull and still havine the inner cuticle on, If cents per pound; rice flour, and rice meal, and rice broken which will pass througn a aumber twelve w;ii:esieire of the kind prescr;ibed by the Secretary of the Treasurjr, oue-fpurth ot^lffpi perpound; paddy, or rice havijig the outer hull an; three-fourths bflceftt per pound. (Par. 9, emergency tariff act of 1921.) . , .. ■SUikMTAB'Y OF TAEIFF INFOKMAonON, 1^1. 695 cuticle or bran, and sometimes polish the grain. . Table rice is usually retailed at staindard prices which do not fluctuate with the price changes of rough rice. In 1914, 59 rice-cleaning establishments, capitahzed at $12,000,000,. .produced to the value of $23,000,000. i^^^i ^^^ pounds) of rough rice yields 28 or 30 pounds of clean or hulled ricp; the remainder consists of chaff, pohsh or flour, bran, and other by-products. About 20. per cent of the grain weight is Compared with the enormous crops and exports of the Orient, the domestic production is insignificant. However, with the exception of certain kinds imported to meet'special requirements, the American output supplies substantially the entire domestic demand, and per- mits an export of over 400,000,000 pounds. '^Imports.—Oi the 269,125,342 pounds imported for consumption in the fiscal year 1914, over one-half (140,649,985 pounds) falls under the tariff classification of "flour, meal, and broken rice, which will pass through a No. 12 wire sieve." This is known as brewers' rice, and was received, not from the growing regions, but principally from the rice mills of Germany and the Netherlands. This grade is ahy-product of rice milling, the domestic productibh in. 1914 being only 70,373,855 pounds (about 10 per cent of the total clean rice) , the 1916 consumption reported by brewers being 141,219,292 pounds. -iinpoi'ts of cleaii or ;table rice in 1914, following, the reduction of the duty from 2 cents to 1 cent per pound, were 73,744,997 pounds,, about four times those of the preceding year. They came largely from the Netheriapds and Chiiia., %he imports were due, in some degree, to the demands of our foreign population. Imports in 1914 of uncleaned rice,:tor rice free of the outer hull and still having the inner cuticle on" (brown rice), totaled 52,677,863 pounds, and of "paddy, or rice having the outer huU on," 2,052,497 pounds, a large part going to Hawaii. Later statistics follow: " ^' Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. , PADDY, OK EIGB HAVING THE OtTTEE HULL ON. 1918.;. - ... Pounds., 219,381 155,610 143,295 19,510 , $19,460 . .11,979 .12,681 824 $823 5.84 637 Per. cent.' 4.23 1919: 4.87 192o 4.24 1921 (9 months) UNCLEANED BICE, OK KICE FEEE OF THE OUTEE HULL, ETC. J. Y 1918 58,250,660 28,956,225 28,555,537 17,045 430 $3,024,574 2,189,888 2,400,299 846,921 $364,066 < 180,976 1 178,472 1 12.04 1919. ^ 8.26 1920 7.44 ■ I 1 CLEANED EICE. 1918. 1919 1920.... 1921 (9 month!!) . 88:579,682 28; 443, 098 21, 540, 543 15,993,353 $3,986,575 1, 933,129 2, 240, 103 758,610 $885; 796 284,431 215,405 22. 22 ■14.71 9.62 6% SUMMARY OF TABIFP INFQEMA'IJION, ,1921. Calendar year. Equivalent ad valorem. BBOKEN BICE. 1918.. w 1919.-... '........' 1920 , 1921, (9 months). Pomtds. 73,48S,.0U 290,634 776,793 300 $2,424,823 10,576 41,660 43 $183,713 727 1,942 Per cent. 7.68 6.87 4.66 BICE MEAL. 1918 1919 1920.... 1921 (9 montlis) 94,827 313 194,073 114,748 $2,844 34 10y916 1,926 $237 1 485 8.34 2.29 .4.44 BICE FLOUB. 1918 J 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) 1,703,519. 735,397 564,469 .,4SB,896 $92,888 72,907 55,405 32,999 $4,259 1,838 1,411 4.58 2.S2 2.55 General imports of rice are given by months, for 1920 and 1921 as follows : t . . Month.' Quantity. Value. 1920 1921 1920 1921 UNCLEANED BICE, INCLUDING PADDY. Jaouasy.... February... March April.. MTay June July August September. October November. December. . Pounds. 749,765 998,436 3,312,-873 3,567,159 1,137,500 2,:fl4Sj^400 3,552,796 3,269,815 2,574.350 . 965,260 4, 061, 094 3, 307, 110 PoUTldS. 4,282,780 IV 160,042 1,336,761 3,362,860 3,837,220 l,567y84* 758,344 594,550 318,272 826,704 1, 175, 393 785, 624 $72,387 '95,208 315,833 334,926 101, 787 179,926 300,89,8 267,706 208,874 76,196 305, 342 227, 308 $251,380 62,282 68,189 151,886 170,041 69,271 31,894 29,284 17; 147 47,012 94, 879 63, 213 CLEANED BICE. January... February. March April May June July August.... September October. . . November, December. 6,023,271 8,659i641 8,657,413 23,165,089 18,990,572 14,220,054 9,611,661 15,364,050 4,103,324 1, 139, 824 672, 652 1, 206, 871 3,096,161 4,187,917 3,793,276 5,492,668 5,160,522 8,390,116 1,407,850 6,567,780 2,275,283 11,146,710 5, 254, 289 6,328,800 $666,948 968,778 946,697 2,435,758 2,078,698 1,458,237 952,856 1,463,704 364,828 70,433 28,666 59,073 $148,776 190,214 160,628 194,241 157,213 233,281 71,398 190,719 72,612 361,041 194,320 184,366 SUMMARY OP TAEIFF INFORMAnOJST, 1921. 697 •fii Month. Quantity. 1920 Value. 1920 RICE FLOUB, EICE MEAL, AND BROKEN RICE. January. rebmaiy Mardi. J. : :^'. April MSy 'June ; . .j^.Xi.Ji'J. J. . July... ...i........ August.'... i ; . ;L'. . ; . . September.. i :*.;..! Octoljer ■Novetnbei* December p'odkds. Pounds. ' "'\ ^lm■ 84,346 (5,342 70,106 26,832 7,545 ' 30, 098 23,282 3(799 313,692 47,707 17,467 96,156 89,065 3,416 ,21,644, .42,129 2,718 876,079 42,213 36,668 302,442 166,816 25,163 27,187 ,48,372, 3,000 49, 172 ' 62, 038' 5,611 70,846 79,100 7,521 89,672 76,453 7,623 (6,983 1,970 1,740 3,740 4,431 3,180 3,450 4,922 3,7*4 5,202 6,640 6,665 In 1920, the principal country of origin was Japan, which furnished U8 93 per cent of our imports of uncleaned rice. The bulk of cleaned rice came from Hongkong (70 per cent) ; 22 per cent was from French Indo-China. Imports of rice flour, rice meal, and broken rice from Hongkong amounted to 50 per cent, from Canada to 20 per cent, and from Japan to 18 per cent of the total. Exports of rice for the year 1914 were 18,223,264 pounds, chiefly to Cuba (under a preferential customs treatment) and to Mexico ; and of rice bran and polish, 4,191.062 pounds. Toward the close of the war exports of rice rose tenfold. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 167,932,775 $12,424,710 376,875,671 $34,775,622 392,612,565 $37, 469., 175 489, 439, 850 Value -.1.". '. $16,733,322 In 1920, Cuba received 16 per cent of the exports; Germany, 14 per cent; the Dutch East Indies, 8 per cent; ana Canada, 7 per cent. Jmpbrtani changes in classification.— Tke provision has been short^ ened, simplified, and made to conform to general usage. , W -'^ug^i^sied changes. — "All tjie foregoing not specially provided for" is an unusual phrase for the cpnclusioni of a paragraph, and is appar- ently unnecessary , in order to exclude from this paragraph rice cleaned for use in the manufacture of canned foods (par. 1643). H. B. 7456. PARAGRAPH 729. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 729. Rye, 10 cents per bushel of fifty-six pouTOB; rye flour and meal, 30 cents per one hundred pounds. ACT OF 1909. Pak. 241. Rye, ten cents per bushel; rye flour, one-haU of one cent per pound. ACT OF 1913. Pak. 589. Rye and rye flour [Freie]. 698 SUMMAEY OF TARIFF i^FOBMATro'N, 1921. EYE. Descriftion and, uses. — Rye is a cereal grain of relative unimportance in the United States compared with wheat, corn, or oats, llie grain is used both for hui^an food and fpr,stock feed;., the plant for soiling, occasionally as hay, as a cover crop, and for green manufe; the straw as bedding for horses, in packing fruit trees, pottery, etc., in maldng Straw articles, and in paper. Rye is often mixed with wheat, bran, or.oats as a horse feed, and with dairy by-products as a satisfactory feed for hogs. ProduQtion. — ^About 96 per cent of the .world's rye crop has. been produced and consumed in Europe, It is the principal cereal of , the more northern regions whose climate is not well suited for wheat. In 1908, 1,948,000 acres, yielding 31,851,000 bushels, valued at 123,455,000, were under cultivation here; this increased to 6,185,000 acres, yielding 89,103,000 bushels, valued at $134,947,000, in 1918. In 1921, however, production' "deciimed to 57,918,000 ibftshfels, valued at $40,680,000. ::■ . ,„ . ; •.,<-, , Imports of rye (grain) rose from 45 bushels jn 1913 to 36, 1156 in 1914,, valued at $61 and $23,223, respectively. Later statistics for calendar y'ears follow-: ''■:." . :-- . 1918, 1919 , ' ' 1920 1921 , (9 months).' Quantity (bushels) ; .1.1. .i;; 1 '. j .ii.-j. ; . ; s> .s i . . Value ... .... ;,' 597,316 $1,382,822 1,107,487 $i; 647; 879 .,.' 791,220 $1,430, Si's' , 140,263 sis^'ii ExpoHs of rye were 2,.222,934 bushels in 1914. The United King- d6m,'Italy, and Norway were the principal buyers. Later statistics for calendar years follow: - - . ^ .. « 1918 1919 1920 , 1921 (9 months). 7, 631, 639 $15,615,618 32,898,166 $61,786,232 57,070(490 $122,239,537 i 25,-J91,'8S7 $39,769,191 Value . ... . . ■- In 1920 France purchased 21 per cent; Belgium, 19 per cent; Grer- many, 12 per cent; Netherlands, 12 percent; and Canada, Itper cent. Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- graph, page 699. KYE FLOUR. Description and uses.— Rye constitutes . the chief bread grain of over one-third of the inhabitants of Europe. Its use in. the United States is relatively small. About one-third of the domestic rye is made into flour. Production increased from 1,532,139 barrels in 1909 to 1,937,385 barrels in 1914, valued at $6,383,538 and $7;g45,213, respbctiyely. Wisconsin, Minnesota, New York, Pennsylvania, and Illinois milled about 85 per cent of the output. In 1919, rye-flour production was 2,527,752 barrels, valued at $^1,236,000. ■ ' ' ' SUMMARY OF TABIFH JN¥OK.MATION, 1921. 699 Invporis of rye flour were 117 barrels in 1914. Later statistics for calendar years follow : , 1918 i.! . 1919 1920 Quantity' (pounds) .'..1'..: .' ; ; . ■■:- :r' ; ■> in''i' '' 813,992 $51,458 2,089,025 173,463 1,645,944 Vahie...... ' : ; ' ............ ..-.-..^ $40, 536 'Exports were 8,^93 barrels in 1914. Later statistics for calendar years follow : ' ' '1918. • ' 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 1,446,075' *15;449,730 ■ l', 266, 030 $12,424,608 383,746 . $3,638„438 - 47,825 Value-. fi.; :■:::;:;;;:;:::;;;;::;;::::;;:; $331v930 In 1920 Norway received 78 per cent; Germany, .6 per' cent; and Belgium, 4 per cent. ^^ Important changes m classification. — :See below. GENERAL NOTES ON PARAaRAPH. Important changes in classification.— ^ye and rye flour are trans- ferred from the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 589). Rye meal has been added. , ' ' PARAGRAPH 730. H. B. 7456. Pak. 730. Wheat, 25 cents per bushel of, sixty pounds; 'w^heat flour, seroolina, crushed or cracked wheat, and similar wheat products not specially provided for, 50 cents per one hundred pounds. ACT OF 1909. Par. 242. Wheat, twenty-five cents per bushel. Par. 243. Wheat flour, arid semolina, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 644. Wheat, wheat flour, semo- lina, and other wheat products, not spe- cially provided for in this section [Free]; Provided, That wheat shall be subject to a duty of 10 cents per bushel, that wheat flour shall be subject to a duty of 45 cents per barrel of 196 pounds, and semolina and other products of wheat, not specially provided for in this section, 10 per centum ad valorem, when imported directly or indirectly from a country, dependency, or other subdivision of government which imposes a. duty on wheat or wheat flour or semolina imported from the United States.i* 18 Wiieat, 35 cents, per bushel, par. 1 ; ^SfJleat flour and semolina, 20 per centum ad valorem . (Par. 2; emer- gency tariff act .of 1921.) ,--,,, ■ 700 SUMMAEY OF TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. '-•'' :■- WHEAT. , -n-^ (See Report T. I. S.-20.) Description and uses. — Three principal kinds of wheat — hard, soft, and durum — are recognized commercially. Hard wheat is prefeired for bread flours; soft wheat for pastry, biscuits, and crackers ;^. and durum wheat, a very hard variety with a high gluten content, for ma- caroni and other edible pastes. In milling practice it is customary to raix different types of wheat to obtain flour of varying grades. Color, weight, and strength are the principal standards by which wheat is judged. In addition to its familiar uses, wheat is also employed for the edible pastes, in starch manufacture, in various breakfast foods, and. especially in semolina; the low grades or "feed wheat" and the by-products of flour milling are used for live-stock feed. About 85,000,000 bushels are required annually for reseeding. Production. — The average annual wheat prop during 1911-1919 was about 795,000,000 bushels, with a farm value of |1,085, 000,000. The United States is the world's largest wheat producer,. Although, wheat growing is widely distributed, abo'ut half the crop is from the west North Central States. Of the hard wheat, the spring varieties are Eroduced chiefly in the Dakbtas, Minnesota, and Montana, and the ard winter varieties largely in Kansas and parts of adjacent States. Durum wheat is grown principally in Montana and the western part of the Dakotas. Elsewhere soft wheats predominate. Of the world production of 3,500,000,000 to, 4,p0p,000.p00 bushels, Europe yields about one-half, but it also (excepting Russia, Hungary, and Rou- mania) absorbs the bulk of world exports. The world crop is largely of the soft varieties, that of the harder wheats being confined chiefly to Russia, Canada, and the United States! ■ ' Imports fluctuate greatly. They come almost entirely from Can- ada; which produces chiefly hard spring wheat of excellent quality. During 1897-1913, with a duty of 25 cents per bushel, imports ex- ceeded 100,000 bushels only in years of shortage or poor quality in the domestic hard-wheat crop. Later st^tisticp follo-v*-; ' ' Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. 1918 Bushels. 17,025,947 7,923j825- 35,808,668 l48,-«09,g64r 530,427,417 14,936,234 75,369,246 30,868,156 5474 1919... .; 1,001 ' 9 663' 1920... : ; 1921 (9 montlls)... , ,. i.. "* in 1920 imports from Canada amounted to 95 per cent of the total. General imports are given by months for 1920 and 1921: Month. January February. . Marcli April May June July August September. October NoTember. December. . Quantity. 1920 Bushels. 766,228 534,692 665, 154 227,284 474,891 283,010 100,334 364,827 1,842,397 9,802,149 9,622,578 11,235,112 1921 Bushels. 4,504,866 4,403,712 2,671,043 4,451,304 1,902,667 89,807 .713,669, '239S59 81,031 878,115 1,184,776 2,052,247 Value. 1920 51,739,399 1,672,270 1,528,246 463,665 1,358,871 611,017 • ,,,200,642 *I5,892 4,672,92s 22,656,037 19,561,600 20,278,766 1921 r, 604, 877 7,457,382 4,564,020 6,825,112 3,016,994 132,568 1,177^964 389,154 113,995 1,061,777 1,246,464 2, 142, 868 SUMMARY OF TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 701 Expofts of wheat constitute from 11 ito 37 per cent of the, domestic production during normal years. An increasmg proportion takes, the form of wheat flour rather than of grain. Exports of OTain move in oonsiderable voliune to many countries, chiefly to the United King- dom, the Netherlands, and Germany. From 1910 to 1918 (fiscal years) they ranged from 34,118,853 to 259,642,533 bushels, valued at $80,000,000 to $333,000,000. Later statistics for calendar years follow : 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quaptity (bushels) ; . . . 111,177,103 $260,612,978 148,086,470 $356,898,296 218,287,334 $596,975,396 237,444,930 $380,556,-218 Tmvortant changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- graph, page 703. '^'"'''' ■ WHEAT FLOUK. , , (See Report T. I. S -20.) Description and uses. — In the modern' flour mills wheat is first thoroughly cleaned and scoured, and then subjected to a succession of grindings or "breaks" between several sets of rollers (usually four), in which the grain is slowly broken and the outer layers of hull or skin (producmg bran, middlings, shorts) sifted 'away. The flour produced in the various breaks is blended in standard grades. About 72 per cent of the wheat is usually received in the form of flour, 4^ bushels of No. 2 hard wheat (270 pounds) making 1 barrel of "straight" fldur (196 pounds) and 70 pounds of feed, with 4 pounds of loss. Two main comraercial types of flour are (1) the soft, starchj^ flours from soft wheats dnd (2) the granular flour from hard wheats, the latter producing a larger quantity of bread per unit of flour, as well as a lighter loaf. Graham flour is the finbolted wheat meal ground from the whole kernel, while whole-wheat flour contains all •of the kernel except the bran. Production of wheat flour in 1914 was 116,403,770 barrels, valued at $543,839,000, from 646,000,000 bushels of wheat. The two princi- pal milling States were Minnesota (27,132,153 barrels) ,, and Kansas (12,777,582 barrels). While there were 6,876 wheat-floUr mills in 1914, the industry is large-scale, over 60 per cent of the flour output being ground in 218 large mills, each produciag 100,000 barrels or more. In 1919, domestic production of wheat flour was 132,478,513 barrels, valued at $1,436,589,000. ■; Import values of wheat .flour averaged $500,000 in the years imme- diate^ preceding the .World War. They were almost exclusively from Canada. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. VaUie. Duty. Barrels. 170,962 17,523 800,788 779,754 $1,518,027 181,207 8,669,300 6,708,943 $472 337 1920 195 702 SUMMARY OP TABIFFi ISTI'OB.MATIOSr!, 1021, In 1920, imports fooni'iCan^da amounted to 95 per cent of the total. General importe are shown belowiby months for 1920 ahdi921, Month. Quantity. 1^0^ 1921 Value; ' 1920 January February March ; April May June July ._ August September ' Octoher i.. November December ,., ■ i;",?:"! tl^! ,■,'.■., ; ■.,•.., --^ Barrels. 29,011 27,362 11,524 22,044 20,948 39,283 26,397 ■17; 871 14, 566 163,327 201,667 226,798 Barrels. 220, US 202,324 174,464 118,944 47,851 6,287 2,270 -3,-697 3,519 45j766 82,605 57,839 $305, 189 294,836 148,008 257,246 237, 559 474, 584 344,301 • • 229,958 176,687 1,784,186 2,144,866 2,272,880 $1,979,933 1,766,510 1,475,633 1,022,174 34^070 ■^ 48,874 17,534 B7;110 282,381 446.624 287,463 Exports of flour for 1910-1918 (fiscal years) ranged from about 9,000,000 to nearly 22,000,000 barrels, valued at $48,000,000 to $245,000,000, going to many countries, in largest quantity to the United Kingdomj , . ,Latfi)? statistips fqr calendar years folloTv : Quantity (barrels) 21,706,700 Value.^..... ' $244,653,422 '26,449,881 $293; 452, 748 1920 1921 (9 months). ■'19,863,992 $224,472,443 12,984,000 $94,808,672 In 1920 the United Kingdom received 1& per cent; Polariid and Danzig, 11 per cent. .V Important changes in classification.— rSee. General Notes, on Parar graph, page 703. ] (See Survey G-3.) Description and lises.-^emolina is a coarse, granular meal, with the bran removed, made from hard varieties of wheat. It is exten- sively used in macaroni, spaghetti, and other edible pastes. ; The term "semolina'' is also applied to the particles retained in the bolting machine of the flour mill.o Such particles- are used in soups, pud- dings, etci Some cereal breakfast foods are also made.from semolina. Production statistics are not available, • This country is one of the largest producers and exporters of durum and hard wheats, and sup- plies most of the semolinaf or domestic use. . ' Zmport values of semolina rose from less thto $3,000 prior to 1914 to about $30,000 in later years. Imports since 1917 have been as follows : SUMMAEy;PF 'J:AB1FF INFOBMATION, 1921._ 703 Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valoremi rate. .' SEMlQLINA. 1918 ,. Pounds- 345,800 1:775,455 782,225 'life, 923 104,323 37,561 Per fient. 1920 ■ »470 1921 (t| mouths) , : CRUSHED WHEAT. 1918..,..^^ff.,.....„...... ^ ■ 75 680,351 .41,474 600 ,,S3 15,132 1,152 6 $0.30 ' 73.00 111.00 10. ISBOi-jij -■ Exports are included in "All other breadstuff s." Mportant changes in classification. — See below. GENERAL NOTES ON PAEAGRAPH. Important changes in classification. — Wheat, wheat flour, semolina,, and other wheat products not specially provided for, were condi- tionally exempt from duty under paragraph 644 of the act of 1913- The products specifically, enumerated are dutiable under paragraphs 1 and 2 of the emergency tariff act of May 27, 1921. The duty upon wheat flour, semolina, and similar products has been changed to a weight basis. This paragraph specifically includes crushed or cracked wheats To avoid possible conflict with by-product feeds (par. 731), with cereal foods and preparations (par. 733), and with biscuits and other' baked articles (par. 734), the word "other" before "wheat products" in paragraph 644 of the act of 1913 was changed to "similar" in this- paragraph. r PARAGRAPH 731. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 731. Bran, shorts, and other by- product feeds obtained in milling wheat or other cereals, 15 per centum ad valo- rem per ton; hulls of o^ts, barley, buck- wheat, or other grains, i-ground or un- grovmd, 10 cents per one hundred pounds; dried beet pulp, malt sjjrouts, and brew- ers' grains, $5 per ton; mixed feeds, con- sisting of an admixture of grainip or grain ptoducts with oilcakfe! or cyilcake meal, or molasses, or other feedstuffs, 6 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1009. ACT OF 1913. Par 239 *»* oat hulls, ten cents per Par. 192. * * * oat hulls, 8 cents: hundred pounds per one hundred pounds. [No corresponding provision for the JNo corresponding provision for the- otner commodities.] other commodities.] 704 SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFOBMATION, ' 1921. BY-PRODUCTS OF MILLING. ETC. I Description and uses.— This provision covers the by-products of milling — such as bran, shorts, middlings^used chiefly as feed for animals; dried beet pulp; malt sprouts and brewers' grains; mixed feeds; and fillers such as hulls. ETulls are used as a filler or roughener in some grades of feed for live stock. Production of bran and middlings in 1919 was 4,760,957 tons., valued at $211,467,000; of feed and offal, 4,563,553 tons. Valued at $262,736,000. The domestic production of dried beet pulp in 1919 was 976,501 tons, valued at'= $4,829,568. Import values of bran and middlings from 1914 to 1918 (fiscal years) ranged from, $750,000 to $2,250,000; imports of oat hulls from $165,649 to $220,000; Canada is the chief source of imports. Since 1917, imports of feedstutfs have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Equiiva- lisM: ad valorem. BRAN AND MIDDLINGS. 1918 iTons. , 1,157 59, 955 30,427 41, 808 $45^507 2,625:2lS ■ 1,097,917 1, 052/09* $1,606 ': 3,.-871 .7,533 Per cent. 1919. . ... ■.. . 1920 .,. , 1921 (9 months) . ' . . . , ' ' f BREADSTUFFS, NOT SPEblALLY PROVIDED FOR (ANIM:1l;f66D). , 191S..:r 1913.. ' IffiO..... 1921(9moBtlis)., Pounds. 6, 943, 270 2,435;m 1,358,351 $12,846 90,120 40,267 10,361 $1,92!7, 13 446 6,040 15.00 15.00 15/00 DRIED BEET PULP. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 2,829,975 23,469,958 48,153,530 38,936,051 147,247 492,022 894,641 585,188 $4,725 49,202 89,464 10.00 10.00 10.00 OAT HULLS. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) 1 100 pounds, 1 219,973 343,603' < 221, 167 . 150,681 $218,056 381,769 258, 2U 62,643 Exports of mill feed for 1910-1918 ranged, between $1,000,000 and $4,000,000, in the. earher years going chiefly to Germany. Exports of bran and middlings varied in value from $70,000 to $400,000. Later statistics for calendar .years follow. , ;, r. SUMMARY OF TAIUFF. INFOKMATION,/ 1921; 705 Bran and middlngs: Quantity (tons) Value ...:.:...:i..U'. Dried grains and malt sprouts: Quantity (tonsl Mill feed: ''■ Quantity (tons) . Value 7,372 $327,285 217 113, 39i 9,652 {466,242 1919 4,517 't23^-'114 1,960 S125, 886 12, 124 , S7g4, 29,6 1920 3,091 $162,958 401 '$23,949 10,481 $579,914 1921 (9 months). 8,489 $196, 216 90 $4,852 9,771 $376,940 la 1920 the principal countries of destination, for bran and midr dljjQgs were Cuba (34 per, cent), Qanftda ;(28 per cent), and Mexipo (15 per cent) ;; for dried grains , and malt sprouts, Sweden (88 per cent), Deiunark (6 ppr cent), and Canada. (2 per cent) ; for mill feed, Cuba (66 per cent), Canada (13 per cent), and Mexico 1(6 per cent), Important changes in classification.— ^To t\\ei\ present, specific pro- vision for oat hulls, transferred from paragrapn 192 of the act of 1913, has been added a clause relating to hulls of other grains. A new specific provision has been made for dried beet pulp, malt spfdiits, brewers' grains, mill feeds, and mixed feeds. The substan- tial extent of the import tra;de in these products and the fact that it has been difiicu,lt to aetferniine their dutiable status, appear to warrant specific provisions. Suggested changes. — In the^clause "bran, shorts * * * 15 per centum ad valorem per ton'-!tiie words "per ton" should be omitted. Page 90, line 11, of H. R. 7456: Put "dried beet pulp" a^ftpr "brewers' grains" to avoid a construction applying the word "dried" to malt sprouts and bTewers' grains as welTas.to l>eet pulp. Strike out "and" before "brewers' graiiis" and insert it before "dried." Page 90, line 13, of H. E. 7456 : " Oilcake " in two places is set up as one word, w^hereas iii paragi^aph 1623; page 191, line 21, "oil cak6:*! appears as' two words, and "oil-cake" qualifying "meal" is a com- pound word. Page 90, line 14, of H. R. 7456: The rate upon inixed feeds com- posed of grain or grain products and other feeds is 6 per cent ad valorem. The rate upon dried beet pulp in the same paragraph is $5 per ton, pv 15 to 20 per cent ad valorem. As a result, it would be possible to mix beet pulp with by-product feeds of barley or other by-product feeds and ship tKem iu at the lower rate. PARAGRAPH 732. H. H. 7456. SENATE AliIENDMENTS. Pah. 732. Screerilngig.sdalpiiigB, chaff, or scouringa of wheiat, flaxseed,' or otBfer' grains /or seeds:: Unground, 75 cents per ton; ground^ $1,50 per ton; Provided, That screenings, dirt, and other foreign matter mixed with grains or seeds pro- vided for in this title shall pay the Sattie rate of duty as the grains or seeds: iPro- vided further. That iwhen grain?, or seeds contain more than 5 per centum of any one foreign matter dutiable at a rate higher than that applicable to the grain or seed the entire lot shall be dutiable at such higher rate. 82304—22 45 706 SUMMARY OF TABIFP INFORMATION, 1921. ACT OF 1909. [No correaponding provision.] ACT OF 1913. [No corresponding provision.] SCREENINGS, ETC., OF WHEAT, FLAXSEED, ETC. .iDescnption and v^es. — Screenings, chaff, and scourings are by- products obtaiiied by grain elevators, millers, and also from the farm thresher. They consist of foreign grains, underdeveloped kernels, weeds, wild buckwjieat, flax, etc. They are used principally for live stock and poultry feed, either directly or after going through various stages of separation, or after being mixed with molasses or other feeds^ In the large grain centers some companies specialize in the purchase, further separation, and distribution of elevator screenings. Production statistics are not available. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. FLAXSEED OK UNSEED; SCEEENINGS. 1918 1919 1820 1921 (9 months) . ,9. 049,703 •24,068,061 39.1612,310 12,782/804 |70, 902 ' 142, 579 163, 480 51, 131 »7,090 14,258 16,348 J^ercevt. . 10 ' 10 10 SGREENING.S, NOT SPECIALLY PEOVID'EDrOR. 1918...... •18,686, 719, 81,499;446 ; 33, 144 048 11,034,309 i'$115,149 671, 393 276,469 34,565 »r»lj,5l5 '67,139 27,647 } , 10 1919 10 1920..,:......,.... 1921 (9 months)... 4-:i-Hit- ■■.JJii...:.jUi!- i-H-v.-.. J- ------ ID r , - -, "•-.. -;j '. . .v-i/ „j , WHEAT ^gEEgNJNGg, . ■ '"^ ' .-,■ • ' 1918 , -^- 64,933,765 36,990,253 ,$429,521 ' 366,567 , ; S74;^ ■ 186,511 ■ , $42,620 35,642 56,095 1919 . ;. 1920.. ,.....:.:..... .. J. ....ijtwi. ,....,,. 1921 (9 months) ■■:■;■■■■ J ■r:"u"'::t : ■^.^."'^ 1 Figures cover period from July 1 to Dec. 31;- 1918. Important changes in clhssificatidn.- — The three clauses in this para- graph? are"new" and designed to meet an increasing trade and certain trade practices that have developed. The provision as to allowance for dirt and impurities is an amplification and extension of a similar provision in paragraph 212 of the act of 1913^ and the final provision as to mixed grains was adopted to prevent evasions of the duties in mixing separable grains. Suggested changes. — Was it the intention in fixing the rate on screen- ings, etc., to make the rate higher on unground than on ground in order to discourage the importation* of injurious weed seeds ? If so, should not the rates be reversed ? ' SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. PARAGRAPH 733. 707 H. R. 7466. Par. 733. Cereal breakfast foods, and similar cereal preparations, by whatever name known, processed further than milling, and not specially, provided for, 1 7 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. [No corresponding provision.] SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. [No corresponding provision. CEREAL BREAKFAST FOODS. Description and toses. — This paragraph includes cereal foods proc- essed further than milling. Milled products, such as cracked wheat, oat grits, and corn meal, are dutiable under other provisions. Cereal breakfast foods, in general, consist of an important integral part of the husked kernel or "meat," but in certain cases they may be more or less of a by-product of another preparation, to which heat is ap- plied and slight amounts of seasoning added to give a desired flavor. Example , pi the more important cereal breakfast foods are corn flakes and shredded wheat. A large number of cereal preparations are on the market. Usually they are sold under patented trade names. Production oi breakfast foods of all kinds amounted in 1914 to 92,676,085 pounds, valued at $2,932,238, and in 1919 to 96,501,673 ppunds, valued at $4,350,000. /mporte are not separately stated. , : Exports since 1917 by calendar years have been valued as follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Cereal preparations (otber than oatmeal and rolled oats) All other breadstufEs 16,854,197 5,751,037 IS, 819, 138 3,803,972 S7, 189, 091 4,764,450 $3,020,545 2,097,30ft In 1920 Germany received 28 per cent of the exports of "cereal preparations, other than oatmeal and rolled oats;" England, 21 per cent; and Canada,,. 6 per cent. Of, "all other breads tuffs," 18 per cent went to Finland; 11 per cent each to Belgium and Canada; and 10 per cent each to England and the Netherlands. PARAGRAPH 734. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 734. Biscuits, wafers, cake,' cakes, and similar baked articles, and puddings, all the foregoing by whatever name known, whether or not containing choco- late, iuts, fruits, or confectionery of any kind, 28 per centum ad valorem. 708 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. ACT OF 1909. . ii = i> : - ACT OF 1913. Par. 194. Batiuits, *H» * wafers, cakes, and other baked articles, and pud- dings; by' Whaligver naiae known, con- taining chocolate; nuts, fmit,"or confec- tioiierjf of any kind, and withoirt regard to the component material of chief vsQue, 25 per centum ad •valorem, i '^ Par. 417. Biscuits, * * * and wafers, not ^ecially; provided for in this section JPree]. Par. 640. [Wafers, unleavened or not edible [Free]. ' CAKE, ETd, Par. 244.BisotiiW *'^--*-- wafers, and similar articles, not specially pro- vided for in this section, twenty per cen- tum ad valorem; biscuits, wafers, cakes, and other b|i,ked articles, by whatever name known, composed in whole or in part of eggs, orany kind of flour or meal, or other material, when sweetened with sugar, honey, molasses, or other material, or combined with chocolate, nuts, fruit, or confectionery of a,ny kind, or both, so sweetened and combined, and without regard to the component niaterial of chief value, valued at fifteen cents'per pound or less, three cents per pound and fifteen per centum ad' valorem; valued at' more than fifteen cents per pound, fifty per - .: centum ad valorem, . , , ; Par. 708. Wafers, unleavened or not edible [Free].'- ''" ' ' ' '' ■'.'''' ",'" ' BiscmTS, wafBrs Description.— Thi§i' Tpar$,gT'Apb. includes ia large -hjiilajjerbf food specialties. Many of these preparatibii^' are not'c'omnlterbially produced in the United States. The statistics do not permit of coxiipari^Oh Of the numerous products, 'hbr' £ire doiapetitive atid noncoiilpetitiVe'imjiorts differentiated- Wafers, cQmppse,d o^ wheat ,fl,our and water only, are used as a vehicle for pills and other nauseous medicine's] aiidSn sacrarnental obsefvanfcfe.' ' ",- ' ' ' ' ; ' .-v .■ . Production. — In 1914 there were 166 manufacturers of biscuits and crackers, with an output valued £lt'f8,9,4^4,000; 25,797 oth^t' bstab- lishments, jiroducing' 'ali'othei* bread and 'bakery jprdducts '"(bread, pies, cakes, pastry, etc.), reported an output worth $402,409,000. Imports of wafers, unleavened, ^or not edible, in 1914 were 132,816. Previous to the war Germany supplied about 60 per cent of the imports, and the Netherlands7 France, and they United Kingdom most of the remainder. , . . , '.'!""'''.!..'' Imports of bread and biscuit before the war ranged ia value from 1200,000 to $300,000, chiefly from the United Kingdom", Germany, and Japan, but decli^ed greatly . a,fter 1^14. Imports ., since 1917 have been as foUows :' '^ ,: '..i > ;> i.,.i. ,., -, BREAD, BISCUITS, AND WAFERS, N.,s.' p.'Ki.' Calendar year. i Quantity. -- ' - '* t Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 . Pounds. S62,381 .- 175,699 , 283,848 ' 170,659 ";-. Per cent. 1919 879,746, 1,218,950 882,881' 1920 . 1921 (9 months) 1 This classification includes par. 1522 — Bread: Provided^ That ho article sh4ll be exempted from duty as bread unless yeast was the leavening substance used iii its preparation . SUMMARY OP TABIFF INFOBMATTON, 1921. 709 BKEAD, BISCUITS, WAFERS, CAKES, AND OTHER BAKED ARTICLES, AND PDDDINGS, ETC., CONTAINING CHOCOLATE, NUTS, rKUIT, OR CONFEQflOl^ERY OF ANY KIND, ETC. : Calendar year. •Quautity. Value. $9,825 27,821 87,030 38,956 ■ , Duty.''. Ad ' valorem. rate. 1918 Pounds. 46,325 93 146 $2,456 6,954 21,757 Percent. 25 1919 26 1920 267,101 160,138 25 1921 (9 montlis) In 1920 the imports of '^'tread, biscuits, andVafers, n. s. p. f.," came principally from England (32 per cent), Canada (31 per cent), and Japan (25 per cent). Imports of "bread, biscuits, wafers,: etc., containing chocolate, nuts, fruit, etc." were from England (40 per cent), Japan (23 per cent), and the Netherlands (15 per cent). Exports in 1914 were valued at $728,447. They moved to almost every country, but chiefly to Oceania, British Africa, and Canada. Later statistics of bread and biscuit follow: ' ' - Quantity (pounds). Value. , 1918 1919 ■ 8, 585,: 891 $1,277,704 12,827,005 $2,506,447 1920 18,755,498 $3,731,879 1921 (9 months). 7, 504, 005 $1,295,138 In 1920, the exports went chiefly to Cuba (29 per cent), England (16 per cent), and Mexico (8 per cent). Important changes in classification. ^This paragraph combines three paragraphs of the act of 1913, paragraph 194 covering biscuits, wafers, cakes, etc., when containing chocolate, nuts, and fruit, and paragraphs 417 and 640 of the free list, covering biscuits, bread, and wafers, not specially provided for, and wafers, unleavened. Ordinary commercial bread, however,, is l^ept on the free list (par. 1522). Suggested cAangres.— Page 91, line 5, of H. E. 7456: "Fruit" would be better than "fruits" and in accord with prior acts. , FRUIT AND FRUIT PRODUCTS. GENERAL. Important changes' in classification. — In provisions of the acts of 1909 and 1913 relating to fruits and fruit products, there are dupli- cations and conflicts between provisions of a general character as well as between general and particular provisions. Furthermore, the general character of many of the clauses renders it difficult to, obtain statistical information with regard to the conditions and volume of imports. : , , The reclassification has been made with a view to segregating the principal fruits by giving -separate paragraphs to the more important ones; the general or basket clauses have been narrowed, and the wording of the provisions condensed and simplified. 710 gUMMAFYi OF TARIFF, INBOBMATION,. 1921.- The use of the word "canned" has been avoided throughout this dchedule. It is beheved that the more inclusive wording prepared or preserved, " adequately describes such products. For most pre- pared or preserved fruits ad valorem rates have been adopted because of the great variation in their values and because of tne fact that when shipped in glass containers such containers would also require appraisal for tariff purposes. PARAGRAPH 735. H. R. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pah. 735. Apples,' green or ripe, 25 - cents, per bushel of 50 pounds; idridd, desiccated, or evaporated, 2 cents per pound; otherwise prepared or preserved, and not specially provided for, '2J cfents " ' ' perpoiind. '_ ACT OF 1009. ACT OF 1913. Par. 274. Apples, » * * green or Par. 217. Apples, * * * green or ripe, twenty-five cents per bushel; * * * ripe, 10 cents per bushel of fifty pounds;" all edible fruits, * * * when dried, * * * all edible fruits, * * * when desiccated, evaporated, or prepared in dried, desiccated, evstporated, or pre- any manner, not specially provided for pared in any manner, not specially pro- in this section, two cents per poniid; vided for in this section, 1 cent per * * * fruits of all kinds preserved or pound; * * * fruits of all kinds pre- packed in sugar, or having sugar added served or packed in sugar, or having theretOji. or preserved; or packed i in sugar added thereto; or preserved or molasses, spirits, or their own juices, if, packed in molasses, spirits, or their own containing no alcohol, or containing not juices, if contaiiiing no alcohol, or con- over ten p^jf centum of alcohol, one cent taining not over 10 per centum of alcohol, per pound and thirty-five per centum ad 20 per centum ad valorem; » * *. valorem; I*. * *. APPLES, GREEN OR RIPE. (See Survey G-20.) Description and itses.^-The apple is by far the most important fruit, bemg grown practically throughout the country. The culti- vation of long-keepmg varieties, increased storage facilities, and im- proved methods of distribution render apples available the entire year. Great quantities are evaporated or canned and a considerable portion is made into unfermented juice, vinegar, apple butter, and other products. Productidn.^^Th.e estimated annual crop for the years 1910-1914, inclusive, averaged approximately 66,000,000 barrels. The greater part is consumed locally. Western New York, the Pacific North- west, and the Shenandoah-Cumberland district grow over one-half the commercial crop. Canada is the principal foreign grower, the production of other countries having no important beiEtring on the world markets. Production since 1917 has been as follows: "Apples, 30 cents per buibel. (Far. 26, emergency tariff act of ;921.); , ,: SUMMARY 01'' TABIFP INFORMATION, 1921. 711 '),',•■"■ 'quantity. Value of Calendar year., . Total crap Commercial crop. coiamercial crop Dec. 1 1918 '. r Barrels. ' 56,542,000 47,362,000 74,559,000 32,294,000 Barrels. , 24,743,000 26,159,000 33,905,000 20,098,000 «126,684,000 139,669,000 1919 1920 ... 126, 800, 000 1921...;'. «... , 93,008,000 Imports for the prewar pfetiod 1910-1914, inclusive, amounted annually to about 42,000 barrels, valued at $41,000. Imports for later years have been as follows: ... . Calepdar year., . ' Quantity; ..Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. 1918 Bushels. 50,332 464,528 381,555 274,642 J80,661 710,435 396,941 496,973 »5,033 46,453 38,156 Per eerU. 6.24 1919 6.54 1920 9.61 1921 (9irionths) ■. Export values up to ,1918 ranged between $5,000,000 and $8,000,000. Shipihents went chiefly to the United Kingdom, Canada, and Norway. The United States is the largest exporter of apples. Later statistics for calendar years follow ; ' , , ■ n. \ -u« ,M,.- ,1918 . 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 579, 916 $3,135,203 1,712,367 »14,.471,282 1,797,711 $14,088,733 1,417,518 Value $9,966,657 Important dkanges in classification.- — See Gsiieral Notes bti Para- graph, page 712. , APPLES, DRIED, DEstbCATED, OR EVAPORATED. •i',.rij , ■:., ,' (See-'Survey G-20.) Description and uses. — Both the drying , and , canning of fruits are seasonal mdus tries, and local in the sense that, owing to transportation charges, and the perishable^chajacter, of .fruit, f acetones are located in the producing sections anid specialize in certain types of fruit. The preserving industries, whose output has doubled within the past 10: years, haye NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. Important changes in'classifiMLtiJon — Apples have been provided for in a separate paragraph, to which has been added specific prCrvision for dried apples and for apples otherwise prepared or prieserved, now dutiable as all edible fruits when dried, desiccated, or prepared in any manner, or as fruits of all kinds preserved or packed m sugar, or having sugai- added thereto, or preserved or packed in molasses, spirits, or their own juices." The phrase "otherwise prepa,red or preserved" is especially designed to include canned apples. EVuit butter, jams, etc., of all kinds are specially provided for in pai^agraph 748. ■ ' ■ SUMMABY OF TABIFF INFOEMAnoSf, 1921. 71S PARAGRAPH 736. H. B. ^456. Par. 736. Bananas, 2 cents per bunch; dried, desiccated, or evaporated, and banana flour, 4 cents per one hundred pounds. ACT OF 1909. Par. 571. Fruits * * * green, ripe, or dried, * * * not s'pecially pro- vided for in this section [Free]. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 488. Fruits * * *. green, ripe, or dried, * * * not specially pro- vided for in this section [Free]. Par. 217. * * * all edible frvdt* * * * when dried, desiccated, evapo- rated, * * * not specially pro- vided for in this section, 1 cent per pound; * * *. BANANAS. ' Description and uses.- — The banana is imported almost entirely in its natural state and may be eaten raw or cooked. Usually it is the underripe fruit which is cooked before the starch has been converted wholly into sugar. The Mdirtinique is the most common variety. Banana flour, meal, and dried banana are used to a limited extents As most bananas are grown in the Tropics, the success of the industry is largely a question of transportation. Production. — ^A few bananas are grown in Florida, Louisiana, and California; Florida produced 10,048 bunches, valued at $5,638, in 1909, and 6,405 bunches, valued at $8,6'lO, in 1919. Statistics for.the other States are not available. The great sources of supply are Cen tral America, Jamaica, Mexico, Cuba, and Colombia. No figurea are available for dried bananas or banana flour, Imports in 1914 were 48,691,224 bunches, valued at $16^397,623. Nearly one-third of the imports now comes from Honduras; J^amaica, Costa Eica, and Panama furnish nearly one-half; Colombia and Guatemala are also heavy exporters; Cuba furnishes about 5 per cent. Imports since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows: Quantity (bunches). Value 1 1918 1919 32,137,683 | 36,993,095 115,438,491 115,934,590 39,319,562 $19,087,927 1921 (9 months). ' 33,702,910 J15,077,62S- Exports.— None.. Important cTianges in classification. — Bananas were exempt from duty as fruit not specially provided for under the acts of 1909 and 1913 (pars. 571 and 488). New provisions have been added for dried bananas and banana flour. Suggested cTianges. —Speci&c provision might be made for plan- tains, a species Qi banana, but commercially a different fruit. (See; par. 749, p. 742.) 714 SUMMARY op TARIFF INFQRMAriOST, 1921.; PARAGKAPH 737. f;;, H, B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 737. Berries, edible,- in their nat- ' iiral condition or in brine, 1 cent per . ; pound; dried, desiccated, or evaporated, 2i cents per pound; otherwise prepared or preserved,- andi not-speci,aJly provided , ■ /; ior, 20 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ; , ACT OF 1913. '," PAfi. 274. * * * berries, edible, in Par. 217. * * * berries, edible, in their natural (;onditioni one cent per their natural condition, J cent per quart; cranberries, twenty-five per cen- quart; cranberries, 10 per centum ad va- tum aid yalorem;_ all edible * * * bsr- lorem; all edible * * * berries, when ries, when dried, desiccated, evaporated, dried, desiccated, evaporated, or pre- or prepared in any manner, not specially" pared in any manner, not specially pro- provided for in this section, two cents per vided for in this section, 1 cent per pound; * * * fruits of all kinds pre^ poiiild; * * * fruits of all kinds pre- served or packed in sugar, or having served or packed in sugar, or having sugar added thereto, or preserved or sugar added thereto or ■ preserved or packed in molasses; spirits, pr'their own packed ip molasses, spirits, or their own ]uices, if containing no alcobol, or coil- . juiqes,. if containing no ajcohol, or con- taining not over ten per centum of alcb- '' taining not over 10 per ceiitum of alcohol, hoi, one cent per pound and thitty-fivg' 20 p^r centum' ad valoreto;' * * *. ' per centum ad valorem; * * *. :; .',.'-.,.■- BERRIES EDIBLE IN THEIR NATURAL CONDITION. Description, uses, and production. — Strawberries are extensively used as a freSh fruit, for canning, and in, making preserves and marr mak.de. The fruit is kept frozen for use as flavoring in ice creams and at soda fountains. The juice is also used as a beverage, for ilavoring, etc. The very perighable nature of the fruit necessitates '' . .... ^ , Production centers chiefly in three districts — the Cape Cod region of Massachusetts, the eastern part of New Jersey, and central Wisconsin. Statistics of prodtiction for the yiears 1918-1921 have been as follows: ; 1921 Quantity (barrels).. Value 352,000 $3, 791, 000 549,000 $4, 697, 000 449,000 $5,514,000 373,000 $6, 192,,00O Imports are extremely small in amoimt, being only $4 in 1918, $177 m 1919, and $299 in 1920, Exports are not separately shown. Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- graph,i:p»ge 717-',,'; ,, ■^c -'..i'T ,i,";' ■•■ ,,,,,,,. CURRANTS. Description and uses. — Currants are used principally in making jelly and small quantities are employed in makmg conserves. Spiced currants are used for pie filling, etc. Few are consumed fresh because of their sharp acidity. Because of the relation which currant and gooseberry plants of all Tsirieties bear to the white-pine blister rust, stringent quarantine regulations limit the regions for growing currants or gooseberries. In the absence of these plants the disease is not~ perpetuated. Production m 1909 was over 10,000,000 quarts, valued at $790,000,. and chiefly in the Central and Northern States. Production in 1919 amounted to about 7,700,000 quarts. The currant grows farther north 'than many other small fruits. It withstands drought fairly well, and is a home-garden fruit in the Great Plains area \TOere lacK of moisture restricts many other fruits and berries. Imports and exports are not separately shown. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATEON-, 1921. 7l7 ' GENERAL NOTES GN PARAGRAPH. Imvortc^nt changes in classification. — Berries, green, ripe, or dried, have Deen transferred from the free list (par. 488, act of 1913). The rate upon, the fresh berries has been changed from the quart to the pound basis in accordance with common usage in the trade. Imports have been so small that the 'specific provision for cran- berries has been drojpped. i . ; i PARAGRAPH 738. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 738. Cherries, in tieir natural state or in brine, IJ cents per pound; maraacMno cherries and cjierries prepared or preserved, in any manner, 20 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pae. 274. *' * * cherries, * * * Pah. 217. ;*''* *' cherries, * *'• * fveea or ripe, twenty-five cents per green or ripe, 10 cents j)fer bushel of ushel; * *;,* .fruits of all kinds, pre- fifty pounds;, * * * ,fruitsof all kinds served or packed ' in sugar, or having preserved or packed in sugar, or having sugar added thereto, or preserved or sugar added thereto or preserved or packed packed in molasses,' spiritSj or their own ill nlolasses, spirits, or their own juices, juices, if containing no alcohol, or con-^ if containing no alcohol, or containing taining not over ten per centum pf alcohol, not over 10 per centum of a,lcoholj 20 one cent per pound and thirty-five per per centum ad valorem; * * *.™ centum ad valorem; * * *. , ., Par. 571. * * * fruits in brine, not Par. 488. * * * fruits' in briiie, not specially provided for in this section specially provided for in ' this section [Free]. , : [Free]. > ■ .r. ■ • ■ CHERRIES. Description and uses. — Two distinct types of cherries are grown-;; the sweet and the sour. Too acid to be pleasing in the fresh staifer the sour cherries are principally used' for culmary purposes, for sauces, and especially for pies. A considerable portion oi the crop' is canned and^ distributea to restaurants, pie bakers, hotels, etc. Sweet cherries are consumed fresh, but large quantities are used in canning and in making maraschino cherries: Both sweet and sour cherries have various other food uses, as in ice creams, icings, and soda-fountain products. ' Food-preserving companies operate large plants in some of the cherry-growing, regions. ■..: ' Production, while extensive for home use, is restricted commercially to a few sections. The sour cherry, being hardier, is more largely grown. The crop in 1909 was about 4,126,099 bushels. Commercial production is now largely in New York, Ohio,, Michigan; Wisconsin, Colorado, and the Pacffic Coast States. In the Pacific States the crop is mostly sweet; elsewhere chiefly sour. In 1919 the domestic pro- duction of cherries was 3,945,749 bushels, valued at $14,166,176. The production of canned cherries in 1,919 was 1,362,832 cases, valued at $8,451,029; in 1914 production was 543,213 cases, valued 2» Cherries in a raw state, preserved in brine or otherwise, 3 cents per pound. (Par. 27, emSrgericy tariff ' act of 1921.) 718 SUMMAEY OF TABIFF INFOEMAHON, 1921. at $1,628,975. (A case consists of 24 No. 2 cans, the average weight of contents being about 31 pounds.) Imports of fresh cherries are small arid come chiefly from Canada. Cherries are usually imported in brine and such cherries constitute substantially all of the fruit in brine for which statistics for calendar years are given below. Exact quantities of glace, candiedj and maraschino cherries imported are likewise not separately shown, but it is estimated that approximately 2,500 tons are annually imported from Italy and Spain. Imports of fruits in brine (except citron) have been, in calendar years, as follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 28,722,608 $2,677,868 24,712,176 $1,877,291 1,317,824 $32,834 Value , »945,326 Under the emergency tariff act (May 27, 1921) "cherries in a raw state, preserved in brine or otherwise," were made dutiable separately from all otW fruits. From May 28 to September 30, 1921, 1,570,768 pounds, valued at $285,585, were entered for consumption. Exports. — None recorded. Irmortd/nt changes in classification.— A!i\. the provisions for cherries have Deen combined in one paragraph. The provisions for '-fruits in brine" (par. 488, act of 1913), rather than that for "cherries; greeil or ripe" (par. 217, act of 1913), has been held to be the proper classifi- cation for cherries in brine. There is, moreover, doubt concerning the percentage of brine under such classification. For these reasons specific provision is made for cherries in brine. A special provision is also included for maraschino cherries, dutiable under the act of 1913 (par. 217) as fruits preserved or packed in spirits. Suggested cJianges. — Specific provision might be made for sulphured cherries, some of which are imported,. The first bracket of paragraph 738 might be amended to read, "Clierries, in, their natural state, sul- phured, or in brine, [rate]." PARAGRAPH 739. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pah. 739. Cider, 10 cents per gallon-; vinegar, 6 cents perpfoof gallon; Prowrferf;^ ! That the standard proof for -vdnegar shall , ; ; be 4 per qentum by weight of acetic acid., . ACT OF 1909. Par. 255. Cider, five cents per gallon. . Pab. 299. Vinegar, seven and onerhalf , cents per proof gallon. The standard proof for vinegar shall be taken to be that strength whidi requires thirty^five grains of bicarbonate of potash to neutralize one ounce troy of vinegar. Act OF 1913. Par. 202. Cider, 2 cents per gallon. Par. 236. Vinegar, 4 cents per proof gallon. Th^ standard proof for vinegar shall be taken to be that strength -which requires thirty-five gmins of bicarbonate^ qf potash to neutralize one ounce troy of vinegar. ; - . STIMMABY OF TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 719 CIDER. Description and lises.^Cider is the juice of apples or other fruit, obtained by grinding the fruit to a pulp and pressing in a mill. It is chiefly used as a beverage and in the making of vinegar. Production. — ^In 1914 there were 430 manufacturers of cider in the United States, with a product valued at $2,244,618. New York, Illi- nois, and Kentucky lead in its manufacture. In 1919 a total of 522 establishments reported a product valued at $7,243,000. Besides this, 19,400,000 gallons, valued at $9,700,000, were made on farms. Many households mamifacture for consumption or sale, but there has been a marked trend toward factbry production. Imports of cider since 1917 have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. 1918 OalU/iu. 2,737 3,281 S9i825 14, 197 $2,852 4,137 110,148 3,890 $55 66 1,997 Per cent. 1.92 1919 1.59 1920 1.81 1921 (9 months) Exports in 1912 (the last year in which they were separately given; were 63,882 gallons, valued at $10,460. About 90 per cent went to the United Kingdota^ Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- graph, page 720. , . VINEGAR. Description and uses. — ^Vinegar is usually derived from beer, cider, malt, glucose, sugar, or wine, through bacterial action and the removal of the alcohol by oxidation. It consists essentially of dilute acetic acid and is used chiefly as a temporary preservative. Prodiiction on farms in 1909 was 7,246,632 gallons. Factory production was reported as worth $5,566,274 in 1914, In 1919 vinegar made on farms amounted to 8,600,000 gallons,, valued at $2,600,000. Therei were 198 establishments engaged in factory pro-, duction of vinegar in 1919 with a total output valued at $17,437,000. Imports in; 1913 were 303,376 gallons, valued at $84,855. In 1920 over 40 per cent came from Great Britain, the other most important aources being Canada, Japan, and Hongkong. Later statistics follow: ' Calendaryear. Quantity. Value. Duty. . Equiva- leiitad valorem. , 1918 'P/. gallons. '' 63,323 99,463 ' 182,638 ,. , m-331 i $30,401 $2,133. 3,979. Per cent. 7.02 1919 -.. 6.79 1920 ::::.::::. ::::i:..Lia. 8.60 1921 f9 montlLS^ ' i , I.'). !IIK ' 720 SUMMARY OP TABIFF ISTFOKMATION', 1921-. Exports in 1914 were 125,666. galloms, valued at $25,112. They go chiefly to Canada, Panama, Mexico, the Philippine Islands, and the UnitfedsKingdoiH.; 1 Later export! figures ' for calendar years are tabulated as if dlowsT' i'-ii VJi 1918 ,1PJ9 1920, 1921. (ginontlis). ^S8^'' ■(gallons). ■::r ,'318, 975' . $89, 090 ,^9,316 , I 290^912 $1^3,020 137,360 141,780 Important changes in classification. — See below. GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. Important changes in classification. — The two paragraphs relating to cider and viaegat have been combined. Thie standard proof for vinegar, as given in the acts of 1909 and 1913, is antiquated. In the proposed substitute the ^present method of determining the strength of vinegar is utilized, and the standard given corresponds to that of the Department of Agriculture. "; ' PARAGRAPH 740. H. k. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ., .<.r . .-,■-' j <.T -,- ■ : , Par.' 74o. Citrons and citron peel, crude, or in brine, 2 cents per pound; candied or otherwise prepared or pre- served, 4 cents per pound; orange and lemon peel, crude, or .in biiiiej candi«d, or pth^rwise prepared py preserved, 2 cents per pound. . ' ' ' ACT OF 1909. Pak. 278. Orange peer or lemon peel, preserved, candied, or dried, * * * two ctots per {Sound; citron or citron peel, PBeserved, candied, or dried, four cents per. pound. , i^, r :; ; , ■ • ; Pah. 57i. *'* * .fruits in brine, not sgecia:lly provided for in this section [Wiee]: ' ■ • -■ --■ '■■'!' Par. 641. Oyangeland^lemfln peel, not preserved, candied, or dried [Free]. ACT OF 1913. „ Par. 221. Orange peel or leipofl peel, preserved, candied, or dried, 1' cent per pouhd; * * *' citron of citroU peel, preservedy candied, or diied,'2 cents per pound. ■ . , , . 1 / .. I,. Par. 488. * * * friiits, in brine, not specially provided for in this section [Free].' , ' i' ' ]. Par.^563. Orange and ilemoB peel, not preserved, candied, or dried [Free];, - CITRON OR CITRON PEEL, PRESERVED OR CANDIED. Description and uses. — ^The citron is a lemonlike fruit, with rind thick and tender, and is preserved or candied for confectionery and for culinary piu-poses. The term "citron" is also applied to a variety of mefcn, the rind of wliich is used for preserves. , Prodiiciim- — Citrons are grown in Calif ornia and Florida, but more extensively in the West Indies and southern Europe. California Sroduced -2,002 boxes of citrons, valued at $8,008, m 1919. Pro- uction figures for Florida are not shown. Most of the candied citron comes from Mediterranean countries. SUMMARY OF TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 721 Imports in 1914 of citron in brine amounted to 2,482,940 pounds, valued at $106,677;' and of Candied citron, 849,557 pounds, valued at $66,849. Later figures follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. r CITKON IN BRINE. 1918 Pounds. 3,021(982. 2,845^2' ■ 3f342,624^ 2,514,767 . 566,112, 246,363 Percent. 1919 ^ ..L... 1920. . , .,P ■iiiV , „ 1921 (9 months) '....'.'..'..'."..'.'..'.'.'..'... CITRON OK CITRON PEEL, PRESERVED, CANDIED, OR DRIED. 19^8...;..:: : '.'.; :■ ^ ''■•■ . :^}}}' : .... 'I&i681 ,400,248 '875,653 1 237,446 ■tee, 231 11106,407, 314,618 •■i 53,489 $8,434 8,005 17, 513 9. "78 7.;62 5.67 1921 (9 months) vElEpoy-fe.— None tecorded. Important changes iri classificalion. — See General Notes 'on Para- graph, page 722. ' ■ ' '■ V ' ^ ORANGE AND LEMON PEEL. Description and uses I — Orange and lemon peels are used, in ,a candied or preserved state for confectionery and culinary purposes. The United States Pharmacopoeia recognizes two varieties of orange peel. (1) Bitter, the driedrmd of a" soiir, inedible fruit, deep orange in color, and v^ith a tjhicls- and spongy rind. .Jt is not grown here. The bitter orange peel' is used for flavoring medicines.' (2) Sweet, the outer rind of the ripe edible fruit. Wbensdried it resembles bit- ter orange peel and it is used principally as An aromatic and as ;a source of essential oils. Lemon peel is alsdfrom the fresh fruit; it is usually not dried, but is valued for its oils and for its flavoring properties, s^ i ; .' . Production. — The domestic , lemon and orange growing industries do not. recover the by-products' as extensively as itt European practice; the peel is preserved to soine extent: in California and Florida, but statistics are not available.; . „ •'Imports of dried' orange and kmon peel; 'Were 563,666 pounds, Valued at $34,004 in 1914. Ijater sta,tistics follow. ' ' ,' , ,, Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. ORANGE AND LEMON PEEL, NOT PRESERVED, CANDIED, OR DRIED. 1918 1919.. 1920.. 1921.(9 months). Pounds. 1,046,429 875,700 321,461 »31,037 45,138 54,903 10,630 Per cent. 82304—22- -46 ■722 SUMMARY, OF lARIFF INFORMATIOJ^, 1921. , . Calendar year. .ftuantlty,.. r, Vatae:. 1 Duty. Equivalent advaldrem. ORANGE AND LEMON PEEL, PRESERVED, CANDIED, OR DRIED. ■:!,' . hi 1918 Pounds. 83,584. 193,724 351, 547 141,277 {13,194 31,463 70,182 17,521 *) S836 1,937 3,515 Per cent. 6.34 1919. . ... 6 10 1920 j.li. 5.01 1921 (9 months) Exports. — ^Noiife recorded. , . Important changes in classification. — See below. GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. Important changes in classification. — The acts of 1909 and 1913 Aontain prqvisionsfpr unprepared orange and lemon peel (par, 641, act of 1909, and par. 563 ^ act of 19i3), as well as provisions for prepared orange, lemon and citron jieel,. and citron (par. 278, act of 1909, and par. 221, act of 1913). Furthermore considerable quanti- ties have been imported under the provision for "fruits in brine" (par. 571, act of, 1909, and, par. 4,88, a,ct qf ,1913)., , The sevepaJ para- graphs relating to peels have been combined, and. duties imposed upon the crude peel and peels in brine as well as upon the prepared product. '■■'•'■ ^""i'.'i I '-''■■':■ -w^'''.' Suggested'changes. — Page 91, line 24:;, page 92, line 1 :, Insert "or dried "'after "in brine." ' PABAORAPH; 741. H. R. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pah.. 741. Figs, freah.or dried j 2 cents per pound; i^eparefi or preserved in any manner, 20 per centiipa ad yalbrem; dates, 1 cent per pound. ACT OF 1909. Par. 274. « « * |ruitB of all kinds pre- . served or packed in siigar, or having sugar added thereto, or presehred or packed in molasses, qpirits, or their own jmces, if containing, no alcohol, or containing not over ten per centum of alcohol, one cent per pound and thirty-five per centum ad valorem; * * *. Par. 275. Figs, two and one-half cents per pound; • • * dates, one cent per pound; » * *. ACT OF 1913, Par! 217. * * * fruits ,of all kinds of packed in sugar, or having ■sugar sCdded therfeto or preseHed br packed in molasses,' spirits, or their own juices, if containing no alcohol, or con- taining not over 10 per centum of alcohol, 20 iper centum ad valorem; * * *. Par. 218. Figs, 2 cents per pounds * * * dates, 1 cent per pound; FIGS. Description and uses. — Two types of figs are grown — the Adriatic, chiefly in the South Atlantic and Gulf States, and the Smyrna, in Cali- fornia. The Adriatic is also grown in California and is still a large proportion of the crop; > the Smyrna, planted only in recent years, IS becoming increasingly important. Small quantities, commercially negligible, are also grown in Arizona. The humid climatic conditions of the South Atlantic and Gulf States produce a very perishable fruit, fermentation setting in within a few hours after picking, unless iiUMMARY OF TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 7.23 special precautions^ are taken. As it has been impracticable to ship tne fresh fruit long distances except under effective refrigeration, it is used in the home or in near-by markets, large quantities being canned or otherwise preserved. In the Southern States east of Texas there is little orchard planting, but almost every rural and urban home , raises a family supply, some of which is canned locally. In the Gulf coast region Of Texas there are many fig orchards, the fruit of which is practically all canned. In California ^ the crop is largely dried and pack'ed for the trade. Production. — California produces practically all of the figs grown commercially in this country. In 1909 her production amounted to 33,000,000 pounds, valued, at. ^716,000. In 1919 it was about 26,460,000 pounds, valued at'$2,76'2,b00. /mJdrM for 1915-1918 iCfiscal years) averaged 12,103,184 pounds, valued at $612,432, considerably less than the prewar average. Before the war most of the dried figs came from Smyrna in Asiatic Turkey. Large quantities are still received from Smyrna and also from Greece, Spam, Italy, and Portugal: Imports since 1917 have been as follows: ' ' Calendar year. Quantity. ^ ahie. Duty. Kquivalent ad valorem. 1918. . : .....:....^. ' Poniuis. 9, 913:, 732 18,011,655 31,074,933 9,246,157 ■ !; - $702; 368 3,210,649; 3,890,782, 875,476 $198,275 , 360,233 , 621,499 Per cent. ■ 28.23 1919 11 22 1920 r 15 97 1921 (9 moaths) Exports. — None. Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- graph, page 724. DATES. Description and uses. — Dates are raised in the warm, dry, interior valleys of California and Arizona, important producing sections being the Coachella and Imperial Valleys in Caliiornia, and localities in the vicinity of Phoenix, Ariz. This is an infant industry and develop- ment is relatively slow, because of the difficulty in securing offshoots from desirable varieties. ' Production does not justify shipments in carload lots. In 1919 California • produced 144,992 pounds, valued at $28,998. Arizona produced 42,812 pounds, valued at $10,703. Imports during W13-19i7 averaged 28,066,867 pounds. Asiatic Turkey has always been the chief source, supplying in 1920 about 75 per cent of the imports. Statistics of imports since 1917 are as folldWs: Calendar ye^r. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. 1918... Poundi. 10,024,916 20, 606, 205 28,562,114 23,325,889 $487,886 989,970 1,823,223 1,340,843 $100,249 206,062 285,621 Per cent. 20.55 1919..;..:.. . ...., 20.81 1920 : ,15. 67 1921 (Q months! •' Exports. — None reported. , , Important changes in 'classijicati'on. — See General Notes on Para- graph, page 724. ,724 SUMMABYOF: TAHIFF IN.FOBMATIJQIS;, 1921. ! i, GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH* > :., i ,,; Important .ckanges in ' classificatian.-^-Figs and dates have been brought together hi one paragraph. The provision for figs has been made more ' specific , toi accord with/ the ' !aaara,cter of the trade i and more nearly tojreflect variations in value. 1, ,i; i Suggested cha/dges. — For .dfttes,: as in ^thfi case of ":figs, provision might be made for. thei. fruit i ffesh s or' dried, andi prepared pr preserved. '■'■•■ PARAG-RAPH' 7i'2. , i H. B. 7456. ! ■ SENATE AMENDMENTS. , jPar.- 742. Grapes in barrels or , other packages, 25 cents per' cubic foot of the capacity of the packages; rlaisins, 2 c^htfe' ' per pound", dried currants and other. drifidi ' 1 ii ' ; . grapes, 2\ cents per pound. . , , , , , , ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 275. * * * raisins and other Par.' 218. * * » raiflins and other dried grapes, two and one-half cents per dried grapes, 2 cents per pound; * * * pound; * * * currants, Zante or currants, Zante or other, li cents per other, two cents per pound; * * *. pound; * * *. Pah. 276. Grapes in barrels or other Par. 219. Grapes in barrels or other packages, twenty-five cents per cubic foot packages, 25 cents per cubic foot of tho of capacity of barrels or packages. capacity of the barrels or packages. '■' " ' ""' GRAPES. "■'■""' " ■ ' ", "' Description and uses. — ^The grapes produced in the United States are of three types. , (1) Native bunch grapes, the most widely dis- tributed;; (2) the vinifera or European grapes, . confined chiefly to California; (3) the muscadine grapes, rajised principally injthe South Atlantic: and Gulf States. Growmg the muscadine is primairily a -home industry although, some commercial .vineyards have been main- tained in the past for making wine. The regional distribution ; of these different types is .determined by climatifii adaptations. Production. — -The native American bunch grapes are widely grown outside of California and the South Atlantic and Gulf States, where the other types are chiefly produced. There are coanmercial pro- ducing centers, such as the Hudson Eiver Valjey, the lake regions in centrS and western New York, northwesteiyn Pennsjvlvania,, northern Ohio, southwestern Michigan, and smaller districts elsewhere. - Hope vineyards are general. There are no adequate statistics of the native bunch grapes or the muscadine. The vinifera represent a large investment in California. Data of acreage are difficult' to secure, but the best estimates indicate about 50,000 acres of table grapes, 230,000 acres of raisin grapes, and 140,000 acres of wine grapes in California alone. Estimates of returns to the grape industry of California for the year 1919 are: Wine grapes, $15,000,000; table, grapes, $18,000,000; raisin grapes, $42,500,000; total, $75,500,000. Ship- ments of fresh grapes from California were about 6,360 cars in 1913 and more than 2^,068 in 1919. The to tal\ domestic production of all --*? SUMMAKY OF TABIFF INFOEMAHON, 1921. 725 kinds of grapes in 1919 was 1,258,420 tons, valued at $95,586,021. Of this amonmt California produced 1,027,822 tons, valued at $65,780,628. In 1919 a total of 87,644 cases of grapes, valued. at $514,219, were canned, mostly in California. Im,forts of grapes amounted to an annual average of 1,048,815 cubic: feet (packed in bftirrels), valued at $1,227,171 for 1914-1918 (fiscal years). They have ranged from 2,237,730 poimds in 1908 to 533,599 pounds in 1919. These are largely late-ripening, long-keep- ing, Eliropean varieties,' mostly from Spain. Some quantities are also brought in from Canada and the West Indies. Statistics of imports since 1917 foUo'w: , Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. 1918 Cubic feet. 667, 851 533, 599 991,554 191,489 $992,747 ■ 843; 526 ^76 431 sm963 133,400 247,889. Perctnt. 16.82 15. 81 16.70 1919 :..:....: 1920 1921 (9 months) ■",' -,■' Exports. — ^Not recorded separately, hi ^ i ; . : Important changes in ctassification. — See General Notes on Para- ,'raph, page 726. ,, ,! [,.,,.,■ ; 7:.;( *,,^ -■ ' ■;..■■ . BAISXNS. _ ;,, , ; , ' ,. ' -■ ,,,, Description and uses. — Raisins are dried grapes of certain varieties of the vinifera or European type. While producible from many kinds of grapes, particular qualities are required for raisins of high ff&de, and few varieties possess these qualities in a sufficient degree. The raisins most prized are the Alexandria and the Sultanina. Production is confined, commercially, to California, where condi- tions are favorable to desirable raisin varieties and where sxm drying is feasible. Output has steadily increased for several years. The pack has ranged from 254,000,000 pounds in 1915 to "395^000,000 pounds in 1919. Production -varied from 125,000,000 pounds in 1910 to 196,000,000 ' pounds in 1914:' California produced 293,- 300,581 pounds in 1919 valued at $35,544,262. Imports in 1918 were only 949,285 poiinds, valued at $157,486, with an average of a,b,out 3,500,000 pounds during 1910-1914. Normally the imports, mostly from Spain and Asiatic Turkey, are unimportant compared with production or exports. In 1920 imports were un- usually large; ovier 55 per cent came from Spain. Statistics of im- ports of raisins and other dried grapes foUow: Calendar year. ■ Quantity. Value. Duty. 1 Equivalent ad valorem. 1918....: Pounds. 202,672 1,357,545 40,538,897 12,863,067 , $26,965 391,018 . 6,792,197 1,782,704 , ■$4,053 27,141 ■: 810, 488 Per cent. 15.03 1919 6,94 1920. . . -. 11. 94 1921 (9 months) Exports rapidly' increased, up to' the enactment of the Fedieral pro- hibition law, reaching a maximum of 110,183,033 pounds in 1919. 726: S.trMMARY OF TAKIFr INJTOBJMATIOK, 1S)21. Canada, tHe United iEingdom, Japan,. aindAustiralasia were the priiir cipal)Ooiuitries:of deatiilation. Exportsi of .raisiiis and other dried! grapes since 1917 by calendar years na-viebeen as Mloi\lsrs: ■!i ! 1 ,' ::: H t.-/ .. • :;,■! 'ji-i ■ ■■ ■ t ',..-'* . 1918 , . 1920 1921 . (9.iaortths); Quantity C^oiinds). .-. .'.U.V- :"1 i j.\: .'Mj. . :.-. ...i Value ....^,^...; ,^.j.,..,... ■' 52,eS7,-814 J4_,668,0ai lie, is3;0* ,liq,089„3p?. 53,312,126 :,»9,,505,p^. ' 10,fe8Q,l20;K , , SI, 979, ,6?^ Important changes in classification. — See Gerietal Wo tes on Para- graph below. ■ ! ^ ' DElfiDCUfiRANt'S, ZANTE OE OTHER. Description and uses. — The Zante or currants of commerce are in fact the dried product of certain varieties of European grapes, domes- tic production of Mv^hich has beto negligible. Kecent experiments indi- cate that this type of grape can be grown comrnercially in California. The dried currant is used for culinary purposes. Production ha^been inconsiderable; but sraall 'Gomme;?cial plantings aire' being made."' 'i-"''"if''* ')'>r-, - ...,.,,•• ,_ ... ,_. . ,\ , \>, ,,,,.. , Imports from 190? to 1917 have ranged from abbUt 80,000,000 pounds to 39,000,000 pounds. These 'imports came almost entirely from Greece. Later statistics follow: ?/>f '■"" " " ■ = ■ ■■ ■ ^■" rj'jr!!;-/ >U>.V\\M- Quantity. ■ ' v-yiu 1918:.. ■....'..".'.'..•. 1919... ,...;... 'til. ..ci... 1920. - -■inn- 1921 .(9 monas);*!. . . Pounds.' ' '3, 967; 411 .13,567,066 'S5,'^,'624 '■ ' J5fl3j.S57i 6,678 481 2,4?6,7?7' ■iMty.'; $59i'311 203, 5O61 • S33, 409' EquOTlent ad vaiqrep^^. J ^ - . , . . ! "r Ber ceM- ■ ■ ' 11.82 9. ,63 13. 72 Important changes iriclassificaiion. —Se^ helow. , GENBEAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. . , Iniportant changes in classijication. — Frfesh grapes have been coin- ^ billed with dried ^'apes, raisins, and dried cuMhts, - The provision here for dried currant's covert only dried currant grapes of the Zante and other varieties, which .are similar in natun^ to raisins. Garden currants are a different fruit,' bluing more iiearly I'elated to berries. Trade in garden currants is unimportant. Such currants, in the absence of specific provision thereiori, have been held to come within the provision for berries in their natural condition. "Other dried grapes" consist mostly of wine grapes, imports of which have recently much-increased. - The provision for assessing "duty on grapes per cubic foot; of the capacity of the package h'as been retained; oecause most of the imported grapes are packed in cork dust, making difficult the deter- mina/iion, qf ,tlie p,ctu^l weight pf.fruit without .spoiling j^he, fruji|-,j^ SUMMARY OB TARIFF INFORMATION, ^921l.- 727■ PARAGRAPH 743. H. B. 7456. Pah. 743. Lemons, 2 cents per pound; Uinles, oranges, and grapefruit, 1 cent,per i pound. ACT OF 1909. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Pae: 277. Lemons, one and one-half Pah. 220'. Lembnii,*'^ limds, Granges,, cei^ts per;, pound; oranges, limes, grape grapefruitT' shaddocks,- and pomelos -in' fruit, shaddocks, or ponielos, one .cent ; packages, of aj capacity of Qpe and ome- ' per pound: fourth cubic feet or less, 18 cents per package; in packages of capacity exceed- ■ ling one and one-fourth cubic feet and not exceeding two and one-half cubic feet, 35 cents per package; in packages exceeding two and one^-half and- not ' exceeding five cubic feet; 70 cents per package; in packages exceeding five cubic feet or in bulk, J of 1 cent per pound. '■■•'■ '"''J ' ■'■<■('>' I'l^ ■ ''"■ ■-' ■ A. i LEMONS. ■Description, and use's:-— The ,leia6ti.,Qve^^^ tljie praii|ge, ■ reiquires' a weirm. climate, relatively jfr^ee from frost. ; Lemoiis are picked at 'a certain size, 'vailing from'S^ to '^^ 'inches in diarc^eter, and stored in curing; rooms, sometimes ;two or ttu-ee^moAths, ui^l;ilva typical ' jrellbw cblbr is acqtiirecl. Great care must be exercised ill pickiag, packing, kid marketing*. Besides thefamiliar uses of'ihe ifesh fruit, ' there ' aJr^' iinportant by-jproducts, including ■ citrate of : liiiie, and citric acid. ' ., . . , - P,roductiqn: — Commerciar ciiltivation of the,, lemon is confined to California, Vhef e production increased' from 2,756,00t) boxes in 1909 to 6,551,000 boxes valued at $19,000,000 in 1919. Florida also' grows some lemons, chiefly for home use. Production in this State amounted in 1919 to 31,204 bt)xes valued at $93,612. Imports for 1913-1917 „(chiefly from 5icily) fluctuated from 100,000,000 to 175,000,000 powds, with values Jrom. $2,062,030 to $5,981,635. Lemons are entered in packages of varying size, but most of the imports are received in boxes whose contents exceed IJ but do not exceed 2^ cubic feet. Statistics of -iiiiports since 1917 by calfendar years follow:; • , , , - •, : ' , - ' ' 1918 ,1919 1920 1921 (9 months). V"a]ue . . ' ■ . . '■ ll,867,58S' . .: -360,519 $2,437,802 362, 586 $2,904,529 » ' Bi2,in6 -i $1,044,872 DtttT-. . ... .«..' The following statistics show the value of lemons imported by months for 1920 and 1921 under the operation of the' emergency tanSF'act. ' ' ' ' '"' ■ ' '■■'' ' ■ ' '' ' - . '" sijl/emons, 2 cents per pound. (Par; 10, emergency tariff act oM921.) 728 SUMMAEY OF TABIKF INFOEMATIOSF, 1921. Month. 1920 1921 ' Month. 1920 January.. February. March April May June $156,229 82,251 343,626 305,747 357, 870 537, 102 $67,232 32,369 85,768 38,517 78,678 94,630 July August,.... September. Oetober:... November. December.. $337,543 ,.4S6,'387' 67^75*, 131,635 44,142 84,343 $304,058 242,^0 100,116 105,839 54/669 24,491 Exports for 1914-1918 (fiscal years) ranged from, 70^,000 to 193,000 boxes, valued; at $308,707- to $1^088,000.. Over 85 per cent go to Canada. Laterstatistics for calendar years follow: 1918 1919 1921 (9 months). Quantity (boxes) . Valije 193,347 $1,088,823 306,916 $1,371,848 293,050 $1, 188, 053 242,959 $1,023,696 Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- graph, page 730. LIMES. Description and uses.- — Linaes are a variety qf citron, and are used for=the same ptttpbses as thfe lemon. They also yield citrate of lime and citric acid. The tra:de demands si^ea from Xi to IJ inches in diameter. ' i PtoStuctidri. — ^The tree, less hardy than the lemon tree, is. con^mer- cially restricited to Wann localities in Florida. California, has. suc- cessfully cultivated some homS orchards, but produced only 136 boxes in 1919. Production in Florida for 1909 and 191.9 was 11,302 and 27,725 boxes, valued at 112,457 and, $97,040, respectively. /mporfe, ' largely froni thfei ,WeSt Indies, are shown for calendar years in the follb wing table; J ,' -1 ■ ' , ■1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Value .. .... '^. ...-.: $66,754 6,538 $95,688 17,224 $84,249 ,i_ 16,747 $91,789 Duty...., 'r ,.- ■ Exporte.Ts-None recorded. •.^--U' .'■■■■■ Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- graph, page 730. ORANGES. . -) Description and uses. — ^The unportant orange-growing sections of this country are in California and Florida; smaller areas are in Arizona, Te:^as, Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi. The crop requires a warm climate, relatively free from frost. The trees begin to bear, the third year, but not in commercial quantities until the fiftji or sixth year; they bear profitably from 20 to 40 years. The industry is highly specialized. The fruit is picked very carefully,: to avoid bruising, and is assorted into several grades in packing houses. By means of mechanical sizers the fruits of each grade are divided into the different commercial sizes. There are by-products, including orange marmalade, candied orange peel, orange vinegar, etc. SUMMARY OP TAEIFF INFOEMATION, 1^1. 729 Production of oranges in recent years Tias varied from approxi- mately 10,000,000 to 24,000,000 boxes— 7,000,000 to 17^000,000 boxes in California, 3,000,000 to 6,000,000 boxes in Florida; the remainder in Arizona, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. The quantity and value of the crop in the two States of California and Florida for lat^r calendar years follow : 1918 1921 C^uantity (boxes) . . Farm value, Dec. 1 . 24,200,000 $84,480:000 22, 628, 000 $60,202,000 29, 700, 000 $64,908,000 30,700,000 $63,850,000 Imports of oranges for 1914-1917 varied from approximately $50,000 to $100,000. The heaviest shipments came from the West Indies and Japan. Later statistics for calendar years follow: \'aluG . Duty.. 1918 $107, 206 23,591 1919 1920 $52, 790 12, 359 $58,371 12,256 1921 (9 months). . $8, 389 Exports for 1914-1918 ranged from 1,500,000 to 1,800,000 boxes, valued at $3,800,000 to $4,480,000. The larger shipments were to Canada. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (boxes) . Value... 857, 159 $4, 279, 429 1,777,468 $7,638,450 1,517,9 $7,518,6 1,828,70 $6,644,21 /mportanicAangres in cZassi/Ecafcwn.--See General Notes on Paragraph, page 730. GltAPEFBDlT. Description and uses.— Florida is the most important grapefruit producer. "This fruit is also raised commercially in California, but is of minor importance compared with orange and lemon holdings. It is grown commferciaUy in. Arizona to a small extent, and js also found in home orchards in Tfexas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Ala- bama. . Its important use is as a breakfast fruit. ,. Production in Floridk has increased from 1,061,537 boxes in 1909* to 3,158,431 boxes in 1919, the latter crop being valued at $6,1^8,941. California produced 122,516 boxes in 1909 and 465,085 boxes valued at $930,170 m 1919. , . Imports, practically all from Cuba, are shown for calen- •!-■--"'-■ 730' SUMiVIA-EY JOr TARI'F^IN:^6i{M:ATl6*r,1021'.- Exports. — None recorded. ' •''' ■^' •"•:..''!■'• Important changes in cTassiJicat4on.'-^S'ee h&lovr>. )"<' ' i. .<,, (GjENERAj;. NOTE ON PARAGRAPH.: I Important changes in classificahon. — Tiie duty has. been simplified by changing from the complicated package to the pound basis. The terms "shaddocks" and "pomelos" have been dropped because they are merely synonyms for grapefruit. PARAGRAPH 744. ;^ V' H. B. 7,456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 744: Olivea in briiite, green, 20 ' cents per gallon ; ripe, 20 cents per gallon ; pitted or stuffed, 30 cents per gallon; dried ripe olives,' 4 cents per pound. ACT OF 1909. „ ,, ACT OF 1913. Par. 275. * * * olives, in bottles, Par. 218. * » » olives, 15 cent* per jars, kegs, tins, or other packages^ con- gallon.^'^ , . tainingfl^sithan five g^llOBs'^aehs twenty- '' ' "' '' ■ ■■•■..* five cent§ per J gallon ;btherwiae, fifteen cents per gallon. ,,'i,V ■ • OL£VES. Description and uses.— The products of the industry relating to this fruit are pickled olives (green or ripe), salt-cured olives, pitted or stuffed olives,: and. olive oil; ./ Production.— 'The fruit is grown in a warm, dry climate, free from frost, and its productipn requires skill and long experience in cultui^. The tree begiiis to bear conimercially wheii '5 tG 7 yekrs old, arid may be productive for several centuries. '' Domestic olive culture is confined to TJalif ornia and small areas in Arizona, with a total acreage of aboi^t 1 per cpnt of the Spanish, or Italian crop. Only recently has the industry beeii firmly placed, and its present status is due largely to improvements in growing and handling, especially in pickling the ripe olive, in which the Umted : Statbs has virtually a monopoly. Competing countries have not pro- duced ripe olives, partly because of the presence of the olive fly, which honeycombs the , ripe fruit. Domestic producers have had little success in pickling green olives. ^ , , Spaih, the principal source of .our imported olives, grows chiefly th6^6 used for pickling, while those' grown for oil predominate in Italy, whence is normally derived most of, th§ olive oil.. In the domestic industry, pickles and oil are largely joint products, the, culls and injured ripe olives being processed for oil and the better grades pickled. Ohves for oil, usually grown Avithout irrigation, are being abandoned for the more pKifitable ripe olives. The competi- tion of foreign oils is a strong trade factor. 2' Oiives, in solutionj, 25c6nts per gallon; olives, not in solutions, 3 cents per poOnd. .(Par. 28, emergency 'ariflactofl921.) SUMMABY.OF TARIF]? INFORMATION, 1921. 731 In 1921 there were in the XJnited. States about 40,000 acres in oUve^,' of which between 20,000 and 30,000 acres were bearing. About 50 per cent of the olives were pickled, and the remainder were salt-cured, pickled green, or crushed for oil. The pickled ripe olives amount to over 1,000,000 gallons annually. The output varies with fluctuations in yield and in the percentage suitable for pickling. In California production in 1909 was 16,132,412 pounds, valued at 1401,277, and in 1919, 17,564,020 pounds, valued at $1,405,121. According to the California Olive Association production of pickled ripe olives and salt-cured ohves for the last three calendar years was as follows : Pickled ripe olives .pounds. . Salt-(5urea olives — do — 1918 8,910,000 2, 247, 000 1919 10,791,000 1,198,000 6,930,000 1,498,000 'Estimated. Growers estimate the average value of present bearing lands,, both good and bad, at $750 per acre (for 1921) and nonbearirig ' lands ■ at $500. • ' ■ '- '' Both the pickling and the oil processing are performed in specially equipped packing plants, sometimes in connection with olive groves. There were 26 commercialpirbcessin^^ plants in California and Arizona in 1921, and half of, theSj^r-were equipped for making olive oil. As the packing season lasts only three or four months, these establish- ments usually engage in canning other products. _ In ' the: Mediteir- ranean countries olives are generally' grown and' profcessed as a family enterprise, and brokers buy, assemble, and grade the product at gathering stations. The pickling process consists in first neutral- izing with an alkali (usually lye) the tannic acid of the olive, after ; which the product is aerated to "settle" the color and impart the char- acteristic black tinge. The lye is then washed' off, the olives placed in brine solutions, and later camaed. The price varies with the size of the olives. ■, ^ ■ Imports, principally from Spain, ranged during 1910-1917 between 3,000,000 and, 5,000,000 gallons,, abotit five times the domestic crop. IJiey consisted of tKe. highest-priced product, green , qliyes, mostly "queens" or large-sized olives ^ and included relatively but a small amount of the lower-priced Manzanilla or small olives. The ship- ments are largely in bulk, being bottled or packed here. The bot- tling and pacEng and the, pitting and stuffing of imported olives is a considerable industry. The revenue ranged from $500,000 to$860,0b6. during 1910-1917. Later statistics follow: ' "> '■ Calendar year. "Quantity. Value. ' Tluty. Equivalent ad valorem. 1918 . , Gallons. . 2,558,243 3,960,253 4,195,384 3,374,960 Sl,'2i)7,'47S 2,948, 580 4,286,244 ' 2; 249, 597 • S?83,704 594,033 , 629,307- ', Per cent.^ 32 1919 . ...; ;... 25 1920 ■in 1921 (Q months") i- ^ ■ - 732 SUMMAKY OF TARIFF JJISFOEMATION, 1021. The following statistics show the quantity and value of olives imported by months for 1920 and 1921 under the operation of the emergency tariff act: Month. ' January- . February. March April May June July August September October. . . Noveipber. December. Quantity. Gallons. 512, 888 3«,875' 422,264 737, 603 640,641 431,096 232,705 619,745 189,757 164, 820 155, 644 335, 937 Gallons. ,661,497 i2l7,(n7 217,740 401,604 588, 167 378,495 Value. S409,233 ■326,538 436,065 771,401 746,461 563, 839 266,784 755,027 207,762 142, 721 112,631 186, 712 $269, 898 151,096 150,940 266,508 336,450 176,207 254,217 63, 137 270,697 115,015 ' 94,114 124,406 Exports. — None recorded. Important changes in classification.— -Bec&use of the distinctive trade in ripe, green, aind pitted or stuffed olives, special provision has been made for each of these classes. PARAQRAPH 745, H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 745. Peaches and-peara, green or ri^e, oae-half ef 1 per cent per pound; - dned; deeiccated, or evaporated,,! cent per pound; otherwise prepared or pre- served, and not specially provided for, 20 per centum ad valorem. ■ ACT OF 1909. Par. 274. * * * peaches, » * * and pears, green or ripe, twenty-five cents per bushel; f * /; allt. edible fruits, * *. * when 4ried, desiccated, evapo- rated, or prepared in any manner, not specially provided for in this section, iwo cents per pound; J* * * fruits of all kinds preserved or packed in sugar, or having sugar addeci thereto, or preserved or packed in molasses, spirits, or their own juices, if containii^ no alcohol, or con^ taining 'riot over ten per centum of alco- hol, one cent per pound and thirtyrfi'^e per centum ad valorem; * * *. ACT OF 1913. ■Par. 217. * * * tjeaches, ' * * * and pears, green or ripe, 10 cents per bushelr of fifty ppun(Js; * * * all edi- bje fruits, * *' * whep dripd, desic- cated, evaporated, or prepared in' any' '. manner, not spe. , . ; .. ■ ,,i;in ;.m, ■ . . ■■ ;.. ,., ;. ■ 1918 1919 1920 1921 ■. ' Quantity (ljushas)..i '..:'.'....:.„ Farm value, Dec. 1... J . . 34,133,000 $55,092,000 53,178,000 $100,485,000 45,620,000 $95,970,000 32,733,000 $52,176,000 Imforts of fresh pfjaches are not separately shpwn. The geographi- cal distribution and nature of the fruit make the Lake Ontario dis- trict in Canada the only source of import; but as the Ontario fruit ripens at a time when our markets are usually fully supplied, there is normally little to induce importation. Statistics of imports of peaches, quinces, cherries, plums, and pears, green or ripe, follow : Calendar year. 1918 1919 1920. 1921 (9 months) . Quantity. Busliels. 4,633 21,692 ; 43,380 '118; 668 Value. $13, 639 119,806 281,188 1' 72i 338 Duty. $463 21169 4,338 Equivalent ad valorem. Per cent. 3.40 1.81 1.54 1 Cherries in a raw state were provided for iu--the emergency taritE act; hence are not included here from May 29 to* Sept. 30, inclusive. ' Imports of the, various kinds of dried fruits, never large,, have not been separately reported. Statistics for the group follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. 1918 ..- - -■ Fownis. 69,1^9 947|088 784,804 .-t-OcOO $691 5,456 9,471 Per cent. 5.83 1919 ; ', 5.40 1920 5.84 Exports of fresh peach«s are insignificant, because of their perish- able nature. However, dried and canned peaches are exported in considerable amoimt to the United Kingdom and in lesser amounts to Canada, France, and Cuba. Export statistics by calendar years for eachfoUow: 1918 1920 ; 1921, M (9 months). Peaches, dried: Quantity (pounds) Value Peaches, canned: Value 4,839,598 $544,455 $1, 178, 547 9,022,334 $1,559,873 $9, 489, 850 7,924,831 $1,465,609 $6,342,319 4,188,603 $472,984 $2, 487, 694 734 ^TJMMABY'OF TABIFF INFOBMATTON, 1921. Important (ihdng^ in classification. - graph below. ; ; f • -See General Notes oh Para- PEARS. Desm/ption and uses.— The ipear is used principally fresh, although large quantities are canned or dried, the latter operation being con- ducted. commerciaUy. only in California; i Pear blight, a serious tree disease' which^can not be controlled by spraying, prevents the domestic cultivation, of pears in considerable areas; Prof^Mc^iorij.— rWhilftcpear trees are widely planted for home use, important commercial production is confined to abpiut lli, States, nearly one-half of this crop being grown in California. Although the pear is grown throughout the world, it is produced primaruy for domestic consumption. In 1919 production of canned pears reached a total of 1,951,374 cases, valued at. $14,202,963. California pro- duced 5,750 tons of dried pears in 1919 and abont 2,500 tons in 1920, Prbdiictibn of pears, green oi* ripe, is ^iveh, for calendar years, in the following table : i ; -■.••• 1 1!0! .-iflr' Quantity (bushels)'. . . Farm Talue, Dec. 1 . . . 12, 993, 000 $17,902,000 1920 15,101,000 I $27,852,000 16, 805, 000 $27,865,000 1921 10,705,000 $18.342,000- Imports. — Not separately shown. (See p. 733-) /Exports, largely the Kieffer variety, now chiefly grown in New Jersey, Delaware, and some other sections, amount to about $1,000,- 000, and go principally to the United Kingdom and Canada.: Exports of green and ripe pears since 1917 by calendar years have been valued as follows: 1918, $928,841; 1919, $1,764,671; 1920, $2,202,121; 1921 (9 months), $1,134,223. , Canned Spears totlie value of $5,113,738 were exported in 1920, and to the value of $2,696,223 durifig the first nine months of 1921. Over half went to the United Kingdom ; Cuba and Canada were the next largest purchasers. . Important changes in classification. — See below. GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. Important cTianges in classification. — The specific provision for quinces has been eliminated. The total imports of the group — peaches, plums, cherries, and pears, green or ripe — are niot large, and quinces are believed to constitute an insignificant proportion of the total. ' .-..'■-: ! -. ■ ,; A new provision is here made for dried peaches, and pears, and for peaches and pears otherwise prepared or preserved, now dutiable under the provisions in paragraph 217 of the act of 1913 for fruits, dried, preserved or packed in sugar, etc. SUMMARY OF TAMFF INFORMATION, 1921. 735- PARAGRAPH 746. H. B. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 746. Pineapples, three-fourths of 1 cent eaph; pineapples, prepared or pre- served in any manner, 3| cents per pound. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 274. * * * fniits of all kinds Par. 217. * » » fruits of all kind* preserved or packed in sugar, or having preserved or packed in sugar, or having sugar added thereto, or preserved or sugar added thereto or preserved or packed in molasses, spirits, or their own packed in molasses, spirits, or their own |uice8, if containing no alcohol, or con- juices, if containing no alcohol, or con- taining not over ten per centum of alco- taining not over 10 per centum of alcohol, hoi, one cent per pound and thirty -five 20 per centum ad valorem; * * * pine- per centum ad valorem; * * * pine- apples preserved in their own juice, 20" apples preserved in their own juice, not per centum ad valorem. , haviilg sug'str, spirits, or molasses added ■ Par. '222. Pineapple^, in barrels or '.thereto, twenty-five per centum ad : Other packages,! 6 cents per cubic foot of valorem ^ •);■■!, the, -capacity of the .barrels or packages;: Pah. 279. Pineapples, in .barrels and in bulk, $5 per thousand', other packages, eight cents per cubic foot , of the capacity of barrels or packages; in bulk, eight dollars per thousand. ,, PINEAPPLES. . ' , Description and uses. — Pineapple is used as f rest friiit, as a canned product and in several fruit dtmks. It is usually packed in slices, chunks, or in crushed or grated form, with a sirup or with the juice pf the fruit alone. The ordinary canned pineapple of commercei has- water added to the juice and sugar. The cores are preserved and used by confectioners. The fruit vaiies greatly in size, flavor, and Talue. Production commercially is in Hawa,ii, in Porto Rico, and in Florida. The cold weather of 1917-18 and a disease known as "pine- apple wilt" reduced Florida's crop from 400,300 crates, valued at $499,118 in 1914, to 26,016 crates, valued at $110,569 in 19l9. ThiB planting of pineapple slips on virgin soil where possible, and the use of better cultural methods are gradually restoring the indus- try. Since 1900 production in Hawaii has rapidly increased. Begin- ning in 1901 with,2,000 cases of canned pineapple the oiitput expan- ded to 5,071,976 cases, valued at $18,997,975 in 1919. The value of the Porto Rico crop in 1919 was $319,493. In 1919 a total of 156,755 cases of pineapple valued at $1,365,484 were canned in continental United .qtates, practically the entire amount being packed in Mary- land. The largest foreign canning center is Singapore. The pine- apple industry is also important in the Philippine Islands, Siam, and the West Indies. Import values of fresh pineapple amounted to,$l, 220,571 in 1913. Fresh fruit is received chiefly from Cuba. Imports of pineapples- preserved in their own juices averaged $112,354 from 1909 to 1913; in 1914 they were $206,736. Later statistics follow: Y36 STJMMAKY* OF TABIPF INFOBMATION, 1921. :— 1-: , Calpudarjear. Quantity. ., yalue. .Puty. Ad valorem rate. FRESH PIN.EJVPPLES.,,, 1918 Pounds. $S45,.905 1,045,882 1,422,600 1,541,425 ..,,$98,002 110,125 99,373 Percmt. 12 1919...... - ' T '. u 1920 7 1921 (9 months) ...^ PINEAPPLES PRESERVED JN, THEIR OWN JUICE. ' ,,.''; ;1 . $25, 176 ,10,717, .'1^285' '69,791 $5,035 , 2,143 25,322 20 20 i9jd;";;;;!!"!';;;;!;;;;;;!;!i;!'!!!!;!;!;!!;!";;;!i!;; 90^156 ;814j832 20 1921 (9 months) . . ;■■ ■ It should be noted that the biilk of the preserved pmeapples are im- ported under the classification "fruits preserved in sugar," etc. (siBe p-; 741), which are not subdivided as to the various fruits. Exports in 1920 were valued at $3,025,522, and, went chiefly to Oanada, the United Kingdom, France, and Belgium. , i Cannery waste (pulp, cores, etc.) consists of a variety of fruits, but is largely pineapple. In 1920 exports of this product amoimted to 1,248,320 pounds, valued at $76,634'^ these went chiefly to the TJnited Kingdom, Canada, and the Netherlands. '''' Important changes in classificationr-The twp provisions of the act of 1913 relating to pineapples have been comt)in,ed, the dutiable basis for fresh pmeapples placed on a piece basis, and the d^^criptiye provisions for the preserved fruit shortened and simplified. Suggested changes. — ^At the hearingg before the Finance Committee (vol. 7, pp. 3103 and 310t) it was stated that pineapples not in biilk are imported in standard; crates of 1.96 cubic feet, containing from 18 to 48 pineapples. The, larger pineapples are more valuable, some- times selling for two or three times as much as the smaller sizes; a rate per pineapple therefore, bears more heavily upon the lower priced product. This paragraph might accordingly be changed to read — . pineapples, [rate] per crate of 1.96 cubicfeet; in bulk, [rate] per thoveapd. PARAGRAPH 747. H. B. 7456. Par. 747. Plums, prunes, and ' pru- nelle?, green or ripe, one-half of 1 cent per pound; dried, one-halt of 1 cent per poiind; otherwise prepared or preserved, ■and not specially provided for, 20 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Par. 274. 1^. . * * , plums, * * * freen or ripe, twentvrfive cents, per ushel; * * * all edible fruits, * * * when dried, desiccated, evaporated, or prepared in any manner, not specially provided for in this section, two cents per pound; * * * fruits of all kinds preserved or packed in sugar, or having sugar added thereto, or preserved or SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 217. *■ * ,* plums, * *. * green or ripe; 10 cents, per busheL of fifty pounds; * * * all edible fruits, * * * when dried, desiccated, evap- orated, or prepared in any manner, not specially provided for in this section,' 1 cent per pound; * * * fruits of all kinds preserved or packed in sugar, or having sugar added thereto or preserved SXTMMASy' 'giF tariff iic"FOB,MAT46N', 1921. 737 ACT OP 1908'. packed in molasaes, spirits, o;r their own ]uices, if containing no alpofic^,. or con- taining' not over ten per centu'ili of alcohol, one cent per pound and thirty-' five per centum ad valorem; * * *. ' Par. 275. * * * plums, prunes, and prunelles, two cents per poimd ; * * *.; : ACT OF 1^13. or packed ija,38itJlrtes;," spirits, or their ,own iiiices,. if containing no alcohol, ,or containing not over, 10- per denWm of alcohol, 20 ' per cientuiti ad valorem; * * * , ..,,■., Par. 218. * * * plums, prunes, and prunelles, 1 cent per pound ; * * * PLUMS, GKOSEN OE RIPE. Description and uses. — Three main types of plums are gro-^n in America — the European or Domestica, the Japanese, and the numer- ous native species. The European and Japanese types are used prin- -cipally fresh and for canning'; the native plums, to a limited extent fresh, especially for culinary purposes, for canning, marmalades, "jellies, etc. Certain European plums, the dahisons, for' example, are used entirely for preserves and marmalades. Production of plumg and prunes in 4,909 ws-S 15,480,170 bushels, the Pacific States yielding over 80 per cent. In 19 19 production amounted to 19,500,000 bushels, valued at, ,$41,900,000i;rThe types are some- vrhat regional, commercial production of the European varieties being chiefly in New York; Michigan, Ohio, Calif omia,' and the Eacific Northwest. .The native species £tre hardiest and tnore. widely dis- tributed. • ' ■ . . ■" ' ' -ji. .;. ,, ■■■' ; .i-p.p; In 1919 a total of 571,52Lcfases of plums, valued at'f2;228,i83, was canned as compared with 288,326 cases, valued ati$438,238,'inl914[ About two-thirds of the pack is camied in California. Imports of plums, prunes, and prunelles are small, averaging about ^50.,i000 from. 1910 to 1914, and come principally from Canada. Later statistics followr ' ^ ''■- Calendar year. Quantitj'. Value. 1 1 . ' • - ; Equivalent , , Puty . ■, • ,id • yaiorem. • 191S 15,05(i 62,227 14S,95« 47,7fi5 *J,1S0 lb, lioB ■' S';,78fr 10,795 S151 - ,, . 622 - -' '-1,'«0 - •" Pcpteni. : 3.60 1919 , , 1920 v.;.; ,1921 (9 months) 3,97 : '■ ■, ^.... ....... Exports of this group "are not separately showniexcftpt foDidried prunes. (See Prunes.) ■ ' . • ' ' . - - : Important dhang^s ir^. classification. —See (jei^eral iJsTotes on Para- graph, page 738. , ' ; ;• < ■ PRUNES.- -., i , .- - Description and -use's. — ^Prunes consist of certain varieties of Domes- tica or European plums, which can b^ dried without fermentation or removal of the pits — the horticultural characteristic which different tiates a prune from a plum. 'Production. — Prunes for dryingafe grown chiefly in California and Oregon, and to a small extent in Washington. In California thq fruit is largely sun dried; in Oregon Jand Washington, whoUy by arjtificia,! heat. The crop varies widely-^ih 1919 the domestic pi'oductibn was 82304—22- -47 738 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INHORMAnON, 1921. 136,377,066 pouiids valued at $18,253,691, of which amount Cali- fornia produced about 85 per cent. A total of 273,710 cases of prunes valued at $1,271,410 was canned in 1919'; of this amount Oregon put up Over 40 per cent; and Cali- fornia and Washington most of the remainder. Import statistics are not separately shown for prunes. (See Plums, p. 737.) Exports &YeTa,ged about 80,000,000 pounds froni 1910 to 1914. They go chiefly to the United Kingdom, Canada, France, and the countries of northern Europe. Later statistics by calendar years follow: 191S 1919 1921 (9 mpntlis). Quantity (pounds). Value 22, 888, 112 »2, 177, 970 108,208,257 115,721,951 75,138,779 SU, 738, 312 liS,.i4-t,:US $^1,821,11)7 Important changes in classijicdtion. — See below. GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. Important, changes in classifiQation.— Parts : of two paragraphs relating to plums, prunes, and primeUes have been combined; and the apparently duplicate provision for plums in paragraphs 274 and 275 of the act of 1909 and paragraphs 217, and 218 of the act of 1913, has been corrected. PARAGRAPH 7*8. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 748. Pickled fruits and nuts, and sauces of all Hnds, not specially provided for; comfits, sweetmeats, and all jellies, jams, marlnalades, fruit butters, and similar products, 28 per centum ad valorem. • ACT OF 1909. Pab. 253. Pickles, including pickled nuts, sauces of all kinds, not specially provided for in this section, i * * * forty per centum ad valorem. Par. 3^4. * * * comfits, sweetmeats, and fruits of all tinds preserved or packed in sugar, or having sugar added thereto, or preserved or packed in molasses^ spir*- its, or their own juices, if contaimng no alcohol, or containing not over ten per centum of alcohol, one cent per pound and thirty-five per cent ad valorem; if containing over ten per centum of alcohol and not specially provided for in this section, fchirty-fiye per, centum ad valor rem and in addition two dollars and fifty cents per proof gallon on the alcohol con-, tisiiiied therein in excesB of ten per centum; jellies of all kinde, thirty-five per centum ad valorem; « * *. ACT OF 1913. Par. 201. Pickles, including pickled nuts, sauces of all kinds, not specially provided for in this section, * * * 25 per centum ad valorern. , Pah. 217. * * * comfits, sweetmeats, and fruits of all kinds preserved or packed in sugar, or having sugar added thereto or preserved or packed in molasses, spirits, or their own juices, if containing no alcohol, or ccaitaining not over 10 per centum of alcohol, 20 per centum ad valorem; if containing over 10 p^r centum of alcohol and not specially pro^dded for in .this section, .20 per centum ad valorem; and in addition $2.50 per proof gallon on the aJcphoi contained therein in, jexc^j of 10 per Centura: jellies of all Tiinds, 20 per centum ad yaloi'feitt; * * *. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 739 PICELES AND SAUCES. Production of pickles 9,nd sauces was valued at $45,303,671 in 1914; New York, Pennsylvania, and Illinois leading. In 1919 a total of 507 establishments reported a product valued at $78,843,545. Import values of pickles, including pickled nuts and sauces, of all kinds, not specially provided for (except fish paste or sauce) , before the war ranged from $915,549 to $1,246,240. Tjjese products come chiefly from Japan, Italy, United Kingdom, and Hongkong. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 . . . $329, 527 1, 115, 324 1, 468, 927 1,246,062 $82, 324 278, 826 367,214 Per cent. . 25 1919 ; 25 1920 25 1921 (9 months) Exports of pickles, sauces, letc, amounted to $928,611 in 1914. The United Kingdom, Canada, Mexico, and Cuba are the principal buyers. Later statistics (for calendar years) follow : 1918, $1,129,918 ; 1919, $2,039, 641; 1920, $2,273,059; 1921 (9 months), $1,382,143. Important changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes' on Paragraph, page 740. COMMITS, SWEETMEATS, ETC., PRESERVED IN SUGAR, ETC. Production of these commodities is not stated separately. In 1914, however, the value of preserves, jellies, and jams made in factories was $15,033,346. Large quantities put up for consumption in the home are not included. In 1919 the value of all preserves, jellies, and jams put up in 205 establishments was $65,458,000. Tms amount does not include the output of other factories that may manufacture these products in 'small quantity a,long with other products, or fac- tories that may reclaim some of their by-products in this way. Imports of comfits, sweetmeats, and fruits, etc., containing not over 10 per cent of alcohol, averaged $639,576 during 1909-1913. Fol- lowmg the reduction of the tariff, iniports amoxmted to $818,435 ia 1914, These came largely from France, England, Italy, and the West Indies. Later imports by calendar years have been as follows : 1918 1919 1920 19il (9 months). Value $352,913 68,752 1 $641,371 1126,676 $1,352,676 267, %6 '$562,494 , 1 Includes comfits, sweetmeats, etc., containing over 10 per cent of alcohol, as foll6ws: $160 value, $101 duty, 56.11 per centum ad valorem. " .„ ^ , , i, i t ^ , 2 Includes $100 worth of comfits, sweetmeats, etc., eontaimng over 10 per cent of alcohol. Imports of comfits, sweetmeats, etc., containing alcohol averaged 759 gallons valued at $3,816 for 1909-1913. They declined after the war. Exports. — Not separately stated. Important changes , in classification, etc. — See General Notes on Paragraph, page 740. 740 SUMMAS'Y of tariff' IKFOEltfATidNi' l921t JE'tilES 'OF ALL K^Nrig. Imforis averaged ^53,545 from 1909 to 1913. Later, statistics by calendar years foHow/:;. • ■-- 1918 • ■ 1919 ' = ' -loid ' 1921 (9 months). J72,721 13,965 $774,567 79,547 ' ■ t423.D5l- 82? 962 ,$iCip;i84 Duty Important changis in classification, efc.—^ee below. GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. Important changes , in cZassi^caiipw.—rThe; provision in paragraph 201 OT the act of 1913, for "pickles^ including pickled nuts, arid sauces of all kinds, not specially provided for in this section" has been changed to )" pickled fruita^and nuts,, and, sauces; of. all kinds,/not specially prftvided.fos'." This cha,iiged provision, ihas/fafien combined with.;p,art of< paragraph. 217, act.pf 1913, for "coflofits, ;sweetmeats; * * *.; jellies of. all kinds . * * . *." The provision has, been ex- panded to i include "jams,vmarmalades, fruit butters, ajid .^iniijar products." _ Of . My^q .jiafrV; ..; , i Conflict%ng provisions. — H. R. 7456 has made separate provision for the* more important fruits, including. theiridided and prepared or preserved forms; in consequence, there may be conflict between the provision for "pickled fruits" and the pTovisions ior particular fniits prepared or preserved. Likewise "sauces," although placed in' a paragraph relating to fruits; consist largely .of vegltabie prbducts such as soy, shoyu, and chutney. Further, the provision for com- fits and swfeetmeats ipay conflict with the several provisioh^ for par- ticular fruits prepared or preserved, as Well as witn the 'gerieral pro- vision in paragraph 749 for "fruits prieptfer^d ■ or preserved?' and "mixtures of two or iiidriei 'fruits."' : i'^- .,ur' >-< ■ • Suggested c^a%eS.— These conflicts' might be 'd^oided by striking out the J)rbvisions for "pickred- fruits arid niits,' tod sducesof ftll kinds, not specially proyided'for; comfits, sWeetirieats/ and," page 93, lines 3 and 4; by insertirig;the words "or riickled" after tne word "brine" in paragraph 749, linfe 7y page 93;'-iby' substituting a ^^ttii- colon for the colon after the word pound" in line 7, page 95, para- graph 759, and inserting the words "pickled, or otherwise prepared or preserved, and not specially provided for," followed by a colon, thereafter; by inserting^-,the words "sauces of all kinds, not specially provided forj ' followed by a semicolon in paragraph 773. after the words "not specially provided for" in line 42, page 97-, and by omit^ ting the words "comfits, sweetmeats; arid" altogether from' H. R. 7456._ ' "'. ■ It is furthermore suggested that the' words " and similar products" in this paragraph, lines 5 and 6, page 93, be omitted. With these changes this paragraph would read: " >■■■ -, ., All jellies', jams, marmaladea, and fniif butters [rate]. SUMMAEX OF. TABIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. 741 PARAGRAPH 749. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 749. Fruits in their natural state, or in brine, dried, desiccated, evaporated, or otherwise, prepared or preserved, and not specially provided for, and mixtures of two or more fruits, 20 per centum ad Valorem: Provided. That a;lliprovisioHfl of this title foriiruits and berriee prepared or preserved shall include fruits and berries, preserved or packed in sugar, or having Sugar added thereto, or preserved or packed in molasses, spirits, or their own juices'. ; i, ' ACT OF 1909. Par. 274. * * * quinces, * * * all edible -fruits, ' * * * 'when dried, desiccated, evaporated, or prepared in any manner, not specially provided for in this section, two cents per pound; ' * * * fruits of all kinds preserved or packed in sugar, or having sugar added thereto, or preserved, or packed in mo- lasses, spirits, or their own juices, if con- taining no alcohol, or containing not over ten per centum of alcohol, one cient per pound and thirty -five per centum ad valorem.; fi *■ *.'. - ,- •, ' Par. 571. Fruits or berries, green, ripe, or dried, and fruits in brine, not specially provided for in this section [Free]. ACT OF 1913. Par. 217. » * * quinces, * * • all edible fruits, * * * when dried, desiccated, evaporated, or prepared in any manner, not specially [provided for in this section, 1 cent per pound ; * * * fruits of all kinds preserved or packed in sugar, or having sugar added thereto or preserved or packed^ in molasSes, spiHts, or their own juices, if containing no alcohol, or containing not over 10 per centum of alcohol, 20 per centum ad valorem; * * *. Pah. 488. Fruits or berries, green, ripe, or dried,; and fruits in brine, not specially provided for iii this' section [Free]. ALL OTHER FRUITS, FRESH, DRIED, OR PRESERVED. Description and uses. — -This paragraph, relates to a large number of fruits and fruit preparations, which individually enter into a small import trade., , Production statistics are given in the following table: 1919 ■ 1914 ' 1 Quantity. Value. «6, 034, 697 «, 384, 934 25, 167, 772 2,701,348 Quantity. Value. Frijits, n.s. p. J.: Apricots ,. A 11 other dried fruits CaDned fruits, n. o. p. I.: . Apricots - Other canned fruits. pounds.. ;..; do _. cases.. ...do..... 24,192,628 37,852,2.58 -' 3,939,768 ' 516,568 39,397,294 47,189,9?0 1,051,816 86,850 1.3, 615, 857 2,408,061 3,060,626 3S6,0S2 Imports^ of "all other" fruits and berries, green, ripe, and dried, ha\e been, by calendar years, as follows: 1918, $65,424; 1919, ll>39^379; 1920, $127,665; 1921 (9 months), $175*138. Exports for calendar years have been as follows : All other fruits, green or npe All other fruits, dried Apricots, dried: Quantity (pounds) Value All other canned fruits AU other preserved frmts — $3, 396, 709 J752, 868 5, 262, 206 J754, 780 $4, 134, 272 »1, 989, 945 1919 ti, 713, 008 J2, 557, 451 37, 143, 824 $8, 505, 348 $31,985,772 14,518,343 14,187,624 $2, 168, 279 9,881,256 $2,581,750 $7,032,694 SI, 882, 180 1921 (9 months). $2,974,966 $615, 582 17, 784, 882 $3,351,880 $2,699,966 $453, 039 Y42 STJMMAEY OF TAEIFF I'wFORliiA.TIoil','' i92i. Important changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on Paragraph below; : '- '-'■^'-■- ■'■''• •- 5tANTAIN. I Description and uses. — The plan'tain is a species; bf banana. "It has a coarse texture and is not so sweet aS the ripe banana. In tropical countries it is used extensively. If specific provision is not made for it in other paragraphs (see Bananas,' p. 713) it' would be dutiable under this basket clause. , , ^, Production. — There is no production in the United ^tale^'v^J Brijiish Honduras, via New Orleans, is our principal source. ;., a ,.; ">.-,;: ;.i Imports were valued at $50,276 in 1914. Later statistics by calen- dar years follow: .,, -, , - -, ...,, , 191S 1919 1920 , 1921(9moiitbs) Qtiaiitity (bunches) 115,806 $41,424 193,026 $59,961 '■■ ' ' 179, We < $60,431 Value... , iii-iu Importa/nt changes in classification,' etc. — See below. GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. ■,'■■' i •■ Important changes in classification.^— This paragraph combines two provisions of the act of 1913 — paragraph 217, a dutiable catchall clause for edible fruits prepared or preserved, and piaragiraph 488, a free-list provision for fruits and berries, green, ripe, dried, or in brine. The last-named provision has given rise to much litigation. A proviso has been added to the effect that the provisions for fruits and beiTies shall include such fruits whethet, preserved in sugar, molasses, etc. i ■ A new provision has also been added for mixtures of two or more fruits. '" ' ■'■•!'• ■! Conflicting provisions. — The provision for "mixtures of two or more fruits " might be construed to include fruits in their natural state, n. s. p. f., and afford an opportunity for evading higher specific duties. Suggested changes. — For the reasons stated under the subheading "Conflicting, provisions," under paragraph 748, the words "or pickled" might be inserted after the word brine" in line 7, page 93. To agree with paragraph 773, the words "in any other way should be inserted after the word "preserved" in line 8, page 93, and the word "otherwise" before "prepared" in line 8, page 93, be stricken out. , ! With a view to the avoidance of possible conflicts of this paragraph with eo nomine provisions for fruits, prepared or preserved, it is suggested that the word "specific" be mserted before "provisions" in line 10, page 93. ' SUMMARY OT-'i'XEkFF liNTOBMATION, 1921. 743 PARAGRAPH 750. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 750. Berries and trmis, of' -ail fcinds, and similar products, prepared or preserved in, any manner, containing .5 per centum or more of alcohol shall pay in addition to the' rates provided in this ' title $5 per proof gallon 'on the" alcohol contained therfein: Provided, \kd!wever, Th^t nothing in this Act shall be con- strued as permittij:^ the importation of intoxicating, liquor in ' violation of the eighteenth amendment to ' the Constitur tion, or ?,ny Act of Congress enacted in its enforcement. , , ; ; -, ACT OF 1909. Par. 274. • * * I fruits. of 4il kinds preserved or packed in ! * ^ * spirits, ■*. f ■■* if containia^ * * * jjo^ over ten per centum of. alcohol,, one cent per 'pound and thirty-fiye per centum ad valorem; if eontaini:^ over ten pei* cent-', um of alcohol and not specially providfed for in this, seotionithirty^five per centum ad valorem. and in addition two dollars and fifty cents per proof gallon on the alcohol contaiiiea therein in excesMijf ten per centum; * » » ACT OF 1913. Pak'.' 2lV. * * * fruits * * * preserved or packed in * * * spirits, * * * if containing ■ * ■ * * not over 10 per centum of alcpholj 20 per centum ad valorem; if contaLning over 10 per centum of alcohol arid not specially provided for in this section, 20 "per centum ad valorem, and in addition $2.50 'per proof. 'gallon on the alcohol ; contained therein iii, excess of 10 per centum; ■ ■ FRUITS PRESERVED IN ALCOHOL, ETC. Imports and exports.-^See paragraph 737, p. 716. Important changes in classification. — ^A separate paragraph has been here providedjor fruits preserved in alcohol, and the wording of these {)rovisions has been changed more nearljr to accord with prohibition egislation. Such legislation applies to intoxicating beverages, and not to fruits. Owing to natural fermentation, fruits iHay contain one-half of 1 per cent or more of alcohol. For. this reason, and be- cause of difficulties of administratioil, the penalty clause was applied to fruits containing 5 per centum or more of alcohol. .The final proviso has been added to avoid conflict with laws respecting the enforcement of prohibition legislation. Suggested cTmnges. — It is suggested that the words "and similar products" be eliminated, being unnecessary. It is difficult to deter- mine what products are "simuar" to fruits and berries preserved in alcohol. Because of the varying value of the alcoholic liquors in which fruits may be packed, and the difficulties of administration, an ad valorem rate appears preferable to the rate per proof gallon for the penalty clause. 744 SUMMAEY 01" .TAKIFF IIS^^QSMATIOS , 1921, NOKSEKX ANP GBEENHOCS'B STOCK. .- .-■»--,, -^•- :■';>'■-. GENERAL. ;, ; ■- .. f- Imports of all nursery and greenhouse stock provided for in para- graphs 751, 752, and 753 are admitted only under the license and' inspection of the Federal Horticultural Board of the Department of Agriculture. Because of the danger of inroorting insect pests and Elant diseases, this license is granted only for suph stock as can not e produced in sufficient quantities within the United States'. All other bulbs, seedlings, cuttmgs, and similar plant material are Under an absolute quarantine. In view of these ponditions, the specific tariff provisions relating to the items under quarantine have, been eliminated; the small quantities of quarantined propagating stock that are allowed entry, under special regulations, would be mtiable under the basket clauses. Specific duties 'are suggested by New York custoins 'officials for most of this, material because of di^eulty in determining market values and in identifying different varieties of bulbs- The two paragraphs in the dutiable list of the 1913 act relaiting to- nursery and greenhouse stock have been rearranged into three para- graphs. ! The first paragraph covers bulbs, .and flowers, the second folates ctiiefly to omaniental shrubbery,- and .the third to fruit stocks.. Paragraph 489 of the act of 1913, relating to tropical and semi- tropical fruit plants, is elhainated from the free list^ as this item is provided for in thfe suggested new parqapaphs. The items in para- graph 595 of the act of 1913, "bulbs aiid bulbous roots, not "edible and not otherwise provided for in this section; * * * coniferous evergreen seedlings," are also provided for in the suggested reclassi- fication. Paragraph 510 is also eliminated, since few hop roots have- been imported for, a number of' years and none are likely to be im- ported. : > . : PABA GRAPH 751, H. B. 7466. SENATE AMENI>MENTSi. Pae. 751. Tulip, narcisBua, and hyar ; , . cinth bulba aiid lily of the valley pipe, $4 per thousand; lily of the valley clumps, flO per, thousand; crocus bulbs, |1 per thousand; lily bulbs, $4 per thousand; all other bulbs and roots, root stocks, corms, tubers, and herbaceous perennials, im- ported for horticultilral pvirposes, 20 per centum ad valorem; cut flowers, fresh or preserved, 25 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. n, , 'i;,l-fi"u'. t^ •' / ' . '!lj , ■ ■ ' Pak. 263. Orchids, palms, &zaleas,.an(l"J - Par. 210. Orchids, palms, azaleaindica^ all other decorative or greenhouse plants and cut flowers, preserved or fresh, 2& and cut flowers, preserved or fresh, per centum ad valorem; lily of the valley twenty-five per centum ad valorem; lily pips, tulips, narcissus, begonia, and of the valley pips, tulip, narcissus, bego- gloxinia bulbs, $1 per thousand; hyacinth nia, and gloxinia bulbs, one dollar per bulbs, astilbe, dielytra, and lily of the thousand; hyacinth, astilbe, dielytra, valley clumps, |2.50 per thousand; lily and lily of the valley clumps, two dollars bulbs and calla bulbs or corms, $5 per SUMMARY OF .TARIFF INFQRJIATION, 1021. 745 ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19J.3. and fifty cents per thousand; lily bulbs thousand; herbaceous peony. IrisKaemp- andcalla bulbs, five dollars per thousand; ferri or'Germanica. canna, dahlia, 'and peony, I Iris Keempferii or .Germanica, , awaryUis jbulbsi , $10 pfir.,thQusand; all canna, dahlia, and amaryllis bulbs, ten other bulR^, roots, root stopks, corms, dollars per thousand; all other bulbs, and tubers, which are cultivated for theiir bulbous roots or corms which are culti- flowers or foliage, 50 cents per. thousand: vated for their flowers or foliage, fifty Provided, That aU mature i mother flower- cents per thousand. ,, ing bulljp imported exclusively for prop- Par. 588. Hop roots for cultivation agating yiurposes shall be admitted free FFree]. ' of diity. Par. 668. * « * bulbs and bulbous Par. 510. Hop roots for cultivation roots, not edible and not otherwise pro- [Free]. i' . , '. vided /ifor ,in this section; * * * Par. 595. ?•, *■■ * bulbs aind bulbous [Free}. , roots: not ediblp and not otherwise pro- , , vided for in' this section; » < * ' ■■■ ' iiiJFree]. ■ ': ■ "■ ■ '■ ' '■■'; ' . • ' BULBS, HOOTS, ETC.- ' Description, xises, and. production.— Tvlip bulbs are used- largiely foi* outdoor bedding to give vivid spring-flower effects, and also by florists: ior forcing. Production to a limited extent has begun in the Pacific Northwest and Michigan., They can be ■ grown in some sections on the Atlantic seaboard, but because of hand labor required, the European-grown stock.is the cheaper. Domestic production of merchantable stocks in 1920 was not less than 1,000,000 bulbs. Most bulbs are grown in Holland. Narcissus bulbs are used largely by 'florists for forcing as cut flowers, also in the indoor window, garden and for outdoor planting, both in formal beds and. in open woodlands and meadows. Many varieties are grown in increasing^numbeirs along the Atlantic coast, in the Pacific Northwest, and in Michigan. They are native to various parts of Europe and Asia. HoUand is the most important producer, but some imports are from Great Britain and one important variety comes from China. The most important early forcing- varieties are of French origin. Cheap labor has undoubtedly deter- mined the present trade relations, though less hand labor is required than iu growing some other bulbs. Hyacinths are low-growing bulbous plants used largely for spring bedding effects, and T)y florists in vast quantities for forcing for winter olooms. Three to five years are required to grow full-sized bulbs. A few bulbs have beeh grown experimentally in the Pacific Northwest, but great labor cost entailed by many handlings, has delayed commercial production. The one grower engaged in the production of the Dutch stocks operates on a small scale. Two classes are importedi--the Dutch and the Roman; the former from the Netherlands and the latter from the, south of France. Lily of the valley is a small, dainty spring flower. It is grown as a hardy garden plant, but largely by florists, for forcing at all seasons. The "pip" is a bud capable of producing a flower stalk with its- accompanying roots, while " clump denotes several of these together, not separated and sorted. Production in this country is in its infancy, but is being attempted ki several localities. From two to three years are requu-ed to produce a crop. The plants grow wild in many parts of Europe, but practically all commercial pips af& H6 gUMMAKY OF TAEITFF INFOUMAnOiSl', 1921. grown in two limited areas in Germany, on' specially^ adapted soil under expert cultivation: i, ; ; :- 1 i The crocus belongs to the same natural order as the iris but ik' a very different: plant. It is grown mainly in beds and borders, is naturalized, and is,: adapted to cool greenhouse culture. The varie- t^ies are prized mostly for their gorgeous display and the earliness of tiieir appearance in the spring. Some varieties blossom before the snow disappears, others produce flowers in autumn, but it is the Spring flowering kinds tha;t we iinport almost entirely. There is no aoraestic supply,; although tKestocks. are easily produced.' - i The lUy family contains many species prized for their si^e and the beauty oi their flowei^,. The principal ones are Lilium longijlorum, cialled Bermuda ' or East'ei", lily, ' of which there are many varieties; XiZium s;peaoswm, or show lily It and IMium candidum, or Madonna lily. These and many other species are used for outdoor culture in a small way; they are also commonly forced by florists for spring flowers. PracticaUy none of the bulbs used for forciiig are grown here, but some for garden use are domestic. 'Lilium longiflorum is grown extensively in Bermuda and Japan; Lilium speciosum, mostly in Japan;* and Liliiim candidum, largely in sbuthem France; many varieties, to a limited extent, in westeMi Europe. Doniestib produc- tion-has been greatly stimulated in thepast 2 years. The ealla lily is much used by florists for forcing, as a house plant, and as a common garden plant in the wariher sections of the country. The corms are grown on a. large scale outdoors in California, where many of the blooms are . also marketed. Domestic stocks are rapidly supplying the demands of the trade. '' All other bulbs and roots, root stocks, corms, tubers, and herbaceous perennials including such flowering stocks as dielytra, astilbe, irisj begonia, canna, gladiolus, dahlia, amaryllis, and' peony are now excluded from this couritry by quarantine regulations. _; Imforts since 1917 have beeii as follows: ' Calendar year. Quantity. LILY OF. THE VALLEY PIPS, TULIP, NARCISSXJS, BEGONIAi, AND GLOXINIA, BULBS. i 1918 1919 1920 1921(9 months). TJwusands. 60,7fe 63, 176 107,778 78, 194' $6S3, 874 1,:116,641 2,023,552 1, 474j 169 150,786 > ,63, l!7fi' 107,778 Per cent. ' 7.71 5.66 ,5.33 HYACINTH BULBS, ASTILBE, DIELYTEA, AND LILY OF THE VAILEY CLUMPS. i918 1919 1920 1921(9miontli.s). 11,490 16,852 19,518 22,443 4425:316 550,759 746,566 tf 1,020 S2&725 42,130 48, 795 ■.6,75 7.66 6.54 LILY BULBS AND CALLA. BULBS OE COEMS. 1918 1919 ;. 1920 1921 (9 months) . 2,449 ; 8:642 18,827 2, '007 $76,439 744^777 625,188 187, 367 $12,245 43,210 44, 135 16, OS .■>,80 7.06 SUMMARY Ot tARIFF INFORMATTON, 1S(21. 747 Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty.. Equivalent ad valorrtn. PEONY, HERBACEOUS, IKISI 'EAEMPFERTI OR GERM.\iSIlCA, CANNA,- DAHLIA AND AMARYLLIS BULBS. 1918...;.:....;:. 1919... 1920... 1921 (9 months) . i^l /'!".. $36, 380 18, 802 4,490 23,930 - Fer cent. $S, 600 I 15. 39 3; 620 1,630 19.26 36.30 BULBS, M.A.TURE MOTHER FLOWERING, IMPORTED EXCLUSIVELY FOR PHOPAOA- .■-..''. ■'■;'-■ ■ • -;tf^ ■ . ■ ' TING, PURPOSES. ,,. j ,, , 191S 2,720 9,805 2,629 1,006 $16,319 68,026 36,517 14,274 i 1919 1920 ,..'...:....^j 1921 (9 months) ALL OTHER BULBS, ROOTS, ROOT STOCKS, CORMS, AND TUBERS WHICH ARE CULTI- VATED FOR THEIR FLOWERS OR FOLIAGE. 1918 37,653 57,910 55,664 62,953 $383, 033 1,034,623 1,225,195 1,137,427 118,776 28,955 27,832 1919 2 80 1920 1921 (9 months) ,..........,|.....„..... Orchids', palms, azaleas, andAll other decorative or greenhoi/se plants ., _ • PRESERVED or fresh. . .- 191S 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Number. 145, 714 . . 5, 834 70, 159 $25, 381 150,429 31, 816 22,656 $6,286 37, 106 7,854 25.00 25.00 25.00 'The following' table indicates the clumber of bulbs of each kind imported under the quarantine regulations for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1921: '• ' ■" Country of origin. Crocus. Hyacinth. Lily. Lily of the VaUey. Narcissus. Tulip. Unclassi- fied. ; '30,000 -102,986 '-•' 6,m Canary Islands 4,343,136 1,079,069 40,966,054 50 3,609,666 3,282 .1^283: 15,803,175 75; 969 260 259,910 10,500 856,850 2,749,896 Solland'^ . ■ . 6,504,305 18,959,175 31,557,816 1,000 54,815,233 1 415 369 bcdand Italy..: : ' ■ - - ■ - 3,341,000 Japan 6,275,666 9,120 V Total 5,514,805 22,568,891 22,496,533 3,606,746 77,956,lte 55,075,343 4,756,369 Exports.— l!i one recorded. .■ Important, changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on Pa,ragrs,ph, page 748. 148 SUMMARY OF-, TABIPF INFQEMA-TION, 19^1. CUT FLOWERS. Description and uses.— Fresh cut flowers are used in large quanti- ties, the business in greenhouse flowers probably amounting to 160,000,000. Preserved flowers, notably palm leaves, are used to some extent. i ; Production.— Cut flowers are extensively produced in the United States; a few concerns attempt putting preserved leaves on the market. Canada is the only country from which. \^e import fresh flowers in quantity. Dried flowers come from southern France and Cape Colony; palm leaves from Japan, formerly via Germany, where thCT'i were dyed. i •: , i imports were valued at $24,681 in 1914. Later statistics follow: ' Calendar year. Value. Duty. Ad.' . valorem rate. 1918 .. . - ...L.l'.. $8:705 58,193 39,254 16,886 82, 176 14,548 9,813 Per cent'. 2.5 1919 2S 1920 ., 25 1921 (9 months) . . Exports of cut flowers were valued at $121,287 in 1914. Practically all go to Canada. Later exports ior calendar, years have been as follows: 1918,' $1.73,991; 1919, $171,407; 1920, $180,789; 1921 (nine months), $120,504. Important changes in classification, etc. — See below. GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. Important changes in classification. — "Tulip" has been substituted for "tulips" of the act , of 1,913 (par. 210). "Tulips" in the act of 1913 was applied to the Qoy^er { Maltus v , -United States, 6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 525, of 1916; United States v. American Express] Co., 8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 195, of 1917). Some varieties of bulbs and roots named in the act of 1913, but which are now under quarantine, are omitted. ImpoHs of these have never been important and should the quarantine be lifted they would be caught by. the general provision m paragraph 751. The provision in the free list of the act' of 1913 (par. 510) for hop roots is also oinitted. The provision " all mature mother flowering bulbs imported exclu- sively for propi?,gating purposes" has been elimpjated in order to simplify administration. TBis term has no definite meaning in the trade and has. been a source of litigatiop.. Suggested changes.- — Nurserymen have suggested that hyacinth bulbs be not grouped with tulip, narcissus, and Ifly of the vaUey pips for the reason that hyacinth bulbs are considerably higher in price than the other three. ' ■' ' It is also suggested that the provision for lily of the valley clumM (groups of lUy of the valley pips in earth), which are now excluded by quarantine, be eliminated. "Clumps" added to the general pro- vision in parag^-aph 751 would catch any future importation of lily of the valley or other clumps. SUMMARY Ol' TAEIFr INFORMATION, 1021. 749 The revised paragraph might read as follows : Par. 751. Tulip, lily, and narcissus bUlbs, and lily of the valley' pips', $4 per thou- sand; hyacinth bulbs, $— per thousand; crocus bulbs, $1 per thousand; all other bulbs and roots, root stocks, clumps, corms, tubers, and herbaceous perennials, im- ported for horticultural purposes, 20 per centum ad valorem; cut flowers, fresh or prosprved, 25 per centum ad valorem. PARAGRAPH 752. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pab. 752. Seedlings and cuttings of Manetti, multiflora, brier, rugosa, and other roses,- $2 per thousand plants; cut- tings, seedlings, and grafted plants of other deciduous or evergreen ornamental trees, shrubs, or vines, including green- house plants, 20 per centum ad valorem. of ACT OF 1913. Par. 211. Stocks, cuttings, or seedlings of * * *" Manetti multiflora and briar rose, Rosa rugosaj three years old or less, fl per fiiousand plants; * *- if-firose plants, bu,dded, grafted, ^r grown on their own root?, 4 cents^each; stocks, cuttings, and seedlings, of all * * * orna,- mental trees, deciduous and evergreen shrubs and vines, ^ and ; all * * , * shrubs, plants, and vines copimonly known as nursery or greenhouse stock, not speicially provide'd for in thi^ section, 15 per centum ad valoretn. . ^ ' Par. 595. * * » coniferous ever- green seedlings; * * * [Free]. ACT OF 1909. Par. 264. Stocks, cut'tiiigs, or seedlings * * * Manetti multiflora and briar rose, three: years old or less, one dollar per thousand plants; , * * |* rose plants, - budded, grafted, or grown on their own roots, four cents each: stocks, cuttings _ and seedliiigs • of all * « * oi'na- ' mental trees, deciduous and evergreen' ?hrubs and vines, and all trees,: strubs, plants, ,and vines commonly known as nursery or greenhouse stock,, not specially provided for in this section, twenty-five per centum ad, valorem' . - Par. 668;: *i *. * evergreen - seedr; lings; * * *,-[Free]., , : ' ■ ROSE PiLANTS FOR STOCKS. ■' Description, uses, .and, production. — ^Manetti ' is a variety of rose used as a stock updri which to bud or graft other mo're desi^rable varieties, both for garden, and greenhouse culture. Prodilctibii is tare'herfe 'because of the ease of securing cheap foreign-growii stocks from northern France, Belgium, and adjacent regions. Miiltiflbra brier,, and rugosa are roses used by some nurserymen! instead of .the Manetti as stocks on which to graft or bud named varieties of roses. ' Imports oi Manetti for four je'&vs preceding the war averaged about 5,000,000. - Other varieties ai'e not "st-ated sBpatately. In the fisckl year ended June, 1920, of 3,514,636 rose plants were imported. Rose^ ised as stocks' ihcluding Manetti, multiflora, brier, and rugosa are imfibrt'ed tinder unlimited . permits of the Department 'of Agri- culture. All other varieties are imported only under special petinit and in limited, quantities for propagation. ,, \ Imports of rose plants, budded, grafted, or grown on their own roots, are as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. 1918 J...... .....i,....:., 1919 -J...;'.:. ■ J ffumher. . 818,235 . 143,483 28,585 18,976 .■»69,091 19.603 .. .3,151. 5,018 »32,729 6,739 1 143, Per cent. 47.37 29.43 1920 ' ] ^ 36. 29 750 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. The following table indicates the number' of rose sjtocks 'imported under the quarantine regulations for the fiscal year ended June, 30, 1921: ;'. Country of origin. Rose stocks. Country of origin. Rose, stocks. England l,m,lQO 2,176,282 -2,^264,010 ^Scotland' 43,000 269,800 Holland., , .-.r.f .^ .■ Total . ' ''1. 5,934,192 Exports. — None recorded. Important changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on Paragraph, page 751. u , PLANTS. Description, uses, and production. — The rugosa rose, an ornamental shrub for garden planting, in Europe is used as a stock for grafting. It is grown by all nurserymen handling ornamental shrubs. Ornamental trees are used for street, , park, and home-ground planting. They are produced here and in France and in other sections of western Europe. Many different kinds of ornamental shrubs are used for park, cemetery, and home ornamentation. These shrubs are generally produced here, in nurseries, the kinds varying with the region. Western Europe, especially France, furnishes a* supply for propagating purposes only. Various kinds of broad-leafed evergreens are fbimd, mainly in the warmer sections. Most sections produce these shrubs in nurseries. France, Belgium, Holland, and other parts of western Europe cultivate them extensively. : , Imports m 1916 of ornamental trees were over 2,000,000; of orna- mental' shrubs, over 4,000,000; and of evergreens, 2,500,000. The plant quarantine of tha Department of Agriculture now prevents the importation qf theseplant materials. Exports are insignificant. They are excluded from many European coimtries. / ' Important changes in classification, etc.-^See General Notes on Paragraph, page 751. - ; NURSERY AND GREENHOUSE STOCK, N. S. P. F. Description and uses. — "Nursery and greenhouse stock" is a blanket phrase, probably including many diflPerent plants grown in small quantities. . Production. — ^Many of these plants are grown to some extent in the United States, Western Europe and Japan are notable producers. imports since 1917 have been as follows:, Fruit and ornamental trees, deciduous and evergreen shrubs and vines, and all trees, shrubs, plants, and vines commonly known as nursery or greenhouse stock, n. s.p.f. Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918...... Thoutandi. $211,675 572,554 12,089 26,29a $31,736 85,883 1,813 Percent. IS- 1919 ; 4,664 316 701 IS 1920 :...\ ' ;- 15. 1921 (9 months) fq f SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 751 Exports of nursery stock were valued at $315,065 in 1914, and went for the most part to Canada. This stock is excluded from some European countries. Later exports have been a» follows (calendar years): 1918, $239,621; 1919, $405,270; 1920, $405,006; 1921 (nine months), $266,363. Important changes in classification, etc. — ^ee below. GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. Important changes in classification. — Coniferous evergreen seedlings on the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 595) are made dutiable. Suggested changes. — Page 94, line 7,- of H. R. 7456: Change "other- roses!' to "other rose stocks." Strike out "plant's" as redundant. Page 94> line 8: Insert '^or budded" after "grafted." Page 94, lines 9, 10: Strike out "including greenhouse plants "• and insert "and all nursery or greenhouse stock, not specially provided for." Thi^ change will cover nursery or greenhouse stock -not specially provided for in paragraphs 751, 752, or 753. The tariff and legislative committee of the Society of American- Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists requests restoration of the three-year limitation for rose plants. The term "not more than three years old" would perhaps be better than "three years old or less." At present practically all imported rose stocks are less than three years old. With the above changes, paragraph 752 would read : /Seedlings and cuttings of Manetti, multiflora, brier, rugosa, and other rose stocks,, all the.fpiegoing not more than three years old, $2 per thouisand; cuttings, seedlings, and grafted or budded plants of other deciduous or.eyergreen ornamental trees, shrubst or vines, and all nursery or grieenhouse stock riot specially provided for, 20 per centum, ad valorem. ' ' PARAGRAPH 763. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 753. Seedlings, layers, and cut- tings of plants for apple, cherry, pear, plum, quince, or other fruit stocks, $2 per thoiisand plants; grafted or budded fruit trees, cuttings and seedlings of grapes, currants, gooseberries, or other fruit vines or bushes, 20 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 264. Stocks, cuttings, or seed- Par. 211. Stocks, cuttings, or seed% lings of Myfobolan plum, Mahaleb or lings of Myrpbolan plum, Mahaleb or- Mazzard cherry, * » * three years Mazzard cherry, * * * three years, old or less, one dollar per thousand plants; old or less, $1 per thousand plants; stocks, stocks, cuttings, or seedlings of^ pear, cuttings, or seedlings of pear, apple, apple, quince and the gaint Julien plum, quince, and the Saint Julien plum, three three years old or less, two dollars per years old or less, $1 per thousand plants; thousand plants; * * * stocks, cut- * * * stocks, cuttings, and seedlings, tings and seedlings of all fruit * * * of all fruit * * * trees, deciduous and trees, deciduous and evergreen shrubs evei^een shrubs and vines, and all treesi and vines, and all trees, shrubs, plants, shrubs, plants, and vines commonly and vines commonly known as nursery known as nursery or greenhouse stock, or greenhouse stock, not specially pro- not specially provided for in this section, vided for in this section, twenty-five per 15 per centum ad valorem, centum ad valorem. 752 SUMMARY OV y'' iNlf'o'BM'ATlON, 1&21'; ACT OI*' 1969. ' ACT Oi* 1913. Pah- ^7g,. Fruit, planfs, , tiopifal , and i 1 ; Par. 489. Fruit plants,; tropical and semi tropical, for the purpose pf propaga- .si^i tropical, for the purpose pfpropa^r tioH 6i' cultivation [Free]; tidii gr cuIti^ai|ion [Free]. STOCKS, CUTT:^iJG§;'AN'D SEEDLINGS OF AlL FRtjlTS 1^. S. P. k^ Description and- uses: — This collection of plant material includes the. stock used by nurserymen in the propagation of fruits. Large numbers of seedlings used for budding or grafting stocks for apple, cherry, pear, plutn, quince, or other jfruits are imported by nurse^:y- men, but under plant-quarantine regulations 'of the Depa,rtment of Agriculture. These' regulations restrict imports of grafted or budded fruit trees, vines, 6r bushes to new'ykrieties or to 'those llot. availq,ble in this- country;^ m; ; ,; Production. — Gredt ' numbers df apple aiiid other seedlings from iinpofted seed (largely frdm'Frarlce) are growh here for stopk pur- poses. The growing of frmt^treff seedling stocks other than peaches is chiefly' by specialists, located principally pear Topeka, . Kans. We have a native supply tJfi peach pits', ^iid hursferymeii who propagate peach trees gtow their own seedlings. ' ', , . ' ' '' Import statistic do not adequately aegi^e'gate"the' different kinds of plants fdr detailed consideration. For a period of s^veri or eight years prior to 1915 the imports of pear, apple, quince, and St. Julien plum seedlings had ranged from' 14,211,000 to' 25,743,000; in 1918 unports were.,3,60.6,000( valued at;$27,305; in 1-919, 3,821,000,' valued at »35,269;' and in 1920,' 4'>008,000i. valued at' $90,752. Imports of myrobolan plum, 'mahaleb or mazzard cherr j iManetti.mmtiJlqra), and briei* rose (Sosa'rwffosa',' see below) were 24,695,000,' valued at $128,314 in 1914; and 10,88.6,000, valued at $82,118 in 1918; 8,144,000, valued at $99,033 in 1919; and 9,141,000, valued at $242,142 in 1920. The foregoing' d'at& for 1918 and later relate to calend|i]: years. -^ , c i : ;; .'S Imports for consumption of the various fruit stocks since 1917 have Deen as follows : >' •■■!. -.■••'..<■ ■.ii: • ■ ■ Calendar year. Quantity. Valu^. Duty. EquiTalen* ad' valorem.' MYROBOLAN PLUM, MAHALEB OR MAZZARD' CHERRY,'' MANET^i''ilULTIFLORA, AND BRIER ROSE, ROSA RUGOSA, 3 YEARS ^LD^ QE-,LE§S., 19l8 1919 192(11. .;.'!. 'Thousands. 10, 836 8, 144 9,141- ^Mi■(9';^non>lJs;)^'!!!,!.lJ^fJ;J,!'!!',!^^"'■~■ — '....;..!.! .,,..1^075 $82„118 '99,'033 242, 142 255,578 .$10,886 '8,144 9,141 rJPcr.ceni. 13,28 8.22 ' "3.78 ,»fs'J-'-» f'EAE, A'P'l'ijii; QIJINCE, ANb .THJ:' ST. JutijiN' PLUM, 3 t^AHS QLD. OR LESS, ,' ■-!nr> 1918 V lM9.- , 1920.;'.'...:..' ___ . 19Sli(9^ttioiitlis) .':>.y:i.. . a; 606' iii'itit/305 'ri,UU»j 1.90,752 •'172^6^4' S3, 606 3,821, 4,008 13.31 10.83 4,.42 summ;ary of tariff INFOEMATION, 1921. 753 Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. FRUIT PLANTS, TROPICAL AND SEMITROPICAL, FOR THE PURPOSE OF PROPAGA- ■ - , TION OR ^CULTIVATION. > • ' ' 1918 ' Pounds. ,»723 5,283' 32,500 1,256 Per cent. 1919 ^ 298' .608. ,. 70 1920 1921- (9 months).. , ■ ! ■ ' . . 1 , ' '■ ■ '' . ■ The following table, indicates, the nuraber of frmt stocks of each kind imported^ under the quarantine regulations for the fiscal year ended June 30,, 1921. ' Fruit stocks. Country of origin. Apple. Cherry; ' '■ • -Pear.' ' i ■ Plum. ■ Quince. All other fruits. Austria. '. , „. ,1,018 so' QB«flioslo*ailia........J,.; 150 j66' 4,396,450 584,100 '3 Costa.Rica England ; ;- 'r. ' '' I O-TT"'-,-- ! . ,,,200 Franoej i4t,.jj..;..i.l HoUonii 8,003,698 ^884,.648 3,214,104 469,070 2,000,375 285,133 1,036,250 29,000 344; 890 25,000 MehiBfli ,'.':■;'.. . .'. Italy 103,000 35,309 Japan 3,000 Mexico 1,500 Scotland . . Tbtiri '. 4,980,800 8,889,364 3,686,224 2,388,508 1,065,250 406,902 Exports. — None recorded. Important changes in classification. — Fruit plants, tropical and semitropical, for the purpose of propagation or cultivation, on thie free list of the act of 1913 (par. 489), are piade dutiable. AH fruit-stock- niaterial has been combined in this paragraph. A few varieties of fruits naniied in prior acts are omitted. Special pro- vision for material under quarantine has been dropped since the small quantity of quarantined propagatiflg stock allowed entry unde^ the special regulations will be dutiable imder the general provision in, this paragraph. Suggested changes. — ^Page 94^ line 11, of H. R. 7456: Strike out "plants for" and in hne 13 strike out "plants" as redundant. Page 94, hne 12: Change "or" to," and" before "other." Page 94, line 15: Insert "plants" after "vines." PARAGRAPH 754. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 754. Almonds, not shelled, 4 cents per pound; shelled, 12 cents per pound. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pak. 280. Almonds, not shelleid, four Par. 223. Almonds, not shelled, 3 cents per pound; clear almonds, shelled, cents per pound; almonds, shelled, 4 •ix cents per pound; * * *, centa per pound; » * *. 82304—22 48 754 SUMMABYOF TARIFF INFORM ATTON,' 1921. ALMONDS. (See Survey G-34.) Description and uses. — ^Almonds are of two kinds, the bitter and the sweet. Bitter almonds are cultivated to a limited extent in the Mediterranean region. The nuts are used in making flavoring extracts and prussic acid. That which enters most largely into commerce is the sweet or edible almond,, native to Mediterranean coimtries and southwestern Asia. The nuts contain a bland, fixed oil of agreeable flavor, and are used iri confectionery (espj^cially in sweet chocolate) , in deserts, and also in emulsion'that forms a pleasant diluent drink. It is as edible tiuts,' howevdr, either as unshelled, shelled, or as "salted ahnonds," that they are clAefly used. (For discussion of shelling percentages see Survey G-34.) Production in the United States is limited to California, which reports, for 1.920, 2,^08,040 almond) trees pf=bearing age and 1,407,901 trees not of bearing age. At 75 trees per acre, this is equivalent to 32,107 acres of bearing and 18,772 acres of nonbearing orchards. The acreage h&s increased largely in recient yeaiis. The. present yield is low per acre, principally because many trees are just beginning to bear. Few domestic almonds are ^old in the shelled form, wule imports are for the most part received in this form. Statistics of production since 1917 are as follows: 1918 ; . 1919 1920 1921 10,200,000 15,699,748 M, 924;9l0 12,000,000 '12,000,000 Value ,, ^.Preliminary. , Imports of shelled ahnonds in, 1913 amounted to 12,655^057 pounds and to 13,896,621 pounds, in 1914. Imports of almonds, not; shelled amounted to 5,501,059 pounds, in 1914. "Both kinds come mostly from Spain, Italy, and France, Later statistics follow; ■ Calendar year. ; i ; Quantity. Value. Duty. 1 Equiva- lent ad valorem. ALMONDS, SHELLED. 1918 . PouTids. 21,106,846 26,517,377, 18,769,626 11,805,126 15,609,630 . 9,739,287 7,201,773 3,533,100 $844,269 1,060,695 750,785 Per cenl. 15.05 1919 10.89 1920 10.43 1921 (9 months) ALMONDS, NOT SHELLED. 1918 . 6, 147, 240 6,316,059 6,460,732 2,04% 092 , ' t »940,739 .1,098,714 1,044,341 282,57a $184,417 lgd,482 193,822 19i6<> 1919 :.. 17.25 1920 - . 18.5ft 1921 f9 monthsl . SUMMARY OP TAEIFF INFOKMATION, 1921. 755 Exports. — None recorded. (See par. 759.) Important changes in classification. — The principal nuts have been riven separate paragraphs; several that were formerly caught in the basket clause have been specifically named and the operation of the general or basket clause correspdndingly limited. (See Survey jr-34 entitled ."Almonds, walnuts, pecans, and other nuts.) PARAGRAPH 755. H. B. 7456. Par. 755. Cream, or Brazil nuts, 1 cent per pound; filberts, not shelled, !2J cents per pounS; shelled, 5 cents per pojind; ctestmlts,' including' marrons; in their natural stBfe, driedj or baked, one-h^lf of 1 cent per. pound; prepared or; preserved, and not speciajly .{ttovided for, 15centp per pound; pignolia nuts, 1 cent per pound; piatache nuts, 1 cent per pound. ACT OF 1909. * not shelled, Pah. 281. Filberts * * shelled, three cents per pound five cents per pound. Par. 283. Nuts of all kinds, shelled or unshelled, not specially provided for in this section, one cent per pound; but no allowance shall be made for dirt or other impurities in nuts of any kind, shelled or unshelled. Par. 635. Nuts: Brazil nuts, cream nuts, marrons crude,- * * * [Free]. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 224. Filberts * * * not shelled, 2 cents per pound; shelled, 4 cents per pound. Par. 226. Nuts of all kinds, shelled or unshelled, not specially provided for in this section, 1 cent per pound; but no allowance shall be made for dirt or other impurities in nuts of any kind, shelled or unshelled. Par. 557. Nuts: Marrons, crude; * * * [Free]. CREAM OR BRAZIL NUTS. (See Survey G-34.) Description cmd uses.— The cream or BrazU nut, used largely on the table and in confections, is almost entirely imported. Production. — The nut is a native , of the Amazon and Eio Negro Eiver valleys. The tree is too tender for cultivation in the United States. Imports in 1914 amounted to 11,431,531 pounds Practically all imports come from Brazil. Later statisties follow: . ;-. Calendar.year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. 1918 Pounds. 12,401,091 40,621,914 13,035,436 29,910,910 $697,687 2,987,190 1,734,555 1,436,800 $124,011 406,219 130,354 Per cent. 17.77 1919 13.60 1920.... .' 7.52 1921 (9 months) 1 Exports. — None recorded. Important changes in classification. graph, page 757. -See General Notes on Para- 756 SUMMAEY OF TARIFF IKFOBMATlONi 192L- FILBERTS. : (See Survey ^G-34.) . ' • , Description and uses. — Filberts are also, known .as hazelnuts and cobnuts. Native hazels. are rath^r widely distributed, but the jluro- pean varieties are not cultivated to a great extent in the United States. Hazelnuts yield about^O per cent of their weight in a bland, fixed oil, often called "nut oil," which has drying properties that make it useful to painters; "it iW also' a base for expensive perfumes. Prodiuetion.—Some oi the European varieties have been grown here experimentally biit not as yet commercially. Imports in 1914 of filberts, not shelled, were 10,836,072 pounds, valued at $841,019 and yielded a revehue of $220,669; of shelled nuts, 1,798,147 pounds, valued at $278,974 'and, yielded a revenue of $74,080. These came chiefly from Spain, Italy, . and > Turkey in Europe. Asiatic Turkey formerly' was an important source of shelled nuts. Imports since 1917 nave been as follows: - Calendar year.. Quantity. Value. I'nty, Equlva'ent ad valorem. ■ 'fILBEHTS, NOT SHELJ^BO.. . 1918 ^ . ■ .'~^ ^ Poundx. S,295,:5(i5 14,565,279 14:884,604 •5; 847, 210 »988,-641 2,977,583 2,100,184 '&10 044 $165,911 201,288 297,615 Per c.rrit. 16 78 1919 9.78 1920 10. 67 1921 (9 months) FILBERTS, SHELLED. 1918 3,754,801 3,393,250 4,71i;293 2, .328,8611 $820,628 1,092,050 1,279, LOS 402,609 $150,19? 135,730 188,452 18.30 1919 , 12.43 1920 . - . . 14 73 1921 (9 months) Important changes in cZassi^caiion.-'— See General Notes on Para- graph, page 757. : ! ■ ' ' ^ ■ Chestnuts, INCLUDING marrons. (See Survey G-34.) Description, uses,,, and ^production. — Wild chestnuts, are grown throughout the eastern part of the United States, and in some locali- ties are marketed in relatively large quantities. In the last few years a fatal fungous disease has attacked chestnut trees in practically every section of the coimtry. The chestnut is cultivated in Spain Italy, and other southern European coimtries where the nut is very sweet, acquires a large, size, ang is known as the marron. Imports of crude marrons amounted to 18,849,257 pounds in 1914. They now come chiefly from Italy; a few are imported from Spain. Later statistics for calendar years follow: SUMMAJRY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 757 1918 1919 1920 Quantity (pounds) 151, 8W $7, 94U .'), 1112, 194 1393,803 29,484 1921 (9 months). 2,141,2.S1 tlOR, lti9 Exports. — None recorded. Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- graph below. PIGNOLIA NUTS. (See Survey G-34.) Description, uses, and production. — Pienolia or pine, nuts are the seeds of a considerable number of both American and foreign pines. The nuts are. marketed without the shell and in appearance somewhat resemble puffed rice. The kernels are very rich and form an im- portant article of food in some countries. A few species of American pines yield edible nuts, but the domestic product is commercially not important. Southern Eiirope, Chile, and Mexico produce quantities of the nut. Imports. — Some pignolia nuts are imported; statistics of imports are, However, lacking. Exports. — None recorded. Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- graph below. PISTACHE NUTS. (See Survey G-34.) Description, uses, and production. — The pistache is a small, green- fleshed nut used chiefly m flavoring and for coloring ice cream and confections. It is also excellent to eat when roasted and salted. The nut is grown only in a very limited way in California and certain semiarid regions of the Western States. It is cultivated chiefly in the Mediterranean countries and southwestern Asia. Imports are not segregated from aU other nuts; it is estimated they have amounted to about $250,000 annually. Exports. — None recorded. Important changes in classification. — See below. GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. Important changes in classification. — ^Marrons, crude, are free of duty under paragraph 657 of the act of 1913. Parts of three paragraphs of the act of 1913 (224, 226, and 557) have been combined, so as to oring together such nuts as are produced to a small extent in the United States. The specific provision for cream or Brazil nuts, dropped in 1913, has been restored, since the trade is of considerable dimensions. Provisions have been added for prepared or preserved marrons, to include, among others, baked marrons, and for pignolia and pistache nuts. Imports of these nuts are of considerable proportions, and specific provision seems desirable. 758 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMAMON, 1921. PARAGRAPH 756. H. R. 7456. Par. 756. Coconuts, one-half of 1 cent each; coconut meat, shredded and desic- cated, or similarly prepared, 4J cents per pound. ACT OF 1909. Pah. 278. * * * cocoanut meat or copra desiccated, shredded, cut, or sim- ilarly prepared, two cents per pound; Pah. 635. Nuts: * * * the shell * ,* * [Free]. cocoanuts in SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. ,221. * * * cocOiiuf meat or copra desiccated, shredded, cut, or sim- ilarly prepared, * * * 2 cents per pounds Par. 557. Nuts: * * * coconuts in the shell f * *, ,[Fre.e].- . ■, , ,.-, CqCONXJTS. ^ ' (See Survey A-li;r ' Description and usesi-^^The coconut is a 'trdpieftl fruit of a species of the palm tree. The nut, both ripe and unripe, is used extensitely as an edible fruit, the niilky center as well as the outer meat being nourishing food. Most of the whole' nuts imported ate used in the manufacture of shredded coconut for confectioneiry and. culinary pur- poses. _ . ^.-.i..:, !■, •• / ^ Prodviction in continental United States in 1919 was limited to the Florida crop of 613,000 nuts, valued at $43,000. In 1919 Porto Rico produced 24,608,000 coconuts,- valued at $1,001,460. Imports of coconut in the shell in 1914 were valued at $2,150,500, and in 1918 at $2,792,165. Of the 1920 ijnportation (91,164,605 coco- nuts), Panama furnishiBd 21 per cent; Jamaica 17 per cent; Trini4ad and Tobago, 24 per cent; and Honduras, 16 per cent. Importations since 1917 by calendar years of coconuts in the shell have been as follows: ' 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) 68,255,512 {2,493,898 85,081,922 {4,053,282 91,16^605 14,230,221 . |42,495,984- {1,156,902 Value ." " Exports. — None recorded. Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- graph, page 759. COCONUT MEAT, SHREDDED AND DESICCATED OR' SIMILARLY PREPARED. (SeeSurveyA-ll.)- ... Description and uses. — Coconut m$at is prepared, for food purposes by shresddina .and artificial drying, either with oi? without the addition of sugar. "Die domestic demand is made up of the package or house- hold trade and the requirements of pianuiacturing bakers and con- fectioners for bulk goods. The pac]£age;trade is supplied by domestic producers who manufacture and pack shredded coconut from nuts imported from the West Indies and Central America. Unsweetened SUMMARY OF TABIFF INFOEMAnON, 1921. 759 shredded cOcdnut prepared in Geylon enters largely, into the bulk trade. ■. , ,, . !■■ •,,.;.: ,,..;,,;, ProdvMion.-r-Doiaestic production is estimated ^,t from 20,000,000 to 25,000,000 polmds annually. , . ; ' j .■>> Imports reached a total in 1914 of 9,307,924 pounds, valued at 5742,701. This product comes chiefly from the British. East Indies. Statistics of imports since 1917 are as follows: , Calendar year. Quanti y. Value. Buty. ETquivaleat ad valorem. 191S. . . - Pound' . 19,987,57-6 28,900,376, 30,631,022 21, 351, 135 S2,462,SI3 ,3,972,016 -4,879,685 1,914,122 S3&9;7S1 678,008 612,620 Per cent. 16.-23 1919 14. 5S 1920 12. 55 1921 (9 months) Exports. — ^None recorded. Important changes in classification. — See below. GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. Important changes in dassificmtion.—GoooTxViis have been trans- ferred from the ifree list (par. 557) of the 1913 act. "Copra" is omitted here because the word is not applied in trade to the shredded meat of the coconut, but is confined to the unshredded meat as oil material, which is covered by paragraph 1620 of H. R. 7456. PARAGRAPH 757. •H. R. 7456. Pah. 757. Peanuts, not shelled, 3 cents per pound; shelled, 4 cents per pound. ACT OF 1909. Par. 282. Peanuts or ground beans, unsheUed, one-half of one cent per pound; aheUed, one cent per pound. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 225. Peanuts or ground beans, un- sheUed, I of 1 cent per pound; shelled, | of 1 cent per pound.''' PEANUTS. (See Survey G^36.) Description and uses. — The bulk of the domestic peanut crop is used in the manufacture of peanut oil (see par. 45), peanut butter, confectioner's and baker's goods, and as roasted and salted peanuts. In 1916 approximately 4,000,000 bushels went into peanut butter, and about 7,000,000 bushels were crushed into 50,000,000 pounds of oil. Cottonseed oil, mills manufacture peanut oil, using the same equipment. The meal left after extracting the oil serves as the basis for a high-grade cattle and dairy feed. The peanut is a soil im- "3 Peanuts or ground beans, 3 cents per pound. (Par. 6, emergency tariff act of 1821.) 760 SUMMAKY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. prover, and gives a valuable hay crop. Where the boll-weevil has interfered with the growing of cotton, the peanut production has increased rapidly; and its culture is possible on millions of acres of southern soils adapted to this crop. Producti(m.-^¥rom. 1899 to 1918 the acreage, in peanuts rose from 516,654 to: 2,291,000 acres, the yield from 11,964,000 to 54,434,000 bushels, and farm values from $7,270,515 to $95,829,000. This in- crease was due chiefly to the growing market for peanuts and their products, to the realization of the usefulness of the crop as a soil improver, and to the handling of the crop by machinery. In Virginia and North Carohna peanuts are grown largely for confectionery pur- poses; farther South, for oil and for forage. In the Gulf States the increase in production has been very marked. Production during recent years has been as follows : 1920 Quantity (pounds) . Value. 78J,273,000 J73, 094, 000 841, 474, 000 $44,256,003 816,465,000 S32, 283, 00ft Imports have greatly increased since 1913, notwithstanding the great expansion in domestic production. The increase of shelled! peanuts coming from southern France, Spain, and Japan has been the more pronounced. Japan supplies about three-fourths of the unshelled nuts, chiefly absorbed in. the Padific States, far distant from important domestic sources. Larger imports are made in the form of peanut oil. Since 1917 imports have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. * PEANUTS OE GROUND BEANS, NOT SHSILLED. ' 1918 Pounds. 1,719,276 5,383,828 7,222,486 4, 614; 686 $117,427 368,184 642,095 247,039 i6,m 20,189 27,084 Per cent. 5.49 1919 5 48' 1920 4.22 1921 (9 montlis) PEANUTS OR GROUND BEANS, SHELLED. " 1918 60,811,453 25,621,105 103,552 486 38,931,465 13,934,946 2,000,776 9,846,656 1,896,709 $456,086 191,408 776,644 11.59 1919 9.67 M20 7.89 1921 (9 montlis) The following statistics show by months th'e quantity and value of both unshelled and shelled peanuts imported in 1920 and in 1921 under the operation of the emergency tariff act : SUMMARY OF TABIFF INFOKMATTON, 1921. 761 Month. Quantity. 1920 Value. 1920 1921! PEANUTS, NOT SHELLED. •January... February. March ApriL ' May June July August September October... November, December. 116,192- 5, era 14,420 43,517 68,572 32,099 2,273 11,944 3,135 3,013 267 1,845 PEANUTS, SHELLED. January. . . February. March April May... June July August Septeniber October. . . November. December. 8,324,542 1,230,145 $809,154 16,276,079 2,290,165 1,537,067 26,361,065 4,386,220 2,630,484 27,042,490 15,177,797 2,769,652 18,385,786 10,257,514 1,574,968 6,930,324 1,683,263 661,213 1,859,085 361,769 184,984 4,825,263 55,437 338,603 130,720 10,707 13,641 652,855 4,468 49,028 21,327 14,069 2,101 780 55,667 85 $63,953 122,138 184,991 662,903 392,459 68,335 11,635 2,701 1,097 381 856 4,948 Exports range betweten 10,000,000 and 20,000,000 pounds and move chiefly to Canada. Figures for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 mouths) 12,319,004 $1,602,657 19,778,490 $2,123,411 9,366,434 $1,115,351 11,063,404 Value $72$, 85ft Important changes in classification.— The term "ground beanS" has been eliminated as unnecessary. The effectiveness of a duty upon peanuts is to a considerable degree conditioned by the duty upon peanut oil, for which the great bulk of the imported peanuts is used. PARAGRAPH 768. H. B. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pae. 758. Walnuts of all kinds, not shelled, 2 J cents per pound; shelled, 7i cents per pound; pecans, unsheUed, 1 cent per pound; shelled, 2 cents per pouna. ' ACT OF 1909. Pae. 28L » * » walnuts of all knids, not shelled, three cents per pound; shelled, five cents per pound. ACT OF 1913. Pae. 224. » « * walnuts of aU kinds, not shelled, 2 cents per pound; shelled, 4 cents per pound. 762 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. ACT OF 1909. Par. 283. Nuts of all kinds, shelled or unshelled, not specially provided, for in this section, one cent per pound; but no allowance shall be made for dirt or other impurities in nuts of any kind, shelled or unshelled. ACT OF 1913. Par. 226. Nuts of all kinds, shelled or unshelled, not specially provided for in this section, 1 cent per pound; but no allowance shall be made for dirt or other iinpurities in nuts of any kind, shelled or unshelled. WALNUTS OF ALL KINDS. (See Survey G-34.) ' Description and uses. — The Persian walnut, commonly called the English walnut, is very popular as a table nut and much used in cakes and confections. Production. — Because of climatic requirements profitable commer- cial production is restricted to Pacific Coast States, chiefly to south- ern California. The California crop in 1919 amounted to 59,091,390 pounds, with approximate valuation of $14,181,934. Total production in pounds has been as follows: 1918, 40,230,000; 1919, 59,091,390 (114,181,934); 1920,4,000,000. ., Imports of walnuts not shelled averaged for 1913-1917, 20,561,194 pounds per annum. Imports of she'Iled walnuts in the same time averaged 14,029,644 pounds. Imports came principally from France, Italy, and Chile, and recently in increasing quantities from China. Statistics of imports since 1917 are as follows: . Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. WALNUTS, NOT SHELLED. 1918 1919 1920.. 192H9 months) . Pounds. 3,875,345 16,667,276 17,339,096 10,980,108 $509, 311 3,161,334 2,662,268 1,192,093 $77,507 333,346 346,782 Per cent. 15.22 10.54 13.03 WAXNUTS, SHELLED. 1918L .....,........: 1919 ...i..;... ....i:.;i.ii;iiji;i;...- W20 , J 9,164,103 9, 800, 762 13,972,917 9,708,122 $3,504,501 5,001,569 5,662,769 3,396,681. $366,564 392,030 558,917 10.46 7.84 10.05 1921 Y9 nionths) ....'..'. Exports. — None recorded. PECANS. (See Survey G-34.)' Description and uses. — ^The pecan is widely distributed throughout the Gulf States, and is one of the most important American nuts. Formerly a large proportion was gathered wild, but orchards of the better varieties are now cultivated and may . be expected in the coming years to produce an increasing quantity of thin-shelled nuts. Production in 1919 amoimted to 31,808,548 pounds valued at $7,792,086. Texas produced over half the crop; Oklahoma, Georgia and Louisiana had the next largest crops. SUMMARY OP, TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 763 Imports of pecans in 1914 amounted to 2,621,161 pounds. They come almost entirely from Mexico. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. : Quantity. Value; Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. 1918. --.,-.. > Founds. 1,239,717 1,-794,265 2,1^4,62.0 551,247 $143,316 226,529 283,395 66, 502 $12,397 17,943 21, 948 Par cent. «h '8.65 1919 7.92 1820 .. 7.74 1921 (9 months) . Exports. — None recorded. Important changes in classification. — Special provision has been made for pecans as the volume of the trade seems to warrant it. Suggested cJianges. — ^In order to carry out the general plan of having separate paragraphs for the important nuts, in an alphabetical arrangement, it is suggested that pecans be taken out of this para- graph, and given a separate paragraph, between peanuts and walnuts. PARAGRAPH 769. H. K. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pak. 759. Edible nuts, shelled or im- sheUed, not specially provided for, 1 cent per pound: Provided, That no allowance shall be made for dirt or other impurities ' in nuts of any kind, shelled or unshelled. ACT OF 1009. 'Par. 283. Nuts of all' kinds, shelled or unshelled, not specially provided for in this section, one cent per pound f but no allowance shall be made for dirt or other . impurities in nuts of any kind, shelled or unshelled. ACT OF 1913. Par. 226. Nuts of all kinds, shelled or unshelled, not specially provided for in this section, 1 cent per pound;. but no allowance shall be made for dirt or other impurities in nuts of any kind, ihelled or unshelled. ALL OTHER NUTS, N. S. P. F. (See Survey G-34.) Import statistics given below include pignolia and pistache nuts and all others not mentioned specifically in the tariff act of 1913. Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. • NUTS, SHELLED OH UNSHELLED N. S. P. F. 1918 « Pounds. 984,062 2,163,097 3,789,902 2,558,431 $204,815 581,100 882,583 534,329 $9,832 21,612 ,37,640 Per cent. 4.81 1919 3.72 1920 4.27 1921 (Q months'! OLIVE NUTS, GHOUND: 1918 : $17 129 132 161 S3 19 20 15.00 1919 15.00 1920 - 15.00 764 SUMMABY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Exports go chiefly to Canada. They include almonds, walnuts, pecans, and all other nuts except peanuts. Exports of individual varieties have not in the past been large; in consequence, they have not been separated by customs aumorities. Late statistics for calendar years follow: 1918, $541,641; 1919, $1,462,408; 1920, $857,123; 1921 (9 months), $526,548. Important changes in classification. — "Edible" excludes from this paragraph nonedible oil nuts. Nearly all of such nuts are covered by specific provisions, with a general provision (par. 760) for oil- bearmg materials. Suggested changes. — For the reasons stated under the subheading "conflicting provisions" under paragraph 748, a semicolon might be substituted for the colon after the word "poimd" in line 7, page 95, and the words "pickled, or otherwise prepared or preserved, and not specially provided for, [rate]," followed by a colon, be inserted thereafter. SEEDS AND STOCKS. GENERAL. The dutiable and free provisions for seeds and stocks imported for industrial purposes, for replanting, or as spices have been rearranged into three dutiable paragraphs : 760. Oil-bearing materials. 761. Grass seeds. 762. Other field and garden seeds. Seeds used chiefly as spices have; been transferred to the spice paragraph (780) ; roots, root stocks, and seedlings to the paragraphs relatmg to nursery and greenhouse stock (pars. 750-752) ; and a num- ber of new provisions have been added. For the details of these changes and additions see paragraphs 760, 761, 762, as well as the others cited. PARAGRAPH 760: H. R. 74S6. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 760. Oil-bearing seeds and ma- terials: Castor beans, one-ha^f of 1 cent per pound; flaxseed, 25 cents perbushel . of fifty-six: pounds; poppy seed, 32 cents per one hundred pounds; sunflower seed, 2 cents per pound; apricot and peach kernels, 3 cents per pound. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 266. Seeds: Castor beans or seeds, Par. 212. Seeds: Castor beans or seeds, twenty-five cents per bushel of fifty 15 cents per bifthel of fifty pounds'; flax- pounds; flaxseed or linseed * * * seed or Unseed * * *, 20 cents per twenty-five cents per bushel of fifty-six bushel of fifty-six pounds; "* poppy seed, pounds; poppy seed, fifteen cents per 15 cents per bushel of forty-seven pounds; bushel; * * *.■ * » * Par. 280. * * * apricot and peach Par. 223. * * » apricot and peach kernels, four cents per pound. kernels, 3 cents per pound. Par. 668. Seeds: * * * flower * * * Par. 595. Seeds: * * * flower * * * seeds; * » * [Free]. seeds; * » * [Free]. « Flaxseed, 30 cents per bushel ol fifty-six pounds. (Par. 3, emergency tariff act of 1921.) SUMMAKY OF TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 766 OASTOE BEANS OR SEEDS. !,'■ ' :(S^e Survey A-ll). Description and iLses. — Castor beans or seeds are employed princi- pally for oil manufacture. The oil is used for industrial purposes, as a medicine, and as a lubricant for airplanes. Production is cheaper perhaps in India and other Asiatic countries than elsewhere, and is insignificant here, chiefly because of the large amount of hand labor required, especially in harvesting. Efforts in 1918 to grow these beans to supply oil for airplanes met with little success, because of the inexperience of agriculturists, unseasonable conditions, and other causes. Imports averaged annually 838,861 bushels for 1910-1913. They came mainly from India and parts of Asia. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. ■Duty. Equivident ad valorem. 1918 .J Bushels. 858,157 1,133,824 1,259,307 540,318 »2, 327, 051 3, 488, 702 2,937,148 664,032 : 1128,638 .- 169,938, ' -IS8 893 Per cent. 5.52 1919 4.87 1920 6.43 1921 (9 months) In 1920, about 65 per cent of the imports were from Brazil, and about 13 per cent were from England. Impthtant changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on Paragraph, page 769. FLAXSEED OR LINSEED. (See Report T. I. S.-20.) Description and uses. — Flaxseed oi- linseed is used almost exclu- sively for making linseed oil. The by-pi;pduct, oU cake, is a valuable feedstuff and fertilizer. ' r Production of flaxseed has , been steadily declining.; It has been essentially a frontier crop, thriving on the frontier and moving with it. It has been unpopular because of flaxwilt and other factors apart from the competition of more profitable crops. The domestic production declineid^ from 25,856,000 bushels in 1909 to 8,112,000 bushels in 1921. The Dakotas, Montana, and Minnesota produce nearly all of the output of thei LInited States. Imports during 1910-1913 averaged ,6,909,209 ;bjishpls per annura.. Later statistics follow: , i . Calendar year. 'i- Quantity. Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. 1918 . . , , . : Bushels. 12,397,597 li,(m,6i2 24,616,766 8,599,517 $32,618,623 44,382,395 74,519,675 13,858,063 12,479,519 2,808,508 4,923,353 Per cent. 7.60 1919 6.3S 1920 6.61 766 Str-MMAKY ■ OS" TARIFF INFORlVtATION, 1921.' In 1920, 92 per cent of the imports were from Argentina. Flaxseed is dutiable at 30 cents per bushel of 56 pounds under paragraph 3 of the emergency tariff act of 1921. General imports by months for 1920 and;1921 have been as follows:, . ., . j\ , Months January. . . February . March April May., June ^ JVLlyc-:.., August September October. . . November. December. Quantity. ■/Valuer : 1920 1921 1920: . . . .. 1921 rPushda. . BuslieU. ■ e 186;287 386,638 $6,702,682 $721,519 1,082,736. 341,180 3,785:497 625,905 2,263,533 903,070 7,085,524 5,3§3;860 1,664,797 1,703,611! ■ 1,091,584' 1,681,726 4,253j319. 1,728,398 13,445,400 2,603,301 2,312,742' 880, 58S 7,56S;26t(,' 1,241,388 1,>796,9p4 • •; 776,036; 5, 44?; 181; 1,219,944 1,'695,510 1,896,690 5,251,974 3,136,280 2,007,240 598, 805 5,948,534 1,073,409 2,202,447 648,038 6,121,030 1,145,203 1,466,098 1,576,195 3,982,192 2,869,434 1,670,713 1,499,127 .3, 958, 441 2,566,235 Exports are relatively : insignificant, years 1918-1921 follow: Statistics for the calendar 191S 1919 1920 1921 (9months). 25,508 $134, 985 16, 595 $125, 143 ; 1»,75S $112,037. 262 Value ...,..,..,;.. .•.,.. .....--,.-.-- ,.. « $1,365 In 1920, 68 per cent of the exports went to Canada and 26 per cent to the United Kingdom. , i . • , i Important changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on Para- graph, page 769. POPPY SEED. Description and uses. — The most important is the w'hite or oil poppy, noted for its yield of opium and the bland, fixed oil obtained from the seed by crushing. It is' native to most warm countries. The seeds contain no opium and yield about 40 per cent oil. The oil cake is used for fertilizer and for feeding cattle. Production. — -The poppy plant is grown extensively in Asia Minor, Persia, India, Egypt, south Russia, and northern France. The seed from Manchuria is of low quality. Imports for 1910-1914 averaged annually 56,084 bushels. France and Gieirmany were the principal countries in which poppy seed was crushed. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. ■Duty. Equivalent ad vflorem. 1918 . Bmhel). 4,438 22,911 59,582 65,012 $24,581 231, 121 468,131 272,231 $666 3,437 8,937 Per a Hi. 2.71 1919 1.49 1920 1.91 1921 ^9monthsl Important changes in classification) etc. — See General Notes on Paragraph, page 769. SUMMAKY OF TABIFF INE'OE.MATION, 1921. 767 SUNFLOWER SEED. Description and uses. — The seed; is the product of the sunflower plant, it yields an oil that is an ingredient in certain high-class paints used by artists. It is also used for feeding purposes. Imports are not separately stated but are included in "Flower seeds." Important changes in classijication. — See General Notes on Para- graph, page 769. APRICOT AND PEACH KERNELS. Description and uses. —The principal use of these fruit kernels is in the production of apficbt and peach kernel oil. In preparing the fruit for drying it is spUt open and the pit removed'.' The pits are used quite extensively in California for fuel, and during the war were employed in niaking charcoal for gas masks. ' ' •Prcd'iKMon: — ^The source of these kernels is primarily the canning factories and, in Calif dmiaj the- apricot and peach drying yards. Imports averaged^ annually 22,874 ppiinds for 1912-1916. Later statistics follow: ■ . , , ■ r Calendar year. Quantity. Vjllue,., J' . ""*y- 'ad valorem. i 1918 J Pounds. 241,105 38,416 65,215 30,411 $19,117 ■7,847 14,453 ■ 7,070 ?7,233 i;i52' 1,955 PernrU.- 37 83 1919. 14. 69 1920 13. 53 1921 (9 months) Important changes in classijication, etc. — See General Notes on Paragraph, page 769. OIL-BEARING SEEDS, N. S. P. F. The following seeds, not specially provided for in H. K. 7456, are used chiefly for oil : COTTONSEED. Description and uses. — Cottonseed, from the fibrous cotton plant, is used principally in making cottonseed oil; the residual cottonseed meal or cake is used for cattle feed- and fertilizer. Cottonseed huUsj used chiefly for feeding cattle, and linters (for guncotton, mattresses, etc.) are less important by-products. About 540,000 tons of cotton- seed for planting are required annually by farmers in the Southeirn States. Production of cottonseed averages nearly 6,000,000 tons per annum in the United States. ^ Imports in 1914 were 4,446 tons, valued at $66,035. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 1918 1919 1920 ■ 1921 ■ (9 month'!). 36,946,885 $914,991 67,051,897 $1,776,435 76,597,283 $1,290,520 49,371,380 Value $255, 457 768 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOBMATIOIir, 1921. Exports of domestic cottonseed' amounted in 1914 to 8,171 tons, valued at $215,115. Before the war most of the exports went to Oermany. Later statistics for calendar years follow : ' - 1918 1919 -1920>.!,, .1921 ■ " ' (9 mpntte). /• ; 1,741,499 $89,707 1,918, Sffi (88,743 5,270,382 S309i 135 2,447,078 S97,864 Value. ... ... In 1920, about 75 per cent ot the exports went to Mexico and about 9 per cent to the Barbados, i, Important changes fin classification.— j^eeQenerai. Notes oii) Paitir graph, page 769. ,: ,, . Description, ancl fuses. — Hempseed.when crushed yields an oil vkfid in making soap and an oil cake serving! as cattle feed- The seed is used also as feed for poultry and cage birds and for sowing. ,v> ,, Production. — Hemp is native to temperate Asia, but growSiialsft in Europe, India, and Canada. , Kentucky supplies practically all of the domestic output. In 1909, 5,416 bushels were gathered from 516 acres; the acreage increased to 42,000 La 1917. Further figures are unavailable. China and Japan furnish large quantities, of no value for seeding, which is used for poultry feed. ' Imports m 1914 were 2,031,438 pounds, valued at $38,315. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 1918 1919 1920 1.921 ,C9mbhtli3)., Ouantitv (pounds) 20,612 (2,-241 3,108,047 $142; 177 6,036,608 $221,904 816, 019 Value i $12,8.30 1(( /'ih Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- graph, page 769. RAPESEED. Description and uses.— Bi&p&se&A. is used for planting, oil, and feed. Rape produces an abundance of green forage, valued highly by farmers for feeding or grazing live stock and poultry; It is grown to some extent in practically every State. The seed, together with millet, canary, and hemp seed, is used also in bird-seed mixtures. Eapeseed is also crushed for oil. . Pxoduetion,:-T^lt is not produced here commercially. Prior to the war our supply came from England; during th© war it came from Japan, where .large quantities oJ seed less desirable for planting pur- poses are produced. I ,, ,,- Imports in 1914, an average year, were 5,970,937 pounds, valued at $211,301. Later statistics for calendar years foUow: SUMMAEY OF TAMFF INFOBMATION, 1921. 769 (pounds). 191S 1919 2,625.259 1 |17.1S.i7 5,086,039 't.'J17,262 1920 5, 798, 272 S368, 012 1921(9inonths). 2; 804.951 $lS0,576 Important changes in classification, etc. — See below. GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. , Important cJuanges . in classifiMition. — -Three provisions relating to oil seeds and materials have been combined in this paragraph. The duty on castor beans and poppy seed has been changed from the bushel to the pound basis and a provision added for sunflower seed which is exempt from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 595). Suggested changes. — It is suggested that provision be made by name for cottonseed, hempseed, rapeseed, Chinese or Japanese tune nuts, perilla and sesame seed, and soya beans, and that a genertu provision be added for oil seeds and oil-bearing vegetable materials not specially provided for. If these articles or any of them should be exenxpted from duty, they should come within paragraph 1620; if, however, a jduty is imposed they should be provided for in this paragraph. (See also pars. 762 and 1626.) PARAGRAPH 761. H. B. 7456. Pah. 761. Grass seeds: Alfalfa, 2 cents per pound; alsike clover, 3 cents per pound; crimson clover, 1 cent per poundj red clover, 3 cents per poun^l; white clover, 3 cents per pound; clover, not specially provided for, 2 cents per pound; millet, one-half of 1 cent per pound; timothy, 2 cents per pound; hairy vetch, 2 centa per pound; spring vetch, 1 cent per poupd; all other grass seeds not specially pro\ided' for, 2 cents per pound. ACT or 1909. Pah. 668. Seeds: » * * all' * * * grass seeds; * * * not specially pro- vided for in this section [Free]. SENATE A2IEND2IENTS. ACT OF 1913. Pah. 595. Seeds: * * * all * * * grass seeds; * * * not specially pro- vided for in this section [Free]. GRASS SEEDS. ALFALFA SEEU, Description and uses. — The quantity of alfalfa seed used annually in the United States for planting is estimated as more than 25,000,000 pounds. Production is \er J uncertain and is commercially localized in South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Utah, Mon- tana, Idaho, California, and Arizona. Excessive rains or drought 82304—22- -49 7,7« SUMMARY OF . TAJtp'E IIJFpEMATION, 19?1. and injury to the crop inflicted by grasshoppers, alfalfa weevil,, and other insects affect the productioh. Imports in 1914 amounted to 7,439,261 pounds, valued at $740,810. Much of it comes from Turkestan, but is inferior to the domestic seed. Later statistics for calendar years follow: ■ r . ! . ' ... : . ' 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quautity (pounds)...,., .,.1... ;■'»; 6,241,948 »1, 328, 581 ,12,110,131 »3, 203, 845 1,680,067 $231,481 Exports. — None specifically recorded. CEIMSON CLOVER SEED. Description av^d uses. — Crimson clover seed is used solely for plant- ing, American farmers sowing annually over 4,000,000 pounds. Production here of crimson clover seed, although greatly increased during late years, does not equal requirements. It is produced suc- cessfmly in Tennessee (2,500,000 piaunds'in 1919) and fightly in Ala- bama, North Caroliaa, Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware. Imports averaged annually 6,266,737 pounds for-1914-1917. Latel- statistics for calendar years follow: '^ • . 1918 ' 1919 5,837,948 n,p99,923 1920 1921 (9 months). 938,323 »177,881 5,429,770 1594,532 4, 681, 792 Value $291,554 Exports are not separately stated^' seed, n. s. p. {.," page 772. See statistics under "Clover RED CLOVER SEED. Description and uses. — In the United States red clover seed is used exclusively for planting, the estimated annual requirement being ovet 100,000,000 pounds. Production is principally in Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, Oregon, and Idaho. The amount decreased during the war. Government officials and large seed dealers agree that there is a world shortage of red: clover seed. The wholesale price has ranged from $15 to $50 per 100 pounds. Imports for 1913-1917 averaged 11,989,767 poimds per annum. In 1918 (fiscal year) nearly all came from Italy, France, and Canada. Before the war Germany was the most important source. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 931,307 $176,111 7,025,591 $2,410,056 12,692,711 $4,627,485 15,640,393 $2,233,565 Vdlne ..'...'. r SUMMARY OF TAREFF INFORMATION, 1921. 771 In 1920 imports were chiefly fromi France, about 54 per cent, and from Italy, about 35 per cent. 'Exports are not separately stated. See statistics under "Clover l,n. s. p.f:" . , ALSIKE CLOVEK SEED. n, Description and uses. — The seed of alsike clover, used primarily for planting, was employed more extensively in 1918 and 1919 than formerly, probably bejcause of the scarcity and higher price of red clover seed. Production. — ^Most of this seed is grown in Michigan,,, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Idaho, but production is not sufficient for domestic requirerjients. Imports in 1914 were 5,349,156 pounds, valued at $804,092, and came chiefly from Canada. Later statistics for calendar years follow: '<-••," 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (pounds) ».>...-, Value ' . . y. .- 6,078,038 $1,409,879 7,071,548 ■$2;483;'?l0 2,170,884 $853,780' 4,504,619 $795;608 ■ seeds!;! *, * * all, the foregqihg not specially provided for in this section fFreel- Par. 212. Seeds: * * * oil seeds no'tispecially provided for in this section, 20 cents per bushel of fifty-six pounds; * * * mushroom spawn, and spinach seed, 1 cent per pound; canary seed, i cent per pound; * * * beet (except sugar beet), carrot, com salad, parsley, parsnip, radish, turnip, and rutabaga seed, 3 cents per pound; cabbage, coUard, kale, and kohl-rabi seed. 6 cents per pound; egg plant and pepper seed, 10 cents per pound; seeds of all kiAds not specially provided for in this section, 5; cents per pound : Provided, That no allowance shall be made for dirt or other impurities in seeds provided for in this paragraph. OTHER GARDEN AND FIELD SEEDS. SUGAR-BEET SEED. Description and uses. — ^The sugar beet,' closely related to certain varieties of garden beet, is grown almost solely for the production of sugar. Tke roots yield sugar the first year, but seeds are not produced xmtil the second year. Production of sugar-beet seed in 1916 was 5,539,000 pounds. Because it was difficult to import seed during the war, the seed 776 SUMM4BY OF TARIFF , INFOiEMATION, 1921, acreage was increased; nevertheless the production of 1921 decreased to 3,575,000 poimds. Idaho, Colorado, tf tah, California^ and Michigan lead. '^ Beet-sugar manufacturers, who control the supply, endeavor to carry sufficient seed to meet recjuirements.fpr one or two years and thus provide against emergencies. . Imports in 1914 were 10,490,089 pounds, valued at; $804,209—86 per cent from Germany, 6 per cent from Austria-Hungary, and 3.5 per cent from Russia. Later statistics for calendair years follow: Quantity (pounds). Value 4,298,375 $1,341,341 1919 »2,I37,'091 192Q 23,446,067 $5,213,410 1»21 (9 months). 6,385,999 $1,280,825 In 1920 about 40 per cent of the imports came from Germany, about 38 per cent from the Netherlands, and about 19 per cent from Denmark. Important changes in classification. — Sugar-beet seed- is transferred from the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 595). BEET SEED . (except SUGAR BEET AND MANGEL WURZEL).. " Description and uses. — Beet Seed is used primarily for planting in this country, nearly 5Q0,000 pounds of the garden variety being sown annually. . ■■■'■■' •■' ■ ^^ "''"'-■■-! .■!"'■ ,iProdv£tioh increased rapidly duriiig the war— iu 1916, 200,000 pounds; in 1918, 2,509,000 poimds, but in 1921 decreased to 180,000 poimds: California leads; smaller quantities come from Washington a^i^d Connecticut. ■ » ^. ".imports in 1914 were 1,076,525 pounds. Later statistics follov: Calendar year. Quantity.^ Value. Duty. Equiyalent ad vabrem. 1918. 1919. 1920 1921(9'month3). Pounds. 3.51, 592 160,962 ■ 238^111 , 152,864 $173,037 108,233 50,353 23,940 $10,648 4,829 7,143 Per cent. 4.46 14.19 CABBAGE SEED. Description and uses. — Cabbage, one of our principal truck crops, is a common home garden product; over 500,000 pounds of seed are required annually. , , ,. Production commercially in 1916 was 217,000 pounds; in 1918, 157,000 pounds; and in 1921, 224,000 pounds. Long Island and Puget Sound are the cabbage-seed producing sections. importe averaged 251,927 pounds for 1910-1913. Denmark and Holland were normally the principal exporting countries. Later statistics follow : • SUMMAJBY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 77T Calendar year. QuaiUity. Value. Dul.y. Equivalent ad valorem. 1918.. ... Povnda. 114,973 168,951 390,741 144,240 J196,370 357,853 299,384 92,120 $6,898 10,137 23,444 Per cent. 3.61 2.83 7.83 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) CANARY SEED. Description and uses. — Canary: mbd, from an annual grass of that narne, is native to the Canary Islands, southern Europe, northern Africa, and Asia. It has been naturalized in England and parts of the United States, and is cultivated as a fc^od for cage birds in the south of Europe, especially in Germany and England. A fine flour prepared from this seed is used in sizing high-grade cotton and silk goods. '' Imports were 4,503,280 pdunds in 1914. Later statistics follow; Calendar yettr. Quantity. Value. ■ Diity. Equivalemt ■ ad va- lorent 1918 Poundt. 3,244,897 5,954,434 5,292,922 5,228,165 $292,302 551, 143 311, 192 206,775 $16,223 29,745 26,465 Per cent. 5 55 1919 1920....; .,, 8.51 19^1 (9 months) ;..... .. ' f , f : . ■-. CARROT S EED. Description and uses. — The carrot is a vegetable grown in home and 'Ularket gardens. Some of the large-rooted varieties are grown under field culture for stock feeding. Probably 450,000 pounds of carrot seed are sown for these purposes. Production increased from 534,000 pounds in 1916 to 2,125,000 pounds in 1918, but in 1921, declined to 76,200 pounds. Practically all domestic carrot seed is produced in Cilifofnia. Imports averaged 144,056 pounds for 1910-1913.; they came chiefly from France. Statistids of imports since 1917 are as follows: "" ' ' Calencfslr year. Quantity." 1918 ''lis n 1919 15,666 ; 1920 69,428 ! 1921 (9 months) 33,633 ! Value. $23,9ol 18,869' 15,807 9,464 Duty. , Equivalent ad va- lorem. $833 ' «0 I 2,033 Per cent. 3.48 2.49 13. 18 I CArLIIXOWER SEED. Description and -uses.— Cauliflower seed is used primarily for plant- ing, about 7,500 pounds being used annually for home and market gardens. -^ „ ^ Production of caiiliflower seed is negligible, because of unfavorable climatic and soil conditions. It is produced more successfully in Holland and Denmark, where the domestic supply is obtained. 778 SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Im'ports averaged 9,834 pounds annually for 1913-1917. Statistics of imports since 1917 by calendar years are as follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 8,068 $37,008 12,141 $146,071 16,918 $138,882 Valuel.'. ' $73 919 Important changes in classification. — Cauliflower seed is transferred from the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 595). CELEBY SEED. Description and -Mses.— Celery seed is used largely for planting, and also as a condiment., , , •., ;, Production of celery seed commercially has increased frbin 5,200, poundsin 1916 to 6.5,000 poinds in, 1918, and in. 1921 was 45,800 pounds, practically all in California. Market gardeners assert that unported French-grown seed of some varieties, notably Golden Self- Blanching, produces plants more nearly true to type. , Imports for 1910-1913 averaged 147,764 pounds annually. Later statistics for calendar years foUow: 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (pounds). Value 239,231 768, 101 !$90,948. $312,636 593,722 $116,361 267,252 $37,354 Important changes in classification. — Celery seed, is transferred from the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 595), KALE BEED. Description and Uses. — 'Kale is grown in family and truck garden^ and is used as a vegetable or "greens," also, especially the Siberian kale, as a forage plant for live stock and poultry. The quantity of seed required for planting is estimated at from 50,000 -to 65,000 pounds. Production is mainly in New York, Washington, California, and Connecticut. The commercial production in 1916 was 29,000 pounds; in 1918, 16,700 pounds; and in 1921, 29,700 pounds. ■ Imports were 31,806 pounds in 1913 and 38,073 pounds in 1914. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. 1918.. 1919.. 'H«ffft/ffr-b- 1920. 1921 (9 months) .^....^..j^.j^. PoltTldS. -'i»,ge6 77,069 29,190 $7,419 12,062 2P, 672 8,499 1591 1,132 4,624 Percent. 7.97 9.38 22.48 SUMMAHY OF TABIPF INFORMATION, 1921. 779 KOHL-RABI SEED. Description and uses. — Kohl-rabi is a vegetable forming an edible "bulb," popular in home gardens, and grown somewhat by truckers. Its seed are iised solely for planting. The plants are stored in pits, or otherwise protected irom freezing, as are cabbage, beets, carrots, etc. Imports in 1914 were 15,612 pounds, valued at $4,283, about an average quantity. Later statistics foUow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. 1918 Pounie. 14,726 17,109 22,728 10,028 tll,499 1(^938. .,■12,020, ' 4,554. S884 1,027 1,364 Per ceirf. 7.68 1919 9.39 1«20..;.J ,.U..i , 11 35 1921 (9 months) . MANGELWURZBL (MANGEL BEET) SEED. Description and uses. — rMangelwurzel seed is used in this country for pla,nting. The root provides a succulent feed for dairy cows and other farm live stock. \ Production of mangelwufzBl seed, very small prior to 1918j was in that year 286,974 piotmds.'' The seeding requirement is about 320,000 pounds. Commercial growers have had excellent success with this seed, and the industry seems fairly well established, California and Washington leading. /mporfe are not separately stated. Important changes in classifiaation.. — Mangelwurzel. seed is trans7 ferred from the free list of the act of 1913! (par. 595) . ONION SEED. Description and uses. — Onion seeds are produced from the flower stem of flie plant the second year. The bulb is usually get out in the spring of the second year and the seeds are harvested when mature. Production.^hi 1919, 2,618,000 pounds of onion seeds wei'e pro- duced. In 1920 and 1921 production declmed sharply to 800,800 and 334,000 pounds, respectively. ,^ , Imports are not separately stated, but are included with " all other" seeds. Important vhangesin classification. — New specific provision. PARSLEY SEED. Description and uses. — Parsley is used for garnishing meats arid other foods and as a condiment: The Seed is also crushed for its oil. , iProdvftion is in California, the annual average being 88,000 pounds. In 1921, 27,500 pounds were produced. Imports during 1916-1918 averaged 58,116 pounds, running some- what oelow domestic production. Later statistics follow: 780 SUMMAHYiOF TARIFF IXFOEMATIOJJ, 1921. Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. 1918........ : ...(.L, 1919 . . ' Pounds: 64,595 52,713 179,774 136,118 »12,764 20,717 ai,475 16,287 SI, 938 1,581 5^393 Percwfc 15.19 7 63 1920 ■.'. 1921 (9 months)... , PARSNIP SEED. Description and uses. — Parsnip is a root crop grown in home and market gardens for table food and on farms for live stock. About 120,000 to 150,000 pounds of the seed are used annually for planting. Production, mainly in Oalifdrnia, amounted to 67,000 pounds m 1916, 167,000 pounds in 1918, and 25,700 pcTunds in 1921. imports averaged annually 102,557 pounds for 1913-1917. ^ Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. 1918 Pounds. 9,461 43,817 17,015 , 39,613 14,653 26,457 3,731 5,457 S284 1,315 610 Percaa. 6.10 1919 ....• 4.97 1920 i '., 13.68 1921(eini)nth»)..'. .....;;!;..;/, PBPPEE SEED. Description and uses. — ^Peppers are grown in home and market gar- dens for use in condiments, sauces, pickles, etc. Production. — Pepper seed is easily cultivated in many sections of the country. The commercial output, omitting that retained for home sowing, was 17,000 pounds in 1916, 56,000 pounds in 1918, and 99,200 pounds in 1921. Jfew, Jersey, Geprgia, Mississippi, and Cali- fornia lead in production, i , Imports m. 19i4,were 11,536 pounds, valued at $4,879. Latef sta- tistics foUoyy^ : , I Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. 1918 . ■'- 1 . .;;.■...' Pownds. . 13^778 '6,420 2,050 , 6,415 $12,183 9,748 2,245 4,185 $1,377 642 205 Per cent. 1919 6.69 1920 , 9.13 1921 (9 months) 1 RADISH SEED. Description and ■uses.— ^The radish is grown extensively ill home and market gardens. Over 800,000 pounds of radish seed, used solely for planting, are sold annually; not including the seed from home gardens for local use. ' " Production in 1916 was 720,000 pounds; in 1918, 1,935,000 pounds; and in 1921, 258,000 pounds. Radishes produce seed the first sea- son. California and Michigan are the chief som-ces of supply. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 781 Imports during 1910-1914 averaged annually 491,097 pounds. Much of the seed formerly came from France. When that supply was cut oflF, domestic growers planted larger acreages, and since 1918 considerable quantities have been available for expoxt. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: , Calendar year. Quantity, I Pounds. 1918 •. 82,334 1919 , I..:.' v.- i 111,562 1920..... 320,487 1921 (9 months) I 144,492 Value. $55,664 64,.236 76,924 31,672 ^ , Equivalent , ^"'y- ad valorem. $2,470 3,347 9,615 Per cent. 4.44 5.21 12.50 SPINACH SEED. Description and uses. — Spinach seed is used solely for planting; about 800,000 or 900,000 pounds are sown annually. Production of commercial spinach seed increased from 45,000 pounds in 1916 to 1,^650,000 pounds in 1918, but in 1921 decreased to 24,700 pounds. Imports averaged lj241,757 pounds annually during the period 1910 to 1914. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. »3,'B,931 8P,357 ' 132,574 ,52,231 Duty. Equivalent ad' valorem. 1918 ' Pounds. 1,067,039 3^7,032 1,139,14» 527, 760 J10,670 3,670 11,391 Per ant. 3.01 1919. • 4.57 1920. .....' i. .■ 8.59 1921 (9 mouths) , . TREE SEl SDS. Description and uses. — Tree seeds, both coniferous and hardwood, lire largely produced in this country on a commercial scale for reforestation purposes, by either State or Federal organizations. Although occasionally florists or nurserymen are interested in the trade in tree seeds, the project in this country is largely under Oovemment supervision. Production.— -No accurate statistics regarding the production of tree seeds are available. Imports are not separately stated, but are included in "All seeds, n. s. p. f .; page 784." Important changes in classification. — New specific provision. TURNIP AND RUTABAGA SEEDS. Description and uses. — ^Turnip and rutabaga are root crops grown extensively in home and market gardens for food purposes, and on farms for live stock. The seed is used solely for plantmg and about 2,000,000 pounds r, (1,500,000 pounds turnip and . 500,000 pounds rutabaga) are required annually. •782 StTMMABY OF TABIFF INPOEMATIOiN, 1921. Pro^c^ion.^— Washington, California, New York, and Connecticut are the leading producing areas. The commercial output of turnip Beed increased from 20,000 potitids in 1916 to-200,'700 pounds in 1918 but declined to 59,000 pounds in> 1921* Production of rutabaga seed increased between 1916 and 1918 from 3:,800.pounds to 27,3,00 pounds. imports for 1914 were 1,580,713 pounds compared with an average of 1,773,613 pounds for 1910-1913. Later statistiBS follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. 1918 , P(Mmj4». 1,761,876 1; ,810,479 1,846,607 1,997,304 .• ' •1''. t580,3gS 668,541 420,724 289,^42 152,556 54,314 55,398 Percent. 9.06 1919 i J ■<; ' 8 12 1920 13.17 1921 ('9 montlis) ; . j..: FLOWEB SEEDS. Description and uses. — Flower seeds are used for planting 'j^tirpoaes. Importsiu 1914 were valued at $295,195; in 1918, $142,1,52; 1919. $269,376; 1920, $656,379; 1921 (nine months), $189,577. " (Statistics for 1918-1921 are by calendar years.) Important changes in classification. — Flower seeds are transferred from the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 595). COLLARD SEED. Description and uses. — CoUard, a favorite vegetable in some of the Atlantic and Gulf States, is used in much the same way as cabbage. The seed is used solely for planting. ProdMCfion.^-Collard seed is easily produced wherever the plant is grown as a vegetable. Most commercial seed is produced in Georgia. Data are not available as to the output, but xt appears to be sufficient to meet domestic requirements. Imports averaged annually 2,359 pounds from 1915 to 1918. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. 1919 Poundf. 1^050 50 112 ,1,837 21 183 3 Per cent. 3.43 1920 23.08 1921 (Q inonthq^ Important changes in classification. - imports being small. -Specific provision dropped, CORN-SAIiAD SEED. Description and uses. — Com salad is used as a garnish and for salad, as is parsl6y or cress. The iseed is used in the United States primarily for planting. Only small quantities are imported. SUMMABY OP TABIFF HSTFOBMATIOIT, 1921. 783 Imports for 1915-1918 averaged iannually 4,118 pounds, valued at $741 — somewhat less than the prewar average. Later statistics foUow: Calendar year. Quantity. " Value. 1 Duty. Equivalent ,ad valorem. 1918 Pounds. 3,347 7,734 13,624 1,488 Jl,276 3,793 - 6,124 939 $100 232 409 .1 Percent. 7.87 1919.... 6.12 1920 6.6T 1921 (9 mOntha). . . 'important changes in classification. — Specific provision dropped ^ imports being small. EGGPLANT SEED. Description and uses.— This vegetable produces a large, purple,, egg-shaped fruit, and is grown iextensively in family and market gardens. Seed for planting is produced here in su^cieht quantity to meet domestic demands. Imports in 1914 amoimted to 886 pounds, valued at $836. 'Later statistics follow: • Calendar year. Quantity. V^ue. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. 1918 Pounds. I,3.'i0, .958 525 ■1^166 «i,12i 2,105 985 1,676 $135 96 53 Per cent. 6.3& 1919, . . 4.S5 1920 .. 5.33 1921 (9 mon ths) Important changes in classification. — Specific provision dropped, imports being small. FENUGREEK SEED. Description and uses. — -Fenugreek, alUed- to clover, is cultivated as a fodder and for its strong-smefling, oily seed, used as a flavoring sub- stance of patent stock feeds. It is native to eastern Europe and western Asia. Imports in 1914 were 1,619,230 pounds, valued at $29,601. Later statistics for calendar years follow: ■ -' r ■' 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 1,502,968 $139,969 1,118,083 $69,824 1,199,978 $33,042 159,225 $3,824 Important chdnges in classification. — Fenu^eek seed is on the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 595). Since this paragraph, as revised in H. R. 7456, includes only seeds primarily used for sowingy fenu- freek is not specifically mentioned nere. it is apparently covered y paragraph 1562 as a drug seed. MUSHROOM SPAWN. UfiPesoription and ■uses.-TTrMushrooffl: is the popular name for various species of edible fimgi. It is the fruiting body of the fungus, the 7-84 STJMMAEY OF TARIFF IBT-FOKMATIOSr', 1921. result of a more or less matted growth called the spawn, consisting ■of numerous white threads disseminated- through the soil. The com- mercial spawn comes in bricks or flakes; these are made of horge manure impregnated with the fungus. Parasitic fungi sometimes interfere with mushroom culture and cause serious losses. Imports for 1910-1914 averaged annually 279,064 pounds. Later statistics follow: Calendars-year. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity. ; .»,?15 a, 275 19,096 18,440 Value. 1571 925 545 3,183 Duty. tl32 233 191 Equivalent ad valorem. Per ara. 23.14 25.17 35.04 Important changes in cZassi^cafion..— Specific provision dropped^ imports being small. 'sorghum sbbd. De.scription and v^es. — Sorghum includes sweet sorghum and grain •sorghum, the latter mostly kafir, feterita, and milo. Sweet sor^um seed is used only for planting; the seed of grain sorghum is used for feed and for making alcohol and yeast, as well as for planting. Production. — Sor^ums are grown extensively, principally m- the southern half of the Great Plains area. Production in Kansas, Texas, Oldahoma, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona in 1915 was 114,460,000, bushels, with a farm value of $51,157,000; in 1918 only 66,396,000 bushels, with farm value of $99,848,000. It is cultivated in Europe, India, and other parts of Asia. Imports are not separately stated. Important changes in classification. — ^Sbtghum seed is on the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 595). It is not mentioned specifically in H. R. 7456. ■ ALL SEEDS N. S. F. F. Imports oi all. seeds not specially provided for under the act of 1913 are shown as follows: Calendar year. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) Quantity. 1 Paunia. 253,463 338,310 526,809 335,606 Value. $205,335 254,267 274,644 221,757 Duty. 112,672 16,915 26,340 Exports of seeds, except cotton, grass seeds, and flaxseed, for calendar years, are as follows: 1918, $2,031,776; 1919, $2,771,836; 1920, $2,187,318; 1921 (9 months), $795,856. In 1920 about 29 per cent of these exports, went to England and about 22 per cent to Canada. SUGAR-CANE FOB SEED. Description and uses. — Sugar cane does not yield much fertile seed. The seed is used principally for the development of new varieties and strains. SUMMAEY OP TARIFF INFOEMATTOlf, 1921. 785 Production figures are uirimportant. Import statistics are combined with "seeds, including bulbs, and bulbousi-oots, etc.," and are Insignificant. Important changes in classification.— Sugnr-cajie for seed is on the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 595). It is not mentioned specifically in H. R. 7456, imports being small. ST. John's bread ok bean. Despription.^St. John's bread or bean (also called locust bean and carob) is a brown, leathery fruit pod 4 to 10 inches long, coataining a gummy pulp, about 60 per cent sugar. The seeds are bitter and of no use except for planting. Production. — The locusf tree bearing this fruit grows in the Mediterr ranean region, and is being introduced into Califorhia. No produc- tion figures are available. Imports are not separately stated. Important changes in classification. — St. John's bread or bean is on the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 595). It is not mentioned spe- cifically in H. R. 7456. GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. Important changes- in d^ossi^ca^ion.—^The provisions for garden and field seeds, other than ^ass seed, that are used ©hiefly for replaintingj have been combined and alphabetically arranged. (See pars. 212 and 595 of the act of 1913.) The provisions for cotton, hemp, and rape seed on the free list (par. 595) of the act of 1913 hkve been omitted. The provisions for collard, com salad, eggplant, hoarhound, mush- room spawn, sorghum, and St. John's bread have been oEnitted f!rom specific mention because relatively unimportant. Fenugreek, being chiefly used for medicinal or drug purposes in stock feeds, has like? wise been omitted. It is apparently provided for in paragraph 1562 as a drug seed. . . ' 'The proviso inparagraph 212 of the act of 1913, prohibiting allow- ance for dirt and impurities in seeds, has been eliminatedj since it has been incorporated in paragraph 732, with a siinilar proviso for grains. A clause has been added to the effect that the: provision for. seeds includes such seeds for whatever purpose used; Provisions have been added for onion and tree seeds. . : •Suggested changes. — Provision for shrub seeds might be added to tree seeds, to avoid possible conflict. The catch-all clause for all other garden and field seeds includes a wide range of seeds of minor importance, whose dutiable value it is difficult to determine. For this reason the. American Seed Trade Association has requested that specific duties be retained. Figures submitted by a leading importer show imports under this group of 161,871 pounds, valued at $53,099, average value per pound about 33 cents (from 1911 to 1921, inclusive). • Page 96, line 10, of H. R. 7456: Change "title" to "schedule." ' (See also paragraph 760.) 82304—22 50 786 SUMMAKY OF TABIFF I3SIF0BMATI0N!y 1921. PARAGRAPH 76?, H. 11.7456. SEliifTE AMENDMEINyS. Par. 763. Bea'aa,|;i'eeii or 'uiiripe, one- half of 1 cent per pound; dried, 11 cents per pound; in brine, prepared or pre- , , ,, ,, . ,. ' served in any manner, 2 cents per pound. ACT OF 1909. ' ^ ACT OF 1913. Pab. 249. Beans, forty-five cents pfer Par: I9t. Beans;' * * * not spe- bushel of sixty pounds. i cially provided- for,. 25^cents per bushel of Par. 251. Beans_i; *-;;* *; prepared- or sixty pounds.^' '^ . preserved, or contained in tins, jars, bot- Par. 199. Beans, * *:_ * prepared or ties, or simila; packages, two and, one- preserved;, or contaiaed in tins, .lars, bot- half ceti-ts per pound, including the ■tlfefe,-or siniiliir- packages, ihcludiiig' the weight of imSiediate coverings; * * *. weight of immediate coverings, 1 cent per pound ;***., Par. 606. Soya be^s [Free]. , , ,, ,_■ BEANS. . (See Survey G-8.) GENERAL. Description and uses.^^This group embraces principally _dried, but also green and pod beans, soya beans, and canned or prepared beans. . ' : ■ Many varieties of beails, largely, serve special purposes: Lima beans, for cooking; the white or navy bean, for baking; large white beans for souips; cowpeas (par. 765) and broad beans for live-stock feed. Besides its uses for fodder, silage, and soiling, the beau'plant is a valuable cover crop and soil renovator. The great bulk of the commercial crop, employed almost exclusively for human food, is marketed as dry beans; (the culls are fed to live stock, and the straw is consumed as roughage or fertilizer. Green or unripe beans (including string beans) enter only into a rather local or seasonal trade when not canned or preserved in brine.i. White beans are pre- ferred for" food, most colored beans selling at lower prices. The chief use of soya beans is as a raw material lor soya bean oil and cake. They also enter into certain oriental food preparations provided for in paragraph 773. o Prodvuction. — The United States ranks among the six largest bean- producing nations; the domestic harvest of dried beans in 1918, when production was greatly s'timulated by war demands,' was 17,397,000 bushels, with a farm Value of over $90,000,000; the planted area was 1,744,000 acres, about two and one-half tiines that of 1909. In 1921, only 9,118,000 bushels were produced. The commercial crop comes from a few sections of dense production; of the record crop of 1918, California produced approximately one-half, Michigan about one-fourth. New York and Colorado most of the remainder. In Calif ornia) Limas and small whites are the principal varieties; in Colorado and the Southwest, pintos and pink beans; in Michigan and New York, the white or navy bean. ., ''Beans, 2 cents per pound. (Par. 5, emergency tariff act of 1931.) STJMMAKY OE TABIFP INFOBMATrOIf, 1921. 787 In 1919 the commercial acreage in green beans was 71,970, and the harvest was valued at $8,031,449; the harvested area of soya beans in 1921 was 186,000 acres, and the yield 2,815,000 bushels. BEANS, PREPARED OR PRESERVED. Descrivtion and uses. — White, Lima, and string beans are those prilicipally used in the canning industry. Baked beans are chiefly of the common white variety. Soya beans also are made into various food preparations, especially for use by orientals. Production of canned beans rose from 77,640,450 pounds in 1904 to 401,350,000 pounds in 1919, valued at $4,133,810 and $39,408,603, respectively. About 73 per cent were baked beans; about 16 per cent, string beans; 4 per cent, Lima beans; and 7 per cent, all other. "Canning factories are located in the regions of largest production. Baked beajis are produced chiefly in Indiana, New Jersey, and Penn- sylvania; stiing beans in New York, Maryland, and Wisconsin; and Lima beans in New Jersey, whence one-half of the total output is derived. Imports of beans and lentils ranged around 1,000,000 bushels, valued at about $1,500,000, during; 1910-1914, chiefly from Europe. In the war period imports increased gpreatly, because of ihe demand from the Army; Japan was the principEil contributor. Imports of prepared beans declinea from 3,461,541 poun,ds in 1908 to 800,264 pounds in 1913, valued at $347,476 and $49,933, respec- tively. Imports rose to 1,081,631 poimds in 1914 and 2,510,722 pounds in 1915, but decreased to 568,460 pounds in 1917. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. 1 Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. BEANS AND LENTILS. 1918 Bushels. 2,082,850 2,309.007 1,185,895 $8,864,028 8,322,802 7, 066; 395 3, 228; 439 $520,333 577,144 '510,440 Per cent. S.St 1919 6.93 1920.., .' 7.23 1921 (9 months)... J SOYA BEANS. 1918... Poutiis. 1,433,319 4 368,780 3,136,850 3, 414; 625 $111,818 ■ 20-1,496 180,759 115,633 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) :... PREPARED BEANS. 1918.....; 243,170 385,443 801,906 379,441 $16,061 33,005 75,452 29,389 $2,432 .. 3„854 8;019 ./.,.'.,. 15.14 1919 ... 11.68 1920... 10.63 1921 re months^ 788 SUMMARY OE TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Since beans are provided for in the emdrgenoy tariff act of 1921 (par, 5), statistics 20 of imports by months for 1920 and 1921 are given below ^: . Month". ... ! January... FebiSiary. March April May June July August September October... November. December. Quantity. 1921 BVcShels. Buslela. 492,191 f'36,958'' 213,340, , 30,gl2. 264,069' .52,114 139,648 19,438r 79,942 33,166 26S,'Sll 11,212 219,64^ 13,369, 148,250 4,53'6' :109,952 'i 8,810 53,308 15,736 70;371 24 661 38,610. 23,254 Value. 1920 300,364 762,167 107,766 47X374 298,334 712? 118 670,136 408,155 297,350 162.764 261,052 112,299 1921 195,421 79,231 115,203 44,351 54,365 30,421 34,252 11,273 18,350 44,282 53,476 64,968 Exports of canned beans are not itemized. The total export of canned vegetables increased in value from $782,973 to $6,340,359 from 1908 to lS2b. ' "^ Exports of beans ranged from 400,868 bushels in, 1909 to 4,489,078 bushels in 1918 .(fiscal year) . .^ Later statistics Of ^the export of beans, for calendar years, follow: : ' ' 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9:months). Quantity f bushels^ - 2,398,854 J14,226,277 3,795,420 $19,965,737 ,,1). 1. 1,764,735 $7,672,241 1,079,739 Value $3,673,664 In 1920, 50 per cent went to Cuba, 21 per cent to Danzig, and 14 per cent to Germany. GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH, Important changes in classification. — Provisions for beans in the act of 1913 are here combined; and lentils, added in the act of 1913, have been put in a separate paragraph (par. 765) with chickpeas and cowpeas. Soya beans, prepared or preserved, appear in para- fraph 773. Specific provision has been made for green or unripe cans (which include string beans). The words "m brine" have been added to prepared or preserved beans in order to make string beans in brine, for instance, dutiable under this paragraph rather than Tinder the general provision for vegetables in brine. Bushel equivalents have been dropped, since the trade is largely conducted on the basis^f weight. Since no specific provision has been made for soya beans, not prepared or preserved, exempt from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 660) , they would be dutiable under this paragraph. Suggested changes.—Since the principal use ot soya beans is crush- ing for oil, it is better to classify them, except when prepared or preserved, with oU-bearing materials in paragraph 760. S6 Figures are for beans and lentils to July, 1921. SUMMARY OP TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. PARAGBAPH 764. 789 H. B. 7456. Par. 764. Sugar beets, 80 cents per ton; other beets, 17 per centum ad valorem. • ACT OF 1909. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 250. Beets, twenty-five per cen- Par. 198. Beets of all kinds, 5 per cen- tum ad valoreinS: Sugar beets, ten per cen- turn ad valorem. ' ' . tum ad valorem. SUGAR BEETS AND OTHER BEETS. iiDeseription and uses. — The beet is a root crop consisting chiefly of mangels, gardfen, and sugar beets. Mangels and garden beets are raised for seed, feed, and t^able^use. Sugar beets are by far the most important. Production of sugar bfeets averaged 5,056j393 short tons during 1910-1914, valued approxim^itely at $28,417,000; in 1920 production was 8,545,000 short tons, with a farm value of $99,396,000. The principal .producing States , are California, Colorado, Michigan, Ul^ah, IS^ebraska, Id^ho, Ohio, and Wiacons^i' In 1909 the v^ue of; the beet crop, exclusive of sugar be^ts, was $352,696, about one-third ih the Middle Atlantic. States, tjhe remainder widely distriljuted. •Imporph of sugar beets in 1913 were valued at $28,751. Following the reduction of the tariff from 1,0 j)er cent to 5 per cent, imports in 1914 reached, a value of $75,590, but decreased to $30,774 in 1918 (fiscal years) . Imports of mangels and garden beets in 1913 were valued at $3,344, nearly one-half from Cuba; the value rose to $16,772 in 1914,. and to $14,466 in 1918, (&cal year.) Later statistics follow: . Calendar year. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. SVGAE BEETS. 1918. $28, 571 96, 149 19,023 , 154,227 $1,429 4,274 951. Par cent. 5 1919 5 1920 S 1921 (9 months) .' 1918 . ALL OTHER BEETS. $10, 160 20,^41 ' 39,704 42,973 $508 1,016 1,986 Per cent. S 1919.... ,t 5 1920 5 . 790 SUMMARY 01- TABIFP INFOEMATION, 1«21. PARAGRAPH 765. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 765. Chickpeas or garbanzos, 1 cent per pound; cowpeas, one-half of 1 cent per pound; lentils, 2 cents per pound; lupui&i one-half of 1 cent per pound. ACT OF 1909. ACT OP 1913. [No corresponding provision. Chick- Par. 197. * * * lentils, not spe- peas and cowpeas classableas peas; lentils cially provided for, ,25 cents per bushel of and lupins claasable as vegetables.] sixty pounds. [No corresponding provision for the other conunodities. Chickpeaa and cow- peas classable as peas; lupins classable as vegetables.] CHICKPEAS, COWPEAS, LENTILS, ETC. (See Survey G-8.) Description and uses. — Chickpeas or garbanzos are used as a vege- table and in soups— in the United States chiefly by Latin-Americans. The great bulk of the domestic crop of cowpeas is used for feeding purposes, but some varieties, notably the Blackeye, are utilized for foodj in both the green and dried form. The lentil, the seed of a leguminous plant similar to the bean and pea, is largely used in soups and purees, chiefly by foreign residents. Lupines, the seed of a leguminous plant, rich in protein, are used for feeci and to some extent for food, particularly by Europeans. '"' ' ' ; Production. — Chickpeas or garbanzos are extensively produced in IVlexico and Spain, but the American production is largely confinad to a small acreage in California. That State also produces a small crop of lentils, and most of the conunercial Blackeye cowpeas. The great bulk of the domestic requirements of chifekpeas and lentils, and substantially all of the lupines used for food, are imported. The South, especially the Southeastern States, devote several millions of acres to cowpeas, nearly all for feeding purposes. In 1921, the harvested acreage of cowpeas was 1,133,000 and the yield 9,581,000 bushels. Imports of these legumes are not separately stated. Exports. — None reported. Important changes in classification. — New specific provisions for chickpeas, cowpeas, and lupines, the dutiable status of which has been the subject of litigation. The first two have been held dutiable as peas, though botanically and commercially distinct products. Lentils nave been transferred to this paragraph from paragraph 197, of the act of 1913, for beans. Suggested cJianges. — The proper spelling is "lupines." SUMMARY OF TARIFF IWFOEMATIOK-, 1921. 791 PARAGRAPH 766. H. B. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pah. 766. Mushrooms, fresh, or dried or otherwise prepared or preserved, 33J per centum ad valorem; truffles, fresh, or dried or otherwise prepared or preserved, 25 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Par. 251. * * * ' mushrooms; , and truffles, prejiar^d or preserved, or con- tained in tins, jars, .Ddttles, or similar packages, two and one-half cents per pound, including' the weight of immedi- ate coverings; mushrooms, cut, sliced, or dried, in imdivided packages containing not less than five pounds, two aiid one- half cents per pound . ACT OF 1913. Par. 199. * * * mushrooma and truffles, including the weight of imme- diate coverings, 2 J cents per pound. MtJSHROOMS AND TRUFFLES. (See Survey G-9.) Description and wse«.— Muslirooms and truffles are food luxuries, since they possess but little food value relative to their price. Mush- rooms are very perishable and are imported only in the canned and dried form, while most of the domestic product is marketed fresh. About one pound of fresh mushrooms goes into an 8-ounce can, while about 5 pbuiids are required for one can of dried. But-the prices per pound 01 canned and dried are about the same. Production oi. mushrooms has increased considerably in recent years. It is estimated that between 5,000,000 and 6,000,000 pounds wei-'e pro- duced in 1920. ' ; *" Truffles are not commercially grbwn in this country. Imports of muslirooms and truffles in 1914 Were 9,188,177 pounds, and in 1917 4,419,374 pounds, valued respectively at $1,306,818 and |l,462,510. About 80 per cent are from France. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity; Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. 1918. Pounds. 1,290,114 2,084,676 3,132,842 , 3,271,340 »524,917 1,354,337 1,527,807 1,135,590 »32,253 52,117 78,321 Per «»rt.' 6, 14 1919... 3.85 1920 5.13 1921 (9 months) ■ - j ExpoHs. — None recorded. Suggested changes. — In view of the fact that in the agricultural schedules of H. R. 7456 specific rates of duty have been adopted wlierever they were possible, attention is invited to the fact that such rates are feasible in the case of mushrooms and truffles. 792 STJMMABY. OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. PARAGRAPH 767. IK, H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 767. Peas, green or dried, 75 cents - ': per one hundred pounds; peas, split, 1 * cent per pound; peas, prepared or pre- n .. ,■ served in any manner, 2 cents per pound. it ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 251. * * * pease, * * * Par. 199. * * .* peas', prepared or IJigpared or preserved, or corjfcained in preserved, or contained in tins, jars, tinfitjia^s, bottles, or similar, package?, bottles, or similar packages, including the two and one-hali cents per [ppund, in- weight of immediate coverings, 1. ceni; eluding the weight of immediate cover- per pound; * * *. ings; * * * Par. 209. Peas, green or dried, in bulk Par. 262. Pease, green, in bulk or in or in barrels, sacks, or similar packages, barrels, sacks, or similar packages, 10 cents, per bushql. of sixty pounds; split twenty-five cents per bushel of sixty peas, 20 cents per liushel of sjixty pounds; pounds; seed pease, forty cents per bushel peas in cartons, papers, or ^ther similai: of sixty pounds; pease, dried, not specially packages, including the weight of the provided for in this sectiop, twenty^flve.^ inimediate covering, J cent per pound, cents per bushel; split pease, forty-five' i''«Hi^*! cents per bushel of sixty pounds; pease in cartons, papers, or other small packages,' ' j- one cent per pound. "■"'•',^;- ' ''"''\ ^" •'''•■■''■ PEAS. Y'\ (See Survey G-8,) '■•• .Bescriftion and lises.-r— Peas included in this provision ar,e of the fiield variety. They are grown for human food, and for stock feed,,, for canning, forage, green manuring, and seed. The green garden p>ea is used iii,the fresh state; dried peas are used in soups and purees, arid sometipips are baked like beans; split peas are used in soup, etc. For prepared or preserved peas, two varieties are used, the smooth, round pea, known, as the early or, Alftska type, and the wrinkled sweet Eea, not quite spherical, The tw0'.ll8^v^ distinct flavors., the latter eing generally sold as sweet or sugar peas. Production.— The pea, is native* to Asia and Soiith Eurqpe. It is cultivated both as a field and garden crop in many parts of the United States, principally in the South Atlantic and east North Ceiitral States. In 1909 the product was 7,129,000 bushels of dried peas, valued at over $10,000,000, wliile ^^^ crop of green peas approxi- mated $3,000^000. The estimated production of dried peas for seed m 1918 was 65,912,000 pounds, or over 1,000,000 bushels. In 1919 the commercial area in green peas was 103,686 acres and the har- vest was valued at $7,164,988. Production of canned peas in 1914 was 264,787,520 pounds, and in 1919, 279,771,810 pounds, valued respectively at $16,089,047 and $25,073,220. Wisconsin and New York supply about 65 per cent of the total. , Imports of green or dried peas were 611,666 bushels, valued at $1,150,611 in ig'l4; of split peas,;^51,353 bushel^, valued at $352,271. Other peas in cartons, papers, or other similar packages amounted in 1914 to 35,000 pounds, valued at $3,025. ' Imporfs of canned peas in 1914 amounted to 4,504,729 pounds, valued at $344,118, French peas constituting the bulk. >M :.M SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. Later statistics follow: 793 Galendaf year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. PEAS, DRIED, IN BULK OR IN BARBELS, SACKS, OR SIMILAR PACKAGES.' 1918 1919 1920 J 921 (9 months). Bushels. - -632,414 708,810 V ,673,397. '393,680 »2, 130, 697 2,537,182 2,084,882 1,380,487 t63,207 70,881 67,340 Per etitt. 2.96. 2.79 2.7i PEAS, GREEN, IN BULK OR IN BARRELS, SACKS, OR SIMILAR PACKAGES. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) . 16,426 4,981 4,067 4,778 t65j713 16,666 17,616 16,778 »1,642 498 407 2.5a 3.13 2.81 SPLIT PEAS. 1918 ,. 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 8,496 23,609 10, 460 137,660 80,078 38, 222 21,238 (1,699 4,722 2,090 4.61 5.9a 5.47 PEAS IN CARTONS, PAPER, OB SIMILAR PACKAGES. ^918. Pounds. 556 2,127 8,056 1,436 MS' 40 2.,4r 1919 . 1.41 1920 . . ' : 2.78. ' ' i PEAS. PREPARED OR PRESERVED, OR CONTAINED IN TINS, JARS, BOTTLES OR SIMI- LAR PACKAGES. ■' 1918 49,123 402,915 1,913,498 1,492,844 $4,504 84,445 270,856 185,609 $491 4,P29 19 135 lasi 1919 ,4.77 1920 7.06. 1021 f 9 months^' 1 In 1920, 78 per cent of imports of dried p^as came from Mexico. ^Exports of dried peas in the fiscal year 1918 were 266,^24 bushels,, valued at $1,346,816; these went largely to Belgium, England, Can- a,d^, Norway, and France. Earlier or mor6 complete figures are un- ajvaUable. Exports since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows : 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 monjhs).- 322,452 .$1,689,457 ■• 476, 106 • $2,664,511 295,679 $1,416,628 92,813 Value «. $397,497 In 1920, Canada received 22 per cent; Germany, 15 per cent; Cuba, 14 per cent; England, 13 per cent; and Poland and Danzig, 11 per cent. Important changes in classification. — ^The provisions of the act of 1913 (pars. 199 and 209) for peas, green, dried, split, and canned (pre- pared or preserved) have been combined and the provision (par.. 794 SUMMARY OiF TABIFF IIS^POEMATIOH', 1921. 199) regarding the inclusion of the containers' in fche dutiable weight has been dropped. Likewise, the clause (par. 209) regarding peas in cartons and similar packages has been eliminated, imports m this form Ijeing insignificant. Finally, the rate of duty has been placed upon the basis of weight rather than measure, since the trade is largely so conducted- Specific provision has been made in paragraph 765 for chickpeas and cowpeas. PARAGRAPH 768, H. B. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 768. Onions, 75 cents per one hundred pounds; gariic, 2 cents per pound. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pah. 261. Onions, forty cents per Par. 208. Garlic, 1 cent per pound; bushel of fifty-seven pounds; garlic, onions, 20 cents per pushel of 57 pounds." one cent per pound. ONIONS AND GARLIC. (See Survey G-15.): Description and uses.— Besides its wide culinary use, the onion is an important ingredient of many sauces and relishes. Of the numer-' ous varieties those of Italy, Spain, Mexico, California, and the Ber- mudas are specially noted lor size and qualitv. Garlic is an onionlike bulbous plant, native to Central Asia and tne Mediterranean region. It may be used in the fresh state as a condiment, and as an ingredient in some sauces. Production. — In 1910 there were 47,625 acres under onion cultiva- tion, producing a crop valued at $6,709,047. The correspondiilg figures for 1921 were 55,829 acres, producing a crop valued at S2J,- 966,000 and amounting to 12,652,000 bushels. New York, Ohio, wd Texas grew about one-third of the output. The growing of Bermuda onions has been attempted in southern Texas, and has become a successful and important industry. Commercial production of garlic in the United States is very stnall. Imports of onions in 1914 were 1,096,781 bushels, valued at $890,508, and in the calendar year 1920, 1,818,614 bushels, valued at $2,362,316. In the latter year 78 per cent came from Spain and 10 per cent from Egypt, - In 1914, 9,282,302 pounds of garlic were imported as compared with 7,688,000 pounds in the calendar year 1920. In the latter year Italy furnished 50 per cent; Spain, 29 per cent; and Mexico, 14 per cent. Our Latin population consumes the greater part. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: ^ Onions, 40 cents per bushel o£ flfty-seven pounds.. (Par. 8; emergency tarifl act of 1921.) SUMMARY OF TAEIFP INFORMATION, 1921. 795 Calendar year. 1 Quantity. Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. ONIONS. 1918 Bm%els. • 282,381 740,254 1,818,514 574,874 $214,013 1,017,135 2,362,316 602,817 $52,193 148,000 363,703 Per cent. 1919 1920 . ' 15 40 1921 (9 months) i- ' ■ ,~- GARLIC. 1918 Pounds. 3,991,868 9,960,346 7,688,410 4,940,977 $219,808 1,334,327 870,326 271,614 $39,919 99,375 76,864 18 16 1919 1920 ... 1921 (9 months). General imports of onions, included in paragraph 8 of the emer- gency tariff act, are given by months for 1920 and 1921 in the follow- ing table : January February. . . March....... April MSy,. June July AuKost September. October IJovember. . December. . Month. Quantity. 1920 B^lil^els. 335:569 244,1153. , .369,^;? ■ i43,*l < 88,452 ' 104,942 95,009t 35,224 59; 743 ,. 177,742 ' 119,396 ; 46,'29S 1921 Bualiels. 20,733 63,732 41,405 7,243 13,016 9,036 32,181 125,029 261,965 306,447 652,883 442,413 Value. 1920 $432,694 .297,926 385,392 228,604 204,761 226, 836 119,853 40,393 72,504 183,943 120,642 50,249 $20,322 ^ 66,625 49,760 ; 15, 425 22,018 12,176 .34,075 125,895 2.54.602 355,634 722,061 569,457 Exports of onions increased from 386,322 bushels in 1914 to 534,192 bushels in the fisca,I year 1918, and in value from $435,953 to $788,584. About 50 per cent of the exports go to Cuba and 25 per cent to Canada. Later statistics, for calendar years, follow: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (bushels)... 692,855 $1,112,074 816,959 $2,095,142 945,778 $2,075,862 732,969 $970,779 Value.. . Important changes in classification. — The basis of duty on onions has been changed from bushels to pounds to conform to commercial usage. 796 SUMMAEY OF TAKIFF INFdEMATION, 192L PARAGRAPH 769. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 769. White or Irish potatoes, 42 cents per one hundred pounds; dried, de- hydrated, or desiccated potatoes, 3J cents per pound; potato flour, 1 J cents per pound. ACT or 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pak. 265. Potatoes, twenty-five cents' Par. 581. Potatoes, and potatoes dried ^ per bushel of sixty pounds. desiccated, or otherwise prepared,.- not Par. 480. * * * articles manufac- specially provided for in this section: tured, in whole or in part, not provided Provided, That any of the foregoing speci- for in this section, * * * twenty per fied articles shall be subject to a duty of centum ad valorem. (Abstract .23912, 10 per centum ad valorem when.imported T. D. 30901, of 1910.) directly or indirectly from a country, de^ [No corresponding provision for dried, pendency, or other subdivision of govern^ dehydrated, or desiccated potatoes,] - ment which, imposes a dut^ on such arti- I , cles imported' fi?om this United States.'* WHITE OR IRISH POTATOES. (See Report T. I. S.-20 and Survey G-33.) Description and uses. — The chief domestic consumption of potatoes- is, of course,' in the familiar table uses. Relatively small quantities are used for starch, for potato flour, and for dried or need potatoes. Large quantities of cull potatoes are fed to swine and other animals^ on American farms. Potatoes a,re employed extensively in European industries, principally in making starch, dextrin, alcohol, glucose, and lactic acid ; com, which is in mis coxmtry usually cheaper, is here substituted for these purposes. The fresh potato is from" 75 to 80 per cent water. Potato flour con- sists of the whole potato except the peel, washed, cooked and dried, ground and bolted. It is used chiefly for mixing with bread flours, also for soups and other food products. Dried or dehydrated potatoes in the form of chips, flakes, or "rice," contain all the potato except the water and peel, and are used almost entirely for food. ' Production and prices of potatoes fluctuate greatly. Between 1916 and 1920 the harvest Tanged from 287,000,000 to' 430,000;000 bushels. Though widely cultivated, the bulk of the commercial crop is concen- trated in Aroostook County, Me., western New York, western Michi- gan, Minnesota, Colorado, Idaho, and central California. Each of the potato crops — the "early," the "seed," and the "late" — enter into a distinct market. Early potatoes are grown principally in the South and move northward, seed and late varieties move southward and eastward. Europe produces about 90 per cent of the world's harvest, its physical and economic conditions being well suited to this crop. Domestic manufacture of potato flour oegan about 1917, and in 1918 in five factories the production v/as about 2,500,000 pounds. Sixteen plants were producing dried or dehydrated potatoes m 1918, chiefly for Army use, with an output of about 7,000,000 pounds. Imports of potatoes from the principal producing countries have been barred by quarantines since October, 1912, only Canada and the Bermudas shippmg without restriction. Shipments of potatoes from 2« Potatoes, 35 cents per bushel of sixty pounds. (Par. 7, eiriergency tariff act of 1921.) SUMMARY OF TARIFE; INFORMATION, 1921. 797 the Bermudas are from 1,50,000 to 200,000 bushels annually; from Canada, about 200,000 to nearly 6,000,000 bushels annually sinQe 1914. In 1920, 85 per cent of the imported potatoes came frorn Canada and 13 per cent, from Denmark. Imports of both potato flour .and dried potatoes amounted to about 550,000 poundJsj valued at $17,000, in 1914. NormalW these imports came chiefly from, Germany ,and,th,e Netherlands. In 1920, 48 per cent of dried and desiccated potatoes came from Canada and 40 per cent from the Netherlands. Statistics of imports since 1917 are as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty.i POTATOES. 1918 1919 1920. ...:.. .-..:.! 1921 (9montlis). Bushels. 1,201,385 5,543,686 6,061,718 1,248,715 11,367,668 6,907,064 12,526,534 1,390,904 t76,582 862 5,934 POTATOES, DRIED, DESICCATED, OR OTHERWISE PREPARED. 1918 1919 1920 ;; 1921(9montIis).. Founds. 469,961 1,888,697 3,421,405 3,451,745 tll6,558 480,194 ,310,496 - 140,995 Ml, 367 7 1 Dried potatoes are dutiajble only when impqrted from a country whicli imposes & duty on potatoes Imported Irom the United States. Since potatoes are provided for in the emergency tariff act of 1921, a comparisotn of general monthly imports for 1920 and 1921 is given below: Month. January... February. March April Jfay-' June TUiy....;:. August September •October. . . November. December. Quantity. 1920 Bushels. 494,532 294,754 624,158 1,179,597 1,118,008 399,637 65,400 268,847 236,696 443,170 615,612 321,334 1921 Bushels. 384, 173 219,872 353,999 317, 638 ,172,643 23, 805 5,122 55, 214 116,249 160, 536 136,865 69,446 Value. 1920 1921 $867,966 $317,769 607,730 235,007 1,314,285 281,163 3,061,036' ,'■ 1191; 791 3,332,006 154,441 1,204,964 41,867 178,661 6,077 427,353 69,221 245,781 103, .■>78 396,401 141,663 581,893 143,408 308,644 76.212 Exports for 1910-1918 (fiscal years) were between 1,000,000 and 4,000,000 bushels, chiefly to Cuba and Canada. Later statistics (for calendar years) of exports of potatoes, except sweet potatoes, foUow: 1918' 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). . 3,853,187 ' 15,834,349 3,642,322 16,475,203 4,153,566 $10,199,928 3,149,101 $4,263,820 Va'ue 798 Sijmm'aby of IAEIPB' INFOBMI/ITION, 1921. In 1920, 65 per cent of the exports went to Cuba andl 20 per cent to Canada. •'- • ' '"'"' ''■ / .isv Important changes in classification.— Fota,tX)es covered by this para- fraph were conditionally free under paragraph 581 of the act of 1913. 'otatoes are dutiable under the emergency tariff act of 1921 (par. 7). The rate of duty in H. R. 7456 has been changed from bushel measure to a rate per 100 pounds to conform to trade usdgei Thei pairagraph lias been restribted specifically to white or Irish potatoes since the potato tirovision has been held to embra,ce sweet' potatoes, a commercially distinct product. Imports of sweet potatoes and yams are restricted by quarantines. Such as are allowed entry would be dutiable imder tM'provision for "vegetables, not specially provided for," Specific provision has been made for potato flour. PARAGRAPH 770. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 770. Tomatoes in their natural state, 1 cent per pound; tomato paste,- 28 per centum ad valorem; all other, prepared or preserved in any manner, 1.0, per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. . . Par. 252. Vegetables * * * pre- Par. 200. Vegetables, * * * pre- pared * * * not specially provided pared * * * not specially provided for in this section, . * * * forty per for in this section, * * * 25 pel centum ad; vailorem., ,, ,. 'centumad.-yalprem, , [No correapofliding provision for toma- [No corresponding provision for toma - toes in their natural state; classable as toes in their natui'al state; claasable as vegetables.] vegetables.] TOMATOES. Description and uses. — The limited keeping quality of the tomato restricts the trade in the raw product. For this reason and because of its popularity for many uses it is the most widely canned of all vegetables. It is packed whole, and as pulp, pur^e, and a mixture of whole tomatojes and pur^e. Tomato pur^e is the whole. tomato with skin and seeds removed and concentrated to a little less than half its bulk. It is used as a basis for soups and sauces. Tomato paste is heavily concentrated tomato produced by evaporatin^'pulp m a vacuum kettle or by first making pulp and then draining it. JProductidn. — For 1919 the Census reports that the commercial area in tomatoes was 316,000 acres, with a harvest valued at $38,675,000. A preliminary estimate of production in 1921 gives 1,044,000 tons as compared with 1,648,000 tons in 1920. The falling off was largely in canning stock. In 1919 the value of, canned tomatoes produced was $38,068,000; of tomato paste, $1,301,000^ and, of tomato; pulp, $3,819,000. Imports of raw tomatoes are not separately reported. Some are grown by Americans on the west coast of Mexico for export to the United States during the winter season. Some are also imported from the West Indies.' Shipments in the season 1920-1921 were SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFOB.MATION, 1921. 79& estimated at over 20,000,0D0 pounds. Imports of camied tomatoes, mostly of tqxaato paste from Italy, are given below: Calendar year. i Quantity. -■ i ' Value. Duty. ~ Ad valorem rate. 1918 Dqz. cans.. 16,743 9,620 366,065 308,634 Jl,686 2,405 91,514 Per cent. 25- 25 25 1919 ■■■ '■j;i6i 235,060 235,907 1920 1921 (9 months) .."■ '" Exports of raw tomatoes are not separately reported. In 1920, 66 per cent of the exports of canned tomatoes went to Cuba. Export values of canned tomatoes have since 1917 by calendar years been as follows: I&IS, $479:260; 1919, $2,127,896; 1920, $1,079,582; 1921 (9 months), $332,650. Important changes in. classification. — New specific provision. Suggested clianges. — Widely different rates are provided for tomato paste and other panned . tomatoes. In, view of the f&,ot that the paste inay be packed in varying degrees of concentration, it may be possible to avoid the higher rate by shipping products such aa pur4e, pulp, etc. , The dividmg line between tomato paste and toma- toes prepared or preserved, is also not clearly defined, and the pro- vision may therefore be difficult to administer. PARAGRAPH 771. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 771. Turnips, 12 cents per one hundred pounds. Act of 1900. ACT OF 1913. [No corresponding provision; classable [No corresponding provisions; classable- as. vegetables.] : as vegetables.] TURNIPS. Description, uses, and production. — The turnip is a vegetable of relatively minor importance in this country, only about 4,000 acres being planted in 1919. Imports come from Canada, largely through Buffalo. Figures for the years 1918-1921 are given below: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 Bushels. 1 1,593,231 2,155,243 1,886,843 668,278 1 $484,373 790,164 711,425 174,278 1 $72,656 118,525 106,714 Percent. IS- J9i9. IS •1920 15- 1921 (9 mout^) -■ • July 1 to Dec. 31. Exports are not separately reported. Important changes in, classification.- — New specific provision. 800 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. PARAGRAPH 772. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 772. Vegetables in their natural atate, not specially provided for, 20 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That in the assessment of duties on vegetables no segregation or allowance of any kind shall be made for foreign matter or impurities mixed therewith. ACT OP 1909. Par. 254. Cabbages, two cents each. Par. 269. Vegetables in their natural state, not specially provided for in this section, twenty-five per centum . ad valorem. ACT OF 1913. Par. 215. Vegetables in their natural state, not spepially provided for .in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem. YEGETABLES IN THEIR NATURAL STATE, N. S. P. P. Description and uses. — The common cabbage, kale, kohlrabi; cauli- flower, broccoli, and Brussels sprouts are all of the same family. They are perhaps the most important of more than a score of veg- etables of minor coudmercial interest included in this paxagraphi Cabbage serves as green fodder for cattle, in addition to its. use as a food for man, and a dye known as cauline mAf be made therefrom. Production of cabbage in 19ia from 123,994 acres was valued at $21,848,112. It grows in every State, and in 1920 twelve States reported a production of 820,760 tons. Valued at $25,266,000. Com- plete production. statistics for "all other vegetables" a,re unavailable, but in 1919 nearly 1,000,000 acres were devoted to tliese crops. In 1919 the commercial acreage and value of harvest of the more important vegetables were reported by the Census as follows : Aspara- gus, 30,244 acres, $5,102,135; cantaloupe and, muskmelons, 78,436 acres, $10,766,591; celery, 20,148 acres, $9,462,277; sweet corn, 271,584 acres, $17,297,561; cucumbers, 51,643 .acres, $8,579,102; lettuce, 21,544 acres, $8,535,093; watermelons, 159,088 acres, $10,466,133. Imports of cabbage in 1913 were valued at $262; in 1914, at $22,875. Imports decreas^^d during the war. , Imports of all other vegetables n. s. p. f., valued at $998,565 in 1913 and $1,083,458 in 1914,. came chiefly from Canada, Italy, Cuba,' and Belgium. Latefr statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Ad Duty. Talorem rate. CABBAGES. 1918 U.iSS 12,831 99,808 3,354 1672 1,925 14 971 Per cent. 15 1919 .15 1920 . . 15 1921 ^9 months^ . /u. SXrMMABY OF TARIFF INPOEMATION, 1921. 801 Calendar year. Quaptity. Value. Ad valorem rate. SWEET POTATOES. IMS 1919 1920 1921 <9 months) . PownU. 364 2,848 , 50 57 (479 1,591 94 77 (10 167 1 Percent. VEGETABLES IN THEIE NATURAL STATE, n.B.P.f. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) . (1,131,479 1,224,693 1,833,318 1,609,922 (154,643 176,502 267,456 Exports of "all other" vegetables in 1914 amounted to $1,712,000; in 1918, $2,204,464; 1919, $3,237,009; 1920, $2,807,439; 1921 (9 months), $2,441,250. (Statistics for 1918-1921 are for calendar years.) In 1920, Canada was the destination of 80 per cent of the exports. Im/portant changes in classification.- — The provision f or nonallowance for foreign matter or impurities is new and designed to simplify ad- ministration. PARAGRAPH 773. H. B.. 7466. Ear. 773. Vegetables, if cut, sliced, or otherwise reduced in size,' br' if parched or roasted, or if pickled, or packed in salt, brine, oil, or prepared or preserved in any other way and not specially provided for; soya beans, prepared or preserved in any manner; bean stick, miso, bean cake, and similar products, not specially provided for; soups, pastes, balls, puddings, hash, and all similar forms, composed of vege- tables, or of vegetables and meat or fish, , or both, not specially provided for, 25 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Par. 252. Vegetables, if cut, sliced, or otherwise reduced in size, or if parched or roasted, or if pickled, or picked in salt, brine, oil, or prepared in any way; any of the foregoing not specially provided for in this section, and bean stick or bean cake, miso, and similar products, forty per centum ad valorem. [No corresponding provision for the other commodities; soya beans classable as beans.] 82304—22 51 SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1918. Par. 200. Vegetables, if cut, sliced or otherwise reduced in size, or if parched or roasted,- or if pickled, or packed in salt, brine, oil, or prepared in any way; any of the foregoing not specially provided for in this section, and bean stick or bean cake, miso, and similai products, 25 per centum ad valorem. [No corresponding provision for the other commodities; soya bes^us classable as soya beans or as vegetables, prepared.] 802 SUMMARY OF TARIFF I INFOBMATIONj 1921. VEGETABLES PREPARED OR PRESERVED. Description and uses.— This paragraph covers all prepared and preserved vegetables not elsewhere provided for. It embraces principally canned vegetables, but also those preserved in brine, oil, etc., and packed in kegs, boxes, and similar containers. It also provides for fancy food preparations of vegetables or of vegetables mixed with meat or fikn. Our canning and preserving industiy exceeds that of : any other country, but Asiatic and European food specialties are iraported largely for resident aliens. In preserving supplies of perishable commodities during the seasons of surplus for periods of scarcity and in extending the range of markets, the indus- try saves vast quantities of foodstuffs, and tends to" stabilize prices and conditions of distribution. Bean stick or bean cake is an oriental food product made from ground and fermented soya beans. Miso is a cooked and fermented combination of rice and soya beans, generally used in making soup. PrdSuciiOn oi canned veigetables' (exclusive of beans, peas>rand tomatoes) in 1919 Jivas valued at •$56,904;000. While canning and preserving is carried oh extensively, the industry is local, factories being located near those sections where the vegetables are grown. Galifonttia produces about 98 per cent of the canned asparagus; more than 80 per Oetft of the canned com was packed in the seven S,tates of Illinois, Indiana, iowa, Maine, Maryland, New York, and Ohio; while Maryland far exceeds any other State in canned tomatoes. Imports in 1913 of vegetables prepared or preserved were valued at $2,213,365; they rose to $2j§81,24.Z;in- 1914,,ibut declined during the war. Italy furnished the greater portion, but considerable quantities came from France, Spain, and Belgium. Imports of bean stick or bean cake and miso were valued at $73,097 in 1914, soya bean cake constituting about 70 per cent. Edible b|ian cake and miso are im- ported to meet the demand of the oriental popidation.. ,. Later statis- tics foUow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. ,_ V ■ Duty. Ad. val^r^ , , rate. , , VEGETABLES, PBEPARED OE PRESERVED. ■"■- '1 ' - -■ 1918 Pounds. $459,241 , 1)623,242 2,251,84V 1,178,004 $114,810 .405,781 562,956 Percent. 25 1919 . . ; i ■ ; 12,763,376 20,379,212 1,1,015,210 25 1920 25 1921 (9 months) .- ■ 1 ■ BEAN CAKE, OR BEAN STICK, MISO.QR SIMILAR PRODUCTS. 19l8 .... $121,299 247,851 198,133 142,963 $30j325 61,963 49,533 26 1919..; .,',.. ^..;!. 1920 ;..,...-!.c;;^ 1921 (9 months)...; ... . ... 3, 519, 146 2,272,420 2,012,986 25 25 ' Export values of aU canned vegetstbles in 1910-1914 ranged froin $783,000 to $1,822,000. The United Kingdom and CanadW were the chief markets. Later statistics, for calendar years, follow: SUMMABY OF TARIFF, IN:FOBMi^TION, 1921. 803 ■"-■'Uis i 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Soups, canned '..... .' .'..,...:.;....'.'.'..! . Com, canned ^ All other vegetables, canned (except com, soups, tomatoes) »1, 085, 173 i Jl, 980; 624 $1,506,010 195,632 I 15^,037 j 334,519 10,659,454 : 6,698,834 ; 3,420,248 $760,457 125,726 1,252,320 Important changes in classification. — New specific provision has been niade for soya Ibeans, prepajred or preserved. Some retain tlifeir identity as beans. These have been exempt from duty as soya beans. There is also a new provision for vegetables with or without meat or^fish, in the form, of soups, hash, etc. ' , i :" .hSaiggested chanffes. — For the reasons stated under the subheading "Conflicting provisions" under paragraph i 748, the words •"sauces of all kinds, not specially provided for, followed by a semicolon, might be inserted in this paragraph after the words "not specially provided for" in line 19, page 9^. ,, Conflict with paragrapn 749 might be avoided by imposing the same rate iof duty on vegetables, prepared or preserved, and fruits prepared or preserved. PARAGRAPH 774. H. B. 7456. Par. 774. Broom corn,.$2 per ton. , ACT OF 1909. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 434. Brtom com [Free]. pAk.,233. Broom coin, three dollats per ton.' BROOM CORN. Description and uses. — Broom com belongs to the sorghum group of plants. Two kinds, "standard" and dwarf," are commonly grown. The dwarf is produced in the seiniarid regions of the South- west, the standard in the more humid sections of Illinois, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. The standard brush is 18 to 30 inches long, used largely in carpet brooms; the dWarf makes a brush 1 or 2jeet long, such as the whisk and Other small brooms. Special equipment in the form of drying sheds, threshers, and balers, is required in broom-corn production. Production of broom com in 1920 was 33,900 tons, . valued at $4,263,000. The principal producing States are Oklahoma, Illinois, Kainsas, Texas, and' New Mexico. Imports of broom corn for 1910-1 914. ranged from 186 to 7,622 tons. Austria-Hungary was formerly the chief soiirce. Later statistics for calendar years follow: ■ ' 1918 1919 1920 192] (9 months). 2,399 $364,936 13 $4,290 1,361 ■ $76,715 49 fS^^^:;:::::::::::::""::". -:-.:- $3,941 804 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. In 1920, 97 per cent came from Kwahtung leased territory. Exports doling 1910-1914 ranged from 3,000 to 4,000 tons, valued at $327,000 to $461,000, find went chiefly to Canada and Cuba. Later statistics, for calendar years, follow : 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) . 4,3« 11,396,348 4,316 1899,790 3,917 ,J776,631 1,913 Value ;266,£00 In 1920, 79 per cent went to Canada and 18 per cent to Cuba. Invporiant manges in classification. — ^Transferred from free list, paragraph 434, act of 1913. PARAGRAPH 775. H. B. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 775. Acorns, and chicory ..and- . dandelion roots, crude, IJ cents per pound; ground, or otherwise prepared, 3 cents per pound; all coffee substitutes and adulterants, and coffee essences, 3 cents per pound. ACT OF 1900. Par. 291. Chicory root,- raw, dried, or undried, but^^janf^cound, one and. one-half . cents per pound; chicory root', burnt or roasted, ground or granulated, or in rolls, or otherwise prepared, and not specially provided for in this section, three cents per pound. ' ' '>j Par. 294. Dandelion i;oot and acorns pi^pared, anji a,rticles used as coffee, or as substitutes for coffee not specially pro- vided, for in this section, two' and one-half caits per pound. Par. 484. Acorns, raw, dried or un- dried, but uneround [Free]. ,. Par. 554. Dandelion roots, ra*, dri^^, or undried, but unground [Free]. ' ' ACT or 1913. Par. 230. bbicory' root, raw, dried, or undried, bijt ui^ound, 1 cent per pound; chicory root, buiiit or roasted, grouild or granulated, or in rolls, p'r otherwise pre- pi*^d,' and not specially provided for in this section, 2 cents per pound. Par.. 233. DaadelioB, M)ot, and acorns prepared, and artidles usqd as coffee,, or as substitutes for coffee not specially pro- vided for in this section, 2 cents per pound.' • Pah. 389. Acorns, raw, dried or un- dried, but unground [Free]. ; . PAB.;i73. Dandelion roots, raw, dried or undried, butr unground [Free], " ACORNS, AND CHIOOBY" AND DANDELION BOOTS, ETC. Description and uses. — ^Dandelion root and dried acpms, ground, are among'the substitutes for. or adulterants! of coffee> Other substitutes are chicory, parsnips, carrots, beets, various cereals, apd saccharin fruits, such as roasted figs, dates, .and raisins. . The regulations under the pure food and drugs act, requiring proper brandmg, discourage the use of such sttbstitutes and adulterants. Dandelion root is also used as a bitter material in so-called tomes and blood purifiers, chiefly proprietary. .Froduction.—Da,nde]ion root is collected for commerce m vanous European coimtries where the plant is both wild and cultivated. It is grown extensively as a garden plant in America, but wild supplies SUMMAKY OF TABIFF JNFOEMATIQN, 1921. 80& are more than sufficient for domestic medicinal purposes. The low- pricisdi foreign product has tjaken the market, but domestic dandelion appeared during the war scarcity;. Practically all of the domestic chicory is grown in Michigan — 18,196,000 pounds in 1919. It has been grown also in California, New York, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and Connecticut. Imports of dandelion root and acorns, prepared, used as substitutes for coffee, were 132,262 poimds, valued at $17,780 in 1913, and 162,487 pounds, valued at $15,481 in 1914. Practically all came from Ger- many and Austria. Imports of dandelion roots for the fiscal years 1909-1918 averaged annually 87,205 tlounds, valued at $11,555. In 1920, of the imports of raw chicory 49 per cent came from Belgium and 29 per cent from Germany. Recent statistics follow: Calendar year. I Quantity. I Value. Duty. Equivalent ad Talorem. DANDELION BOOT, CRUDE. ' 1»18L. Pound*. 99,431 115,488 232,097 109,977 125,084 17,804 36,201 12,217 Percmt. 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) ACOKNS, EAW BUT UNGfROUND. 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 5,000, 18,618 110 »50O 494 4 CHICORy ROOT, RAW, DRIED, OR UNDRIED, BUT UNGEOUND. J920 1921 (9 months). 6,745,169 833,325 $446,404 $67,452 28,514 ESSENCES OR EXTRACTS OF COEFEE. 15.11 1918 1919 1920...i I921(9iiionths). DANDELION ROOT AND ACORNS, PREPARED, ETC., N. s. P. F. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 4,684 a,l517 23,683 1,392 $671 1,324 3,595 1,016 50 474 13.96 3.80 13.17 CHICORY ROOT, GRQUND OR OTHERWISE PREPARED. 1919 ......; 56 1,750,878 172,383 $28 129,910 13,774 $1 35,018 4.0O 1920 „.... 26.95 1921 (9 months) ;....; Exporte are not separately reijorded. _ important changes in classification.— ^Two dutiable and two free par^grajphs relating to (ioffee siibstitUtes and adulterants liave been fifife combined and ^ new item, coffee essences, added. 806 SIIMMAKY d^ TARilai'' INFORMATKJK, l'92l. PARAGRAPH 776. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. ,776. 'Chocolate and cocoa, sweet- ened'o^lUilsweetened, powdered, or other- wise prepared, 17i per- centum ad valo- rem, but not less tftaji 2 cents per pound; cacao butter, 3^ cents jpef pound. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 292. Chocolate and cocoa, , pre- , Parj 231. Unsweetened chocolate.and pared or manufactured, not specially pro- cocoa, prepared or manufactured, not vided for in this section, valued at not speciWly provided for in this section, 8 over fifteen cents per pound, two and' one- per centum ad valorem.. Sweetened chocr half cents per pound; valued above fif- olate and cocoa, prepared or manufac- teen and. not above twenty-four cents per tured, not specially provided for in this pound, two and one-half cents per pound section, valued at ^Oi cents per pound or and ten per centum ad valorem; valued less, 2 cents per pound; valuea at more above twenty-four and not above thirty- than 20 cents per pound,' 25 per centum five cents per pound, five cents pfei" pound ad valorem. The weight and the value and ten per centum ad valorem; valued of the immediate coverings, other than ahoye- thirty-five cents per pound, .fifty the outer packing case or other covering, per centum ad valorein. The ■weight and shall be included in the dutiable weight value of all coverings, other than "plain and the value of the merchandise, wooden, shall be included in the duti- ...Par. 232. Cocoa butter or cocoa butter- able weisht and value of the foregoing ine, * * * and all substitutes for merchandise; powdered cocoa, unsweet- cocoa butter, SJ cents per pound, ened, five cents per pound. - ' - .l-'H. Par. 293. Cocoa butter or cocoa butter- ine, * * * and all substitutes for cocoa butter, three and one-half .cents per pound. CHOCOLATE AND COCOA. Description and uses. — Choaolate and cocoa are derived from the cacao bean or crude cacao^ (par. 1548). After being cleaned, sorted, blended, and roasted, the crude cacao is crushed iiito small fragments, termed "chocolate nibs,.'' frora which the .^hells or husks are re- moTed by a winnowing process. The nibs are then ground into a molasseslike product wucji hardens upon exposure to air. This is the unsweetened chocolate ("chocolate liquor" in the trade) of this paragraph. Confectioners and bakers taJie most of the marketed product, and a considerable proportion is used as cooking chocolate. The great bulk of this liquor is further elaborated for sweetened choc- olate or cocoa powder and butter. The removal of all but about 20 per cent of the natural fat content, enabling the product to powder, distinguishes cocoa from chocolate. There i"s much demand for this fat or cacao butter. The familiar sweet chocolate is prepared by milling or stirring the liquor, adding sugar and cocoa butter, and sometimes other ingredi- . ents and pouring the semifluid mass into molds to harden or "cake." There is a growing market for Swiss or mUk chocolate, which involves merely the addition of powdered milk. In the manufacture of cocoa and cocoa butter the chocolate liquor is subjected to hydraulic pres- sure, a large part of the oil or fat expressed, the pressed mass passed through a fine sieve, dried thoroughly, and canned or packed. Production. — The output of the cocoa, and chocplate industry in- creased about tenfold from 1895 to 1918. In 1914, 36 factories (ex- clusive of confectioners) had a capital of $24,000,000 and a product •SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFOBMATION, 1921. 807 valued at $36,000,000. The industry is localized in the Eastern States, four plants producing about half the domestic oiitput. Automatic machmery is employed almost exclusively and raw materials consti- tute the principal' item of cost. In 1917 the 29 largest factories reported the following production, which is substantially the total for this country: Pounds. Pounds. Cocoa powder 56, 241, . po I bu Caeao butter 17, 348, 012 Sweet chocolate 68, 835, 847 Cooking chocolate 13, 725,i617 Chocolate liquor .16, 635, 892 Chocolate coating ' 75, 373. 052 In 1919 the total value of the products of the 48 establishments was $139,000,000, divided as follows: Chocolate <;akes, sweetened and unsweetened, $51^000,000; chocolate liquor and ooatiag, $36,000,000; chocolate, including milk chocolate,-r$i2,0OO,OOO; cocoa,, $24,000,000;; cacao butter, $14,000,000; all other products, $2,000,000. Imports of chocolate (largely unsweetened) are chiefly from Swit- zerland. Values declined from $845,639 in 1907 to $379,876 in 1914, due to the sale of Swiss patents to an American concern and the erection c^ a branch factory here by a leading (jrerman manufacturer to .avoid import duties. i ^ - 'Import values of cocoa were $373,888 in 1907, $379,876 in 1914, and $483,740 ia 1917. HoUand is the principal competing country, with the product " Dutch process " cocoa, designed for the high-grade trade, and falling almost entirely under the dassification "powdered, un- sweetened." Later statistics follow: '^ ■''' ' '' ^''' ' Calendar year<' Quantity. Equivalent ad valorem. COCOA, SWEETENED. 1»1» 1920 1921 (9 months):. Pounds.' 10/08» 82,272 6,770 , 9,350 ■»3,;992f 16,2^2 2,729 2,593 ' $980 1,7^ 648 "'Per'atit, COCOA, UNSWEETENED. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 38 715,357 977,524 830,561 CHOCOLATE, SWEETENED. 1918 ..V; 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 38,775 58,531 264,623 116,399 ! 19,686 19, 414 95,300 44,751 CHOCOLATE, UN£ 3WEETEN ED. 1918 , 2,246 1,190 28,798 80,679 »866 . 569 13,738 15,310 »69 46 il,099 8.00 1919 . . .......1 .'..•...i.i.t 8.00 1920 : aoo 808 SUMMAEY or TARIFF INFORMATIONj 1921, Calendar year. Quantity. Value. ,,Puty. . Equivalent adivalorem. CACAO BUTTER AND SUBSTITUTES FOE. 1918 Pounds. ..?i049 8,179 ■14,080 448, 378 S872 2,539 6,705 96^999 J107 286 ■493 12 24 1919 11.27 1920... 7 36 1921(9moBtJ)s) In 1920, 60 per cent of the cacao butter came from the Netherlands and 30 per cent from Germany. £a;ports_durme 1910-1914 were valued at $300,000 to $500,000. Later statistics, for calendar years, follow: j^ 1918 1921 (9 months). Cocoa and elio^jlate, 'piepiired or manufac- tured (not Including confectionery): Value , CBtiao btititer; Quantity (pounds) t Value $6,961,457 $21,380,801 7,320,255 13,031,748 $9,047,918 6,377,188 $1,948,617 ~ $975,786 2,295,689 $601,880 In 1920, 50 per cent of the cacao butter went to Cana(^§, and 20 per cent to Belgium. The latter country also took 44 per cent of the manufactured cocoa and chocolate. Importavi changes in classification. — The two paragraphs relating to cocoa, chocolate, and cacao butter have been combined and sim- plified. The graduated specific and ad valorem duties upon cocoa and chocolate have been replaced with an ad valorem rate, a mini- mum specific rate being provided to prevent dumping of low-priced products, and the provision with respect to containers eliminated, being imnecessary. The provisions for "cocoa" butterine and "cocoa" butter substitutes have been eliminated, and the spelling changed to the correct form, cacao butter, to avoid confusion with " coco " butters made from cocoa- nut oil.. The provision for refined deodorized cocoanut oil is also elimi- nated; the article falls within the general provision for cocoanut oil in paragrapii 50, H. R. 7456. PARAGRAPH 777. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 777. Cfinger root, candied, or otherwise prepared or preserved, 15 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. [No corresponding provision; dassable [No corresponding provision; clasaable as Bweetmeata.] as sweetmeats.] SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 809 f ' I GINGER ROOT, CANDIED OR PRESERVED. Description and uses. — Candied or preserved ginger root is a delicacy or !^' comfit" resulting from the addition of heavy rich sirups or coat- ings' of sugar to the cleaned and specially prepared root. In certain sections of China the preserved root is prepared in small earthen jars, in which manner it is shipped to this coimtry. Production. — In this country the candied ginger root is an important product of certain candy manufacturers and confectioners. Imports. — In 1914, 478,058 pounds of ginger, preserved or pickled,, valued at $36,434, were imported. About 95 per cent came direct from China or Hongkong. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valorem. rate. 1918 Pmiids. 224,791 581,435 540,158 • 142,434 »30,116 102,580 124,858 31,808 tS,023 20,516 24,972 Percent; 20 1919 20- 1920 20 1921 (9 montha) -. ji .■ ...,. Importani changes in classification. — New specific provision. PARAGRAPH 778. H. B. 7456. Tab. 778. Hay, $4 per ton; straw, $1 per ton. ACT OF 1909. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1013. Par. 258. Hay, four dollars per ton. Par. 205. Hay, $2 per ton. Par. 267. Straw, one dollar and fifty Par. 213. Straw, 50 cents per ton. cents per ton. HAY AND STRAW. (See Report T. I. S.-20.) Use. — ^About four^fifths of the domestic hay is consumed on farms wliere gi-own, while the trade is in large part due to the denaand for horse feed in the urban centers. Timothy^ the principal, variety of the Northern States, is preferred for this purpose. , Production. — The crop of tame hay, approximately three-fourths of I which is raised in the Northern States, averaged over 80,000,000 tons in the years 1914 to 1918, and its farm value was over $1,000,000,000. Production in 1921 was 81,567,000 tons of itame hay, and 15,235,000 tons of wild hav, the farm value of the two being $1,090,776,000. Imports of hay fluctuate according to domestic crop conditions. From 1910 to 1914 they ranged. from 96,763 to 699,213 tons. Partly because of quarantines, which prohibit imports from nearly all coun- tries, and also because of the high cost of transporting so bulky a product, Canada is the only foreign competitor in domestic markets.. :810 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOKMATTON, 1921. Shipments move from the eastern provinces to adjacent eastern mar- kets and consist principally of timothy. Later statistics follow: Calendar yelir. 1918 't '"'• - ■ ■ ^^::::::::::::::::::: ; -J .;..->, i-l-i-r-..' 1921 (9 months)^ .-1 J3.a.-i:i.hi; Quantity. Tom. 398,937 202,648 508,621 38,466 Value. I4,3g«,I06 3,081,537 4,482,015 782, 4J6 Duty. EquiVal«Dt ad v&loTem . $797,874 405, 296 417, 242 Per cent. 16.34 13. 15 9.31 Exports TSi&^ed irom 50,151 to 60,720 tons during 1910-1914. They went chiefly to Canada and Mexico. Later statistics, for cal- endar years, follow: ' 1918 1919 1920 1921(9niontlis). Quantity (tons) ^ - 28,342 {904,030 32,142 $962,976 63; 154 $1,797,396 36 90J Value . $839 ]< ^ h'> H. B. 7456. PAR.4 lGRAPH 779. SENATE AMENDMENTS Par. 779. Hops, 24 cents per pound; hop extract, $1.50 per pound; lupulia^.,75 ~ -cents per pound. ACT OF 1009.' ' ' ''f"''^' ACT OF 1013. Par. 260. Hops, sixteen cents per Par. 207. Hops, 16'^cerits per pound; ■pound; hop extract and lupulin, fifty per hop ej^tract and lupulin, 50 per centum •centum ad valorem. ad valorem. ■T); HOPS, ETC. Description, and uses.— ~Th.e hop is a perennial twining herb of the nettle family, which produces burs or "hops," used in brewing; The yellow, resinlike pollen covering the base of each hop is called lupulin and imparts the bitter taste to beer, while the amount in the hop practically determines its value. The chief substitutes for the hop are imported hop extract and lupulin, occasionally also quassia, gentian, and camomile. The last three impart an unpleasaint, rough, anii bitter taste to beer. Hop extract is the essence. of the. hop in a semisolid form. Hop extract and lupulin are seldom separated from the hop in this country. The two commodities are combined in the «tatistlcs. ' The quantity of hops consumed by brewers declined from 42,000,000 pounds in 1917 to 6,000,000 pounds iii 1920, including hops used to make "cereal beverages." ,. Production. — In 1921 production was 29,140,000 pounds, ^valued at $7,117,000, on an area of 28,000 acres. Of the total crop, Californift produced about 50 per cent; Oregon, 30 per cent; Washington^' 18 per cent; and New York, 2 per cent. In 1915, 52, 986;O0O pounds were produced. Imports of hops in 1914 were 5,360,748 pounds, valued at $2,775,882;, ■with a revenue of $857,719; 46 per cent from Austria-Hungaiyi and SUMMARY OF' TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 811 53 per cent from Geumany. Imports of hop extract fend lupulin were valued at $49,451 in 1914, and at $24,059 in the calendar year 1920. Later statistics (for hops) follow : Calendar year. 191S 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) Quantity. ■ Value. Duty. Equivalenf ad valorem Pounds. 106,711 379,405 4,075,999 1,419,409 S59,185 191,092 2,482,286 583j053 S17,074 60,705 652, 160 Per ctnt. 28.85 •31.71 -26.27 In 1920, 29 per cent of the imported hops came from Belgium, 28 per cent from Czechoslovakia, and 23 per cent from Germany. Exports of hops in 1914 were 24,262,896 pounds, valued at $6,953,529, 90 per cent to England and 5 per cent to Canada. Ship- ping conditions and short supply greatly red^uced exports from 1916 to 1919. Statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow: >■■ ^ . " ^' .' ■' 1918 1919 1920 1921(9months^ QllftTftftv-fpffllTiHs) , ..,,..,,. 3,670,352 $970,598 20,797,504 $8, 832, 255 25,624,055 $17,088,472 -.12,991,902 , M,,70'. , 100 Value '. In 1920, Englandlook 69 per cent and Ireland 14 per cent. PARAGRAPH 780. H.. B. 7456. Par. 780. Spices ■' and spice seeds: Anise seeds,'^ 2 cents per pound; caraway seeds, 1 cent per pound; cardamom seeds, 10 cents per pound; cassia, cassia buds, and cassia vera, unground, 2 cents per pound; ground, 5 cents per pound; cloves, unground,^. 3 cents per pound ;< ground, 6 cents per pound; clove stems, imground, 2 cents per pound; ground, 5 cents per pound; cinnamon and cinnamon chips, unground, 2 cents per pound; ground.. 5 cents per pound;' coriander seeds, one- half of 1 cent per pound; cummin seeds, 1 cent per pound ; curry and curry powder, 2 eents per pound; fennel seeds, 1 cent per pound; giilger root, not preserved or candied, unground, 2 cents per pound; ground, 5 cents per pound; mace, un- ground, 4 cents per pound; gi'ound, 8 dents per pound; Bombay, or wild mace, unground, 18 cents per pound; ground, 22 'cents per pound; mustard seeds (whole), 1 cent per pound; mustard, ground, prepared in bottles or otherwise, 5 cents per pound; nutmegs, imground, 2 cents 'i)er pound; ground, 5 cents per pound; pepper, capsicum or red pepper SENATE AMENDMENTS. 812 STJMMABY OF TARIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. H. R. 7456. : J ■ Hii: : , ' i IP ■" i',) :, ■ ; . or cayenne pepper, and paprika, un- ground, 2 cents per pound; ground, 5 cents per pound; black or white pepper, unground, 2 cents per pound; ground, 5 cents per pound; pimento (allspice), un- ground, 1 cent per pound; ground, 3 cents per pound; whole pimientos, packed in brine or in oil, or prepared or preserved in any manner, 6 cents per pound; sage, unground, .1 cent per pound; ground, 3 cents per pound; turmeric, 10 cents per pound; mixed spices, and spices and spice seeds not specially provided fox, including. all. herbs or heroleavfesin glass or other small packages, for culinary use, 20 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That in all the ' foregoing no allowance shall be made for dirt or other foreign matter: ^ Provided further, That the im- portation of pepper shells, ground or unground, is hereby prohibited. ACT OF 1909. Par. 266. Seeds: » * * seeds of all kinds not specially provided for in this section, ten cents per pound. Par. 668. Seeds: Anise, * * * cara- way, cardamom, • * * coriander, * * * cummin, fennel, * * * mus- tard, * * * .[Free]. s ; ., ;; Par. 298. Spices: Mustard, ground or prepared, in bottles or otherwise, ten cents per pound; capsicum or red pepper, or cayenne pepper, two and one-half cents per pound^ sage, one cent per pound ; spices not specially provided for m this section, three cents per pound. Par. 679. Spices: Cassia, cassia vera, and cassia buds; cinnamon and chips of; cloves and clove stems; mace; nutmegs; pepper, black or white, and pimento; all the foregoing when unground; ginger root, unground and not preserved or candied [Free]. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 552. Curry, and . curry powder [Free]. Par. 698. Turmeric [Free]. [No corresponding provision for whole pimientos; dutiable as vegetables pre- pared.] ACT OF 1913. Par. 212. Seeds:* * *; caraway seed, 1 cent per pound; anise seed, 2 cents per pound; * * * seeds of all kinds not specially provided for in this sectinn, 5 cents per pound: Provided, That no allow- ance shall be liiade for dirt or other im- purities in seeds provided for in thus paragraph. Par. 595. Seeds: Cardamom, * * * coriander; * *' * cummin, fennel, * * * mustard, * * » [Free]. Par. 235. Spices, unground: Cassia buds, cassia, and cassia vera; cinnamon and cinnamon chips; ginger root,, un- ground and not preserved or candied; nutmegs; pepper, black or white; capsi- cum or red pepper, or cayenne. pepper; and clove stems, 1 cent per pound.; cloveSj 2 cents per pound; pimento, i of 1 cent per pound; sage, i cent per pound; mace, 8 cents per pound; Bombay or wild mace, 18 cents per pound; ground spices, in each case, the specific duty per pound enumerated in the foregoing part of thii paragraph for unground spices, and in addition thereto a duty of 20 per centum ad valorem; mustard, ground or prepared, in bottles or otherwise, 6 cents per pound; allother spices not specially provided for in this section, including' all herbs or herb leaves in glass or other small packages for culinary use, 20 per centum aa valorem. Par. 471. Curry, and curry powdw [Free]. Par. 634. Turmeric [FreeJ. [No correspondiing provision for whole pimientos; . dutiable as vegetables pr»- pared.] SUMMAEY OF TAEIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. SPICES AND SPICE SEEDS. 813 ANISE. Description, uses, and production. — ^Anise is the seed of an annual plant native to Egypt and other Mediterranean regions. It is culti- vated in the south of Europe, South America, India, Cuba, and in Germany, especially around Erfurt, where a large quantity is pro- duced. Anise is used as a spice, in the preparation of liqueurs, and as a medicinal stimulant. Oil of anise, a vola,tile oil obtained by crushing and distilling the seed, is used for similar purposes. Anise has a warm, sweetish taste and an agreeable odor. /mporis averaged annually 1,083,339 pounds from 1910 to 1913. Later statistics foUb\^: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. 191? Pounds. 275,625 494;456 425,845 261,204 137,482 89,721 67,144 29,680 15,512 9,889 8,617 Per cent. 1919 11 02 1920 ; .... 12 6K 1921 (9 montha) CAKAWAY 9EED. Description, uses, and production. — This is a grass seed growing wild in Europe and parts of Asia, and cultivated in Europe and America. The grass nas a bmnchii^ stem from 1 to 2 feet high, finely divided leaves, and dense, whitish flowers. The seed is used medicinally, and as an aromatic condiment by distillers, confec- tioners, and perfumers in the preparation of liqueurs, cakes, scented soaps, etc. Caraway oil, fragrant and volatile, is obtained by crush- ing the seeds and distilKng with water. It serves the same purposes as the seed. Imports averaged 3,279,230 pounds from 1910 to 1913. In 1914 they declined to 1,909,300 pounds, compared with 3,691,831 pounds in 1913. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. 1918 J - Paands. 382,581 2,013,887 1; 887, 587 2,535,121 $151,355 370,343 140,901 132.921 13,826 20, 139 18j876 Per cent. 2.53 1919 ;. 5.44 1920.\ .'iii 12.85 1921 (9 months) CABDAMOM. "l 2)escription, uses, and production. — Cardamom is the fruit of various species of East Indian or Chinese plants of the ginger iamily. The true official cardamom is native to Malabar and culti- vated in India. The fruit is three-celled and contains numerous small seeds, which form a pleasant, pimgent spice used as a condi- ment and as medicine on account of its cordial and stimulative qualities. 814 SUMMAEYi OF^TABIFP INFORMATION, L921. Imports in 1914 were 80,782 rpeuaads, valued at $72,148. Later statistics for calendar years follow: ■ -1 1918 1919 1920 ;|921(9mpiiths)- Quantity (pounds). 220,739 $97,876 147,480 $64,196 199,144 $132,621. "218, 62 J .n^ — -iw ' Important cTianges in classification. — Cardamom seed is exempt from duty under paragraph 595"of the act of 1913.' " ' CASSIA BUDS AND CASSIA. i . Description and uses.- — Cassia buds are the dried, unripe fruit of the cultivated tree Cinnamomum cassia, and are used as a spice, the flavor diffeiring slightly from cinnamon. They are of little commercial importance. • Cassia is the dried bark of the same tree and is used as a spice, in the preparation of incense, and for the production of the essential oil for flavoring: material. Good cassia is sweet and aromatic, with a flavor re'seifibling that of cinnamon. Production.- — ^This spice comes from Canton and Hongkong. There is no probability of its production here. Imports of unground and ground cassia buds steadily declined from 638,979 pounds in 1908 to 23,367 pounds in 1913. In 1915, 200 pounds of ground buds were imported, and in 1917, 139,224 pounds. Imports of unground and ground cassia increased from 3,692,300 pounds in 1908 to 7,151,605 pounds in '1913., -'A t6t^'of 9,019,350 pounds was imported in 1917. After 1-914 'ihe< ground spice ranged from 200 to 24,800 poufids a year. Later stStis'tics follow: ' Calendar year. Quantity. Value. fiuty. Equivaiait- ad valorem. CASSIA BtJPS,, PN.GBOUN0. , . , ,, 1918 i' ' ' ■ . ■ 445, 647' 18,851 250,842 399,636 I67,7lS 1,646 26,487 29,563 J, 189 2,508 -Percent. 6.58 1919 11. « 1920 . . 9.47 1921 (9 months) CASSIA BUDS, GROUND. 1918 .. . . 200 24,800 $20 7,753 $6 1,799 30.00 1920 23,20 CASSIA AND CASSIA VERA, UNGROUND. 1918 1S19 1920 1921 (9 months). 7,665,048 ,6,330,857 6, 642; 381 , 5,q95,448 $598,996 608,658 '770,844 392, 784 $76, 650 63,309 '66,424 12.80 10.40 CASSIA AND CASSIA VERA, GROUND. . , , 1919 ,..,,..; :'U '^ , 140 100 58,010 $29 6 1,487 $7 2 24.83 1920 ■ ' - ' f'::"'i'rci1vr<', •• " 38.67 1921 (9 months) SUMMABY OP TARIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. 815- In 1920, of the total imports of cassia and cassia vera those from Hongkong were 38 per cent, from Dutch East Indies 32 per cent,, and from Ch,ina 27 per cent. '^Exports were not separately stated. CORIANDER SEED. Bescription. uses, (mdjprodudion. — Coriander, a native of the south of Europe and of the East, is naturalized in England and in some parts of the United States. The seed'is used as a flavor in cooking ^nd as a stimulapt and canninative. It is popular among the Ger- mans, :who put it, in bread ^nd. liquors. Sugar-coated coriander seeds are used as confections;. , ' . , Imports in 1914 were 1,238,430 pounds, valued at $46,158.. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (pounds), vslue ' 2,298,016 ■<- :fe46,417 673,252 S42,151 2,135,979 $86,656 760, 774 $22,018. "Important cTiahgesin classification. — Coriander seed is tra,hsferfed from the free list of the act of 1913 (jia;r. 595). i ■ . CUMMIN SEED. .Description and lises.— Cummin seed. (Sonstitiiting the curnmin of. pharmacy, is stimulative and carminative. It is employed . in the mp,king of curry powder and in veterinary medicines. Production. — Ther^ is no production here; the seed is imported. Imports in 1914 Ty^ere 530,350 pounds, valued at $31,709, Later statistics for calendar years follow : 1918 1921(9montbs)^ Quantity (pounds). Valiie....„. 1,230,890 ' $159,900 1,182,354 $131,870 1,357,990 $104,436 685,775. $42,22r Important changes in classification. — Cummin seed is transferred from the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 595). CURRY. Description, uses, and production. — Curry is a kind of sauce or relish, made of meat, fish, fruit, eggs, or vegetables, cooked with spices, such as cayenne pepper, coriander seed, ginger, garlic, etc. It is very popular in the eastern Tropics especially in India, where it originated. Curry powder, the mixture of spices used for making curry sauce, is composed of ginger, cayenne pepper, turmeric, and coriander seed, to which salt, cloves, ground cinnamon, garlic, scraped coconut, etc., may be added. Imports in 1914 were $11,807, about 95 per cent of which came from the United Kingdom. Since 1917 imports by calendar years of curry and curry powder have been as follows: 816 SUMMAB.Y OF TARIFF INFOEMATIOST, 1921. 1918 ' 1919 1920 1921(9 months). Quantity (pniind,*!) 25,076 $9,669 ki,ii3 $14,873 13,449 $4,132 Value $5,193 Important changes in classification. — Curry and curry powder are transferred from the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 471). FENNEL SEED. Description, uses, andprodvJciion. — The fennel grows wild in southern Europe, and is cultivated in both Europe and America. The aromatic seeds are used as a condiment and as a medicine. Imports in 1914 were 207,135 pounds, valued at $12,299. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 1918 1919 1920 1921(9montlii). Quantity (pounds) lfli,082 $20,087 178,075 $28,261 237,693 $20,858 65,861 Value $10,039 Important chap^es in classification. — ^Fennel seed is transferred from the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 595). CINNAMON. Description arid rises.- — Cinnamon is the dried bark of cultiva,ted Varieties of Cinriamomum zeylanicum. Its quality varies with the age of the bark and the geographical source. Chips are coarse and inferior in quality. Cinnamon is used as a spice and in making incense; its essential oil is distilled "for use in perfumery ahd spice. Production. — ^Large (Quantities are produced in Ceylori; the Spice Islands (Moluccas), Chma, Java, the Philippines, and around Singa- pore. ~ Imports of the ground and unground were 520,459 pounds in 1908 and 1,405,832 pounds in 1913. Imports of ground cinnamon have been negligible. Small amomits from the Philippines are admitted free. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. UNGROUND CINNAMON. 1918 Pounds.' ■ 675,718 482,697 673>i73 309,016 ' $115,165 103,662' 178,714-. 66,464 ■-.■ $6,757 , , f e^Tgs , Percent- 6.87 1919.. .;...: : 4.'66 1920 3.77 1921 C9 inoiiths"l ■ . ' [> GROUND CINNAMON. 1918 1919 : 1920 1921 (9 months). 25.04 24.22 24.31 SUMMABY QF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921, 817 CLOVES. Description and uses. — Clove stems, the' dried stem of the flower hud3_ of Can/ophyUus aromoMcuSyhave a legitimate use ia the pro- duction of ou of cloves, r ,: Goves are the dried flower buds of OaryophyUus aromaticus. The clove tree grows to a height of 12 to 20 feet, and rarely attains 40 feet. Cloves produce spice and the essential oil of cloves, used as a spice, as a perfume, a,nd as a source of the chemical eugenol, in turn used m'making vanillin. The last named is one of the' chief flavoring substances of vanilla and, together with coumarin, is used to make artificial vanilla flavor. Production. — Cloves grow in the Spice Islands, the Malay Penin- sula, Sumatra, the West Indies, and (Mascarene Islands. Imports of cloves during 1909-1913 j: while cloves were on the free list, averaged per annum 4,463,043 pounds, valued at $516,830. Ground cloves have not been imported appreciably since th&y were made dutiable. Imports of clove stems were 293,316 pounds in 1909 and 32,830 pounds in 1913, then on the free list. Imports in 1914, when dutiable, were only 243 pounds, but reached 57,160 pounds in 1916. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equivalent adTalorcm. CLOVES, UNGROUND. 1911 1919 1920 1921 (9 months).. Pounds. 4,96'(,593 5,473,269 5,648,930 3,482,194 $1,341,137 1,376,211 2,004,925 625,369 S99,292 109,465 112,979 Percent. 7.40 7.95 S.«4 CLOVES, GROUND. 1918 . . ..; ,.':5 5 26 2 6 35.00 1919., 25.00 1920^ a 23.07 CLOVE STEMS, TJNGROXWD. 1918 33,133 3,739,968 79 958 »4,276 410,011 8,148 8331 37,400 7. 75 1920 9.13 1921 (9 months) CLOVE STEMS, GROOTTD. ' lili i 1 '. . . .-; 2,160 100 3 11 2 $87 i 2«.«1 1919 29.09 1920 21. U In 1920 the imports of cloves, unground, from England were 50 per cent of the total and from British East Africa 35 per cent. Exports are not separately shown. 82304r— 22 42 818 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. DescriptHim and uses. — Ginger is the washed and dried, or decorti- cated and dried, rhizom^ of Zitiziber officijials. The ginger grown in Jamaica has particular qualities of excellence and is sold as "Jamaica ginger." '■■>■■ -^'-^ :•.,-,.•.■•.•: ,,.,,:,,. Production.— 1\e plant is an herbaceous perennial, cultivable more widely than most spices — in the Himalaya Mountains of India to an altitude of 4,000 to 5,000 feet, in the Canton (China) region, in the Malay Peninsula, in northern Australia, in West Africa, thje West Indies, and Central America. A high grade, equaling the Jamaica product, is being experimentally produced in Florida. Imports of ground and unground root totaled 7,856,401 pounds, valued at $406,197 in 1913. On the ground root a tariff of 1 cent per Eoilnd plus 20 per cent is laid and the maximum import has remained elow 6,000 pounds except in 1917, when it reached 361,050 pounds. Later statistics follow: • - Calendar year. Quantity. Value. . Duty. Equlva'ent ad valorem. UNGROUND GINGEK KOOT. ,.,..-.; r. i^ ■- 1918 .... Pounds. 4,627,135 4,979,923 7,103,115 3,834,109 »392,092 »570,856 1,021,763 375,7,52 .846,271 ' 49,799 71,031 Per cent. 11 80 1919-. 1920 ... 6 8.1 1921 (9 months) GROUND GINGER ROOT. 1918 '. 5,425 310 3,552 1,723 S328 36 820 265 $120 10 200 36.54 1919 2S. 61 1920...... ^ 1.... ..J 24.33 1921 f9 months) !.: The bulk of the imports of ginger root unground comes from ^England (41 per cent), British India (15 per cent), British West Afnca (16 per cent). MACE (not wild). Description and uses. — ^Mace, the dried arillus of Myristica jragrans, is used as a spice. Production.— {See "Nutmegs," p. 820.) Imports were 611,005 pounds, valued at $244,117, in 1913. With a duty of 8 cents per pound on unground mace the 1914 importation fell to 287,926 pounds, valued at $113,162. Imports of ground mace are insignificant. Imports of mace, unground, since 1917 have been as follows : ' Calendar year, 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) Quantity. Pmirids. 308,377 63 V, 391 528,724 439,349 Value. 198,413 171,507 17i;791 92, 425 112+,C70 42, 9U 42,288! Equivalent ad valorem. Per cAni. ■ 25.07 25.02 SUMMABY OF TARIFF' INFORMATION, 1921. 819 WILD MACE. pescfiption, lises, and production.— Bombay or wild mace is the arillus of the fruit of Myristica malaharica. The seed is oblong, tawny, and hairy, longer than the true nutmeg, and as broad. The shell is black and wrinkled longitudinally, and the kernel yields a red oily juice. The seeds are valued only for the oil or as an adulterant for true nutmeg. The arillus is used for adulterating mace. Imports since 1913, when a tariff of 18 cents per pound was assessed on the unground article, have been insignificant. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. ' Dut?. Equivalent ad valorem. UNGROUND WILD MACE. 1918 Poundn. 1,-573 4,839 373 $580 59S 51 $283 871 Per cent. 48 82 im 146 39 1921 (!) months) GROUJfD WILD MACE. 1920 20 18,3.58 H 4,697 $4.40 110. 00 1921 (9 months) ' MUSTARD S SEED. ■ ■ Description and uses. — Mustard seed is ground into powder to make the common table mustard. It is used also for seeding. Production. — ^Mustard grows wild in middle and southern Europe and western United States, where it is also cultivated. In 1909 the seed production of California was 3,168,270 pounds. Imports in 1914 were 11,543,941 pounds, valued at $370,964. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (pounds) 9,768,081 $596, 157 14,226,213 $1,259,931 9,063,335 $952,064 4,916,195 Value... $192,337 Thirty-two per cent of the imports come from Japan, 31 per cent from England, and 11 per cent from Denmark. Important changes in classification. — ^Mustard seeds are transferred from the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 595). GROUND MUSTARD. Description and uses. — Black and white mustard produce seeds which are ground into powder to make the common table mustard. The two varieties when mixed make the best product. Mustard has medicinal qualities, as a rubefacient. The wh.ite plaiit.s are usjed, for salads and the curlpd f9;r greens. Produciion. — Data, for ground or prepared mustajt-d are lacking. 820 SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFOKMATION, 1921. Imports in 1913 were 1,433,118 pounds, valued at $383,710, with revenue of $143,311. Later imports of mustard, ground or prepared in bottles or otherwise, are as follows : Calendar year. (Juantlty. Value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. 1918 . , Pound).' 880,527 1,500,358 1,566,258 712,317 S362,494 797,118 776,400 384,449 SS2,S32 90,021 93,975 Per cent. 14 57 1919 li;29 12.10 1920.-.-.:.. ...... ..;........ . . 192l(9m• Suggested changes. — Omit "pepper" before "capsicum" and sub- stitute "paprika,'', transferring "and" from in front of paprika to foUow "paprika," making this provision read: Paprika and capsicum or red pepper or cayenne pepper, unground. BLACK PEPPER. Description and uses. — Black pepper is the dried immature berry and white pepper the dried matiu-e berry of Piper nigrum. In mak- ing white pepper the "pepper shells," are obtained as a by-product. The shells nave been jisea as'an adulterant of black pepper. Production. — The pepper plant is strictly tropical, being success- fully cultivated onfyl)etween latitudes 20° N. and 20° S., in the Spice Islands, Borneo, Ceylon, Sumatra, tropical Africa, Zanzibar, the Malay Peninsula, Java, India, Cochin-China, and southern China. It requires a heavy rainfall. Imports of ungroupd and ground black or white pepper in 1913, whUe on the free list, were 27,568,317 pounds, valued at $2,855,183. In 1914, under a duty, they were 21,959,367 pounds, valued at 822 SUMMARY OF TARIFI' INFORMATION, 1921. $2,197,945, with revenue of: $181,133. Ground pepper imports in 1917 were negligible — 187, 182, pounds. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Equiva- lent ad valorem. UNGROUND BLACK PEPPER. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) . Pounis. 31,570,899 20,312,641 22,687,239 23, 740, 391 »5, 000, 151 3,269,678 3,842,710 2,028,768 1315,709 203,128 226, 872 - Per cent. 6.32 6:21 5.90 GROUND BLACK PEPPER. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 12,578 182,039 9,840 »7,524 5,183 44,959 1,355 $1,836 1,162 10,812 24.40 22.43 24.05 The sources of imports of pepper, black or white, unground, are as follows : Dutch East Indies 40 per cent, England 26 per cent, British Straits Se;ttleinents 14 per cent, Netherlands 13 per cent. ''•'■\ PIMENTO (allspice). '■''• Description and uses. — Pimento or allspice is the dried, nearly ripe fruit of Pimenta officinalis.!' The fruit is a w'hite or purple oiie-see'ded drupe abput the size of a pea. When ripe it has a sweet pulp which has lost much of i its aromatic property, and so it is gatheired imma- ture. It is used as a spice and to distill aromatic oil of pinaento. Production. — The tree is native to the West Indies, growiiig'in cal- culous soil on the islands of Cuba, Haiti, Trinidad, the smallAislands of the Caribbean Sea, and in Mexico, Costa Rica, and Venezuela, but is most abundant in Jamaica. •] ; • ■' • ' ' r Imports of imground pimento for 1909-1913 averaged 6,14)8,742 pounds, valued at $210,158. Later statistics follow : :^ Calendar year. Quantity. UNGROUND PIMENTO. 1918 1919 1920 ,. 1921 (9 months) Pound. ' 3,657,125 2,211,648 3,621.016 2,239,159 1164, 02S i 160,859 . 275,108 97, 117 GROUND PIMENTO. 1918 1919. 1920 1921 (9 months) 14,267 3,799 5,376 2,232 $1,473 937 1,396 34.52 24.67' SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 192]. 823 PIMIBNTOS. H'JDescription and uses.— Pimienlos are sweet peppers, picked when ripe. Tnej; are usually packed in oil in small cans for use in salads, fancy dressings, and condiments. •Production. ^—JJntil recently canned pimientos used in this country -were almost entirely of foreign origin. In more recent years some of the South. Atlantic States have begun to grow pimientos for canning purposes. Imports. — Imports are included in " all other canned or preserved vegetables." SAGE. i ^Description and uses. — Sage, the dried leaf of Salvia officinalis, is used as a spice, particularly in flavoring sausages. Production. — The plant is cultivated in the Temperate Zone, the spice quality becommg inferior in the warmer regions. Our home- grown sage is superior to the Austro-Hungarian article imported before the war and much of the Italian and Greek product imported recently. Domestic production of dried sage is estimated at 30,000 to 40,000 pounds. Imports of unground sage averaged 1,363,199 pounds, valued at $23,268, during 1909-1913. Imports of ground sage are insignificant. Later imports of uiigroimd sage are shown as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. ■ 56,458 4,902 11,375 Equivalent ad valorem. 1918 ; Pounds. 1, 291, 547 980,390 2,275,005 828,.237 «1-71,.686 142,669 194, 580 50,738 Per cent. 3.76 1919 3.41 1920 . 5.8S 1921 (9 months) ■ . . TURMERIC ROOT. Description and uses. — Turmeric root is a vegetable product native to'tedia and cultivated largely in tropical climates, it is sold in the form of a dry powder, and used principally in coloring mustard; it is also employed as a dye in foods and pharmaceutical preparations. This root has a peculiar odor and a warjn, bitterish, slightly aromatic taste. In the East it is employed as an ingredient of curry powders. The coloring principle of turmeric is called curcumin. Production. — In the preparation of turmeric, the root is cleaned,' boiled, dried, and the outer skin removed. It comes chiefly from India and Chinar, and is not produced in this country. Import values of turmeric for the period 1910-1918 averaged $51,423. Later statistics for calendar years follow: ' t, ' . ■ ' . . '1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 1,230,229 ,. $88,852 1,215,057 $86,141 463,352 Vidue ; '-. ■ - - .> : -• - 111,278 $15,«S9 Important changes in classification. — Turmeric is transferred from the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 634). 824 StJMMABY OF TAKIFF' INFORMATION, 1921. HOARHOTTND SEED. Description and «ses.-^Hoarhound (of horehoimd) belongs to the mint family. The seed is used only for flavoring. Production. — ^oarhound is native to southern and eastern Europe. The white variety grows in Axrierica, but no record of seed produc- tion can be found. Dealers usually handle the imported seed: ^ Imports of hoarhound are included under "spice seeds n;s. p. f.," below. ALL OTHER SPICES AND SPICE SEEDS, N. S. P. P., INCLUDING HERBS OR HERB LEAVES. Imports under this head are unimportant, the average annual value from 1909 to 1913 being only $6,823. After the duty was changed from 3 cents a poimd to 20 per centum ad valorem, the average value per annum of imports from 1914 to 1918 (fiscal years) was $6,460. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. , ' Quantity. Value. Duty. 1918. .i... r..:-.r ^ Pounds. »9,063 11,536 9,360 1,557 •■ , I' »1,813 ' 2,307 1,872 1919...., 192&...'..aj,.;:V....... i 1921 (9montlis) , 27. 9« 22,538 6,419 The principal sources of imports are Jamaica, 30 per cent; British East Africa, 18'per cent; England, 13 per cent. Exports have in recent calendar years been as follows: 1918, $480,508; 1919, $588,462; 1920, $516,171; 1921 (nine months), $150,982. The bulk of the exports are as follows : To Canada 30 per cent, to Mexico 15 per cent, to Cuba 6 per cent. GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH, ' Ivnportant changes in classijication. — The several provisions for spices and seeds chiefly used as spices have been combmed and alphabet- ically rearranged. Instead of the preisent specific duty upon un- grouud spices, and combined specific and ad valorem rates upon ground spices, specific rates have been adopted throughout. Trans- fers from the free list of the act of 1913: Cardamom, coriander, cum- min, fennel and mustard seed (par. 595); curry and curry powder (par. 471); and turmeric (par. 634);. There are new provisions for paprika, mixed spices, and. whole and, canned pimientos. The im- portation of pepper shells is prohibited. These have no condimental value and are used for adulterating pepper. The detection of this adulteration involves an expenditure of time and expense on the part of food-control ofiicials that is out of proportion to the im- portance of the trade. Allowance for dirt or other foreign matter is prohibited. , Stcqgested changes. — "Aniseed" is the preferred spelling for "anise seed." SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. PARAGRAPH 781. H. B. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 825 Pah. 781. Teasels, 25 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1906. ACT OF 1913. Pak. 268. Teazels, thirty per centum Pah'' 214. Teazels, 15 per centum ad ad valorem. valorem. TEASELS. Description and uses. — The flower heads or teasels of the teasel plant are covered with stiff, hooked bracts, which, when dried, ape used by woolen miUs to raise a nap on woolen cloths. Teasels are arranged on a cjrlinder so that their reciu-ved hooks catch the fibers of the wool, causing them to stand up and form a nap. While strong enough for the work, the teasel hooks are sufficiently elastic to pre- vent breaking the cloth. The plant is a biennial, in its second year a bush about 6 feet high. Its main stalk produces the strongest and largest or "king" teasel; the larger branches, the "queens" or "mediums"; and the smaller branches, "buttons" or the smallest teasels. "Kings" are used on blankets, "buttons" on broadcloths. Production. — Onopdaga County, N. Y.,, raises altnost the entire domestic supply of teasels; they are grown to a small extent in Oregon. In 1909 only 162 acres were devoted to this crop (110 acres in New York), with a production of 78 tons and a farm valiie of $13,760. Imports of teasels, largely "kings," are almost exclusively from France, and range in value between $15,000 and $75,000. Southern France produces the most wiry hooks known, useful for deep-napped woolens. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: Calendar year. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 . i »U„886 22,007 32,964 73,545 »l,7a3 ,3,301 4 9i5 Per ant. 15 1919 15 1920 15 1921 (9 months) Exports are no longer separately reported. SCHEDULE 8.— SPIRITS, WINES, AND OTHER BEVERAGES. PARAGRAPH 801. H. R. 7456. Pak. 801. Liqueurs, as deflned in tlie National Prohibition Act, wlien im- ported in compliance with the pro- visions, of, that Act, shall be dutiable at the rates hereinafter provided in this title. ' ACT OF 1909. ■- . ♦ ■ ■ .ii! ■■; - Schedule . H. — Spirits,. Winks, am) Otejer Bevebagjes: , [Xo corresponding provision.] SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OP 1913. .SCHEUITLE H SpIKITS, ■\ViNES, ( Itheb Beverages. [No corresponding provision.] Suggested changes. ^-Pa,ge 99,).ine 23, of H. E. 7456: "Liqueurs" should be " liquors." ... Page 100, line 1, of.'ll, R. '7456: Insert after "Act," " or any subse^ quent act," so as to include any later law than the national prohibi- tion act.' I PARAGRAPH i802. ., , H. Ri ,7456. Par. 802. Brandy and other spirits manufactured or distilled from grain or other materials, cordials, liqueurs, arrack, absinthe, kirschwasser, ratafia, and bitters of all kinds containing spirits, and compounds and prepara- tions of which distilled spirits are the component part of' chief value and not specially provided for, .$5 per proof gallon. ACT OF 1909. Par. 300. Brandy and othej; spirits manufactured or distilled from grain or other materials, and not specially provided for in this section, tvco dollars and sixty cents per proof gallon. Par. 302. On all compounds or prep- arations of which distilled spirits are a component part of chief value there shall be levied a duty not less than that imposed upon distilled spirits. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 237. Jgrandy ,and other spirits mariufacturecl or distilled from grain or other materials, and not specially provided for in this section, $2.60 per proof gallon.* Par. 239. On all compounds or prep- arations of which distilled spirits are a component part of chief value there shall be levied a duty not less than that imposed upon distilled spirits. 1 Imported spirits are subject to the duty Imposed by this paragraph as well as to the Internal-revenue tax. 826 SUMMAEY or TAKIIT INFOBJV(ATION, 1021. 827 I'AK. 303. C'ludlals, liqueurs, arrack, alisinfhe. Idrselnvnsser, vatafla, and other spirituous beverages or bitters of all kinds, containing spirits, and not specially provided for in this section, t\\o dollars and sixty cents per proof gallon. 240. Cordials, liqueurs, arrack, ab- sinthe, kirschwasser, ratafia, and other spirituous beverages or bitters of all kinds, containing spirits, and not specially provided for in this section, $2.60 per proof gallon. DISTILLED SPIRITS. Imports under this paragraph since 1917 have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. BRANDY. Duty. 1918 Proofgallons: 102,285 65,985 28, 462 14.309 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) S447, 538 308, 260 168, 923 62,272 $330, 219 171, 117 73,941 GIN. 191S 1919 1920 1931 (9 mouths). $59. 984 3, 115 17, 854 39, 121 S97,619 3,847 IS, 255 HUM. 1919. 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). CORDIALS LIQUEURS, ARRACK, ABSINTHE, KIRSHWASSER, RATAFIA, AND SPIRITUOUS BEVERAGES OR BITTERS. OTHER »918 J919 .;. 7.. 28,908 12,820 49,915 99,189 168,066 40, 790 196,325 274,706 $95, 123 33,332 129,779 1920 1921 (9 months) ...; COMPOUNDS OR PREPARATIONS OF WHICH DISTILLED SPIRITS ARE A COMPONENT ^ Part OF CHIEF VALUE, N. s. P. F. 1919. . 6 216 $4 827 $16 1920 562 WHISKY.. 1918 1919 1920 1921(9 months). 243, 121 136,765 118,632 137,364 1880,550 ■'437,216 , 754,929 6i5,0i3 $876,301 360,360 308,443 SPIRITS, MANUFACTURED OR DISTILLED, N. s. P. F., FROM GRAIN. 1918 . . 16,048 $27,493 $38,618 ,1 ". ..:.: _ SPIRITS MANUFACTURED OR. DISTILLED, N. s. P. F., FROM OTHER MATERIALS (EXCEPT GRAIN), v ,, 1918 33,535 9 2,037 •152 $63, 792 15 7,839 895 $120,456 1919 23 5,296 828 SUlV^iSY OF TARIFF IlfFOEMATION, 1921. Expqrts since 1918 by calendar years are shown in the following table: ' 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). WHISKY-BOURBON* Quantity (proof gallons). . Value 247,553 i 1,196,169 t7,101,568 t2,746,644 119,125 $465,171 WHISKY— RYE. Quantity (proof gallons).. Value 72,910 $240,300 842,942 $1,560,816 2,119,692 $5,374,121 BUM. $193,083 Quantity (proof gallons). Value ALL OTHER DISTILLED SPIRITS. 32,657 $18,100 Quantity (proof gallons). Value 247,238 $689,549 902,108 $1,364,944 8,987 $65,447 Important changes in classification. — Paragraphs 237, 239, and 240, act of 1913, have been combined in this paragraph. PARAGRAPH 803. H. R. 7456. Par. 803. Champagne and all other sparkling wines, $6 per proof gallon. ACT OE" 1909. Pab. 306; Champagne and all other* sparkling wines, in bottles containing each not more than one quart and more than one pint, nine dollars and sixty cents per dozen ; containing not more than one pint each and more than one- half pint, four dollars and eighty cents per dozen; containing one-half pint each or less, two dollars and forty cents per dozen; in bottles or other vessels containing more than one quart each, in addition to nine dollars and sixty cents per dozen bottles, on the quantity in excess of one quart, at the rate of three dollars per gallon ; but no separate or additional duty shall be levied on the bottles. SENATE AMENDMENTS ACT OF 1913. Par. 243. Champagne and all other sparkling wines, in bottles containing each not more than one quart and more than one pint, $9.60 per dozen; containing not more than one pint each and more than one-half pint, $4.80 per dozen; containing one-half pint each or less, $2.40 per dozen; in bottles or other vessels containing more than one quart each, in addition to $9.60 per dozen bottles, on the quantity in excess of one quart, at the rate of $3 per gallon ; but no separate or additional duty shall be levied on the bottles. ■ ' - ' SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1^1. 829 SPARKLING WINES. Imports of wines containing not more than 24 per cent of alcohol — champagne and all other sparkling, in bottles— since 1917 are shown in the following table : Calendar y^&t^ Quantity. Value, Duty, Equivalent ad valorem. CONTAINING ONE-HALF PINT OR LESS. 1918: Voztns. 864 $4,645 $2,074 P«r cent. 45.62 1919 1920 20 16 145 106 48 33.10 1921 (fl months) >..■ -t'X^,-.,. CONTAINING MORE THAN ONE-HALF AND NOT MORE THAN ONE PINT. 1918 ..j.....;i. ..;.,. 43,739 5,824 9,152 9,017 ij $404,539 , 65,581 88 663 100; 479 ' f' ■■■ $209,947 27,955 > 43,930 51.90 1919 „ : 42.63 1920 49.55 fl2l (9 months) ..:.. CONTAINING MORE, THAN ONE PINT AND NOT MORE THAN ONE QUART. 1918 121986 16,653 18,107 $1,212,173 276,463 330,387 346 286 $654,211 , 124,666 159,869 63.97 1919 45.09 1920 48.39 1921 C9 months) • i .' ;■!.• Imports of champagne and other sparkling wines — quantity in bottles or vessels in excess of 1 quart p^ bottle or vessel — were 308 gallons in 19l8, since when no imports have been, recorded. Exports of all wines for the calendar years 1918-1921 are showij - below : 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (gallons) . Value 3,225,048 $2,040,815 4,926,425 $4,754,765 4,573,587 $3,279,341 15,474 $27,714 Important chomges in- classification. — The duty has been put en- tirely on the gallon basis, instead of on the basis of one dozen bottlps with a gallon basis for quantities in excess of one quart (par. 243^ act of 1913) ; and the provision excepting the bottles from a separate duty has been dropped (they would be dutiable at one-third the regular rates under par. 809). ,;,,,> PARAGRAPH 804. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. -Par. 804. Still wines, iDGluding ginger wine or ginger cordial, yeicmuth, and rice wine or sake, and similar bever- ages not specially pi-oVided for, $1.25 per gallon i Provided, That any' of the - 830 SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. foregoing articles, specified in this paragrapli when imported containing more than 24 per centum of alcohol shall be classed as spirits and paj' duty accordingly. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pak. 307. Still wines, including gin- ger wine or ginger cordial, vermuth; and rice wine or saixe, and similar beverages not specially provided for in this section, in casks or packages other than bottles or jugs, if containing^ four- teen per centum or less of absolute alcohol, forty-five cents per gallon; if containing more than fourteen per centuni of absolute alcohol, sixty cents per gallon. In bottles or jugs, per case of one dozen bottles or jugs, con- taining each not more than one quart and more tlian one pint, or twenty- four bottles or jugs containing each not more than one pint, one dollar and eighty-five cents per case ; aiid any ex- cess beyond these quantities found in such bottles or jugs shall be subject to 'a duty of six cent» per pint of frac- tional part thereof, but no separate or additional duty shall be assessed on the bottles or jugs : Provided, That any wines, , ginger cardial, or vermuth im-, ported containing more than twenty- four per centum of alcohol shall be classed as spirits and pay duty accord- ingly : ■ * * *. Pab. 244. Still wines, including gin- ger wine or ginger cordial, vernuith, and rice wine or sake, and similar beverages not specially provided for in this. section,, in casks, or. packages other than bottles or jugs, if contain- ing 14 per centum or less of absolute alcohol, 45 cents per gallon ; if con- taining more than 14 ger centum of absolute alcohol, 60 c^nts per' gallon. In bottles or jugs, per case of one dozen bottles or jugs, containing each not more than one quart and more than one pint, or twenty-four bottles or jugs containing each not more than ,,pne pint, $1.85 per case; and any ex- Cess beyond these quantities found in such bottles or jugs shall be subject to a duty of 6 cents per pint or frac- tional part thereof, but no separate or additional duty shall be assessed on the bottles or jugs: Provided, That any wines, ginger cordial, or vermuth imported .contajtojng more than 24 per centum pt alcohol shall be classed as spirits and pay duty, accordingly : STILL WINES. Im-ports of' all still wines containing not more than 24 per cent of alcohol have been as follow^ since 1917 : Calendar year. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Value. S4, 794, 324 1,276,793 999,928 962,686 Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. $2,305,396 532,462 411,462 Per ctnf. 48.1 41.7 41.1 Im/portant changes in classification. — The duty has been put en- tirely on the gallon basis instead of partly per gallon and partly pei case with a pint basis for excess quantities (par. 244, act of 1913) :■ and the provision excepting the bottles and jugs from a separate duty has: been dropped (they would be dutiab^. at. one-third the regular rates under par. 809). The provision ' requiring wines, cordials, brandy, etc., to be packed in packages^ contai«fing not less than one dozen bottles or jugs, or be assessed as. if the package con- tained at least one dozen has been elinjihated ; also the specific pro- vision for regulations determining the percentage of alcohol in wines and fruit juices. SUMMABY Or^'TARlt-F INFOEMATION, 1921. 83T PARAGRAPH 805. H. K. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 'I'AK. 805. Ale, porter, stout, bfeer. and fill d malt extract, .fl per gallon ; malt extract;' solid or condensed, GO per (•eflliiui ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Pak. 308. Ale, porter, stout, and beer, ia bPttles or jugs, forty-five cents per gallon, but no separate or additional duty shall be assessed on the bottles or jugs ; otherwise than in bottles or jugs, twenty-three cents per gallon. Par. 309. Malt extract, fluid, in casks, twenty-three cents per gallon ; in bottles or jugs, forty-five cents per gallon; solid or condensed, forty-five per centum ad valorem. ACT or 1913. Par.. 245. Ale, porter, stout, and beer in bottles or jugs, 45 cents per gallon, but no separate qr additional duty shall be assessed on the bottles or jugs ; otherwise than in bottles or jugs, 2*^^ cents per gallon. Par. 246. Malt extract, fluid, in casks 23 cents per gallon ; in bottles or jugs,. 45 cents per gallon ; solid or condensed,- 45 per centum ad valorem. MAI/r LIQUOBS. Imports of malt liquors since 1917 have been as follows : Calendar year. is purpose; Some competition in cherry, blackberry, raspberry, and other ifruit juices may be expected from France, Geriiiany, alid Austria— where methods of manufacture and handling are highly developed— when a satisfactory substitute is pro- vided for the alcohol used to prevjept fej^inentation. Imports of cherry and other friiit juices and sirups in 1914 were 65,295 gallons, valued at $56,795; of pnjne juice or wine, 23,932 gal- lons, valued at $1^,4:62. Prior, tp the wa,r- these alcpholic juices were derived chiefly from FrancCj Crermany, aijd Austria. , Imports since 1917 of all fruit juices and sirups hf^ye been, as follows; . Calendar; year. QuWiHty. 1 — ' — * — ^- — .-1 ! Value., Duty. 1918'. ''; ', ' '■■■!. GmvTM- . 3, 165 .22,747 ■.'!f: ■■'\iv- 17, «8 '■ 3,938 4i,7« *# 1919 i ■ 1920 ,..,. 3,065 ' Prnportcmt changes in classificatw'n. — The dividing line as to alco- holic co*ntent has been change'd fi^oitn 18 pet* cent to '-one-half of 1 per cent.'' ■ .■ ' ■ ■- •'■■■■■ ■?:f'"- ■'' 1^ ■ '' ' '' PARAGRAPH 807. ' H. it; 7456. ' ' SENATE AlfliENDlkENTg, Pab; S07i Ginger ale, ginger /beer, •_" ' ' ,, lemopafle, jgo^a,, ^^ter, , and siIil^ar ■ , beverages containing" no alcohpl^ inni, , , , beverages containing less than one-half of 1 per centum of alcohol, not specially provided for, 15 cents per gallon. ACT or 1909. Pab. 3]1. Ginger ale, ginger beer, lemonade, soda water, and other simi- lar beverages containing no alcohol, in plain green or colored, molded or 82304^22 53 ACT OF 1913. Pab. 248. Ginger ale, ginger beer, lemonade, soda water, and other simi- lar beverages containing no alcohol, in plain green or colored, molded or 834 StFMMAltY ' 64' TARIFF INFalBMATION, 1921. ACT OF 1909. .; : i ACT OF 1913. p^essedj;glass , bottles, cpntaanihg each jp-yesse}!, glass bottles, contaiatng each not niore,|than, jthree^fpurths o£ a, pint, , pot more than pnie-half pint, 12 cents eighteen ' cerity per dozen ; containing -' per dozen ; containing eacpi more tha^. mor^ thfen'three-iourths of a pint each ' one-half pint and not more than three- antenot more than one and one-Jsalf ' fourths of a pint, 18 cents per dozen; pjnts,, . twenty -eight- cents per dozen; containing more than three-ffourths of but , rtp sppar^te^^ ,pE . additional .,^uty ,vja pint,^ch and not more tiian one and sndll be iiss6s^dd on the bqttles ; . "Itv one-lialf pints, 28 cents per dozeh ; but infpoFted dthfe'rwise than in ;^lain' green ' ' rib' separate br 'ddd,itional duty shall be OR' cploced, 'moideKi or pressed, glass' 'assessed- oh" the TJottles ; if imported hottles, • or , iji such i bottles containing otherwise, ithan in i plain green or col- more than one and one-half pinte each, ored, molded or pressed, glass bottles, fifjy cents per gallon, and ip addition or in such bottles containing more th^feto duty 'ffiall'be'boliected' on the than bn6 'and 'bn^half pints' each, 50* bottles,' or othei ooyerlAgs, at the rates cents per gallon, and in addition which ,tWO)ildf:be ch^rgeabie th'epepn jf, thereto, duty < shall be collected on the impprte4 empty. , BeTOra^eg ^ not . sp^-/ Ippftie^, or pth^; coverings, at the rates ci&lly i/rovided for containing hot more •Hfhi'ch' would be ch^irgeable thereon if thian two per ' cehtum of Alcohol, shall • import&a empty. Beverages not spe- be; assessed, for^ duty under this para-^ cially provided for contaiiiiiig not more gpaph, ,,, , ., than 2 per centum, of alcohol shall be ' . '.- ' _ , assessed for . duty , und^r this para- ' '■ . , ' ' ' , , ' i§f*P^^- , ', {-'.' \ , ; / SOFT DRINKS. DesGription and uses.^^Ginge^ ale or ginger beer is made by add-| iiig a small quantity of ginger or capsicum extract and sugar to water. For lemonade or lemon beer, citric acid or lembii jnice is similarly used.' Soda "water, seltzer, '^nd vichy are watersimpreg- nated with carbonic acid gas. Other nonalcoholic or " soft" drinks, such as root beer, orangeade, sarsaparilla, fruit phosphates, cream soda, birch beer, juniper ale, pop, lemon soda, and various well-- known proprietary drinks consist mainly of sweetened carbonated water with soine flavoring matter. Nearrbeer, hop ale, and similar cereal beverages are also included. ;' Production of carbonated beverages and " soft" drinks ,in 1914 was valiied at $58,401,000, deri;Yei f rom 5,463 establishments,, capitalized at ,,$53,233,000, .employing , over 15,000 pesi5Sons,'„p^yingT wages of $8,864,0(30, and using materials valued at $26,779,000. In 1919 the! output of 5,112 establishments was valued at $130,673,000. These figures include artificial mineral waters and lime and grape juices. The industry is well establisKe'df M eivery iflite — New York, Penn- sylvania Georgia, Illinois, jMassachusetts, and ,Alabam% pleading in the orcler named. Imports of ginger ale and ginger beer in 1914 i^ere valued at $374,616 ; lemonade, soda water, and similar beverages imported were valued at $66,740. Later statistics follow : SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 886 Calendar year. Value. Duty. GINGBE ALE AND GINGER BEEK. 1918 ,.... 1919. .;... 1920;,^, 1921(9niont&s). $40,215 53; 436 S7; 528 95,862 16,819 6,637 J 11, 927 ' _ (M '1 LEMONADE, SODA' WATiiB,' AND sfklLAB BEV^EA&ES; ' 1918 ;....■ ,'..;:'.'• . - ' ' • ■ , '■ ,.i- J17,676 .66,895 ,-28,318 - ' 20,-646 $2,368 3',953 WM...-.-. ; ■. w .. . 1920 1921 (9 months) ..: . ' Exp(^rts of " other heyerag^" comprisiiig cider, ginger ale, min- eral Water: arid soda Water, amounted tb $375,9i9 in 1914 and $509,- 8t2ii"i9i8: ■ ' ;,•; Important changes in classificaiion. — ^The duty has been ptit en- tirely on the gallon basis instead of partly per dozen bottles and partly per gallon (par. 248, act of 1913). The alcoholic con- tent of beverages riot specially provided for has been changed from "not more than 2 per . centum " to " less than one-half of 1 per centum." The provisions for duty or exemption from duty on bot- tles have been eliminated. The bottles would be dutiable at one^ third the regular rates under paragraph 809. PARAQRAPH 808. H. K,.ir456. Par, 808. , All mineral waters and, all iniitatjpns ,of natural, mineral .yfaiefs, and aii artifltiial' mineral waters hot specially jJrovided for, : 10 cents pfer gallon. ACT OF 1909. . ; (-, .'■■ H ■ ! - Pae. 312. All mineral waters and all imitations : of. natural . flijneral 5ra,ters, and ail artificial mineral waters not specially provided for in this sec- tion, in bottles or jugs containing not more than one pint, twenty cents per dozen bottles ; if containing more than one pint and not more than one quart, thirty cents per dozen bottles; if im- ported in bottles or in jugs containing more than onequart.ltT^en^-four cents per gallon ; if imported otherwise than in bottle or jugs, eight, cents per gal- lon ; and in addition thereto, on all of the foregping, .duty .shall be. collected upon the bottles or other containers at one-third of ihe rates that would be charged thereon if iiripotpted empty or separately. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. ■■i Par. 249. All mineral waters and all imitations of natural mineral watets, and all artificial mineral waters not specially provided for in this sec- tion, -in bottles or jugs containing not more than pne-half ipint, 10 cents per dozen, bottles ; if containing more than one-half pint and not more than one pint, 15 cents per dozen bottles ; il' containing more than one pint and not more than one quart, 20 cents per dozen bottles ; if imported in bottles or in jugs,; containing more than one quart, 18 cents per gallon ; if imported otherwise than jn bottles or jugs, 8 cents per gallon; and in addition thereto, on all of the foregoing, diity' shall Be collected upon the bottles or other containers ' at , one-third of the rates that would be charged thereon if imported empty or separately. 836 SUMMARY OF TARKFE TKFOEMATIO'N, l!921-. MINERAL WATERS. Description.— Min^xfl water, bottled for .table or medicinal use, is the commercial name' of spring and well walei; having mineral con- tents possegsji^g physiological properties. Artificial mineral waters "arid imitations ]o£ natural, mineral waters, made by adding sddium or niagnesium sulphates, hydTogeij, sfliphide, or other sulphureous or saline substances to water, are often of marked therapeutic value and widely .u^^d-i ■■m ■ -/v '. • Production of mineral waters in 1916 was ^5,928,491 gallons, valued at $5,735,035, and obtained from 802 commercial springs in 47 States or Territories, chief among them Wisconsin (25 per cent of the total), ITew Tbrk (.12 per; ceiit), California (8.7 per cent), and Maine (6 per cent). Imports of, natural a^d, artificial- jgiin^ral waters were 3,364,^76 fajlqjis,, valued ati $955,788; in 1913, and 1,172,440 gallons,' valiied^t 624,S02 in 1916. Germany, France, and Austria were, .formerly the principal source^. Laijer statistics follow : CaleJiSair'^ear. ! 1918 19J9.. 1920..... 1931 1(9 mouths). '.n.y.'^i :tr--K-- fiTlr- Tftrr ,' !V»lV6. 116,948' \ 303,901 mm Duty. 16,742 -42;4g5 ■■\ ■.!■>; .iili TTTirT; TlTfn Exports. — Large quantitiesjjj. a few domestic waters are exported, but statistics are not available. Important changes in^i^cs^iStUi^.-^tlke^uty has been put en- tirely^on the gallon baskiinstead of partly per idozemiottles or jugs and partly per gallon (par. 249, act of 1913). The provision for duty at one-third the regular rates on bottles and other containers has been dropped from this paragraph. .The bottles and jugs jwoiild be dutiable at oiife- third the regular rates under paragraph 80&, : PARAGRAPH 809. H. B, 7456. 'Pak. 809. When' any article provided for In- this title is imported In bottles or jugs, duty SMU be collected u()6n the bottles or .iugs'at one- third the rate provided on the bottles or jugs if im- ported pinpty or separately. SEN'ATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1909. [No corresponding provision.] ACT OF 1913. ■ CN6 correspoMing provision.] ' Irnportant cha/riges m claisification.— This is a new genetal 'provi- sion. '.Suggested Ghanges.-r-Pa.ge 101, line 10, of H. E,, 7456: "Title!,' should be' " schedule." ' / , .. SVUMAHY OP TABIFF liBTFOBMATaON, 1921. 887 iPABAGRAPH 810. H. R. 7456. Pab. 810. Each and every gauge or wine gallon of measurement shall be counted as at least 1 proof gallon ; and the standard for determining the proof of brandy and otlier spirits or liquors of any kind when imported shall be the same as.' fliail '5i^i(ai is defined in tlie laws relating to internal revenue. The Secretary of the Toef&siltjr, in his discretion, may authorize; the ascer- tainment of the proof ■ Of I'Wiaies, cordials, or otlier liquors and fruit Juices by distillation of otherwise, in cases where it is impracticab'le to as- certain such P'roof by the means pre- scribed by existing law or regulations. ACT or 1909. Pab, 301.: Bach and every gauge or wine gallon of measurement shall be counted as at least one proof gallon; and the standard for determining the proof of brandy and other spirits or liquors of any kind* imported shall ibe the same as that which is defined in the law;s relating to internal revenue: Provided, That it shall be lawful for the Secretary of the Treasury, in his discretion, to authorize the ascertain- ment of the proof of wines, cordials, or other liquors, by distillation or other- wise, to cases where it 16 impEacticable to ascertain such proof by the means prescribed by ex:lsting law or regula- tions': *! * >. J SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Pab. 238. Each and every gauge or wine gallon of, measurement shall be counted as at least one proof galloa; and the standard for determining the proof of brandy and other spirits or liquors of anys kind imported shall be the same as that which is defined in tile laws relating to internal revenue ; Provided, That it shall be lawful for the Secretary of the Treasury, in ' his discretion, to authorize the ascertain- ment of the proof of wines, cordials, or other liquors, by distillation or other- wise, in eases where it is impracticable to Ascertain such proof by the means prescribed by existing law or regula- tions: * * *.: PARAGRAPH 811. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pab. 811. No lower rate or ainpimt , of duty shall be levi^., collected, and paid on the 'iii'tiei6s ' enumerated in paragraph 802 of-tliI&''ti'fle than that tixed by law for the description of fii'st proof ; but; it sliall be increased in pro- portion for any greater strength than the srt;reng;th of first proof, and all imitationB of brandy, spirits,- or wines imported by any names wliatever, shall: be subject to the highest rate of (liit.\ provided for the genuine aiticles re- spectively intended to be represented, and in no case less than $5 per galWhi: ' Provided, That any brandy or other spirituous or distilled liqtioi-s fiiiportetl in any sized cask, bottle, jug,, or other packages, of or from any touniry, dependency, or province under whose 838 StrMMARy- OF TAlRIFFi IN'FORMATIQHy 1924. H. R. 7456. o > 11-1 i laws siiuilai' sited casks, bottles,5jugs, or other packages of distilled spirits, wine, or other beverage put up or filled in the United States are denied en- trance into such country, dependency, or province, shall be forfeited to the United States. ACT OF 1909. Pak. 304.' No lower rate or amount of duty shall be levied, collected, and paid on brandy, spirits, and other spirituous beverages than that fixed by law for the description of first proof; but it shall be increased in proportion for any greater strength than the strength of first proof, and all imitations of brandy or spirits or wines imported* ib^OmJ "names what- ever shall be subject to the highest rate -of duty provided' for the genuine articles respectively intended to be i-epi-esented, and in no case leSs than one dollar ' and seventy-five cents per gallon. -'i . ■' i 'Par. 301. * *' *' And proipidea fur^ ihef. That any brandy ot other' spiritu- ous or distilled liquors imported in' any sized' cask, bottle, jug, or other paekages.'Of or froin any. country, de^ pendency, or' province under whose laws similar sized casks, bottles,- jugs, or other packages of distilled spirits, wine, or other beverage put up or filled in the United States are denied ^A- traflce into such country,' dependency, or province, shall be forfeited to- the United States ; and any brandy or other .SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. I^AR. 841. No 'lower. rate, or' aiuount of duty shall be levied, collected, and paid on brandy,' spirits;, and other spirituous beverages than that fixed by Ikw for the description of first proof; but ! it I shall -bej increased in proportion for any greater . strength than the strength of ifirst proof, and all imitations of brandy or spirits or wines imported ibji anjf . riames what- ever shall be subject to the highest rate: of duty provided; for the genuiine articles respeotiveily;.. (intended -to (be represented, and in no! case lessi than $1.75-. per gallon. . . -i:' ii- i; , PAB:i238..* * f*. And provided, fur- ther. That anyibra.ndy or otheui spiritu- ous or distilled liquors imported in any sizedicask; bottle* : jug, or other pack- ages, of or from.. any -country, de- pendency, or' provinoe. under whose laws i similar -sized casks, li)ottleSj. jugS( ori other packages of distilled spirits,, wine, for «tlier beverage put. up or filled in: the Uaited States: are idenied en- traaice ( into .such; co-untBy,, d^eodency, or province, shall be forfeited to,- the United States; and any brandy or spirituous or distilled liquor imported^ other spirituous or distilled liquor im- in a cask of less capacity than ten ported in a cask of less capacity than gallons from any country shall :-bei&i-/ teo gadjcffisifrom any country shall be felted to the United States. forfeited to the United States. ?T»v.- ,4ar'r - .■.!"A aTAKy:^ .!-«.':;■ -: ■-= Important changes in classification. — This paragraph is made up of paragraph 241 and part of paragraph 238, act of 1913. The pro- vision for the forfeiture of brandy and other spirituous or distilled liquor imported in a cask of less capacity than ten gallons has been eliminated. /Suggested changes. — Page 102, line 3, of H. R. 7456 : Should not "title" be "schedule"? ' , , Page 102, lines 9 and 10, of H. R, 7456: "I^roof " should appar- ently be inserted between " per " and " gallon." PARAGRAPH 812. H. K. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pae. 812. There shall be no construe- / , tive or other allowance for breakage, ,, , leakage, or damage on wines, liquors. SUMSftABY pF,,TAp,IFP INfpKMATION, 1921. 8:39 H. R. 7466, cordials, or distilled ^,, spirits, except that when it shall appear to the col- lector of customs from the ganger's return, verified by an affidavit by the importer to be^flM within, five days after the delivery of the merchandise, that a cask or package has been broken or otherwise injured in transit, from a foreign port and as a resttlt 'theie^f'--> a part of its contents, amounting to 10 per- centurn or more "of 'the total value of the contents of the said cask or package in its condition as ex- ported, has been lost, allowance there- for may be made in the liquidation of tlie duties. ACT OF 1909. Pab. 307. * * * And provided fur- ther, That there shall be no conetruc- tive or other allowance for breakage, leakage, or damage on wines, i liquors, - Cordiitlsv or distjllefl spirits ,*, * *.' SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 191^. V Pab. 244. * * * And provided fur- ther, That there shall be ho construc- tive or other allowance for breakage, leakage, or damage on Vines, liquors, cordials, !or distilled- spirits,! except that when itsh^ll'a.i)©e8rt^,thfi!collec- tor of customs from tfie ganger's re- turn, verified by an affidavit by the importer to be filed within five days after the delivery of the merchandise, that a cask or package has been broken or otherwise injured in transit from a foreign port and as a result thereof a part of its contents amounting to 10 per centum or more of the total value of the contents of the said cask or package in its condition as exported, has been lost, allowance therefor may be made in the liquidation of the duties. * * ♦.' PARAGRAPH 813. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pae. 813. No wines, spirits, or other liquors or articles provided for in this title containing one-half of 1 per centum or more of alcohol shall be imported or permitted entry except on a permit issued therefor by the Com- missioner of Internal Revenue, and any such wines, spirits, or other liquors or articles imported or brought into the United States without a permit shall be seized and forfeited in the same manner as for other violations of the customs laws. " This proviso concluded with the following sentence : " Wines, cordials, brandy, and other splrltuoua liquors, including bitters of all kinds, and bay rum or bay water. Imported In bottles or Jugs, shall be packed In packages containing not less than one dozen bottles or Jugs In each package, or duty shall be paid as If such package contained at least one dozen bottles or Jugs, and In addition thereto, duty shall be collected on the bottles or Jugs at the rates which would be chargeable thereon If im- ported empty. The percentage of alcohol in wines and fruit Juices shall be determined In such manner as the Secretary of the Treasury shall by regulation prescribe." '840 StTMMAEY OF'TAKIFF liTPOBilATiaN, 1921. <3- i&.&T Of 1909r '^ At!T^6ri913. [No corresponding provision.] [N6 c'ofreyporidiny'pi'ovlsioii.'l ' \[\ : ■'• t ■..'.'III I L -■' - ■ ' !!■■;: .-• Im/portant changes in cZfflssi/?caiifl!»j-^The provision is new. Suggested changes.— P&g% 103, iine 6, of H. R, 7*56': "Title" should be " schedule." ;!"':;; :,'"! '^ PARAGRAPH 814. H. B. 7456. I, SENATE AMENBMENTS. Pak. 814. The Secretary of tlie Treas- y,. ury is hereby authorized and directed . , ; to make all rules and regulations neces- , , sary for the enforcement of the pro- visions of this title. AGO? or 1909. ACT OP 1913. [No cor;respondiiig .provision.] ... ,;,{Np. corresponding provision.] ' Important changes in iet Duty. 1918 Pounds. 3,975,500 '3,979,107 , 9,992,073 2,236,431 '$6,330,366 7,188,592 1 ' ■ ■ $1,470,781 1,680,126 8„«6,246 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) Exports of cotton yam were valued at $716,036 in 1914. During and since the war they have inGrea,se4 jgr^tly, exceeding imports. Exports are mainly of counts under 40s, knitting yams leading. Argentina, Canada, Hongkong,iand Colombia were the leading buyers in 1920. : :■ ' ■.-■-' - - -''■ ,' ■' . >"■■ .. Exports for the calendar years 1918-1921 were as follows : '- ,1918 1919 1920, ' 1921 (9 taonths); 13,355,800 88,846,694 20,699,124 ■ $14,48S;630 24, 099, 899' S20„014,94?^ . .11,077,263 $4,43S,.440 Value , , ' ' ^ ' ' ' ' ' Important changes in classification. — Paragraph 901 is intended to cover all types and varieties of cotton yarn except the special yams which are put up in short len^hs for use in handwork. It does not include any sewing thread. Since sewing thread and yarns for handwork are more specifically provided for in paragraph 902 it is unnecessary that iiaragraph 901 should note their exception; the phrase used in the 1913 act (par. 250) "except spool thread of cotton, crochet, darning and t'mbroidery cottons, hereinafter provided for " has therefore been omitted. Since paragraph 901 relatete solely to cotton yam, it is appropri- ately headed Cotton yarii, including warps, in any form." In niost foreign tariffs " cotton yam " is considered inclusive -and exclusive, but to preverit any possibility of the courts' construing cotton yam in the form 6f warps (a number of ends gathered together, sized or not sized, on beams Or in balls or other form) as further advanced than cotton yam, there have been added the words "including warps." The phrase "in any form" has been substituted for the present wording (par. 250, act of 1913) " whether on beams or iii bundles, skeins or cops, or in any other form " as being simpler and fully as inclusive. As' in previous acts, cotton yarns have been classified as " basic " and " advanced," each with its own progressive rates of duty. The basic term " not bleached, dyed, colored, combed, or plied," refers solely to grey carded single yarns. Advanced yarns include those that are bleached^ dyed, colored^ or plied, and an additional duty is ilhposed vt^hen they; are combed.' The term "colored" is used in addition to the term "dyed" in order to cover printed yarns, and also yarns which are made of two or more roviiigs or two or more SUMMARY OF TARIFP INFORMATION, 1921. 845 yarns only one of which may. be dyed. The term " plied " means that two or more yarns have been twisted together to form ply, yarn. The act of 1913 provides no differential for ply yarns which ijij the grey are dutiable under the basic rates; in H. E. 7456 a di^eren,tial is provided for ply; yarns, as "was the case in the act of 1909, This differential,! ho^^yer, is niot intended to include grouped yarns. Im- ports of grouped yarns, that is,: single yarns wound together ^with- out twistmg, are small and almost entirely for use in electrical; wire covering. There is apparently no object in including grouped y^rjis with ply yafns since the cost per pound of. multiple winding is usually less than the cost of single-end winding; the, more ends woimd together side by ,side . the; greater the weight objtained in a given time anqli hence the less the unit cost. _ The term "plied" includes not only two or more single yarns twisted, together but also cabled yarps made by twisting together two or more ply yarns. The act of .19Q9 provided a further differen- tial fop cabled yarns .over ordinary ply yarns, but this has been omitted for the reason that practically all imports consist of fine cabled yarns, particularly 130/9 and 140/9, known as harness-twine or heald yam, needed for making loom harness for the silk industry ; these must, be made so carefully and are required in amovmts so small; that domestic manufacturers do not find it profitable to attempt their, manufacture. . The progressive rates are levied, as in preceding acts, on the yarn count, that is, the number of 84P-ya,^'d blanks that weigh 1 pound. The higher the count the finer the yarn, and, other things being equal, the higher the percentage of labor costs; therefore the duty increases progressively with the ya^n, number.. The progressive rates on, ad- vanced yarns are higher than those on the hasicj, gray single yarns, and increase at a faster rate of progression. Group progression was used in the act of 1913, but, as it involves a jump in the rates of duty between each group, individual-count progression used in the act of 1909 is more logical. In the; revised clas^iBoation both basic and a,d- vaiiced yarns have one rate of progression, up to and including Np., 40, and another and steeper rate of progression above No. 40 up to and including No. 120, above which the rate, becomes stationary. The change in the ratie of progression, on .both basic and advanced yamSj at No. 40 is made because that number, marks the normal ring- spinning, limit of yarns made from shortr-stapled upland cotton not over ItV inchesih length. Above No. ISOi there is; rarely any domestic yarn made for sale; the stoppage of the /advance in duties at. this point should stimulate the production of lace, fine ply voiles, and other goods which require extra high count yarns not produced in this country. It is inadvisable to break up the smooth rate of progression, and complicate the paragraph by inserting a fiat rate of duty on coarse yams up to 10s, as imports of such yarns are small, being less than 1 per cent of the total yarn import. Aside from a few special knitting yarns, they consist mainly of turkey-red yarns for border and name work on towels; these towel yarns are in demand because they are fast dyed rather than because they are low priced. There is likewise no object in changing the rate of advance of duties at 15s, 20s, 24s, or 30s, such as occurred in tariffs before the American industry attained its SUMMARY OF TARIFF' INFOSMATlOif^ 1921, full growth, and the same rate of progression can well be u^ed from the coarsiBst up to No. 40s; ' , The act 6f 1909 provided a cumulative differential for ^ams sub- jected to' mercerization and the act of 1913 included niefeenzed 'yarns in^the advanced classification. Testimo'ny secured by the Tariff Com- mission shows that skein mercerizatioh is as cheap' in this dountry as abroad, and that warp mercerization is considerably chieaper here; also that thig was the normal condition prior to the war. ^ Such being' the case,' it'has been deemed advisable to omit any ditferentia,l'_f V^l- ' — $280,783 1919 ...atj...- 1920 ! I L t . I — . J . . I '. : I - 277^794 496,321 1921 (9 months) • tr • - • • ;.■-■.:)■ '■■■ 1. 'Includes 135,688 pounds, valued at $484,830, under the^emei-geney tarifl aot.f SUMMARY OP TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 849 ' Impoi'ts of cotton sewing thread, which are smalls come mainly from England; imports of "cottons" for handwork, most largely from Alsaca, constitute the bulk of the imports under this paragraph,. Exports of cotton sewing thread and " cottony," mainly the former, are larger than imports.' 'For the laiat four calendar years, exports have beeh valued as follows: 1918,' $2,824^776; 1919, $4,367,762; 1920, $4,471,617; 1921 (9 months), $1,498,329. .!.•„. !, The.' chief purchasers of American cotton sewing itbread in 1920 were Canada, Philippine Islands, (Juba, Mexico, and Australia. Invportwrit Gtumg^s in dkssificcution. — ^Paragraph. 902 CQve^$ cotton sewing thread, for hand or machine work, and special yaTOS which aje put up in short lengths for handwork. These two classes of goods are grouped for the reason that they are usually numbered or lettered arbitrarily without reference to file true yarn count. , In- stead of the progressive rates based on the yam count, ag Mjs«(d^ in the preceding para^aph for cotton yarns intended for machine work, there has been adopted a system of progressive rates based on the length. The flat rate per hundred ya-rds, results in the duty per pound advancing in proportion to the fineness of the yarns for hand- work and likewise in proportion to the fineness of the sewing thread. " Cotton sewing thread," the first class of articles here covered, is the term agreed upon by botib. manufacturers and importers. " Spool thread of cotton," as used in preceding tariffs, was a imisnomer, as imports of cotton thread, when intended for use by garment makers, are put up on tubes, cones^ or large; bobbins, instead of on spools, i "Crochet, darning, embroidery, and knitting coti»ns, put up for handwork," clearly defines thenparticular class, of cotton yarns which are excepted- from the provisions of the preceding paragraph on cot- ton yarn and here specifically provided for because of the arbitrary nunabering ordinarily employed. The provisions of .the acts pf ■ 1897, 1909, and 1913 are extended or at ;least clarified by the addition of the word "'knitting." "Knitting cottons" are so similar to other "cottons" or soft-spun yarns here provided for that the labeling is often " Cottons for crocheting, embroidering, or knitting,'.' yet under the act of 1913 it is possible, to levy a different rate on the same yam if invoiced as knitting cotton from that which would apply were it invoiced as crocheting cotton. This anomaly is avoided by the use of the above wording. The term " cottons " had its origin in tjhe fact that most of the short lengths of yam used for handwork are of a soft and loosely twisted or " cottony " character, and although some are fully as hard twisted as ordinary yarxis for machine work the use of the term " cottons " instead of " yarns " implies that this provision is limited to yarns for handwork. By the use of the specific wording " put up for handwork " confusion of meaning is avoided and short lengths af yam put up for machine work are prevented from coming in under this paragraph. Pra,ctically t^e only short lengths of yarn used in machine work are the minute bobbins known as schiffli or bobbin yarns, which are wound on a bare spindle and used on em- broidery machines to fasten in place the embroidery yams proper. As these schiffli yams, whatever their length, are similar to yams used in machine knitting and other industries and are numbered 82304—22 54 850 SXJMMAHY OF' TARI!FS< IWrOBMATION, 1921. according to the true yarn countj they should be dutiable at the pro- gressive rates provided in paragraph 901. It is not intended that any yarns used for machine work should 'be imported under the pro- visions of paragraph 902. Ordinarily it is not economically feasible to use as short lengths for machine wbrk as are preferred for handwork, and a clear line of demarcation between ordinary yarns for machine work and spe- cial yams for handwork is aflPorded by the phrasing " in lengths not exceeding 840 yards." Yarn in lengms of more than 840 yards, if imported fot handwork, would lie dutiable under H. R. 7456 as ordinary cotton yam. The appraiser at New York, however, states that such importations are rare and that 840 yards, which is the length of one hank' as used in cotton yam numbering, is the logical point of demarcation between yarns for machine work and yams for handwork. The act of 1909 bracketed together sewing thread and yarns for handwork and assessed a rate of 6 cents per dozen spools of not over 100 yards each on either class put up on spools, reels, or balls, and a rate of one-half cent per 100 yards on eitt^er put up in skeins, cones, or tubes. The two rates come to the same thing, one-half cent per 100 yards, but the arrangement is illogical in that no distinction IS drawn between the two dissimillir a.iticles, " sewing thread '' and "yams for Tiandwork," whereas a distinction is made as to the entirely immaterial matter of the way the two should be put up for sale. The new wording is designed to improve import statistics, in that there will be separate records for sewing thread and yarns for handwork, irrespective of how each may be put up. Cotton yams in short lengths for handwork are imported in substantial amounts, whereas imports of cotton sewing thread are small. Both minimuin and maximum rates of duty have been provided for articles in paragraph 902. The provision, also used in the act of 1909, that the duty shall not be levied on a less number of yards than is marked on the goods as imported, is again inserted as a preventive measure against the fraudulent marking of lengths. Suggested e?id/n:ges.—^A.ttentioti may be called to the fact that the rate of dhe-half cent per 100 yards on cotton sewing thread makes the duty per pound higher than that provided for in paragraph 903 on any countable cotton cloth, including Jacquard woven fancies. For instance, a No. 24 six7Cord thread made of No. 60. yam has a finished length of about 6,t60 yards per pound, and a No. 60 three- cord thread made of No. 50 yarn has a finished length of about 13,520 yards per pound. The duty of one-half cent per 100 yards would mean a duty of 38.8 and 67.6 cents per pound, respectively, on six- cord arid three-cord sewing thread made from No. 60 yam. In con- t'^st, the specific duty on cotton cloth, printed, dyed, colored, or woven-figured, with No. 50 average yarn count, would be 28.5 cents per pound, and the specific duty on No. 50 cotton yarn, printed, dyed, colored, or plied, if coinbed, would be 15 cents a pound. SUMMARY. OP; TARIFF ISFOBMATIOS, 1S)21. 851 PARAGRAPH 903. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pab. 903. Cotton cloth, not bleached, printed, dyed, colored, or woven-fig- i ured, containing yarns the average number of. which does not exceed niim- . ber 40, forty one-hundredths of 1 cent per average number per pound ; ex- ceeding number 40, 16 cents per pound, and, in addition thereto, fifty-five one- hundredths of 1 cent per average num- ber per jwiind for every number in ex- cess of number 40: Provided, That none of the foregoing, when containing yarns the average number of which does not exceed number 100, shall pay less duty than 9 per centum ad valorem and, in addition thereto, for each num- ber, one-fifth of 1 per centum ad valorem ; nor when exceeding number 100, less than 29 per centum ad valorem. Cotton cloth, bleached, containing yarns the average number of which does not exceed number 40, forty-five one-hundredths of 1 cent per average number i)er pound ; exceeding number 40, 18 cents per pound and, in addition thereto, three-fifths of 1 cent per aver- age number per pound for every num- ber in excess of number 40 : Provided, That none of the foregoing, when con- taining yarns the average number of which does not exceed number 100, shall pay less duty than 13 per centum ad valorem and, in addition thereto, for each number, one-fifth of 1 per centum ad valorem : nor when exceed- ing number 100, less than 33 per centum ad valorem. Cotton cloth, printed, dyed, colored, or woven-figured, containing yarns the average number of which does not ex- ceed number 40, fifty-five one-hun- dredths of 1 cent TOT average number per pound ; exceeding number 40. 22 cents per pound and, in addition thereto, sixty-five one-hundredths of 1 cent per average number per pound for every number in excess of number 40: Provided, That none of the fore- going, when containing yarns the aver- age number of which does not exceed number 100, shall pay less duty than 13 per centum ad valorem and. for "ach number, one-fifth of 1 per centum ad valorem ; nor when exceeding num- ber 100, less than 33 per centum ad valorem. Plain gauze or leno woven rotton nets or nettings shall be classi- fied for duty as cotton cloth. 852 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921, ACT OF 1909. Pab. 315. OottoB cloth, valued at not ovei- seven cents per square yard, not bleached, d.\ed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, and not exceeding tift.v threads to the square inch, count- ing the wai-p and filling, one cent per square yard ; if bleached, and valued at not over nine cents per square yard, one and one-fourth cents per square yard ; if dyed, colored, stained, ' * *- or printed, and vaUied a-t not over twelve cents per square yard, two cents per ^quare yard ; cotton cloth, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, paintHd, or printed, exceeding fifty and not exceeding one hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, and valued at not over s'even cents per sijuare yard, not ex- ceeding si.x square yards to the pound, one and one-fourth cents per square yard ; exceeding six and not exceeding nine square yards to the pound, one and one-half cents per square yard ; exceeding nine square yards to the pound, one and three-fourths cents per square yard ; cotton cloth, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, not exceeding one hundred threjids to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, and valued at over seven and not over nine cents per square yard, two and one-fourth cents per square yard ; valued at over nine and not over ten cents per square yard, two and three-fourths cents per square yard ; valued at over ten and not over twelve and one-half cents per square yard, four cents per square yard ; valued at over twelve and one- half and not over fourteen cents per square yard, five cents per square yard ; valued at over fourteen cents per square yard, six cents per square yard, but not less than twenty-five per centum ad valorem ; cotton cloth, ex- ceeding fifty and not exceeding one hundred threads to the square inch, counting the ■ warp and fillihg, if bleached, and valued at not over nine cents per square yard, not exceeding six square yards to the pound, one and one-half cents per square yard ; exceeding six and not exceeding nine square yards to the pound, one and three-fourths cents per square yard; exceeding nine square yards to the pound, two and one-fourth cents per square yard ; cotton cloth, not exceed- ing one hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, if bleached, and valued at over nine and not over eleven cents per square yard, two and three-fourths cents per square yard ; valued at over eleven and not ACT or 1913. Pau. 252. Cottdn cloth, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, printed, woven flguredi or mercerized, contain- ing yarns the average number of which dxjes not exceed number nine, 7i per centum ad valorem ; exceeding num- ber nine and' iiot exeeediBg numbei' nineteen, 10 per centum ad -valorem; exceeding number nineteen and not exceeding number thirty-nine, 12^ per centum ad valorem; exceeding num- ber thirfy-nine and not exceeding num- ber forty-nine, 17ii per centum ad va- lorem ; exceeding number forty-nine and not exceeding number flfty-nine, 20 per centum ad valorem ; exceeding number lifty-nine and not exceeding number seventy-nine, 22i per centum ltd valorem ; exceeding number seventy- nine and not exceeding number ninety- nine, 25 per centum ad valorem ; ex- ceeding number ninety-nine, 27i per centum ad valoi'em. Cotton cloth when bleached, dyed, colored, stained, * *■■■ * printed, woven figured, or mercerized, containing yam the. average number of which does not exceed number nine, 10 per centum , ad, valorem ; exceeding number nine and not exceeding num- ber nineteen, 12i per centum ad va- lorem ; exceeding number, nineteen and not exceeding number thirty-nine, 15 per centum . ad .valorem ; ■ exceeding number thirty-nine and not exceeding number forty-nine, 20 per centum ad valorem ; exceeding number forty-nine and not exceeding number fifty-nine, 224 per centum ad valorem ; exceeding number ,flfty-nine and not exceeding number seventy -nine, 25 per centun^ad valorem ; exceeding number seventy- nine and not exceeding number ninety- nine, 27i per centum ad va,lorem; ex- ceeding number ninetynnine, 30 per centum ad valorem ; plain gauze or leno, woven cottoji uets or nettings shall be classified for duty as cotton cloth. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 853 ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. over twelve cents per square yard, four cents per square yard ; valued at over twelve and not over fifteen cents per square yard, live cents per square^ yard ; valued at over fifteen and not^ over sixteen cents per square yard, six cents per square yard ; valued at over sixteen cents per square yard, seven cents per square yard, but not less than twenty-five per centum ad valorem ; cotton cloth, exceeding fifty and not exceeding one hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, if dyed one-half cents per square yard, but not less than forty per centum ad vaWrem. >:'■ • ' Par. 319. Cotton cloth not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted; -or printed, exceeding three hundred threadsc.to .the square W9h, cpuntii^ j the;warp and. filling, ana, ijijt, exceed- ing ^ WO square ya:i'd,s't6 the pound, Xoilr 'tents per sqiiaVfe yard ; exceeding two and iioti.exGeediiig three : square ■ yar;ds to the pound, four aufljQQa-Jialfi; cent^ flgr squajce yard,; exceeding thrpe and not exceeding tout' ^liaife yards t(J the -poWbd, five cetffs 'f>er sqUarSe' yard; eiceeding four' square yards to the poufldi five and on6-half cents per square -yard ; jany „of ;tKe , foregoing valufed at oVei" Murteeh and 'npt svef;' sixteen cents per square yard, six and one-half cents per eqttai-e yard; valued ,'it ovef sixteen and, nQt,, over bwensty cents per square y£trd„pjght gpnts pei;; square yard; valued ^t ovit twenty and' hot dver twenty-five ce^its per square yard, eleven and one-fourth cents per square yird;: valued at over twenty-five cents per, square yard, twelve' aiid one-half ,c6nts 'Cer square yferd, but hot less than forty 'pter centum ad valorem; if bleached ifttid' not ('exceeding two squaJ-e yards to the^ pound, five cents per square yard ;i ex- ■; c'eeding two, and not exceeding thrte square yards to the pound, flveftiid' one-half cents 'pefr square yard; ex- ceeding three and hot exceeding four square yards, to the |)wnd, si^ cents per 'square yard ; exceeding four ^■8 SUMMARY , OF TAPrJtyF I5J:F,OB]\!lj\TlO:iSr j 1921,. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913, square yards to the pound, sis and one-half cents per square yard ; any of the foregoing, bleached, and valued at over sixteen and not over twenty cents per square yard, eight cents per square yard ; valued at over twenty and not over twenty-five cents per square yard, eleven and one-fourth cents per square yard ; valued at over twenty-five cents per square yard, twelve and one-half cents per square yard, but not less than forty per centum ad valorem ; if dyed, colored, stained, * * * or printed, and not exceeding three square yards to the pound, six and one-half cents per square yard ; ex- ceeding three square yards to the pound, eight cents per square yard; any of the foregoing, dyed, colored, stained, * * * or printed, and valued at over twenty and not over twenty-five cents per square yard, eleven and one-fourth cents per square yard ; valued at over twenty-five cents per square yard, twelve and one-half cents per square yard, but not less than forty per centum ad valorem. COUNTABLE COTTON CLOl'US. : (See Surveyol-S;): DeaeripMon and uses. — Cotton cloth is a term tised to include stll loom-woven fabrics in the piece if over, ;12 inches in width, whethei: made on a plain loom or on looms witH dohby, Jacquard, or, other special attachments. Paragraph 903 includes aU cotton cloths ex- cept the following, more specifically provided for elsewhere: Lap- pets and swivel (par. 905) ; sateens WOY^^ ''^itl^ 8 or more harness (par. 906) ; tire fabrics (par. 905) ; filled or coated cotton cloths, including tracing cloth, oilcloths, and window hoUands (par. 906) ; waterproof cloth (par. 906) ; those containing silk or artificial silk (par. 907) ; Jacquard woven upholstery cloth? (pair. 908) ; pile fab- rics (par. 909) ; and table damask (pay. 910). The main points of demarcation between cloths are the yam counts and their spacing (ends and picks per square inch) , the weave, the weight, ttie width, and the fiflish. A^l or these affect the cost, but the average yarn count is, in most, cases, the primary cost- determining factor. I :i All cloths are included in the five^^color classification': unbleached, bleached, printed, piece-dyed, and j^kX^-dyed. According to weave, cloths may be divided into plain fabrics . (including plain-woven, twill, and sateen), figured fabrics (maide with the assistance of special attachments such as dobbies, Jacquards, lappetsyor swivels), and pile fabrics. The majority of cotton cloths are pliin, made of unbleached yams not over 40s count, have beWeen 80 and 200 threads per square inch, and are betweenSS andi45 inches in width. Production in 1914 of woven goods including plain, figured, and pile fabrics (but excluding narrow fq;brics of 12, irics^ies and, under), SUMMARY OF TAKirF INFORMATION, 1921. 869 amounted to. 6,813,540,681 square yards, valued at $489j985,21"r), from 672,754 looms, of which 30.9 per cent were automatic. Correspond- ing statistics for 1919 were 6,232,842,000 square yards. (1,819,980,000 pounds), valued at $1,487,723,000, produced on 691,738 looms, of which 51.3 per cent were automatic. The United States has more automatic looms than are contained in all other countries. The main cottonrcloth producing States are Massachusetts, iSouth Caro- lina, North Carolina, Khode Island^ iand Georgia. , s . ; I j lia^oHs of. countable cotton! cloth are ffess than Ipfer cent of do- mestic consumption. Annual imports during the i 30 fiscal, yearp ended June ^aOji 1920, .averaged 53,916^530 square yards, valued at $9,310,321. Imports in 1914 were 58,621,496 pounds, valued- at $11,523,829. The United Kingdpm has always supplied the bulk of such cotton cloths as were required from abroad, particularly dyed linings (including Venetians); fine, plain white goods, such as muslins, cambrics, lawns, and ydiles; high-grade ginghams ; piques: and fancy shirtings and dress goods. Switzerland supplies fine white goods, such as lawns, organdies, and, dotted Swiss; and France supplies,principa.lly plain and novelty dress goods. Imports ironi Germany are maimy novelty dress goods. Imports from Japan are chiefly pf the specialty known as " Japanese crepe." Imports of cotton jcloths are supplementary, rather than directly competitive, an,d are confined largely to goods of a quality or finish different from the domestic. Investigation by the Tariff Coinmis sion shows that the bulk of the imported cloths are sold, on the American rqarket.at higher prices , than are obtained for the nearest comparable and conipetitive domestic clotjis. Certain cloths, siach as dotted Swisses, and transparent orgiandies of extremely fiiie yai-n cGiint,' are hot. made here at all. ; Eecent statistics of imports follbW: ■ ■ .'■ ;:■ ■:;■ ^, Calendar yearL < \ - . i - : .. '. .Ir., , . Quantity. Value. Duty. ' 1918>. l:., 1..^ - ■.Square yards.. • 47; 846', 024 S12, 599, 751 17,047,61* 44,913,6«, 34,435,969 $2, 2^ 642 1919'. . '.- .'. i . . . ; , : ' 3(*75,'775 9,.857,887 1920 192^ ra raonths) 1 ... , '. ' r, - ■ ^ tnclndes '2,144,038 sijuard yards, valued at $4,422,170, under the emergency tariff- act. ■ -Exports have exceeded imports in every year since 1875, and, the net result of American foreign trade in countable cotton cloth during the fiscal years 1821-1920 was a favorable trade balance of almost half a billion dollars. This is shown as follows : .^ One hyMdi-efi years of imports and eseports of countable cotton cloth. , ul I ^Fiscal years. ' ' Total imports. Total exp.orts,. Balance Of trade- 1821-}87jf-..-;---i.i-/'f- 1876-1920. ....... -,-....-.■ -.. .'!;,t; j.'!(?i>fTj;i •, Tota.U^21-1920.... $583, 867, 993 331, 939, 762 *165,955,,09Q '1,238,715,376 915, 807, 7So 1, 394, 670, 466; ' Unfavorable. * Favorable. 11^7,912,903 ! 9S6, 7'i'5, 614 = 478,862,711 860 SUMMARY ' OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Exports during the 30 fiscal years 1891-1920 averaged per annum 120,037,628 linear yards, valued at $10,861,189. Exports in 1914 were 414,860,013 yards, valued at $28,844,627. Exports now include a great variety of fabrics, not only coarse-yarn sheeting, drills, denims, and cotton trouserings, and tnedium-yarn prints, sateeni^, ginghams, and voiles, but also fine-yarn goods such as India' linons. and "Persian lawns, and fandy fabrics, including those madei with' silk and artificial silk ornamentation. During the past decade tbtefliHin pur- ch-asers have beeh the Philippine Islands, Ciibft, China, Central America, Canada, Colombia, and Mexico. iii;;: n Exports for the calendar years 191&-1921 were As foHowsi:', Quap-tity; (yards). Valni .^ 544,(174,574 »rOT,'5l9,333 1151,' ■,817 1S20 8;8,750,954 ia8;i53,537 (9,iiu«ntlis)., tsBT^SOB Im^prtdrit changes in classification. — Paragraph "^OS- bbvers 'all cotton clo'th ill the piece, not specially provided for.^ The fabrics here included ate known as " Countable cotton cldths," becEiiise the threads hsive to be counted in ascertaiiiilig the average yirn cbunt oh which the progressive duties are bksied; this term distingyishes them, on the bne hand, from the eq nomine cloths where, the'lihreads do not have to be cotin^d in ascertaining the duty, ahd, on the other, from articles made of cottohcl6th.' '' ' , Couiitable cotton cloths have been divided into the three classes^ namely, basic, bleached, and printed, dyed, colored, or' wovek-figured' The basic classification includes only unbleadh'ed plain (i. d., plia,in- woven, twilled, or sateen) cloths, listed ks "not blekched, printed, dyed, colored, or woven-figured." The Word '"' colored " is us6d, in addition tp the terms " printed " and " dyed," in order to cover cloths made with printed, dyed, or partly dyed yams. The term " stained " has been omitted as tautological. A stained cloth must necessarily be dyed either in the yarn or in the piece and would undoubtedly be covered by the terms "dyed" or "colored." The appraiser at New York has no record of any cloth listed as stained. The term " painted " has been omitted as of no effect, be- cause such cloth is more specifically provided for in paragraph 906 as " coated " cloth. The appraiser at New York states that in his opinion no administrative diffiouity will ensue because of the omis- sion of the two terms mentioned. i The differential on mercerized cloth has been omitted because of representations made to the Tariff Commission to the' effect that cloths are mercerized more cheaply in this country than abroad. In levying progressive rates of duty on cotton cloth it is necessary to set up some standard on which to base the progression. Under preceding acts experience with double standards, such as the thread count and weight, and triple standards, such as the thread count, weight, and value, has demonstrated the advisability of using the gin^e standard of the official average yam count derived by simple arithmetic from the thread count and weight. Any standard that is adopted must be more or less arbitrary, because of the many types of cotton cloth, but conversion costs vary more in conformity to the variation in average yam count than to any other factor or group of SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 861 factors. The average yarn count as a standard on which to base pro- gressive rates of duty is therefore the most scientific and equitable Siat can be devised; and it ha^ the further merit of being easy of administration. The same standard is used in the act of 1913, but with group progression, entailing a jump in rates of duty between successive groups of cloths, and with ad valorem rates. There have been here substituted itidividual coiiiit progression and specific rates. Cloth duties have usually been stated in terms of cents per square yard. " Cents per pound " has been substituted as being easy of ap- plication arid as facilitating the correct adjustment of duties to values. In whatever terinS stated, prices on cotton cloth a.re pri- marily based, on the pound, since both cotton and.„.cotton yarn are sold by the' pound. Yarns and cloths are so :closely. related: that pro- gressive rates of duty on the one should be adjusted with regard to the other; this is difficult' unless a common base is uSed, and the only one possible is the pound. Over 90 per cent of the domestic cotton yarns and of cloths made therefrom do not eixceed No. 40; this marks the ordinary ring- spiiming limit of short-staple upland cotton of not over 1^^ inches in length... For cotton cloth, as for cotton yari;i, it .has therefore been dfiemed advisable to have one rate of progression apply up to No. 40 yatn count, and to use another and somewhat steeper rate of progression on ciotlj^ made of finer yarns. \' For each of the three divisions of cloth there are provided not only progressive specific rates of duty, but also minimum ad valorem i>tes. As the main competition from abroad is on cloths with average yarn counts between 40 and 100, the minimum ad valoiem rates of duty are made progressive up to No. 100 and thereafter lemain stationary. PARAGRAPH 904. H. a. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pah. 904. The term cotton doth, oi' cjoth, wherever used iu this schedule, unless otherwise specially provided for, shall be held to -include all woven fahrics'Of cotton, in the piece, wlietlier figured, fancy, or plain, and shall not include any article, finished or unfin- ished, made from cotton cloth! In the ascertainment of the condition of the cloth or ysirn upon which the dutie.s imposed upon cotton cloth are madeto depend, the entire fabric and all parts thereof shall be included. The average number of the yarn in Cotton cloth hei:ein provided for shall be obtained by taking the length of the thread or yarn to be equal to the distance cov- ered by 'it in thie' cloth in the condition as imported, except that all clipped threads shall be measured as if con- tinuous ; in counting the threads all ply .yarns shall be separated into siiigles and the count taken of the total sin.!?les ;' the weight shall be taken aftfer any excessive sizing is removed by boil- ing or other suitable process. 862 STJMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, .1921. ACT OF 1913. Pak. 253, Tbe term ;cott;on, cloth, or cloth, wherever used iii the paragraphs of this schedule, unless otherwise spe- cially provided for, shall be held to in- clude all woyen fabrics; of cotton, In the piece, whether figured, fancy, or plain, and shall' not include any ar- ticle, finished or unfinished,' Inade from cotton cloth. In the ascertainment of the condition of the cloth or yarn upon which the duties imposed upon cotton cloth are made . to depend, the' eritire fabric and all parts thereof shall be included. The average number of the yarn in cotton cloth herein provided for shall be obtained, by taking the length of the thread or yaWi to be equal to the distance covered by it in the cloth in the condition as imported, except that all clipped threads shall be measured as if continuous; in, counting the threads all ply yarns shall be sep- arated into singles and the count taken of the total singles ;■ the weight shall be taken after any excessive sizing is removed by' boiling or oiher suitable process, f ' ACT or 1909. Pab. 320. .The t^rm potton cloth, oj: ; cloth, wherever used in the paragraphs of this schedule, unless otherwise spe- cially provided for, shall be held to include all woven fabrics . of cotton in the piece or cut in lengths, whether figured, fancy, or plain, the warp and filling threads of which can be' counted by unraveling or other practicable means,' and shall not include any ar- ticle, finished or unfinished, made from cotton cloth. In determining the' count of threads to the square inch in dOtton cloth, all the warp and filling threads, whether ordinary or other than ordi- nary, and whethei; clipped or ungiipped, shall be counted. In the ascertain- ment of the weight and value, upon which the duties, cumulative or other, imposed upon cotton cloth are made to depend, the entire fabric and all parts thereof, and -all the threads of which it is composed, shall be included. The terms bleached, dyed, colored, stained, mercerized, painted, or printed, wher- ever applied to cotton cloth in this schedule, shall be taken to mean re-, spectively all cotton cloth which either wholly or in part has been subjected to any of these processes, or which has any bleached, dyed, colored, stained, mercerized, painted, or printed threads in or upon any part of the fabric. Important changes in classification. — Paragraph 253 of the act of 1913 is adopted almost without change as suitable phrasing to define the use of the official average yarn count as the basic standard of progression. The phrase " in the paragraphs of " is omitted as unnecessary. The first sentence of paragraph 904 defines cotton cloth and states that it does not include any articles made from cotton cloth. The second sentence states that, in ascertaining the condition of the cloth for dutiable purposes, the entire fabric and all parts thereof shall be included; this wording is clear and there has been no litigation as to its meaning. The average number of the yarn is next stated to mean the number as ascertained by the " straight-line " method, whereby all yarn in the cloth is considered as lying in a straight line without regard to contraction. This official average-yarn count is easily ascertain- able, by simple arithmetic, from the number of single threads per square inch and the weight. The Treasury has not only stated rules governing the calculation^ but has published tables wherein it can be found for any cloth without calculation. Since by the straight-line method of paragraph 904 the yarn length and the cloth length, in any given weight of cloth, are re- garded as being the same, whereas the yarn length, by reason of the threads having to bend around -each other, is actually greater than the cloth length, it is obvious that the official average yarn count will, except in the case of clipped fabrics, be less than the StrilMARt of" ttAiiiFi^ 'iNi?ORMATIOT^, 1921. 863 actual average'yarn count. This, hoAvever, does not affect its value as a standard between different cloths. >^ . > It is to be noted that the expression "except that all clipped threads shall be measured as if : continuous " raises the average yarn count (by reason of the use of the actual weight of the f abrjc after it is clipped together with a longer length of yarn than is actually contained therein) of all fabrics ysrith clipped threads. This serves to raise the rate of duty above that which ;would, apply to a cloth constructed in the same way but not clippedj and thus automatically provides a differential, for any extra cost involved in making clip spot fabrics. , PARAGRAPH 906. H. B. 7456. Par. 905. Cotton cloth with extra thready introduced by, means of the lappet or swivel shall be dutiable at the rate on tlie basic cloth and, in ad- dition thereto, 7i per centum ad valorem. Cotton sateens, woven ^vlth eight or more harness, shall pay, in addition to the rate on cotton cloth, 10 per centum ad valorem. Tire fabric or fabric for use in pneu- matic tires, including cord fabric, 25 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Pak. 323. In addition to the duty or duties imposed upon cotton cloth by the various provisions of this section, there shall be paid the following cumu- lative duties, the Intent of this para- graph being to add such duty or duties to those to which the cotton cloth would be liable if the provisions of this paragraph did not exist, namely : On all cotton cloth ia which other than the ordinary warirand filling threads are used to form a figure or fancy effect, whether known as lappets or otherwise, one cent per square yard if valued at not more than seven cents per square yard, and two cents per, square yard if valued at more than seven cents per square yard ; on all cotton cloth mercerized or subjected to any similar pirocess, one cent per square yard. Pab. 830. * * * tire fabric or fabric suitable for use in pneumatic tires, * * * made of cotton or other vegetable fiber, and India rubber, or of which cotton or other vegetable fiber is the component material of chief value. * * * Jfoijty-five per centum ad valorem; * * *. [No corresponding provision for cot- ton sateens.] SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF lQiJ3. Pab. 262. * * * tire fabric or fab- ric suitable for use in pneumatic tires, * * * made of cotton or other vege- table fiber, or of which cotton or other vegetable fiber is the component ma- terial, of chief value, or of cotton or other vegetable fiber and India rubber, * * *. 25 per centum ad valorem; * * * [No corresponding provision for the other commodities; see par. 252.] 864 SXJMMAEY OF TARIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. LAPPETl'S AND SWIVELS ; SATEENS ; TIRE FABRICS. (See Survey 1-4 and Report; T. I. S.— 10.) Description ««^ "M«es.— ^Lappets are cloths ornamented in zigzag patterns by extra warp threads introduced by means of needle bars. Lappets are usually cheap fabrics which have a certain limited demand for curtain and dress us6. Swivels are cloths ornamented in small spot or figured patterns by extra filling threads introduced by a series of small' shuttles operated by rack and pinion. After the regular shuttle carrying the ground filling has befen thrown through the shed of the warp, a special shed is opened for the introduction of the small shuttles carrying the-decorative threads, and each of these in its traverse covers only, the 4i^aQCQ rpqu^red for the figure to be produced. Each swivel shuttle can, ii desired, carry a different color; a single figure will,£however, seldom exceed two, colors. The most staple form of swivel goods is the " dotted Swiss," consisting of one-color or white dots on a one-color or white lawn ground. Cotton cloths which are constructed in the same manner as silk satins, with the object of producing a smooth and lustrous surface, are termed sateens. In sateens the face is practically all warp or all filling, according to whether it is a warp sate^ or a filling sateen, and the interlacings of the yams predominating on the face are so scattered as to .prevent any obvious twill or other design, and to permit the face yarns to float loose between points of interlacing. The long floats lying side by side hide the interlacings and deflect the light in one direction, thus giving the smooth lustrous effect. This luster is improved by mercerizing, schreinering, and other special finish- ing processes. Sateens are plain cloths made on ordinary cam looms using five or more harness; .where there are a large number of threads to the inch the dobby-heafl lift^ is substitjited, Venetian linings are mainly satjeens woven with eight or more harness and finished to resemble silk linings. Tire- 'fabric, or fabric f6r use in pneumatic tires, includes various types of cotton cloths iised, together with rubber, in making automo- bile tires. Cord fabric is a peeuliar type of tire fabric, consisting of a number of cords held" parallel by occasional picks of filling; a typical cord fabric has 26 ends per inch of 23/5 pWyarn cabled 3- fold, and 2^ picks per inch of 23s single yam. These fabrics are usually woven in wide widths, particularly the 48, 54, and 60 inch. Pro by the Canadian statistics which for the fiscal year ended March 31, 1921, show imports from the United States of cotton velveteens, velvets, and plushes valued at $320,246 ; of towels valued at $286,995 ; and of toweling in the web valued at $37,268, although there is not shown how much of the two latter items were terry woven. . Important chamges m classifvcatiorw — The term " cotton pile fab- rics ", is. used as inclusive, and specific mention of plushes, velvets, velveteens, and corduroys has been omitted as uroiecepsary. Terry- woyen fabrics are also pile fabrics, but as they are cheaper articles they are provided for by name at a lower rate of duty than is ap- plied to other pile fabrics of cotton. As heretofore, the paragraph 876 SUMMARY OF TAiUFF INFOBMATION, 1921. includes manufactures of pile fabrics. To secure the inclusion of manufactures of pile fabrics which properly belong here, particu- larly Turkish tofwels, terry- woven bath mats and wash cloths, and velvet polishing cloths, the phrase " nor made of pile fabrics " was in- serted after the provision for towels, etc., in. paragraph 911. PARAGRAPH 910. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 910. Table damask, conipoaed wjtiplly ar in chief value of cotton, and manufactures, in any form, composed wholly or in (ftiief value of such dam- ask, 2S per centum ad valorem. ACT or 1909. Act OF 1913. Pab. 331. Ootton table damask, forty ; Pab. 263. Cotton table damask, and per centum ad valorem; manufadfures manufactures Of cotton table damask, of cotton table damask or of vyhich cot- or of wbich cotton table dg^mask is the ton table damask is the component ma- component material of chief value, not terial of chief value, not specially pro- specially provided for in this' section, vided for in this Section; forty per 25 per centum Ad valorem. ■ centum ad valorem. (See Survey 1-4.) Description and vses. — Damask fabrics are usually woven on Jac- quard looms, although some varieties are made on dobby looms, and show ornamental patterns, usually elaborate in character, such as fruit, foliage, scrolls, and vases. The figures in the patterns are made by alternately exchajoging warp for filling surface and vice versa. The surface threads of the figures lie at right angles to the surface threads of the background, and the rays of light falling on the fabric are dispersed and the pattern is brought out in bold relief, even though the entire fabric be white. Damasks for upholstery fall under the provisions of paragraph 908 ; damasks dutiable under para- graph 910 are restricted to the specific class known as table damask. While these are generally bleached goods, some are made in colors, 6. g., Turkey red damask, made of red and white yarns. Cotton table damask, although mainly Jacquard woven, is made of coarse yams, between 16s and 30s,. from ordinary upland cotton. Cotton table damask is cheaper than linen table damask, for which it is substi- tuted, and is being made in this country in increasing quantities. Cotton table damask refers to the woven cjoth ; the priiicipal manu- factures are table cloths, napkins, and doilies. Production in 1919 amounted to 27,400,000 squai'e yards (10,- 495,000 pounds), valued at $9,507,000. North Carolina, Georgia, Massachusetts, and Maine are the leading producers. Imports during the 30 fiscal years ended June 30, 1920, averaged in value $463,875 per annum. The values imported in 1914 amounted to $603,341. The record import, so far as values are concerned, was, in the fiscal year 1920, a total of $1,662,643, of which $796,727 con- sisted of cotton table damask in the piece, and $865,916 of manufac- tures thereof. Quantities were not recorded, but taking into con- SUMMAJIY OF TAEIFF INFOBMATIOiSr, 1S)21. 877 sideration the high prices of 1920, it is probable that the $759,491 worth imported in 1904 was the high-water mark as to quantity. The scarcity and high price of linen have led to the increased use of cotton table damask. Statistics of imports since 1917 follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. . Duty. COTTON TABLE DAMASK. 1918 Square yards. $645,706 565,495 607,688 268, 174 $161,427 1919 1,284,583 1,148,159 574,066 141,374 151,922 1920 1921 (9 months) 1 MANUFACTUKES OF COTTON TABLE DAMASK. 1918 1459,994 625,984 934,371 612,080 $114,999 1919 156,496 1920 . .. 233,593 1921 (9 months) ' , 1 Includes 13,874 pounds, valued at $17,687, under the emergency tariff act. > Includes 8,356 poumds, valued at $8,790, under the emergency tariff act. Exports are not recorded but are known to be fairly substantial. Importcmt changes in classifieaiion,. — This paragraph covers the same class of goods as those provided for in paragraph 263 of the act of 1913, that is, cotton table damask and manufactures of; the wording has been clarified and condensed. Suggested chamges. — Various types of cotton cloth, such as mus- lins, Chinese nankeens, coarse colored cottons, and cotton duck, have in the past been made dutiable at relatively high rates during cer- tain periods, and have then dropped back to a tariff level with other cotton cloths. Cotton table damask affords an example of. a cloth on which the same procedure might be followed. It is made of coarse counts, the domestic industry supplies the great bulk of the demand, and there is a substantial export. The Tariff Commission is unable to find any reason for the eo nomine designation of this cloth at a dis- tinct rate of duty, particularly as the progtessive rates of duty levied on other countable cotton cloths under paragraph 903 cover many Jacquard fabrics of much finer yarns and higher percentage of labor cost. Specific mention of manufactures of cotton table damask might be continued for purposes of statistical record. R is therefore suggested that paragraph 910 be reworded " Manu- factures of cotton table damask, in any form, composed wholly or in chief value of cotton," with the intent that cotton table damask in the piece fall under the progressive rates of duty in paragraph 903 without specific mention. PARAGRAPH 911. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 911. Quilts or bedspreads, com- posed wholly or In chief value of cot- ton, woven of two or more sets of warp threads or of two or more sets 878 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATIOlSr, 1921. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. of filling threads, 30 per centum ad valorem ; other quilts or bedspreads, wholly or in chief value of cotton, 20 per centum ad valorem ; sheets, pillow- cases, blankets, towels, polishing cloths, dust cloths, and mop cloths, composed wholly or in chief value of cotton, not Jaequard figured or terry-woven, nor made of pile fabrics, and not specially provided for, 20 per centum ad valorem ; table and bureau covers, cen- terpieces, runners, scarfs, napkins, and doilies, made of plain-xvoven cot- _ ton cloth', and not specially provided for, 23 per centum ad valorem. ACT OP 1909. ACT OF 1913. [No corresponding provision.] . . Par. 264. Towels, * * • quilts, blankets, polishing cloths, mop cloths, * * * sheets, pillowcases, * » » any of the foregoing made of cotton, or of which cotton is the component material of chief value, not em- broidered nor in part of lace and not otherwise^ provided for, 25 per centum ad valorem. [No corresponding provision for the other commodities.] HOUSEHOLD ARTICLES OF COTTON. DescH/pUori and wses.— Quilts, also termed bedspreads, coverlets, and coilntei^anes, are used as bed covering. The four main typeis'are Marseilles, satin, crochet, and dimity. The first three are Jacquatd woven, usually in elaborate designs of bold character. All four are loom-woven fabrics, which are usually finished by bleaching, and with hemmed or bound edges. Honeycomb and Alhambra quilts are of the same class as crochet quilts, differing principally in the type of design used. The term ", quilts " also includes padded bed cover- ings, such as the comfortable. Sheets are made of plain-woven cloth, cut and hemmed in various sizes. Pillowcases are made of plain- woven cloth, some of it tubular, cut to appropriate lengths, sewed, and hemmed at one end. Towels covered by this paragraph refer to ordinary plain and huck towels, and do not include Jacquard-woven towels or Turkish towels. Blankets covered by this paragraph refer to ordinary plain or twilled blankets, and do not include Jacquard- woven blankets. Polishing cloths are small squares of napped' cotton fabric, usually flannel, used in the household for poushing and dusting metal, glass, and wood ; also in the harness trade a;nd in the automobile-accessory business. Polishing cloths made of velveteen, such as is used for polishing silverware, are dutiable under paragraph 909. Dust cloths are similar to polishing cloths, but are given spe- cific mention because heretofore dutiable imder the basket para- graph. Mop cloths are used for scrubbing and may be either plain or leno woven; the filling is usually of cotton waste, jute, or other cheap material. The phrasing "table and bureau covers, center- pieces, runners, scarfs, napkins, and doilies " is used to cover a class SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 879 of imports known in the trade as " Japanese blue prints," consist- ing of articles made of coarse sheeting which has been stencil-dyed in indigo, and imports similar hereto. Production in 1919 of bedspreads and quilts^ (crochet, MarseillfeSi and satin) was 24,072,000 square yards (12,700,000 pounds), valued at $10,245,000; of sheets and pillowcases, 20^817,000 square yards (5,019,000 pounds), valued at $3,369,000; of cotton blankets of all kinds, 96,621,000 square yards. (42,321,000 pounds), valued at $32,- 640,000 ; of towels and toweling (not terry woven) , bath mats, wiping and polishing cloths (not pile woven), 43i,327,000 square yards (20,809,000 pounds) ,- valued at $16,786,000. The production of dimity and ripplette quilts is not recorded. Japanese blue prints are also not separately shown in production statistics. Such articles, made in imitation of Japanese designs, were first manufactured during the war, but as the basic cloth is better made than the Japanese, they lack the " oriental novelty " of the imported blue prints and reach a somewhat different class of trade. Imports in the fiscal year 1914 of quilts and blankets were valued at $116,892; polishing cloths, mop cloths, wash cloths, at-$63,077; sheets and pillowcases, at $4,836. Imports of buck towels are not recorded separately from imports of Turkish towels^ but the total for towels and bath mats wks $164,326 in 1914; most. of these were terry woven. Imports of household articles of cotton during the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. COTTON BLANKETS AND Q0ILTS. 1918 : Number. $144,926 168,895 387,074 147,433 $36,232 42,204 96 769 1919 54,476 86,817 45,908 1920 1921 (9 months) > COTTON SHEETS AND PILLOWCASES. 1918 ' $15,563 6,134 22,317 . 21,042 $3,891 1 534 1919 , . " 4,911 16,946 18,265 1920 51298 1921 (9 months) ! COTTON TOWELS AND BATH MATS. 1918 $59,395 49,946 108,682 48,513 $14,849 12 487 1919 236,927 410,489 205, 654 1920 27' 171 1921 (9 months)* COTTON CLOTHS FOE POLISHING, MOP CLOTHS, AND V fASH CLOTI IS. 1918. . $7,555 7,023 37,723 28,378 $1,889 1,766 1919 1920. .. 9.431 1921 (9 months') * 1 Includes 10,315 pounds, valued at $10,915, under the emergency tarifl act. • Includes 752 pounds, valued at $6,026, under the emergency tariff act. • Includes 2,973 pounds, valued at $2,676, under the emergency tarifl act. • Includes 1,902 pounds, valued at $707, under the emergency tarifl act. 880 SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Exports are not recorded, but are substantial. Their volume is in- dicated by Canadian statistics which show imports from the United States for the fiscal year ended March* 31, 1921, valued as follows: Bed quilts or spreads, $235,932; sheets and pillowcases, $125,595; blankets, $257,622; also $285,995 worth of towels, the greater part of which, however, may have been of Turkish towels. It is obvious that, with the exception of Japanese blue prints, exports are larger than imports of the articles covered by this paragraph. Important changes.. in cla88ifiGaUan--^-ha. the act of 1913 a number of articles were removed from a basket paragraph of the preceding act and provided for eo nomine in paragraph 264. Paragraph 911 is a revision of this paragraph. It comprises four bradcets. The first, two brackets cover cotton , quilts and bedspreads of all kinds, composed, wholly or in chief value of cotton. It is intended tha,t Marseilles a,nd satin quilts shall be $,ssessed one rate of duty, and all other quilts another and lower irate. The third bracket covers sheets, pillowcases, blankets, towels, pol- ishing cloths, dust cloths, and mop cloths, wholly; or in chief value of cotton, when not Jacquard or pile woven. Ordinary cotton blan- kets are here dutiable but Jacquard woven cotton blankets will fall under basket paragraph 920. Ordinary cotton towels, including huck, are here dutiable; Turkish towels are dutiable under para- graph 910^ Jacquard woven towels, not terry, fall under paragraph 920. Ordinary polishing cloths are here dutiable; those made of velveteen, such as Selvyt, are dutiable under paragraph 910. Dust cloths have been taken out of the basket paragraph and given specific mention. Mention of bath mats and wash cloths is omitted because imports are almost entirely t^rry- woven fabrics which will be duti- able under paragraph 910. Mention of batting has been omitted, letting it go back under the basket paragraph, because imports are small and this article does not properly belong with the others here enumerated. The fourth bracket is entirely new and has been inserted, not for the purpose of securing a higher rate, but to insure statistical record of me largest items now included under the basket paragraph. These are ' ^Japanese blue prints " and similar articles. These " blue prints," such as covers, centerpieces, etc., are usually stencil-dyed with reproductions of Mount Fuji, rural scenes, flowers, foliage, birds, etc., the basic cloth being mainly coarse sheeting. PARAGRAPH 912. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pae. 912. Fabrics with fast edges not exceeding twelve inches in width, and articles made therefrom; tubings, gar- ters, suspenders, braces, cords, tassels, and cords and tassels; all the fore- going composed wholly or in chief value of cotton or of cotton and india _ _ rubber, and not specially provided for, 25 per centum ad valorem; spindle banding, and lamp, stove, or candle wicking, made of cotton or other vege- SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 881 H. R, 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. table liber, 10 cents per pound and 12i per centum ad valorem ; boot, shoe, or corset lacings, made of cotton or other vegetable fiber, 15 cents per pound and 12i per centum ad valorem ; loom harness, healds, and collets, made wholly or in chief value of cotton or other vegetable fiber, 25 cents per pound and 20 per centum ad valorem ; labels for garments or other articles, composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, 50 cents per pound and 20 per centum ad valorem ; belting, for ma- chinery, composed whoUy or in chief value of cotton or other vegetable fiber, or Cotton or other vegetable fiber and inrtia rubber, -SO -per centum ad valorein. : , ACT OF 1909. Pae. 330. Bone casings, gartefS, * * * sti^end«rs and braces, and tubing, any ofthe foregoing made of cotton .* * * and India rubber, or of which cotton * * * is the com- ponent matferial die chief value, and not embroidered by hand or machineryj forty-five, per centum ad valorem ; spin- dle banding, woven, braided; or twisted, lamp, stove, or candle wicking made of cotton or other vegetable fiber, ten cents per pound and fifteen per centtun ad valorem ; loom harness, healds or collets made of -cotton or other vege- table fiber, or of which cotton or other vegetable fiber is the component mate- rial of chief value, fifty cents per pound and twenty-five per centum ad valorem ; boot, shoe, and corset lacings made of cotton or, other vegetable fiber, twenty-fivd cents per pound and fif- teen per centum ad valorem ; labels, for garments or other articles, com- posed of cotton or other vegetable, fiber; fifty cents per pound and thirty per centum ad valorem ; belting for ma- chinery made of cotton or other vege- - table fiber and india rubber, or of which cotton or other vegetable fiber is the component material of .chief Value, thirty per centum ad valorem. Pa*. 349. • * * bands, bandings, belts, beltings, bindings, cords, • • * ribbons, tapes, webs, and' webbings; * * * all of the foregoing, composed wholly or in chief value of cotton, * * * or other vegetable fiber, of of cotton, * * * or other vegetable fiber and, india rubber, or ctf cotton, * * * or other vegetable fiber, india rubber, and metal, and not elsewhere Bpeeially 'prbvlded for in this section. ACT OT 1913. t'AK. iB^. Batfdirlgfe, belts, beltings, blildiflgs, bohe eaSihgS, cords, tassels, Cords and tassels, garters, * ♦ * suspenders an^ braceS) And fabrics with fast edges not exceeding twejve inches in v^idth, aU of • the foregoing tnade of cotton' * * * of of which cotton * * * is the component ma- terial of chief valuej or of cotton * * ♦ and india rubber, and not em- broidered by hand pr machinery ; spin- dle banding, woven, braided, 6r twisted lamp, Stove, or candle wicking made of cotton or other vegetable fiber ; loom harness, healds, or collets m^de of cot- ton or other vegetable fiber, or of which cotton or other vegetable fiber is the componeht inaterlal of chief value; boot, shoe, and corset lacings, maae of cotton or^ other vegetable fiber; and labels for garments or other, articles, cbmposed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, 25 p6r centuin ad valorem ; belt- ing for machinery made of r.,. /,, ;;: Imports in 1914 were valued at.$844,552j Imports for the. calendar years ,1918-.1921 , hiave been as follows : , , -^'' ' ■ ■'■ .■ i'tU . . ■ , ' Narrow' waies-i...; ,.---- Garters, suspenders, and braces Cords and tassels Wicjdng, and spindle baadlng Lacing, boot, shoej and cors^ -. Looniiiafness, bewa, and collets.^. : Labels for garments Belting for machinery^ j 1918 1919 S782, 217 m 15,044 11,718 ll,606i 8,359 666,249 1332,421, ^364 .' 17,S82f . 7,930 ' ■'l,-640 16x193 6 8Sl : 550,970 1920 1921 ■ (9 months). $275,797 .»133,,227 31,945 . 86,-696 45,693 , 26,142 8,045 5,226 11,555 ■i 10,794 12,188 . 10,137 35,466 ■' 27,921 804,353 -195,|692 J tooludes imports recorded, as "labries with fa^t edges not exceeding 12 inches jn width," "bandtogs, brnttings, and bone casings" and "belts and beltings." , i fijnt^ijd^ in (1) without separate record. -i . Exports are not recorded. Canadian, statistics show imports from the United States for the fiscal year ended March 31, 1921, amount- ing to $289,994 for cotton tape, $89,348 for braces and suspenders, $56,447 for lamp wicks, and $174717 fpr cotton belting. Important changes m classification. — This is the small-wares para- '"graph:of:the cotton schedule, and, with few exceptions, is coimned to products of the narrow-ware or ribbon loom and to articles made from such products. It is therefore appropriately begun with the words " Fabrics with fast edges, not exceeding twelve inches in width, and articles made thei-efrom." In both manufacture and trade woven fabrics wider than 12 inches are known as cloth. Fabrics with fast edges not exceeding 12 inches in width neces- sarily include all narrow woven wares and it is not necessary to mention bandings^ beltings, bindings, webbings, tapes, ribbons, or other specific articles. Narrow strips cut from cloth can not be so included, because they are not made, with fast edges, and they would be dutiable as the cloth of which they are made. Articles made from narrow woven fabrics necessarily include bands, belts, webs, etc., without specific mention. . , The term " tubings " has been retained because such narrow .woven fabrics are a special form of narrow wares in that they are woven as tubes and therefore have no edges,. " Bone casings " has been omitted because it is included under the term tubings.. Specific mention of " garters, siispenders, braces " is retained to avoid their being classed as wearing apparel. " Cords, tassels, cords and tassels " are specifically mentioned because they are not woven fabrics and have heretofore been listed with woven small wares. The peculiar wording of this provision is due to a judicial decision that, for tariff purposes, a cord with a tassel attached is not a cord or a tassel but both. The revised wording confines the provisions of this paragraph on the above articles to those composed wholly or in chief value of cotton or of cotton and India rubber. SmaU wares of vegetable 884 STJMMAEY OF TABIFF INFOBMATIONj- 1921. • fibers- other than cotton belong in the small- wares paragraph of Schedule 10; in a few instances paragraph 912 includes by specific mention small wares of other vegetable fifeerS, mainly because of their small importance and for ease of administration. Narrow wares ornamented by embroidery or lace are more spe- cifically provided for in paragraph 1430 and it is not necessary to note such exclusion from this or other paragtaphs. In addition to the foregoing, this paragraph assigns a special rate of duty to spindle banding and to wicking. This rate applies irre- spective of how these goods are made and it is not necessary to say " woven, braided, or twisted." Separate rates are also provided for boot, shoe, and corset lacings, by whatever process made; for loom harness, healds, and collets; for labels for garments or othef articles; and for belting for machinery. The principal difference between paragraph 262 of the act of 1913 and paragraph 912. of H. R. Y456 is not in the class of articles in- cluded, but in the wording which clarifies the phraseology relating to narrow woven fabrics and articles made therefrom. "Tire fabric or fabric suitable for use in pneumatic tires." does not properly belong with small wares, as it is a specially constliicted cloth that is usually 48 inches or more in width. It has, therefore, been more appropriately placed with' other special cloths in para- graph 906i ' PARACtRAPH 9 is. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ■-'■ ■ f;i. .. i-'f ;.'■;: ■; 1 ^ . Par. 913. Knit fabric, in the piece, camposed wholly or in chief value ot cotton or other vegetable fiber, made on a warp-knitting machine, 35 per centum ad valorem; made on other than a warp-knitting machine, 23. per centupi ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OE 1913. [No corresponding provision; dutl-.. [No , corresponding provision; duti- able under basliet paragraph 332, .^t* able under basket paragraph 266, at 45 per centurfi ad valorem.] - 30 per centum ad valorem.] COTTON KNIT FA3EI0. . . (See Survey 1-6.) Description and tisesl — The article here covered is cotton knit jfabric in the piece. There are several varieties, but essential differ- ences exist between those made on warp-knitting machines and those made on circular or on flat weft-knitting machine. The structure of a warp-knit fabric is composed of any number of warp threads as in a woven fabric, but held together by interlocking loops mstead of by other threads. The resultant fabric has only a slight stretch, will not ravel, and can be produced With such fine, closely knit loops that it is difficult to distinguish from a woven cloth. A variety often known as *' atlas 6loth " has been especially developed for gloves; by means of a finishing process, called suSdmg, it is inade to resemble chainois or similar soft-finish leathers. Further improvements haVe SUMMAB,Y or TAKEFF INFGBMATION, 1921. 885 resulted in the duplexing process, a union of two thicknesses of the fabric, whereby the sueded surface appears on both sides. Other cotton knit fabric is usually made on circular knitting machines, which operate rapidly and produce the fabric in tubular iprm. Un- derwear, cheaper grades of gloves, and other garments are cut from fabric knit in this manner. Special types ol^knit fabric are made for lining rubber shoes and a thin, cheap grade is used for coveriiig meats. i : Production. — Practically all of the glove esta,blishments make their own sueded fabric, so that very little is offered for sale. Heiice the census figures for, 1919 — 165,000 square yards, va^lued at $380,000 — represent only a small proportion of the total, which was estimated at over 1,000,000 gquare yards for that year.- The warp-knitting in- dustry is of comparatively recent origin in the United States, as prior to the war praoticaUy all sueded gloves were imported. The majiufacture of knit cotton fabrics for garments is an iategral part of the knit*-garment industry, and probably the entire production, which, because of the size of this industry, must be enormous, is con- sumed in the knitting mills. , - Imports and exports.— ^(m& veaordi'&A.. ■ . . ., Ir^poriant ehcmffes in clmsifi,eation.—TWs\ entire paragraph is new. Knit cotton fabric in the piece has .not been specially' mentioned in previous tariff acts, but; because, of. the growth of the knit-goods in- dustry, and especially the manufacture of fabric gloves,jin this coun- try, it has been deemed advisable to include it heire. - Imports under this paragraph may never be large, but there is the possibility that " atlas ! cloth ", will be imported from Gr^rniany,, where a superior quality can be produced at less cost. It seems desirable to secure statistical enumerittionso that aoy development of- this, trade can be made known. pIaRAGR^PH 914. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pak. 914. Gloves, composed wholly OB in chief value oi cotton or other vegetable fiber, made of fabric knit on a warp^knitting machine, 40 per centum ad valorem ; made of fabric knit on other than a ^ warp-knitting machine, 33i per centum' ad valorem ; made of woven fabric, 23 per centum ad vaiprepi. , , ACT OF 1909. i. ACT OF 1913. Pab. 328. * * * Men's, an^^iaioys' P'abI. 260. * *, * Gloves by what- cotton gloves, knitted or woven, 'vklued evei- process made, composed wholly at not more than six dollars per dozen or in chief value of cotton, 35 per palrsitffty cents per dozen pairs and centum ad valorem, forty per centum ad valorem;, ivalued at more than six dollars : per dozen pairs, fifty per centum ad valorem. [Women's cotton gloves, not being specifically provided for, were held dutiable as cotton wearing apparel, under paragraph 324, at 50 per centum ad valorem.] m Summary of taeifp ixFORMAmoN, iffiii. COTTOX GLOVES. :(See Survey .1-6.) Desc7nption ■ arid lises. — Cotton 'gloves made of warp-knit' iahiic are usually known by the tra(ie name, suMed or chanioisette gloves, because of the finish which reseriibles suedfe*6r chamois leather. -This fabric, often called "atlas cl6th,'''is finely knit and Will not ravel. (See par. 913.) Other knit gloves arje lisle gloves, which incltide many varieties of "Women's dress gloves, rti'ade' from severely gassed yarn, and the cheap g'loves, made from goodfeknition: a '"circular" machine, such as are commonly used by policemen and undertakers. Woven fabric gloves 'a,te work gloveS of canvas or cottori' flannel, often reinforced with le'kthef, or, for husking, with metal. ' Prod'todtion' values of various kinds of cotton gloves for 1918 were e^imated as follows : Work gloves, $4,000,000 to $5,000,000, the bulk produced in the Middle West; gloves of " circular " cloth, $500,000; lisle gloves, $2,000,000; and siiMfed cotton gloves, $8,450,000 (1,300,000 dozen pairs). The three last-named classes are made chiefly in New York State. Before the war the manufacture of cotton gloves was confined largely to work and ''circular " glovesy our supply of lisle and sueded ^oves coming almost wholly from Germany. " After 1914, and until the resumption of trade with Germany, production grew so rapidly that at least one-half the lisle artd practically all the sueded gloves required for domestic use were made- in this coun- try. The quick revival of glOve imports caused^nany domestic riianu- facturers to curtail production. ; . i Imports of cotton gloves during the fiscal year ended* June 30, 1914, were 1,523,728 dozen pairs, valued 'at $2,184,039. ' These were mainly women's sueded gloves from Germany. The deci-eased im- ports during the war were mainly lisle gloves from Japan'.; Germany was again the main source in 1920.""^ Imports since 1917 have been recorded as follows : Oalendai year. Quatttity. Value. $544,048 269,650 1,078,081 2,727,487 Duty. 1918.. Dozen pairs. 368,038 . 159,374 „ 304,015 • 813,604 $180,417 94,378 1919 - 1920 377 328 1921 (9 months) i . ' . '' 1 Iii(!ludes 327,764 pounds, valued at $1,226,147 under the emergency tarifi act. Exports are not recorded. " , , ; Important changes in classification. — Gloves composed wholly or in chief value? Of ^cotton or other vegetable fiber are hgre' divided into three tariff classes, because each class represent^ a dis^^inct phase of the industry and presents an entirely different tariff problem. The description "made of fabric knit oa a warp-taiitting machine" has been used in preference to the various trade-marked names of mate- rials. For the same reason " warp-fcniitting machine "■' instead of " Tricot " or other special type of machine has been given because the former describes a general type whi^h would cover any future patents or inventions of similar machines. • Few woven-fabric gloves are imported, but the classification has -been added to' make the para- graph comprehensive as well as definite. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 887 PARAGRAPH 915. H. R. 7456. Par. 915. Hose and half-hose, fash- ioned, seamless, or mock-seamed, fin- ished or unfinished, composed of cot- ton or other vegetable fiber, made wholly or in part on knittipg ma-, chines, or knit by hand, valued at not more than $1 "per dozen pairs, 35 cent^ , per dozen pairs ; valued at more than" 51, and npt mor^ than $1.50 per dozen pairs,' 45 cents per dozeii pairs ;■ valued at^more than $1..50 and not more than $2 per dozen pairs, 65 cents per dozen pairs ; .valued at, more than $2 and not tilpre than $3 j^t ' dozen pairs, ' $1.20 per dozen pairs ; valued at inore than $3 and not more than $5 per; dozen pairs, $2 per dozen pairs; and, in ad- dition thereto, on all i of, the foregoing, 12J per ctotum ad valoreni ; va.lued at more thaii $5 per dozen 'piairS, 35 per centum ad valorem. Hose and half-hose, finished or un-. finished, made or cut frpm- knitted fabric composed of cotton or other vegetable- Bberi an'd' not 'Specially pro- vided' for. 23 per centum; ad valorem. ACT QF 1909. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913.r Pab. 327. Stockings, hose and half- hose, made on knitting machines or frames, composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, and not otherwise, spe- , cially provided £pr in this section, thirty per centum ad -fralorem. ' ' Pab. 328. Stockings, hose and half- hose, selvedged, fashioned, narro^jed, or shaped wholly or in part by knitting machines or frames, or knit by hand, including^^ such as are commercially known as ■seamless stockings, hose and half-hose and clocked stockings, hose and half-hpse, all of the above coin- posed of cotton pr other'vegetablp fiber, finished or unfinished, valued at ntot more than one dollar per dozen pairs; seventy cents per dpzen pairs ; valued at mpre than one dollar per tdozep, pairs, and not more than one dollar and flftjf (?ents per dozen pialr's, eighty- five- cents per dozen pairs; valued' at more than one dollar and fifty cents per dozen pairs, aiid-not more, than two doIlars^ per dPzen -^airs, ninety • cehtspef dozen jpairs ; valued at-ihore than two dollars .per dozen pairs, and not more than three dollars per dozen pajrs, pnp.doll^ q.nd twenty ceats. per dozen ' pair^ ; valued at more 'than ; three "dolia.FS 'tier dozen pairs, and not' more than five dollars per dozen pairs, twp dpUars per dozen pairs; and in Par. 259. Stockings, hose and half hose, made on knittiiig machines or frames, composed of, cptton or other vegetable fiber, and not otherwise spe^ cially provided for in' this ^ectidh, '20 per centum ad valorem. ' Pas. '260. StocltJngSi hose and half hose, selvedged, fashjjpned.—narrowed, or shaped wholly oriij part by knit- ting machines or frames;' oi: knit by hand,' including such as are commer- .clally known as seamless stocking?, hose and half hpse, and clicked stock- ings, hose and .half hose, all of the above composed of cotton or other veg- etable 'fiber, finished or unfinished ; if valued at not more than 70 cents per dozen pairs, 30 per centum ad valorem ; if v,alued at .more than 70 cents, and) not more than $1.20 per dozen pairs, 40 per centum ad "valorem ; if valued at more than $1;20 per dozen pairs, 50 per centum ad valorem. * * *. 888 SUMMABY OF TABIFF INFQKMATIONi 1921. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. addition thereto, upon all the forego- ing, fifteen per centum ad valorem; valued at more than five dollars per dozen pairs, fifty-five per centum ad valorem. * * *. COTTON HOSIERT. (See Survey' 1-6.) Description and uses. — Hosiery is ,pf three general types: FuJL fashioned, seamless, and "cut."' FulL fashioned hosiery is knitted flat, shaped by the increase or diminution of the number of stitches in the width, and selvaged ready for seaming. After the leg of a full-fashioned stocking is knit it is trg,nsferred to another machine for the formation of the foot. Besides this there are the processes of seaming and of looping the toe and heel. Seamless stockings are made in tubular form on circular niachines, usually automatic, and come from the machine complete except for the toe, which must be seamed or looped. Sometimes a mook seam is added to such stockings to make them resemble the full fashioned. Ribbed hose or ribbed- topped socks require two machines for the knitting. Full-fashioned hosiery fits better and is more elastic than seamless ; but seamless hosiery is cheaper, as the circular machine is more productive a^ SEAMLESS AND FTTLL-FAgHIONEP JtOSIEEY. Quaptitj (4ozBn pairs). valtie.. .-': Duty.; tm. ' lofludes 130,24* pounijp, vs/ivted ^t »360,365, unfler the ^mu^^JtcjtmS flCt- CUT HOSIEEY. Quantity (4p?en p^s) Value.;... , Duty...,..-.: 1 lpclud,e^ p,74,9 ppunds, TBljied at 113,1^, wider t^i9 emqr^pncy tariff apt. Exports of cotton hosiery^ are much larger than imports. Ex- ports since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows : 1 ,' ■ 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (drw-nn pairs) 5,574,343 J13,258,474 9,477,338 $26,882,566 11,575,655 i»37,879,66a' 1,954,534 15,019,645 Value ..'... ' .' The main purchasers in 1920 were England, Cuba, Australia, France, Argentina, Sweden, and Denmark. Im/portant changes m classification.— ^As hose and half hose are inclusive, the word " stockings " has been omitted as superfluous. For the same reason the words "selyedged," "narrowed," and "frames" have been omitted. The &ll-fashioned hose comes from the knitting machine as a selvedged piece of material and a stock- ing could not be selvedged except by being shaped or fashioned in the knitting. Even if designed to apply to the shaped material for hose not sewed into form the term "selvedged " would be unneces- sary because of the provision for unfinished hose. "Narrowed" would also mean fashioned as the shape of a fashioned hose is given by " narrowing " or decreasing the number of loops in the width at certain places. A " narrowed" hose is not nec^sarily full fashioned but the revised wording does not specify full fashioned, nor does it give separate classifications to seamless and to full-fashioned hose, hence hose which, is seafliless but partly fashioned or narrowed would be covered by the first provisions of the paragraph. The word " mock-seamed " has been inserted to cover a type of seamless hosiery that is made to imitate full-fashioned liosiery, although it is hardly necessary as it would be included in seamless hosiery. Besides the fashioned and the seamless hose whiclEi are given form on the knitting machines, there is a third general type shaped by cut-^ ting ftpm knitted fabric and made into the finished hose by sewing. In cotton hosiei^ these are usually made from a clieap grade of fabric knit on large circular machines or from the good parts of other hosiery damaged in manufacture. Imports of cheap cut hosiery are small, but because they consist largely of one type, infants' sooks, are 890' SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOEMATIdN, 1921. competitive with a special branch of the industry. The revised word- ing states more clearly the type of hosiery heretofore covered by the pm-ase " not specially provided for." " Clocked" haS'^beien omitted from the t'e'vised- wotding. Clocking is ankle ornamentation, but there are three types of hose sold as clocked hosfe." The Qrst is embroidered by hand or machine, and the omission of the word' clocking here throws these into the paragraph provided for embroidered articles. The second is made by plating on the knitting machine, whereas the third,' sometimes known as imi- tation clocking, is made by opfitowork knitting along the ankle. The two last-named classeswonld be included as hosiery in any case, as it is immajbbrial whether the plating and openwork is ohly along the ankle* or all over the hose. The onussion of " clocked,", thereby throwing hose with embroidery clocks mto the paragraph provided for embroidery, is in liiie with the present procedure in connection with silk hose. ');■ PARAGRAPH 916. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pab. 916. Untlerwear and aU'otber wearing appa,rel of every description, finished or unfinished, composed of cot- ton or other vegetable fiber, made wholly or in part on knitting machines, or knit J),\r haUd," and,,,ti(5t specially provided for, valued at not more than , !?1.50 per dozen, 40 cents per doz^n and' i2i per tentum ad sJalorem; valued at ' more than $1;50 and not more than $Bt'. per dozen, 70 cents -per dozen and> 13i per, centum ad valorem; valued j;at,, more than ','$3 and not'more than $5 per dozen, $1.20 per dozen dnd 20 per ' centum ad valoreni ; valued at more than $5 a«d not more than $7' per dozen, ,$1.40 . per dozen and 25 pir , centum ad valorem; valued at more than $7" and- riot more thaii $15 per dozen, $S.25 per dozen and 25 per centum,; ad valorem ;^v^ued at more . than $15 and^pot ptt6re than $20' per, doien, $4'p'ei' disiieb' and 28 per centiim ad valorem ;' valued "at more than $20 per dozen,;40 per, centum ad valorem. v';^ Act oe 1909. V'AS. 328, Shirts and drawers, pants, vests, uniouj suits, .-ppmblnation -sultg, , tights,' sweaters,' corset covers and all underwear of every description made- whblliy or in^^part on knitting ma- chines' Or 'frames, or knit by hanct, finished or un^nished, .not including stockings, /hose and hali-hose, com- , posed of cbttbn or other ' veget'dl)le fiber, valued at. not more than one " dollar andflfty cents per dozen,. sixtj^ gents pep dozen and. flftjeen per cenCuni.-, ad valorem ; valued at more than brie ' dollar and fifty cents per dozen and ACT OF 1913r '■ .Pab. 261; Shirts and d.rawers, pants, vests, . pnion gui^s,. c9ml}ipa:tion, , suits, tights,- sweaters,/ corset' covers, and all under'wtear and wearing apparel of every desc^iption^ not specially pro- vided for in this sectip;a,; inade wholly or ,ini ^art oii, knitting, machipes. or frames,"pr knit by hand.jflnished- or ubfinished, not, including such''as afe trifilm^Jwiffi^'lacfe*, imitaition lace or crochet bir as are embrjwlered and'not. Including, stockings, , hose and : half hose, composed of cotton or other vege- table fiber, 30 per centum ad valorem. SUMMAftY C»5F TARIFF IlirPOEMATION, 1921. 891 ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. not more than three dollars per dozen, one dollar and ten cents per dozen, and in addition thereto fifteen per centum ad valorem ; valued at more than three dollars pefi dozen and not more than five dollars per dozen, one dollar and' fifty cents per dozen, and in addition thereto twenty -five per centum ad valorem ; valued at more ■ than five dollars per dozen and not more than seven dollars per dozen, onie dollar and seventy-five cents pgr' dozen; and in addition, thereto thirty- five per centum ad valorem ; valued at more than seven dollars .per dozen and not mdre than fifteen 'dollars pe* ' ' " ' dozen, tvpo dollars and twenty-five cents per dozen, and in addition there- to thirty-five per' centum ad valorem ; valued above fifteen dollars per dozen, fifty per centum ad valorem. COTTON KNIT WEARING APPAREL. - (See Survey 1-6.) Description and itses. — Knit wearing apparel may be divided into "flat" and "ribbed." Ribbed goods are distinguished from flat (plain surface) goods by having ribs or wales on both sides of the fabric. Cuffs, anklets, nosiery tops, etc., as well as sweaters and other knit goods for outer wear, are made on the rib machine, but undergai-ment's having smooth surfaces are not .ordinarily, so pro- duced. Full-fashioned underwear is the product of a straight spring- needle machine, which narrows or shapes the garment to fit the body. Only the finest grades are made in this way. The ordinary and cheapest method is to knit the fabric into long tube-shaped material on a large circular knitting machine, when it may be cut and made into any type of underwear desired. Such garments are known as " cut goods, " the finishing being the most important part of the process. Proditction of cotton knit underwear in 1914 amounted to $68,715,752 j in 1919, to $143,687,000, about 70 per cent of the value of all knit underwear. There was no increase in quantity over 1914, but there was a greater number of combination suits and fewer separate pieces. Cotton knit outerwear is hot a distinct industry. The cotton is as a rule used with wool or with silk. Bathing suits and, less frequently, sweaters are sometimes all cotton. Official re- turns do not show separately the production of knit outerwear made of cotton. TSfew York and Pennsylvania in 1914 were the chief producers of knit wearing apparel. . IiTiports -in 1914 of cotton knit goods, other than hosiery and gloves, were valued at $341,983, or less than 1 per cent of domestic prodi^ction. 892 SUMMARY OF TARIFF IlvFORMATION, 1921. Imports since 1917 have been as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. 1 ! ■ ■'■ , Value. Duty. ■ 1918 '"Dozews. 97,248 36,051 22,441 22,426 $606,001 296,734 193, 119 146,309 $181,001 86,990 57 936 1919 , 1920 , 1921 (9 months)! 1 > Includes 4,579 pounds, valued at $18,554, under the emergency tarlfi act. Ex-ports of cotton-knit wearing apparel are mncli larger than im- ports. The main purchasers in 1920 were the United Kingdom, Norway, Cuba, and Australia. Exports for the calendar years 19X8-1921 were as follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) $3,897,486 945,833 $8, 602; 293 1,608,995 $14067,839 2,510,658 $2,536,434 340,024 Othfir r:n%Xnry Trnit gnnds 1.. I other than hosiery, gloves, and underwear. Im/portcmt chcunges in classification. — "Underwear and all other ■yrjeariflg appaj-el p| every description " is broa,dly inclusive and it is not necessary to retain specific mention of certjiin articles, such as shirts, drawers, pants, vests, etc,, as aU of these are included under the revig^d wording. The phrase " not including such as are trimmed with lacP) itnitaftipn l^ce, or crochet, or as are emteoidered" is oniitted a? supeffluqijs because these articles are, more specifically provided for elsewhere. PARAGRAPH 917. H. R. 7456. \ Pae. 9I7.,H'afKlkerchiefS and.mufitters, composed wRolly or in chifef value of ' cotlofl,' finished or unfinished, not hemmed, shall pay duty as cloth ; hemn),^ji,or hemstitcjiecl. shall pay, in addition thereto, 10 per centutn ad ysXof^m: 'Provided, That none of the' foregoing, when' containing yams the averaige niimbeD of which doe^ not ex- ceeA iiBnjil)er 4p, gJiaU pay less than 25 per centum ad!, ;Faiorem ; nor when ex- cepding nilmber 40, less than 30 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Pae. 322. Handkerchiefs or mufflers composed of cotton, whether In the piece or otherwise and wh,ether. fin- ished or unfinished, if liot hemmed, or hemmed only, shall pay the same rate of duty on the cloth contained therein SJlBrATE AMENBDIElirTS. ACT OP 1913. Pab. 255. Handkerchiefs or mufflers composed of cotton, not specially pro- vided for in this . section, whethbr fin- ished or unfinished, not' hemmed, 25 per centum ad valorem ; hemmed, or hemstitched, 30 per centum ad valorem. SUMMABY OF TABIFF INFORM ATIOK", 1921. 893 ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. as Is imposed- on cotton cloth of the same description, weiglit, and count of threads to the square ' inch ; but such handkerchiefs or mufflers shall not pay a less rate of duty than forty- live per centum ad valorem. If such handkerchiefs or mufflers are hem- stitched, or imitation hemstitched, • * * they shall pay a duty of ten per centum ad valorem in addition to the duty hereinbefore prescribed, and in no case less than fifty -five per centum ad valorem ; * * * PLAIN COTTON HANDKERCHIEFS AND MUFFLERS. (See Survey 1-5.) Description and uses. — ^The plain cotton handkerchief, hemmed or hemstitched, not embroidered or otherwise adorned, is the staple article of largest domestic manufacture and use. Mufflers al'e of minot im- portance. Manufacturers buy the finished cloth in the pifebe, usually already bleached or, less frequently, dyed or printed. It is then cut to size and hemmed or hemstitched, principally by machine, ironed, folded, and bOxed for sale. The cloth used is composed of yarns rangih^ from 30s to 110s, mainly under 60s for men's handkerchiefs and under 80s for women's. Domestic cloth is generally used, prices being no higher than for foreign fabrics. Productioit. — The domestic output of cotton handkerchiefs in 1914 was estitnated at $10,000,000, about two-thirds the value of all hand- kerchiefs made in the tjnited States. The normal output is probably greater, a& 1914 was. a year of reduced operation. As plain and em- broidered cotton and linen handkerchiefs are usually made in the same plant, it is difficult to treat cotton handkerchiefs separately. The man- ufacture is centralized in the North Atlailtic section, .from Ehode Island to Pennsylvania. Passaic is the most impbrtarit manufacturing city and New York the principal center of distribution. Large-scale production predominates, although a considerable portion of this manufacture is in small shops and by individuals who do the cutting, hemming, and embroidering on commission. Imports of plain cottoil handkerchiefs are usually much less im- portant than, those of "fancy " handkerchiefs made pf lace or em- broidered or otherwise adorned, which are dutiable under paragraph 358 of the act of 1913 at 60 per cent ad valorem. The increase in im- >portations of plain cotton handkerchiefs in recent years has been, in {lart at least, due to the scarcity and high price of linen handkerchiefs, mports are mainly from the United Kingdom and Switzerland. Ire- land is now the main source, many Belfast handkerchief manufac- turers having had to turn from linen to cotton. The finished hemmed or hemstitched handkerchief has made up the bulk of these imports. Importations of handkerchiefs in the piece, or cut but not hemmed, are of minor importance. Imports of plain cotton handkerchiefs in 1914 were valued at $112,499. 894 SUMMTABY OP TABIFF laSTFOBMATION, 1921, Imports^ since 1917 have been as follows: '- Calendar year. Quantity. ValUB. Duty. UNHEMMED HANDKEBCHIEFS. 1918 Dozen. , .''' 186,094 1!^ ■51,129 '■> 152,083' 54,522, J21,524 12,782 38,021 1919 iioiisi 275,717' 100,879 1920 : 1921 (9 months) 1 .>», i. ....... HEMMED OE HEMSTITCHED HANDKERCHIEFS. 1918 »353,820 , 607,482 1,481,686 894, 174 »106,145 182,245 444,505 1919 :;. 790,244- 1,882,705 1,183,890 1920 1921 (9 months)* • Includes 500 pounds, valued at $1,797, under the emergency tarifi act. ' Includes 67,240 pounds, Talued at {244,561, under the emergency tarifl act . Exjiofts are not recorded. Canadian statistics show imports from the United States during the fiscal year ended March 31, 1921, of cotton handkerchiefs valued at $110,74^. ^ ; ■ Ifn^ortanf change in classification. — This paragraph is inteiided to ?pyer all.jhandkerchiefs and. mufflers of which cotton is the component qiaterial of chief value, except such as are prnanierited TyitH.lace^ em- broidery ,*etc., and more specifically provided for in paragraph 1430. As; in the act of 1913, one rate of duty is imposed on, unhpjhmed handkerchiefs, and another and higher rate, on heimihed or hem- stitched handkerchief s, , The provision that unhemmed handker- chiefs shall be dutiable at the same rate as the cloth of which they are composed, and that hemmed or hemstitched handkerchiefs shall he dutiablp at the clqth rate plus 10 per cent ad valorem prevents classification at a lower rate of duty than that imposed on the basic cloth of the handkerchief. ' . Minimum ad valorem y^tes of duty have been provided, one rate for handkerchiefs made of cloth containing yams the average nmnber of which does not excefed number 40, and another and higher rate for those composed of cloth with finer yarns. PARAGRAPH 918. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pah. 918. Olothiilg and articles of : v wearing apparel of every description, manufactured- wholly or in part, coin^ posed wholly or in chief value of cot- ton, and not specially provided for, 33 J per centum ad valorem. Shirt collars and cufCs; of cotton, not specially, ; provided for, 2.5 cents- per dozen pieces and 12i per centum ad valorem. ■ "- • SUMMABY OF TAWFP INFOEMATJION;, 1921. 895 ACT OF 1909. Pab. 324. Clothing, ready-made,' and articles of T^earing apparel , of every description, composed of cotton * * * or of whicli cotton, * * * is the component" material of , chief, valiie, made up or manufactured, wholly or in "part, by the tailor, seamstress, ' or manufacturer, and not otherwise pro- vided for in this, section, fifty per, centum ad* valorem!. • ,-. J , Pab. 34& Shirt collars and cufEs, composed of cotton, ifortyrflje cents per dozen pieces and fifteen per csntiim ad, valorem • * * * . ' ACT OF 1913. Par. 256. Clothing, ready-made, and articles, of wearing apparel of every de- scriptiour composed of- cotton- * * * or of which cotton * * ' * ig the com- ponent, material' of chief , value, or of cotton * * * and India rubber, made up or manufactured, wholly or in part, by the tailor, seamstress, or manufacturer, and not otherwise .spe- cially provided for in this section, 30 per centum ad vialorem ; shirt: collars a;nd cufEs of :cptton, not specially pro- yided for in this section, 30 pesr centum ad valorem. OOTTON WilARING APPABEL. (See Survey 1-5. J Description and uses. — ParagrapTi 918 covers cotton wearing ap- parel of every description, not specially provided for. Articles spe- cially provided: for elsewhere are garters, suspenders, braces, and other manufactures of narrow wares (par. 912) ; knit goods (pars. 914, 915, 916) ; handkerchiefs (par. 917) ; and apparel ornamented with lace, embroidery, etc. (parr 1430). Production. — Separate figures ^or cotton .wearing apparel are not available, but an estimate based on figures of the clothing trades in general as recorded in th« census of 1914 places the production of cotton wearing apparel at over $200,000,000 for that year. It is evi- dent that all but a very small proportion of our increasing demand is supplied domestically. Imports are mainly from France, with the United Kingdom second and Switzerland third. Imports during the fiscal year 1914 and the calendar years 1918- 1921 were as follows: Cotton wearing apparel. 1914 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Collars and cufis $5,619 1,273 1,065,365 . $29,316 . 18,954 . ' 942,487 $24,035 20,010 436,664 ' $75,228 4,148 1,226,819 $41,682 7,373 832,599 Clothing and articles of wearing apparel, n. s. p. f Total 1,072,257 990,757 480,709 1,306,195 881,554 Exports are much larger than imports. This United States ships cotton wearing apparel to almost every country of the world. In 1920 the main purchasers of collars of cuffs were Cuba, Mexico, and Holland ; of corsets, Australasia, United Kingdom, Canada, and South Africa ; of other apparel for men and boys, Cuba, Canada, Norway, Panama, Dominican Kepublic, and Japan; of other apparel for women and children, Canada, Cuba, and Poland. Exports during the fiscal year 1914 and in the calendar years 1918-1921 were as follows: 896 STJMMABY OF TAKIFP INt'bBMATIOif, 1921. Cotton Weartng^^pafffl. 1914 191g 1919 -192tr 1921 (9 months). Cbllat3ilildcufls.....i....i... Corsets, all MndS;.: Wevin^ appareL allotber: Tor men and boys For women arid children. "fotal 12,220,739 } 5,999,887 $329,227 1,923,078 6,iSl,308 3,018,130 ' 1771)219 2)880,858 10,082,218 3,664,724 1816,142 3,5^,767 17,724,623 4,542i23S I3<8,770 1,237,772 '3,8fl8,708 ■ 2,144,250 8,220,626 11,448,743 17,399,019 26,606,667 .7,584,500 , I{m^ortant clumges m ctassifieation. — Paragraph 918 covers cotton wearing apparel of every description, not specially provided for. Wearing appai;el whprlly or in chifef talue of veg^t^bls fiber other than cotton has Ije^ii appropriately placed under Schfedllle 10. The word "ready-made" has been omitted as unnecessary, because this para- graph covers wearing, apparel, j^ether ready-made or custom-made. The words " by the tailor, seamstress, or manufacturer," used in previous acts after the words 'Vmiamufactured whoUy or in part," have been omitted as tautological, since all wearing apparel must be so made. Mention of india lubber is oiiitted, and althoqgh India rubber may be present in^the gOods covered, cotton must be^the mate- rial of chief value. , If india rubber is the material of chief value, such wearing appiareL would be classified as an articlef of rubber. PARAGRAPH 919. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pab, 919. Lace vifindQW curtains, nets, ,, nettings, pillow shams, and bed sets, flnislied or unflnished, made on the Nottingham lace-curtain machine, and composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, when counting fiyei points or , spaces between the warp' threads to the inch, IJ cents per square yard ; when counting more than five such points or spaces to the inch, three- fourths of 1 cent per square yard in addition for each point in excess of five; and in addition thereto, on all the toregoing articles in this para-- . graph, 17 per' centuin ad valoreni : Pro- vided, That none of the foregoing shall pay a less rate of duty, thun 40 per centum ad valorem. ■ ' - - ACT or 1909. Par. 351. Lace wliifliaw curtains, nets, nettings, pillow shams,: and bed sets, finislied or unflnlsjied, made on tlie JS'pttingham lace-curtain machjln^ or on the Nottingham Watp machliife, and composed of cotton or other vege- table fiber, when counting flve'-. points or spaces between tbejw^rpijihreadsto ACT OF 1913. PAit. 265. Lace Wiiid,,. ^Important GhmgesAn classification. — The worcling here used , for products of the Nottingham lace-curtain machine is the same as that in, paragraph 351 of. the act of 1909 1 except that the words " or on the Nottingham warp, machine,"^ have Jipen, omitted beca,us^th^'. machine so designated is-i^eally a " warp lace "machine, the products of wjbiich properly belong jinder paragraph 1430.; , The. classification of the act of 1913 has b,eean followed in placing the ai;tiples here covered under the,cqttDn:Schediilebecause they are mainly of ,fi Imports since 1917 for calendar years have been as follows: Flax. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity. Value. Quantity. ValUje. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value.' Straw Not hackled. . Hackled Tow Tom. 142 5,026 1,773 721 207 $14,116 4,225,260 2,558,428 524,460 39,783 Tons. ■668 939 2,129 471 313 $25,570 757,060 2,929,062' 18S191, 99,707' Tom. 2,084 2,795 1,061 744, 107 $25,813 1,825,729 1,875,605 276,282- 45,520' Tom. 179 1,011 738 780 $9,482 650,408 813,532 199,891 1^176 Noils ,, .Total... 7,869 7,362,047 4,420 3,996,590 6,791 ,3,848,949 2,712, ', l,6M,07a - In 1920 imports of hackled flax were supplied largely by Japan, Canada, and Ireland. Over half of all; ^ther flax than? hackled came from Canada; the remaiader was in large part from Russia, Japan,, and Italy. .• ii . >\: '■ Important changes in classification.— -¥la,yL is transferred froin the free list of the act of, 1913 (par. 486): The words, "flax, hackled, including; * dressed line,"' are here used instead of the wording "flax. Hackled, known as 'dressed line,' "which, was used in the acts of 1909 and' 1913. This change has been made, to avoid possible liti-; gation with respect to the extent of the hacMing operations. Flax which has been subjected to either hand, or machine hackling is hackled 'flax, but "dressed line" designates only, flax which has been completely hackled by both hand and machine operations. : ' • i HEMP. ^ ' (See Survey FL-16.) Description and uses. — Hemp is a term that correctly denotes only soft hemp (Cannabis^ sativa), although it is loosely used sometimes in connection with other fibers. Hemp is stronger, glossier, and more durable than" cotton, but more costly to manufacture; in these respects it is similar to flax,- but it is somewhat coarser than flax and even more diflScult to bleach. Its great strength and resistance to rotting in water make it an excellent material for all cordage pur- poses; its relatively high cost, however, confines its uscrmainly to those articles where strength is the prime factor, such as shoe thread, certain types of commercial twines, , tarred rigging for. ships, and elevator ropes. Large cordage, like ships' cables, , and : hawsers, is usually made of the cheaiper mahila. i : ;, : Hemp (meaning hemp not hackled) is t^ fiber that has been extracted from the stem of theihemip plamt, by I methods similar to those used in extracting flax fibers but which hasi undergone no further treatment. Hackled hemp consists /of the longer fibers after the more or less complete combing out of the shorter fibers by SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 903 hand or .machine haekling operations. ■, Hackled hemp. is used alone or mixed with flax in the manufacture of twines, cordage, and fabrics. Tow of hemp consists of the shorter and less valuable fibers discarded in the hacJKliiig operations; the better grades are carded and spun into yarns for twines, cordage,' and 'coarse coverings; the poorer grades are used in caulking ships. ' Production.— In prewar years, Russia, .with an annual output of about §00,000 tons, produced about twt)-thirds' of the world's hemp. The remainder Was harvested mainly by Austria-Hungary and Italy. The finest quality is prodliced ih Italy. The output from Eussia has greditly declined as a result of the World War. . The United States is a relatively small producer of hemp. li produced in 1914, 1,339 tons';' in 1918/ 9;375 tons, and in 1921 a]30ut 3,400 torts, which constituted 16^ per ceiit; 72 per cent, and 30 per cent, respectively, pi the' domestic consumption in the same years. Prior to the war, Kentucky had the principal yield. In 1921 Wis- consin reported about tWo-thirds and Kentucky about three-tenths of the 11,000 acres devoted to henip.' Import& in 1914 of unhacklecf hemp were 7,880 tons, valued at $1,443,994; of hackled hemp, 451 tons, valued at $83,911; of hemp tow, -262 tons, valued at $40,250; a total of 8,593 tons, valued at $1,568,155. Italy was the main source, followed by Russia. Imports since 1917 have been, by calendar years, as follows: Hemp. 1918 1919 1920 1921 Omontlis).. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Not hackled.^ Hackled Tow Tom. 3,394 255 86 $1,550,836' 351,056 SS OTB . Tons.- r '1,403- ' ' 15 280 . $821,062 19,048 113,466 Tons. 7,117 607 86 $2,792,337 413,365 20 764 i'ons^ 5,407 713 19. $94fi,3,;0 637,432 3,602 Total... 3,735 1,935,171 1,698' 953,576 - 7,810 3-, 226, 466 6,132 ■ • ■ - .' ■ ! li 587, 344 In 1920, over half of the total imports were from Italy; Canada and England were the next leading sources of imports. Exports are not recorded. Im/portant changes in classification. — Hemp is transferred from the free fist of the act of 1913 (par. 485). The words -^hackled hemp, including ' line of hemp,'" have been substituted for the wording "hemp, hackled, known as 'line of hemp,' ''' Which was used in the acts 01 1909 and 1913. The reasons for the change are the same as those stated above for the wording relating to hackled flax. PARAGRAPH 1002. H. B. 7456. Par. 1002. Sliver and roving, of flax, hemp, ramie, or other vegetable fiber, not specially provided for, 13 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Par. 341. * * * ramie sliver or rov- Pak. 270.* * * ramie sliver ot r ov- ing, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. ing, 15 per centum ad valorem. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. 904 SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFOKMATlON, 1921. SLIVER AND ROVING OF VEGETABLE FIBERS N. S. P. F. (See Survey J-1.) Descripfion and ttses.^:Sliver is a continuous strand of fiber in q, loose, untwisted state, and roving is the same thing with, a slight twist inserted preliminary to spinning in,tQ 3(a,m., Ramie sliver and roving, mainly prepared by hand, come frora China., Prior to 1914 Germany was the largest consumer and France and the United States the next largest. Flax and hemjp, sliver and roving are products of intermediate mechanical processes in a series ending with the spinning of the jam. Ptodiidion. — No figures, are available regarding domesliic production of sliver or roving of flax, hemp, or ramie, as these are partial manu- factures and, excepting the ramie, not regular articles of commerce. Imports of sliver and roving of flax, hemp, -pr ramie are small. Figures are available only for imports of sliver and roving of ramie, which in 1914 amounted to $6,707. Later imports have been as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. . ' Duty. 1918 founds. $4 3,093 18,499 3,416 11 1919 4,597 21,711 4,8t3 464 1920 , 2,776 1921 (9 months)... Exports are not recorded. Important changes in classification. — SUver and roving of ramie were provided for in preGeding acts (pir; 270 of 1913 and 341 of 1909) btit sliver and roving of other vegetable fibers, except cotton, were not mentioned. Paragraph 1002 provides for sliver and roving of all vegetable fibers, with the exception of cotton (par. 901) and jute (par. 1003). PARAGRAPH 1003. H. B. 7456. Par. 1003. Jute yams or roving, single, coarser in size than twenty-pouitd, 2 J 'Cents per pound; twenty-pound, up to but not including : tenTpound, 4 cents per pound; ten-pound up to but not including five-pound, 5^ cents per pound; five- pound and finer, 9 cents per pound; jute sliver, IJ cents per pound; twist, twine, and pprdage, composed of ,two or more jute yams or rovings twisted together, the size of the single yam or roving of which is coarser than twenty-pound, 3^ cents per pound; twenty-pound up to but not including ten-pound, 5 cents per pound; ten-pound up to but not including five- pound, 6 J cents per pound; five-pound and finer, 11 cents, per pound. SENATE AHENDIiCENTS. SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 905 ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 338. Sii^le yams made of jute, Par. 267. Single yams made of jute, not finer than five lea or number, one not finer than five lea or number, 15 per cent per pound and ten per centum ad centum ad valorem'; if finer than five lea valorem; if finer than five lea or number, or number and yarns made of jute not thirty-five per centum ad valorem: yarns otherwise specially provided for in this made of jute not otherwise specially pro- sectiori, 20 per centum ad valorem, vided tor in this section, thirty-five per' [No corresponding provision for twist, centum ad valorem. ' 'ttsdne-and cordage.] [No correspondii^ provision for twist, twine and cordage.], .. JUTE YARNS AND CORDAGE. (See Survey J-1.) pescription and uses. — Jute yarns may be divided into two classes: (1) Those made from long jute and (2) tkose made from jute butts and rejections. In manufacturing, the long jute is first opened, graded, and batched, after which it is put through a softener, a breaker card, a finisher cktd, two draw frames, and a toving frame, and then sptm into yarn on a flyfer or ring spinning frame. These yams are used in weavifig biu-lap and other jute cloths, in the manu- facture of wool carpets (being employed ia the foundation and other threads which do not appear on the surface) , and in making the lower grades of cordage. Jute butts are subjected to fewer processes and are spun into very coarse yarns which are consumed mainly in bagging for covering raw cotton and in tbe lower grades of cordage. Jute yarns are numbered according to the weight in pounds of a fixed length of 14,400 yards; the higher the count the coarser the yarn. This method is the opposite of the yarn-numbering systems used in the cotton and worsted trades where the base is a fixed weight. Twist, twine, and cordage are made by doubling or cabling single yarns. Jute twist is a term usually employed for jute ply yarns intended for weaving. Jute twines are harder twisted ply yams which are used most extensively in tying up bundles of medium bulk. They are commonly called after the trade that uses them — ^fodder twine, for tying up fodder; paper makers' twine, for tying up bundles of paper; box twine, for bundling box shooks, etc. «mte cordage, other than twines, is employed as a substitute for manila and sisal in baiter ropes, plow ropes, and baling ropes; it is also extensively used as cores in steel-wire cables. Productwn. — British India is the lajgest producer of jute yarn, but , most of the yarn manufactured is consumed in the nulls where producBdformaking burlap and twilled bags, and exports in the form of yarn are small.- In the Indian fiscal year 1921, when exports of Indian jute yarn were relatively large, they amounted to only 4,554 tons as against an export of 825,004 tons of jute cloth and bags. Dundee, Scotland, which ranks second to Calcutta in manufacture, is the.latgest exporter of jute yarn and cordage. Total exports of jute yarn and cordage originating mainly in Dundee, but recorded as from the United Kingdom, amounted ia the calendar year 1920 to 43,533,800 pounds, valued at about $10,524,000. In 1920 American mills used 110,752,000 pounds of long j^ite and 104,375,000 pounds of jute butts as against 128,312,000 pounds of long jute and 114,389,000 pounds of jute butts in 1914. Considering 906 sxjm]\):ary of takifp information, lap. that ■wast© in manufacture is balanced by the oil ands AW&ter added during naanufactuie, the output of jute yarn in 1920 was approxi- mately '215,000,000 pounds "as compi&ed with 243, Obo,d00 pounds in 1914. This quantity was< mainly used in mills where it, wa^ ^W^ for manufacture into twihes, cordage, and cotton bagging. The alnount used ' ih burlap manufacture is insignificant. The sales of jute yarn in. 1919 amounted to .'^ 56,570,000 pounds, valued dt $11,269,000, as against 69,827,000 pbunds, valued at $7,358,000, in 1914. The wool-carpet industry is the' main purchaser of jute yarns. The production of jute twine in 1919 was 52,398,000 pound's, valued at $10,904,000, as compared with 55,282,000 pounds, valued at $5,268,000, in 1914. The output in 1919 of jute rope was 40,716,000 pounds, valued at $9,327,000, and in 1914, 26,814,000 pounds, valued at $2,079,000. ic Imports of jute yams; including single an^ ply r during the 30 fispal years 1891-1920, averagedrper apnum 1,771,710 pounds, valued at $105,120. .In recent years about three-fourths, of the total have consisted of single yarns not finer than, five lea,; t^at is, yarns weighing 9.6 pounds , or more per spyndle of 14,400 yards; These-^ yarns are mainly for use in wool-carpet manufacture. Dundee i^jtlie principal source of imports. Entries of jiute twines and cordage, ape small, r Imports since 1917 have been as followg:,;r ■'. , :, ,( : > Calendar year. Quantity. Valui Unit valde. ■Equivaottt ad valorem. ,,; ,'/:^mf^hE-^XJT^JARNi,^^'^ ,,' : ■ _ 1 : 1. 1918 .■'-.■'.■• . founds. 18, 127 51,960 2,528,713 6,095,838 ' (1. "it ■$11,419' ■ 36,9641; 498,982- , ).61VB39| ■,?.v ■■>■■■ r • ' gents.- ■ '!'v'41.3 71.1 19.7 ; , 10.0 $2,284' 7,314 79,614 Per cent.. 1919 ..f.,..,-. 1920 ;..;.; .-,.20 ' 16 1921 (9 months): J. . : : :..:..'.; I • r JUTE YAHNS-OTHBE THAN;$INQLE. ■■ ;-,■■: ' ,M 1918. 'r^i- -.'. 25,181- 10,069 64,387 203,911- $7,496; 1, 756 ■, -7,843 ■ 28,914 29.7 17.4 - 12. 1 ; J.4.'i $1 499, '■ .. 20 li?::::::::::.:::::;::::::- 1921. (9|m,onths), ...'..-....,... 351 1,S69 - -120 - ' ' :\- fs of jute yarn ' are not separately recorded; ' Canadian stajiistics show that in the Canadian ^fiscal years ended March 31, 1920 and 1921, imports of jute and hemp yarns from the United States amounted to 3,668,690 and 1,751,420 pounds, respectively. Important changes in classification. — -Koving has been specially pro- vided for with the yarn because in the jute industry much of the so-called yam is raade on a roving fratne and is in fact roving;' The combining of roving and single yam avoids any administrative diffi- culty which might arise in attempting to distinguish between a hard- twisted roving' and a slack-twisted yarn. Specific provision is also made for jute twist (ply yarn), twine, and cordage, Ibecause of their commercial importance. The ; classification of such! prbdikcts under the act of 1913, is indefinite." ' Twisted yarns fall under' the provision for jute'yarhs not specially provided for, but there is some question as to the classification of fiiiished jute' twines and cordage. Thejjr probably come within paragraph 284 of the act of 1913. STJMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 907 In previotis tariff laws jute yarns have been numbered according to the lea system; that is, the number of 300-yard leas that weigh 1 pound.,. In the new .classification jute yams are numbered ac- cording: to the pound system; that is^ the weight in pounds of. a sp3j^ndle of 14,400 ydrds. This length is equal to 48 leas so that the one system is inverse to the other; thus 4-pound yarn is equivalent to 12-lea yarn, 6-pound yam* to. 8-lea yarn, etc. This change has been approved by manufacturers of jute yarns, who have called attention to the fact that jute yaafns, both here and abroad, are numbered according to the pound system, and that the lea system, which is used in the linen industry, is never used in connection with jute. ' ' ' ' ' The new classification of single jute yarns divides them into four groups instead of two as formerly. The foriner dividing' point was at 5 lea, which is equivalent to 9.6-pound yarn. The new dividing points are at 5-pound, 10-pound, and 20-pound yarn., Since don- version costs increase with fiiieness of the yarn, expanding the number of groups creates a more equitable basis of- classification. Group progression is, in this instance, preferable to individual count progres- sion because of the, tendency of jute to gain materially in weight by absorbing moisture during shipment. A gain in weight automatically changes the count. A 10-pound jute' yam at Dundee, for example, might be found to be an ll-poimdyarn upon arrival in this country. PARAGRAPH 1004. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pah. 1004. Single yal-ns, in the gray,' made Of flax ,) hfemp , or ramie , or a mixture of apay of; them, not finer than eight lea, 8 cents per pound; fijier tHq,n" eight lea and not finer than sixty lea, 8 cents per pound and one-half- of 1 cent per' pound additional for each lea or part of a lea in excess of eight; finer than sixty lea, 35 cents per paund; and in addition thereto, on any of ''the foregoing' yariis when hoiled, bleached, dyed, or ■ otherwise tf eated, 5 cents per poimdiProvided, That"; ■ i i. the duty on any of the foregoing yarns not finer tiian eight lea shall :bp not less than 20 per centum ad valorem; on any of the foregoing yams finer than eight lea, hot less than' 23 per centum ad valoreib. Threads, twines, and cords, composed of two or more yarns of flax, hemp, or ramie, or a mixture of any of them, 'twisted together, the size of the single-yarn of which is not finer than eight lea, 16 cents per pound; finer than eight lea and not finer than sixty lea, 16 cents per pound and jthree-fotirths of 1 ,cent per pound additional for each lea or pa;rt of a led, in excess of eight; finer than flixty lea, 56 ..'^ cents per pound: Propided, That the duty on the foregoing threads, twines and cords shall be riot less than 23 per centuin ad valorem. 908 SXJMMABY OF TAKIFF INFORMATION, 1921. ACT OF 1909. ACT OP 1913. Fab. 340. Threads, twineg, or cords, Par. 269. Tlireads, twines, or cords, made from yarn not finer than five lea or made from yarn not finer than five lea or number, composed of flax, hemp, or numher, composed of flax, hemp, or ramie, or of which these substances or ramie, or of which these substances or any either of them is the component material of them is the component material of chief of chief value, ten cents per pound; if value, 20 per centum ad valorem; if made made from yarn finer than five lea or from yarn fiiier than five lea or niimber; number, twelve cents per pound, and ' 25 per centum ad valorem, three-fourths of one cent per pound addi- tional for each lea or number, or part of a , lea or number, in excess of .five. ; Par. 341. Single yarns in the gray, Pah. 270. Single yams, made of flax, madepf flax, hemp, or ramie, or a mixture hemp, or ramie, or a mixture of any of of any of them, not finer than eight lea or them, not finer than eight lea or number, number, six cents per pound; finer than , 12 per centum ad valorem; finer than eight lea or number and not finer, than eight lea or number and not finer than eighty lea or number, forty per centum eighty lea or number, 20 per centum ad ad valorem; single yarns, made of flax, valorem; finer than dghty lea or numbeij hemp, or ramie, or a mixture of any of 10 per centum ad valorem; * *■ *. them, finer than eighty lea or number, fifteen per centum ad valorem; * * *. [Single yams not in the gray and not [No distinction made between yarns in finer than eighty lea were dutiable at 45 the gray and not in the gray.] per centum under paragraph 858.] YARNS, THREADS, AND TWINES OF FLAX, HEMP, OR RAMIE. (See Survey J-1.) Description and ibses.^ — ^Flax, hemp, and ramie are stem or bast fibers, but differ in that the first two are obtained by retting and the last named by decortication. Flax, hemp, and ramie yarns are used in making thread, cordage, and fabrics. Flax yarns, from a finer fiber than hemp, are used ifi the United States chiefly for making linen thread, for weaving fabrics, such as toweling, and to some extent for fire hose. Hemp yams are used in cordage and rope, in wool carpets, and to a small extent in canvas. Ramie j&rps, composed of fibers having a greater tenacity and elasticity than flax or hemp, serve most extensively in the manufacture of gas mantles. The fibers are spun on fiax-working and similar machinery, imported largely from Eng- land. All the ramie and the bulk of the raw flax absorbed here is imported, but about one-half of the hemp consumed in 1914-1921 was of domestic production. Threads, twines, and cords are made by, doubling or cabling single yarns. Thread is a slender, well-rounded line, generally polished, used principally for sewing. Linen thread may be divided into (1): household threads, usually sold at retail, consisting mainly of three- cord and six-cord sewing thread; (2) manufacturing threads, used by garment makers, shoemakers, saddlers, upholsterers, bookbinders, etc., made in a variety of ways, some being cabled and others made of ordinary ply yarns. Twine IS composed of two or more yarns or rovirigs twisted together. The chief uses of linen twine are as gilling twine for fish nets, and as seaming twines for sails. Although used to some extent for tying packages where strength is required, linen twine has been largely sup- planted by cotton and jute. Hemp tynne is employed cfiefly for SUMMAB.Y OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 909 wrapping purposes. Cord is most commonly made of cable-laid yarns, but some is braided, as in fancy sash cords. It is larger than twine and smaller than rope, and serves for sash cords, clotheslines, plow lines, etc. , Production. — In 1914 the United States had 67,412 spindles, or about 2 per cent of the world's total, devoted to flax spinning. No figures are available showing the total domestic production of flax, hemp, and ramie yams. Production of such yams for sale only in 1914 and 1919 is shown by the following table: Yams for sale. 1919 1914 Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Hemp Pounds. 1,464,000 2,622,000 »829,000 872,000 Pounds. } 6,048,317 All other 1 $962,298 » other than hemp and jute in 1919; other than jute in 1914. In reaUty this consists largely ol flax yam in 1919; of flax and hemp yam in 1914. It is Certain, however, that the qnantity of linen yarn produced for sale is but a minor portion of the total production. The leading domestic consumers, i. e., the manufacturers of linen thread and fabrics, produce in their own mills most of the yarn which they con- sume. While the total production can not be precisely determined, a rough approximation (for 1914) can be obtamed by adding to the totS number of pounds of linen thread and twine produced (shown below) , the estimated number of pounds of yarn consumed in fabrics, naniely, 10,799,628 square yards at roughly 6^ ounces per square yard, or approximately 4,330,000 pounds, and to this the yam pro- duced for sale (mainly to the carpet industry, as shown by the con- sumption therein of linen yams), namely, 6,048,317 pounds. On this basis, something like 29,000,000 pounds of yarn must have been pro- duced, about ten times the importation in 1914. Judging from the incomplete statistics as yet available for 1919, the production was not far from that in 1914. The domestic production of Ituen thread and twines in 1914 and 1919 was as follows: Linen thread. Hemp thread Hemp twine. Flax twine... Quantity. Pounds. 4,280,000 17,738,905 7,988,000 Value. I Quantity. $6,691,000 1 1, 572, 841 3,864,000 P) Pounds. 5, 707, 668 9,318,771 3,963,6^ Value. $3, 409, 136 1, 583, 354 1,051,684 1 Derived by subtracting figures for hemp twine from a combined production of hemp thread and twine (shown in a revised return) of 15,725,905 pounds, valued at $5,4^6,841. 'Included with "all other (thffli cotton, jute, and hemp)/' which amounted to 8,534,000 pounds, valued at $3,273,000. Assuming the same ratio of flax twjne to "all other" as in 1914, the 1919 production would amount, roughly, to 1,600,000 pounds, valued at $975,000. The United Kingdom, which possesses oyer one-third of the world's spindles working on flax, is the largest producer of flax yarns, threads, twines, and cords. She also takes first rank in the production of 910 dxjikMAEY OF TAI&iFi' INF(5E,5lATtOW, 1921. similar ai'tieles of hemp. Her exports of flax and hemp yarns in 1919 totaled 132,384,'000 pounds and in 1920, 63 '952,000 pounds, the major portion of which welit to European- countries.' ■ i '• In prewar years Germany, because of her success in deguihming ramie, was the only nation producing ramie' jrarn on a large- scale. The spuming of ramie yarns' in the United Kingdom and France has made raarked advances since •the- dose of the war. The American output is practically limited to the production of one company. Imports of siagle yarns of flax, hemp', or ramie during the fiscal years 1911-1920 averaged per annum 2,157,819 pounds, valued at $899,310. Flax yarns made up the bulk of imports. Imports of flax yarn consist chiefly of counts under 40 lea. The United Kingdom is the chief source of our imports of flax yarns. Italy supplies me bulk of the hemp yarns. The domestic consumption of foreign threads, twines, and cords of flax, hemp, or ramie normally a,verages. a half million pounds per annum.- In 1909 imports amounted to 446,594 pounds, or about 2 i per cent of the domestic consumption; corresponding figures in 1914 were 784,932 pounds, or about 4 per cent; and' iri 1920, 585,449 pounds, or about 3 per cent of thevdomestic consumption in 1919. From one-half to two- thirds of the' imports are i supplied ; by the United Kingdom. In the fiscal years 1914-1920, 83 per cent of the imports of threads, twihfes, and cords, practically , all linen, was made from yarn finer than 5 lea. •■• .^ \ j Imports since 1917 have been as fdllows: ' Calendar year. ■Quantity. Value. ' ' Unit value. Duty. Eqiil-ya^ lent ad valorem. ;SI1^(}LE,YAS-NS oi^.FLAiiHEMP, OE BAMIE.X 1918. :... :...'.: -..M'. Pounds. 507,313' 1,315(844 1,874,051 1,128,998 $366,909 1,190,669 1,423,936 687,384 i ■ $0,723 .888 . 759 $73,284 ,228,964 252,804 Per cerU. 20.0 1919..... >..'.+... i.-.fi;. 1920 '...;.;. 19-2 17.7 1921 (9 months) ■ , I THREADS, TWINES, OE COEDS OF FLAX, HEMP„OE EAMIE. 1918 203,551 328, 855 585,449 339,698 $333, 149 623,283 819, S13 348,158 $1,636 1.895 1.400 $82, 145 • 153, 752 200,683 24.6 1919 . 24.6 1920 24.7 1921 (% months^ Exports are not recorded. Canadian statistics show imports of linen yarn from the United States, a part of which may have been transshipped, amounting to 158,070 pounds in the fiscal year ended March 31, 1921; of linen thread, 1,883 pounds; and of jute and hemp yam, 1,751,420 pounds. ! Important changes in classification. — The provisions for yarn and for thread have been incorporated in the same paragraph because of their closely, related character. Threads being further manufactured than yarns, the order of the two paragraphs hasibeen reversed from that in the acts of 1913 and 1909. In the classification of yarn, 60 lea rather than 80 lea is made the dividing line betwben intermediate SXJMMAEY'OT TARIFF IWPOBMATIOSr, 1&21. 911 and fine yarns, becavfee the bulk of that produced in this country is not finer than 40 le;a, Threads Jiaye been iclassified on the same basis, of count as the yarns. In botli provisions, 8 and 60 lea are made the respective dividing points for yarn' count. This is in contrast to the acts of 1913 and 1909, which contained a thread grouping apparently unre- lated to the yarn grouping. JFor yarn, 8 and 80 lea were the respective dividing points; for thread, :there was, one dividing point only, namely, 5 lea, although the act of 1909 did provide for graduated duties on thread made from yarn finer than. 5 lea. Logically, the yarn and thread classifications should be on the same basis. Distinctions in rates of duty have been dra'WTi between" gray and treated' '^arns, ov/ing to the fact that ' flax' yarn iii the gray loses approxiinately 20 per cent inTveight when given a full boil. Where the duty is specific, absence of a differential produces an inequitable result with 'tespect to boiled yarns, because importation of a given quantity of'grayyarn, to be boiled here, involves payment of dnty on approximately 20 per cent more- yarn (in weight) than is paid when the same quantity of gray yarn is boiled abroad and subsequently imported with' th«wafete excluded. The loss in weight, however, where the duty is based on the individual gray yarn count is partly offset by the automatic increase of the yarn count, and hence of the rate of duty, when'the yarn is boiled. A 20-lea gray yarn, i. e., 20 by 300 yards weighing 1 pound, becomes, when given a full boil, 20 by 300 yards, weighing eight-tenths of a pound, or 25 lea. The act of 1913 makes no distinction between yarns in the gray and yarns which have been boiled,- but there is no inequity because the duty is ad vaioreru. Suggested cTtaft^'es.— Paragraph 1004, as now worded, establishes a differential duty as between gray and bleached yarn but not as between gray and bleached thread. Imports of lirlen thread consist largely of thread which has been boiled; but there might be some importation of- gray thread, "and thiere is certainly some importation of gray hemp twine. Likewise, the production of ■ gray linen shoe thread and of gray hemp twine forms a not inconsiderable part of the domestic industry. Provision for. the suggested differential will involve establishment of the thread duties in paragraph 1004 upon a gray basis and then establishment of additional duties on the finished (i. e., boiled, bleached, etc.) thread by phraseology corresponding to that used for the yams. PARAGRAPH 1005. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1005. Cordage, including cables, tawed or untarred,- wliolly or in chief value of manila, sisal, or oliier hard fibers, three-fourths of 1 ceiit. per pound; cbrdage, incliiding cables, tatred or untarred, wholly or in chief value of hemp, sunn,. or other bast fibers, but not including cordage made of jute, 2 cents per pound. 912 SUMMAKY OF TABIFF rNFOKMATION, 1921. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 339. Cables and cordage, com- Par. 268. Cables and cordage, com- posed of istle, Tampico fiber, manila, posed - of istle, Tampico fiber, manila, sisal grass or sunn, or a mixture of these sisal grass or sunn, or a mixture of these or any of them, three-fourths of one cent, or any of them, J cent per pound; cables per pound; cables and cordage made and cordage made of hemp, tarred or un- of hemp, tarred or untarred, two cents tarred, 1 cent per pound, per pound. ROPES AND CABLES. (See Survey J-1.) Description and uses.-^Although the term . cordage is used in a collective sense to -include all sizes and varieties of cords, ropes, and cables, from twine to the heaviest cables, anything less than tbree- six;teenths of an inch in diameter is not cordage in the usual accept- tation of the term. Rope is cordage 1 inch or more in diameter, formed by twisting several yarns into strands, and then twisting these strands together into a strong line. A cable is a strong rope not less than 10 inches in circumference, and is formed by twisting together three 3-strand ropes, the twist being the reverse of that used in maldng the constituent ropes. Ropes and cables are made either by the old-fasMoned rope-walk method or in up-to-date fac- tpries by "house" machines. When made on compoimd rope ma- chines, which are extensively used, the stranding of the yarn is combined with the closing of the strsinds into rope, the process being essentially one of machine braiding. Manila, often called manila hemp, is the world's foremost cordage fiber. Its great pliability and strength make it particularly wellr adapted for hawsers, ships' cables, hoisting ropes, and transmission ropes. The production of manila is a monopoly of the Philippine Islands. Sisal, like manila, a hard fiber, and jute, a soft fiber, are largely used in the cheaper grades of cordage; istle (otherwise called Tampico fiber) and sunn are used to a smaller extent. Hemp (Cannabis sativa). is also used in cables and cordage. A great deal of it is tarred. The yarns of tarred rope are passed through a tank of tar heated to 220° F. ; this renders the rope measurably impervious to water and enables it to resist the ravages of weather. Russian hemp has long been held superior for tarred rigging. Untamed hemp rope is preferred for elevators and dimib-waiters. Sunn, or sunn hemp, is a soft fiber, possessing many of the same qualities as true hemp, but is coarser and weaker. It comes maimy from India. Very little is used in the domestic cordage industry. Production. — ^The United States, with the possible exception of the United Kingdom, ranks first as a producer of cordage. In 1919 the domestic production of rope and cable amounted to 225,660,000 pounds, valued at S59,369,000, as compared with 198j400,692 pounds valued at $21,530,858 in 1914, and with 239,031,893 poundsin 1909, valued at $19,850,635. Of the total cordage production in 1919, 77 per cent was made of hard fibers (inanila 58 per cent, sisari2 per cent, and henequen 7 per cent). Marine rope and cable accounted for two-thirds of the manila cordage prodiiced. The output of hemp rope and cable is relatively small, and is riot shown separatply in census returns. SXTMMAE:? of TAHIFF IKTORMATION, 1921. 913 Imports of both hard and' soft fiber cordage are negligible in quantity compared with domestic production and are much smaller than exports. In the fiscal years 1891-1920 imports averaged per annum, 880,667 pounds, valued at $113,899, equal to less than 1 per cent of domestic production. Beginning with 1916 imports began to increase and by 1920 had reached 3,714,680 poimds, valued at S639,42l5!or about 1.5 per cent of the total output in the United States in 1919. Previous to 1913, imports of hemp cordage, tarred or untarred, constituted four-fifths of our small import trade. Since 1913 imports of soft fiber cordage have declined and those of hard fiber have increased, the latter advancing from 148,048 pounds in 1914 to 3,262,589 pounds in 1920. Before the war, the United Kingdom was the leading source of imports. During 1914-1920 Cuba and the Philippine Islands furnished more than one-half of our increased imports, for the most part consisting of henequen cordage from Cuba and manUa cordage from the Philippines. Imports for 1918--1921 have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. ROPES AND CABLES OF HARD FIBERS. 1918 Pounds. 3,311,307 3,490,761 3,262,589 1,474,009 4500, 242 546,432 546,367 183,208 $13,265 10,865 1919 1920 ,. 1921 (9 months)... ' .' 1 ROPES AND CABLES OF HEMP. 1918 472,558 300, 922 452,091 266,004 $107, 216 91, 773 92,874 55, 948 $897 1919 . . 677 1920 1,213 1921 (9 months) Exports in the fiscal years 1891 to 1920 averaged 10,062,857 pounds annually, about twelve times the quantity of imports The United State's ranks next after the United Kingdom as an exporter of cordage. There probably exists a superiority in the quality of the exported over the imported cordage. Prior to the war the former was frequently higher in price than the latter. Exports since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows: Exports of cordage (oth^r than binder twine) made from vegetable fibers. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (poilTrls) 12,684,673 $3,397,064 20, 286, 256 $4, 316, 109 17, 292, 000 $4,101,256 4, 188, 250 Value $856, 813 Our cordage markets, like those of other exporting countries, have been very widely distributed. The most regular — ^and prior to the war the largest— ^have been Canada, Panama, Peru, Mexico, and Cuba. The war greatly stimulated exports to the United Kingdom, France, and Norway, and there was also a considerable increase in exports to South America. 82304—22 58 ■914 SUMMARY OF TAHIFF INFOBMATION, 1921. Important changes in classification.- — The^ phrase, "cordage, includ- ing cables, " has been substituted for "cables and cordage," because cables are merely one, though an important, type of cordage. " Tam- pico fiber" and "istle," separately enumerated in the acts of 1909 and 1913, are from the same plant. Both are omitted from the new classification, however, because siich fiber is relatively unimportant as a raw material for cordage and is covered by the phrase, " or other hard fibers." Manila and sisal are separately enumerated because of their major importance as cordage materials. , The proper term is "sisal, " not "sisal grass." The terms "hard fibers" and "bast fibers" cover a group well understood botanically^ and coramercially. Hard fibers are those obtained from the leaves of the plant, as in the case of manila and sisal; bast fibers are those obtained from the stem of the plant, as in the case of flax, hemp, jute, and ramie. The former are generally removed from the leaf by mechanical treatment only, and are used mainly in cordage or other coarse goods; the latter are removed from the stem by retting or degummiug and then beating away the woody matter, and are generally adapted to the manufacture of finer goods. The term "hard fiber" does not, however, include sunn, which has been transferred from the hard to the bast fiber provision, both because it is in fact a bast fiber and because, in the United States, it is used in cordage in the same manner as true hemp. Jute cordage, although made from a bast fiber, is elsewhere provided for (par. 1003) . Cotton cordage, made from neither a hard nor a bast fiber but from a seed hair, falls under the basket clause of the cotton schedule (par. 920). , /, Manila, sisal, and other hard fibers are free of duty under paragraph 1575, whereas hemp, the leading bast fiber used in cordages, is dutiable under paragraph 1001. Hemp cordage,. moreover, generally sells for more than manila or sisal cordage. For these reasons, cordage made of soft or bast fibers is here made dutiable at a higher rate than cordage made of hard fibers. PARAGRAPH 1006. H. B. 7456. . SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1006. Gill nettings, nets, webs, and seines, and other nets for fishing, com- posed wholly or in chief value of flax, hemp, or ramie, shall pay the same duty per pound as the highest rate imposed in this Act upon any of the thread, twine, or cord of which the mesh is made, and, in addition thereto, 10 per centum, ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 342. Fla,x gUl nettings,"nets, webs; Par. 271. Gill nettings, nets, webs, and seines shall pay the same duty pra: and seines made of flax,, hemp, or ramie, pound as is imposed in this schedule or a mixture of any of them, or of which upon the thread, twine, or cord of which any of them is thp component material they are made, and in addition thereto of chief value, 25 pier centum ad valorem, twenty per centum ad valorem. •> SUMMARY OF TABIFP INFORMATION, 1921. 915 FISH NETTING AND NETS. (See Survey J-2.) 'Description and uses. — Gill netting, made by crossing threads, twines, or cords and knotting the intersections to form meshes, is used in the manufacture of &h or gill nets. Gill nets are designed to catch the fish by gilling, i. e., being of sufficient size to admit only the head of the fish, the mesh slips under and back of the gills, thus holding the fish. Gill webs are pieces of netting that have not been hung or rigged to ropes. Seines are large nets for sweeping in the fish. Practically all the netting and nets used in domestic fisheries are made by machinery. Hand labor is now limited to repairs. Flax, manila, and cotton, principally the last, are the fibers used in making domestic fishing tackle.' The amounts of soft hemp and ramie consumed for such pm-poses are negligible. GiU nets of flax are used mainly in fresh-water fisheries and in the salmon-producing areas of Alaska. The high price of linen twines prohibits their use in seines. While inferior to flax in strength and durability, cotton is much cheaper and is more largely used in the domestic manu- facture of fishing nets and nettings. Production in the United States of fish netting, seines, and crab scrape bags of aU materials, as turned out by 15 establishments in 1914, was valued at $3,088,000, and by 19 establishments in 1919 at $5,114,000. Imports are small, the largest under this classification amounting to 66,664 pounds in the fiscal year 1918. In 1920 they totaled 34,906 pounds. Imports are mainly of linen gill netting from the United Kingdom, entered for manufacture into nets and then reex- ported with the benefit of the drawback. In 1905-1920 imports under this classification totaled 395,000 pounds, as compared with fish nets exported with the benefit of the drawback amoimting to 401,000 pounds in the same period. Imports of cotton fishing nets (dutiable under the basket clause in the cotton schedule) are much smaller, and come m:ainly from the United Kingdom , and Japan. Record exports to this country from Japan amounted to 43,000 Eounds in 1917. Imports of nettings, nets, webs, and seines of flax, emp, or ramie during 1918-1921 were as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) Pounds. 64, 172 41,639 34, 905 26,497 $53, 192 72,984 55,265 S13,29f 18,246 13,816 Exports are not recorded. Exports of textile fishing tackle from the United States, usually constitute over one-half the value of Canada's total imports of such articles. In the Canadian fiscal year ended March 31, 1921,, shipments from the United States were $1,301,519 out of a total of $2,693,537. Important changes in classification. — The new classification revives the system of , compensatory duties contained in the act of 1909 and abandoned for a straight ad valorem duty in the act of 1913. That 916 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFpEMATIOM', 1921. part of the act of 1909 reading "as i? imposed * * * upon the thread, twine, or cord of whict. they (i. e., nettings, nets, etc.) are made" might lead to litigation, because a netting or net or seine may be composed of threads or twines of several sizes, each size being dutiable at a different rate. This difficulty has been avoided by fixing the compensatory duty at "the highest rate imposed in this Act upon any of the thread, twine, or cord of which the mesh is made." PARAGRAPH 1007. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pah. 1007. Hose, suitable for conduct- ing liquids or gases, composed wholly or in chief value of vegetable fiber, 26 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pab. 345. Hydraulic or flume hose, Pae^ 274. Hydraulic or flume hose, made in whole or in part of cotton, flax, made in whole or in part of cotton, flax, hemp, ramie, or jute, fifteen cents per hemp, ramie, or jute, 7 ceiits per pound, pound. •,.;■' 'i ' -; ji •■' HOSE FOE CONDUCTING LIQUIDS OR GASK8. (See Survey J-4.) Description and uses,. — The common varieties of hose used to convey water, liquids, and gases may be divided into three gfelieral classes: (1) Rubber hose, constructed of a rubber tube surrounded by 'a fabric covering, the most popular medium for conducting water, the prin- cipal size (2^ inches) being extensively used for fire pro teCtioh purposes; (2) unHnedlia'en hose, wnich is used chiefly for indoor emergency fire {)rptection pm-poses; (3) unlined cottoB. hose, of which' comparatively ittle is made, employed where considerable quantities of water are to ■be conducted under little pressure, as in mining and railroad work. No. 12 cp;tton yarn, is the chief size employed ifi the production of rubber hose. Pripr to 1914 about two-thirds of the yarn used in the manufacture of unlined linen hose was line yarn and one-third flax tow; in 1919, about 30 per ceht was line yarn and 70 per cent flax tow. The bulk of the linen yarns used for these purposes varies from 15 to 20 lea. Production of rubber hose in 1914 was valued at $16,854,000, and in 1919 at $26,998,000. The domestic production of all-linen water hose, an enterprise carried on chiefly by firms specializing in that line, was $477,000 m 1914. Imports of hydraulic or flume hose made in whole or in part of flax, hemp, or ramie were negligible prior to 1914. Since then there has been an increases in imports, due in large part to the high price of flax yarns Qri which the Specific equivalent of the ad valorem rate has becomes greater than the specific duty on the finished hose. Imports are almost entirely of linen hbse. The' average annual import of . tydrai^lic or flume hose during the 30 fiscal years 1891-1920 was 10,530 jjounds, valued at $12.8'81. The United Kingdom is the chief SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 917 source of imposts. Imports since 1917 of hose made in whole or in part of cotton, flax, hemp, or jute have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. - Unit value. Duty. - Equivalent ad valorem. 191« Pounds. 76,644 46,580 89,873 62, 118 J156, 199 75,426 147,682. 102,812 $2.03 1.62 1.64 1.65 te,S66 3,261 6,291 Per cent. 3.43 1919. .'. . . 1 4.32 1926 4.26 1921 (9 months) Exports are not recorded separately. Exports of india-rubber hose, which are large, are not included under this paragraph, because the bulk of the rubber hose exported has rubber as its component mate- rial of chief value. Exports of unlined linen hose, according to state- ments submitted to the Tariff Commission by manufacturers, were greater than imports prior to 1918; since that time imports have been greater. Important changes in classification. — This paragraph covers hose composed wholly or in chief value of vegetable fiber. Hose coraposed wholly or in chief value of rubber is dutiable, without specific mention, under paragraph 1437. The new classification has been phrased to clarify and to expand the scope of the provisions in the acts of 1909 and 1913, which were identical in wording. Inquiry among the trade indicates that the words hydraulic or flume hose, previously used, do not define a type known in the hose trade. An underwriter's Ia;boratory states it is not familiar with the terms. A wide diver- gence of opinion exists in the trade regarding the material from which such hose might be made. (See Survey J-4, p. 17.) The suggested provision covers all hydraulic_ or flume hose, and also includes air hose. Heretofore the latter has been classified as a manufactured article according to the constituent material of chief value. PARAGRAPH 1008. H. B. 7456. Par. 1008. Fabrics, composed wholly of jute, plain-woven, twilled, and all othjer, not specially provided for, not bleached, printed, stenciled, painted, dyed, colored, nor rendered noninflam- mable, 1 cent per -pound; bleached, print- ed, stenciled, painted, dyed, colored, or rendered noninflammable, 1 cent per pound, and in addition thereto, 13 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Par. 352. Plain woven fabrics of single jute yams, by whatever name known, weigmng not less than six ounces per square yard and not exceeding thirty threads to the square inch, counting the SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 279. Plain woven fabrics of single jute yarns, by whatever name known, bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted . printed, or rendered noninflammable by any process, 10 per centum ail valorem. 918 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. warp and filling, nine-sixteenths of one Pah. 408. * * * plain woven fabrics cent per pound and fifteen per centum of single jute yarns cy whatever name a,d valorem; if exceseding thirty and not known, not bleached, dyed, colored, exceeding fifty-five threads to the square stained, printed, or rendered noninflam- inch, coimting the warp and filling, mable by any process; * * * [Free], seven-eighths of one cent per pound and fifteen per centum ad valorem. [Twilled, and all other jute fabrics, not [Twilled, and all other jute fabrics, specially provided for, were dutiable at not specially provided for, were dutiable 45 per centum under paragraph 358.] at 35 per centum under paragraph 284.] UNBLEACHED JUTE CLOTHS. (See Survey.J-7.) Description and uses. — This paragraph includes, with two excep- tions, all cloths composed wholly of jute, irrespective of maimer of weave or whether woven from single or ply yams. The two cloths not included are paddings or interlmings (par. 1010), and bagging for covering raw cotton (par. 1517). Burlap and sacking' constitute the bulk of the world's production of jute fabrics. Burlap is a plain- woven cloth made of single jute yarns, ranging in weight from 6 to 16 ounces to the linear yard. The 40-inch IQi-ounce make is usually taken as the market standard. Burlap is largely used in the manu- facture of bags and for baling merchandise'; also for other purposes requiring a cheap but fairly strong cloth. Wide goods are used as backing for linoleums and roofing' felts. Eighty per cent of the biir- lap consumed in the United States in 1914, and 83 per cent of that consumed in 1919, was used by bag factories. The American con- sumption of burlap in 1920 was about 1,000,000,000 yards, practically all imported, for the reason that burlap is not made here in commer- cial quantities. Sacking is a twilled jute cloth made of either single or ply yarns and is heavier, coarser, and stronger than burlap. The standard size is 27 inches wide, weighing 16 ounces to the linear yard. The chief use of sacking is in the manufacture of bags. The world consumption of sacking is as great as that of burlap, but the American consumption of new sacking has been very small because of the levy- ing of higher tariff duties on sacking than on burlap. The largest export in recent years of sacking to the United States from India, the main source of both burlap and sacking, was in 1917 and amounted to only 5,000,000 yards. The bulk of this was probably for reexport to adjacent or near-by coimtries. Production. — Jute burlap and sacking are not produced on a com- mercial scale in the United States, being confined alniost entii'ely to one or two firms which weave a small amount for baling other commodities made by them. Although under the acts of 1897 and 1909 nonprocessed burlap was subject to a compound duty averaging 1.65 cents per pound (about 1 cent per linear yard), the average ad valorem equivalent of which was 26.75 per cent, American manufac- turers have considered it unprofitable to attempt manufacture in competition with India. India has the following advantages: (1) A monopoly of the raw material; (2) proximity of material to cen- ters of manufacture; (3) an abundance of cheap though relatively inefficient labor; and (4) large manufacturing imits, equipped with the best machinery, managed by experienced Europeans. During the emergency created by the war some American concerns imder- SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOBMATION, 1921. 919 took the manufacture of burlap and in 1918 produced 7,292,000 lin- ear yards — their record output, but still less than 1 per cent of the consumption. As soon as the emergency passed the manufacturers abandoned burlap for more profitable lines. Imports. — Burlap is used as a covering for farm and factory prod- ucts during their journey to the consumer, and as the output of Amer- ican farms and factories increases, so does the demand for burlap. Imports of burlap for domestic consumption have more than doubled since the begummg of the century. Imports in the fiscal year 1914 of nonprocessed jute cloths other than cotton bagging amounted to 523,714,285 pounds, valued at $44,481,408. Imp6rts since 1917 have been, by calendar years, as follows : 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). QiiftTititv fpfflinds) 436,237,502 S80,013,843 440,237,595 865,406,320 568,809,189 »4a 4SR noA Value 188,896,470 iai'.uo'nBR Over 99 per cent of the imports are supplied by India and the United Kingdom, with the former furnishing a constantly increasing part of the total. Burlap imported from Calcutta is used for bag material and for baling, whereas that from Dundee consists mainly of the better grades, such as those used for paddings and for wall deco- rations, or wide goods, such as are used in making linoleums. Exports. — None recorded. Important changes in classification. — Sacking is dutiable at 35 per cent under the act of 1913 (par. 284), whereas burlap, if not processed, is exempt from: duty (par. 408). Under the act of 1909 sacking was dutiable at 45 per cent (par. 358), whereas the greater part of the burlap was dutiable at a compound rate equivalent to about 27 per cent. The price of sacking per pound is normally about one-third less than that of burlap, and therefore sacking should bear a specific rate at least no higher than that imposed on burlap. As neither burlap nor sacking is produced in the United States, the same rate of duty has been applied to both. In the new classification burlap and sacking have been separately enumerated in order to encourage the keeping of separate import records. JUTE CLOTHS, YARN-DYED, CONVERTED, OR PROCESSED. Description and uses. — The amount of jute cloth woven with dyed yarns, or converted or processed, is very small Us compared with the amount used unbleached and unprocessed for bag material, for baling material, and for linoleum backing. Jute cloths woven in the grey and converted by bleaching, printing, stenciling, painting, or dyeing, are used mainly for wall covering and other upholstery purposes. Jute cloths processed to make them fireproof are mainly brattice cloths, employed chiefly for ventilating purposes in mines. Production. — -The production of yarn-dyed and of converted jute clotl^ is not separately recorded. The 1920 production of jute brattice cloth, according to data obtained from the manufacturers by the Tariff Commission, amounted to 3,380,876 square yards, with an estimated value of $899,000. There has been a marked advance 920 SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. in the outpilt of jute brattice clotli in receiit years; this is due in large part to its increasing lisie as a substitute for cotton duck, a more durable but higher-priced fabric. Imports under this classification averaged 2,092,244 pounds annually in the fiscal years 1914-1921. Brattice cloth is the main import. The United Kingdom furnished about two-thirds of the total and British India the bulk of the remainder. Importsi since 1917 have been as follows: . ' Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. 1918 . 'PbuTlds. 873,229 2,204,041 2,227,107 886, 179 1 157, 941 350,518 391,694 92,367 $15,794 1919 - 35,062 1920 . ' .. 39, 169 1921 (9 months) . B'aipoHs are not recorded. Important changes in classification.^— T]ie description of the treated fabrics has been slightly changed. The word "stained" has been omitted as unnecessary, as stained cloth must necessarily be dyed either in the piece or in the yarn, and is covered by the words "-dyed or colored." There are no imports on record of cloth that, has been stained. The word "stenciled" has been inserted because such cloths may be stenciled and because of some uncertain;ty as to, the classification of such fabrics. The descriptive terms have been rearranged approximately in the order of, mill operations. Suggested changes.- — Strike, out comma before "and" and the words "in addition thereto," after "and" page 115, linp: 23, H. R. 7456, as unnecessary. PARAGRAPH 1009, H. B. 7456. Par. 1009. Woven fabrics, not includ- ing articles, finished or unfinished, of flax, hemp, ramie, or other vegetable fiber except cotton, or of which these sub- stances or any of them is the component material of chief value, not specially pro- vided for, 28 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Par. 357. Woven fabrics * * * not specially provided for in this section, composed of flax, hemp, or ramie, or of which these substances or any of them is the component material of chief value, weighing four and one-half ounces or more per square yard, when containing not more than sixty threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, one and three-fourths cents per square yard ; containing more than sixty and not more than one hundred and twenty threes to the square inch, two and three-fourths SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 283. Plain woven fabrics, not in- cluding; articles, finished or unfinished, of flax, hemp, or ramie, or of which these substances of any of them is the compo- nent materistl of chief value, including such as is known as shirting cloth, 30 per centum ad valorem. Par. 284. * * * manu:^cturesof flax, hemp, ramie, or other vegetable fiber, or of which these substances, or any of them, is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this section, 35 per centum ad valorem. SUMMARY OF TAHIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 921 ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. cents per square yard; containing more than one hundred and twenty and not more than one hundred and eighty threads to the square inch, six cents per square yard; containing more than one hundred * and eighty threads to the square inch, nine cents per square yard,., and in addi- tion thereto, on all the foregoing', thirty per centum ad valorem: Provided, That none of the foregoing * * ■ * fabrics in this paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty than fifty per centum ad valorem. Plain woven fabrics, not including articles, finished or unfinished, of flax, hemp, or ramie, or of which these substances or any of them is the component material of chief value, including such as is known as shirting cloth; weighing less than four and one-half ounces per square yard and containing more than one hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, thirty-fiye per centum ad valorem; weighing less than four and one-half ounces per square yard and containing not more than one hundred threads to the square inch, thirty per centum ad va- lorem. WOVEN FABEICS OF FLAX, HEMP, OR RAMIE. Description and uses. — The major part of the cloths covered by this paragraph are made in whole or in chief value of flax. Among the leading- types of flax fabrics, here covered are dress linens, used for dresses and summer suits; sheer linens and cambrics, used for underwear, blouses, and handkerchiefs; embroidery linens; house- hold linens such as sheetings, pillow_ linens, glass cloth, huck and crash toweling; and canvas and sailcloth. If paragraph 1012 is changed as recommended to cover only manufactures of linen table damask, linen damask in the piece (now covered in par. 1012), will also fall here. Hemp fabrics consist chiefly of canvas and sailcloth. Ramie fabrics are used to a small extent for wearing apparel and upholstery. Production of linen fabrics in 1914 amounted to 10,800,000 square yards, valued at $1,766,000, and in 1919 to 14,342,000 square yards, valued at $3,799,000. These fabrics, of which over a third in 1919 were union goods made of flax and cotton, were coarse linens, mainly crash for toweling, averaging less than 60 threads to the square inch. The production of fabrics of hemp or ramie is not recorded, but is negligible. Imports in the fiscal year 1914 (under three months' operation of the act of 1909), of woven fabrics of flax, hemp, and ramie, including a small amount of unspecified articles amounted to 92,129,629 square yards, valued at $14,049,822, with duties amounting to $4,639,160. The greater part of these imports consisted of plain-woven linens; a smaller but considerable portion of linens other than plain woven. Of these latter, the bulk was probably table damask. The importa- tion of fabrics of hemp or ramie is negligible. The subsequent sharp decline in imports and consequent falling off in the American con- sumption of linen fabrics have been due largely to the scarcity and 922 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. high prices resulting primarily from the collapse of Russia, the main flax producer. Imports come, for the most part, from the United Kingdom, Ireland supplying the major portion of the light-weight and Detter quality linens and Scotland the heavier and coarser goods. Smaller amounts were furnished by Belgiimi, Germany, France, and Austria-Hfingary, but these have greatly declined. In the calendar year 1920 the United Kingdom supplied 92 per cent of the total import of woven fabrics of flax, hemp, and ramie. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. 1918 1919 .,. 1920 :. 1921 (9 months) Sq. yds. 21,033,288 20,882,537 35,694,760 25, 157, 134 $9,104,584 10,691,529 21,365,194 12,362,215 $2,816,932 3,249,191 6,540,675 Exports are not recorded. Important changes in classification. — This paragraph embraces all piece goods of flax, hemp, or ramie, other than paddings (par. 1010), pile fabrics (par. 1011), and table damask (par. 1012). Imports con- sist for the most part of linens of a finer grade than those made in this country. The value of such goods depends not only on the weave but also on the quality and finish, and the arrangement here employed of a straight ad valorem duty, irrespective of the number of threaiis per square inch and irrespective of whether plain or fancy woven, seems to be the most equitable plan. Suggested changes. — Strike out " except cotton" in fine 3, page 116 of H. II. 7456, because if retained it would require also the exception of jute. There is no necessity for excepting either cotton or jute, since both are more specifically provided for. PARAGRAPH 1010. H. R. 7466. Par. 1010. Woven fabrics, composed wholly or in chief value of flax, hemp, or jute, exceeding thirty and not exceeding one hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, and weighs ing not less than four and one-half and not more than twelve ounces per square yard, such as are commonly used as pad- dings or interlinings in clothing, 33J per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. [Not specially provided for: If of all jute, dutiable under par. 352, at seven- eighths of 1 cent per pound, and 15 per centum ad valorem; if of all flax or aU hemp, or in chief value of flax or hemp, dutiable under par. 357 at 2f cents per square yard, and, in addition, 30 per centum ad valorem, with a minimum duty of 50 per centum ad valorem; if in chief value, but not whoUy, of jute, duti- able at 45 per centum ad valorem under par. 358.] SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. [Not specially provided for; If of all jute, free under par. 408; if of all flax, or all hemp, or in cliief value of flax, or hemp, diitiable under par. 283, at 30 per centum ad valorem; if in chief value, but not wholly, of jute, dutiable under par. 284 at 35 per centum ad valorem.] summaey of tariff information, 1921. 923 tailors' paddings. (See Survey J-7.) Description and uses. — Paddii^s are used as interlinings in coats and overcoats. ^About a yard of material is required for a coat Fabrics of all linen are considered most suitable as paddings and form tbe bulk of consumption. There has been a marked increase since 1914 in the consumption of paddings made from all jute, jute and cotton,- and flax and jute. Paddings are generally woven in widths of 22 and 24 inches and vary in weight from 3J to 7 ounces per linear yard (5^ to 11^ ounces per square yard). In threads per square inch those of all jute range from about 40 to 50 threads; cotton and jute from 60 to 80; flax and jute from 60 to 80; and of all linen from 60 to 100. Paddings in excess of 100 threads are confined to those made of all linen and form a very small part of the total. Cotton is not listed among the materials in this paragraph because when it is mixed with jute in paddings the jute is the constituent of chief value. Production. — The domestic production of paddings other than of all cotton was begim in 1915. The output in 1918 was 8,540,000 linear yards; in 1919, 4,200,000 yards; and in 1920, 4,150,000 yards. The production was the output of three companies, one of which started in 1915 and the other two in 1918. In 1921 the only one of the three then in operation was weaving paddings of jute and. cotton. Nine-tenths of the domestic output consists of paddings of jute and cotton, made for the most part from yarn of domestic manufacture. Imports of paddings are not separately recorded. It is estimated that the annual domestic consumption is about 50,000,000 linear yards. Paddings are imported in a great variety of qualities. Most of them are all-finen paddings; others are of aU jute, ]ute and cotton, and flax and jute. The United Kingdom furnishes the greater part of the imports, Ireland specializing in those of all linen, and Scotland in those of all jute and jute and cotton. Belgium is also an im- portant source of imports. Exports are not recorded. Important changes in classijication. — ^This is a new paragraph. Since a great variety of paddings are made in whole or in part of flax, jute, or cotton (but not in chief value of cotton) , and since those of the same materials differ widely as regards quality, thread count, and/wreight, it has been deemed best to draw up a general paragraph covering all types of paddings. The words "woven fabrics" are used to coHnect this paragraph with the two preceding, which treat of unspecified woven fabrics of jute, and of flax, hemp, or ramie. The number of threads per square inch and the weight per square yard as found in this paragraph are in accord with an analysis made of fifteen representative paddings. (See Survey J-7, pp. 64, 65.) The paddings analyzed ranged in tkread count from 41 threads per square inch for those of all jute to 103 for those of all flax, and in weight from 10.2 ounces per square yard for all jute to 5»5 for all flax. Paddings or interlinings are a well-known product commercially and are easily differentiated from the general run of other fabrics made in whole or in chief value of flax, hemp, or jute. Burlap, linoleum back- ing, and the leading types of jute cloths have about 25 threads to the square inch and are in every way distinct from jute paddings. Jute 924 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. clotlis of more than 30 threads to the dqaare inch are practically limited to those used for upholstering and padding purposes, with these two types distinct from each other. While there are a number of plain-woven linen fabrics that have the same range in thread count and weight as linen paddings, the general appearance of such goods makes them readily distinguishable from paddings. The phrase "such as are commonly used" is employed in order to limit this paragraph to fabrics used for interlinings without foUowingi up their actual use and to ha,ve the trade a^ an authority as to what paddiags are. Paddings of all cotton are not mentioned, because paddjngs of all cotton are seldom imported, and when cotton is combined with jute or other vegetable fiber it forms a small part of the total weight and value. PARAGRAPH 1011. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1011. Pile fabrics, composed wholly or in chief value of vegetable; fiber other than cotton, cut or uncut, whether or not the pile covers the whole surface, and manufactures in any form,' made or cut from any of the foregoing, 33J per centum ad valorem.. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 353. All pile fabrics, whether or Par. 280. All pile fabrics, whether or not the pile covers the entire surface, not the pile covers the entire surface, composed of flax, or of which flax is the composed of flax, hemp, or ramie, or of component material of chief value, and which flax, hemp, or ramie is the com- all articles and manufactures made from ponent material of chief value, and all such fabrics, not specially provided for articles and manufactures made from in this section, sixty per centum ad such fabrics, not specially provided for in valorem. this section, 40 per centum ad valorem. .PILE FABRICS OF VEGETABLE FIBERS OTHER THAN COTTON. Description arid uses. — Pile fabrics consist of a foundation cloth covered in whole or in part by short projecting ends or loops made with an extra set of threads. Pile made of flax, hertip, ramie, jute, etc., lacks the resilience of pile made of cotton, mohair, or silk, and* when jpressed down does; not readily revert t© its upright position ; for this reason the manufacture of pile fabrics of vegetaible fibers other' than cotton is small and confined mainly to specialties, par- ticularly mixed goods for upholstery purposes. Production is hot recorded. Imports in the fisc?,l year 1914 of pile fabrics wholly or in chief' value of flax, hemp, or ramie were valued at $230,222 and manufac- tures of such pile fabrics at $1,815. Imports are mainly for use as draperies and furnfture coverings. They'include some all-over pile fabrics for use as portieres and hangings, but are mainly furniture covering specialties showing cut or uncut pile figuring on a bare (nonpile) ground. They are usually made of mixed yarns, particu- larly flax and cotton. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 925 Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. PILE FABEICS OF FLAX, HEMP, OR RAMIE. 1918 Sg. yds. JIG, 517 1,724 53,930 27,978 $4,207 1919 1,418 37,888 14,336 690 1920 21, 572 1921 (9 months).. MANUFACTURES OF PILE FABRICS OF FLAX, HEMP, OR RAMIE. 1918 $269 1,514 15,382 20,375 $108 1919 606 1920 .. 6,163 1921 (9 months) . ..... ' Exports are not recorded. Important changes in classification. — To render tke provision in this schedule as nearly uniform as possible with the corresponding provision in the cotton schedule, the phrase "cut or uncut" has been mtroduced and the.rfirase "made or cut from" has been substituted for "made from." .The suggested provision expands the wording to cover all vegetable fiber except cotton, as such fabrics logically belong in Schedule 10. PARAGRAPH 1012. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1012. Table damask composed wholly or in chief value of Vegefeble fiber other than cotton, and manufactures com- posed wholly or in chief value of such " damask, 28 per centum ad valorem. ACT DF 1913. ■ : ' ■ ! [Not specially provided for. Dutiable at 35 per centum ad valorem under par. 284.] ACT OF 1909. ^ [Not specially provided for. Dutiable under par. 357 at a minimum rate of 50 per centum ad valorem, or under par. 368 at 45 per centum ad valorem, depending on whether weight did or did not exceed 4J ounces per square yard.] LINEN TABLE DAMASK, AND MANUFACTURES OF. Description and uses. — Damaskis a woven %ured fabric distinguished by the appearance of the design on the smooth surface without any contrast m colol-s. Warp sateen is usually employed for the figures and filling sateen for the ^ound. The surface threads in the figures he at right angles to those in the ground, with the result that the light f aUing on the smooth surface is refracted when it strikes the figures - and the pattern is caused to stand out in bold relief. Linen damask, although mainly Jacquard, woven, is usually of coarse or medium yarns. It varies from 4 to 6 ounces to the square yard, with 96 to 350 threads to the square inch. It is usually sold bleached or cream colored; a small amount is woven in colors. The standard cloth 926 STJMMAEY OF TARIFF" INFORMATION, 1921.' width is 72 inches, although some cloths are as wide as 144 inches. It is made up into table covers, napkins, doilies, etc., the articles in each set being usually made of the same pattern. Napkins range from 20 by 20 inches to 27 by 27 inches; table covers from 36 by 36 inches to 63 by .63 inches. Production of all-linen table damask in the United States is negli- gible ; there is a small manufacture of union goods made of linen and CO f ton. : Imports are not recorded separately from other linen fabrics. Export statistics of the United. Kingdom show shipments to the United States of table linen not in the piece in th^ years 1914-1918 averaging annually $2,313,000, and in the year 1919 valued at $1,857,000. The United Kingdom is the mam source of .imports; Belgium supplies the greater part of the remainder. In normal times thesQ imports are mainly all-linen, the proportion of union goods being small. Dm-ing the war imports of damask fell off greatly and the high prices tended to cause a larger proportionate use of union goods. The high prices also stimulated the substitution of cotton miitations. ' ',.. ^'aiports are not recorded; there are probably none. Important changes in classification. -^-This is a new paragraph which ' has been inserted mainly to secure statistical enumeration of imports of linen table damask, and manufactures of, for contrast with recorded imports of similar goods made of cotton. . i Suggested changes. — It has been suggested that paragraph 910 of the cotton schedule be confined to articles made of cotton table damask and in conformity thereto it is suggested that this paragraph be confined to articles made of linen table damask. The following wording might be used for paragraph 1012 : Manufactiires of table damask, in any form, composed wholly or in chief value of vegetable fiber other than cotton [rate]. , ', Since all woven fabrics of flax, henip, or ramie, with the exception of paddings (par. 1010), are combined in a general paragraph (1009), there is no particular reason why damask. in the piece should be specially provided for. Confining paragraph 1012 to articles made of damask, such as table covers, napkins, etc., ready for use, would be in accordance with the procedure followed in paragraph 1013, which relates to towels, sheets, and pillowcases, and not to the fabrics from which made; and in paragraph 1015, which' covers only handkerchiefs, and not the cambrics and sheer linens from which such articles pre manufactured. PARAGRAPH 1013. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pak. 1013. Towels, sheets, and pillow- cases, composedjwhoUy orin chief value of flax, 28 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. fNot specially provided for. Dutiable [Not specially provided for. Dutiabjo at a minimum rate of 50 per centum ad at 35 per centum ad valorem under par. valorem under par. 357, or at 45 per 284.1 :i centum ad valorem under par. 358, de- • ] pending on whether the weight did or did not exceed 4^ ounces per square yard.] SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 927 LINEN TOWELS, SHEETS, AND PILLOWCASES. Description and, uses. — Towels, of all flax, or of flax and cotton, are mainly of the huck weaver comparatively few being terry woven. The normal range in weight is from 5 to 7 ounces to the square yard. Imports range from the lower grades with about 80 to 100 threads to the square inch, competing with domestic products, to high grades, up to 200 threads to the square inch, which are not made in this country. The cheaper grades form the bulk of consumption and imports. Sheets and pillowcases of all flax, or of flax and cotton, are made from piece goods, usually weighing fronf ,4 to 4^ ounces to the square yard, and having from 100 to 160 threads to the square inch. In size, the sheets run from 72 by 96 inches, to 90 by 108 mches; the usual size of the pillowcases is 22^ by 36 inches. Production is not recorded. About a do?;en domestic firms manu- facture huck towels of flax and cotton, flax constituting the component part of chief value; the production of towels of all flax is much smaller. The union towels range from 80 to 135 threads to the sqYiare inch. Production of linen sheets and pillowcases is confined to those made from iniported cloth. Imports are not recorded. Imports of linen sheets and pillowcases are small, since it is usually more profitable to import the cloth and make the finished articles here; prior to 1914, however, there was a fairly large import from Germany. Inaports of linen towels are larger ; those of all flax normally constitute about three-fourths of the total. Prior to the war Germany was an important source, but since then imports of linen towels have been supplied mainly by Belfast, and a smaller anjount by Scotland. Important cjianges in classificq,tion. — This is a new provision, inr serted mainly to secure statistical enumeration of imports of towels, sheets, and pillowcases, wholly or in chief value of flax, for contrast with recorded im.ports of similar articles wholly or in chief value of cotton. PARAGRAPH 1014, it H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1014. Fabrics with, fast edges not exceeding twelve inches in width, and articles made therefrom, tubings, garters, suspenders, braces, cords, tassels, cords and tassels; all the foregoing composed wholly of vegetable fiber other than cot- ton, or wholly of vegetable fiber other than cotton and india rubber, and not specially provided for, 28 per centum ad valorem; tapes composed wholly or in part of flax, woven with or without metal threads, on reels, spools, or otherwise, and designed expressly for use in the manufacture of measuring tapes, 23 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909-. ACT OF 1913. Par. 346. Tapes coinposed wholly or in Par. 275; Tapes composed wholly or part of flax, woven with or without metal in part of flax, woven with or without threads, on reels, spools, or otherwise, and metal threads, on reels, spools, or other- designed expressly for use in the manu- wise, and designed expressly for use in 928 SUMMAHY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. ACT OF 1909. facture of measuring tapes, forty per centum ad valorem. Par. 349. * * * bands, bandings, belts, beltings, bindings, cords, * * * ribbons, tapes, Trebs, and webbings;; * * * all of tbe foregoing, composed ■wboUy or in chief value of * * * flax, or otter vegetable fiber, or of * * * flax, or other vegetable fiber and india rubber, or of * * * flax, or other vegetable fiber, india rubljer, and metal, and not elsewhere specially provided for in this section, sixty per centum ad va- lorem: Provided, That no article coinposed wholly or in chief value of one or more qf the materials or goods specified in this paragraph, shall pay a less rate of duty than the highest rate imposed by this section upon any of the materials or goods of which the same is composed: * * *. ACT OF 1913. the manufacture of measuring tapes, 20 per centum ad val«rem. ■ Par. 278. Bands, bandings, belts, belt- 1 ings, bindings, cords, ribbons, tapes, webs and webbings, all the foregoing composed wholly of flax, hemp, or ramie, or of flax, hemp, or ramie and india rubber, and not otherwise sp^ially provided for in this section, 30 per centum ad valorem; * * *. SMALL WARES OF VEGETABLE FIBERS OTHER THAN COTTON. , Description and uses. — This paragraph covers narrow woven fabrics which have hot been ornamented after leaving the loom, manufactures of such narrow woven fabrics, and certain articles made by braiding or twisting together yarns or threads. The "small wares" thus covered are confined to those composed wholly of vege- table fiber other than cotton, or of such vegetable fibers (other than cotton) and india riibber. For description see the cotton small- wares paragraph (912). Chief among the small wares here included are jute webbmgs used for upholstering and linen tapes for dress- making. Flax tape designed expressly for use in the manufactm-e of naeasuring tapes is specifically mentioned. Production is not recorded except in regard to one item, jute webbing, which amounted in 1919 to 30,856,000 linear yards, valued at $1,325,000. The domestic production of fiax tape for manufac- ture into measuring tape is confined almost entirely to one coijipany whose production in 1919 was about the same as in 1914. Imports in the fiscal year 1914 of small wares of flax, hemp, and ramie were valued at $34,053 ; of flax tapes for use in the manufacture of measuring tapes, at $10,421. Imports in later years have been as follows: Small wares of vegetable fiber other than cotton: Value Duty Flax tape for use in manufacture of measur- ing tapes; Value Duty 1918 $23,889 7,088 826 165, 1919 $12,492 3,489 754 151 $28,048 8,076 •5,454 1,091 1921 (9 months). $11,228 3,721 Exports are not recorded. Important changes in classification. — ^The basic wording of this small-wares paragraph is the same ^s used in the other textile sched- ules; the reasons therefor are stated imder paragraph 912, The STJMMABY OF TAETFF INFOEMATION, 1921. 929 paragraph as worded covers small wares composed wholly of vegetable fiber other than of cotton, or of such vegetable fiber (other than cotton) and india rubber. Small wares in chief value of vegetable fiber other than cotton would therefore come within the casket clause of paragraph 1019. - Suggested changes. — The following wording is^ suggested for this paragraph: Fabrics with fast edges not exceeding twelve inches in width, and articles made therefrom; tubings, garters, siispenders, braces, cords, tassels, and cords and tassels; all the foregoing composed wholly or in chief value of vegetable fiber other than cotton, or of vegetable fiber other than cotton and india rubber [rate] per centum ad valorem. The suggested wording for paragraph 1014 would cause it to be entirely complementary to paragraph 912 in taking care of small wares of vegetable fibers and would render unnecessary any mention of flax tapes for use in the manufacture of measuring tapes (as they would be automatically included) , unless a special rate is thought to be necessary for this latter. Imports of such tape are very small and there is no apparent reason for a specific provision for them. Imports of other small wares are also small and the advisability of .making the rates in paragraphs 912 and 1014 the same, to facilitate the work of administration by avoiding the necessity of determining the chief component material by an ^alysis of small wares made of cotton and other vegetable fibers, ifl^ht be considered. Page 1167 line 25, of H. R. 7456: Change comma .to semicolon after "therefrom," to agree with paragraph 912. PARAGRAPH 1015. 'H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1015. Handkerchiefs composed wholly or in chief value of vegetable fiber other than cotton, finished or unfinished, not hemmed, 33 J per centum ad valorem; hempied or hemstitched, 36 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. , Par. 356. Handkerchiefs composed of Par. 282. Handkerchiefs composed of flax, hemp, or ramie, or of which these flax, hemp, or ramie, or of which these substances, or either of them, is the com- substances, or any of them, is the com- ponent material of chief value, whether ponent material of chief value, whether in the piece or otherwise, and whether iu the piece or otherwise, and whether finished or unfinished, not hemmed or finished or Unfinished, not hemmed or hemmed only, fifty per centum ad hemmed only, 35 i)er centum ad valorem; valorem; if hemstitched, or imitation if hemstitched, or imitation hemstitched, hemstitched, * * * but not em- * * * but not embroidered, initialed, broidered,. initialed, or in part of lace, or in part of lace, 40 per centum ad fifty-five per centum ad valorem. ya,lorem. LINEN HANDKERCHIEFS. Description and uses. — The plain hemmed or hemstitched linen handkerchief is used by those who prefer its appearance and wearing Qualities to the cheaper cotton article. Prior to 1914, when prices 82304—22 59 930 SUMMARY OP TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. were normal,' the ordinary linen handkerchief ' displaced the finer grades of cotton handkerchiefs. Practicallyj all' of the imports under this paragraph are of linen, as all the other' leading fibers other than cotton,' with the minor exception of ramiej are not sufficiently- fine or flexible to make satisfactory handkerchiefs. Linen handker^ chiefs are niadeupijitb a varietyof sizes and qualities, for the most part' from light cambrics weighing from 1.5 to 3 ounces per square yard, which are dutiable at 28 per cent, ad valorem under paragraph 1009of H.K. 7456. . . ^ < > Production ot plain linen handkerchiefs from cloth imported in the piece is far in excess of the imports of these articles. Since 1914 there has been a marked decline in the domestic output owing to, the scarcity and high price of linetis. Plain cotton handkerchiefs prob- ably constitute more than three-fourths of the number of handker- chiefs of all descriptions produced annually in the United States. The greater number of domestic producers manufacture both cotton and linen handkerchiefs. Imports of linen handkerchiefs, hemmed or hemstitched, averaged 1853,902 per annum for "the fiscal yeiars 191 1-1920. Of the plain im- ported linen liahdkerchiefs about 90 per cent are hemstitched. The value of imported linen handkerchiefs ornamented with lace or em- broidery, classified under paragraph 1430 of H. R. 7456 and dutiable at 37 j' per cent, is ordinarily about twice as great, averaging $1,626,047 in the decade 1911-1920. The chief source of imports is the United Kingdom, principislly the .north of Ireland. Imports for 1918-1921 have been as follows : " ' Calendar year. Quantity. 1918 = .:...;.^A5-J.....>: 1919 Dozem. .-Sa.:. 374,220 1920 856,811 67S,250 1921 (9 months) Value. UylSO,!?^! 730,306 , 1,859,501 1,312,363 Duty. $454,564 286,388 732,167 Exports are not recorded. Important changes in classification. — The words "or with drawn threads," which were eliminated from the provision for cotton handkerchiefe in 1913, have also been omitted from this paragraph. Cotton handkerchiefs hemstitched and ornamented with drawn work have been held to be more specifically provided for under paragraph 255, of the act of 1&13 as ''handkerchiefs * * * hemjthed or hemstitched" than under paragraph 358 of the .same act as "articles from which threads have been omitted, drawn, punched, or cut, and with threads introduced after weaving, forming figures or designs, not including straight, hemstitching." (G, 4. 7769, T. D. 35675, of 1915.) In the new classification of paragraph358 (par. 1430 of H. R. 7456) therfc is a provision for "handkerchiefs * * * from which threads have been omitted, drawn, punched, or cut, and with threads introduced after weaving to finish or ornament the openwork, not including straight hemstitchihg." ' Hejnmed handkerchiefs have been ^i classed with the hemstitched, ^.s was, done in 1913 in the case of cotjton handkerchiefs, , because machine hemming and J^emstitching are commonly done in a single operation. The words " or imitation hetn- stitched are superfluous since such hemstitchiing is realljr machirie SUMHAHY OF TAKIFF INFORMATION, 192]. 931 hemstitching. The words " but not embroidered, initialed, or, in part of lace" are also unnecessapy, since handkerchiefs embroidered, initialed, or in part of lace are specifically covered by paraeraoh 1430 of H. R. 7456. ; J f & i- PARAGRAPH 1016. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENl - Par. 1016. Clothing, and articles of wearing apparel of every description, com- posed wholly or in chief value of vege- table fiber otber than cotton, and whether manufactured wholly or in pait, not specially provided for, 33J per centum ad valorem; shirt collars and cuffa, <;ompo^ed wholly or in part of flax, 28 cents per dozen, and, in addition thereto, 17 per centime ad yalprem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OP 1913. Par. 324. Clothing, ready-made, and Par. 278. * * * wearing apparel articles of wearing apparel of every de- composed wholly of flax, hemp, or ramie, scription, composed of * * * vege- or of flax, hemp, or ramie and India inib- table fiber, or of which * * • * vege- ber, 40 per centum ad valorem, table fiber is the component material of . jchief value, made up or manufactured, ' wholly or in part, by the tailoi:, seam- stress, or manufacturer, and not otherwise provided for in this section, fifty per contnim Sid vSilorGDi Par. 348. Shirt collars and cuffs. Par. 277. Shirt collars and cuffs, com- * * * composed in whole or in part posed in whole or in part of linen,, 30^ per of linei',' forty cents per dozen pieces and centum ad valorem. , twenty per ceiitum ad valorem. ONEN WEARING APPAREL. Description and uses. — The domestic consumption of wearing ap- parel, made in whole or in part jaf linen, has depliaed greatly since 1914- Practically all linen weanng apparel, other than collars, is either embroidered or in part of lace, and is classified under para- raph 1430 of H. R. 7456. Linen blouses and men's collars form the ulk of goods falling imder paragraph 1016. In the domestic trade a collar with one of its several plies made of linen is known as a linen collar. The consumption of linen collars and cuflFs is insignificant as compared with the consumption of such articles of all cotton. The latter form thie basis of the domestic trade. Productiorl. — Prior to 1914 large quantities of imported linen fab- rics were used by the domestic clothing trade in the manufacture of ladies' dresses and men's clothing. During the years 1914-1920, the production of Mnen apparel, owing to the excessively high prices of flax fabrics, was negligible. In 1921 the consumption was in excess of 1914-1920, though far below the amounts used before the war. In 1914 only one domestic company manufactured linen col- lars and cuffs in any quantity. In 1919 its production was negligible. 932 SUMMARY OF TAHIFF INFORMATION? 1921. Imports- consist chiefly of linen blouses and men's collars. Ship- ments of wearing apparel of all linen were valued in 1914 at $20,343 and in 192.0 at' $80,819/ Linen, collars and cuffs, imported in the same years numbered in 1914, 53,370 dozen, valued at 356,1629, and in 1920, 30,703 dozen, valued at $71,980. Imports during 1918-1921 have been as follows : ■ Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. WEARING APPAREL OTHER THAN COTTON, N. s. P. . . 1918 122,816, 27,656 80,819 52^486 '' t9,045 '9 131 1919 1920 ~...;...... 27;'599 1921 (9 montlis) SHIRT COAaRS and CUFFS IN WHOLE OR IN PART OF LINEN. 1918 - Dozen pairs. 18,652' 15,310 23,169 137,996 35,884 ■ .:71,980 61,746 $11,399 10,765 21,594 1919 1920 : : 1921 (9 montlis) Important changes in classification. — Linen collars and cuffs, here- tofore covered in a separate paragraph (par. 277., act of 1913), have been added to this paragraph, the quantity entering into the domestic trade not being large enough for an entire paragraph. The wearing apparel provision has been enlarged by substituting the words "wholly or in chief value" for the word "wholly." ■ The reference to wearing apparel composed in part of India rubber has been eliminated, because imports are small, and would almost always be composed in chief value of the textile fibers utilized rather than of the rubber. Conflicting provision. ^-Va,TeLgTa,ph 1016 conflicts, with paragraph 1210 with respect to shirt coUars, because both paragraphs provide for shirt collars "in part" of the particular ma,terial. Suggested changes. — In case the provision in paragraph 1210 for shirt collars wholly or in part of silk shall be eliminated, as there su^ested, the conflict above mentioned will be avoided. Page 117, line 18, of H. R. 7456: Strike out the comma after "dozen" and after "and" and omit the'words "in addition thereto;" as unnecessary. PARAGRAPH 1017. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1017. Bst^a or sacks triade from r, plain woven fabrics of single jute yariis or from twilled or other fabrics composed wholly of jute, 1 cent per pound, and, in addition thereto, 17 per centum ad va- lorem. ; ; SUMMABY OF TABIFP INFORMATION, 1!)2]. 933 ACT OP 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par, 354. Bags or sacks rnade from 'Par. 281. Bags or sacks made from plain *6ven fabrics, of single jKte yarns, plain woven fabrics, of- single jute yarns, not dyed,- colored, stained, painted, not dyed, colored, stained, painted, print- printed, or bleached, and not exceeding ed, or bleached, 10 per centum ad va- thirty threads to the, square inch, count- lorem. ing the warp and filling, seyen-eights of one cent per pound and fifteen per Centum ad valorem. [Jute bags or sacks containing more than [Jute bags or sacksj dyed, colored, etc., 30 threads to the square inch, or made or made from twilled fabrics, are dutiable from twilled fabrics, or dyed, colored, at 35 per centum ad valorem under par. etc., were dutiable at 45 per centum 284.] ad valorem under par. 358.] JUTE BAGS AND SACKS. (See Survey J 9.) Description and uses. — Jute bags are the most popular medium the world over for sacking bulky commodities. There are two leading types : , (1) Burlap bags, made from a plain woven jute cloth, and (2) sacking bags, made from a twilled jute cloth, heavier and coarser than burlap. The domestic production is limited to bags made from im- ported burlap, entries of which material in 1920 amounted to about 1,000,000,000 yards. Four-fifths of the burlap consumed is used in American bag factories. (For a description of burlap and sacking cloth, see par. 1008, p. 918.) The leading domestic use of burlAp bags is for sacking grain, bran, feed, fertilizer, sugar, flour, and vegetables. Sack- ing bags, which are stronger than burlap bags of the same capacity, and which weigh about twice as much, enter this country as containers of a great variety of products, principally raw sugar, coffee, and nitrates. After the sacking bags have been emptied and repaired, the best are used to contain vegetables and cottonseed meal, and the poorest for covering raw cotton, the amounts used in recent years for this latter purpose constituting about 10 per cent of all such wrapping. The consumption of new sacking bags is limited to Porto Eico, which employs several million a year for shipping raw sugar, principally to the United States. Production in 1914 amounted to 388,526,154, and in 1919 to 457,306,416, burlap bags. The production of cotton bags in the same years was .543,311,602 iand 506,451,571, respectively. The burlap bag and the cotton bag are each so adapted to particular uses that they do not compete except at times when the price of one is very high in terms of the other. No sacking bags are produced in the United States, largely owing to the tariff, which in the past has imposed a higher duty on jute sacking than on jute burlap. Imports of burlap liags (made from plain woven fabrics of single jute yams) amounted to 48,691,852 pounds in 1920, as compared with an average of 52,138,628 pounds for the years 1910-1914. Im- ports of new bags are practically limited to those measuring 22 by 36 inches, weighing 12 ounces'; these are known, as centals, and are used almost exclusively on the Pacific coast for sacking graiti. The con- sujnption of centals averages about 50,000,000 bags annually, of whidi two-thirds, are supplied by imports. Iniports of new bags are practically limited to centals, because, in contrast to other jute bags 934 SUMMARY OF TARIFF IH-FORMATION, 1921. of domestic origin, they are standardized, unprinted, and used in very large quantities. New centals are all. supplied ,by British Jiidia and form the largest part of her exports of burlap bags, which are small as compared with her shipments of sacking bags. The number of jute bags shipped from India in the year ended March 31, 1921, totaled 397,013,000 sacking bags and 136,895,000 burlap bags. Second-hand bags, which form a steadily decreasing part of our imports, are suppUed by the United Kingdom. Cotton bags, dutiable under the basket' Cjause of the cotton schedule, are rarely imported and then only in negligible quantities. , , . , Imports of burlap bags since 1917, have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. 1918 ... . ... Pounds. 31,360,482 43,042,985 48,691,852 64,986,166 J5, 056, 826 4.636,042 7,493,240 ^,628; 493 S50S,683 453 584 1919 1920 749,208 1921C9months) Exports qisi\\ha,gs of vegetable fiber are normally small and consist chiefly of cotton bags. The value of exported bags of vegetable fiber was $683,483 in 1914 and $5,95i;66'9 in 1920. Argentina, Cuba, Canada, and the United Kingdom were the leading markets. In 1914, according to special data secured by the Tariff Commission (see Survey J-9), exports of jute bags amounted to 500 new and 1,334,000 second-hand bags, and in 1919' to 2,945,300 new and 4,607,000 second-hand bags. The increased exports of new jute bags in 1919 were due to war conditions, as under normal circumstan'ces the United States can not compete with India in the trade in new! jute bags. Important changes in classification. — In former tariff acts provisions for bags aiid sacks have been confined to those made of burlap. Although the world production of sacking bags is as extensive as that of burlap bags, the former were not specifically mentioned and have fallep in the basket paragraph of Schedule J. In the acts of 1909 and 1913 sacking bags, though made from cloth of poorer quality than burlap, were assessed at a higher duty. The duty on sacking bags in the, act of 1909 was 45 per cent, and in the act of 1913 it is .35 per cent, whereas the duty on burlap bags amoimted during the opera- tion of the former act to about 30 per cent; in the latter it is 10 per cent. The differential between the cloth and bags in these, acts was as follows: Between burlap and burlap bags, about 7 per cent in the actiof 1909 and precisely 10 per cent in the act of 1913; on sacking and sacl^ing bags, little^ since both the cloth and the bags fell under the basket clause in each act, each being dutiable at 45 per cent in the act of 190.9, a,nd at 35 per c^ent in the act of 1913. In H. R. 7456, the same duty is placed upon both burlap and sacking. The descriptive terms '.'not dyed, colored," etc., have beeil omitted because imports of such bags dyed, colored, etc., have heen negligible. Burlap and sacking bags have been separately enumerated in the new provision, so that the recording of imports of burlap bags may be continued, and statistics may also be obtained on sacking bagi, which hitherto have not been separately classified in custom statistics. Suggested changes.— Page 117, line 22, of H. R. 7456 :- Strike out the comma after "pound" and after "and" 4nd omit the wo'fds "in addition thereto," as uimecessary. SUMMARY OP TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 935 PARAGRAPH 1018. H. R. 7456. ' Par. 1018. Linoleum, including corti- cine and cork carpet; 28 per centum ad valorem; floor oilcloth, 20 per centum ad valorem; mats or rjigs made of linoleum or fioor oilclotli shall be subject to the same rates of duty as herein provided for linoleum or floor oilcloth. , SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1909. Par. 3. . - . 942 StJMMABY OF TARIFF INFOBMATiaNj 1!)21. Exports are not recorded. : . , Important changes in classification. — Because of the relatively minor importance of floor coverings in cliief value of jute or other vegetable fiber,* Specific provision for them has been abandShed and they will fallundfer thea)asket! clause in paragraph 1020 of H. R. 7456. ; FLOOR COVERINGS OF CbTTON. (See Survey J-3.) Description and uses. — Floor coverings of cotton consist mainly of rag rugs and are provided fof under paragraph 302'oif'the act of 1913. They will fall under the general provision in p aragrftph^ 1020, H. R. 7456 . Production. — The value of rag i-ugs produced m 1914 was $2,786,439 and'in 1919, $505,000. ' ' ' .' ', Imports oi cotton carpets iand carpeting, n. s. p. f., amounted in 1914 to 134,528 square yards, valued at $16,187. Later imports have been as follows : Calendar year. Qustottty. ■ Value: ■ ; ■ ; . 1 Duty. , Ad valorem .rate, i 1918 Square yds. ■'4105,929 ' ,181,232 , * 397,811 166, 152 S21, 186 36,246 79,562 'Pk cent. ''■'-' 20 1919...: • . 225, 396. 321,585' 120,822 20 1920 ZD 1921 (9 months) 20 &2'^rte are hot recorded. ' Important changes in dassifiqation. — For reasons similar to those given in the case of jute carpeting, specific provision for cotton floor coverings has been abandoned and they will fall under the general clause in paragraph 1020, H. R. 7456. PARAGRAPH 1021. ., ,, H. R. 7456. Par. 1021. Matting made of cocoa fiber or rattanj 9 cents'per square yard; mats niade of cocoa finer or rattan, 7 cents per square foot. ■ ■ , . , ACT OF 1909. Par. 466. Matting made of cocoaj fiber or rattan, six cents per square yard; mats made of cocoa fiber or rattan, four cents per square foot. sEifATE ah;eni>meitts. ACT OF 1913. P^r. 37,1; Matting made of cocoa fiber or rattan, 5 cents per square yard; inats made of cocoa fiber or rattan, 3 cents per square foot. COCOA MATS AND MATTINGS. Description and uses. — Cocoa mats and matting, made from the fibrous husk of the coconut, are produced chiefly in Ceylon, British India, the Straits Settlements, and islands of the Eastern .Archi- pelago. The fiber is removed from the husk \ij soaking and beat- ing and is then crudely hand spun by the natives. Machinery is occasionally used, but the hand-spun yarn is both cheaper and better. SUMMABY OF TARIFF HSIFORMATTON, 1921. 943 Cocoa mattine is generally in plain or twill weave, without pile. It is very durable and is used for runners in aisles, corridors, offices, etc. In this country it is generally made on power-driven looms. Cocoa mats are.usually woven with a pile, but some types are braided and sewed together^' They are usfed as doormats, automobjle mats, etc. The mats are still largely made on hand looms, althourii the use of power looms for the pile mats has been introduced. In India, which is the leading source of imports, manufacture is by hand. The great Karslmess of the cocoa fiber ha^ been an obstacle to the use of labor-saving machinery, and the industry, is handicapped by labor conditions. At one time the production was carried on mainly by prison labor; this still obtains, to some extent, but it has been greatly diminished by State legislation. Matting made of rattan differs from cocoa matting in manufacture and raw material. Rattan is an East Indian and African creeping palm, the stem of which can be split into slender strands and woven mto basket work, chairs, couches, pillows, mats, and similar articles. In weaving rattan matting, a simple bamboo framework is used, the operatioii being entirely handwork. Production of cocoa mats and matting is included by the Census in production figures fpr grass rugs and other articles, and is there- fore not obtainable separately. An inquiry made by the Tariff Commission discloses , that there are four or five mills using power looms (also some hand looms), and that there are several additional firms making cocoa mats on hand looms, these being located chiefiy ,in Michigan and Wisconsin and specializing largely on mats for automobiles. Practically no rattan mats or matting are made in the United States. Imports of mat§ and matting steadily increased prior to 1915, but fell on sharply during 1916-i&18* In 1914, imports of mats amounted to 1,545,449 square feet, valued at $139,419; and imports of matting to 114,987 square yards, valued at S34,863. Later imports are recorded as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. - Equiva- lent ad valorem. MATS OF COCOA FIBER OR RATTAN. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 montlis) . . Squarefeet. 4,639 32*), 939 ,2,105,839 2, 006, .510 $645 43,215 294,707 249,028 $139 9,627 63,100 Per cent. 21.58 22.29 21.44 MATTING OF COCOA FIBER OK. RATTAN. 1918 . Square r/ds. 30,788 73,401 87, 774,, 125,596 $4,974 31,546 48,415, 52,325 $1,488 3,670 4,389 29.92 1919 11.63 1920 . .- .- 9.12 1921 (9 monthsl Exports are not recorded. SCHEDULE 11.— WOOL A]>fD MANUFACTURES OF. PARAGRAPH 1101. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1101. Wools, not improved by the admixture of merino or English blood, such as Donskoi, native Smyrna, native South American, Cordova, Valparaiso, and other wools of like character or description, and hair of the camel, 28 per centum ad valoreih: Provided; That, the duty shall not exceed 7 cents per pound. The duty on such wools, imported on, the skin, shall be 24 per centum ad valorem, but not to exceed 6 cents per pound. ACT OP 1009. Schedule K — Wool, and ManupaC-' TDEES OP. Par. 360. All wools, hair of the camel, * * * and other like animals shall be divided, for the purpose of fixing the duties to be charged thereon, into the three following classes: * * *. Par. 362. Class two * * * hair of the camel * * *. ' Par. 363. Class three, that is to say,, Donskoi, native South American, Cordova, Valparaiso, native Smyrna, Russian camel's hair, and all such wools of like character as have been heretofore usually imported into the United States from Turkey, Greece, Syria, and elsewhere, excepting improved wools hereinafter provided for. Par. 368. The duty upon * * * hair of the camel, * * * of class one and class two, which shall be imported in stay other than ordioary condition, or which has been sorted or increased in value by the rejection of any part of the original fleece, shall be twice the duty to which it Vould be' otherwise subject: Provided, * * * The duty upon * * * hair of the camel * * * of any class which shall be changed in its character or condition for the purpose of evading the duty, or which shall be ACT OF 1913. Schedule K — ^Wool and ManUpao- TURES OP.^ Par. 650. Wool of the sheep, hair of the darnel, and! other like animals, and all wools and hair on the skih of such animals *.* ,*. This paragraphi. shall be ef- fective, on and after the first :d^y of De- cember, nineteen hundred,, and thirteen, until which time the rates of duty how provided by schedule K of the existing law shall remain in full force and effect [^ee]. 1 Paragrapli 310 provided that— "The provisions of this sc)iedule (K) shall be effective on and after the first day of January, nineteen hundred and fourteen, until which date the rates of duty now provided by Schedule K of the existing law shall remain in full force and effect. " Paragraph 19, emergency tariff act of 1921 provides that — " Wool and hair ol the kind provided for in paragraph 18, when advahcedin any manner or by an^ process of manufacture beyond the washed or scoured condition, and manufactured of which wool or hair of the kind provided for in paragraph 18 is the component material of chief value, 45 cents per pound in addition to the rates of duty imposed thereon by existing law. " 944 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 945 ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. reduced in value by the admixture of dirt or any other foreign substance, shall be^ twice the duty to which it would be otherwise subject. * » *_ Pah. 370. On wools of the third class and on camel's hair of the third class the value whereof shall be twelve cents or less per pound, the duty shall be four cents per pound. On wools of the third class and on camel's hair of the third class, the value whereof shall exceed twelve cents per pound, the duty shall be seven cents per pound. Par. 371. The duty on wools on the skin shall be one cent less per pound then is imposed in this schedule on other wools of the same class and condition, * * * CARPKT WOOLS. (See Report " The Wool-Growing Industry.") Description and' uses. — This paragraph covers a class of wools produced by native breeds which have not been improved by crossing with sheep of either merino or "EngHsh" blood. These wools, which are not competitive with domestic varieties, are coarse and stifif and usually kempy (having white brittle hairs which resist dyeing) ; they are often gray, brown, or black. Their lack of fineness, supple- ness, and felting qualities makes them unadaptable for ordmary clothing purposes but peculiarly suitable for carpet manufacture. Some are employed in coarse blankets, robes, and upholstery cloths, or, when mixed with better wools, ia the manufacture of rough tweeds or cheviots, but their main use is in carpets and rugs. Native unimproved sheep are found in many countries, but most largely in Asia, European Kussia, and South America. Donskoi, a South Russian wool, is one of the most important and includes Savolga, Kasan, Tscherski, and Kuban wools. These are the better sorts for carpet making and have a long "combing" staple. Native Smyrna and Syrian wools also aregenerally of the higher grade. "Native South American wools" are mainly from the "CrioUa" breeds, which originated from early Spanish importations and consist of sheep with apparently little or no meriao heredity. Wools shipped from Val- paraiso, Chile, are known as Valparaiso wools. Cordova wools are grown in the Provinces of Cordova and San Luis, Argentina. Other unimproved wools include Central Asian wools such as Bokhara, Merv, Transcaspian, and Calmuc; East Indian wools; and Chinese wools. The term also includes various European carpet wools, particularly wool of the Scotch "blackface" sheep, an animal which yields a carpet wool par excellence. This paragraph also covers cameFs hair, of which Russia and China are the two main sources. Camel's hair is imported chiefly to make the press cloth required in the extraction of. vegetable oils, particularly cottonseed oil. Production. — Carpet wools and camel's hair are not produced in the United States, with the possible exception of negligible amounts 82304—22 60 946 STJMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. of wool such as used by the Navajo Indians in making blankets and rugs. Imports of "class 3," including the carpet wools here covered, and camel's hair from Russia, averaged, per annum, 91,097,535 pounds for the 1891-1900 decade, 99,614,106 pounds for the 1901-1910 decade, and 85,836,333 pounds for the 1911-1920 decade (fiscal years). The decrease in imports is an indication of the decreased production of wool carpets and rugs in the United States. Imports since 1917 of the wools and hairs falling under paragraph 1101 of H. R. 7456 are recorded as follows: ' Calendar year. Unimproved wools, class 3. ' " Camel's hair, classes 2 ' and 3. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. 1918 ■Pmmds. 68,696,633 95,732,470 35,549,300 73,872,072 $29,041,103 36, 246, 823 11,351,262 8,712,629 Pownds. 1,321„897 1,120,938 2,725,180 715, 641 1682,112 1919.... 762, 365 1920 1,850,923 1921 (9 months) ..... 237,075 Leading sources in 1920 were China, the United Kingdom, CMle, Turkey, Russia, and Argentina. Exports, — No exports are recorded. Important changes in clussijicaiion. — -The wools covered in this para- graph were admitted free of duty under paragraph 650, act of 1913, and, as carpet wools, were not made dutiable by the emergency tariff act of 1921. This paragraph covers practically the same wools as were covered by paragraph 363 of the act of 1909 and there called "class three" wools. The phrasing "wools,; not improved by the admixture of merino or English blood" has been substituted for "class three * * * wools * * * excepting improved wools hereinafter pro- vided for." Mention of DonsKoi, native Smyrna, native South American, Cordova, and Valparaiso wools has been retained as an indication of the kind of wools so covered, but mention of sources has been omitted for the reason that carpet wools are imported from all over the world. "Hair of the camel" has been substituted for "Russian camel's hair" as there is no tariff significance in a division of camel's hair according to origin. The duty on unimproved wools is made ad valorem, with a maximum specific rate which is the same as the highest specific rate provided in paragraph 370 of the act of 1909. The specific rate per pound applies to the weight of the wool in the condition imported, whether in the grease, washed, or scoured. These wools are mainly imported in the grease; they sometimes enter in the washed state, but rarely in a scoiired condition. Much of this wool is manufactured without any scouring. The duties, both ad valorem and maximum specific, on unimproved wools imported on the skin are lower than those levied on such wools other than on the skin because of the difference in value. SUMMARY OF TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. PARAGRAPH 1102. 947 H. B. 7456. Par. 1102. Wools, not specially pro- vided for, and hair of the Angora goat, alpaca, and other like animals, imported in the grease or washed, 25 cents per pound of clean content; imported in the scoured state, 26 cents per pound; im- i ported on the skin, 24 cents per pound of • clean content: Provided, That none of the foregoing shall pay a higher rate of duty than 35 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Pak. 360. All wools, hair of the * * *, goat, alpaca, and other like animals shall be divided, for the purpose of fixing the duties to be charged thereon, into the three following classes: Par. 361. Class one, that is to say, merino, mestiza, metz, or metis wools, or other wools of Merino blood, immediate or remote, Down clothing wools, and wools of like character with any of the preced- ing, including Bagdad wool, China lamb's wool, Castel Branco, Adrianople skin wool or butcher's wool, and such as have been heretofore usually imported into the United States from Buenos Aires, New Zealand, Australia, Cape of Good Hope, Russia, Great Britain, Canada, Egypt, Morocco, and elsewhere, and all wools not hereinafter included in classes two and three. Par. 362. Class two, that is to say, Leicester, Cotswold, Lincolnshire, Down combing wools, Canada long wools, or other like combing wools of English blood, and usually known by the terms herein used, and also hair of the * * *, An- gora goat, alpaca, and other like animals. Par. 365. Whenever wools of class three shall have been improved by the ad- mixture of Merino or English blood, from their present character as represented by the standard samples now or hereafter to be deposited in the principal custom- houses of the United States, such im- proved wools shall be classified for duty either as class one or as class two, as the case may be. Par. 366 , The duty on wools of the first class which shall be imported washed shall be twice the amount of the duty to SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 305. Hair of the Angora goat, al- paca, and other like animals, and all hair on the skin of such animals, 15 per centum ad valorem. Par. 650. Wool of the sheep, hair of the camel, and other like animals, and all wools and hair on the skin of such ani- mals, * * *. This paragraph shall be effective on and after the first day of De- cember, nineteen hundred and thirteen, until which time the rates of duty now provided by schedule K of the existing law shall remain in full force and efiect f Free]. 2 ' Par. 18, emergency tariff act of May 27, 1921: "Wool, cotranonly known as clothing wool, including hair of the camel, angora goat, and alpaca, but not suchwoolsasarecommonlykn<)wn as carpet wools: Unwashed, 15 cents per pound; * * *. Unwashed wools shall be considered such as shall have been shorn from the animal without any cleaning; washed wools shall be considered such as have been washed with water only on the animal's back or on the skin ; wools washed in any other manner than on the animal's back or on the skin shall be considered as scoured wool. On wool and hair provided for in this paragraph, which is sorted or increased in value by the re - jection of any part of the original fleece, the duty shall be twice the duty to which it would otherwise be subject, but not more than 45 cents per pound." 948 StrMMABY OF TABIFP INFOEMATIOir, 1921. ACT OF 1909. . ACT OF 1913. which they would be subjected if im- ported unwashed; and the duty on wools of the first and second classes which shall be imported scoured shall be three times the duty to which they would be sub- jected if imported unwashed. * * * . Par. 367. Unwashed wools shall be considered such as shall have been shorn from the sheep without any cleansing; that is, in their natural condition. Washed wools shall be considered such as have been washed with water only on the sheep's back, orontheskin. Woolsof the first and second classes washed in any other manner than on the sheep's back or on the skin shall be considered as scoured wool. Par. 368. The duty upon wool of the sheep or hair of the * * * Angora goat, alpaca, and other like animals, of class one and class two, which shall be imported in any other than ordinary con- dition, or which has been sorted or in- creased in value by the rejection of any part of the original fleece, shall be twice the duty to which it would be otherwise subject: Provided, That skirted wools as imported in 1890 and prior thereto are hereby excepted . The duty upon wool of the sheep or hair of the * * * Angora goat, alpaca, and other like animals of any class which shall be changed in its charac- ter or condition for the purpose of evading the duty, or which shall be reduced in value by the admixture of dirt or any other foreign substance, shall be twice the duty to which it would be otherwise sub- ject. When the duty assessed upon any wool equals three times or more that which would be assessed if said wool was imported unwashed, the duty shall not "be doubled on account of the wool being sorted. * * *. Par. 369. The duty upon all wools and hair of the first class shall be eleven cents per pound, and upon all wools or hair of the second class twelve cents per pound. Par. 371. The duty on wools on the skin shall be one cent less per pound than is imposed in this schedule on other wools of the same class and condition, * * *. MERINO, ENGLISH, AND CROSSBRED WOOLS, AND MOHAIR, ALPACA, ETC. (See Report "The Wool-Growing Industry.") Description and uses. — ^This paragraph covers all wools, other than those from native unimproved sheep (see par. 1101), and also includes hair of the Angora goat, alpaca, and other like animals. Wools here covered may be divided into three broad classes, the merino, the English, and the crossbred. SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 949 Merino wool: Merino sheep are raised for wool rather than mutton; they are small but have a very dense fleece. Merino wools are short, mainly 1 to 2 inches in length, but are noted for their fineness, soft- ness, strength, and elasticity; they have a very large number of serrations per inch and therefore are easily felted. As they can be spun to the finest counts and are relatively high in price, they are used for fine worsteds and for the finest qualities of closely compacted cloths such as broadcloths, billiard cloths, officers' uniforms, doeskins, etc. Merino sheep originated in Spain but there are now many widely distributed varieties. The largest numbers are found in Australiaj British South Africa, and the United States in the order named. Merino wool is naturally very oily, and in consequence a large amount of dirt adheres to it. For this reason the shrinkage in weight when scoured is higher than for other wools, ranging from 40 to 80 per cent, with an average of possibly 60 per cent. English wools: The "English breeds" of sheep are grown for mutton rather than wool; they are for the most part larger framed and relative to body weight they shear less wool than merinos. Wools are divided into two main classes, the "long-wools" and the "Down" or "short wools." The long-wools, such as those produced by the Lincoln or Co tswold. breeds, are 6 to 15 inches in length, rather coarse, but strong and noted for their luster and brilliancy. The Down wools, such as those produced by the Southdown or Hampshire breeds, are 3 to 5 niches in length, but softer, finer, and more elastic than the long wools. "English" wools constitute but a small percentage of the world total, being little raised outside of Ei^land proper. They are used chiefly in the manufacture of coat linings, also m braids and in some varieties of lustrous dress goods. The shrinkage in weight from scouring is small; when, as is the rule, they are brook washed prior to shearing, the shrinkage after purchase is often less than 20 per cent. Crossbred wools: The "crossbreds" are sheep partly of merino and partly of "English" blood; they have the size and weight of good mutton sheep and their wool retains some of the fineness and elasticity of the merino. Such sheep are valuable for both mutton and wool and, since the development of the frozen mutton trade, have steadily increased in commercial importance. South America is the largest producer, New Zealand second, Australia third, and the Umted States fourth. Crossbred wools are known abroad as three-fourths, one-half, three-eighths and one-fourth blood wools, according to the percentage of merino blood in the crossing. In the United States they are graded as one-half, three-eighths, one-fourth, low one-fourth, and common, but these grades designate fineness of fiber on the down- ward sca,le; they bear no definite relation to the merino heredity of the sheep. The shrinkage in weight in scouring can hardly be avieraged; it ranges from 35 to 75 per cent, varying with the per- centage of merino blood and the conditions under which the sheep are raised. Merino and crossbred wools are listed in import statistics under the 1909 tarifif designation as "class 1" wools. Wools not containing merino blood, such as those of English blood, but not including carpet wools, are hsted as "class 2 " wools. 950 SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Wools imported on the skin are from slaughtered sheep, and after removal with the assistance of chemicals are known as "pulled wools." This wool is not so valuable as that sheared from the sheep because the process of pulling damages the serrations of the fibers and detracts from the spmning. quality. Pulled wools are used for soft twist knitting yarns, for blankets, felts, etc. Th6 animal hairs here classed with wool are mainly mohair, alpaca, vicuna, and llama. Mohair comes from the Angora goat. South Africa ranks first in its production, Turkey (the original habitat) second, and the United States third. The fiber is soft; silky, white, and lustrous; it is used largely in making plushes for Pullman. car seats; for coat linings; and for summer suitings, dress goods, imitation furs, etc. Goods woven of mohair or other animal hair are generally made with cotton warp. In response to inquiries by the Tariff Commission, four important manufacturers of mohair' fabrics gave the shrinkage of foreign and domestic mohair as follows : Domestic mohair. Turkish moliair. Capo motaair. Company No. 1. Company No. 2 Company No. 3. Company No. 4. Per cent, [ 10 16 12 1&-25 Per cent- is 18 ,20 20-32 Per cent. 17 18 18-25 These companies gave 40s as the maximum spinning count in this country for domestic mohair, and from 40s to 60s as the maximum for imported mohair. Alpaca is the hair of the animal of that name found in Peru and Bolivia. The hair is 10 to 16 inches in length, finer and softer but less lustrous than mohair, although much like it in the better grades. The reddish hair is superior to the white. Alpaca is used, with cotton Warp, in making coat linings, summer suitings, and dress goods. The shrinkage is from 15 to 20 per cent. Vicuna hair is fine and soft, reddish brown, and much like the alpaca but shorter. Llama hair is closely allied to alpaca, although somewhat coarser. The vicuna and the llama, like the alpaca, are found in Peru and Bolivia. . " Production of wool in the United States has remained practically unchanged for the past four decades, about 300,000,000 pounds in the grease, rareLy varying as much as 10 per cent from this figure. Production in the 1891-1910 decade averaged 298,818,032 pounds per annum; in the 1901-1910 decade 301,846,046 pounds; and in the 1911-1920 decade 300,732,995 pounds, per annum. The maximum, of 349,000,000 pounds, was in 1893; the minimum, of 259,000,000 pbtinds, in 1897. Production in 1920 was 302,207,000 pounds. Wools produced in the United States may be divided into two classes, farm or fleece wools and territory wools. In both classes they range! in grade from merino or "fine" down to "braid" or luster wools. Only one-fourth of the domestic production consists of SUMMABY OF TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 951 merino; virtually all the rest is of crossbred types, but a large part of these approximate fairly closely to the Down types. Fleece wools, grown in the farming States east of the Rocky Mountain region, may be subdivided into " semibrights " and "brights." The only difference "between them is the darker color of the former, which apparently results from the character of soil on which the sheep graze in the western part of the farming, region. Fleece wools are for the most part brights. A former subdivision called Georgia or "Lake" wools, grown in and adjacent to piney- woods areas in the South, is now of too small importance to merit separate attention. Most farm-grown wools fall within the |-blood to common grades; little merino is produced outside of the upper Ohio Valley arid a few areas elsewhere. Fine wool of unusual length called Delaine, ^own mainly in Ohio, is reputed to be the strongest merino fiber in the world. Territory wools derive their name from -the region west of the Missouri River which formerly comprised the "Territories." At the present time such wool is grown west of about the one hundredth meridian. Formerly the great bulk was of the merino type; and large quantities of fine wool are still grown in the drier, rougher areas, but a rapid and general adoption of crossbreeding to secure a greater mutton output hafe resulted in the production of a large proportion of crossbred wools which grade half-blood and coarser. About two-thirds of the domestic clip is now shorn in the Far West and in Texas. The main wool-producing States in 1920 were Wyoming, Idaho, Texas, Utah, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, California, Ohio, and Michigan. The average shrinkage in scouring in 1920 for all domestic wools was estimated by the Department of Agriculture at 58.7 per cent, ranging from 38 per cent for the State of Virginia to 67 per cent for the State of Washington. The world production of wool averages about 3,000,000,000 pounds. The main producers of wool are Australasia, the River Plate coun- tries, the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, China, and South Africa. The only ones having a large surplus for export are Australasia, the River Plate, and British South Africa. The chief ♦ importers of wool are the United Kingdom, France, Germany, United States, and Belgium jithese are also the main manufacturers employing p ower-driven machinery. Imports of wool (including carpet wools, par. 1101) less reexports, averaged per annum 161,061,322 pounds in the 1891-1900 decade; 189,609,955 pounds in the 1901-1910 decade; and 318,238,867 pounds in the 1911-1920 decade (fiscal years). The minimum, of 49,000,000 founds, was in 1894; the maximum, of 633,000,000 pounds, in 1916. n the three decades mentioned the ratio qf net imports to the total consumption increased from 35.2 to 38.6, and then to 51.5 per cent. As the production during this period has been stationary, it is obvious that the increased demand for wool has been met by larger importations. In spite of increased imports the United States still produces a much larger percentage of its wool requirements than any of the other leading wool ms,nufacturers such as the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Belgium. 952 SUMMAHY OF TARIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. Imports are largely of merino wools and wools containing merino blood, listed as "class 1" wools, the main sources in 1920 being Argentina, Australia, Uruguay^ the United Kingdom, and British South Africa. Imports of " class 2" wools are small, normally con- sisting largely of luster wools of low shrinkage from England; in 1920 the largest amount was credited to Chinay the second largest amount to England, and the third to Argentina. Imports since 1917 of the wools and hairs falling under paragraph 1102 of H. R. 7456 are recorded as follows: Calendar year. Merino and crossbred wools, class i: English and other wools, class 2. " ' ' i Mohair, alpaca, etc., class 2. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. value: 1918. . . Pouvds. 374,101,453 1 .334,523,510 212,453,148 195,-247,783 $216,668,818 171,407,751 109, 057, 448 43,364,716' PouTids. . 3,638,617 ' 7,404,145 4,177,602 9,532,869 $2,322,824 4, 353, 506 2,140,296 1, 848, 164 Pounds. 5,162,386 6,123,123 ,4,435,711 4, 401, 606 $2,616,976 1919 3,471,2Ste 1920 2,342,720 1921 (9 months)... 1,594,664 Exports of domestic wools are, for" the most part, taken by Canada. In 1920 the main purchasers, after Canada, were the United Kingdom and Japan. Exports since 1917, for calendar years, have been as follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921(9 months). 406,944 $462,969 2,839,980 $2,230,829 8,846,270 $4,936,740 1,607,169 Value . $459,722 Important changes in classification. — The wools covered by this paragraph were free of duty under paragraph 650, act of 1913, but are dutiable under the emergency tariff act of 1921. This paragraph embraces all wools, except those of unimproved blood, generally tised as carpet wools, which are dutiable at a special low rate in paragraph 1101. Imports under paragraph 1102 will therefore include wools which in previous tariffs were known as class " 1 wools and class 2 wools; hair of the goat, alpaca, and other like animals will also be included as heretofore. Since this paragraph covers all wools and hairs not more specifically provided for elsewhere, the long phraseology of preceding tariils, mentioning different classes and sources, is omitted as unnecessaiy. Basing the specific duty on the clean content instead of on wool in the grease obviates the necessity of distinguishing between wools of class 1 and class 2, formerly dutiable at different rates because of their different percentages of shrinkage. The specific duty is based on the scoured content, whether the wool is imported in the grease or washed on the sheep's back; a slightly higher duty is imposed if the wool is imported in the scoured state. The sjpecific duty on wools imported on the skin is also based on the scoured content, but af a slightly lower rate because of the somewhat lower average value of such wools. STIMMARY OP TAHIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 953 The following table is a mathematical demonstration of the equiva- lent duties per grease pound produced by a duty of 25 cents a pound scoured, and the equivalent duties per scoureci pound produced by 1 1 cents a pound in the grease, using varying percentages of shrinkage : Shrink- age. Yield. Duty per pound in greafe. Equiva- lent duty per pound scoured. Duty per pound scoured. Equiva- lent duty per pound in grease. Per cent. Per cerU. Cents. Cents. Cents. Centf. 75 25 44 25 6.25 70 30 36.67 25 7.50 6C5 33J 33 25 8.33 65 35 31.43 25 8.75 60 40 ■ 27.5 25 10.00 55 45 m 11 24.44 25 11.25 50 50 22 25 12.50 45 55 20 25 13. 75 40 60 18.33 25 15.00 35 65 16.92 25 16.25 33J 6C5 16.50 25 16.67 30 70 15.71 25 17.50 26 75 ' 14.67 25 18.75- 20 80 13.75 25 20.00 15 85 12.94 25 21.25 This table shows that a specific duty based on thb weight of the wool in the grease bears lightest on light-shrinkage wools and heaviest on heavy-shrinkage wools in the 'equivalent duty per scoured pound. This works to the disadvantage of such sections of the domestic manufacturing industry as desire wools of a type which have a relatively heavy shrinkage in scouring. A specific duty based on the scoured content, that is, on the actual wool itself, places all wools on an equal tariff footing so far as shrinkage is concerned. Owing to the existing depression in the wool markets of the world, however, a specific duty on the clean content bears more heavily on the light- shrinking wools so far as concerns the ad valorem equivalent. These wools constitute the bulk of the present surplus of wools in the world but the demand for them is relatively small. Prices for such fight- shrinking wools were so low when H. R. 7456 was framed that the ad valorem equivalent of the clean content duty was very high. For this reason the maximum ad valorem percentage provision was added to paragraph 1102. A table, prepared at the time H. R. 7456 was being considered by the Committee on Ways and Means, contrasts the ad valorem equivalents of the duties on wool, other than carpet wools, under the act of 1909 and the proposed duty of 25 cents per pound .in the grease. The following table is based on foreign prices as of about June 8, 1921 : 954 SUMMARY or TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Ad valorem equivalents of wool duties, contrasting the 1909 duty of 11 cents per pound in the grease with the proposed duty of 25 cents a.pound on clean content. ■ [Based on foreign prices.] Shrink- Yield. Foreign prices June 8, 1921, obtained by cable. Grease. Scoured. Scoured" pound equiva- lent of grease, duty of 11 cents per pound. Ad valorem equiv- alent of specific duty (per clean pound). 11 cents per pound. 25 cents per scoured pound. Merino: Patagonia West Australian '. Australian, 648 J . Austraiian, 70s Crossbred: South American, 50s. . . South American, 46s... New Zealand, 5(is New Zealand, 46s South American, 36/40s New Zealand, 36/40S . . . Per cent. 75 60 50 45 35 31 30 28 Per cent. 25 40 50 55 65 69 70 72 74 75 Per to. 10 5 .170 .285 .350 .150 .115 .220 .180 .095 .100 Per p Almost entirely tor their own consumption. SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 959 Imports of various types of wool wastes and wool waste materials (free under the act of 1913), appear below: Quantity. Value. Quantity. 1918 2 Value. 1919 2 Quantity. Value. Ton, roving, and card waste Slabbing, ting, and gametted waste Noils, carbonued and other ^ Yam, thread, bur, and all other waste, ' Including wool extract Shoddy Mungo ; Ragsand flocks Pounds. 515; 145 78,589 1,196,817 956,921 231,890 5,012 3,911,708 .$122,776 29,426 376; 429 '161,395 36,575 220 378,006 Pounds. 6,039 232,905 154,153 $7,024 136,220 23,678 826,109 197,900 Founds. 28,227 9,291 2,317,528 475, 137 8,133 166,732 1,316,541 $55, 878 10,938 3,293,095 246,300 2,609 81,867 265,888 1920" Quantity. Value 1921 2 (first 9 months). Quantity. Value. Top, roving, and card waste Slubbing, ring, and gametted waste Noils, carboiuzed and other Yarn, thread, bur, and all other waste, including wool extract .- 1 .' -. Shoddy Mungo Bags and flocks Pounds. 21, 676 19,990 2,584,182 1,871,026 24,603 21,861 2,429,341 $32,401 22,649 2,796,602 973,800 12, 265 6,757 403,113 Pounds. . 145,173 42,773 4,573,147 1,386,936 $91,524 ■ 22, 127 2,103,180 458,549 975,644 110, 108 'Fiscal year. ' Calendar year. The United Kingdom supplies the greater part of our imports of wool wastes and wool waste materials (which are grouped together in the statistics showing imports by countries), more than two-thirds comiag from this source. In 1914, Germany and Canada ranked second and third as sources of imports; in 1920, France and Canada held these positions. Imports constitute only a very small portion of the domestic consumption. In 1914 (calendar year), the quantity of wool waste imported (noils, top waste, etc.) amounted to 5.08 per cent of the domestic production for sale only; in 1919, to 5.41 per cent. Of woolen rags, the ratio of imports (pounds) to domestic consmnption was, in 1914, 3.67 per cent; in 1919, 1.18 per cent. For recovered wool fiber, it was, in 1914, 0.31 per cent; in 1919, 0.18 per cent. Exports are not recorded for any of the wool wastes except rag& These are shown as follows : Quantity (pounds) . Vahie 19141 26,852,402 $973,653 1918 » •3,344,150 •$346,217 1919 2 31,476,118 $5,538,440 1920 2 15,132,261 $2,812,752 1921 2 (9 months). 1, 268, 437 $161, 522 ' Fiscal year. • Exports of woolen rags were under restrictions from Sept. 24, 1917, to Dec. 10, 1918. The chief foreign market is the United Kingdom, which took 70.4 per cent of our exports in 1914 and 90.6 pqr cent in 1920. Prior to 960 SUMMARY OF TAKIFF INFORMATION, 1921. the war, Germany and Belgium, were next in importance, but they have been superseded by Canada and Japan. Since 1912 — ^when exports of wQolen rags were first recorded — exports have greatly exceeded imports both in quantity and value. On the other hand, the imports, as indicated by the average value per pound, are distinctly better in quality than the exports — though a decline in the quality of the imported rags followed the removal of the duty in 1913. That there is sonie exportation of wool wastes other than rags (noils, top waste, etc.) is indicated' by Canadian statistics, whiSi report, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 1921, imports of wool wastes and noils from the United States amountirig to 1,252,277 pounds, valued at $592^398. In 1914, Great Brita,in also imported 448,068 pounds from the United States, and in 191fl, 19,808 pounds. Likewise,^xports of recovered wool fiber are given in foreign statistics, Great Britain having imported 345,156 pounds from the United States in 1914, and 338,500 pounds in 1919; Canada, 2,892,897 pounds in the year ended March 31, 1915, and 833,023 pounds in the year ended March 31, 1921. Important changes in classification. — Wool wastes are exempt from duty under paragraph 651 of the act of 1913, but wastes m fiber form derived from clothing wool are dutiable under the emergency tariff act o^ 1921. (par. 18). (T. D. 38798, of 1921.) This paragraph is intended to cover all varieties of wool waste.and wool waste materials, and to ad just the duties in fair ratio to the relative value of such articles. Top waste, slubbing waste, roving waste, and ring waste sell at approximately the same price as the raw wool of which they are made; therefore, the same specific, rate of duty, has been applied as th^t on raw wool, although without the maximum ad valorem provision. Gametted waste sells at a lower price than the four preceding types and so is assessed a lower duty. Carbonized noils come next in value and are dutiable at a higher rate than the uncarbonized noils from which they are made. Thread or yarn waste and other unspecified wastes,, such as card waste and bur waste, are ranked next. in value and duty. Prices of thread, or yarn waste vary widely, however. After the above wastes of manu- facture have been provided for, there are inserted duties on shoddy and wool extract (carbonized shoddy) at the same rate as unspecified wastes of manufacture. In general, prices of shoddy resembl? those of thread and yarn waste, both fluctuating widely. Mungo, which is a cheaper material than shoddy, is given the same rate as woolen rags, at a much lower rate than that levied on shoddy. Flocks, which are the lowest and cheapest form of wool waste, are placed in the last- named classification instead of being given a special lower rate, because they are of almost negligible importance. There are many varieties of the different types of waste and of waste materials, but the above classification has been made up on the basis of the general levels of price and is considered a logical order. Suggested changes. — Inasmuch as there is a maximum ad valorem rate of thirty-five per cent on raw wool in paragraph 1102, it would appear to be logical that a similar maximum ad valorem rate should be embodied in this paragraph relating to wool wastes and wool waste materials. , Page 119, line 22, of H. R. 7456: Insert a comma after "shoddy. StTMMABY OB" TABUFB ISFOBMATJON, 1921, 961 Page 119, line 23rof H. R. 7456 : Iiisert the following after " pound " at the end of the line : • "• ■' -■ -' '■"'"■^ VTl-.f.'i,'i'-:i I.>'^i..ic ' ,!|j ;;: ■ '■ ■.,11 . -ji;. --^^ ^ Wastes of the hail- f^(J^,Aflgor^ goat, lalpac^ ana other like aium^ls. shall "be du- usJjle at thte rates prbvidea for fliiiofiij'typite ' ' ' PARi.GR:&:pH iioe. ! I H. B. 7456.^ .: I SEltATE AMENDMENTS. Pah. 1106. yool which has been ad- . . vanced iii any manheT oi^ by any procesS of manufacture' beyond' the washed or " B(*oiir^' Condition, aiid not ispecially pro- vide for, ' Including tops and roving, , , valued *t ^ot more than 40 cents p^ " pound, 16J cents per pound and, in i^dai- o '. , tidn thereto, 10 per centum ad valorem ; ' ! ' ' ; valued iat iii6i-e tnati 40 centb per pound,! 1 ^ ,; i:i' .27i cents per pound and,;-, in addition _-. ' theretp, 10 per centum ad valorem. - y ^ ' ACT OP 1909. .Par., 366. * * * The duty on wools of the third class, if imported in condition for use in carding or spinning into yafiis, or ''wSithi shall not contain more than itS^t per. Centum of dirfe or other foreign jaufestpice, shaJlbe three times the duty to which they would otherwise be sub- jected. \ • Par.''375. On 'ctAnbed wool or tops, made Wholly or in part of wool or camel's hair, yaJuedL.at not mpre Ithan t■ye^ty cents per pound, tlie duty per pound, s^all be^two and one-fouitii times the duty im- > i-. ; 'poied by 'ffiis schedule on one pbiind' 'of ^ ; " . ! ;!o unwashed wool of the first class; valued afmore than twenty -cents per pound, the duty per pound :sha)J bevwiree a.hd one-; ,; third tiraes the duty imposed by this ' ' schedule on one pound of unwashed wool ■of thofirst chuss; and in addition thereto, ■jl^on all, fflie, foregoing,'; thirty per centum ad valorem. ,. , , Par. 376. Wool and hair which have been .advanced in any manner or by any-' ' process' of mamifactuire ^beyond -the:i : • washed or scoured condition, nci specially ,pr<)vided for in this section, sl^^li oe sijb- ject to the, same duties as are imposed "upon iaiaiiffictui'es of wool not speciailly provided for in this section. ', - ,) I : ! PABTIAIXT MANUFAOTDEED WOOL. ■ _ . (See Survey K-li) ' • ; " ' This paragraph includes tops and [rpinng, of wpdl. or hair of the sheep, camel, Angoragoat, alpaca, or other like animals.. It ^so includes such wool or hair advanced in any, other manner beyond the ^vashed or scoured condition, but not yet spun into yam., Only the tops enter extensively into commerce. 82304—23 61 AGTOT 1913. t^AR. ,286. Combed wool or tops aid roving or roping niade wholly or m^psirt of wool or camel's hair, and on other-wool and hair which' have been advaneeil ii^ any manner or by .any; process of manue facture beyond the washed or ' scoured condition, not specially provided for in this section, ' 8 per - centum ad valorem . ' Par. 306. Tops made from -the hair pf the Angora goat, alpaca, and other like animals, 20 per .centum ad valorem. 96^ ^t^l^MAJRY OF TABS-F IMF0RMATI0U5, 1921. . '. TOES- 6f Wooif, MdHAiB, :Aji?AfcA) 'Etre, f;'; I Description and uses, — In the worated industrjr, scoured' wool is either carded of prepared arid put through a combmg ma.chip.'e, which removes the shorter fibers and lays the longer ones substantially parallel. The product — a lai^e, continuous strand of combed wool — IS called "tops." It is used ali^Qst eixclusively for conversion into worsted yams. Tops made from mohair or alpaca are produced in the same "general piaimef, although considerable' experience in handling such hair and special adjustments of eqiiipment are required. Production. — The regular quinqueripial census does not giye the total domestic production of tops, the figures shown referring only to those produced for sale and those purchased. The. war census of 1918, however, shows an average production, for the years 1915, 1916, and 1917, of 203,424,031 pounds. A;t the average value per pound of the tops purchased in 1914 (as reported by the Census Bureau for that year), the foregoing quantity would be valued at over $110,000,000 — over 25 per cent of the value of all wool manufactures in 1914. At the average value per pound of tops produced for sale in 1919, as reported in 'preliminary census returns, the total value would be a,lmost $295,000,000. Tops are produced chiefly by yarn mills, largely for their own consumption; but production outside the mills where consumed has been growing, having increased from 20,828,246 pounds in 1909 to 29,106,307 poimds in 1914. These are the figures for tops purchased. Preliminary census returns do not sbow the amount purchased in 1919. Tops produced for sale in 1914 amounted to 8,985,170 pounds, valued at $4;926,929; in 1919, to 10,199,000 pounds, valued at $14,751,000. The apparent discrepancy between tops bought and tops sold is explained partly by imports, but more largely by the fact that the output of commission combers was not separately recorded by the Census Bureau and, though evidently included in the purchase figure, is not included in that of production for sale. The Census Bureau does not state' whether the foregoing figures for tops purchased and sold include those made of mohair, alpaca, etd, although the latter are not elsewhere shown. Tops of mohair, alpaca, etc., enter into commerce, however; only to a limited extent. A striking featm-e of the domestic production of tops has been the development, during the last 30 years, of commission combing on a considerable scale. There are to-day some ten or a dozen mills devoted wholly or mainly to commission combing, and half a dozen other concerns which combine commission combing with other! work. The bulk of the tops turned out for use other than in the producing mill is commission combed; in addition, a, certain amount is sold by concerns utilizing their own wool. Imports prior to 1914 were negligible, and in the first half of the fiscal year 1914 'fthfey- "amounted to only 4,630 pounds, valued at $2,093. In the latter half of that fiscal year they were (excluding tops of mohair, alpaca, etc.) 3,228,237 pounds, valued at $1,453,287 — slightly more than 3 per cent of the quantity consumed in domestic worsted spinning. In 1915, imports of such tops were 3,412,250 'potods, valued at $1,770,917. ' imports of .'tops- of hair of the Angora goat, alpaca, and other like animals in the latter half of the fiscal year 1914 (when they were first separately shown) were STTHMABY OF:lTAEIFF INFOKftlATIOW, Jfl^U 9.63 33,165 pounds, valued'at •$11,356;. in <1S15, 66,723 poimds, valued at $25,663. Imports of topg since 1917 hare been as follows: '1.. r.._. :!'■ -i-.l '.■ , ■:., : 'daiendar year^ ' ;;' ■1 : ■( .": — ciuantttx. — r — : Duty. ' ■ ' ■ ,Ad . valorSra rate. V ^ TOPS OF 'wocJl 01^ cam|;l's HAlit. 1,, 1918.... ^ !•■ ■ , - ■ ; . founds. 177,635 709,300 853,719 >- \ .'■ . ljIie,SB45' «13,667 . 1.098?to3 . >J9j284 Per cent. - ' 8 1919 . .i.;... w . .. , i . i ,-8 8 ■'■'" ^i.i-J->-^ ^ ■■'■ U4,782,^70 11% 781, 272 r.,\. TOPS OF MOHATR, ALPACA, ETC. 1918 !6 .22,655 Mi 139,077 '382,769 i$38 33,752 148,729 ' 308,412 1919 . $6,750 . 29,746 20 19B0.I.. . k .. .... i. ; ....... 20 1921(9 months^ j ■ -, ' - ■ ' . ■ ' ^Includes 17,891 pounds, valued at $i^;240, under tauergensy tariff act of 1921;' ' ' »;From Phi]ij(pEineIsl3nds. "^ . ' - ^ - ^ ,. |. :- , , » Jii]dluc(es 4,414,pound5, valued at 15,304, under emergency tariff act of 1921. , .. The very Striking increase in importation of tops in tie first half tof the calendar year 1921 was due to liquidatibn oflar^ei British stocks and to '^he, fact that, anticipating aii emergency tariff on raw wool and wool ihanufactures, importers felt ^ greater aBsurance of obtaining the tops from 'Europe before the duties Weirfe raised than of securing the raw wool from Australia and oth6r' distant' soui-ces. Since the Emergency tariff act went iaio effect, Hay' 2^, 1921, imports have almost ceased. ";/ , ; -'. '. '' ',. The tfnited Kingtiomi has been mfe' leading source of the imports. In 19^20, however, iiiiports from Australia, though lo^er in quantity tiiaii those from the United Kihgdbm, -were alrilost double the latter in value. Imports from Fr&hce and Belgiuni' are much Smaller. ' Important changes in classification.-, — See General 'Nbtes on Para- graph, page 964. ^ ' ■ - ^^ -.1' ' .' ; ■ • y ' ■ ■ •' ^ -■' ' * soviNG OB aotiNG. : 'i ■ ". DescripWm and iises.--In the worsteds indilstry/iiafter tops are made, the process ofdra'wdn^ioUowsrUndeffjthe.Jki^ish system' tiie top isfielongated; decreased; m?diamBterj. and given a twist, yielding a compafaiHively slender strtod of wooL called roving.!- Under thd Freneh ' systeih » the ' top is elongated and .decreaseia . Jin diameter without imparting a twist, and the product, while often called roving, is more properly laaown as slaver. In the woolen industry the scoured wool is carded and deliveredby the condenser in numerous small strands, usually faiown asfovings. Rovings from either the worsted or the woolen process are rarely dealt in commercially. Imports were not recorded separately before the calendar year 1919. In that year they were 224 pounds, valued at $349 ; in 1 920, 18 pounds, valued at $24; and in the first nine months of 1921, 240 poimds, valued at $419. ^ r^ i at t> • Important changes in classification. — See General JNotes on I'ara- graph, page 964. 964 I^^MMABY OF TAKIFP IM'FOEIIIATION', 1921. " i':. WOat aiDVANCED BEYOND THE SCOURED STATE, N, S. P. r,i :, Bescnption and tises. — Besides tops and rovings, this paragraph covers all partial manufactures of wool between the scoured state and tije,jy9,m sjiate. ; E^cjept for carbonized wool, these are not common in trade. Carbonized wool is that which has been subjected to a bath of sulphuric or other acid to eliminate burs and foreign vegetable matter. Slubbing is intermediate between tops and roving, bemg the product of the initial operation mcident to the drawing process. Imports in the fiscaV year 1914 were 22,592 pounds, valued at $25,305 ; in the calendar year 1918., 81 pounds, valued at $81; in 1919, 700 pouhdfe, valued at $907; in 1920; 70,118 pounds, valued at $101j620; and in the first nine months of 1921, 208,424 pounds; valued at $202,886. GENERAL NOTES ON PAKAGEAPH. Important changes in dassification.--— The scope of this paragraph is the same as covered by paragraphs 286 and 306 of the act of 1913, and by paragraphs 375, 376, and part of 366 of the act of 1909, It includes wool and hair in a partially manufactured condition — ^more advanced than washed or scoured wool, but not so far advanced as yam — therefore .tjlxerate of duty is internaediate between that placed on scoured wool, and that placed on yam. ^ Further e^tehsiofi of this logical arrangement, by gradually, ihcreasing the duty from card sliver to tops, to slubbing, and:;fiaally, to roving ready to be spun into yarn, hfts not bf en ,4eemed advisable because tops are the only intermediate prodjiict that enters into, commerce tp ajqy extent.' Suggested changes. — Paragraph 1106 is restrlfit^d t6|W6ol advanced or partially manuf actiired. Paragraph 286 of the act of ,1913 includes partial manuf acjt^^s of hair.. Hair would n^t be iflicluded in paragraph 1106 because, lj(21) defiping wool, is ' restricted to' maAufactured articles. If hair is, intended to be included in paragrw)h.il06, it would be w-el^.tp provide, in this paragraph for n^^ the kinds covered by .this- schedule, '" ' ]/ i^ . -' A manufactiirer stated to the Finance Cominit tee .(hearings of Dec. 14, 1921, pt. 42, p.. 3377) th^ Jihis paragraplij so far as it relates to articles other than tops and roving, is a basket provision), and as sUch is ia conflicti with the gerieraror catchyi .provision (par. . 1120). To avoid- the possibility of such Utigatioil it-mjgh'li bejweflfito specify clearlj* that the paragraph ddes^ not cover rtianu|aotui!es< as f ai") advahded as yaamj that is, furtiheS advanced thanvtoving, qr-f , "Kie following revisibn of the descriplfcivei wording of this paragraph is therefore suggested';! i:. i. i 'W66l,' and Mil' of {he kinds provided for iii this ached ute, which 'have been advanced in any manner or'hy toy process of manufacture ibeyonti ihe washed or Bcoured con- dition, including' tops, but, not further advanceil than roving [rate].! , , , : , . . SUMMABY OF TARIFF ESTFOBMATIOK, 1921. 965 PARAGRAPH 1107. H. B. 7466. SENATE AUEITDICENTS. Par. 1107. Yam, made wholly or in part of wool, valued at not more than 55 cents^er^pound, 20 cents per pound and, in addition thereto, 15 per centum ad valorem; valued at more than 55 cents but not more than $1.50 per pound, 30 cents per pound and, in addition thereto, 18 per centum ad valorem; valued at more than $1.50 per pound, 30 cents per pound . '- and, in addition thereto, 20 per centum ad valorem. ~ '■ ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913, Pae."377. On yarns made wholly or in Par. 287. Yarns made wholly or in part of wool, valued at not more than chief value of wool, 18 per centum ad thirty cents per pound, the duty per valorem. pound shall be two and one-half times the Par. 307. Yarns made of the hair of duty imposed by this section on one the Angora goat, alpaca, and other like pound of unwashed wool of the first class, animals, 25 per centum ad valoi'ein ' and in addition thereto thirty-five per centum ad valorem; valued at more than thirty ' cents pCT ' pound, the duty per pound shall be three and one-half times the duty imposed by this section on one pound of unwashed wool of the- first class, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. WOOL TARNS. (See Survey K-1.) Description and uses. — This paragraph includes all yam made wholly or in part of wool or hair of me sheep, camel, Aligora goat, alpaca, or other like animals. The principal types of wool yams are woolen or carded yams and worsted or combed yams. Stated briefly, the difference is that in woolen yams the fibers are crossed and interriiixed, while in worsted yams the fibers are drawn parallel. Woolen yarn makes cloth of a thicker, fuUer, rougher effect, and the individual fibers are often raised by teaseling to give a napped surface. It is used for a variety of, purposes, as in cloths (both the fine and the cheap), blankets, flannels, carpets^ and knit goods. Worsted yam, on the other hand, produces a smoother, firmer fabric without nap and with weave structure and colors more sharply defined. It is used mpre particularly in fabrics for the mantif acture of clothing, such as suitings and'dress goods.' Cameft hair is spun on both the .worsted and woolen principle, but the letter method is more coimnoh. Its inain use is in press cloth for oil-inilling, but it is also employed to some extent in fabrics for wear- ing appar^el, particularly cloaks. Mohair and alpaca yams, used in staple fabrics, are, for, the mostpa-rt, worsted; only when made from short fiber are they wooleji. Tte leading uses of such yams are in plushes, coat linings, suitin^4, and dress goods. ' ' Production. — Oiuy partial census returns for 1919 axe as yet avail- able.' 'The jfolloVing tables show the production of wool yariis' in 1914, 1915, 1916, and 1917. The fiygures for 1914 are taken frora the 966 StlMMTAE* OF 'TAEIFF IISTFORMATION, 1921. Federal Census; those for the 'other three years, from the Census of War Commodities, .1918. . g q3j..- ^ Production in 1914 follows: .H Yarn. Total, Sll For "sale. UsBaife&t.ni ■'-■Itrt Woolen Worsted Merino (union of wool witli otiier fit)er) . Total .' "■•idi'iT ,tnjui p'46, 745 '174)099 950 IOW,338,905 PnuTpds. 2 ,947,681 86,898,805 10,705,610 Pmni^, 178,799,064 -87,101,145 63,633,396 454,185,600 124,651,906 329,^,604 Of worsted yarns, one-haK was manufactured for sale — the carp % and knit-gooda industries taking less than one-half of this, the bult going'into worsted cloth for men's and women's wear. Only one-eightjl of ,^the w;oolen yams was for sale, nearly all of this being taken by the ciarpet and knit-goods industries- "'■u'n -^ Production in IftlS, 1916,.iand 1917 was as follows: -y/ Yarn. •.',(( 1 1 ''ffo at Woolen ;.i^fttl. Worsted: riii.Jiie Englisii system French system Total .;.. 1915 '■.r./n'-yiC'U,/ jiO(|19.Jfi. Utt-'S '^Pounds. 342,382,073 130,471,2.52 40,6-13,680 Pounds. 358,220,518 148,807,362 47, 415, 307 "I' Pminds. 393,546,822 145,991,074 47,701,623 513,397,005 564,443,187 687,239,419 ~-/l ^j^j^lie prelimipajy ,(5f^isusxetjirn|i fpr 1&1.9 show production for sale only, as iollows^j'^ooj^^l'j^ml'^^^ yarn 7|;851,000 pqjindsg mBniiQ, and -^loii yarn^, T^^ST^jp.rortyounds. Of ifle last-named %ar]iL,!.nidre than'.two-thirds was'niad^ oh'llie wqoIi^ Prior to 19f| fK^^pm^tyig 4,w^ppM yarns produce|,Wea ,te.j.pcrea^e^j SiA.^^j^. . „ qlj^^ed— from 43.3 f)er cen,f, m^lj^^^ toj3^.,3 .per qent,iA^.TOM,rand to,33 p^y'fj^nt in 1917, the,ATMfy\.^^m^cl^MnS,W nJPrpduction in 1914 pt;„V 872, 945 $25,826 .86,743 334,487 25 1919 25 1920 : , ,26 1921 (9 months) 1 IncludfS 591,952 pounds, valued at 1603,320, imported under tte emergency tariff act of 1921. ' Includes 32,501 pjOjunds, valued at 162,287, Imported under the pmergency tariff act of 1921. Prior to 1910 the greater part of the wool yarn imported came from Germany. During; the period 1910-1015 imports of wool yarn by countries were not separately shownin -■ Commerce and Navigation," but other statistics indicate that Germany was still the leading source until 1914. In 1916 and 1917 the great bulk came frofn the United Kingdom; but inil918 and 1919 Canada furnished, oyer 93 per ceM. In 1920, however, 97 per cent of the imports came from the United ^Kingdom, and imports from Canada practically ceased. Mohair and simuar yarns are, not sjeparately shc^wn in imports by countries, but British export stiatistics indicate that the leading source is the United E[ingd9m. -n . '-" Export? , probably neghgible, are hot separately recorded. ^ ' Important changes in classiJication:-^This paragraph f bllbvrs. the act of 1909 (par. 377) in in^posing the samecjuties on yarn^ made.qf wool, camel's' hair, mohair-^ or alpaica,' etcj, rather than the, act af .1913, where yarns of wool or camel's hair ai*e provided for in paragraph 287 and yams of mohair, alpaca, etc., inpairagfaph'SOT at different rates of duty. :' ., "■ r-; .„;,,.=•.• V-.n- The compensatory duties in this paragraph ^e.base(a.o,n,.the: assump- tion that yarns valued at more thsn $1.50 a pound -will ije made entirely of wool or hair dutiable at 25 cents apbund; the "full' com- pensatory" of 30 cents a pound is similar to that worked out' by the Tariff Board and shown on page 626 of their 1912 report on Schedule K. The smaller compensatory duties on yams of differtot.values up to $1.50 a pound are based on the'assumpti6n that sucih yarns \vill necessarily contain more or less wqols, hairs, or reWoijked materials which will be subject to a lower duty than 25 cents a pound, . The lower the yarn value the larger is assumed to be the proportion of such materials subject to a lower duty, and therefore the leSs compensatory duty required. The act of 1909 had a .value class consisting of yams valued at not more than 30 cents a pound, but imports at this value were so rare that it was practically inoperative, n Values to-day are on a much higher level and the 55 cents a pound (American valuation) 968 SXJMM:AB.Y OF TAKDET I3!FFOB,MAXI10Ni 1^1. here providied as the value limitatiott of _the lowest: class, is likely to include few, If anyiiiHports unless there is amarfced decline in prices. PAK4Ct^*APH 1108. H. B. 7466. SENATE AMENDMEITTS. , Par. 1108. ^Woven fabrics, weighing not more than four ounces per square yard, wholly or in part of wool, valued at not more than $1.25 per pound, 30, cents per pound and, in addition thereto, 22 per centum ad valorem; valued at more than $1.25 per pound, 36 cents per pound and, in addition thereto, 27i per centum ad valorem: ProvideB', That if the warp of any of the foregoing is wholly; of cotton or other vegetable fiber, the 'duty shall be 25 cents per pound and, in addition thereto, if the fabric is valued at not more than $1.25 per pound, 22 per centum ad valorem: if valued at more tiian $1.25 per pound, |27i per centum ad valorem. ' ACT OF 1909. ' PAR.'S'rg-.! * * * Flaniiels i'^inp'osyd- ^wholly or in psirt of *wool, vajiied atabbV^ ' fifty cents per' pound; shall ibje classifieds and P(iy the sanie, dutgf i as women's, and children's,, dress goods, ct)at,^ linings', ' Italian clothg, and goods of Siifiijar char- acter ahd description- provided by this; section * ,* *. ' ^ , . • .■ Par. 380.. On women's and childr^OT's, di^ess goo^s, coat linings, .ItaUan cloths, and goods of similar description and char- iacfcer of which the #&p iconsists wholly ' of cotton or other vegetable material with the remainder of the fabric, composed wholly or in part of w^ol, .valued ^t not ex- ceeding fifteen cents per square yard, thfe duty shall be seven cents per square yatd ; valued at more' <3ian fifteen cents per square yard, the'du^y shall be leight cents per square yard;,'sHid in addition .thereto on all the foregoing valued dt not above seventy cents per pound, .fifty per centum ad valorem; valued above sevenjty. cents ; per pound, -fifty-five per centum , lad: . valorem: ProvicM, - That on all the fpre- j going, weighing over foiir ounces per square yajrd, the rates of duty sfaal}' be five per centum less than those impoi^ by this schedule on cloths.- t • -^ )'i , Pa9. 381. On women's. a^dcl^ldien'a dres^ good^, : coat lining, Ttaliin, cloths, bunting, ahd goods' of similar description or character coinpose!d^'#li6lW '©f in pjirt ' of wool, and Hot efpeciaUy pievidied f or in this section, the -4ilty shall ^be eleven Ciants per square yard; and in addition thereto on all &e foregoing 'valiied' at not above seventy cente per ponAd, ^y per centum ad 'valorem; Valued above sQ-venity ' cents POT pound,, fiftyrfive per pentunt ad valorem: * * *. ACT OF 1013: ■ Par: 28£i."* *''* 'flannel^, composed Wholly Orjin chief value of wool, '25 per centum .ad'r valorem; flannels composed , wliolly or}n.^in.et y?.lue,of wool, valued at ^pov? 50 cents per pound, 3() per centum ad valorem. • ' ; ' ' PAi. 290. Women's and dhildren's dress ^dsj coat liningg,i Italian cloths, bua- , fting, &n^ goods pf similar description and ch^cter, composed wholly' or in, chief , value of wool, and not speciaHy pro'vided for in this section, 35- per -centum ad valorem. i , Pa|i. 308. Cloth * » * Tyholly or in chief value of the hair of the Angora goat, alpaca, ilnd other like animals; not spe- cially provided for in this BefcMpn; 40 per centum ad valorem. ' SUMMARY OF TAMFF INFORMATION, 1921. 969 DRESS GOODS AND LIGHT-WEIGHT CLOTHS OP WOOL. Description wnd ttees. — ^This paragraph covers Kght^we^ht woven fabrics, such, as women's and children's dress' goods, linings, biinting, etc. ; light-weight fabrics used for men's wear, such as suinmer suiting; and light-weight flannels. " Dress goods " is a term used to cover woven fabrics for women's wear, particulariy those of a soft, draping character. Probably a major portion of them is made with cotton warp and wool or mohair fiUiiig. Linings are mainly cotton-warp goods, with filling of mohair, alpaca, or wool. Italian cloths, speciSly mentioned m previous ^tariffs, are high grade sateen-woven linings made from merino wool, generally with a cotton wafp. Bunting' is a light, loosely woven labric, used for flags, decorations, etc. Lieht-weight cloths for men's wear here included might be of all-wool^ but would be mainly of mohair, with cotton warp. The light-weight flannels falling here Would be likely to consist mainly of the fine, white flannel^ used for infants' underwear; rn addition, a certain amount of the finer shiriiing flannels might also fall here. But the bulk of the flannels would very likely weigh more than 4 ounces per square yard; hence they are more fully discussed under, paragraph 1109, p. 972. Production.— Thh Census classifies dress goods with cloths (i. e., suit- ing, overcoatings, etc.) . For the inclusive figures, see paragraph 1109i impbrfe.— Imports of dress goods, coat linings, Italian cloths, and buntmg, wholly or in part of wool, amounted to.l6;907,168 in the fiscal J rear 1914 and to $10,100,686 in the calendar year 1914. The average or 1910-1913 was $5,491,115. Imports of these fabrics since 1917 have been as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. 1918 ..... 1919 1920.... ,, 1921 (9 months) Lbs. 517,837 (Sq.yds. 1,977! 788) Lbs. 334,732 (Sjyds. 1,232,753) 1,438,096 (Sq.yds. 4.639,213) Lbs. 1973,203 (Sq.yds. 3,358,266) $1,000,504 903,968 3,911,872 2,288,013 1350,176 316,389 1,369,155 - Includes 155,971 pounds, valued at $349,423, imported under the emergency tariS act of 1921 . Prior to the w^ from one-half to two-thirds of the imports of dress goods came from the United Kingdom, about one-fourth from France, and most ^ of the remainder from Germany. In 1918 and 1919,, the IJnited Kingdom was almost the exclusive source, but ii^ 1920 ovpr 25 per cent was from France. - The general nature of the recent imports of dress goods, linings, etc., is shown by the following iniport figures: Dress goods. Coat linings and ^.... Galendaryear. Cotton warp. other. Italian cloths. . Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Vilue; 1918 Pounds. "125, 967 122^142 (23.5,814 ^518 277,715 Poandi. 95,296 117, 508 . 906,804 (238,336 41ft 999 2,891,299 Poandi. 201,865 11J,362 U7,926 (322,852 343,483 738,^ Pottotf*. 94,709 4,725 1,224 (2^,502 1B19.: "•SS 1920... , 4,3W 97>0 SUMM-ARf. OF.TASIFB! IJSrfOEJVl^^Tjpjr, 192L Prior tQil9i4>iijaports of (Jr^ss goojis, etc., y^jeigl^ugA jQntices or less per square yard, were shown in square yards; weighing over 4 ounces per square lyard, in pounds. ' The latter dress goods were dutiable as *clotna." \The following tabla shows the average annual imports of each during lihe period 191(Ki9ia:< ■ • i - ' :!;. ' ; Oress goods, linings, etc: ; TT 1 : ^ Couonwarp r . . other.... :. j ......i.;!...! Total... ; '. :l,iki-.l.... Weighing 4 ouhce^ or less ppr square yard. Quantity. r ■y'alupj r Weighing over 4 ounces per square yard. , Quantity. Value. , , Si-yds.. I 12,474,132 ■8,058,669 Jl, 990, 321 1,815,613 Pdmids. 253,631 1,605,718 S223,054 1,461,638 20, 532, 801 3,805,934 1,859,349 1,684,692 -'(-. Imports of woven fabrics of moh^r, alpaca, etc., hp.ve been sep- arately classified since 1914. Fr^cticaUy all of -these wo^ld xeigh less than 4 ounces per square yard and hence faU un^er this para- graph. /.Imports during the first half of the calendar year 1914 amoimted to 920,866 pounds, valued at ,$953,518; in, 1915 (fiscal year), 1,19,8,319 pounds, valued at $1,,266;099. Intports. since, 1917 nave been as follpws : ; Oaleiidar year. Quantity. ■ ■ * ■. .■■■ : 1918 ' . Pounds.- 326,213, 152,^35 412,203 1356,953 ■: .7 :.-' .!• ' ; 1591, 954 ■ "385,761 1,070,812 894,461 $236, 782 1919 154,-300 1920 J 428,325 1921 (9 months) V ;W\ . . ' i. ■■ - ' ■ -■. :■ ' Includes 86,705 pounds, valued at $157,420, imported under the emergency tarifl act. Imports of woven fabrics of ' mohair, alpaca, etc., come almost fe'ntirely from the United Kingdom. ■-^Exports' &re not, ;sepst,Ta,telj recorded. (For exports of dress goods and.cloths,/inelusive, see par. 1109.) .<■-■>' • Impottant changes in classification. — In preceding tariff acts, woven fabrics' of wool were divided into (a) clothsj an,a (5) women's and .children's dress good^, coat linings, Jtalian cloths, and goods of similar description and character'. The w*ord"' cloths"' is tised in 'thfe wbol indiistry in a restrictive sdns^ ' to denote the heavier-'woveri fabrics Used mainl^ for' men's Vear, ate distinguished from the lighter-woven fkbrics tised 'as dress goods for '#t)men ' and' 'childreti, and as linifig^ bunting, .etc. There is, however, lib clear line of dfenlatl^tatiori Mtwefen the" two; for instance, s6me t^es of dresS gtfods ;are heavier than cloths used in men's summer suits. In the afets'of 1897 (par. 36^)* and 1909 (par. 381) it was therefore stipulated that women's and chil- dren's, d^ess goodsj' linings, etc., wnich weighed over 4 ounces per square yard fehtilild be corisidered 'as "cloths." Irrespective of the use of thefAhrics" or th(& trade terminplogy eni,ployed, therefore, woven fabrics were primarily classified according to weight. This has logic- ally led to the procedure here adopted^ the discarding of trade terms siicli' as' dress goods and cloths* and -t^je cia$sifying of woven fabrics of Wool'into two paragraphs, one of which '(1108) covers those weigh- STJMMAEY OF XAKEFE INFOEMATION, 1921. 9?1 ing not over 4 ounces per square yard, and the other (1109) covering those weighing over 4 ounces per square yard. , The classification of woven fabrics of wool is therefore practically the game as that pre- viously used but with the omission of unnecessary verbiage. The omission of specific mention of flannels stops litigation as to what is or is not " flannel ' ' and permits such go6ds to enter on a parity with other woven fabrics, under paragraph 1108 or under paragraph 1109, according to their weight. On page 626 of the 1912 report of the Tariff Board on Schedule K it was stated that if the duty on the scoured content of wool is 25 cents a pound, the correct compensatory duty on wool fabrics should be $0.3564 a pound. Taking this last as a round figure, 36 cents, this is here used as the compensatory duty for woven fabrics made of all wool. In applying this "full compensatory" it has been assumed that fabrics such as dress goods, linings, etc., entitled to this rate by reason of being all wool, would be valued at more than SI .25 a pound. Fabrics valued at not more than $1.25 a pound are assigned a compensatory of 30 cents a pound, on the theory that they must be made partly of materials such as carpet wool, reworked wool, cotton, etc., dutiable at less than 25 cents a pound. Fabrics made with an all-cotton warp are assigned a compensatory duty of 25 cents a poimd, irrespective of their value, inasmuch as there is no duty levied on raw cotton in H. E. 7456. It may be noted that the full compensatory of 36 cents a poimd, and the lower compensatories of 30 and 25 cents, are based on the assumption that the wool contained in the fabric is dutiable at 25 cents a pound; in cases where such wool pays less than 25 cents a pound, by virtue of the maximum ad valorem, provisiori of 35 per cent in paragraph 1102, the result is that the compensatory duty is more than sufficient to maintain the ratio. PARAGRAPH 1109. H. R. 7456. SENATE AIULENDMENTS. Pak. 1109. Woven fabrics, weighing more than four ounces per square yard, wholly or in part of wool, valued at not more than 75 bents per pound, 20' cents - ''-■ ' ■ ■ per pound and, in addition thereto, 18 per centum 'ad valorem;, valued, at moi'e-thian. ■ , . ^\ i 75 cepts but not m0re than $1.25 per pound, '25 cents per po'iind and,' in addi- tion thereto. 21 •pefi' centutii ad valorerti; valued at more than $1.25 but not more ■ than $2-.59 per pound, 3& centa per Round , and, in. ?i(}dition^ thereto, 2^, per^.centum ad valorem; valued at' mpfe tlian S^.SC ' ' " ' .' per pound, 30 cents pet' pound' and;-ln ' ■ ' ' . ■ < addition thereto, 27iiper centum ad va- . _ : ;i ;■ lorem. , ■ ' ' ■ ^ ^ . '• 'i - ■■ ! ', ACT QF 1909. '. , ; ACT OF 19-13- " fAn^-^M On cloths; ''* '.*'' * 'made ' Par.-28|. Cloths, * _;* * 'wholiy'or wholly ftr in'pa.tt' of Wool * * ' * ■ val- in Cfiief "tSHje-of wool, not specially pro- ued at not more than forty cents per vided for in this section, 35 per centum pound, the duty per pound shall be three ad valorem; * * *. SUMMARY OF TABIF^ &fV&B.'i/l&.Tl0^f 1921. ACT. OF 1909. times the 4uty ipp.posed by this section on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class; valued- at above forty cenla per poubd aitd not above seventy cents per pound, the.dutyper pound shall be four |:fmes the duty in;ipoBed by this section oh" one 'poiind 6f unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto, upon afi the foregoing, fiftyi. par cfentum ad vaj- I'ca-em; valued at ;ov9r seventy cents per^ pound, the duty per pound sh?.ll bejour" times the duty imposed by this section on one pound of unwashed wool of the first class and fifty-five per centumad valorem. , Par. 379: On .* .* * (fldnnelsior un- derwear compjosed wholly or in part of wool, valued at not more thaij forty cents per pound, the dut^f per poitnd shall be the same as the duty 'imposed by this sec- tion on two pounds of unwashed wool of the fiast class,! jandi.jSi. 'Addition thereto thirty p;er c9ntun}.ad,yiore.pi; .valued 4t more than forty c6nts and hot more than fifty cents jje^ pound , the duty per pound shall be threetimes the duty imposrai' by this section on one pound of unwashed wool of the ,$rst.,cl^, ,^nd in addition thereto thirty-fi'Ve per centum ad va- lorem. '*^ *' *. .)"' I -■ . • ■ ,<,'i ■ Pab. 381.' On women's aijd children's dress gooda, cosit linings, Italian; .cloths, b^intii^, and gppds.of similar description or character composed wholly or in part of wool, and not specially provid'ed for in this section, the duty shall be eleven cents per square yard; and in addition thereto on all the foregoing valued at not above seventy cents per pound, fifty per centum ad valorem; valued above sev- enty cents per pound, fifty-five per cen- tum ad valorem: Provided, Tha,t on all the foregoing, weighing over four ounces per square yard, the duty shall be the same as imposed by this schedule on cloths. ... ACT or 1913. i^AR. 289. * » * flannels, composed wholly or in chief value of wool,, 25 per Centura ad valorem; flannels composed wholly, or in chief value of wool, valued at ajbove 50 cents per pound,. 30- pei .centum ad valorem. CLOTHS, AND OTHER HEAVY-WEIGHT FABBICS, OF WOOL. Description and uses. — ^This paragraph relates primarily to wool "cloths for men's wear, but it includes also any women's dress goods, flannels, and other wool fabrics, which weigh over 4 ounces per square yard. The term "wool cloths" signifies woven fabrics of wool destined for men's suits, overcoats, etc., and for women's cloaks. Cloths are ordinarily heavier, firmer, and stronger than dress goods and with? out the draping qualify of the latter, but the distinction is no longer clear-cut. Fabrics weighing over 4 ounces have usually been con- sidered cloths; the afct of 1909 contained a definite provision by which dress goods weighing over 4 oimces per square yard were held dutiable as clotbs,/but this provision was omitted in the act of 1913. SUMIiIABY OF XABIFF IHFOBMATIOK, 1921. 978 which made cloths and dress goods dutiable at the same ad valorem rate. Because of the extensive use of heavier fabrics for women's suits, the term " dress goods " has lost its original significance as a light-weight fabric, so Siat a dividing line can no longer be definitely drawn between doths and dress goods on the basis of weight, proc- ess of manufacture, or cost of production. Some fabrics by nature dress goods weigh over 4 ounces per square yard; while some men's summer fabrics weigh less. ' Woven fabrics of wool are of two general classes, (1) woolens, woven of carded yarns, and (2) worsteds, woven of combed yarns. The dress goods are usually worsted; the cloths may be either woolen or worsted. The weave structure of woolen fabricsf is usually more or Jess concealed by a nap, and the colors are thereby somewhat softened and intermerged. The weave structure and colo^ of the worsted fabrics are more sharply defined, and the surface is smoother and firmer. In making worsted, wools of long or medium lengths are more generally employed, although the use of the, shorter wools in worsteds has been increasing; in making .woolens, not only short wools, but shoddy and waste are also utihzed. Typical woolens are l)roadcloths, cassimeres, tweeds, and meltons; typical worsteds are serees, imfinished worsteds, and fancy trouserings. Flannels, heretofore specially provided for, will fall either here or in paragraph 1108, according to the weight. That the greater por- tion wiff fjQl here, however, seems to be'indicated by the preliminary census figures for 1919; from which may be derived the average num- ber of ounces per square yard produced, as follows : Flannels for un- derwear, 7.82 ounces (for aU-wool) and 6.91 ounces (for cotton- mixed); domet flannels and shirtings, 8.51 ounces. But the term flannel can not be precisely defined, and it is for this reason that specific provision fbr it is abandoned. In general, a flannel is a loosely woven fabric, laiigely of wool and haviig a soft, '" smooth " finish, the texture being practically the same as when it leaves the loom. It is usually made of woolen yams. Flannels are of- three general cl'asses, corresponding to their use for underwear, shii'tings, and outer garments. Only underwear and shirtin'gs are clearly de- fined. Flannels for outerwear are hard to distinguish froin other fabrics,; in the garment trade they have come to signify a cloth with a soft, springy feel similar to flannel for underwear, despite the absence of nap and 6f high finish. But this feel can h^_ given to many cloths. \f 1 « - Productiion: — ^No distinction is drawn in the report of the GtoSus Bureau between light-weight and heavy-weight wool fabrics. Belo<«^ is shown the production, m 1914 and 1919, of all varieties of woven fables of •n^boi, (except upholstery fabrics— probably largiely pileyc These figtoes refer to the fabrics povered by paragraphs 1108 and 1109 combined. > i 9?4 StJiiiEMAiB^'iCiF-TABliFI^ ^^(ftllilA'BrOW. I?f2t; Pro, n 6f 'Woven; fabrics'OfiwooL Kiii4sr- '■!'■■'• fr, \ i ^- ,; I d .: ■ ,. , i;'ii!( ■'-:".'. -jiiif-' . ' "; •; Total, all Mnds !!': . t ' <>/ ,:::V'i',' !■ I .-■■:.■[ Allhwool: . ^ ' ■ ' Woolen ■ soittngs, ■ ovetc'datings, ,dress,good^ etc;.:... .,...., ...... , ■ V Worsted jStatitrgBl ; oTercoatlngs, ; r^'f^^ ?"?'??;*??---■ ' . Flannels {Qi^-upderwear. Cotton-warp: , ,- ■ , Woolen suitings, overcoatings, dress goods, etfe : ; 1 Worsted suitings, overcoatings, i " dress goods, etc .^. Domet flannels and shirtmgs. ^Jj: . . Satinets and linseys '... I ....... . Lining, Italian cloths, and lastings. Uqion or cotton-mixed: ' Baitings, overcoatings, dress goods, ■,' , • eto..iii.....^...:..,,j.;.L.'. Flannels for underwear 19U" Quantity. VfeHie^. 1919' JQiiaiitiiiy. Vidiio. 522,919,228 J2S4,434,415. ■j !" o ii:. ''/■ ■ So.. Kd?, 491,961,000 {fibs.', '*98,1&); 000) 1692,179,000 90/9^,381 222J426,785 2,176,264 S3, S09, 462 S6,763,,091 16,092,266 8,415,079 36; 1^6, 243 ^ '■ ' ■ i ' .' 31j4q0,.032 4,995,575 SS,660,a>3 141,778,035 ,, 880,494 13,598,007 15, 663,099 2,814,-054 '; '1,535,291 ''9,^b4,SdI 11, 710, 610 1,089,661 (LT)S. 1:40,338,000, 118,-488; qqo) Sq.yds. 166,7ffl,000 (Lbs. ! 81,28^000) Sq.yds. (Lbs. 1, 755, 000 868,000) Sq.yds. 39:063, 000 (Lbs. ,23,84^,000) Sq.yds. , 58,i54D0O (Lbs. 23,251,000) ■ 19,942,000, 10,607,000) 4,770.000 .5,922,000) Sq.yds. (Lbs. Sq: yd^. (Lbs. Sq.yds. 26,06^000 (Lbs 6,491,000) Sq.yds. 28,5,76,000 (Lbs.' 24,823,000) Sq.yds. ! 6,508,000 (Lbs. . 2,617,000) 241,988,000 'ot; 850, 006 1)906, goo 3^992,000 ,,45,707,P9P : 11,162,000 ' 3,671,000 13,387,000 ' 32,2»,p00 ^219,000 ; The tfeadeiScy TrJiicli for decades ka(i \^&x tow9,rd a larger pro,por- tion of i worstetfe in, ,the cloth (suitings, overcoatings^ etc.), and dress- gooda output, since ,19,99 has been in the opposite, direfition, Bet>veen thC' latter year ^nd- 1914 woolen production increased sUghtly, while that of worsted, especially of cotton warp and worsted fillecl goqds, declined. -Consequently, the ratio of woolen to total production ,(b_asied on square yards), advanced from about 35 per a^y^%'m 19D9. to approximately 40 per cent in 1914. Between 19l4ian(l 1,919, pri- marily ,becajiise. of tjie stimulus provided by, the greatiArmy|demftflid during the war, the i^og^en .production increased by , about 32,0.00,600 square yards, while jfehefWQrstedprpduction feJlpff' by about 50,000,000 square yards, sOiithat in 1919, practically one-half of tt^S' total output was woolen. Production of woolens of all-wool increased Isy alm9,3t 50r00Oj0Q0 square yards, but, this, increase was p^tly offset by a marjsed dediiie 4n the cottion-:warp woolens and a sliglit decline in the cotton-mixed ; goods, (mainly \yoolens). ^^1 of the. decline in the woiStedprodM^oPjiVas in the all-wool, worsteds, production pf cotton- warp worstedss having slightly ,in^crea^q4, 1 The cpmbinedVproduction (in square yairds) of woolens and worsteds declinedrbi^t^iepfl 1909 and 1914, and still further between 1914 and 1919. Production of flannels for underwear increased somewhat between 1914 and 1919 (the increase being in the cotton-mixed variety), but it stiU remains small in comparison with the output of twenty or thirty years ago, when the principal production of flannels was for underwear. Because of the competition of knitted and woven imderwear, both cotton and silk, this branch of flannel manufacture has declined STJMMAHY OF TABU'S* INt-OBMATION, 1921. 975 about one-half since 1899. The present output is chiefly of the fiber qualities, such afe are used: for mfantsl Production of fl&hhels for snirts, continuing the marked development which began d' decade ago, increased by about 25 per cent between 1914 and 1919. In the y6ports of the Census Bureau, flannels for outer garments are not differentiated from clbths and dress goods. They include whit^ fabrics for trouserings, and women's skirts or dress goods with a dannel finish. Production of such fabrics has uhdoubtedly 'been increasing. ' , , : . , Ipt'ports oi wool cloths (including cloths of mohairj ^.Ipaba, etc.) from 1910 to 1913 averaged 4,742,081 pounds, valued at 15,164,287, In the first haK of the fiscal ^oar 1914 imports were 1,984,689 pounds, valued at $2,298,76,5. Thereafter cloths of mohair, alpaca, etc., are e^veh separately. With such fabrics omitted, imports of wool cloths for the second haK of the fiscal year 1914 were 9,474,620 pounds. Valued at $9,725,041; and for the calendar year 1914 they were 16,439,655 poimds, valued at $16,107,505. Thereafter they de- clined. Imports since 1917 have been as foUows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. 1918 '.'..'. Lbs. 2,073,260 (Sq. yds. 3,000,955) Lbs. 2,072,115 (Sq. yds. 3,079,259) Lbs. 4,840,351 (Sq. yds. 7,544,889:) Lbs. 15,083,552 (Sq. yds. 7,414,424) «, 175, 499 5,484,234 12,694,989 9,770,883 $1,461,425 1,919,482 1919 1920 , . 4,443,246 1921 (9 monffis) . ...". ..J' 1 Includes 1,548,574 pounds, valued at $2,904,225, imported under the emergency tartffi act of 1921. For 1910-1913 the iniports of cloths and dress goods (combined) averaged about' 4 percent, and in the calendar year 1914 ahout'il per cent, of the domestic production in 1914 (in square yards) ; in 1919 they were about' 1 per cent of the production: (in poUiids) of that year. , , Imports tinder former tariffs, and to a considerable extent under the act of 1913, have generally been of fine goods, fancy, weavtes, and specialties — cloths largely for the best custom tauOrs, such as Scotch and Irish tweeds, superior faced goods, etc. Some imports of shoddy cloths appeared in 1914, but were checked by the war before their acceptability to American consumers had been ascertained. The ready-to-wear trade has never utilized imported cloths to any great extent. The relative imports of woolens and worsteds since 1917 have been as follows: Woolens. Worsteds. Quantity. Value. Qdintity. Value. 1918 Lbfe. 1,624,666 (Sq. yds. 2,300,784) Lbs. 1,742,523 (Sq. yds. 8,485,723) Ltfs. 4,283,174 (Sq. yds. 6,544,805) Lbs. 4,631,491 (Sq. yds. 6,473,345) $2,997,192 4,324,024 10,710,798 8,167,574 Lbs. 448,594 (Sq.yds. ?0O,171) Lbs. 329,592 (Sq.yds. 693,686) Lbs. 557,177 (Hq. yds. 1,000,084) Lbs. 5.52,061 (Sq.yds. 941,079) $1,178,307 1919 . : ' 1,160,210 1920 1,984,191 1,603,309 976 SUlylMAttY OF TABEFE INFOEM ATIOU;, C^Sgl- In prew:aryear§, |rom 50 to 60 per cent of tl^e import?: came, from the Unijiqi!! King^pm. and from 25r. ,to ^f p^r cent from Germanji ami Belgium. During and since tli& wart pr^ctica^y ^HiP^.t^ie irajports Have come. from the XJnited. Kingdom; about 10 per cent came; from i^anada in 191$;..airout 5 per ceiit from jTrance in 1920,. J^iactic,i?Jly all of the imports! from countries ol^her than the United K^ing^om haye been, woolens. ., , , i As regards iniports of flannels, statistics prior to January 1, 1914, pertain only to flannels for imderwear, of which the average amportar tion from 1910 to 1913, inoluaive, amou,^ted to $108,746, or about 5.5 per cent of domestic production in 1914. ] ^itiaost 90 per cent.of tljiese imports consisted of flannels .weigtjiing over 4. ounces per square yard. Notwithsianding the widepiijg pf tlie, provision in the act of 1913 so a§ to include all flannpls, ^ndi^ lowering of the duty, imports, for the secondhalf of the fiscal year!lOl4 amounted to only 193,222 pounds, valued at, $160,668. Imports of flannels , since 1917 have heeni as fojjows:; r r Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. - 1918 Pounds. 46,004 150,426 337,692 I 414,767 $112,646 331;554 780,820 667,195 "^'Z 1919 : 1920 ...., 234>7 1921 (9 months).... . -i^ ' Includes 44,157 pounds, vyued at $97,387, imported under the emergency tariff act of 1921. Exports. — Until 1918 separate figures for exports of woven fabrics •of wool were not obtainable; thereaft^ they have been available only iqr, cloths an,d, dress goods combined. Un^er,,th|B d^signatipn "-Hiool manufactures, ^11 other" (including carpei^j^d/ugs,, plapil^ets, etc., as well as ploths and dress goods), exports jtieforej 1914 were usually imder $l,O0O,bbO, decreasing after 1909. In 1914 (fiscal year) they amounted to $1,668,199; in 19IB; they reached $33,'33l,873, decUning ta .$13,435,946 in 1918 (fiscal year), of w;hich letter figure $7,009,554 w-as for cloths, and dress goods. Later exports of cloths and ,dness goods have l?een as follows : 1)-1-, Calendar year. . ." Quantity. / ■ ■ ' V - i . ., ■ 1 - ■ , ' Sjukarei ■ yards. Equivalent in pounds. Value. , J918 12', 113^649 11,998,679 • 2,593,474 ' 3I 152, 224 7,852,785 8,724,742 1,796,241 $8,636,888 1919 19,799,723 1920 24,258,584 1921 (9 months) . 3,438,953 The leading markets have been , Cajnada and Cuba, but others prominent in a very wide distribution of the trade include Argentina, •Chile, Norway, Denmark,; and Russia in Asia. Jjnportard changes in.clq^sifrcatibh. — ^This paragraph covers niainly ;" cloths" of wool for men's wear. The reason for the omission of trade terms apd the basing of the dassification on weight has been stated under paragraph 1108. SUMMARY OP TARIi-F INFORMATION, 1921. 977 As stated in paragraph 1108, 36 cents is "iised as "fuM compen- satory" for all-wool goods where the wool is subject to a duty of 25 cents a pound. It is assumed that, in the caseoi these heavy goods for mens wear, only those valued at above $2.50 a pound will be entitled to this rate. Cloths of lower values per potmd are assumed to contain more or less carpet wool, reworked wool, cotton, or other materials which enter at lower rates than that levied on clothing wools; such cloths are therefore given lower compensatory duties. The lower the value the larger is assimied to be the proportion of such materials; therefore a compensatory duty of 30 cents a poxmd has been assigned to goods valued at more than $1.25 but not more than $2.50 a pound; a compensatory duty of 25 cents for those valued at more than 75 cents but not more than $1.25, and one of 20 cents a pound for those valued at not more than 75 cents a pound. As stated under paragraph 1108, these compensatory duties are based on the wool being subject to a duty of 25 cents a pound and where the wool pays less duty, by reason of the maximum ad valorem provision, the compensatory rates are more than sufficient to main- tain the ratio. PARAGRAPH 1110. H. R. 7456. SENATE AlCENDICENTS. Par. 1110. Woven, fabrics, wholly or in part of wool, Which have been cut to garment or suiting lengths or which have been subject to the process of damping, sponging, or shrinking, shall pay, in ad- dition to the rates hereinbefore provided, 2 per centum ad valorem. - ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. [No corresponding provision.} - [No efoft'espondiiig provision.] ■, r'. ■ ' ..I i-"^', '■ '• Important 'changes in classijlcation.i — This is an entirely new pro- vision. It levies on cloths imported in short lengths suitable for individual use a duty additional' to; that which wouW apply ;if such cloths were imported in whole pieces, j It also levies.bn cloths which have been dampened, sponged^jor shrunk a duty additional to that which would apply if such cloths were impprted^ without being sub- jected to such: processes. ;^ : PARAGRAPH 1111. H. H.. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Eak. 1111. Pile fabrics, cut or uncut, whether or not the pile covers the whole surface, made of wool 6r of which wool is a component material, whether or not constituting chief value, and manufac- tures, in any form, made or cut from such pile fabrics, 36 cents per pound and, in addition thereto, 27J per centum - ad valorem. — 82304—22 62 978 StlMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION,. 1921. ACT OB" 1809. ACT OF 1913, Par. 37«'. On * * * all manufac- ' Par. 288. * * * pluslies," velvets' turea of every" description' iia&.de'yli(illy 'aiid all other pile'febrieS, cut or uicutfe or in pajt of wool, not specially-provided woven ■*:*'; T whether or not the pil for in, this gectita,, valued ^at, not more .,, ,fo|i}erg, the eijtire,surf ace, made whpjly o than forty centsiper pound, 'the $yitj per jji/chief vajue.ofwool, and, articles ma,de pound shall be Jhree times the duty im- wholl^'of iii cTiief valu'fr tjf such'plushy^, poaed by this section' -oii abound df iifl- '■' "' ' "" " washed wool of the first class p/ valued at above forty c«nta.. ppr ,ppijn^ip,lid not above seventy cents pei" pound, tiig duty , per pound shall b^ four' time^ the ^ttt^^', imposed by Ihis section on one pound of ■- un-washed wool of the. first "class, aMcinr ; addition thereto,, upon. all the foregoing. velvets, or pffe: fabrics, 40 per CfentUm ad ■valorem; 0'*. I l!^;;*. ■ '. , . , 5a«, , -308. ' Hughes, velvets^ and all other pile fabrics, out or" -uncut, woven * * *' whether or not the 'pile coVers the entirfe! su)^c&, madeJWhollyor partl'y of itiiehair pf the. (A.ngora goat, alpaqa, pr other li,ke animals,^ and . articles made fifty per centum ad valorem; -valued p,t .' wholly or, in chief vaiiie of such plushes, over seventy' cents' per pduiid, th^ dtity' 'velvets; ck pile fabrics!'^4'5 j5er derftuAi ad per- pound shall be fourTtiintes the autv^uiiraloi'em'''; ■.'; : iU'' ;. i-t;. ,-j autoinpbiie, laces, tum ad valoretn. ■^ -0 Qpaoh', cawiafeej land *,, * 6p, per cen- Hq .mp'Dsfed! by this aeetiioii oh one pojjnd of unw^fii^ed ]YPol of.- tl^e first dass ^f^df^|ty- five per centum ad ,valorenii , " 'Pak. 443. -Plushes" ■* ' *'' * "andTnah-' ufactures thereof, composed of the hair of the camel, §oat, alpaca, or any anJiHaly- combined with wool, vegetable fiber, or silk, shall be classified and dilti£fblilaB.'." l: j ASf j.'f manufactures of wool. •■.v:':'Zx€(X'"'''J:MA U~ 'ifr-OS r,.'>i «;; J-, PILE FABRICS, OF WOOL OR HAIR, AND MANUFACTURES OF. Description and uses. — ^Pile fabrics i consist of a fouadation cloth covered m whole or in part by short jirGJecting ends or loops made with an extra set of threads. ' ,, Pile fabrics of mohair, and to a lessejc extent of alpaca, are used in covering furniture (especially seats in Pullman cars and in inclosed automobiles), as, well as for curtains and portieres. They are also employed often as imitation fur, in cloaks for women and children, and in covering "Teddy bears", and other imitation animal toys, i Wool, because of its lack of resilience and its tendency to felt, is little used as pile. When so employed, for women's cloaks, etc., it is usually of the light-shrinking and coarser varieties. In most fabrics made with a pile' of mohair, alpaca, or wool the foundation cloth is of cotton or other vegetable fiber. Production is not separately recorded. Imports were first separately stated in 1914. Imports of: pile fabrics during the first six months of 1914 were 214,385 .pounds, valued at $239,861; in 1915, 151,978 pounds, valued at $191,536. Imports of articles made from pile fabrics during the first six months of 1914 were $23,578: in 1915, $52,975, Later imports have been, by calendar years, as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. 1. Value. Duty. PILE FABRICS OF WOOL, MOHAIR , ETC,. /' : ■ '■' 1918 : i' Pomtls. 10,696 7,365 33,S12 131,616 $13,521 23,074 95,423. » 78,^1 (5,940 1919 i;.;::. .:...'.... •'■ 10,036 1920.. ___-_ _jLl _ :.,.,_!-___._ 40,538 1921 (9moiitlis) : .,..., ,,. " *■ . ^ Includes 14,345 pounds, valued at $24,139; imported under emergency tariff act of 1921. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 979 ■ Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. MANUFACTURES OF PILE FABRICS OF WOOL, MOHAIR, ETC. 1918 Pounds. • 116,226 > 31, 312 $6,837 8,457 1919 , ^ 4,003 1920 25,721 1921 (9 months) , ., 1 , » indudes $6,370, value of 1,583 pounds, imported under emergeitiy 'tariff act of 1921. Exports are not separately recorded. . ' Important changes in classification,^^In. the act of 1909 pile fabrics of wool, mohair, etc., were dutiable under paragraph 378 without specific mention other than a reference thereto in pairagraph 443; in the act of 1913 pile fabrics of wool we^^e dutiable tinder paragraph 288, and pile fabrics of mohair, etc., under paragraph 3(39. The manufacture of pile^ fabrics forms a distinct branch of the tex- tile industry and for this reason^ and to secure uniformity with pUe fabric proyisiopas (pars. 909, ^nd 1,011) iij other , textile schedules, a special paragraph is here fdeypted, tq pile fabrics apd flaanu,factures thereof, ifallmg |:fnder the wqcI schedule:. Tl\is P8,ragraph does not include manufactiiiresuqf. pile .fajbrics. used as, cjjs thing or as flooj* 'coyering whiqh are prpyided for elsewhere. , . ' j . ; Suggested changes.— A.tteTit\oTi may be-calledto the fact ihat the 36 cents a pound compensatory duty is that which has been applied in roither paragraphs to aU-wool .goods. Inasmuch as pile fabrics of \^pol, mohair, etc., are usually made, with a cotton back, the fiiU compensatory thus provided as. applied tp.such goods of mixed mate- rial is more than adequate. (See Report of the Tariff Board on Schedule K, 1912, p. 133.) / ' PARAGRAPH 1112. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1112. Blankets, wboUy or in part of wool, not exceeding three yards in length, plain woven, with not more than one color in warp or filling, and not ad- vanced beyond weaving by any process of finishiiig, valued at not more than 75 cents per pound,. 20 cents per pound and, in addition thereto, 20 per centum ad va- lorem; valued at more than-75 cents, but not more than $1.50 per pound, 25 cents per pound and, in addition thereto, 20 per centum ad valorem; valued at more than $1.50 per pound, 30<;ent8 per pound and, in addition thereto, 20 per centum ad, valorem. ACT OF 1909. Par. 379. On blankets, * * *; . com- poged.whoUy or in part of wool, valued at not inoi-'e than forty cents jje'r pound, the ACT OF 1913. Far. 289. Blankets * * * . composed wholly or in chief value of wool, 25 per centum ad valorem; * * *. 98 SUMMARY OF ' TARIFF ' iNFORMATrOl^, ' 1921. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1909. duty per pound stall be the same as the duty imposed by this section on two pounds 01 un-washed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto thirty per centum ad valorem; valued at more than forty cents and not more than fifty cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be three times the duty imposed by this section on one pound of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto thirty-five per centum ad valorem. On blankets composed wholly or in part of wool, val- ued at more than fifty cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be tiiree times the duty imposed by this section on one poimd of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. * * * WOOL BLANKETS. Descrivtion. — The foregoing provision was originally^ intended to cover ordinary blankets and to exclude the fancy varieties; but the clause limiting this provision to blankets "not advanced beyond weaving by any process of finishing" would, as explained below, result in eliminating practically all blankets from this paragraph and should be omitted. At the same time the paragraph should be made to include not only bed blankets and horse blankets (to which varieties the courts have limited the term "blankets"), but also carriage and automobile robes and other articles when niaide in the same manner as blanketing. (See " Suggested changes," p. 982.) Blankets are made of woolen yarns, or of cotton and woolen yams, fulled or shrunken to a high degree, and napped on both sides of the cloth. They may be all-wool, merino (cotton and wool mixture in the yarn), or cotton-warp. Pfacfically all of the horse blankets, and fully two-thirds of the bed blankets, are in part cotton — the former largely cptton-warp; the^ latter, both cotton-warp and merino, with the merino rapidly gaining in popularity. In' addition to cotton, other substitutes for new wool, such: as wool ]ii^astes, shoddy, and cat- tle or other hair, are used, so that new wool forms but a small pro- portion of the raw material in most blankets. Blanket cloth is usually woven of coairse yarns with a plain or twill weave; it is then put into a large, closed box w;h.ere it is soaked with water, or water and soap, and passed, between, rollers" or under a heavy hammer. By this operation (called "fulling") the area of the cloth may be reduced as much as 20 or 25 per cent, and the weave compressed or even obliterated. Thereafter the cloth goes to the napping machine, in which the individual fibers are raised to a thick nap by the fine teeth on the cylinders. The designs are usually ele- mentary and conventional. The most critical stages in manufacture are the choice and blending of the raw materials, and the finishing operationa, as respects .the latter especially the; attainment of a thick, high nap. ■ Production. — The domestic production in 1914 and 1919 of, bed blankets land ho^^e' blankets, also .of carriage Tpbes , and carriage SUMMAHY OF TAKIFF IJIFORMATION, 1921. 981 cloths (the latter, as veil as most of the former, falling imder para- graph 1112 only in case the wording is revised), was as follows: " 1914 1919 Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Blankets: AU-wool Square yards. 6,489,689 17,973,821 ,3,937,463 $4, 186, 754 3,010,070 2,067,934 Square yards. 6,344,000 9,291,000 10,465,000 ' S7, 196, 000 7,391,000 8,711,000 Cotton-warp Cotton-mixed.. Total 28,400,973 9.364,768 26,100,000 2.3,298,000 Horse blankets: , All-wool 102, 205 5,^1,305 2,231,162 . 82, 398 1,639,526 395,858 (')" 8 "h\ • i . Cotton-warp Cotton-mixed Total..: 8,164,672 2,017,782 1,696,000 1,606,000 Carriage TObes: All-wool .132,399 1,282,417 354,049 158,900 936,687 137,968 Cotton-warp Cotton-mixed Total 1,768,865 1,233,555 2,197,000 3,845,000 Carnage cloths, aU-wool. '■' 514,226 1 443,223 | 687,000- 1,371,000 Grand total. 30,680,000 30,120,000 1 Not separately shown in preliminary census returns. Prior to the war the production of bed blankets whoUy or in part of wool had been declining to some extent by virtue of the growing competition of all-cotton blankets; but, seemingly on account of. foreign mihtary orders, production increased greatly in 1914, and, as appears above, remained atialmost the same high level in 1919. Fewer cotton-warp and more merino blankets have been produced since 1914. Production of horse blankets had already been declin- ing prior to the war (except in 1914), but the decline between 1914 and 1919 is partiexilarly striking. The increasing replacement of horses by automobiles is probably an important factor in the decline. Imports. — Prior to thd war imports of blankets usually amounted to oiily 25,000.. to 50,000 pounds annually, valued at from .^25,000 to $50,000. Despite a distinct lowering of the duty in 1913, imports immediately thereafter increased only slightly. In the fiscal year 1918, 5,206,613 pounds, valued at $5,839,921, were imported, but this exceptional unportation was clearly due to the tremendous army requirements. Later imports are shown below. The countries from which they came are not recorded. Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. 1918 Pounds. 2,327,882 20,350 75,749 '30,746 J2, 981, 212 38,265 140, 556 1 48, 89S t745,303 9,566 1919 . . .-. 1920 . 35,139 1921 (9 months) ; ', • Includes 13,612 pounds, valued at $21,142, imported under the emercency tariff act of 1921. 982 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Exports. — Blankets are among the few domestic wool manufactm-es that haTe been exported to any noticeable extent. Between 1900 and 1910 exports of blankets and flannels (combined in the statistics) ranged annually from $50,000 to $125,000— a small figure, but in some years larger than the imports. Thereafter^ imtil 1918, exports were not separately listed. Later exports of blankets only have been as follows by calendar years: 1918, $2,691,408; 1919, $823,544; 1920, $1,257,433; and in the first nine months of 1921, $222,872. In 1918 about 80 per cent of the exports went to Italy and about 15 per cent to France; in 1919 about one-half went to France and Austria, and the remainder was scattered; and in 1920 almost one-half w;ent to Russia in Asia, considerable quantities to Mexico, Turkey,' and Poland, and the remainder was scattered. Important changes in classification. — ^As stated above, paragraph 1112, as worded, was intended to exclude fancy blankets; in fact, it excludes practically all blankets. The words " not advanced beyond weaving by any process of finishing" would eliminate practically all blankets from the paragraph, because at least two of the most char- acteristic operations of blanket manufacture, namely "fulling" and "napping, are finishing operations. Suggested changes. — Paragraph 1112 should be so worded as to distinguish between the ordinary and the fancy blankets without the vitiating clause which reads "not advanced beyond weaving by ajiy process of finishing." At the same time it should be made to include all carriage and automobUe robes, steamer rugs, and other articles, when similar to blankets in construction and method of manufacture. It is true that the articles named are generally of better quality than the ordinary grades of blankets, but this is likewise true of the fancy blankets. Differentiation in duties should i be made between the cheaper and the more expensive goods, irrespective of whether they are blankets or other articles of similar construc- tion. This can best be accomplished not by describing the articles but by applying to aU' of these goods the same general scheme of classification by valuation (further expanded) as contained in Eafagraph 1112 above., The lower brackets will thus catch mainly orse blankets (containing very little new wool) and shoddy bed blankets — types characterized not only by low raw material costs but by simplicity of construction, since they are generally given a minimum oi manipulation and finish, and are woven either plain or twiU, and also usually have only one color in! the warp or filling, i The higher brackets will catch the better grades of bed blankets and other articles contaiiiing aJarger proportion* of new wool and more generally characterized hj elaboration of color or finish. It is suggested that paragraph 1112 be made to read as follows: Blankets and similar articles, including carriage and automobile robes and steamer rugs, made of blanketing, wholly or in part of wool, not exceeding three yards in length, valued at not more than 75 cents per poimd, 20 cents per poimd and, in addi- tion thereto, — per centum ad valorem; valued at more than 75 cents but not more than $1.50 per pound, 25 cents per pound and, in addition thereto, — per centum ad valorem; valued at more than 11.50 but not more than $2.50 per pound, 30 cents per pound and, in addition thereto, — per centum ad valorem; Valued at more than $2.50 per pound, 36 cents per pound and, in addition thereto, — per centum ad valorem. The foregoing classification expands paragraph 1112 so as to in- clude fancy blankets and articles similar to blankets in construction and method of manufacture. The compensatory rates are based on SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFOKMATION, 1921. 983 the assumption that in the lower grades of goods comparatively little new wool is used, but that the proportion of new wool increases with the value of the blankets, etc., until, among the highest grades, it con- stitutes practically the entire raw material and requires a compen- satory rate as high as that for cloth. This latter, assuming a duty of 25 cents a pound on raw wool, clean content, should be 36 cents per pound. (Report of Tariff Board, 1912, p. 626.) PARAGRAPH 1113. H. B.. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pak. 1113. Felts, not woven, wholly or in part of wool, valued at not more tnan 75 cents per pound, 20 cents per pound and, in addition thereto, 20 per centum ^ valorem; valued at more than 75 cents but not more than $1.50 per pound, 25 cents per pound and, in addition thereto, 20 per centum ad valorem; valued at more than $1.50 per pound, 30 cents per pound and, in addition thereto, 2^= per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 382. On * * * felts not p^b. 288. * *, * felts not woven, woven, and not specially provided for in » * » -(vhoUy or in chief value of wool, this section, composed wholly or in part not specially provided for in this section, of wool, the duty per pound shall be four 35 per centum ad valorem; * * * times the duty imposed by this section on one pound of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto sixty per centum ad valorem. FELTS, NOT WOVEN. Description and uses. — ^Felts, not woven, known in the trade as pressed, felts, are produced by matting or felting together wool or hair under the. influence of moisture, heat, and pressure. The prop- erty of felting is peculiar to wools and some hairs ; the felting results from the tendency of the curly fibers to wind around each other, as Well as from the cohesion caused by the interlocking of the scales. On the nuinber of scales or serrations, together with the curly or wavy nature of the fiber, the felting quality of any wool largely depends. In making felts the Wool is sorted and scoured, and, if desired, then mixed and blehd!ed with other materials; it is then carded, a. ?rocess which tends tq straighten out the fibers to their fuUest extent, he filmy web leaviug tiie card is laid down on traveling aprons and superimposed untilj a sufficiellt thickness is obtained: the different layers are ttieti pressed together and consolidated in a hardening :machine, containing either steam-heated rollers which have a rotary and vibrating motibn, or a huge vibrating flatiron under which the material^ is autortiatically fed. The goods are then soaped and placed in. a 'fiilling inachine where they are subjected to the con- tinued action of kicking beams. Here the aCtu^-l felting of the fibers takes place. The individual fibers subjected to work entangle themselves more closely by reason of their tendency to regain their 984 SUMMARY OF TABIFF IM-FOKMATIOST^ 19214 original length and condition of I curl, and, being prevented from slipping back from /position> ! because of the interlocking of their scales, they become nxmly united in a fabric which^has shrunk, in both length and width. Wool felts are of many grades and values, varying according to the quality of the wool and the percentage of other fibers mixed therewith, according 'to [the thickness, and according' to the extent of the felting and finishing operations. They include limng felts for padding suits and overcoats, -boot and shoe linings, polishing felts, saddle felts, type;9rriter cushion pads, chair seat covers, etc. Piano felts represent the highest grade. Production -oi the felt goods industry was valued at ^$13, 693,000 in 1914 and $39,230,000 in 1919, but deducting the items of woven felt cloths (which include endless belts for paper imakers) , hair f,eltf- ing (which includes gun-wad felts) , and waste, the value was $7,952,000 in 1914 and $27,154,000 in 1919. The main item so embraced was listed as trimming and lining felts, including felt skirts and skirtings; other items are boot and shoe linings, poHshing felts and bufimg wheels, piano felts, and saddle felts; while all other'' without descrip- tion constitute over half of the total value recorded. Massachusetts has the largest number of felt mills, followed by New York, New' Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut. Imports were 88,864 pounds, valued at $105,624, in the fiscal year 1914. Imports since 1917 are ri^corded as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. . Value. ■ , Duty.r:. 1918 Pounds. 17)074 10,965 122, 80S 123,531 $33,286 27,664 64,483 140,814 111,650 9,682 1919 1920 22, 569 1921 (9 months) . - - i ■ ; ' . 1 Includes 3,280 pounds, valued at 15,909, imported under emergency tarifE act of 1921. Export^ are riot recorded. Important changes in classification. — -Unwoven felts are the product of a distinct branch, of the wool manufacturing industry and for this reason are given a separate paragraph instead of beng included with goods piade by weaving or other processes, as has been the case in other tariff acts. The compensatory duty of 30 cents a pound is assigned to felt valued at more than $1.50 a pound on the assumption that felts above this value would be made entirely of wool subject to a duty of, 25 cents a ppund^ aaid that the loss of. material ..would .not exceed that ia the manufacture of yarns. I'elts ranging in 'value up to $1.50; a pound are divided into two classes, with com- pensatory duties based on the assumption that the lower the value the larger the percentage of other materials, such as wool waste, reworked wool, cotton, cattle hair, etc, dutiable a,t less' than 25 cents a pound. This paragrapji covers only ujiFpTen felts, wholly or in part of wool, and does not include woven felts, such as used in paper makers' endless belts and for other purposes. It does hot include hair feljr ing if not in part of wool, such as is used in making gun wads or as insulation in ice houses and refrigerators, etc., as this, type is more specifically provided for in paragraph 1426; (See p. ll40.) , SUMMARY OP TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 985 PARAGRAPH 1114. H. B. 7456. Pae. 1114. Fabrics with fast edges, not exceeding twelve inches in ^vidtli, and articles made therefrom; tiibiiigs, garters, saspenders, braces, cords, and cords and tassels; if wholly of wool, 36 cents per pound; if in part of wool, whether or not wool cpiistitutes chief value, 25 cents per pound; and, in addition thereto on all the foregoing, 30 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Par. 383. Webbings, gorings, sus- penders, braces, bandings, beltiri'g8,-bind- ings, * * * cords, cords and tassels, ribbons, * * * any of the foregoing made of wool or of which wool is a com- ponent material, whether containing mdia rubber or not, fifty cents per pound and sixty per centum ad valorem. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 292. Webbings, suspenders, braces, bandings, belts, beltings, bind- ings, cords, cords and tassels, and rib- boas; any of the foregoing madfe of wool or of which wool or wool and india rub- ber are the component materials of dhief value, and not specially provided for in this section, 35 per centum ad valorem. Par. 358. * * * coach, carriage, and automobile laces, * * * 60 per centum ad valorem. WOOL SMALL WARES. Description and uses. — This paragraph embraces narrow woven fab- rics which have not been ornamented after leaving the loom, manu- factures of such narrow woven fabrics, and certain articles made by braiding or twisting together yarns or threads. The sm^ll wares thus covered here include aU made in whole or in part of wool. "Fabrics with fast edges not exceeding 12 inches in width" is an inclusive term for narrow woven fabrics as distinguished from cloth, which is a woven fabric over 12 inches in width. These narrow woven fabrics, such as tape, ribbons, bandings, beltings, bindings, webbings, etc., are produced on narrow-ware looms by means of numerous small shuttles positively driven by a rack and pinions. Articles made therefrom include bands, belts, webs, etc. Tubings are tubular woven products of the narrow-ware loom. Garters, sus- penders, and braces are articles made from narrow fabrics; largely from elastic webbings which are woven with rubber threads in the warp. Cords are made by braiding or cabling three or more threads. Tassels are pendant ornaments ending in a tuft of loose threads or cords. Cords and tassels are formed by securing tassels to cords. Production is not recorded separately. Imports in 1915 were valued at $5,781. Imports since 1917 for calendar years are recorded as follows:* 191S 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Value $4,824 1,688 $1,652 578 $3,907 1,367 ' $1, 154 Dutv , ' Includes 76 pounds, valued at $133, imported under emergency tariff act of 192! . -986 SUMMABY OF TAEIFF INFOKMATION, 1921. Exports are not recorded. Important changes in classification. — ^This is the small-wares part- ;grapn of the wool schedule and, with few exceptions, is confined to products of the narrow-ware or ribbon loom, and to articles made *rona such products. For the sake of uniformity the basic wording has been made the same as in the smaU-wares paragraphs of the ■other textile schedules (pars. 912, 1014, and 1207), although small wares of wool are much less important than those of cotton, jute, jflax, or sUk. Reasons for the revised wording have been stated under paragraph 912. PARAGRAPH 1115. H. B. 7456. Par. 1115. Knit fabrics, made of wool »or of which wool is a component part, •whether or not constituting chief value, valued at not more than $1 .25 per pound, ■25 cents per pound and, in addition tthereto, 20 per centujn ad valorem; valued at more than $1.25 per pound, 36 •cents per pound and, in addition thereto, 25 per centum ad valorem. Hose and half hose, and gloveg and •mittens, made of wool or of which ■w'ool is ■A component part, whether or not con- stituting chief value, valued at not more rthan . $3 per, dozen pairs,, 30 cents per ■pound and, in addition -thereto, 25 per ■centum ad valorem; valued at more than :$3 per- doisen pairs, 36 cents per poimd iand, in addition thereto, 30 per centum lad valorem. Knit underwear, finished or unfinished, ■made of wool or of which wool is a com- ponent part, whether or not constituting ■chief value, valued at hot more than $2.50 -per pound, 30 cents per pound and, in addition thereto, 20 per centum ad valorem; Valued at more than $2.50 per ^bund, 36 cents per'poxmd and, in addi- ition thereto, 2S per centum ad valorem. Outerwear and other articles, knit or •c^ocK^tedj finished or unfinished, made toi wool or of which wool is a component jpart, whether or not constituting chief 'valaiei valued at not more than $2.50 per -pound,; 30 cents per pound and, in aqdi-, {tion thereto, 28 per centum ad valorem; ■valued at,more than $2.50 per pound, 36 'Cents p^f pound' and, in addition thereto, :33J per centum ad valorem. * ACT OF 1909. 'PAR.'i37-8. On * * * knit fabrics * * * made wholly or in part of wool, mot specially provided for in this section, valued at. not more than forty cents per ^pound, the duty per pound shall be three times the duty imposed by this section ,an a pound of unwashed wool of the first (Class; valued at above forty cents per SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Pah. 288. * * * knit fabrics, * * * wholly or in chief value of wool, not specially provided for in this section, 35 per centum ad valorem; * * * stockings, hose and half hose, made on knitting machines or frames, composed wholly or in chief value of wool, not specially provided for in this section, 20 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921, 987 ACT OF 1909. pound and not above seventy cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be four times the duty imposed by this section on one pound of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto, upon all the foregoing, fifty per centum ad valorem; valued at over seventy cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be fom- times the duty imposed by this sec- tion on one pound of imwashed wool of the first class and fifty-five per centum ad valorem. Par. 382. On * * ^ articles of wearing apparel of every description, in- cluding shawls whether knitted * » * and knitted articles of every description made up or manufactured wholly or in part * * * and not specially pro- vided for in this section, composed wholly or in part of wool, the duty per pound shall be four times the duty im- posed by this section on one pound of imwashed wool of the first class,, and in addition thereto sixty per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1913. per centum ad valorem; stockings, hose and half hose, selvedged, fashioned, nar- rowed, or shaped wholly or in part by knitting machines or frames, or knit by hand, including such as are commercially known as seamless stockingB, hose and half hose, and clocked stockings, hose and half hose, gloves and mittens, all of the above, composed wholly or in chief value of wool, if valued at not more than $1.20 per dozen pairs, 30 per centum ad valorem; if valued at more than $1.20 per dozen pairs, 40 per centum ad valorem; * * * ' Par. 291. * * * shawls * * * knitted * * * and knitted articles of every description made up or manufac- tured wholly or in part, and not specially provided for in this section, composed wholly or in chief value of wool, 35 per centum ad valorem. WOOL KNIT FABRICS. (See Survey K-3.) Description and uses. — Wool knit fabric in the piece, as distinct from knitted articles, represents a field in which there has been enor- mous development during recent years and in which there is every J»rospect for greater development in the future. The most common orm of wool knit fabrics is jersey cloth made on large circular ma- chines, but flat «aachines on which a greater variety of stitch is possible are also used. Wool knit fabrics are made in a wide range of textures. * • Production. — Statistics for the production of wool knit fabric in the Cce were not separately stated ia former census reports. Cotton t fabric and wool knit fabric amounted to a value of $1,639,612 in 1914. In 1919 the production of wool knit fabric alone was 6,055,361 square yards, valued at $13,240,491. Most frequently wool knit fabric is made by small concerns which knit wool articles. One or two large concerns have become interested in the piece-goods trade. The bulk of the output is consumed by the ready-to-wear garment industry, but each year larger quantities are sold a;t retail. Imports recorded as "Wool knit fabrics, not wearing apparel," were 13,666 pounds, valued at $14,923, ia 1914. , Imports since 1917 have been as follows : CalendAryear- Quantity. Value. Duty. 1918 8,561. 229 4,123 '1,605 $16, 164 679 12,181' 1 6, 166 , $5,657 238 1919 1920 4,263 1921 (9 months) .-.: ' . - ' j ' Includes 754pounds, valued at $1, 842, imported under emergency taiifl act of 1921. »88 SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFOBMATIOIST, 1921. iSrporte are not recorded. v Important changes in classification. — ^Wool knit fabric has been removed from the paragraph for woven wool cloths (288 of 1913 and 378 of 1909) and placed here in order to assemble all knit goods belonging under; the wool schedule. This obviates the danger of discrepancies in rates. The same separation and assembling of knit goods have been carried out in the other textile schedules. WOOL HOSIERY. (See Survey K-3.) Deshription. — The three classes of wool hosiery (according to meth- ods of manufacture) are covered by this paragraph. These are de- scribed under "Cotton hosiery," paragraph 915. Wool hosiery is probably made in a greater variety of colors than either cbttbn or silk hosiery and in a greater range of textiire^-frbm the finest cashmere, not much heavier than silk, to thick ribbed athletic hose. Much of the domestic production is of a cheap coarse grade often known as lumbermen's socks, because of its use by men in such out-of-door occupations. Imports are largely of the fancy sport hose. Production of all-wool hosiery declined from 1,985,833 dozen pairs, valued at $3,875,486 in 1914, to i,047,000 dozen pairs, valued a^ 15,397,000 ia 1919, while the output of wool and cotton (mixed) or "merino" hosiery, increased from 3,059,294 dozen pairs, valued at $4,798,949 in 1914, to 4,193,000 dozen pairs, valued at $14,998,000 in 1919. The proportion of merino to all-wool hosiery has increased: with each census. The manufacture of wool hosiery is usually carried on in connection with that of other wool knit goods, particularly gloves and underwear. , ; , ; Imports of wool and jwool-mixed hosiery in the second half of the fiscal year 1914 were 38,827 dozen pairs, valued at $63,310; in 1915, 70,053 dozen pairs, valued at $168,877. Imports since. 1917 are recorded as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Vafu Duty'. 1918 Ifll9 1920 1921 (9 months).. Doien pairs. 448,757 42,747 380,449 1 229, 075 {2,333,587 379,292 3,07^113 11,428,722 {933,339 151,706 1,225,910 1 Includes 251,742 pounds, valued at 1693,807, imported under emergency tariff act of 1921. England is the chief source of supply. Exports are not recorded. Important changes in classijication. — The word "stockings" has been omitted since the term "hose and half -hose" is sufficiently in- clusive. No subdivision according to methods of manufacture has been retained because wool hosiery, other than seamless or fashioned, ixiiported under the act of 1913 was only a small proportion of the total. The dividing line between value classifications has been raised, as the rise in prices since the act of 1913 was passed has thrown almost the SUMMABY OP TAEIFP INFORMATION, 1921. 98'9 entire import into the higher category. Value classifications which will approximate an equal division of imports are difficult to establish at a time when prices are undergoing such radical changes. " Clocked " hosiery has been omitted from this paragraph. (See par. 915, p. 890 for explanation.) WOOL GLOVES AND MITTENS. (See Survey K-3.) Description and vses.—Wool gloves and mittens may be cut from jersey cloth and stitched to shape; they may be knit continuously, so that no seams are required in the finishing; or they may be fash- ioned in the knitting with selvaged edges. Gloves are of all three types; mittens, as a rule, are seamless. FrodiLction. — No statistics are available for former census years. Production in 1919 amounted to 239,984 dozen pairs of woolen and worsted gloves, valued at $1,235,140. The industry is conducted by about 50 concerns, which vary from small establishments equipped with less than a dozen machines to large organizations capitalized at one-haK to a million dollars, but in almost every instance woolknit goods other than gloves are also manufactured. Imports in the second half of the fiscal year 1914 were 26,126 dozen pairs, valued at $40,343; in 1915, 148,377 dozen pairs, valued at $218,194. Imports since 1917 are recorded as foUows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. 1918 Dozen pats. 224,494 39, 135 48,221 • 184,768 $1,718,353 315,513 273,286 1 231,447 $687,324 126,200 1919 1920 109,298 1921 (9 months) . ' Includes 70,038 pounds, valued at $155,253, imported under emergency tariff act of 1921. The United Kingdom is the main source of imports, normally sup- plying over nine-tenths of the total. The record import, attained m 1918, was due to war demands and was mainly supplied by Canada. Exports are not recorded. Important changes in classification. — ^The same change has been made'in the value dividing line as in hose and half hose. Gloves and mittens are retained in the clause with hosiery rather than trans- ferred to the clause covering outerwear, because,, like hosiery, the commercial unit is the dozen, and retention in this classification will more likely insure separate sta'tistical 'record with the dozen as the unit of quantity. Moreover, the manufacture of gloves and mittens is no more closely allied to the maaiufacture of outerwear than to that of hosiery. They are frequently made iu connection with one or the other or both, and there are some concerns which make only gloves and mittens. Like hosiery, gloves a,nd mittens are more highly stand- ardized than outerwear and less subject to style variation. There miky be certain popular modelsj but fewer varieties, and less marked differeaicea from season to season are demanded for gloves and mittens than. for sweaters i and other articles of outer apparel. There is no apparent reason why gloves and, mittens ishould carry a'higherrate of duty: , than hosiery;; hence the classification with hosiery seems more logical. 990 SUMMABY OF TARIFF IlfFOEMATION, 1921. WQOL KNIT UNDERWEAR. (See Survey K-S.) ,, .. Description and uses. — ^Tlie different types of knit underwear are described under the paragraph on knit cotton underwear (par. 916). Most of the wool underwear produced in the United States is made from tubular fabric knit on circular machines. There is very little demand for full-fashioned underwear. Production of all-wool knd wool-ndixed knit shirts and drawers increased from! 1,808,000 dozen, valued at $12,677,000, in 1914 to 2,1'64;000 dozen, valued at $22,677,000, inrl919, and union suits from 633,000 dozen, valued at $8,197,000, in 1914 to 1,211,000 dozen, val- ued at $23,418,000, in 1919. Less than one-eighth of the foregoing consisted. of all-wool underwear. Imports 'of wool knit underwear and outerwear are included under the classification "Wool knitted articles, n. s. p. f.," from which knit- ted shawls, hosiery, and gloves and mittens are excluded by special mention.' Importe of wool knitted articles were valued at $415,773 in 1914. . ■•)»:.'-. . ,.,.,, Imports of " wool kiiitted articles, n.s. p. f.," since 1917 are recorded by calendar years as foUaws : ', >". . i ,' ij 1 : '-■ ■ '■-■ ■ 1918 1919 ■ 1920 1921 (gmoriths). Vsltie.j :....,.:; $756,894 264,911 '•J109,303 _ 39,256 $215,094 76,282 1 $132, 823 Duty • Includes $16, 574 imported under emergency tariff act of 1921 . Exports are not recorded. Important changes in classification, etc. — See under "Wool Knit Outerwear," etc.;' below. WOOL KNIT OUTERWEAR AND OTHER ARTICLES, N. S. P. F. ' (See Survey E-3.) Description and uses. — ^The demand for wool knit outerwear has grown rapidly in the last few years, especially for such garments as sweaters, toques, scarfs, and bathing suits. Knit outerwear, like other types of knit goods, may be fashioned or may be cut from knit fabric. It is more frequently fashioned than is underwear. Production of wool knit articles of outerwear is not stated sepa- rately from those of other fibers. Imports are not separately recorded, being included under imports of "wool knitted articles, n. s. p. f.," shown above. Exports are not recorded. Important changes in classification. — It has been considered advis- able to mention specifically knit underwear and outerwear in this paragraph, as the two represent entirely distinct industries. The development of the knit outerwear industry during the last few years makes it particularly desirable to have separate statistics of imports. The word "croeheted" has been inserted in the classifica- tion concerning outerwear and bther knit articles because crocheted SUMMABY OF TAKTFF INFORMATION, 1921. 991 goods, althoT^h differing in process .of production, are similar to knit goods in appearance and use. Suggested changes. ^-The words "and not specially provided for" might be inserted after the words "not constituting chief value" in the clause concerning outerwear in order that "other articles" in this clause may not conflict with the articles enumerated above. PARAGTRAPH 1116. SENATE AMENDMENTS. H. R. 7456. Pah. 1116. Clothing and articles of wearing, apparel of every description, not knit or procheted, manirfactureji wholly or in part; made of wool or 6f Wliich wool is a component part, whether 'or 'not' constitutiiig chief value; .valued' at inot j more" than $3.50, per pound, 20 cents .per pound and, in addition thereto, 25 per centum ad valorem; valued at more than $2.50 but not more than S5 pef'^^und, 25 cefnts per' pound 'and, in addiition.. thereto,,, 25 per centum ad valoreia; valped at more than $5,per pound, 36^ cents pet pound and, in addition theretb^ 30 per centuiri kd valorem. ^" J' ACT OF 190S. , Pak. 382. On clothmg, ready-made, and articles of wearing apparel of every description, including shawls * * ''^ woven, * * * and not specially pro- vided for in this section, composed wholly or in part of wool, the duty per pound shall be four times the duty im- posed by this section on one pound of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto sixty per centum ad valorem. WOOL WEARING APPAREL, N. 8. P. F. Description and uses. — This paragraph covers wearing apparel of every description, manufactured wholly or ia part of wool, camel's hair, mohair, alpaca, and the like, not knit or crocheted, and not specially provided for. Articles excluded by virtue of special pro- vision elsewhere are garters, suspenders, braces, and other articles made from narrow wares (par. 1114); knit goods (par. 1115); and apparel ornamented with lace, embroidery, etc. (par. 1430). Production is not recorded. Imports in the fiscal year 1915 were valued at $1,368,866, including wool hats to the value of $49,081, but not including any knit goods, Similar imports since 1917 by calendar years are recorded as fdlows: ACT OF 1913. ., Par. 291. Clothing, ready -mad^, and articles of wearing; apparel of eVer^ 'description, including shawls * * * woven * . * * made up or manufac- tured wholly or in part, and not specially provided for in^tnis section, composed wholly or in chief value of wool, 35 per centum ad valorem. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Value - $4,894,021 1,712,907 $1,425,890 499,062 $5,011,135 1,753,892 J $2, 379, 715 Batv ' Includes 328,394 pounds, valued at $1,465,158, imported nnder emergency tarlH act of 1821. 992 SUMMARY OF TARIFF ilirFORMATION, 1921. Im|poTts are mainly from the United Kingdom; in 1920 relatively small amounts came from France, Canada, and Switzerland. Exports are larger than imports; in the fiscal year 1914 they were valued at $2,148^235. Later exports by calendar jfears have been as follows: ■^ i 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 mouths). For men and boys „ $2, 797, 704 1,441,S58 $10,401,744 4,263,325 85,386,441 2,773,975 »1, 193, 918 1,443,717 Total ' . , ^ 4,239,262 14,665,069 8,160,416 2,637,635 In 1920 the largest purchaser of American clothing for men and boys was Russia in Asia; Poland and Danzig, Canada, Mexico, and British South Africa in the order named followed. Canada was the largest purchaser of clothing for women and girls; Poland and Danzig, Germany, Mexico, and France were the next best markets. Important changes in classification.— "XiAs, paragraph has been drawn to exclude all wearing apparel that is knitted or crocheted, these being provided for in paragraph 1115. The word" ready-made" has been omitted as utmecessary because this paraCTaph covers wearing apparel whether ready-made or custom-made. The scope of this para- graph has been extended beyond that of paragraph 291 of the act of 1913, and 382 of the act of 1909, by the provision that it shall include all wearing apparel made of wool "whether or not constituting chief value." PARAGRAPH hit: H. B. 7456. Par. 1117. Oriental,' Axminster, Sa- vonnerie, Aubusson, and other carpets and rugs, not made on a power-dnven loom; carpets and rugs of oriental weave or weaves, produced. jOn a power-driven loom; chenille Axminster carpets and rugs, whether wpven as separate carpets and rills' or in rolis of any "width; all the fofeigbing, plain or figured, 5 cents per square foot and, in addition thereto, 30 per cen|;jiin. ad , valorem. ,. ; . . T'^ ' ACT p'F 1909. ''" Par. 384. Aubusson, Axminster, -mo- quette, and chenille carpets, figured or plait^,, 4n(i all carpets or carpeting of lij;^. character! or description, sixty centp per Bquare!yard and in addition therefej forty per centum ad valoreifi; -•■ j/ . . Par. 391. Carpets of every description, woven whole for rooms, and Oriental, Ber- lin, Ailbusson, Ajiminster, and similaf' rugs, ten cents per square foot and forty per-(;pB.tum ad valorem: Provided, That in the measurement of all mats; rugs, carpets and similar articles, of whatever material composed, the selvage, if aay, ^all be in- cluded. SBNATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. ' Par. 293. Aubusson,' Ax:minster, mo- quettei and ohenille carpets, figured or plaiiij and all carpets or ,carpeting of lite character or description^ 35 per centum ad valorem. Par. 300, Carpets of every description^ woven whole for rooms, and Oriental, Berlin, Aubusson, Axminister, and simi- lar rugs, 50 per centum ad valorem. SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 993 HANDMADE CARPETS AND RUGS, CHENILLE AXMINSTERS, ETC. (See Survey K-6.) Description and uses. — This paragraph includes the following types of carpets and rugs: (1) Handmade, usually knotted-pUe fabncs; (2) machine-made knotted-pUe fabrics; and (3) chenille Axminsters. Handmade knotted-pile floor Coverings include both the oriental and the European hand-tufted rugs. The term oriental rug includes the hand products not only of countries of the Near Eatet, such as Persia and Turkey, but also similar products of India, China, and other countries of the Middle and Far East. This hand industry, as a whole confining its operations to the production of the finest qualities of handmade rugs, has managed to survive, although on a limited scale. Oriental rugs are usually produced in the home and with primitive appliances. The foundation threads are generally of linen or hemp and these are covered with a pile consisting of tufts of wool knotted to the warp by the weaver's fingers. The design re- quired is produced by usmg tufts of different colors. Such ru^s are fundamentally superior to machine-made goods in that the knot is the best method of securing the pile to the warp. The permanence thus secured, the individuality attaching to each rug because of manu- facture by hand, and the oriental or exotic designs make them very popular. European hand-tufted rugs are usually produced in workshops having improved appliances and where better materials are used than those employed in oriental rugs, but although the two varieties differ in design the details of their manufacture are essentially the same. Typical European hand-tufted rugs are the "real" Axmins- ter, the Savonnerie, and the Aubusson; there are also less important varieties, such as the Berlin, which are not specifically mentioned. Until recently it was thought impossible to develop a power loom which would make carpets and rugs of oriental weave; that is, with knotted pile. A loom has, however, , been invented that produces a fabric of similar structure. Pile jrams are inserted vertically between the warp threads as required and knotted into place by a mechanical crossing and recrossing of alternate warp threads.' One such loom is in operation in the United States and there are two or three in Europe. CheniUe Axminsters are mainly high-priced articles and their manufacture, although on a power loom, closely approaches the handicraft method of production. The preparation of, the chenille, or "fur" as it is kn,owi)- in the trade, necessitates the prelipainary weaving of a special cloth which is cut in strips and t-^i^ted, to make a tufted yam. The loom has to be stopped while the fur is being aligned in position; it is then started up to throw; in binding picks, and again stopped to align another tqw of fur. Tlie loom therefore is operated only iiitennittently and considerable handwork is involved. The warp binder threads are of cottpp; the stuff er or backing threads used in the warp are of jute ; for weft threads which do not .appear on the surface there may be used jute or coarse woolen yams (the latter often cojgttaining a large percentage of hair). • A technical description of this loom Is to bo found in the Scientific American of June 6, 1914. 82304—22 — -e3 994 SUMMAIIY OF TAREFJ IHrOBMATIoir, 1921. The ''Smyrfia" nig resejiibles tile chemfle Axmiiisteri altttotigh it is inferior; as yet, however, it is made only in this country. It is so woven that the chenille or fur projects on both sides, making a re- versible piece Tof goods. ^3^hje w*rp yarns |ij:ej;i8uaily of cotton, "and the filling yarns, which are inserted, between: the; r6w8 of fur, are usually :0r jute. ,. .;. .,.:,, ■ ,:,,.;. j ^li-^: rl,,>;-,: :■]:'.:.._,. ._■ i , Prfiducfion, — HandjPaade. kuotted-pile cstrp^g • audi rugs are I not made in the United $i;ates. - -©ne. loom;is iri pperi^tion which produces a ipptted-pile fabric very similar to thfr^jElindm^de flriiiclq. ; Chenille Axminster mgpi, woven whole, werpl78,0TOi square yards;, valued , a,ti, $715,000 , in 1914;; and 310,000 squate yards, valued at $2,527,000 in 1919. Smyrna rugs, woven whole, were 822,000 square yards, valued at $871,000, in 1914; and SOS^QOO square yards,, valued at $1,914,000, ill 1919. .,,, ..i , .. r ■' - , Imports. — ^Imports jisrhicli would be dutiable under the wording of paragraph 1117 are not determinable precisely owing? to the listing of imports of chenille Axminsters with other machinff-*madfe Axminsters. Imports listed as. ''carpets woven whole. for rooms, and oriental, Berlin, Aubussoui Axminster, and other similar rugs" would practi- cally all fall under paragraph 1117. Impofts by calendar years since 1.917:have been as follows: ,;. i ;'.( i s/^ . - ^ , • ,- \ ^' • • . ■ ; '. . )!J', .1 . »* ^, C^l^ndar year. .Quantity. Duty. Ad.valo- rem rate. CABPteTS WOVEN' WHOLE FOR ROOMS, AN'D ORIENTAL; BERLIN,, AUBUSSQN, AXMINSTER, AND OTHER- SIMILAR .RUGS. : , 1918.1^.. ::...:../. ... 1919i ;j 1920;'. 1921 ,(9 months) -rp-lT---! Si- yards. ' 268,897 391,592 925, 4'53' ' i684,74]R I. lU'j- ■^^f-fn .$l,257;S9g 2,529,6^2 7,W,03i 14,9^,253 $628,699 1,^,846 3,904,015 'if ■ , Per cent. •' ■ '60 ;,, 60 , 50 QQUETSDE^ AND CEESSIBLE ClRPETS, AND CARPETS AUBiUSBON.-,AXMINS,T,ER, ■MQOUE.TSDE, AND CEEWIBLE CARI I ,,.;., rr- c. AND '.CAfeFETINGf' OP LIKE .CHARACTER. -,, : ?j: I . '!■::" - 'fj if, ••■■'<- - i.'-fl!.' !■•■ ■■! 1918. ;::..... ,....-■ ,. :... ...: H''- i'3,39f 1' S5iB»8 283,63^. '194,361 i , - ' $220,26^' ■:'ji290,4S7 ' 2885|«14 $77,094, '1 ■ 101,674^ 347,577 35 1921(9 months)'.';!'.'! !!!'.!!.!"..i'!i!!^.■i.. A. '..'■''.:.■..' 35 35 \'- 1 Include 511 square yards, valued at43^2?5:,importe(J.under emergency tarUf act of 1921. : . . ' Includes 759 square yards, valued at tl,951, imported under emergency taijfl act o?1921j . ■ .Erporis «ire not recorded. ' ! | Important changes in dassificatiqn. — :The number of, tariff para- graphs heretofore devoted to carpets and rugs of Wool— for iastance, 11 -id'the act of 1909 and the same nulthber in the^apt'of 1^13— has been; disproportionately large. In wording this biU it was (^ecided tp use onily three paragraphs : One to cover Tytfol carpets and fugs that are distin'ctively luxuries, another to include kll other vanfe'ties of carped and rugs made with the use of wool, and a third to coveit' special articles made from wool carpets or fugs. These paragraplis are. numbered 1117, 1118, and 1119, respectively. ', ' ' ' ,f The intent of paragrapn 1117 is to include only such carpets and ru"p" as; are ;dJsTmctively3tixurie,8,^„jF^ within,.this classification are haiidinade carpets and rugs sucn as the oriental, '/real"' Axmin- SIT jiMARY' OF "TABIFF lN-FORMATIO] (2) Wilton, Brussels, velvet,, and tapestry carpets form a distinct class, being warp-pile fabrics; having -a foundation m^de with warp and filling 'and a surface, made-, of an extra set of warp threads woven over wires. u: . . ± i ■ The Wilton is a cut-pilfi fabric jand the;better varieties rank among the highest examples of machinp-made floor coverings. The warp is usually of cotton and the weft yarns of ^ther .cotton or jute. The extra warp threads to form the piles are drawn |roin superimposed frames of spools. at the back of th^ loom; the spools in, each frame are usually of a single color and the fabric therefrom known as a "five- frame" or "six-fram;e" Wilton;, the larger the number of frames the greater variation of color and design obtainable. These pile-warp threads may be either woolen or worsted yam. The term Saxony iisuaUy signifies a Wilton made with woolen pile yams. The Brussels is a loop (uncut) pile fabric, durable and of high quaUty. It is made in much the same manner as the Wilton, drawing the dyed warp-pile yarns from frames of spools at the brick of the loom, but differing in construction in certain details. The pile is 'always worsted yarn; the warp is of jute, and the weft yarns of linen or jute; sometimes jute stuffer threads are inserted to give greater bulk and weight to the goods. Velvet (sometimes known as tapestry velvet) is a cut-pile fabric made in imitation of the Wilton but cheaper and less durable. Instead of a design formed from dyed warp-pile yarns, the pattern is printed on the pile warp. As tMs printed pUe is used only for the sxirface there is a smaller proportion of wool and a larger proportion of jute and cotton than is the case in Wiltons in which the dyed pile when not used to form pile is buried in the body of the fabric. Toumay velvet is a type of velvet carpeting of fine quality. : Tapestry (sometimes known as tapestry Brussels) is a loop (uncut) pile fabric made in imitation of the Brussels. The pattern is printed on the warp and this, as for velvet, permits a greater economy of wool; the fabric produced is cheaper but less durable than the Brussels. .^Uil^M;f«Y ,,QK , EfA^^P:^ .rljlf pOBBf AWi'^y iW^h (3) Ingrain carpi^tsr^differ frojH, ^l\ ^^le |)j-$ce4i:^g in that they are not pile fabrics but multiple cloths. The primary meaning of the term "ir>rr,.c;^» i„>"A^^A i^ +t „;^>'. +!,„+; „™ j^^j "t •_ ' mgram " is " ' dyed in the grain ' ' ; that is, yarn dyed. Ingrain carpets are composed of two or more webs, each with its own warp and fflliji^ of a distinctive color. ' The superimposed webs' are interlaced in weaving and the design is secured by bringing to the surface; from either thS warp or the filling,, the fcolor required.^ Three-ply or treble ingrain has three sets of warp and filhng interlaced; it is possible in this type to have six colors, a different one for each warp and filling', instead of four as in two-ply ingrain.' Venetian is an inexpensive ingrain carpet, made with worsted or cotton warp ajidjute filling, and used only for stairs and hallways. The warp predominates on the face to such an extent that it is sometimes known as " iall-chain" (meaning ''all-warp ") Venetian. Ingrain rugs woven in one piece are known as art squares. " Wool Dutch," a term now obsolete, was used to desig- nate a coarse heavy carpet, woven in stripes and similar in appearance to ingrain. Production of the old-fashioned wool ingrain carpeting has practically ceased in this countryjbut the production of fiber (paper) and wool and fiber floor coverings' on ingrain looms has grown to large proportions. (4) "All either floor coverings, including mats and druggets, not specially provided for, composed wholly or in part of wool, whether or not constituting chief value" is a basket clause that Covers a nimiber of miscellaneous floor coverings. ' Mats are small rugs Aot longer than 36 inches and not wider than 18 inches. A mat or small rug for use at the side of a bed is a"bedside," butthi^ term is now rarely used. , The term "druggets,'' also '' bookings," a more obsolete term, was formerly used to mean coarse woolen cloths, felted or woven, used for floor coverings; druggets now usually signify a lighter woven cloth that is used to cover carpets in summer time or to substitut& therefor. Felt carpets are included in this catch-all provision; " Production in 1914 and 1919 was recorded by' the Federal' Census as follows: '"' ' Carpets afidrugs., Quantity. ,1914 J919 Value. ,.• 1919 I ■^Aiiflinstei' and moquette ■fffffltOIlv......,.i,i. Brussels.? .": .' Tapestry velvet .Tapestry Brussels. Ingrain, including art squares. Wool and:paper Colonial or rag AU other. . .'. .{...,. "■I di . .S,a. yii. 16,742; OdO* 5,fil6,p00 2,695,000 13,'228,a00. 13,615,,000, ' 8,973,'00O- ' 4>i6pioqO' 1,302,000 14,700,000. ,4,959,0pCt .Tssrooo '.9,8B5iO0O ,-9,996,000 1,966 000 ,6,82d,000 290,000 .1,483,(100 118,579,000 11,930,000 3,986,000 12,867,000 9,853,000 3,406,000 1,643,000 933,000 »35, 20, 13, 2, 503,000 431,000 188, OdO 628,000 119,000 770,000 248,000 505,000 246,000 Total. 65,^40,000 50,873,000 - '-'iil 63,097,'000 105,636,000 , If the chenille Axminster. and Smyrna types (dutiable utider par. 1117) be added, the grand total for thd Amencan production of carpets and rugs is 66,340,000 square yards, valued at $64.,i683,000, in 1914; and 51,991,000 square yards, valued at 1110,077,000, in 1919* As this decrease in quantity of production was accompanied ^ by a greater suMMARy, ap tTAbijppj iN^enivqAT^ojir-,' l^jL. n^ decrease in imports andis a c9n3biQuatiop, of a decline tljiat begafl earlier (for instance, production, in 19Q4,]^QtaJe(i 8^j^,7fl,0P0, square yards, and in 1909, §1,219,000 'square yard§^!, it, is ewT-4sjh^ ■th.st.ifthe demand for, carpets and rug§)in.,gjen.eral is. declining in >tkis coxmtry. This is largely explained by, two fa,ct©rsi the inpreasing use of hardwood floors^ requiring less carpjetiag, and the substitution of . other styles of floor Goiifering, such as felt, base fabrics, linoleums, and grass rugs. ., , In spite, of fclys. decline the :tJniteid , States continues to rank as the world s largest producer, of cappets and rugs of wool. Ip3,ports of machine-made, carpets and rugs of wool constitute less than 1 per cent of the domestic production.' Imports of gpods cov- ered by this paragraph during t£.e &cal years ended June 30, 1914 and 1919, were as follows: , . .; . Carpets and rugs. Quantity. 1914 1919 Value. 1914 1919 Axminsterandnioquette.. Wilton, Saxony, and Toumay velvet . Brussels .^..^.-.j..,,... Velvet and tapestry velvet Tapestry Brussels Ingrain , An other _ 1 Sq. yds. P) 34,606 6,760 41,467 8:730 9,372 56,543 Sq. yds. m 1,126 122 2,484 11,779 10,481 8,272 (■) $64,851 8,110 88,050 7,083 150 66,538 m 85,857 468 15,971 18,568 353 9,390 Total'. 157; 478 34,264 234,782 44,607 1 Imports of spool Axmlnsters here dutiable not recorded separately. See imports under preceding paragraph. - 3 Exclusive of spool Axmlnsters. -, It is obvious from the above that imports of Wilton, Brussels, velvet, tapestry, ingrain, and other machine-made carpets included under this paragraph are too small to affect the domestic market.; .i Exports of machine-tmade carpets and fugs included under this paragraph are not recorded separately but are now larger than im- ports. As, an indication, Canadian statistics for the fiscal. year ended March 31, 1921, record imports of carpets and rugs from the United States valued at $71,509, in addition to |198,696;worth of "Oriental and handwoven squares" which, as they are not made in the United States, were probably reexports. .- ; ' Important cJiunges inctasMJicatiorir. — ^The intent of this paragraph is to cover all carpets and TUgsi which contain, any wool, ■ other .than those that are strictly luxuries provided for ; in paragraph 1117; but the first two sentences of the paragraph are not restrictdd to Wool. " • ■ "■■': ■■•' ' ■ ■-:" This paragraph includes (1) Axminsters, other than the handmade and: .the chenifle Axminsters; (2)' warp-pEe, such' as the WUtoit, Brussels, velvet, and tapestry; (3) ingrain; and (4) aU other floor coverings, not specially provided for^-which contain any wool. The floor coverings thus covered in. one paragraph concisely worded have in past acts required several paragraphs and these were word^ iiiore loosely^ arid contained terms which are to-day obsolete or else designations of varieties covered by other terms. Terms used in previous acts an(l heije omitted include moquette (a variety of spool Axminster) ; Saxony (a variety of Wilton) ; Tour- 1000 SUMMABY OF TAKIFF- IKFOEMATIOST,' 1921, nay velvet (a variety of velvet) ; two-ply, three-ply, treble, all-chain Venetian, and wool Dutch (all varieties of ingrain) ; bocklng (an obsolete term for a coarsfe woblen cltoith similar to tbe drugget); and bedsides (small mats or rugs). There has als6 been omitted th^ perplexing phrase "carpets woven whole for rooms," as well as the phrase "rugs fdr floors, and the Tariff CommiSsiori recommendation was adopted to omit any differentiation between can)ets and rugs and to base the tariff classifications solely dn method of manufacture. The compensatoTy duties used for Wool, pile carpets in this para- graph were derived by calculations 'similar to that stated in para- graph 1117.' They are baseid on the highest duty (7 cents a pound) applicable to 'carpet wool under par agr'aph 1101, and a yield of 60 pounds of yarn from 100 pounds of carpet wool in the condition imported. The calculations, and compensatory duties based thereon, are as follows: Average weight of wool yarn per square yard of carpet. Duty paid on wool. In each pound of yarn. In each square yardol carpet. In each square foot of carpet. Compensa- tory duty suggested per square foot of carpet. Axminster, n. ^. p. f . Vfiltdin Brussels Velvet Tapestry... Pcmnds. 1:42 2.31 1.52 .96 ..47 Cents. Cents. 16.67 26.95 17.85 10.62 , 5.48 Cents. 1.84 2.99 1.98 1.18 0.69 Cents. 2 li 11 These compensatory duties are considered liberal, particularly as iriuch of the carpet wool dutiable under paragraph 1101 would, by virtue of the ad valorem clause, pay less duty than 7 cents a pound. Ingrain carpets and rugs are assigned a compensatory duty of 1 cent per square foot. Wool yams used in such goods are generally of' the poorest class of carpet wools, the duty on which, under para- graph 1101, would generally be less than 7 cents a pound. At present only a small amount of wool ingrain is made in this country; m most ingrains the yams are now in part- or in whole of "fiber" (paper). AR other" floor covesmgs cover various types and the compensa- tory duty has been made the same as that assigned to Brussels 'and spool Axmiristers on the assumption that they will be mostly medium grade goods with approximately the same percentage of wool to total weight. Specific mention of carpets and carpeting of cotton, n. s. p* f. (par. 393, act of 1909, and 302, act of 1913), has been omitted, with the intent that these- shall fall under the basket ptoviso in paragraph 1020. ' • PABAGBAPH 1119. H. R. 7466. SENATE AMENDMBiraS. Paj. 1119. Screens, hassocks, and all other articles' composed wholly or in part of carpets or rugs, and not specially pro^' vided for, 22 per centum ad valorem STTMMAR'Y OF TARIFF INrbRMATION, 1921. 1001 ACT OF 1009. Par. 394. * * * screens, covers, has- socks, * * » made wholly or in part of wool, and not specially provided for in this section, shall be subjected to the rate of duty herein imposed on carpets or carpetings of like character or description. ACT OF 1913. Par. 303. * * * screens, covers, has- socks, * * * composed wholly or in part of wool, and not specially provided for in this section, shall be subjected to the rate of , duty herein imposed on car- pets or carpeting of like character or de- scription. ARTICLES MADE FROM CARPETS. Description and uses. — Carpets and rugs are not infrequently used in making other articles. Screens made of such materials are here dutiable, as also are hassocks, Avhich are thick, hard cushions used'ior footstools. These are mentioned specifically only as an indication of the scope of the paragraph, which would include any article made in whole or in part from carpets 'or rugs. Production, imports, and exports are not separately recorded. . Important changes in dassification. — This paragraph is a, modifies^ tion of a part of paragraphs 394, act of 1909, and 303, act of 1913., and is intended to secure separate enumeration of articles made from carpets and rugs. This provision would include articles made wholly or m part of carpets or rugs, whatever the materials might bej. and whether or not any wool be used; , It does not include any such floor coverings themselves. ■ . ; PARAGRAPH 1120. H. B. 7456. Par. 1120. All manufactures not spe- cially providedfor, coDQposedof wool or of which wodl is a component part, whether or not constituting chief value, 25 per cen- tum ad valorem. ACT OF 1009. Par. 378. On * * * all manufac- tiu-es of every description made wholly or in part of wool, not specially provided for in this section, valued at not more than forty centsper pound, the duty per pound shall be three times the duty imposed liy this section on a ]p6und of unwashed "wool of the first class; valued at above -forty cents per pound and not above seventy cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be four times the duty imposed by this section on one pound of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto, Upon all the foregoing, fifty per centum ad valorem; valued at over seventy cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be foiir times the duty imposed by this section on one pound of unwashed wool of the first class and fifty-five per centum ad . va- lorem. SENATE AMENSMEITTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 288. * * * all manufactures of every description made, by any procftss, wholly or in chief value of wool, not specially provided for in this section, 35 per centum ad valorem; * * , *. Par. 308. * * * and all nianufac- tures of every description made by any process, wholly or in chief value of the hair of the Angora goat, alpaca, and other like animals, not specially provided for in this section, 40 per centum ad valorem. Par. 289. Blankets, * * * com- posed wholly or in chief value of wciol; 25 per centum ad valorem; * * *. ,^^Pab^ 379.,* ,.* ,*, On blanfeets, pgrn- ,ppae,a wholly of in ,j)^i;t; of wool, valued at •nxore thaniaty centrtej:ppup,d>'''he, duty per pound shall , be tltifpe, tiriies the .duty ijnpo^ed; by this sectipB on one pbU:pid, of unwashed wool of -thp first clasp, and in addition thereto forty per cehtuin :,a,d valorem. * * * Provided, That;' "oh blankets over three yards in length the same duties shall be paid'as on cloths. ">'"' BASKET PARAGRAPH OF WOOL SCHEDULE. Desmption and uses. — The basket paragraph fctr the wool schedule is intended to corer naiscellaineous articles, in whole^ or inl' part of wool, which are not individually important enough tb be specially provided for. Among the items covered are artides of furniture in chief value of wool; fancy baskets composed of willow. or metal and wool; cotton quilts with wool fringe ; dolls' wigs of goat hair attacked to a cotton foimdation; dusters having strips of wool cloth attached to a wooden handle; hat crowns of wool- and silk; musical instru- ment key pads of leather, cotton, and wool; penwipers, for use or for omandentj containing wool; and scapulars of wool and cotton, with religious emblems printed thereon. It also includes- manufac- tures of woven felt, such as endless belts used by paper makers; all blankets, containkig wool, other.than- those mentioned in paragraph 1112, and carriage and automobile robes, steamer rugs, and the like. Production. — It is indpossible to make up an inclusive total of domestic output for contrast with imports under a basket paragraph. However, the production of carriage robes was 1,768,000 square yards, valued at $1,231,000, in 1914; and,, 2,197,000 .square yards (2,470,000 pounds), valued at $3,845,000, in 1919; the production of endless belts, largely paper makers' felts, was valued at $4,164,186 in 1914. Imports of manufactures of wool not specially proviiied for were valued at^ $668,337 in the fiscal year 1914, and at'$l, 112,678 in the calenda,r year 1920. These figures can haijdlybe used in, contrast, hbw#er, since the Ijst of unenumerated articles underpaljragraph 1120 of S. R. 74S6i will be somewhat diff^r6nt from that of preceding acts. Exports are not recorded. ; Important changes inclassijication. — ^Heretofore manufactures of wool not specially provided fpr have been included' in paragraph (such as 378 of 1909 and 288 Qf4913) which also covered other goods specifically mentioned. A basket or catchall paragraph is here pro- vided, in accordance with the logical arrangement usualin the other textile schedules,' to inplude all maiitifactures,. in whole or in part of wool, which are not rprovided for elsewhere. ■-, ir ,,,: Inasmuch as many .of these miscellaneous ■ articles, such as fancy baskets, wooden-handled dusters, musical instrument key pads, etc., would be in part of other materials,, it Was Considered inadvisable to attempt a compensatory wool duty based on the; total weight of the article, or to have a compensatory-; wocil dilty based on the weight of wool contained in the article, as this latter would in many instances involve destructive analysis. For these reasons the duty on such miscellaneous articles is made a straight ad valorem. SUMMARY QF1TAREF5 INFORMATION, 1931. i(W? The wool schedule of H.E. 7456 provMes'tfor manufactures in part of wo<)l,..yjl].ei:^^jthe,wool schedule of the tariff ,act of 1913 requires manttfactures 'tto be wholly or in chief value M wool. The other textile schedules require cotton, flax, silli, e^c, to bje. in chief value. The general rule of construction is that a provision for manufactures in chief value of a material is more specific than a provision for manufactures in part of a material. How6ver, in prior tariff acts an exception has been made of manufactures in part of wool. Thus, in the act of 1897 there was a proviso to paragraph 391 reading: Provided, That all manufactures, of which wool is a component material, shall be classified and assessed for duty as manufactures of wool.f. And in the act of 1909 there was a proviso to paragraph 403 reading: Provided, ThaX all manufactures of silk enumerated under any pa,ragraph of this schedule, if com.posed in any ,part of ^ool, shall be classified and assessed for duty as manufactiures of wool. - There is no such provision in the act of 1913. Under H. R. 7456 as passed by the House of Representatives, articles in chief value of some other textUe than wool, or in chief value of india rubber, might be held not to come within the wool schedule, although in substantial part of wool,,; in cases -#here the same descriptive terms, such as "wearing apparel" or 'fmanufa(>• tures", are used in the paragraph requiring the particular material to constitute chief value of the article and in; the paragraph per- mittiog the particular component material to constitute a minor part of ithe article. Thus a provision for "manufactures in chief value of india rubber" might govei'ft as against a provision for "ihanufac- tures in part of wool, - but a different situation, would be presented if the competing provisions were such as " wiearine apparel m part of wool," and "manufactures .in chief value of india rubber", (or of any other material; other thanjWQol). The expression "whether or not constituting chief value'' in.H. R. 745.6 is, however, broader in form than usual. , r ■ ,)RuggesU.d- changes. -^^ecsMse there is no compensatory duty, a -st5.^gh$ ad 1 valorem di|ty does not giye- falncy blankets, traveling rugs, etc., the equality of treatment accorded other manufactures of wool fth^t are specially provided for* .It is suggested that, in .lieu of a compensatory duty- in this paragraph, parajgraph ill2 bp .ess- tended- to include,; in, such form as desired, all blankets, carriage robes, :^teaiilex rugs, and the like. 1 I. inf ..;,;) • If a (Jompensatory'duty is inserted in this basket paragraph, it is suggested that the wording be changed to cover qnly c^finuiaetures wh^y or in chief va,lue of wool. ' > . f ! If paragraph 1120 should be construed to apply to importations having wool in any quantity, however small, as a component part, merchan,dise might be manufactured for the .express purpose of .^ivoiding a higher rate of duty than 25 per cent, such as. cotton -^pejstries -and other jacquard figured upholstery goods, carrying 30 per cent ad valorem under paragraph 908. Substitution of the word "substantial" for "component'^ before "part" in, line 21, page 125, of H. R.;7456, would require something more tha,n a n«gli- gime part such as a f«w picks of wool ia a silk tie. 1004 SUMMARY or TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. PARAGRAPH 1121. H, B. 7456. SENAa?;E AMENDMENTS. Par. il21. Whenever in this title the •word "wool" is Used in connection with a manufactured article of which it i» a component materiftl, it shall be held to ' - ,^ include wool or hair of the sheep, camel, Angora gbat, alpaca, or other like animals, whether manufactured by the woolen, worsted, felt, or any oth^r process. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pah. 395. Whenever, in any schedule Par. 304. 'Vi^henever in this section the of this Act, the word "wool" is used in word " wool " is used in connection with a Connection with a manufactured article inailufactured article of which it is a com- of which it is a component material, it ponent material, it shall be held to in- shall be held to include wool or hair of the _ cj.ude vqol or hair of the sheep, canjel, or sheep, camel, goat, alpaca or other animal, ' other ijlie animals, whether manufac- whether ' inanu&ctured by the woolen,," tiired by the woolen, worsted, felt, or worsted, felt>, or^any other process. '>•■• any other ■process. ' K'. ■ t ^ ' - • . , ' ■ i ■ ■ ■■ ' ' . : ■ Important changes 'in classification.^-ln ihe act of 1913, manitfac- -tures of hair of the Angora goat, alpaca, and other like animals are iproTSided for separately from manufactures of wool or hair of the ■sheep, camelj and otherUike animals. Pasra^raph 1121 of H. R. 7456 eliminates such separate provision and restores paragraph 395 of the act of 1909, with the word "like" inserted between 'other" and "animals" and "Angora" befoi?e "goat." ; This paragraph deals with the hair' covering of certain animals and not with the animals themselves; therefore me expression "other like animals" doe^ not mean animals which are like the sheep, camel, Angora goat, or alpaca in build or appearance;, but' those which are like them in the wool or hair which they produce. (Bloomingdale V. United States, 8 Ct. Gust. Appls., 104, of 1917.) Animal hair which is dissimilar in its characteristics and uses to the above — for instance, hair of the horse and cattle — is provided for in para- graph 1579. ' ' > A true fur does not differ materially from a true wool, which, like fur, is a modified form of hair and is distinguished by its fine, soft, and curly nature and by pointed scales or plates attached to the filament. Hair which is so short that it is commercially unfit to %e spun into yam or for the making of textiles, and is chiefly em- ployed in the making of furs or fur garments, or for other fur uses, IS that kind of hair which is known as'fur, though it'be taken from the back of a sheep. Hair which possesses all the- characteristics of fur, but is so long and of such quality that it can be spun into yarn and converted iiito cloth and is chiefly used for that purposei should be classified as a wool' or hair other than fur. {Bloomingdale v. United States ,- supra.) Undressed furs are provided for in para- graph 1573." ■■ . Suggested cJianges. ^^Ijitigatibn is now pending as to whether the hair of the Cashmere goat is more "similar" to that of the Angora goat than to that- of the camel. It might therefore be well to insert m paragraph 1121 (and also in par. 1102) the words "Cashmere goat after the words "Angora goat." SUMMARY or TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1005 PARAGRAPH 1122. H. K. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1122. All samples of manufac- tures of wool which are not admitted under bond for exportation within six months shall be subject to the same rates ■of duty and the same valuation as the manufactured articles which they are in- tended to represent. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. [No corresponding provision.] [No corresponding provision. Subsec. 4 of par. J of Section IV, however, ex- empts from duty "samples solely for use in taking orders for merchandise."] Suggested changes. — This is a new provision in the wool schedule. It is peculiarly difficult of administration, especially in appraisement. In Title III, section 311, of H. R. 7456, provision is made for samples solely for use in taking orders for merchandise. SCHEDULE 12.— SILK AND SILK GOODS. PARAGRAPH 1201. H. B. 7456. ^ SENATE AMENDMENTS, i; Par. 1201. Silk partially manufactured <. i from raw silk, waste silk, or cocoons, and silk noils exceeding two iiiclies in length, not twisted or spun, 3.5 cents per pound: Provided, That none of the foregoing stall . • pay a lees rate of duty than 25 per centum ad valorem. i i ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1S13. Schedule L. — Silks and Silk Goods. Schedule L. — Silks and Silk' Ooods. Par. 396. Silk partially manufact4red. . , Par. 311. Silk partially manufactuigfi from cocoons or from waste silk, and not' from coccons or from waste silt and hai further advanced or manufactured than further advanced or manufactured than carded or combed silk, thirty-five cents carded or combed silk, and silk noils ex- per pound. ceeding two inches in length, 20 cents per pound. RAW SILK PARTIALLY MANUFACTURED. (See Survey L-1.) Description. — Eaw silk passes througli only a few stages in the course of its manufacture into thrown suk; therefore possible imports of silk partially manufactured from cocoons are practically limited to silk wound on spools or tubes. Production. — The winding of silk on spools or tubes in the United States is a preliminary operation to "throwing" (see par. 1203, p. 1013), and hence practically none is offered for sale. Imports. — See below imder "Silk Waste Partially Manufactured." Exports are not recorded and are probably nil. SILK WASTE PARTIALLY MANUFACTURED. (See Survey lr-1.) Description and use. — Where silk waste (par. 1650) in course of conversion into spun silk has gone through any or aU of the processes up to but not including roving, it is dutiable under this paragraph, tmtil recently waste silk degummed by boiling seems to have been dutiable under the paragraph, but in Smillie v. United States, 11 Ct. Gust. Appeals, — ; T. D. 38966, of 1922, it has been held that waste silk so degummed is not advanced in manufacture and thus comes in dutyfreeassilkwaste. (See par. 1650, p. 1430.) Dressed and combed silk, known as peignee, is the only important article of commerce covered by this paragraph; it is useful only in the further processes of silk spinning. Production. — The making of waste silk into peign6e involves numerous technical processes requiring highly skilled adult male 1006 StfMMA^i^ 'OF 'tAllli'P INFOEMATroir, 1921'. Il3d7 labor; I'Doinestic i^fflitffers" prbf er 'to tdak^ their bwiipeigMfe,' aiiiJ there is.no domestic output for s^ale. It 'is' estiihated that abbut 7,,3O'0;0GO- potiiias- wefe iJtMubed here' ; in U2&. Ifi '|)tiro'j)e littM is inanufabtured in ex«este of iieed!s ol'European sjtomei's." ' The sajne wa^ triie of Japan until the ^orld'Wali'/' Jap4n^se jii;'bdii^ei;S durihg that period, however, eiilargeid their Jieigti^e-makingbapalcit^^thotit pfb- portionately incre^ing their spinning f q,cilities. In recent jea;ps they Jiave been installing additional' spiildles iA- brdbr to '^ell' spun -sdlk instead bf pfeignee ri ').■-. Imports. — ^Imports prior to J^17 averaged less than 1,000 potiifds annually. With American participation in the war, there was an enormous Govemment.iequirementioT; cartridge bag cloth made from noil yam or coarse spun silk yarn (see par. 1202)^ The demand caused a shortage of jpeJ^^e. As low-grade co£refe~yaJn%as needed, the peimfie furnished by the newly e:spanded Japanese industry was used. In 1918 and subsequent years, moreover,, domestic spinning facilities were expanded somewhat more rapidly than peignee-making facilities, and the Japanese product 'i^as also imported to make up for the deficiency thus arising in the domestic supply. Furthermore there has recently been establishedrhere a spun-silk plant awned by the European spun silk combination and importing its peign6e from Europe. The results will be seen in the followiug statistics of imports of partially manufactured sUk, chiefly .peign^e. ; Calendar year. Quantity. Valu^.!. Duty. Equivalent ad valorenu 1918 Founds. 478; 718 717i953 1995,450 2,lDg9-,493 i;^^,986 ■ J95,'7© 143,591 .95,809 , Per cekL 9.62 1919 ... 6.i87 1920 6-17 1921 (9 months) ":t Imports in 1919, the year of largest entry, weofe < prbhably about 10 per cent of domestic production. '■ '; ' ' fixjjoris are not recorded. i ! LONG SILK NOILS. (See Survey' L-l;)'" Description and use. — Silk noils are the short fibers removed when silk waste is dressed. Those above 2 inches in length, known as long silk noils, are capable of being redressed or combed; shorter lengths can not be so used, and are admitted free as silk waste (jiar, 1650). „ '_, , ",; ;,,;■ Prod/action is not recorded. . r .., ,- Import statistics do not appear separately, being included in the figures for'iiKfjorts ^Ven under "Silk Waste Partially Mah'iifactured;" they cpn^tit)itej;hQT[jrgver, onlya sinaU percentage^pf this. item. , ■ ExporiSi^T-^OTl&. \l, ■ ■;■..;<' n . ;'• '■■'.'■' ''■ •""■'. Important changes in dassification.^-The corresponding pairagraphs in the act of 1909 (par. 396) and in thei act of 1913 (pak'Sll)' do not cover waste silk advanced beyond the peign^e state; sliver and foyiag, intermediates between peign^e and spun silk, came in under the basket paragraph of Schedule L (pars. 403 of 1909, and 318 of 19.13) at a higher rate of duty than either peign^e or spun sUk. In H. E. 7456 1008 ^IJMMAJtY OJT TAKIFF INFORMATION, 1^1. sliver CQnaes withjn this paragraph (l^pi) ; roving, witjiia paragraph 1202 at the same rate of duty as spun; silk. ..Suggested changes. — If it is desired ]tp. bring, degummed, silk UD4er tile operatrpn of this paragraph, the fpJJpTOng change^ are suggested: , (1) In line ll,,p^ge..l^6: Insert •afte;r,"mariitifa,oture4'' a comma and the words "iacliTdingtptal or partial degumming" followed by a comma. \,. .,.. ,, ,S ,j, . (2) Inline 13, page ,126: Cbaijge the comma aftpr 'length'' to a semicolon and insert the words "all the foregoing" before the word "not." , . : , , PARAGRAPH 1202. H, B. 7456. -'Par. 1202. Spun silk 6r schappe silk yatTl, and rq-ting, in' skeiilS', cops or warps, Tf ' not bleachedi ^fijnffd, colbred, or ad- vanced beyond th,^ condition of singles, by grouping or twisting two or; more yarns together bn till iiumbera up to and includ- ing number 205, 46 cents per pound and in addition thereto ten one-kundredths of 1 cenj per number per pound; exceeding ■number 205, 45 cents per pound, and in addition thereto fifteen one-hundredths of 1 cent per number per pound ; if advanced bfByond the condition of singles by group- ing or twisting two or mbi'e yams together, a.t the rate on the single yam and in addf- tion thereto 5 cents per pound cumula- tive: if Isleache.d, dyed, or colored, at the fate on unbleached yam and in addition "thereto 10 '-cents per pound cumulative: Providfidj That any of the foregoing on bobbins, spools, or beams shall pay the ior^kmgiaies,' according to the aharaeterj of the yam or roving, and in addition thereto 10 cents per pound: Provided jurther, That none of the foregoing shall pay a less rate of duty than 26 per centum ad valorem. In assessing duty" on 'all spun silk or schappe silk yam and roving, the number indicating the size of the yam or. rqvingjh^ be,, determined h:^ the. iiiltflber of kilo'iiietefs that weigh oner' ktlogtam, 'and shall, 'in all casto, refer to the • isiee of' ■ the i isingles : And ■ hravidgd'. further y.'13i^% iO' i)0-ca8e,fh^U thq,'.- ■,i\'i- ■ 1, ,.,,,, iA,CT OF 1909. Pak. 397.' 'Spun silk orschippe silk yarn, valued at not exceeding one dollar j>er pound, whether iin singles,; or ad^ y^nced beyond Ijie jcpndition of singles by grpjiping or] twisting iwp or more yarns , to^etteV, thirty-five cents' p'ei' pound; if ^MiiBd at exceeding one fellair per pound, iai the gray, in skeins, warps, or eops'^ if in SEITATE AMENDMENTS.. , , ACT OF 1913. PaE. 312. ' Spun 'silk ' or schappe silk yarn, 35 per centum ad valorein. SUMMASY OF TABIFFt IKEOiBMATIOiN:,' 1921.. t009 ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. singles or not advanced beyond the con- ■ i . dition of singles by grouping or twisting two or more yarns together, on all num- bers up to and including number two "• ' hundred and five, forty-five cents per pound, and in addition thereto ten one- hundredths of one cent per number per pound; exceeding number two hundred and five, forty-five cents per pound, and in addition thereto fifteen one-hundredths of one cent per number per pound; if advanced beyondthe condition of singles by grouping or twisting two or more yams together, on all numbers up to and includ- ing number two hundred and five, fifty cents per pound, and in addition thereto ten one-hundredths of one cent per num- ber per pound; exceeding number two hundred and five, fifty cents per pound, and in addition thereto fifteen one-hvin- dredths of ohe cent per number per pound; if valued at exceeding one dollar per pound, in the gray, on bobbins, spools, or beams, if in singles or not advanced beyond the condition of singles by grouping or twisting two or more yarns together, on all numbers up to and includ- ing number two hundred and five, fifty- five cents per pound, and in addition thereto ten one-hundredths of one cent er number per pound; exceeding num- er two hundred and five, fifty-five cents per pound, and in addition thereto fifteen one-hundredths of one cent per number per pound; if advanced beyond the con- dition of singles by grouping or twisting two or more yams togetnef, on all num- bers up to and including number two hundred and five, sixty cents per pound, and in addition thereto ten one-hun- dredths of one cent per number per pound; exceeding number two hundred and five, sixty cents per pound, and in addition thereto fifteen one-hundredths of one cent per number per pound; if valued at exceeding one dollar per pound, colored, bleached, or dyed, in skeins or warps, if in singles or not advanced beyond the condition of singles by group- ing or twi^ting two or more yarns together, on all numbers up to and including number two hundred and five, fifty-five cents per pound, and in addition thereto ten one-hundredths of one cent per num- ber per pound; exceeding number two hunted and five, fifliy-ive cents pe* pound, and in addition thereto fifteen one-hundredths of one cent per number per poun(i.;if advanced beyond the con- dition of singles by grouping or twisting two or more yams together, on all num- bers up to and including number two hundred and five, sixty cents per povtnd, and in addition thereto ten one-hun- 82304—22 64 bi 1010 SUMMABY OF TAKIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. dredths of one cent per number per pound; exceeding number two hundred and five, sixty cents per pound, and in addition thereto fifteen one-hundredths of one cent per number per pound; if valued at exceeding one dollar per pound, colored, bleached, or dyed, on bobbins, cops, spools, or beamis, if in singles or not advanced beyond the condition of singles by grouping or twisting two or more yams together, on all. numbers up to and in- cluding number two hundred and five, sixty-five cents per pound, and in addi- tion thereto ten one-hundredths of one cent per number per pound; exceeding number two hundred and five, sixty-five cents per pound, and in addition thereto fifteen one-hundredths of one cent per number per pound; if advanced beyond the condition of singles by grouping or twisting two or more yams together, on all numbers up to and including number two hundred and five, seventy cents per pound, and in addition thereto ten one- hundredths of one cent per number per poubd; on all numbers exceeding number two hundred and five, seventy cents per pound, and in addition thereto fifteen one-hundredths of one cent per number per pound. In assessing duty on all spun silk or schappe silk yam, the number indicating the size of the yam shall be taken according to the metric or French system, and shall, in all cases, refer to the size of the singles: Provided, That in no case shall the duty be assessed on a less number of yards than is marked on the skeins, bobbins, cops, spools, or beams. But in no case shall any of the goods enumerated in this paragraph pay less rate of duty than thirty-five per centum ad valorem. ROVING. (See Survey L-1.) Description and uses. — Silk roving — ^^a loosely compressed rope of fibers in which has been inserted a slight twist—is thfe prodnct of the process which, in the conversion of waste silk into spun silk, im- mediately precedes spinning; it is of use only, for spinning into- yarn. Production. — The amoimt of silk roving produced in the United States is approximately equal to th'^ production of spim silk. (Bee p. 1011.) It is produced as an intermediate in the 'manufacture of spun silk, and hence none is offered for sale. ' ' Imports have never been separately recorded; they have been ned^igible. Exports are not recorded. Important changes in classification. — See page 1012. SUMMARY OF TABIFF INTdEMATION, 1921. 1011 --''■■ SPUN SILK. (See Survey L-1.) Description and lises.— Spun silk or schappe yarn is manufactured from waste silk by a series of highly technical processes, chiefly dressiag and drawing, the products of which are covered Isy para- graph 1201; and roving and spinning, the products of which are covered by paragraph 1202. ^un s3k is employed principally in velvets and plushes, piece-dyed broad silks, wool-mixed fabrics, and knit goods; its use is rapidly expanding. A low grade of spun-silk yarns, called noil yarn, made from exhausted silk noils, is used in cartridge-bag cloth and in various wool and silk goods; a shortage of noil yarn during the war caused the substitution of coarse spun silk .yarns. There are two general systems for numbering spun silk. In the metric system, used on the Continent of Europe, the coimt indicates the number of thousand meters per kilogram, and is based on the singles. In the English system, which is more generally used in this coimtry, the count indicates the number of 840-yard hanks to the pound. The latter system is similar to the cotton-yam number- ing so far as single yarn is concerned, but is different for ply yarn, ^here -cotton is base4 on the single and spun silk on the, finished yarii'. : Production. — I;n recent years the industry, almost wholly in the hands of seyen large producers, has rapidly expanded both in volume and in variety of butput. In 1914 there were reported 101,382 active spindles engaged in spun silk production; in 1919, 187,306. In 1914 the output for sa,le was 1,607,416 pounds; in 1919, 3,957,OOo pounds (1,764,000 pounds of single and 2,193,000 of ply yarns). Including that for manufacturers' own use, the estimated produc- tion in 1914 Was around 2,500,000 pounds; m 1919, 8;000,000 pounds; in 1920, 6,700,000 pounds. Until recently, American spinners have manufactured yams chiefly of coarse or medium size from high-grade wastes, which require in their production less skill and labor per unit than do fine yams or yarns from low-grade waste. '. They now, however, manufacture on a large scale fine yarns from high-grade waste and are slowly developing their manufacture from low-grade waste. . r Other leading producers are France, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Italy, Germany, and Japan. Production in France, Switzerland, and Italy is largely by three concerns which work in close cooperation and which supply t.he bulk of American Imports. The war greatly stimulated coarse spun silk and noil yarn spinning in Japan. Imports. — Imports of spun sUk, which supply about one-third of ih.e present amlual consumption, are used chiefly in the manufacture of velvets, where fine yarns made of low-grad6 waste a^e preferred. Before the war this type of yarn was not produced here, bufrecently domestic spinners have, to a limited extent, undertaken its produc- tion: this branch of the domestic industry is, however, not yet entirely out of the experimental stage. In the decade 1901 to 1910 (fiscal yesar) the average annual import was 2,226,824 pounds; 1012 SUMMABY OF TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. in the decade 1911 to 1920, 2,943,000 pounds. The latest import figures are given below: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. r)uty. Ad valorem . rate. . 191S Pounds. 2,146,897 2,2.55,236 2,864.264 1,625,346 $6, 261, 871 9,548,871 13, 164, 585 4,880,746 $2,191,655 3,342,105 4,607,605 Per cent. 35 1919 ' ' ■ ' 35 1920 35 1921 (9 months) 35 General imports for nine months in 1921 were as follows: Month. January.. February March . . . April May June Quantity. Value, Poutids. 94,756 90,320 134, 850 328,000 316, 469 242,881 $328, 353 290, 592 432, 726 842,798 765, 889 721, 309 Month. July August September Total for 9 months. Quantity. Value. PouTids. 265,327 223, 467 132,658 1,828,728 8785,653 597,633 345,777 The chief sources of imports are Switzerland, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy. Germany was, before the war, also an impor- tant source. Imports from Japan, except for the calendar year 1918, when there were fairly large purchases of coarse spun silk and noil yams for Army uses from that country, have always been less than 50,000 pounds annually. Exports are not separately recorded and are probably negligible. Important changes in classification. — Roving is for the first time placed in this paragraph (1202). In the acts of 1909 and of 1913 it came in like sliver (see par. 1201 above), under the basket paragraph of Schedule L (pars. 403 of 1909, and 318 of 1913), at a higher rate of duty than that on the spun silk into which it was made. In this paragraph (1202 of H. E. 7456) the bracket, contained in paragraph 397 of the act of 1909, covering yarns valued at not more than $1.00 per pound, is omitted. Under the act of 1909 only 1 per cent or less of the total imports came in under this bracket and with present values there probably would be no importations thereunder. However, should prices fall to the 1913 level, very low-grade coarse tussah waste silk yarns and noil yams would probably be below that value, and with this provision omitted would come in at a materially higher duty than they paid under the act of 1909, and at a materially higher ad valorem equivalent than most other yams covered by paragraph 1202. Suggested changes. — Strike out comma after the word "singles" in line 18, page 126, of H. R. 7456. Page 126, line 19: Insert a comma after "together." Page 126, line 20: Insert a comma after "pound." Page 127, lines 1 and 2: Insert a comma after the word "yarn." Page 127, line 13: Strike out the colon after "singles"; also the words " And provided further, That" and begin a sentence with "In, to agree with paragraphs 1203 and 1204. SUMMARY or TARIIT INFORMATION, 1921. 1013 PARAGRAPH 1203. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. _ Par. 1203. Thrown silk in the gum, if sing'lea, 50 cents per pound; if tram, 75 cents per pound; anjr of the foregoing con- taining more than thirty turns of twist per inch, and organzine, $1 per pound; if un- gummed, wholly or in part, or if further advanced by any process of manufacture, in addition to the rates herein provided, 50 cents per pound: Provided, That none of the foregoing shall pay a less rate of duty than 12J per centum ad valorem. In no case shall the duty be assessed on a less number of yards than is marked on the goods as imported. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pah. 398. Thrown silk in the gum, if Par. 313. Thrown silk not more ad- singles, fifty cents per pound; if tram, vanced than singles, tram, or organzine, seventy-five cents per pound; if organ- * * * 15 per centum ad valorem, zine, one dollar per pound; and if un- gummed, wholly or in part, or if further advanced by any process of manufacture, in addition to the rates herein provided, fifty cents per pound. * * *. THROWN SILK. (See Survey L-1.) i Description and uses. — Thrown silk is a yarn made from raw silk by doubling and twisting or by^- twisting- only. The more important thrown silks are known according to the tnethod of manufacture, as "organzine" made by twisting separately two or more singles and then doubling and retwistihg in the opposite direction; "tram," made by twisting together, usually with a slack twist, two or inore raw-silk threads; cr^pe, which is in structure a tram made with extra- hard twist; and "smgles" (if hard twist, known as "poUe") con- sisting of raw silk singles twisted without doubling. Organzine is used chiefly for warp; tram, for filling; crfepe yarn, for crdpe fabrics; singles, for chiffons. In the United States there are two methods of numbering thrown silk: (1) The English method based upon the weight (in drams) of a hank 1,000 yards in length; (2) the continental European method based upon the weight (in deniers) of a hank 450 meters long. To reduce denier counts to dram counts, divide the deniers by 17.44. Thus four-thread tram of 16/18 denier size is 17 X 4 -f- 17.44 = 3.90 drams. There are 256 drams to the pound avoirdupois. Production.— in 1914 a total of 13,869,000 pounds of raw sUk was thrown on contract by commission throwsters and 4,070,401 pounds thrown for sale; in 1919 the amounts were 18,476,000 and 5,569,000 {)ounds, respectively. In neither year are figures presented for the arge amount of thrown silk produced by weavers for their own use. The estimated total production for 1914 was 23,500,000 pounds; for 1919, 28,000,000 pounds. The United States is by far the greatest thrown silk producer and has an, almost continuously increasing output. a 1014 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Imports. — Imports of thrown silk kave long formed a negligible Jroportion of domestic consumption. For the thirty years ended une 30, 1920, the average annual import was 34,213 potinds, valued at $116,322. The record import of the period was in 1917, when there were imported 125,495 pounds, a quantity probably a little less than one-half of one per cent of domestic production. The latest import data are presented below: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 Pounds. 30,146 12,599 95,355 22,580 1230,354 126; 803 929,494 204,719 J34,653 19,021 139,424 Percmt. 15 1919 ■ 15 1920 15 1921 (9 months) 15 Exports are not recorded and are probably small. Important changes in classification. — In the act of 1909 (par. 398) three types of thrown silk were differentiated: Singles, tram, and organzine. CrSpe yarn (i. e., hard twist tram), although costing more to produce than organzine, was subject, as' tram, to a lower rate of duty than organzine. In H. R. 7456, cr§pe yarn comes within the provision for singles, and tram "containing more than 30 turns of twist per inch" is given the same rate of duty as organzine. In 1909 (par. 398) and in 1913_ (par. 313) thrown silk and sewing silk were included in the same paragraph. For uniformity with other textile schedules, as well as on account of their distinct character and uses, the two products are placed in separate paragraphs in H. K. 7456. PARAGRAPH 1204. H. B.. 7456. Par. 1204. Sewing silk, twist, floss, and silk threads or yams of. any description, made from raw silk, iiot specially pro- vided for, if in the gum, $1 per pound: Promdedf That none of the foregoing shall pay a less rat^ of duty than 20 per.centum ad valorem; if ungummed, wholly or in part, or, if further advanced by any pro- cess of manufacture, $1.50 pet pound: ' Promded, That none oi the foregoing ^hall pay a less rsite of duty than 26 p6r centum ad valorem. In no case shall tne duty be assessed on a less number , of yards than'is marked on the goods as imported. ' '' ' ACT OF 1909. Par. 398. * *' * Sewing silk, twist, floss, and silk threads or yams of any description niade from raw silk, not spe- cially provided for in this section, if in the gum, one dollar per pound; if ungummed wholly pr in part, or if further advanced by any process of manufacture, one dollar and fifty cents per pound: Provided, That in no case shall duty be assessed on a less number of yards than is marked on the •keins, bobbins, cops, spools, or beams. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 313. * * * sewing silk, twist, floss, and silk threads; or yams of/p.yery description made from raw silk, Ip, per centum ad valoren. ; , SUMMABT OF TARIFF INFOKMATION, 1921. sewing' ■ SILK'/ tWIST, FLO^h, ETC. 1015 "(See Survey L-1.) Descriiption and uses. — Sewing silk is a tliread madeby winding and doubling silk, giving it a hard twist, and doubling and twisting again in reverse direction under a strongtterision.; it is Used for band sewing. Twist is a thread resembling sewingi silk, but is, thr^e-pljy instead of two-ply; it is used for both machine and hand sewing, p.^ncipally the former. Embroidery silk consists of nuiirerous'Slackly twisted singles, doubled, and slackly twisted together in the reverse direction. Floss silk is a variety of embroidery silk composed^ of a largb number of singles slackly twisted together. Production. — SUk-thread production, the oldest brahch' of the domestic industry, has long supplie4 the 1?ulk; of domes tic^ needs! It is carried on largely by automatic machinei-y. Iii' 19l4 the output of aU kinds of silk and embroidery threads' was 1,562,03^9 pounds, valued at $9,681,613; m 1919, 1,326,000 potlhds, valued at $9,682,000. Silk thread has in recent years been steadily superceded hy.'Cbitton thread, mercerized and unmercerized.f i: .; Imports. — In the fiscal year 1910 imports were 43,624 poiinds;^ about 2.3 per cent of domestic production in the calendar year 1909j Since then imports have, except in',i920, been'a fraction^usually a small fraction — of 1 per cent thereof < In the fis,cal year 1914, they amoimted to only 3,031 pounds, or less than one-fifth, of 1 percent. In the calendar year 1920 they amounted to 22,499 pounds, or 1.7 per cent, of the domestic production in^l919. Impbtis'for the calendar years 1918-1921 are recorded as follows: ','..' Calendar year. Quantity.' Value. i)uty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 Pounds. 2,265 , 5,302 , 22,499 . :,. ,8P0, : .B4,295 H 3,644 f ao,m — !•■■'—>■ ■i - ■ Per cent. 15 1919 ."■.'., 15 1920 i.«. , li 1921 f9znonth5^ Exports. — Exports are not separately reported but are larger than imports. Befoi/e the war there was a fair export to Auatraliaianxi small shipments to a few other countries; 'since thfit tii^e this tradei has increased. Canada is now appareritjly the b,^St' market.'. Cana- dian statistics for the fiscal year ended March 31, 1921, record imports from the United States valued at $407,313, as compared with inipbrts from the United Kingdom valued at- only $173,026. .■-!,., Important changes in cZass'yicaiioriJ— tn the act of 19DS (par. 398) and the act of 1913 (par. 313) sewing silk and thrown silk were included in the same paragraph. For uniformity with other textile schedules, as well as on account of their distinct 'character anid uses, the two products are in H. R. 7456 placed in separate ^jaragraphs. 1016 SUMMABY OE TABIFr UsTfOBMATIOIJ, 1921. PARAGRAPH 1,205. H. R. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1205. Woven fabrics in the piece, composed wholly or of chief value of silk, ' if dyed in the thread or yam, :andr,the weight is pot increased in dyeing beyond the origiaal weight of raw silt, if contain- ing not more than 30 per centum in silk, $1.25 per pound; il containing •'. more than 30 per centum but not more than 45, per centum in weight of silk, $1.60 per pound; if containing more than 45 per centum in weight of silk, $3 - per pound; if weight is increased in dye- ing beyond the original weigjjit of ra-w^ ^ silk; if ! weighing more than one-third cif one ounce but not more than one otuice per square yard, if black (except sel- vedges), $2.25 per pound; if other than black, $3 per pound; if weighing more than one ounce but not more than one and one-third ounces per square yard, if black (except selvedges), $2 per pound; if other than black, $2.75 per pound; if weighing: more than one and one-third but not more than one and two-thirds oimces per square yard, if black (except selvedges), $1.80 per jjourid; if other than black, $2)50 per pound; if weighing- more; than one and two-thjtdg but.not more than^two ounces per, square yard,, if black (except s^l- , vedges)',"$1.65 per pouiicl^ 'if other than, black, $2.25 per pound; if weighing 'more than two but not more than eight o'u(nces per sqiiafe yar^, and if cohfaining hot more ,than 30 per centum in^ weight of silkj.ifblack (except selvedges), 7S" cents per poundi^if other^ than blacky 90 cents per pound; if containing more than 30 per centuiid but not mor* than 45 per centum in weight, of silk; if black (except sel- vedges), $1.10 per pound; if other than - bla,ck, $1.50 per pound; if containing morethan '45 -per centum in^weight of - silk, bilt not more than, 60 per centum,, if black (except selvedges), $1.40 per pound; if other than black, $1.60 per pound; if contaihrng more than 60 per centum in weight of silk, or if composed wholly of silk, and if having not .more ' than four hundred and fbrty single thieads to the inch in the warp; if black (except selvedges), $1.50 per pound; if other than black, $2 per pound; if having niore than four hundred and forty, but hot more than six hdjjdred' single threads to the inch in theiwarji, if black (except sel- vedges), $1.65 per pound; if other, thsin , black,_ $2.25 per pound; if having more than six hundred but riot more than seven hundred and sixty single threads to the inch in the warp, if black (except sel- vedges), $1.80 per pound; if other than black, $2.50 per pound; if having more than seven hundred and sixty, but not StfMMARY 03" TARIFF IKEORMATIOIir, . 1921. 1017 H. B. 7456. more than nine hundred and twenty single threads to the inch in the warp, if black (except selvedges), $2 per pound; if other than black, $2.75 per pound; if having more than nine hundred and twenty single threads to the inch in the warp, if black (except selvedges), $2.25 per pound; if other than black, $3 per pound; if weighing more than 8 ounces per square yard, 33J per centum ad valorem. Woven fabrics in the piece, composed wholly or in chief value of silk, not specially provided for, weighing not more than one-third of one ounce per square yard, $4 per pound; weighing more than one- third of one ounce, but not more than two- thirds of one ounce per square yard, if in the gum, $3 per pound; if ungummed, wholly or in part, $3.25 per pound; if further advanced by any process of manu- facture or otherwise, or if dyed or printed in the piece, $3.50 per pound; if weighing more than two-thirds of one ounce, but not more than one ounce per square yard, if in the gum, $2.65 per pound; if un- gummed, wholly or in part, $3 per pound ; if further advanced by any process of manufacture or otherwise, or if dyed or printed in the piece, $3.25 per pound; if weighing more than one ounce, but not more than one and one-third ounces per square yard, if in the gum, $2.50 per pound; if ungummed, wholly or in part, $2.85 per pound; if further advanced by any process of manufacture or otherwise, or if dyed or printed in the piece, $3.10 per pound; if weighing more than one and one- third ounces, but not more than two and one-half ounces, and if containing not more than 20 per centum in weight of silk, if in the gum, 75 cents per pound; if ungummed, wholly or in part, or if further advanced by any process of manufacture or otherwise, or if dyed or printed in the piece, 85 cents per pound; if containing more than 20 per centum, but not more than 30 per centum in weight of silk, if in the gum, 85 cents per pound; if un- gummed, wholly or in part, or if further advanced by any process of manufacture or otherwise, or if dyed or printed in the piece, $1.10 per pound; if containing more than 30 per centum, but not more than 40 per centum in weight of silk, if in the gum, |l.05 per pound; if ungutttmed, wholly or in part, or if further advanced by any process df manufacture or otherwise, or if dyed or printed in the piece, $1.25 per potind; if containing more than 40 per centum, but not more than 50 per centum in weight of silk, if in the gum, $1.25 per pound; if ungummed, wholly or in part, or, if further advanced by any process of manufacture or otherwise, or if dyed or printed in the piece, $1.50 per pound; if SENATE AMENDMENTS. 1018 SUMMAB.T OF TABTPF nSTFOBMATION, 1921. Hi B. 7466. containing more than 50 per centum in weight of silk or if wholly of silk, if in the gum, $2.50 per pound; if ungummed, wholly or in part, or if further advanced by any procees oi manufacture or other- wise, or if dyed or printed in the piece, $3 per pound; if weighing more than two and one-half ounces, but not more than eight ounces per square yard, and if contaimng not more than 20 per centum in weight of silk, if in the gum, 57i cents per i)ound; if ungummed, wholly or in part, or if further advanced .by any process of manufacture or otherwise, or if dyed or printed in the piece, 70 cents per pound; if containing more than 20 per centum but not more than SO per centum in weight of silk, if in the gum, 75 cents per pound; if un- gummed, wholly or in part, or if further advanced by any process of manufacture or otherwise, or if dyed or printed in the piece, 90 cents per pound; if containing more than 30 per centum, but not more than 40 per centum in weight of silk, if in the gum, 90 cents per pound; if un- gummed, wholly or in part, or if further advanced by any process of manufacture or otherwise, or if dyed or printed in the piece, $1.10 per pound; if containing more than 40 per centum, but not more than SO per centum in weight of silk, if in the gum, $1.10 per pound- if ungummed, wholly or in part, or if further advanced by any process of manufacture or other- ■wise, or if dyed or printed in the piece, $1.30 per pound; if containing more than •50 per centum in weight of silk, or if wholly of silk, if in the gijm, $2.25 per pound; if ungummed, wholly or in part, or if further advanced by any process of manufacture, or otherwise, or if dyed or printed in the piece, .$2.75 per pound. Woven fabrics in the piece, composed wholly or in chief value of silk, having threads or yams whether in the warp or filling containing more than thirty turns of twist to the inch, or. woven on Jacquard looms, or having more than one color in the filling, shall pay, in addition to the foregoing specific rates, 25 cents per pound. None of the foregoing fabrics in this paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty than 31 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Par. 399. * * * Woven fabrics in the piece, composed wholly or in chief value of silk, not specially provided for in this sec- tion, weighing not more than one-third of one ounce per square yard, four dollars per pound; weighing more than one-third of one ounce, but not more than two-thirds of one ounce per square yard; if in the gum, three dollars per pound; if un- SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1918; : Eab. 318.1 WoveniifabiicB, in the piece or i otherwise, lof which alkis; the 'com- ponent material of oMef walueji * * * not spedally provided fop in this section, 45 vper centum ad valorenl. ' i SUMMABY OP TARIFF INFOBMATIQBT, 1921. 1019 ACT OF 1909. gummed, wholly or in part, three dollars and twenty-five cents per pound; if further advanced by any process of man- ufacture or otherwise, or it dyed or printed i/a the piece, three dollars and fifty cents per pound; if weighing more than two-thirds of one ounce but not more than one ounce per square yard; if in the gum, two dollars and sixty-five cents per pound; if ungummed, wholly or in part, three dollars per pound; if further ad- vanced by any process of manufacture or otherwise, or if dyed or printed in the piece, three dollars and twenty-five cents per pound; if weighing more than one ounce but not more than one and one- third ounces per square yard; if in the gum, two dollars and fifty cents per pound; if ungummed, wholly or in part, two dollars and eighty-five cents per pound ; if further advanced by any process of manufacture or otherwise, or if dyed or printed in the piece, three dollars and ten cents per pound; if weighing more than one and one-third ounces, but not more than two and one-half ounces, and if containing not more than twenty per centum in weight of silk, if in the gum, seventy cents per pound; if ungummed, wholly or in part, or if further advanced by any process of manufacture or other- wise, or if dyed or printed in the piece, «ighty-five cents per pound; if containing more than twenty per centum, but not more than thirty per centum in weight •of silk; if in the gum, eighty-five cents per pound; if ungummed, wholly or in part, or if further advanced by any proc- ess of manufacture or otherwise, or if dyed or printed in the piece, one dollar and ten cents per pound; if containing more than thirty per centum, but not more than forty per centum in weight of ailk; if in the gum, one dollar and five cents per pound; i| ungummed, wholly or in part, or if further advanced by any process of manufa Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty, Ad valorem rate. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) PQU7ld&. ■■i;676,168 3, 123, 889 2, 565, 535 3,394,393 $10,645,113 28, 416, 782 25, 470, 263 19, 892, 120 $4, 790, 301 12, 787, 551 11,445,262 Per cent. 45 45 45 45 General iniports in 1921 are shown by months] as follows: Month. January.. February March April May Quantity. Pounds. 202, 358 285,542 420, 513 566,927 617, 165 Value. $1, 180, 931 1,797,909 2,643,703 3, 279, 067 3, 337, 922 Month, June Tuly :. August September Quantity. Pounds. 464,884 437,048 333, 020 290,752 Value. $2, 624, 528 2, 465, 451 1, 716, 091 1, 536, 772 Since the fiscal year 1914 there has been a radical change in the relative importance of the different sourceB of broad silk imports. In- that year 52.1 per cent' of the total value of imports came from France; 12.2 per cent from Switzerland; 24.8 per cent from Japkn; and 1 per cent from China. In the fiscal yisar 1921 the percentages were: Japan, 71.1; France, 10.3; China, 5.5;' Switzerland, i.S. In quantity Japan's predominance in 1921 is even greater. Accom- paiiying this change in the source of imports, there has been almost' as great a modificjitibn in their, chairacter. Fabrics obtained from Europe are chiefly expensive goods demanded because of style, unique design or construction, and because desired in small airiounts, or because of complicated weave, reqturing much labor, frequently' hand weaving. In general, they are supplementary rather than directly coinpetitive. Imports from China and Japan are ordinarily low and medium grade goods of simple weave, made from fine or coarse silk filaments. The silks imported from Japan are mainly habutae — an unweighted fabric woven of pure, unthrowh (i- e., untwisted) raw ' sUk — although considerable quantities "of light- weight wash satins and cr^pels, pongees, and striped and figured shirtings have in recent years come from that country. Considet- ably more than half of the total from Japan are light-weight habtitae and light-weight wash satins such as are not made in the United States and therefore only indirectly competitive; the rest of them are heavy- weight habutae ai^d other goods similar to those made in the United States and therefore directly competitive, although a considerable percentage is brought in from time to time to supply temporto-y shortages in domestic production. From China come chiefly pongees woven in the gum from wild tussah silk. Exports have been recorded only for 1918 and subsequent years, and aU available annual figures are therefore presented below. Before the war the export was smaU, consisting, except for a fairly 1024' SDMM:AB¥ -of tariff rBTPOEMATION, 1921^ regular trade vrithv Cainada, ofl men's liniags and a few other lines; of specialties and giaiods sold for "quick delivery.", Suohn exportation (bxeept possibly that of .linings) did, not attest American ability. to compete with similar goods in neutral markets. During th^ war: the trade rapidly expanded, enla,rged markets being found m Canada, Cuba, and South America, and to a limited extent m Europe. Since the war this export has been reduced by more than one-half, but is stUl far above the prewar level. It consists of satins, taffetas, cr&pes, and other staples, and to a less extent of specialties of American origin. Much the largest market is Canada. Official trade figures for that country show that broad sUk imports from the United States in the fiscal year ended March 31, 1920, amounted in value to $7,270,981; m the fiscal year 1921, to $2,961,727. From Japan the Canadian. import was m 1920, $6,938,400; in 1921, $4,20?,884. From Switzerland, the largest European source, Canada imported broad silks valued at $5,165,531 in 1920 and at $7,431,829 in 1921. Exports from the United States since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows : 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 10,623,304 $9,671,058 8,985,647 $10,225,376 5,646,038 $8,776,079 2,356,742 Value $2,542,244 Important changes . in classification. — ^The classification of silk fabrics in H. R. 7456 is, with two exceptions, the same as that in the act of 1909. The two exceptions are as follows: (1) In H. R. 7456 the brackets contained in the act of 1909 cover- ing fabrics printed in the warp, are omitted. This, omission makes it doubtful where, in the various divisions of paragraph 1205, such fabrics will fall, and wiU, therefore, probably lead to litigation. (2) A new departure in H. R. 7456 is the addition^ duty (of 25 cents per pound) superimposed upon all other specific duties in the case of the following types of fabrics : (a) Those containing threads of more than 30 turns of twist to the inch — a provision which covers crfepe fabrics and a wide variety of . other piece-dyed fabrics, some of them European specialties. Cr6pe fabrics from Japan, however, make up the only very important import of goods containing this type of yarn, and that import is npt more than 3 per cent— usually less — of the total import from that country and an even smaller percentage of the total import from all countries. (&) Those made on Jacquard looms — a provision which covers most fancy figured fabrics. Imports from Europe consist largely of this type ra goods; most of theni coming from that source are high-priced specialties. (c) Those containing more than one color in the filling — a pro- vision which covers changeable taffeta and other box-loom special- ties. Imports of these are small but regular. Suggested changes.— -Chajig& " o{" to "in" "chief" in line 12, page 128, of H. R. 7456. Page 128, line 15: insert "weight of" before "silki" between. "or" and SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 192^1. 1025 Page 129, line IS: CHarfge semicolon after "silk" to a comma to agree with similar provisions elsewhere, Page 129, lines 17, 18: Omit the phrase ''or if composed wholly of silk" as unnecessary. . Page 129, line 19: Change semicolon after "warp" to a comma. Page 129, line 21: Strike out comma after "four hundred and forty." Page 130, line 4: Strike out comma after "sixty." Page 130, line 11: Insert the following, which was in paragraph 399 of the act of 1909, and which was ^apparently inadvertently omitted: > Woven fabrics in the ^iece, composed wholly or in chief value of silk, if printed in the warp, and if weighing not more than one and, one-third ounces per square yard [rate]; if weighing more than one and one-third ounces, but not more than two ounces per square yard [rate]; if weighing more than two ounces per square yard [ratej. Page 130, lines 13, 15: Insert "if" before "weighing" to agree with similar provisions elsewhere. Page 132, lines 1, 2; page 133, line 1: Omit as unnecessary the phrase " or if wholly of silk. " Page 133, line 4: Change the period after "pound" to a semicolon, and add "if weighing more than eight ounces per square yard [rate]" to agree with lines 10 and 11, page 130. This was apparently inad- vertently omitted. Specific provision is not made for yarn-dyed fabrics advanced be- yond the original weight of raw silk, weighing one-third and less of an ounce per square yard. Provision, therefore, might be made by striking out the words "more than one- third of one ounce but" in lines 19 and 20, page 128, thereby making the context read "if weigh- ing not more than one ounce per square yard." To avoid possible uncertainty, the last sentence (lines 11 and 12, page 133), "None of the foregoing fabrics in this paragraph shaU pay a less rate of duty than 31 per centum ad valorem" should be made a paragraph and the word "foregoing" omitted therefrom. PARAGRAPH 1206. H. B. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pae. 1206. Plushes, cut or uncut, com- posed wholly *or in chief value of silk, weighing not less than nine and one-half ounces per square yard, $1 per pound; weighing less than nine and one-half ounces per square yard, $2.40 per pound: Provided, That none of the foregoing shall pay a less rate of duty than 33J per centum ad valorem. Velvets, chenilles, and other pile fabrics, not specially pro- vided for, cut or uncut, composed^ wholly or in chief value of alk, weighing not less than five and three-fourths ounces per square yard, f 1.50 per pound; weigh- ing less than five and three-fourths ounces per square yard, but not less than 82304--22 65 1026 SUMMABY or TARIFF INFOBMATION, 1921. H. B. 7456. four ounces, if all the filling is not cotton, $2.75 per pound; If all ithe filling is cotton,- $2 per pound; all the foregoing weighing less than four ounces per square yar^, $4; per pound: Provided, That none of the foregoing; shall pay a less rate of duty than 33J per centum ad valorem. Measure- ments to ascertain widths of goods for determining weight per square yard of the foregoing articles shall' not mclude the selvedges, but the duty shall 'be levied upon the total weight of goods, including the selvedges. The distinction between "plushes" and "velvets" shall be determined by the length of the pile; those having pile exceeding one-seventh of one inch in length to be taken as "plushes"; those having pile one-seVenth of one inch or less in length shall be taken as "velvets." The distance from the end of the pile to the bottom of the first binding pick shall be considered as the length, pf the, pile. Velvet or plush ril;(boDs, and all other pile fabri^:^, cut oi' uncut, composed wholly or in chief value of silk, not specially proi-ided for. not over twelve inches and not, less than three-fourjths of one inch in width, containing no silk except that in the pile and selvedges; if black, $1.60 per pound; if other than black, $1 .75 perpound", if containing silk other than that in the pile and selvedges; if black. $2" per pound; if other than black, $2.2.5 per pound; for each one- fourth of one iBch or fraction thereof, less than three-fourths- of one inch in width, .there shdll, be paid in addition to the above rates, 40 .cents per pound: Provided, That none of the foregoing shall ' pay a less rate of duty than 33J per cen- tum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. I ' Par. 399, Velvets ^ chenilles, and other pile fabrics, not specially pro^dded for in this section, cut or uncut, composed wholly or in chief value of silk, weighing not less than five - and three-fourths ounces per square yard, one dollar and fifty cents per pounij; weighing less than five and three-fourths ounces per square vard, but not less than four ounces, or if all the filling is not cotton, two dollars and seventy-five cents per pound; if all the filling is cotton, two dollars per pound; all the foregoing weighing less than fom' ounces to the square yard, four dollars per pound. Plushes, cut or uncut, composed wholly or in chief value of silk, weighing not less than nine and one-halt ounces per square yard, one dolla.r per pound; weighing less than nine and one-half ounces per square yard, two dollars and forty cents per pound. SENATE AlOIIfDMENT S. ACT OF 1913. Pah. 311. Velvets., plushes, chenilles, velvet or plush ribbons, or other pile fabrics, composed of silk or of which silk is the component material of cbiei value, .50 per centum ad valorem . Pak. 3-58. * * * coach, carris^e. and automobile laces, * * * 60 per cen- tum ad valorem. - ! SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1027 ACT OF 1909. ACT OP 1913. Measurements to ascertain widths oi goods for determining weight per square yard of the foregoing articles shall not » include the selvedges, but the duty shall be levied upon the total weight of goods, including the selvedges. The distinc- tion between "plushes" and "velvets" shall be determined by the' length of the pile; those having pile exceeding one- seventh of one inch in len^h, to be taken as "plushes"; those having pile one- seventh of one inch or less in length, shall be taken as "velvets." The dis- tance from the end of the pile to the bottom of the first binding pick shall be considered as the length of the pile. Velvet or plush ribbops. or. other pile fabrics not over twelve inches and not less than three-fourths of one inch in width, cut or imcut, of which silk is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this section, containing no silk except that in the pile and selvedges; if black, one dollar and sixty cents per pound ; if other than blads, one dollar and seventy-five cents per pound; if containing silk, other than that in the pile and selvedges; if black, two dollars per pound; if other than black, two dollars and twenty-five cents per pound; for each one-fourth of one inch or fraction thereof, less than three-fourths of one inch in width, there shall be paid in addition to the above rates, forty cents per pound. * * * But in no case shall any goods made on Jacquard looms or any of the goods containing more than one color in the filling, or any of the goods enumerated in this paragraph, including such as have India rubber as a component material, pay a less rate of duty than forty-five per centiun ad valorem. SILK PILE FABRICS. (See Survey L-1.) Description and uses. — Silk pile fabrics include cloths and ribbons compo'^ed of a woven ground of sUk or other material more or less completely concealed by a coverrug of short silk threads, or pile, which project from it as cut ends or, in a few fabrics, as loops. Silk pile cloths are mainly velvets ajod plushes, which differ prmcipally in that the pile of velvet is the shorter. Silk pile ribbons are almost invariably velvet. Velvets a,nd plushes are usually woven as double pile fabrics, i. e., two cloths are woven one above the-other, connected by the interlacing of pile warp threads. A knife traveling from side to side cuts the pile halfway between the two cloths, leaving each with its half of the pile. Silk velvets are used chiefly for women's garments and millinery purposes. Plushes serve for upholstery and decoration and for women's garments, especially imitation sealskins and other imitation furs. They are also used 1028 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. for hats for both men and women, especially for men's high silk hats. If of the qualities and widths ordinarily used in making men's silk hats they are separately provided for. (See par. 1453.) Qhenille yarn is made by cutting a specially woven cloth into narrow strips and twisting the strips to produce a rough; yarn from which the cut thread ends stick out in every, direction. .Fabrics woven of chenille yam are used for curtains, rugs, upholstery, and as fringes for women's wear. Chenilles are a minor product.^ Production. — From 1904 to 1914 production of silk velvet increased from 7,262,000 yards, valued at $3,161,000, to 16,318,000 yards valued at $8,570,022; of silk plushes, from 2,547,000 yards valued at $1,341,000, to 9,115,000 yards, valued at $10,136,000. For 1919, preliminary census figures show a production of 16,150,000 yards of silk velvets, valued at $20,950,000, and of 5,860,000 yards of silk plush, valued at $10,136,000. In the same yeai^ 2,144 active looms were reported as employed in the industry. Silk pile fabrics are as a rule made with cotton back or ground and spun silk; pile; some aJl-sUk velvets are made, mainly light draping velvets. Velvet- ribbon production is comparatively small, irregular demand making profit in manufacture uncertain. Imports of broad pile fabrics are mainly fine all-silk velvets, pro- duced only to a limited extent here; high-grade figured specialties, which American firms generally do not produce; and velvet ribbons, the import of which supplies a large proportion of domestic consump- tion. Imports of plush fabrics are small, usually one-tenth or less of the broad velvet import. The average annual import of all types of silk pile fabrics for the 30 years ended June 30, 1920, was 652,015 pounds, valued at $2,496,817. In the fiscal year 1913, 864,714 poimds, valued at $3,486,011, entered; in the fiscal year 1914, 740,795 pounds, valued at $4,171,390. From that time through 1919, when only 95,807 poimds, valued at $440,780, were importeS, there was a steady declme. The year 1920 shows a considerable recovery, though in quantity the import was still less than half of the 1914 figure and about half of the 30-year annual average. Below are given statistics for the period 1918-1921: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. J499,564 1,145,620 2, 279; 698 1,157,110 Duty. J249,782 572,810 1,139 849 Ad valorem rate. 1918 _ Pounis. Per cent. ■ ■■ . 30 1919 ^ 213,405 i 311,121 151,196 50 1920 •. . 50 France, England, Germany, and Switzerland are the chief sources of imports. Velvet" ribbons al6n6' also showed a decline *6ffrbm 140,304 poUnds, valued at $1,749,746, in 1914, to 59,902 pounds,' valued at $203,397, in 1919.; SUMMABY OF TAHIFF INFOBMATION, 1921. 1029 Imports of velvet or plush ribbons for the period 1918-1921 follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad. valorem rate. 1918 ■ ■ ■ : . Sounds. $172,169 M ^,491 529,757 240,187 186,085 282,746 264,879 Per cent. 50 1919 , 156,947 90,124 45,669 50 1920 ,. 50 1921 (9 nHmths) Exports are not recorded. A small export trade has grown up in broad pile fabrics, especially since the war, but its survival is ques- tioned in the trade. I Suggested changes. — Page 134, line 19, of H. R. 7456: Change semi- colon to a comma after "selvedges." PARAGRAPH 1207. H. K. 7466. Pah. 1207. Fabrics with fast wholly or in chief value of silk, iiot"ex- li^eeding twelve inches in width, including ribbons, and articles ..made"' therefrom, tubings, garters, suspendeis, braces, cords, tassels, and cords and tassels; all the for^ii^ composed whoUy or in chief value : of alk or suk and india rubber, if not embroidered in any manner by hand or machinery, and not specially provided for, 33J per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1900. Par. 401. Rifebpns, bandings, includ- ing hatbands, beltings, bindings, aU of the foregoing notiexceeiding twelve inches in. width, andif with feat edgrai, bone cas- ings, braces, cords, cords and 'tassels, gar- ters, gorings, suspenders, tubings, and webs and webbingis, composed wholly or in chief value ctf silk, and whether com- posed in any part of India, rubber or other- , wise, if, not einbroidered' in any manner, Ijy hand or machinery, fifty per centum ad valorem. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1013. Par. 316. Ribbons, bandings, includ- ing hatbands, belts, beltings, bindings, all of the for^foing not exceeding twelve inches in width and if with, fast edges, bone casings, braces, cords, c;ords and tas- sels, garters, suspenders, tubings, and webs and wfebbingS; all the foregoing made of silk or of which ailk or silk and ; india rubber ;are the component matbriaJe of chief value, if not embroidered in siny manner, and not specially provided for in this section, 45 per centum ad valorem. Par. 358. * * -^ coach, carriage, and automobile laces, *. * * 60 per cen- tum ad valorem. SILK SMALL WARES, INCLUDING RIBBONS. (See "Survey L-1.) Description. — Ribbons are narrow-woven fabrics with straight sel- vages. This paragraph apphes only to ribbons wholly or in chief value of silk, or of silk and mdia rubber, with fast selvages, not over 1030 SUMMARY OF TARIFF ISFOBMATIO^, 192X. 12 inches in width, not embroidered, and not covered with pile. (See par. 1206.) Production of ribbons in 1914 was valued at $38,201,000; in 1919, at $66,053,000. Between 1899 and 1914 the ratio of domestic pro- duction to domestic consumption increased from 83 to 93 per cent; it was over 99 per cent in 1919. Imports from 1910-1918 had an average value of $676,000; in 1914 the value was $2,146,988; in 1918, $105,483. Changes in fashion largely account for variations in imports, which consist mainly of extreme novelties, goods of complicated, multicolored weave, or of those with metal threads and similar articles, in which the element of hand labor is exceptionally high.- These are required in quantities so small that American manufacturers do not care to concern them- selves with their production. Imports are for the most part supple- mentary rather than coiapetitive. ' Ribbons made from low-grade sUk, though not produced nere, are not extensively imported, 'their prices, plus the duty, equaling those of better-grade domestic ribbons. Later imports are recordea as foHews: Calendiar j-ear. 1918 -:'<) 1919 " 1920 1 921 (9 months) _ . Quantity. ■ Yari». 8/728,910 5¥alue. < 182,052 , 989,661'- !4a;967 Dutv. .J«,257 SI, 923 445;347 Ad valorem rate. Per cent. 45 45 45 Exports. — Small quantities of ribbons are exported, principally to Canada and Latin America. '. '.' OTHEH SILK SMALL WARES. . Description and uses.^Sm^U wares include, in addition to i-ibbons, praetipaUy all products of ribbon looms and sopae small articles which are not woven, such as cords and tassels. Many of the items enumer- ated are in whole or in part of elastic banding which has india-rubber jthreads Woven into the warp. . , Production statistics are only partiallyi comparable^ ' . In 1914 silk- braids and bindings valued at $3,073,648 were reported; trimmings, cords, tassels, ornaments, etc., other than military and' tailors' trim- Mings, valued at $1,674,399;' labels,' at $971,789; hatbands, at $607,204; and fishlines,,at $177,150. /mpurte.— During 1910-1914; the import value averaged $567,000; in 1914 it was $527,100; and in 1918, $147,461. Hatbands, largely from Germany, foi-med 80 to 90 per cent of the imports prior to the war. In 1914 they amounted, to $484,369. Thus, although the imports of small wares ks a whole ate far belo'w the total domestic production, they are competitive with one branch of the industry, because they consist so largely of one item. There has been some increase in the imports of hatbands in 1920 and 1921, and also of cords and tassels, principally from the Far East., SUMMAkY 6f' tariff i^FbRMATION ,1921. 1031 Imports since 1917 W calendar years are recorded as follows: 191g Value $82,604 Duty. , I JTjm 1919 I 1920 (80, 284 I 4416, 204 36,118 187,291 1921 (9 months.) $218,925 Exports. — None recorded. ^ GENERAL XOTES ON PARAGRAPH. Important changes m classification, — This small-wares paragraph is appropriately begmi with the words "Fabrics with fast edges. * * * not exceeding twelve inches in width * * * and articles made therefrom." In both manufacture and trade, \»^oYeii fabrics i!(rider than twelve inches ar» known as cloth. The description covers all narrow woven wares and for the most part it is not necessary to provide fdr articles separately. The term 'tubings" has been retained because tubing^ are a special form of narrow wares woven as tubes and therefore having no edges. " Bone casings" has been omitted' as it is included under the term "tub- ings.' Specific mention of "garters, suspenders, braces" is retained because if not mentioned here they might possibly be construed as ibelonging Sunder wearing apparel. "Cords, tasseisii and cords and tassels" are specifically ' mentioned because they are not woven fabrics and have' heretofore been listed with; woven small wares. " Tassels " is added because. tassels alone were not covered bj- "cords " or "cords and tassels" in the acfc bf 1913 (par. 316) and act of 1909 (par. %01). Nari'ow' wares ornamented with embroidery or lace: are more specifically provided for in paragraph 1430; ^ ; . . 'Suggested changes. — Page 135-, lines 3 and 4: Omit words "wholly or in chirf value of silk" because this is duplication of phrase in line 7. Page 135, line 5, H. E. 7456: Change' comma to semicolon after "therefrom." i,i i .!,<.: Page 135, lines 8 and §: Articles lembroidered by hand or machine are specifically provided for in paragraph 143D and the words here used "if not embroidered in any manner by hand or machinery" are unnecessary; such wording has been omitted from other para- graphs of the- textile schedules. ' ' : - PARAGRAPH 1208. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pak. 1208. Knii fabrics, in the piece, composed v holly or in, chief value of silk, 35 per centum ad valorem; knit underwear, hose', half hose, and gloves^' "fihish^ or unfinished, composed wholly ■ Or in chief value of silk, 40 per centum ad valorem; outerwear and other goods, knit or crocheted, finished or unfinished. (Composed wholly or, in chief, value of .lilk. 40 per centum ad valorem. ! 1032 SUMMARY OF TABIFF INFOBMATION, 1921, ACT OF 1909. Par. 402. * * * clothing ready made, and articles of wearing a])parel of every description, including knit goods, made up or manufactured in whole or in part by the tailor, seamstress, or man^iac- turer; all of the foregoing composed of silk, or of silk and metal, or of which silk is the component material of chief value, whether in part of India rubber or other- wise * * * not speically provided for in this section * * * sixty per cen- tum ad valorem; Provided, That articles composed wholly or in chief value of any of the materials or goodp dutiable under this paragraph shall pay not less than the rate of duty im_pos6d upon such materials or goods by this section: * * *. Pai^. 403,,A11 nianuf9x;turers. of silk, or of which silk is the component material of chief value, including such as hiive India rubber as' a component material^ not specially provided for in this section, .fifty per cpntum a4 valorem: * * * ACT OF 1913. Par. 317. Clothing, ready-made, and articles of wearing apparel of every de- scription, including knit goods, made up or manufactured in whole or in part by the tailor, seamstress, or manufacturer; all the foregoing composed of silk or of which silk or silk and India rubber are the component materials of chief value, not specially provided for in this section, 50 per centum ad valm'em. Par. 318. * * * manufactures of silk, or of which silk or silk and India rubber are the component mateiials of chief value, not specially provided for in this section, 45 per centum ad valorem. SILK KNIT .GOOD?. fSee-Sutvev'I^l.) Description and uses. — Silk knit fabrics are made on bothwarp and weft kmtting machines. (See cotton knit fabrics, par.; 913.) ^ The warp knit fabric is made up in the mills into imderwear and gloves and to some extent into, hosiery, but^as yet is not on the market for the use of the home dressmaker. Other silk knit fabrics are produced in great variety, and are sold in the piece at retail as well as to the gar- ment trade. This is a field ol manufacture which is constantly en- lairging, new and improved, processes adding *to the uses of silk knit fiabric: Silk underwear made in the United Stfites is almost entirely of warp knife silk fabric, variously known as glove silk,, Italian silk, tricot, milanese, etc. Gloves are made of this same fabric. Silk hosiery is made by the same processes as cotton hosiery (par, 915). "Cut" silk hosiery, made of glove silk, however, is a much more im- portant division of the industry than is ' ' cut " cotton hosiery. Sweat- ers are probably the most important articles of knit outer wear, but silk knit scarfs, bathing suits, caps, blouses and even dresses are in- creasingly used. - Production. — ^The total production of silk knit goods increased from a value of $41,262,006 iii' 1914 to $234,927,000 in 1919. The items which constituted,- the total in 1919 were hosiery valued at $125;7'l0,0b0; un(ferwear, $13,742,000; outer wear, including gloves, $88,926,000; and warp-knit "cloth," $6,437,000. The outer wear group showed the greatest percentage of increase over 1909 produc- tion. The silk hosiery industry is largely full-fashioned, but con- siderable quantities of seamless silk hosiery are also produced, vary- ing with the rdation of silk to cotton prices. " Cut " silk hosiery is of the best quality and is made by the underwear aud glove mills. Imports of silk knit goods, recorded as , one item, ^mounted to $181,135 in 1914. Later imports are recorded as foUows : STJMMABY OF TARIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. 1033 Calendar year. Value. $14,259 , 68,093 146j269 14.5,806 ;. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 $7,125 34,047 73,136 Per cent. 1919 1920 50 i92i(flnionais)..... ... . . , ^pports are not recorded. Important changes in classification. — In H. R. 7456 silk knit goods are for the first tiine placed in a separate paragraph — a position war- ranted both by their importance and by the desirability of uniformity with other textile sehedxiles. In theacts of 1909 and 1913 silk knit fabrics, npwliere specifically provided for, came in under the general provision of Schedule li contained in paragraph 403 of, 1909 and para- graph 318 of 1913. In both these acts silk knit, goods "made up or manufactured in whole or in part by the tailor, seamstress, or manu- facturer," including hosiery, Knit{\mderwear and outerwear and other ''made-up" knit goods — came under the general paragraph embrac- ing clothing and articles of wearing apparel of sUk (par. 402 of 1909 and par. 317 of 1913.), . ' , . , PARAGBAPH 1209. H. B. 7466. Pah. 1209. HandkercMefs, and woven mufflers, , compoeed wholly or in chief value of silk, finished or unfinished, not hemmed, 33J per centum ad valorem; hemmed or hemstitched, 40 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Par. 400. Handkerchiefs or. mufflers composed wholly or ini , chief value of silk, finished or unfinished, if cut, not hemmed or hemmed only, shall pay fifty per centum ad valorem; if such handker- chiefs or mufiiers are hemstitched or invi- tation hemstitched, * » * sixty pet-* centum^ valorem. .^ -, SENATE AMENDHENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 315. Handkerchiefs or mufflers composed wholly or in chief .value of silk, finished or unfinished; if cut, not hemmed or hemmed only, 40 per centum ad valorem; if hemstitched or imitation hemstitched, * * * hut not embroid- ered in any manner with an initial letter, monogram, or. otherwise, 50 per centum ad valorem. SILK HANDKERCHIEFS. (See Survey L-1.) Descriptioh ari^W/s.— There is not a steady demand for silk hand- kerchiefs as there is for those of cotton and linen. They are more susceptible to the vagaries of fad and fashion. During recent years large quantities of women's cheap silk handkerchiefs have flooded the markets,, but fine silk handkerchiefs, except a few for sport wear, have been little used.. There js a constant though small demand for certain types of men's silk handkerchiefs. In the bandanna size they are worn as mufflers. Silk handkerchiefs printed with flags, etc., are extensively made as souvenirs. 1034 StTMMABT OF TARIFP INFORMATION, 1921. Silk handkerchiefs may be woven in the lo6m, two or three to the breadth, and then cut and finished; or they s. may be cut from silk cloth and hemmed or hemstitched, ironed, folded, and boxed for the trade. The material is chiefly habutai (Japanese), a pure, soft, plain-woven, untkrown washable silk. CrSpe de cmne, a cloth of domestic manufacture, is also extensively used. Production. — -The manufacture of silk, handkerchiefs is not a separate industry in the United States; it is carried on in conjunction with the manufacture of broad silks or pf .other kinds of handker- chiefs—production is small and varies with demand, but imj^orts supply by far the larger part of the domestic market. Imports of embroidered and other fancy silk handkerchiefs, formerly included under the same paragraph at the same ratefe as the hem- stitched article, but now covered by paragraph 358 of the act of 1913, have been slight. ■ The plain hemstitched silk handkerchief has been the chief grade imported, occasionally constituting oyer 80 per cent of the total. Iniports of silk handkerchiefs "cut, not hemmed or hemmed only," seldom equaled 10 per cent of the. total' tintil 1916, but since then have increased noticeably. Prior to 1916 iinport valuies of silk handkeychiiefs remained fairly stationary at between $300,000 and $400,000' a year, despite reduced duties on the principal type (hemstitched). Japan is the chief sourceV supplying o^^er 90 per cent of the total imports. Imports from 1918-192ii- are,rqQQfdsedf asrfcillows: .■-■ i';^,dJ'!'i Calendar year. 1 Quantity. - , ■.... ./. ■ ., .i 1918 '. Doieiii'. 1919 1,668,?44. 1920. . 1,077^083 1921 (9 months).... 699,«8 ■«-'"i - Value. I Duty. xj!LliL^L- $1,195,628 1 1568,429 1,6X6' 140 , 751, 8» 1,602,584 735, WO 818,762 1 Exports are not recorded. Important changes in classification. — Baiitted niufflers have been transferred from this provision to paragraph 1208. , P4^^B,A.GBAPH 1210. H. 1i. 74S6. ,,.,, SENATE AMENDMENTS. P.\R. 1210. Shirt collars, composed in whole or in part of silk, whetberr natural;; ■ ■ or artificial, 50 cetnts per dozen and 20 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. . ; ACT OF 1913. Par. 402. * * -*' cltrthing ready P.-tii. '317. Clothiiig,' ready-wade, and made; and articles of Veariiig apparel of articles of wearing apparfel of every de- every description, * *> * made up or ; scription. i:*t S ^ made; up or manu- manufactured in whole or in part by the, factured in >Tbole or ii^ part by th? tailor, tailor, seamstress, or manufacturer; all of seamstress,! or manufacturer; all the fore- the foregoing composed of silk, * * * goi^' composed of silk or of which silk or of *hich silk is the componeflt mate- * * * are the ioomponfenJ; jnatenals ot rial : of chief value. * ** notlspe- chief value, not specially- provided form cially provided forin this section, * ^ f, , this secti, arid of 1913 (paf. 317) arid shirt collars wholly or in chief value of al'tificial sUk under the paragraphs of those acts (405 of 1909 and 319 of 1913) for articles of artificial silk. _ , . . ■ , ., , ^j-; ,i,, . , This paragraph and paragraph 1211 alone of the paragraphs of this schedule provide for goods contaiaing silk or artificial silk, when not in sufficient quantity to constitute chief value. It, therefore, includes goods which came within other textile schedttles of the acts of 1909 and 1913. ."> Conflict in class'ificatioh. — Paragraph 1210 conflicts with paragraph 1016, which provides for shirt collars composed wholly or in part of fl'ax. ■ y " '''-■/ :'" -. Sypgested changes'. — Since silk. ' and artificial-silk shht collars are a small item of import, and as there is no apparent reason why they should be giren separate treatment, it is suggested that this- pro- vision be omitted. These articles would then come 'within para- graph 1212 if wholly or in chief Value ^ofsilk, and within paragraph 1215 if whollj'^ or in chief value of artificial sUk. Silk striped collars in chief vahio of cotton would come within paragraph 918. - 1036 SUMMARY OF "TARIFF INFORMATIOKT, 1921. PARAGRAPH 1211. H. ■R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTiS Par. 1211. Shirta, for men and boys, in " ' whole or in part of silk, whether naturfil or artificial, 40 per centum ad valorem, but not less than 10 per centum in ad- dition to the duty on the component materials. ' ' - ACT OP 1900. Par. 402. * * » clothing ready made, and articles of wearing apparel of every description, * * * made up or manufactured in whole or in part by the tailor, seamstress, or manufacturer; all of the foregoing composed of silk, * ,^i ,* or of which silk is the component material of chief "value, « * * not specially provided for in this . section, * * * sixty per centum ad valorem: Prqvided, That article composed wholly or iil chief value «f any of the material? ■ or |;ood8 dutiable under this paragraph shall pay not less than, the ra,te;of duty imposed upon sjich materialk or good$ by this section: * . * ' * ,; i,'- . ' i : , Par. 405. » * * articles ?!' * * conipoBed wholly i or in chief value of yanis, threads^ filaments, or fiber? of artificial or imitsiticjn SilkNw bf artificial or iiajitation horsehair, by whatever name known,' and by-whatever process made, forty-five cente; per .poi^nd, and in ad- , dition thereto, ; pixty , per , ) centum , ^ad' valbifem." '""' ' ' ' '"' ■/■"■'■• ''^^ < •'' ACT OP 19l3. • Par. 317: Clothing, ready-made, and articles of wearing apparel of every de- scription, * * * nlade up or mami- factured in whole o* in part by the tailor, seamstress, or manufacturer; all the fore- going composed of silk or of which silk * * * are the component materials of chief .value, not specially provided for in this section, 50 per centum ad valorem. Par. 319. * * * articles * * * coinposeid wholly or in chief vialue of yarns, threads, fila.nients, or fibers of artificial or imitation silk or, of ar(,ificial or imitation horsehair; * * * by whatever naiae known, and by whatever' process made, 60\per centum ad valorem. '' ,SIJ/K SHIRTS FOB MEN AND pOYS. ' ■ '■ ' ■•' (See Stirvey L-1.) "■ '' • , Production. rr-Wh^e no, figures are available as to th« ejc&ct amount of domestic production, it is known that: silk shirt manufacture is ; a large and growing industry, ajid that' a large prcTportion of cotton shirts contain a suk strip^.or figure and come within tl^s paragraph. Artificial silk shirtings, usually woven with a warp or filling of cotton, are not widely, produced; fancy shirts, however, often contain ar- tificial silk stripes or, figures. Shirt factories at Paterson, N< J., reported the 1921 season one of the most successful ever known.' Imports. — The import of i silk shirts is small in actual quantity and forms only a negligible proportion off domestic consumption. This is true, even if one include silk striped shirts with cotton the component material of chief value. A few silk, shirts are imported by exclusive men's furnishing shops from England and France. Exports are not recorded. Important changes in classification. — In H. R. 7456 silk and artificial silk shirts are for the first time given specific mention. The reason for this departure is not clear, especially since the duty, with the ex- ception of the minimum in the proviso, is the same as the duty on » Daily News Record, Nov. 16, 1931. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1037 wearing apparel in paragraph 1212, , Shirts wholly or in chief value of sUk came in under the general wearing-apparel paragraphs of the acts of 1909 (par. 402) and of 1913 (par. 317), and shirts wholly or in chief value of artificial silk under the artificial silk paragraphs of those acts (405 of 1909 and 319 of 1913). This paragraph (1211) and the preceding paragraph (1210) alone of the paragraphs of this schedule provide that goods shall come within its scope if they contain any silk or artificial silk, even though not in sufficiettt quantity to constitute chief value. It therefore includes goods which came within other textile schedules of the acts of 1909 and 1913. The provision' that the duty shall not be less than 10 per cent in addition to the duty on the component, materials is ambiguous and might require destructive analysis to determine the exact weights of the various materials used. Samples can not be taken as in the case of fabrics. Suggested changes. — Since silk and artificial silk shirts are a small item of import, since shirts are not specially provided for in other textile schedules, and moreover, since there is no apparent reason why they should be given sep9.rate treatment, it is suggesied that the pro- vision be omitted. Shirts in chief value 6f silk would then come within paragraph 1212 and those in chief value of artificial silk, Tvithin 1215. Shirts in which sUk or artificial silk is not the compo- nent material of chief value come within wearing-apparel provisions according to the material of chief value. PARAGRAPH 1212. H. B. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1212. Clothing, ready-made, and articles of wearing apparel of every de- scription,, not knit or crocheted, manu- factured wholly or' in paA, composed wholly or in chief value of silk, and not specially provided for, 40 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That articles com- posed wholly or in chief value of any of tihe materials or goods dutiable under this paragraph shall pay not less than the rate of duty imposed upon such materials or goods by this title. ACT OF 1909. Par. 402. * » * clothing ready made, and articles of wearing apparel of every description, * * . * made up or man- u&ctured in whole or in part by the tculor, seamstress, or manufacturer; all of the foregoing composed of silk or of silk and metal, or of which silk is the com- ponent material of chief value, whether in part of India rubber or otherwise, * * * not specially provided for in this section, * * * sixty per centum ad valorem: Ftovided, That articles com- posed wholly or iii chief value of any of the materials or goods dutiable under this paragraph diall pay not less than the rate of duty imposed upon such materials or goods by this section: * * *, ACT OF 1913. ' Par. 317. Clothing, ready-made, and articles of .wearing apparel of every de- scription, * * * made up or manu- factured in whole or in part by the tailor, seamstress, or manufacturer; all the fore- going composed of silk or of which silk or sUk and india rubber are the component materials of chief value, not specially provided for in this section, 50 per centum ad valorem. , 1038: SUMMABY OV TARIFF liirF6RMATI0N, 1921. SILK CLOTHING. (See Survey L-1.) Description. — This paragraph includes all clothing and woaring apparel wholly or in chief value of silk, except knit goods (par. 1208), shirts far men and boys'(par. 1211), and shirt collars (par. 1210). Production. — All but a small percentage of the domeistiq consuinp- tiondf silk wearing apparel is made in this Country. No statistics are available, but the industry is undoubtedly larger in this than in any other country. More broad silk is produped in the United Sta,tes>and the wearing-apparel industry is the largest consumer of; broad silks. Imports. — Imports in 1914 were valued at $2,607,596, including corsets, $8,463; and ready-made clothing and articles of wearing apparel, $2,599,133. Imports in 1918 were valued at $967,860, of which corsets amounted to $3,809, and ready-made clothiiig and articles of, wearing apparel to $964,051. .Figure^, for ready-made clothing include shirts and shirt collars, specially mentioned in par- agraphs 1210 and 1211. Later imports for calendar years are recorded as follows : 1918 1919 1920 1921' (9 months). Value 1655,028 326,706 il, 173, 168 385,080 $2,074,279 103,604 il, 234, 613 Exports. — ^A consideral)le export trade was built up during the war. Statistics were not recorded prior to 1918, since which time they show values of exports during calendar years as follows: 1918, $3,634,861; 1919, $7,435,929; 1920, $11,224,687; T921 (9 months), $2,831,259. Important chanxjes in classiJicationi~-Ii^ H. R. 7f;56 the following silk goods and articles covered in the corresponding para^aphs of the acts of 1909 (par. 402) and 1913 (par. 317) are placed in other paragraphs: (1) Knit wearing apparel — underwear and outerwear — ^par- agraph 1208. ' . : (2) Shirt collars, paragraph 1210. ' (3) Shirts for men and boys, paragraph 1211. '' See discussi^p of " Iiuportant changes in clas^jfifiatig§" under those paragraphs! Suggested changes.— The wqid" ready-m&de" shbuld be omitted, as has been done in the wearing-apparel paragraphs of the other textile schedules, that thigre may be no confusion as to the intent, to cover in this paragraph all wearing apparel, whether ready-made or custom- made, wholly or in chief value of silk and not specially" provided for elsewhere. ' ; ' , PARAGRAPH 1213. ^ H. B. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1213. All manufactures of silk, or of which silk is the component mate- rial of chief value, not specially pro- vided lor, 35 per centum ad valorem. SUMMARY OF TAMFF INFOEMATIOK, 1921. 1039 ACT OF 1009. .a Par. 403. All manufactures of silk, or of which silk is the component material of chief value, including such aa have India rubber as a component material, not specially provided for in tlus sec- tion, fifty per centum ad valorem: Pro- vided, That all manufactures of silk enu- merated under any paragraph of this schedule, if composed in any part of wool, shall be classified and assessed for dutv as manufactures of wool. ACT OF 1013. Par. 318. * * * all manufactures of silk, or of which silk or silk and India rubber are the component materials of chief value, not specially provided for in this section, 45 per centum ad valorem. MANUFACTURES OF SILK N. S. P. F. (See Survey L-2.) Description and uses. — The principal items falling under this general catch-all provision are upholstery and made-up articles other than wearing apparel, composed wholly or in chief value of silk. Production. — No data available. Imports. — For the four fiscal years 1910 to 1913 the average annual imports of silk manufactures not specifically provided for (par. 403, act of 1909) were valued at $548,791. In the fiscal year 1914 they amounted to $1,090,411. Imports in later years are recorded as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. buty.^ 1918 Pounds, $476,659 602,669 1,183,408 798,374 $214,466 271,187 1919 ; 1S9. 264 1920 1 '. . J . . 532,529 1921 (9 months) . ' Important changes in classification. — In H. R. 7456 the following items covered by the corresponding paragraf/hs of the acts of 1909 (par. 403) and' 1913. (par. 318) have been providedpf or elsewhere : (1) Sliver — the product of the drawing operation in the conversion of waste silk into spun silk yarn. (See "Important changes in classification," par. 1201, p. 1007.) (2) Roving — the product of the operation immediately preceding spinning in the conversion of waste silk into spun silk yarn. (See "Important changes in classification," par. 1202, p. 1 0120 (3) Knit fabrics in the piece; specially provided for in paragraph 1208. PARAGRAPH 1214. H. B. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1214. In ascertaining the weight or number of silk under thie provisions of this title, either in the threads, yams, or fabrics, .the weight or naniber shallb'e taken in the condition in which found in the goods, without deduction there- 1040 suMMABY OF tari:b'f infobmation, laai. ACT OF 1913. [No corresponding provision.] H. R. 7456. ■ SENATE AMENDMENTS. from for any dye, coloring matter, or moisture, or other foreign substance or material. The nximber of siagle threads to the inch in the warp provided for in this title shall be. determined by the number of spun or reeled singles of which such single or two or more ply threads are com- posed. ACT OF 1909. Par. 404. In ascertaining the weight of silk under the provisions of this sched- ule, either in the threads, yarns, or fabrics, the weight shall be taken in the condition in which found in the goods, without deductions therefrom tor any dye; colorii^i matter, or other foreigpi substance or material. The number of single threads to the inch in the warp provided tor in this schedule' shall be determined by the number of spun or reeled singles of which such single or two or more ply threads are composed. .- ,i , i ■ ! ; _ Importavi ^ changes it), dassijicaiion,~-Ty\.ex^ js h\ii\ one difference between this paragraph and paragraph 404 of the act of 1909 (there is no corresponding provision in the act of 1913), and that is the insertion of the words "or number" after the word "weight" each time that it appears. Spmi silk yarns are provided for in paragraph 1202 by number and sitk fabrics in paragraphs 1205 and 1206 by weight. ■ Comments and suggestions. — Change "title" to "schedule" in line 17, page 136, H. E. 7456. PABA,GRAPH 1215. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. !Pak. 1215. Yarns, threads, filaments, • and lame, of artificial or imitation silk, or of artificial or imitation hoiaehair, or of the waste of such materials, by whatever name known,, and by whatever process made, if singles, 45 cents per pound; if tram, 50 cents per pound; if organssine, 60 cents, per poiihd: Provided, That none of the foregoing shall pay a less rate of duty than 23 per centum ad valorem. Knit goods, ribbons, and other fabrics and articles composed wholly or ifx chief value of any of the foregoing, 45 cents per pound, and. in addition^ thereto 37t per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1900. Par. 405. Yams, threads, filamnts of artificial or imitation silk, or of artificial or imitation horsehair, by whatever name known, and by "whatever process made, ACT OF 1913. Par. 319. Yarns, threads, filaments of artificial or imitation silk, or of aitifiaal or imitation horsehaitj by whatever n^e known, and by whatever process made. SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFOBMATION, 1921. 1041 AOr OF 1909. — ACT OF 1913. if in the form of singles, forty-five cents 35 per centum ad valorem; beltings, cords, per pound; if in the form of tram, fifty tassels, ribbons, or other articles or fabrics cents per pound; if in the form of organ- composed wholly or in chief value of zine, sixty cents per pound: Promded, yarns, threads, filaments, or fibers of That in no case shall any yams, threads, artificial or imitation silk or of artificial or filaments of artificialor imitation silk or imitation horsehair, or of yams, or imitation horsehair, or any yarns, threads, filaments or fibers of artificial or threads, or filaments made from waste of imitation silk, or of artificial or imitation such materials, pay a less rate of duty horsehair and India rubber, by whatever than thirty ' pel* centum ad valorein';' name kiiown, and' by 'whatever process * * * beltings, cords, tassels, ribbons, made, 60 per centum ad valorem, or other articles or fabrics composed wholly or in chief value of yarns, threads, filaments, or fibers of artificial or imita- tion silk or of artificial or imitation horse- hair, by whatever name known, and by whatever process made, forty-five cents per pound; and in addition thereto, sixty per centum ad valorem. ARTIFICIAL SILK. (See Report T. I. S.-Si) Description and u^ses. — Artificial silk and real sUk, have in common one property, luster; the former is the more lustrous of the two, but has a differeht "feel-" Artificial silk is heavier^ less elastic, weaker, and more difficult to manipulate than real silk. All of the com- mercially important artificial silks are obtained from some form of cellulose, the predominating constituent of plant tissue. They are cheaper than r^al silk,, and, some times, for this reason are preferred, but m general artificial silk has distinct uses and is not directly com- petitive with the natural product. The chief uses ol artificial silk are for hosiery and other knit goods, silk and cotton fabrics, braids, plush goods, and tapes^^ries- ; . : , > - t i Production. — Domestic production of artificial silk increased from approximately 1,566,000 pounds in 1913 to 10,240,000 pounds in 1920. It supplied less than one-half of domestic consumption in most pre-war' years, but covered 88 per cent of the 'home demand' in the post-war years, 1919 and 1920. This increase was a result of the varied uses of artificial silk and of war and post-war conditions, which reduced imports from Europe, especially from Gefmany. Until re^ cently practically the* entire domestic output has been manufactured by one company, whose stock is controlled by an English artificial- silk firm. Thi^ company uses the "viscose" process — i. e., the dis- solving of wood pulp in a strong alkali and the treatment of the re- sulting solutioil with dilute caustic isoda. In Europe the nitro- cellulose, the cupra-ammonium, and the new acetate processes are also used. In 1920 and 1921 several large plants — some of them of domes- tic and some of foreign ownership — have been completed for the pro- duction of artificial silk by various processes. There is impendmg, therefore, an iucrease both in quantity and variety of output. Imports declined from 2,733,952 pounds in the fiscal year 1914 to 259,373 pounds in the fiscal year 1918; that is, from about two-thirds io one-fiftieth of the domestic consumption. Imports for the calendar years 1918-1921 are shown below. The importation for 1920 is 12.6 per cent of the total consumption. 82304—22 66 1042 SUMMABY OF: TAEIFF INFOBMATION, 1921. Calendar year. 19181 1919 192(1 1921(9inoutl)s). Quantity. 128,540 1,072,040 1,4719,610 2,785,939 Value uue. . ■ .,-Uijili Duty. $313,785 4,415,813 5,059,905 4, 998, 91S 1109,825- 1,545,535 1,770,967 General imports for 1921 are shown by months as follows: Month. Jauuary... February. March April May Quantity. Pounii. 139, 560 76,593 353,476 648, 276 502,292 Value. $196,804 168,783 540,242 1, 171, 649 841,864 Month. Quantity. June July August September. PouMs. 385, 455 473, 260 318,348 261, .W Ad valorem rate. Percent. 35 35 36 Value. 1665; 039 831,254 607,480 418,909 Imports are of practically ^11 sizes — 150 denier is the largest item, but the proportion of the finer sizes is greater than in domestic pro- duction. "A Belgian concern has, however, recently installed a plant in this country'fbr the production of fine sizes. The importation of a new type of artificial silk should be npted. It comes in ribbon form for making br'aids and is called "ribbon straw" or "lame." Ribbon straw or lame, although flat, is made in the first' process of manu- facture. ' , Belgium, France, England, Italy, Switzerland; and Gerinany are all important sources. ' ' Exports ar,e not reported. ' JIANPFACTURES OF ARTIFICIAL SILK. (See Report T. I. S.-3.) Description. — ^iirtificial silk is used in an increasing range of goodst The domestic output in 1920 was distributed as follows: Hosiery, 25 per cent; silk weaving, 13,por qent; knit goods other than hosiery, 21 per cent; cotton weaving, 10 per cent; plush fabrics, 3 jper cent; tapestry, 2 per cent; braids, 14 per cent; embroidery and; other m\nor uses, 1 1 per cent. Production figures are not available., but the doihestic output is known to be, many times greater than imports. Imports in the fiscal year 1914 were valued at $643,975. Later statistics are recorded as follows : Calendar year. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) Value. Duty. til, 946 77,492 435,863 Ad valorem rate. «6,677 ,129,154 726,438 319,8^4 Percent. 60 60 . SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. 1043 Exports, made up chiefly of artificial silk hosiery, are larger than imports. England, Argentina, Australia, Denmark, Canada, British South Africa, Cuba, and Italy are all important markets. For the calendar years 1918-1921 exports have been as follows: 1918, $3,406,191; 1919, $9,694,248; 1920, $7,909,299; 1921 (9 months) $2,962,843. ■ ' ; ; ;. ■-::•■;/ " - ARTIFICIAL HORSEHAIR AND MANUFACTURES OF. Description and use^^^Ai^tificial horsehair differs from artificial silk in that it is cq^rser and stifFer and is produced and used in coarse single filaments. pToduction is not recorded separately. It has increased in recent years. Import values of artificial horsehair and nianufactures therfeof decreased from $569,283 in 1909 . to $63,970 in 1914. , Formerly imports came principally from Germanj^ and Austria, but lately they come from Switzerland. Imports since 1917 are recorded as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. YARNS, THREADS, AND FILAMENTS. » 1918 Pownds. 1,752 20,211 46,090 $5,185 66,571 100.516 $1,815 23,300 35,181 Per ctvt. 35 1919 35 1920 35 1921 (9 months) . 52,056 79,596 ICIAL HORSEHAIR. MANUFACTURES OF ARTIF - :- 1918 $398 1,571 6,937 ,5,504 $239 943 4,162 60 1919 ■ 60 1920 ' 60 Exports are not recorded. SCHEDULE 13.— PAPERS AND BOOKS. PARAGRAPH 1301. H. R. 7458. PiR. 1301'. Printing paper, not spe- cially provided for, one-fourtli of 1 cent per pound and 10 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That if any country, depend- ency, province, pr other, subdiviBion,iPf, government shall forbid or restrict in any' way'the'eicportation of (whethel by la-w,' order, regulation, contractual relation, or otherwise, directly or indirectly),; or im-- pose any export duty, export license fee, or other export charge of any kind what- soever (whether in the form of additional charge or license fee or otherwise) upon printing paper, wood pulp, or wood for use in the manufacture of wood pulp, the President may enter into . negotiations with *uch country, dependency, prov- ince, or other subdivision of government to secure the removal of such prohibition, restriction, export duty, or other export charge, and if it is not removed he may, by proclamation, declare suCh failure of negotiations, setting forth the facts. Thereupon, and until such prohibition, restrictibn, export duty, or other export pharge is removed , there shall be imposed upon printing paper provided for in this paragraph,- when imported either directly or indirectly from such country, depen- dency, province, or other subdivision of government, an additional duty of 10 per centum ad valorem and in addition there- to an amount equal to the highest export duty or other export charge imposed by such country, dependency, province, or other subdivision of government, upon either an equal amount of printing paper or an amount of wood pulp or wood for use in the manufacture of wood pulp neces- sary to manufacture such printing paper. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1909. Schedule M. — Ptrip, P.^peks, and Books. Par. 409 » Printing paper (other than paper commercially known as handmade or machine handmade paper, japan paper, and imitation japan paper by whatever name known), unsized, sized, or glued, suitable for the printing of books and newspapers, but not for covers or bind- 1044 ACT OF 1913. Schedule M. — Papers and Books. Par. 322. Printing paper (other -than paper commercially known as handmade or machine handmade paper, japan pa- per, and imitation japan paper by what- ever name known), unsized, sized, or glued, suitable for the printing of books and newspapers, but not for covers or STIMMABX OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1,045 ACT OF 1909. iigB, not specially provided for in this Bec- tion, * * * valued above . two and one-half cents -per pound and p/op, above fouy cents per pound, five-tenths of one cent per pound; valued above four cents and not above five cents per pound , eight- tenths of one cent per pound; valued above five cents per pound, fifteen per centum ad valorem: Provided, however. That it any country, dependency, prov- ince, or other subdivision of government shall forbid or restrict in any way tljie ex- portation of (whether by law, order, regu- lation, contractual relation, or otherwise, directly or indirectly) or impose any ex- port duty, export license fee, or other ex- port charge pf any kind whatsoever (whether in the form of additional charge or license fee or otherwise) upon printing paper, wood pulp, or wood for use in the manufacture of wood pulp, there shall be imposed upon printing paper when im- ported either directly or iudirectly from such country, dependency, province, gr- other subdiyision of government, an addi? tional duty of one-tenth of one cent per pound when "valued at three; detits.. per pound, or less, and in addition thereto the amount of such export duty or other ex- port charge imposed by such country, de- pendency, ^province, or other subdivision of government, upon printing paper, wood, pulp, or wood for use in 'the manufacture ' of wood pulp. ACT OF 1913. bindings, not specially provided for in this section, valued above 2^. cents per pound, 12 per centum ad valorem: .Pro- vided, however, That if any country, de- pendency, province, or other subdivision of govemm^lit shall impose any export duty, export license fee. or.other charge of ,any kind whatsoever (whetlier in the form of additional charge or license fee or other- wise) upon printing paper, wood pulp, or wood for use in the manufacture of wood pulp, there shall be imposed upon print- ing-paper, valued above 2J cents per pound, when imported either directly or indirectly from such country, depen- dency, province, or other subdivision of government, an additional duty equal to the amount of the highest export duty or other export charge imposed by such country, dependency, province, or other subdivision of government, upon either printing paper, or upon an amount of wood pulp, or wood for use in the manu- facture of wood pulp necessary to manu- facture such printing paper. . , [Value per pound changed from 2i to 5 cents by sec. 600 of Revenue Act of 1916^ and to 8 cents by Act of Apr. 23, 1920, chap. 158.] PRINTING PAPER. (See Survey M-2.) NEWSPRINT PAPER. Description and uses.— There are two kinds of printing paper, news- print and book paper. Newsprint is a cheap grade, consisting usually of 80 per cent ihechanically ground wood pulp and 20 per cent sul- phite pulp. It is used primarily for printing newspapers, and second- arily for cheap magazines, books, catalogues, etc. For further information in regard to newsprint, see paragraph IBSO"; p. 1440. BOOK PAPER. Description and uses. — ^Book paper is of a higher grade than news- prii^t and is usually made entirely of chemical wood pulp. Rag pulp alone or mixed in a greater or less proportion with chemical wood pulp is used for the better grades, wnile some of ithe cheaper grades ; contain a small proportion of mechanically grdimd wood pulp. It is used primarily for printiiig books, magazines, and catalogues. .It serves a great number of secondary purposes, among which may be mentioned its use for school pads and cheap writing papers. There are, ;f our principal grades ofHbook paper— machine finish, sized and supercalendered, coated, and, cover. 1046 StrMMAEY OF TARIFF ISTf'OBMATIOM', 1921. Productidn in 1914, was 934,979 short tons, valued at $73,499, 514; in 1919, 1,001,000 short tons, .valued . at $153,3,68,000. . The chief centers of production are to be found in the Northeastern and Lake States. The rank in percentages of output, by States, in 1914 was Pennsylvania (15), Massachusetts (14), Maiiie"'( 12), Michigan (11), New York (10) ,' Wisconsin (9) , Ohio (8) , all other (21) . Imports of book paper in 1914 were 3,359 short tons, valued at $310,551, and in 1918, 139 short tons; valued at $41,377. Later sta- tistics follow: "Calendar rear. Quantity. I Value. , Unit value. , Pounds. ' 1918 I 230,679 1919 I 164, 886 1920 1 4,166.464 1921 (9 months) i 1,298; 349 $44,445. 58j319 , m, «1 J9i,838 Duty. «0.93 $5,333' .35 ; ■ 0,'998 . 12 59, 209 Ad valorem rate. Per ceiti. 12 '12 12 Under the act of 1913, printing papers were classified for tariff pur- poses as (1) printing paper valued at not more thani2i cents per pound, and (2) printing paper valued at more than 2| cents per pound. By act of September 8, 1916, the dividing line was changed from 2^ cents to 5 cents, and by act of April 23, 1920, from 5 cents to 8 cents. This division by price corresponds roughly with division into newsprint and book paper. The above table is ba,sed on the division by price. The great increase in irnports in 1920 — ^the year of the so-called "paper famine" — will be noted. .. In spite of th.e,great increase, however, the imports in 1920, amounted to only one-fifth of 1 per cent of the domestic production of that year. Exports of book paper in 1914 were 14,301 short tons, valued at $1,612,370, and in 1918, 45,036 short tons, valued at $7,695,298. Later statistics for calendar years follow: Book paper {printing paper other than newsprint) . UU.iMii- Quantity (pounds) . Value....... ....... ■ ;; -,r Hjri ,■ 99,220. 24Vi $8, 710, 940 ,1919 f-fSHn-H-i 153,382,090 ; $16, 169; O.TO 9,'), 116, 118 $1,3,776,464 ' 1921 • (9imontlhs). ■36,1.55, telli: $5,450,887 In 1919 exports of book paper i amounted to 8 per cent of the domestic production, in 1920 the proportion fell to 4 per cent, and the decrease has continued in 1921. ' ■.':;'i .^o. ,.'i- >■ > ,-'.•,• ^\ Important changes in classification. — The' ' distinction made^ pre- viously between the two kinds of printing papier on the basis of value per pound has been dropped. Newsprint paper is specifically ^ pro- vided for as " standard newsprint paper " (par. 1659). Printing pap6r ' other than standard newsprint, which includes not only book paper (except the coated and cover grades which are providea for in other paragraphs) but ; also grades of newsprint other thate staindard newsprint paper, takes the place of printing paper valued above the maximum value per pound specified for newsprint. ; ' -'' SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFOBMATIOK, 1921. 1047 The reason for the change is that the value distinction between newsprint and book paper is now unsatisfactory because of the markedly fluctuating prices of printing paper. The term.' " standard newsprint paper" is the commercial term for the principal subdivi- sion of newsprint paper, being paper weighing 32 pounds per ream, used for printing newspapers. It constitutes more than nme-tenths of the total output of newsprint paper in this country.' It applies to practically all tlie newsprint shipments from Canada to the United States. The use of this term furthermore disposes of complaints that because of the present -S-cent maximum free limit, on printing paper, some cheap grades of book paper are allowed to enter this country free. In each of the following paragraphs--paragraph 1301 on book paper, paragraph 1610 on wood pulp, and paragraph 1659 on news- print—there is inserted a clause for a countervafling duty in case any country or part of a country restricts the free export of pulp wood, wood pulp, -newsprint, or book paper. It consists of a 10 per cent ad valorem duty plus a duty equal to the highest export duty or other charge applied by the country in question to an equal or equivalent amount of pulp wood, wood pulp, or printing paper. All three of; these clauses, providing countervailing duties are so phrased that an export duty placed by another country on one of the three items (wood pulp, newsprint, or book paper) or on pulp wood (in case of presidential proclamation to that effect) would presumably result in a 10 per cent import djuty on all of them except pulp wood, a conditional countervailing duty on some of which is provided for independently and in a ' different manner in paragraph 402. In aidditiqn, the highest foreign export duty on one of them or on pulp wood would he translated into a,n equivalent duty on all of them (but not on pulp wood): For example, according tp this interpreta- tion, if another country should impose a certain ^ export duty on a cord of pulp wood and it should be so announced by the President, such duty (plus 10 per eetit) would immediately be applied on an amount of ground wood pulp that on the average is made from a cord of pulp wo.od. As considerably less chemical pulp than ground wood can. ;be made from a Qord of pulp wood, the. equivalent import duty per i)D^ of chemical piilp would be higher than on ground wood. In a similar w£iy the equivalent duty would be worked out for stand- ard newsprint and boqk paper, based on a general average of the percentages pf , ground woo|a and chemiQail pulp entering into the finished paper, .for with , these varying percentages the ainqiihis of woo/J used to make a ton of paper vary considerably. Similarly, a , foreign export duty on either standard newsprint, book paper, or wood pulp would be applied as] ftji'dmport duty (m additiT)h to 10 per ceiii ad valorem) either dirqqt , or iii, equivalent form '45 all three items named. , .. 1048 SUMMARY OP TAJftlFFi INFQBMATIONj 1921. PARAGRAPH 1302. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1302-, Paper board and ;pulp- board, includin|!; cardboard, and leather board or compress leather, not laminated, glazed, coated, lined, embossed, printed, decorated or ornamented; in any maimer, iior cutiinto shapes} for boxes or other articles apd. not specially provided for, ' 10 per centum ad valorein: Provided, Thai for the pfurposes of this Act any of the foregoing less than nine one-thousandths of an inch in thickness shall be deeined to be! paper; sheathing paper, roofing paper, deadening felt, sheathing felt,, roofing felt or felt roofing, whether or not saturated or coated, 10 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Pak. 407. Sheathing paper and roofing felt, ten per centum ad valorem. Par. 415. * * * cardboard and brifitol board, thirty-five per centum ad valorem; * * *. Par. 564. Felt, adhesive, for sheathing vessels [Free]. fNo corresponding iwovision for paper board, pulpboard, and leather board.] ACT OF 1913. Par. 320. .Sheathing paper, p\ilpboard in rolls, ppt laminated, roofing felt, com- mon paper-box board, not coMed, lined, embossed, printed or decorated in any manner, nor cut into > shapes for boxes : or other articles, !5| per centum ad va- lorem. , , .Paii. 328. * * * cardboard and'bris- tol board, * * * 25'!per centum ad valorem. > , Pah. 481. Felt, Adhesive, for Sheathing vessels [Free]. Par. 530..*, * * leather board or compressed leather; * * * [Free].' fNo corresponding provision for paper .board.] ,i, jPAPER BOAED AND BUILDING PAPERS ANiD FEt,TS. (See Survey M-l.) Description and uses. — Paper bb^rd and pulpboard, which may be regarded as synonyrrious terms, consist of paper ^i^ of an inch or more in thickness. They are made in the main on a cylinder maohine from a cheap grade of pulp, the strengtii and condition of the fibers not being an important element of consideration except in the best grades. About 80 per cent'pf the United States paper board output is made of waste paper. The principal use of paper board is in making paper boxes ana other containers. It is used also in sheathing the intenol" of buildings; in bookbinding; in printing; in making trimks, suitcases, shoes, tags, cartridges, cards for street railway advertising, etc., placards oi various sorts; and other arti- cles; and, for various other purposes. The principal kinds of paper board are box board, wall board, binders' board, bristol board, tag board, pressboard (see par. 1313 for pressboard), leatherboard, trunk board, and cartridge board. The above terms overlap to a certain extent. The term cardboard is often used to cover a nurftber or all of the vjyieties of paper board. SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021. 1049 Building papers and felts are heavy, coarse papers made usually on a cylinder machine out of coarse, low-gi'ade stock, such as woolen, cotton, and jute waste; old gunny sacks; paper-board cuttings; sul- phite screenings; waste paper of all sorts; old coarse, dirty rags; cornstalks: straw — in fact, almost any fibrous material. They are used for roofing buildings, as a liner for the walls of buildings, for deadening sounds by being placed under carpets or floors, and for manufacturing shoe soles. Production. — The production of paper boards in 1914 was 1,208,795 short tons, valued at $39,493,174, and in 1919, 1,885,000 short tons, valued at $124,090,000. The production of building paper in 1914 was 243,908 short tons, valued at $9,475,733, and in 1919, 195,000 short tons, valued at $17,737,000. Imports of pulpboard in 1914 were valued at $203,862; in 1918,, at $1,377,291. imports of paper box boards in 1914 were valued at $43,137; in 1918, at $16,619. Imports of cardboard and bristol board (including bristol board made on a Fourdrinier machine) in 1914, were valued at $81,229; in 1918, at $10,081. Imports of sheathing paper in 1914 were valued at $4,236; in 1918, at $9,235, exclusively from Canada. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Ad valorem rate. CARD, BRISTOL, AND STRAW BOARD. 1918 Pounds. $10, 164 8,428 48,992 33,867 $2,541 2,107 12, 248 Per cerU. 25 1919 . :.... 13,823 603, 555 690,499 $0.06 .08 25 1920 25 1921 (9 moiiths't BOXBOARD, COMMON PAPER, NOT COATED, LINED, EMBOSSED, PRINTED, OR DECORATED IN ANY MANNER, NOT CUT INTO SHAPE FOR BOXES OR OTHER ARTICLES. 1918 . $9,743 27,305 208,699 151,473 $487 1,365 10,435 6 1919 . ..-. .'. 856, 132 5,527,205 4,043,746 $0.03 .04 5 1920 5 1921 ^9 month<5^ PULPBOARDS, IN ROLLS, NOT LAMINATED. 1918 . . ; 68,119,271 88,922,149 85,809,013 29,8.57,406 $1,566,779 2,270,353 2,659,993 867, 211 $0.02 .02 .03 $78, 339 113,618 133,000 5 1919 6 1920 5 SHEATHING PAPERS. 1918 i . ...1. J.;. $11,247 7,884 36, 898 3, 794 $562 394 1,795 6 1919 ' 5 1920 ■:.. 6 1050 SUMMAKY 01* TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Exports of paper board alid strawboa,rd in 1915 were valued at $663,230, Exports of sheatbing paper in 1914 were valued at $1,029,127. Later export values for' calendar years of paper board and strawboard follow: 1918,$3,055,255; 1919, $4,604,048; 1920, $5,553,094; 19?I (9 months), $1,901,530. Important changes in classificatibn. — See General Notes on Para- graph below. ' ' ' LEATHER BOARD OR COMPRESSED LEATHER. ' Description arwi uses.— Leather board or compressed leather is a composition made of leather scrap and paper. It is used principally for insoles and heels of shoes. . ProcZiiciion.^No data available. ' Imports, 1918-1921, are shown in following table: Calendar year. ; Quautit\'. Value,, : • v^^ha,tever material composed, 25 per centiirri ad valorem. FILTEK MASSE, INDURATED FIBER WARE/ JAPIER-M ACHE, ETC. (See Surveys M-1, M-4, and N-11.) Description and uses. — ^Filter masse (M-1) is a mass of cellulose or fiber, usually pressed into the form of cakes, varying in dimension from 12 by 13,'by 1 iijch to 20 by 20; by 2 inches, with embossed top and bottom. Although made of the same material as many kinds of paper, it is put up in entirely different form. It is used for clarifying beer, wine, soft drinks, glue, gelatine, vinegar, cider, soups, fruit beverages, chemicals, etc. The best quality of filter masse, like tlie , best quality of paper, is made of fiber from selected white linen and cotton Tags, and also of cotton linters. The greater part of the American production is of this type. Sulphite wood pulp arid to a smaller degree jute fiber are used mainly for the cheaper grades; some asbestos fiber is sometimes also mixed in, particularly in the better grades. The chemicals used are lime, chloride of lime, and suh)huric acid. Indurated fiber ware (N-11) is wood pulp chemically treated and molded into pails, kegs, tubs, boxes, cuspidors, coolers, trunks, cases, etc. Other manufactures of pulp include composite board for car ceilings, bulkheads, and door panels for steamboats, vulcanized fiber and fiber specialties for motors and dynamos, insulators, skate wheels, washers, disks and bushings, railway signals, electric rail joints, noiseless rollers and gears, fiber sheets, and fiber rods and tubing. 1052 SUMMAEY OF TABIFF INFORMATION^ 1921, Papier-mi,ch6 (M-4) is a hatd; tcmgh, and plastic substance gen- erally, made from pulped waste paper, mixed with mineral matter, such "as china "cray, " rosin, etc., or made from sheets of paper glued and pressed together. It is molded when moist , by steel .dies into architectural ornaments, laccjuered boxps, trays, durable - utensils, dress forms, window dummies, signs, figures, toy animals, other kinds of toys, and other articles. JProduction. — The annual production of filter magse in, the United States is about 750,000 pounds per year. Owing to the decrease m the demand for filter masse on account of the decrease in the pro- duction of alcoholic beverages, the establishmeiits now existing in this country.; have no difficulty in producing enough filter masse for domestic requirements; nevertheless, manufacturers say that the use of filter masse for filtering soft drinks and other liquors has increased to such an extent as largely to make up for the decrease in its use for filtering wine and beer. , „ i , ,., In 1914 the production in the T/nited States Of pulp goods, which include indur'ated fiber ware, was valued at $4,483,000. There were 24 establishments, located chiefly in Delaware and New York. The total capital was 16,862,000, and the number of Nvage earners, 1,654., In 1919 the value of production had increased to $24,257,000, and the number of establisninents to 42. A very rough estimate places the average annual output of papier-mich^ in the United States at 5,000 tons, valued at $250,000. , . ' Imports in 1914 of filter masse were 486,476 pounds, valued at $53,974; of indurated' fiber ware and manufactures of ptilp at $4,559. linpOTts of nianufactures of papier-m&che in 1914 were valued at $25,679. (Imports of papier-m9,ch6 unmanufactured not segre- gated.) Later statisitics, follow : ■ilKl Calendar year. Quantity. Ad valorem rate. FILTER MASSE OE FILTER STOCK, COMPOSED WHOLLY OR IN PART OF WOOD PULP, WOOD FLOUR, COTTON, OR OTHER VEGETABLE FIBER. 1918.. 1919 1920 1^(9 months)., Pounds. 13,290 8,628 171,498 73,424 I »2,s:43 1,768 31,960 8, l i .' ■ ' > . SENATE AMENDMENTS. , ACT OF 1009, -- Pah. 410. Papers commonly known as copying paper, stereotype paper, bibu- lous paper; tissue paper, pottery paper, and sdl papers not specially provided for in tliis section, colored or uncolored, white or printed, weighing not over, six pounds to the ream of four 'htindred and eighty sbfiete,' on the basis of twenty by thirty inches, and whether in reams or any other form, sj.x; cents per pound and fifteen per centum ad valorem; if weigh- ing ovSr' six" pounds and less than ten pounds »to the ream, and letter copying books, whether wholly qr partly manu- factured, five cents per pound and fifteen per centum ad valorem; crfipe paper * ■* * five cents per pound and fifteen per centum ad valorem: Provided, That no article composed wholly or in chief value of one or more of the papers speci- ACT OF 1913. ■ Pak. 323. Papers commonly known as eopyiing paper, stereotype paper, bibu- loils paper, tissue ,paper, pottery paper, * , * * cr§pe psiper ,f * * and articles nianufactured frbm^any of the foregoing papers or of which such'paper is the com- ponent material 'of. chief value, 30 per centum ad valorem. 1054 SUMMARY- OF TARIFF INFOBMATION^ 1921. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. fied in this paragra'ph shall pay a less rate of duty than that imposed upon the com- ponent paper of chief value of which such article is made. , , TISStTE P4PEB, ETC. , ■ ': (See Survey M-3.) Description and rises. — Tissue paper: The predominant character- istic distinguishing tissue paper from other kinds of paper is its thin- ness. Tissue paper is a thin paper of fine; soft texture, silky to the touch, translucent, and to a limited extent transparent. The better qualities are made from rag and the "cheaper from wood pulp. Its principal uses are for tojl^t purposes, for napkins, and for wrapping articles, especially those 'which the manufacturer does not wish to tarnish. The antitairiishihg quality results from: speicial processes pursued in its manufacture, which makes it free from sulphur or other chemicals that would tarnish a metal article. ' Tissue paper is treated in H. R. 7456 a.s paper weighing less thajj 12^ lbs. per ream of 480 sheets on the basis of 20 x 30 in. Stereotype and copying papers are merely subdivisions of tissue-paper. Stereo- type paper is an extra strong, pliable tissue used in the manufacture of stereos (molds or matrices), from which printing plates are made. It is often an absorbent, unsized, iSo-caUed waterleaf paper. The sheets of paper, a considerable number together and backed by matrix paper, which is absorbent paper similar to high-grade blbtting paper, and by ordinary brown paper, are pressed, against, tlje type to form, the mold, the metal for the plate being then caist in tlie mold. Copy- ing paper is a strong unsized, usually fcheap tissue paper, used for the manufacture of letter books, in whi61i' copies of letters are kept, and also for the manufacture of carbon paper. ; „, , Cr§pe paper is usually a very thiny strong: tissue paper, variously ■ colored, and passed through heavy embossed rollers whichicrinkle the paper into a form resembling crfepe. It is used for fancy and decora- tive purposes and abo for paper towels. Some grades of crSpe paper are, heavier than tissue paper. . Prod/action. — The production of tissue paper in 1914 was 115,401 tons, rallied at $11,535,720. In 1919 it was 191,000 tons, valued at •140,696,000. Nearly half th^ tissue paper pi-oduced in this country is made in New York. The other tissue-paper Statess of importance are New Jersey, Wisconsin, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, and. Massachusetts. There are no separate figures available for the pro- duction of cr^pe paper. Imports in 1914 of tissue, stereotype, letter-copying, and pottery papers were 1,996,751 pounds, valued at $383,831. Imports of crSpe and filter paper and articles manufactured therefrom were 984,596 pounds, valued at $144,538. Later statistics follow : SUMMARY, OP TARII-F INFORMATION, 192X. 1055 Calendar year. Quantity. | Value. i Unit vulue. Duty. Ad valorem rate. COPYING, STEREOTYPE, BIBULOUS, TISSUE, AND POTTERY PAPERS (SEGREGATED AFTER 1918). ms. Pounds. 397,978 $0..SS S14,914 Fer cent. 30 TISSUE PAPER. 1919 1920..., ,..L. 1921 (9 months). 489, 5S4 667,990. '758,387, $316,263 377.222 34,977 $0.65 ,.,,,.56 .'?94,879 113,167 30 30 BIBULOUS' PAPER. 1919....' 1920 J...i.:.. 1921 (9 months). 2:885 35,842 23,487 $2, 319 4,572 5,158 $o.sd .13 i $696 1,372 .30 .-30 1919 i9!io..^'.: 1921 (9 months). COPYING PAPER 170,183 139,493 66,801 $68,313 68,764 •37,0(74 10.40 .50 $20,494 20,929 30 30 POTTERY PAPER. 1919, 1920. 15,963 3,400 $0.33 .31 $1,601 313 30 STEREOTYPE PAPER. 1919..:......... 1920 192r(9Tnbnths). 4,486 8,541 2,171 $4,187 6,216 1,433 $0.93 .73 $1,256 1,865 .30 30 MANUFACTURES OF COPYING, STEREOTYPE. BIBULOUS, TISSUE, POTTERY, CREPE, AND FILTERING PAPER. , 1918 ,.„ 1919 1920 1921 (9 months).. $731,734 62,583 47,922 31,755 ■f :l .$219,520 30 .J..! ' 18,775 30 .!.;■ ^.-.14,377 30 CREPE AND FILTERING i PAPER. 1918 1919 : 1920 , 409,214 288,890 474,059 $215,696 , 196,066 169,623 100,192 : i $0.53 1 .$64,709 .68 ; 58,820 .36 : 50,887 1 30 30 30 1921 (9 months) fiSH 4Xn i ' Filtering paper classified in H. R. 74.')6 in paragraph 1309. 1056 SUMMABY OfF TAKIFF INFOBMrATIOIT, 1921. Exports. — In 1914 no exports of stereotype, letter copying, and tissue papers were listed. In 1918 tissue and toilet papers to a value of $919,536 wese exported. Later statistics (for calendar years) follow : Tissue and toilet papers. . . Paper towels and napkins Carbon paper 1918 $1,443,578 83,199 379,306 1919 $2,056,607 180,963 964,288 1920 $2^654,529 418,348 1,029,808 192l(9montlis). $685,013 137, 102 394,027 Important changes in classification. — As the purpose of this para- graph has always been to include tissue paper in general, it hasoeeh reworded so as to be more consistent. The classification in the act of 1913 and preceding acts grouped both bibulous and filtering paper along with tissue paper. Filtering paper is a different kind of paper from tissue paper; cpnsequently it is now being removed from this paragraph and appears in paragraph 1309. As bibulous paper is the term for absorbent papers in general, such as blotting paper, it is undesirable to use it in this connection. Apparently it was placed here origina,Uy in order to include so-called bibulous tissue paper, the principd use of which seems to be for massage purposes in beauty parlors. The term is very little used in the trade to-day, and what bibulous tissue paper mignt be iniported would easily fall under the general heading " tissue paper." Alsd," the paragraph has been rear- ranged somewhat so that the term " tissue paper" stands at the head. It was hardly logical, in the old phraseology, to name copying paper first, as copying paper is merely a relatively unimportant variety of tissue paper. The term "pottery paper" has been dropped as a term not used in the paper trade. Pottery paper is either a thin tissue of food quality, well glazed, used' for wrapping pottery, or a special ind of paper by which designs are transferred to pottery. , in the former sense it is sufficiently covered by the term "tissue paper," and in the latter case it w<}uld probably, be covered by decalcojnania paper. The item letter-eopiying books has been left out both because it is unimportant and because it is sufficiently covered by the pro- vision in this paragraph for manufactures of tissue and similar papers. Also the weight qualifications have been revised so that papers weighing up to \2\ pounds per ream are classed in this para- graph as tissue paper, instead of those weighing up to 10 pounds per ream as in the act of 1909. (The act of 1913 has no weight qualifi- cation.) As in the act of 1909 crSpe paper is not included m the weight classification. The reason for this is that it ii desired to extend the jurisdiction of this paragraph to crfepe paper even if its weight is above the maximum fixed for tissue paper in general. CrSpe paper is ordinarily a tissue paper, and so is properly included in this paragraph. Paper (other than crfepe) above 12^ pounds per ream will fall under whatever other heading in the paper schedule it happens to come, such as the writing-paper paragraph. Conflicting provisions. — ^The provision in this paragraph for "all papers not specially provided for in this section, " is in conflict with the concluding provision of paragraph 1309 for "paper not specially provided for. " SITMMABY OF TAEirr INFORMATION, 1921. 1057 Suggested changes. — As the context of the provision for "all papers not specially provided for in this section" relates to papers of the tissue class, it is suggested that the word "all" inJine 10, page 139 he changed to "similar." The words "in this section" should in any event be stricken out of line 11, page 139, to agree with the practice elsewhere in the bill H. R. 7456. Page 139, Tine 15, of H. R. 7456: Strike out "if" before "weighing," to agree with line 11 and practice elsewhere. PARAGRAPH 1305. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1305. Papers with coated surface or surfaces, not specially jjrovided for, 5 cents per pound; papers with coated sur- face ox surfaces, embossed or printed otherwise than lithographically, and pa- pers wholly or partly covered with metal or its solutions (except as herein pro- Wded), or with gelatin or flock, 5 cents per pound and 15 per centum ad valorem; papers, including wrapping paper, with the surface or surfaces wholly or partly decorated or covered with a design, fancy effect, pattern, or character, except de- signs, fancy eSects, patterns, or characters produced on a paper machine without at- tachments, or produced by lithogra,phic process, A\ cents per pound, and in addi- tion thereto, if embossed, or printed other- wise than lithographically, or wholly or partly covered with metal or its eiolutions, or with gelatin or flock, 17 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That paper wholly or partly covered with metal or its solutions, and weighing less than fifteen pounds per ream of four hundred and eighty sheets, on the basis of twenty by twenty-five inches, shall pay a duty of 5 cents per pound and 17 per centiun ad valorem; gummed papers, including decalcomania paper not printed, 5 cents per pound; cloth-Uned or reinforced paper, 5 ceiits per pound and 17 per centum ad valorem; papers with paraffin or wax-coated surface or surfaces, vegetable parchment paper, grease-proof and imitation parchment pa- pers \«iich have been supercalendered ■ and rendered transparent or partially so, by whatever name known, all other grease- proof and imitation parchment paper, not specially provided for, by whatever name known, 3 cents per pound and 13 per centum ad valorem; bags, printed mat- ter other than lithographic, and all other articles, composed wholly or in chief value of any of the foregoing papers, not specially provided for, and all boxes of paper or papier-machi or wood covered or fined with any of the foregoing papers or 82304—22 -67 1058 .SUMMARY OF TAEIFF IJSTFOKMATIOlv, 1921. H. B. 7456. lithographed paper, or covered or lined with cotton or other vegetable fiber, 5 cents per ^ound and 20 per centum ad va- lorem; plain basic paper for albumeniziflg, sensitizirig, baryta coating, or for photo- graphic or solar printing processes, 3 cents per pound and 15 per centum ad valorem ; albumenized or sensitized paper or paper otherwise surface coated for photographic purposes, 3 cents per pound and 20 per centum ad valorem; wet transfer paper or paper prepared wholly with glycerin or glycerin combined with other mate- rials, containing the imprints taken from lithographic plates, 30 per centum ad va- lorem. ACT OF 1909. Par. 166. * * * wet transfer paper or paper prepared wholly with glycerin, or glycerin combined with other mate- rials, containing the imprints taken from lithographic plates, fifty per centum ad valorem. Pah. 411. Papers with coated surface or surfaces, not specially provided for in this section, five cents per pound; if wholly or partly covered with metal or its solutions (except as hereinafter provided), or with gelatin or flock, or if embossed or printed, five cents per pound and twenty per centum ad valorem; papers, includ- ing wrapping paper, with the surface decorated or covered with a design, fancy effect, pattern or character, whether pro- duced in the pulp or otherwise, but not by lithographic process, four and one-half cents per pound; if embossed, or wholly or partly covered with metal or its solu- tions, or with gelatin or flock, 5 cents per pound and twenty per centum ad valo- rem: Provided, That paper wholly or partly covered with metal or its solutions, and weighing less than fifteen pounds per ream of four hundred and eighty sheets, on a basis of twenty by twenty-five inches, shall pay a duty of five cents per pound and twenty-five per centum ad valorem; parchment papers, and grease- proof and imitation parchment papers which have been supercalendered and rendered transparent, or partially so, by whatever name known, 2 cents per pound and 10 per centum ad Valorem; all other grease-proof and imitation parchment pa- pers, not specially provided for in this section, by whatever name known, two cents per pound and ten per centum ad valorem; bags, * * * printed matter other than lithographic, and all other arti- cles composed wholly or in chief value of any of the foregoing papers, not specially Erovided for in this section, and all oxes of paper or wood covered with any of the foregoing paper, five cents a pound and thirty per centum ad valorem; albu- SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. ISiy. * * * wet transfer paper or paper pirepared wholly with glycerin, or glycerin combined with other materials, containing the imprints taken from litiio- graphic plates, 25 per centum ad valorem. Par. 324. Papers wholly or partly cov- ered with metal leaf or with gelatin or flock, papers with white coated surface or surfaces, calender plate finished, hand dipped, marbleized paper, parchment paper, and lithographic transfer paper not printed, 25 per centum ad valorem; pa- pers with coated surface or surfaces suita- ble for covering boxes, not specially pro- vided for, whether or not embossed or printed except by lithographic process, 40 per centum ad valorem; all other paper witii coated surface or surfaces not spe- cially pro^^ided for in this section; un- coated papfel^s, gummed, or with the sur- face or surfaces wholly or partly deco- rated or covered with a desigii, fancy effect, pattern, or character, whether pro- duced in the pulp or otherwise except by lithographic process, cloth-lined' oi- rein- forced papers, and grease-proof and imita- tion parchment papers which have been sup^calendered and rendered transpar- ent or partially So, by whatever name kno'Vrn, all' other grease-proof and imita- tion parchment papers, not specially pro- vided for ill ibis section, by whatever name known, bags, * * * and all other artidles composed wholly or in chief, value of any of 'the foregoing' papers, not specially provided for in this section, and all boxes of paper or papier-m^ch^ or wood covered -with ' any of the foregoing papers or covered ot lined with cotton or other vegetable fibei;, SS per centum ad valorem; albumiiiizea .or sensitized paper or paper otherwise surface-coated for pho- tographid ' purposes, 25 per centum ad vdbrem; plain basic papers fbralbuminiz- ihg, sensitizing, baryta coating, or for photogjaphic or solar printing, processes, 15 per centum ad valorem. SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1&21. 1059 ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. menized or sensitized paper or paper otherwise surface coated for photographic purposes, thirty per centum ad valorem; plain basic papers for albumenizing, sensitizing, baryta coating, or for photo- graphic or solar printing, processes, three cents per pound and ten per centum ad valorem. Par. 418. AU boxes made wholly or in Par. 567. * * * decalcomania pa- chief value of paper or papier-mach6, if per, not printed [Free], covered with surface-coated paper, forty- five per centum ad valorem. [No corresponding provision for papers [No corresponding provision for papers with paraffin or wax-coated surface or with paraffin or wax-coated surface or surfaces.] surfaces.] SURFACE-COATED, WAXED, GUMMED, DECALCOMANIA, AND DECORATED PAPER, ETC. (See Surveys M-3, M-4, and C-15.)' Description and iises. — Surface-coated paper, as the name implies, is pa^er one or both surfaces of wliich may be coated. The larger part of the surface-coated paper made in the United States is coated with clay. There are also some coatings with a metal base and others made of gelatin and other products. An important grade is coated book paper, which is used for printing half-tones and for other printing purposes. It is usually coated on both sides, its base gen- erally being a good grade of book paper. Other kinds of coated paper are used mainly for covering boxes and for various other fancy or decorative purposes. They are usually known as super- calendered, flint-glaized, friction glazed, plated, embossed, waterproof, and fancy papers. Flock, referred to m one of the tariff items on surface-coated paper, is finely ground wool, felt, or vegetable fiber. It is a coating substance. Gummed paper is a kind of coated paper one surface of which is covered with gum or glue. It is used m making stickers, labels, stamps, seals, etc. Waxed paper is also a kind of coated paper with one or both sur- faces covered with wax. It is used for wrapping and preserving bread, cake, pie, and various bakery products, confectionery, other food products, drugs, flowers, etc. , Decalcomania paper is a kind of gummed paper. It is used for transferring colored designs to glassware, porcelain, marble, and the like. It is covered with a vegetable gum or aliimina coating, on which the design in colors is placed and which allows the complete removal of the design and its adherence to the surface of the glass- ware or other article when the paper is pressed against the latter after being soaked in water. . Cldth-Mned or reinforced paper is paper lined with cloth or rein- forced by string or some othef substance. This paper is used some- times Where an especially strohg, nbntearable variety. of packing pdper is heeded, but there are also cheaper grades, which are not very durable. It is much used in merchandise skipments, particu- larly for lining cases or covering machinery shipped m crates and for outside coverings of cases shipped on flat cars. An important use 1060 SUMMARY OF TAKIFF INFORMATION, 1921. for the better grades is as a durable drawing paper for draughtsmen and as a tough, durable paper for children's booKs. Vegetable parchment paper (M-3) is an unsized or waterleaf paper made preferably of cotton rags, vegetable fiber, or sulphite wood pulp treated with dilute sulphuric acid. It is dull in finish, dense, hard, and hornlike; it is grease proof, waterproof, translucent, and to a limited extent transparent. It is used for drawing, bookbinding, as covers for corks in medicine bottles, for filtering in sugar manufac- ture, in refining gutta-percha, as wrapping paper for greasy substances and for various food products, as Qasing for sausages, and in many other ways. Vulcanized paper (M-3), produced in a manner. similar to the pro- duction of vegetable parchment paper, ordinarily so called, but treated with zinc chloride instead of suljmuric acid, is a type of vegetable Earchment paper. This paper is much used, a number of sheets eing pressed together, in the manufacture of trunks, tubs, waste baskets, trucks, etc. Willesdeh paper is a variety of vegetable parch- ment paper, made by passing paper through an ammoniacal swution of copper oxide. Grease-proof or imitation parchment paper (M-3) is made of sul- phite wood pulp, preferably that produced by the IVtitscherUch or slow-cook process. , In the course of manufacture the stock is sub- jected to an unusually extended process of beating, which reduces it to a gelatinous condition. The first finished product of this process is a paper with a dull finish, dense and hard, Resembling parchment paper m various ways, especially in the characteristic"%.ornlike ap- pearance above iioted. The paper is hot waterproof and is but par- tially grease propf; that is, it is not entirely impervious to grease, but nevertheless it has the quality of resisting grease to a lunited extent. The paper is more tenacious than sulphite paper not so treated. It is translucent and imperfectly transparent. A part of the paper thus produced is afterwards moistened and run through supercalender rollers imder heat and pressure. It loses, thus its dull finish and beconaes very glossy and mpre perfectly transparent. The dull, uncalendered kind is kiiown variously in the trade as imitation parchmeiit, grease proof, aiid pergamyn. The calendered, tra,nsparent kind is usually called glassine, parchmyn, or japanin paper, although sometimes, as in the tariff act of 1913, also called greiase J)roof . Both kinds are used as a wrapping for cakes and simi- lar articles which do not require a perfectly grease-proof covering. The supercalendered variety*is more useful, however, for the manu- facture of an outer wrapping for bottles and boxes, through which labels may be read, as the transparent material for "window enve- lopes," and for making sanitary protectors for telephone receivers. Photographic and bme-print paper (M-4) : Two groups of paper are included in the tariff items which cover photographic aiid blue- print paper, namely, (1) photographic paper and platinum paper, and (2) blue-print paper and brown-print paper. Each of these in turn is divided into two kinds : (1) " Raw " paper, which is practically the same as high-grade writing paper, and (2) the finished paper, which is the "raw" paper after it has been sensitized for prmting by photographic, blue-print, or brown-print processes. As the names imply, these are the Hnds of light-sensitive paper on which photo- SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1061 graphs, photostats, blue prints, and other similar forms of prints are made. Wet transfer paper (C-15) is a kind of coated paper used in lithog- raphy for transferring designs to lithographic plates. As indicated in the tariff phraseology, this paper contains the imprints taken from lithographic plates. The same sort of paper coated but not yet im- printed with the design is included under the provisions for surface- coated paper in the first part of paragraph 1305. Production. — Surface-coated, waxed, gummed, decalcomania, and decorated paper: In 1914, 117,342 tons of coated book paper, valued at $11,605,584, were produced in the United States. The 1919 pro- duction was 132,000 tons, with a value of $24,010,000. No figures are available for production of other kinds of coated paper. In the 12 months ended Januaiy, 1921, the 22 members of the Waxed Paper Manufacturers' Association, representing approximately 85 per cent of the waxed-paper production of the United States, produced 46,880 tons of waxed paper. The annual output of decalcomania paper is estimated at 100 tons, valued at $80,000. The decalcomania paper industry is a new one in the United States, having been carried on only since 1916. Decalcomania paper manufacturers estimate do- mestic consumption at 600 tons annually. No figures for the pro- duction of gummed paper and decorated paper are available. Cloth-lined or reinforced paper production in the United States is estimated at 1,000 to 1,500 tons annually. Vegetable parchment-paper production in the United States is about 12,000 tons per year. In January, 1921, six miUs were engaged in parchmentizing. The 1915 production was 13,500 tons and the 1920 production 10,800 tons. Imitation parchment-paper production figures are not available. Bags, boxes, etc.: See par. 1313, p. 1088. Photographic and blue-print paper : The annual production of "raw" photographic paper is roughly estimated at 5,000 tons. Figures for sensitized photographic paper production and raw blue- print paper production are not available. The annual output of sensitized blue-print paper is variously estimated by sensitizers at from 2,000 to 10,000 tons. Wet transfer paper: No figures available. Imports for 1914 and 1918 (fiscal years) of the paper mentioned in paragraph 1305 are shown in the following table : Grease-proof and imitation parcluneut papers (act ol 1909) supercalendered and rendered transparent Parehinent paper (act o£1913 onljr).... Plain basic for albuminizing, sensitizing, etc Beinforced or clotli-lined paper Lithographic transfer Marbleized hand-dipped paper Snitable for covering boxes White-coated surface calender plate finished Wholly or partly covered with metal leaf, etc All other surface-coated paper Boxes of paper, papier-umch^ or wood Papers, uncoated, gummed (decorated) Bags, envelopes, composed of surface-coated De^comania 191i , Pounds. 6,184,511 14,145 125,329 224,777 5,252,891 57,878 391,174 298,996 'i78,"956 Value. $300,725 51,483 1,371,346 2,281 25,564 25,335 339,953 7,752 123,287 175,672 117,724 27,647 224,235 Pounds. 287,234 1,416,513 13,318 26,061 28,775 184,650 3,513 22,242 110,301 345,630 40,053 Value. 127,469 27,104 430,252 9,775 7,899 6,767 23,815 287 10,683 34,161 178,052 32,688 5,161 63,506 1062 SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Imports during the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. Valiie. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. WHITE COATED SURFACE PAPER, CALENDER PLATE FINISH. 1918 Pounds. 831 , 7,092 41,867 142,813 1 $134 3,741 19,664 ; 26,586 1... 1 $0.16 J .53 .47 $33 935 4,916 Percent. 25 1919 25 1920.... -?. 25 1921 (9 months) (.y. -- 1 SURFACE COATED PAPER SUITABLE FOR COVERING BOXES. 1918 U.!. .1 ijl! 1919 28,522 54! 285 165,641 54, 189 $6,226 8,656 28,745 ' 12,496 . . $0.22 .16 .17 $2,490 3,422 11,498 40 . 40 1920 ;. 40 1921 (9 months)... PARAFFIN PAPER (NOT INCLUDING OIL) AND PARAFFIN WAX. 1918 I 5, 531, 118 . 1919 ' 9, 883, 180 ' 1920 ::...: 7,629,39a 1921 (9 months) 1 3, 526, 670 , «546,342 973,521 820,885 290,230 $0.10 .10 .11 MARBLEIZED PAPER, HAND DIPPED. 1918. ; 1919 : ......;... -hJ/.-ii... 14,365 1920 1 3,524 1921 (9 months) . .1 18, 212 $3,341 1,419 6,309 $0.23 1.40. $835 .35S .26 25 . DECALCOMANIA PAPER,- NOT PRINTED: 1018 . ' . . .. $144,878'- 165y963 1919... . , 1920.' 1921 (9 months).. , . PAPER WHOLLY OR PARTLY COATED WITH METAL LEAF, GELATIN, OR FLOCK. 1918,.. ;....i...uj.i..i..... ..,r 6,495 5,418 37,238 49,703 ; $4,209 4,147 ''38,46«i' 24,348 $0.65 .76 1.03 :. $1,052 1,037 ■ 91615 25 1919 , 25 1920 . . 2S 1921 (9 months) PAPER, UNCOATED, GUMMED, OR WITH SURFACE OR SURFACES DECORATED OR COVERED WITH A DESIGN, FANCY EFFECT, PATTERN, OR CHARACTER. 1918 346,438' 7,84-7 29,641 20,926 - $32,876 6,732 14,019 5,698 $0.95 .86 .47 $11,507 2 356 4,907 35 1919. 35 1920 35 1921 (9 months).. LITHOGRAPHIC TRANSFER PAPER, NOf PRINTED. 1918 < 19,318 12,463 69,573 ' 59,493 : $6, 811 . 5,120 16,720 13,555 $0.35 .41 .24 $1,703 1,280 4,180 25 1919 1920 25 25 1921 f 9 months^ . . j. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1063 Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. PLAIN BASIC PHOTOGR.\PH[C PAPER, FOE ALBUMINIZING, SENSITIZING, OR BARYTA COATING FOB PHOTOGRAPHIC PROcfesS. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months).. Pounds. 647,545 251,688 641,663 749, 177 $188, 566 100,226 124,280 128,374 $0.29 I $28,285 .40 ' 15,034 .19 , 18,642 Per cent. 15 16 15 PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER, ALBUMINIZED OR SENSITIZED OR OTHERWISE COATED 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 montlis). 58,004 465,211 574,408 $26,460 46,632 191,943 150, 627 $0.80 . .41 : $6, 615 11,658 47,986 23 25 25 1918. 1919. 1921 (9 months).. ALL OTHER SURFACE COATED PAPERS. 55,345 I 93,273 I 473,869 279,660 $24,801 36,883 166,332 ,77,306 $0.45 .39 .35 REINFORCED OR CLOTH-LINED PAPER. $8,680 12,909 58, 216 35 35 36 1918 ......1.,. 1919.... .'.i...';;.L....::' 15! 129 13,942' $5,700 4,607 ,i,798 10,746 $0.64 1.33 .58 $1,995 1,612 . 3,079 35 35 1920 ...'. . .\. . 35 1^1 (0 months) : PARCHMENT PAPER. 1918 . :''"'• -■' ■ '■ -■^''^'■' ' $55,214 ,'28,213 67,595 36,331 $13,803 7,053 16,899 25 1919... ■ r< 'iii ■"■i93,''447' 118,690 25 1920 ■.; 1921 <9 month.s) $6.35 25 t GREASE PROOF AND IMITATION PARCHMENT PAPERS BY WHATEVER NAME KNOWN, SUPERCALENDEREp AND RENDERED TRANSPARENT OR PARTIALLY SO. 1918 1919 1920 1921 ("9 months^ 1 40 .; \ 465 ...J 23,977 1.^ QKR $729 484 2,967 5,052 $18.22 1.04 .12 $255 169 1,038 35 35 35 1 , 1 ALL OTHER GREASE PROOF AND IMITATION PARCHMENT PAPERS. 191$ , 34,741 155,910 108,510 536,661 $8,231 32)459 18,912 53,986 $0.24 .21 .17 ■■| ;■;■ ' $2,881 11,360 6,619 35 1919.,..; J. ■..:■.■... 35 1920 35 Jl '—1 BAGS,' ENVELOPES, AND ARTICLES COMPOSED OF SURFACE-COATED PARCHMENT. OR SIMILAR PAPF,RS, 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months).. $6, 566 11, 582 37, 877 32,319 \-r. ,, $2,298 35 ' ■ '4,054 35 ; 13, 257 35 f , 1 1064 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INEORMATIOST, 1921. Calendar yeai . Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad val(H«m Tate. BOXES OF PAPER, PAPIER-MACHE, OR WOOD COVERED WITH SURFACE-COATED PARCHMENT, OR SIMILAR PAPERS, OR COVERED OR LINBD WITH COTTON OR OTHER VEGISTABLE FIBERS. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months).. }121,S10 72,677 129,813 19,771 $42,528 25,430 45,435 Per cent. 35 35 35 Exports since 1917 by calendar years are shown in the following tables : Wax paper Paper bags Paper boxes and cartons All other paper $228, 137 884,415 1,079,413 6, 170, 601 $552, 167 1,566,373 1,351,930 8,799,550 $403, 810 2,593,459 2,237,596 11,091,952 1921 (9 months). $106,228 670,882 988,436 4,879,930 Important changes in classification. — This paragraph has been remodeled substantially on the lines of the act of 1909 with certain additions. Surface-coated paper: Changes in wording have been made for the sake of clearness, but little change in application. The items paper with white-coated surface or surfaces, calender plate finished, hand dipped, marbleized paper, surface-coated papers suitable for covering boxes, and lithographic transfer paper not printed, which appeared for the first time in the act of 1'913, did not need to be enumerated eo nomine in H. R. 7456 because sufficiently covered otherwise. Decorated paper: To the item "papers, including wrapping paper," etc., which appeared in the act of 1909, has been added a qualifying phrase, "except designs, fancy effects, patterns, or characters pro- duced on a paper machine without attachments," and the phrase "whether produced in the pulp or otherwisie" has been omitted. The purpose of the change is to exclude from the application of this paragraph papers, particularly wrapping paper, which have been decorated to no greater extent than receivmg lines or designs as a watermark while they are on the ordinary paper machine. Gummed paper: Gummpd paper is different from the paper with which it is classified in the act oi 1913, and hence is given a separate provision. Decalcomania paper not printed exempt from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 567) has been included with gummed paper, where it appears logically to belong. Wax-coated paper: -This is a new item. The trade has suggested its inclusion and it appears that they are justified in doing so for wax- coated paper is an important item of production in the United States. Vegetable parchment paper: In the acts of 1909 and 1913 this was called parchment paper. The new wording is used to distinguish it from certain fine writing papers which are sometimes called parch- ment papers, and because it is the ordinarily used trade designation. It is a chemically treated paper different in process of making from &D.J other paper in the paper schedule, but has been grouped with imitation parchment paper because of the similarity of use. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1065 Photographic paper: The plain basic paper is now being placed ahead of the sensitized paper, as being a more logical order than the reverse which occurs in the acts of 1909 and 1913. Wet transfer paper or glycerine-prepared paper contains imprints from lithographic plates. This paper is a coated paper Used m the lithographic process for transferring lithographic designs. In the acts of 1909 and 1913 it appeared in the metal sdiedule in paragraphs 166 and 137, respectively. Being coated paper, its logical location is in this paragraph. Suggested changes. — Photographic and blue-print paper: Inasmuch as the albumenizing process went out of use some years ago, the words " albumenized " and "albumenizing" might be omitted. It is suggested that cigarette paper be moved from paragraph 1452 either to this paragraph or to paragraph 1309. PARAGRAPH 1306. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1306. Pictuies, calendars, cards, labels, flaps, cigar bands, placards, and other articles, composed wholly or in chief value of . paper lithographically printed in whole or in part from stone, gelatin, metal, or other material (except boxes, views of American scenery or ob- jectfi, and music, and illustrations when forming part of a periodical or newspaper, or of bound or unbound books, accom- panying the same) , not specially provided for, shall pay duty at the following rates: Labels and flaps, printed in less than eight colors (bronze printing to be counted as two colors), but not printed in whole or in part in metal leaf, 20 cents per pound; cigar bands of the same number of colors and printings, 30 cents per pound; labels aid flaps printed in eight or more colors (bronze printing to be counted as two colors), but not printed in whole or in part in metal leaf, 30 cents per pound; cigar bands of the same number of colors and printings, 40 cents per pound; labels and flaps, printed in whole or in part in metal leafj 50 cents per pound; cigar bands, printed in whole or in part in metal leaf, 55 cents per pound; all labels, flaps, and bands, not exceeding ten square inches cutting size in dimensions, if embossed or die-cut, shall pay the same rate of duty as hereinbefore provided for cigar bands of the same number of colors and printings (but no extra duty shall be assessed on labels, flaps, and bands for embossing or die-cutting); fashion maga- zines or periodicals, jjrinted in whole or in part by lithographic process, or deco- rated by hand, 8 cents per pound; decal- comanias in ceramic colors, weighing not over one hundred pounds per one thou- sand sheets on the basis of twenty by thirty inches in dimensions, 70 cents per pound and 15 per centum ad valorem; weighing over one hundred pounds per one thousand sheets on the basis of 1066 SUMMARY OF TAEIFP INFORMATION, 1921. H. R. 7456. twenty by thirty inches in dimensions. 22 cents per pound and 15 per centum ad valorem; if backed with metal leaf, 65 cents per pduild; all other deealcomanias, except toy decalcomanias, 40 cents per pound; all other articles than those here- inbefore specifically provided for in this' paragraph, not exceeding eight one-thou- sandths of an inch in thickness, 20 cents per pound; .exceeding eight and not ex- ceeding twenty one-thousandths of an inch in thickness, and less than thirty-, five square inches cutting size in dimen- sions, 8J cents per pound; exceeding thirty-five square inches cutting size in dimensions, 8 cents per poiind, and in addition thereto on all of said articles exceeding eight and not exceeding; twenty one-thousandths of an inch in thickness, if either die-cut or einbdssed, one-half of 1 cent per pound; if both die-cut and embossed, 1 cent per pound; exceeding twenty one-thousandths of an inch -in thickness, 6 cents per pound: Provided. That in the case of articles here- inbefore specified the thickness which shall determine the rate of duty to be imposed shall be that of the thinnest material found in the article, but for the purposes of this paragraph the thickness of lithographs mounted or pasted upon paper, cardboard, or other material shall be the combined thickness of the litho- graph and the foundation on which it is mounted or pasted, and the cutting size shall be the area which is the product of the greatest dimensions of length and . breadth of the article, and if the article is made up of more than one piece, the cutting size shall be the combined cut- ting sizes of all of the lithographically printed parts in the article. ACT OF 1909. Par. 412. Pictures, calendars, cards, labels, flaps, cigar bands, placards, and other articles, composed wholly or in chief . value of paper, lithographically printed in whole or in part from stone, metal, or material other than gelatin (ex- cept boxes, views of American scenery or objects, and music, and illustrations when forming part of a periodical or newspaper, or of bound or unbound books, accom- panjing the same, not specially provided for in this section), shall pay duty at the following rates: Labels and flaps, printed in less than eight colors (bronze printing to be counted as two colors'), but not printed in whole or in part in metal leaf, twenty cents per pound; cigar bands of the same number of colors and printings, thirty cents per pound; labels and flaps printed in eight or more colors, but not printed in whole or in part in metal leaf, thirty cents per pound; cigar bands SENATE AMENDMENTS ACT OP 1913. Par. 325. Pictures, calendai's, cards, * * * labels, flaps, cigar bands, plac- ards, and other articles composed, wholly or in chief value of paper lithographicajly printed in whole or in part from stone, gelatin, metal, or other material (except boxes, views of American scenery or ob- jects, and music, and illustrations when forming a part , of a periodical,: or news- paper or of bound or unbound books, ac- companyiQg the same, not specially provided for in this section) shall pay duty at the following rates: Labels and flaps printed in less than eight colora (bronze printing to be counted as two colors), but not printed, in whole or in part of metal leaf, 15 cents per pound; cigar bands of the same number of colors and printings,. 20 cents per pound; labels and flaps printed in eight or more colors (bronze printing to be counted as two colors), but not printed in whole or^^n part SUMMARY OF TARIFF IXFORMATIOX, 1921. 1067 ACT OF 1909. of the same number of colors and print- ingB, forty cents per pound; labels and flaps, printed in whole or in part in metal leaf, fifty cents per pound; cigar bands, printed m whole or in part in metal leaf, fifty-five cents per pound ; all labels, flaps, and bands not exc'eeding ten square inches cutting size in dimensions, if em- bossed or die-cut, shall pay the same rate of duty as hereinbefore pro\'ided for cigar bands of the same number of colors and printings (but no extra duty shall be assessed on labels, flaps, and" bands for embossing or die-cutting); * * * fashion magazines or periodicals, printed in whole or in part by lithographic proc- ess, or decorated by hand, eight cents per pound; * * * decalcomanias in ce- ramic colors, weighing not over one hun- dred pounds per thousand sheets on the basis of twenty by thirty inches in dimen- sions, seventy cents per pound and 15 per centum ad valorem; weighing over one hundred pounds per thousand sheets on the basis of twenty by thirty inches in dimen- sions, twenty-two cents per pound and fifteen per centum ad valorem; if backed with metal leaf, sixty-five cents per pound; all other decalcomanias, except toy decalcomanias, forty cents per pound; all other articles than those hereinbefore specifically provided for in this paragraph, not exceeding eight one-thousandths of one inch in ttiickness, twenty cents per pound; exceeding eight and not exceed- ing twenty one-thousandths of one inch in thickness, and less than thirty-five sc[uare inches cutting size in dimensions, eight and one-half cents per pound; ex- ceeding thirty-five square inches cutting size in dimensions, eight cents per pound, and in addition thereto on all of said arti- cles exceeding eight and not exceeding twenty one-thousandths of one inch in thickness, if either die cut or embossed, one-half of one cent per pound; if both die cut and embossed, one cent per pound; exceeding twenty one-thousandths of one inch in thickness, six cents per pound: Provided, That in the case of articles hereinbefore specified the thickness which shall determine the rate of duty to be imposed shall be that of the thinnest material found in the article, but for the purposes of this paragraph the thickness of lithographs mounted or pasted upon paper, cardboard, or other material, shall be the combined thickness of the litho- graph and the foundation on which it is mounted or pasted. Par. 415. » * * articles composed wholly or in chief value of paper printed by the photogelatin process and not spe- cially provided foi in this Act, three cents per pound and twenty-five per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1913. of metal leaf, 20 cents per pound; cigar bands of the same number of colors and printings, 25 cents per pound; labels and flaps pnnted in whole or in part of metal leai, 35 cents per pound; cigar bands printed in whole or in part of metal leaf, 40 cents per pound; * * * all other articles not exceeding eight one-thou- sandths of an inch in thickness, 15 cents per pound; exceeding eight one-thou- sandths of an inch and, not exceeding twenty one-thousandths of an inch in thickness and less than thirty-five square inches cutting size in dimension, 5 cents per pound; exceeding eight and not exceeding twenty one-thousandths of an inch in thickness and thirty-five square inches and over cutting size in dimension, 7 cents per pound; exceeding twenty one- thousandths of an inch in thickness, 5 cents per pound, providing that in the case of articles hereinbefore specified the thickness which shall determine the rate of duty to be imposed shall be that of the thinnest lithographed material found in the article, but for the purpose of this paragraph the thickness of lithographs mounted or pasted upon paper, cardboard, or other material shall be the combined thickness of the lithograph and the foun- dation upon which it is mounted or pasted^ » * * fashion magazines or periodicals printed in whole or in part bv lithographic process or decorated by hand, 6 cents per pound; * * * decalco- manias in ceramic colors, weighing not over one hundred pounds per thousand sheets, on a basis of twenty by thirtv inches in dimensions, 60 cents per pound; all other decalcomanias, except toy de- calcomanias, 15 cents per pound. Par. 425. ■* * * bound or unbound, lithographic priiitp , * * * [Free], 1068 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATIQN, 1921. KCOTURES, CALENDARS, CARDS, ETC. , pescriptidn and iises. — Pictures, calendars, cards,' etc. may'''be lithograpliically or otherwise pruited, They are used principally for advertising, display purposes, and for presents, souvenirs, etc. Productwn. — No data available. Imports, including pictures, calendars, cards, booklets, labels, flaps, cigar bands, placards, decalcomanias, and other similar articles composed wholly or in chief value of paper lithographically printed, were 4,895,643 pounds, valued at $1,780,548 in 1914. Post cards imported in 1914 were valued at .$527,932. Later statistics follow: year. Quantity. Value. Unit value." Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. LABELS .YND FLAPS PBINTED'IN LESS THAN 8 COLORS. 1918 ;:... 1919 ....:.. 1920 1921 (9 months).. Pounds. 9,625 9,464 15,503 38,090 $16, 271 25^841 19,365 24,760 $1.69 2.73 1.25 SI, 300 1,374 2,274 Per cent. LABELS AND FLAPS PRINTED IN 8 OB .MORE COLORS. 1918.......;;.... 1919 1920 1921(9mQnth.'5).. 10,738 10; 726 10,423 17, .380 $16,645 13,499 12,532 21,620 $1.55 i 1.26 I 1.20 i $1,741 1,736 1,815 LABELS AND FLAPS PRINTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART IN METAL LEAF. 1918 ....:.., 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 7,220 1,503 3,951 1,848 $4,733 1,894 6,497 2,095 $0,656 1.260 1.644 $2,420 477 1,383 .'XIl 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months).. CIGAR BANDS PRINTED IN LESS THAN 8 COLORS, 7,017 3,564 11,951 21,578 $12,043 4,733 14,137 21,832 $1. 716 1.328 1.183 $1,137 619 2,240 CIGAR BANDS PRINTED IN 8 OR MO] ElE COLOR S. " 1918 44 1,070 1,506 615 $85 1,275 1,369 1,200 $1.93 1.19 .91 $9 214 376 10.35 1919 18.78 1920 . 27.50 1021 ^Q mnnthfi^ CIGAR BANDS PRINTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART IN METAL LEAF. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months).. 142 1,253 1,462 297 • nH $313 2,617 2,264 804 $2.20 2.09 1.55 $45 430 585 14.52 16.43 25.86 FASHION MAGAZINES OR PERIODICALS PRINTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY THE LITHOGRAPH PROCESS OR DECORATED BY HAND. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 579 3,473 17,594 6,007 $617 2,083 7,007 7 523 ' $1.07 .60 .40 $35 208 1,056 5.63 10.00 15.07 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOEMATIO?^, 1921. 1069 Calendar year. Quantity. Value. I'nit value. Duty. Equivalent adValorem. DECALCOMANIAS IN CERAMIC COLORS, WEIomNG NOT OVER 100 POUNDS PER 1,000 SHEETS. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Povtids, 5,030 2,769 6,130 4,273 S22,S10 13, 154 26,635 21,027 I Per cent. 53,018 I 13.23 1,661 12.63 3,678 13.81 DECALCOMANIAS, ALL OTHER. 1918 1919 1920 ,1921 (9 months). 49,955 $85,728 42,805 49,932 118,817 140,117 101, 108 . 122,862 SI. 72 ! 1.17 I 1.18 ' $7,406 I. 6,421 I 17,823 12.86 12.72 PICTURES, CALENDARS, ETC., N. S. P. F. NOT EXCEEDING y^'s^ OF .VN INCH IN THICKNESS. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 26,680 28, 172 71,731 78,184 $25,737 43,3*1 108,955 117,805 $0.96 1.54 1.52 $4,002 4,226 10,760 15.65 9.75 9.88 EXCEEDma yi%j OF AN INCH .\ND NOT EXCEEDING tJSt OF AN INCH IN THICKNESS, LESS THAN 35 SQUARE INCHES. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 8,857 ! 75,270 i 354,796 I 373,140 I $9,711 43,832 145,213 143,057 $1.10 .58 .41 $443' 3,763 17,738 4.56 8.59 12.22 EXCEEDING ^^^ OF AN INCH .IND NOT EXCEEDING yjlj OF AN INCH IN THICKNESa, 3S SQUARE INCHES AND OVER, 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 12,313 31,044 106,463 159,719 $9,756 15,027 59,575 60,573 SO. 80 .48 .56 fiXCEEBlNG iJStj OF AN INCH IN TliicfeNES.'!. $857 2,173 7,452 8.78 14.46 12.51 1918 1919 1920. .'.: 1921 (9 mouths). 2,712 10,282 43,623 86,565 $4,451 3,915 20,116 30,468 $1.64 .38 .46 $136 ■514 2,181 3.05 13.13 10.84 Exports not segregated. Impoiiant changes in classification. — The provision for determining the cutting size which shall govern the rate of duty is new. Suggested changes. — ^This paragraph provides that pictures, calen- dars, cards, and placards, as well as labels, flaps, and cigar bands, "shall pay duty at the following rates" without, however, separately imposing duties thereon as in the case of labels, .flaps, and cigar bands. It is therefore suggested that the words "pictures, calendars, cards * * * placards, and other articles," together with the 'phriase in parentheses " (except boxes, views of Ainerican scenery or objects, and .music, and illustrations when forming part of a periodical or news- paper, or of bound or unbound books, accompanying the same)," and 1070 StTMMAEY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. the words "not specially provided for," be stricken out of the first part of the paragraph, which would thereby be confined, from hne 17, page 141, to line 15, page 142, to labels, flaps, and cigar bands, with the respective rates of duty thereon set forth in proper order. If tms should be done, a period should be substituted for the semi- colon in line 15, page 142, and the word "fashion" ending line 15, be made the beginning of a new sentence to end with the word "pound" in line 18, page 142, with the words "from stone, gelatin, metal, or other material" inserted after the word " process" in line 17. The provisions concerning decalcomanias in line 18, page 142, to line 1, page 143, should be inserted as another sentence after the word "pound" in line 13, page 143, and the words "pictures, calendars, cards, placards, and all other articles, composecf wholly or in ctiief value of paper lithographically printed in whole or in part from stone, gelatin, metal, or other material (except boxes, views of American scenery or objects, and music, and illustrations when forming part of a periodical or newspaper, or of bound or unbound books^ accompany- ing the same), not specially provided for" should be inserted after the word "pound" in line 18, page 142, and the words "all other articles than those hereinbefore specifically provided for in this paragraph," should be omitted from lines 1 to 3, page 143. If it should be desired to have lithographically printed envelopes, used as containers of hair nets or seeds, come within this paragraph rather than paragraph 1308, which provides for paper envelopes without qualification or limitation, specific provision therefor should be made in this paragraph. With these changes, paragraph 1306 would read as follows : . Labels , flaps , cigar bands , composed wholly or in chief value of paper lithographically printed in whole or in part from stone, gelatin, metal, or other material, shall pay duty at the following rates: Labels and flaps, printed in less than eight colors ^bronze print- ing to be counted as two colors), but hot printed in whole or in part in metal leaf, [rate] per pound; cigar bands of the same number of colors and printings, [rat«] per pound; labels and flaps printed in eight or more colors (bronze printing to be counted as two colors), but not printed in whole or in part in metal leaf, [rate] per pound; cigar bands of the same number of colors and printings, [rate] per pound; labels and flaps, printed in whole or in part in metal leaf, [rate] per pound; cigar bands printed in whole or in part in metal leaf, [rate] per pound; all labels, flaps, and bands not exceeding 10 square inches cutting size in dimensions, if embossed or die-cut, shall pay the same rate of duty as hereinbefore provided for cigar bands of the same number of colors and printings (but no extra duty shall be assessed on labels, flaps, and bands for embossing or die^cutting). Fsishion magazines of periodicals, printed in whole or in part by lithographic process from stone, gelatin, metal, or other material, or deco- rated by hand, [rate] per pound. Pictures, calendars, cards, envelopes, placards, and all other articles, composed wholly or in chief value of paper lithographically printed in whole or in part from stone, gelatin, metal, or other material (except boxes, views of American scenery or objects, and music, and illustrations when, forming part pf a periodical or newspaper, or of bound or, unbound bopiks, aci30mpanying the same), not specially provided for, not exceeding eight one-thouisandthB of an inch in thicknffls, trate] per pound; exceeding eight and not exceeding twenty one- thousandths of an inch in thickness, and less than 35 square inches cutting size in dimensions, [rate] I per pound; exceeding 35 square inches cutting size ia. dimensions, [rate] per pound, and iri addition thereto on 3,11 of said articles exceeding eight and not exceeding twenty one-thousandths of an inch in thiclness, if either die-cut or embossed, [rate] pbr pound; if both die-cut and embossed, [rate] pe*'poulldj 'exceeding twenty one-thoiisandtha of' an inch in thickness, [rate] per pound. Decalseoraanias in ceramic colors, weighing not over' 100 pounds per 1,000 sheets on the basis of 20_by 30 inches in dimensions, [rate] per pound and [rate] per centum. a4. valorem; weighing over 100 pounds per 1,000 sheets oh'the basis of 20 by 30 inches in dimensions, [rate] per pound and [rate] per centum ad valorem; if backed with m«tal leaf, [rate] per pound; all other decalconianias, except toy decalcomanias, [rate] iper^jound: ffroinded, That in the case of articles, etc. SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 192]. 1071 PARAGRAPH 1307. H. R. 7456. Pah. 1307. Writing, letter, note, draw- ing, handmade paper and paper commer- cially known as handmade paper and ma- chine handmade paper, japan paper and imitation japan paper by whatever name known, and ledger, bond, record, tablet, typewriter, manifold, and onionskin and imitation onionskin paper, Bristol board of the kinds made on a Fourdrinier ma- chine, calendered or uncalendered, 3 cents per pound and 15 per centum ad valorem; but if any of the foregoing is ruled, bordered, embossed, printed, lined, or decorated in any manner, other than by lithographic process, it shall pay 10 per centum ad valorem in addition to the foregoing rates. ACT OF 1909. Par. 413. Writing, letter, note, hand- made paper and paper commercially known as handmade paper and machine handmade paper, japan paper and imita- tion japan paper by whatever name known, aiid Kdger, bond, record, tablet, typewriter,- manifold, and onionskin and imitation onionskin papers calendered or iincalendered, weighing six and one- fourth pounds or over per ream, three cents per pound and fifteen per centum ad valorem; but if any such paper is ruled, bordered,, embossed, printed, lined, or decorated in any manner, other than by lithographic process, it shall pay ten per centum ad Valorem in addition to the foregoing rates: Provided, That in com- puting the duty on such paper every one hundred , ajid eighty thousand square inches shall be taken to be a ream. Par. 415. * * * bristol board, thir- ty-five per centum ad valorem; * * *. SBNATK AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Pah. 326. Writitig, letter, note, draw- ing, handmade paper and paper commer- cially known as handmade paper and machine handmade paper, japan paper and imitation japan paper by whatever name known, and ledger, bond, record, tablet, typewriter, and onionskin and imitation onionskin papers calendered or uncalendered, whether or not any such paper is ruled, bordered, embossed, printed, lined, or decorated in any man- ner, 25 per. centum ad valorem. Par. 328. * * * bristol board, * * * 25 per centum ad valorem. FINE PAPER. , ;(gee Survey M-6.) Description and uses.— Fine pappr, as is evident from its classifica- tion in the above paragraph, has a great many subdivisions. It consists of paper made from a high grade of raw material, principally cotton and linen rags, also cotton linters, esparto, and special fibers. Sulphite wood pulp, however, is being used increasingly in making writing paper. It is impossible to exclude such medium-grade wilting papers as, those containing wood, pulp from the general head- ing of fine paper, because it is desirable to treat all classes of.^vriting paper .together. , , .,,,., •, . r, ,, . , ,, Writing paper and other fine papei;§ are very similar lii the raw material from which they are manufactured and in texture to certain high grades of book paper, except that watermarks and special finishes are much more used in the former. 1072 SUMMARY OP TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. It is impossible to differentiate satisfactorily the manifold varieties of fine, paper. Tliis is particularly true of the principal group of fine papers, namely, writing papers. Writings, bonds, and ledgers are classified separately; yet bonds and ledgers are actually writing paper. There is no uniform system of classifying bonds, ledgers, papeteries, linens, etc., by raw-material content, by size, or by the use to which they are to be put. Every variety overlaps one or more varieties to some extent. Some varieties bear two names, such as "linen bond." In actual practice, in the mill, the product will often be named ac- cording to the dimensions of the finished sheet turned out by the mill, because the mill ordinarily sells sheets of certain standard sizes to makers of papeterie, other standard sizes to makers of bond, and yet others to makers of ledgers, etc. In general, however, the distinctions in terminology are as follows: Bond paper (which derives its name from the fact that it was first used as paper for engraved bonds) is usually of medium weight, is not highly calendered, and hence has not a highly polished surface, and tends to be translucent. It often rattles whenhandled. The cheapest bond paper is made of pure sulphite wood pulp and the best of 100 per cent new linen rags. Intermediate grades are made of various proportions of sulphite and old and new cotton and linen rags. Ledger paper is usually harder, tougher, and has a more polished surface than bond paper. Oftentimes it is heavier also. There are no bond papers of as great a weight as the heaviest ledger papers. A smooth polished surface on which frequent erasures can be made is necessary, for ledger paper is most frequently used for bookkeeping, public records, and similar purposes. Strength and dura;bility are also naturally requisities of this soi:t of paper. It is usually made entirely or in greater part of rags. Papeterie is the term applied to writing papers to be packed in boxes as stationery. It differs usually ftom bond and ledger in having a rather soft coarse texture. It has a dull, rough finish, for, like bond paper, it often is not calendered. It is usua,lly rather heavy. Letter, note, record, tablet, and typewriter papers, as specified in the tariff, are merely subdivisions of the kinds discussed above, classified according to use. Often it is merdly the size or the form in which the paper is cut for a particular purpose that determines its tariff classification. Tablet paper is often of material inferior to that used in the other grades named. Drawing paper is a high- grade product made chiefly of rags. In England esparto grass is much used for drawmg paper. Handmade papers, when imported, are usually extra fine and fancy papeteries or special stationery. Japan paper is. a paper of a pronounced silky texture, formerly made excmsiVely from the bark of the mulberry tree, beat out by the Japanese with mallets. Now, however, it is made also of other vegetable fibers. It is-used principally for writing, printing, tapestry, imitation Japanese wall hangings, and to some extent in art-craft books. It is almost transparent, and has a highly. glazed surface and a texture almost like the skin of an onion. Bristol board ma,de on a Fourdrinier machine is also a kind of fine paper. Its classification is discussed in detail below in the section on " Changes in classification. " SUMMARY dF- TARIFF INFORMATION^ 1921.- 1073 Productipn.-^Th.& production of fine paper increased fn^m 248,000 tons, valued at '$34,O55',OO0, iflilQM -to '325,000 tbiisV valued at $87,741,000, in 1919. Massachusetts is the principal seat of the fine- paper industry;! the other States of importance are New York, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Ohio. The domestic production is sufficient to supply practically the whole of the demand for domestic ^^risumptioii arid to ekport a surplus. u ^, Imports of writing paper in 1914 were 2,163,432 pounds, valued at $203,171. La,ter, stfttjstics! follow : ,, li'-'-.i Writing, drauiny, and similar 'papers. i<]hh'th'\ Calendar year. Quantity. Value, TJnit value. ,,p,uty. Ad v^alorem , rate. LEDGEE, BONfi', AND BECObD.' ._. ____: '..±liii l..i_;. ■J: 1919. ..!i.^,../. 1920...:'. ., 1921 (9 nionihs). -^ Oirii - ' ^ >.: ''..;ft '' ■ -iUff- ! Pounde. 9,093 6,697 - •' W 4,399, 2,205 ■$Q.42 .56 ■■■<•■• ; (iO Per 'cent.' ,'25 25 DRA.WIN(3. 1919 ..,.;.... ....1. ; 133,182 1920...:....'. i ;.;. 26fe,154 1921 /9 months) * ■ . . i412 .086 $4.5,130 66,481 , 92 1-77 $0.34 .25 $11,282 16,620 25 25 -^ — " ^1 — H=— — '(, 1919.. 1920 1921 (9 months).. TABLET. ■ 25 638 .354 $10 ■409 205 ■' i-, -'.'1 ■ $0.40 .64 $2 ■ 102: 25 ■'25 ■\ ' >i- TYPEWI^ITEE. ''. '"lii'/itiifiu; 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). I 1,077 !A3S0 iM'd^'iTiir $616 4-16 $0.66 I .41 $154 111 25 25 '^IS H Writing, letter, note, handmade, and paper commerdalhi hnmtm as. handmade g,nd machine handmade, Japan and imitation Japan paper, und^onioniliri arid imitation papers, calendered or uncalendered. '" ■ ■■. ''I'l -'i •> Calendar year. Quantity; Value. I'jiii S-alue. Duty. Ad valorem rate.' -I El LED, BOEDEEED, EMBOSSED, PRINTED, LINED ok' D-ECOEATED PouTids. 1918' ,, 405,939 1919 .....' • 25,1.52 1920 . ' !..i. ' 43,163 $182,487 21,788 20,370 , 14,445 $0.45 ' .87 .48 $4.3,622 5,447 5,092 Per cent. ., 25 25 25 1921 (9 mouths') ,- ,.,...' ,,, 24,495,, :t""V""i """ ' ' (ALL OTHEE. $0.74 ,.■' :70 '■$67, 174' .'107,156 1919 " "^' •' ■ '"3^3,943 $268,697 428,624 437,449 ,. ' ' 25 1920..;V.:''.'.'U. '..1. 1921 ^9 months) ..' -607,479' 75-1.-372 25 , ' Includes both the "ruled, bordered, embossed," etc.,iand'"aU other." 82304—22 68 1074 StfMMARY 01^ TABirE:INBQK.JM,ATip5rj,192L Exports in 1914 of writing paper q,ii.r-f).) Description and n.''■' 1918 te,iz2 14,291 148; 742 31,387 t7S8 2,1*4 7,288 Per cent. 15 1919 15 1920 ... 15 ' In addition to the figure given ($48,7-12) envelopes to the value qf $152 were imported free of duty from the PHilippliief Islands. ^ - i i ■ '• -' Exports not segregated. Important changes in classification. — The Wording of this paragraph is gli^tly changed so that all paper envelopes instead of l^eanng a uniform rate of duty shall bear duty according to the paper from which jthey ar^ made. This change is made because of tne great variety in quality of the papei; from which envelopes are made. 1076 5UM]yr>tIlY qF TAKIFF i:Sli'OEM:ATI0K, 1920, PARAGI14-P/H 1309. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. |30!). Jacquard (iesigns i on ruled paper, or cut on Jacquard'tards, iiid "parts of sucli'desigiis, 23 per centum aid vaWem; banging, paper, n6t printed, tlitiiograplied, dyed, or ,Qplored, 10 per centum ad ya- Ipr^; pa,per hangings ^ith paper back, or composed wholly or in chief vahie 6i paper, riot printed, lithographed, dyed, or colored, 5 cents per pomd; printed^ htho-- graphed,,. dyed, or colored; 20 per centum ad,vaJ,9rerQ; wi-apping paper not specially . provided for, 23 per centum ad valorem; blotting paper, 2 c&Js per pound and 10 JJer centum, ad valorem; filteriiig paperj 5 cents per pound an^; 15 per centum ad T.alorem; paper, not sp!e9ially provided for, 2o per ceiitiim ad vaiorein. ii, ACT OP 1009. _|,P^R,,4ip, ^ * * filtering paper,. five, cents per "pound and fifteen per pentim ad valorem: Provided, That iio article composed wholly or in chief value of one or, more of thepapef^ specified in .this pa,ra^aj?h shall paya ijeps.^ateof duty ^an th^it impospd upon the compoiient paper of chief v^lue of which 'felich article is made. •' ■ ' ' ■' . .j, ... •' i :Pab.'V415. .Tacquard d€s:ignB an; ruled paper ,pr£Ut on Jacquard cards, and parts, of such designs, *' «' * thirty-five per ceh'tuifa afd valoreiii; * • * * paper hangings with paper back or composed wholly or in chief value of paper, twenty- five; per centum ad valprem; wrapping paper not sjifecially provided for in this section, fhirty-five per centufliad valorem ; paper not specially provided for in this section; ; thirty per centum ad valo- rem: * ,fl f. ■:■ ' f No cqri#iponding provision for hanging paper and blotting paper.] ,;. ACT OF 1913. , ,^Ta^:'M^.['*'.'* ,*" all Wers, -*"*.,* not, specially pr'o^ddled for ifij'this fc- tibii', '25 lier* centUfli ad VMotein. > ' ■ ^ Pab'.' 328. Jacquard desi|;ns on ruled paper, or, cut on Ja<;«J(iafd card^, and p^rts . qfjSuch ^^gns, *'' t i. * paper hangings with paper back' or. cpiriposed wholly ' df in' chief valu4' of 'paiper, 'and wrappii^ ■paper (not' ispeeially piovid!^ foi:' in ^thu seq^iiOii, 25 per centum ad valorem j ,,., . : . -Par: 323. * , *, * , .filtering paj)^r, and articles mariutactured froiii any' of the foregoing papersi'oi* of which such paper is the component material of chief value, 30 per centum ad valorem. I No corresponding provision for hanging paper and blotting paper.] JACQUAIlD DESIGn'^J HANGmO pAPEe'J :^kPEE HANGINGS, WKAPMNG, BLOTTING AND FILTERING PAPER. (,Seo Sui'veys J.r-7, M-3, and S^.;^ ' '" \ Description and ■w.ses.-^acq'uard 'designs i6r Jacq-Wiwd cjlrds are used with the' Jacquard' loom, a m'adhin'e 'for faucyweaving/having a chaitt of perforated cards passings orer a rotary pfism, the per- forations permitting the passage' of wires that determine the raising of warp threads, causing the figure to be woven in accordance with tlie prean'angement of the perforated cards. Wall paper, or paper hangings, is paper ready for use as a covering for the interior walls of buildings. Hanging paper is the paper used for making wall paper, i. e., it is wall paper not yet ready for use as wall covering. The distinction between them is discussed in detail below in the section on changes in classification. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOEMATIO^', 1921. ID'?!? Wrapping paper, as its -name indioatep; is'^tised for wrapping and packing purposes of all sorts. This is practically its sole use. There are, now'ever, three principal varieties according to material used: (1) Kraft, a very toughs brown paper made wholly or in part of sulphate wdod ^pul'p, introduced within the last 15 years; (2)'manila, a strdlig paper of lighter color, formerly made* principall;^ of old and waste manala' rope and rope ends', heilip', jute, and flax wast6,old gunny cloth and old gunny bags, but now made chiefly of sulphite wood pulpj' and ifreciuently calfed bogus manila; and (3) fiber papfer, a chbap, 'm«re oiless brittle and tearable variety^ made of waste paper, cuttings from paper-board factoiries, mechanically ground wodapulp, wood-ptdp refuse, or almost any 'fibrous material of inferior qufllitj-. Of these three s6tts, gtouine m&ilila made of old rapfe, Jiagging, etc., is 'the strongest per unit of weight. Next comes lo-aft jpaper, followed 'by the best > grades of wood pulp or bogus manila. Last, of course, are the fiber papers of' common- stock. In addition to 'thesb varieties, there are a number' of cheap wood-pulp papers made of'ground Wood with varying proportions of 'chemical pulp. •'■'■■' ■ ■ ''I' • ■'•■' • ■■>< ■' .•; ' -■ •■■ I ^■'' ' Bag paper is made of all the different substances -above I'i^tedl Paper 'tb -be made into sacks for flour,' fcementj charcoal, siigfer,'naSls, etc., is necessarily heavy and tough and often is reinforced by cloth. There are a great many special kinds of wrapping paper, all of which may be classified under the varieties already named. Mill wrapper- is *thick, coarse paper used to a great degree in paper mills, -wh^re it is made to pack the staple products of those mills. It is made often out of paper-mill sweepings. So-called news wrapping paper comes under the head of fiber paper, the raw material |3emg r^p|i4p,e4.neys- print. Straw wrapping paper, screenings (paper made from pulp screened out as unfit for use in the paper for which it was originally intended) j 'express paper (primarily for wrapping express shipments), fruit wrappers, and suk wrappers are other varieties. Certain kinds of tissufe p'ajper atfe ufeed for wMppirlg 'purposes, but ai'e treated separately in the tariff and bear a higher rate of duty. (See Survey M-3, on: tissue paper,) Grease-jproof paper and imitation parch- ment are also mainly used for wrapping. A special survey treats of these grades. . ■'. '.■j Blotting paper, as its name indicates, is used for soaking up liquids for'dne plirpd^ or'another. It is unsized-, porous, and absorbent. ■- Filtering paper is a white, unsized, porous paper. The domestic product in the main is a very ordinary grade, differing little fro,ni blotting paper and used principally for clarifying liquids.. It is used by soap, paint, sugar, color, and pharmaceutical manufac- turers. It is also used by electrical companies to filter oil for trans- formers. Another use is for chemical qualitative analyses. The best grades for qualitative analysis are not made in this country and must be imported mainly from England, Sweden, Germany, atfd France. Recently, however, a beginning has been made in the United States in manufacturing the better grades. ' '" Prot^MC^ion.— Jacquard designs used, here are almost exclusively domestically produced. Ttey are made by pUrichihg holes m pieces of cardboa^rd with a plate (or a piano) punching machme. There is i&tle need .to import designs. Our imports compared with domestic 1078 SUMMARY OrTARirr: IWrOEMAXION, 1921, Eioduction are, of •no importance. They are accounted for in part y the. fact that one American company weavin^g withjacquard looms,has,a mill in France which Si^nda for-ireference to the. Americati mill copies of the designs it. prodlices.! I ,, >The production of hanging paper in t^he >United States decreased from 97,000 tons T^dluedat $4,489,000,in 1914.to 69,000 tons valued at $6,043^000 lin 19li9.,' The oaitput of hanging-paper fluctuates con^ siderably from msnth; to month and from year'; to • year. One of the reasons for thiafluctuaitiion is tthe fact that many of the/ machines making hanging paper can be operated .at will eitiier in the manu- faDtiire of Kews^raint or of hanging paper; ', '( The preductioniof wallipaperj not made in papei' mills increased from $15)887,000 dn.l9,14!to $23,895,000 in 1919. The number of establishments lihcreased from 48 in 1914 to. 49 in 1919. : Production of , wall paper ia the United States supplies .practically thexwholbi of the ddmaad for domestie consumption. , . . -- i ; . ' ! .; The production of blotting paper deci^eased from 14,000 tons valubd at $1,458,000 in 1914 :to 13,000 tons valued ati.$2.,34)9,00O.inil9i9i A rough estimate places the annual production of filter paper in. the Unitea States .at 600 tons. :>, : n; iU; -> -',mr - q j : ,.'i Imports in the fiacal yearil914'arfi showhiby the following, table;/! Jacqutnd desigae .,.!.;. i; . a . Paper hangings '...'.. Wfepping'papei- (pounds).-. -e-jXilii'' • '(-| M. ;_ ' ; ' Artidle. ' - ' ■ ' : . 1 1^< (iuantity; .^^'-^'jL^iL-^-- 1 iiiHicLj-i"/- M.'si^.'ssi' Value. 936.339 1,02^500 Later statistics foUdW:' " QuautUy. \ alue. I Unit value. Uiitr. .- . Duty. AdValo- rein rate. JACQUAKp DESIGNS, ON RUhED PAPE^ OK: CU.T. ON J^CQU^^D CA(^p^,, , ito). ■ ' ..-J 1921 (9 months).... > Povnm. ...'.'.'.i.-.'.'.'|l*'>'I' S877' ...'3.'. :-4% iiH'i tela 10, 411 Per cnU. 'i-t-nr- l;765' • PAPEK, HANGINGS, iWITHjPAKERjpj* igisi!*. \'- ■' ' ...^J-.i..... iCK OB COMPOSED, W or PAPER. ....,-. !•' tla(5,d97' rHOLLY.O B,JN,CHIE1 ' 133:924 ... .,24.91&, ■ 90,341-' ."1 -n ^T f,yAI.UE 1919... ,,.......;....-,,.,.. .4:|.^J.-j 1920 . ... i ;:::::::::::! 'm^ : >r---- ^'-■i 1921 {9 Months) ..'..■.::... . ; .>J.' i i Viiiil il..-.. !■■■•. lijd dX^^4-~^-u^ — ^ .1 .BjisSBfF. — ^ — -t-;^- — 1 1. ........ \YRAPPING PAPEK. 1«18j, ;.-...f 191? 1920. :-,u 1921 (9 months). :;r:-'i'iT 7,795,466.: .J6?0.278 ( i 10. W , , ,: W32, 569 4,663,484 '.39.^:466-! ' .08f' ^8,362 ■4/54a,156'| .■4g,3??,"!)ll , ,.094-;, !l06i687, 6,«08.317, • 326,580,. PAPERS NOT SPECIALLY PB0VID]5D FOR, ^ 1918.;-.. i... 1920..::l.V..C.l.:... 1921 (9 months) 131,115 23,373 14,916 431:444 ■ 86, 9K 512,555 59,547 ^^i% : *7, 779! A 729 25 35 SUMMABY- OP TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1079 Exports in 1914 of paper hangings wete valued at $453,412. Ex- ports of wrapping ,pap§[r„ were 14,133,097 pounds, valued M $532,657. Later statistics for calendar years follow : 1918 1919 Paper hangings (ralue) Wrapping-paper: i Quantity (pounds) o9,899,046 Value S4,828,Sbe ja2f| "I 1921 "'^ (9, months). (VI $529,639"; $899,457 ' $1,251,743 74,916.830 : $6; 664, 462 I .,264,501 (.894,381 $503,038 0,208^63 ii;:9i3,»io Important changes in classification. — Cardboard jand bristol : board are omitted from this paragraph. Cardboard is now taken oai-e of in two paragraphs: paragraph 1302 provides for- all paper board and pulpboard, including cardboard which has not hart a special treat- ment after leaving the paper machine, and paragraph 1313 provides for cardboard when it has been subjected to some sort ot special treatment. There is apparently no i good reason why cairdboard should appear in the tariff act widely dfllerentiated from papfer board and pulpboard in general, especially as! it has been held that card- board is the generic term for paper hoard- Bristol board of the, kinds made on a Fourdrinier machine is provided for eo nomine in para- graph 1307. The other kind of bristol b6ard is producedon a cylin- der machine out of layers of pulp pressed together Avhen '^et. . As the inside layer or layers are usually of inferior material, thi^ kind is . ordinarily called filled bristol boardi-' The principal vatfiety of it is called bogus bristol. Bristol board bf this kind comes und«r the general heading for paper board and ^o does; not need nn eo nornini provision. . ,, • ;, The provision for hanging paper is new. Hanging paper is the raw material for paper hangings or wall pa:per, i. e., it is wall papei- not yet printed or decorated. The principal variety of hanging paper is No. 2 hanging paper. This is an uncolored, untreated paper. There are also certain kinds which are specially treated, some of which do not have to be subsequently printed in a wall-paper- mill in order ib be used for interior decoration. Aihong these are oatndeal and tile paper. These special papers, such as oatmeal a,nd tile, althougK often called hanging paper in the trade, are in reality finished wall paper or paper hangings. Blotting ^f^apCT has been introduced eo nomine for the first time. A great deal of blotting paper is produced in this country, and, although the inaports are negligible, separate classification seems desirable. ■ ' '■'->■■ Suggested chaw/en. — It -is suggested that cigarette paper be moved from paragraph 1452 either to this paragraph or to paragrapli 1305. 1080 SUMMARY OF TAJIIFF I]ir,PpBMATlpi3Sf^ ,1921. i^aragbaph: 1310. H. R:'7456. Par. 1310. Books of all kinds, bound or unbound', including blank books, slate books and pamp^yets, drawjjpgs, engrav- ings, photographs, etchings, maps, charts, music in books or sheets, and printed matter, all the-ftiregoing not specially.prp- , vide,d for, 20 per centum ad valorem^ books'^ound wholly or in part in leather,' the chief value of which is m the binding," not specially provided for, 33J per cen- tj^m adryailoreiji; book^ of paper or other material'fof children''s xise,. pxiM^'lithp- graphically or otherwise,^ not exceeding in weight twenty-'fcBir! bunoes each, with more leading matter than letter^, numer.-j als, or dppcriptive words, 20 per ceritura , ad valorein;' booklets, printed litfegRiph- icallyi or otherwise, not Specially pro- vided, ifar; 7 cents per pound; booklets', wholly or ip. c^defvalue pi paper: deco- rated in ;vs!bol'eior in part iiy hand or by spraying, whether or not , printed, 15 cents' per pound; all pcst'catds (not in- cluding American views), plain, deco- rated, embos^fid, or; printed except by., lithographic process,, 26 per centpm ad ' yalorem; views of any laiidscape.'stejie.'' building, place or locality in the UMted StEttes, on/oardhoard or paper, not thinnferi than r^ht one-tibflusa^dth^ of pne: inch, by whateyer process printed or product, including those whdlly or in jlart' pro-' duced by either lithographic or photo- 'gelatiri process (esceptshow cards), eccuj Piying .thirty -five sqji^e iiiches or less c^, , surf^qe 'pej:,view, bojind or unbound, or in any othef form, 15'cent^ per pound and 20 per centum 'ad valorem; thinner tM^tii eight oiie-thousaBdths bf one inch, $2 per thoji^E^nd; ,ChtiBtma&,and other greeting . cards, printed^ lithographically, or otJi.ej'T wise, or decorated in. wjiole'o'f in part by- halid or hf spraying, m 'per centum ad valoreni;. "'•,;:' ■; ' ' SENArEE AMENDMESTTS.- , ;, AQT OW 19!p^,; , , I PAR-.'-ilO. * ." ' *' ' ikter'cdpyi'ng books, whether ^-MlOlly or I partly matiu- factured, five cents per pound and fifteen per centuih a^i yjalor^m;, ,^ * ; * i PfO;- vid&l, Xh.at no axticle composed wh,6lly pr in chief value of 'one' 6r more of the pajj'ers specified in this paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty than that imposed upon the component paper of chief value of which such article is made. Pak. 412. * * * booklets, seven cents per pound; books of paper or other material for children's use, not exceeding in weight twenty-four ounces each, six cents per pound ; * * * booklets, dec- ,,,;, , ,,, ACT aE", 1913. '■'fM\ 323. * ■'* '"*'*': letter-.iipying books, wholly or partly' 'manufattured, * * * 30 per centum ad valotem- ,. Par. .^25.!* * * .booklefg, * ,* * iobinpoflecl: wholly or, in chief value of paper lithbgraphicaliy printed in whble or in part from stone, gelatin, metal, or other material * * * booklets, 7 cents ppr pound; * * * books of paper or other material for children's use, lithographi- cally printed in whole or in part, not exceeding in weiglft twenty-four ounces each, 4 cents per pound; * * * book- lets, wholly or m chief value of paper, decorated in whole or in part by hand or SUMMARY OF TARirF INFOBMATION, 1921. 1081 „4CT OE.1909. _,;(i!i,r ji orate'1 in whole or in part by hand or by spraying, whether or. i^ot Uthographftd^ . fifteen cents per pound; * *'».' Par. 416. Books of all kinds, bound or unbound, including blank books, slate books and. pamphlete, engravings, pho- tographs, etchings, maps, charts, music in books or sheets, and printed matter, all the foregoing lylxolly, or in chief .value of paper, and not specially provided for in this section, twenty-five per centum ad valorem, yiews of any landscape, scene, building, place or locality in the United States, on cardboard or paper, not thinner than eight one-thousaiiaths of one inch, by whatever process printed or preduceld', including; those' wholly or in part produced by either lithographic , or photogelatin process (except show cards), occupying thirty-five square inches or less of surface per view,- bound or un- boundj oi in any other form, fifteen cents per pound and twenty-five per centum ad ad valorem; thinner than eight one-thou- sandths of one inch, two dollars pier thou- sand: Provided, That the rate or rates of duty provided in the tariff Act .approved July twenty-fourth, eighteen hundred and ninety-seven, shall reniEliB. in force until October first, nineteen hundred and nine, on all views of any l2tndBeapie;iscene,)i building, place, or locality, provided for in this paragraph, which shalj, have, prior to July first,- nineteen hundred ind nine, been ordered or contracted to be delivered to bona fide purchasers in the United States„an.d j^h^ Secretary oj ^JljejTj-ea^.uiy shall mate ' proper r'egulatioiis for the enforcement of this provision. Par. 517. Books, maps, music, en- gravings, photographs,- etch&gSj-'.^bound or unbound, and charts', whiohighall; have been piinted more than twenty ^^rs at the date of importation, * * * [Fr.^e]. Par. 518. Books and pamphlets prip^d , chiefly in languages other than Eng- lish; * * * [Free]. '■■ [No correiponding provi^pn 'for the ' other commodities . ] ■'■'<'''• ■f.'h AGO? OP 1913. by spraying, whether or not lithographed, 10 cents per pound; * * *. Par. 329. Boot's of all kinds, bound or unbound, including blank books, slate books and pamphlets, engravings, pho- tographs, etchings, maps,' charts, music in books or sheets, and printed matter, all the- foregoing, and not specially pro- ivided for in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem. Views of any landscape, scene, building, place or locality in the "United States, on cardboard or paper, iiot thincner than eight one-thousandths of one inch, by whatever process printed or produced, including those Wholly or in part produced by either lithographic or 'photogelatin' process (except shoW'carde), bound or unbound, or in any other form, 20 cents per pound; thinner than eight one-thousandths of one inch, $2 per thousand. Par. 332. * * * all post carda, not including American views, plain, deco- rated, embossed, or printed, except by ' littogratthic' process, * * * 25 per centum ad valorem. Par. 425. Books, maps, jmusic, en- gravings, photographs, etchiii^s, litho- graphic prints, bound or uiibound, and charts, which shall have been printed miore thafl twenty years at the date of importation, * * * [Free]. Par. 426. Books and pamphlets printed wholly or chiefly in languages other than English; * * * and all '' textboffife used in schools and other educational . institutj.ons;.tt ,^ , t,|.rFree]. /, ; -.k.ij .'PiER. 428. Books, ritraries,' * * * of persons or families from foreign coun- tries, * * * if actually used abroad by them not less than one year, and hot intended for any other person or persons, nor for sale. ' •"' Pak. 582. Professional books, * * * in the .aptual possession of persons emi- grating to the United States owned and used by them abroad; * * *. ^ [No corresponding provision for tlie other conimbdities.]. . /...'. BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, POST CARDS, AND OTHER PRINTED MATTER. Description and uses. — The items mentioned in paragraph 1310 are self-explanatory.' Production of books of all kinds in 1914 was 786^626 tons, valued at $58,496,221. 1082 SUMMARY, OF TARIFF INFOHMATIOK, ,1921. Imports in 1914 were valued at $6,644,265: '^Later imports have becsn as follows : t ,.. _^ ,, ' , Boohs, pavtphletSj and other printed matUir'^ ' , " Calendar year, i ' • iQuantityJ Vului. ITHitTalu*. Duty. Ad vsltirem - rate. BOOKS Al^DfPAMPHLETS.BOfND AND UNB'OtTNiD. n -rTiir; 1918 ':...:... I.. I919.:-...:frf.;..:j.j ,..'.. ..l: ■:■:. 1920... r. ..i. 1921 (9 months),., ...'...., , Fov/nds. i912,."i68 847,965 ;i . 1,545,999 1, 116, 269 •,: / ,\ Pa cent, S136,826 I.'..' ! 231,.83S- .i... J. \ Ijicludes, ^eside^ bopk'^ ii,u,dpamphl6Ls,i34aps and chaii'ts, an^'olhcr yrijited inaji;ter scgrpgated after J918. i"' '■•'-'" ' MAPS' AND CHAtltS.' ■''-.'■■. 1919 $11,32.5 j. $1,698 :> 1920 : ... ' 26,381 ........,...! 3,954 ■-.■■ir-.y ■ - - 1 • ;-"v;,y 1919 1920,. ;.. 1921 {9 months). ., ,. MUSIC IN BOOK^rOB SHEETS. $48,568 I 75, 687 52,739 $7:281 ; 11,:353- OTHER PRINTED MATTER (EXCEPT POST; CARD8)v • 1919 .'.■:..■.'...'':!.'.'.-;.■':■.■ .-i '. ■ 3293,202' 1920.... ;il.. ;.,..;:•'.■>.'.•[ -C....V.'. .1 ;' • 66ll,-964 1921 (9 months). . ; ^j ^ : 1 . . ; 391, 869 :'...:..:..^[' $43,901 BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS PRIJJTlEli WtiOLL'^' OR CHlEFiT IN LXNGUAGliS OTHER ,•• i.j. ii; . -i -•- THAN ENGLISH: . .: '■ ■" •.-'•:•, ' ■■ 1918 19fi.. ■.'.....' 1920..L'i.J.ii....:. 1921 (9 months). 1 __ Mi/iTlf: ' il969tOl!2 ,d^235,aU' : BLANK AND SLAtJ) BOOKS. 1918.... 1919.. ....'. 1920 1921 (9 months).. ,-,$9,835. 36 500 42, 191 43,325 "'TTm- 1 — SffT'Tttl- $1,475 5>475 6,322 I 1,5 15 LETTER COPYING BOOKS. 1918 1919 1920...i.:..y.... 1921 f9month.s).. Wjr 38 216 $27 35 :87S 90 s>;'>i)(53 $8 I lo; i TEXTBOOK.S LTSED L\ SCHOOLS AND OTHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, I 191S $132,866 1919 ' 208, 263 1920 281,066 1921 (9 months) ' 166,130 SUJUIAKY Ob/l'AR]l"f liJFORMATIOK, 1921. 1083 Boohs, pamphlets, and other printfid matter — Contimied. Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value, Duty. Ad valorem rate. BOOKS OF PAPER, OR OTHER MATERIAL FOR CHlLDRElS''a USE NOT EXCEEDING IN WEIGHT 24 OUNCES EACH. 1918 1919 ,.... 1920 1921 (Smonths). Pov/nds. 5,035 7,302 62,410 30,975 $2,694 6,146 25,013 11,935 $0.53 .84 .48 $201 292 2,096 Per eeia.i 7.-48 4.75 8.38 .'■■ I'l <"-■,';;•■. , I .-,'■'■■- |. ENGRAVmas, BOUNI) OB UNBOUND, ETCHINGS, .VN'D PHOTOGRAPHS (EXCEPT POST CARDS). 1918; ■. I 1819 : ! .: 1920, ; :....£,, 1921 (9 months) jf. $16,186, 30,487. 49,473 25,053 .$2,428 4,569 .7,417 BOOKLET.S DEC.OR.VTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY HAND SPRAiYING IVaETHER OR ; NOT LITHOGRAPHED. i '- 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) : )<:.?, cxaTjci:. ALX OTHER BOOKLETS. —-.■ -iq: '■ jMI-I;* ... ; : — ;i,i'HTD '- 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months).. 1,677 3,181 15,905 22,829 $733 1 2,857 ! 8,034 I 7,408j $0.44 .90 .50 $117 223 1,113 16.02 7.79 13.86 'J Souvenir post cards. ■ y. ■ I - Calendar year. Quaiiti^t- Value. ' "! unit, value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad vdlofem. LITHOGRAPHIC .\LLY PRINTED, :^0T EXCEEDING y^ OF AN INCH IN THICKNESS. 1918 ■- ....:;.'..'. 4,255 3,064 8,696 ■, .-■.7.52? $fi,843' 6,198 15,363 7, 221 SI. 61' 2.02 1.77 -i-- ■ $638 460 1,304 Per cent, 9.33 1919 J, 7.42 8.49 1.921(9 months).......... -f---;Off^-''v ■ LITHOGRAPHICALLY PAlNTED, EXCEEDING -r^^ OF AN INPH[AN,I> NOTjSSt, OF AI INCH IN THICKNESS, CUTTING SIZES IN DIMENSION LESS THAN So' SQUARE INCHEf AN S. ,,' (^■'■>J :■ ' ; „i ,, .-i] .x>:,l ,: ■{! ;■ \ $555 235 2,317' . i I9l8...-..j.';jjj.;....a 19W ^,. liKO- " • . • - ...i.'.';.y.y.').u !..'!;". 11,099 4,695 46,343 62,376 $5, .576 4,385 17,704 . 99,266 .. . ■ SO. 50 .93 .38 ■-" 9.'S5 1931 (9 months) f ...... .' i--^ ,'- s * ■^ f'i 1 r 'i J.: ' ,1- . " ' - ■ .. .i-;l!0 '..: ..i J-ITHOGKAPHICALLY^ PRINTED,, EXCEEDING WU OF AN INCH, AND NOT tH* OF 'AN IN^H W *HIC^NESS, btJTTlNcf SIZES IN DIMENSiON 35 SQUARE INCHES Al4b OVER. ■>>fli;i 19x8. ':.'.'. 19I9..i.f.......i.- 1920 1921 (9 months) . . 1,977 6,651 16,517 11,053 !2;967 5,742 5,064 $0.88 l45 .35 His <46S 1,156 7.95 15.69 20.14 1084 StrlilMa:K.Y 'OF TAKIFB liSrx^OEMATION, 1921. '■ ' Souvenir' post cards — Continued. Calendar year. Quamtity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. LlTaOGBAPHICALLY PRINTED, EXCEEDING\^iGF AN INCS IN 1>HICrCNESS. 1918 1919 1'920 -:';.... 1921 (9 monthsK Pounds. 1,667 ■147 17,643 1,455 Per cent. $1, 165 $0.70 $83 7.15 552 3.75 7 1.33 6,824 .39 882 12.93 1,395 ■ :-: ■:r^^"'" VIEWS OF ANY LANDSCAPE, SCENE, BUILDING, PLACE, OE LOCALITY IN THE UNITED '■■'- ' STATES, ^THlNNBBi'fHAN'TiSw^ Off AN IM'CHI- ' ■' 'i " ' 191S 1919. \' >:..:, 1920 .i'..-:, 1921. (9 months). T}u>usand. .48 $188- $3. 92 $06 10 224- 2.24 20- 31 218 - 7.03 62 106 813 1 61.00 8.93 28-44 VIEWSOF'ANYDANDeCAiPB,SCENE.BUILBriNG, PLACE, OR LOCALITY IN THE UNITED STATES, NOT' THINNER' THAN r^ OF AN INCH. «.■■* 1918 1 1919. 1920. 1921 (9 months). Pmnis. •I''-- '287 $355 $1.24 $57 2,309 2,654 1.15 462 2,748 2,753- 1,00 550 8,635 4,221 16: 17 17.40 19.96 ALL OTHER POST CARDS, PLAIN, DECORATED, EMBOSSED, OR PRINTED, EXCEPT BY LITHOGRAPHIC PROCESS. 1918 1919 1920. 1921 (9 months) . PUunds. 16,748 41,726 77,750 $9y4U. 17,530 31,537 32,170 11.05 .76 $2,-.353 4,382 7,883 25,00 25.00 VIEWS OF ANY LANDSCAPE, SCENE. BUILDING, PLACE OR LOCALITY IN THE UNITED STATES EXCEPT POST (CARDS, ON,CARD.BQABP OR PAPER, NOT THINNER THANtAi OFANINCH. '.' '■•"'■ '■' -"'" 1918 '"■••■ ; ■ _ Pounds. 81,4S0 58 66 1,118 ■ 'i9,65i' 87 81 5.56 ' ' $0.12 1.50 1.23 $16,296 12 13 168.85 1919 13.33 1920 16.30 192rf9'months1 1 ■■■" Exports in 1914 were 'valued at $9,639,860. Later statistics (for calendar years) follow: 1918, $11,493,524; 1919, $18,239,016; 1920, $24,803,932; l'92l'Xnihe'months), $i6^45,^i78V /,,' ,'.,;:, ■ ' '■ • imfortant changes in classification. — Drawings have been added to the list .of^printed mattepriii this paragraph to cover fashion plates and like drawings in water <;olors, nle Par. :33ij> Playing cardsj exceeding fiift;j{-fo^r; c^rds, and ia,t a Jlik^jj ceutum ad valorem, i ., i;ate fojc any numl>er ipes^cpss,, ten c^ntsi. , , ;,, ■■ ., per pack ana twenty per ceritiim ad ' valorem. ' i'-'" '.1-- -■ ' f ' / ' ;•. .::-i '" ''■'•■'''-'■ ■ ' ''p:layij^g 1(5.^8,1)8.' Production. — The domestic : playing-card -industi'y shows annual sales amounting to about $3,000,000 in 1913'.'' In 19 14 there were three manufacturers, wililv. I,4p2 employees, wages of $685,000, a capital of $4,634,000, and' Bw Materials 'ft6sting $918,000; the value of the'fiiiiihM-pfeiifgE was $3,898,000, and valOfiVaddM by manu- facture, $2,980,000. ,- , . Imports of playing cards in 1914; Weie valued at; $7i,664. Later statistics follow : - Calendar .year. ,„j-. . ■ Quantity. Value. • Unit value. , Duly. Ad valorem rate. : ..•Tic,;"! ■' ■ i •- - 1 ■■.: ■ , Imi;, ■- ■ 1918..... ..j. ,,..,...,..■..:,,„ ; 1919...:..' ;......... ;!. • Packi. ,, ,17,221 58, .t03 71, 117 179.073. ' . 'i is, 487 " 9,897 12,7.58 , ,19, 327 80,15 .17 .18 «3;292 5,938 7,655 Per cmt. 60 60 1920 . . .;.... . . CO 1921 (9 months)..!. .'.:.. ;...;.,..-.. . . ,, Exports jtp .Oj^inn, Jndift, a,n^, Oceania ,hav^. greatly .incrpafed-i^ tlie last five years, particularly to British India '($58,909' in 1914, $143,494 in 1918). Previous to'l9i4 exports to France were limited by its State monopoly and ahnost prohibitive tariff regulations, since removed. Exports to Franise- rose > front $214 in 1914 to; $18,128 in 1918. Export values were-^30.,194 in 1914., Later exports by cal- endar years- have .been as follows; 1918, $882,370; 1919, $1,522,516; 1920, $1,173,559; 1921 (9 months), .$527,347. STJMMABY OF TARIFF INFOBMATIONj 1921. 1087 I PARAGRAPH 1313. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. . Par. 1313. Papers and paper board and pulpboard, including 'cardboaW and le?itherboard or compresa leather,: em- bossed, cut, die-cut, ox stamped ,in,fco designs or sha.pes, such as" initials, n^ono- grams, lace, borders, bands,; strips, 6r' other forms; or cut or fliaped for boxes or other i articles, plain ;or printed, but not lithographed, and. not, specially prpvided, for; paper board and pulpboard, including cardboard and leatherboard or con;ip/ess leather, laminated, jwlazed, coated, liiifed; printed, decorated, or ornamented in anj? ; ipanner;, press board^ and,p^es8 paper, 23. per eentuinadj valorem; test or cpntainer boards of ii ,l)urttii^g strength ' aboV4' 6f| pbfinds pier squaredixch by the MiilK.rt or' the Webb test, 15 ipier oentum'ad rvaibvern ; stereotype-matrixi rnat or f59ftrd,:,28j per centum ad valorem; wall pockets, com-. p(Wed wh'6lly 'bfli^i chie'f part of paper,' papier-m&chfi' or'papef board, Whether or not #e-cut, embossedi or printed litho- graphically or othgi-wisp; iboxes, composed ^holly|Orin gh^ef value of ^aper, papier- Ddaeh'e 6r paipel- board, and pot specially lbroirided"for;'manufactures'of palper, or of which paper is the component material 9f, chief value, npt sjiecially provided for,; 26 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF W09. ' Pak. 415. * * * press boards or press paper, valued at ten cents per ^o^^l4iOr, , over, thirty-five per centum ad valorem; , * * * paper nbt specially provided for in this Beot'ion,' thii*ty pel" centum ad vaJorem.-ijP>-o«i«;e(/, That, paper embossed, or 9^t, dierc'tit, or staiuppd intodesigns or shapes, such as initials, , monograms, lace, ^orders, bands, strips; or othei' fpriris,*'pr ' cUf prbhaped for' boxes, plain or printed biit npti lithfl^phed,. and no;t specially ■. provided ^fori in this 80ctipn,[ shall be i dutiable, at thirty-five per' centum, ad valorem!' articles .cortiposed wholly' or' in chief value of papei' printed by the' photogelatin process and not specially provided for m this Act, three cents per pound and twenty-five per centum ad valorem. Par. 420.'Manufacilures of paper, or of which paper is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for m this secti'on, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. , ACT OF 1913. press boards j or 25 per centum ad Par. 328. * * .p^ess paper, * yajbrem. , ,i , , , . ' Par., 332. Papers or cardboard, ciit, 'die' cut| or stainpe'diiitd dOsighfe or shapesj such as initials, iikonDgramrf,:' lace, bor- ders, orpther forms, * .*i * !>and man- ufactm'es of paper, or of .which paper is 'the 'cbmporient material' 'of chief Vafiie, not'sJDecially^provided for in this section, 25'per centum ad valorem. , . . ( ; : Par. 530. * /^ ,?* , leatlierboard ur compressed leather; * .* * [Free]. Par. 650.'*'*' . paper twine I'ur 'binding any 'of the' foregoing (wPol) * * -^ [Free.] '■<":' 1088 STJMMABYi OF TAKIFFi INiFORMATIOW, 1921. MISCELLANBOUS: MANUPACTtJKES ' OF PAPER. (See Surveys "M-A, and M-1.) .bc H !'■> Description and uses. — In the main tliis .{yaragraph is made up i of miscellaneous manufactures of paper. The significance of ttophrase- ol(^y is explained below in the section' on "Changes in classifi'cation. " Press boards are made of mechanical wood pulp and certain good grades of waste paper. They hare a very close texture and a hard, smooth finish. They are used to form the backing for the bedplates of printing presses, and also in the cCfttipression of some kinds of cloth to impart a certain desired finish. ' ' i . ! , , Test or container board is a type of box board of especiallyi high quality. It is made into boxes for holding commodities such as canned goods, paint, grease, varnish, etc., Tvhen packed in! smiafet' containers. The size and strength of boxes for wliicii contain^; board is used are usually specified by the Eailroads , and shipping companies. Hence container board often has to meet > a certain minimum specified bursting strengtKi test and must' be of superior quality. It is usually made out of .^ulphate wood pulp. , Jutp and hemp waste are also much used in making, container board. Mullen testers and Webb testers are instruments commonly used for testing the bursting strength of shipping containers. ' Stereotype matrix board or mat isi^ specially prepared board used in making stereotypes for printing papers. The board is imprinted with type, thus becoming a matris from which the stereotype is made. The ordinary way of making a matrix is by building it up from sheets of stereotype tissue paper. This matrix board, however, is prepared by 4jhe^,jjqL.anuf acturers in ready,_f orm to -pbo used for imprinting with type." "It is known in the trade as "flongs" or "dry mats.''':- - • ■ ■' -'•■'■ ' ■ ' ■ ' Production. — The valvle'>of paper box production increased frOm $74,711 ,000 in 191,4 to. S213',3§4,q00 in 1919.', New York is the princi- pal seat of the industry^ . .Ilhnois, Massachusetts, ajid Pennsylvania rank next. Production oi paper bags,' not made in paper mills, increased from $17,603,000 in 1914 to '$47,264 000 'Jii 1919. New York is the principal paper bag manufapturing State. . , Imports iji 1914 of paper or cardboard, cut, die-cut, or stamped into designs or shapes^ were valued at $30,470; those of press boards or press papfer were 93,683 pounds, valued at $9,290, Impor'ts of "all other" manufactures of pi&per or of ,yhich paper is the c,omp|Qn§iit material. of chief value were, yalued at,81j,216,891., . Lateri statistics follow: .. i' " ■'■ ■ '■'-■ ■..<,': Calendar year. Quanlily. ■ yalue. Unitvaliie.' Duty. ,„ valorem 7^' Ad rafte; PAPERS OR CARDBOARD CUT. DIE CUT, OR STAMPED INTO DESIQNS OR SHAPES SUCH AS INITIALS, MONOGRAMS, LArES, BORDERS, OR OTHER FORMS. 1918 Pounds.^ ~n, — S4,608 4,528 8,962 6,039 11,192 1,132 2,240 Per cerU. 26 1919 .- . 29 1920 25 1921 f9 months^ 1 SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1089 Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. PRESSBOAHDS OE PRESS PAPERS. 1918 ." Pownis^ 47,662 16,650 .- ..1,417 50;956 J5,550 3,181 458 7,136 $0.12 .19 .32 $1,387 792 114 Per cent. 35 1919 35 1920 ...:... 25 1921 f9 months') MANUFACTURES OF PAPERS OR OF WHICH PAPER IS THE COMPONENT MATERIAL OF CHIEF VALUE. 1918 tl27,799 235,613 5.53,318 629,690 $31,945 66,337 137,877 25 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) ' ' 1 1 Exports of the items enumerated in paragraph 1313 ar§ not segre- gated. \ The total exports of papers and manufactures of paper for the calendar years 1918-1921 have been a:s follows: 1918, $54,170,134; 1919, $86,983,063; 1920, $89,072,289; 1921 (9 months), $40,310,856, Important changes in classification. — This paragraph supplements paragraph 1302. The two paragraphs cover generally papers and paper board and pulpboard, including cardboard and leatherboard. The provisions for test or container boards, stereotype-matrix mat or board, and wall pockets and boxes, composed wholly or in chicif value of paper, papier-m&,ch6 or paper board, are new. Suggested cJianges.—Fa.ge 147, Tme 5, of H. R. 7456: Change "part^' to "value" after "chief" to agree with uniform practice elsewhere. . There is no separate provision for paper bags other than bag3 made of surface coated and certain other special kinds of paper. (See par. 1305.) As paper bags constitute an important staple article made of paper, it might be desirable' to name them specifically in the tariff law. The following wording is sug^e^ted: "oags, composed wholly or in chief value of paper, n. s. p, f." 82304—22 69 SCHEDULE 14.— SUNDRIES. PARAGRAPH 1401. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pak. 1401. Asbestos, manufactures M: Paper and nuUboard, composed of long fiber asbestos, used for making gaskets or similar articles, and electrical papers not exceeding five one-hundredths of one incb in thickness, 8 cents per pound; composed of other asbestos fibers, 1^ cents per pound; sheets and plates, of asbestos and hydraulic cement, flat, not exceeding one-eighth of one inch in thickness, 1 cent per square foot; exceed- ing one-eighth but not exceedirig one- fourth of one inch in thickness, 2 tients per square foot; exceeding one-fourth of one inch in thickness, 2i cents per square foot; other than flat, 3J qents per square, foot; colored, stained, , bi: mixed with other material, 3J cents per square foot and 10 per centum ad valorem; wick and rope, 18 cents per pound; woven sheet packing,, in,, foils, ,24 cents per pound; gaskets, fblded or. cut from the Straight sheet, rubl^grized,, graphited, or other- wise coated or tf feated, 56 beints per pound ; yam containing more than 10 per centum of foreign matter, 32- cents ip&r pqun,d; yarn and listings, contijining, less Ijhan 10 per centum of foreign matter, exceedirig twentyf-'jave one-thoiisandths of one inch in thickness, 84 cents per poun folded, and formed to shape and size desired. They may bfe! folded and tape Jointed, or they may be maJde from asbestos ! tubiags, the latter being ^known- as seainiess gaskets. These gaskets are used largely, to. seal joints on manhole or handhole openings of boilers, and at flanges in pipe lines, also at. ports; of gasoline motors. (2) Gaskets made from compressed sheet (made 1092 SUMMAEY OF TABIFI* INFOB.MATION, 1921. by mixing short asbestos fiber with binding' dr filling materials). Compressed sheet gaskets are used principally for jointings in con- nection with internal-combustion motors. They are also employed for emergency uses, the engineer preferring to cut gaskets from a sheet of compressed packing rai;her than wait to secure gaskets of a given size from a supply hous§. Asbestos yarn is made from asbestos crudes and fibers, often mixed with cotton to add strength and lessen expense. Frequently in twisting the yam very fine brass or copper wire is used, which gives the material greater durability under certain conditions. The basis of all asbestos textiles is asbestos yarn. ■ Asbestos listings are narrow woven strips, ranging from about | inch to 1^ inches in width, used chiefly for winding armatures of motors. (For unmanufactured asbestos, see par. 1515, p. 1245.) ', Production. — In 1914 there were 32 establishments manufacturing asbestos products. The total value of, the output, other than steam packings, for that year was $2,314,000, of which. $1,813,660 repre- sented building materials. In 1919 there were 43 establishments, with an output valued at $18,948,000. , ^ Imports of asbestos yarn and woven fabrics for the fiscal years 1910 to 1913 averaged a Uttle over |90,000; in 1914, $113,426. Im- ports of all other manufactures of asbestos, in 1913 were valued at $287,308; in 1914, at $283,027. Later statistics, for calendar years, follow: ■ J ' . _ _ . « Calendar year. Vdue. Duty. Ad valorem rate. ASBESTOS YAEN, 1918 : ■ 12,349 yS!649 57,023 $470 9,853 49,730 Ptr ceni. ' 20 1919 20 1920. J J. 20 1921(91npiiths).. ' • WOVEN, FABRICS. 1918 , 1919 , 1920 ...., 1921 (9 months).. ALL OTHER MANUFACTURES OF ASBESTOS. 1918. . ' »23,154 69,565 139,535 128,711 J2,314 6,957 13,954 10 1919 10 1920 13 1921 f9 months^ 1 ' , ■ , Imports are from ^England and Canada. Elrporis increased in value from $293,616 in the fiscal year 1910 to $687,073 in 1914. In the calendar year 1918 the export value waS[ $2,493,320; in 1919, $3,531,978; 1920, $4,431,132; and in 1921 (nine months), $2,167,324. : :: SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1093 Important changes in classijieation.' — ^H. R. 7456 divides manu- factures of asbestos into nine classes with separate rates of duty for each class, whereas the act of 1913 has only three classes, two of which have the same rate of duty. Suggested changes. — Page 147, lines 15 and 16: Should not "elec- trical papers" have a bracket of their own since the immediately followmg provisions in lines 17 and 18 apparently.relate to paper and millboard to the exclusion of electrical papers ? Page 147, line 23, of H. R. 7456: Change "other than" to "not" before "flat" to agree with "usual practice. Page 148, line 1 : Woven sheet packing not in rolls is not provided for. Page 148, lines 4-7: As the two thicknesses apparently refer only to listings, it is suggested that in lines 5 and 6 a comma be inserted after "yam" and the comma after "listings" be stricken out. No i)rovision is made for textile fabrics, other than listings, containing ess than 10 per centum of foreign matter. Insertion of the words "and other textile fabrics" after "listings" or substitution of "textile fabrics" for "listings" would accomplish the purpose. PARAGRAPH 1402. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1402. Boxing gloves, ice and roller skates, and parts thereof, baseballs, foot- balls, tennis balls, golf balls, and all other, balls, of whatever ma,terial com- posed, finished or unfinished, designed for use in physical exercise or in any indoor or outdoor game or sport, and all clubs, rackets, bats, or other equipment, such as is ordinarily used in conjunction therewith in exercise or play, all the foregoing, not specially provided for, 30 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ^ ACT OF 1913. [Classable according to component ma- fOlassable according to component ma- terial of chief value.] terial of chief value.] BOXING GLOVES, SKATES, BALLS," BATS, ETC. Production. — Production data are not available for the various articles enumerated in this paragraph-. In 1914 there were 162 establishments engaged in the manufacture of sporting and athletic goods with products valued at $13,235,000; and in \%\% 187 estab- Hshments : with products valued at $22,806,000. Imports and ea^forts. — None recorded. . • Importafd changes in^dassifieation. — ^The articles enumerated in paragraph 1402 were not provided for in the act of 1913inor in pre- vious tariff acts. They are dutiable according to material of chief value, principally under paragraphs 167, 176, 360,> 368, and 369 of the 1913 act'. ' 1094 SUlkMAKY 'ciF''TAEiii'F tJiTFORiilATIONy 1921. PAiRAGRAPH 1403. H. it. 7456. SENATE, AMENDMENTS. Par. 1403. Spangles and beads, includ- ing bugles, , biit not including imit9,tian pearl beads, and .^eaiis in imitation of precious or' seiniprecidiis Btolie8,''2S per c^tum ad valorem; fabrics and articles not embroidered, tamboured, appliqu^d,, nor scalloped, composed whollj^ qr in chief value of beads or spangleg, other than imitation pearl ^beads and b6adfe in imitatiori of precious 'or' sertiipreeiouB stones, 40 per centum ad valorem; imita- tion.pearl bea,ds pf , all iklnds. and shapep, _ qt, whatever, material composed, pierced or- riinpierced, strung or loose, mounted or unmounted, 40 per centum ad valorem; all othet beads in imitation of precious or semipreoious stones, of ;all kinds and, f shapes, of whateyer^ material, cornposed, pierced or uhpierded, strung or' loose; mounted or umnounted, 45 per centum ad 'valorem: Provided, That no article composed wholly or in chief value of-any of the foregoing beads or spangles shall pay duty at a less rate than, is inipcisgd / in any paragraph of this Act upon such articles without such bea;ds or Bpaiigles. ACT OF 1909. Par. ^1. Beads and spangles of all kinds, including imitation pearl beads, not threaded or strung, or strung loosely on thread for facility in transportation only, thirty-five per centum ad valorem; fabrics, * * * and other articles not specially provided for in this section, com- posed wholly or in chief value of beads or spangles made of glass or paste, gelatin, metal, or other material, but not in part of wool, sixty per centum ad valorem: Provided, That no article composed wholly or in "chief value of beads or spangles made of gla,ss, paste, gelatin, metal, or other materikl shall pay duty at a less rate than 'is imposed m any! paragraph of this section upon such arti- cles without such beads or spangles. . ,;, ACT OF 1913. Par. ' 333.' Beads and ^pan^les of alt kinds, including imitation pearl beads, not threaded or stfting, or strung lo.oSely on thread for facility in tratisportatioii only, 35 per' centum ad valorem; cur- tains, and other articles not embroidered nor appliqu^d and" hot specially pro- vided for in this section,' composed wholly or in chief value of beads' or spangles made of glass or paste, gelatin, metal, or other materisil, 50 per centum ad valorem. BEADS AND SPANGLES. . ,; , (See SuWey N-1.) ' " _ . ' ' Description aiid wses. — ^A spangle is a small plate or bar' of shiny metai or other materiail; used as an ornament or trimming on wearing apparel. A bead is a small .perforated sphere, baU, or cjrlinder made from a great variety of materials, principally , glass, fusible lenamel, paste, metal, bone, wood, etc., and is used in the manufacture of; jewelry, rosariesj and as ornameiitsbr trimmingi On wearing apparel. A bugle is an elongated glass bead used .as a ,tasfeel, petodant or orna^ ment on wearing apparel. Imitation pearl beads may be divided into three classes: (1) A cheap hollow glass bead with an inside coatii^ of pearl essence; (2) a hoUow glass bead coated on the inside and filled or partly filled with wsx: (3) a solid riass or fusible enamel bead STJMMABY or XABIFP liNEOEMATION, 1921. 109^ coati^ on tke outsidp. The last-named cl^sg is known as the iin- de?tructii)le bead. , , !i ' Production.~-lip.it&tion pearl beads arg perhaps the in,os,t important. The solid or indestructible imita-^ion, pearl bead is an American development, the hollow types not being produced to any extent in this country. The finer grades, of beads of all sorts are usually made in Europe, principally in Italy, Czech;p^oya,Jd^, France, and Germany, where the industry has long been established and where the operatives have become skilled in the 'work. Since 1914,^'owii% to the war's effect on importation, there has been-Tin the United States consider- able increase in the output of some classes of beads. The production, however, is small compared to imports. Exact figures are not avail- able, but the Census in 1914 reported 19 establishments engaged primarily in bead wdrk with products value'd at $l,083fO00. The Association of American Manufacturers of Imitation Pearls :, and Specialties in Fusible Enamels has stated that the industry has develo'ped rapidly within th.p last five years and that their products have increased in value from'$500,0tlP m 1914 to $6,000,000 in 1920, and cover imitation pearl beads, imitationi pearls, beads, imitation precious stones, buttons, and pins. ' • Imports in 1914 were $1,185,495, beads and spangles, and $998,494 curtams and other articles not embroidered, etc., composed wholly or in chief value of beads or spangles ; from Germany, a total of $819,725; from Austria, $735,056; and from France, $555,595. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. BEADS AND SPANGLES OF ALL KINDS, INCLUDING IMiTATioN PEARJ. BEADS NOT THREADED OR STRUNG. ' '' ■ ' ' ; 1918 $1,006,822 4,131)737 7,248,570 3,841,394 $352,038 1,446,363 2,521,230 Per cent. - . 35 1919 : 35 1920,.i. . 1921 r9 montiisi ' 35 CURTAIN AND OTHER ARTICLTES. NOT SiMBROIDERED,' ETC., N. s. p. F., COMPOSED WHOLLY OR IN CHIEF VALUE OF BEADS OR SPANGLES, ETC. - , • , , : S 1918 . . . . . . L ...: $506,512 2,113,177 4,576,372 3,229,860 $253,256 1,071 688 2,287,676 50 1919 50 1920 60 1921 (9 montlis) 60 General imports of all beads aiid bead ornaments in 1920 were $3,985,425 from France, $2,236,400 from Japan, $2,088,290 from Germany, $2,704,941 from Czechoslovakia, and $886,013 from Italy. - Exports. — None recorded. Imfortant changes in classification. — ^Kosaries dutiable in some cases under the bead paragraphof preceding tariff acts. have. been specially provided for in paragraph 1444, H. R. 7456. -Bugl«s, ■yvhich : are elongated beads, are included within the ordinary designation of beads. Imitation pearl beads and beads in imitation of precious or 'semiprecious stones are excluded from the ordinary designation of beads, but are specifically provided for at higher rates of duties: "I 1096 SUiilMrABY dt 'TAE]*FI* INPORMATMiSf^- 1921. This' patagi-aph also provides that no article composed wholly or in chief value, of beads or spangles shall pay duty at a less rate than is imposed Upon such articles without such beads or spangles. Conflicting 'provisions. — See paragraphs 1429 and' 1430, pages 1148 and 1153. ' ; PARAGRAPH 1404. H. B. 7456. Par. 1404. Ramie hat braids, 30 per centum ad valorem; manufacturee of ramie hat braids, 40 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Pae. 349. « » •» braids * * * com- gQsed wholly or in chief value of cotton, ax, or other vegetable fiber, * * * ajid hot elsewhere specially provided for in this section, sixty per centum ad valorem: Provided i That no article! com- posed wholly or in chief value of one or more of the materials or goods specified in'.this paragraph, shall pay a leSs rate of duty than the highest rate imposed by this section upon any of the materials or goods of wMch the' same is composed: SENATi: AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 334. Ramie hat braids, 40 per centum ad valorem; manufactures of ramie hat braids, 50 per centupi ad valorem. EAMIE HAT BRAIDS. .,.,, (See Survey N-2.) Description and uses. — Ramie braid, used for making hats, re- sembles sUk braid, and may be made either by hand or by machiaery, as other hat braid. ' , (For hat braids made of straw, chip, grass, palm leaf, horsehairj etc., see paragraphs 1406 and 1430.) Production of ramie hat braid is not very extensive. Importers state that the deniand in this coimtry has ceased entirely. Switzer- land is the chief producer, but Italy, Germany, and France also make some braids.; The raw jfliajterjijal comes almpsit, wholly from China and Formosa. i Imports. — ^In 1914 imports of ramie hat braids were valued at $3,018; those of manufactures of ramie hat braids were valued at $153. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity, Value. ■Unit Value; ,,Duty.; Ad Talorem rate. , EAMIE HAT BBAIDS. , 191S . Yardi. $2,255 160 126 2 (902 60 50 , Per cent. 40 1919 '.. ''""r;hm' . 800 60 t0.02 .16 .03 40 1920 ;.... 40 1921 (9 months).. 40 ■ - . MANUFACTURES QF RAtol 3 HAT J^KAIDS (HATS). 1919...^(.;.j..J....;.f ..;i..>. ,.l..>i. 1920.^ .. .". Number. • 246 $533 UT 278 $0.58 7.35 1.13 ■i- - i $266, 73 139 60 50 1921 (9 months) 80 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1097 Suggested changes. — In View of the small quantity and value of ramie hat braid and manufactures of ramie hat braid imported and produced in the United States separate classification thereof appears unnecessary. Furthermore, the exception of this paragraph from the operation of paragraph 1430 would make such articles as em- broidered ramie hats or ramie hats in part of lace dutiable at the same rate as ramie hats not embroidered, imder this paragraph. If this paragraph should be retained the express exclusion oi manufactures of ramie hat braids embroidered or appliqu6d or in part of lace would apparently avoid such classification. PARAGRAPH 1405. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1405. Boots, shoes, or other foot- wear, the uppers of- which are composed wholly or in chief value of wool, cotton, ramie, animal hair, fiber, silk or substi- tutes therefor, whether or not the soles are composed of leather, wood, or other material, 25 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. [No corresponding provision.] [No .corresponding provision.] FOOTWEAR, COMPOSED OF WOOL, COTTON, ETC. Description and uses. — This line of footwear is distinct from leather footwear. It it not made in factories which are equipped to make leather shoes. ' .' i!" Production. — Officiar figures covering footwear of this description are not available for 1914, but for 1919 the Census reports the pro- duction of 19,8.9'6,,000 pairs of canvas shoes with rubber soles, valued at $25,177,000. The National Association of Felt Shoe Manufac- tm-ers state that 24 of their 27 members reported 17,328,895 pairs produced in the year ended July 1, 1920, an J that sales amounted to nearly $24,000,000. Felt used in the manufacture of this class of footwear. is imported. '<■ Imports. — Not shown in official statistics. Imports are principally from Germahy, Ehgland, Austria, Japan, and, Turkey, and consist almost entirely of, low cuts or slippers. Felt boots are ^ot imported to any extent. ^'x^'O'"'*-— None recorded. ■ Important cjiande^ in classification. — Separate classification has been provided , for poots, shoes, or other footwear the uppers of which are composed trholly or in chief value of wool, cotton, ramie, animal hair, fiber, or silk, regardless of the material in the sole. These articles come within various paragraphs of the existing law accord- ing to material, stieh as 256,' ■291, SOS,' 317, and 530. Suggested cMnges. — If " substitutes ", is not to be limited to silk, "or" should be inserted after "fiber," and a comma after "silk," and f therefor" (ianged .to i" for any of the foregoing." ,d The words "or not,'?, page il50, line- 4, H. R. 7456, should be omitted. ■ ■. . . '-■ '''■•' ■'"''■ •'. -,.,,'< , 1098 SUMMARY 01", TARIFF INFQBMATION, VJil. PARAGRAPH 1406. H.' B. '7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1406. Braids, plaits; laoesj and . , ■wiUow sheets . or squSJepy composed wholly or in chief value of straw, chip, grass, palm leaf, willow, osier, rattan, real horsehair, cuba bark, or manila' hempj ■ suitable for making or ornamenting hats,': bonnets, or hppda, not bje^pli^d, dyed, colored, or stained. 13 per centiim, ad valorem; bleached, dyed, colored, of stained, 17 per centimi^d valorem; hats, bonnets, and hoods composed wholly or — in chief value of any of the foregoing materials, whether wholly or' "partly manufactured, but not blocked or trimmed, 25 per centum ad valorem; blocked or trimmed, 33J per centum ad valorem; straw hats known as harvest hats, valued at less than $3 per dozen, 20 per centum ad valorem ; all other men's hats, composed wholly or in chief value of any of the foregoing materials, whether - ' ' wholly or partly manufactured, not blocked or blocked, not trimmed or trimmed, if sewed, 40 per centum ad ' valorem. But the terms '"grass" and "straw" shall be. understood to mean these substances in their natiu'al form and structure, and not the separated fiber thereof.. J '' ' ■ '.•'>irii "•'• •' '•' ACT OF 1909. Par. 422. Braids, 'plaits, laces, and willow sheets or squares, composed wholly or in chief (Value of straw, chip, grasSj palm leaf, willow, .osier, rattan, real horsehair,' cuba baf4, or matdla hemp-, suitable for making or ornament- ing: hats, bonnets, or hoods, not bleached, dyedji colored, or stained, fifteen per centum jad valorem; if t)lea6he,d, dyed, colored, or stained, twenty per centum ad valorem; hats,' bonnets, and hood^ composed wholly or in chief value of straw, chip, gr^s,; ; palm leaf, . willow, osier, rattan, cuba bark, or inanila.hemp, whether wholly or' partly nmnufactured, but not trimmed, thirty-flve per centum ad valorem; if trimmed, fifty per centum ad valorem. But the terms "grass " and "straw", shall be understood to mean these substances in their natiiral form and structure, and not the separated fiber thereof. ACT OF 1913, Par. 335. Braids, plaits, laces, and willow sheets or squares, composed wholly or in chief value of straw, chip, grass, palm leaf,, willoWj, osier, rattan, real horsehair, duba' bark, or manila hemp, suitable for makii^ or ornamentii^ ■hats, bonnets, or hoods, not bleached, dyed, colored, or stained, 15 per centum ad valorem; if bleached, dyed, colored, or stained, 20 per centum ad valorem; hats',' -bonnets, and hoods composed wholly or in chief value of straw, chip, grass, palm leaf, willow, osier, rattan, cuba bark, or manila hemp, whether wholly or partly manufactured, but not blocked or trimmed,' 25 per centum ad valorem; if blocked or trimmed, and in chief value of such materials, 40 per centum ad valorem. But the terms "grass" and "straw" shall be understood to mean thesfe substances in their natural form and structurei. and not the separated fiber thereof. STRAW BRAIDS , AND STEAW:. HAjTS,.. (See Survejr N-2.J . Descriftion and use. — Straw hats may be divid'edinto two general cliasies according to process of manufactiire: (1) Sewn-braid hats, (2) woven hat bodies, including Panamas, Leghorns, Javas, etc. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOBMATION, 1921. 1099 The plrmcipal business of straw-hat factories in the United States IS the production of sewn-braid hats, i. e., hats made by sewing plaits or jjraids of straw or other vegetable fibers into the shape of hat bodies. Woven-body hats are shaped, finished, and trimmed in American factories. Th.e manufacture of sewn-braid hats constitutes the bulk of the business in every large straw-hat factory. Hat braids used in the manufacture of men's and women's straw hats are not produced to any extent in the United States. ,, Production.~ln 1914 there were 149 manufacturers of straw hats, with 9,483 employees receiving wages of $5,253,000; capital invested wa,s $12,589,000; cost of materials, $14,086,000; and product was valued at $25,444,000— an increase over 1904 of 70 per cent in em- ployees and of more than 100 per cent in capital, wages paid, and yalue of product. The industry centers largely in New York, Massa- chusetts, and Maryland. About 45 per cent of the production was of men's hats. In 1919 there were 147 establishments with products valued at $31,920,000. It is estimated that the entire output of men's straw hats in 1920 amounted to $20,000,000, of which about $12,000,000 was sewed hats. "rhe manufacture of hats of straw and similar material is. well developed in Japan, Italy,, Engla,nd, France, and in Colombia, Ecuador, and Mexico. Imports in 1914 of braids, plaits, laces, and willow sheets or squares ■composed of straw^ etc., not hleached, dyed, etc., were: $5,891,258 dutiable and $13,845 (from the Philippines) free; bleached, dyed, «tp., $356,698. "The values of. hats, bonnets, and hoods of these materials were: Not trimmed, $425,026; not blocked or trimmed «3,919,218 dutiable and $232,777 (from the Philippines) free; trimmed, $21,355; blocked or trimmed, $881,762 dutiable and $62 (from the Philippines) free. In 1914 more than one-half the braids, ftc, came from Japan, the rest mainly from France, England, It&ly, and Germany. Of the hats, bonnets, and hoods of straw, fitc, imported in 1914, more than one-half came from Japan and Colombia, the rest largely from Italy^ England, Ecuador, Mexico, and France. Xiater statistics follow: Braids, plaits, laces, and willow sheets or squares of straw, chip, etc, Caleadar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. NOT BLEACHED, DYED, OE COLORED. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Yards. 2,351,608,722 1,710, 080 J622 864,706,079 S8, 014, 895 9,277,712 9,969,421 4, 383, 289 $0,004 .006 .005, $1,195,236 1,388,449 1, 479, 832 Per cent. 15 15 16 15 BLEACHED, DYED, OR COLORED. i ' 191g $395,951 365,661 319,549 185,689 $79,190 49,963 63,877 20 1919 22,138,899 22,739,504 20,004,669 $0. 016 .014 .009 20 1920 20 1Q91 W ■mnnfhtjl 20 '1100 SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFftRMATION^ 192L , Straw hats. i ; i . < , Calendar year. Quantity.^ Value. !0n«' ;■.■ Duty. Ad valorem. rate, , . NOT Bi9CKED OR TEIMMED. 1918 Number. $2,711,943 3,844,888 4,770,858 1,898,486 ^29:948 816,426 997,286 PeT cent. 20 1919 ,151260,794 16,691,421 10,061,717 JO. 252 .285 .188 20 1920 , 20 1921 (9 months) ... 20 BL06KED OE TRIMMED. 1918 1198,097 169,820 934, 470 861,100 170,135 66 296 358,252 ' 40 1919 . ' ', '. ■ ^ 106,854 710,210 681,994 11.688 1.315 1.257 40 1920 ..< !..:.: 40 1921 (9 months) ,.,..• 40 In 1920 about one-half of the material for straw hats was imported from China, and over 35 per cent from Japan. The other countries from which braids were iinported in, their order of importance were Italy, England, Switzerland, and France. Of the straw hats not blocked imported in 1920, over 20 per cent came from Italy, about 19 per cent from Colombia, 12 per cent frorii' Japan, and the rest principally from Mexico, Ecuador, and Dutch East Indies. Con- siderable quantities are imported from thfe Philippines free of duty; Straw hats hot blocked are priacipally of the woven-body type. Of the straw hats, blocked or trimmed about 45 per cent came from Japan and about 40 per cent from England and less than 10 pef 'cent from Italy. < ; Important changes in eldssificaiion. — The important changes mad© in H. E. 7456 with respect to straw hats are those relating to men's hats. Straw hats known as harvest hats, valued at less than $3 per dozen, are specially provided for. This classification' was inserted in order to provide a lower rate of duty on straw hats worn principally by farmers and other persons in rural districts. The other change provides for a higher rate of duty ons men's hats, "if sewed," thus distinguishing them for tariff jpurpose^ from men's woven hats. Suggested cftangres.— Imitation Panama hats made of tissue paper are being imported from Japan in considerable quantities. As manufactures of tissue paper Jthey are dutiable at 30 per cent under paragraph 323 of the act of 1913. The exception of this paragraph from the operation of paragraph 1430 would make such articles as embroidered hats or hats in part of lace dutiable at t}3Le same rate as such hats not embroidered, under this paragraph. Express exclusion of hats, etc., embroidered, appliqu^d, or in part of lace would apparently prevent such result. Women's hats, if sewed, are not included in the last bracket of p^jfagraph 1406. SUMMAEY OF TAEIFFi INFORMATION, 1921. 1101 PARAGRAPH 1407. H. B. 7456. Par. 1407. Brooms, made of broom corn, straw, wooden fiber, or twigs, 15 per -centum ad valorem: tooth brushes and other toilet brushes, 35 per centum ad valorem; all other brushes, not epe-. dally provided tor, including feather diisters and hair pencils in quills Or other- wise, 30 per centum ad valorem. ^ ACT OF 1909. Pak. 423. Brushes, brooms, and feather dusters of all kinds, and hair pencils in quills or otherwise, forty per centum ad valorem. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par^36. Brooms, made of broom corn, straw, wooden fiber, or twigs, 15 per centum ad valorem; brushes and feather dusters of all kinds, and hair pencils in quills or otherwise, 35 per centum ad valorem. BROOMS. (See Survey N-3.) Description and uses. — Brooms for sweeping floors and streets, cleaning ceilings and hearths, and ordinary whisk brooms usually are made of the tops of broom corn. Brooms for brewers' use are made of bristles; street and push brodms, of brass and steel, rattan, bass- wood Sber, or split bamboo. Those made of broom corn, straw, and wooden fiber and twigs, included hereunder, compose the bulk of the brooms used. Production of brooms in 1914 was valued at $14,085,000, of which those, made from broom corn yrere valued at $13,800,000. The total production of brodms in 1919 amounted to $30,094,000. . Imports. — The value of brooms imported in 1914 amounted to $3,640. Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad " valorem rate. 1918 Number. '17,831 '7,874 '21,902 '8,176 tl,173 1,173 3,281 Per cent. 15 1919 ; '55,62i '147,144 '80,433 JO. 14 .15 .10 15 1920 15 1921 (9 months).... 15 1 Includes a small amount from the Philippines, free of duty. Exports. — The value of brooms exported in 1914 amounted to $135,207, of which one-half went to Panama, Mexico, and Canada. Later statistics for calendar years are as follows: 1918, $157,885; 1919, $292,729; 1920, $330,267; 1921 (nine months) , $92,986. The export trade in brooms with Mexico and Canada declined in 1919 and 1920 while that with Panama and Cuba increased. Exports to Ireland in the years 1919 and 1920 amounted respectively to $113,900 and $134,883, being almost as much as was exported to all other countries. 1102 SUMMARY OF TAHIFF INFOKMATION, 1921. BRUSHES. ,:; ; ilJjv .'' .(See Survey N-4.) Description and uses. — Brushes may be divided into three classes; (1) Toilet, tooth, hair, nail, hand brushes, etc.; (2) painters' and artists' brushes ; and (3) all other brushes, including feather dusters. Hair pencils and artists' brushes are made of soft hairs and are used by artists," decorators, stripers, and lettererg, Toilet brushes and painters' brushes are made of bristles. Production. — ^The Bureau of the Census reports the value of the output in 1914 as $17,894,000, divided as follows: Toilet brushes, $2,675,000; paint and varnish brushes, $7,303,000; and all other, $7,916,000. The output of feather dusters and hair pencils is not reported separately. In 1919 the' production of all brushes was valued at $39,030,000. Imports. — In 1914 the value of all brushes imported into the United States amounted to $2,171,615, of which $682,003 came from France, $665,952 from Japan, $514,240 from Germany, $267,734 from England, and $29,734 from Austria. The increase in imports from Japan during the war period' more than offset the decline in imports from Europe. Later statistics follow: Calenilar year. Quantity. Value.* Unit value. Duty. Ad Talorem rate. TOOTH BRUSHES AND OTHEK TOILET BRUSHES. 1918-. ,;.... 1919 1...., 1920 , 1921 (9 months)... Number, -.: ..1(1,628; 244 ,2 27,009,043 2 1,257,669 1 36)476,920 •2,'21i5r446 41,437,232 3,$94,100 23,348,062 1,787,652 2 80. 05 .06 1.1534,885 2 440,184 ' 7715,406 1,^7,935 1 Brushes, Jan. 1 to June 30. 2 Toilet brushes, July 1 to Dec. 31. ' July 1 to Dec. 31. Percent: 35 35. 35 36 FEATHER DUSTERS. ' 1918... 2 21,801 498,388 840,-523 247,961 2 $789 5,178 11,630 ?,768 $0.04 $276 . 1,81? 4,035 35 1919... , 35 1920^::. .:.:.. .;.::::: .:.:: :. 35 35 . HAIR PENCILS. 1918 •311,125 737,459 1,212,043 1,663,717 2 $4, 132 7,081 24,870 16,613 $0.01 .01 .02 2,478 8,704 ' 35 1919 36 1920.. 35 1921 (9 months) . : 35 ALL rHER BRUSHES N. 3. p. r. • 1918 ..''... ..■-... ■' 2 4,994,196 6,228,647 10,775,716 8,437,651 2 $104,661. 176,372 464,322 . ,1",539. $0.02 .03 .04' 2 $36:631 . . 61^377 162; 512 36 1919 . . 35 1920 ....:: - 35 1921 (9 months); . 35 . . , StTMMARY OF TAKIFF INFOBMATION, 1921. HQS In 1920 the general impoi'ts of toilet brushes from Japan amounted to 49,474,118, valued at $3,831,886. England, France, and Ger- many were also exportmg considerable quantities of these brushes m 1920. Exports.— OfS^cial statistics do not show exports of brushes by- classes or grades. Exports of brushes aggregated $449,909 in 1914 With the exception of the years 1915 and 1916, Canada has been the chief country to which brushes have been exported. Later statistics for calendar years are as follows: 1918, $1,099,016; 1919, $1,470,555- 1920, $2,085,821; 1921 (nine months), $945,180. ' ' > Important changes in classification. — Specific provision is made for toilet and other brushes. Conflicting provisions. — This paragraph and paragraph 29 are in conflict in respect to brushes having backs or handles of compounds of pyroxylin. Suggested changes. — ^The phrase "in quills or otherwise" .should modify hair pencils only. A comma inserted after dusters would more clearly restrict the phrase to hair pencils. PARAGRAPH 1408, H. B. 7456. Par. 1408. Bristles, sorted, biinched, or prepared, 7 cents per pound. ACT OP 1909. SENATE; AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 424. Bristles, sorted, bunched, or Par. 337. Bristles, sorted, bunclied, or prepared, seven and one-half cents per prepared, 7 cents per pound, pound. BRISTLES. (See Survey N^.) Description and uses. — Bristles are the strong hairs gro-vving on the bjapk (and to some extent on the sides) of the hog, wild boar; and certain other animals. They are extensively used jn t>rushes and by shoemakers and saddlers. The best bristles corn© froin tlie cold regions of th§ Ternperate Zone. , (JFor crude prodiicts, see par. 1536.) Production. — The small and immature bristles obtained from slaughterhouses (as a by-product of the pork-packing industry) are short and inferior. Russia supplies the finest grade, the hairs being much longer and stiffer than those of American bristle-bearing animals. China, however, with a somewhat inferior product, sup- plies from 60 to 75 per cent of the bristles we require for paint brushes. Imports. — In 1914 imports of sorted, bunched, or prepared bristles were 3,551,081 pounds, valued at $3,255,554, of which 1,410,373 pounds, valued at $934,211 came from China. The revenue aggre- fated $253,753 in 1914. Bristles are also imported from England, 'ranee, and Germany. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. 1918 POUTt^S. 3,820,718 2,971,083 4,897,868 2,455,681 $5,055,898 5,567,462 10,097,579 4,330,591 $1.32 1.87 2.06 1267,460 207,976 342,851 Per cent. 5.29 1919 3.74 1920. 3.40 1104 SUMMARY 05 TARIFF INFOBMATION, 1921. Imports from, Germany were cut off during the war, but bristles are now 'being imported from that country, amounting, in tbe calendar year 1920, to 53,245 pounds, valued at $208,470. , Imports from Japan in 1920 amounted to 133,805 pounds, valued at $694,433. Before the war imports from Japan were small, i . . Exports. — Bristles of the quality required in brusL making are not produced in the United States and consequently thgre are no domestic exports. PARAGRAPH J 409. H. E.. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1409. Buttonformspflaatings, mo- hair or silk cloth, ancJ manufactures of other material, in patterns of such size, shape, or form as to be fit for buttons ex- clusively, and not exceeding three inches in any one dimension, 10 per ceiiitum ad , , valorem. . , , ACT OF 1909. Par. 426. Button forms of lasting^, pio- hair or silk cloth, or other manufactures of cloth, woven or made in patterns of such size, shape or form as to be fit for buttons exclusively, and not exceeding three inches; in any qneidiflaension, ten per centum ad Valorem. ACT OF 1913. ' Par. 338. Button forms of lastings, mo- hair or silk cloth, or other manufactures of cloth, woven or made in patterns of such size, shape, or form as to be fit for buttons exclusively, and not exceeding eight inches in any one dimension, 10 per centum ad valorem. BUTTON FORMS, ETC. (See Report, T, I. S. — 4.) Description and use. — Button forms included in this paragraph are pieces of cloth, of whatever composition, of a shape and size fit for use onl^ as coverings for buttons. Lasting is usually a strong and durable worsted fabric woven with a double or three-ply warp and single fUling into a twill or satin weave. Production. — No information available. Imparts in 1914 were valued at $19,183. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918.., J76 '4 $8 Per'cerd. 10 1919 10 1920. ;;j.t .: 1B4 89 10 1921 (9 months) 10 SUMMAHY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921, 1105 PARAGRAPH 1410. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1410. Buttons of vegetable ivory, finiahed or pajtly finished, 1^ cents per lir^e per gross^ vegetable ivory button blankd, not turned, facedj or drilled, three-fourths of 1 cent per line per gross; buttons of pearl or shell, finished or partly finished, 1} cents per Une per gross; pearl or shell button blanks, not turned, faced, or drilled, 1| cents per line per gross; and| in addition thereto, on all the" foregoing,' 15 per centum ad valorem : Provided, That the term "line" as used in this par^raph shall mean the line button measure of one- fortieth of one inch. ACT OF 1909. • Par. 427. Buttons or parts of buttons ^d button molds or blanks, finished or unfinished, shall pay duty at the follow- ing rates, the line-button measure being one-fortiethof one inch, namely: * » » buttons 6f pearl or shell, one and one- half cents per line per gross; bUttoiia of * * * vegetable ivory, * * * not specially provided: for in this section,, liree-fourths of one cent per Une pej gross, and in addition theretfl, on all the foregoing articles in this paragraph, fifteen per centum ad valorem; * ' * » ACT OF 1913. Par. 339.' Buttons of vegetable ivory in sizes thirty-six lines and larger, 35 per centum ad valorem; below thirty-six lines, 45 per centum ad valorem; buttons of shell and pearl in sizes tw:enty-six lines and larger, 25 per centum ad vilorem; below" twenty-six lines, 45 per centum ad valorem ; * * ' * parts o\ buttons; and button molds or blanks, finiahed or un- finished, * * * all the foregoing * * * 40 per centum ad valorem. t ; VEGETABLE IVORY BUTTONS. .,,.,..' (See Report T. I. S.— 4^ Description and uses.— Vegetable ivory buttons are made from tagua nuts which grow in northern South America and in Panama. A similar nut, the "pAlma dum," from Africa; has been much used in Italy. (See par. 1664, p. 1450.) The vegetable ivory button is the button generally used on men's and women's coats and suits. Production increased from 2,470,000 gross, /valued at $l,3O0,0OO, in 1904, tp 5,125,000 gross, valued at $2,885,000, in 1914, «,nd to 7,8'35,600 fflToss Cupt including trouser buttons), valued at $7,67^,000, in 1919. TJierewere 22 factories in this country in 1921. .Germany and Italy were important producers and exporters of vegetable ivory buttons before the, war., At present (1921) Italy is the most important ex- porter, and Germany is again doing a large business in these buttons. Imports into the United States of tagua nuts increased from over 23,000,000 pounds, valued at $790,000, in, .1912, tp about 51,700,000 pounds, valued at over $425,000, in 1917. In the calendar year 19^0 almost 50,000,000. pounds, worth $2,550,000, were imported, of which Ecuador sent 66.2 per cent, Colombia 23.4 per cent, and Panama 8.3 per cent. 82304r-22- -70 1106 Nummary of tariff information, 1921. Imports into the United States in 1918 (fiscal year) were 32,12S gross^ valued^ at $13,624. The import value ranges feom 110,000 to $50,000 a year. Later statistics follow : ' Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorei rate. VEGETABLE-IVORY BUTTONS^e .L|NES AND LARQEE. , , 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Gross, ■ ,( ( , 4,928 ,i 15,006 $1,02 $1,752 1,631, 736 .45 258 1,285' 2,238 1.74 783 3,036! ■; 7,282' 2.40 2,549 3S 35 35 35 VEGETABLE-IVORY BUTTONS— BELOW 36 LINES. 1918 14,177 151 9,862 16,874- $3,431 160 3,710 4,844 $0.24 P , 1.06 .38 .29 $1,544 ; 72 1,670 2,180' 45 1919. ....,...;..;.... 45 1920 ; 45 1921 (9 months) 49 Exports are seiit in small amounts to several countries of South America. Exports to Canada for the three years 1919 to 1921 averaged abotit $35,000 per year. Important changes in classification. — This paragraph eliminates the provision of the act of 1913 (par. 339), dividing these buttons into two classes, "36 lines and larger" and "below 36 lines." Specific rates per line per gross varying in amount depending upon the condir tion of the blank or button are added. Suggested changes. — HOrn buttons, ' being used for the identical purposes as vegetable-iypry buttons, mostly on men's and women's; clothing and being very similar in price, could well be placed in tha samfe provisions as vegetable ivory. pearl or shell buttons. Ij,.., (Seel^eportT. I.S.— 4.) j. : ■ Description and uses. — Ocean-pearl buttons are riidde' of s6Verd varieties of salt-water moUusca, chiefly from the waters off the coasts^ of Oceania and Asia. The quality varies greatly \^ith the shell. Wholesale prices for the same sized buttons range from 10 cents to $1.20 per gross. The- better grades are'iised On women's wear and men's shirts. Fresh-water pearl buttotis are made from the shells of mussels obtained in rivers and lakes. They are, on the whole, a. cheaper grade of buttons than those of ocean pearl. ''■'- • Production of ocean-pearl buttons in the United States 'in 1918 wa& by 112 establishments. In 1914 the output of ocean-p»earl buttons w-as-over 4,500,000 gross, valued at $2,489,000 ; in 1919 the outpt was 5,892,000 grOsy; valued at' 16,564,000. Our production of fresh-water .pearl" bilttonS in 1914 was oveir 21,000,000 gross, valued at about $4,800,000. The output for 1916 was valued at $7,450,000,- and the production in 1919 (census) was 23,969,000 gross; TValued afci$8,200,- 000. Iihports of shells (unmanufactured) amounted to $2,219j000 in 1912, to $1,328,000 in 1915, to $2,435,000 in 1917, to 10,071,565 SUMMAB,y OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1107 pounds, in 1920, and to 3,815,912pounds;,valu,ed at $1,177,024 in 1921, valued at $3,144,786. Austria-Hungary long maintained ajpractical monopoly of the ocean-pearl button industry, but the development of a domestic fresh water pearl industry caused Austrian imports almost to disappear. Japan is an important producer and large exporter of both ocean and fresh water pearl buttons, sending very large quan- tities to the United States and other button-importing fcountrifes. Japan exported over 18^000,000 gross of all kinds of pearl buttons in 1918, valued at $4,216,978. The volume has been less in later years. . Imparts of pearl or shell buttons in 1918 amounted to 4,784,041 gross, valued at $913,721, and in 1921 to 2,412,935 gross,, valued at $1,099,643, practically all of which came from Japan and the Philip- pinesy: .ftbout $900,000' worth from Japan, and $200,000 (free) from the Philippines. The estimated Japanese output of fresh-water pearl buttons for 1917 was about 600,000 gross of first-class buttons and over 1,000,000 gross of inferior grades. Over 80 per cent of all the pearl buttons imported are below 26 lines. Prices on most imported pearl buttons are low compared with the donaestic product, and the great quantities of these buttons in the domestic market have resulted in severe competition with domestic producers. The lower price is said to be less than the cost of cutting the blanks in the United States as reported in a brief submitted by the Button Manufacturers' Association to the United States Tariff Commission. Imports for 1918-1921 have been as foUows: Calendar year. Quantity, Value; Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. PEARL OR SHELL BUTTONS— BELOW 26 LINES. 1918 1919 :. 1920 1. 1921 (9 mc^iths). Gross. 70,367 4,692,796 200,404 3,730,279 258, 937 2,576,943 98,328 1,810,042 »33,272 $0.47 736,080 ,16 96,078' ,48 915,393 .25 148,986 , ,58 894,637 ,35 56,682 ,58 673,480 .37 $331, 236 '4ii,"927 ,402, 587 303,' 066 Per cent. (') ■(') (') 45 45 45 45 PEAEL OR SHELL BUTTONS -26 LINES AND L.-iRGER, 1918 / 22,299 t 257,8^1 f 43,488 1 293, 111 / 116,608 230,954 ( 17,950 \ 85,148 tl4,579 137, 121 16,441 228,844 84, 126 170,468 11,680 69,762 $0,65 ,53 ,38 ,78 ,72 ,74 .'65 ;82: (') S34,28b 25 57,211 25 42,617 25 17,441 ' From the Pliilippines, free. General imports of pearl buttons by principal countries are shown as follows : Japan, .' $471,5Sl6' ■ 1, 175,609 1,947,404> Philippine .islands : , (free). .- '( . England. 1918 - ' S4'7,851 112, 51« . 226,112 1326 1919 49,431 1920 1 - - 10,758 1108 SUMMARY OF' TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Exports bipearlhubtons in 1918 (fiscal year) amounted to $600,666, of which 1303,019 went to Europe, $222,017 to North America, and $51,106 to South America. Previous statistics are not available. 'Statistics for later Calendar years follow: 1918, 1631,948; 1919 $710,727; 1920; $712,714; 1921, $142,884. England and Canada are the principal countries to ^ which' the United States ships pearl buttons. > : Important changes in dassiiicaition.-^--Thia ip&r&gFaph changes the act of 1913 (par. 339) by feliminatihg the classes, "26 lines and Ib-Tger" and ''below 26 lines," and substituting a specific duty per line per gross.- .' ! j ' ■ 1 * ' - BUTTON' BLANKS OF VEGETABLE IVORY, PEARL, OR SHELL. .- T< years. No ^statistics available. , > ~ Exports. — No separate statistics (TJnited States) available. Cana- dian statistics report a few thousand dollars worth, of ^.^ animal siell" blanks received from tHe Uiiited States. ;,^ Y Suggested changes. — See General Notes on Paragraph', page 1113. ' COLLAR AND CUFF BUTTONS AND STUDS. (SeeReportT. I. S.— 4.) (See Schedule 3, paragraph 349, for other meta,l buttons; trouser, collar, and cuff, etc.) v,Production in 1914 was 1,771,053; gross, valued at $56,251, includ- ing some inetal buttons. ' Production in 1919 (Census) was 974,000 gross, valued at $80,000. Imports in 1918 (fiscal year) were valued at $577; in 1914, at $52,125. Later statistics follow: : ; . ■ ■: -■ Calendar year. Quantity. Value. lUnit value. Ad valorem rate. COLLAR AND CUFF BUTTONS OF BONE, MOTHBE-OF-PEAEL, IVOEY, OE AGATE. ;- , :l' .. .11 : i\ ',-,^1' ■"' >':i- ■: ' '_ ■' .'i ■ jLh — I : 1 UlJ 1918 19i9....:j:.i... 1920 1921 19montbs).. QtossI j ""14,359 14,669 11,902 $23 6,388 4,212 $0i09 .43 .35 494 2,554 1,685 Per cent. to 40 40 40 1110 SUMMARY ' OF TARII^F ' I5*-i"bRMAT:it)N, ' ' 1921. Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value, Duty. Ad valorem rate. METAL CbLLAR, CUFFi AND DRESS BUTTONS, VALUED ABOVE, 20 CENTS PER DOZEN PIECES. 19I8 1919 1920 1921 (9 months).. Dozen. >11 2 11,764 ■ 129 2 2,984 1 248 23,058 1102 2 967 110 6,140 ,2„g, 1,198 112 685 $0.91 .52 .21 ,67 .50 .39 1.10 .71 ': $6 , i3,68^ 1,?96- 75 719 61 411 Per Cent. '•'"',•■ m 60 60 '.: 60 60 60 60 60 1 Collar and cufl. 2 Dress. Scpor-is.'— None recorded. Statistics of some otker countries report thfe import of small quantities of these- buttons from, the United States. '■ "'■■ ■ _,■, . . . li;...,; , _ Important changes in classification.— See General Notes on Para- graph, page 1113. .«/;'/Mi-i -r. ,''.' Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months).. TJTl.iW^: Oross. 28,622 - 8,S?0' ,rl3,617 17, 464 111,081 1,700- , 9,330 ill .,, $4,432 f • 680 3,732, 765 Percent. ' . 40 ■■■ 40 Exports. — None recorded, but small . amounts arfe-;seilt.to various countries. . GLASS BUTTONS. (See Report T. I. S.— 4.) Description and uses.— T}iese buttons are made from glass rods, sometimes called "fusible enamel, " in a great variety of sizes, shapes, and colors, and are described as f f fancy. buttons.used^largely for women's! wear. " ' ' SUMMARY OF TAEJFF INPOBMATJOST, 1&21. 1111 Production in 1919 (Census) was 571,000 gross, valued at $261,000, as compared witH 217,000 gross valued at. $100,00p in 1914. ' Mo^t of out imports of glass buttons come from, Czechoslovakia. Imports were 142 ;,gtoss^; valued , at, $448, in 1918, and 1,000,000 gross, valued at $464,117, in 1914 (fiscal years). Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 Gross. • 429 144,399 431,822 141,394 $674 39,382 100,215 . 44,146 $1.67 .27 .23 .31 $270 lgj753 ■ 40,088 17,658 ■ Per cent. 40 1919 40 1920 ..: ...: ... 40 1921 (9 months) 40 Exports. — Small, quantities are now exported to Canada, South America, and other countries, but statistics are lacking. HORN BUTTONS. (See Report T. J. S.— 4.) Description and uses. — Horn buttons are in the main made from the horns and hoofs of domestic cattlei,: .These buttpns.ares often jnade in large sizes and are much used on suits, cloaks, and overcoats. Eng- land and Japan are large producers-and exporters. Production. — Eight factories employing about §00, persons were making these buttons in 1918. The census of 1914 reported a pro- duction of 537,000 gross, valued at $299,487; the 1919 census reports an output of 2,575,000 gross, valued at $1,111,000. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: - Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 ('•y-f •',•■■: Gross. -226,157 121,711 • 27, 281 ■ 1 28,.1.29 169,098 64,320 ■ 33,684 51,068 $0.-31 .53 1.23 1.82. ~ 127,639 25,728 13,473- . .. 20,427 Per cent. - 40 1919 \;j'. 1920 ■ t i40 ,r.', Exports. — Separate statisti SH( 3s are n( )E BUTT )t avails ONS,. -, ible. (See Report T. I. S,— 4.) .^"f ■ Description and uses. — Shoe buttons are hiade from a noinili.er of materials, the miost important being papier-m&che, composition' and agate. Cheaper grades from Austria and Germany^ were ;^iate. The domestic product is in the main made of papier-m^ch^. Production.— Twelve factories, chiefly in New England, gave an output in 1914 of about 15,500,000 gross, valued at about $610,000. The manufacture of papier-mach6 buttons greatly increased with the 1112 StrMMABY OT TAKIST' INFORMATION;, 1921. elimination of German arid Austrian competition during tlie war. In 1919 (census) production was 5,295,000 gross, valued at $632,000. Imports iQ 1918 (fiscal year) were 46,684 gross, valued at $3,134; in 1914, over 570,000 gross, valued at about $21,500. Later statistics follow: • Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorein rate. 1918 Oross. 44,162 3,010 120,171 8,762 $2,247 1,867 11,856 2,050 SO. OS .62 .10 .23 $337 280 1,778 308 Per cent. 1919 ..t ;.%, 15 1920 ,...,.... 15 1921 (9 months) 15 Export^. — Small quantities are exported but separate statistics are not given. ' ~ i > i i: , if. - i. Imporianf changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- graph, page 1113. SILK BUTTONS. (See Report T. I. S.— 4.) Imports. — Statistics for silk and "all other," are given below; sta- tistics of other kinds not available. Caleiidar year. Quantity. Value. Unlt'ialue. Duty. Ad valorem rate. ■ ,.,: 1 :SILK BUTTONS., „,,.;., .-, * , •,,, , . 1918 . i ■ - •-, Gross. IT!.' S ,/ I $364 13 173 1,783 :il '(■., $146 5 69 H 713 Per cent. 40 1919 3 178 7,04a. $4.33 .97 .25 40 1920 40 1921 (9 months) 40 ALL OTHER BUTTONS, N. s. P. F. 1918 . . . ..... $79,617 / 10,182 1 • 106,310 229,163 202,564 $31,847 .:!40 1919 ' ' P)'.'-- ............ 91,661 81,026 ,,. C '40 1920 40 1921 (9 months) 40 ■':'- ;j;;,j - ') j:'i :>»: i< '■ \( \ 1 From the PhiUppines, free ol duty. Exports. — ^The total domestic exports of all buttons for the calendar years 1918, 1919, 1920, a,nd ,1921 were as follows : $2,438,822, $3,r 296,687, $3,846,830, and $1,033,573; respectively. Canada, England, and Argentina were the principal markets. There were also.expprted for the same periods .the following amounts of foreign buttons, yiz: $14,820, $26,191, $7-5,67ar and $73,747. :- SUMMARY OP TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1113 MISCELLANEOUS. (See Report T. I. S. — 4.) Description and uses. — There are numerous kinds, of buttons coming under the ''not specially provided for "■ clause of this paragraph. The celluloid, composition, wood, and cdv^ed buttons, are, of great importance in domestic manufacture. Silk, crochet, galalith, and many other kinds are also included under this paragraph. Production. — Celluloid (plastic) buttoas to the amount of 623,000 gross, valued at $724,000 were produced in 1914 (Census) ; for 1919 the same soxirce gives a production of 2,210,000 gross, valued at|3, 323,000. Covered buttons produced in 1914 (Census) amounted to 3,017,000 gross, valued at $1,600,000; although the quantity decreased to 2,872- 000 gross in 1919, the value increased to $1,769,000. Other buttons not specified in the 1914 census amounted to 2,001,- 000 gross, valued at $696,000. In 1919 the productionhad increased to 4,364,000 gross, valued at only $523,000. Production of the many other kinds is not definitely known. GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH, Important changes in classification. — The provision for collar and cuff buttons and studs of vegetable ivory is new. : Shoe buttons specifically mentioned in paragraph 339 of the act of 1913 are relegated to the provision for buttons not specially provided for. Suggested changes. — "Parts of buttons aiid button molds or blanks, finished or linfluished, noit specially provided for," carry, a duty of 38 per centum ad valorem, while a finished button under paragraph 349, carrying a duty of a fraction of a cent per line per gross and 10 per cell tum' ad valorem, might be dutiable at a less rate than a part of the sanie or similar Ibutton. The expression "button blanks, not turned, faced, or drilled," is said not 'to expresa the process of manufacture and to be meaningless in the vegetable iyoi^t buttoii'business. It is suggested that " vege- table ivory button blanks, not drilled, dyed or finished" would be proper. ', PARAGRAPH 1412. H. B. 7456. .;.; SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1412. Cork bark, cut into aquapes, , cubes, or quarters, 8 cents per pound; stoppers over tkree-fpurths of, one inch in diametei', rneasured at the labile]; end, and, disks, wafers, and wadiers ovef three^ sixteenths of one inch in thickness, made fromnaturalcprkbark,20centeperpound; , made from ai!ii£i,c^al;9r cojnpositipn, pork, t, ,,,; , 10 cents per ' pound; 'stoppers, three-,' , , fotirths .of one inch or less iri diameter,' measured at ^the larger end, and disks, ' wafers, ian.d iv:ashers», , three-sixteenths of ^ , ; , i • ■ . one inch oi; less in, thicknegs, made, frgm , lidturai cork bark, 25 cents per pound; '" 1114 SUivrMJiBT OF->TARltF'! INFORMATION j' 1921.' H. B. 7456. - ru!, A made from artificial or composition cork, • 12 J cents per pound; cork, artificial,' commonly known as composition or com- pressed cork, manufactured from cork ■waste or granulated cork, iiivthe rough and not further adyanced than in. the form; pf slabs', blocks,' or planks, auitiibleJor Gu,t- tthg into stoppers,, disks, liters, floa-ts, or similar articles,' 6 cents per pound; in tods or sticks suitable for the manoifaetuire of disks, wafeiB, or washers, 10 : cents per pound;, granulated or ground cork; cork insulation, whoU^^ or m chief value' ,ot cork waste, granulated or ground cork, in slabs, boards, planks;: or molded; forms; cork tile; cork papery, and: manufactures, wholly or in cMef^jfalije of cork .bark or ajrtificial cork and not specially proA^de'd for, 25 per centum ad valorem; '-' ' - ;!'■''■ '■■ , ACT OP 19,09. J .,, I Pah. 429. Cork bark cut into squares, cubes, or quarters, eight 'cents per 'pouiid;- manufactured corks over three-fourths of an inobi.in .diameter, measured at larger, end, fifteen cents per pound; fnreevfourtjhs of an inch and less in dianieter, measurp'd at larger end , twenty-five ceUts per'pdUnd ; cork,)artificial| or cork substitutes, man'U- factured from cork waste or granulated cork, ^B,d .:t^pt pother wi^f,. provided for,in| this section, ' six cents per pound; inanu- factures, Vholly 'dr ih chief value 'of 'cork, ' or of cork bark, or of artificial cork or cork sjibs^tutes, granulated or ground cork, noi specially provided fpiriii this.spction, ; , thirty ^ei* centum ad valorem.' SENATE AMENDMENTS. ,;: ACT OF 1913. Par. 34Q. Cp;:k bark, cut into squares, cllbes,"- far' quarters, 4 cents per pound; manufactured cork stoppers, over three- four|;hs of an. inch in, diameter,' meaeured at the, .larger end,, anc|,manuf3.gture^ cork, disks, wafers, or washers, . over three- sixteeiirths' 'of an ' iii'ch in tWckiiesB, '].,2 cents per pound ;' manufactured cork stoppers, three-fourths of an inch or less in diameter, measured at the larger end, ;and manufacturedr cork disli;8, wafers,- or. 'washers, three-sixteenth.s of ai inch or less in thickile¥s,'il5 cents per pound; cork, artificial,' or ';eork substitutes manufac-,, tjired, .4rom cork waste, T or gijanulat^d, corks, and nQt'other\vise provided foi;iin' this se^tibn; 3 fcehts J)er pound; cor!|c in- saliatibn, ' wholly or in chief v^Ue of granulajbed cork,'ki,;slabs, boards, planka, or,ipqld.fid forms, | peijt per pojmd; cork paper, 35 per centum .£^d valorem; manu- factures Wholly or in chief value of cork or of cork bark, or of artificial cork or batki flubstitutes, granulated or ground cork, not specially provided for in this section, 30 p*af centum ad valorem . :- ' MANTJFACTUKE8 OF CORK. ' ' (See Survey N-6.) Description and uses. — Cork manufactures are of t-vro (passes, those cut from the natural cork bark, sucli as cojrk stoppers and disks used in metallic crown corks, and products of composition cork. The C9m- position is made from the waste or resid'ue from natural cork cutting, which is ground and baked in molds.; The process pf molding differs with the purpose for which the cdmpositiqjl J3';intendpdi that for, insulation board, for instance, is made entirely from natural cork granules, the natural resin or gum ser\dng as a binder when baked under pressure, while in the compositibn fr6in -yrhich disks ipv dtp^ SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOKMATION, 1921. 1115 corks are cut a separate glutinous binder is used. Cork paper, made by pasting very thiri sheets of bark to paper, is used for cigarette tips. The uses of natural and composition cork are very numerous, a complete listing being almost impossible. Portugal and Spain sup- ply nearly all the raw material. (See paragraph 1556.) Prq^ction in 1914 was by 52 establishments (30 in New York and 10. in Pennsylvania), with a capital of $7,602,000, over 3,400 employ- ees, and wages of $l,582,Q0O. Materials used were valued at $4,751- 000, and the product at $7,875,000. In 1919 the number of establish- ments reported had increased to 62, with production valued at $16,282,000. Imports in 1914 were valued at $2,628,387; in 1916, at $878,268; in 1917, at $2,626,804. Imports are practically all from Portugal and Spain. Statistics of imports of various forms of cork follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Equivalent ad valorem. CORK DISKS, WAFEES, OR WASHERS, -ft INCH- OR LESS THICK. 1918. r:. 1919 19201; jUlH. 19^ (9 months) _ Pounda. 2,010,408 $1,316,590 $301, 561 791, 053 470,948 117,935 . .1,382; 697 . .905,429 207,405 ... 464,0^0 -344,288 68, 101 CORK DISKS, WAFERS, OR WASHERS., MORE THAN A. INCH THICK. 1^18. . 1919.. J920.. J921 (9 months) . .'.ft'jjci.' 71,112 $46,496 $8, 533 12, 651 8,991 1,518 11, 7S4 6,736 1,412, 19, 638 16,389 2; 345' 18,35 16.88 20.96 CORK STOPPERS J INCH OR LESS IN DIAMETER AT LjVRGE END. 1918 1920. . . .-.<■'. A.t'Vr. ;;'.;-;■ .'.V?-.?^4 . .??.-'.'.■.-. 1921 (9 months) 64, 656 76,397 103, 961 56,909 $20,605 65,160 ■§&, 509 49,678 1 $9,683 IX, m 18i^94 8, 536 47.00 17.59 17.62 CORK STOPPERS OVER J INCH IN" DIAMETER AT LARGE END. 1918 101,021 73,728 67, 966 65, 078 $72, 426 59, 966 39, S04 27,420 $12, 123 8,847 8,151 7,809 16. 7^ 1919 14.74 1920 l.^.:' .....n-i 1921 (9 months) 20.63 ' '' '■ CORK BARK cut IN^P SQUARES, CUBES OR QUARTERS. 6 6,135 1,387 8 $1 3,129 403 2 .;! . ' 1919 $246 56 7.84 1920 13.77 16.00 CORK INSULATION WHOLLY OR QF CHIEF VALUE OF CORK WASTE, GRANULATED OR GROUND CORK, IN. SLAB'S', BOARDS, PLA'NKS, OR MOLDED FORMS. 19X8 , rr-- ........... ..^,^-., 1, 349, 570 5, 719, 668 9, 000, 101 6, 50.3, 902 : , 771,i23l 421, 105 $3,3.74 14, im 22, m 16, 2^ ' ,.■ , ,5.S0 ' ■ ■ 3i,47 1926:. rr ■--.-- L........i,,. TQ9'1 /"Q rnnnth'^V .L.,.-.;.,.;.. ...'.;. ,.,....,(.'- 2.92 3.86 . * ' ■ ■'; ■ ■ 1116 SUM-MABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Calenijar year. ARTIFICIAL OR COMPOSITION CORK, MANUFACTPREpi FROM CORK WASTE OiR GRAN- ULATED CopK AND NOT SPECIALLY PROVIDED FQR, 1919 .... J. Pounds. .175,331 a 220 tll6, 505 41 15,260 Per Cent. 4.51 1920 1921 Omontlis) 7 CORK PAPER. 1918 : :...... : I SI 16, 665 101, 569 62, 560 17, 193 $40,833 35,549 - 21,896 6,017 1919 ,., . . . - 35.00 35.00 35.00 1929-.' ' ■ ' • ^-. c T -i 1921 (9 months)": ,. . . .'. ..,..,.....:. Zu. MANUFACTURES WHOLLY OR IN CHIEF VALUE OF CORK OR ARTIFICIAL CORK AND NOT SPECIALLY PROVIDED FOR.,,,, -, 1918 , »32,.648 '51,286 94,938 39,989 $9, 764 ' 13,- 386 28,481 11,996 30.00 1919 . ■ ' 30.00 1920 30.00 1921 (9 months) 30.00 Exports' ioT the fiscal years 1914-1918 were valued at $462,199, $211,795, $455,424, $541,579, and $847,377, respectively. Canada, Australia, and Brazil were the chief purchasers of domestic cork manufactui'e^ in 1914.' JExports since 19t7, by calendar years, have been as follows: 1918,, $996,821; 1919, $1,081,537; 1920, $2,002,174; 1921 (nine months), $580,597. Canada, Mexico, Cuba, and Argentina were the chief purchasers during these years. PARAGRAPH 1413, , - H. B. 7456. Par. 1413. Dice, dominoes, draughts, chessmen, and billiard,: pool, and baga- telle halls, and poker chips, of ivory, bone, or other material, 40 per centum ad va- Iprem. ,, , , , , ■■ ,■ lh ? . ACT OF 1909. Par. 430. Dice, dominoes, draughts, chessmen, chess balls, .and j^illiard, pool, and bagatelle balls, of ivory,' bone, or other materials, fifty per centum ad va- lorem. ' SENATE ASIENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913.: " . -Li' .,"'■■ ■'-' Par. 341. Dice, dominoes, draughts, chesBipeij, chess balls, an^ MUiard, pool, bagatelle balls, and pok'er chips, of ivory, bone, or other materials, 50 per centum ad valorem. DICE, CHESSMEN, ETC. ' , , , (See Survey, N-7.) Production and export data are not available. Establishments en- gaged in the manuiacture of these articles are not given a separate classificatidin by tile census. France is the principal foreign manu- facturer of "articles within this paragraph. StJMMABY OP TARIFF INFOEMATIDN, 1921. 1117 Imports oi dice, dominoes, draughts, chessiflenj etc., in 1914 were valued at $67,789, nearly aU from Germany and France; in 1918 (fiscal year) tm-ee-fourths of importations came from France, the rest largely from Hongkong, Japan, and China. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 $21,0Si 57,789 65,470 93,619 MS j( 28j893' 27,734 Per cent. 60 -1919 )... 50 1920 50 1921 (9 months) PARAGRAPH 1414. H. B. 7456. Par. 1414. J)olls, and parts of dolls, doll heads, toy marbles, of whatever ma- terials composed, air rifles, toy ballopps, toy hooks without reading matter other than letters, numerals, or descriptive words, hound or unbound, and parts (thereof, and all other toys, and parts of toys, not composed of china, porcelain, parian, bisqiie, earthen or stone ware, and not specially provided for, 40 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Par. 412. * * * books of paper or other material for children's use, not ex- ceeding in weight twenty-four ounces each, six cents per pound; * * *. Par. 431. Dolls, and parts of dolls, doll heads, toy marbles of whatever materials composed, and all..other tovs, and parts of toys; not composed, of china, porcelain, parian, bisque, earthen or stone ware, and not specially provided for in this section, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 325. * * * books of paper or other material for children's use, litho- graphically printed in whole or^in part, not exceeding in weight twenty-four ounces each, 4 cents per pound; * * *. Par. 342. Dolls, and parts of dolls, doll heads, toy marbles of whatever materials composed, and all other toys, and parts of toys, not composed of china, porcelain, parian, lisque, earthen or stone ware, and not specially provided for in this section, 35 per centum ad valorem. •Par. 132..* * * air-rifles, * * * and parts thereof, 15 per centum ad va- lorem. .. TOYS. (See Survey N-7.) 'Description and uses. — ^Toys, under the' judicial decisions, are play- things intended and designed for the amusement of children only, and by their very nature and character reasonably unfit for other use. (Illfelder v. United States, 1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 109, of 1910; Carson, etc., V. United States, 2 Ct, Cust. A^pls., 386, of 1911.) Production. — ^Available figures cover toys and games in general. In 1914 there were 290 manufacturers of toys and games, with an output valued at $13,757,000, a capital of $10,484,000, and 7,887 employees. Before the war Germany supplied a large part of the Irdfld's demand 1118 SUMM-ABY OF TABI3PF : liSr.FDRMATION, 1921. foj. toys.; (Ill 1919. i%h.em! -.were- 541 ^stablishment/fe 6ngag^d in^the manufacture of toys andgames, the product amounting to $45', 720,000. The Toy Manufacturers'; Association reports that; in 1914!there.,w6re 10 concerns in th^ Uiiitedi States manufacturing,' dolls, and th6;t^tb.e product amounted to $1,000,000, and in 19l9, 48 concerns with a product valued at $9,000,000. , Imports. — In 1914 imports amounted to over $9,000,000, divided as follows: Dolls and parts of, $1,816,937; all other toys and parts of, $7,274,035. Of the dolls and parts of; $1,791,913' came from Germany and of all other toys $5,926,941 from Germany, $434,006 from Japan, : $420,859 from England, and $206,194 irom: France.' Later statistics for calendar years follow: ,;„ Dolls and parts of: Value Duty All other toys and parts of toys, n. s. p. !., in- cluding toy marbles: Value Duty 1918 J365, 473 12t^916 848, 013 296, 805 1919 Jl, 205, 215 421, 825 1,630,311 570, 609 $2, 593, 108 907, 588 7,094,418 2,483,040 1921 (9 months). 51,215,662 4, 784, 769 Japan began to ship considerable quantities of toys to the United States during the war. In 1920 imports from Japan amounted to 60 per cent of the dolls and to 50 per cent of all other toys. Germany in the same year supplied, respectively, 37 and 40 per cent. Exports. — In l914pexports amounted to $809,120, chiefly.to Canada, England, Australia, and Cuba. Later statistics for calendar years follow: "f Item. 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Dollsand parts of Mechanical toys. . . All other toys . . , , . TOtal..j...;, $292, 219 166, 970 1, 196, 923 H54. 770 22f,628 2, 19P, 131 1,656,112 $539, 821 471,369 3,178,132 $98,034 122,583 1, 112, 182 4, 189; 322 1,332,-799 Important changes in classification. — Air rifles, toy balloons, and toy books arte added. Conflicting provisions. — ^Page 153, lines 6, 7, of H. R. 7456: There is conflict between the provision fpr "dolls, and parts of dolls, doll heads, toy marbles, of whatever materials composed," and the pro- vision in paragraph 29 for artiplies pf -py;t'oxylin. A common material for dolls and parts of dolls and doll heads, is pyroxylin. The pro- viso to paragraph 29 is intended to make all articles of pyroxylin dutiable thereunder by. vir^rue of the words "whether or not more specifically proyided for elsewjjere,". ,, , , / ^M , Suggested changes.. — If dolls, parts of doUs, doll :hep,ds, , a^jd; ttpy marbles of pyroxyhn, are intended tQ.be covered by paragraph 1414, an exception should be made thereof in the proviso to paragraph\29. If they are not intended to come i-^tjhia^para,graph 1414, thesiexcep- tion of pyroxylin should be.made in line 7 on page i5;3i majjingithat read '/of whatever ipaferi3.1^, composed except those enumefajt(e4 JP paragraph 29." SUMMARY OF TAE^FF INFORMATION, 1921. 1119 Page 153, lines 10-12, ;jof H. E. 7456: The same, comments apply to toys provided for in lines 10 to 12^;, If toys , of pyroxylin are not intended to be included in paragraph; 1414, pyroxylin should be men- tioned with china and the other materials therein named., i PARAGRAPH 1415. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1415. Emery, corundum and arti- ficial abrasive ^airis and emery, corun- dum and artificial abrasives,- ground, pul- verized, refined, or manufactured, ] cent per pound; emery wheels, emery files, emery paper, and manufactures of which emery, corundum or artificial abrasive is the component material of chief value, 20 per centum ad valorem; crude artificial abrasives, 5 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 343. Emery grains and emery, Par. 432. Emery grains and emery, manufactured, ground, pulverized, or manufactured, ground, pulverized, or refined, 1 cent per pound; emery wheels, refined, one cent per pound; emery emery files, emery paper, and manufac- wheels, emery files, and manufactures of tures of which emery or corundum is the which emery or corundum is the com- component material of chief value, 20 per ponent material of chief value, twenty- centum ad valorem. ■ five per centum ad valorem; crude arti- Par. 479. * * * and crude artifi- ficial abrasives, ten per centum ad cial abra-sives,. not specially provided for valorem. [Free]. EMERY AND CORUNDUM. (See Survey B-3.) Description and uses. — Corundum and emery, prior to the invention of artificial abrasives, were the most important abrasive materials. Corundum is a natural crystalline mineral composed of alumitium oxide. Emery is an impure form of corundum. They are used in making emery cloth and paper, and are manufactured into grinding wheels by mixiaig with suitable materials. .,>•'■■' >; Production. — The chief commercial sources of emery are the Greek island of Naxos and the Province of Smyrna in Asia Minor. Emery is produced here chiefly in the Peekskill district of New York and recently has been obtaiaed in Pittsylvania County, Va. Domestic production increased from 485 toils,' valued at $2,425, in 1914, to 16,315 tons, valued at $173,589, in 1917, an increase due to restricted imports and increased war demand. Production of emery in 1919 arddunted to 2,601 short tons, valued at $23,203, and in 1920 to 2,327'short tons, valued at $21,6851 . Canada, formerly the chief source of corundum, has been practically unproductive since 1913. There are important deposits in India and the South African Transvaal, whence considerable quantities reached this country during 1917. Crude' ore is usually -shipped to Glasgow for refining aaid is reexported to this country. Domestic production in 1917 (jdl'from North 'Garoiina;) was 820 tons,!' valued at. $67,461. No production of ooruildiuih was reported in 1919 and 1920. i. 1120 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INS'ORMATION, 1921. Imports of emery grains in 1914 were 844,157 pounds, valiied at $33,874, with about 60 per cent from England and 25 per Cent from France. In 1917 they fell to 136,969 pdunds, vailued at $7,889, all from England and Ganadai- ' .,,.,.,.■ Imports of corundum ore declined steadily from 840 long tons, valued at $63,286, in 1911, to 17 toils, Valued at $633, in 1916. Imports of corundum gffiiiis< have .varied considerably. In 1913 they were 1,937,803 pounds, valued at $8*7,187, with over 90 per cent from Canada; in:i916, 657,826 pounds. Scotland has been the chief source since 1915. Imports of naanufactures of emery and corundum have bee)CL;Small, in 1913 valued at $15,067. Later imports have been as foUows:, Calendar year. (Quantity; , Value. Unit value. 'I- Duty. EMEEY GRAINS. 1918 Pounds. 623,241 392,789 543,514 $32,499 22,432 22,462 ^ 7,684 $0.05 .06 .04 $6,232 3,928 1919 1920 5,435 1921 (9 months) COEUNDUM GRAINS. • 1918 T(Ms: ' 1,569 69 546 682 $199,409 9,696 63,504 74,218 $127.13 ,140.52 116.32 187.'51 1919 : . ... 1920 ' ' ' ■' 1921 (9 months)... . .' . Exports of abrasiveSj natural and artificial, for calendar years since 1917, have been as follows: 1918 1919 1920 . 1921 (9 months). a^^^^":::::;:;::::;:i:::::i;::::: .,$3,862,531 " 1,982,822 $3,032,067 2,809.231 $2,791,128 3,810.171 $2,040,639 2,854,921 ■ ■ .:; ' ■ ■ i^-i; The principal countries of destination , have been Canaida and England.; ,, ARTIFICIAL , ABRASIVES. ■ (See Survey B-3.') , Description aridities. — ^Artificial abra^ves are of tw0;kinds (1) silicon carbides, sold under the trade names of carborundum, crystojon, and carbolon; and (2) aluminum oxides,. sold as alundum, aloxite, exolon, and lionite. Artificial abrasives sold under other names are either the above products or are imported; materials marketed under special trade names. Carbide of silicon is the best abrasive for use on cast iron, brassj bronze, and other metals of low tensile strcsngth, and marble, granite^ pearlj leather, and carbon. It is also used in the form of Dricksi as a refractory in furnace construp6wer is available; about 65 pet cent of the 1917' production "vv^as' from those plants, A lai'ge part of the Canadian output is exported to this country and manufactured intowhebls, stones, and other finished products. ' ' Ijnpbfts and exports of artificial abrasives are included with those of niatural abrasives. GENEEAIi NOTES ON PAEAGBA»B 1, Important changes in classification. — Crude artificial iabrpisives are transferred from the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 479). i S'^grj^eSiec^cAaflfgrfeig.'^— The attention of'liief Tariff Commission has been fcalleid to the fact- that *here is SdO provision for and n.bi uniform- treatment of abrasive paper and cloths. Emery paper is thje only one jpaentioned specifically in H. E. 7456 (par. 1415). This same pai'aiigraph contains a provision for' ["inaniifactures of which emery,' corundum, or artificial abrasive is the component material of chiei value. " ■ The abrasive material used in the manufacture of abrasive clothfi. and pamper, in most cases,, is not the item of chief value, and, mbrfeoVer, materials other ttan'emef^y, corundum',' and 'artificial abrasives are used in making these products. It seems desirable that a specific provision ' covering Abrasive cloths and paper be in^firted in H. R. 7456. To accomplish this the provision for " emery P^er'^ in paragraph 1415, page 15S^.1ine 16, should be stricken putt and the wOr^s not specially prdyidf^d f or-"- inserted after the word "value" in line 18. The following provision should be inserted as a separate paragraph to "follow paragraph 1415:- All papers;, cloths, and comtiinations of paper 'alid'cl'oth,Vii6li]r or partly coated witb artificial or natpal abrasives, or with a combination of natural and artificial abi^ives [rate]. \'J'' \'-7,'',' -),]'' ■ ' 82304—22-^-^71 ■ ' aiErMMitBY! OE ^DSIEIPPIIHIPQEHEATIOSiyLj/DaiS PARAOBAPHIilAM!. ,i .['.'U^'tSL. 7456!, Par. 141^^ Pirec^acT^ei-s of all Hnds; S! cente ^pei !|)oimd; bsmbk, rockets,' Roman , Gandles, and -fiiewprks.olall dBacTiptipji^,,(' not ,5pBcially,proyid,e4 i"^.- -"^^ "cents- per pound; tlie w'eig'm; pii all the foregoing' ^p'includb' all c6veririg^,''#!ai>piri^s*iandi packing maieir^l. ' ' ' ' ACT dj" J.9P9, Pab. 433^.JFirecra6ker8 of all 'KMiig;' eight^ cents pSr: pound; botnbs, 'rockets, Koman cahdlesi and fir^^riks^of, ings, ' anid packing material.: '^SEsrATE 'JabfENDiiiEig'TS^ Act .oi". i'913.' ', ''i PJtii. 344llPirecrb,fcliere;of Siltkiids, 6 , cento-pet p^undil^mbs.'TQekets, fRoiolaB candles, anf fifeTffprjs^ipf allde^ription^, not specially pr6yided,i(5r in thig sectidn, ' 10;cen#per pdunliythyyeight-op afrtHe ^(M^oing-' to' IncltfdBi all' ico-ineringsjiwrap- 'pingg,?Siiqiapatking,im|iiteri^l. i) ..f: ?, ■ 1 ' (See Survey N-fe,) , Description and wsessr-^The ]3ifl,t,Qiftail9i mos.t iised.;ia;fireTCorks are gumpdwder or its constituents, ,C9a»bonj-suipliur, and fjotagsiimi ni-. trate. Firewo^lss are so varied in form, that niany subst^nqes may;bp eroployediin their manufaOturfe.f.. Metallic, salts are: used,- to produce dinerenit coljors; severally oxidizing niia«terials may sjajpplant poiiftssium nitrate; and other explosives may replace gunpowxlj^for certaihpurr poses. Besides their use for scenic purposes, rockets, Roman can- dles, and Bengal li^sts^; they are/also:employie.4ifos signaling at sea. Production. — ^In 1914 there were 41 manufacturers of fireworks with.a capital lof $2,162)449,) andfoutptit valued ali,|2,296i,23A- 'iln 1919 there wete 57 mamlfactuirejstwith ah output valijied at! $6,532,,00.0< /mporfeiof firecraDk^^ forrlM0rTl915,aYeraged annually over 3,000,- 000 pounds, valuediat about J21i6y000, with rev]en#e of $?50,000. In 1917 the imports were 2,999,5103! p0]JBday valued,- at.$382,2^8,ijiJmT ports of bombs, iocketsj Roman; caflldles, ,a,nd .firewiorks, n-.s^j).|f., m 1914 aniounted to 185,514 pounds, V^ljipdi ati $20,237. -fy^ies^ statistics follow : i ■ '■■■,, j'j ■ ■.,--.,i,, ;,,;. .. _ ,, ri,?,,,,/'. -- -' 1 - -J '' , , fn ')tl, t rii : -. ) . / . ! i , Calendar year. '■■','. oW quantity^ Value. Unit TiJufi. i)Uty. ' Equivalent adT^orem ',,'. JFiKEcitAqkEES., ' ;" I ■>'.:. -' ■'.-.■,;' 1918 1.6S3,244 4:i69''224 4,03^,289 , ta4,S97 280,237 740,985 4d4,255 J0.15 .17 .18 $26,494 100,995 260,153 Percent. 41.01 1919, , 36.04 1920 ... ' 33.76 ^ . . ,,, BOMBS, ROCKETS, apM^p CANDLES, Al^D FIREWOKKE ,if.8.P.I'. 1919 6,278 14,987 17,439 *1,251 4,071 3,398 10.20 .27 ! I i $528 1,499 42.19 1920 36.81 1921 (9 months) Exports. — None recorded. STTMMAKy. OP TABIFP INFOBMATION^ , 1921. 1123 PARAQRAPp 1417. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1417. Matcfeff, friction' or lucifer',' ' - of all descriptions, per gross srf one hun- i dtedand forty if our boxes, containing not . , rnore than one jtiundred matches per box, 6 .cents ,p'6r gross; when iinported other- wise than in boxes coiltaining not more ' than one hundred niatcheseach, three-.' fc^urths of 1 peat per one thoiisftn,d matches ; . wax matc}iQS,,^^n4 I matches, and all matches in books 6rfbljd|rs or having a ' ., : stained, dyed, or colored' fetick or stem, tapers consisting of ^awickrooated wi& an inflaDlniable sub8tance,,night lights, fusees, and time-burning chemical signals, by , : , whatever name Imofra, 30 per centum a4, i valorem: PrOiJtdetf;- That in accordance withsectioniOiofAn Act to provide tor. '■ . ■■ ■ a tax upon white pho^phorlj^, matches, and for other purposes, approved April 9, 1912, white phosphorus matches manu- factured wholly or in part in any foreign country shall not be entitled to enter at > any of the ports of the United States, and the importation thereof ib hereljy pro- hibited: Provided further, That hSthing in this Act cohtained shall be held to re- peal or modify said Act to provide for a tax upon white phpsphorus matches, and for other puiposes, approved April 9, 1912. ■ ' . ACT OF 1906. ' ' ■ .1 ' :. . . I' I. J. ' . / ' ''• Par. 436. Matches, friction flr lucifer, of all descriptions, per_gross of one hun- dred and forty-foiirooxes,' containing not more thaji one hundred 'matches per-box,; six cents per gross; when imported other- wise than in boxes leontaim-ng' not niore than one hundred matches each, thre^- fourths of one cent per oiie thousand matches; wax and fancy matches and tapers, thirty-five per centum ad Valorem. ' ' ACT OF 1913. (•.!.. .. ■ ' ■ :- . ' ■, ■ "',(•! •jvPar. 345. Matches, irietioh or iudifej!, of all descriptions, per gross of one hun- dredTaijd forty-four Boxes/containiiig not ' inore'than one hundred in'atches per box, ^ cents per gross; when imported other- wise than ill boies fcontaiMng not mbre than one hundred matches^ each, | of 1 cent per one thousand matches; wax matches, .fusees,, wind. matches, and all" matches in booksor folders or having a ' stained, dyed, or coloredstick or^tem, and tapers consisting of a wick coated with an inflammable substance, and night lights, 25 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That in accordance with section ten of , "An Act to provide for a tax upon white i phesphonis matches, and for other pur- Ebses," approved April ninth, nineteen undred, and, twelve, white phosphorus, rhatches maniifactured wtblly or in part in any foreign country shall not be en- titled to enter at any of the ports of thp United States, and the importiation thereoi - is hereby prohibited: Provided furtheij ■ That nothing in this Act contstinied Shaiff" be held to repeal or modify said "Act to provide for a'tax upon white phosphorus matches, and for other purposes, approved - April ninth,nineteen hundred and twel-V^. 1124 SUMMARTi OP TAHltl'^ WFOBMATIOJI^ 1921. -" '' ' ' MATdlHES. ' "-;■■ . J. i-.ji:'/ "-""-;. .'Tl.- (See Survey N-8.) Description and uses. — Since frictioft matches appeared,, abpiut 1830, the industry has grown rapidly. Many changes ha\re been made in the ignition mixture, each company^lisuaily iiaving ,its ,oWn' spfediail formulas ; but the principal substance|';used al'e phdsphbriis ^^scluisril- J)hide, some oxidizing material (such as potassium chlorate) , red lead, ead peroxide, or manganese dioxide, glue, grounid flint or glass,. and a filler, such as clay. White or yellow phosphorus was formerly extensively used, but owing to fhje da^gerdUs character of these matches they are now practically prAhibited , by law, Pine wopd is usually used for the stems. The manufacture is, wholly by machin- ery, from the cutting of the stems from the blocfc until finished, boxed, and ready for shipment. Safety matches contam neither pho^liorus noij.phbspiiorus coirir pounds, but the substance on which they are struck usually contains red phosphorus — sometimes antimoriy ^ulphide^^and powdered glass'- made into a paste with glue. ' , / \,, :, , ' ' Matches may be grouped into three classes: (1) Faction jha;tches, single dip; (2) friction matches, double dip; and (3) safety matches. Production. — In 1914 there were 20 establishments, eiriploying 4,546 persons, with a capital of $11,736,187, and product vamed at $12,- 556,279. In 1919, with one additional establishment, the value, of; products had increased to $15,874,000. i .. .iL • i Imports of matches in 1910 were valued -at $372,945, increasing to $882,795 in 1914, of which $473,628 Wtoe from Sweden, $117,748 from Norway, $91,118 from Austria-Hungary, $49,651 from Ger- many, $35)1.87 from-n^lgium, and $22,797 ^egqr "Japan-. ^ Imports have been chiefly of matdies in boxes containing not more than 100 per box. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: ■ '" ' [ pal^n.(}^ryear,,- Quantity. . Valiie< , Pijit^vftliie, Duty. Equivaieiil; ad valorem. MATJCHHSj.-FJBrlQTION OR .BUPIf iEB^IN; POXBS. G0N[rAINING' NOT- MOKE iTHASi 100 ■■ 1819.,.,-., 1920......'. 1921(9 months)'. .'IJ Gross. 4,952,331 .1,611,618 1,644,738 1,70V,'920 $3,044,714 897j3l4 937,'690 998, 186 JQ;81f. i,- .56. .57 .59 I J148, 670 43,349 49,340 Per cent. 4.88 - . 6,39 6.26 ; OTHER TiHAN: IN BOXES- CdNTAINING NOT MORE THAN 100 MATCHES EACH. 1918 ' v ." ; ( ..: 12 $2 2,885 29,515 9,365 JO. 17 .25 .14 .09 , 2.50 1919.....:...... ...;..:•..!.:...... 'ii;564 192Q . 1 . ,. ,...^.;.. ;,... rji®J^a42 S43 ■ 766 1.50 2.59 1921 (9 mppf hs). ..^,.:. ........ UPfi,529 Wax il)rbwn«lb; MATCHES, and ALli'kATCHES IN BOOKS, OR FOLDERS, OR HAVING > . •' A STAINED, dyed; Ofi^'COLORED STICK OR STEM. 1918. I. 1919.' i:. 1920 :..., 1921 (9 months). Packages. '4,'947,S82 I2,ite3;il2 r280,'«ll S15, 060 13, 555 10, 419 2,965 SO. 003 .006 .011 $3,765 3,389 2,604 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 TAI^ER^, FUSEES, ^^ND NIGHT LIGHTS. WMiy '..".. ' . $2,017 4,076 6,007 4,473 $504 1,019 1,502 25.00 1919..U.., .„ .,j... 25.00 1920............. 25.00 1921 (9 months) 25.00 SUMMABY OF. TABIFH INFOEMATIOJSr, 1921. 1125 The value of matches imported from Japan amomited to $858,f38 ili''191&, $730,338 in 1B19, and $111,510> in 1920. Imports from Sweden dropped lin value frbm' $2/299^045 in 1918 to:$377,893 La 1919 and to $640,817 in 1920, and those from Norway from $402,005 in 1918 to $46,302 in 1919; and to $79,981 in 1920. . : •a ^Exports increased in value ifrom $80,877 ■ in 1910 to $102,407 in 1913, but decreased to $77,736 in 1914. In the calendaA-year 191'8 the value of exports was $481,130; in 1919, $626,780; in 1920, $514,- 592; and in 1921 (nine months), $200,683. Important changes inidas^ification.—r-Time-huTniMg chemical signals ?e added. are ac PARAGRAPH 1418. ; H. B..7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ' Pak. 1418. Percussion caps, cartridges, and cartridges shells empty, 25 per cen- tum ad valorem; blasting, cd^si' contain- ing not more than one gram charge of . .explosive, $2.25 per thousand: ecgijaining more than one grarh charge, of explosive, 75 cents per thousand additional for each additional one-half g^ain charge of ex plosive; mining, blasting, or safety fuses of all kinds, not composed iij chief value of cotton, $1 per thoustod feet. ' r > ': . ■ i . • ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. - Pak. 437. ■ Percussion caps, cartridge^,.; Par. 346. Percussion caps, cartridges; and cartridge shells empty, thirty per and cartridge shells enipty; 15 per cen-^ eentum ad valorem; blasting caps, two turn ' ad valorem; blasting caps, one dollars and twenty-five cents per #iou- dollar per, thousand; mining, blasting, or sand; mining, blasting, or safety fuses of safety fuses of all kinds,} 15 per centum all kinds, not composed in ■chief value of ad valorem. ' cotton, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. PERCUSSION CAPS AND CARTKIDGES. (See Survey N-8.) } Description and uses. — Percussion caps and primers are shallow ctips of gilding metal filled wjth fulminate or other i^itihg mixture. The tertn percussion cap, as Used in' the trade, refers only to the det- onators used with mnzzle-loadihg firearms. The trade name for the inserted, detonator of cartridge ammunition is "primer." Car- tiddges, and cartridj^e shells empty, in common uSe, are of three types: (1) Center-fire metallic; (2) rim-fire metallic; and (3) center-fire paper shot shells. ' ' ' Production. — Ufidlsr "ammunition" ,the Census covers ; establish- m^ents manufacturing sinall-arms aminuhition, including metallic and pAper cartridges, empty and loaded gun shells, explosive' shells, gun wads, caps, primers, shot, and bullets'; also .blasting caps and electric blasting caps, fuse^„ an,d, electrical feiploder fuses, miners' squibs, rail way' torpedoes, ^tc^. Amnqunition for liarge gtuis is prodi^ced' in steel works, rbUing mills iand' Federal establisnmehts. The value of the prpduct is not reported separately. , Data are shown separately for ' Safety fuses in chief vahie of cotton will come «StIun pBr. 920. ,' ! , ' 1126 SXTMMABY OF TAEIFF INFOEMATIOST,' 1921. cartridges and all .other auununition. . In 19l4iltlief value 6f the for- mer was reported: as $25,373,000 and of the latter as $5,267,000. In 1919 the total value' of the products reported under "ammu- nition" was $88,059,000. ' Imports. — In 1914 imports of percussion caps were valued at $622 and of cartridges and cartridge shells, empty, at $84,622. Later sliatistics follow: : , '■■■". Calendar year. Quantity. Value.' Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. PEECUSSION CAPS. 1918 :.. ..: Tlumsands. S991 50 294 ; J149 7 Per cmt. 1920 1 21 $50.00 16 1921 (9 months) CARTRIDGES AND CARTRIDGE SHELLS, EMPTYt 1918 . tl,.024,589 170 8,885 15,853 $153,688 '■ 25 1,333 15 1919 15 1920 678 2,079 813.10 7.62 15 1921 (9 months) 15 Imports of cartridge shells, empty, are negligible. Exforts.—ln 19i4 exports of cartridges, loaded, amounted to $3,521,533, going principally to Mexico, Kussiain Europe, the Philip- pines, Canada, Australia, and Latin America. Later exports di;ring calendar years have been as follows: 1918, $10,764,765; 1919, $10,346,957; 1920, $5,972,322; 1921 (9 months), $1,119,229. In 1920 exports included $1,773,049 to Brazil, $798,340 to Arcentina,' $763,038 to' Australia, $4^'l, 191 to Canada, and $307,843 .to'Cuba. BLASTING CAPS. : i- ) ■•■/.,_ , 1/ ' ■ . (See Survey N-8.) -,,^,J^^Si^ription Qn^ -uses.— Blasting caps are use,d in poiinection, with a fjiSj^.to detonate high e:xplosiyes employed in' the blasting: of coal, ores, in quarrying, and; m farming. They consist essentially of a measured charge of high explosive pressed into a thin copper. sheU, In addition tci the blasting, cap there is manufactured an electric blasting cap of similar constiaiction.! Ignition in the fatter is ob- tained by the use of an electric current instead of a fiise., ', Prdduction. — Ofl&cial statistics are not available. One manufap- turer states, that there are ,fijVe establishments. iii, the United States and that their combined product, of blasting caps would range from 250,000,000, to 300,000,000 caps with sales value of $3,200,000 to $3,800,000. Germany, Belgium, and Japan are'the c^hief foreign pro- ducers exporting to the. United , States. , ,1 ^ _ ,: j, /mjporfe. — In 1914 imports were valued at $4,890. Later, statistics qpyenng calendar years are as fbllowsc 191,9,, $5} 192,pi^,,]$i91; and 1021, (9 months), $15. lEx'ports. — Not shown in official statistics. to Mexico, Central and South America. Exports are principally SCtJffilVrAEr/OF TABOFIlIKEQBMATaON,. 1921. 1127 ' '■ ''feisriirG^-^flbASTING, OB SAFETY FUSES. (See Survey N-8.) Description and uses. — Fuses are used in connection with lalasting caps to detonate high explosives. production. — Official statistics are not available. Imports. — In 1914 imports were valued at $183,035 of which an amount valued at $48,605 was dutiable imder the act of 1909. Im- Eorts before the war were principally from Belgium and Germany, later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unitvalue. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 Pounds. tl95 1,554 3,771 1,623 t29 223 566 Fer cent. 15 1919 4,878 8,215 6,364 JO. 31 .46 .26 15 1920 15 1921 (9 months) 16 Exports of fuses are principally to Mexico. Statistics coyer calen- dar years and show values of exports as follows: 1918, $3,050,257; 1919, $600,718; 1920, $736,225; 1921 (9 months), $217,517. Important changes in classificaiion. — The rate of duty on blasting caps has been made dependent on the weight of the charge of the explosive. It is stated by a manufacturer * that the classification in this paragraph based on the 1-gram charge is in keeping with the weight and strength of caps used to-day. ' Mning, blasting, or safety fuses of all kinds composed in chief value of cotton are excepted. PARAORAPH 1419. H. B. 7456. Par. 1419. Feathers and downs, on the skin or otherwise, crude or not dressed, colored, or otherwise advanced or manu- fiictirred in any manner, not specially provided for, 20 per centum ad valorem; dressed, colored, or otherwise advanced or manufactured in any manner, includ- ing quilts of down and other manufactures of down, artificial or ornamental feathers suitable for use as millinery ornaments, artificial and ornamental fruits, vege- tables, grains, leaves, flowers, and stems or parts thereof, of whatever material composed, not specially provided for, 45 per centum ad valorem; natural leaves, plants, shrubs, herbs, trees, and parts thereof, chemically treated, colored, dyed or painted, not specially provided for, _45 per centum ad valorem; boas, SEXATK AMENDMENTS. 2 Tariff Information, 1921. Hearings, Committee on Ways and Mean^, PartV, pp. 3257-3269. 1128 SUMMABY or TAKCFP INFOEMATIOH', IflBl. H. B. 7^S6. SENATE AMENDMENTS boutonnieres, wreaths, and all articles . not specially provided for, composed wholly or in, chief value of any. qf the feathers, flowers, leaves, or other material herein mentioned, 50 per centum ad va^ , i- lorem: Provided, That thfe importation, of , r. .,..' i : - birds of paradise, aigrettes, egret plumes or f 0-called , ospi-ey plumes, afad the feathers, qiiills, heads, wingsi'tails,' skins, or parts of skins; ©f wild birdb, either raw or manufactured, and not for scientific or educational purposes, is hereby pro- hibited; but this provision shall not ap- ply to the feathers or pltunes of ostriches or to the feathers or^jlumes of domestic fowls lof any kind: Provided further, That birds-of paradise, ^nd the feathers, quills, heads, wings, tails, skins, or parts thereof,,,, and all aigrettes, egret pliames, or so-called . ' osprey plumes, and the feathers, quillSj heads, wings, tails, skins, or parts'.of skins, ^ oi wild birds, either raw or manufactured, of like kind to those, the importation of which is prohibited by t^^e-foregcting^pro- vjsicps of thiij'paragraph, '^whicn may be ' ; found in the 'United Stated, on and after the passage of thislAct, except as to suqh plumage or ^a,rts of, birds in actual use for, personal adormment, apd except such plumagie, biidsor partsHhereof imported therein 'foi» scientific 'or educational pur- poses, shal'l be presumed. for theipurpose of seizure to have been imported unlaw- fully sitei; October 3, 1913, and the col- lector' of customs shall seize the' same unless the possessor thereof shall estab- lish, to the satisfaction of the collector that the same were imported into-th& United States prior to October 3, 1913, or as to such plumage or parts of feirdB that they were plucked or derived in the United States from birds lawfully therein; and in case of seizure by the collector, he shall proceed as in case of forfeiture for violation of the customs laws, and the same shall be forfeited, unless the claim- , ant shall, in any legal proceeding to en- force such forfeiture, other thaji a crimi- nal prosecution, overcome the presump- tion of illegal importation and establish that the birds or articles seized, of like kind to those mentioned the importation t: ; f i ! , of which is prohibited as above, were imported into the United States prior to October 3, 1913, or were plucked in the United States from birds lawfully therein. , , That whenever birds of plumage, the importation of which is prohibited by the foregoing provisions of this paragraph, are forfeited to the Government, me Secre- tary of the Treasury is hereby authorized to place the same with the departments or bureaus of the Federal or State Govern- ments or societies or museums for exhibi- tion or scientific or educational purposes, SXTMMAaY OF TAKtFF INFORMATION,. 1921, U2ft H. B. 7456. but not for sale or personal nse; and in tie- event of su'ci birds or plumage- not being- ret(uixed or desired by either Fed- eral or State Grovernment or for educa- tional purposes, they shall 'be 'destroyed. ' That' nothing in this Aijt shall' be con- strued to repeal the pro-tdsians of the Act of March 4, WIS, chapter 145 (Thirty- seventh Statutes at Large, page 847), or the Act of July 3,, 1918 (Fortieth. Statutes at Large, page 755), or any other law of the United States, now in force, intended for the protection or preservation of birds TSfithin the United Sfates-r.That iE on investigation by the coiiectoi' before seizure, or before trial for forfeiture, oir if at such triAl if such seizure has-been ■ made,' it shall be made; to appeaiB to' {the collector, or the prosecuting, pfficerjqtthje Government, as the case may be, that no illegal itaportation of such feathers has been niade> but 'that' the -;po(Bsession, ; acquisition or purchase of such feathers is or has been made in , violation of the ^ provisions of the 'Act of March 4, 19l3, chapter 145 (Thirty-seventh Statutes it ' Large, pa^ 847), or the Act Of July 3, 1918 (Fortieth Statutes at Large, rpagte-. 755), or any other law of the United States, now of force, intended, for the protection or preservation of birds within me United States, it shall be flie duty ai the cglleetor, or such prosecuting officer, as the case majr be, to report the facts to the proper officials. of the United States, or StSte or -Territory charged with the duly of enforcing such laws. ■ ? : ACT OF 1909. Par. 438. Feathers^and downs of all' kinds, including bird skins or parts thereof with the feathers on, crude or' not dressed, colored, or otherwise advanced, , or manufactured in any .manner, not sper cially pro-vided for in tliis section, twenty per centvun ad valorem; when dressed, c(^ored, or otherwise advanced or manu- factured in. any manner, including qiiilts of down and other mamifactures of 4own, and also dressed and finished birds suit- able for millinery ornaments, and arti- ' ficial or ornamental feathers, ifruits,, ' CTains, leaves, flowera» ajid stems or parts thereof, of -wrhatever material composed, not specially provided for in this section, Kxty- per Centum ad -vfalorem; boafej ^ boutonnieres, wreaths, and all articles not specially provided for in this section, composed wholly or in chief value of any of the feathers, flowers, leaves, or other materials or articles herein mentioned, sixty per centum ad valorem. Par. 509. Birds, stuffed, not suitable for millinery ornaments [Free]. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par.' ,347. Feathers and downs, on the skin or otherwise, crude or not dressed', colored;, or othca-wipe advanced or manu- . factured in any manner, not specially pro-vifled for in this section, 20 per centum ad valorem; when dressed, cotoed,, or otherwise' advanced dr manufactured in an^- manner, and not suitable- for use as millinery ornam^ts, including quilts of down and -manufactures of down, 40 per centum ad -Valorem; artificial or orna- mental -feathers suitable for Use as mil- linery ornaments; '[artificial' and- orna- mental fruits, -grains, leayep,, flowers, an d stems or parts, thereof, of whatever ma- 'terial composed, iiot specially pro-videti for in this sectioU, 60 per- centum' ad valorem; boas, boutonnieres, wreaths,', and all articles not specially pro-vided for in this section, composed wholly or in chief value of any of ttie feathers, flowers, leaves, or other material herein men- tioned, 60 per centum ad valorem; Pro-wiiferf, That the importation of aigrettes, egret plumes or so-called osprey plumes, 1130 S0MMABX 0F TAKIFF I3SIF0BMA.T10Ny. 19gii -ACT CKP 1909. : ACT OF 1913. andft^e feathers, quills,, lief|,dfi,-, wings, taUs, skins, or parts of sMns, of wild birds, either; raw oi; manufactured, and not for scientific or educational purposes, is here- Ity prohibited! but this provision t shall not apply, to the feathers or plumes of ostriches,. lOr to the, fealshers or plumes of domestic fowls of any kind. FEATHERS, ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS, FRUITS, ETC. (See Surveiy; N-9.) Description and uses. — ^Artificial flowers, fruits, etc, are made from various materials, chiefly textile fabrics, wax and ;metal. For millinery purposes textile fabrics varying from cheap calicos to ex- pensive silks and satins are used. Fantoy feathers, prior to' 1914, came from both domestic fowls and wild birds, but as the act of 1913 prohibited imports of the skins, feathers, and plumage of wild birds, except of the ostrich, the feather, trade now relies chiefly upon ostrich plumes and the feathers of domtestic fowls. Raw feathers in their natural state are not suitable for millinery purposes until considerable labor has been expended upon them. Production. — ^The domestic artificial flower, feather, and plume industries are centered in New York, over 85 per cent of the total value of products in 1914 being credited to that city. In that year there were devoted primarily to the feather and plume : industry, 239 establishments with products valued at $11 ;451, 000/ and 217 establishments with an output valued at $7,614,000 engaged in the production of artificial flowers, leaves, friiits, etc. In 1919 the value of feathers and plumes produced was $15,568,000 from 217 estab- lishments, and that of artificial flowers, etc., $15,978,000 from 225 establishments. In addition to this there was sonae production of these various articles by establishments interested primarily in other industries, such as those; i^ng^ged in the manufact^e of house fur- nishing goods (feather pillows and beds), and mllliaery and lace goods manufactures '(trimmed hats and frames). Imports in 1914 of crude ostrich feather^ were valued at $3,866,428; ostrich feathers suitable for millinery use, $34,976; feathers for beds, $45,357; other feathers, crude, $1,028,152; other feathers suitable for miUinery, $l,459,900i; other feathers, advanced, but not for millinery, $,l'9,4S2^ quilts and "ni'^nttf^ctures of downs, $13,237; fruits, grains, flowers,, etc., $2,415,521; and boas,, boutoimieres, etc., $18,767,; Ostrich feathers were chiefl!,y from England and BritisK South Africa. Other feathers and artificial flow'ers and millinery ornainents came chiefly from Germany and France. ^ Chea^ flowers from' Germany and Austria were cut off entirely and imports of raore expensive grades from France greatly reduced during the war. Later statistics follow: StJMMAIlY ,OF:,TABIiFEl IliFFORM3i.iaON, 1921. 1131 Calendaii year. Quantity. value. Xinit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. OSTKIGH FEATHERS, CRUDE J ' 'i ' 1918 Pounds, $610,036 2,041,222 1,336,916- 1,156,744- $122,007 408,244 267,^ Per cent'. 1919 291,078 162,409 124,966 $7.01 8,76 9,25 ' " ':20 1920 1921 (9 months) 0STRICH FEATHERS, SUITABLE FOR MILLINERY. 1918 $18,493 20,945 16,355 7,942 $11,096 12,567 9,813 4,765 1919 60 1920 1921 (9 months) ' 60 FEATHERS FOR BEDS. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months).. 3,338,094 710,852 '■ 165, 293 904,457 $448,063 ■ 189, 198 463,953 223,410 $0.01 .03 2.81 .02 $89,613 37; 840 92,991 44,682 20 20 20 20 OTHER FEA'^:HERS, CRUDE, 1918 .' $414, 540 1,000 604,796 878,711 464,174 $82,908 120; 959 i: 175,742 92,835 1919 ....^ / 755 \ 671, 306 1,414,694 854,554 $1.32 .90 .62 .55 « „„ 1920 20 20 Itel (0 months) ■ 20 OTHER FEATHERS, SUITABLE FOR MILLINERY, 1918... 191I9 ..:....., 1920 1921{9jmonths)., $504,618 693, '249 498,090 214, 542 $302, 771 ■' 416, 949 298,554 128, 725 60 60 60 60 ' . OTHER FEATHERS, ADVANCED, BUT N OT SUITABLE FOR MILLINERY. ■-"' 1918...;. $32,563 24,618 ■42,076 20,356 16,830 ' {'■ ■■ • ; ,•■.,4(1 1&19 ; 28, 133 78, 232 12,241 $0. 87 .54 ,17 - ' '45 1920...;...;......'..;..: ...1.... 1921 (9 months)........ , M ; , 40 ' 1 40. QUILTS AND MANUFACTURES OF DOWN. 1918 1919 1920 , 1921 (9 months). $5,361 li,'974' 7,400 $2,144 3,889 5,590 2,960 40 40 40 ARTIFICIAL FRUITS, FLOWERS, GRAINS, ETC. 1918 ■ $414,863 1,115,043. 1 . 1442 ■ 2,333,329 / >69 ■ 1, 641, 530 . ' $248,908 669,026 60 1919 60 1920 1,399,997 60 1921 (9 months) 984^918 ^60 BOAS, BOUTONNIERES, WREATHS, EiTC' 1918 $28,255 33,^ -38,' 226 ............. $16,953 20, .137 15,830. 22,935 ' 60 60 60 60 • From Philippine Islands, free. 1132 SUMMARY or; TARIFF IKFCfRMATtlON, 1921. Britisli South Africa and England continue to be the chief sources of ostoich feathers, with large amounts also comiag from Argentina. China has taken the lead as the chief source of other crude feathers, and France and Hongkong are also important sources. Artificial fruits, flowers, grains^ etc.; came' chiefly from ^France in 1919, but in 1920 Crermany was the leading country of origin, with France second. 'Exports are shown only for feathers not for millinery purposes, and millinery trimniings including' artificial flowers. Tlie former in 1914 were Talued at $640,020. The latter were not separately shown until 1918. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 1918 1919 1920 -- 1921(9 months); < ' ■ ir.:' _ . $262, 903 773,910 $863,260 1, 024, 036 $678,-644 1,240,681 ' $238,850 726, 797 Millinery trimmings, flowers .^.i'. including artificial ' Feath^ers were; exported chiefly to Canada, Denmark, France, and Cuba; millinery trimmings to Canada, Cuba, and Argentina. Impofiarit changes in classification. — The provisions for artificial vegetables, and for natur>al leaves, plants, shrubs, trees and parts thereof, chemically treated, colored, dyed or painted, n. s. p. f., are new- /" ^ ,; < The specific inclusion of birds of paradise in the provision prohibit- ing the importation of plumes, feathers, quills, skins, etc.,: of wild birds,. is_new. The second proviso is also new. Suggested changes. — Change comma after "manufactures of down" to a semicolon to set off the provision immediately following for "feathers suitable for use as millinery ornaments to agree with paragraph 347 of the act of 1913. The act of 1913 (par. 347) requires the flowers, etc., to be both avii^cial &nd. ovnavaenial XBayersaorfer w.r United States, 7 Ct. Gust. Appls., 66, of 1916), whereas- the act o^ 1909 (par. 438) required merely that the flpwers, etc., be either artificial or ornamental. If pestoration of the provision of the act of 1909 should be desired, "and" in line 12, page 155, should be changed to "or." - 1,- dressed or undressed, and manufactures tliereof ; not specially' provided ' for, 40 pericentum ad' Valoremv articles of -wesir- VS apparel of every description partly; or wEqlly manufafitured, *CQn^)Qsed whoHy or in^^ief yaliie oihides or skins of, cattle , F^r^ and .fiir skins, un-. dressed' iFree].' '' ' ' ■ ' ' ■ FURS, DEESSED, AND MANUFACIUEES OF FtTES. ,' . (S,ee Survey ^¥-'1,04) ' „;,"r '■■['' \ pgjscnption and 'usfs.—^a.'w. fur sMns are Ifenp-wii a^ .".pelts." dressiDg and.Slyeing are' mtermedia,ie.proCgssjes applied- in pre] ^ ^._ , Fur-, dressiiig "and "dyeing are' intermediafe.prodgssjes applied- in preparing tK4' pslts for Wnufdctee. into gWinen^^ 6,r' oth.er| articles, and 'are. g^nerall^ c(jndupted ^s indepenaeiit iriau^wji^s,, ^ After the 'skin ]^as be^ii removed, it is usddH^' salted for 'preservation uritilit cdii he dressed and dyed. Dressing consists of the application of pre- servative materials and a mechanical, treatment tq soften the pelt. AU the various kmds of furs coming under paragraph 1573 (free list) are subjected to these processes and provide the raw material for the fur maflufacturing' iiidus'try^. SMiis of the American bisdh' formerly furnished the material for moderate-priced fur coats. The skins of d'0gs and goats are now substituted- The skins are sewed together in plates or mats for protection in transportation. 1134 STIMMABY; OF TABUT INTOEMATIOITj 1921. Coats, muffs, capes, jackets, stoles, neckwear of various sorts, trim- mings, and other articles of wearing apparel are by far the iriopt important manufactures of fur, fashion deciding the kinds used and the style. Great fluctuations in prices occur over a series of years. The use of all kinds of furs has become very popular, and there is an almost unlimited variety in their application as articles of apparel. The most expensive are those of , saole, seal, ermine, qhincliill^^ silver fox, beaver, otter, mink, and marten; the inexpensive are those of skunk, rabbit, squirrel, raccoon, opossum, and othersj By the use of the Cimiotti imnairing ma;chine the long hairs of the outer coat of the seal, beaver, muskrat, mink, otter, and oth|er fur animals can be removed, leaving only the soft underfiir; thus, by skillful dressing and dyeing, low-grade furs are sometimes made to resemble more expensive skins. ' Muskrat and coney are sometimes marketed as Hudson seal, near seal, electric seal, orBaltic seal, and the marten as Hudson Bay sable. . Production. — ^Dressed furs: In 1914 there were 96 establishments engaged in the dressing and dyeing of furs, chiefly located in' Brook- lyn; N. Y., with 1,525 employees and an Output of $2,875,000. The industry has expanded greatly, the United States taking first place over Germany since 1914. The sealskins froflOj-jAlaska, formerly sent to London, are now dressed and finished here:'' ^fii^igig there were 141 establishments with, prsdgcts valu^ at $20,42 l;QpO. Fur wearing apparel and o^her m^ufagtur^S of fur: In 1914 1,322 establishment* produced far goods, tKe output being valued at $43,633,000; in 1909, l,24lyestabl^^ents, with oit^ut eM55,938,000. In 1919 thfere were 1,812 %^StSblishn3fentg"engaged in the"^anufactur|B of "fur'goods" with p^diicts yalii^d at'$1.78j'5:3$,0.06. f| The manu- factures consist mostly ©f wearing ^pareLj^ Some of th^se establish- iflemts dress and finish ithe furs iased. N^r'iYork pBOduced to the valiie of $30,312,000 ip>91%^ading the Stat«S^ "^New York City istbe principal center and,- it is stated, manufactures more fur goods tihan London, Paris, Vienna, Leipzig, and Moscow combined. Manu- facturers of fur goods imay be divided into makers of high-grade furs; medium-grade furs for the better class of the dry-goods trade; "popular priced" ftifs; low-grade, coarse furs and articles made from fur pieces. During the war the United States assumed the lead, both in fur distribution and manufacturing. Imports. — Furs dressed on the skin averaged in value over $5,000,000 before 1914. In the latter ' year they amounted to $3,204,251 of which $1,206,587 came from Germany, $647,538 from France, $553,019 from Belgium, $487,001 from China, and $250,018 from England. All other rnanufactures of furs, including waste, amoiinted to $1,791,074 in 1914, principally from France, Germapiy, China, Belgium, ahd England. Later imports have beei» as fpUows: Calendar year. Quantity. value. Unit value. Duty. Ad .. valorem, rate. FURS DRESSED, ON THE SKIN NOT ADVANCED JFURTHER THAN DYElNQ. 1918 ,.. Number. $427,384 3,111,626 .3,080,973 1,015,046 ■ $128,216 933,488 . 92^291 Pa cent. 30 1919'. ...' ; 2,278,641 -1,959)604) 1,095,670 30 1920 . . U 30 1921 f 9 months) SntJiMMABY! .OF ; iTABIFF ISTFOKMATIDNV; 1921. 1135 Calendar year. Quantity.' Valbe. TTnit'valu'e. Duty: Ad , ' Talorem' rate. . PiATES AN© MATS OF DOGAl^D GOAT. SKINS. i: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months).. ■ limnber., 922,956 495,371 323^978 ^jdi6,iStt 1,422,424 1,021,534 479,507 ii.'si' 2.06 1.48 ■ii't61j615' 142,242 102, 153 Per cent. 10 10 10 MANUFACTUEES OF FURS FURTHER ADVANCED THAN DRESSING AND DYEING WHEN- PREPARED F'OR IT.SE,,AS-J1ATERIAL, ARTICLES l{ADJE.,FSOMJ'UR, N. s. P. P., BUT , - E'flspoT'fe of dressed fuors and manufactures of fur in 1912 were valued at 6615,441, about halfgoing to Canada; in 1914, at $870,824, more than half -to Canada; m 1915, over $1,000,000; in 1916, i nearly $2,500,000; m 1917, over i$5,000,000. In. 1916 and 1917, England, France, and Canada took most of our exports. Later statistics cover calenidar years: 19,18, $2,160,107; L919>i$7i474,873; 1920, $6,613,688; 1J921 (nine months), $ly302,757. Mln;i920;the destination of exports! was as follows: cErance,!; $2,944,529;- Canada, $1,257,964; England, $1,145,739; and Argentina, $472,292. Important changes in classification. — The most important change is that with respect to silver or black fox furs. Under the act of 1913 these furs, if undressed, are free of duty and, if dressed, i dutiable at 30 pfer cent. Both the undressed and dressed silver or black fox skins are specifically T)rovided for in this paragraph. Manufactures of silver or black fox furs are also specifically provided for. • I Conflicting provisions. — ^Manufacturers of silver of black fox skins, and wearing apparel of fur are provided for in this paragraph at different rates of duty. -- 1136 SUMMARY OE;iTAItirP TKFOSM&.T10N, 192ti Suggested changes.— li' it is desired to include weai-ing apparel of silver or blaisk fox skins with othsp, manufacturesi thereofj it should be there specified to avoid the conflict. Paragraph 1420 provides for a duty of 40 per cent on black or •silver fox furs undressed and pafaOTaph 15*73' provides for "fur and fur skins, undressed," free. Should not the latter paragraph have s. p. f/ynserted after "undressed?" ',n. PARAGRAPH 1421. "hJ B; 74^6. Par. 1421. Hatters' furs, or furs not on the skin, j>rppafred for hatters' use, includ- ing fur skins earroted, ,22' per :_centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. .,. .,, EhENATE AMENDMENTJS. ACT OF 1913. " Par. 439. * * * Furs , not on the Par. 348. * * * furs irot on the •akin, prepared for hatters' use, including skin, prepared for -hatters'. use, including iur skins fcarrbted, twenty per, centum ad fur skins earroted, 15 per centum ad va- vaJjorem. _ " ' Iprem. ' " ; " ; ; ■ HATTEJBS' FUR. (See Survey N-10.) rr Description and uses. — Hatters' far is the fur or hair after it has "been removed from the skins of such animals as the har^; rabbifi, jiutria, and b.eaver: After being prepajred and chemically treated it can be used only for the manufacture of felt hats. Fur skins ear- roted are skins which have been treated with a solution of nitric acid and quicksilver tc protect the^m fram- damage by insects and to facili- tate ithe operations of manufacture. The raw materialsj^ithat is, the -fur skins, are imported. ' ■, ui " Pr&i^ifcfitfn^^^No separate statistics are given for the production of hatters' fur. •- The ^ Census claissification,, "hat and cap materials,", which 'ineiud'es if ur pl-epaJed for hatters': use, gives an outpilitfc valued: ahrnhmi- $7,600,0001 iiif 1914. Hatters'' fur was sMo ireporee^, under •^fui^; dressed." ' • ' '■ ' ■ i ■ <^.^- ■.•■■/_ :,i,'! i ,<:■ ■, ■, : , /mpdrte.^— Imports of furs ndt'Sbn the, skiii, prepared for hitters' ttggi* including fur skins earroted, in IBTt'were $607,254. The bulk ■Qf>*hfcirHporfecome -froni EraiicEi and Belgimni . Later, stiatisticffl fol- low: ^:ft£:,■ - -- , > _;-- -.r,- ;{;t,v-.M «i '^1jiU;:\ • J MiV. ■ ■:■ }-.■■ — ..•,'"!• '. ',-\\.-.:,h .-.1 ■'■»%!!! ■Vi SiVBhoy 'j- ' ' ■ 'J(i4leilda*year. /t't :•;-,••! Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty, i Ad , valorem rate. ;, . 1 : -1918 ,.'.v..l.: ;; .„ Pounds^.,. - S4'57,020' i • ^4^6,559 1,387,420 • ^522, 287 '4.07 -, 1 1.-67 '■■• $6g,'ifedi .,74/484 208,113 - 1 ■ Per ctnt. ' ' 15 -1919 ly >....•.-, : 1920 •. -..^ 11921 (9 months)... i: i::L J.'.;:;-..... ; 313,162- V , 15 15 Exports. — None recorded. STTMMAE.T OF TABIFF XNFOBMATION, 1921. PARAGRAPH 1422. 1187 H. B. 7456. Par. 1422,\Fan8 of all Mnds, except cominon palm-leaf faiisi 40 pir centuin ad ' valorem. i ' ACT OF 1909. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. -'Pah. 440. Fans of all Mnds, except Par. 349. Fans of all kinds, except common palm-leaf fans, fifty per centuin common palm-leaf fans, 50 per centum ad ad valorem. , - , . .r valorem. FANS. (See Survey N-11.) Description avd uses. — The varieties of i^iD^ inay be classified as (1) those which can be folded or closed and (2) tJaose permanently expanded or fixed. The former are sometimes made of thin shps of ivory or woodj but more commonly of a continuous surface of paper, sUk, or 9ther fabrics mounted on strips of rigid material, pivoted at one end, and folding together ea^Uy in the manner of a plaiting. Fixed fans are made of feathers set side by side, of leaves of palmate- leafed palm trees, or of piaper or similar mms spread on slender radi- ating sticks. Common palm-leaf fans,_plain and not ornamented or decorated, are provided for in paragraph 1567. ProdttciioTi.— Statistics otfprdductLon! in the United States are not available. PVanpe, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Japan, and China have been leading producers. Imports of fans in 1914 were $216,330, about 40 per cent from Japan. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. TJiiit -value. Duty.^ Ad yaldiem - rate., , 1918 Dozens. J67,939 -56,211, 184,239 103,345 t33,872 -27,978 Si,060 61,677 Per cent. 50 f^ .-C-IQI-'-i^!'— iO-A- — - 186,125 419,990 204,166 , ■ $o.jap. 60 60 1921 (9 months) "•; u.--' .:.f:x: i -a ' J.' , : ' , ' ; PARAGRAPH 1423. H. ». 7456. Par. 142S. Gun wads of all descrip- tions, not specially provided for, 10 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 441. Gun wads of all descriptioiis. Par. 350. Gun wads of all descriptions, twenty per centum ad Valof em." ' ■' • ' lO per centum ad valorem. 1138 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION,. 1921; GUN WADS. * (See Survey N-11.) Description and uses. — Gun wads are diskg used to^liqld in place powder or shot, and are made of felt, cardboard, or jute. Production. — Not shown in ofl&cial statistics. Imports in 1914 were valued at $3,716 and' in 1916 at $507. No ijnports, with the exception of an insignificant amount in 1920, are shown for subsequent years. , , ■.<. ,. i ; , Important changes in classijicdtion. — The phrase " not specially pro- vided for" has been added in order that there shall be no conflict between this paragraph and paragraph 1426, which provides for manufactures of hair felt, including gun wads. ^Suggested changes. — Gun wads are specifically provided for in para- graphs 1423 and 1426. Paragraph 1426 is for wads of hair fejt only, but inasmuch as the importation is small, the provision in paragraph 1426 nyight be stricken out and gun wads of hair felt classified under the general provision, or at least under this paragraph even though dif- ferent rates of duty be imposed on the two classes. In such case, if different rates are desired, paragraph 1423 might be amended to read: Gun wads of hair felt [rate]; all other gun wads [rate]. PARAGRAPH 1424. : H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. • 1424. Human hair, raw, 10 per centum ad valorem; cleaned or commer- cially known as drawn, but not manufac- tured, 20 per centum ad valorem; manu- factures 01 human hair, including nets and nettings j or of which human hair is the component material of chief value, not specially provided- for, 35 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 442. Hair, human, if clean or _Par. 351. Human hair, raw, 10 per drawn but not manufactured, twenty per centum ad valorem; if cleaned or com- centum ad valorem; manufacttires-of mercially known as drawn, but not human hair, or of which human hair is the manufactured, 20 per centum ad valorem; component material of chief valine, not manufai^Tices of humaa hair, including specially provided for in this section, nets and nettings, or of which human hair thirtj^fil'^e per centum adjvalo^epip. is the componKi;bmateriaJjof chief value. Par. 583. * * * human hair, raw, not specially provided for in this section, uncleaned, and not drawn [Free]. 35 per centum ad valorpni.) ^ ^ HUMAN HAIR. .ni,.:i,./ ,i: 'i.: (See Survey N-12.) •'-" Uses of human hair are (1) for switches, wigsi, ha,ir nets, etc., ^ade from a fine quality of hair, and (2^ress cloth, use^ in extracting the oil from cotton and other seeds. Ine latter is made of coarse'human hair derived from the Orient. SUMMABY OP TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1139 Production of hair nets, switches, wigs, etc., apparently decreased durijag the war, but the output of press cloth made from human hair greatly increased. Prior to the war press cloth was made from camel and goat hair, chiefly from Eussia, but large quantities of coarse human hair from China are now used. Under the Census classifica- tion ".hair work," 199 establishments are shown, with products valued at $7,325,000, in 1919. This includes, in addition to wigs, switches, etc., of human hair, similar articles of adornment made from hair other than human. Imports of human hair in 1910 were valued at $3,500,000; in 1915, at $500,000. Of these imports the largest single item is unmanu- factured hair. The great sources qf supply have shifted, since 1914, from Continental Europe to the Orient. Imports from Europe in 1914 were 633,253 potmdsy valued at $533,172; from China and Japan, 280,170 pounds, valued at $115,084. Of manufactured products, the most important item is "nets and nettings," valued at $103,00.0 in 1915. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Ad valorem rate. HUMAN HAIR, RAW. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) . HUMAN HAIE, CLEANED OR DRAWN, BUT UNMANUFACTURED. 1918., iai9 1920 1921 (9 months). $28,922 72,492 117,216 90, 936 $6,784 14, 498 23,443 18,187 20 20 20 HUMAN HAIR, MANUFACTURES OF. 1918 $641,192 2,158,696 5,923,285 6,242,709 $224,417 755^444 2,073,150 2,184,948 35 1919. . . . 35 1920 -. . 35 1921 (9 months) In 1920 raw hair of Asiatic origin amounted to 1,947,624 pounds, with a value of $1,000,078; cleaned or dra^, to 53,374 poiinds, valued at $52,790. Compared with the, latter, imports of cleaned or drawn- 4iair from other sources (chiefly European) amounted to 15,562 pounds, valued at $64,426. i These are from Italy, southern France and Germany. "Nets and netting" continue as the chief item of manufactured products, being valued in 1920 at $5,774,022. Practically all comes from China. !' 'Exports. — None recorded. . Siiggested phaiwes. — Should not "human hair tops" be enumerated in this paragrapn? ,' 1140 SUtMMAKY OF TARIFF IN-FOEMATION,. 1921. PARAGBAPBE/ 1425* H. B, 7456. Pah. 1425; Hair, curled, suitable for -beds or mattresses, 10 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. s£;nate amei^dmeii^ts. ACT OF lOlS. Par. 444. Hair, curled, suitable for Par. 352. Hair, curled, suitable for beds or mattresses, ten per centum ad beds or, mattresses, 10 per centum ad valorem. , valorem. CURLED HAIR. (See Survey N-12.) Description aiid -Mses.— -Short liQijseliair, cpw haii:,, and the softer kinds of pig hair, after being curled by; t'vdsting, lioiljpg, and;drving, are used for stuffing beds, mattresses, sofas, divans,- and seats. Often Tampico and coconut fiber and Spanish and sea moss are added to the hair in the maimf acture of some grades of upholstery. Production in 1914, valued at $3,657,414, was by 19 estabhsh- ments, with $2,930,000^^ capital, 1,317 employees, and wages of $524,000. The industry is widespread, New York and Pennsyl- vania leading?^ Figureshfor 1919 are not available. /mporte of hair, curled, suitable for beds or mattresses, are negH- gible, being valued at only $2 in 1914, with no substantial increase until 1921, when, for the first nine months of the calendar year, 18,787 pounds, valued at $18,735, were imported. Exports Bxe included with manufactures of animal hair, which were valued at $344,756 in 1914. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 1918, $374,985; 1919, $695,962; 1920, $1,095,712; 19^1 Qpine months), $189,919. Canada, France, and Japan were the principal countries of destination in 1920. PARAGRAPH 1426. H. B. 7458. Par. 1426. Haircloth, known as "crin- oline" cloth, haircloth, known as "hair Beating," and IMr press cloth, 35 per centum ; ad ; .vafl^rem; hair felt, made TyhoUy Or in chief value of animal hair, hot specially provided forj 25 tjfer petatilin ad valorem; manufactures of liairfelt, incltiding gun wkds, 35 per centuni ad < valorem. ■,',!: ; i. ACT OF 1909. Par. 382. On * * * felts not woven, and not epecifilly proyjded,f9p in-,t hair press cloth, twenty cents per square ^ar., 353^1 Haircloth, known as "crinp-, yard. line" cloth, 6 cents per square yard; haircloth, kiiown as "hair seating," and hair press cloth, 15 cents per square yard. Par. 422. * * * Press cloths com- posed of camel's hair, imported expressly for oil milling purposes, and marked so as to indicate that it ia for such purposes, and cut into lengths not to exceed seventy-two inches and woven in widths not under ten inches nor to exceed fifteen ' inches and weighing not less than one- half pound per square foot pi^ee]. HAIRCLOTH — CEINOUNE AND HAIE SEATINia. ' (See Survey N-12.) Description and uses. — ^Haircloth is made with horsehair filling and warp of cotton, linen, or worsted. "Crinoline" is a light haircloth with a cotton warp, used extensively for stiffening clothmg, bonnets, and hats. Hair seating is a heavy, long-wearing ho^ehair covering fonnerly used in upholstMing. ,, ^, ^ iProduction of aU kinds of haircloth in 1909 was valued at $2,230,033 ; in 1.914, at $2,394,486; and in 1919, at $3,315,000.. Imports of crinoline are small, -aimounting in 1914 -to $46; in 1918 (calendar year) to 2,465 yards, valued at $11,787; and in 1920, to 74 square/yards, vailued at $150. In 1919 and 1,921 none was iinported. Imports of hair Ideating are combined with imports of hair pi^ss cloth, and are^hoiwn !undei'€hat it^m. ^xportef— None recorded. Iinportdrd cTtki^es iii ilasnji^atidn. — See General Notes on Para- graph, page 1142. HAIR PRESS CLOTH. (See Survey N-12.) ■• Descriptipn and uses. — ^Press cloth is a very thick _ cloth woven entirely ilramspuni hair,. It is uspd in the oil milling; industry as a' wrapper for hol(ding the seed meats while imd^r pressured Two classes, of press cloth are how ia use — that made from camel's hair and that made from human (chiefly. Chines^) hair .^ Camel's-hair press .cloth excels, because of its quality of not absorbing the liquid or aUowing the residue of the seeds to cling to it, as weU as for its strength and long life. The human-hair press cloth also possesses these qualities . to some extent and is widely used. Its cost is less than that of the camel's-hair cloth. Horse, cattle, and goat hair are employed to some extent. . , . i, i • ' Production data are not separately shown for either camel s-hair press ploth or press clgttih made of hutoan hair. Human-hair press cloth is included in the total for all kinds of„haircloth, w;hile camel's- hair press .ploth is combined with wool manufactures. , Estimates, of the trade place the production^of human-hair press cloth at approxi- mately 1,800,000 pounds, with a value of $1,600,000. 1142 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Imports ot camel 's-hair preSg cloth were not separately shown until 1914, when 129,004 pounds^ vjalu^ed at $62,804, Wei:e entered froptj Janu9.ry 1 to June 30. Imports of haircloth known as hair seating and hair press cloths in 1914 amounted to 54,920 square.yards, valued: at $106,757. Lat^r statistics fallow: Calendar year. Quantity. Equiv- alent ad valorem. OAMEL'S-HAIR PRESS CLOTH. 19M....J i92o:..; 1921 (9 months) Pownds. 22,673 15,608 4,476 S29,823 18,408 4,460 Per cent. HAIRCLOTH KNOWN AS "HAIR SEATING," AND HAIR PRESS CLOTH 1918.. . Sauare ' y'aria. 21,379 33,885 ' ■'■•U 831 , 4,969 $96,751 164,560 ' 4^775 p[4,884 $3,209 3 35 1919 , 1920.'. ;.■...'...%:..: 3^09 3.64 1921 (9 months)...,.^. ^^ 5.00 Exports. — Nonfe recorded. Important changes in classification. — See General Notes On Para- graph below. HAIIi FELT, AND MANUFACTURES OF. Description g,ri4-%ses. — Hair felt is imade from cattle or goat hair. Manufactures jp elude polishwg felts if or plate glass, cushion felts for. shoes, refrigerator felts, cartridge felts, felt waphers, pipes covering, bumper felts, etc. i ,, , Production, ,importy.&,nd export djita are not shown ift official sources GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. ' Important changes in classification. — Tne provisions of this para- graph extend to all classe^of hair' pres^ cloth. In the 1913 act camel's-hajr , press ploth is separately proyided for (par. 288).. The provision in paragrkph, 422 of thb 1913 "act for camel's-hair press ctethis inlpbtte'd expressly jfor' dfl-jnilling plirposfes has^beeii' 6nilt1;ed.' ' Hair felt, 'and. m^iiuf actu!r^$ of 'hair felt', including' guil.w^ds, h'ave beMi added. "', ' ' ■ ' • ^ i' '■ ' " t< . •^" ■' Co'nfliftiwg wowsionS :^^It is possible t3id,t' in th^'^case of c'diniel's- hair ptess '61oth 'paragraph 1'121 may conflict with'thig pkra'graijih. Thiis paragraph provides' for "hair press cloth." whereas paragraph^' 1121, in defiiiing'the word "wool;" stales, "Whenfevei" in thiftiW' the' word 'wodl" is uSed in connection with a rdaniifactufed toicle of which it is a ccJiiajiGnent material, it shall be held to include wool or hair of :the * * * camel, *, * * w;hether manufactured by' the woolen, worsted, felt, or aity other process.""" ''\ Suggested changes. — To avoid litigation growing but of this po^siblfij CQhflict, the provision ftir "hair press cloth,'' page IBSHpafagrajjH'' 1426, line 22, of H. E. 7456, might be changed to read," "'press cloth-' of camel's 6r other hair." jGim wads of, hair felt are provided for in SUMMABY OF TABIFF; INFORMATION, 1921. 1143 this paragraph, and gun wads n. s. p. f., in paragraph 1423. In view of the small imports of gun wads of all descriptions ($4 in 1920, none in 1918 and 1919), separate pftfVisions appear inadvisable. If djjj^rent rates are desired, r^un wads of hair |elt could, be given iapaj^a^aph 1423 a higher rate than oh gun wads li. s. p. f. I^rdyisidn'itliight be made in this paragraph for "cloths and. all other manufacttu-es of evef y description, w:holly or in chief value of cattle hair or horse hair, not specialiy provided for, [rate] " following the word;. "valorem" in line 2, pager 160. PARAGRAPH 1427. H. JR. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ■ Pab;. 1427; Hats,' caps, bonnets, and' bobds^ for men's, wdmen's, boys', or chil- dren's wear, trimmed or untlsinuned> in- cluding bodies,; ,hpods, plateaiux, .forpis,, or stape^,- for hats or bonnets, comp'cised wholly' 01* in chifef value of ftir of 'the rabbit, ibeaver, or other animals) • valued at not more than $4.50 per dozen, $1.50 per dozen; valued at mo;re tlian $4.50 and not more than $9 p'er dbzen,'$3 per dozen; valued at more than $9 and not more than $15 per dozen, JS per' dozen; valued! at more than $15. and not more; than $24 per dQZ9Ji,'$7 per do;zen; valued at morei than $S!4 and not iriore than $36 p^r dozeli, $10 per dozen; valued at more than $36 and not more than $48 per dozen, $13 per. dozen; valued at more than $48 per dozen, $16 i per dozen ; L andj in addition theretoi on all the foregoing, 20 per centum ad valorem. , ACT OF 1009. ' Par. 439. * * * Articles of wearing apparel of every description, partly or wholly ma,nufactured, composed of or of •which 'fur (is tire, componesnt ptafexisH, of . cljief yaluej fifty per ceiitum ad valorem. » -*■ » (-1/ ' ''■ ■>-!'' . '. :r\- J , I . . Par. 446. Hat^,J bonnets,' or hoods, for' men's, women's,, oboys-'j or. children's i wear, trimmed^ or MutTinujapds, including , bodies, hobSs, plateaux, fbrma, or sha.pes, for* liats or bttnnete, composed wholly' or in' chief value of fur of th*f rablttt, beaver,' or other animals, vabieil at not more than ft^ui doilars.and fifty cents per,tfozeu,. fine- dollar and fifty? centf ,per, dozen; .valu.f4 at iiibre thain' four doUafa and fifty ceils per dbzen'and not liiore' than iJhie dCllats per dozen, threeidoUars per doz^n; valued at, more tian nine dollars per dozen anji, , not more than eighteen dollars per dozen, five ddllars pei- ,dOzen; valued at more than eighteen ! dollars per dozen, feeVen dollars per dpzen ; and in addition- thereto , on ajl the foy^going, twenty per, centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1913. : Pas; 348. * * .* articles,,of wearing apparel of every description, partly or wholly manufactured, composed of or of ;wliich fur f is, the component material of cliijef value, not specially provided for in .this' section, '56 per centum ad valbrein; Par. :3R4. Hats,^ bonnets, or 'hoods, for men's, woinen's,, boys', or'^Qhildren's wearp trinipied 0,1; ujatrimmed, ,includinsr bodies, hoods, plateaux, forms ,6r shapes, 'f6r hats or bonnets, ^6mp6Se!d' wholly or WcKiM ivdlue bf fur of the rabfeit, beaver, or 'gther animals, 45' per. centum ad valorem. 1144 SUMMSBY' OF TAKIFF' rSTlFOIlMiATIOIT, 1821, FUE HATS.'' ' ' ' ■- ■'■"' ' Descriptitln. — The furs most genieJrally Aike^ Ifl' fiir-felt' hats, are 'th!e ]:(eayer, c6ypoti,'iiu|;ria, or Siium JiJnericari'ljigaYei^j.tW 9,tiEisian hare, the Scotch, Eiiglisliy and Frencl^ coney,^]an3 mueferat. Through processes Qf inahufa6ti|ite thfe fur in a felt'h^t loses, its resemblance to fur a;s'^eiieta|lyjkiiowTi, ^'Mo^t' of tli,e raw inatemls used are imported. The fur of We donrestic t-ftbbit is ilhsuitsiliife for fur-felt hats. Production. — In 1914 the number of fur-felt hat establishments was 224, with 21,318 erapkrfgflgjt .aneaj^itak of $39,401,429, wages of $12,070,812. Materials cost $16,947,058, and fee jaJjie.of products was |3'7;349;t44. In'additibn, fur-felt hats to ffie Yallig of $476,499 were made in establishments engaged primarily in the manufactiiiire of other products. There is some duplication in the value of the product owing to the inclusion with ''hats, fur-felt,'' of the; product of establishments which made notlung but Ji^t' bodies,,', in/^Qine instances under contract work for other manufacturersiandofstjU others which did finishing only. The industry is-eonceu'trated in Pennsylvania, Connecticut, New Jersey, and New York; in 1919 there were 176 establishments, with a.! total product , vgjiied at $82,745,000. nci ■ '^ , - .'■'.';;-.■'''„,' ' .' . Imports of hats, bonnets, or hoods lofi fur' in 1914 were 36)725 dozen^ valued at $664,717, of which 13,656'd6zen, Valued at $904,1308,; came from Austria-Hungary, the rest mai^y froiil FrajnOe, '^ii^\j^i^^/li;a\j, and Belgium. Later statistics follo]Br,;i . .i ir i .i 1 .i- CaJendar year. .il- QuantitTit : Value:"! '■'■ -liMi) -no TJrdHiTglUeC"' a '■! ; i« iiiDuty.i ' 1. 1, 1 . ■' M Valorem \ rate..' 1(1..-. .'..-.( 1918 oi.O-l..i.;U. .„■-!.;. 1919 Dozens. 20,644 15,244 ,1 28,(B9 ' 14,791 (451,738. 488,479 >jGt21.%«> 32.04 'f»3(A382 219,816 4Q2,4P8, Per cent. 45 45 1920 1921T9 months* ' ■ ■ "'.... .,.i« ;,■!'■;""■•"■?: ■"■{""■r,] h-v-'i'i In 1920 imports were principally" frdjifi IVAlf (17;043 dozen, $617,288);- France (6,-768 dpzM; $194,154); Czechoslovakia' (1,729 dozen, $120,^20) ; and England' (5,816 dozen* $108,811). : • ';,'i JErjporte.— Domegticiexportsoif fur^felt hats are not separately stated in official statistics. With the exoegtito of one fifttijvAirhicn has a well-known trade-mark Or' name, exports are small. 'I*^lt h^its and hat materials for, men aiid boys were e;xported tDji.tne values of $1,273,799, ,$1,699,532, and $3,145,^4, respectively,' in- the calendar yearsi 1918, 1919, aiid^ 1920. For the'tijtie'mdlitMfendi'ri^'September, 1921, exports of felt hats'' ftitnounted' to $889,402.. \E^pbrts were chiefly to Canada, Mexico, Cuba, an4 South American counteiesi Important changes in classijication. — A provision for caps,' com- posed wholly or in chief value of fur of the rabbit, beaver, or othef animals, has been added. Such caps /W-ere held dutiablgi as articles of wearing apparel (paragraph 348,. , act of W13), and not as hits, bonnets, or hoods of fur (paragraph, 354/i act of 1913). Caps are flot hats in either customs practice or comnaon' iparlaric6^. " (G. A. 4708, T. D. 22228, of 1900.) SUMMABTGF TABIFF INFOItMATION^ 1921. 1145 PARAGRAPH 1428. H. Rl 7466. Far. 1428. Jewelry, ctommonly 6r com- meirtially so known, valued above 20 cents per dozen pieces,, 55 per centum 'ad valbrem; rope^ curb, cable, and fancy riSttferns bf chain not exceeding one-half inch in diameter, width, or thicJknessV valued above 30 cents per yard; and ar- ticles valued above 20 cents per dozen pieces, designed to be worn on apparel or carried on or about or attached to the person, such as and including buckles, cardcases, chains, ci^ar cases, cigar cut- ters, cigar holders, cigarette cases, ciga- rette holders, coin holders, collar, cuff, and dress buttons, combs, match boxes, mesh bags and purses, millinery, military and hair ornaments, pins, powder cases, stamp cases, vanity cases, and like ar- ticles; all the foregoing and parts thereof, finished or partly finished, composed of metal, whether or not enameled, washed, covered, or plated, including rolled gold plate, and whether or not set with pre- cious or semiprecious stones, pearls, cam- eos, coral, or amber, or with imitation precious stones or imitation pearls, 55 per centum ad valorem; stampings, galleries, mesh, and other materials of metal, whether or not set with glass or paste, finished or partly finished, separate or in strips or sheets, suitable for use in the manufacture of any of the foregoing ar- ticles in this paragraph, 45 per centum ad valorem. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1909. Par. 448 .^Chains, pins, collar, cuff^and dress buttons, charms, combs, miliihery ai;d military . ornampijts, .together with all bther articles of, every description, finished, or- ^iiftly' finiihed, if set with imitation precious st&nes ^coiiposed of glass prjpaste (eix,ceptiiniitation jet), or pojnpoeea, wholly or, in chief ivalue of; sifv^t,' Gferman filyer, white inetal, brass, or guEL inetal, whether or iiot enairteled;. washed, covered, platedj or alloyed With gold,, silyer or ni<;kel, and designed to be worn on apparel or carried oil or about or attached to the person, valued at twenty cents per dozen pieces, one cent each and in addition thereto three-fifths of one cent per dozen for each one Cent the value ex- ceeds twenty cents per dozen; all stamp- ings and materials of metal (except iron or Bteel), or, of metal set with glass or paste, finished or partly finished, stiitible for use in the manufacture of any of the foregoing articles (except chain valued at less than thirty cents' per yard other than nickel or; nickel-plated chain), val- ued at seyenty-two cents per gross, three p.Ct GM 1913. ,,^K^ 356. Jewelry, commonly or com- mercially so known, valued above 20 iPj^nts pgr:dozen pie(!es,-.60 per centunl^ad valorem; rope, curb, cable, and fancyj patterns of chain not exceeding onerhalf inch in diameter, width, or thickness, valued' above 50 cents per yard; and,ar- .tieles vajued above :2P cents, per dozen- , pieces designed to be, w.orn on ^pparel. or, carried oji, or abdyt or attached to the ' p'erEfon, ■ su'ch ' as and including ' buckles^ card' casesy chains, cigar cases, cigkr cut- ters, cigar holders,; ,cig9.r)ette cases,, cigan rette holders, coin holders, collar, cuff, and dress buttons, combs, match boxes, mesh bags, and purses, millinery, mili- tary, and hair 'ornaments, pins, powder cases, stamp cases, vanity cases, and like articles ■ all the foregoing and parts thereof finished or> partly finished, composed of rrietali whether or not enameled, washed, covered, or plated, including rolled gold plate, and whether or not set with pre- cious or semiprecious stones, pearls, cameos, coral, or ambe.r, or with imita-; tion.precious stones or imitation pearls, 1146 SUMMARY. OF TABIIT : INPOBMATI®^- ' 1921. ACT OF 1909. •cents per dozen pieces- and. in \addition "thereto one-half of one cent per gross ior each one cent the' value exceeds seventy- two cents per gross; rope, curb, cable, and other fancy patterns of chain, without "bar, swivel, snap or ring, composed of Tolled gold plate or of silver, German silver, white metal, or brass, not exceed- ing one-half of one inch in diameter, lireadth or thickness, valued at thirty <;ent8 per yard, six cents per foot, and in a'ddition thereto three-fifths of one cent per yard for each one cent the value ex- ceeds thirty cents per yard; finished or •unfiniBhed bags, purses, and other articles, (or parts thereof, made in chief value of metal mesh composed of silver, German ■silver, or white metal, valued at two Kiollars per dozen pieces, ten cents per jpiece and in addition thereto three-fifths of one cent per dozen pieces for each one cent the value exceeds two dollars per ■dozen; all of the foregoing, whether known as jewelry or otherwise and whether or mot denominatively or otherwise provided for in any other paragraph of this Act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem in addition to the specific rate or rates of .duty herein provided; all articles com- Tnpnly or commercially known as jewelry, or parts thereof, finished or unfinished, including chain, mesh, and mesh bags and purses composed of gold or platinum, whether set or not set with diamonds, pearls, cameos, coral, or other precious or psemiprecious stones, or imitations thereof, fiixty per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1913. 60 per centum ad yalorem, Stampings, galleries, mesh and other rnaterials of metal, whether or, not set tynth glass or paste, finished or partly finished, separate or in st^ps or sheets, suitable 'for use in, the manufacture of any of the foregoing articles in this paragraph, 50 per centum ad valorein. ■JEWELRY AND RELATED ARTICLES. ' ' (See Survey N-»l.) D^escription and Uses. — The Wording of the paragraph describes and' indicates the uses of the articles of jewelry included therein., , , Production.— In 1914 there were 1,914 establishments manufactur- ing jewelry, with $72,404,000 capital, 28,289 employees, wages of $18,302,000, and a product valued' at $81,006,000. lii 1&19 there were 2,0^7 establishments, with ;products yalued at $203,898,000. Jmports, of jewelry in 1914 were Valued at $1,057,900, principally from Germany, France, Austria-Hungary, England, and Switzerland. Xiater statistics follow i CalendAryear. JEWELEYj C0;MM0NLY OR OOMMERCIALLY SO KNOWN, VALUED ABOVE 20 CENTS :, , , , ■ ' ^^^ DOZEN PIECES. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) ■»147,861 543,998 1, 063, 190 711, 312 SUMMARY OF TARITT INFORMATION, 1921. 1147 XJalendar year. Va!ue„ . Duty. Ad valorem rate. STAMPINGS, GALLERIES, MESH, ETC. - 1918 M,716 18,160 14,873 16; 661 •; $2,358 1 -9,080 7,437 Per cent. 50 1919 50 1920 50 1921 (9 months) MESH BAGS AND PURSES VALUED ABOVE 20 CENTS PER DOZEN PIECES. '■ 1918 . . 15,864 288 15,514 18, 182 $3,518 173 9,308 60 1919 60 1920.. . ... ... 60 1921 (9 montlLs) ARTICLES DESIGNED TO BE WORN ON APPAKEL OE CARRIED ON OR ABOUT OR ATTACHED TO THE PERSON VALUED ABOVE 20 CENTS PER DOZEN PIECES, N. i). s. $26,719 135,449' ' 196,916 , 125,595 $16,031 90,960 118,059 60 1919 60 60 1921 (9 months) Imports of cable, curb, rope, etc., are negligible, being valued at only $66 in nine months of 1921. Exports in 1914 were valued at $1,005,285 — mainly to Canada. Later exports in calendar years have been valued as follows: 1918, $547,377; 1919, $1,428,910; 1920, $815,780; 1921 (nine months), $247,862. In 1919, when exports were largest in value, of the total amount $549,435 went to England and $300,235 to Canada. Conjlicting provisions. — Tmfe paragraph provides for cigar and cigarette holders if composed of^inetal, at 55 per cent ad valorem, and paragraph 1452 provides for the same articles, of whatever material composed, at 45 per cent ad valorem. '' ^ Suggested ^changes. — "Dres's" buttons valued abovfe ' 20' cents per dozen pieces are dutiable at 55 per cent ad valorem under, this _par- agraph, while suchbjjttons worth less than 20 cents per dozen pieces would come within the provision in paragraph 340 for buttons^ of metal not specially provided for at threerfourths of one cent per line pfei- gross anfl ^9 per centum ad valorem, or, if embossed/ at 35 per centum ad vaiorem. It is thus possible to have the same kind of dress huttons varying in value only a few cents per dozen pieces pay rates as divergent as 12 per centum and 55 per centilm, or to have -,a high-valued metal button come in at the common metal button rate. 114S SUMOVIAEY OF TAKIFF IBrFOEMATION,! 1921. PARAGRAPH 1429. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1429. Diamonds and other pre- cious stones, rough or uncut; and not advanced in condition or value from their natural state by cleaving, splitting, cut- ting, or otber^procese, whether in their natural foMn or broken, any of- the fore- going not set, and diamond dast,' 10 per centum ad valorem; pearls and parts thereof, drilled or undnlled, but iiot set or strung; diamonds, i coral, rubies, cameos, and otier precious stones and semiprecious sjones, cut.but not set, and suitable tor iise in the 'manufacture of jewelry, 20 .'per centum ad- valorem: chatons, doublets, and synthetic cut stones, used in the manufactiire of jewelry and other similar articles, 20, per centiun ad valorem; imitation pearls of all kinds and shapes, of whatever ma- terial composed, pierced or unpierced, mounted or unmounted, and imitation precious or semiprecious stones except chatons, doublets, and ' synthetic cut stones of any kind, of all- kinds and shapes, of whatever material composed, 45 per cehtum^ad' valorem, ' ' ■<•' ■ 'i '; . ; ACT OF 1609. PiR. 449.' Pearls and parts thereof^ drilled Or undrilled, ' but not set' or strung, ten per centum ad valorem:.- diamonds, coral, rubies, cameos, . and other precious stones and semi-pr^^ipu^ stones, cut but not set, and'suitaMe for use i*n the maiautacture of jewelry, ten peB /centum ad valorem;. imitation pre- cious stones, including pearlg >nd : partM thereof, , for us^ . i;*,,the , maniifac^ure of ; jewelry, doublets, artificial, Or go-called synthetic' or reiSoilstructed' pearts'and parts thereof, rubies, or othieir precious ' stones, .twenty per centum ad valorem, Pap .1555. Diamonds , and Qtier pre- < cioub stones, rough pr' unCut, and not advainceJi in condition or Value from 'their natural state iby eleaving, spUtting, cut- tiiw, ,or other proc^ ■*, * * , [Free]. Par . 556 . * * * boft ^ ; any, of- the foregoing not set, arid diamond dust [Free]. ' ■ ' ' ' ' ''' '■ '-■•■ ACT 0P'1913. Par. 357. Diamonds and, other pre-- cious stones, rough or uncut, and not advanced in condition or value from' their natural state by. cleavii^, splitting,, cutting,: or oth,^i prQcess,, .vhetJier in thpif patiiral form, or .broken, and bort: , ani^ of the foregoi'ng'not s^t, ahd diamond dust, 10 pel'' centuin ad'Va;ibfem;'l)earl8 ' and parts; thereof, drilled or undnlled,'' but nojt SQt or strung;i diamonds, cpral, rubies, cameosj ' arid . othej:, precious stones aiid aemip'i'ec^ous stones, cut; but nbt set, and stiitaiblfe'for uSe in the ihanu- faeture of jewelry, 20^ per centum ad yalorpm; imitation precious stones, in- cluding pearls and parts thereof, for use in the manufacture of jewelr^, doublets, artificial, or so-called synthetic or recori- .structed peaeb iand parts thereof , rubied, or ojther precip]is stqnes, 20 per centum ad; valorem. ' ■ PRECIOUS STONES. (See Survey N-1.) Description. — ^" Precious stones" as a trade term includes the diamond, sapphire, emerald, pearl, opal, turquoise, garnet, beryl, topaz, rock crystal, lapis lazuli, agate, onyx, jade, amethyst, tiger- eye, chalcedony, bloodstone, moonstone, tourmaline, chrysoprase, etc. » Or opposite par. 1561, H. R. 7456. SUMMABY OF TAKCFP INFOBMATTOK; 1921. Prcdtixtion. — 'In 1914 there were 89 estiaMishmenfe engaged in lapidary work with valueiof products amounting ^to '$5,380,000, and in 1'919, 121 establishriaents with products of $30i05e-,000. In many cases the work is done for jewelry concerns which' furmsh the mate- rials. -.;; ..;.,, >; .1 , " r*" ,; Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- graph, page 1152. BOET AND DIAMOND DUST. (See Survey N-1.) Description and iises. — Bort denotes diamonds of inferior quahty, especially such as have a radiating crystallization, not taking a polish; also, an amorphous variety of diamond, brown, gray, or. black, known as " black diamond or carbonado, " found massive in Brazil in association with pure diamonds. Diamond dust is a powder secured by rubbing together two diamonds in the process of faceting, and also by crushing bort. It is used for cutting and polishing diamonds and other precious stones. The amorphous variety is extensively used in diamond drills and stone saws, for which ordinary diamonds are unsuited. Imports in 1914 of bort and diamond dust were valued at $90,512 and came principally from. France and England. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. BOET. 1918 1,367; 088' 3 ■328, 371 314,^ »46,024 136,709 332,837 31,424 Per cent. 10 1919 10 1920..... • .10 1921 (9 months) , 10 DIAMOND DUST. 1918 . • . »15,633 53>354 '59,117 19,609 $1,563 1,961 10 1919 ; ,.... 10 1920 ■10 1921 (9 months) 10 Imjfpbrtant changes in classification. — Sfee General Notes on Para- graph, page 1152. DIAMONDS. (See Survey N-1.) Uses. — Besides its value as a gem, the diamond is of great use in the arts and manufactures. Production of rough and uncut diamonds for 1907-1918 ranged from $608 (1915) to $6,315 (1^13), and was $1,910 in 1918. A few diamonds have been found along the base of the Sierra. Neyadas, in Wisconsin, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, and along the eastern base of the Appalachians from Virginia tb Alabama. South Africa furnishes almost the whole of the world supply; its tota;l production in 1917 was valued at $37,527,689. ■. 1150 SUMMAEY OF TABIFF . INFORMATION, 1921. Imports. — ^During 1911-1913 imports of diamonds in the rough ranged from $9,071,089 (1911) to $11,973;764 (1913); in 1915 they amounted to $3,204,206. More than three-fourths are from Eng- land. Imports of diamonds cut, but not set, were $24,390,076 m 1911, and $27,170,996 in 1913. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. DIAMONDS, ROUGH OK UNCUT AND NOT ADVANCED. 1918 . Carats. tl2,636,024 20,306,758 10,526,126 1,997,427 SI, 263, 602 2,030,676 1,052,613 199,743 Per ceni. 10 1919 1920.. 1 1921 (9 months).. 290,677 ! 121,031 i 29.fil7 169.86 86.97 67.67 10 10 10 DIAMONDS, CUT BUT NOT SET, AND SUITABLE F0« MANUFACTURE OF JEWELRY- 1918 S7, 734, 160 > 64, 085, 610 45,240,013 19,327,173 11,546,830 12,817,096 9,048,003 3,865,435 20 1919 524,710 302,920 184,408 1122. 13 149.34 20 ]920.... 20 1921 (9 months) 20 'Includes small amount from Cuba. ' Importdnt changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- graph, page 1152. • PEAELS. (See Survey N-1.) Description and uses. — ^Mother-of-pearl, the inner layer of the shell of the pearl moUusk, is secreteid from the mantle of the shellfish. When a grain of sand or like foreign element finds lodgment between the shell and the mantle, it becomes enveloped in this pearly secretion, and thus is formed the pearl of commerce. Production. — Eiver pearls are found in many parts of the United States, and have been systeniatically worked in the Little Miami and Mississippi Rivers. Pearls are obtained from India, the Persian Gulf, the Sulu seas, the coast of Australia, the shores of South America, and some of the Pacific islands. (See also Imitation Precious Stones, p. 1151.) Imports were valued at $1, 932,109 in 1916, $1,551,597 in 1915, $5,800,790 in 1913, and $515,478 in 1908. About 90 per cent comes from France and England. Later statistics follow : ' Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. Number. Per cent. 1919. .1920.., ;...,. 1921 (9 months). 1636 5, 381, 180 1 $97, 939 fi87,990 1 75, 463 10, 933, 610 7,801,7?8 2,436,714 1133,598 20 2, 186, 702 1,560,346 487,343 20 20 ' iFrom'PBilippinelslainds, tree. '■' Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- graph, page 1152. SUMMAEY OF TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1151 OTHER PBEOIOUS STONES, KOUGH OR "UNCUT. (See Survey N-1.) Production of precious stones, other than diamonds, was valued at $104,413 in 1918. imports were $167,331 in 1916, $54,141 in 1915, $75,614 in 1913, and $180,012 in 1911. Later statistics follow; Calendar year. Quantity. Value, Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. I9l8 Cajrats. ...^.IL $129,959 219,526 354 937 145,278 , f »3,996 14,628 Per cent. 10 1919.... 2, 183^858 1,607,-900 283,692 $0.10 .22 .52 10 1920 10 1921 (9 months). Ifn^ortant changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- graph, page 1152. OTHER PRECIOUS AND SEMIPRECIOUS STONES, CUT BUT NOT SET. • Imports were valued at $2,774,220 in 1913, and $4,058;696 in 1911, ccmaing principally from France, England, and Germany. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 .. $956,939 4,935,287 5,010,663 2,000,689 $191,387 987,057 1,002,113 400,138 Per cent. 20 1919 - 20 1920 . 20 1921 (Q montiis) Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- graph, page 1152. IMITATION PRECIOUS STONES. (See Survey N-1.) IfescriplAovr and uses. — Imitation gems are manufactured from a specially prepared glass called "strass," after its German inventor. This glass consists essentially of a complex borosilicate of lead and potassium. The finished colorless glass is used in imitation diamonds. When employed to imitate colored precious stones, the strass is melted with various metallic oxides. Real diamonds, laiwever, have been made artificaUy'by Prof. Moissan, of Paris, by the use of an electric furnace. The stones produced Were exceedingly small, but they possessed all the characteristics of the natural diamond. Artificial pearls are of two. kinds, the solid or massive and the blown pearls. The first are known as ''Venetian pearls,'' made chiefly on the island Murftnci, near Venice, from small white or col- 1152 SUMMARY OE TARIFF INFOEMAXION, 1921, ored glass tubes'/ the desired; kues being produced by the use of oxide of tin and other metals. Blown pearls consist of small globules of thin glass, coated on the inside with the so-called oriental pearl essence, or "essence d'Orient^" which is made from silvery scales of the bleak, a smiall fish common in France and Germany. Many imi- tation pearls are also formed of an opaline. glass of nacreous hister, and the soft appearance of the pearl is obtained by the judicious use of hydrofloric acid. It is said that certain Japanese firms are produc- ing by artificial methods a genuine pearl in the body of the oyster. Synthetic or reconstructed stones diflfer from the imitation article in that they are of the same composition as the true stone. Doublets are defined as imitation gems consisting of a real stone cemented to a piece of glass colored to simulate me imitation gems, or paste jewels mounted with a thin face of the genuine jewels. .A chaton Is an eight-faceted stone in imitation of a diamond or other precious stone. ProdiMtion.— The United States has never been an important jjroducer of imitation precious stones. In recent , years domestic mantifacturers have produced considerable quantities of imitation pearls but it can not be said that the business is in a stable condition. Imports of imitation precious stones, including pearls and parts thereof, for use in the manufacture of jewelry, doublets, artificial or so-called synthetic or , ijecpnstruoted pearls and parts thereof, rabies, or other precious stones, amoimted to $1,192,897 in 1914. They came chiefly from France. Later import statistics follow: ; , Calendar year. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 t889,086 1,590,182 2,174,632 1,045,361 $177,817 318,036 434,926 209,072 Percent. 20 1919 ,. 20 1920 ;.,. ... 20 1921(9inontfis).'..., ..j.M .... Important cha'figes in, classification. — Sep General Notes on Para- "graph; below. ' '!■•■' •■;'■/ '■■■"■ ■ .i,'.--- -,.. -■. , GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. Important changes in classification. — ^Bort is not specifically jpjovided for. , The provision for chatons is new. Synthetic stones have been restricted, to cut stones. The, phrase 'fufeed in the manufacture of jewelry and other sirtular articles'' is made to^ cover chatons, doublets, and Synthetic cut atones. , , - ■ < Imitation pearls, are given a separate classificatidii and are not included under ■ imitation precious stones* The descriptive phrase "of all kinds iaiid shapes, of whatever material composed, pierced or unpierced, mounted or unmounted/". ia new and the phrase "for use in the manufacture of jewelry" is omitted. Imitation precious or semiprecious stones exclude I chatons, dou- blets, and synthetic cut stones, : which , are specificallyi provided for. The phraSe " of aU kinds and shapes, of whatever material composed " is new and the phrase "for use in the manufaietute. of jewelry'' is omitted. StrMMAHY OF' TAiirFr INFOEMATION, 1921. li^§ Oonfiictinh' provisions:^— The provision in this pkragiraph. for imita- tion pearls differs from the provision in paragraph 1403 for imitation pearl beads only in the words "strung or loose" which are in para- graph 1403 and. not in this paragraph. There was litigation under the act of 1909 between two somewhat similar proyisions (pars. 421 and 449), in which the provision for imitation pearl beads was de- clared more specific than the provision for imitation pearls. For legislative purposes, paragraph 449 of the act of 1909 was deiclared to include only such imitation pearls for use in the manufacture of jewelry as were not also imitation pe9,rl beads* {Lorsch v. United States, 5 Ct. Gust. Appls., 93; Cohn v. United States, 5 Ct. Cuat. Appls., 339; both of 1914.) The words "pierced or unpierced" in both paragraphs increase the conflict. Suggested manges. —Since beads are usually if not always pierced, omission of the words "pierced or unpierced" wherever they occur in paragraphs 1403 and 1429 would tend to limit the provisions of 1403 to beads and 1429 to imitation pearls and imitation precious and semiprecious atones. . r ^ Specific provision might be made for pearls, strung. Page 161, line 20, of H. R. 7456: Insert rate and change semi- colon to a comma. . ., PARAGRAPH 1430. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1430. Laces, including burnt-out laces, lace window curtains; handker- chiefs, napkins, wearing apparel, and all other articles or fabrics of lace, or made wholly or in part, however email; of lace or of imitation lace of any kind; edgiagB, insertingB, galloons, nets, nettings, veils, veUingB, peck ruiHings, ruchings, tuok- inga, trimmings, flouncings, flutings, quil- lings, ornaments; ribbons ornamented: in the process of weaving; braids loom woven and ornamented in the process of weaving, or made by hand, or on any braid ma- chine, knitting machine, or lace ma- chine; and all articles composed in any part, however small, of any of the fore- going fabrics or articles; all the foregoing (except plain gauze or lena woven cotton nets or nettings, and materials and articles specially provided for in "paragraphs 919, 1006, 1403, 1404, 1406, and 1424 of this Act), by whatever name known, and to. whatever use applied, and whether or not named, described, or provided for else- where in this Act, when composed wholly or in chief value of yams, threads, fila- ments, tinsel wire, lame, bullions, metal threads, spangles, or beads, 45 per centum ad valorem; embroideries, handkerchiefs, napkins, wearing apparel, and all other articles or fabrics embroidered in any manner by hand or machinery, whether with a plain or fancy initial, monogram, 82304^22 7S u^^ SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. ACT OF 1909,, or otherwise, 'or* tamboured', appliqti^d, scalloped, or ornamented with beads or spangles, :0r from y^hich thrpads have been oiniited, drawn, punched, or cpt, and with threads introduced after weaving to finish Or wnament the operiworic, hot in- cluding , itraa^ht:. hemstitchiag; all the ■ foregoing (ef^^cept plain gauze or. leno woven cottein iiets or nettings, and ma- terials and articles specially provided for in paragraphs 919, 1006, 1403, 1404, 1406, and. 1424 of this Act), by whatever. name known, and, to wliateyer use apsplied, and whether or not named, describfed, or pro- vided for elsewhere in this Act, when composed wholly or in chief value of yarns, threads, filameints, tinsel wire, lame, tauUione, metal ttaea-lB,, spangles, or beads, 374 per .centum ad valorem, ACT OF 1909. - Pae. 179. .*ii i*;if laces, embroider^ ies, braids, galloons, trimmings, * * * ornaments, * * * made wholly or in chief value of tinsel wire, lame or lahn, bullions, or metal threads, fifteen cents per pound and sixty per centum ad va- lorem.- > - vf.-ri i,-'" J ,'--,, Par.' 322. Sahdlierchiefs or m'ufiiers composed of cotton, whether in the piece or otherwise and whether finished or un- finished, * * * embroidered in any manner, whether with an initial letter, monogram, or otherwise, by hand or ma- chinery, or are tamboured, appliqu^d, or trimmed wholly or in part with lace or with tucking or insertion, they shall not pay a less rate of duty than sixty per centum ad valorem. Pah. 349. Laces, lace window curtains, and all other lace articles; handkerchiefs, napkjins, wearing apparel, and all other articles made wholly or in part of lace or laces, or in imitation of lace; nets, net- tings, veils, veilings, neck rufflings, ruch- ings, tuckings, flutings, quillings, em- broideries, trimmings, braids, feather- stitch braids, edgings, insertings, flounc- ings, galloons, gorings,- * * * orna- ments, ribbons, * * * wearing ap- parel, handkerchiefs, and other articles or fabrics embroidered in any manner by hand or machinery, whether with a plain or fancy letter, initial, or monogram, or otherwise, or tamboured, appliqu6d, or scalloped, by hand or machinery, for any purpose, or from which threads have been drawn, cut, or punched to produce open- work, orpamented or embroidered in any manner herein described, in any part thereof, however small; hemstitched or tucked flouncings or skirtings; all of the foregoing, composed wholly or in chief value of cotton, flax, or other vegetable SENATE AMENDMENTS. ' ACT OF 1913. Par. 358. La;,deS, lace window curtains, not specially provided for in this section, coach, carriage, and autom^obile laces, and all -lace articles of whatever yarns, threads, or- filaments composed; handkerchiefs, nstpldns, wearing apparel, and all other articles or fabrics made: wholly or in part of lace or imitation lace of any kind; em- broideries, 'Wearing apparel,' handker- chiefs, and all articles or fabrics embroid- ered in any manner byhand or machinery, whether with a plain or fancy initial, monogram, i 'or otherwise, or tamboiifed, appliqu6d, or scalloped by hand or ma- chinery, any of the foregoing-by whatever name known; edgings, insertings, gal- loons, nets, nettingSj veils, veilings, neck rufflingSj ruchings, tuckings, flouncings, flutingsj' quillings, ornaments; braids, loom'^twoven and ornamented in the proc- ess of weaving, or made by hand, or on any braid maciiine, knitting machine, or lace machine, and not specially provided for; trimmingsTiot specially provided for; woven, fabrics or articles frOm which th»ead&! have been omitted, drawn, punched, or cut, and with threads intro- duced after weaving] forming, figures or designs, not including straight hem- stitching; and«Brticles made in whole or in patt.'of any of the • foregoing fabrics or articles; a,ll of the foregoing of whatever yam&j'. threads, or^ filaments composed, 60 per centum ad valorem. ' SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFOBMATION', 1921. 1155 ACT OF 1909. ACT OP 1913. fiber, or of cotton, flax, or other vegetable fiber and India rubber, or of cotton, flax, or other vegetable fiber, India rubber, and metal, and not elsewhere specially pro- vided for in this section, sixty per centum ad valorem: Provided, That no article composed wholly or in chief value of one or more of the materials or goods specified in this paragraph, shall pay a less rate of duty than the highest rate imposed by this section upon any of the materials or goods of which the same is composed: And provided furiher. That no article or fabric of any description, composed of flax or other vegetable fiber, or of which these materials or any of them is the component material of chief value, when embroidered by hand or machinery, or having hand or machinery embroidery thereon, shall pay a less rate of duty than that imposed in this section upon any embroideries of the materials of which such embroidery is composed. Par. 350. Laces, embroideries, edgings, insertings, galloons, flouncings, nets, net- tings, trimmings, and veils, composed of cotton, silk, artiiicial silk, or other ma- terial (except wool), made on the Lever or Gothrough machine, seventy per centum ad valorem: Proin/led, That no wear- ing apparel, handkerchiefs, or articles of any description, composed wholly or in chief value of any of the foregoing, shall pay a less rate of duty than that imposed upon the articles or the materials of which the same are composed. Par. 383. * * * braids, galloons, edgings, insertings, flouncings, fringes, . i gimps, * * * ornaments, laces, trim- ,; mings, and articles made wholly or in part of lace, embroideries and all articles "■ embroidered by hand or machinery, head nets, nettings, * * * and manufactures of wool ornamented with beads or span- - f : gles of whatever material composed, any • of the foregoing made of wool or of which wool is a component material, whether containing india rubber or not, fifty cents per pound and sixty per cenfum ad' valorem. ' iPar. 400. Handkerchiefs or mufflers ^jj composed, whopy or in chie^ value of silk,^ finished .dr unfinished, * * *;'em- "' brdidered in aUy manner, vrhether with " an initial letter, monograan, cr atherwise, . by hand or machinery, ;Qr are, tamboured, appliquded, ■ pr having tuckipg or inser- tion, sixty per centum ad valoirera. ■ Par. '402,' Laces, edgings, insertings, galloons, flouncings,. ttk;k.ruffiing8, ruch- ings, braids, * * * trimmings, orna- ments, nets or nettings, veils, or veiUngs, , , and articles made wholly or in part of any ' ■'' :>■ of thefdregding, or of chiffons, embroid- eries and articles embrQidered by. hand- ; , ACT ' OF 196£^: AC* oS"' l^f S^ or machinery, or tamboured or appli- qu6ed, * » * all of the foregoing com- posed of silk, or of silk and metal, or of which silk is the component material of chief value, whether in part of India rub- ber or otherwise and braid composed in part of India rubber, not specially pro- vided for in this section, and silk goods ornamented with beads or spangles, sixty per centum ad valorem: Provided, That articles composed wholly or in chief value of any of the materials or goods dutiable under this paragraph shall pay not less than the rate of duty imposed upon such materials or goods by this section: Pro- vided further, That tamboured, emlsroid- ered, or appliqu^ed articles or fabrics shall pay no leas rate of duty than that imposed upon the material if not so tam- boured, embroidered, or appliqu^ed. Par. 405. * * * braids, laces, em- broideries, galloons, neck rufflings, ruch- ings, * * * trimmings, . * * * or other articles or fabrics composed wholly or in chief value of yams, threads, fila- ments, or fibers of artificial or imitation silk or of artificial or imitation horsehair, by whatever name known, and by what- ever process made, forty-five cents per pound, and in addition thereto, sixty per centum ad valorem. Pak. 421. * * * nets or nettings, laces, embroideries, galloons, wearing apparel, ornaments, trimmings, curtains, fringes, and other articles not specially provided for in this section, composed wholly or in chief value of beads or span- gles made of glass or paate, gelatin, metal, or other material, but not in part of wool, sixty per centum ad valorem: Provided, That no article composed wholly or in chief value of beads or spangles made of glass, paste, gelatin, metal, or other ma- terial shall pay duty at a less rate than is imposed in any paragraph of this section upon such articles without such beads or spangles. LACE, EMBKOIDEEY, ETC. , Description and v^es. — Paragrapk 1430, after paragraph 1008 (jute burlap, etc.), is probably the mo^ ijjiportant textile provision as regards value of imports. It includes laces, nets, embroideries, braids, and articles made of any of these materials.) Lace is ornamental network made by intertwisting fijje threads to form a pattern. When made by hand it is termed "real" or "point" lace, as distinguished from machine-made lace, sometimes known as. imitation lace. Modern lace is mainly machine-made. The machines used are either the Lever or the "go-through." ' Netting is made by intertwisting fine threads to form open nleshies, usually hexagonal in' shape. Net, sometimes used as a synonym for, netting, is, correctly, a particular length of netting. SUMMARY, OiF TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 11^7 ,, Veiling is a general eommercial tefm covering. a,grea«t variety of articles, guch as chiffon, grenadine, fancy ,net1;ing (having imcj "veiling" meshes, or, ornamentejd with ah^r or border or figuring), used chiefly or exclusively for the making of veils. A veil is a par^- ticular length of veiling. ' Embrqidery is ornamental stitching. It implies a foundation material, such as cloth, or net, on which the embroidery is worked, thus differing from lace, which is mad^e. directly from yarn. ; Em- broidering is done by hand and by hand qr power machines.. Modern embi;(^4pry is made chiefly on the power-driven schiffli (shuttle) machines. A special type of embroidery is known as burnt-out lace; this is also called etched lace, embroidery lace, and Plauen lace. It is made by embroidering on a specially prepared cloth and then remoying this foundation material, by chemicals or otherwise, so as to obtain an openwork embroidery fabric which resembles lace. Fancy braids, including the type known as "Barmen lace," are made on braiding machines with Jacquard attachments. .; Edging is narrow lace or embroidery specially designed for trim- loing frills aiid parts of dresses. It is usually made with one edge straight and one scalloped. Inserting, or insertion, is narrow lace or epabroidery or other ornamental material especially made for insert- ing in a plain fabric, It is made with both edges alike, usually straight, and with a certaip. amount of plain work on either edgeior use in sewing it to the fabric. Galloon is a narrow fabric made of lace, embroidery, or brtiid. Some of it is made with a mixture of metallic threads, composed of threads^ or cords covered with gold, silver, gilt, etc., and is used f or ornain^nting T^niforms. Neck ruffling is a strip of textile material, drawn up at one edge in gathers or pleats, espeqially prepared for wearing .around the lieck. Ruching is a full quilling ori pleating of net, lace, ribbon,, or otheir paaterial in widths ranging from :1 to 3 iiiches, used as a trimming ^f or women's garments or worn at the neck or wrists. It usually consists of two or more rows of material arriai3.ged:in box, or shell pleats, or in the form of quilling. Tucking consists of textile material ornamented -with parallel rows of tucks, either arranged close together and covering the surface, or in clusters with spaces between. It is used for women's summer waists, yokes, imderwear, and skirts and as fronts for men's shirts. Flouncing is textile material of any description used for mating deep riiffles or flounces, usually gathered or pleated at one edge and loose at the other, the gathered edge being sewn to the gannent. Fluting is ruffling inade with a flute-shaped crimp. Quilling is a narrow border of lace, net, or ribbon, pleated or fluted so as. Co resemble a row of quills; it is a variety of ruffling. . Tambour work driginally meant a kind of embroidery worked by ha,nd on mus- lin tightly stretched by means of hoops or a frame similar to that encirding a tambour. It is iiow usually a^^lied to work, made on the embroidery machine, in which the tambour stitch is used. This stitch produces a pattern of strai^t ridges crossing each other in. eveiry direction at right or acute angles. Appliqufi in dress and up- holstery usage means applied or sewn oii. Thus, a gimp or pattern of lace may DC sewn on a new'^rouild, or embroidered flowers may be sepured to sUk net; in such case the pattern qrnainent is said to be appliqu6d. 1158 SUMMABS OF TARS?pf IliflFOKMAT-i^N, 192fl: Production data of clothing aitd^ articles of wearing apt)a*6l'made or ornamented with liace, embroidery, etc. , are not obtaiiiable. Their manufacture centers in New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, and other la:^e cities. .',... The production figures of lace, embroidery, etc., aire not available except for certaih' ' items. Th6 output of Lever laces of cotton, amounted in 1914 to 7,237^000 square yaMs; valued at S3, 681,000, and in 1919 to 1.9,863,000' square yards,' valued stt 16,608,000. The' production of braids and narro'w laces, of cotton, was valued at $897,000 in 1914 and at ^620,000 ijQ 1919. The production of silk laces, embroideries, nets, veils, veilings, etc., wsts valued at $1,362,000 in 1914 and at $5,'953',00Qin"1919; of silk fringes and gimpfe, at $1,025,000 in 1914 and at $3,464,000 in 1919; of faiilitary ahdtailors' trimmings of silk, at $642,000 in 1914 'and at $1,317,000 in 1919: The machine embroidery industry centers around New York City,' being largest on the New Jersey side of the North River;' there are also aggregations of embroidery machines at Philsidelphia a.nd Chicago and smaller numbers at other points. Fancy laces-j are pro- duced most largely in Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, NeW"-' Jersey, New York, and Connfectiout. /mporfe of laces, embroideries, etc., have been valued as follows': 1914, $48,134,985; 1918, $22,314,665; 1919 (calendar year), $30,81 r,353; 1920 (calendar year), $50,190,422. The record was $53,361,360 in 1907. The temporary free entry acborded lace and embroidery machines from: August 5, 1909, to January 1, 1911, more than doubled the capacity of the local lace and embroidery industries' and their development has tended to curtail the imports of foreign laces and embroideries. The decline in imports after 1914 was, however, largely because of the War. Lace imports are normally from Nottingham and Calais; 'embroidery from St. Gall; etched lace (burnt-out embroidery) from Plauen; and fancy braids most largisly from Barmen. Ornameutefl wearing ap- parel comes chiefly from Paiis. ' Imports are shown more in dtetail' as to nature and material as follows: ' ' --. ' ..''■:.".'- Lace , embroidery , etc. Calaudar year. , rtl- Cotton. r-rfO : :■ - Flax, pfc. WqoI. , ^tTT Silk., : *rtr^ rtf- .^^iflcfel silk-and . artiflelal Metal , thread fabrics. ,. Tpfal, ,, LACES iND LACE ..RETICLES. ' •; 1918 $5,372,441 9,031,847 12,583,994 $134,080 142:369 25^,731 -' $119,999, 4>8,028 982,329 '$5,' 626," 520 1919 ,.?.■> '-9,682,244 1920 r ,13,834,054 1 COACH, CAERIApjE, AND AUTOMpBILJE L.$^ES, , , ; , 1918 $2, 676 $129 ■ r $2,705 1919 . . 1,010 4^601 1 . ■ : 1,010 19?9 4,601 . , LACE:, WINDOW, QUKTAINS.i 19i8 ' $127,628 146,063 893,201 ' $6,714 r- $134,342 1919 145,063 1920 18,821 912,022 / Not made on Nottingham lace-cortain machines. SUMMAEY OF TAMFP INFOEMATION, 1921. Lace, emhroidery, etc. — Continued. Calendar year. Cotton. Flax, etc. Wool. Silk. Artificial silk and artificial horsehair. ■''Metar tta^ad fabncs. 1159 Total. NETS, NETTINGS, VEILS, VEILINGS. ,. 1918 $1,493,885 2,645,382 ;i; 983, 802 $269 13,718 6,062 $1,694,118. . 3,765,599' , 4,S23il05 — ■ — - r- ■ ' . ■ '' - ' $3,1^,272 eisiljzsi 1919 $74 269 ............. 1920 . BRAIDS. 1918. 1919. 1920. . $6,702 ;33, 832 168, 194 $159 ,, 490, 835 $72 171 2,109 $6, 145 13, 705 107, 381 $31,557 30, 476 671,833 $15, 835 5,081 3,480 EMBBOIDEEIES AND EMBROIDERED ARTICLES. > ^60; 467 I 33,845 953,832 1918.: $1,079,881 2,073,430 5,686.204 $1,080,933 1,811,120 2,799,?66 ' $63,569 -. 609,195 1,123,982 1 $2,224,383 4,493;7« 9,610,052 1919 1 1 1920 1 y. - ^r i r , HANDKERCHIEFS, EMBROIDERED, ETC. 1918 $638,471 $1,456,362 ' 857,705 989,223 1,828,773 1,390,505 $23, 143 55,180 . 69; 081 $2,117,978 1,902,108 3,288,359 1919....: 1920 CORSETS, EMBROIDERED, ETC. ' 1918 $2,598 $578 2,182 984 $2,773 3,810 1,132 $5,949 8 63S 1919 ,2,644 1920.. .'..... 1,438 3,554 OTHER Wearing apparel, embroiditred, etc 1918 $2,363,851 $181,706 148i066 694,103 $1, 546, 284 3,126,120. 3, 547, 446 $4,091,841 7, 178, 140 13,405,633 1919 , 3,«)3,955 1 1920 9,164,084 , ; , , , ALL OTSEP. ■ 1918,,-.-.- r — 19197. :..... hL-. , , 179,534 $922,503 7,886' 18,686 106j584 $494,948 150,033 395,311 $35745 78;m5 461,595 $229,577 479,286 : 503,367 *''lff'?89 1920.. .i....,.,.^, 1; 665; 077 TOTAL. ; , ; : J 1918...... ;.. $11,840,880 18,832,995 32,503,825 $3,783,304 3,115,053 5,187,593 $56,222 68,687 •108,962 $3,950,979 8,201,760 10,749,767 $64,1302 108,491 1,133,428! $245,409 1 •'S66;847 $19,941,096 30,811,353 50,190,422 1919... ,,...-. 1920..:..... ■' '/* ' — ■■■ ' DltilfiS, iTOTAL. ' ' 1918 ;. .. $5,87&,3d8 9,608,-441 15,123,944 ■$?, 1^,378 '2; 723; 806 $33,733 41,212 65,376 $2,303,055 4,896,025 6,424,636 $38,581 PS, 075 680,038 •tl47,246 .290,621 304,108 $10,600,390 1919......... 1920... 16,739,255 25,321,908 , t.. - ■ .,!-i ■■ 1160 SjUMMABV Oip TABIFFrJ3SrPQRMATI0Kj.l&2!L, Exports of clothing and o&er airtieles of wearing appaM made or OFnaiaenied with lace, embroidery, etCj- are -net separately- recorded^ nor are there separate export statistics of the other articles covered by this paragraph except in regard 'to one item. Exports of cot- ton laceis and embroideries were valued in the fiscal year 1914, at $232,457, and in the calendar years 1918-1921 as follows: 1918, $1,569,322; 1919, $;-,731,675; 1920, $1,629,409;' 1921 (nine months), $500,298. Canada is the main purchaser, followed by Mexico, Cuba, iaiid the Philippine Islands, ■,-, ;; - Important ckaTwes-vn ddssijication. — In general' this paragraph covers the same class of goods as is covered by paragraph 358 of the act of 1913. These articles, however, have been mvided iiito two f roups at different rates of duty, the group carrying the higher duty eing composed of laces, fancy braids, and certain' other specialties, aiid that' carrying the lower duty being ^composed of embroideries and articlesinore or less similar. A special form of embroidery, known as "burnt-out lace" or " etched laqe" is, however, placed m the higher class with laces. Fabrics and articles specially provided for in other paragraphs which are not of the cla^^ of goqds covered by this paragraph are expressly excepted. ' : The wordmg of the paragraph has been strengthened so that its intent can not be evaded because of the wordiiag iii^ny other para- graph. The need for a careful phraseology has befen shown by judicial construction of the act of 1913, which "took from paragraph 358 Jacquard figured nets an^ nettings intended for use" as curtams and admitted them under the lower rates of paragraph 258.' "Coach, camagft, and automobile laces," which are listed ia para- graph 358 of the act of 1913, have been omitted from paragraph 1430 Because they, are not similar to the other articles here- iacluded; they are narrow woven fabrics, usually pile-woven, used as arm straps in viehicles, and except for their misleading trade nanie would probably never have been included with lace in preceding acts. There has been inserte^^ 8, prpvision for "jriti,bp^s orfli^^ented in the • process of weaving"; this will include all ribbons other than the plain tplain woven, twilled, or sateen). There has also been inserted a provision, for fabrics and articles "ornamented with beads or spangles." " _ J . . GmJltctMg WoviMom.^^^-^ the provisions for "ribbons, beltings, toys, and' biher articles made whoUy or in chief value of tinsel wire, lame ot lahn, and India rubber, bxillions, or metat threads, not specially provided for, 45 per centxmiad:Yalorem;woyen fabrics, fringes, and tasselsj made of any of the f oregfliirg, 55 per centum ad valorem," in lines 1 to 5, page 73, paragraph 382.- There is also a conflict with paragraph 1403. ' j S^gested changes. — In view of the foregoing conflict, with articles qi tinsel, etc., and as the articles in this paragra|>h carry rates of duty not. greater than the articles. provided for in paragraph 382, "382" might be inserted -before "919" in line 21, page 162, and -in line 12, page 163. Should this be d.pP^e appropj;iate changes should be made in paragraph 143D. It^jnay be_iio ted that the phrase "ribbons ornamentedin the, process of, weaving" causes this inclusion with laces at thelace rate of duty of ribbons woven with ^ jacquard or other spmal' Jpom attachment, and leaves under the textile schedules only plain ribbons. ^^MSJARY. op ^TAiRIFF INK0R]V!U.T][QF> 192L 119 J As fringes and gimps; are ,q| the same class as triijiinings, the words "fringes, gimps," might be-added after " trimmings " inline 13, page 162.,,,., , ., ,,: , ,., ' ;„. . ,,; _ Separate ,pi;oyisions f or .airticles of keieand embroidered articles at different ra|63/of. duty may involve, litigation where both -lace and embroidery are used on. the same article.! This litigation might be avoided by having one rate of ^duty on all such article^ . , . If this should be, 'done the two provisions should be combined.; The omission of 1403 from this paragraph, H.:R. 7456,. page 162, line 21, page 163, line 12, wduld prevent a conflict with paragraph 1403 and assure the classification of such articles as beaded net and spangled gowns in paragraph 1430. . , i ■ ;. Pa^ 162j line 15, of H. E^ 7456: Insert comma after "braids;" PARAGRAPH 1431. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1431. jChamoi? skins, pianoforte, pianoforte-action, player-piano-action leather, enameled upholstery leather, and glove leather, finished, in the white or in the crust, 20 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 451. * * * chamois skin, twenty Par. 359. Ohamois skins, 15 per centum per centum ad valorem; * * * en- ad valorem; pianoforte, pianoforte action, ameled leather'' weighing not over' tea ehafmeled u'^hijlst^yi d^eathSr, and glove pounds per dozen hides or skins, twenty- leathers, 10 per centum ad valorem, seven cents per pound and fifteen per "• ' centum ad valpreni; if weighing over ten pounds and not^irter.' twenty-five pounds i per dozen, tyyientyj-seVen cents per poun'. ■;(See.Survey;Iir-l7.), ■;;;.!■ . Inscription find, uses,.^^Th.G,go&t,;mtelov>f, kng^n as, the chamois, is' nearly extipct. , Th^ tjrade namp "chamois skin", applies to a form of "ta-wred" or oil^.tanned sheeppkin. Only the stronger sheep- stins are c^p^ble of cpnversi.on into chamois leather. .The skin is split into two layers and the flesh side is treated, vigorously with oil. "^Rie; grain split is called a "skiyer":an,d is vegetaibjle, or chromp tanned and -marketed f<)P: bookbindings, pocketbooks, Jiat s^^a^^ands, s^n^ other light leather [U^es. As domestic, sljteepskins are jusiially not suitable for making chamois, sheepskihs for such purpose are gener^ ally imported. T^en domestic skins are used they must be tanned in "the fuU pelt," as it is impossible to split them because the grain is porous; this also precludes their use for the light-leather purposes 1162 SBiMMABY^ 01* TAEtFF INFORMATIONi' 1921: mentioned. Chamois skin is used extensively for washiiig^and jiiolish- ing. ' Forltiaidehyde-tanned sheep fleshers are bought and sold 'as steel-color chamois. These skins are made by a new process of tanning, and will bear Washing in very hot water and remain soft without shrinkage tiiitil' completely worn out. They will not absorb cold water as do: the oil tannted chamois. - ; ,i . Production in 1914 was 1,948,533 skinsj valued at $925,492.' A half dozen companies manufacture it exclusively, 12 or 15 only incidentally. Fleshers, in' 1919, were valued at $2 '160, 873', not' all ciif' which were chamois, although the production of the latter was probably greater than in 1914. ,v . ,, . ' . . .; , .,: ' m ImfoH values were $149,057 in 1913; $107,424 in 1914;' $64,267 in 19i5. The ratio of in)tf»Orts to production m 1914 was abdiit 12 per cent. France is the prmcipal competing country. England sends to the United States large quan-tities of-^rust chamois'^— tanned but unfinished — ^figures for which are pp,t giyen separately. Imports of chamois skin since 1917 are shown as follows: .d i .' A - V T, ■ . ' ■" ,"■ ' T Calendar year. Value. Duty. valorem ' rate. 1918 '$26,711' 47,533 33,439 64,804 i ' " J4,007 7,130 ; 'Si 016 9,720 Per cent,' 15 1919 ... . . 15 1920 15 1921 (9 months) PIANOFORTE AND PIANOFORTE-ACTION LEATHER. (See Survey N-17.) '" ' ' . „ Description and uses. — -This leather is oilrtanned buckskia made largely from Central American deersklns.i It is used in pianos, pria- cipally to deaden the click of the keys, and must be of ixhiform thick- ness and pliability; the imported skins are best suited on account of their thickness and close texture. The skins for this use are especially selected and cost 10 per cent over the price of the ordinary quality; Some other varieties of light leather are used in pianos. Miich of this can not be distinguished from light leather for other purposes. The amount of oil-tanned buckskin used has not increased greatly in recent years. Production. — The output of pianoforte^action leather in 1914 was 92,639 skins, valued at $159,031, production being mostly in New York, and sometimes in connection with that of glove leather. Sep- arate, figures were not given in 1919. *rhe best quality of cod oil, a good quality of finishing lime, soda aSh, and aniline, dyes are used. The process requires close attention, and machinery is less used than in makilig most Mnds*d;f leather. />npdri5' values in 1912 were $7,311; in 1913, $521; in 1914-, $2,790. Imports from Germatty ceased: during the w'ar period. The ratio bf iihports to domestic production in 1914 was about 2 per cent. Later statistics' follow: ,^ - : ; SUMMARY ■ OF TARIFF Ilf FORMATION, 1921. 1163 1 ; ■■ t ■ ■ Calendar i^ki-. ' Value. Cdty. Ad valorem rate. , 1920„ :........,.: $3,605 • ' 6,554 S3S0 , 555 Per, cent..: 1021f (■ft'inmifh'!'^' 1 ' ■ ' ' - •> , 10 Exports. — ^None recorded. Important changes in classification.- graph, page 1165. -See General Notes on Para- EJSTAMELED UPHOLSTERY LEATHER. (See Survey N-16.) Description.-r^T^!^Ta.elQd , upholstery leather is made principally from cattle hid€f''CTaiD,s": or "splits." It differs from the patent leather made here lor shoe uppers, the enamel being usually on the flesh side, while the patent leather is finished on the grain side. , Production statistics , are not obtainable for enameled upholstery leather. The output of upholstery leather was,Yalued.at 114,328,358 in 1914, and in 1919 the number of hides tanned for all upholstery was 2,441,662, valued at $32,,224,644. The proportion which was en- ameled was not separately stated for either year. '.: Imports in 1913 were;, included with "all other leather, patent, japanned, varnished or enameled;" in 1914 the value of the imports of enameled ,upholstery leather was $17,123; in 1915, $6,563; in 1916, $3,579; in 1917, $2,710. Later statistics follow: Caleiidar year. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 $126 604 1,290 479 $13 60 129 48 Per cent. 10 1919 ....:.... 10 1920 . ., ' 10 1921 (9 months) Exports of enameled upholstery leather are not separately stated. For exports of "carriage, automobile, and upholstery," see para- graph 1600, page 1353. GLOVE LEATHER. (See Survey N-17.) Description and uses. — The principal kinds of leather used in making dress gloves are sheep and lamb skms, goat and kid skins, Capeskin, and Mocha, for which large quantities' are imported. The greater part of domestic dress gloves was forinerly made of imported ma- terials, sheep and lamb skins being the most important. Of recent years, domestic sheep and lamb skms have been more largely used. Horsehide and ccwhide "splits" (the flesh' side of the hide split into two layers) are the chief materials used in making work gloves. Deer, elk, and pig skin are also used. The term "Capeskin" at first designated the skin of a goat found in South Afttcja. The skins were 1164 SUMMARY or TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. fairly large, heavy and tight-grained — that is, having small pores. This designation is now used, but applies to other kinds of high-quahty glove leather as well as to the genuine. Mocha skins are the pelts of a variety of haired sheep found in Arabia and Africa. Deerskin, formerly plentiful here, now comes in large quantities from South America. Nearly all the goat and kid skins used in making glove leather come from Europe, the best from France, with Italy, Ger- many, Austria, and Belgium foUowii^. Most of, the lambskins used for glove leather come from Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Spam, France, Germany, Austria, Eussia, and the Balkan States^the best, known as Tuscany lambskin, from northern Italy. The skins of the dog, fox, bear, colt, kangarop, and other animals are also used, but are not, save some grades of colt skin, used for the finer grades of gloves. Production. — The value in 1919 was $20,853,999. Sheep and lamb skins were valued at $9,179,619; caH and kip declined to $27,323; goat and kid skin production increased to $297,003; iand horsehide glove leather rose to $5,014,024. Cattle grains and splits, particularly the latter, became very important, amounting to nearly $4,000,000. Several other varieties, pig and hog, deer and elk, etc., were manu- factured. A most important feature in the glove-leather industry was the development of the chrome process of tanning. Leather imported for gloves has been of the fine grades calling for considerable hand labor. The chrome tannage is distinctly a machine process and is better adapted to American conditions. The cessation of imports of glove leather from Germany, and the chrome method of tanning glove leather explain the domestic development of this indus- try in the past five years. Statistics of production of glove leather are given in the following table: 1914 Quantity. Value. 1919 Quantity. Value. Sheep and lamb skins. Call and kip skins Goat and kid skins Cattle grains, sides Cattle splits, sides. . . . . , Horse, sides Pig and hog skins ..... Deer and elk skins All other Number. 3,637,279 356, 935 5,694 ■ h i 343,949 ■ ■(') (1) »2, 169, 839 725, 024 4,080 998, 303 (if (') 387, 409 Number. 4,872, 361 5,530 123, 397 43, 169 4,-357,984 2 '968, 816 217, 122 324, 273 $9,179,619 27,323 297,005 312,298 , 3,566,702 5,014,024 '334,137 1,027,511 • 1,085,382 Total.. ■4, 343, 867 4,284,655 10,912,642 20, 853, 999 1 Not specified. 2 Figures given in 1919 census of manufactures are 197,482 hides and 573,852 sides; hides are multiplied by two to make figures comparable with 1914 amounts; the total is 968,816 sides. Imports of glove leather in 1912 were valued at $1,783,950; in 1913, $2,307,057; in 1914, $2,225,645. Before ,t.he war more than 75 per cent came from Germany; Austria-Hungary and .France followed. Italy has recently been exporting a considerable quantity to tlie United States. In 1919 nearly $560,000 out of the $789,098 value imported came from Italy. France was the source of imports valued at $131,984; Spain, $38,515; Austria-Hungary, $34,920; a,i^d England, $18,102. Later statistics follow: ,V / . . ,,; SUMMABY 0!F TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1165 Calendar year. Value. Duty. Ad valqrem rate. ' 1918 "$11,818: 747,632 ' 964,816 ,. 132^344 $1,182 : 74,763 95,482 , , .13,234 Per centj, 10 1919 10 1920.... 10 1921 (9 months) Exports of glove leather, almost entirely to Canada, were valued at $316,715 in 1913 and at 1359,486 in 1914. In 1917, out of exports of $1,497,957, $1,436,970 Vi^ent to Canada; in 1920, the same country's share of our exports vas over $2,000,000. Later statistics for calen- dar years are: 1918, $2,908,890; 1919, $1,797,024; 1920,, $2,198,759; 1921 (nine months), $445,150. ,; ..GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. ImporttinP'changes in olassification. — Provision is made for player- pistno-action leather. The words "finished, in the white or in the crust*' aire also new., Suggested changes. — If the words "finished, in the white or in the crust," are intended to be confined to glove leather, the comma after "leather" and after "finished" shomd be omitted. If the word "finished," but not the words "in the white or in the crust," relates to glove leather, the comma should be stricken out after "leather." In .either of .these cases the word "and" should be inserted before " enameled, upholstery leather." If the words " finished, .i|n the white or in the crust," or the words "in the white or in the crust," are intended to apply to the entire paragraph, the words " all the fore- going" shQUla be inserted bpfore "finished" or befpre the first word in," as thp Qaer dozen pairs; men's "glaoe" flnidh', lamb or(S|ieep, four. dollars per, dozen pairs, . Par.. 456. Women's or diildren's "glace" finiah, goat, kid, or other leather than of sheep origin, not over fourteen inches in length, three dollars per dozen pairs: over foiurteen and not over seven- L inches in length, three dollars and Ity-five cents per dozen pairs; over se"Wnteen inches in length, four dollars and seventy-five cents per dozen pairs: men's "glace" finish, kid, goat, or other leather jSian of sheep origin,. four dollars per dozen pairs. Pak. 457. Women's or children's of sheep- origin, with exterior gtiain sur- face removed, by whatever name known, ; no^t oyer seventeen inches in length, two 82304—22—^74 SENATE AMENDliIENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par, 361. Gloves, not specially pro- vided for in this section, made wholly, or in chief value of leather, whether wholly or partly manufactured, shall pay duty at the followir^ rates, the lengths stated in each case being the extreme length when stretched to their full extent, namely: Par. 362. Men's, women's, or children's "glac6" finish, Schmaschen (of sheep origin), not over fourteen inches m length, $1 per dozen pairs; over foiurteen inches in length, 25 cents additional per dozen pairs for each inch in excess of fourteen inches. Par. 363. All other women's or chil- dren's gloves wholly or in chief value of leather, not over fourteen inches in lei^th, $2 per dozen pairs; over fourteen inties in length, 25 cents additional per dozen pairs for , each inch in excess of fourteen inches; all men's leather gloves ifot specially provided for in this section, $2.50 per dozen pairs.' iri'i Par. 364. In. addition to the forgoing rates there shall be paid the following cumulative duties: On all leather gloves when lined with cotton or other vegetable fiber, 25 cents per dozen ,pairs; when lined with a, knitted glove or when lined with silk, leather, or wool, 60 cents per dozen pairs; when hned with fur, $2 per dozen puirs; on all piqu6 and prixseam gloves, 25 .cents per dozen pairs. Par. 365. Glove tranks, with or with- out the usual accompanying pieces, shall pay 75 per centum of the duty provided for the gloves in the fabrication of which they are suitable. Par. 495., Gloves, made wjiolly ,or in chief value of leather ihade froin' liorse- hides, pigskins, and cattle hides of "cattle of the bovine "lapfecies, exce{)ting calf'- skins, whether wholly or partly, manufac- tured fFrea]. | v 1170 SUMMARY OJF tPAKIFF INFORMATION, 1921. ACT OF 1909^ -j'B ACT OF 1913. dollats and fifty cents per dozen pairs; over seventeen inches in length, three dol- lars and fifty cents per dozen pairs; men's, of sheep origin, with exterior sur- face removed, by whatever name known, four dollars per dozen pairs. Pak. 458. Women's or children's Md, goat, or other leather than of sheep origin, with exterior grain surface removed, by whatever name known, not over foxurteen inches in length, fluee dollars per dozen paiis; over fourteen inches and not over seventeen inches in lei^th, three dollars and seventy-five cents per dozen pairs; over seventeen inches in length, four dollars and seventy-five cents per dozen pairs; men's goat, kid, or other leather than of sheep origin, with exterior grain surface removed, by whatever name known, four dollars per doz6n pairs. Par. 459. In addition to the foregoing rates there shall be p^d the following cumulative duties: On all leather gloves, when lined,, one dollar per dozen pairs; on all pique or priX seam gloves, forty cents per dozen pairs; on all gloves stitched or embroidered, with more than three single strands of cords, forty cents per dozen pairs. Par. 460. Glove tranks, with or with- out the usual accompanying pieces, shall pay seventy-five per cen,tuiii of the" duty provided for the ^oves ih the fabrication of which they are suitable. LEATHER GLOVES. (SeeSutvey N-18.), DescripUon a:jnd uses, — ^Leather gloves may be dress gloves, work gibveSjrOr automobile gloves (now aunost an independent branch of the mdust^). Work gloves are "blook-cut" with dies of approximate measurements; dress gloves are "table-cut/' — that is, the skin is manipulated to the sizes that will stretch to desired widths when drawn on the hand. The dress gloves made here are "broad-cut;" the imports, principally in the lighter weight, fit more exactly. Most dress gloves were formerly made of imported sheep and lamb skins, but are now made principally from domestic ra.w materials. Mocha skinsj extensively used, arei practically all dressed and finished here. Work gloves are from domestic materials — cowhide, horsehide, aj sheepskin, of of canvas Or canton flannel reinforced with leather, Schmaschen gloves are cheap dress gloves made of the skir stiUbom (or sometimes of very young) lambs. Production of leather gloves and mittens in 1914 was 3,082,376 dozen pairs, valued at $20,296,558. Of this total, men's gloves were 2,367,263 dozen pairs, valued at $15,3i34,6P5; women's and children's gloves, 425,50X dpzea pairs, at $3;963ii70; boys' gloves, 289,612 dozen pairs, at $998,783; The output of dress gloves was 1, -086,509 dozen pairs, valued at $10,494,253; of work gloves, 1,995,807' dozen pairs, at $9,802,305. In 1919 the total number of dress gloves/ street SUMMARY OF:TAIUFF INFOEMATION, 1921. 1171 flpves, mittens, and gauntlets was 1,227,284 dozen pairs, valued at 24,563,017; of working glo\fe8, 2,383,4;19 dozen pairs, at $20,268,760. The number of all leather gloves produced was 3,615,703 dozen pairs, worth $44,831,777. Fulton County, N. Y., is the center of the industry, producing^ 54.7 per cent' io 1909. Wisconsin, Illinois, and California follow in order, their products being largely work and auto- mobile gloves. In 1919 New York produced moves and mittens, valued at $27,003,998; Wisconsin, $6,772,808; Illinois, $5,422,794; and California, $2,048,503. Imports &ve almost whoUy of the "dress" variety and are principally women's gloves. Before the war approximately 40 per cent of the dress gloves was imported. In 1^13, 99.7 per cent of the imports came fi-om Germany, France, England, Italy, Belgium, and Austria, in order. In 1914 about $8,000,000 of a total $9,000,000 value came from Germany and France. Of the men's gloves imported in the years 1919 and 1920, England sent amounts valued at $104,754 and $485,122, respectively. During the war period imports of women's and children's schmaschen gloves decreased. In 1918 none was received from Germany and Bdgium, and but small quantities from France and Italy. In 1920, however, Germany sent gloves to the value of $170,890, which was a large proportion of the total. Imports of women's and children's gloves, not schmaschen, less than 14 mches in length, came largely from France. In 1920, the United States imported a value of $8,796,004 from that coimtry, $1,615,900 from Germanv, $1,061,374: from Italy, over $750,000 from Belgium and almost the same amount from England. Imports of leather gloves for recent years are shown as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. Equivalent ad valorem,. • MEN'S GLOVES. Other than Schmaschen, Unlined. 1918. 1919 .• 1920 1921 (9 monthB). Doieitpaira. " Li 276 ! 6,918 1233 ' 2,881 14,461 ! 18, 856, 11,456 s 7, 524 S14,-834 112,469 !4,.857 fe5, 857 134, 902 $11.63 16.26 20.84 19.04 21.22 21.06 18.35 17.94 S3, 190 19,025 583 7,922 11,153 51,854 Fer cent. 21.50 16.91 11.99 14.18 11.78 13.06 Other than Schmaschen, Lined. 1918 1919 1920.. ,:., 1921 (9 months). 1 1, 361 M,773 1281 !'l,718r 1650 2 3j;461 1459 $22,812 $16. 76 51,786 29.15 8,335 29.66 66,599 32.94 19,956 30.70 129,147 37.31 10,280 22,39 26,889 32.16 (4,046 7,747 1,089 7,311 .2,316 14, 162 17.36 14.96 13.06 12.91 11.61 10.97 1 Plain. ' Pique or prix seam. Schmaschen. 1918 . ..U5 '.. 771 88 1,272 $13,028 1,890 25,013 13,447 $16.90 2L48 19.66 $1,264 95 1,554 -J ' 9.70 1919 5.02 1920 6.21 1021^9Tnnnth.-\.r OTHEB THAK SCHMASCaEN, NOT OVEB 14 INCHES D/i LENSIJH. 1918 1919 ,1920'.- 1921 (9 months). Ul:.;...-..'.U '120,942" 1 }16i 050' 2 m, 067' >26^,a31 2 460,736, ! a2q^,873 $1,614,245 3, S52,'931 1,944,292 3, 748; 173 4,111/648 6, 385; 294 3, 461, S99' 4, 122, 483 $13,35 11.54 16.75 14.19 15.61 13.86 15.39 12.85 $272,119 - 667, 704 ' ' 52^134 592; 494 921,472 16.86 17.33 13,43 14.09 14.41 14.43 Lkted wtth Cotton^ oe Otheb V^qetable Fibers 1918,.,...,....;... 1919,. 1920 :....-... 1921 (ff-mbnths) 138 ■2 567 170 ■2 294 ■172 2,48 $707 7,691 1,276 3,134 2,129 3,97? 1,348 , -1.38 $18 61 13.81 18.23 10.66 21.72 '16. 04 is. 72 28.75 ' ,$9S^ ' " 13.44 1,263 16.30 175 r 2411 ■ '- 66* :; "13:71 245 11.61 558 14.03 iVoljJ LINED WITH KNITTED GLOVE. / 1918. 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) 155 2 718 U28 123 2 402 .!l-8 $945 10,316 1,037 455 11,016 102 551 $17. 18 14. 37 37. .36 19.78 27.40 12,95 27.56 $138 1,'975 77 58 1,106 14.55 19.14 7.43 12.64 10.01 LINED -VFITH SILK, LEATHER, OB WOOL. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) 110 , $122 254 ! 1, 280 IBH. 4,437 2 14 - 373 1128 3,095 2 286 6, 192 ■l.il 2,037 2 107 2,136 $12.20 . 23.70 21.77 26.64 24.16 21.50 13.18 19.96 $2,5 20.49 149 11,60 165 11.48 39 10;32 .120 10.34 787 12; 70 LINED WITH TUB. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 2 261 18 2 2'2 1297 2244 110 2 82 $2,668 :6,474 274 1,236 6,793 10,064 276 2,548 $29.98 24.80 34.25 66.18 22.87 41. 26 27.60 21.07 $386 1,109 32 94 1,188 1,037 13.34 IT. 13 11.68 7.56 17.49 10.30 OVER 14 INCHES IN LENGTH— LINED. 1921 (9 months).. 125 $1,635 $13. 1 Plain. 2 Pique or prix seam . SUMMARY OP TARIFF: IlfFOEMATION, 1&21. 1173 Calendar year. Quantity. Value. unit value. Duty, Equivalent ad valorem. WOMEN'S AND CHILDREN'S GLOVES— Continued. OVER 14 INCHES ra LENGTH— UNLINED. 1918 Dozen pairs. 1 1610 1 U35 / 17,383 \ ' 1, 132 / 184,990 M6,349 173,076 \ '14,232 $12, 205 2,135 197, 818 26,001 2,234,736 ,352,462, 1,905,044 336, 494 $20.01 15.81 26.79 22.97 26.20 , 21.6? 26.06 23.'64 $1,927 436 24,018 3,348 316,682 54,651 Per cent. 15.78 1919 2a 41 12. 14 1920 12.87 14.17 1921 fQ mnnths^ 15.51 ;■•>■. . ■ 1 •Plain. ■, , * Pique orprix seam. -. , ; Exjjoris of dress gloves not given Siapaiatiely; Imporiant changes in classification.— See General Notes on Para-' graph, page 1174. GLOVES OF HORSEHIDB, ETC. (See Survey N-18.) Description and itses. ^Gloves made from horsehide, pigskin, and cattle-hide leather are chiefly wol"k gloves, but include a small propor- tion of automobile gauntlets and heavy winter gloves. Work gloves are not lis ed to any extent in foreign countries, except in Canada. Unlined gauntlets of horsehide and cowhide are the most important type of work gloves manufactured; alChaugh some deerskin and elk- skin workmen E gloves are still made, this branch of the business is of comparatively little consequence. Produ'ctioh ot work gloves, mittens, and gauntlets of leather. in 1914 was 1,995,807 dozen pairs, valuedat $9,802,305 — horsehide, cattle- hide, and caKskin gloves, 852,513 ^ozen pairs; sheepskin gloves, 675,190 dozen pairs; deer or eHj skin,, 94,002 dozen pairs; and all other kiiiLflg, ,314,102 dozen pairs. Women's and children's work gloves mie valued'at $199,630; men's tmlined gloves,' at $6,312,817; and men's lined gloves, at $2,027,079. In 1919 the production of working gloves, mittens, and gauntlets was ,2,388,419 dozen pairs, valued at $20,268,760. Horsehide, cattle-hide, and calfskin gloves numbered 1,510,895 dozen pairs, sheepskin 274,99,8 dozen pairs, deer and elk skiii 81,408 dozen pairs, and working gloves of other kinds 521,118 dozen pairs. Women's and children's work, gloves were valued at $468,405 and men's and boys' at $19,800,355. Work gloves and automobile gloves and gauntlets are manufactured principally in factories located in the Middle West. Imports in 1914 were 145 dozen pairs, valued at $503; in 1917, 60 dozen pairS, valued at $965. Sources are not indicated. There has been practicsilly no !foreign competition in work gloves; they are used principally in this country, and foreign manufacture is negligible.. The importation of gloves of this class in 1918 was large, but the value per dozen pairs indicates that they were not largely of the "work" 1174 SUMMARY OF TABIFF' INFOBMATION, 1921, vflj-iety. Imports of gloves miade from horsehides, pigskins, and cattle hides, except calfskins, for calendar years are as. fallows: '■•/,i918;! i ,1919 , 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (dozen pairs) " '86,' 385 - $1,867,371 5,246 --»e5-,207 6,716 - $66; 297 27 Value., — - - - $356 Exports of gloves were iiot separately given prior to 1918, but were included under "all other ina,nufactures of leather." Since 1918 the quantity exported has been; increasing. In thiat year €,374 dozefl pairs out of the total of 13,186 dozen pajirs were sent to Canada. In 1919 the quantity to Canada decreased almost half, but 19,142 dozen pairs were taken by England. In 1920 England again received the bulk of the exports, taking 17,537 dozen pairs, valued, at $32^,620. Working gloves are the kijid principally exported. Ex;ports since 1917 by calendar years have beenjAs follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). , 13, 18P -■' {$159,17 8-1 ' 41,936 ' $623,693 33,359 $552,930 2,349 Value $28,786 1 GENERAL NC P^BAjSRAP H. II', ■. , ■ \" , ,_ . Important changes in classiJieaiion.-^GloYeB, pt^nufactured wholly or in chief value of leather made. from horsehides, pigskins, anfi cattle hides of cattle of the> bovine species, except calfskins, whethei; wholly or partly manufactured, are on the free listpf the act of 1913 (par. 495). .>:,: . r-. ^ ., ,': .j^m ', . , ■ ' Specific enumeration of different kinds of leather has been, omitted. PARAGRAPH 1434. H. B. 7456. SENATE A]»CEXDMENTS. Par. 1434. Catgut, whip gut, worm gut, oriental gut, and manufactures there- of, 25 per eentuin ad valorem. ACT OF 19,09. ACT OF 1913. Par. 462. Manufactures of' * * * catgut or whip gut of worm gut, * * ^ or of Which thesesubBtf^BjO^p, orany of them is the iompbnent' material of chief value, not specially provided for in this section, ' ' twfenty^ve per centumi ad valorem; * *..*. ',.■>.. n .' ■> ,; ;^'_.-, Par. 467. * ■*-.,-^. atrings for musipjil,, instruments, not otterwise enumerated in this section, * * * forty-five per ■ centum ad valorem. - Par. ,529. Catgut, whip gut, or worm gut, uimianufactured[Free]. Par. 366. Manufactures of catgut, or whip g.ut, or w^rm gut, including strii^ formiisicsil jnsin^enfs; any of ;flie fore- going or oif which these siibstaiices'or an^ of them is the! oomponeiit-- material of chief ivaliie, not specially! (provided \ for in tjiis section, 20 per qe.n^uip,^d,Yalorem. Pa.r. 443. Catgut, Vhip gutj. or worm gut, unmanufactured [Free].' ^ ' " ^ SUMMAB.Y OF TAEIFF IKF.OEMATION, 1921. 1176 CATGUT, WHIP GUT, WORM GUT, AND/ 0SIENTAL G^T. i (See Slavey N-1^,)/ ' . ,^ . Description dfidusesl—C&tgut is made from 'the intestines of sheep, sometimes from th6se of the horse, ass, or mule, but neVer from those of the cat. The best;, grades and parts of intestines are used ia making strings for musical instrumelits and surgical sultiires for closing wipuhds. Catgut is also used for making tennis strings^ clttckOMiker's and hatter's cords, and whipcord. Catgut known as spinning gut forms the base of .all wound strings. "Oriental" gut, used for tennis strings, is ma(|e. from g-niflia^ sinews, silk, and glue. Worm gut is a strong cord composed of the fiber drawn from a silk- worm ^ady^to-^'^ttn-'its cocoon; it is used in the mai\ifacture of snelled hooks, leaders, casts, and other fishing tackle. Production. — ^The manufacture of gut strings is a comparatively- new industry in the United States. Value of the dknestic product is not given in the census reports. Based iipqn reports of individual manufacturers, the annual value of gut strings produced in the United States -is about $2,000,000. h; H i-: '. -i. Imports of catgut and woi^gut iii.1914 were valued at $123,551 About . one-thirti of the imports came from Japan, the remaindier pnncipally from Germany, England, Scotland^ Spain, and France. Imports in 1914 of manufactures of gut amounted to $62,566, exclud- ing strings for musical instruments, which amounted to $13,755. Later statisticls' follow: *' ' "" .■.!>: . < ; Calendar y^aK- -■' ■Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. CATGU.T, WHIP jSUT, OB WORM GUT,. tJNMANUFACTUBJID. 1918 i;::..^^.; PouJMb. »229,734 243,914 307,214 204,770 Per cent. 1919.. ,■! i.it.-v .... 21,379 40,215 32,374 »11.4l 7.64 6.33 1920 , 1921 (9 months) '/:..: MANUFACTURES OP CATGUT, WHIP GUT, OB WORM GUT, N. E. s. 1918 J - »15;i99 11,919 J3,040 1,202 3 127 23 1919 1920... J.. "...r... ■. 609, . 49.86 20 20 1921 (9 months). . ... STRINGS FOB MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. ,^_,^,^ 1918 $21,332 17,995- 49,820 59,429 " $4,266 - 3,479 9,964 20 1919 ., . .... - -20 1920 20 1921 (9 Ininths) " ■ - - ■* - ■ ,,,. ,t:iiii Etports. — Not shown in ofiicial statistics. Important changes in classification. — Catgut has been imported almost wholly under paragraph 443 Of the free list of Ijhe dct'of 1913 as 'uiimanufactured catgut. The strings, the form iii which gut is, imported, are the crudest form in Which catgut is known to the trad6. 11T6 SUMMARY OF TABIFP INFOBMATION', 1921. The strings are not raw; ckied,' or saltied, ■ but have passed through processes of manufacture. These strings, including whip gut, worm gut, and oriental gut, are ma;de duttalsle in H. R. 7456 at the same r^te of duty as, manufactures of gut. Specific enumeration , of catgut strings for musical instruments (par. 366, act of 1,913) has If^ei^ omitted. / .,, . , ; , : i : . ,,, ;" Suggested changes.— It is i^presented to th^ .Tariff: Commission that worm gut, which is used by manufacturers of i fishing tacklej is not produced in the, United States and might be reta.iped on the free list. PiLBAGRAPH 1435. , ,_j, , H. B. 7456, Par. 1435. Gas, kerOseme^ or alcohol mantles, and imaaitites-not specially; pro- vided for, treated with '^emicfils or . metallic oxides, wholly. or partly manm- factured, 30 per' dehttim ad Valorem. ACT OF 1909. Par. iSS. * * * gas mantles treated ■*ith chemicals or metallic oxides, * * * orty per centum ad valorem; ' SENATE AIiIENDMENTS. ACT OF ^913. Par. 154. * * ■» gas, keroeene, or alcohol mantles treated with chemicala or metallic oxide^, '25 per 'centum ad valorem; * * *. . ' i ',-,• , i GAS, KEROSENE, OE ALCOHOL MANTLES. (See Survey &t22.) Descript,iqn and'productiqn. — Incandescent gaS; majitles are com- posed of 99 per ceil't of thoria and 1 per cent of ceria. In their manufacture a fabric of cotton or ramie is knit into the proper shape and saturated with a solutioh of thorium and cerium nitrates. The fabric is then dried and~heated to a red heat to convert the nitrates into oxides, a process whiclj. preserves the shape and structure of the khiit fabric, Much;skilled labor, princijpally by women, is require^; in; this; industry. , There Jire 30 domestic manufacturers, and the output is estimated at about 80,000,000 mantles per year. - importg . of gas mantles • a;veraged' about $60,000 in value before 1914 and yielded an annual revenue of approximately $24,000. In 1915 the imports were. 1,077,289 mantles, valued at $40,627.. Before^ the war imports' were principally from Germany. Later statistics foUow: " ■ ' nc.i Calendar year Quantity. Value. tJnit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate, , 1918 ;.;;;.;.....• Number. 3,117 - 132 20S,497 379, 101 $316 54 13,243 . 16,214 ■'.■; ifl $0.10 .41 .06 $79 13 3,311 • 4,0.54 Per cent. 25 1918 -:..„ — 1920 25 25 'ji.\),. . Exports oi gas maiitle^ first shown separately in IQl^j^haye; been valued ,a? follows for calendar years: 1918, ^252,-284; 1919, $358,64i;_ 1920, $478,371; .1921.,, (nine^mraths), $i67,850- Exports are principally to Canada^ British India, and South America. SXJMMABY OF TABIFF' INFORMATION, 1921. nn Important changes in classifioatiani'rrTlii.e pro.Tisions forgas, kerosene, and alcohol mantles in paragraph 154 of the metal schedule of the act of 1913 have been transfetred by H. E. 7456 to Schedule 14, Sundries, where they properly belong. PARAGRAPH 1436. H. B. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1436. Manufactures of amber, bladders, or wax, or of whicH these sub- stances cr anjr of them, is the component material of chief value, not specially pro- vided for, 15 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. , Par. * » » 462. Maniifactures of amber, bladders, * "* * or wax, or of which these substances or any of them is the component material of clnef value, not specially provided for in this section, twenty-five per centum ad valorem; Par. 367. Manufactures of amber, * * * bladders, or wax, or of which these substances or any of them is ihe component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this section, 10 per centum ad valorem; » * *. .MANUFAOTUKES OF AMBER. (See Survey N-19.)' '; -Amber is used priac ipall y in ornaments, beads, pipes, cigar holders, and sometimes in scientiEir mstruments as an insulatmg material. (For amber uam^nigfactured see par. 1577, p. 1319.) Imports were valued at $9,333 in 1914; and $5,436 in 1916. Later statistics folBw;'''^ ^;AZSfe :^oi; k ■-■ Calendar year. Value. Duty. Ad valorem . rate. 1918 li ivj ) cj.it: 1919 ;•->.• -,4- 1920 ......q^,... 1921 (9 months) iJ.i.i... $425 2,466 125,000 21,g46' 8,S64 $43 247 CO 2,185 856 Per cent. •10: 10 w 10 10 ' From Philippine Islands, iree. Exports. — None recorded. MANUFACTURES OF BLADDERS. (See Survey N-19.) For umnanlifa&tittred bladders, see paragraph 706. -~ Imports have been negligible except ia 1917 and ,1918, when they were valued, S't $1,259 and.$8,288, respectively. Exports.— "N one recorded. II T8 atrMMABY GF'TAKiFF INFOEMATION, 1921. MANTrFAGTDBBS OF WAX. ,! ; ■■■ .■',.■ ., (See Survey N-19.) Uses. — Waxes are used chieMy for the manufacture of candles, floor waxes and other polishes, in sula ting compounds, plastic masses, phonograph records, modeling wax, and pharmaceutical preparations. (See par. 1676.) ••- i ' -(/.'-• ^ / ;iy [ Imports prior to 1914 avera,ged about $20,000 ifl, value; in 1914 they were $36,327. Later statistics follow: ' Calendar year. Value. , ' Duty. r ' Ad valorem rate. 1918 . ■ ' . / 1J9,613. \ 3,630 / .12,955. 1 12,039 / 12,895 I 14,117 19,489 --■ J769 363 23P ■ . 1,204 1,232 1,412 Percmt. 8 1919 ..'.'^ 1920 - 10 .', 8 ''1 l-p2;i(9 months), ,.,.,.. _...r. „.,.,.,,, j...,, 10 iFromCuba. - ;,. ,- j , ,,1,1 ■,,[■. ,:•■ ■ ,,. . Exports increased from $47,303 in 1911 to $112,193 in 1914. Later statistics follow for calendar years: 1918v'$592/-132; 1919, $1,382,355; 1920, $1,001,345; 1920 (nine months), |487,943. England, Australia, Canaida, and Japan are the principal countries of destination. <'::;•..... .J. :■;... .-.!.' 28 MANUFACTURES OF STRAW AND &R.iSS,.N. 3.P. P. 1918........'.'...; 1919 1920 1921 (9 months)-. - 2 $845 207, SI5 2 741 363,211' 2 6,328 644,067 2 76 281,586 $61,829 "88 '363' 161,017 ' '76,'393 25 'V'"'25 -MANUFACTURES OF 'WEEDS, N. a. P. p. ■ : 1920... ...;.. 1921 (9 months).. i : ; $398 246 $100 61 MANUFACTURES OF WHALEBONE, N. s. p. p. 1918' ; ' $2 72 330 292 1919 ... $14 ■ 66 68 20 1920........... ; 20 20 COMBS COMPOSED WHOLLY OF HORN, OR OF HORN AND METAL. W18 I»19 1920 : IO2I (9 months).. 25- 25 25 25 2 From Philippine^^Eree; ' Jan. 1 to June 30. SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFORMATION', 1921. 1181 Manufactures of bone, horn, and combs of horn, chiefly from Japan, France, and United Kingdom. Manufactures of straw and grass, chiefly from Canada, France, and Japan. Export statistics are lacking in niost cases. Exports of manufac- tures of straw and palrii leaf were valued at $799,507 in 1914, and later were as follows (calendar years) : 1918, 1849,709; 1919, $926,430; 1920, $1,602,941; 1921 (9 months), $264,875.. ..Cuba,. United King- dom, Canada, and Mexico were the principal countries of destination. MANUFACTURES OF INDIA RUBBER. (See Survey N-il'o 1 . Description and uses. — Manufactures of india rubber pro.vided.for in this paragraph Constitute the greater portion of products of the rubber industry. Automobile and other tires form the Jargesl^single item, while manufactures not specially provided for. include such important items as rubber boots and shoes, rubber tubing, dentists' rubber supplies;, rubber balls, pouches, bulbs, and sponges; partly manufactured rubber; rubber sheets and rubber hospital sheeting; hot water .bottle^, ice bags, and similar articles. Rubber belting is iiot included, nor is rubber hose, except that made entirely of rubber not combined with cotton or other fiber. Gutta-percha products are not shown separately. Production. — The census , of manufactures giyes statistics of the rubber industry under three classifications : E.tU)ber belting and hose, Rubber boots and shoes, and Manufactures of rubber not elsewhere specified. The first classification is not covered by the provisions, of this paragraph except to a small degree in the case of pure rubber hose. For thp other two classifications, 324 establishments were shown in 1914, employing 68,907 wage earners, with production valued at $276,150,510. In 1919 there were 461 establishments with production of $1,112,258,000, This total included rubber boots and shoes, $132,188,000; casings and solid tires, 34,404,000, valued at $550,718,000; and inner tubes, 41,093,000, valued at $202,207,000. Ohio leads in the production of general manufactures. New Jersey in belting and hose, and Massachusetts in boots and shoes. Imports of all classes in 1914 were valued at $1,489,680. Statistics for later years follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. AUTOMOBILE TIRES. 1918. Includes small amotmts from Cuba. England, Canada, and Japan are the chief couil|;ries of origin; tires come mostly from England. Exports in 1914 amounted to $12,441,220:, of which tires constituted $3,505,267. England, Canada, and Germaiay were the' principal purchasers. Later statistics follow for calendar years: Automobile and other tires, 1918, $15,267,509; 1919, $30,481,886; 1920, $53,074,- 015; 1921 (nine months), $11,732,676.. Othfeir manufactures of rub- ber, 1918, $16,233,783; 1919, $23,383,769; '1920, $32,362,882; 1921 (nine months) , $1 1,623,993. These articles are exported to practically all parts of the world, with United Kingdom, France, Cuba, Argentina, and Sweden leading as purchasers. ^ Important cJianges in classijicaiion. — The special provision for manu- factures of rubber known as druggists' sundries has been eliminated, and special provision made for automobile and bicycle tires, and molded insulators and insulating materials, wholly or partly manu- factured, cptnposed wholly or in chief value of india rubber or gutta-percha. , 1 \ , Suggested changes. — Automobile and bicycle but n6t mo'tof-cycle tires are specially provided for in paragrapTi 1437. Automobile tires (in par. 369), but not bicycle or motor-cycle tires (par. 371), are expressly excluded. Apparently motor-cycle tires shomd be included in paragraph 1437 and bicycle and motor-cycle tires in terms excluded from paragraph 371 or the exclusion of automobile tires be dropped from, paragraph 369 to avoid possible conflict of classification. PARAGRAPH 1438. H. B. 7456. , SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pak. 1438. ManufactureB of ivory or vegetable , ivbry, ot of '■which eithei: 6i these substances is the component mate- riaTof chief 'value, noTspecially provided for; manufactures of mother-of-pearl, shell, plaster of Paris, and india rubber known as "hard rubber," vulcanized STJMMABY OF TAKIFi; INrpEMAT;!^!^, 1921. 1183 H. B. 7466. or unvulcanized, of of which these 'sub- Btances or aiij^af them is^the oeuipiabeiLt;; material of chief value, not specially pro- vided for; and shells and pieces of shells engraved, cut, amamented) or OlJierwise manufactured, 30 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Par. 464. Manufactures ai * * * ■ ivory, vegetable ivory, mother-of-pearl and shell, plaster Of Pari^, * * * and vulcanized india rubber kno^vn as "hard rubber,'? or of which these substances or any of them is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this section, and shells engraved, cut, ornamented, or otherwise manufactxu-ed, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. SEJTATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. ; Par. S68. * * * Manufactures, of iudia Tubber .*. * * commonly knjQvsrn as druggists' simdries, 15 per centum ad valorem; * * *. , Par." '369.* * * manufactures of ivofy or vegetable ivory, oi* of which eitbei- of thjese substances is the component ma- terial of chief value, not specially provi- ded for in this section, 35 per centum ad valorem; manufactui'es of mothei^of-pearl and shell, plaster of Paris, * * * and vulcanized india rubber known as "hard rubber," or of which these substances or any of them is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this section, 25 per centum ad valorem; shells engraved, cut, ornamented, or oth- erwise manufactured, 25 per centiun ad valorem. MANUFACTUKES OF IVORY OR VEGETABLE TVOBT. (See Survey N-21.) Description and ibses,. — ^Manufactures of ivory have included numer- ous articles, useful' and ornamental, such as toilet articles, statuettes', and piano keys, the demand for the last being so great that imitation prodxtcts must be drawn upon to meet requirements. Manufactures of vegetable ivory embrace handles for umbrellas, toilet articles, small trinkets, etc. (Buttons of vegetable ivory., see par. 1410, p. 1105.) Production figures are not lully available. In 1914 the output of ivory, sheU, and bbnei work, not including combs and hairpins, was valued at $1,896,000, from 54 establishments, with $1,160,000 capital and 795 employees. In 1919 the number of establishments was re- ported at 44,-with production valued at $2,817,000. Japan, England, Germany, and France are important manufacturers of animS and vegetable ivory products. Shell manufactures (mother-of-pearl and other) are important in England, France, GeWiiaiiy, and Asiatic Tur- J^ey., , . - Imports in 1914 of maniifactures of aninlal and Vegetable ivory amounted to $5 1 ,697. Later statistics f oflow : Calendar yeM-. , Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 . . j $17^959 • 32,214 140;3l4 52,992 »6,286 11,275 18,547 Perctnl. 35 1919 35 1920 .:...- S5 1921 (9inontlis) 35 1184 SUM;MAH¥ OJ-'TAfiEFF INFOBMA.'fiMir,' 4921. -Export figures are mea^f. In 1918 the expoAi'of i^orj^ and manu- factures thereof and scrap amounted to. $;175,45,8, of VKhijt;]^ exports valued at $136,131 went to Canadau Later export statistics are not shown. - ' , MANUFACTURES OF MOTHBBrOF-PEAKL AND SHELL. (See Survey N-21.) Description and uses. — Manufactures of mother-of-pearl and shell embrace handles of various articles, such as knives, opera glasses, toilet articles, etc., art and inlay work, and buttons (pearl buttons-- pkr. 1410); - , , .Production data are' combined under the. Census classification "Ivory, shell, and bone work," shown above. Imports in 1914 of manufactures' of Shell and mother-of-pearl amounted to $91,218; of shells engraved, cut, ornamented, or other- wise manufactured, to $3S,9S7. France, Japan, and England are tlie leading sources . Later statistics follow : Calendar year. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. SHELLS ENGRAVED, CUT, ORNAMENTED, OR OTHERWISE MANUFACTURED. 1918. 1919. 1920 - . ., -■ . . ;.. - ,,i;t!' 1921 (9 months) ,...........!.,., '^ 2.991 1514 3,990 1 1,932 , 7,489 1 1,018 20/767 $748 . 1,872 "5,'i92 Percent. 25 "25 "25 "26 MANUFACTURES OF MOTHER-OF-PEARL AND SHELL. 1918. 1919. '{129 2,563 168 15,697 1705 47,570 1921 (9 months)- '..^i., ....,,........,......,.>.... { ^2,625 $641 3,924 'ii,"896' ''7,"S69' .25 "26 ■25 » From Philippines, free.- Ssporte.^None recorded. MANUFACTURES OF INDIA RUBBER KNQWN AS 'HARD RUBBER. (See SuiSrey N-21.) > Description and uses. — ^Hard rubber differs from soft or pliable rubber in its sulphur content and in being" cured or vulcanized at a higher temperature; it is used in bowling ballSj, razor handles, foun- ta,m-pen barrels, combs, etc. : iProdvMion data are not shown separately, being included with other manufactures of rubber. .SUMMARY OF JTARIFF IKFOBMA?:iON, 1921. 1185 Imports amounted to $376,906 in 1914. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Valqe. Duty. Ad valqrem rate. 1918 $2,513 4,624 80,058 84,853 $628 1,156 22,016 21,213 - Per cent. 25 25 25 25 1919 ' 1920 1921 (9 months) Exports. ^-^ one recorded. Suggested changes. — See General Notes on Paragraph below. MANUTACTUEBS OF iPLASTER OF PARIS. :■-■ (See Survey B-2.) Description and -uses. — Plaster of Paris is a cement obtained by the pulverization ,and partial calcination of gypsum. It is used as a iiard-finish plaster for walls and ceilings; in surgery for making casts to inclose fractures, and for making impressions for dental plates in which teeth are set; for casts of sculpture in roiind, high, and low reliefs; replicas of archaeological objects; and life and desitJi masks. Productmn data for misce}lane9us manufactures of plaster of Paris are not shown. Imports amounted to $36,17-2-in 1^14. Later statistics follow: ■ Calendar year. Value. 1918 1919 1920 ../.;,. 1921 (9 months).... 1 From Philippines, free. Exports. — Not separately recorded. GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. Important changes in classification^ — ^Manufactures of papier-m&che have Veen placed in paragraph 1303. Suggested changes. ^-The words "vulcanized or un vulcanized " after "hard rubber" might be omitted, as probably all hard rubber is vulcanized. 82304-r22- -75 1186 SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. PARAGRAPH 1439. H. B. 7466. SENATE AIOEXDMENTS. Par. 1439. Electrical insulators and other articles, wholly or partly manuEac- tured, composed wholly or in chief value of shellac, copal, or synthetic phenolic resin, not specially provided. for, 30 per centum ad valorem. ' ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. [Olassable according to component [Classable according to component material of chief value.] material of chief value.] ELECTRICAL INSULATORS AND OTHER ARTICLES. Description and uses. — Synthetie plienolic resin is of comparatively recent development. In addition to serving for electrical insulators it is used in the production of a variety of articles, some of which are brush backs and handles, beads, advertising novelties, penholders, mouthpieces for pipes, etc. Pro'duetion. — No diata are available. Imports and exports.— Not shown. Irnports before the war were principally from Germaiiy. Important changes in ctossijication: — ^New specific provision. PARAGRAPH 1440. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 14iO. Moss and sea grass, eelgrass, and seaweeds, if manufactured or dyed, 10 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pah. 78. Moss and sea grass, eelgrass, Pak. 372. Moss and sea grass, eelgrass, and seaweeds, if manufactured, or dyed, and seaweeds, if manufactured or dyed, ten per centum ad valorem. 10 per centum ad valorem. MOSS, SEA GRASS, EELGRASS, AND SEAWEEDS MANUFACTURED OR DYED. (See Survey |^-22.) Uses. — Dyed sea moss is prepared for florists' use or for ornamental pui'poses. rJelgfass has been used in filling inattresses, cushiotis, etC;., and sheathing bouses. Seaweed ashes formetly supplied much of the alkali that was used in soap and glass making and for the prepara- tion of iodine. In its raw state it was and still is used as a fertilizer. As a rule, however, cheaper sources of most of the materials furnished by seaweed have been discovered. Imports in 1914 of moss and sea grass, eelgrass, and seaweeds, manufactured or dyed, were valued at $55,624, mainly from Germany. Later statistics follow: SUMMARY OF TAHIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1187 Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 Pounds. $2,329 6,044 15,282 8,510 $233 604 1,628 851 Per cent. 10 1919 51,377 56,400 36,853 $0.12 ■ .27 .23 10 1920 . 10 1921 (9 months) 10 Imports in 1920 were 135,718 from the Netherlands and $13,561 from Germany. Exports in 1914 of moss amounted to $51,006 of which $32,663 went to Canada; and of seaweed to $40,592, practically all of which went to Hongkong. Exports of moss for the calendar years 1918, 1919, and 1920 amounted; respectiyely, to $91,667, $91,475 and $115,346, Canada being the principal importing country. PARAGRAPH 1441. H. K. 7456. Pah. 1441. Musical instruments and parts thereof, not specially provided for, pianoforte or player actions and parts- thereof, cases for musical instrumente, pitch pipes, tuning forks, tuning ham- mers, and metronomes, music wire, strings tor musical instruments, composed Wholly or in part of steel or other metal, all the foregoing, 35 per centum ad valorem; tuning pins, |1 per thousand and 25 per centum ad valorem; violins, violas, violoncellos, and douhle basses, of all sizes, wholly or partly manufac- tured or assembled, $1.50 each and 35 per centum ad valorem; unassembled parts of the foregoing, 35 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909 Par. 46?. Musical instruments or parts thereof, pianoforte- actions and parts thereof, strings for musical instruments, ^ not otherwise enumerated in this section, cases for musical instruments, pitch pipes, tuning forks, tuning hammers, and metro- nomes; strings for musical instruments, composed .wholly or in part of steel or other metal, all the foregoing, forty-five per centum ad valorem. Par. 135. * * * all other wire not specially provided for in this section, mall pay a duty of not less than thirty- five per centum ad valorem; » * *. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 373. Musical instruments or parts thereof, pianoforte actions and parts thereof ,' cases for musical instruments, pitch pipes, tuning forks, tuning ham- mers, and metronomes; strings for musi- cal instruments, composed wholly or in part of steel or other metal,~-all th« fore- going, 35 per centum ad valorem; Par. 114. * * * all other wire not specially provided for in this section, * * * 15 ' per centum ad valorem; * * * Par. 366. Manufactures of catgut, or whip gut, or worm gut, including strings for musical instruments; * * * not specially provided for in this section, 20 per centum ad, valorem. 1188 SUMMARY OP TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. (See Surveys lSr-23 and FI^17.) Description. — ^These articles include all musical instruments except phonograjjhs, graphophones, etc., covered in paragraph 1442. Production in 1914 was valued at $92,573,000; manufacturers numbered 719, with capital of $134,848,000 and 39,387 wagie' earners. Of the total value of products that of organs amounted to $6,297,000, pianos to $62,775,000, ma.terials'for organs and pianos to $19,876,000, and other musical instruments (excepting phonographs, etc.) to $3,625,000. Germany, Austria-Hungary,:. France,: and Italy are hnportant producers. In It) 19 the production was valued as follows: Pianos, $107,245,000; organs, $6,118,000; piano an4 organ matfiiial, $36,052,000; and musical iaStruments, n.. e. s. $14,266,000. Imports. -^In 1914 imports; of musical instruments and parts. of, including steel or metal strings, were valued at $1,967,733. Imports, before the war, were supplied chiefly hy Germany, but about one-half of the total in 1918 came from Japan. , Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. PIANOFORTE ACTIONS, ANt) PARTS, OF. 1919 . . . . Number. 781 $3,922 40,619 t )p,244 ■ 'J $1,373 14,217 ., 5,33?, Per tlni. 35 1920 V. ,'35 ,: 35 1921 (9 months) ... CASES FOR MUSICAIy' INSTRUMENTS. 1919 . 5*1 $20 747 2; 789 ■ $7- •26l' ■we : 35 1920 i! 35 1921 (9 months) 1 , i 35 1 PITCH PIPES, TUNING FORKS, TUNING HAMMERS, ANto METRONOMBfe'.' 1919 .,..■.... 877, 5%t :.g|U,-389 23, 034 26,384 :■ $5,176 8,062 9,234 35 1920 35 1921 (9 months) i .« ■ r . ■ ■ ■ 1 --' ALL OTHER MUglCAL INSTRUMENTS, AND PARTS OF. 1918 ....J $506, 859 1,259,771 2, 49f), 932 J ' 681 ; \ 1, 934, 289/1 ■ $177,351 440,887 873,54Jl 35 1919 : ;...J 8,432,733 35 1920 35 1921 (9 months); i ;'. . . . ^ u v~ ' STRINGS, STEEL OR METAL, FOR MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 1918 ■'■.' ;. ; $520 $182 914 1,674 1 786 ri5 1919 dU . . . J -k . . .'. . i . . v; . . . - : 2,813; 4,782 5,096 .36 1920 - '~''^ . . 35 '1921 (9 months) '' ... -'" 35 1 From the Philippines, free of duty. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1189 Exports M 1914 were valued as follows: Organs, $555,743; player pianos, $335,299;: all other pianos, $.1,416,888; piano players, $177,683; perforated music rolls, $127,626; ajl other musical instru- ments, and parts of, $745,392. Organs were exported chiefly to England;' player pianos ito iCanaidaj Australia, England, and Italy; all other pianos to Canada and England; piano players to finglandj music roUs to England and Canada; all other to Canada, Germany, and England. Later exports for calendar years have be&n as follows: Org&us. Play«r pianos All dther pianos Piano players Perforated music rolls. All other and parts of. Total. $113, 062 1, 272, 210 1,949,708 45),S67: 160,511 1,134,636 4,676,694 $174,647 1,656,519 1001,994 57,664, 294, 742 1,698,317 6,883,883 $2^,942 3,472,632 5,261,071 46,399 409,913 2,361,610 11,848,567 1921 (9 months)! $122,414 1,096,758 1,082,858 19,628 210,673 951, 165 3,463,486 In 1920 the principal destinations of exports were as follows: Organs, England ;ajpLd British South Africa; player pianos, Australia, Spain, Cuba, Argentina, and Peru; all other pianos, Australia, Argentina, Cuba, and British South Africa; music roUs, Canada and Australia; all other musical instruments, Canada, England, and Australia. ' _ . Importard^ changes in classification. — ^The provisions for player actions and parts of, music wire, timing pins, and violins, violas, violoncellos, and double basses are new. Suggested, changes.-— P&ge 166, line 20, of H. E. 7456: Strike out comma after "instruments." PARAGRAPH 1442. H. B. 7456. Pah. 1442. Phonographs, gramophones, graph ophones, and similar articles and p arts thereof; 30 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Par. 468. Phonographs, gramophones, graphophones, and similar articles, or parts thereof, forty-five' j'er centum ad valorem. - ■ '■ ' SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Pae. 374. Phonographs, gramophones, graphophones, and similar articles, or parts thereof, 25 per centum ad valorem. PHONOGRAPHS, GRAMOPHONES, ETC. tSee Survey N-23.) Description and uses. — The essential parts of a phonograph are a fimnel for receiving the sounds, a diaphragm which vibrates with these sounds and to which is attached apoint, and a covered cylinder with which the point makes contact. The Edison diaphragm is iron, the point metalhc, and the cylinder covered tin foil. By revolving the cylinder the recorded sound is reproduced. The graphophone applies 1190 SUMMARY OP TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. the phonograph principle of sound record and reproduction, but substitutes 'a wax cylinder. The tenm " graphophone," however, is being supplanted by "phonograph." The gramophone is a machine having a disk instead of a cyunder. i Prodttdion ia 1914 was valued' at $27,115,916. The number of machines was 515,154, valued at $15,290,491; and records and blanks, 27,221,290, valued at $11,111,418. Parts of machines, materials, and supplies, not included in finished instruments, amounted to $356,935, and all other products to $357,072. In addi- tion, phonographs, etc., valued at $66,531, were made in establish- ments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered Dy this industry. Eighteen establishments made phonographs, graphophones, etc., with capital of $33,771,000, and 9,381 employees. In 1919 there were 167 establishments with value of products amounting to $158,668,000. Imports of phonographs, graphophones, etc., in 1914 amounted to $147,384, over one-half of which came from Germany. Later statistics follow : Calends^ year. Value. Duty. Ad Talorem rate. 1918 1919 1920 fj 1921 (9 months) ; $322, 188 578, 518 817.965 427,552 $80,547 144,629 294,491 106,888 Percent. 25 25 25 In 1920 imports^ from Germany, amounted to $115,826,, from Switzerland to $583,070, and from Japan to $73^074. , , Exports of machines and records and materials in 1914 amounted to $2,512,320, priacipally to Canada, England, Australia, Cuba, and Argentina. Later statistics for calendar .years follow: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 montlis). FhonogTEcphs, etc.: Number 64,459 $1,906,052 $2,276,357 66, 167 $2,480,719 $3,702,668 87,571 $4,130,312 $3,746,387 26,974 Value.. . ^ . $1,287,683 $1,646,683 Suggested changes. — The phrase "and parts thereof" is apparently intended to apply to phonographs, etc., as well as to similar articles. A comma inserted after " articles" would bring this out more clearly. Phonograph disks, but not master records have been held to be parts of phonographs; {American Express Co.' v. United States, 4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 279, of 1913; G. A. 7182, T. D. 31351, of 1911.) SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1191 PARAGRAPH 1443. H. R. 7456. SENATE AlilENDMENTS. Par. 1443. Rolls; Calendar rolls or bowls made wholly or in chief value of cotton, paper, husk, wool, or mixtures thereof, or stone or any nature, com- pressed between and held together by iron or steel heads or washers fastened to iron or steel mandrels or cores, suitable for use in calendering, embossing, mang- lii^, or pressing operations, 25 per centum adjValore'm. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. [Classable according to component [Classable according to component material of chief value.] material of chief value.] CALENDER ROLLS OR BOWLS. Description and uses. — Calender rolls or bowls vary in size, some being as large as 20 inches in diameter and 100 inches long. In manufacturing the rolls great accuracy of work is required to make the surface truly cylindrical. They are used in the textile and paper industries, .in the inanuf acturing of .linoleifm, artificial leather, etc. as integral parts of calenders, embossing, and mangling machines. Stone rolls are generally used on the presses of a fourdrinier type of paper-making machine. The rolls are set in the machines in series through whioi the fabric or other material is passed for the purpose of imparting a glaze or polish, or other finish. Production data are not separately available from official sources. The industry is an important one, as these rolls are essential parts of the machinery used in the abova-mentioned industries. In the hearings before the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives a list of eight manufacturers is given as large pro- ducers of these articles. Imfort and. export data are not shown. Important changes in classification. — This provision is new. Suggested changes. — The correct spelling is " calender. " PARAGRAPH 1444. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pae. 1444. Rosaries, chaplets, ai^d simi- lar articles of religious devotion, of what- ever materia:l composed, valued at not more than $1.25 per dozen, 15 per centum ad valorem; valued at more than $1.25 per dozen, 30 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1900. [Classable according to component ma- terial of chief value or as articles "de- signed to be worn on apparel or carried on or about or attached to the person."] ACT OF 1913. [Classable according to component ma- terial of chief value or as articles "de- signed to be worn on apparel or carried on or about or attached to the person."] ll92 SUMMAB'S' OF TABtfF INFORMATION; 1921; k ROSARIES, CHAPLETS', ETi Description and uses. — A rosary as used in religious worship is a series of beads strung on a metal chain in combination with a flat metal piece of diversity in design together with a cross. The smaller rosaries are sometimes known as chaplets. The beads are made of a variety of materials — wood, glass, metal, bone, etc. — and the cross is usually composed of metal. ■ Production. — The value of rosaries' produced in the United States is not shown in official statistics. Practically all qi the rosaries made in this country are composed of precious metal, or of precious metal in combination with beads of semiprecious or imitation precious stones. ' ' ' ■ Imports. — The value of imports is nol^, shown in official statistics. It is estimated by an importer that they amount to $300,000 annually. France, Holland, Czechoslovakia, Ireland, Germany, and Italy are the sources of imports. _ Exports. — Not shown in official statistics. Important changes in classification.— TLosebvies and chaplets are sepa- rately provided for. They are now dutiable according to component nia,terials, fexcept where they come within paragraph 356 of the act of 1913. ; ■ Suggested changes: — Beads in iinitatibh of pearls or pffecidus or semi- precious stones of any kind, the duty on which is 40 oi* 45 per centum ad valorem imder paragraph 1403, could be importfed strung as rosaries at 15 or 30 per centum, according to ^alue, and after ii^drtation separated from the cross or crucifix and usfed for Othei' purposes! This result might be avoided by providing that the rate of diity on rosaries "snail hot be less than that on the beads. PARAGRAPH UiS. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1445.' Sponges, 15. per centum ad, valorem; manufactures of sponges, or of which sponge is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for, 25 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1009. ' ACT OF 1913. Pae. 7'9'.' Sponges, twenty pef centum Par. 68. Sponges: Trimmed or iin- ad valorem; manufactures of sponges, or trimmed but not adyance4 in , value, by ■ of which sponge is the component mate- chemical processes, 10 per centum ad va- rial of chief value, not specially provided lorera; bleached sponges and sponges ad- for in this section, thirty per centum ad vanced in value by pfocesses involving valorem. chenilcal operations, manufactttfes of sponges, or of which sponge is the compo- nent material of chief varae, not Specially provided for in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem, ■ ' - StrM^MAE^MF TARIFF iJiTFOBMA^ribN,' 1&21. 1193 - SPONGES. (^e Survey A-I9.) Description and uses. — Sponges are collected principally in the Mediterranean and Red Seas and waters of the West Indies, Florida, and Central America. The finest' are obtained from the Mediterra- nean, the next in quality from the Red Sea. ! Crude sponges are prepared by maceration in cold water for several days followed by beating to break up and remove concretions. The better grades are treated with a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid to temove remaining calcareous matter and then, if desired, are bleached by chemical' meanS. Production. — ^Mcist of the. crude spoilges marketed in this country^ are from the Florida fisheries. The product of these fisheries in 1913 was valued at about 1735,000, a little over $615,000 in 1914, and over $920,000 in 1917. In 1918 there was a" decrease to about $623,000. This deci'ease was due partly to the high price of fish, which induced those engaged in sponge gathering to take up fishing. Tarpon Springs, Fla., is the center of American sponge production. New York is the principal distributing center. In 1920 there were sold at theexchange at Tarpon Springs, Fla., 409,746 pounds of sponges,, valued at $678,209. This is estimated to be abolit 90 per cent of the output of the Florida fisheries. Imports of crude sponges have averaged a little more than half ^ the domestic production since 1913, and in that year were valued at $289,642. Imports of chemically treated sponges have been much less, amounting to $38,300 in 1914 and $58,797 m 1916. Imports 6f manufactures of sponged amounted to $73 in 1914. Crude sponges come mostly from the British West Indies, Cuba, and Greece. Later statistics follow: ■ Calendar year. Value. Duty. SPONGES, CRUDE. 1918 1919 1920. „. 1921 (9 months). $523,480 462,898 658,360 171,652 «48,940> 42,869 61,029 SPONGES, BLEACHED AND ADVANCED BY CHEMICAL PROCESS. 1918 1919 1920 1921(9 months). 819,313 11,798 40, 842 19, 161 $2, 895- 1,754 5, 987" MANUFACTURES OF SPONGES. 1920 1921 (9 months). $6, 831 882 $1, 025. 1194 SUMMABY ,0^ TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Exports, 1910-1914, inclusive, ayera,ged about 200,000 pounds, ■with a value of a little less than $200,000, and dropped in 1917 to 116,131 pounds, valued at $129,063. JJxports are principally to Canada and England. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9months). 85^957 $147,519 371,602 $328,131 146,575 "; $217, 812 78,899 $104 914 Value Important changes in classification. — The distinction between sponges trimmed and imtrimmed in paragraph 68 of the. act of 1913 and between sponges bleached and otherwise advanced in value by chemical process is not made in H. K. 7456. Govfiicting provisions. — Rubber bath sponges have been held not to come withm the provision for sponges but within, , the provision ior manufactures of mdia rubber. (Smitli, Oo. v. United Stflieg, 149 Ted., 1022, of 1906.) H. B. 7456. PARAGRAPH 1446. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1446. Violin rosin, 10 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pae. 469. Violin rosin, in boxes or Par. 375. Violin rosin, ,in boxes or •cases or otherwise, twenty per centum ad cases or otherwise, 10 per centum ad valorem. valorem. VIOLIN KOSIN. (See Survey FIr-17.) Description and uses. — Viohn rosin is a good grade of rosin cast in the form of cubes or embedded in pieces of wood to facilitate its apphcation to the bow of stringed musical instruments, such as the violin. Production. — It is of comparatively simple manufacture, and the United States is the largest producer, but figures are not available. Imports of violin rosin in 1914 were valued at $11,688, about 52 per cent from Germany and 32 per cent from Erance. Later statistics lollow: , Calendar year. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918. $2,803 4,766 6,265 5,657 $280 476 626. 566 Per cent. 10 1919 ; 10 1920 10 1921 (9 months) 10 Exports. — ^None recorded. Important chanties in classification. — ^The phrase "in boxes or cases or otherwise" has been omitted as unnecessary. SUMMABY OF TAKIFF , INFORMATION, 1921. 1195 PARAGRAPH 1447. H. R. 7466. Par. 1447. Works of art, inchiding paintings in oil or water colors, pastels, pen and ink drawings, and copies, repli- cas, or reproductions of any of the same; statuary, sculptures, or copies, replicas, or reproductions thereof; and etchings and engravings; all the foregoing, not specially provided for, 15 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Pak. 470. Paintings in oil or water colors, pastels, pen and ink drawings, and. scjilptures, not specially provided for in this section, fifteen per centum ad yalorem; but the term "sculptures" as used in this Act shall be understood to include only such as are cut, carved, or otherwise wrought by hand from a solid block or mass of marble, stone, or alabaster, or from metal, and as are the professional production of a sculptor only, and the term ''painting" as used in this Act shall be understood not to include such as are made wholly or in part by stenciling or other mechanical processes. Par. 416. * * « engravings, * * * etchings, * * * all the fore- going wholly or in chief value of paper, and not specially proAdded for in this sec- tion, twenty-five per centum ad valorem SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 376. Works of art, including paintings in oil or water-colors, pastels, pen and ink drawings, or copies, replicas or reproductions of any of the same, statuary, scidptures, or copies, replicas or reproductions thereof, and etdiings and engravings, not specially provided for in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem. WORKS OF ART, N. S. P. F. (See Sui-vey N-24.) Description and uses. — For most practical purposes works of art may be classified as foUows: (1) Products of the fine arts, properly so called, intended solely for ornamental purposes, and including paintings in oil and water colors on canvas, plaster, or other material, and origiaal statuary of marble, stone, or bronze. (2) Minor objects of art, intended also for ornamental purposes, such as statuettes, vases, drawings, etchings, etc., which are susceptible of an indefinite reproduction from the original., (3) Objects oi art which serve pri- marily an ornamental and incidentally a useful purpose, such as Sainted or stained-glass windows, tapestry, paper hangings, etc. (4) •bjects |ffimarily designed for a usefxil purpose, such as ornamental clocks, higher grades of carpets, curtains, etc. The list of articles included under this paragraph is restricted by pariagraphs 1685 to 1689 inclusive. The greater number of works of arts are entered free imder those paragraphs. Production data on works of art are necessarily incomplete. Under the classificatioBi "Statuary and art goods" the Census gives data covering the manufacture of such articles as statues, vases, urns, flower boxes, fountains, pedestals, church statuary, bronze statuary, andpapier m^ch^ articles. In 1914 these were valued at $3,910,000^ and in 1919 at $4,982,000. lisle SUMMARY 'OP TARIFF USTFORMATION,! 1921. Imports of works of art in 1914 w6re valued at $766,464, mainly from Fra,nce, Italy, England, and Germany. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Value. Duty. " Ad valorein- rate.. 1918 ■..■ 00CO«Q $11,409 127,381 1 78 890 .,1 40,641 Pd'ctnt. • lo 1919 , ,,15 1920 15 1921 (9 months) j 15 1 Inolndes small amounts from Philippines »ijd Cuba.: > The principal countries of origin in 1919 and 1920 were Italjj France, Sweden, arid England. Exports in 1914 of paintings an,d statuary of all kinds' were Valued at $1,415,302, going mainly to France, England, Canada, and Germany. Later exports, by calendar years, have been as follows: 1918, $341,035; 1919, $1,150,015; 1920, $1,640,701; 1921 (nme months), $756,552. In 1918 Canada, Cuba, Spain, and France were the principal purchasers, and France, Canada; and Cuba in 1919 and 1920. PARAGRAPH 1448. H. B. 7456. Pab. 1448. Peat moss, 50 cents per ton. ACT OF 1909. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 471. Peat moss, one dollar per Pab. 377. Peat moss, 50 cents per ton. ton. ! ., . , PEAT MQSS. (See Survey N-22.) Description and V/Ses. — Peat moss consists largely of various species of sphagnum (bog moss). It is used for stable litter, potting plants, packing materials, and for insulation. Peat moss is an excellent absorbent, hence its value for stable litter. Gardeners employ it for covering and moistening the roots of plants because it readily absorbs moisture from the air. It may also be used as stuffing for mattresses. • Production of small quantities of peat moss Of- unknown value was reported after the outbreak of the war, practically all having been im- ported previously. Peat and p^at moss are produced chiefly in the northern sectioris of the world. In warm re^ioils the decay of vegetable matter is, as a rule, too rapid to periiiit ^extensive' bog moss deposition. Russia, Germany, Irelahd, Norway, Streden, France, Austria, Denmark, Holland, Canada, and the United States have very large deposits. Peat mbss has been more systematiCd.lly" utilized in Holland than in any other country. The Tlmerican deposits remain almost tintouched. SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1197 Imports.^-ln 1914' -imports were about 9,580 tons, valued at $57,670—8,900 tons from the Netherlands and about 500 tons from Germany! Later statistibs follow: Calendar year. ' 'i^uantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Equivalent ad valorem. 1919 ' T&ns. 414 2,466 2,284 $16,343 36,201 16, 577 $39.48 14.68 $207 1,233 Per cent. 1 27 1920 1921 (9 months) ■ Exports. — None recorded. PARAGRAPH 1449. H. B. 7456. , , SENATE AMENDMENTS Pab. 1449. Pencils of paper, wood, or ■other riiaterial not metal, filled with lead or other material, pencils of lead', crayonls, ' including charcoal crayons or fusadns. and : mechanical pencils, not specially provided for, 50 cents per gross and 25 per centum ad valorem;' and in addition thereto, the following cumulative 'duties: Caps or pro- tectors, whether separate or attached to , pencils, and pencils prepared for caps or protectors, 25 cents per gross; pencils stamped with names other than the manu- facturers', 50 cents per gross; slate pencils, aiot in wood, 25 per icentum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Par. :56. * * * crayons, including •charcoal crayons or fusains * * * not otherwise specially provided for in this section, thirty per centum ad valorem;- * * * Par. 199. Articles or wares not specially provided for in this section, composed wholly or in part of * * * metal , and whether partly or wholly manufactured, forty-five per centum ad valorem. - Par. 448. * * f articles of every de- Bciiption, fihished or partly finished, * * * composed wholly or in chief value of diver, German silver, white metal, brass, or gunmetal, whether or not enameled, washed, covered, plated, or alloyed with gold, silver or nickel, and {Resigned to be * * * carried on or about or attached to the person, valued at twenty cents per dozen pieces, one cent each and in addition thereto, three-fifths of one cent per dozen for each one cent the value exceeds twenty cents per dozen; -» * * Par. 472. Pencils of paper or wood, or other material not metal, filled with lead ACT OF 1913. Par. 63. * * * crayons, including chai'Coal crayons or fusains * * * not specially provided for in this section, 15 per, centum ad valorem; * * *. Par. 167. Articles or wares not specially provided for in this section; if composed wholly or in part of platinum, gold, or silver, and articles or wares plated with gold or silver, and whether partly or wholly manufactured, 50 per centum ad valorem; if composed wholly or in chief value of * * * other metal, but not plated with gold or silver, and whether partly or wholly manufactured, 20 per centum ad valorem. Par. 356. * * * articles va-lued above 20 cents per dozen pieces designed to be worn on apparel or carried on or about or attached to the person, such as and including * * * like articles; all the foregoing and pa,rt3 thereof, finished or partly finished, composed of metal, whether or not enamelg^v washed, covered, or plated, including rolled gold plate, and whether ox not set with pre- cious or semiprecious stones, * * * 1198 ACT OF 1909. or other material, and pencils of lead, forty-five cents per gross and twenty-five per centum ad valorem; slate pencils, covered with wood, thirty-five per cen- tum ad valorem; all. other slate pencils, three cents per one hundred. ACT OF 1913. or withimitation precious stones, * * * 60 per centimi ad Valorem. * » *. Par. 378. Pencils of paper or wood, or other material not metal, filled with lead or other material, . pencils i of lead, 36 cents per gross, but in no case shall any of the foregoing pay less tha,n 25 per centiun ad valorem; slate pencils, 25 per centum ad valorem. LEAD PENCILS AND SLATE PENCILS. (See Survey N-22.) Description and uses. — Pencil leads are made of a mixture of fine graphite, and clay. The wood used is usually cedar, although pine or other wood is sometimes used for the cheaper grades! Pencils of paper are made by wrapping the lead in narrow strips of paper, por- tions of which can be unwrapped as required to expose the lead. Production. — In 1914 there were 14 manufacturers of lead pencils, with a capital of $10,670,000, 4,330 employees, and wages of $1,944,- 000. Materials cost $4,564,000, and the product was va-lued at $8,328,000, a moderate increase o-vrer 1909- In 1919 there were 12 establishments with an output valued at $24,134,000. The industry is based on abundant domestic supplies of the two essential raw materials — pure graphite and an excellent cedar readily adaptable to machine process ce. The industry is an extensive one in Ertgland and Germany. Imports in 1914 of pencils of paper or wood or other material, not metal, filled with lead or other material, and pencils of lead were 188,644 gross, valued at $512,579. Imports in 1914 of slate pencils covered with wood were 850 gross,, valued at $83, and of other slp,te pencils, 2,158,700 gross, valued at $1,416. On the basi? of value about one-half of the pencils came from Germany in 1914; the rest ls,rgely from England. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Egulvaltint ad valoram. PENCILS OF LEAD AND PENCILS OF PAPER, ETC., FILLED WITH LEAD. 1918 , 1919 , 1920. 1921 (9 months). Gross. 12,023 18, 258 75, 032 63,876 14,815 7,679 168,635 li0,543 SO. 40 .42 2.25 ,2.20 14,^7 43,297 Percent. 94.22 '88.83 25.67 SLATE PENCILS. 1918 ■ 1,009 682 26 1919 844 641 Jl.20 1.06 $252 170 25 1921 (9 months) 25 SUMMABY OF TABIFP INFOBMATION, 1921. 1199 The small imports in 1918 were chiefly from Japan. In 1919 and 1920 Germany was the chief source. In the latter year large amounts chiefly of high grade pencils formerly imported from Austria were received from Czechoslovakia. In the same year lead pencils amount- ing to 59,476 gross and valued at $150,789 were dutiable at 25 per centum ad valorem as the specific rate of 36 cents per gross amoimted to less than the 25 per centum required as a minimum. Export statistics of pencils and pencil leads are combined. In 1914 their value was $533,944, of which $246,872 worth went to North America, mainly to Canada and Mexico; $188,834 to Europe, chiefly to England; $49,553 to Oceania; and $46,762 to South America. Exports in later calendar years have been valued as follows: 1918, $2,497,208; 1919, $3,565,347; 1920, $3,849,221; 1921 (nine months), $1,669,572. The chief countries of destination were England, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Spain. Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- graph below. CRAYONS. (See Survey A-15.) Description and itses.^Crayons are composed of charcoal, clay, or chalk, and mineral waxes colored with various pigments. They are used for drawing and writing on various materials and also for artists' pm-poses. Orduiary "vwiite crayons used for the blackboard are composed chiefly of chalk (calcium carbonate) . * Black ci-ayons other than charcoal are made of clay and lampblack. "Fusains" is an old and practically obsolete term for charcoal crayons. Crayons used for drawing on lithographic stones are commonly made of wax. lampblack, soap and resins. The ordinary wax crayons are composed chiefly of paraffin wax colored with various colors and dyes. Production. — The materials necessary for the manufacture of crayons are available from domestic sources. In 1914, imder artists' materials, the Census Biu-eau reports a production of crayons valued at $181,000 by 11 establishments with a caj)ital of $325,000. It is doubtful wheuier this iucludes ordinary crayons used for schoolroom work. Production figm-es for later years are not separately reported- Imports in 1914 were valued at $18,000; in 1915, at $15,000; in later calendar years as follows: 1918, $11,093; 1919, $12,218; 1920, $10,145; 1921 (nine months) , $16,431. Exports. — None recorded. ,; Important changes in classif^fiLtion. — :See Gener9,l I^oteson Para- graph, below. GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. Important changes in classification. — There are new provisions for mechanical pencils and for cmnulative duties The qualification '" not in wood" for slate pencils is also new. Crayons, iucluding charcoal crayons or fusains, are new for this paragraph, having formerly been provided for m the chemical schedule. 1200 SUMMABy pF;: TARIFF; IIJFOEMATIOBEji 192J. Conflicting provisions.-— Tiiej:^ is, a possible .conflict jbfttween the provision in paragrapk 18 fprehalk in sticks an4 the provision jip this paragraph for crayons,, with especial reference to white crayons, for blackboard use, wiich might be regarded as, chalk in sticks. Paragraph 1449 might be held to embrafie mechanical pencils made of or- plated with precious naet^ls, ,, ,,. , Suggested changes. r-rrTh.e pr.pYf.sion in par^raph 18 for "Cha,lk,or whiting or, Paris -v?hite: * ,,* * pi^fc up in thP form of, cubes, blocks, sticks, or disks, or qtji^rwise, including tailors', billiard, red, ^nd manyfactures of chalk not s.pecially provided for, " belongs ipiore properly in the sundries schedule (14), since these articles, unlike chalk or whitiiag or Paris white, grouiid, bolted, o? precipi,ta4ed; or in the, form of; putty, are not chemicals, oils, or paints, to- which schedule 1 i$ restricted. This fact, together with the possible con- flict above set forth, appears to render advisable a change in para- graph 1449 and elimination therefrom of the provision for "cray- ons, including charcoal crayons or fusains." If these changes should be made, a paragraph might be msfirted after paragraph 1450 to provide for chalk or whiting or Paris white other than the chemical kind, and for crayons. Such a provision might be worded as follows : Chalk, crayons, not colored, [rat^]; all otHer crayons, including charcoal crayons ,or fusains, not specially provided for, [rate]; billiard^ *halk, [rate]; tailors'' chalk, [rate]; and manufactures of chalk not specially. provided for [rate]. If this proposed paragraph is adopted, the words "crayons, including charcoal crayons or "fusains" inline 6,, page 168 of H. E. 7456 should be stricken out, and the words "pr put up in thefform of cubes, blocks, sticks, or disks, or otherwise, including tailors', Isilliard, Ted, and manufactm-es Of chalk not specially provided for," in lines 1 to 3, page 6," Aoitld' also be stricjien out. • ' If the change suggested uhder' paragraph 145<5,;,.nam6ly,"insertiOn of the words "or crayon leads" after the word "colored" and before the conima in lliie 17, page 168, should be adopted, the words " crayon lead," follQ'vv''ed: by a comnaa, should' be insetted after the word "lead" in line 5, page' 168. - ' '• ■ < .,.■.. This paragraph imposes duties of 50 cents per gross and 25 per centum ad valorem on mechanical pencils not specially provided for; paragraph 352 imposes duties of 45 cignts per gross and 20 per centum ad valorem' on mechanical pencils made of base Inetal and not plated with gold, silver, or pla'tinum; paragraph 1428' imposes a dutyof 55 per centum ad valorem on articles, like various articles therein named, valued above !2€ c^nts per dozen ftieCes, designed to be worn on apparel or carried on or about or attached to the person, composed of metal. ' . If it is desired to classify mechanical pencils made of or plated with precious metals under paragraph 1428 rather than under par^agraph 1449 the words "and mechanical pencils, not specially provided for, ' jn lines 6 and 7, page 168, should be stricken out. • SUMMARY OF TARIFF I^STFOBMATIOK, 1921. 1201 PARAGRAPH 1450. • H. R. 7486. Par. 1450. Pencil leads not in wood or other material, 6 cents per gross j leads not exceeding six one-thOuM,ndtlis of one inch in diameter and commonly known as refills, 10 cents p^r gross; colored, copy or indelible leads, 60 cents per gross; and, in addition thereto, on all the foregpingj. 20 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ' Pak. 473. tencilleads not in wood, or other material, black, three-fourths of one cent per ounce; colored, one and one- fourth cents per ounce; copying, two cents per ounce. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 379. Pencil leads not in wood or other material, 10 per centum ad valorem. PENCIL LEADS. (See Survey N-22.) Description and iises. — Ordinary black pencil leads are of pure graphite, or graphite mixed with clay. Colored leads are composed of suitable pigments combined with clay, chalk, or wax. Indelible or copying leads consist of a coal-tar dye mixed with graphite. Refills are sticks of- lead used in mechanical pencils. They are. generally of smaller diameter than the lead used in the pencils of wood or other material where the lead is permanently fixed. Production. — Graphite is first ground very fine and mixed with a little water and the required amount of clay, then squeezed through dies by hydraulic pressure to form continuous leads; these are cut into the desired lengths, dried, and finally biu-ned to expel moisture. The amount of clay in the lead determines the hard- ness. Figures of production are not available. Most of the pencil manufacturers make their own leads, but some of the smaller ones are dependent for their supply of leads upon the imported article. Imports in 1914 of pencil leads not in wood were valued at $109,146, which was less than m preceding years. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad va- lorem rate. 1918 . Gross. 12,190 25,741 39, 892 84,286 J219 2,574 3,989 8,429 Per cent. 10 1919 55,436 113, 600 447, 150 $0.46 .35 .19 10 1920 10 1921 (9 months) Export figures are combined with those of pencils. (See par. 1449, p. 1199.) Important changes in classification. — The provisions for leads not exceeding six one-thousandths of 1 inch in diameter, and commonly known as refills, and for colored, copy, or indelible leads are new. 82304—22 -76 1202 SUMMARY OP TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Suggested changes. — ^The limitation on the size of lead known as refills (six one-thousandths of 1 inch) would appear to. render this provision of doubtful value, as most refills are in excess of this size, possibly six one-hundredths or sixty-one thousandths was meant. As colored pencil leads are usually sold as crayon leads, it is sug- gested that the words "or crayon leads" be inserted after the word colored" and before the comma in line 17, page 168. PARAGRAPH 1461. H. B. 7456. Par. 1451. Photographic cameras and parts therof, hot specially provided for, 30 per centum ad valorem; jjhotographic dry plates, not specially provided for, and photographic and moving-picture- films, sensitized but not exposed- or developed, 20 per centum ad valorem; photograpMc- film negatives, imported in any form, for use in any way in connection with mov- ing-picture exhibits, or for making or re- producing pictures for such exhibits, expbsed, whether developed or not, aiid photographic-film positives, imported m any form, for use m any way in connec- tion with moving-picture exhibits, in- cluding herein all moving', motion, moto- photography, or cinematography fihn pictures, prints, positives, or duplicates of every kind and nature, and of whatever substance made, 30 per centum ad va- lorem: Provided, That upon the importa- tion of photographic and motion-picture . films or film negatives taken from the United States and exposed in a foreign country by an American producer of motion pictures operating temporarily in said foreign country in the course of pro- duction of a picture 60 per centum or more of which is made in the United States the duty shall be 25 per centum ad valorem, and the Secretary of the Treas- ury shall prescribe such rules and regula- tions as may be necessary for the entry of such films or film negatives under this proviso: Provided, furthier, That all photo- graphic films imported under this Act shall be subject to such censorship as may be imposed by the Secretary of the , Treasury. ACT OF 1909. Par. 108. * * * optical instruments * * * all the foregoing not specially; ' provided for in this section, forty-five per centum ad valoreni. Par. 474. Photoigrajphic dry plates or films, not otherwise specially provided for in this section, twenty-ffive per centum ad valorem . Photographic film negatives, imported in any form, for use in any way in connection with moving-picture ex- SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 380. Photographic cameras, and parts thereof, not spec^ially provided for in this section, photographic, dry plates, not specially provided for in this section, 15t)cr centum ad valorem; photographic- fihn negatives, imported in any form, for use in any way in connection with moving- picture exhibits, or for making or repro- ducing pictures for such exMbits, ex- posed but not developed, 2 cents per SUMMABY OF TABIFF INFOEMATIOK, 1921. 1203 ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. hibits, or for making or reproducing linear or running foot; if exposed and pictures for such exhibits, and moving- developed, 3 cents per linear or running picture films not developed or exposed, foot; .photographic-film positives, im- twenty-five per centum ad valorem, ported in'any form, for use in any way in Photographic film positives, imported in connection with moving-picture exhifcitSf any form, for use in any way in connec- including herein all moving, motion, tion with moviog-pieture exhibits, in- motophotography or ciaematography film chiding herein all moving, ipotion, moto- pictures, prints, positives or duplicates of photography or cinematography film every kind and nature, and of whatever pictures, prints, positives or duplicates substance made, 1 cent per linear or of eVery kind and nature, and of whatever running foot: Provided, however, That all substance inade> one. and one-half cents photographic-films imported under this per linear or running foot. section shall be subject to such censor- ship as may be imposed by the Secretary of the Treasury.* Par. 57,6. Photographic and moving- picture films, sensitized but not exposed or developed [Free]. PHOTOGEAPHIC GOODS. (See Survey N-25.) Description and uses. — Dry plates are sensitized plates of which the sensitive films are hard and dry, so they may be packed away, and, if protected from light, used afterwards to make negative or positive pictures. Moving picture and other photographic films are made chiefly of pyroxylm (cellulose nitrate), coated with an emulsion of sen- sitizing materials. Cellulose acetate, being nbninflamniable, is also used, especially for moving-picture films, but has disadvantages and is usually more expensive. Hiptographic films are generally furnished hx rolls or packs of six or twelve films each and are used in the familiar hand camera. Moving-picture sensitized films unexposed are fur- nished in long strips, and are used both for exposure in the camera and for printiag additional positives. Photographic film negatives show the lights and shades ia nature exactly reversed. An exposed film is one that has been used in the camera; a developed film or negative is one on which the chemical changes necessary to cause a latent image or picture to be visible have been induced or, in the case of a negative, tne proper density has been assumed to admit of re- jiroductioh by a process of printing. Photographic, film positives show the lights arid shades as in nature and are usually printed from negatives. Moving-picture films are made about 1,000 feet in length and each pictm-e is f by 1 inch in size or 16 pictures to the foot. Production of photographic apparatus in 1914 was valued at $4,273,000. Of this amount cameras were valued at $1,254,000; motion-picture machines, at $1,820,000: and all other apparatus and parts, at $1,199,000. Manufacturers numbered 87, with capital of $4,397,000, 2,016 employees, and wages of $1,289,000. Materials cost $1,535,000, and value added by manufacture was $2,738,000. The manufacture of flexible photographic films for motion pictures is now a very large industry. Pyroxylin is made by nitrating cotton waste. A solution is made of pjnroxylin and camphor in a mixture of wood alcohol, amy! acetate, and other solvents. This is spread out on a smooth surface,, such as a revolving metallic drum. When dry, the film is stripped pflf, slit into the desired width, and cut into * The act of July 31, 1912, chapter 26a, forbids importation ol any film or other pictorial representation of a prize fight. m . ,. 1204 SUMMARY OF TAKIFP' iii!j; 1919 . .. 4,681,826 13,102,092 10, 147, 245 ' 86£708 . . „..,.,.,.J.J. 1920 , 2,248,666 - : ', 1921 (9 months) 2,220,247 CAMBEAS AND PAETS OF. 1918 ■J2,83ff ■19,915 358, 060 302,020 $423 2,-9S7 53,709. 45,303 15 1919 ; 15 1920 15 1921 (9 months) 15 DEY PLATES, ^ . S. r. F. 1918 Dozens. 124,472 18, 181 50,266 5^268 $3,671 2,727, 7,540 8,290 15 1919 - 16,557 64,452 86,879 ».10 .78 .63 15 1920 15 1921 (9 months). . 15 FILM NEGATIVES, FOE USE WITH MOVING PICTUEE EXHIBITS. 1918... 1919 1920 1921 (9 months).. Linearfeet. 503,982 836,089 2,033i70r 2,208,819 $169, 124 38^611 730,765 755,947 $0.33 .34' $14, 322 22,0S1 , 53,311 FILM POSITIVES, PEINTS, DUPLICATES, ETC 1918 1919 J 1920 , 1921 (9 months).. 1,965,448 $123,556 $0.63 $19,628 2, 004, 045- 1111,434 > 202^879 .66 19,937 4,189,647 .49 41,896- 5,031,104 278,019 .55 60,311 1 From Philippines, free. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1205 The chief sources of imports ia .later years were: Cameras and parts of, England and France in 1918 and 1919, Germany in 1920; for 1918- 1920,-dry plates, France and England ; films sensitized but not exposed, for motion pictures, France, England, and Belgium; other films sensi- tized but not exposed, Canada; film negatives, England, France, and Canada. Positives, prints, etc., came largely from England, France, and Japan in 1918 and 1919, and from England and Germany in 1920. For 1921 complete data of imports by countries are not available, but the entries at the port of New York, the principal port of entry of these articles, show that Germany leads m exports of cameras and parts of, England in dry plates. Prance and Germany in negatives, and Germany and France in positives; prints, .etc. Exports ia 1914 were: Cameras, $66.4,006 (going chiefly to England) ; motion-picture films not exposed, 153,359,550 Imear feet, valued at $4,264,722; exposed, 32,690,104 linear feet, valued at $2,282,924 (going chiefly to England, Canada, and Australia) ; other sensitized goods, $1,348,216 (going chiefly to England) ; other photographic apparatus, $183,660; -all other picture goods, $688,272. Exports since 1917, by calendar years, have been as follows: Cameras, value Motion-picture fllmg not exposed: Quantity (linear feet) Value Motion-picture fflms exposed: Quantity (linear feet) Value other sensitized goods, value Other apparatus/ value. other picture goods, value.' 1918 SI, 108, 388 71, 548, 779 II, 745, 384 79, 388, 387 :t4,731,382 f 2, 616, 434 $782,177 tl, 345, 174 SI, 648, 410 120,041,912 12,680,263 153,237,260 S8, 066, 723 $4,208,181 $2, 105, 061 $1, 939, 924 1920 $3, .548, 433 62,956,626 SI, 706, 248 175,191,635 $7, 892, 198 $6, 981, 340 S3, 218, 805 $3,084,628 1921 (9 months). $2, 138, 302 31, 015, 483 $848,607 111,585,493 $5, 105, 974 $4, 934, 482 $1, 454, 733 $1,075,908 Th6 chief coimtries of destination in 1919 and 1920 were: Of cam- eras, England and France; of films unexposed, England, Italy, and France; of" films exposed, England,. Canada, Australia, and France; of other sensitized goods, jJhotographic goods and apparatus, Eng- land and Canada. Important chmiges in classification^-^The first proviso is new. Photographic and moving-picture films, sensitized but not exposed or developed are transferred from the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 576). ' Conflicting provisions.^— TaTSLgrsLph 29, with reference to manufac- tures of pyroxylin, -provides • ' That all such articles, whether or not more specifically provided for. elsewhere, shall be dutiable under this f)aragraph." This 'wduld appear to be iii conflict with the provision or motion-picture films, as,. these films, are made generally with a pyroxylin base.- This paragraph provides ' for photographic cameras and parts thereof not specially provided for, -vvhile paragraph 228 provides for photographic and projection lenses not specially provided for. Suggested cTianaes. — Page 169, line 18 of H. R. 7456: Strike out comma between provided " and "further." 1206 STJMMABY OP TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. PARAGRAPH 1452. H. B. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1452. Pipes and smokers' articles: Common tobacco pipes and pipe bowls made wholly of clay, valued at not more than 40 cents per gross, 15 cents per gross; valued at more than 40 cents per gross, 45 per centum ad valorem; pipe bowls commercially known as stummels; pipes, cigar and cigarette holders, ,and mouth- pieces for pipes, cigar and cigarette hold- ers, all the foregoing of whatever material composed, and in whatever condition of manufacture, whether whoUy or partly finished, or whether bored or unbored; pouches for chewing or smoking tobacco, cases suitable for pipes, cigar and cigarette holders, finished or partly finished; ciga- rette books, cigarette-book covers, ciga- rette paper in all forms, except cork paper; and all smokers' articles what- soever, and parts thereof, finished or un- finished, not specially provided for, of whatever material composed, except china, porcelain, pariai;, bisque, earthen or stone ware, 45 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Par. 475. Pipes and smokers' articles: Qommon tobacco pipes and pipe bowls made wholly of clay, valued at not more than forty cents per gross, fifteen cents per gross; other tobacco pipes and pipe tiowls of clay, fifty cents per gross and twenty-five per centum ad valorem; other pipes and pipe bowls of whatever material composed, and all smokers' articles what- soever, not specially provided for in this section, including cigarette books, ciga- rette book covers, pouches for smoking or chewing tobacco, and cigarette paper in all forms, sixty per centum ad- valorem. ACT OF 1013. Par. 381. Pipes and smokers' articles: Common tobacco pipes and pipe bowls made wholly of clay, 25 per centum ad valorem; other pipes and pipe bowls of whatever material composed, and all smokers ' articles whatsoever, not specially provided for in this section,, including cigarette books, cigarette-book covers, pouches for smoking or chewing tobacco, and cigarette psiper in all forms, except cork paper; 50 per centum' ad valorem; Par. 356. * * * articles valued above 20 cents per dozen pieces designed to be worn on apparel or carried on or about or attached to the person, such as and in- cluding * * * cigar holders, * * * cigarette holders, » * » and parts thereof finished or partly fini^ed, com- posed of metal, * * * 60 per centum ad valorem. * * ». "pipes and smokers' artiolbs." (See- Survey N-26.) Description and uses. — ^The chief material used in the manufacture of pipe bowls is brier wood or brier root imported mainly from France and Italy, Other woods, as well as clay and meerschaum, are also employed. Pipe stems are made of reeds, wood, hard rubber, and for composition. The materials needed in mouthpieces for pipes and cigar and cigarette holders include hard rubber, bakelike, celluloid, ivory, and amber. The pipe bowl and the stem together form the stummel. Cigarette paper is a light white paper for making cigarettes, used by both the cigarette factory and the smoker. By far the greater StTMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921, 1207 part goes into factory-made cigarettes. It is made usually from flax and Eemp products. American consumers say that the imported product is much superior to the, domestic. 'Hie cigarette paper con- sumed in the United States comes mainly from France, Production. — Data cover a great variety of pipes, cigar and cigarette holders, but not cigarette paper, books, and book covers. There were 47 manufacturers of tobacco pipes in 1914, with capital of $3,232,000, 2,354 employees, wages of $1,188,000, cost of materials $2,308,000, and product valued at $4,220,000. This is a decline in the industry compared with 1909. New York leads in the industry with more than half the domestic output. In 1919 there were 56 establishments engaged in the manufacture of tobacco pipes with a product valued at $11,554,000. The estimated annual production of cigarette paper in the United States from 1918 to 1920 was as follows: 1918 1919 1920 Amount (pounds) 2,033,000 $2,000,000 1,629,000 $1,600,000 2,219,000 $2,200,000 Value This production represents roughly from one-fifth to one-third of the total cigarette paper used in the United States, the remainder being imported. Imports of cigarette books, cigarette book covers, and cigarette Eaper in 1914 were $795,429, exSuding $35,729 for manufacture in onded warehouse and for export. They were mainly from Prance and Austria-Hungary. In 1914 imports of pipes and pipe bowls of clay were valued at $35,676; and aU other articles, including pipes and pipe bowls of other material, all smokers' artides, n. s. p. f., and poucnes for smoking or chewing tobacco at $524,386, excluding $10,621 for manufacture in bonded warehouse and for export, mainly from Austria-Himgary, England, and Germany. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. CIGARETTE BOOKS, CIGARETTE-BOOK COVEBS, AND CIGARETTE PAPER IN ALL FORMS EXCEPT CORK PAPER. 1918 $6,722,534 7,722,102 4,692,064 3,339,909 $3,361,208 3,861,010 2,346,022 Percera. 50 1919 50 1920 .,.. SO 1921 (9 months) COMMON TOBACCO PIPES AND PIPE BOWLS OF CLAY. 1918 $4,716 15,852 12,091 10,455 $1,179 3,963 3,023 25 1919 25 1920 25 1921 f9 months'). . . . PIPES, PIPE BOWLS OF OTHER MATERIALS, AND ALL SMOKERS' ARTICLES, N. s. P. F., AND POUCHES FOB SMOKING OB CHEWING TOBACCO. 1918 : $132,733 $66,364 170,097 83,044 693,353 1 346.637 50 1919 SO 1920 50 1921 (9 months) 557,677 ] 1 1208 SUMMARY 'di" TAIlir# iwFORMAOftbisr-, 1921. Exports r — None recorded. ' Important changes in classification^ — The phrase "in whatever con- dition of manufactxire, whether wholly or ^partly finished, or whether bored or unbored" brings unfinished parts within the prdyisions for pipes and smokers' articles. The provision covering tobkcco pouches has been enlarged to include partly finished as well as wholly finished articles. The same is true of all smokers' finished articles whatsoever, and parts of, n. s. p. f., except suGh of these latter articles as are composed of china, porcelain, parian, bisque, earthen, or stone ware, which, are exempted from the provision for smokers' articles, h. S. p. f. ' Cases siiitable for pipes, cigar sind cigarette holders, finished or partly finished, are for the first time specifically provided for. Conflicting provisions. — This paragraph conflicts with paragraph 1428. Both paragraphs provide specifically for cigar and cigarette holders. The former provides for these articles of whatever material composed and in whatever condition of manufacture, wholly or partly finished, or whether bored or unbored. The latter provides for articled such as eigar and cigarette holdere of metal, whether finished or- imfinished articles, valued above . 20 cents per dozen pieces and designed to be worn on apparel or carried on or about or a,ttached to the person. ,^ , , , There is also a conflict between this paragraph and paragraph 29 in respect to smokers' articles such as cigar and cigarette holders and niuouthpieces for pipes, cigar and cigarette holders composed of compounds of pyroxylin. Suggested changes.— -The provisions in this paragraph for "ciga- rette books, cigarette-book covers,, cigarette paper in all fornis,, except cork paper," might be transferred to the paper schedule. PARAGRAPH 1453. H. B. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pah. 1453. Plush, black, known com- mercially as hatters' plush, composed of silk, or of silk and cotton, of the qualities and widths used geiierajly,in'the making , ,• , of men's hats, 10 per centum; ad valorem. ' ' - ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 477. Plush, black, known com- _Pak. 382. Plush, blMk/ known cpia- mercially as hatteirS' plush, composed of mercoally as hattefsi'^pluflh^^homposed! of silk, or of silk and cotton, such as is used silk, or of silk and cotton, such as is^used exclusively for making men's hats; iteji / for making men's hats, 10 per centum per centum ad valorem. ad valorem. hatters' plush. (See Survey L^l.)- ■■■ - ' ' Description and wSes.— ^H^tters' plush, under this paragraph,, refers to black plush 22 inches or more in width, with a soft silk "pile" that will iron down to a glossy surface and hold its color under the heated iron. It was primarily used for men's silk hats, but is now a favored material for women's high-grade hats and for other purposes. StTMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1209 Production. — American manufacturers have attempted to make hatters' plush, but, according to hat makers, with unsatisfactory results as to color. It is stated that domestic millinery plushes, closely resembling hatter's plush, are extensively made with a black that stands the heat of u-oning. Plush manufacturers and hat makers, however, disagree as to the possibility of producing in this country, with the same rate of duty as for other plushes, the quality demanded for men's silk hats. Imports of hatters' plush come almost exclusively from France, from 1895 through 1909 averaging only 146,000 in value. The uicrease, beginning in 1910 and lising to $170,777 in 1914; and to $445,070 in 1917, was largely due to the vogue of this material for women's hats and for other purposes. No phraseology so far adopted seems able to prevent imports, of hatters' plush nominally designed for men's hats from being used for other purposes. Imports since 1917 have been as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. ' Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 . Pounds. ., $67,097 463,224 641,548 639,939 46! 322 64.155 53,993 Per cent. 10 1919 121,604 84,004* 147,337 13.81 7.64 10 1920 . . . . 10 1921 (9 months) 10 Exports. — Not recoirded. Suggested changes. — As the variety of uses to which hatters' plush can be put is steadily increasing and as it seems impossible to confine the import 'to pililsh actually used in itnaking men's hats, it is sug- fested that this paragraph be omitted with the intent that it be utiable with other silk plushes under para^aph 1206. PARAGRAPH 1454. H. B. 7456. Par. 1454. All thermostatic bottles, ca- rafes, 'jugs, and other tltermostafSc con- tainers, of whatever material composed, constructed with a vacuous or partially vacuous insulating space to maintain the temperature of the contents, whether im- ported with or without a jacket or casing of metal or other material, shall pay the following rates of duty, namely: Having a capacity of one pint or less, 10 cente each; having a capacity of more than one pint, 20 cents each; and in addition thereto, on all of the foregoing, 30 per centum ad valorem; parts of any of the foregoing not including thoSe above men- tioned, 35 per centum ad valorem: Pro- vided, "Yb&t all artidte specified in th^ paragraph when imported shall have tiie name Of the maker -and beneath the same SENATE AMENDMENTS. 1210 SUMMARY or TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. the name of the country of origin legibly, indelibly, and conspicuously etched with acid on the glass part, and die stamped on the jacket or casing of metal or other material, in a place that shall not be covered thereafter: Provided further, That «ach label, wrapper, box, or carton in which any of the foregoing are wrapped or packed, when imported, shall have the name of the maker and beneath the same the name Of the country of origin legibly, indelibly, and conspicuously stamped or printed thereon. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. , [Classable according to component ma- [Classable according to component ma- "tenal of chief value. Those of blown terial of chief value. Those of blown •glass dutiable under paragraph 98 at 60 glass dutiable under paragraph 84 at 45 per centum ad valorem.] per centum ad valorem.] THERMOS BOTTLES. Description and uses. — ^Thermos bottles consist of double glass bottles, the smaller one enclosed within the larger, the two being fused together at the neck, but separated otherwise by a vacuum. Owing to their construction they, preserve for a considerable period the temperature of the contents as at the time when placed in the container. Production. — -Official statistics are not available, the value of the product being included with blown and pressed glassware. It was stated at the hearings before the Committee on Ways and Means that the average production in this country would amount to about 6,000,000 bottles, the thermos bottle complete, or 12,000,000 if con- sideration is given to the fact that they are double bottles. Imports are not shown in official statistics. Germany, Japan, and England export thermos bottles to the United States. Exports. — Not shown in official statistics. Important changes in classijication.— This is a new provision. PARAGRAPH 1455. H. B. 7466. Par. 1455. Umbrellas, parasols, and . sunshades covered with material other than paper or lace, not embroidered or . appliqued, and walking canes, 35 per centum ad valorem; handles and sticks : for umbrellas, jparasols, or simshades, fin- ished or unfinished, 30 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That no article pro- vided for in this paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty than the rate provided for the component material of chief value. ACT OF 1909. Par. 478. Umbrellas, parasols, and sun- shades covered with material other than paper or lace, fifty per centum ad valorem. Sticks for umbrellas, parasols, or sun- shades, and walking canes, finished or un- finished, forty per centum ad valorem. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. . Par. 383. Umbrellas, parasols, and sun- shades covered with material other than paper or lace, not embroidered or appU- qu6d, 35' per centum ad valorem. vSticks for umbrellas, parasols, or sunshades, and walking canes, finished or unfinished, 30 per centum ad valorem. SUMMABY OF TAKIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1211 UMBRELLAS AND CANES. (See Survey N-27.) Production.— Most umbrella sticks are now made of steel, but those for parasols are usuallj^ of wood. For walking canes woods of many Taneties are used, mainly reed, rattan, bamboo, and malacca. In 1914 there were 265 establishments, with a capital of $9,469,496, about 5,300 employees, wages of $2,895,783, cost of materials $8,592,000, and products (umbrellas, parasols, caneS, and parts there- of, including toy parasols) valued at $13,813,353. In 1919 the pro- duction of umbrellas and canes in the United States was valued at ^22,199,000. Imports.- — In 1914 imports of umbrellas, parasols, and simshades covered with material other than paper or lace not embroidered or appliqued were valued at $108,493, a part of which, valued at $69,563, were covered with material composed wholly or in part of sUk. ^'Sticks for umbrellas, parasols, or sunshades amounted to $5,844, ^' Sticks for walking canes " amounted to $100,576. Umbrellas, para- sols, and sunshades are imported principally from Germany, England, Japan, Spain, and France. Later imports have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. UMBBEI^LAS, PARASOLS, AND SUNSHADES, COVERED WITH MATERIAL OTHER THAN PAPER OR LACE, NOT EMBROIDERED OR APPLIQUED. 1918 1919 1920 , 1921 (9 months). Numher. 12,236 45,363 45,775 $19, 830 21,145 88,249 49,122 tl.73 1.94 1.07 S6,910 7,268 30,887 17, 192 Per cent. 35 35 35 35 STICKS FOR UMBRELLAS, PARASOLS, OR SUNSHADES. 1918 .... tl,410 10,044 22,378 13,587 S423 3,013 6,713 4,076 30 1919 1920 30 1921 (9 months) . 30 STICKS FOR WALKING CANES. 1918. ~. J7,726 25,446 75,005 33,456 $2,317 7,633 22,500 30 1919 1,599,307 30 1920 30 1921 (9 months) 30 TAMBOURED, EMBROIDERED, OR APPLIQU ]fcD PARASOLS.i 1918 . $1,616 1,799 5,326 $970 1,079 3,135 60 1919 791 1,665 $2.27 3.40 60 1920 60 ' Dutiable under paragraph 358, act of 1913. In 1920 imports of umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades not em- broidered or appliqued, covered with material composed wholly or in part of silk amounted in value to $62,207, and covered with other material except paper or lace to $25,042. 1212 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATIO:^, 1921.: Exports of umbrellas and parasols were valued at $29,903 in 1914, since which time they have greatly increased, and considerable quan- tities have been shipped to Cuba, Spain, Mexico, Brazil, England, Canada, and Australia. Later statistics of values of exports in calen- dar years are as follows: 1918, 1529,013; 19i9, $681,137;. 1920, $746,- 401; and 1921, nine months, $220,466. Important changes in classiJication.^r-W alking canes have, been clas- sified with umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades, whereas in the 1913 act (par. 383) they are included with "sticks for umbrellas, parasols, or sunshades, and walking canes, finished or imfinished." Handles, finished or unfinished, for umbrellas, parasols, or sun- shades are specifically provided for in the provision relating to sticks. A proviso has been added, to the effect that no article provided for in the paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty than the rate provided for the component material of chief value. Suggested changes. — Paragraph 1455, H. R. 7456, apparently pro- vides for finished canes only, as the provision, relating to "sticks" and "handles" is limited to those for umbrellas, parasols, and sun- shade^s. The proviso to this paragraph would not only involve difficulties of administration in determining the rate of duty on the component material of chief value in the case of such materials as cotton and silk and mixtures of cotton and silk, but also destructive analysis of coverings. The separation of walking canes from the provision for handles and sticks for umbrellas, etc., involves administrative difficulties, as they are often imported in small lots and large varietiy. These difficulties would be avoided by having the same rate of duty on this class' of merchandise. PARAGRAPH 1456. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1456. Waste, not specially pro- vided for, 10 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pae. 479. Waste, not specially pfo- Pah. 384. Waste, not specially pro- vided for in this section, ten per centum vided for in this section, 10 per centum ad valorem. ad valorem. - , Par. 66Q. Ra^, not otherwise specially Par. 586. Rags, not otherwise specially provided for in this section [Free]. provided for in this section {Free]. •, '•; WASTE. (See-Survey N-27.) Description and uses. — Waste refers to remnants and by-products of smaU value .that have not the quality or utility either of the finished product or of the raw material. (223 U. S. 501, of 1912.) Imports. — Imports classified under waste, n. s. p. f., do not cover all of the waste imported. Fur waste, although dutiable under this paragraph is separately shown as such under imports of furs. Imports of waste not elsewhere specified amounted to $990,014 in,.1914, j)rin- cipally from Englahd, Germany, Japan, France, and Canada., liater statistics follow: STJMMAEY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1213 Calendar year. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 1487,942 1,403,399 1,081,457 314,844 $48,790 140,321 108,146 Per cent. 10 1919 ■ ■ ■ 10 1920 10 1921 (9 Hionths) Exports. — None recorded. PARAGRAPH 1457. H. R. 7456. Pah. 1457. "White bleached beeswax, 15 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Pah. 506. Beeswax [Free]. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Pah. 412. Beeswax [Free]. WHITE BLEACHED BEESWAX. (See Survey FL-7.) Description and uses. — Beeswax is secreted by the cominon bee, Apis mellijica, as a product of digestion. It serves the bee witli material for btiildiag up the honeycombs. (For crude wax, see par. 1676, p. 1461 .) White bleacTied beeswax is produced from the natural crude material by processes of refining and bleaching, the operation requiring special machinery and skilled labor. Manufacturers state that the labor expeiise is at least one-third of the production cost. The bleached wax is employed in the manufacture of cosmetics and ointments, in the modeling of heads and forms for window and store display, and for similar uses. It is also used, both pure and as a component wax, in the better grades of candles. Beeswax for phar- maceutical products must comorm with the specifications of the United States Pharmacopeia. Production data are not available'from official sources. Imports are combined with those of crude wax (par. 1676, p. 1462). In a brief filed before the Committee on Ways and Means of the House, with reference to white bleached beeswax, it is stated that imports of this article constitutes 50 per cent of the domestic consumption. Exports are not separately recorded. Those shown under beeswax and probably all of crude wax amounted in 1914 to 96,215 pounds, valued at $27,292. Later exports by calendar years have been as follows: 1918, 165,382 pounds, valued at $63,244; 1919, 210,046 pounds, valued at $63,244; 1920, 632,811 pounds, valued at $294,592; 1921 (nine months), 80,650 pounds, valued at $24,608. Important cJianges in classification. — ^This provision is new, the pro- vision on the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 412) being for "beeswax." 1214 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. PARAGRAPH 1458. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1458. That there shall be levied, collected, and paid on the importation of all raw or unmanufactured "articles not enumerated or provided for, a duty of 10 per centum ad valorem, and on all articles manufactured, in whole or in part, not specially provided for, a duty of 20 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1909. Par. 480. That there shall be levied, / collected, and paid on the importation of all raw or unmanufactured articles, not enumerated or provided for in this sec- tion, a duty of ten per centum ad valorem, and on all articles manufactured, in whole or in part, not provided for in this section, a duty of twenty per centum ad valorem. Pak. 82. Sumac, ground, three-tenths of one cent per pound. ACT OF 1913. Par. .385. That there shall be levied, collected, and paid on the importation of all raw or unmanufactured articles not enumerated or provided for in this sec- tion, a duty of 10 per centum ad valorem, and on all articles manufactured, in whole or in part, not provided for in this section, a duty of 15 per centum ad va- lorem. Par. 7. * * * ammoniacal gas liquor, 10 per centum ad valorem. Par. 81. * * * unmanufactured car- bon, not specially provided for in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem; * * * Par. 285. Istle or tampico, when dressed, dyed, or combed, 20 per centum ad valorem. Pah. 618. Sumac, ground, * * » [Free]. ARTICLES NOT ENUMERATED OR PROVIDED FOR. (See Survey N-27.) General. — In any case where an nnenumerated article bears no statutory similitude to one that is enumerated the article falls within this paragraph. Imports in 1914 of unmanufactured articles under this paragraph were valued at $3,763, of manufactured articles, at $52,249. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. EAW OR UNMANUFACTURED ARTICLES. X918 * 436,652 70,529 134,989 77,331 J3„665 .7,053 1'3,499 7,733 Per cent. 10 1919 10 1920 : JO 1921 (9 months) 10 MANUFACTURED ARTICLES. 1918 $88,705 722,866 1,274,473 786,267 113,306 108,430 191,171 - 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) . . Suggested changes. — As this is the ultimate catch-all clause, it would naturally fallow rather than precede the similitude provision (par. 1459). SUMMAKY OF TAEIFP INFOKMATtON, 1921. 1215^ PARAGRAPH 1459. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1459. That each and every im- ported article, not enumerated ip this Act, which iB'similar, either in material, quality, texture, or the use to which it may be applied, to any article enumer- ■ ated in this Act as chargeable with duty, diall pay the same rate of duty which is levied on the enumerated article which it most resembles in any of the particulars before mentioned; and if any nonenumer- ated article equally resembles two or more enumera,ted ajticles on which different rates of duty are chargeable, there shall be levied oii such nonenumerated article the same rate of duty as is chargeable on the article which it resembles paying the highest rate of duty; and on articles noi enumerated, manufactured of two or more materials, the duty shall be assessed at the hjghestrate at which the same would be chargeable if composed wholly of the com- ponent material thereof of chief value; and the words " component material of chief value, " wherever used in this Act, shall be held to mean that component material which shall exceed in value any other single component material of the article; and the value of each component ma- terial shall be determined by i the ascer- tained value of such material in its condi- tion as found in the article. If two or more rates of duty shall be applicable to any imported article, it shall pay duty at the highest of such rates,, but this pro- vision shall not apply to articles on the free Ust. ACT OF 1909. Par. 481. That each and every im- ported article, not enumerated in this section, which is similar, either in ma- terial, quality, texture, or the use to which it may be applied, to any article enumerated in this section as chargeable with duty, shall pay the same rate of duty which is levied on the enumerated article which it most resembles in any of the particulars before mentioned; and if any nonenumerated article equally resem- bles two or more enumerated articles on which different rates of duty are charge- able, there shall be levied on such non- enumerated article the same rate of duty as is chargeable on the article which it resembles paying the highest rate of duty; and on articles not enumerated, manu- factured of two or more materials, the duty shall be assessed at the highest rate at which the same would be changeable if composed wholly of the component ma- terial thereof of chief value; and the words "component material of chief value," wherever used in this section, shall be held to mean that component material which shall exceed in value any other single component material of the ACT OF 1913. Par. 386. That each and every im- ported article, not enumerated in this section, which is similar, either in ma- terial, quality, teiture, or the use to- which it may be applied; to any article enumerated in this section as chargeable with duty, shall pay the same rate of duty which is_ levied on the enumerated article which it most resembles in any of the particulars before mentioned; and if any nonenumerated article equally re- sembles two or more enumerated articles on which different rates of duty are chargeable, there shall be levied on such nonenumerated article the same rate of duty as is chargeable on the article which it reseiflbles paying the Jiighest rate of duty; and on articles not enumerated, manufactured of two or more materials, the duty shall be assessed at the highest rate at which the same would be charge- able if composed wholly of the component material thereof of chief value; and the Words "component material of chief value," wherever used in this section, shallbe held to taean that component material which shall exceed in value any othef singlie coniponelit material of the- 1216 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFGRMATI03S-, 1«31. ACT OF 1909. i J/ ,,;, ACT OF 1913. :articleF; and the value of each component article; and the value of each component material shall be determined by the material shfill be determined by the a.Bcerta,ined value of such material in its ascertained value of such material in its •condition as found in the article. If two condition as found in the article. If two or more rates of duty shall be applicable or more rates of duty shall be applicable to any imported article, it shall pay duty to any imported article, it shall p^y duty .at the highest of such rates. at the highest of such rates. -ARTICLES NOT ENUMERATED WHICH BEAR A SIMILITUDE TO ENUMEE- » ATED ARTICLES. (See Survey N-27.) General. — In determming the classification of any article not •enumerated in any part of the tariff, the first inquiry is whether it bears a similitude to any enumerated article. The requirement of the clause is whether there be similitude in any one of the four particulars — material, quality, texture, or the use to which the article may be applied. The similitude must be substantial, not Teferring merely to adaptability to sale as a substitute for an article which it resembles, but referring rather to its employment or to its effect in producing results. Reference to an article in gen- eral terms is enumeration within the clause. Where a provision expressly excludes merchandise of a specific description, such mer- chandise is not subject through the siniilitu,de rule to the duty imposed by such enumerating clause upon articles which the excluded merchandise shall resemble. The similitude clause contemplates similarity and not identity between the related articles. In determining the component of chief value, the value -of the several materials shall be determined as of the time when they havjB reached such a condition that nothing remains to be done upon them by the manufacturer except putting them together to make the complete product. The component material of chief value is the component material exceeding in value any other single compo- Tient. material of the article. ' While it is the rule that the component material of chief value is that single component material w;hich exceeds in value any other single component material, Congress makes exceptions to the rule Ijy providing that two or more component materials may be con- sidered together. Such an exception is made in paragraph 256, tariff act of 1913, by the language "cotton or other vegetable fiber and India rubber," which means that, for this purpose, the value of the cotton or the value of the other vegetable fiber is to be added to that of the India rubber. The exception, however, does not extend to the rest of the paragraph so as to make it include articles the component material of chief value of which is cotton aind other -vegetable fiber, but not cotton or other vegetable fiber. iCMn~v. United States, 11 Ct. Cust.Appls., — -; T. D. 38932 of 1921.) The value of component materials is to be taken as of the date of exportation and not the value or cost of the materials at the time they were purchased by the manufacturer. (G. A. 8307, T. D. "38191, of 1919.) The highest-rate rule will be resorted to only, in a clear case. iWoolworth V. United States,^ 1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 120, of 1910.) ImpoHapt changes in classiJicdtion.-^-The clause "but this provision «hall not apply to article^, ori, the free list " has been added. FREE LIST. H. B. 7456. Title II. Section 201. That on and after the day following the passage of this Act, except as otherwise specially provided for in this Act, the articles mentioned in the following paragraphs, when im- ported into the United States or into any of its possessions (except the Philippine Islands, the Virgin Islands, and the islands of Guam and Tutuila), shall be exempt from duty: ACT OF 1909. Free List.- That on and after the day ;foll6wing the passage of this Act, Except as otherwise speciallyprovided for in this Act, the &.r- ticles mentioned in the following para- graphs shall, when imported into the United States or into any of its possessiopa (except the Philippine Islands and the islands of Guam and Tutuila), be exempt from duty: SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Free List.' That on and after the day following the passage of this Act, except as otherwise specially provided- for in this Act, the ar- ticles mentioned in the following para- graphs shall, when imported into the United States or into any of i^s possessions (except the Philippine Islands and the islands of Guam and Tutuila), be exeinpt from duty: SCHEDULE 15. PARAGRAPH 1501. H. B. 7456. Par. 1501. Acids and acid anhydrides: Chromic acid, hydrofluoric acid,, hydro- chloric or muriatic acid, nitric acid, sul- phuric acid or oil of vitriol, and mixtures of nitric and sulphuric acids, valerianic acid, and all anhydrides of the foregoing not specially provided for. ACT OF 1909. Par. 1. Acids: * * * chromic acid, two cents per pound; * * * sulphuric acid or oil of vitriol not specially pro- vided fcf in this section, oiie'fourth of one cent per pound; * * *. Par. 482. Acids; * * * fluoric, hy- drochloric or niuriatic, nitric,* * * and valerianic [Free]. Par. 687. Sulphuric acid which at the temperature of sixty de^ees Fahrenheit does not exceed the specific gravity of one and thi'ee huhdred and eighty one- thousandths, for use in manufacturing su- perphosphate of lime or artificial manures of any kind, or for any agricultural pur- poses: Provided, That upon all sulphuric acid iinjiiorted from any country, whether SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 387. Acids: » » » chromic, hy- drofluoric, hydrochloric or muriatic, ni- tric, * * * - sulphuric or oil of vitriol, and -valerianic. [Mixtures of nitric and sulphuric acids covered by the provision for nitric acid in par. 387 of the free Ust. Aetna. Explosives Co. V. United States, 9 Ct. Gust. Appls., 298, of 1919.] » Supplies for American Red Cross donated abroad exempted Irom duty by act ot Aug. 31, 1918, chap. 165, until one year after end of war. 1217 82304r-22 ^T7 1218 SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. independent or a dependency, which im- poses a duty upon sulphuric aci#, im- ported into such country from the 'United States, there ^hall be levied and collected a duty of one-fourth of one cent per pound. Par. 3. * * * chemical compounds, mixtures, and ealts, * * *, not spe- cially provided for in this section, twenty- five per centum ad valorem; * * *. [Covering mixtures of nitric and sul- phuric acids.] [No corresponding provision for anhy- drides.] CHBOMIC ACID. (See Survey A-18.) Description and uses. — The so-caUed chromic acid of commerce is chromic anhydride or chromium trioxide. It is a strongly acid sub- stance crystallizing in scarlet needles, used in electric batteries, pho- tograJ)hy, as an oxidizer in analytical and manufacturing chemical operations, in tanning leather, etching copper, . bleaching, and for hardening microscopical preparations. Production. — Chroniic acid is produced by treating sodium or potas- sium dichromate -with Concentrated sulphuric acid. Imports in 1914 were 7,211 pounds, valued at $l,l95, all from Ger- many. Since 1917 they have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. TTnit value. 1918 Pounds. 9,512 lilOO 1,040 $1,857 90 411 10.19 1920 .08 1921 (9 months) .39 Exports. — Statistics not available. HTDBOFLITOEIC ACID. (See Survey FL-1.) Description and uses.— Commercial hydrofluoric acid is a solution of the pure acid in water. Its principal use is for etching and mark- ing glass. The raw materials used m its manufacture iare fluorspar and sulphuric acid, both produced in this coimtry. It must be shipped in bottles of wax or lead. "Fluoric acid" is an obsolete term for hydrofluoric acid. Production in 1914 by nine establishments was 7,209,248 pounds, of which 5,373,657 pounds were sold for $325,540. In 1919 (pre- liminary figures), 5,675,400 pounds, valued at $440,200 were pro- duced. Imports have been less than one-tenth of 1 per cent of the domestic froduction. Before the war they were mostly from Germany, mports are not recorded since 1918. Exports. — Statistics not available. SUMMAHY OF TAEIFF INFOBMAHON, 1921. 1219 - Important changes in. classification. — "Fluoric" in paragraph 387, act of 1913, has been omitted as an ohsolete tema for hydroifluoric acid. HYDROCHLORTC OR MURIATIC ACID. , (See Survey FL-1.) '■' , Description and uses. — Commercial hydrochloric acid is a solution of varying percentages of hydrogen chloride and water. When pure it is coloness, but th& commercial grades usually contain traces of such impuritiesr jas ferj-ic chloride, free chlorine, or organic matter, which colors the acid yellow. Impure hydrochloric ox commerciiil acid is often eaUed muriatic acid. The acid is. very corrosive, dis- solving metallic oxides and many metals forming chlorides. It is on the market in strengths ranging in density from 18° to 22° Baum6. In Europe it is used for the production of chlorine. In the United States it is employed for the production of chlorides of many metals, purifying bonechar, in dyeing and printing cloth, for preparing carbonic acid, in the manufacture of many coal-tar dyes, in pickling iron and steel, ia the production of glue, and for many other purposes. Production. — Hydrochloric acid is manufactured commercially by four processes : (1) In America, by the action of niter cake on common salt (sometimes modified by the addition of sulphuric acid) ; (2) in Europe, as a by-product from the manufacture of salt cake (Leblanc soda process); (3) as a by-product ia the chlorination of organic materials, chiefly of coal-tar origin; and (4) synthetically, by the combination of hydrogen and chlorine from electrolytic cells. The domestic production in 1918 was about 140,000,000 pounds of 100 per ceii,t acid. In 1919 (preliminary figures) production was 294,260,000 pounds (strength not stated), valued at $4,312,300. Imports in 1914 were less than one-tenth of 1 per cent of the domestic production. Imports since 1917 have been as foUows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. 1918 Pounds. 3,^50,425 4:029,820 5,264,348 ; 842,700 $31,330 44,834 69,74t 8,646 SO. 01 1919 .01 1920 .01 1921 (9 months) :... .01 Exports.^— St&tistics not available. NITRIC ACID. CSee Survey FL-1.) Description and uses. — Nitric acid is a highly corrosive, inorganic acid. In a concentrated form it rapidly destroys organic niatter, while in a dilute state it attacks most metals forming metallic salts. It is sold in several standardized strengths " expressed in degrees Baum6 (specific gravity), which depend entirely upon the relative proportion of acid and water. The color of the commercial acid varies from water white to deep red. Nitric acid is used in the manu- facture of nearly all explosives and coal-tar dyes, sulphuric acid (lead chamber process), pickling liquors, pyroxylia plastics, pyro- technics, imitation leather, rubber substitutes, insecticides, arid the salts of many metals. 1220 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Produchon. — It is made commercially bj three distinct processes (1) from nitrate of soda and sulphuric acid, (2) by passing electric sparks through air, and (3) by passing ammonia and air over red-hot platmum. The nitrate-sulphuric acid process is the oldest, and is still the chief domestic source of nitric acid. The second and third processes have resulted from the large war demand for the acid and because of insufficient raw materials (chiefly nitrate of soda, which is imported from Chile). The United States produced 78,589 short tons of nitric acid in 1914 and 634,817 short tons of 100 per cent acid in 1918. In 1919 (preliminary figures) production was 19,440 short tons, valued at $2,976,100. Imports for the calendar years 1918 and 1920 are as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. 1918 Pownds. 17,444^895 47^754 $1,254,572 4,180 1920 09 Exports since 19i7 (for calendar years), chiefly to Canada, Mexico, and Cuba have been as follows : 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9months). ' 39,584,858 $23,231,892 501,568 $73,006 716,914 $96,109 119,030 Value $18 131 Important changes in classification. — Nitric acid is largely used in the form o'f "mixed acid," consisting olf nitric and sulphuric acids. A mixture of 20.16 of sulphuric acid and 72.28 of nitric acid, the remainder water, was held by the Board of General Appraisers to be a mixture within paragraph 5 (G. A. 8235, T. D. 37927, of 1919), but the Court of Customs Appeals held the proper classification to be under paragraph 387 as nitric acid, the sulphuric acid to be treated as a part of the packing of the goods for shipment. {Aetna Explosives Co. V. United States, 9 Ct. Cust. Appls., 298, of 1919.) Aflarmed in Supreme Court on writ of certiorari. In view of this judicial construction, a provision for "mixtures of nitric and sulphuric acids" was added. (Reclaissification Report, p. 97.) SULPHURIC ACID. (See Survey FI^l.) Description and uses.— Sulphuric acid is the most important single commodity in the chemical industry. The strong acid is i' compara- tively heavy (about twice the weight of water) , oily liquid, practically colorless and odorless.- The strong acid 6xhibits powerful dehydrating properties and is intensely corrosive. Sulphuric acid may be either chamber-process acid" or " contact-process acid," according to the method of manufacture. The strengths commonly recognized and dealt in commercially are 50, 60, and 66 per cent, inonohydrate, and oleum. The chamber process yields impure acid npt over 60 per cent in strength, whereas the contact-process acid is pure and concentrated. Sulphuric acid has diversified uses, but by far the greatest is in the SUMMABY OF TAEIFP INFORMATION, 1921. 1221 production of commercial fertilizers. During the war large quan- tities were consumed in the production of explosives. Production. — Sulphuric acid is made by oxidizing sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide and absorbing the fumes or gases in water or weak sulphuric acid. The sulphur dioxide is obtained as a by- product from zinc and copper smelting, or by burning iron pyrites (sulphur ore) or brimstone. The domestic production was about 4,705,000 short tons of 100 per cent acid in 1918 and 2,400,000 short tons in 1914. The large increase in 1918 was caused by the great demand in the manufacture of explosives. The production in 1919 (preliminary figures), on a basis of 62 per cent acid, was 3,296,270 short tons, valued at $35,638,200. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. 1918 1919 , 1920 1921 (9 months). Pownds. 11,374,400 14,746,049 10,817,784 3,784,320 S176,223 116,725 87,979 38,874 $0.01 .01 .01 .01 Exports before the war were less than 0.2 per cent of the domestic firoduction. For the calendar years 1918-1921 they have been as oUows : 1921(9 months). Quantity (pounds). Value 80,294,643 $1,278,027 21,295,522 $489,966 28,987,342 $738,188 10,071,432 $229,853 TJie countries of destination are chiefly Mexico, Argentina, and Cuba. VALERIANIC ACID. (See Survey FL-1.) Description and uses. — Valerianic or valeric acid is an oily liquid with a msagreeable odor. It is obtained by the oxidation of amyl alcohol or by distillation of oil of valerian. It is used medicinally for hysteria and nervousness. , Imports in 1914 were 1,164 pounds, valued at $755, all from Germany. Later statistics follow.: Calendar year. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity. Value. Pounds. 487 240 460 435 I $1,469 899 1,379 1,342 Exports. — Statistics not available. Unit value. $3.02 3.74 3.00 i08 1222 SUMMARY OP TARIFF INFORMATrON, 1921; ACID ANHYDRIDES. Important changes in classification. — As the chromic acid of com- merce is in the anhydrous form, the proviso "and all anhydrides of the foregoing," has been added. This change will include all the anhydrides of the acids on the free list as well as the acids and will avoid possible conflict with paragraph 1. PARAGRAPH 1502. H. R. 7456. Par. 1502. Aconite, aloes, asafetida, cocculus indicuB, ipecac, jalap, manna, marstmallqw or althea root, leaves and flowers, mat^, and pyrethrum or insect flowers, all the foregoing which are nat- ural and uncompounded and are in a crude state, not advanced in value. oi condition /By shredding, grinding, chip- ping, crushing, or any. other process or treatment whatever beyond that essential to proper packing and the prevention of decay or deterioration pendin|; nianu- facture: Provided, That no article 'con- taining alcbhol shall be admitted free of duty under this paragraph. ACT OF 1909. Par. 483. Aconite [Free]. Par. 503. Asafetida [Free]. Par. 538. Cocculus indicus [Free]. Par. 559. Drugs, * * * not advanced * * * [Free]. [Covered aloes and pyrethrum or insect flowers.] Par. 594. Ipecac [Free]. Par. 597: Jalap [Free]. Par. 620. Manna [Free]. Par. 623. Marshmallow or althea root, leaves or flowers, natural or unmanufac- tured [Free]. Par. 480. * * * unmanufactured articles, not enumerated * * * ten per centum, ^d valorem, * * * [Cov- ered mat6.] SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 388. Aconite [Free]. " Par. 405. Asafetida [Free]. Par. 454. Cocculus indicus [Free]. .. Par. 477. Drugs, * * * not advanced * * * [Free]. [Covers a,loes and py- rethrum or insect flowers.] Par. 516. Ipecac [Free]. : Par. 519. Jalap [Free]. » Par. 541. Manna [Free]. Par. 544. Marshmallow or althea root, leaves or flowers, natural or unmanufac- tured [Free]. Par. 552. * * » vegetable sub- stances, ,crude or unmanufactured, not otherwise specially provided for in this section [Free]. [Covers mat^.] [For discussion, see paragraph 32, p. 92.] PARAGRAPH 1503. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ,Par. 1503. Agates, unmanufactured. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 485. Agates, unmanufactured Par. 390. Agates, unmanufactured [Free]. [Free]. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1223 AGATES. (See' Survey N-1.) Descri^ption and uses. -^Agate is a variety of quartz which is pecuhar in that it consists of bands or layers of blfended colors. Certain varieties are distinguished, as ribbon agate, fortification agate, moss agate, star agate, zone agate,' clouded agate, etc. Most commercial agate is artificially stained, so Jthat stones naturally unattractive come to be valuable for ornamental purposes. ' Agates are used in rings, cups, beads, boxes, handles of small utensilsj burnishers, pestles, ihortars, and trivial ornaments, and in delicate mechanisms, such as bearing-siirface pivots and knife edges of weighing apparatus. Production. — NunierOtis locahties yield agates. They are abun- dant in trap rocks of the Lake Superior region. Wood agate, or agatized wood, is found in Colorado, California, and elsewhere in the West, the famous "sHicified forest," known as Chalcedony Park, in Arizona, being most noted! Foreign agates are found mainly in Uruguay and Brazil; these were formerly sent to Germany, where their polishing was an important industry. /mpoT^' values of agate from 1907 to 1914 ranged between $247 in 1912 and $934 in 1907. Imports wholly disappeared shortly after the outbreak of the World War, because of the blockade of Germany, whence came the principal supply. Imports for 1920 (calendar year) were 42,235 pounds, valued at ' f 1,764; for 9 months of 1921, 192,487 pounds, valued at $12,962. Exports. — None recorded. PARAGRAPH 1504. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1504. Agriciiltuial implements: PlowB, tooth or disk harrows, headers,, harvesters, reapers, agricultural drills and planters, mowers, horserakes, cultivators, thrashing machines, cotton gins, ma- chinery for use in the manufacture of sugar, wagons and carts, aiid all other ag- ricultural implements of any kind or de- scription, whether specifically mentioned herein or not, whether in whole or in parts, including repair parts. ACT OF 1009. ACT OF 1913. Pah. 476. Plows, tooth and disk har- Par. 391. Agricultural implements: rows, harvesters, reapers, agricultural Plows, tooth and disk harrows, headers, drills and planters, mowers, horserakes, harvesters, reapers, agricultural drills and cuftivators, threshing machines, and cot- planters, mowers, horserakes, cultivators, ton gins, fifteen per centum ad valorem: thrashing machines, cotton gins, ma- Promded, That any of the foregoing, when chinery for use in the manufacture of imported from any country, dependency, sugar, wagons and carts, and all other province, or colony which imposes no agricultural implements of any kind and tax or duty on like articles imported from description, whether specifically men- the United States, shall be imported free tioned herein or not, whether in whole or of duty. in parts, including repair parts [Free]. 1224 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATIONj 1821. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS AND MACHINES. (See Survey FI^3.) Description and ix^ses. — The articles of this paragraph may be classi- fied as (1) agricultural implements, including cotton gins, (2) machin- ery for use m the manufacture of sugar, and . (3) wagons' and carts. The first includes implements used in plowing, planting, ^reaping, and preparing crops for use in their raw form or for manufaqture. ,The cotton gin, as its function is merely to separate the seeds from, the cotton fiber and not to convert either into a more highly developed product, is an agricultural appliance similar to a threshing machine. Sugar machinery belongs to a different category, as its purpose is to refine a raw product into one more highly developed. Wagons and carts, even when used in agricultural operations, obviously form a distinct group. Production. — The United States leads in the manufacture of agri- cultural implements. In 1914 the total value (exclusive of cotton gins) was $164,086,835, divided as follows: Plows and cultivators, $38,662,037; planters and seeders, $12,188,757; harvesting imple- ments, $39,581,286; seed separators, $13,096,289; all other products, including parts for all classes of implements,- $59,121,201; amount received for repair work, $1,437,265. The output of cotton gins was valued at $4,901,680, and of sugar-mill machinery at $1,971,546. Wagons and carts amounted to 533,601, valued at $34,506,942, of which farm wagons, including carts and trucks numbering 384,663,, were valued at $19,708,423. In 1919 the country's output was as f oUows : Number. Value. Plows, liarrows, sind cultivators Planters and seeders Hayrakes and tedders Mowers and reapers '. Other harvesting implements Threshers -. , Other seed separators All other agricultural implements and parts. All other products Cotton gins , Sugar-mill machinery , 2,634,000 495,000 104,000 379,000 20,000 87,000 {65,329,000 17,490,000 4,772,000 40,170,000 . 9,289,000 ,16,593,000 '5,772,0()0 64,106,000 68,500,000 8,632,000 13,249,000 Imports. — Imports are small compared with exports. They con- sist, however, of a large number of classes and may be grouped as follows : SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1225 Cotton gins; Quantity (number) Value Drills and planters: Quantity (number) Value _ Harrows, tooth and disk: Quantity (number) Value Headers, harvesters, and reapers: Quantity (number) Value Horse rakes: Quantity (number) Value Mowers: Quantity (number) Value Plows and cultivators: Quantity (number) Value Sugar machinery: Value Threshing madiines: Quantity (number) Value J Wagons and carts: ' Quantity (number) . .' Value ; All other agricultural implements: Value ; 1918 (last 6 months). 50 $6,798 9 $827 1£ $417 23 $3,760 20 $615 47 $2,617 ' $15„595 $10,240 40 ' $14,483 76 $4, 301 $412,355 Total agricultural implements: Value $472,007 54 $5,671 672 $13,062 2,'067 $444,229 H $298 37 $1,531 3,414 $174,744 $12,224 1,314 $1,274,053 94 $5,966 $1, 423, 890 $3,355,668 1920 81 $15,589 134 $19, 873 1,551 $60,970 875 $167,610 33 $2,829 1,744 $141, 594 \2,094 $1,166,461 $100, 979 1,026 $850,375 $8,614 $3, 181, 679 $5,716,573 1921 (9 months). 2 $7,652 30 $3,663 150 $6,970 7 $8, 285 7 $165 22 $790 1,762 $172,982 $87, 885 143 $121, 898 65 $3,795 $1, 18?, 309 $1,597,374 During the first six months of 1918 there were imported into the United States agricultural implements and parts of the same to the value of $255,229. After July 1, 1918, the imports of agricultural implements were divided into 11 classes as tabulated. Canada is almost the only source of supply for all classes of agricultural im- plements except sugar machiiiery, which comes principally from France, although also from the United Kingdom, Germany, and Sweden. Exports.— -"Exports for the calendar years 1918-1921 may be divided into the following classes : 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Cotton gins and parts oS: Quantity (number) Value Planters and seeders Tractors, except-^team: Quantity (number) Value Parts of tractors except engines Hay rakes and tedders Mowers and reapers Plows and cultivators Sugar-mill machinery Threshers Wagons: Quantity (number) ■. Value All other agricultural implemeiits. Parts of agricultural implements . . 511 $113,317 $849, 070 $295, 746 $693,698 $433,689 $810,679 $562,664 $5, 228, 407 $8,705,989 $9,468,511 $2,034,713 5,624 $519,787 $8,508,818 $6,959,503 $605, 427 $10,494,723 $10,611,348 113,805,940 $1,660,168 7,743 $750,326 $9,527,727 $7,702,403 $756,310 $10,165,670 $13,003,023 $22,786,977 $3,260,990 10,784 $1, 222, 567- $10,514,829 $7,767,137 $105,139 $421, 177 2,134 $1,971,848 $870, 987 $436,980 $6,066,616 $5,575,786 $14, 135, 808 $6, 420, 614 8,712 $841, 131 $7,038,456 $7,877,326 The principal countries of destination are Canada, Argentina,. France, Cuba, the Philippine Islands, British India, and the United Kingdom. 1226 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOKMATION, 1921, PARAGRAPH 1505. H. B. 7456. Par. 1505. Albumen, not specially- provided for. ACT OF 1909. Par. 257. * * * albumen,' * * * blood, three cents per pound; * * *. Pab. 486. Albumen, not specially pro- vided for in this sectioif [Free]. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT or 1913. Par. 392. Albumen, riot specially pro- vided for in this section [Free], t; AXBtJMEN. (See Survey G-11.) Description and uses. -^Alhumen belpngs to the nitrogenous organic substances known as proteins/constituents of botli animals and plants. Egg albumen (par. 713) and blood albumen are the common commer- cial forms. Blood albumen is a by-product of slaughterhouses (large- scale production). Albumen may also be obtained from milk, and there is a so-called " vegetable " albumen. It is used as a mordant in dyeing and calico printing, in the leather industry, in gimis and ad- hesives, as a clarifying agent for the preparation of photographic papers, and in medical foods. iThports of albumen in 1914 were 382,589 pounds, valued at $58,175, about 75 per cent coming from Germany. They declined duringthe war and amounted toomy 671 pounds in the fiscal year . 1918. ,, Im- ports since 1917 follow: ; : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. 1918 Pounds. 1,378 885 44,331 '8 603 1858 288 , 24,984 3/395 to. 62 1919 .33 1920 i 56 1921 (9 months).-; ' Exports. — Statistics not available. PARAGRAPH 1506. H. B. 7456. - Pab. 1506. Ambergris, castoreum,civet, and musk, grained or in pods. ACT OF 1909. Par. 489. Ambergris [Free]. Par. 528. Cantor or castoreum [Free]. Par. 533. Civet, crude [Free].: Par. '631. Musk, crude, in natural pods [Free]. Par. 639. Oils: * * * crude and rectified ambergris, * * * [Free]. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 49. Ambergrisj * * * musk, graine.d or in pods, civet, * * * all the foregoing not containing alcohol and not specially provided for in this section, 20 per centum ad valorem. Par. 442. Castor or castoreum [Free], SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. 1227 AMBERGRIS. (See Survey A-14.) -Description, iLses, and production. — ^Ambergris is supposed to be undigested matter, present in the intestines of unhealthy whales. This substance is found floating on the sea, especially in the Southern Hemisphere. It is usually found in small fragments, but some- times m large pieces, weighing 200 pounds. It was used chdefly in perfume manufacture, but its use has largely decreased in recent years, as synthetic substances have become available at a fraction of the co^t of the natural article. The supply of ambergris is irregular and uncertaiu. ' " ;. Imports since 1918 have been small, the maximum being 19 pounds duriag thte' first nine months of 1921. Scporfc.-^— Statistics not available. Irhportant chdng^es'in: classification^ — ^Ambergris is dutiable under paragraph 49, act of 1913. CASTOREUM. (See Survey FI^2,> , Description and uses.— C&stoTewa. is a product derived froni the beaver. It was formerly used as a drug, and is now chiefly employed in the manufacture of perfumes and cosnietics. Production. — Castoreum is collected in Canada by fur trappers. Supplies are also furnished by Russia, but have greatly dechned in recent years. Imports of castor or castoreum for 1911-1918 aVerJtged l4,085 ounces, valued at $5,616. ' Imports since 1917 have b^en' as follows: Calendar year. Qilantity. Value. Unit value. 19IR Ounces. ' 24,704 39,300 7,720 6,700 $7,985 ,11,779 "2,491 1,533 to. 32 1919 . .30 1920 : 1 .32 1921 (9 months) . .23 Exports.- — Statistics not available. CIVET. ' (See Survey A-14.) Description and uses.—Cbrei is a secretion contained in a pouch of the civet cat of Abyssinia. It is a semiliquid yellow . substance", becoming brown on exposure to the. air. It has a strong odor and is used exdusively for perfumery. Substances which resemble civet are now produced synthetically and are available in liquid and crys- talline form. Imports of civet in 1913 were 11,269 ounces, valued at $15,557, and were admitted free of duty. In the fiscal year 1918 the imports 1228 SUMMARY or TAKIFS" INFORMATION, 1021. were 9,766 ounces, valued at 811,877, jdelding a revenue of $2,375, Imports since 1917 have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value, f Unit value.- ;_1 < Duty. Ad valorem rate. , 1918 Ounces. 9,322 17,688 , 11,312 4,150 111,560 .49/562 18,678 5,984 J1.24 1.11 l.§5 1.44 $2,3i'2' 3,910 3,736 Percent. X 2» 20 20 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) Important changes in classiJication.—CiYei is dutiable under para- grapn 49 of the act of 1913. Suggested changes. — Change comma to. a semicolon after "civet" and strike out and" before "miisk" because musk alone of the articles named in paragraph 1506 comes in as grained or in pods. MtrsK. (See Survey A-14.) Description and ibses. — Musk is a dried secretion from the preputial follicles of the male musk deer. The chief source of supply is Tibet, China. Musk enters commerce in two forms, either in the dried sacs or pods as taken from the deer, or the pods are opened and the mus^ removed, when it is known as grain musk. An "American musk," the sacs of the common inuskrat, have been used as a substitute. Owing to its high price, musk is one of the most frequently adulterated Eerfume materials^ An imitation musk, is prepared from coal tar. [usk is of chief value as an ingredient of perfuine and is said to add strength and persistency to vegetable essences. Production. — The musk deer is a small animal found in the moun- tains and table-lands of Central Asia. The animal is taken for its hide and musk, chiefly the latter. China, which imports musk from Tibet, consumes about half of the world's total output. Shanghai is the principal export market. The value of the 1915 musk crop was $266,00(), and in 1916 there were shipped 25,160 ounces, valued at $407,000.. Imports. — France has usually been the largest importer of Chinese musk, but in 1915 the United States stood fibrst, taking about one- foiu-th of the year's product. ' i- ! The import of crude musk in natural pods in 1913 was 12,994 ounces, valued at $124,855; in 1918 (fiscal year) it was 5,516 ounces, valued at $33,970, and yielded a revenue of $6,794. The import of grain musk in 1913 was valued at $7,699 and yielded a revenue of $769; in 1917 it increased to $63,304 and yielded a revenue of $12,660; and in 1918 (fiscal year) declined to $29,246. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: SUMMAKY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1229 Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. MUSK, GRAINED. 1918 Ounces. $3,154 5,596 7,382 45,066 $631 1,119 1,476 Per cm*. 20 1919 891 1,465 3,666 $6.28 5.04 12.29 20 1920 20 1921 (9 montlis) MUSK, IN PODS. 1918 7,969 10,780 13,502 2,542 $136,610 156,110 242,041 29,790 $17. 14 ' 14.48 17.93 11.72 $27,322 .31,222 48, 408 20 1919 20 1920 - ■ 20 1921 (9 mon-ths) Important changes, in graph 49, act of 1913. classification., — i/ [usk is dutiable under para- 1507. SENATE AMENDMENTS. H. B. 7456. PARAGE APH Pah. 1507. Aay animal imported by a citizen of the United States, specially for breeding purposes, shall be admitted free, whether intended to be used by the im- porter himself or for sale for such pur- poses, except black or silver foxes: Pro- vided, That no such animal shall be ad- mitted free unless pure bred of a recog- nized breed and duly registered in a book of record recognized by the Secretary of Agriculture for that breed: Provided fur- ther. That the certificate of such record and pedigree of such animal shall be pro- duced and submitted to the Department of Agriculture, duly authenticated by the proper custodian of such book of record, together vdth an affidavit of the owner, agent, or importer that the animal im- ported is the identical animal described in said certificate of record and pedigree. The Secretary ot Agriculture may prer scribe such regulations as may be required for determining the purity of breeding and the identity of such animal : And pror vided further, That the collectors of cus- toms shall require a certificate from the Department of Agriculture stating that sucn animal is pure bred of a recognized breed and duly registered in a book of record recognized by the Secretary of Agriculture for that breed. The Secretarjr of the Treasury may pre- scribe such additional regulations as may be required for the strict enforcement of this provision. Horses, mules, asses, cattle, sheep, and other domestic animals straying across the boundary line into any foreign country, or driven across such boundary line by the owner for temporary pasturage pur- poses only, together with their offspring, 1230 SUMMARY OF TABIPF INFOKMATIONj 1921. H. R. 7456. shall be dutiable unless brought back to the United States within eight months, in which case they shall be free of duty, under regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury: And provided further, That the provisions of this Act shall apply. to all such animals ag.have been imported and are in quarantine or otherwise in the -custody of customs' or other ofFicers of the United States at the date of the taking effect of this Act. ACT OF 1909. Par. 492. Any animal imported by a citizen of the United States, specially for breeding purposes shall be admitted free, whether intended to be so used by tie importer himself, or for sale for such pur- pose: Provided, That no such animal shall be admitted free unless pure bred of a recognized breed, and duly registered in'" the book of record established for that breed: And provided further. That certifi- cate of such record and of the pedigree of such animal shall be produced and sub- mitted to the customs officer, duly authen- ticated by the proper custodian of such book of record, together with the affidavit of the owner, agent, or importer that such animal is the identical animal described in said certificate of record and pedigree: And provided further. That the Secretary of Agriculture shall determine and certify to the Secretary of the Treasury what are recognized breeds and pure bred animals under the provisions of this paragraph. The Secretary of the Treasury may pre- scribe such additional regulations as may be required for the strict enforcement of this provision. Cattle, horses, sheep, or other domestic animals straying across the boundary line into any foreign country, or driven across such boundary line by the owner for temporary pasturage purposes only, together with their offspring, may be brought back to the United States within six months free of duty, under regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury: And provided further, That the provisions of tlus Act shall apply to all such animals as have been imported and are in quarantine, or otherwise in the custody of customs or other officers of the United States, at the date of the passage of this Act. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 397. Any animal imported by a citizen- of the United States, specially for breeding purposes, shall be admitted free, whether intended to be used by the im- porter himself or for sale for such purposes: Provided, That no SUch animal Shall be admitted free unless pure bred'Irf a recogr nized breed, and duly registered in a book of record recognized by the Secretary of Agriculture for that breed: And provided further, That the certificateof such record and pedi^ee of such animal shall be pro- duced and submitted to the Department of Agriculture, duly authenticated by the proper clistodian of such book of record, together with an affidavit of the owner, agent, or importer that the anirdal im- ported is the identical animal described in said certificate of record land pedigree. The Secretary of Agriculture may pre- scribe such regulations as may be required for determining the purity of breeding and the identity of such animal : And pro- vided further. That the collectors of cus- toms shall require a certificate from the Department of Agriculture stating that such animal is pure bred of a recognized breed and duly registered in a book of record recognized by the •. Secretary , of Agriculture for that'breed.^ The Secretary of the Treasury may pre- scribe such additional regulations as may be required for the strict enforcement of this provision. '■ Horses, mules, and asses straying across the boimdarjr line into any foreign country, or driven, across such "boundary line by the owner for temporary pasturage purposes only, together with their orE- spring, shall be dutiable unless: brought back to the United States' within six months, in which case they shall be free of d'uty, under regulations to be ■ pre- scribed by the Secretary of the Treasury: And provided further. That the proviflions of this Act shall apply to all sucn animals as have been imported and are in quar- antine or otherwise in the custody of cus- toms or other officers of the United States at the date of the taking effect of this Act. > Far. 15 of the emergency tariS act of 1921 reads: "Cattle and sheep and other stock import680 ■ ' 191 , ' , 41,466 -: i-» 583 , $66,049- 60 $7,945 15 $1,720 256 $8,466 J 294 . iViSlue ; ,.. Teams of Immigrarits, etc.— Assefe'and b'urrbsi Number ,, ^ ... ..... Value.......... , *28,240 , . 35 $3,690 Teams :Miliunigiants, etc.— All other: Numbeif. ■. ., ■' ■ ^4 '■f. $400 Wild animals, etc.:. 25 Value . $542 -'- d $3,666 Important changes in. classification. — Birds are added to the pro- vision for zoological collections becs,use of an interpretation restrict- ing " animals"' for tariff purposes to quadrupeds. PARAGRAPH 1509. H.B. 7456.. Par. 1509. Antirtiony ore and needle or liquated antimony, but only as to 'the > antimony content. ; i i .' ACT OF 1909. , Par. 173! * * * antimony ore, stib- nite and maljte qontaining antimony,; bu,t , not containing more than ten per centum of lead, Icent per pound on the antimony , contents' therein contained: Provided, That on- all importatiops of antinakJny- hearing ores and matte containing .aptir mony the duties shall be estipiated. at. the port of entry,. 3,nd a bond given in double tte amount of such estimated 'dii ties for the trahsportation of the ores by common carriers bonded for the transportation of appraised or unappraised-merphandise to properly equipped sampling or smelting establishments, whether designatfed : as bonded warehouses or otherwise. On the arrival of the ores at such, establish- ment, they shall be.sampled according to commercial methods under the super- vision of government officers, who shall be stationed' at such establishinent, and who shall submit the samples thus ob- tained to a government agsayer, desig- nated by the Secretary of the Treasury, ;• ' . 82304r-22 78 SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 144. * * * matte containing ! antimony, but not containing more thaii ,10 -per cejitum, pf lead, 10 per centum ad valoreni; "*■ * *. 'Par. 396. Antimony ore and stibnite containing antimony, but only as to the antimony content [Free]. 1 2 34 SUMMABYf OR : .Ta^IFF, lM®aRl«I^TIOS'> l?2jl. rti- ACT OF 1909. ACT. OF 1913, ■who shall make la proper assaiy, of the , ij v ,', sample, and report the result to the proper cuatpm§ officers, , and the; import en,tryt,,u, sl^all be liquidated thereon, except in '" ■■ '■ case of ores that shall be rerdoverfte a bonded warehouse to be refined for ex- portation as provide|i, by law, a^d the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to make all necessary regulations to finforce the provisions of this paragraph; * * *. ANTIMONY ORE AND NEEDLE ANTIMONY. (See Survey C-17.) Description and xbses.—Th.e most importaijt. antimony ore is stibnite or antimony sulphide,. - Other important commercial antimony metals are (1) valentinite or antimony oxide and a related form, senarmontite; (2) antimony ocher; (3) jamesonite or lead antimony sulpliidei Besides the use of antimony ores as raw materials for the metal antimony, commercial antimony products, such as ahtimohy pig- ments and liquated antimony sulphide, are obtained in the-smelting process,, the latter used directly in the manuf actm-e of safejty matches. Crude, or needle antimony, is a prodiict obtained by siibjectmg natural sulphide ore to a red heat, thereby melting (liquating) the valuable mmeral, which is drawn away froni thfe valueless constit- uents. Antimony is used chiefly, m^ alloys, especially type metal, Britannia metal, and babbitt metal. Needle antimony has military uses, is a common source of the oxide and salts of antimony, and is used in safety matches. Th'6 provision in patagtaph 396 of the act of 1913 for stibnite containmg antimony was declared to describe a natural product called an ore and was held not to include a product derived from an ore by liquation. Liquation was defined as the extraction of a metal from its ore by heating it enough to fuse the rn^tal but not enough to fuse the other contents; this was adjudged a smelting "Operation. The merchandise there in issue was found to. be commercially known as " antimony crude, "and was held to be a mattewithin the meaning of that expression in paragraph 144 of the act of 1913' aiid duljriable accordingly under paragraph <144 of the act of .1913 /ra,thef' than exempt from duty under paragraph 396 as antimony ore or stibnite contaming antimony. {Ilarsmw, Fuller and Goodwin Co. v. United States, 11 Ct. Oust. Appls., — ; T. D. 38634, :of 1921.) Production. — The production of antimony ore was, negligible imtil the industry was stimulated by extraordinarily high prices during the war. Domestic deposits are widely scattered and oi doubtful impor- tance. In 1916 the output was estimated at 4,500 tons, and in 1917 at 1,060 tons. On account of the low price of antimony, the domestic production of the ore has, in recent years, practically ceased. China IS the leading producer of antimony ore, furnishing fully 60 per cent of the world's supply. The ore, however, is obtained in many other countries. ,j ' Needle antimony, like antimony ore, is also imported in varying amoimts. During the war a small antimony smelting industry devel- oped, operated almost wholly on imported ore. The annual require- ments of antimony prior to the war were roughly 7,000' tons, of which about one-third was supplied by silver lead smelters and the SUMMAB|Y OF XAHIFEJNFOKMATipjT, ,1921. 1235 remainder from imports consi8tip.g chiefly of metal. Duriag the war the consumption of antimony increased to about 20,000 tons, of which slightly more than one-third was derived from antimonial lead and antimony metal smelted here. The production of antimonial Ifead' in 1920 amounted to 12,535 short tons, valued at $1,963,255. The antimony content was 2,033 short tons. China dominates the antimony situation by its large and cheaply mined deposits. The Chinese companies, together with a few Japanese smelters who also treat a portion of th;e Chinese ore, contribute approx- imately 60 per cent of the world's output. Imports. — Imports of antimony ore in 1914 amounted to 26 gross tons, valued at $1,245, practic^ly all of which came from China, linports for more recent years may be divided into two classes, shown as follows : ' Calendar year. 'Quantity. Tons. Pounds. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. ORE AND STIBNITE CONTAINING ANTIMONY. 1918 ' J 3,003 887 2,849,728 . 818,401 1,363,441 196,107 $177,731 54,477 70,286 11,682 Per cent. 1919 1920 1,526 190 1921 (9 months). ANTIMONY MATTE CONTAINING NOT MORE THAN 10 PER CENT LEAD. 1918 r l,666,ni 556,418 •2,-750,147 325,005 $113,258 19,202 123,902 9,588 $11, 26 1,920 12,390- 10 1919 . , 10 1920 . . . .....y... . 10 1921 (9 months'^ Exports. — Statistics not available. PARAGRAPH 1510. H. R. 7456. Par. 1510. Annatto and all extracts of, archil or archil liquid, cochineal, cud- tear, gambler, Htiaus prepared or un- prepared, saffron and safflower; all of the f fair^oing not contaihiog alcohol '■ ACT OF 1909. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 494. Annatto, roiicou, rocoa, or Orleans, and all extracts of [Free]. Par. 539. Cochineal [Free]. , Par. 550. Cudbear [Fi'ee]. Par. 575. Gambier [Free]. ■Par. 615. Litmus, ' prepared or not prepared [Free]. Par. 642. drchil, or orchil Kquid [Free]. Par. 663. Saffron and safHower, and extract of,^ and saffron cake [Free]. Par. 694. Terra japonica [Free]. Par.- 399, Anaattoj rouedu, rocoa, or ojleaiis, and all extracts of [Free]. Par. 455. Cochineal [Free]. Par'. 469. Cudbear [Free]. Par. 4^2. Gambier [Free]. ■ Par. 536. Litmus, prepared or not prepared [Free]. Pas. 964. Orchil, or orchil -^ liquid [Free]. Par. 31. * * * saffron and safflo-w- er, and extract of,^ and saffron cake, 10 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That no article containing alcohol shall be classi- fied for duty under this paragraph. Par. 630. Terra japomca [Free]. » Extracts of safflo-wer and saffron are not articles of commerce. 1236 StJMMARir OF TARIFF INF6BMATI05f; 'lfl2I. ANSTATTO. ■■ ' '' (SeC' Survey A-8.) ' , _: Description iand^uses. — Annatto (arnotto, xocoa,, Orleans, rqucbu) is a natural dye derived from;tlie seed shells oi the Bixa arelldna, a shrub native to Central, America, .Guiana, Easi and West Indies, and India; it is also extpngively cultivated. J^ixin, the important; color- iag constituent, is soluble, in alkaline solutions, partly ^oluble in water and more soluble in alcohol. Annatto is used^, a^' a. yellow coloring niatter for, oils, butter, cheese, and margarine. , Attnatto.is imported in a partly dried conditioni in rpUs wrapped, in Baxiana .leajVQs, weighing 2 t^ 3 pounds and In calses, weighing 8, to 10 pounds. - Imports during. 1910-1918 averaged .629,217 pounds, valued at $47,163. The following, table shows the imports since 1917: Calendar year. * Quantity. Value. Unit value. 1918... . Poimis. '655,250 356,432 1,004,129 470,580 168,961 19,972 40,108 16,498 JO. 10 1919.. i .06 1920..... . . .04 1921 (9 months) . . . .04 ARCHIL AND CUDBEAR. (See Survey A-8.) Description and wses.;— Archil and cudbear are purple dyes derived by chemical processing from certain lichens (genus, Rocelta) growing in the Cape of Good Hope, Norway, Sweden, South America, Azores, Cape Verde Islands, and other islands. Thei red or blue dye is sold in several forms (1) as an archil- paste-; (2) cudbear, which is archil paste dried and ground .fine; (3) archil extract; (4) as "archil liquor" of several degrees of strength. . , ^ , The lichens contain colorless phenols (orcein' being the most important), which by oxidation in alkaline solution give the coloring matter. Ajchil and cudbear are used for bluish reds. on wool, silkj and feathers. . :; Production. — The shredded lichen is digested with ammonia solu- tion and air at about 6X)° F. for several days, yielding first blue archil paste, or, if the action is continued, red archil paste. After removal of the lichens from the paste it is known as "archill liquor." By drying and grinding the archil paste prepared from Lecanora tartarea, a purple powder results kno'^vn as "cudbear." Imports of archil for 1910-1918 averaged $52,439. Imports of cudbear, 1910-1918 averaged 35,082. pounds, valued at $3,602. Imports since 1917 are given in the table on the following page. SUMMAKY OF TARIFF 1NF0K3M[ATI0N,- 1921._ 1237 Calendar year. Quantity. VaWe. Unit value. ARcMlli. 191S , Pounds. ■ , $56,284 ■ 42,885 ,. 58,682 77,664 1919 '. 372,606''' 547,384 ■516,194 $0.11 1920 --. - -■- .11 1921 (9 months) • -vvlv«r- •; '■-■■■r .15 . , CUDBEAR. 1918... 54,447 33,391 50,170 19,470 ' $9,411' 4,150 8,463 2,890 $0. 17 1919 .12 1920 . .17 1921 (9 months) .15 COCHINEAL. (See Survey A-8. Description and iises. — Cochineal is the only important dye .of animal origin. It consists of the dried body of the female msect Coccus cad.i, which is native to Mexico, Guatemala, the Canary Islands, and Java. The difference in the color of the dye (gray or black) is caused by variation in the method of killing the insect. The ground insects are used directly as. a dye which has a small application for scarlets and reds on textiles and for scaWet color lakes., As it is nonpoisonous, it is used as a food dye. ' '''•« Pro^wfe'on.— The insects are collected alive and killed Jjy exposure to the dry heat of an oven or by being inclosed in a bag and immersed in boiling water or steala. After being killed the insects are dried and ground to a powder, "[fhere is no domestic supply. Imports of cochineal for 1910-1918 averkged 205,7X8 pounds, valued at $82,222, and came chiefly froni Mexico.' 'Imports since: 1917 have been as follows: Calendar year. ' Quantity- Value. Unit value. 1918 Pounds. 287,402 116,014 202,808 19,393 $116J660 52,029 81,979 5,086 $0.49 1919 .45 .40 .26 CXJDBEAE. - ., (SeeArclia,p.l236.) GAMBIEB. (See Survey A-8.) Description and uses. — Gambier (yellow cutch, cubical cutch, cube gambler, and, formerly, terra japonica) is the solid extract prepared from the leayes, ^qpts, and twigs of the Indian shrub Uncaria gam- 'Ua; it is native to the East Indies, C^pchin-China, eastern Asia, and is grown in Malacca, Bintang, and Singapore. It contains from 30 to 40 per cent tannin and a coloring matter, and is used both in 1'238 SUMMAEY OF 'TARIFF JllirFORMATIOBr, 1921. tanning an4 dyeing. It appears in the market as "block gambier" (of 200 pounds each) and " cubed gambier," about three-fourths of an inch m diameter. The liquid, ^tf^ct prepared from the imported block contains 25 per cent tannin. Production of gambier extract in 1914 was 704,763 pounds, valued at $26,400; in 1919 (preliminary figures) 1,006,000 pounds, valued at $87,200. These figures inust. represent importea: solid extract, dissolved and sold as liquid extract, as gambier is not native to the United States. Imports of gambier for IQld-ldlS averaged 16,187,035 pounds, valued at |880,129. Imports since 1917 are shown below: Calendar year. Quantity. Value.' ' UnitJ; value. 1918 ..J • Pownds. 8,755,270 4,744,651 10,095,325 4,132,306 \ {949,971 432,499 806,583 172,187 to. 11 1919 .09 1920 : .08 1921 (9 moiiths).^ . . . .04 "■ ■ ■-/:, i:,.;IM...|,: ' - .,.;',.'). ) ;,■ LITMUS, y,, i,.:v _. (See Survey A-^,) s '■" ■^.Description and lii^es:^— Litmus, a coloring matter closely related to archil, is obtained chiefly from the lichens Lecanora tinctoria, L. oriiiea, and Bo^eUa, tinctoria, which occur abimdantly in Scandinavia and the Erench Pyrenees. The conomercial product consists of calcium carbonate or^ sulphate- mixed with the coloring matter and pressed into cubes. It is used in chemical laboratories as an indicator in determining the acidity and alkalinity of solutions. It has had ap- plication as wine vinegar color. ^ • r Production. — Litmus is prepared by fermenting the lichens m the presence of ammonium or potassium carbonate, and mixing the color- ing matter obtained with lime or gypsum. There is no domestic pro- duction. . Imports of litmus for 1910-1918 averaged $252. Imports since 1917 are shown below: Calendar year. 1918 1919. ...V •-■- 1920 1921 (9 months) ■-■■••,■ Quantity. Pounds. 4,252 1,687 6,490 593 Value. $3,407 1,479 4,169 420 Unit- value. SO. 80 .93 .64 .71 SAFFRON. . (^ee Survey A-8.) Descripiipn and use^. — SafffOij or saffron Valencia- consists of the dried petals of a'. plattt. (Croc-ws sativus) native to Asia. It con- tains an aromatic!6il known as saffron oil and a'yellow Arid k red ; , ' '5 ! ' - ■ ' . J J i I ■ '..>'■■ 1 , _ . .111. til ' ' ' ■' ' i StlMMAEY OS TAKIFF INFOEMATIOlir, 1921. 1239 coloring matter. It is cultivatied' in Spain, France, and Austria. For convenience in shipment it is sometimes pressed into cakes known commerically as "saffron cakes," or sold loose as "hay saffron." Saffron is used to color and flavor foods, especially pastries, and 'in medicine. An imported article known' as "American saffron" is really safflower (see infra.). It has been successfully gi^oWn in the United States, but was, unprofitable on account of highlabor cost. Production. — No domestic production. Imports. — Th& average annual import of saffron and safflower dur- ing 1913-1918 was valued at ^83,952 and yielded a revenue of $8,395. Impbirts since 1917 are shown below: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Unit value. Ad valorem rate. 1918; 1919 1920 1921 ;(9 months). Pounds. 23,663 21,664 22,62a <70,032 106; 951 127, 579 42,914, 17,003. 10,695 12,758 J. $4.52 5:89 1.90 Per cent. 10 ID 10 Important changes, in classification. — Saffron and safflcw^er and ex- tracts of saffron and safflower and saffrpii'pake are dutiable under para- graph 31 of tlie act of 1913. The worQs " and extract of, and saffron cake," have been onutted from H. R. 7456; the extracts are not arti- cles, of, commerce and saffron cake is the form in which saffron is usually imported. .^ . j. Suggested changes. — It is suggested that the words "^in aijy form" be inserted after, the word "safflower," so as to include saffron and safflower in any form and remove any doubt as to the inclusion of the extract of, eiither saffron or safflower if it should be imported and of saffron eake. SAFFLOWER. (See Survey A-8.) Description and tis«s.-^afflpwer, known as American saffron or false sam-on, is the name given to the dried flowers of a thi^tlehke plant {Carthamus tinctarius) native , to, southern Asia^ but cultivated in Europe, China, India, Persia, Egypt, Mexico., and South America. It contains, besides two vmimportant yeUow coloring matters, a; smalt amount of a red color called carthamin, the only constituent of value. An extract of carthamin is sold as a thin aqueous paste or a dried powder and is called safflower extract, or safflftwer carmine. Roasted cobalt ores and other cobalt pigments, sometimes called safflower, should not be confused with the vegetable color. Safflower is a weak dye of no importance in textile dyeing. It is used as a red color for cosmetics, toilet articles, artists' colors, artificial flowers, and medi- cine. , Imports are combined with saffron, supra. . , ,. , , , Important changes in classificatio,r!,.—^a.m,o^GT is dutiable under para^aph 31, act of 1913. See also saffron, supra. 124:0 SUMMARY or TAKIFF' INFORMATION^ 1921. PARAGRAPH 1511. H. It. 74Se. . ■ SENATE AMENDMENTS; ' Par. 1511. Antitoxins, vaccines j vi- , ruses, serums, and; ib3,cterins, used, for .. . therapeutic purposes. ,, \ , ACT Ot 1«09. ACT OF 1913. -, Par. 70^. Vaccipe virus [Free]. Par., 400. Amstitoxins, vaccine virus, -[No correspoiidiij^ , provision for the and.alLother serums derived from animals other commodities.] ' atid used for therapeutic purposes [Free]. ANTITOXINS, VACCINES, VIRUSES, SERUMS, AND BACTERINS. ,'. ■ (See Survey FL-2.) Description and Uses. — The sale and propagation of the biological products, antitoxins, vaccine virus, serums, etc., are controlled by the tublic Health Service. They are defined in the act of July 1, 1902, as follows: (1) A virus is a product containing the minutef living cause of an infectious disease. (2) A serum is the product obtained from the blood of an animal \>j reir^oving the clot or clot compounds and the blood Cells. (31 Aii antitoxin is a product contdihmg the soluble substance in the serum or other body fluid of ka. iinmimized animal which specifically neli'tralizte the toxin against which the animal is imnivmC, The use of vaccines begiin with Jenner's dis- covery in 1796, that the vaccine from cowpox conferred immunity against smallpox. Other important products are diphtheifia anti- toxin, antityphoid: vaccine, and antiahthrax, antidysenteric, anti- tetanus, antipheumoniaj anticholera^ arid an tirabic' serums. .Production, — There were 98 manufacturers of biological products in 1914, with an output valued at 16,223,475. In 1919 (preliminary figures) there were 94 plants with an output valued at $15,876,400. Imports. — Before the war Germany, France, England, and Switzer- land supplied the bulk of imports, in 1914 valued at $19,019, and de- creasing to $6,009 in the fiscal year 1918. Imports since 1917 were valued at $5,732, $6,982, $10,097, and $3^027 m tjie calendar years 1918, 1919, i920, and in the first nines months bf 1921, respectively. jExporte-^-Statistics, not available. '"';'"'' ' Important changes in classification. — B'aCterins have been mentidned specifically for the first time; PARAGRAPH 1612. H. R.7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1512. j^rrowToot in its natural state and not manufactured. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. "Par. 495. Arrowroot in-' its natural Par. 402. ArrbWroot ' in its natural state and not manufactured [Free]: state and not manufacture! [Free]. i SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1241 ARROWROOT. (See Survey G-33.) Description and uses. — Arrowroot is a tuberoug.plant, which belongs to the family maranta. It yields a fine, easily digested starch, whiSi is used in the bakery trade for pie filling and biscuits, and elsewhere for ice-cream powders, . food for infants and. im^alids, . and in the preparation of pharmaceuticals. It is also used in the textile in- dustry for finishing. Production. — No true arrowroot is produced in this country. A product called Florida Emowrpot is produced in the Everglades region of Florid?i, It is theTpith of |;he stem of the wild sago palm plant fenerally known as Cooiiti. In 1919 the annual production -of the lorida arrowroot starch was about 850,0(30 pou!nds. The true arrow- root tubers are sometimes imported and the starch manufactured from them. Imports of crude arrowroot in 1914 were 8,615 pounds, valued at $316, Considerable refined arrowroot starch is imported, amounting in 1914. to ,179,056, pounds, valued at $20:041, of which 106,392 pounds, valued at $6,377, were of the St. Vincent varietjf (British West Indies) . Statistics for tlie calendar years 1918-1921 follow: :.i I _ Crude arrowroot. - 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (pounds) . 49,392 $10^184_ 840,600 $33,699 $S0',516 , , 2, 540 Value $368 PARAGRAPH 1513. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1513. Sulphide of arsenic. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 497. Arsenic and sulphide of Par. 403. Arsenic and sulphide of arsenic, or orpiment [Free]. arsenic, or orpiment [Free]. SULPHIDE OF ARSENIC. (See Survey FL-6.) r Description and u^es. — The chief ores of arsenic are the two sul- S hides, orpiment (yellow sulptide) and realgar feed sulphide). •rpiment is used in dyeing to reduce indigo, and in leather manu- facture for removing the hair from skins. Realgar is used as a pig- ment, and for making a white (Bengal) fire used as a signal light. Production. — The production of sulphide of arsenic is included under that of white arsenic (par. 1). Imports of "arsenic, and sulphide of, or orpiment" were 4^148,928 pounds, valued at $169,614 in 1914. , Considerable yearly variation is shown. Prior to 1914 England, Germany, and Canada isupplied most of the imports; since then, IVTexico and Canada. Imports consist 1242 8BMMAEY or Ti^RIFP; InrB'^^RMAMCSTV 192t cliiefly of white arsenic. Imports since 1917, chiefly from Japan, Germany, and Canada, have been as follows : ■ ' " Calendar yeail • ' Quantity. Valuer ' -Unit value. 1918 <....■:..' Fminii. 9,683,738' 4,302,355' 8,160,089 6,447,19S: S849,<600 6^)016 485,019 to. 09 1919...,; u .07 1920... J ;..... J '.'. .08 .03 In the classification of imports arsenic alid stilphide of ,[ or orpi- inefnt,have been confused with arsenious acid or white arsenic (par. 1). llierefQr,e the figures for the one should be considered in conjunction ■\vith the other. , : . Exforts of domestic arsenic are not stiated. Imported arsenic and sulphide of arsenic, or orpiment, were reexported from, the United States in 191p to the amount of 193,600 pounds, valued at $27,840. Important changes in classijication. — The provision for " arsenic and sulphide of arsenic, or orpiment," in the act of 1913, (par. 403), hasbeenchaiiged to "sulphide of arsenic." ;. . ,, Suggested changes. — ^Metallic arsenic should be specially' provided for in a paragraph following 1509, if exempt from duty, or in a para- graph foUowmg 376, if dutiable. It is not the same as, but is manu- factured from, white arsenic or arsenious acid, which is provided for in paragraph 1. PARAGRAPH 1514. H. 11.7456;. Par. 1514. Articles tte growth, pro- duce, or manufacture of the United States, when returned after having been exported, -without having been advanced in valuator improyed in condition by any process of manufacture or other means if imported by or for the account of the person who exported them from the United States; steel boxes, casks, barrels, carboys, bags, and other containers or coverings of American manufacture ex- ported filled with American products, or exported empty and returned filled with foreign, products, including shodke and staves When returned as barrels or boxes; also qHlcksiiver flasks or bottles, irpn or steel drums of either domestic or foreign manufacture, used for the shipment of acids, or other cheinicals, which shall have been actually exported from the United States; but proof of the identity of such articles shall be made, und^ general regulatioBS to, be prescribed by ,tiie Secre- tary of the Treasury, but the exeniption of bags from duty "shall apply only to such domestic bags as may be imported bj^ ttie exporter thereof, and if any such articles are subject to internal-revenue tax at the SENATE AMEJIDMENTS. StJMMAKY OP TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021. 1243 H. B. 7466. time of exportatio^i, suck tax shall be proved to ha,ve been paid befoire exporta- tion and not refunded; photograpM; dry plates and films of American njanufa^ture (except moving-picture films), exposed -abroad, whether developed or not, and photographic films light struck or other- wise damaged, or worn out, so as to be un- suitable for any other purpose than the recovery of the constituent materials, pro- vided the basic; films are of American manufacture, but proof of the identity of such articles shall be made iinder general regulations to be prescribed by the Secre- tary of the _ -Tieasury ; article exported from the United States for repairs may fee returned upon payment of a duty upon the_ value of the repairs at the rate at which the article itself would be subject if imported, ,'imder conditions and regula- tions to be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury: Provided, That this para- graph shall not apply to any article upon which an allowance of drawback has been made, .the .reimportation of whict is hereby prohibited except upon payment of duties equal to the drawbacks allowed; or to any article manufactured in bonded warehouse and exported under any pro- vision of law: Provided further, That when manufactured tobacco which has been ex- ported without payment of internal-rev- enue tax shall be reimported it shall be retained in the custody of the collector of customs until internal-revenue stamps in payment of the legal' duties shall be placed thereon: And provided further, That the provisions of thia paragraph shall not apply to animals rnade dutiable under the proATsions of paragraph.1507. ACT OF 1909. Pae. 500. Articles the growth, produce, or manufacture of the United, States, not including animals, when returned after having been exported, without having been advanced in value or improved in condition by any process of manufacture or other means; casks, barrels, carboys, bags, and other containers or coverings of American manufacture exported filled with American prodiicts, or exported empty and returned filled with foreign products, including shooks and staves when returned, as barrels or boxes; also quicksilyer flasks or bottles, iron or steel arums used for the shipment of adds, of either domestic or foreign manufacture, which shall have been actually exported from the United States; but proof of the identity of such articles shall be made, under general regulatioiis to be pre- scribed by the Secretary of, the Treasury^ but the exemption of bags from duty SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. 404. Articles the growth, produce; or manufacture of the United States, when returned after having been exported, without having been advanced in value or improved in condition by any process of manufacture or other means; steel boxes, casks, barrels, carboys, bags, and other containers or coverings of American manufacture exported filled with Amer- ican products, or exported empty and returned filled with foreign products, including shooks and staves when re- turned as barrels or boxes; also q|tiick- silver flasks or bottles, iron or steel drums of either oomestic or foreign manufac- ture, used for the shipment of adds, or other chemicals, whicn shall have been actually exported from the United States; but proof of the i-lentity of sifch articles shall be made, under general regulations to, be prescribea by the Secretary of. the Treasury, but the exemption of bag^ from 1244 SUMMAB¥; OF SAEIFF INEORlNf ATI0|7, , 192JL.. e ACT OF 1909. 7 g shall apply only to such domestic bags as may be imported by the exporter thereof, and if any such articles are sub- ject to internal-revenue tax at the time of exportation, such tax shall be proved to have been paid before exportation and not refunded; photographic dry plates or films of American manufacture (except moving-picture films), exposed abroad, whether developed or not: and films from moving-picture machines, light struck or otherwise damaged, or worn out, so as to be unsuitable for any other purpose than the recovery of the con- stituent materials, provided the basic films are of American manufacture, but proof of the identity of such articles shall be made under general reg;ilations to be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treas- ury: Provided, That this paragraph shall not apply to any article upon which an allowance of drawback has been made, the reimportation of which is hereby prohibited except upon payment of duties equal to the drawbacks allowed; or to any article manu&ctured in bonded warehouse and exported under any pro- vision of law: Ana provided further, That when manufactured tobacco which has been exported without payment of internal-revenue tax shall be reimported it shall be retained in the custody of the collector of customs until internal- revenue stamps in payment of the legal duties shall be placed thereon. [Amended by the act of Julv 27, 1911 (T. D. 31784), by striking out the words "not including animals" and adding the following proviso: And provided further, That cattle, horses, sheep, and other domestic animals stray- ing across the boundary -line into any foreign country or driven across such boundary line by the owners for tem- porary pasturage purposes only, together, with,|;heir qft^pringj, shall be dutiable, unless brought back to t^e tTnited States within six months, ,und,^r regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury, in accordance with the pro- visions of paragrfiph 492.] ARTICLES RETUENED AFTER EXPORT. Imports of returned articles in 1914 were valued at $17,612,711, and for later calendar years as follows: 1918, 122,771,874; 1919, $44,779,370; 1920, $96,797,484; 1921. (9 months), $47,626,194. About 50 per cent of these fetiimed articles are from Canada, with large, amounts also from England, France., and Belgium. To some extent there are imports from practically all coimtries. Important changes in dassifieaiion. — The requirement in lines, 10 g,iid 11, page 177, of H. R. !7456, that the importer must also have been the exporter, is new. ACT OF 1913. duty shall apply only to such domestic bags as may be imported hy the exporter thereof, and if anysilch articles ar6 sub- ject to internal-revenue tax at the time of exportation,, such tax sh&ll be proVed to have been paid befcte exportation and not refunded; photographic dry plates or filins of American manufactTire (except m'oving-picture films) j exposed abroad, whether developed of not, and filrns from moving-picture ^ machines, light struck' or otherwise ,dainaged, or'worri out, so aa to be urisiiita,ble jEor' any other pur- pose than the, recovery of the constitu- ent materials, provided the oasic films are of American manufacture; but proof of the identity of such articles shall be mad« under general regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treas- ury; articles Exported from the United States for repairs may be returned upon payment, of a duty. upon the value of the repairs at the rate at which the article itself would be subject if imported under conijitions and regulations to , be ' pre- scribed by. the Secretary of the Treasury: Provided, That this paragraph shalj not apply to ajoy article upon which an allowance of drawback has been made, the reimportation of which is'hereby pro- hibited .except upon pajonent of duties equal to iiie dr?i whacks allowed ; or- to any Article manufactured in bonded warehouse and exported under ajiy pro- vision of law: And provided further. That when rnianafactured tobacco which has been exported without payment lEstimated. - ^ ' Asbestos, unmanufactured — Production in prijtcipal foriign oountrieSj in short tons. Country. 1916 1917 1918 1919 ■■ 133,439 19,030 4,656 6,158 ^'^90 135,502 141,465 «88 153,069 Bussia 6, 2i9 94 3,933 Rhodesia ...: 9 740 2,005 Cyprus.. ... » 1,481 India 435 Italy . Total .. 153,373 151,378 160,415 1 Estimated. ' Statistics not available. ■ E^^ports. Imports. — In 1914 imports of unmanufactured asbestos were 76,'524 tons, valued at $1,678,736, practically all from Canada. Statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow: SXJMMABY OF TABIFF INFOBMATION, 1921. 1247 ' ;.. • ', • 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (ton^ 122,946 $6,337,608 120,777 $7,369,686 149,605 $9,120,253 43,330 Value. Li.ui.L f V "• ' L l'l ,, '$2,201,970 Imports are chiefly from Canada, Britisli South Africa, Portuguese Africa, and England. Exports for the calendar years 1918-1921 are as follows: 1 i . 1914. 1918 1919, ■ 1920 1921 (Ombntlis)-. 109 $5,050 622 $51,053 999 $167,416 649 $141,071 401 Value $99,587 Exports go chiefly to Italy, Germany, Japan, and France. Important, changes in classljication. — ^All the paragraph after "un- manufactured " is new. Suggested changes. — ^There is douht whether the. limitation of 15 per centum of foreign matter relates only to the refuse or includes other forms of asbestos. If the intention is to restrict it to refuse, the word " or " should be changed to " and " ; if it is intended to relate back to the beginning of the paragraph, the word "and" before and the comma after "sand" should be stricken out, a comma inserted after "refuse," and "or" changed to "and"; if it is intended to apply to sand and refuse, tlje corrima after "sand" should be stricken out and the "or" changed to "and." PARAGRAPH 1516. H. B. 7456. ACT OF 1913. Par. 490. Fulminates, fulminating powder, and other like articles not spe- cia,lly provided for in this section [Free]. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1516. Azides, fulminates, fulmi- nating powder, and other like articles not specially provided for. ACT OF 1909. Par. 434. Fulmina,tes, fulminating powders, and like articles suitable for miners' use, twenty per centum ad valo- rem; all other not specially provided for in this section, thirty per centum ad valorem. AZIDES, FtlLMINATES, AND FULMINATING POWDERS. (See Survey FL-18.) Description and uses. — ^Fulminates, metallic salts of fuhninic acid, are violent explosives. The chief commercial product is fulminate of mercury, although fulminate of silver is of some importance. Com- mercial mercury fulminate is a gray or brown sandliKe powder, used as a detonator for high explosives, and to some extent in percussion caps and primers to ignite gimpowder and other low explosives. Fifiminate of silver is extremely sensitive to shock when dry, and may be exploded by rubbing when in a moist state. _ It is, therefore, too sensitive for use as an ignitor or detonator, but is used in small and safe quantities in toy fireworks. 1248 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Lead azide is an important d,etonator. It is more stable than mercury fulminate. It is generally used with tetryl and trinitro- toluene. , , ; Production. — ^Mercury fulminate is manufactured- from purified metallic mercury, nitric acid, and alcohol. The product is purified by washing with water. ; Statistics ar& not available. Imports of fulminates and fulminating powders suitable for miners' use from 1910 to 1917 ranged from $226,352 ua, 1910 to, $21,961 in 1912. Since then imports have been negligible. Imports of other fulminates^ fulminating powders, and like articles from 1910 to' 1914 were negligible,' and from 1915 to. 1917 they were between $110,000 and $23&,000. Statistics for the latter follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value 1918 '.:.. 1919 J32p 1921 (9iiontlis>.: Pounds. 7,3« 207; 298 $247,940 15,705 479,416 37,200 S2.U 2.31 •2.00 E'sporte.— Statistics not available. Important changes in classification. videdfor. -Azides are specifically pro- PARAGRiVpH 1517. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1517. Bagging for cotton, gunny" cloth, and similar fabrics, suitable for covering cotton,-coinposed of single yarns made of jute, jiite butts', seg, Russian seg, New Zealand tow, Norwegian tow, | ; aloe, mill waste, cotton tares, or other material not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, not exceed- ing sixteen t^reapls to the square inch, counting the warp and fiHihg, and weigh- ing not less than fifteen ovlnees per square yard; and waste of any of the foregoing articles suitable for the manufacture of paper. , i ACT OF 1909. Par. 355. Bagging for cotton, gunny cloth, and similar fabrics, suitable for covering cotton, composed of single yatas made, of- jute,, jute butts, -or hem]^, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, not exceeding sixteen threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, and weighing not less than fifteen ounces per square yard, six-tenths 6f one cent per squai'e yard. Par. 644. * * * and waste bagging, and all other waste not specially provided for in this .section, including * * * old gunny bags, used chiefly- for piper- maMng [Free]. - ' ACT OF 1913. Par. 408. Bagging for calrton, gunny cloth, and similar fabrics, suitable for covering cotton, composed of single yarns made of- jute, jute butts, seg, Russian seg. New Zealand tow, Norwegian tow, aloe, mill waste, cotton .tares, or other material not bleached, dyed, colored, stained;, painted, or printecj.,, npt exceed- ing sixteen threads to the stjUare inch, counting the. warp and filling,' and weigh- ing not less than fifteen ounces per square yard; . * * ■* and waste of any of the above articles suitable for the.manu- factiiJe of papSf [Free]. " ' ". SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1249 BAGGING FOR COVERING RAW COTTON. (See Survey J-7.) Descri'^tion and uses. — Cotton bagging is the coarse, loosely woven jute fabric used for covering raw cotton. The best domestic grades are made of yarn spun from jute butts— the ends of the fiber laid aside as being too coarse for the manufacture of burlap. Six yards of the bagging are customarily used in wrapping the bale as it comes from the gin. For export, compress labels— patches of greater weight than ordinary bagging— are added at the time of compression to equal the purchaser's allowance for tare, making an average of seven yards of material for wrapping the average bale. The bulk of the domestic production consists of grades made from jute butts mixed with various proportions of old bagging,' cordage, and mill waste; has about two warp threads and two wef# threads per square inch; and weighs two pounds to the linear yard of 45-uich width. Second-hand bagging, rewoven bagging, iand wrapping made by cutting twilled sugar bags, constitute an increasing proportion of the total con- suniption. Production of new and rewoven bagging, which fluctuates yearly with the size of the cotton crop, amounted in 1919 to 75,205,000 square yards valued at $3,554,000. The cotton crop, including linters, in 1920 was 13,879,916 bales of 500 pounds each, requiring 97,000,000 yards of material. The proportion of the various types of bagging used in covering the 1920 crop was: New bagging, 48 -per cent; imported bagging, 6 per cent; sugar bag cloth, 10 per cent; rewoven bagging, 8 per cent; and second-hand bagging, 28 per cent. Consumption of new bagging in 1920 was muchlower than usual; this is accounted for by the increased consumption of bagging for wrapping which had been used before. All but two or three per cent ,of the new bagging produced in the United States is the output of two companies, who are the world's leading manufacturers of bagging. , Imports are small as compared with domestic production. Dur- ing the fiscal years 1911-1920 they averaged 7,196,000 square yards, valVied at $542,952. In the calendar year 1920 they amounted to 7,261,904 square yards valued at $730,719. Prior to 1918 the United Kingdom supplied from 60 to 80 per cent annually of imports, and British India practically all the remainder. Since I9I8 British India has supplied about two-thirds of the imports. Impprts of bagging from India have not been large in the past, because the demand for burlap and sacking bags has claimed the full Indian capacity. They are likely to increase in the near future, however, as the two dopaestic companies wMoh dominate the American bagging trade are each constructing a mill in India!, and each has already moved abroad a pa,rt of the machinery formerly' operated in this country. Indian bagging is employed for covering the Isest grades of American cotton and is superior to the bulk of domestic bagging, since it is made entirely from jute butts, and is '^oven with more tlu-eads to the square inch. "Ba,gging imported from the United kingdom consists, to a large extent of second-ha^d bagging and of old 82304—22 79 1250 SUMMAEY,0E:, TAKIF3F IJTFORMACnOJJ, 1921. bagging suitable only for re-]tnan.iiJ^^.cturp,. Imports for the calendar years 1918-1921 are as follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantitv (sauarfi vardsl 1.1,028,-717 1146,288 8,799,488 $948,234 7; 261, 904 1730,719 3,125,722 Value... ... »284,822 JEjcporis are not recorded. , , : ,,,;.;;,,: >J Suggested changes. — ^This paragraph embraces certaini textile 1 ma- terials and concludes with a provision for the waste of any of those maiterials suitable for the manufacture . pf paper. As provision ;is Baaidein paragraph 1641 for waste bagging, and for old gunny cloth aud old, gunny, bags used chiefly for papeif- making, the words in lines 7456, "and W^aste. of any of the fore- is and 16, page 179 of H. R going articles suitable for the omitted. manufacture of paper" should be PARAGRAPH 1518. H. B; 7456. Par. 1518. Barks, cinchona or other, rom which auinine may be extracted; ACT OF 1909. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913- i'AR. 505. Barks, cinchona or other Par. 410.'Barks,. cinchona or other, from which quinine may be extracted from which = quinine may be extracted [Free]. ; : ; \.^ ■ : [Free]. . CINCHONA AND OTHER QXJININE BAKiks. ^ ■ (See Survey 'FL-2.) .1 ■ ' . '■, Description, uses, and pr-otZitpfionj-^-Cinchona bark, from a tropical tree, is used in makjng quinine and other alkaloids, and also as a crude drug. Its inedicmal uses are those of .quiiiine (see par. 163,9); the crude bark has considerable vogue in proprietary preparations. SeVeral'commercial varieties exi^t. Barks, other than cinchona, froj^m which quinine may be extracted were formerly of some importiai^'ce ill commerce, but are now rare.' Cinchona trees ; are native to South America, notably Peru, Bolivia, Ecuadoj;, andColoinbia, formerly the only commercial sources of. the drug. Biit' owing to extensive collec- tion. of .the wild plant, wasteful methods, insufficient plautittg,, and cultivation oh a large scale i^ Java, those countrips now supply, o^^J negligible amounts of the drug. War scarcity has renewed mterest iii Solith American cinchona, and new supplies of cpnsidl^rablei im- portance are reported to be awaitihg^ exploitation. Cinchona pf modeiii commerce comes almost wholly frqih Ja,va, where ite cultiva- tion is csxtehsiye a;hd is fostered l)y governmental aid. . Various cgm- mercial grades irom' different spebies of cinchoni' trees are kiiPwii, the alkaloidal cbhtent having been considerably increased by plant breed- ing and seed selection. Java formerly exported chiefly the crude ' bark, but has recently developed quinine factories, and exhortations of crude quinine now tend to exceed that of cihchoria bark. The industry is controlled by an association of planters and producers through commercial agreements with manufacturers and importers. SUMMABY OF TAHIFF INFOBMATION, 1921. 1251 Considerable plantations, ,of cinchona also pxist in India, the product being manufactured into alkaloids by Goveriunent factories. Indian supplies are almost wholly eX)nsumed within that country or handled by the British Government. Recent experimental cultivation of cinchona in the Philippines is reported aS promising satisfactory future results. ,, , , , , Imforts of cinchona bark averaged 3,441,991 pounds, valued at $290,909 for 1909-1913, and 3,447,367 pounds, valued at.$653,837 for 1914-1918. .The Netherlands, having control of the island of Java, the principal source of supply, furnish approximately 99 per cent of the imports. Imports since 1917, chiefly from the Netherlands, England, and the Dutch East Indies, are as follows: Calendar year. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) Quantity. Pounds. 3,366,508 5,981,293 4,067,746 i;dl5;567' Value. S760, 777 1,075,748 1,526,, 130 ■330,602 Unit value. 10.23 .18 .32 PARAGRAPH 1519. H. K.. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1519. Bells, broken, and bell metal, broken and fit only to be remanufactured, ACT OF 190a. ACT OP 1913. Par. 508." Bells, broken, and bell metal broken and fit only to be remanufactured [Free]. Par. 413. BgHs, broken, and bell metal broken and fit only to be remanufactured [Free]. :,,,., BELL METAL. ■ , . (See Survey ,C-19.), , ,; , ' ' . ' Description and uses. — The constituents of bell metal are copper and tin, the tin averaging about 20 per cent, but varying according to the size, tone, volume, and impulse desired. Eadical changes have iaken- place in the kinds of metals, used and in th6 variety of bells manufactured, r Among other materials commonly used are ainalgaiji. iron, steel, smoke brass, smoke glass, silver, a/ud silver-plated metsJ. Production. — No accurate statistics are available covering onlvtbe material mentioned in the paragraph. However, the dompst.'c production of bells in 1914 was valued at 1970^000, and io' 191 9 tit $985,000. Imports in the fiscal year 1918 ailiounted to $1,689,' and! for the calendar years 1918-1921 were as follows: Bell metal.- Quantity (pounds) . Value il,486 1919 , ,49,304 $4,830 1920 101, 149 $18, 984 Exports. — None recorded. 1252 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 192l. PARAGRAPH 1520. H. R. 7456. Par. 1520. Bibles, comprising, the books of the Old or New Testament, or both, bound or. unbound. ACT OP 1909. [No corresponding provision.] SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OP 1913. . Par. 414. .Bibles, comprising the books of the Old or New Testament, or both, bound or unbound [Free]. - BIBLES. : Description and uses. — The term Bible is sufficiently familiar to make uniiecessairy' aiiy lengthy statement relating to description and uses. As usually understood, it comprises 39 books of the Old Testament, and 13 books of the New Testament, constituting the ■canon, to which are sometimes added certain ApScryphal books both ^of the Old and New Testaments. Production. — The Ajnerican Bible wSociety gives the production of Bibles and Testaments in 1912-13 .as_2,203,265 volumes. Imports of Bibles in 1914 were valued, at $135,218. The value of imports in the calendar years 1918-1921 has been as follows: 1918, $25£i^3tf5; 1919, $263,073; 1920, $345,968; 1921 (nine months), $226,776. Exports. — Not segregated. PARAGRAPH 1521. H. R. 7456. Par. 1521. All binding twine manufac- tured from New Zealand hemp, manila, istle or Tampico fiber, sisal grass, or sunn, or a mixture of any two or more of them, of single ply and measuring not exceeding seven hundred and fifty feet to the pound. ACT OF 1909. . Par. 507. Binding l^wine:, All binding twine manufa,ctured from New Zealand' h^mp, manija, istle or Tampico fiber, sisal grass, of' sunn, or a mixture of any two or more, of them, of single ply and laeasurii^g notj exceeding six hundred feet to the pound [Pree]: Provided, That'arti- cles inehtiOned in this paragraph, if iih-' ported from a country wmch lays an import diity on like articles imported from the United States, shall be subject to a duty of one-half of one cent per poiind. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OP 1913. Pah. 415. AU binding twine manufac- tured from New Zealaiid hemp, manila, istle or Tampico fiher, sisal grass, or sunn, or a mixture of any two »r more of thepi, of single ply and measuring not exceeding seven hundred and fifty feet to the pound [Free]. , BINDING TWINE. Description and uses. — ^Binding twine is used in the harvesting of wheat and various other cereals. Although manila, New Zealand hemp, istle, sunn, and sisal can be used, an overwhelming portion of binding twine is normally made from Mexican sisal or henequen, the SUMMAEY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1255 bulk of which is produced in Yucatan and has been marketed, in the East, under the control of an association of henequen producers Qown as the Comision del Reguladora del Mereado de Henequen. In the fall of 1919, however, this company was liquidated by order of the Mexican Government. Virtually all the manufacturing of binder twine is by machinery. The long, slender sisal, leaf is cleaned by automatic scrapers, and the fiber is extracted mechanically and gill-spun directly from the sliver by a special machine. Production. — ^The world's annual consumption of binder twine is over 150,000 tons, about 90 per cent of which is manufactm-ed here and in Canada. Of the domestic output, about 55 per cent is pro- duced by one company, 25 per cent by another, and the remainder by smaller companies and State penitentiaries. Domestic production, not mcluding that of,penitentiaries, amounted to 319,236,000 pounds m 1914 and 238,795,000 pounds in 1919. The value of the production in the same years was $24,195,000 and $46,256,000, respectively. About 5 per cent of the total in 1914 and 1919 consisted^of twine made from manila. Domestic consumption averages 250,000,000 pounds a year. Imports, as compared with domestic production, consumption, and exportation, are small, ranging normally from 4,000,000 to 10,000,000 pounds annually, that is, from 2 to 3 per cent of the annual production and about 10 per cent of exports. In 1920 imports were twice as large as usual and exports about half their customary size. Canada supplies practically all the imports. The imports of binder twine for the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) 10,476,259 J2, 308, 231 12,709,592 $2,696,416 17,045,728 13,143,825 4,431,096 «768,254 Value Exports oi binder twine in 1914 were 109,418,420 pounds, valued at $9,426,625; these went chiefly to Canada (34,585,860 poimds) , Argen- tina (13,632,648 pounds — a low year), Russia (29,740,158 pounds), the United Kingdom (7,553,877 pounds), and France (6,979,224 pounds) . Canada, with two-thirds of the total, and Argentina, with one-eighth, were the leading consumers of American binder twine in 1920. JExports in the caleiidar years 1918-1921 have been as follows: 1 . 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Qi^j^nfity (T>niin(1. .02 BONE DTIST OR ANIMAL CAEBON, BONE ASH, AND BONE MEAL.' 1918 Tons. 5,098 6,948 17,793 15,607 $153,349 182,785 908,130 623,864 $30.08 1919 ... 30.73 1920...-....^ 51.04 1921 (9 months) 39.97 Exports. — Statistics not available. ._ .. Important changes in classification. — The words "burned, calcined," modifying bones (par. 423,- act of 1913), were dropped in Committee of the Whole House because of possible conflict with bone black or bone char, paragraph 66. ' PARAGRAPH 1528. H. E. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pak. 1528. Books, engravings, photo-^ graphs,,' etchings, bound' or unbound,! maps and charts imported by authority or for the use of the United States or for the use of the Library of Congress. ACT OF 1909. Par. 516. Books, engravings, photo- graphs, etchings, bound or unbound, maps and charts imported by authority or for the use of the United States or for the use of the Library of Congress [Free]. ACT OF 1913. Par. 424. B'obks, engravings, photo- graphs, etchings, bound- or unbound, maps and charts imported by authority or for the use of the United States or for the use of the Library of Congress [Free]. BOOKS, ETC.,- IMPORTED BY AUTHORITY, ETC. Description and uses. — The items mentionedi in paragraph 1528 are all of a character to be dutiable omder paragraph 1310, and become free of duty only because they are to be put to the specific? uses men- tioned in paragraph 1528. , I . .1 ;. Imports in 1914 were valued at $20,698- The values of impprts^m the, calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows: 1918, $34,122; 1919, $63,171; 1920, $79,472; 1921 (nine months), $12,699. STJMMAEY OF TAKIFF rNFORMATION, 1921. 1259 PARAGRAPH 1529. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1529. 'Hydrographic charts and publications issued 'for their subscribers ' or exchanges by gcientifici or literary asso- ciations and academies, and publications of individuals for gratuitous private cir- > culation, not advertising matter, and pub- lic documents issued by foreign Govern- ments. ACT OF 1909. Par. 517. * * * hydrographic charts, and publications issued for their sub- scribers or exchanges by scientific and literary associations or academies, or pub- lications of individuals for gratuitous pri- vate circulation, and public documents issued by foreign governments [Free]. ' ACT OF 1913. Par. 425. * * *■ hydrc^raphic charts, and publications issued for their sub- scribers or exchanges by scientific and „ literary associations or academies, or pub- ' lications of individuals for gratuitous pri- vate circulation, not advertising matter, and public documents issued by foreign governments [Free]. HYDROGRAPHIC CHARTS, ETC., ISSUEITBY SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATIONS, ETC. Description and uses. — ^The items mentioned in paragraph 1529 are of a character iq themselves to be dutiable imder paragraph 1310. They are to be admitted free only when they fulfil certain specific conditions stated in this paragraph (1529). Imports. — Paragraph 425 of the act of 1913, in addition to the items enumerated in paragraph 1529 (H. R. 7456), provides for the free admission of "books, maps, music, engraivings, pnotographs, etchings, lithographic prints, bound or unbound, and charts, which shall have been printed more than twenty years at the date of importation." The several items are not segregated, but the total importations under paragraph 425, act of 1913, in the calendar years 1918-1921 have been valued as follows: 1918, $519,425; 1919, $1,393,440; 1920, $1,937,210; 1921 (nine months)^ $1,008,866. Important changes in classification. — The items mentioned above under "Imports" have been dropped from the free list and become dutiable under paragraph 1306 or 1310. (See par. 1685, p. 1480.) Suggested changes. ^RestoT&tion of the provision for engravings, etchings, and lithographic prints is sought by counsel for the American Federation of Arts. PARAGRAPH 1530. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1530. Books, pamphlets, and music, in raised print, Used exclusively by or for the blind; Braille tablets, cubarithms, special apparatjjs and ob- jects serving to teach the blmd, includ- ing printing apparatus, machines, presses, and types for the use and benefit of the blind exclusively. ACT OF 1909. Par. 518. * * * books and music, n raised print, used exclusively by the blind [Free]. Par, ACT OF 1913. .426. » « * books and musiC(- in raised print, used exclusively by the blind, * * * Braille tablets, cnt)arithms, special apparatus and ob- jects serving to teach the blind, includ- ing printing apparatus, machines, presses, and types for the use and benefit of the blind exclusively [Free]. 1260 SXJMMAEY OF TAIIH"F INFORMATIOIT, 1921. BOOKS, ETC., USED FOR THE BLIND. Description and uses. — The items mentioned in paragraph 1530 are of a character in themselves to be dutiable under paragraph 1310 and other paragraphs. They are to be admitted free only when used exclusively by the blind or to teach the blind. , Production. — No data available. Imports of books in raised print for the blind in 1914 were valued at $1,452. Imports in. the calendar years 1918-1921 have been valued as follows: 1918, $309; 1919, $1,689; 1920, $1,043; 1921 (nin& months), $1,944. Exports. — Not listed. PARAGRAPH 1531. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1531. Any society or institution, incorporated or established solely for re- ligious, philosophical, educational, scien- tific, or literary purposes, or for the en- couragement of the fine arts, or any col- ege, academy,, school, or seminary of learning in the United States, or any State or public library, may import free of duty, not to exceed two copies of any book, map, music, engraving, photograph, etching, lithographic print, or chart, for its own use or for the encouragement of the fine arts, and not for Sale, under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe. ACT OF 1909. Par. 519. Books, maps, music, photo- graphs, etchings, lithographic prints, and charts, specially imported, not more than two copies in any one invoice, in good faith, for the use and by order of any society or institution incorporated or es- tablished solely for religious, philosophi- cal, educational, scientific, or literary purposes, or for the encouragement of the _ fine arts, or for the use and by oiiderof any. college, academy, school, or seminary of learning in the United States, or any state or public library, and not for sale, subject to such regulations as the Sec- retary of the Treasury shall prescribe [Free]. ACT OF 1913. Par. 427. Books, maps, music, en- gravings, photographSj - etchings, litho- gi'aphic prints, and charts, specially im-r ported, not more than two copies in any one invoice, in good faith, for the use and by order of any society or institution in- eorpbrd.ted or established solely for re- ligious, philosophical, educational, scien- tific, or literary purposes, or for the en- . coiu-agement of the fine arts, or for the use and by order of any college, academy, school, or seminary "of learning in the United Statjes, or any State or pubUc li- brary, and not for sale, subject to such regulations as the Secretary of the Treas- ury shall prescribe [Free]. FREE [MPORTATION8 OF BOOKS BY SOCIETIES, ETC. Description and uses. — The items mentioned in paragraph 1531 are of a character in themselves to be dutiable under paragraph 1310. The free admission provided for in the paragraph depends : (1) Upon the character of the importing institution. (It must be for religious, philosophical, educational, scientific, or literary purposes or for the encouragement of the fine arts. Among such institutions are specifi- cally mentioned colleges, academies, schools, seminaries of learning, SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1261 State and public libraries.) (2) The number imported. (The con- cession is limited to two copies.) (3) The use to which the importa- tion is to be put. (It must be for the use of the importer and not for sale.) Imports under the provisions of the corresponding paragraph in the act of 1913 (par. 427) were valued at $3,994,869 in 1914. Imports in the calendar years 1918-1921 have been valued as follows: 1918, $181,027; 1919, $330,817; 1920, $338,690; 1921 (9 months), $378,420. PARAGRAPH 1532. H. B. 7456. SElilATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1532. Books and- libraries of per- sons or families from foreign countries if actually used abroad by them not less thaii one year, and "not intended for any Otlier person or persons, Hor for sale, and not exceeding $250 in value. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. iPAK. 520. Books, libraries, * * ' * * ' Pau. 428. Books, libraries, * * ** of persons or families from foreign coun- of persons or families from foreign coiiii- triea, all the foregoing 'if actually used tries, all the foregoing if actually used abroad by them not; less than one year, abroad by them not less than one year, and not intended for any other person or and not intended for any other person or persons, nor for sale [Free]. persons, nor for sale' [Free]. ' BOOKS AND LIBRARIES NOT FOR SALE. Description and uses. — The items mentioned in paragraph 1532 are of a character in themselves to be dutiable under paragraph 1310, and their free admission is conceded only on the condition that they are (1) imported by persons or families from foreign countries, (2) that they have actually been used abroad by them, for a period not less than a year, (3) that they are not intended for any other per- son or persons, (4) that they are not for sale, and (5) that they do not exceed $250 in value. Import statistics are combined with those of personal effects of citizehs of the United States dying in foreign countries, and household and personal effects, etc., of persons emigrating to the United States. They are shown under paragraph 1631, p. 1409. Important changes in bldssijlcation. — The 'provision for " usual and reasonible furniture, and similar household effects," has been omitted. A further limitation is in the value of the books and libraries, which is set at $250. PARAGRAPH 1533. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pak. 1533. Borax, crude and unmanu- factured, and .borate of lime, borate of aoda, and other borate material, crude and unmanufactured, not specially provided for. •' '"Usual and reasonable furniture, and similar household effects" dutiable according to materials, or possibly free under pars. 1678, 1685, or 1689 in H. E. 7456. 1262 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORJVTATipiir, 1921. ACT OF 1900. Par. 11. B6rai,'two ceiits-per pound; borgites: of lime, soda, or. other borate ma-' terial not otherwise provided for in this section, two cents per pound, i , ACIJ; OF IfllS. Par. '429. Bcbrkx, crude and u'nmanu- ifatetiiied-, and borate of , lime, soda, and other borate material, crude and unman- jlifactured, npt otherwise. provided for in this' section [Free].' '- '^'' , ; ', ' CBtFDE BOEiiX AND BORATE MATERIALS. .' (See Survey A-1.) Description and uses. — (BdrsiiV erude, " tinkal" or biborate of soda^ was formerly.tlie main source of borax in California. .Borate of lime,, or tire mineral colemani1;e,'\vliich is now the chief source of borax and boric acid, occurs extensively in California. Other borate materials are boracite, a borate of magnesium from the Stassfurt deposits of Germany; sassolite, a native boracic acid from volcanic springs of Italy and California; ulexite, a borate of lime .and soda o'ceurrihg in California and Nevada; and pricelite, a borate, of lime occurring in Death Valley, Calif. Productioti of crude borax materials has about doubled in recent years. In 1913 it was 58,051 tons, valued at $1,491,5^0; in 1917, 108,875 tons, valued at $3,609,632. Subsequent figures are not available. Chile, Italy, Turkey, and Germany also are other sources. The United States supplies about one-half and Chile one-third of the world's demand. , ,. , , Imports of borate materials hiave been less than 0.01 per cent of domestic production. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 1 , - Calendfir year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. 1918.. . . ..' . 10,000 ' - 550 5,050 4,480,000 $50 25 100 100,000 $0,005 1919 ' , ■ t ; !>' 04 1920.., t 1921 <9 months) ; '. . : ; 1'. '. : . • . -. -■., , ; V,'!(:i Exports of crude and unrefined borax, chiefly; to Japan, Canada, and England, in 1920 (first year shown) were 14,325,037 pounds, val- ued at $1,206,936, and for the first nine months of 1921, 2,705,392 pounds, valued at $191,616. ' ,-,■ ,: ^i • Suggesied cJianges. — Change "and" to ''or" between "crude" and "unmanufactured." i; • PARAGRAPH 1534. H. B. 7456. Par. 1534. Brass, old bras,s, clippings from bras'sor Dutch metal, all the fore- going, fit only for remanufacture. ACT OF 1909. Par. 521. Brass, old brass, clippings from braps or Dutch metal, all the fore- going, fit only for remanufacture [Free]. SENATE AIOINDMENTS. .!■ ACT OF 1913. 'Par.:430. Brass, old braes, clippings from brass or Dutch metal, all the fore- going, fit only for remanufacture .[Free]. 1 1;: ■■'• $S9, 634 Imports were chiefly from China in 1918, froitii Japan and China in 1919, while in 1920 England led in exports to this country; with China and Japan following. Exports from England are transship- ments, London being the chief "^oint of distribution of Chinese bristles. >• , , ■ Exports. — None recorded. PARAGRAPH 1537. H. B. 7456. Par. 1537. Bullion, gold or silver. ACT OF 1909. ' Par. 524. Bullion, gold or silver [Free]. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 436. Bullion, gold or silver [Free]. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INPORMATItliN, 1921. 1265 GOLD AND SILVER BtTLLION. ■'■ (See Sur-vey PL-20.) Description and uses. — Bullion is uncoined gold and silver bars and plate; it varies in ^degree of fineness. The riatae is also applied to uncurrent coin (coin received only at its metallic value). In the United States, hWever, the term bullion is rarely applied to coin. Gold in bars answers some of the monetary purposes of coined gold. Production.— The country's output of gold in 1913 amounted to 4,271,562 troy ounces, coining value, $88,301,023, and in 1920 (pre- Imunary figures) 2,395,017 ounces, coining value, $49,509,400. The silver production in 1913 was 67,601,111 troy ounces, commercial value, $40,864,871, an,d in 1920 (preliminary figures) 56,564,504 troy ounces, conun^ijcial vaJjue, $57,420,325. Imports m 1914, of gold were 1,237,812 ounces, valued , at -$24,206,047 j and of silver 23,387,924 ounces, yalued at $16,548,213. -Imports in later calendar years were as follows : i ; /, . ■ - ■ -! 'Tli • .', " 1918 1919 ! 1920 1921(9nionthj). Gftid: * : . ,; Quantity (troy ounces).^. . ' ■ 1,906,494. $38,911,037 - -32^836,317 1,614,651 $33,183,373 7,990,171 $8,382,030 1^193,577 $326, 260, 835 7, 945, 711 $7, 874, 136 21,002,904 $430, 764, 187 9,400,091 $5,648,726 Value ;..... ■_ Silver: ' Value $20,619,195 .1 _ The imports of bullion .gold in 1918 came plainly from Canada, Colombia, and Mexico; in i919 from Canada, the United Kingdom, and Belgium; and in 1920 from the United Kingdom, France, and Canada. The principal contributing countries for silver buUion were Mexico, Canada,' and Honduras. Exports. — Exports of gold in 1914 amounted to 2,101,244 ounces, valued at $43,058,031, and of silver to 89,813,522 ounces, valued at $52,180,453. Exports for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Gold:, 390,468 $8,052,578 240, 124, 122 $236,411,329 5,912,786 $122,055,164 176,780,153. $186,533,72^ 1,852,974 $38,281,357 62,519,339 $70,228,057 35,779 $736,248 26,726,076 $16,846,458 Value.. .. - . SilVet:- Quautiliy (troy ounces) . Valile -• ;,.;)-,- . • The principal coimtries of destination for our exports of gold were Japan, Chiiia, British India, Chile, Mexico, and Peru; and of silver, China, Hongkong, British India, Canada, and the United Kingdom. 82304—22 80 .1266 SUMMABY OF TABIPP INFORMATION^ J.921. PARAGRAPH 1538. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 15?8. Burgundy pitch. . .. 'i ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. PAk. 525. Burgundy pitch [Free],. Par. 437. 'Burgiimiy'pitch.fFree]. r " '; BUKGUNDT PITCH. J^ (See Survey FL-2.) • ■' . Description and uses. — Burgundy pitch is* a resinotts substftjiee cbemicafly allied to crude guni turpentine. It is used in medicine, chiefly in plasters, for varnish making, coating or lining beer barrels (in Germany) ,' and for other technical purposes. Production. — It is obtaiiied principally in 'Finland, the Schwarz- wald (Black Forest), Austria, and the Berneisb Alps. '^ " _ Imports. — ^Before the war the imports of Burgundy pitch averaged a,bQut 1,000,000 poiinds, valued at about $40,000. In 1915 imports .jFere 131,967 pounds, valued at $4,051 ; in 1917, 25 pounds, valued at $3; and in 1918, 100 pounds, valued at $12. In 1919 the value was $470, and in the firist nine months of 1921, $157. ;■ PARAGRAPH 1539. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. . Par. 1539, Cadmium. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. j, Par. 526. Cadmium [Free]. Par. 439. Cadmium [Free]. CADMIUM. ' . 1 ,,,, . , r . , (See Survey FL-6.) Description and uses. — Cadmium is a heavy white metal, resem- TYPESETTING, SEWING, AND OTHER MACHINES, (See Survey' FL-3".) Pescriptipp, arid uses. ^^ihe uses of ttese BftaQbiaes are weIl>kijowii, except pernapSi that of.,tlie sjudee machine^a device foFj drying sludge , emanating from sewage and for separating the partieles— i-and, tne , sand-lb|lastmachine-r-,an^ apparatus, for forcibly projectiog sand (by airor stpaan) fpr.engraTring or cutting glass,, stone, etc. The United States is ithe world's greate^st producer of these machines. , .P;ro£^«piiori, iSi^howafor 1914 and 1919 as foUqws: 1914 1919 Cash registers an3,parts .: Liifotype and other typesetting machines . Sev^gjinacshines. i .'. ; i l. . . Typewriters ^ ■ Shoe machinery 1 ,»16, 935.-OM. 7,634631, J 21,71ttM3. , 20,616,532 '''^949,300 $31,031,000 15, 197,' 000 48,9*^000 43,313,000 7,459,000 Production in 1919 ofisand-blast.machineiry was yalued at $686,000 und of road-maMng machmes at; $13,915,000. v ■ : • Imports, including cream separators, in 1914 amo]inted to. $863,627. Imports for later calendar years may be divided into five cfesseSj.as follows: Cash registers... -, .;......... Linbtype and all typesetting machines Sewing machines ; Typewriters Shoe machinery 1918 - $800 14,351 98,245 17,287 4,114 1919 1597 ■ 7,007 225: 541 7,577 5,262 1921 (9 months). J324 19, 371 346, 519 14,068 IS, 497 t3,037 4,379' 356,500 9,060 11,652 In addition to these impprtatibhs there came into the country in 1918 (calendar year) sand-blast machines valued at $3,630, and m 1920 sludge machines to the value of $1,590. Exports for the calendar years 1918-1921 are vastly greater than, imports and may be tabulated as follows; Cash registers: Number Value Cash registers, parts oi, value. . . . Typesetting machines, value — Sewing macliines, Metric tons. 1276 SUMMAEY OE' TAKIFF INrOKMATlOa!!f, 1921. Nearly all the imported material comes from Canada and enters through the customs districts of Montana and Idaho, Massachusetts, Washington, San, Francisco, Maine, and 'New Hampshire, most of whichare within easy reach by water of the Canadian coal fields and* remote from our own leading coal areas. - Exports greatly exceed imports. In the fiscal year 1918 exports of anthracite were 4,84o,187 tonSj valued at $29,844,947; bituminous, 21,051,979 tons, valued at $81,980,218; and £oke, 1,337,321 tons, valued at $10,155,047. Exports forHhe calendar yeairs' 19l8 to 1921 are divided into three classes as follows : 1918 1919 ld20 1921 (9 months). Anthracite: Quantity (tons) ValuB Bituminous coal: Quantity (tons) Value Cota: Quantity (tons) Value 4,435,643 $29,215,689 19,956,009 $78,664,856 1,606,986 $11,861,408 4,443,3^1 $38,668,131 17,958,514 $83,708,842 640,139 $5,128,119. 4,824,776 $45,538,100 34,390,254 $304,273,241 821,252 $9,993,665 3,236,282 $36,.067,069 17,473,626 $106,755,909 19?, 251 $2, IK, 157 The principal country of destination is Canada. Shipments, how- ever, are made to Cuba and Argentina, and in late years have gone to Italy and France. ■ Important changes in classification. — Proviso is new. PARAGBAPH 1646, H. R. 7456. Par. 1546. Coal-tar i)roducts;Acena,pli- thene, anthracene haying a purity'p^ less than 30 per centum, benzene, carbazole having a puiity of less than 65 per cen- tum, cumene, cymene, fluorene, methyl- anthracene, methylnaphthalene, naph- thalene, which after removing all the" water present has a solidifying point less than seventy-nine degrees centigrade, pyridine, toluene, xylene, dead or creo- sote oil, anthracene oil, pitch of coal tar, pitch of blast-furnace tar, pitch of oilrgas tar, pitch Of water-gas tar, crude coal tar, crude blaat-fumace tar, crude oil-gas tar, crude water-gas tar, all other distillates of any of these tare which on being sub- jected to distillation yield in the portion distiUing below one hundred and ninety degrees centigrade a quantity of tar acids less than 5 per centum of the original dis- tillate, all mixtureeof any of these distil- lates and any of the foregoing pitches, and all other materials or products that are found naturally in coal tar, whether produced or obtained frOm coal tar or other source, aiid not specially provided for in paragraph 25 or 26 of Title I of this " Act. ACT or SEPT. 8, 1916, TITLE V. Sec. SOQ. Tha.t on and after the day following the passage of this Act, except as otherMse specially provided for in this title, there shall be levied, collected,' and paid upon the articles named in this sec- tion when imported from a.ny foreign couiitry into the United States or into any of its possessions, except the! Philippifle Islands and "the islands of Guam and Tutuila, the rates of duties which are pre- scribed in this title, namely: FREE LIST. Group I. Acenaphthene, anthr3.cene having a. purity of less than twenty-five per centum, benzol, carbazpl haying a purity of less than tweniy-five per centum, cresol, cumol, fluorene, meta- cresol having a purity Of less than ninety' per centuinj. methyiianthracenej methyl- naphthalene, naphthalene having a solid- ifying point less than seventy-nine degrees centigradie, orthocresol haying a purity of less than ninety per centum, paraeresol , havingapurityof less than ninety fcfer cen- tum, pyridin, * * * toliiol, xylol, crude coal tar, pitch of coal tar, dead or creosote . StTMMAJBY OP TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1277 H. B. 7456. ACT OF 1909. Par. 536. Coal tar,' crude, pitch of coal tar, and products of coal tarknown aa dead or creosote oil, benzol, toluol, naphthalin, xylol, * * * cresol, * * * all the foregoing not medicinal and not colors or dyes [Free]. >-• Par. 15.;* *■ * all other products or preparations of coal tar, not cplprs or dyes and not medicinal, not specially '•provided for in this section, iWenty per ■ centum ad valorem. [Covered acenaph- thene, earbazole, cumenfe, oymene, fluor- ene, methylanthracene,. methylnaphtha- lene, pyridine, anthracene oil, and all other materials or products.] [No corresponding provision for the other commodities.] ACT OF SEPT. 8, 1916, TITLE V. oil, anthracene oil, all other distillates which on beiing Subjected to distillation . yield in this portion distilling below two hundred degrees centigrade a quantity of tar acids less than five per centum of the original distillate, and all other products that are found naturally in coal tar, whether produced or obtained from do'al tar or other source, and not otherwise spe- cially provided for in this title, shall be exempt from duty. , / Group II. * * * catbaiol having a purity of 25 per centuin or more, * * * 15 per centum ad valorem, * ■ * * [and 2i cents per pound]. ., . . j , [No corresponding pravisiori for the other commodities.] ACT OF 1913. Par. 452. Coal tar, crude, pitch of coal tar, » * * or other tar, dead or creosote oil, and products of coal tar known as an- thracene and anthracene oil, naphthalin, * * * and cresol [Free]. Par, 22. Coal-tar distillates, not spe- cially provided for in this, section; ;ben- zol, * * : I * . toluol, xylol; all the fore- going not raedicinal arjd not colors or dyes, 5 per Centum ad valorem. [Covered aCe- naphtherie, carbazole, cumene; cymene, fluorene, methylanthracene, methylnaph- thalene,, pypidine.] . . , Par. 21'. All other products or prepara- tions of coal tar, not colors or dyes, not 'specially provided for in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem. [N<5 ' coAesponding provision for the other commodities.] COAL-TAE CRUDES. : (See T. I. S.-6, 11, 22, and 23.) "Desdriptidii and lises.— In the manufacture of coke in by-prodtict ovens and in the production of coal ^as for city Hghting and heating, one of the by-products is coal tar, which yields by distillation or other simple methods of treatment (sublimation and washing with acids and alkalies) a class of substances known as coal-tar "crudes." These substances are included in this paragraph. The most important crudes are benzene, toluene, naphthalene, and anthracene. Other crudes include xylene, cumene, carbazol, the cresols, and pyridine. These crudes after purification are used in the preparation of coal-tar intermediates (par. 25) ; the latter, in turn, are, used in the manufacture of dyes (par. 26). In addition to the crudes, certain pitches, related to coal tar, are mentioned in this par- agraph. Pitch is used chiefly for road making, roofing, shingles, tarred felt,"buUding paper, and for many minor uses, such as com- pounding with rubber, sealing dry batteries, and as a fuel. ^la-zs SUMMAEY OP TARIFF INEOKMATIOK',! 1931, Complex mixtures made from coal tar by fractibnfil distillation appear in commerce imder the names solvent naphtha, light oil, dead oil, creosote oil, anthracene bU, and pitch. Solvent naphtha is used mainly as a, solvent for paint, rubber cements, and other materials,. Creosote oil serves on a large scale for the preservation of wood (telegraph poles, fence posts, "rslilroad ties, and paving blocks) . Production of the coal-tar crudes is given in the Tariff Commission'* report, "Census of Dyes and. Coal-Tar Chemicals," 1917-20. Imports of crudes' have increased from $1,241,407 in 1918 to $5,512,258 in 1920;. and for 9 indnths of 1921 were $4,371,765. Exports sitice 1917 by calendar years are shown in the table below, -Exports of benzol have been ©hiefly to Italy, Belgium, and France,, while " all othei' coal-tar distillates " have gone principally to England,. Switzerland, and Japan. " ; 1919 1920 1921 (9 montlLs). Benzol: Quantity (pounSs) Value. All other coal-tar distillatps (value) j 33,294,577 $1,904,360 »5, 867, 830 14,238,419 J535,1S2 »1, 103, 750 13,174,268 • 1927,940 t6ig62,249 64,161,S9» t2, 744, 348 t426,25S. Important change^ in dassificatidn.^^owie of these crudes were dutiable in 1913, but aU are exempted from duty in 1916, carbazol and anthracene, however, being limited in 1916 to such as have a purity of less than 25 per cent. (See also par. 25.) Suggested changes. — Page 183, Hne 10, of H. R. 7456: Change "removing", to "the removal of" td agree with paragraph 25, page 8, line 20. , ' ' PARAGRAPH 1547. H. R. 7456. Pak. 1547. Cobalt and cobalt ore. ACT or 1909. SENATE AMENDMENTS, ACT OF 1913. Pak. 537., Cobalt and cobalt ore [Free]. Par, 453. Cobalt and cobalt ore [Free]. COBALT AND COBALT ORE., '■=■"■■'•"' (See Survey FL-fe.) Description and uses. — Cobalt is a white, malleable, tough metal similar to iron and resembling nickel in many of its properties. In the form of its oxide it imparts a beautiful blue color to pottery and' other glazes. Research for developing its uses has opened up a most promising field for the metallic; form, especially in the alloy, stellite, and as a valuable component of special high-grade steels. Production. — Practically the entire world supply comes frotii the silver ores of Cobalt, Ontario. It is converted in Canada into metal or oxide. There are deposifts of low grade associated with the dis- seminated lead ores of Missouri.' These complex ores were worked for nickel and cobalt from 1907 to 1909, and produced 83,394 pounds SUMMABY OF, TABIFF.INFPRMATION, 1921. 1279 of cobalt oxide in the latter year. TheiplantreJiiaine.-' '\ '•-'-' '.. .-■■i'; Calendar year. ■■•'.^ Qtaaniity. 'Value. Unit value. COPi'ER SULPHATi., 1918 ;.. J J^ ......... t :.... :'. .. Pounisl 28 16,546 658,450 316,458 $5 2,826 32,329 16,560 $0.18 1919 , .17 1920 ''.. :'.?■!•).-..■ '...:'. . . .06 1921(9 montlis)^.^.,,,.....!,. , .05 , , ;, .,.,,-.; ,. ',; , VERDIGRIS. . •■ . -. ; ; , ,,!..■ 1918 ■ ! 1 : 22,732; 35,780' 22,091 5,606 4,806 . 954 ,• 10.36 1919 .36 1920 .22 1921 (9 months) „ .17 Exports of blue vitriol, principally to European and South American countries, steadily increased from 1910 to 1917, when they amounted to 28,128,190 pounds. Exports for ,the calendar years 1918-1921, chiefly to Argentina, Canada, and Mexico, have been as follows: , 1921 (9 months). (Juaiititijr (pounds). Value;..... 14,477,339 $1,395; 946 9,140,673 $928,291 3,783,409 $306,899 3,110,487 $195,030 Export statistics for verdigris are not available. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1289 PiARAGRAPH 1555. H. B. 7456. Pae. 1555. Coral, marine, uncut, and unmanufactured'. ' ' ' ' ' ACT OF 1909. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 191£ Par. 546. Coral, marine, ' uncut,' and Pae. 463. Coral, marine, unctit, and uiunanufactured [Free]. unmanufactured [Free]. CORAL, MARINE, UNMANUFACTURED. (See Survey N-1.) Description and uses. — Goral is derived from the skeleton of the coral polyps. It is fairly hard, has the brilliancy of agate, and polishes like gems. The principal varieties are red, black, clear white, duir white, and, the most prized, delicate rose, or flesh color. Production. — ^The greater portion of the precious coral entering commerce is produced on the shores and islands of the Mediterranean, though considerable quantities are found on. the Persian Gulf, in the Philippines, and elsewhei-e. Imports of coral in 1914, mainly from Italy, were valued at $192; for later calendar years they were as follows : 1918 1919^ ■ 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (pounds). ! ■' ■■ 265 $1,306 188 $1,389 1,229 Value , m $1,988 H. B. 7456. PARA GRAPH 1556. SENATE AMENDE CENTS. Par. 1556. Cork wood, or cork bark, unmanufactured, and. cork waste, shav- ings, and cork refuse of all kinds. ACT OF 1909. Par. 647.' Cork wood, unmaniifactured [Free]. or ,cork l^ark, ACT OF 1913. . Par. 464. Cork wood, ,or cork bark, unmanufactured, and cork waste, shav- ings, and cork refuse of all kinds [Free]. CORE BARK AND CORK WASTE. (See Survey ISM.) Y TDe^criptign and uses. — CorkTypod or bark is derived from an ever- green oaK common to southern Europe and northern Africa. The trees are stripped at intervals of, nine years, each, yielding about 45 poundSfpf commercial, bark varying in thickness from Qne-Thalf inch to 2 inches.,, Cork waste is the residue from tlie cutting of natural cork articles, and also the forest waste or refuse remaining after the selection of the commercial bark, (See paragraph 1412 ior uses.) Production. — Portugal leads in cork production, with Spain a close second. The estimated output of the former in 1913 was 100,000 1290 SUMMARY OF TABIFF INFOEMATIQN, 1921. tons, and Spain produced 78,000 tons in 1912. About 85 per cent of the total product of the world is absorbed by the manufactures of France, Gfeat Britain,' (jermany, and the United' States. No cork "bark is grown in the United^tates. Import values of cork wood, waste, shavings, etc., since 1910 ranged between $3,000,000 and $4,000,000, except in 1915 and 1911, when they were^2,762,89B and $4,274,810, respectively. Imports during the calendar years 1918-1921 were as follows: 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) ■Cork wood or bark, umuanufactuied: Quantity (pounds) 1 Value -Cork waste, shavings and refuse of all kinds: Quantity (pounds) .'...i. Value 22,560,059 $1,297,636 72,,421, 740 U, 233, 009 28,286,942 »1, 802, 506 131,641,699 $2,558,556 53,927,976 $2,596,600 169, 549, 364 $3,741,730 14,711,163 $725,443 59,165,662 $1,066,015 Almost all of these imports are from Portugal and Spain. PARAGRAPH 1557. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1557. Cotton and cotton waste. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pak. 548. Cotton, and cotton waste or Par. 467. Cotton, and cotton waste or iBockfl [Free]. '' ., flocks [Free].' COTTON AND COTTON WASTE. . (§ee report o^ American Raw Cotton Industry.) RAW COTTON. Description and uses. — ^The domestic cottons are short-staple up- land, long-staple upland, American-Egyptian, and sea-island. The «hort-staple upland' is '.under IJ inches in length and can be spun ■only into coarse and medium counts, but it is the most widelj used cotton grown. Long-staple upland runs frOm 1 J to If inches, together with a small amoimt in longer lengths, and is mainly em- ployed in counts from 40s to 100s. Sea-island cotton is the loi^est, finest, and silkiest, and the beat quality can be; spun to 400s or finer. It varies in length from IJ to 2^ inches, with an average of about 1|. American-Egyptian cotton ■ is a recent development of acclimated Egyptian long staple. Production is now confined to. the Pima variety;- with a staple length of about If inches; this is used mainly in the manufacture of tire fabrics. Production.^-Cotton ranks second to- corn as the most valuable crop grown in this counti-y. The total value of' lint cotton produced in the iTnited States was $591,130,000 in 1914; $2,030;960,000 in ' Seven cents p^ pound iniHosed by par. 16 of the emergency tariff act of May 27',il921, on cotton havin -a staple of ) I Inches or more inlengfn. SUMMARY OP TABIFF INFOKMATION, 1921. 1291 1919; and $1,067,240,000 in 1920. The following table gives in bales of 500 i)omids net weight the American output and estimated world production of commercial cotton as reported by the Federal Census : Year. World. United States. 1914 ;./...^t.. 1917 ...1...... 1918 . Bales. 23,768,000 17,343,000 17,940,000 19,330,009 18,810,000 Bales. 15,437,955 10,812,701 11,520,367 10,924,435 12,859,030 Per cent. 64.9 62.3 64.2 1919 . .. 56.5 1920 68.4 The domestic acreage for all varieties was 36,832,000 in 1914; •36,008,000 in 1918; 33,566,000 in 1919; and 35,504,000 in 1920. "The acreage and estimated yield for 1921 is the smallest in 20 years; This is due to the fall in the price of cotton, to insect pests, and to unfavorable weather conditions. Production of short-staple uplands, under l\ inches in length, ■constituted 91.2 per cent of the total in 1919 and 90.2 per cent in 1920; as compared with 7.5 pet cent and 8.3 per cent, respectively, in the same years, for cotton l| to 1^ inches in length; and 1.3 per cent And 1.5 per cent, respectively, for cotton over l| inches in length. The United States is not oidy the largest producer of short-staple •cotton under IJ inches in length, but also of long-staple cotton of IJ inches or more. In 1920 the United States produced 1,317,000 bales •of the latter as compared with about 1,000,000 bales in Egypt, the next largest source. Cotton of extrk-lbng staple, such as If inches and above, is produced most largely in Egjrpt. The American pro- duction of extra-long staple is relatively small; it consists mainly of American-Egyptian and a small amount of long-staple upland. The production of sea-island, which was 117,559 running bales in 1916, -was reduced by reason of the boll weevil to 1,868 running bales in 1920. The production of American-Egyptian cotton, which was in- augurated about 1912, had increased by 1920 to. 91,965 bales of 500 pounds each. This cotton was produced on about 240,000 acres of arrigated land in the Southwest. Maricopa County, Arizona, with about 185,000 acres in cotton, was the main center. The Depart- ment of Agriculture states : . ' The market for the 1920 crop of this type of cotton was badly demoralized by the ■suspension of production of tire fabrics £ind in part by unprecedentedljr larg^ impprts •of Egyptian cotton early in the year. As a result of advei-se marketing conditions the acreage planted to Pima cotton was'iiiuch reduced. It is now estimated that the acreage in Maricopa Gounty, Aiizona, for 1921 will be about 70,000, with possibly 10,000 acres in other, irrigated valleys in Arizona and California. India ranks second in the production of cotton, followed by China^ Egypt, Russia, Brazil, Mexico,' Turkey, Persia, aijd Peru. Imports in 1914 were 246,699 bales (500 pounds gross) , valued at ^19,466,565. Imports in later calendar years were as follows: •Quantity (500-poimd bales) . Value .'.... -,-,-!-.- 1918 223, 167 J41j624,080 1919 350, 717 , $71,886,290 ;tl38,743,695 i921(9inonths). 1128,090 .1 $14, 538, 664 ' Includes 6,008 bales, valued at $754,451, of cotton dutiable under the emergency tariff act because of •extra-long staple (If inches and above). 1292 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION,. 1S21. General imports in 1921; by months, were as^foEows:' . '; ti Mohtfi. January.. February March April May June Quantity (equivalent 600-pound bales). 24,024 28, 095 27, 282 18,730 10, 105 10,542 Value. S3, 397, 802 2,917,069 2.743,354 2:204,697 1,152,511 1,312,689 Month. Quantity (equivalent soft-pound bales). July August — September. October. .. November. December. 3,452 5,630 6,361 31,269 51-, 440 61-, 006 Value. 1320,685 733,:&4 526, (fiO 3,476,655 6,039,45'4 8,078,213 There are many typies of cptton, and in spite of its enormous surplus production the United States finds it necessary to import certain varieties from abroad. These cottons, of special characteristics, are supplementary rather than competitive, and in general are higher in price than the domesticvproduct. They may be classed as (1) Egyp- tian, (2) Mexican, (3) Chinese and Indian, and (4) Peruvian. Im- ports, by countries of production,, during crop yearg ended July 31 are recorcied by the Bureau of the Census as follows: [Bales (equivalent 500 poUndfe).] Total. ■ 'Produced in— Crop :year. Egypt. Mexico. China. Peru! India. Another countries. t 1921 1920 I?26,341 700,214 201,685 221,216 29ly957 437, 574j 385,286 260,988 . '87,168 485,004 100,006 114,580 199,892 350,796 262,373 138,579 88,155 65,343 54,434 35,726 32,858 30,098 85,180 80,285 14,722 57,185 10,871. 38,964 36,'063 35,792 25^1 20,772 22,597 ■ 63,426 ; 25)230 19,692 II' 069 .10,909 1*353 12,627 8,489, 1*,358' 2,893 7,096, ' 3:860' -.4,21* 7,845 7,819 .. - 5,210 .' 14,898 1919 M 8; 1^1 1918 , 5W» 1917 '•' 82(5 1916 . . . . . ,x. 5,765 1915 . .'. ' '87S 1914 It is seen that Egyptian cotton is normally the main import. This cotton enters chiefly for use in making tire fabrics, probably less than 20 per cent of the, total being employed for other purposes, such as the manufacture of thread, lace, knit goods, and fine cloths. The record imports in 1920 were due mainly to the apparently insatiable demand for tire fabrics in the fall of 1919 and early part of 1920: The Mexican cotton is nearest to the American in its characteristics and is partly good-staple cotton from the Laguna section and partly loiriger-stapled cotton from the Imperial Valley of California Baia. At a numoer of border points Mexican cotton is brought' into tlie United States for ginning. This cotton is exported as American cotton or used to : supplement our shortage of long-staple cottons. The Chinese and Indian cottons are harsh, and of short staple. They are used as filling, in cotton blankets, to which they impart a special feel. The Peruvian cotton imported is mainly "Rough Peruvian" tree cotton, sometimes called "vegetable wool." This is not used in cot- ton manufacture, but is imported for mixing with wool, and the price depends on the price of wool and the supply of Rough Peruvian rather than on the price of cotton. SUMMABY OiF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921, 1293 Exports. — Prior to the war, raw cotton was normally the leading export of the: United States. Exports in 1914, excluding linters, were 9,521,881 bales (equivalent 500 pounds) , valued at $610,475,301. Later exports for calendar years have been as follows : 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). ■Quantity (flOO-pound bales) . Value 4,096,307 $665,242,273 6, 709, 972 $1,135,360,540 6, 310, 541 $1, 134, 790, 044 4,393,2S8 $316,220,673 'The United Kingdom is the largest purchaser. Japan now ranks second, followed by France, Germany, and Italy, and then by smaller users such as Spain, Belgium, and Canada. Prior to the war expprts considerably exceeded domestic consumption; in the years 1915-1919 consumption exceeded exports. LINTEKS. Description and uses. — ^^Cotton linters are the short fuzz left on cotton seed after the lint is removed by ginning; they are removed by a special machine in the cottonseed oilmills before the seed are crushed. In some cases every vestige of fiber is removed by a third process, the firoduct being called "delinters" or "hull fiber." Linters are used or bat£ing; wadding; stuffing material (in mattresses, comforts^ horse collars, and upholstery) ; ,a,bsorbent cotton; mixing -yyith shoddy; mixing with wool m hatmaking and in fleece-lined underwear; low;- grade yarns (for wicking, twine, rope, and carpets); and cellulose f or making airtificial silk, paper, and explosives. The demand for the last-named purpose, i. e., making guncotton and niter powder, pfe- jiominated quring the World War. ' . . Production, in equivalent 500-pound bales, amounted to 856,900 in ,1914, 929,616 in 1918', 607,969 va 1919,^ and 440,313 m 1920. High war prices made it profitable to scrape this fuzz from the sieed most completely, as much as 150 to 200 pounds being obtained from a toil ,pf seed, Prdin^ry commercial usages require a better grade, hence a lower yield results. Imports. — None are recorded. The production of linters in other .countries is very small. Egyptian seed is clean and flossless after ginning, as are also sea island and some other types. Indian cotton seed has a thinner hull than American tfpland cotton seed and is fed to cattle or,cr'ushed.for oil without removal of the linters. ficpoHs were 225,690 bales, valued at $3,665,017, in 1915; and in 1917, the maximum year, 473,948 bales, v^alued at $24,110,815., , Ex- ports were 140,043 bales, valued at $8,880,517, in 1918; 25,384 bales, valued at $l,0ia,712, in 1919; 48,086 bales, valued at $1,618,872, in 1920; and 59,025 bales, valued at $943,907, in the first nine months of 1921. COTTON WASjTE. . Description and uses. — Waste is made ,at every machine process as .cotton passes through the mill. A larger percentage of waste is made in the mahufactiu-e of fine yarns than or coarse, but the average is estimated at 15 per cent, of wbich 12 per cent is reworked into inferior -products or oth«rwise> utilized and 3 per cent lost in the form .of saiid and moisture. 1 There are two kinds (1) soft waste, which has no 1294 SUMMAEY OF TAKIPF INFGEMATION, 1921. twist and is made at machines up to the spinning frame, including- such types as motesy card fly, flat! and cylinder strips, and roving- waste;' and (2) hard waste, having some twist, which is made at the spinning frame and subsequent machines, . including such types as spinning waste, cop bottoms, reel waste, and twister waste. Hard waste must be torn up into its original fibers by a special machine -before it can be reworked; soft waste needs only to be cleaned before reworking. Cotton waste is useid as filling in making cotton blankets, flannelettes, cheap trousering, towels, etc., and as both warp and filling in making sacks, scrubbing cloths, dishcloths, etc., also for candle and lamp -wicks, wadding for siu-gical purposes, guncotton, etc. Flocks, short fibers removed from cloth during the brushing and napping, are much less important, than many other types of waste. Production of cotton-mill waste in 1914 amounted to 634,396 bales (equivalent 500 poimds) , valued at $14,417,000, and in 1919 to 609,640 bales, valued at $35,741,000. This is the amount sold and does not include that reworked in mills where produced. Impprts in 1914 were 53,411 bales (equiyalent 500 pounds), valued at $1,288,105. Later iniports by calendar years Were: In 1918, 2,5^5bales, valued at $94,123; in 1919, 4,249 bales, valued at $216,878; in 1920, 18,185 bales, valued at $947,542; and in the first nine months of 1921, 7,364 bales, valued at $253,239. Imports, mainly of hard thread waste for machine wipiiig, come principally from England, Canada, Italy, and Japto. ' i ■' Exports in 1914 were' 134,501 bales (equivalent 500 pounds), valued at $4,566,769. Later exports by calendar years were: In 1918, 93,737 bales; valued at $9,488,664; in 1919, 114,636 bales, valued at $12,411,704; in 1920, 115,754 bales, valued at $12,368,596; and in the first nine months of 1921, 49,830 bales, valued at $2,155,238. Expprts, mainly of soft waste for remaniifacture, are sent in largest quantities to England, Germany, Canada, and Italy. Important changes in classification. — The word "flocks" has been omitted because this is a cotton waste of little importance and is included in the term " cotton -waste." Suggested changes. — Page 184, line 17: Insert a comma between "cotton" and "and." PARAGRAPH 1558. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDIAENTS. Pae. 1558. Cryolite, or kryolith. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pak. 549. Cryolite, or kryolith [Free]. Par. 468. Cryolite, 'or kryolith [Free]. CRYOLITE OE KRYOLITH. '■ (Bee Survey FL-24.) Description and uses, — CryoUte is a natural double .fluoride of sodium and aluminum. It is used chiefly in the alumitium industry where it is now being! partially displaced by fluorspar. Cryolite is also used to some extent in opalescent glasses and enamels. It was SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1595 formerly employed for the manufacture of soda, but this is now made much more cheaply from common salt. Production. — ^The entire world's supply of cryolite comes from one deposit in Greenland. It is found in other localities, notably around Pike's Peak, Colo., but not in commercial quantities. Imports of cryolite in 1914 were 2,157 long tons; valued at $47,43i5. There is but one iinporter in North America. At least one-fourth of the imports are reexported to Canada. Imports since 1917 are as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. 1918... Tj , Tom. 1,950 2,131 3,864 3,287 $97,500 106,956 193,638 208,686 SSO.OO 1919 . . . 50.19 ism..: SO. 11 1921 f9 months^ . . 63.49 PARAGRAPH 1559. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pab. 1559. Metallic mineral subafances in a crude state, and metals unwrought, whether capable of being wrought or not, not specially provided for. ACT OF 1009. Par. 172. * » * barium, calcium, * * * sodium, and potassium, and alloys of which said metals are the com- ponent material of chief value, three cents per pound and twenty-five per centum ad valorem. Par. 183. Metallic mineral substances in a crude state, and metals iittwrought, whether capable of bemg wrought or not, not specially provided for in this section, twenty per centum ad valorem; * * ». ACT OF 1913. Par. 143. * * * barium, calcium, * * * sodium, and potassium, and al- loys of which said metals are the com- ponent material of chief value, 25 per centum ad valorem. Par. 154. MetalUc mineral substances in a crude state, and metals unwrought, whether capable of being wrought or not, not specially provided for in this section, 10 per centum ad valorem; » » *. METALLIC MINERAL SUBSTANCES AND METALS UNWROUGHT. (See Surveys C-16 and C-22.) Description and uses. — ^The terms "metallic mineral substances" and " metals imwrought " apply to metals in their native state or in a crude or raw condition and not elsewhere provided for. The for- mer term has been interpreted to embrace such merchandise as aluminum foundry ashes, zinc dtbss or galvanizers' skimmings, tin dross, and meteoric iron. At one time considerable doubt existed as to the precise meaning of "metals unwrought" and judicial de- cisions limited the applicability of the term to metals capable of being wrought or imported for the purpose of being worked up into useful articles commercially profitable. In the acts of 1909 and 1913 the phrase "metals unwrought" was given a wider application by the additional words "whether capable of being wrought or not.' ^ In H. R. 7456 this term covers barium, calciuin, sodium, and potassiima, which are specifically mentioned in paragraph>;143, and arsenic metal, 1296 SUMMARY OF TARIFE INFORMATION, 1921. ■W^iich. is specifically-mentioned in paragraph 403, yofthfi act of 1913. It also includes alloys not specially provided for, except ferro- alloys (par. 30?),. nickel silver (par. 377), and those of chief value of a,lunjiiium (par. 374), copper (par. 1552), gold (par. 1537), lead (par. 389) , magnesium (par. 375) , and nickel (par. 385). Natural pHtinum, alloys are .pyovided for, but artificial alloys .would come under this designation, as would also pyrophoric alloys wheUipot cut into sizes or classed: as ferrocerium.. , In addition to the above^ there are about 27 different rare or noncommercial metals that would come under this paragraph, if imported. Production. — -Except for certain white metal ^Uoys, statistics for which are not available, the output of tliese products is not very large, either in this or foreign countries. Imports of the alkali metals have been derived onostly fronT Ger- many, except sodium, which is also imported from Scandiajavian (countries. Imports of arsenic metal, mainly from Germany, are included with those of sulphide of arsenic (par. 1513) . Of the imports of unspecified metals, while q^taliin various forms from Canada is the main item. Statistics since 1917 by calendar years are as follows: Calendar year. Quantity.. Valiie. Duty. EquiYalent ad v^Iprem. METALS, UNWEOUGHT OB IN CEUDE STATE, n; g. p. r. 1918. 1919; 1921 (9 months). Powndi. '2,920,630 4,8Sft,;3l8^ 3,560,064 $73, 614 93,670 178,411 71,358 $7, 339 9,366 17,841 Per cent. 10 10 10 BARIUM. 1919 , 168 51 $163 62 668 $41 15 26 1920 '. 25 1921 (9 months) :;. . . ' 1 cktciUM. i9i9...;.'..:::.ii;...': ; ::...C.'. .:::!;'.: 21,622 71 ,2,226 $3,918 60 2,651 $979 15 25 1920 . . 25 1921 (9 months) , ' .POTASSIUM, r 1921 (9 mouths).. 15,232 $594 25 ii.->lJ.^ ■,-. ■ '. SOJJIUM..' 1919 /.. , ^600 67^288 $684 2,S32 , , ..»171: 25 1921 (9 months) '" ' '' ■- - ■■ :■■ .Exports. — Ndncr recorded./ ■' i, .!•'•<■■ ,v rs ■■_, . ■■-.,•_. \ •Important changes in classification. — ^The provisiolis:of this parar graph. were in dutiable schedules of the acts of 11913 (par. 164)^ 1909 (pBi:^183), 1897 (par. 183), 189j0 (paii;202),and.i883 (par. 215):, Barium, calcium, sodium, tand potassium and alloys of which these= metals are SUMMARY OF TABIFP INFORMATION, 1921. 1297 the component materials of chief value, are transferred to this para- graph from paragraph 143 of the metal schedule of the act of 1913. Suggested changes. — This paragraph includes arsenic metal, which is not specifically naentioned, although white arsenic, the raw material from whibh it is made, is dutiable under paragraph I'of H. R. 7456. This paragraph, furthermore, exempts from duty metals madp dutiable by H. R. 7456, notably tin and antimony, when such metals are alloyed with other metals. PARAGRAPH 1560. H. B. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pak. 1560. Cuttlefish bone. ACT OF 1909. Par. 553. Cuttlefish bone [Free]. ACT OF 1913. Par. 472. Cuttlefish bone [Free]. eUTTLEFISH BONE. Description and uses. — Cuttlefish bone, or -cuttle bone, is the internal plate of the cuttlefish, a friable, calcareous substance for- merly niuch used in medicine as an absorbent, but now chiefly for polishing woo4, paints, varnish, etc., and in tooth powder. It is fed to canaries for the lime it contains. Imports of cuttlefish bone in 1914 were 309,540 pounds, yalued at $56,051, and during the calendar years 1918-1921 they were as follows : 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). QiiftTitit.y (pnnnds). 212,298" »55,753 338,875 $136,932 444,565 $106,191 90,512 $19,099 Value Exports.— None recorded. PARAGRAPH 1561. H. B. 7456. Par. 1561. Glaziers' and. engravers' diamonds, unset; mineis' diamonds. ACT OF 1909. Par. 555. * * * glaziers' and en- gravers' diamonds not set [Free].' Par. 556. Miners' diamonds, whether in their natural form or broken, * * *; any of the foregoing not set, « * » [Free]. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 474, Glaziers' and engravers '.dia- monds, unset, miners' diamonds [Free], • See note, par. 1429, p. 1148. 82304—22 82 12:9.8 SU.MMAE.Yi OF TAEIFF ' INFOKMATTON^ ' 1921. GLAZtERS' AND engravers' I)IAMONDi3, ETC. ' '. '^1'.; V, (See Survey Sr],) - '. - Description pif,d.uses.^^G\&ziex9' -andi engravers' diamonds; unset, and miners' diamopda are! usually of an.aniorphous variety,, brown, gray^^pr Iblack in colqr» Sraali uncuti .diapionds, pr^f erabiy i from crystals with a natural curved edge, are, employed by. glaziers for cutting glass. While bort may be used for engraver's purposes, it usually requires manipulatioH- or advancement. Minute fragments or spliaters of bort are also_used for making fine drills, employed for drilling small holes in rubies and other hard' stones and for piercing china, porcelain, ,glass,„ai;tificial teeth, etc. Rqck drilling, in which a rotary drill armed wim iriipure diamonds is used, is tlie most im- portant industrial application, jii. ij ' ' f ; Production.— See paragraph 1429, page 1149.. /mporfs ih*'l 91 8 of ^aziers' and engravers''^diamofids, unset, and miners' diamoii(is,,;,aniounte4 .oc- curred since i914 when the imports amounted to $101,839. Re- cently the largest import?, have, pome r£rom Brazil; substantial amounts, however, are also received from England, France, and the N§theplaiids,; I)uiring|the calendar years j1919t^1(92vJ imports;were as fqllpws :■,,,.- :i -,■■-■' .,,!i--'' M.-i" ■ . )!■ [,'■! vdj ;; 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quanrtil?? (fcarats). .'.' ...'.'.. 1 1 : . ! '25, 2^9 $984,381- ' 61,214 .tl, 527, 753. 10, i J364,; -Exports. — None recorded. , PARAGRAPH 1562. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1562. Drugs Buch as barks, beans, berries, buds, bulbs, bulbous roots, ex- crescences, fruits, flowers, dried fibfirs, dried insects, grains, nerbs, leaves, lichens, mosses, logs^ roots, steqi|, vege- tables, seeds (aromatic, not garden seeds), seeds of -morbid growjli, 'weeds, .^nd all other dl-Ugd'of ve'gStabre^oi' aninlal Wigin; all of the foregoing which are natural and uncompounded drugs and not edible, and not specially provided for, and are in a crude state, notsidvafl^edin yalue or con- dition by BhrBddihg,^grinding, chipping, crushing, or any other prpcess„9f treat- ment whatever beyond thati essential to "'' ' thie prOpeir packing of 'the drugs 'and' the prevention of decay or deterioration pend- '•' V ■ mg manufacture :Pwyi(ferf, That no article ; containing alcohol shall be admitted free of duty under this paragraph. SUMMABY or TAJBIFF INPOKMATION, 1921. 1299 ACT OF 1909. ; Par. 559. Drugs, such as barks, beans, berries, * * » bude, bulbs, bulboua roots, excrescences, fruits, flojwers, dried fibers, dried insects) grainjs, * * * herbs, leaves, lichejjs, iposses, nuts, * * * roots, steims, spices, vegetables, seeds (aromatic, not garden, seeds), seeds of morbid gro-wth, weeds, f,, *„* any of the foregoing which are natural and un- compounded drugs and not edible attd not specially provided fo* in ' this section, and are in a crude ptate, not advanced in value or condition by any process or treatment whatever beyond thai essential to the proper packing of {he drugs and the prevention: of decay or deterioration pending manufacture [Free]:^ Provided, That no article containing alcohol, or in the preparation- of , which alcohol is used, Bhailf be admitted free of duty unddr'this paragraph. Par. 504. Balm of Gilead [Free]. ;Par. 666., Salep, Drsalop,[Free]. - . ACT OF 1913. Par. 477. Drugs, such as barks, beans, berries, buds, bulbs, bulbous roots, ex- crescences, jfruits, flowers,; dried fibers, dried insects, grains,' * * ' * herbs, leaves, lichens, mosses, logs, roots, -Stems,' vegetables, seeds (aromatic, >not garden 8eeda)lTfleeds of morbid- gi^Jwth-, weeds;; any of the foregoing whicH are natural and. uncompbunded drugs and not Edible and' iiot specially provided for in this section, tad are in a crude state, not advanced in value or condition by ghredding, grind- ,Ing, .chipping,, crushing, or any other process or treatment whatever beyond that essential to' the pi'iper packing of the dtugs and the prevention of decay or deterior?,tion pending manufacture [Free]:, Provided, That no article, containing alcohol shall be admitted free of duty under this partigraph. - Pah. 409. Balm of Gilead [Free]. Par. 592. Salep, orsalop [Free]. DRUGS, NOT .ADVANCED. [For discussion, see pars, ,31 and 32 on pp, 89-9G.] PARAGRAPH 15G3. H. B. 7456. Par. 1563. Dyeing or tanning mate- rials: Fustic wood, . hesmlocl; , bark, log- wood, mangrove bark, oak bark,- quebra- cho woodj wattle bark, divi-divi, myrob- alana fruit,, sumac, valonia, nutgalls or gall nuts, and all articles of vegetable origin used for dyeing," bblorin^, staining, or tanning, whether -crude or treated solely for proper packing or prevention of decay or deterioration pending manu- facture; all the foregoing not containing alcohol and iiot 'specially provided for. ACT OF 1909. ■ Par. 559, * * * woods used ex- pressly for dyeing or tannin*; [Free] * * * Pro^'ided, That no article con- taining alcohol, or in the preparation of. which, alcohol is used, shall be admitted free of duty under this p3,ragraph. Par. 557. Divi-diviXFree]. Par. 632. Myrobolans [Free]. Par. 705. Valonia [Free]. . Par. 499. Articles in a crude state used in dyeing or tanning not specially provided for in this section [Free]. ([Covered hemlock bark and logwood.]' ■►; [No corresponding provision for sumac] senatb; amendments. ACT OF 1913. Par. 624. Tanning mate:fial: * * * niits and AiitgaUs and w'oods used ex- pressly for dyeing ,or- tanning, whether 01 not advanced in value or condition by shredding, grinding, chipping, crushing, 'or any other process; and articles in ^ crude state used in dyeing or tanning; all -the foregoing not containing alcohol and not specially provided for in this section [Fi:ee]. Par. 475. Divi-divi [Free]. Par. 653. Myrobolans fruit [Free]. Par. 618. Sumac, * * * ungyouhd [Free]. Par. 639. Valonia [Free]. 1300 SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. DYEING OR TANNING MATERIALS. (See Survey A-8.) [The crude dyeing and tanning materials of this paragraph are dis- cussed under Extracts, par. 36, p, 105.] Important changes in classification.— Tijeaxg has been added to the heading. The following important tanning materials are mentioned for the first tirae in this paragraph: Fustic wood, hemlock bark, oak bark, logwood, mangrove bark, quebracho wood, and wattle bark. Suggested changes. — ^Many of the dyeing or tanning materials pro- vided for in this paragraph may be imported' in different forms. For example, smnac is imported as "ground" and "unground," and the woods, such as quebracho wood and logwood, may be imported in logs or in chips made from the logs. The phrase "whether crude or treated solely for proper packing or prevention of decay or dete^ rioration pending manufacture" might exclude advanced forms from this paragraph. If so excluded, they might come withia paragraph 1458 as unenumerated articles. The products in paragraph 1563, whether crude or a,dvanced by chipping and similar processes, a,re used as raw materials for the manufacture of tanning and dyeing extracts, which are dutiable under paragraph 36. If it is desired to include these articles, when shredded, ground, etc., in this paragraph, the phrase "whether crude or. advanced in value or condition by shredding,' grinding, chipping, crushing, or any' similar process;" might be substituted for tne words "whether crude or treated solely for proper packing or prevention of decay or deterioration pending manufacture;" in paragjsapb 1563. f; NUTGAELS OR GALL NUTS. (See Survey A-1.) Description and uses. — The term "galls" includes a variety 'of plant excrescences caused by the puncture of insects for laying their eggs, or less frequently induced by fuiigi. Oak galls or oak' apples or Aleppo galls are induced on certain species of pftk by the gall w'asp. The bud swells to the size of a hazel nut. The green galls are of a higher quality, while the white galls, from which the insect has escaped, are inferior. The best oak galls contain 50 to 60 per cent tannin. They are gathered in southern Europe and Asia Minor, par- ticularly in Greece and the Levant. The Chinese and Japanese galls are produced on the Rhus semialata. They are light, distorted, covered by a velvety down, and contain about 70 per cent tannin or tannic acid, which is extracted from them. (See Tannic acid, par. 1, p. 15.) Production. — No domestic production. Imports of nuts and nutgalls for 1908-1918 a,veraged about $230,000. The imports since 1917 have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. 1918 a....... ,:i , , , Pounds,; ^832, 98b 135,985' 976,610 81,S97 1919 ■ ■ ? "■" ■> fr ■■).■■" - ■'579,891' 465,976 • JO 23 1920 : ' .24 1921 (9 months).. [,..... ;., . . 18 SUMMAKY OF TAHirF INFORMATION, 1921. 1301 S'itggested changes. — Nutgails or' gall nuts are not primarily used for dyeing or tanning as are the other articles in this paragraph and might therefore be provided for in a separate paragraph immediately before paragraph 1620. PARAGRAPH 1664. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. , iPar. 1564. Eggs of birds, fishy and in- eects (except fiph roe for'fpo--'- 20 , '■ 20 1921 (9 months) ^ .,J'L0Ej4L,I\^S:^NCES, . 1918..,^;.,/5...j'*i.-^,U5.->.-:...^A:X-^.ft. 1919 J89,210. 50,657 , 220,099 131,^8 ,t- ,'...-.. •I .8^,842 10,131 20 20 1920 20 1921 (9 months) .......... Exports. — Statistics not available; . ,, Important cJtanges in classification. — These products are dutiable under para^aphs>4'6 and 49, act of 1913. Floral concretes are men- tioned specifically for the first , time. ,-(iO PARAGRAPH 1567i :..rt y,u.. H, B. 7456. ' ••.,:.,.■- 1- iSaki 1567. EaoB, eommon palmJeaf, plaia and not ornamented or decorated in any manner, and palm leaf in its natural slate no,t coJored^45'e4ifpr.,ptlip;;n,, . wise advanc'ea or manufactured.' ACT OF 1909. ' ' , Pae, 563> -Pans,iiicomiiK)n palm-leaf, ; pla4B,an|l.not prrmmented, or, (decorated m any manner^ and palm leaf in its 'ilsitural state, Hot colored, dyed, or other- wise advanced or manufactured [Free], i SEXATE AMENDMENTS. V{ ACT OF 1913. ■ ;■ Par. 480. Fans, common^ i palm-leaf , plai^ , ^nd, ; not pmanfiented or 4et;orated in any njanner, and palm leSjf in its natural state, not colbred, dyeiiy Or other- wise advanced or Oi^nufaDtured [Free]. , PALM-LEAF FANS AND PALM LEAF. (See Surveys N-11 aii.'d-N-21.) Description. — Palm-leaf fans are made from Sections of the spread- ing leaf of several varieties of tropical palms. Production data are not sisparately showii in official sources. Imports in 1914 6f plain and not ornamented or decorated palm- leaf fans WOTe 617,135' dozens, vistlued at $37,992, practically alffrom China, with a few fi"om Hongkong and Japan. ' ' Iih^orts of na;tiiral'palm l^af were valued sii $14,801 in 1914, mainly from China, Hongkong, Germany, and Cuba. Statistics of imports for the calendar years 1918-192 X jollow: SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, .1921. 1305 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Fans, conunon palm leaf: Quantity (aoze;i) Value .-. .-.;...; Fans, natural palm leal (vajue) 112,087 $21, 849 14,621 mm ■ $38,128 $27,125 .37»,693 $99,836 $22,202 269,06ft $49,334 ^,450 Imports of palm-leaf fans for 1918-1921 are almost wholly from China and Hongkong. Exports. — None recorded. PAKAGI^APH 1568. H. B. 7456. Par. 1568. Ferrous sulphate; or cop- peras. ■' ACT OF 1909. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 462. Copperas, or sulphate of Par. 19. Copperas, or sulphate of iron, fif teen-hundredths of one cent 'per |)ound . iron* [fsree^? er'-r/'J i'T FEfeROUS %ULPHATE (COPPEEAs), '' (See Survey FL-8.) Description an^ uses.— ^-Ferrous sulphate or .copperas is a .lj)y- product obtained by evaporation from the "picJdihg' solutions" used for cleaning iron plates, and wires before galvanizing, tinning, or enameling. Copperas is used principally as a mordant in dyeing, for the purification of water, and in the manufacture of black ,inks ahd^pigments containing iron; also for the production of rouge', for the purification of coal g&B, for the precipita,tion of gold in. metal- lurgical processes, and for refining glycerine. ^ Production is almost entirely by iron-working companies, and nearly equals consumption. The output in 1914 was 92,478,823 pounds— 60,113,880 pounds from wire mills, 13,158,859 froni roUihg mUls, and the remainder from chemical plants. The production in 1919 (preliminary figures) was 119,611,000 pound!s, valued' at $1,046,900;- Imports in 1914 were 45,737 pounds from England. No imports are reported for 1916-1921. Exports. — Statistics not available. Important cJianges in classification. — "Sulphate of iron" has been changed to "ferrous sulphate," as this is the chemical designation of copperas, which is the only important sulphate of iron. 1306 SUMMARY OF' TARIFF INFORMATION j 1921. PARAGRAPH 1569. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1569. Fibrin, in all forms. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pak. 566. Fibrin, in all forms [Free]. Pah. 482. Fibrin, in all forms [Free]. -^ '■', , '- .1, ■'■: ■' • FIBRIN.,, , ,,ji , • (See Survey PL-15.) , . \ , Description, uses, and production. — Fibrin is a protein substance which is formed when blood coagulates. It is obtained by beating blood with sticks to which ^the fibrin clings, It is also obtained by washing all of the coloring matter out of lean meat. It i^s not an important artid«: ftf commerce. -, Imports of fibrin have been very small, the maximum being valjied at $54, in 1910. None are shown sinde 1916. ' Exports. — Statistics not available. PARAGRAPH 1070. H. B. 7456. ,., ., , Pah. 1570. Fishsldns, raw or aajted., ACT OF 1909. Par. 568. Fishakins [Free]. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Pah. 484. Fishskins [Free].' , - FISHSKINS. Description and uses. — Many fishskins have industrial) uses. Those fof flatfish make excellent gloves and upper leather; sole skins make purses;, ,j;ho(rnbg.ck skins, are excellent substitutes, for sandpaper in cabinet-making; eelskrnsniake serviceable suspenders; siluroid skins are madeiifltjfco gloyesin Canada; salmon skins make a leather as tough 9,3. wash leather; while ;thfi skins of sharks and skates are used;for polishing. • i . " ji Prac^wciiori statistics, are not available, r..,, u^- .i : : V Imports pffishskins ini 1914 numbered ?26, weighed 171 poimds, qjid were valued at $174. Imports for the calendar years; 19 18-^1 921 were as f ollowB : ' ■ , , . ; , / ; i 1918 1919 19^ 1921 (9 months). Ou&ntity fDotinds). 68, 163 »2,507 204,337 ,»4,,697 328,495 »8,020 154,624 vahie:;f.: !T!^.::::::::;:::::::;::;::::::: $5,140 Exports. — None recorded. Important changes in classification. — "Raw or salted" is added. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATTON, 1921. 13G7 PARAGRAPH 1571. H. B. 7456. Par. 1571. Flint; ^ flints, and flint stones, ungToundi. ' ACT or 1909. Par. 569. Flint, fli^ts,«Jld flint stones, linground [Free]. ' SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. ' ' - ■ ■ .] Par. 486. , Flint, flints, and flint stones, unground [Free]. FLINT. (See SurvejrB-S.) Description and uses. — Flint, flints, and flint stones are used in pebble and tube mills for grinding minerals, ores, cement, and other materials.- Foreign pebbles are crushed and used as "flint" in the ceramic industry. Production of pebbles for grinding has been stimulated by the war; the supply has been coflected along th^ beach in San Diego County, Calif. Minnesota, Nevada, and Pennsylvania have also been producers.- Artificial stones have been produced by mechanically rounding pieces of hard stone. Statistics showing grinding pebbles and tube-mill linings sold by producers in the tJnited Sfa-ibes, 1918- 1920, are as follows: 1918 1919 1920 Qu&Btity (shoit tons) 12,469 »1.29,485 . 9,448 S85,302 ' 10 924 Value.: '.'. t77;823 Imports of, flints and, peb^es for grinding have been chiefly from Denmark, France, and Belgium, and values decreased from, $479:, 146 in 1914 to less than $20O,0Qfl in 1917. Of the 1917 import, 47 per cent wa-sused in grinding gold, copper, and otherores, 25 per cent for grinding cement, and 17 per cent for ceramic materials. Imports for the calendar, years 1918-1921, were as follows: • Flint, fiints, and flint stones, uhgroUnd. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) 17,677 J250,096 23,782 1338,630 6 026 Value '. ; tl35,636 $87,800 Exports. — None recorded. PARA 1572. GRAPH H. B. 7;456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. •Pah. 1572. Fossils. AdT OF 1909. ACI OF 1913. Par. 570. fFossils [Free]. Pa R. 487. Fos 3ils[Free]. 1308 SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. FOSSILS. Description and uses.-^Yossih refer to traces^ remains, or relics of the forms of plants or animals found buried in deposits or impressed on stratified rocks. They are valuable aids in the study and mvesti- gations of the sciences of biology, geology, physiography, and paleon- tology. ■ Imports of fossils in 1914 were valued at $1,278, and for the calen- dar years 1918-1921 as follows: 1918, $135; 1919, $85; 1920, $265; 1921 (nine months), $155. Exports. — None. PARAGRAPH 1573. , , I , . H. B. 7456. ,' SENATE AMENDMENTS. n Par. 1573. Furs and fur skins, un- : ' "' •dressed. ' ■ i i .. ACT OF 1909. ^ ACT OF 1913. ' Pab. r573. Furs, undressed [Free]. Par. 491. Furs and fur skinsj 'undressed Pah..,|-j57.4. Fur sHn of, all kinds not -[Free]. ; . ■ ^ ,; dressed many rbanner and not specially provided' for in this 'section [Free]. ' FUES AND FUR SKINS, UNDRESSED. (See Survey N-10.) Description and uses. — The domestic pelts most commonly used in wearing apparel and other manufactures of fur are muskrat, skunk, opossum, and raccoon. Others used in large quantities are fox, wild cat, lynx, otter, 'beaver, badger,^mihk, and civet cat (a skunk species). Many furs are so finished and dyed as to retain little of their original appearance. Wholesale prices vary widely; ordinary mliskrat or skunk skills often sell for 50 cents each, while silver-fox skins havfe riold for $1,000, and Russian sable as high as $1,200 each. Production. — The value of furs sold at the New York and St. Louis sales (including many imported furs) during 1919 was about $35,- 000,000; ithis siun is a .conservative estimate, of domestic production values. Furs of the smaller fur-bearing animals marketed annually are very large in number. The settlement of the country has not tended to decrease these animals, although the larger animals are auickly exterminated. The total number of seals killed in the Prib- of Islands in the whole period from 1867 to 1909 numbered nearly 4,000,000; in the period from 1910 to 1918, 88,770 was the total number killed; in 1918, 34,890-;- inn919, about 26,000. The Govern- ment has encouraged projects of fur farming, which are, however, not yet yielding extensively. /rftporis.-— Some of the most important furs imported are musk- rat, marten, fisher (similar to the marten), otter, beaver, aad wolf , from Canada; sable, ermine (from the stoat), kolinsi^. (similar to our mink), wolf, and squirrel (sought because of its large pelt and thick fur), from Russia; rabbits in,large quantities from Australia and New Zealand, the fur used for fur-felt hats, and the "nutria" (from the coypu), for the same purpose, from South America; the marmot fur from northern Europe; chinchilla from South America SUMMAEY OF TABIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. 1309 . , , ,. ' "Par. i56. C6cdaV' or 'riacatt' *■'■*?:* fiber -*"^ * [Free]. ■' ' i' Par. 578. -Grasses. and fibers: Igtle or Tampico fiber, jute, jute butts,, manila, sisal grass, sunn, and' all other textile grasses or fibrous vegetable substances, not tdressed or manufactured iti any rman- nej-, ^-^ not specially provided for j,nj this section [Free]. '. , . PAk : 540. CHcoa/ or - cAoslo ■** -" * fiber '*! * - * .-[iFree]. t . ■- ...J-.: ._ , % ■■ iy-,^ ' .. - ■ ■' . ' ■ :■ , /.: - , , ISTLE. , ,; ; !;/:t^ • ■ (See Sui'vey'FL-ie.) ' ■;!' ' ' : \ r SUMMAKY/OF TARIFF IKFOBMATTON, 1921. 1311 JUTE AND JUTE BUTTS. ' ,, ,,f'(See'^\irvey FI.46.),. ' , ■ ' Description and uses. — Jute produced exclusively in British India' ' is the cheaptest' and, next to cotton, the most extensively used commercialfiber. Unsuitable climatic conditions and lack of cheap labor have ' rendered ineffective the attempts made to grow jute in other countries. A pound of 'woVen jute; burlap prior to 19r4 cbrh- manded about two-thirds the price of a pound of raw cotton. The causes for its_ low price are: (1) Heavy production per acre; '(M) exclusive cultivation in a part of the world where labor is chekp; and. (3)'the ease wjth which, the fiber ca^ be prepared for spinning. The fiber is relatively weak and is difficult to bleach, but because of its abundance and cheapness it has if)ecomfei the world's leading wrapping and sacking material. Jute cloths are used in Sacking grain, coffee, raw sugar, nitrates, etc.; and in covering faw'cottph; as a foundation for linoleum, floor oilcloths, and asphalt roofiiig; for tarpaulins, coat paddings, wall decoratiT)ns, and carpeting. Inferior frades of rope, and twin© also are .made from jute. After the crop as been either pulled or cut, the fiber is produced by retting, beating, stripping, washing, and, drying. It is then sorted. accord- ing to -quality into bundles of l-ejections (the lowest grade); cuttiJi'^s or jute butts employed for the manufacture of cotton bagging; and into several grades of long jute^. used in producing burlap. Production m_ British India of, jute (including jute butts) averages per annum about 8,000.000 bales of 400 pounds each. The produc- tion in 1920 '^vas 8,292,184 bales from 2,1508,673 acres. A constantly greater portion, of thei raw material ' is consumed yearly by Indian mills andi. exported as buxlap and twilled bags. Gal 3 Description, uses, and, production. — Manila or abaca, the world's- leading yaw material, for rope making, , is obtained from: th^, J^af stp,lks of , a plantain tret* native to the Philippines.. The plants, arft cut near the ground, t^he overlapping l^af sheaves are stripped off, and.th^ strips are drawn by hand j^nder a knifeiiield by a spring 1312 SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATrON, 1921. against a piece of wood. The knife scrapes away the pulp, leavingi the fiber clean and white. After drying, it is bunched; and is then ready for export. Because of its great lightness, strength, and durability (especially in water), manUa, h^-s become the chief jqaaterial for making hawsers, ships' cables, and other marine cordage; and for well-drilling cables, hoisting and transmission ropes. In 1919, the domestic output pf mariUa rope and cable aniounted to 130,419,000 pounds, or 60 per cent of all the rope antl, cable manufactured in that year. About 5 per cent of the domestic output of binder twine is made from manila. In the Philippines, manila is used to some extent for weaving fabrics for clothing. Manila paper is made from disintegrated niamla.' rope. . , • Imports of manila in 19l4 were 49,685 tons, valued at $9,779,539. The Philippines are practically the only source, shipments, of manila constituting from 24 to 49 p,er cent of the total value of exports from the islands during 1914-1920. Imports for the calendar years 1918- xvjii nave oeen as louows: i ;. 1918 1919 1920 1921, (9 montBs). Quantity (tons) 78,470 $29,223,787 68,536 $19,265,282 67,466 $20,515,491 27,328 Value.. .'- ■ $5,271,245 SISAL. . (See Survey FL-16.) , . Description and uses. — Sisal is a name given to a number of related tropical fibers. The Mexican variety y known as henequen, is pro- duced alinost exclusively in Yucatan and, prior to the fall of 1919, was marketed under the control of an association of producers known as the Comision del Keguladora del Mercado de Henequen. At that time, however, the asseits of this company were ordered liquidated by the Mexican Government. In early 1922, Yucatan eimcted legislation imposing a production tax on henequen, i and limiting th6 planting areas for 1922. Henequen fiber is extracted from the leaves of the henequen by special decorticating machines which scrape the fiber clean of its pulpy covering and wash it in nm- ning water. It is hung in the air several days to dry and then baled for the market. It is used in twines, cordage, and low-grade rope. Approximately 80 per cent of the world's supply of binder twine is made from Yucatan henequen and about 90 per cent of the Yucatan crop is shipped to this country. In binder twine only slight competi- tion is offered by manila (see above) , New Zealand flax, and maguey. The two last named are either too costly or are limited in avauabie supply. Production. — The large measure of dependence of wheat and other grain production of the world upon a raw material coming almost ex- clusively from one small state has led to energetic measures to extend cultivation to other countries,, with the result that sisal is now being raised commerbially in British East Africa (thfe former German East Africa), the Philippines (where production of mstguey, a similar plant, is increasing), Hawaii, Java, Inddia, the Bahamas, and Cuba. "The Secretary of Agriculture stated in 1916 that there is no other fiber in larg6 quantities suitable for binder twine and that the increas- SUMMARY OP TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921, 1313 ing production in the Bah&tnas and 'Hawaii is chiefly in grades too good for economic use in twine. [ Imports in 1914 were 215,654 tons, valued at $25,860,729. Later ilnports for calendar years are as follows : 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantitv (tons). ... ' J . . 152,001 154,932,082 l44,542 J39,553,701 180,759 $33,635,294 96,598 112,059,645 Value ., Sv^gested clianges in classification. — Since the term "sisal grass" is seldom employed in the trade to designate the fiber from which binding twme is made, it is suggested that the word "grass" be eliminated and the word "henequen," preceded by a comma, be inserted after "sisal." Both sisal and henequen are members of the agave family, used for similar purposes, and are difficult to distinguish from each other. They are, however, sometimes distinguished in sta- tistics. The insertion of the word " henequen " would assure inclusion of , both in the parag:^aph. 'new ZEALAND flax. :, , . _, (See Survey FT^16..> ' Descnptiori drid.'iises.^This ph6T is obtained from the leaves of a swamp nly {Phormium' tenax) n&tvve to New Zealand. It is also cultivated on a, small scale in Australasia and in sonje Eur'opean countries. The fiber is white, soft, lustrous, and toiighei' than eithei* flax or hemp, but resists water poorly. It is used principally in cordage, twine, and to a arhall extent for floor mattirig, although th6' best.m)eir can be wovien into a cloth resembling linen duck. When employed in bitider twiiie, baling rope, and cordage it is usually mixed with sisaJ or maniia. Production. — ^This fiber i^'not produced in the 'United Stattes. In New Zealand in 1919 there were 49,867 acres devoted to its cultiva- tion. Exports from that country during 1910-1919 ranged peir annum between 20,000 and 35,000 tons, about half of which went to the United Kingdom. Exports in 1919 were 22,347 tons of fiber and 3,262 tons of tow. Imports in 1914 .were 6,171 tons^ valued at $716-,953, over one-half direct from New Zealand, and most of the^ reraainderviA transship-, ment from the United Kingdom. Imports for the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows: - '■= Quail tity (tons). Value^.-i,- 191S 13,912 $4,867,576 1919 ' 6,'720 41,640j755 1920 6, 032 $1,034,407 1921 ,(9 months). 879 $146,951. "- - ■ '_ ' SUNN. ■ ' , , ~ ' ' .(See Survey EX-ie..),, Des&ription and uses. — Sunn, sometinlds' Called sunn hemp', while not a true hemp, closely resembles soft hemp; it comes from southern 82304-T-22- 83 1314 SUMMAEY OF TABIFF INFOKMATION, 1921. Asia an(l tropical Australasia, ,Tlie fiber, obtained from the stalk by a system of retting similar to that employed for flax, is lighter in color, stronger and more durable imder exposure than jute, but not so strong as hemp. It is used mainly in cordage and to some extent for calking ships. Imports in 1914 amounted to only 16 tons, valued at $1,388; the average for three previous years, however, was 131 tons, valued at $9,896. Imports for the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows : 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Qiiantity ftons) 3,903 $650,280 1,758 $290,249 1,036 $138,897 226 '^e:.:...r:.:;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: $20,534 :., .;■ (See, KAPOK. Suivey FL-16.) ' Description and uses. — Kapok is a vegetable down procured from the seed pods of a tree — the kapok—rindig^npus to Java. The fiber is soft, silky, and lustrous, but too Tarittle for spinning. The natives gather the pods, separate the fiber from the seed, dry it, and export it to countries where, owing tp its resilience, it is used for filling mat- tresses, pillows, cushions, and for upholstering; and because of its low specific gravjity, for the stuffing of life preservers. The demand for this use has greatly increased, especially during the war. The bark of the kapok tree is used for tanning purposes, and kapok seed is crushed for oil to be used in soap, the residue being a stock feed. Production. — ^The bulk of the world supply of kapok is from Java, with 68,129 producing acres in 1911. Annual exports during 1914- 1918 ranged between 9,107 and 10,836 tons, with the Netherlands and the United States receiving the bulk. « Imports in 1914 were 1,825 tons, valued at $441,109. Imports for the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows: ' 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 9,575 $2,820,474 10,972 $3,673,285 9,881 $3,847,610 6,486 Value $1,930,225 RAMIE. - (See Survey PL-16;) Description and uses,— Ramie, often called China grass, is a stem fiber extracted from the ramie plant of Asia, particmarly China, by decortication (scraping away the gum which holds the fibers together) , a very laborious hand process. The fiber can not be separated from the woody tissue by a simple retting as in the case of flax or hemp, but only by means of elaborate mechanical treatment. It has, in general, the same uses as flax and hemp, often* being mixed with them, but is more tenacious, has greater elasticity than flax, and a luster almost equal to silk. Ramie lacks the elasticity of wool and, silk, and the flexibility of cotton. While the strongest and most durable of vegetable fibers, its use has been curtailed by the cost of SUMMAEY OF TAHIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1315 degumming satisfactorily, and by the difficulty of spinning fine counts, owing to the fibers' lack of coherence. These difficulties are gradually being overcome. The leading use of ramie in the United States and in the United, Kingdom is in manufacture of gas mantles. In the United States ramie fabrics have appeared on the market in the form of blouses and upholstery materials. Production. — Eamie is growp in large quantities in Africa, India, and in China, the finest qualities coming from China. American imports have been largely from Formosa (prior to the war, via Hamburg). Ramie can be produced here, but the labor cost, even with special decorticating and degumming apparatus, makes eco- nomic production impossible in competition with the Far East. Imports in 1914 were 55 tons, valued at $10,745. Imports for the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 3,204 S612,244 759 J225,960 156 $44,351 150,500 CRI (See N VEGETi Survey FL- 167) ■Description and uses. ^-Cria veigetal, sometimes called vegetable fiber, or vegetable horsehair, is made from the leaves 6f a wild dwarf palm. Algeria and Madagascar are the leading sources, exporting about 50,000 tons annually. .The leaves grow abundantly and are picked by natives, treated and slightly dried, and sold to export firms on the seacoast. After a few days' exposure to the sun they are packed into bales weighing 200 to 265 pounds. The leaves are separated, by a comb into long, flexible filaments, which are twisted into a rope. The fiber is used chiefly for stuffing furniture and mat- tresses. It is also used to some extent for brushes and brooms. Imports- were not separately stated in 1914. In 1912 they were 334 tons, valued at S12,960; in 1915, 220 tons, valued at $4,333. Im- ports for the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 33 »9, 180 30 $7,081 80 $9,462 $21 BB (See COM BOO' Survey FI;- r. 16 ) ..(jnot) '(Ji)nf;uP 9ij!e7 Description and uses.— Bioom root, a fiber of g^t strength, is ob- tained from a number of plants crowing wild in eastern Mexico and ill Central and South Ariierica. The brooBd ^crlrt®«^y3t&Ma(}(^V![il?ry comes chiefly from Mexico, • and is eflenQAMIgdalifeMcasfciwMWja Mexico has retiently withdrawn its e^i^^fmfhMihmi.adJmo^seiip roots of the grass— some 9 to iffOftfch6M4?Sii|uto^p^*$ffip Jaaned^lfJiif pale yellow— arc used in y^aKfe^aaft€fi1^ 4,208, 290 721,722 .17 V 1,066, 437 169,877 .16 /I 5,867, 686 957,378 .16 \ > 321, 286 16,761 .05 fi 8,836, 430 519,188 .06 \ 233,675 8,922 .03 Duty. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) $46,206 16,988 "i,'676 1 Free. 2 Dutiable at 10 per cent. (T. D. 36548.) Important changes in cZassi^caiibn.— Kadaya, sandarac, tragacanth and,, tragasol are mentioned .specifically for the first time. As the provision for -gums in paragraph 27, act of 1913, has been omitted, a provision' for "other guins, g,um resins, and resins, not specially provided for" has been added to this paragraph. (Reclassification Report, p. 50.) Suggested changes. — As the words "and other copals" embrace none of the gums or resins preceding "damar," it is suggested that a semicolon be Substituted for the comma after " Senegal." SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1323 PARAGRAPH 1578. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1578. Gunpowder, and all other ; explosive substances/ used for mining, "blasting, or artillery purposes, not spe- •cially provided for. ACT OF 1909. Par. 435. Gunpowder, and all explosive -substances used for mining, blasting, lai-tillery, or sporting purposes, when valued at twenty cents or less per pound, two cents per pound; valued above twenty cents per pound, four cents per ipound. ACT OF 1913. Par. 501. Gunpowder, and all explo- sive substances, not specially provided for in this section, used for mining, blast- ing, and artillery purposes [Free]. EXPLOSIVES. (See Survey FI;-18.) Explosives are used principally for blasting, signaliag, pyrotech- 'nics, and for military and sporting purposes. ^ Blasting explosives include mainly black powder, nitroglycerin preparations, and the so-called "permissible explosives," which have f)assed certain tests of the Bureau of Mines and are regarded as safe or use with proper precautions in coal mines. Military explosives include propellants (smokeless powder), prim- ■ers, high explosives for filling shells, torpedoes, hand grenades, etc. Ammonium nitrate (par. 7) is extensively used as a constituent of aoth blasting and military explosives. BLACK POWDER. Description and uses. — Black pdwder consists of an intimate mix- ture, usually 76 per cent potassium nitrate, 15 per cent charcoal, and 10 per cent sulphur. It is used principally for mining, blasting, and ■sporting purposes; also to some extent in fireworks. Production of blasting powder in 1914 was 207,423,675 pounds, valued at $8,459,113, not far from the average since 1900. The black blasting powder used in 1917 was 277,118,525 pounds. Other high explosives for blasting purposes, exclusive of permissible explo- sives, amounted to 262,316,080 pounds; permissible explosives were 43,040,722 pounds. Production in 1919 (preliminary figures) was as follows: Blasting powder, 184,675,000 pounds, valued at $12,168,500; funpowder, black, 11,730,000 pounds, valued at $2,096,600; permissi- le explosives, 26,496,000 pounds, valued at $4,736,000. Imports were not shown separately in 1917, but since that time those of gunpowder and all explosive substances, n. s. p. f., for blasting, mining, or artUlery purposes have been as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. ■■1913 , , Pounds. 25,690,394 12,420,796 22,564 20,321 112,886,196 6,336,518 5 404 2,826 SO. 50 1 919 .51 .24 Tl Q21 ("Q months') .14 1324 SUMMARY ,.QF TABIFE INFORMATION;, 1921. Exports of gunpowder, -inclmdingi smok^l.e^s powder, prior to 1915- averaged about 1,000,000 pounds annually, and for the calendar- years 1918-1921 have' been as follows: ' • >■ '^ ■' Quantity (pounds). Value .". 1918 229,377,058 8179,648,156 1919 6,751,799 $5,990,744 1920 1921 (9 months).. ,^43,907,793 $38,368,157 694,980 $373,491 Countries of destination are chiefly France, Colombia, and Canada. SMOKELESS POWDEK. Description and uses. — Nitrocellulose, or guncotton, is the bases- of all smokeless powders. It is prepared by treating cotton under certain conditions with a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acid. In. making smokeless powder the nitrocellulose is mixed with alcohol,, ether, and a stabilizer. After these are thoroughly incorporated the- mixture is pressed into the desired shape by hydraulic pressure and when dried is ready for use. Cordite is a smokeless powder made- from a mixture composed of nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, acetone,, and vaseline. Smokeless powder is used almost entirely for mili- *ary purposes, and to some extent for sporting purposes, Production of smokeless powder in 1914 (including that by the- Government) was 12,684,072 pounds, ihcrea.sing enormously djiring^ the war. In 1919 according to preliminary figures smokeless powder was the item of chief value in "'all other" explosives, the output- of which was 53,476,700 pounds, valued at $24,164,200. Exports far exceed impdrts. During the war large quantities were supplied the Allies. Figures are combmed with gunpowder, supra. NITBOGLYCERIN AND DYNAMITE. Descriptibn and uses. — Nitroglycerin is a heavy, oily liquid, ob- tained by treating glycerin with a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids. ' It is very sensitive to shock and is a violent poison. Dyna- mite is made by absorbing nitroglycerin in some porous substance,, such as infusorial earth, sawdust, bt powdered mica. Nitroglycerin is used at present in the liquid state only for "shooting" gas or oil wells. Its greatest use is in making dynamite and otner high ex- plosives. It is sometimes used in medicine as a heart stimulant. Production in 1914 of dynamite was 223,667,630 pounds, valued at $20,553,653. In the same year 65,302,883 pounds of nitroglycerin were produced, of which 3,785,474 pounds were sold as such for $950,611. In 1919, according to preliminary figures, 220,995,500- pounds of dynamite, valued at $38,763,400, and 56,361,200 pounds of , nitroglycerin were produced, of which an amount valued at $3,439,000 was sold as such. Imports. — Statistics not available. Exports of dynamite in 1914 were 14,464,601 pounds, valued at $1,587,184; in 1916, 19,561,654 pounds, valued at $3,656,653. Sta- tistics fqt the calendar years 1918-1921 are as follows: SUMMARY OF TAKIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1325 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 18,204,644 J4, 845, 888 11,173,528 $2,370,016 15,641,981 83,210,481 5,648,774 $1,141,714 "Value Gauntries of destination are chiefly Mexico, ChUe, and Feru. NITROSTARCH. Description and uses. — Nitrostarch is used as a constituent of •some high explosives. It is made in much the same way as nitro- cellulose, by the treatment of starch with nitric and sulphuric acids. Tapioca starch and cornstarch are the ones most used. During the "war nitrostarch was used largely in hand grenades. It can also be xised with good results for blasting purposes. Production, imports, and exporte.— Statistics are not available. PARAGRAPH 1679. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1579. Hair of horse, cattle, and other animals, cleaned or uncleaned, ■drawn or undrawn, but unmanufactured, •not specially provided for. ACT OF 1909. Par. 583. Hair of horse, cattle, and -cither animals, cleaned or uncleaned, -drawn or undrawn, but unmanufactured,, aiot specially provided for in this section; * * * [Free]. ACT OF 1913. --Par. 503. Hair of horse, cattle, and other animals, cleaned or uncleaned, drawn or undrawn, but unmanufactured, hot specially pro'vided for in this section [Free]. HAIR OF HORSE, CATTLE, AND OTHER ANIMALS. (See Survey N-12.) Description and uses.^—Tixe long hair from the manes and tails_ of horses is used as a filling, usually with a cotton warp, in making haircloth. (Haircloth dutiable under par. 1426.) It is also used in making fishlines, straining cloths,- and for violin bows. The short hair (and that from the tails of cattle) is curled and used in upholstery ^work. (Curled hair dutiable under par. 1425.) The hair of cattle -and other animals is a tannery by-product, used in felt for roofing and for covering steam pipes.' Mixed with wool waste or cotton, it is made, into coarse yarns ,for carpets, horse blankets, and the •cheapest grade of tweeds. CattiLe hair is al^o used as binding for. mortar and plaster. Production st&tistics axe not ayailable. Most of the .cattle hair .Tequired is of domestic production; the horsehair is largely irnported. ' Imports of horsehair for ,bows of violins are shown geparatiely. These amounted in 1914 to $8,279, and to $13,473 in, 1916. . Imports of other horsehair were smalleSst in 1914 and 1913, being, respectively,^ 3,776,227 pounds, valued at $1,668,484, and 3i543,358pounds, valued At $1,501,085. Inprioryears the averagewas about 4,000,000 pounds. 1326 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. and in 1916 and 1917 imports reached more than 6,000,000 pounds.. Cattle and other animal hair in 1914 amounted to 15,506,745 pounds,, valued at 11,051,874. Imports have decreased since then. Horse- hair came chiefly from Argentina, with large amounts also from. China, Canada, Italy, England, Uruguay, and Mexico. Cattle and other animal hair comes from practically the same countries, with Canada leading. Later statistics of imports for calendar years are tabulated below: 1918 1919 1920 192r(9 months). Horsehair for bows of violins and other in- struments, value $74 2,900,913 11,010,172- 3,464,447 »304, 268 $24, 829 3,993,405 $1,618,683 4,546,791 $543,699 $17,661 4,893,247 $2,184,603 6,770,368 $1,218,099 $1,794. Horseh ai r] aol other : 2,417,503 Value $997, 281 Cattle and other animal hair: Ouantitv (uounds) 2,667,126 $365, 114 Argentina continued to lead in shipments of horsehair, but Ger- many, in 1920, led in cattle and other animal hair, with Argentina second and Canada third. . Exports of horse, cattle, and other animal hair are combined in the trade statistics. These were valued in 1914 at $1,085,038. .The United Kingdom was the largest purchaser, with Germany, Belgium, and Canada following in the order named. Later statistics for calen- dar years follow: 1918, $680,766; 1919, $1,551,276; 1920, $1,327,546; 1921 (9 months), $437,694. PARAGRAPH 1680. H. B. 7456. Par. 1580. Hide cuttinge,, raw, with or without hair, ossein, and all other glue stock. ACT OF 1909. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 584. Hide cuttings, raw, with or Par. 504. Hide cuttings; 'raw, with or without hair, and all oth6r glue stock without hair, and all Mother glue stock [Free]. [Free]. GLUE STOCK. (See Survey A-9.) Description and uses.— This paragraph includes all kinds of hide cuttings and all other material used as glue stock. Most hide stock is produced by tanners as waste pieces or trimmings, fleshings from the flesh side of the hide, and "skivings,'' or scrapings from the hair or grain side of the hide. Green or packer bone and country bone," chiefly butchers' offal and jilnk bone, are used as ^lue stocks. .Ossein is the bone residue after the mineral matter has been dissolved out by acid. Sinews come into markets from slaughterhouses as, fresh or green salted. The SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFOKMATION, 1921, 132T bones, skins, and heads of fish, are also used for preparing glue (par. Ou) . Production. — Statistics not available. Import values of hide cuttings and other glue stock increased from $1,605,432 in 1910 to $2,158,514 in 1914,. chiefly from Europe, Imports for the calendar years 1918-1921, chiefly from Argentina, Uruguay, and England, have been as follows : 1918 1919 1920 1921(9months> Q uantitv (pounds) 9,106,446 1448,165 13,780,637 ?978,514 . 36,868,101 $2,238,958 23,000,135 $1,336,469 Value..:... ■"" Exports. — Statistics are not available. Important cTianges in classification.— Ossein is mentioned specifically for the fiirst time. PARAGRAPH 1681. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1581. Rope made of rawhide. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 585. Hide rope [Free]. Par. 505. Hide rope [Free]. RAWHIDE ROPE. (See Survey N-18.) Description and uses. — ^^Rope made of rawhide is composed of strips oi untanned hide, twisted into cords and ropes. It is very hard and tough. It is the material from which rawhide or so-called "cowhide" riding whips are made. Production data are not separately shown in official soiirces. Imports of hide rope in 1914 amounted to $10. Statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow: 1918 1919 1920 1 1921 (9 months). Qn(l.nt.ity (.poi1"d*!^ ■. 2,411 810 JIO 225 $2,505 $43 Exports. — None recorded. Important changes in classification. — The phraseology of this para- graph has been changed so as to restrict its provisions to rope actually made from rawhide. The provision in former acts for "hide rope" has been held not limited to rope made from hides, but inclusive of rope known as hide rope made from material other than hides, and used for tyia^ hides. (G. A. 8336; T. D. 38390, 1920.) 1328 SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATldN, 1921. PARAGRAPH 1582. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1582. Hides of cattle, raw or tin cured, or dried, salted, or pickled. ACT OF 1909. . Par. 450. Hides of cattle, raw or un- cured, whether dry, salted, or pickled, shall be adrtiitted free of duty: * * *. ACT OF 1913. Par. 506. Hides of cattle, raw or uii- cured, or dry, salted, or pickled fFreej. HIDES OF CATTLE, EAW OR DBIED, ETC. (See Survey PL-19.) Description and uses. — Cattle hides are employed principally in shoe leathers and in belting, harness, upholstery, case, .bag, and strap leathers. The tanning and finishing processes give a wide variety of leathers. Hides vary greatly- in character, depending upon the condition under which the animal is reared,- its breeding, age, sex, and many other factors." Animals raiseci without shelter, obtaining their subsistence largely irom roughage, produce tough, close-grained hides. Cattle of good breeding, given gpod care and concentrated feeds furnish fine-grained, but frequently weak, hides. Domestic hides are commcMEjtly "packer" or " coimtry, ", the fornier taken off at the stockyards, the latter at small slaughterhouses. Packer hides, as a rule, command the higher price because/ of greater care in the removal. Kips are usually young cattle hides, weighing from 15 to 25 pounds, but East Indian kips are small cattle hides. ■Production of cattle hides numbers about 12,000,000 annually, averaging about 50 pounds each. Imports. — In 1913 we imported 268,042,390 pounds of cattle hides (green and dry)— about '82,000,000 pounds from Europe, 86,500,000 pounds frdm South Anierica;, 77,300,000 pounds from North America,' 15,200,000 pounds from Asia, and 7,200,000 pounds from Australasia,, and Africa.. _ The imports are classified iiito (1) dry cattle hides and (2) green of pickled cattle, hide^. During the \var imports of dry cattle hides rapidly increased, but Argentina iremained theV chief source of supply. Russia was practicafly eliminated by 1917, and shipments from China and Soiith American countries, especially from Brazil and Colpipbia, iqicreased. ImpoTts of green or pickled cattle hides also increased rapidly, but not in the ratio of the dry hides. In 1913 our principal sources for ^een or pickled cattle hides were Argentina, Canada, France, iiussia in Europe, and Mexico. ' One result of the war was to cause South American hides to find an increased market in this country. Imports of cattle hides f or j^e calendar years 1918-1921 are shown in the following tables : ; - Dry (12 pounds and oyer): i Quantity (pounds) ; Value Groen or pickled (25 pounds and over) QTiantity (pounds) Value i 35,165,106 110,254,045 185,432,280 841, 708, 076 1919 96,175,601 934,360,222 310,965,319 $91,223,542 1920 821,092,121 216,174,099 $64,383,203 ' 1921 ■ (9 months). ■9,326,21s $1,741,718 134,642,852 $17,360,629 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921, 1329 In 192D the imports of dry cattle hides from Argentina were 24 per cent of the total; those from Colombia were 14 per cent; China, S per cent; British India, 7 per cent. The bulk of cattle hides, green or pickled, came from Argentina (46 per cent) ; those from Uruguay amounted to 12 per cent; Canada, 11 per cent; and Brazil, 6 per cent. Exports of cattle hides in the fiscal year 1918 were valued at $1,953,- 700, Canada, the only country to which we exported cattle hides in any quantity, taking an amount to the value of $1,497,454. The table below shows exports during the calendar years 1918-1921: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 2,338,147 8681,951 16,995,932 86,290,356 11,485,466 $3,761,142 12,181,705 Value - .- 81,361,803 In 1920 China received 50 per cent of the exports; Japan, 17 per cent. ^Suggested changes. — If all hides are to remain on the free list, this paragraph might be combined with par. 1653. PARAGRAPH 1683. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Yar. 1583. Hones and whetstones. ACT OF 1909; Par. 586. Hones and whetstones [Free]. ACT OF 1913. Par. 507 . Hones and whetstones [Free]. HONES AND WHETSTONES. (See Survey B-3.) Description and uses. — ^Hones and whetstones, formerly made only from natural quarried rocks, are now made from artificial abrasives (par. 1415), which are fast replacing the natural stones. Production of oilstones (including hones and whetstones) and scythestones from natural rock decreased from $207,352 in 1913 to :$115,178 in 1915, and then increased to $168,704 ih 1917. Arkansas is the chief producer of oUstones, whetstones, and hones; Ohio leads in scythestones; but New Hampshire, Vermont, and Michigan also ■contribute important quotas. Oilstones and scythestones sold by. producers in the United States, 1918-1920. •Quantity (short tons). Value 1918 1,010 $189, 033 1919 1,463 $235, 943 1920 1,144 $231, 747 S2304--22^ -84 1^30 SUMMARY OF TAiMFP INFORMATION, 1921. Imports for .the calejidar years 1918-1921; areshoTm in the fallowing table : . , , , ^ i , i , 1918' ' ■ ' 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). '149,375 J12, 199 6«,353 £56,416 208,787 Value^ »6,075 S29,025 Exports. — None recorded. PARAGRAPH 1684. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1584. Hoofs, unmanufactured. ACT OF 1909. ACT of 1913. Par. 587. Hoofs, unmanutactuTed • • 'Par. 508. Boofs, unmanufactured [Free]. [Free]. HOOFS, Tj^NMANUFACTURED. ,.^. .,.--„--,, ,_,, (Sge Survey PL-5.) Description and uses. — The hoofs of neat cattle yielid a paley^Uow oil, called "neat's-foot oil," almost wholly olein, tHe liquid part of fat, as distinguished from stearin, the solidopprtion. It is a fine lubricant and is extensively employed by manufacturers as a leather dressing. Hoofs are used in making buttons and novelties. Imports are combined in official statistics with horns and parts of, shown under the succeeding paragraph (1585). They come princi- pally from Argentina, Canada, and Uruguay. Exports are shown combined' with horns and parts of. PARAGRAPH 1585. H. B. 7456. Par. 1585. Horns and parts of, includ- ing horn strips and tips, unmanufactijred. ACT OF 1909. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 589. Horns and parts of, includ- Par. 511.' Horns- and parts of, includ- ing horn strips and tips, unmanufactured ing horn strips and tips, unmanufactured [Free]. ' ' ■ ' ' [Free]. ! HORNS AND PARTS OF. (See Survey N-21.) Description and uses. — Horns and horn strips and tips are used principally for making combs, knife handles, buttons,' and various novelties, such as napkin rings, etc. SUMMAEY OP TABU'S' INFORMATION, 1921. 1331 Production statistics are not available. The domestic output comes largely from the packing plants. They are sorted in three grades for sale to the button trade. Imports are shown under the classification, "Hoofs, horns, and parts of, unmanufactured." In 1914 these were valued at 1254,872. They are chiefly from Argentina, Uruguay, England, and Norway. Imports for the calendar years 1918-1921 are shown below: 1918 1919 1920 1921(9 months). Quantity (pounds). 1 2, 451, 826 $133, 127 11, 190, 838 $540, 597 , - l,712i001 $94,051 Value . $199,958 Exports of hoofs and horns were valued at $102,705 in 1913 and at 51,180 in 1914. In later statistics (calendar years) exports, includ- ing bones, have been as follows : 1918, $307,671; 1919, $370,634; 1920, $270,146; 1921 (nine months), $80,634. Japan is the chief' purchaser. PARAGRAPH 1586. H. B. 7456. , SENATE AMENDBtENTS. Par. 1586. Ice. ACT OF 1909. ACT OE 1913. Par. 590. Ice [Free]. Par;.512'. Ice [Free]. ICE. (See Survey FL-O.) Description and uses. — Ice, natural or manufactured, as a refriger- ating and preserving agent has extended the market for perishable foodstuffs, stimulating! their production and stabilizing prices as between the seasons of plenty and of scarcity. Production of manufactured ice in 1,914 amounted to 21,043,063 tons, valued at $62,192,413, an increase of more than 150 per cent over the output of 1904. Over 50 per cent was reported by New York, Pennsylvania, Missouri, Illinois, Ohio, Texas, and California. In 1919 the value of production was $136,873,000. Imports of ice in 1914 were 32,093 tons, valued at $16,340, coming wholly from Canada. Imports for the calendar years 1918-1921 were as follows : 1918 1919 1920 1921(9inonths). 60, 709 .:' $33,956 66,627 . $94, 272 55,092 ' $40, 503 8,063 $6, 3^2 Exports in 1914 were 14,183 tons and in 1917 were 17,642 tons, valued at $29,795 and $37,965, respectively, going to Canada and Mexico. Exports for later years are not recorded. 1332 SUlkMAEY OF TABIFB IlTFSRMATIONi 1921. PARAGRAPH 1587. ■ H. B. 7456. SENATE 4MENDMENTS. Par. 1587. India rubber and gutta- percha, crude,' including jelutong or pontignak, guayule, gutta balata, i and gutta siak, and scrap or refuse india rub- ber and gutta-percha fit only for remanu- facture. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 591. India rubber, crude, and Par. 513. India rubbery. i crude, and milk of, and scrap or refuse India rub- ' milk of, and scrap or refuse india-rubber, ber, fit only for remanufacture, and fit only for remanufacture [Free], which has been worn out by use [Free]. Par. 582. Gutta-perchaj crude [Free]. Par. 502. Gutta-percha, crude [Free],. INDIA RUBBER, JELUTONG OK PONTIANAK, AND GUAYUIiI^. s- (Sea Survey FL-17.) Description and uses. — ^Milk of india rubber, or latex, is a white or cream colored, more or less yiscous, liquid obtained by " tapping" various tropical trees, creepers, and shrubs. Crude india rubber is coagulated from this mUk of rubber by exposure to smoke, by heating, or by treatment with organic acids. Many trade names de- scribing crude india rubber according to botanical source or country of origin are employed in commerce. The physical properties giving rubber its value are its pale color, high tensile strength,,, strong adhesion and cohesion values, great elasticity, pliability, imperme- ' ability to water and gases, high insulating powers, ability to take up powdered minerals and form a homogeneous mass, and its low specific gravity. Jelutong or pontianak is a low-grade rubber coming chiefly from Borneo. It is obtained from the latex of Dyera costulata. When the prices of crude rubber were high the rubber content of pontianak was extracted and large quantities of it were utilized. Guayule is a Mexican rubber which has come into use in recent years. It is obtained from the cells of the bark of a shrubvpeculiar to the arid regions of northern, Mexico, and southern Texas. It is practically the only rubber found in the United States. ■Production. — The chief crude-rubber producers are Brazil, Ceylon, the Malay Peninsula, Africa, Mexico, Central America, and the Indies:. Rubber is obtained both from wild forests and from cultivated trees. In 1913 one-half and in 1918, 90 per cent of. the production came from plantations. The world's annual production of crude rubber has increased from 54,000 tons in 1900 to 290,000 tons in 1918. Imports of india rubber, crude, and milk of, have increased from li0,101,091 pounds, valued at $92,956,013, in 1912 to 390,338,533 pounds, valued at $203,122,748, in 1918 (fiscal year). Imports of india rubber, scrap or refuse, fit only for remanufacture, decreased from 44,479,429 pounds, valued at $3,675,824, in 1913 to 10,584,494 pounds, valued at $827,778, in 1915; the maximum import since 1915 SUMMARY OF TABIFF INFORMATION, 1&21. 1383 was 17,665,403 pounds, valued- at $1,187,113 in 1917. Imports of the above materials since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows : 1918 1919, , 1,920 1921 (9 months) India rubber: Crade and mUk ol— Quantity (pounds! 326,844,645 $146,693,308 8, 143, 157 $563,462 420,117 $99,086 535, 942, 721 $215, 821, 132 9,916,506 $682,929. , 890,719 $142,690 566, 546, 136 $242, 795, 773 12,060,531 $821,478 603,216 $88,128 257,254,996 $50,896,241 1,947,994 $77,097 175,408 $16,510 Value..... Scrap or refuse— , Quantity (pounds) Value 1.... Redaimed— Quantity (pounds) Value In, recent years the imports of crude India rubber have been chiefly from the British Straits Settlements and the Dutch East Indies; and those of scrap or refuse india rubber mostly from England, Canada, and France. Annual imports' of jelutong or pontianak from 1910 to 1914 ranged between 45,000,000 and 50,000,000 pounds, valued at more than $2,DO0,O0O. During the period 1914-1918 they decreased to betw:een 15,000,000 and 30,000,000 pounds. Later statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). J'elutong or poutianak: Ouantitv (Dounds) 10,1 210,- 364 $^99, 510 18,662,702 $2, 213, 964 12,705,923 $2,068,501 1,616,437 $171, 82S Value Annual importsidf guayule during 1909-1913;rangedfrom 10,000,7 OPO to 20,000,000 pounds, with a value between $3,000,000 and $10,t 000,000. During 1914-1918 they have ranged from 1,475,804 pounds in 1914 to 5,116,165 pounds in 1916. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 1918 1919 1920 'l92l (9 months). Guayule: 314,986 $111,305 3,204,224 $760,690 1,698,869 $345,985 130, 170 Value ■ $26,945 ill.;! .,.,/: ■. ,:_ , Exports of india rubber, scrap and old, have varied in value from $698,287 in 1914 to 1235,811 m 1918 (fiscal years). Exports from 1918-1921, calendar years' follow:' 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Scrap and old india rubber: Quantity (pounds) Value India rubber, reclaimed: Quantity (pounds) Value 2,931,929 $287,883 2,904,234 $502,176 8,292,053 6,070,632 $839,938 10,468,538 $788,097 4,909,214 $828,694 5,191,080 $276,588 774,788 $100,395 1334 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Exports in 1920 of scrap India rubber were chiefly to Japan, Canada, and Prance and of reclaiOied india rubber chiefly to Canada, Scotland, and England. Impprtant changes in classification. — Jelutong or pontianak and guayule have been mentioned specifically for the first time. GUTTA-PERCHA, BALATA AND SIAK. (See Survey FI^17.) Description and uses. — Gutta-percha is the product obtained by coagulating the latex of certain . species of trees (Palaquium and Payena) native to the Malay Peninsiila and Archipelago. It is a grayish white substance possessing great suppleness, but little elas-* ticity. In many of its properties gutta-percha resembles india rubber and is often mixed with it. When vulcanized with sulphur it forms a very hard, substance. It is used chiefly as an insulator for under- ground electrical wiring; in golf balls; temporary fillings for teeth; driving belts; rings, v^ves, and ^rashers for pumps and hydraulic presses ; boot soles ; acid cements ; tissue for mending clothing and for surgical work; and also for, other minor purposes. Gutta balata and gjaittasiak are similar to gutta-percha in. properties and use. Production. — The latex is removed from the trees by making incisions in the bark. It coagulates on exposure to the air, and is then removed and purified by washing. It is also extracted by mechanical prbcesses from the leaves and twigs, but this product is a poorer quality. Imports of gutta-percha, crude, increased from 181,2j94 pounds, valued at $95,690 in 1908, to 2,751,839 pounds, valued at $327,039 in 1916. Imports of gutta balata during 1910-1914 averaged about 1,500,000 pounds annually, valued approximately at 1800,000. From 1915 to 1918 they have exceeded 2,500,000 pounds annually. Later statistics for calendar years follow: ■ : 1918 1919 1920' 1921 (9 months). Gutta-percha, crude: " Quantity (pounds), VaIuB:;.i :, Balata, crude: Quantity (pounds). Value 983,256 $213,589 1,562,038 $838,545 6,495,818 $1,068,698 1,628,134 7,129,127 $1,520,309 2,384,114 $1,260,043 1,592,024 $251,313 1,165,504 $708,233 Imports since 1918 of gutta-percha have been chiefly from the British Straits Settlements, the, Dutch East, Indies, and England; and those, of balata almost wholly from Mexico. ' ' ■ Tmportant changes in classifi^dtioji-- — Gutta balata and gutta siak have been mentioned specifically for the first time. SUMMARY OF TARIfF INFORMATION, 1921. 1335 PARAGRAPH 1588. H. K. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pah. 1588. Iodine, crude. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 593. Iodine, crude [Free]. Par. 515. Iodine, crude, * * * [Free]. • [For discussion of iodine, see par. 42,, p. 127.] PARAGRAPH 1589. H. R. 7456. Par. 1589. Iridium, osmium, palla- dium, rhodium, and ruthenium and na- tive combinations thereof with one an- other or with platinum. ACT OF 1909. Par. 595. Iridium, osmium, palladium, rhodium, and ruthenium and native com- binations thereof with one another or with platinum [Free]. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 517. Iridium, osmium, palladium, rhodium, and ruthenium and native com- binations thel'eof with one another or with platinum fFree]. THE PLATINUM METALS. (See Survey FL-20.) IRIDItTM. Description and uses. — Iridium is found, in platinum ores; as Dsmiridium, a native alloy of iridium and osmium, in varying^ pro- portions; and in the form, of native alleys with the other' platinum metals,_ It is a white, steel-like metal, brittle when coldj and: some- what malleable at white heat. The principal sources of these, ores^ are the UralMountains, Australi-a, Colombia, and Borneo. Platinum iridium alloys, which are harder and more resistant to acids than platinum, are used* in the manufacture of standard weights, knife edges of balances, and in other articles to preserve fliem from atmospheric corrosion. Osmiridium is used in the manufacture of the iridium tips for gold pen points. Production increased from 193 ounces in 1914 to 10,042 ounces in 1917, and decreased to 3,875 ounces in 1918 and to 418 ounces in 1920. Imports of iridium were 3,619 troy ounces in 1917. For the calendar years 1918 to 1921 they were as follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 mouths). , 1,106 $126,282 5, SOS *■ $978, 174 4,718 1726,502 1,181 $264,613 Value .... .' '. * Exports. — None recorded. 1336 SUMMARY, OP TARIFF IJyiFORMATION, 1921.. OSMIUM. Description and uses. — Osmium, one of the metals of the platinma group, is found native, alloyed with platinum and iridium. It is- the heaviest known substance, having a specific gravity of 22.48. Formerly it was ysed in filaments of electric lamps, hjit has now been replaced by tungsten. It is used slightly in medicine and silk dyeing. Production. — -No statistics. ' ! ■■■.rr -i' \ : .; * Imports in 1917 were 400 troy oimces of osmium and 2^9 troy ounces of osmiridium.' Later statistics follow:^ *'''' • Calendar year. - Osmium. OsmlridlBm. Quantity. Value. Qjuaaitity. Value. 1918 • Ounces _ , dm)- , ; ,,, ,1 1 , , . Ounces 1,3'74 4>,473 1,.789 r 146,321 112,403: 450,241 222,124 1919 ' 2,339 593 129 'ji82,697' 39,517- 8,738 1920 1921 (9 months) Exports. — None recorded. PALLADIUM. Description 'and lisfis.— Palladium is the lightest metal of thfr platinum group. While- found native^ alloyed With small amounts of platinum and iridium and 5 to 10 per cent of gold and silver, the- chief supply comes from the nickel-Copper ores of Ontario and the- electrolytic refining of copper. AUpyed with gold and silver, pal- ladium has found considerable use as a substitute for platinuni in the- manufacture of laboratoiy warb, in jewelry, and for deHtal and various, industrial purposes. It is also added to platinum to make a lighter- alloy capable of receiving a brilliant i polish. Palladium is used for coalingi various surfaces, e. g., reflectors of searchlights and dividecl' scales on various scientific instruments. ProfZiiciionwas 4,024 ounces in 1918 and 4,309 ounces in 1920. Imp6rts in thefiscal year, 1918 w^e 1,317 ounces. Few calendar- yeaa^ 1,918 to 192ii, inclusive, they were as follows: ' ; . ; 1918 ,, : 1919 . 1920> , 1921 (9 months).. 240 136,853 3,739 $250,777 6,944 $612,;248 7 787" ^HW-r ..,,, . »446,.,84i- jExppris.-rr^Npne recorded. , SHODIUM. Description and Mses.— Khodium occurs with' the other metals of tihe ' platinum groii.]^:; and as an alloy with gold. as. rhodium gold or rhodite, a mineral found in Mexico. It is a white, hard, malleable- metal. With platinum it forms an alloy u?ed in making therniOr, couples, crucibles, dishes, and as a catalyst^'* ' ' ' ■ V'-"^' Production was 48.5 troy oimces in 1917. SUMMAKY OF TAKIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1337 Imports were 32 troy ounces in the fiscal year 1914 and 49 ounces in 1918. For the calendar years 1918-1921 they were as follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (troy ounces) . V. . 222 $30,474 ' .2,053 ■■ 1217,385 609 Value S53>359 Ex'ports.^^anei recorded- RUTHENIUM. . Description and uses. ^Ruthenjuna, a hard, brittle, ihfusible mfetal, is associated with metals of the platinum, group. It is Yery fare and has not been used commercially to any great extent although em- ployed occasionally in dyeing solutions for silks. ' ■ Imports in 1915 Were 90 troy ounces. For th.e clalendar year^' 1918-1921 they were as follows: , ' ■■. ' 'V.ill' 1918 '' 1919 1920 ' ■/■ 1921 ^9 months). i' .. 1 - 29 ■/ J2,640 'l52 Value -. ■- - • '. , . «4,268 Exports,— 'None recorded. PARAGRAPH 1590. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1590. Iron ore, includiiig man- gailiferiJiiB "iron ore, and the dross or residuiim from burnt pyrites. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pak. 117. Iron ore, including man- Par. 518. Iron ore, including man- ganiferous iron ore, and the arose or ganiferous iron ore, and the drosa or residuum from burnt pyrites, fifteen residuum from burnt pyrites; * * * cevis per toif: Provided, That in levying and collecting the duty on iron ore no deduction shsul be made from the weight of the ore on account of moisture fhich may be chemically or physically ' com- bined therewith. [Free]. IRON ORE. ; (See Survey FL-2.) - •Ihseriptidn.-^X}oJXi.meTcial iron ore contains from 25 to 70. per cent of iron. The American iron ore as mined averages over 50 per cent. Mangaiiiferous iron ores are either those which contain iron greatly in excess of manganese and which are smelted directly to a manganese cast Son conta;ining 1 to 4 per cent manganese, or those in which mapganese equals or is in excess of the iron and which, with other iron iores, are smelted to a similar product or low-grade ferroman- 1338 SUMMABY OF TAMFF INFORMATION, 1921. ganese. Tlie waste cinder of pyrite burners is also a source of iron. After the iron pyrites have been used by sulphuric-acid manufac- turers the calcined residue is collected, the copper removed, and the material sintered for reclamation of the iron. Production of iron ore in 1913 amounted to 61,980,437, long tons, or approximately 40 per cent of the estimated world total. Ei 1917 it was 75,288,851 long tons, and in 1920, 67,604,465 long tons. Min- nesota, Michigan, Alabama, New Y"ork, and Wisconsin are the prin- cipal producers, Minnesota yielding over half the output. Next to the ynited States the leading sources of iron ore in 1913 were Germany (26,771,598 gross tons), France (21,572,835), and the United Ej ngd om (15,997,328), production materially declining during the war. With the transfer of Lorraine to France after the close of the World War that country now ranks next to the United States as the world's greatest producer of iron ore. The greatest iron-ore fields of the world are (1) the Lake Superior district; (2) the Lorraine ore field of northeasterii Frahce, Liixem- burg, and southern Belgium; (3) the magnetite deposits of northern Sweden; (4) the ore fields of Oriente, Cuba; (5) the ores of Bell Island, Newfoundland; and (6) the ore region of southern Brazil. In each of these fields the potential yield of iron is estimated to exceed 1,000,000,000 gross tons. The Lorraine field is advan- tageously situated with reference to coal and limestone and is near some of the most important markets of the world. The iron content of Lon-aine ore, however, is only about 30, to 35 per cent, while that of Lake Superior ore averages over 50 per cent. Brazilian and Swedish iron ores have a high iron content, averaging from 55 to 65 per cent, but are mined in countries with a very Imaited supply of coal. The Brazilian field contains the most extensive known deposit of "low phosphorus" ore, used largely in the manufacture of ordnance material. '" Imyorts in the fiscal year 1913 amounted to 3,246,861 gross tons, valued at $7,035,185. In the fiscal year 1918 imports aggregated 871,854 gross tons valued at S3, 144,072. For the calendar years 1918 to 1921 they were ,as follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). ^Quantity (tons) 789,375 $3^488/921 476,461 $2^385,689' 1,273,456 $4,963,654 295,710 Value '. 9999,720 Over half of the imported iron ore comes from Cuba and the remainder largely from Spain and Sweden. A large proportion of the imported ore enters the United States through the customs dis- trict of Maryland. Exports of iron ore in the. fiscal year 1913 amounted to 1,221,387 gross tons, valued at $3,684,443. In the fiscal year 1918 these exports amounted to 1,185,769 gross tons valued at $4,877,380. Exports for the calendar years 1918-1921 were as follows: ■ : Quantity (tons) . value.:...!. 1918 1,256,383 ^,535,090 1919 996,569 14,308,746 1920 1,145,037 {6,»8,927 1921 (9 months). 230,228 $1,194,806 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, -1921. 1339 The bulk of the exported ore goes to Canada. In 1920 some ex- ported ore moved to Mexico and Sweden. Important changes in classification. — In H. R. 7456 iron ore, includ- ing manganiferous iron ore and the dross or residuum from burnt pyrites, has been retained on the free list as in the act of 1913, but separated from "iron in pigs, iron kentledge, spiegeleisen," etc., which have been placed on the dutiable list. PARAGRAPH 1591. H. R. 7456. Par. 1591. Ivory tusks in their natural state or cut vertically across the grain only, with the bark left intact. ACT OF 1909. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. T.KK. 596. Ivory tusks in their natural Par. 369. Ivory tusks in their natural state or cut vertically across the grain state, or cut vertically across tlie erain only,, with the bark left intact, * * * only, with the bark left intact, 20 per {Free]. ' ' centum ad valorem ; * * * , . : , IVOEY TUSKS. (See Survey N-21.) Description and uses. — Ivory tusks are mainly those of the African elephant, these constituting the best part of commercial ivory. Othe^ sources are the tusks of fossil elephants found in Russia, Siberia, and Alaska, and the teeth of the whale, walrus; and hippo- potamus. The latter are inferior to elephant tusks, which are con- sidered true ivory. Imports in 1914 amounted to $480,516, valued at $1,315,325. They were chiefly from Belgium and England, the chief markets for African ivory. Later statistics follow : ' Calendar year. , Quantity. Value. Duties. Unit value. Ad valorem rate. 1918 Pounds. 376,908 347, 581 615,845 ■85,700 ,8758,196 - 862,010 2, 184, 164 273,065 tl61,639 172,402 436,833 $2.01 2.48 3. 55 Per cent. 20 1919 . 20 1920 . 20 1921 (9 months) In the later years large quantities were shipped direct from the Belgian Congo and Egypt, although England and Belgium remained the chipf markets. : f Important changes in classification. — Transferred from the Sundries schedule (par. 369) of the act of 1913. 1340 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. PARAGRAPH 1592. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. - Pah. 1592. Jet; unmamifactured. ACT OF 1909. , , ACT OF 1913. Par. 598. Jet, unmanufactured [Free]. "Pah. 520. Jet, unmanufactured [FreeJ. JET, UNMANUFACTURED. (See Survey N-1.) Description and uses. — Jet is a compact, soft, liglit coal of a lustrous black color, hard and solid enough to be turned in a lathe and mkde into various ornamental articles. It occurs here in many locailities, but is not systematically worked. It is found in Austria-Hungary, France, Gerinany, Spain, and England. It has 3ejen displaced by black-colored chalcedony and anthracite. Owing to the high polish taken, it finds use ias inaterial for dress trimining, mourning jewelry, toys, buttons, and personal ornaments. , ,. .i,,; , Imports of jet are small and irregulaf, having been recorded from 1907 to 1918 in three years only. In 1907 they were valued at $27 and later statistics for calendar years are as follows: 1918, 1316; 1919, $1,199; 1920, $371; 1921 (nine raonths) , $992. PARAGRAPH 1593. H. B. 7456. SENATE AJiiENDMENTS. 'Par. 1593. Joss stick '6r joss light. ACT OF 1909. , ACT OF 1913. - Par. 599. Joss stick or Joss light [Free]. Pas. 521. Joss stick or' joss light [Free]. JOSS STICK AND LIGHT. • : fSee Survey ^-8.) Description and uses. — Joss sticks are reeds covered with paste made from the dust of odoriferous woods, or cylinders made wholly of the paste. They are used by the Chinese to burn before their idols, as slow matches in measuring time at night, and for lighting pipes, and are widely used by other peoples as deodorizers. Imports of jbss: sticks in 1914 were valued at $6,888,; nearly half from Japan and the rest from China and India., ; Later statistics for calendar years foUow: 1918, $29,510; 1919, $32,328; 1920, $41,089; 1921 (nine months), $17,015. Suggested changes.— See paragraph 1656, page 1438. , SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1341 PARAGRAPH 1594. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1594. Junk, old. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 600. Junk, old [Free]. Par. 522. Junk, old [Free]. OLD JUNK. Description. — "Junk" in the ordinary meaning consists of worn- out and discarded material (in general) that may be turned to some iise. It consists principally of old rope, chain, iron, copper, parts of jnachinery, and bottles gathered or bought up by tradesmen known as '• junk dealers." Production. — No statistics. Imports since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows: 1918 WW 1920 1921 (9 months). 2,834,501 $46, 176 637,967 $21, 742 606,203 Value..". "."... . '. $48,059 $11,328 Exports. — None recorded. PARAGRAPH 1596. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1595. Kelp. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. , Par. 601. Kelp [Free]. Par. 523. Kelp [Free]. KELP. (See Survey A-16.) Description and uses. — The name kelp, originally applied to the «,sh obtained by burning seaweed, has now been extended to the sea- -weeds themselves, particularly to those yielding potash, iodine, and •other valuable products. Kelp is used principtally for the production •of potash salts and iodine, although acetic acid and acetone may be thus obtained. Dried and ground kelp is sometimes used as fertilizer. Production. — Little kelp was used here until 1914, when the short- age of potash salts caused large quantities along the Pacific coast to be utilized. There were 10 plants manufacturing potash and •other products from kelp during 1917 and li918, and their output was About 4,300 tons per year. Most of these plants have now shut down, owing to the lower price of potash. Imports of kelp have been small and irregular and pirobaWy refer to the ash. , Exports..— Statistics not available. 1342 SUMMARY or TAHIFF INFORMATION, 1921. PARAGRAPH 1596. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. P\u. 1596. Kieserite. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 602. Kieserite [Free]. Par. 524. Kieserite [Free].. KIESERITE. (See Survey PL-22.) Description and. uses. — Kieserite; is a natural mineral composed of magnesium sulphate combined v/ith one molecule of water of crystallization. It is slowly soluble in water, which property serves- as a means of separating it from the other salts naturally occurring; with it,. Kieserite is found chiefly aj; Stassfurt ) in Germany and Hallstatt and Kalusz in Galicia. It is used niainly as a raw material in the product-ion of Epsom salts (par. 47), from which it differs only in the amount of water contained. ■ Production.^- At Stassfurt, kieserite is found along -^vith other salts. The latter are readily soluble in water and toerefore on washing are removed. Kieserite is packed in molds and by puri- fication is converted into Epsom salts. /m^Jorte of kieserite for 1910-1914 averaged ahnually 6,455 tons, valued at $21,043, entirely from Germany. No imports are recorded since 1918. , , ,. PARAGRAPH 1597. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. # Par. 1597. IMc, crude, seed, button, stick, or shell. ; . ACT OF 1909. - ACT OF 1913. Par. 605. Lac * * * crude, seed, Par. 526. Lac * * * crude, seed,, button, stick, and shell [Free]. button, stick, and shell [Free], LAG, CRUDE, SEED, BUTTQN, ETC., AND SHELXAQ. (See Survey FT^17.'! Description and uses. — Crude lac is probably another term applied to stick lac, the criidest form of lac resin. The lac-encrusted twigs are dried and cut into sticks, in which form the lac is sometimes supplied to the consumer. Seed lac or grain lac consists of stick lac which has been ground and crushed, and which has had the wood twigs removed, ft may bein two grades, (1) seed' lac containing the lac dye, and (2) washed or bleached seed lac from which the lac dye has been taken by bleaching or by extraction with water. Seed lac is used as a raw material in the manufacture of the best grades of shellac. Button lac is a form of shellac matdef by allowing mslted and strained lac to drop onto a flat surface, forming large rounded cakes,.. SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1343 Shell lac, or shellac, is seed lac which has beeiii cooked, cooled, and rolled intd thin sheets: Commercial grades may contain orpiment or rosin, which is added to impart certain properties to the shellac. Rosin present in quantities exceeding 3 per cent is usually considered an adulterant. Shellac is. used as a bmder in the naamifacture of such composition goods as buttons, dominoes, pojcer chips, and phonograph records; as an insulator in electrical work; in Sealing wax and shoe dressing; and; when dissolved in alcohol, as a quick- drying varnish (spirit varnish), and in jjaints for ship bottoms : We. produce about one-half the shellac varnish of the world and are the chief consumer. ./h;; ^ !, Production is restricted to the preparation of bleached lac from the imported products. The domestie output of bleached lac in 1914 was 8,654,514 pounds, -valued at $1,806,802, and in 1919 (preliminary figures), 8,799,190 pounds, valued at $5,955,700... r : Imports of crude lac, seed, button, and stick, before 1913 averaged less than 500,000 pounds. These. greatly increased during the war — in 1915, 1,126,167 pounds, valued at '$88,293;. in 1916, 3,485,975 pbTinds, valued at $291,176; in 1917, 5,473,174 pounds, valued at $637,846. Imports of shellac for 1908-1918 aver&gediabout 21,000,- 000 piounds, valued at about $4,000,000. '► -i j: . Imports since 1917 by calendar jyears have been as follows:. 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Lac, crude, seed, button and stick • Quantity (pounds) - ', Value .- Shellac: Quantity (pounds) Value 571,972 $153, 336 1,813,637 $382, 713 24,426,403 $11,869,246 2,636,096 $993^268 28, 587, 107 $23,088,576 250,551 $76, 553 19,490,483 $9,717,756 Imports are chiefly from British India, IJngland, and Japan. Exports. — Statistics not available. ' '' Imp&rfdnt 'Changes in -classification. — Lac dye has been omitted si^ce it is no longer an article of commerce. PARAGRAPH 1598. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 159S. Lactarene or casfein. ACT OF 1909. , ACT OF 1913. Par. 607. Lactarene, or casein [Free]. PAft.-527. Lactarene or casein [Free]. CASEIN OR LACTARENE. (See Survey FI.^.1;5.) . ,'sOeseription and uses. — Casein; is a white, ashless, nitrogenous sub stance found in the milk of mammals as a coUodial suspension or emiulsion in combination with calciupa. It is soluble ir^ concentrated acid and alkalies. About 3 per cent of the solid matter of cow's milk 1344 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. is casein and represents about 80 per cent of the entire milk protein. Casein has a great many commercial applications, including the manu- facture of waterproof and coated paper,, paints and artists' colors, plastics, electric insulators, fbods, medicmes, paint remover,, shoe polish, photographic plates, mucilage and cement, and dressing and color-fixing mediums in textiles. Production. — It is prepared comiuercially from skimmed milk-by precipitating the protein with a dilute mineral acid and filtering, washing, and drying to a.powder. The powder is packed in air-tight contiaiiiers, with formaldehyde added to prevent decomposition. Milk sugar is obtained as a by-product. Casein is also made by precipitar tion with ferments, such as rennet. In 1914 about 18,600^000 pounds were produced in -the United States and were valued at approxi- mately $1,000,000. Since then domestic production has decreased somewhat, owing to a smaller available supply of skimmed milk, to- gether with higher wages, increased freight rates, and other causes. In 1919 (preliminary figures) 16,6 15j076 pounds were produced, valued at $2,188,787. ^ Imports of -casein for 1910-1918 averaged about 10,000,000 pounds, valued at about $lj000,000. Before the war it came chiefly from France, but during the war Argentina furnished the bulk. Imports since 1917 by' calendar years, chiefly from Argentina, England, and Brazil, have been as follows : 1918 1919 1920 . 1921 (9 months;. * 7,083,976 $964,766 17,076,936 t2, 009, 791 21, 238; 822 t2,431,6iS6 7,978,393 »7^,225 Value. Exports. — Statistics not available. PARAGRAPH 1599. H. B. 7456. SEIfATE AMENDMENTS. « P*ti. 1599. Lava, unmanufactured. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 608. Lava, unmanufactured Par. 529. Lava, unmanufactured Par. P'ree]. Lava, unmanufactured Par. 529. Lava, [Free]. LAVA, UNMANUFACTURED. (See Survey B-3.) Description and uses. — Lava, rock of volcanic origin, varying greatly in composition and texture, has some specific uses, e. g., for making millstones and for filtering acids.. Basaltic lava of vesicular texture is iised for beater rolls and bedplates, which compete with steel or bronze rolls in the preparation of paper pulp. Tne largest use of such rocks is for crushed stone. Production.' — ^A small amount. Used' for beater rolls, is produced in the extreme Northwestern States. (See par: 235, p. 350.) ' > Imports of lava average about 50 tons a year, and are used for Ijeater rolls. (See par. 235, p. 350.) ' — SUMMAKY OF TABIFF INFOEMAHON, 1921. PARAGRAPH 1600, 1345 H. B. 7456. Par. 1600. Leather: All leather not specially provided for; harness, saddles, and saddlery, in sets or parts, except metal parts, finished or un^finished; leather cut into shoe uppers, vainps, soles, or other forms suitable for conversion into manufactured articles; and leather shoe laces, finished or unfinished. ACT OF 1909. Par. 450. * *.*■ Provided, ThAt on and after October first, nineteen hundred and nine, ,grain, bu^, and split leather shall pay a duty' of seven and one-half per centum ad valorem; * * * that har- ness, saddles and saddlery, in sets or in parts,, finished or unfinished, composed wholly or in chief value of leather, shall paly a duty of twenty per centum ad valorem. ■■ ' Par. 451. Band, bend, or belting leather, rough leather, and sole leather, five per centum ad valorem; dressed upper and all other leather, calfskins tanned or tanned and dressed, kangaroo, sheep and goat skins (including lamb and kid skins) dressed and finished, other akins and bookbinders' calfskins, all the foregoing not specially provided for in this section, fifteen per centum ad valorem; * * * skins for morocco, tanned but unfinished, five per centum ad valorem; patent, japanned, varnished, or enameled leather weighing not ov(er ten pounds per dozen hides or skins, twenty-seven cents per pound and fifteen per centum ad valorem; if weighing over ten pounds and not over twenty-five pounds per dozen, twenty-seven cents per pound and eight per centum ad valorem; if weighing over twenty-five pounds per dozen, twenty cents per pound and ten per centum, ad valorem; * * * leather shoe laces, finished or unfinished, fifty cents per gross, pairs, and ten per centum ad valorem; * * * Provtded, That leather cut into shoe uppers or vamps or other forms, suitable for conversion into manufactured articles, and gauftre leather, shall pay a duty of ten per centum ad valorem in addition to the duty imposed by this paragraph on leather of the same character as that from which they are cut. Par. 461. Harness, saddles, saddlery, in sets or in parts, finished or unfinished, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 530. All leather not ^specially pro- vided for in this section *. * * leather cut into afioe uppers or vamps or other forms suitable for conversion into boots or shoes; * * * leather shoe laces, fin- ished or vmfinished; harness, saddles, and saddlery, in sets or in parts, finished or unfinished p^'ree]. 82304—22- -85 1346 SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFOKMATION, 1921. BELTING AND SOLE LEATHER. : - ■ ■ • - •;.;:_ L ;■-. : . _ , {See Survey N-15.) Description and uses. — Belting and sole leather are produced from cattle hides by processes identical up to the finishing; process. Both are frequently made in the same tanneries. Vegetable' tanning is the older and slower process, but the qualities, which it imparts make the leather superior, with sonae minor exceptions, for the pur- poses under consideration, to mineral-taimed leather. Mineral tanning is usually done in "drtmis;" vegetable tanning in both vats and " drums. " Drum tanning is a qtiicker process than vat taiming. Chrome salts are usually employed in mineral tanning and some- times, as in the case of sole leather for army' shoes, the leather is tanned by the quick mineral or "chrome" process and then given a coinparatively brief vegetable tanning called " vegetable retan. " Production of sole leather in 1914. was valued at $116,188,059; belting leather, at $8,369,584. In 1919, the former was valued at $227,809,736 and the latter at $37,27!5,668.' The sole-leather industry has grown rapidly froin a value of approximately $55,000,000 in 1899, the beltmg-leather industry from a value then approximating $7,000,000. Pennsylvania was the most important producer of sole leather, with a value of $50,485,259 in 1914, nearly one-half the total output. Michigan was second, with $12,641, 50'9; West Virginia, $9,035,266; Wisconsm, $7,646,946; Virginia, $7,535jl99; and New York, $7,184,838. Pennsylvania in 1919 still ranked first with an output of $101,041,783, followed by West Virginia with $20,429,088, and New York with $19,662,132. The larger part of the product — $117,522,076 — ^was of oak tannage.; Proximity to the supplies of oak and hemlock bark formerly determined the location of the belting and sole leather tanning establishments. The use of quebracho and bark extracts and other imported and domestic vege- table tanning materials now renders location of less importance. Imports. — Out of an import value, in 1912, of more than $1,000,000 for belting and sole-leather, $821,640 came from Engla;rid;;in 1913, England sent us $1,239,447 worth out of $1,652,460, and Canada over $100,000. In 1916 out of more than $3,000,00Q worth, Canada sent $2,782,226 worth, and England only $131,113. In 1917 imports were valued at $2,443,785, Canada supplying $1,600,279 worth, and England $74,329. In 1920 England!^ sent to this coimtry sole leather valued at $979,117, and Canada an amount valued at $604,529. Detailed statistics for later years are sho^ as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Yaipe,,; ITnitv^lue. SOLE LEATHER.-, , , , ! 1918 Pounds. tl, 784 579 1,286,133 1919 1,954,356 ., JO. 66 1920 .66 1921 ("9 months) - . - . .^. BELTING LEATHER. ' ' ' > , . ^ $39,873 236,253 326,023 156, 337 19X9 177,135 242,777 204,999 (1.33 1.34 SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1347 Exports of beltiiig leather were valued at $1,105,168 in 1913, and at $3,122,841 in 1917. The exports of sole leather, $8,804,955 in 1913, increased by 1917 to $39,026,278. In 1920 the principal markets for sole leather were England and Japan. France, Cuba, England, a;nd Canada were the largest importers of our belting leather in 1918. In 1920 the largest quantities were sent to Canalda and Argentina. Detailed statistics for later calendar years are as follows: 1918 ,1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Belting leather: Quantity (pounds) '... 192,682 $228, 577 24,429,639 $ll,983j902 64 124 Value ,...j $2,097,877 26,748,036 $14, 164, 982 $7, 241, 260 122>6S0,993 $54,871,639 $41 035 Sole leather: Quantity (pounds') S, 661, 236 $3,329,029 Value UPPER LEATHER. (See Survey N-16.) Description and iLses.—The principal varieties of' upper leather are "call and kip" (kipskins are the hides of small cattle), "goat arid kid," "sheep and lamb," "side upper" (cowhide), and miscellaneous kinds (including horsehide, buckskm, kangaroo, and cabretta) . Cow- hide leather is divided into "sides" and splits." A "side" is one- half of a hide, full thickness. " Splits " are made by splitting the hide into two thicknesses, the outside layer being the " grain and the inside layer the "flesh split. "_ Calfskin is one of the best materials for men's and boys' wear, as it is stronger and firmer than kid, the latter being used extensively for women's and children's shoes. Sheepskin is used for the linings 6f shoes and for the Uppers of cheap grades of shoes and shppers. Cordovan leather is hOrsehide. Production statistics of upper leather for 1914 and 1919 follow: 1914 Number Value. 1919 Number. Value. Skins: Calf and kip. Goat and kid Sheep and famb Cabretta, kangaroo, and wallaby Sides: Horse leather (other than patent) Cattle side upper (other than patent). All other Total: Skins. Sides.. 15,869,401 29,874,638 16,794,641 3, 730, 260 406,741 8,245,964 $41,812,734 26,113,234 10, 885, 175 4, 198, 017 1, 360, 103 32, 939, 139 2,042,390 11,697,427 51,508,678 8, 878, 352 6, 973, 856 1, 720, 507 16,693,073 $92,600,678 143, 509, 682 16, 313, 651 14, 456, 577 10, 561, 999 120, 897, 283 2,073,163 66,268,840 8, 652, 706 79,068,312 IS, 413, 580 $399,412,935 About one-half of the cowhides and calfskins used in upper leather three-fourths of the sheepskins, and practically all of the goatskins are imported. During the war, imports of hi(ies and sMns greatly increased in quantity and value, and the change in trade currente was very marked. Chrome tannage, an American invention which 1348 SUMMARY OF TARIFF IlfFOEMATIOK, 1921. became commercially effective, between ,1896 and 1900, reyolutic^nized the, leather industry., "Vegetable tannage", in vats, requir.esdrfroi]a four to six months, and involved: much harjd' labor. Chrome i taimed skins are prepared in less time and quantity production is the rul&. Chrome salts are "worked" into the hides while they are being tumbled about in huge drums. Chrome-tanned leather does not resist water, (under some conditions) as well as the vegetable tanned article, and therefore the "vegetable retan" is sometimes given. Foreign countries also employ the chrome process, but not as exten- sively as the United States. Imports of upper leather in 1911' were valued at $284,247; in 1912 $201,741; and in 1913, $182,562, of which Germany sent us $93,189, France $45,080, and England $33,291, In 1914 imports amounted to $2,621,585, nearly 50 per cent coming from England, about 20 jier cent from France, and somewhat less from Germany; Canada supplied an amount valued at $200,000. Imports from 1915 to 1917 are shown as follows : 1916 1917 Calf and kip upper leather Goat and Jjid upper leather,, . . Sheep and lamb upper leather . "All other" upper leather. ... J {1,031,699 908,989 664,394 331,786 Total. $3,039,770 $2,936,863 $1, 140, 729 . 946,262 1,153,523 257,335 $3,497,849 Most of the goat and kid upper leather came from France until 1918, when more than 50 percent came from British West Africai In 1919 France again sent the largest portion of these imports, a value of $136,625 out of a total of $227,514. In 1920 England, sent nearly half of the imports of goat and Jsid upper leather. France and England hava been the leading sources of sheep and lamb upper leather, although in 1,918 the largest imports came from Italy. British India led in 1919, but in 1920 England sent over half of the $845,785 worth imported, while British India ranked second with $62,016, and France third with $57,901. About 90 per cent of the calf and kip upper came from Canada ia 1918. In 1920 the amount from that source was slightly over 40 fier cent of the total value, and England sent over 25 per cent, mports of the various classes are shown as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. CALF AND KIP. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Pounds. 406,372 572,908 $888,776 1,149,293 1,431,666 1,031,339 $2.33 2.50 GOAT AND KID. ' 1918 .. /\, $267,027 227,514; 260,870 161,667 1919 ", 53,157 80,403 37,155 $4.28 1920.. :::::::::::::::::::::;::;::::ite:r::U: 3.12 1»2rf9 Tnontlial. . , , summary; OlF TARIFF INrORMATlON, 1921; 1349 Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. '■ : HORSE AND COLT. 1918 S368 10,939 41,136 1919 15,497 .39,867 JO. 71 M20 . — .......;-...'.,'.. — ^^ ..'-.'.. 1 ............. . 1.03 SHEEP ANT) LAMB. 1918 : , . . . $180,546 264,772 845,786 133,319 1919 152,060 673,786 1,, 70,840 tl.74 1920 1.25 1921 (9 months) .... UPPER LEATHER, N. =. p.i 1918 »283,241 638,343 764,162 447,278, 1919 307,099 473,047 301,799 SI. 88 1920 1.61 1921 (9 months) , l^.^ ^ . ... : Exports of upper leather are mainly pf goat and kid leather, the leading varie% beriig glazed kid. Glazed kid is not strictly what the name would indicate, out is, rather,' "glossy" kid. Chrome tanning was first applied to kid, then half , and finally to side and sole leather- About 75 per cent of the. world's output of this upper leather is made in the United States. Exports of goat and kid upper leather were small in 1895; by 1900 they had grown to $1,909,914 and by 1913 to $19,573,000, making up the greater part of the exports of upper leather.. Exports of goat and kid upper were 106,000,000 square feet in 1913 and 88,000,000 square feet iu 1917! European countries took large quantities of upper leathei", for army shoes during the war, and we also gained many neutral niarkets. England, France,, and; Ger- many had been the distributors of .our upper. leather, but duridg the war direct buying became the rule. In 1913 England received about $7,000,000 worth of ourg'oat and kid upper leather; Germany, about $3,000,000;- the Netherlands, $l,74S;dOO; Argentina, 11,413,000,, and Russia, France, Denmark, and Australia each over $500,000. Total exports were about $19,000,000. In 1917, of more than $30,000,000 of exports, England took oVer one-third and Denmark $3,613,000, other markets oeing Russia, France, Canada, and South America. In 1920 England, the chief cusilomerj took a value of $15,570,299, Denmark $4,818,120, and France $2,239,028. Our chief markets for calf upper leaitW in 19i3 were England, France, Geraaany, Canada, Brazil^ Argentina; iA 1917 exports increased to $8,229,038 (quantity in 1913, 9,765,000 square feet; in 1917, 19,390,0Qa square feet). A similar expansion took place in other varieties of upper leather. England, France, Portugal, and Brazil took the largest quantities of ^f^fupperihl920. , 1350 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Exports of upper leather for calendar years are shown as follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921(9 months). Calf and Up: ■ Quantity (square feet)'. 15,538,326 $7,919,776 24,335,031 $9,728,323 7,028,084 $1,868,435 $8,076,984 49,417,005 $31,819,238 104,377,890 $57,920,607 50,481,517 $11,531,143 $24,229,206 16,023,910 $12,244,734 54,911,165 $35,240,181 121,666,654 1 $8,935,744 $12,166,975 6,958,699 Value...... $2,775,708 Goat and kid: 16,360,930 Value $5,502,017 14,993,078 1 $1,341,882 $1,595,724 Cattle sides: Value , 1 Total ol "grain and finished splits" and " wax and rough splits." HARNESS LEATHER. . --(See Survey N-15.) DescripHon and uses. — Harness leather is made of cow hides and is principally of the "bark-tanned" variety. Only 5,320 outof 2,777,312 'sides" of harness leather tanned here in 1)914 were,,of, the c,hrome variety'. It is treated by the bark process because ' of the better resistance to water of leather so tanned. .Production. — The equipment of a tamieiry for making harness leather is not highly specialized and tte mahiifacture is frequently combined with tanning of other heavy leather. The industry has not grown as fast as many other branches in recent years, probably because of the automobile. The output in 1899 was valued at $16,712,056 and in 1909 ait $24,802,734; but it decreased to $20,969;169 in 1914. In 1919 th^ output of harness leather was valued a,t.$24,- 085,406, the number of sides ta;ijned being 1,710,769, of which, 915,714 were of oak taimage, 423,389 of hemlock, and 371,666 of union. Saddlery leather to the ainount of 102,594, sides, valued at $986,Q12, was also produced. Wisconsin, California, Ohio, Peimsylvania, Niew York, Indiana, Maryland, and Michigan ranted ui order as to value of output in 1909. In 1914 Wjsoonsm led and OHio, Michigan, Cali- fornia, New York, Pennsylvania, and Indiana followed ia order of importance. The tanning of harness leather is less localized tKan that of some other; kinds, and the, manufacture of harness and saddlery is w;idely distributed. Imports of harness and saddle leather were practically negligible for 1913-1915. In 1916 they were valued at about $200,000; m 1917 $1,205^93, largely from Canada. Later statistics" follow ; Calendar year. Quantity.' Value. ■ Unit value. 1918 .........}. Pov/ndt. J. : H931,,638 8S'739 405,377 278,944 1919 1,308,919 511,263 632,873 $0.65 1920 .79 1921 (9 months) Exports. — None recorded. SUMMARY OF TARtFE INFORMATION, 1921. 1351 PATENT LEATHER. (See Sutvey N-16.) Description and uses. — Patent leather is a leather treated with a preparation pf lampblack, linseed oil, ^hd other ingredients. Several coats are spread on and polished down with pumice stone. The leather is further blackened with a fluid black mixed 'with, turpentihe! It is then dried, varnished, baked, and hardened by exposiirie to the s^nn. Patent leather Was formerly all J' vegetable 'tanhed'" and Sun. ^nished ori the flesh side. France" and Germahy were the leaders ia manufacture. Chrome tanning w,as introduced about 1895. All chrome patent leather is varnished on the "grain" or hair side, which formerly distiaguished American patent leather from that of foreign countries. The latter have how adopted the American method to a i3onsiderable extent. Production has incrisased rapidly | the output of all patent leather was valued at "$15,590,812 iii 1914, and at 126,355,238 in 1919. Of the latter amount, cattle sides niade up $2i,379,3o5. , Imports in 1913 of patent, japanned, varnished, or enameled leathei* were valued at $200,832. In 19i'4 they increased' to $735,468, and in 1915 t6 $1,388,242. ' In 1916/ after trade with Germany ceased, imports fell to $69,485; they were $115,022 in 1917. In 1920 Canada exported to us $185,075 worth of patent, japanned, varnished, and enameled leather and Switzerland an amount valued at $123,385. Detailed imports since 1917 are shown in the following table: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. SIDE, UPPER. -;■.'■ I'A 1918 Pounds. J173,685 316,510 186, 118 64,611 1919 ; 96,551 39,948 21,987 $3.23 1920 4.66 1IM1 (Q TTlOTlthl!) ..;>: -/rOO "■., ■:;.; -:.-. AI/L OTHER. ' ill] ..-'-A ■■ ', •-■'■:'', ■ ,;/\\ ^ 1918. ....T.l. i..:i...i : •■' /\ \\ ■ $23,375 34,272 229,946 31,892 1919 ..,..., , ^7^5 13,546 S2i'54 1920 3.44 1921 <9 months) .,... Exports of patent ahd eihameled leather have iacreased greatly, in 1900 bemg valued a,t. '$101,708; in 1910, at $367,601; in 19,l4, at $1,675,667; in 1917, 'at ,$7,150,097. In 1920 the largest , quantities were taken by France, Englandr Italy, and Australia, in the order named. Exports of patent leather since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows: , ' , , ' : Quantity (square feet) . Value 1918 $4,205)603 1919 $18,480,619 1920 21,693,810 $17,643,464 1921 (9 months). 12,379,363 $4,489,729 1352 SUMMAR'S OF TARIFF INFOEMATTON, 1921. CASE, BAG, AND STEAP LEATHER. (See Survey N-16.) Description and. uses. — Cla^e.,and:bja.g leather may be eitbe^. chrome or vegetable jianned, but jnost strap l^eather is vegetable tanned. Cowhide, tanneB. with oak bark, is principally used for thcsse leathers;. "Splits" are used for all three kinds, but a. much heavier split is used for strap leather, which usually is made out* of the full thickness of the hide. The best quality of case and bag leather is bark-tanned calfskLn or grain spjits of cowhide. "Case, bag, and gtrap" is not a rigid classlflcation; Leather suitable for making shoe uppers is also used for traveling bags and suit cases. Some sheep leather naay be used either if or bags or bookbinding, while strap leathpr may also be used for light soles, arch supporters, elJc. Production of case, bag, and strap leathei: in 19X4 was 1,004,581 sides, yalued,p,t:$5,383,355. In 191:9; the number of sides tanned for this purpose was 1,225,^77, an,d tha value of the product $11,880,766. Of this quantity Pennsylvania produced 415,413 gj^es, valued at $4y377,532. -i Im'poids of case, bag, and strap lieather were $29,638 in 1915,, $56,314 -in 1916, and $43,017 in;19i7. ilLp^ter statistics follow: Calendar year. Quaritrfy^.' 'Value. Unit value. 1918 - PoiiMs. $162, 100 159,437 109, 133 66,228 1919 189,285 95,385 83,668 $0.84 1920 1.03 1921 (9 months)'. .... Exports. — None recorded. UPHOLSTERY LEATHER. . -. . 1 ■, ; (See Survey N-16.)' . '■!.;,;.., ., Description and, uses.— Upholstery leather is made principally out of whole cowhides, finished on the grain side, or out of cowhide splits. Cowhides are sometimes split into as many as five thicknesses. The "buflSing" or thin outside split is sometimes used for bookbind- er's leather and sometimes for upholstery; the "slab" or inside split is used for very cheap leather; whUe the second, third, and fourth splits, as well as the grain, may be used for upholstery leather. Production oi upholstery leather increased iii value from $5,748,387 in 1899 to $14,328,358 in 1914, largely, due to automobile require- ments. In 1914, 654,053 hides wete made up into whole-hide grain upholstery leather, valued at $8,172,698, a,nd 1,104,561 hidtes into "splits," valued at $6,155,660. In 1919 i)roduction was $32,224,644, of which whole-hide grains numbered 933,921 j valued at $18,262,372, and whole-hide splits made from 1,607,741 hides were valued at $13,962,272. New Jersey ranked fi!ret in manufacture and Ohio second.. ;j Imports. — None recorded. STJMMAHY OF TAMFF INFOEMATTON^ 1921. 1353 Exports of " carriage, automobile, and upholBfery leather" were valued at $107,430 in 1913, $38,937 in 1916, and $97;054 in 1917. Exports since 1917 by calerida;r years have beenifi value' as follows': 1918, $163,541 ; 1919, $415,848; 1920, $740,477; 1921 (nine months) , $131)555. The principal countries of destination in 1920 were Italy and Canada, the former taking $302,503 and the latter $126,004 in value. i; ': I FANCY LEATHER. (See Survey .N-17;): Description and uses. — Fancy leather is used for pocketbooks, cardcases, music rolls, belts, bag linings, hat sweatbands, and novel- ties. It is made principally of sheepskin, although considerable calf and gbat skin and light splits or skivers of fcowhide are nsed. Scime genuine seal, walrus, and' aUigatot skins are Used, but much sheep- skin and cowhide split leather is finished and embossed to resemble the former kinds. Russia calf, one of the high grades of fancy leather, is calfskin tanned by a special process with quebracho, hem- lock, or some other vegetable tanning material; it was originally tanned in Russia with birch bark, which' gave it a peculiar odor, now imitated by sprayihg birch oil on flie grain. Other fancy leathers are morocco, pigskin, and alum-tanned (or "tawed") sheep- skin. Production of fancy leather in 1914, was $8,775,968, more than half of sheep and lamb skiri. In 1919' the total decreased to $5,974,293— sheep and lamb to the number of 1,104,798 skins, valued at $2,414,076, makmg up the largest item. Imports of "fancy leather including morocco, seal, and fancy calf for fancy leather goods" were valued at $199,217 in 1914, $263,971 in 1915, $529,937 in 1916, and $639,602 in 1917. Eater statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. 191S i. ^ Pounds. $12,076 365,271 297,982 159,541 C919......I.; '.: i ■ 83,964 ; . 64,432 38, 718 ' $4. 35 1920;. _ 4 62 1921 (9 months)-......' .... = Exports. — Not separately stated. BOOKBINDER S LEATHER. (See Survey X-17.) Description and wses.— Calfskin, cowhide skivers and buffings, sheep, goat, seal, and pig skins are used for bookbinders' leather. Tlie grain splits of sheepskin are also thus used, while the flesh splits are utihzed for chamois. Morocco leather (goatskin tanned with sumac) is one of the popular bookbinding leathers. The sheepskin used for binding law books is tanned with quebracho or some other vegetable tannin and finished on the grain without dyeing. Pigskin makes a durable leather of rather coarse grain. Russia calf (described under fancy leather) is much used for binding expensive editions. 1354 SUMMARY' OF TARIFF INFORMATIOK, 1921. Production of bookbinders' leather mcreased from j a value of $1,688,413 in 1899 to $2,450,165: in 1909, but decreasedto $1,362,673 in 1914. In 1919 the value, ($3^463,841) was almost three times as great as in the latter year. This was made up of 327,390 hides; valued at $2,467,486, skins of sheep and lamb numbering 389,953, at $727,151, and 60,224 other skins, at $269,204. New Jersey produces more than 50 per cent of the supply. Imports am, exports of bopkbinders' leather are not separately stated. ROUGH LEATHER. (See' Survey N^IS.) - Description and, uses. — rRough leather is njLade, from cattle hides and is generally vegetable tanned, as the chrome tanned bjscomes. so ha^d, if, kept in the i^ough, that ,it is difhciflt.to work over. This leather is unfinished, and is sold by the manufacturers to, othiers whft dress it for, belting, upper; bag, aiid fancy, etc. The leather is sold either whole or split, .the hair sides being known las '/rough grains" and the flesK sides as "rough splits. Some tanners, particui,^rly those manu- facturing heavy oak leather,, trim piff, the shoulders .of hides and tan these for "rpuglj^''^ Eough leatjhier is really an intermediate prpdyct, the leather made iherefrpHfi being . known as "belting," "upper," "case, bag,' and strap," etc'. ^roj^W^ri amounted t(» $.10,180^949 in 1904, to $6,335,599 in l'009, to $4,494,985, jnr 1914, .and ^$'3,712,,B87: in 1019,, , The ^ecrea^e-in the amouiit of rough leather niade^isd,ue partly ip the cpmmercial ,ij.^§ of tanning extracts, which 'makes location near supplies of bark no longer necessary. , The small, country tanneries, which used siich bark, were nat equipped to finish, leather, but sold it in the rough. The number of such establishments has decreased. The production of 1919 was divided into : Rbugli gi-ains, 95,528 sides, valued at $499,098} rough splits, 1,050,908 whole sides, valued at $1,370,595; and 172,386 butts, valued at $250,849. Other rough leather, 206,379 sides, valued at«l,592,145. Imports. — ^Prior to 1919 the greatest amount imported in any year was m 1917, when the value was $337,841. Great Britain is the immediate source of the bidk of this leather. Competition also comes from Jniported leathers of the kinds into which rough leather is made by the finishers. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. tinlt value. 1918 Poumda. (229,445 1,753,727 2,581,984 647,437 1919 2,601,681 4,567,962 , 1,861,370 to. 67 1920 : .57 1921 (9inontlis)... . . . . . . . Exports. — Figures npt given separately. SUMMARY OF TAEIFP IKTOBMATIOF, 1921. 13S5 i!t. <;„ . SPLIT LEATHER. (See Survey N-16.) Description and uses. — Split leathelr is made from cattle and horse hides. For certain uses the whole hide would be too thick, and there- fore it is often split into three to five thicknesses. It is largely used in the glove and shoe industries, and also in straps, belts, cases, bags, harnesses, upholstery, and soles; Splits are frequently sold in tne rough.and finished by concerns other thain those doing the tannine. Production ,qf finished splits is much greater than o^; the rou^ splits. In 1919 finished splits, (n., e.s.) amounted to $16,459,6p5j of which over $13,600,000 was of cattle and over $2,760,000 of horse butts and fronts. The production of rough splits was $1,621,444. (See Rough Leather.) ' , Imports of split leather, unfinished, in 1914 were $163,960; of fin- ished, $85,616. During the war these declined, the former amount- ing in 1916 to $5,668 a,nd, the latter to $8,664. Later statistics f qllis^w;; Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. SPLIT LEATHER, UNriNISHED. 1918 PouTida. $43,724 662,332 ■ 34:300 1919 1,320,076 67 1 999' 33,869 $0.60 1920... 1; , '. ■ • .60 1921 (9 months) , , SPLIT LEATHER, FINISHED,, ' ■ ■ ' , J 1918.., • $10,797 ■ 32,912 , 114,161; 21,818 i9»:;:;:::::;;:;::;;::::::;;::;::;:::;:;:.::.: 14,560 52,951 14,131 $2.26 1920 'j 2.16 1921 (9 months) ' ' ... M( M' < Exports are not separately stated. A large quantity is finished into wax splits for upper leather and exported. ROLLER, APRON, PICKER, AND LACE LEATHER. (See Survey N-17.) Description and uses. — Roller leather is so-called beqause used on the rollers in textile machinery. It must be degreased, and smooth, to avoid breaking the threads. It ist usually made of oak-tanned lambskins. Apron leather is also used in textile machinery and is vegetable tanned and curried and degreased to make it soft and pliable. Picker leather, another kind of "textile" leather, is made of heavy cow hides, bark or alum tanned, and dressed Avith oil to render it pliable. For lace leathers, which are used in making lacing for belts, footballs, 'etc., bark tanned cow hides are also used. Production of lace leather in 1919 was 491,077 sides, valtied at $2,532,074. Frbduction of "textile" leiather, which includes roller, apron, and picker leather, in 1919, was 263,060 sides, valued at $666,762. ■ ' ' ' \ 1356 STJMMAEY OP TAEIFP INTOKMATION", 1^1. Imports are largely from. Great Britain where there are about 30 firms which make roller leather and about 50 which manufacture picker bands. £'x2'P?'te.-^JNpit; given separately. ^ ■ . ,',v'.ri'\ ,'.'■'/" y^(fe'^ Survey N-17.'f • ' ^^'^' Description afid) uses. — Besides leather knowii as "hateess and saddle," there are other leathers einployed by the harhesp maker. Skirting leather; collar leather '^.lid lq,tig6' are made from light cow- hides. The first goes into the straps and lower parts of Saddles; latigo is tanned "for pliability and is generally used' for hainie' straps and halters. Ptoduction of skirting in 1914 was 311,646 sides, valued at $2,082,063. In 1919, skirtihg and collar together were valued at $5,^98,656; aoid the qriantity tanned was 581,410 sides; ' The production of latigo was $219,757, and the number of sides was 20,631. Imports and exports.— None recorded. HAT-SWEATBAND LEATHER. (See Survey N-17.) Description. — Skivers of skeepskin are generally used by the hat manufacturers for hat sweatbands. These may be tanned by several processes, though sumac is largely used, or, if white bands are de- sired, an alum tannage is employed. The leather is then finished by plain glazing or embossing. Produdion in 1919 of leather for hat sweats was valued at $2,712,51.2; the number of skins tanned was 1,351,522. Imports 6i hat sweat leather come mostly from Great Britain. Exports. — None recorded. JERKIl^ LEATHER. ■ J (See Survey N-17. )■'•'. Description and udes. — Jerkin leather is used for coats for sports- men, aviators, etc. It is generally made of suede-finished veal skin or sheep skin tanned particularly for Softness. Some buckskih is a.lsd used for soft shirts for hunters. 'Considersible leather is used for garment trimmings arid for women's hats. Production, imports, and exports. — Statistics not available. WELTING LEATHER. ' ' .^ ■. , - (See Survey Ai-17.)>>; . ,, ' Desfiription: — ^A large part of the welting leather used in the shoe industry is, made of oak- tanned , shoulders. It is cut into suitable widths. and sold by the yard. . .: Production of welting in the United States in 1919 amounted to 206,699 sides, valued at $1,929,846. SUMMAHY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921, 1357 Imports.— Not separately recorded. . - Exports go to several of the shoe-manufacturing countries. Branches of one of the largest manufacturers of welting in the United States have been established in Switzerland, Norway, and South America. PACKING LEATHER. (See Survey N-17.; ; Description and uses. — Packing leather is used in hydraulic presses, fire extinguishers, water and gasoline pumps, eleyators, and mmj other Mnds of machinery.' Oak-tannea'leather is much used for the purpose. Production, import, and export statistics not available. GOATSKINS, TANNED BUT NOT FINISHED (sKINS FOR MOROCCO LEATHER) . (See Survey, N-17.) Description, uses, and production. — Goatskins, tanned but not finished, constitute an intermediate product, and are finished after importation, generally into bookbinding, fancy, or shoe upper leather. (See Upper, Bookbinding, and Fancy Leather.) Imports in 1914 amounted to $1,737,329, of which 1993,156 was from England and 1595,437 from British India. The total value greatly ihcreased in 1916 and 1917 — to $4,575,500 in the former and $8,453;941 in the latter year. By 1920 it had declined to $1,520,193, of which England shipped us $1, '177,068 and British India $297,741. Detailed statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. 1918 Poutids. ' S314,096 '3,335,051 ,1,520,193 171 872 1919 , 2,495,365 1,079,000 188,053 $1.34 1920 . . 1.41 1821 (9 montlis) . . .-■ - Exports are in the finished leather. (See Upper leather, p. 1349.) SHEEPSKIN LE.ATHER (nOT ELSEWHERE SPECIFIED). (See Survey N-17.) Description and wses.— Sheepskin is used not only for gloves, shoes, books, fet ^weatbands, and fahCy articles, but also for cases, bags, and upholstery. Production. — Production figures have been given for the sheep and lamb skins included under glove and upper leather, bookbinding and fancy leather, and hat sweatbands, but in addition to those classes there are three other groups of sheepskins enumerated by the Census Bureau; these are "skivers," "fleshers," and "shearlings" (on which there remains a certain amount of wool) . Production of skivers in 1358 SUMMARY OF TAEIFF: INIFORMATIONl 1021. 1919 was 6,847,119 pieces, valued at $9,374,476; of fleshers, 5,968,230 pieces at $2,160,873; of shearlings, 544,440 skins at $1,338,838, Imports of fleshers and skivers come largely from Great Britain. Exports^ — Not separately recorded. HOG Al>ri? I'lG SKIN LEATHER. (See Survey N-17,) Description and wses.— ^Leather of hog and pigskin is used not only for gloves, but for cases and bags, fancy articles, seats of saddles, leather breeches, footballs, football pads, helmets, straps, belts, and puttees. It is characterized b|y totighne'ss and durability. Production of hog and pigskm leather, aside from that enumerated in the census under glove leather,' amounted to 333,763 skins, valued at 1781,521. Imports of this leather and the artibles made therefrom are frbin Great Britain. Exports. — Not separately i-ecorded. , HORSE, COLT, ASS^ AND M¥LE LBATHERi j (See Survey N-17.), Description and wSes.^-Horse butts and fronts are tanned and used for various purposes. A large pr6J)prtion goes into shoe upper (see Uppesr leather, p. 1347) and a considerable portion into gloves (see Glove leather, p. 1163). 'Horse leather is the most nearly waterproof of any leather produced, and it also takes a high polish. It was used largely during the war for mOitary equipment, gaiters, etc. Ass and mme skms are known as "shagreen, " when tanned. Production of hprse. leather, aside from that made for gloves and shoe uppers, was 136,937 sides, valued at 1605,394, in 1919. The tanning of horsehides in the United States has been a development of. the last quarter of a century, the war giving it an addfed impetus. The production of colt, ass, and mule leather was 70,157 skins, valued at $595,6.54. Imports and exports. — Not separately recorded. Imports are small, and torinerly came'mostly from France. ■ (See Survey N-lf.) Production. — In addition to the varieties described in this para- graph (1600) there are specialties and miscellaneous kjjids, the pro4uctipn of which, in 1919, was valued at $8,798,321. The domestic output of "all other" leather, the imports for consumption and tlie. exports of "all other," are not strictly comparable but the figures are useful when taken in connection with those which have been given above in this paragraph 1600. j . ,Imports.-rln Foreign Commerce and Navigation, the following classes of leather are named under imports for consumption: Belting, case, bag and strap, chamois skins, enameled upholstery, fancy, glove, goatskins tanned out not finished (skins for morocco"), harness and saddle leather, patent, pianoforte and pianoforte-action, rough, sole, SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1359 split, upper and leather cut into shoe uppers or vamps, or other forms suitable for conversion into boots and shoes. The imports given in the table below are made up of those not thus enumerated. It will be noted' that imports of some of the kinds of leather described above in paragraph 1600 are not separately men- tioned; these are upholstery, bookbmders','roller, apron, picker and lace leather, collat, skirting and latigo leather, hat sweat, jerkin, welting, packing, fleshers and skivers of sheepskin, hog and pigskin, horse, colt, ass, and mule leather. Not air "of these are imported, however, and a few varieties not named may be included m "all other" imports for consumption. Imports of leather and tanned skins, n. s. p. f.; were ^valued at $3,003,361 in 1914 and $4,066,251 in 1917. England, Germany, and Canada formerly supplied the greiater proportion. In 1919 England was the chief source, followed by British India, France, Scotland, Italy, and Germany. Later statistics "follow : - > Calendar year. Quantity. ' Value; Unit value. 1918 PowHis. 1793,633 8,685,230 6,646,503 1,600,761 1919 10,190,211 7,604,123 2,601,887 iO.84 1920 iV.V..'.. •-..,. '< ■ .86 1921 (9 months) , Exports. — In Foreign Commerce and Navigation, the following classes of leather are named under exports of domestic merchandise: Belting, carriage, automobile and upholstery, glove, patent, sole, and upper. The exports given below are made up of the kinds not enumerated. The majority of those described under this paragraph (1600) are not enumerated in the exports,, while not all of the different kinds described are exported., , ' •.■■■ -■ ■ Exports of "all other leather and tanned skins" amounted to $3,614,370 in 1913, to $8,664,227 ui 1916, and to $6,370,790 in 1917, Canada, England, and France being the principal recipients. Exports since 1917 have been, by calendar years as follows: 1918, $3, 992,116; 1919, $13,476,716; 1920, $7,492,754; 1921 (9 months) r $1,406,640. In 1920, Canada took $l,092y586, Cuba $818,084, France $529,244, and Russia in Europe $423,237. !i HARNESS, SADDLES AND SADDLERY, IN SETS OR IN, PARTS. , .(See Survey N-18.)' Descnption and uses.— These prqducts are principally stirrups, saddles and traces, wagon and cai-riage harness, horse collars, bridles',, lines, and straps. The different varieties of harness may be rbughly classified into light and heavy — the former driving and the latter work harness. Saddles also may be classified as light and heavy. Production. — ^The manufacture of harness and sadalefy is widely distributed throughout the country. The output was valued at $33,702,563 in 1899, $42,054,842 in 1904, $54,224,602 in 1909, $53,558-, 612 in 1914, and $83,699,050 in 1919. In 1914 seven States— Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, and Texas — each manufactured harness and saddlery valued at between $3,000,000 136,0 SUMIVIARY OF TAKtFF) INF ORMATfOX, 1921, and $5,000,000; nine States, from $1,000,000 to $3,000,000; and nine other States from $500,000 to $1,000,000 eaeh. In 1919 Missouri led witk an output of $9,449,706, followed by Texas with $7,81 7-, 750, and Illinois with $7,032,469. The increasing service of motoritrucks and automobiles, perhaps, explains, the arrest of the industry-; The increase in 1919 was mostly, m value. ; < j Imports^' oi harness and saddlery were valued as follows;' 1913 ^ $66,988;- 1914, ^$123,516; 1915, $227,858; 1916, $156,147; 1917, $120,416; 1918, $459,671; 1919, $229,621; 1920, $442,562; 1921 (nine months), $192,786. Exports of harness and saddles were valued at about $786,000 ;in 1913-14, but increased to $17,460 519 in 1915; due.to war needs. France, Engliand, and Russia took almost all of this total. Exports decreased to $7,529,720 in 1916, Russia taking $3,117,269 worth. Later exports by calendar years have been as follows : 1918, $692,29i ; 1919, $1,142,852; 1920, $2,273,244; ,1921 , (nine months), i$639,620. In 1919 and 1920 values of $649,884 and $1,441,460, respectively, were exported to Cuba. Important changes in classification. — The words " except , metal parts" in connection with saddlery are new. LEATHER CUT INTO SHQE UPPERS OR VAMPS, OR OTHER FORMS SUITABLE FOR CONVERSION INTO BOOTS AND SHOES. (See Survey N-18.) Description and uses. — The "upper" includes all of the "shoe ex- cept the sole and heel. The "vamp "is the part of the upper which comes next to the sole. There are separate establishments engaged in the manufacture of " cut stock, " i. e., soles, heels, etc. This industry has grown remarkably, and specialization has resulted in a better product. Uppers, however, are cut in the shoe factory. Production of boot and shoe cut stock was valued at $7,531,635 in 1879, $23,242,892 in 1899, $44,661,497 in 1909, $59,964, 523- in 1914, and $161,203,310" in 1919. The number of establishments was greater in 1889 than at present. - Imports in 1914, the first year a,fter shoe uppers and vamps were made free, were valued at $77,835; in 1915, at $158,626; in 1916, at $60,730; in 1917, at $74;698. > In later calendar years imports have been as follows: 1918, $86,388; 1919, $389,453; 1920, $301,285; 1921 (nine months), $337,259. The proportion of shoe uppers and vamps imported is siliall compared with domestic consumption. Exports. — ^Not separately recorded. Important changes in classiJicati6h.—Speci&o mention has been majie pf "soles." , "Suitable for conversion into manufactured articles" has been substituted for "suitable for conversion, into boots or shoes. " • statistics, 1913-1917, are for fiscal years; 1918-1921, calendar years. u This figure probably includes a smaU quantity of cut stock not used in the boot and shoe industry^ Some leather is cut for bookbinders, etc., SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1361 LEATHER SHOE LACES. (See Survey N-18.) Description and uses.— Leather shoe laces of the highest quahty are frequently made from porpoise hide. Considerable quantities are. also made from calfskin and cowhide. Production statistics are lacking. Nine companies located in Massachusetts, Rhbde Island, New York, and New Jersey have as their principal product leather shoe laces. The value of their output was approxunately $125,000 in 1914. Imports of leather shoe laces, finished or unfinished, in 1913, were valued at $7,722; in 1914, at $16,464; in 1915, at $5,958; in 1916, at $2,316; in 1917, at $3,878. Later statistics follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Valne. Unit value. 1918 .... Cfroai pairs. 3,100 790 10,185 1,7?9 J6,747 4,945 46,210 71)20, $2.18 1919 '..'. 6.26 1920 .....'.. 4. 55 1921 (9 months) Exports. — Nohe recorded. ^TE AMENDMENTS. PAR.AGRAPJI 1601 H.B..7456. SENJ ACTJIOF 1913. Par. 530. * * * boots and shoea made wholly or in cMef value of leather; * * * [Free]. Par. 1601. Boots and shoea made wholly or in chief value of leather. ACT OP 1909. Par. 451. * * * boota and shoes made of leather, fifteen per centum ad valorem: * * *. Pah. 450. * * * that all boots and ahoea, made wholly or in chieif value of leather made from cattle hides and cattle akins of whatever weight, of cattle of the bovine species, including calfskins, shall pay a duty of ten per centum ad valorem;. BOOTS AND SflOBS. - " (See Survey N-18.) Description. — ^The five principal kinds of shoes are the Goodyear welt, the McKay, the turned, the pegged or the nailed, and standard screw. Goodyear welt is considered the most comfortable. The peculiarity of this kind of shoe is the narrow strip of leather called welt- mg which is the joint or connecting link between the upper and inner s^e (which are sewed together) and the outsole. The welt, projecting, forms the upperLpart of the. "ledge" or "shelf " around the edge of 82304—22 86 1362 SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. the shoe, and when the outsole is stitched on, the welt and outsole are stitched through. By the McKay process the upper, inner sole, and outsole are all sewed together 'at One operation. They are stitched "tlu-ough and through" so that the stitches appear on the inside of the shoe, making it less comf qrfcable ; the McKay shoe also has less elasticity than me Goodyear welt. In inakiag the tuin^d shoe, the upp^r is sewed to the sole inSjide out and then turned. ^Up- pers, women's light shoes, jockeys' boots, and pther kinds of light-- weight footwear are made in.tliis way. Pegged or nailed shoes and standard screw shoes are made in the, cheaper grades for rough and heavy wear, . ; ,, Prodiiction 01 hoots and shoes in 1914 was vali^^d at $501,000,000; in 191^ at $1,169,171,395. ,,The United States is the greatest, shoe manufacturer, the United Kingdom second with an output equal to about one-third of oiu* own. The industry in this country is marked by the greatiest specialization. In some less advanced industrial countries it is still largely in the handicraft or "putting-out" stage, and even in England, IVance, and Germany many factories continue to produce all grades of men's, women's, and children's shoes. The United States leads in the production of shoe machinery, which is also extensively used in Europe. A consideration in export trade is the distinctive character of American styles. These are copied abroad, some foreign manufacturers branding their shoes "American made." New England leads ia production, about one-half of the boots and shoes being made in Massachusetts, whose output in 1919 was 116,944,000 pairs, valued at $442,466,236. Lynn, Brockton, Haverhill, and Boston are important manufacturing centers. New York ranks second among the States with a product valued at $190,- 461,359, followed by Missouri with a value ol $10'9, 193,423, and New Hampshire with $73,870,588. The Middle West is developing the shoe mdustry very rapidly. Import values in 1914 were $407,231, England, Germany, and Canada supplying the largest quantities; in 1917 they were $275,280, of which $121,426 came &om Canada and $101,249 from the United Kingdom. In #920 there were 191,435 pairs, valued at $789,934, shipped principally from England, Canada, and France. Imports range normally between $200,000 a,nd $500,000, ia fraction of 1 per cent of domestic production. Statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow: Boots and shoes. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Men's and boys': Quantity (pairs) . Value... ,.. Women's and misses Quantity (pairs) • Value... Ctiiaren's: Quantity (pairs) Value Slippers: Quantity, (pairs) Value...... 68,042 $30i,390 36,153 $40,146 10,938 $8,771 152,544 $113, 025 53,117 $179,802 8,159 $45,829 439 $359 178,338 $119, 530 147, 578 $655,345 34,102 $122, 698 ^,638 $11, 748 287,486 $222; 570 46,110 $225,094 14,227 $84,764 44,388 $56,201 195,316 $123,610 SUMMARY PF TARIFF INEORMATIOW, 1921. 1363 Exports of boots and shoes in 1910 were valued at $12,408,575; in 1914, at $18,229,714; in 1920, at $67,144,542, while slippers were valued at $538,517. Before the war the United States ranked next to the United Kingdom in exports of boots and shoes, but the positions have since been reversed. Our exports are widely dis- persed. In 1920 Cuba took over half of the exports of children's shoes, about one-third of thpse of men's, and those of women's to a value of, over $3,000,000. Denmark, Frajtice, Italy, Norway, Sweden, England, Mexico, Russia in Asia, and British South Africa purchased the largest quantities of men's footwear; Denmark, Norway, England, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, and British South Africa the greatest number of women's shoes. Detailed statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 of exports of boots and shoes are shown as follows : Quantity (pairs) . Value. ..^aJ..j;s Men's: ., ; Quantity (pairs) '. Value. ..i..i..,-^ Children's: Quantity (pairs): Value -. ... Slippers: Quantity (pairs) . Value 1918 '4,292,i'47 $9i 710, 984 5,565,924 tl8k 458, 808 3,338,349 t4, m, 222 235,028 1335,048 1919 5, 891, 753 $18,-196,352 11, 928, 156 (50,709,«41 3, 534, 670 t5,93p,354 ,328, 172 $535, 752 5, 064, 472 »20, 099, 141 7, 711, 310 $39, 175, 975 4,065,810 ,17,869,426' 227, 662 ' $538, 517 1921 (9 montlis). 1,378,165 $3,949,683 4,803,317 $15,013,841 1,594,391, $2,715,596 51,661 $80,649 PARAGRAPH 1602. H. R. 7466. Par. 1602. Leechee. ACT OF 1909. " Pab. 609. LeeChea [Free]. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Pak. 531. Leeches [Free]. LEECHES. (See Survey FL-2.) DescripHon and uses. — The medicinal leech. (Hirudo medicinalis), used in surgery for abstracting blood from patients, is a European fresh-water annulate worm wim stomach pouches to hold the blood. 'Production. — Leeches are im|)orted from Europe, chiefly through London and Paris. An uncultivated variety occurs in the United States, but is not commonly used in medicine. Imports of leeches averaged $6,380 for 1909-1917. Imports in 1917 were valued at $16,899. Since 1917 they have amounted to $6,913, $13|42l, $11,086, and $4,488 in the calendar years 1918, 1919, 1920, and the first 9 months of 1921, respectively. 1364 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. PARAGRAPH 1603. H. B. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. PaIi. 1603, Limestone rock asphalt; aa- phaltum and bitumen. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pah. 90. * * * limestone rock as- Pak. 534. Limestone-rock asphalt; aa- Ehalt, fifty cents per ton; asphaltum and phaltum, and bitumen [Free], itimien^ not specially provided for in tMs section, crude, if not dripd, or other- ■wise advanced in any manner, one dollar and fifty Cents per ton; if dried or other- wise advanced in any manner, three dollars per ton; * * *. ASPHALTUM AND BITUMEN. (See Survey FL-7.) Description and uses. — Asphalt may be obtained by powdering and heating nmestone-rock asphaWj and, in like manner, from bitummous sand and sandstone. Asphaltum is composed of sand, water, and bitumen and occurs in hquid, viscous, or solid deposits or lakes, those of Trinidad and Venezuela being commercially notable. Bitu- men designates a number of inflaiomable mineral substances, ranging from liquids to solids, including petroleum, maltha, asphalt, elaterite, wurtzihte, albertite, grahamite, gilsonite, and ozokerite. These mate- rials are widely used in makmg pavements, roads, and roofing. Those high in paraffin content are used in making varnishes. The demand for -both natural and manufactured (oil) asphalts is large, although the use of the latter has predominated sihce 1907. Production in 1914 was 77,588 net tons, valued at $630,623, as re- gorted by 11 operators in Utah, Texas, Oklahoma, Kentucky, and alifornia. The output in 1917 was 80,904 net tons, valued at $735,924. Oil asphalt totaled 674,470 net tons, valued at $7,148,122 in 1914, and 1,347,422 net tons, valued at $15,176,504 in 1917. In recent years Mexican petroleum has been the chief source of petro- leum asphalt, which has replaced Trinidad and Bermudez (Vene- zuelan) asphalt to a considerable extent. In 1920, 700,496 tons of petroleum asphalt valued at $11,986,457 were produced in this country from domestic petroleum, and 1,045,779 tons valued, at $14,272,862, were produced frpm Mexican petroleum. . . The domestic production of all other asphalts in 1920 amounted to 198,497 tons, yaluedat $1,213,908. Imports of limestone-rock asphalt, asphaltum, and bitumen in 1914 were 180,689 long tons, valued at $918,387. The bulk of this tonnage of which Trinidad supplied 49 per cent and Venezuela 36 per cent, consisted of natural soft asphalt. Since 1917 imports have been as follows : SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1365 Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Unit value, Ad valorem rate. LIMESTONE-EOCK ASPHALT. WIS.,. iM9 .,.. 1921(9'monti]By.! TOTM. 30 656 $2, 528 5,576 11,665 147,932: $8.43 8.50 9.42 Per cent. ALL OTHER ASPHALT UM AND BITUMEN. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months).. 102,398 93,673 113,417 87,495 $624,967 609,923 1,055,951 838,145 $6.10 6.51 9.31 MANUFACTURES OF ASPHALTUM AND BITUMEN. 1918 $15, 064 3,919 1,209 $2,260 588 181 1919 15 1920 Imports of " all other" asphaltums and bitumens have been chiefly from Trinidad, Tobago, ana Venezuela. Exports in 1914 were 49,831 long tons, valued at $1,131,086; in 1918, 22,0,65 long tons, valued at $548,745. Canada was the chief buyer. Exports since, liSl? by calendar years have been as follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Asplialtiim,, uzunanufactured: 19, 739 35,900 46,166 $1,356,116 ' '^$842; 074 32,681 Value $577,654 $577,936 $1,103,930 •$606] 918 $948, 890 $479,681 The countries of destination are chiefly Canada, England, China, and Japan. , , Siiggested changes.— 'the hyphen between "limestone" and "rock" has been omitted and should be inserted. PARAGRAPH 1604. H. B. 7458. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1604. Lemon juice, lime juice, and sour orange juice, all the foregoing containing not more than 2 pei centum of ^alcohol. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 610. Lemon juice, lime juice, and Par. 532. Lemon juice, limejuice, and sour orange juice, all the foregoing con- sour orange juice, all the foregoing con- taining not more than two per centum taining not more than 2 per centum of of alcohol [Free]. alcohol [Free], 1366 SUMMARY OP TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. LEMON, LIME, AND SOUR ORANGE JUICES. (See Survey A-1.) Description and uses. — Lemon, lime, 9,nd spur orange juices jdeld citric acid, the constituent which gives these juices their sour taste. The juice has more bulk than citrate of lime, the usual form for shipping citric acid (par. 46) and, because of its fluid condition, is more difficult to transport. The, juice may be dilute as expressed from the fruit or it may be concentrated by boiling. Imports of lemon, lime, and sour orange juice are relatively unitn- ?ortant compared with the imports of other citric-acid materials, he import values increased from $110,860 in 1914 to $180,088 in 1917. Imports since 1917 by calendar years^were as follows; Quantity (pounds) . Value 1918 $165,277 1919 2, 949, 867 $536,723 1920 1,918,989 $264,147 1921 (9 months). 450, 590 $70,176 Exports.— ^t&i\siics not available. Suggested changes. — ^There appears to be an inconsistency in mak- ing the limitation as to alcoholic content in this paragraph "not more than 2 per centum," while the dividing line between the two cflassifications of other fruit juices in paragraph 806 is one-half of 1 per centum, the alcoholic content* provided tor in the first part of that paragraph being " less than one-half of 1 per cehtuhl'." PARAGRAPH 1605. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1605. Lifeboats and life-saving apparatus specially imported by societies and institutions incorporated or estab- lished to encourage the saving of human life. ACT OF 1909. Par. 612. Lifeboats and lite-saving apparatus specially imported by societies incorporated or established to encoiuage the saving of human life [Free]." ACT OF 1913. ' Par.' '533. Lifeboats 'and ■ life-having apparatus specially imported by societies and institutions incorporated or estab- lished to encourage the saving of human life [Free].'^ , LIFEBOATS, AND LIFE-SAVING APPABATU§j i' Imports under this classification are negligible. Thpy were not separately shown untU 1918 (calendar year) when they were valued at $19. In 1919 and 1920 their value was $399 and $79?.' No imports are shown for 1921. •■■■ \ Exports not 3hown,in, official statistics. 11 Miners' rescue appliances, designed for emergency use in mines where artificial breathing is necessary in the presence ot poisonous gases, to aid In the saving of iiuiiian lif6, and mlnere' safety lamps, exempt from duty under par. 6&, act of 1909, dutiable under H. E. 7458 according to material bf (Met value. - 12 Miners' rescue appliances, designed for.emergency use In mines where artificial breathing is necessary in the presence of poisonous gases, to aid in the saving of human life, and miners' safety lamps, and parts, accessories and appliances for cleaning; repairing, and operating all the foregoing, exempt-froni iiiif under par. 550, act of 1913, dutiable under H. E. 7456 according to material of chief value. SUMMAEY OF TAKIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 136T PARAGRAPH 1606. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1606. Lithographic stones, not engraved. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 614. Lithographic stones, not en- Par. 535. Lithographic stones, not en- graved [Free], graved [Free].. UTHOGEAPHIC STONES. (See Survey 0-15.) Description and uses. — ^A compact, fine-grained, potous, slaty variety of limestone is used for litho^^phic purposes. Substitutes of aluminum, zinc, or rubber plates are satisfactory for many classes of ordinary work, but stone is prefen-ed for maps, halftones, and other fine-grade lithography- '- '■ ' Production. — This stone comes chiefly from Bavaria, with small amounts from Belgiimi, England, Italy, and Canada. Kentucky pro- duced 40,000 pounds in 1916, the first domestic stone, but difficulties arising from poor transportation facilities and quarrying conditions reduced the 1917 output to 5,832 pounds ; and, as far as can be learned, the output ceased entirely in 1918. From 2^ to 27 cents per pound were realized on this product. In normal times the price of Bavarian stone is 5 to 6 cents a pound for 10 by 12 inch slaos of good grade and 1^ cents for poorer grades. Import values of lithographic stones for 1908-1913 averaged $96,940 ; m 1914 they were $71,.086. Bayaria contributed 90 per cent and Belgium 7 per cent. ' Imports in 1915 were valued at 126,751; in 1916, at $1,'742; in 1917, at $555. Imports since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows : , 1918 1919 1920 1921(9 months). 464,914 $216, 293 786; 119 $63,733 272,030 vaiue..:.„:.T!r..:::;::::::::::::::::::::: $32,976 Imports since 1918 have come principally from Germany and the Netherlands. PARAGRAPH 1607. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1607. Loadstones. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 616. Loadstones [Free]. Par. 537. Loadstones [Free]. 1368 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. LOADSTONES. (S6e Survey FL-21.) Description. — Loadstone is a variety of magnetite or magnetic ironstone which has the power of attracting iron. It is obtained mainly from Magnet Cove, Ark., though abimdant elsewhere in the United States. ' - Production. — No statistics. Imports of loadstones in 1873 were valued at $238. From 1874 to 1897 import statistics of loadstones were combined with those for mag- nets. After 1897 loadstones were again listed separately. In 1918 loadstones, the first importation since 1906, were valued at $60. There have been no later imports. PARAGRAPH 1608. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1608. Manuscripts, not specially provided for. ACT OF 1909. ; ACT OF 1913. Par. 621. Manuscripts [Free]. Par. 542. Manuscripts fFree]. MANUSCRIPTS, N. S. P. F. (See Survey M-8.) Description and wses.— ^Modern usage considers any group of pages, whether written by hand or typewritten (hot mimeographed), a manuscript. Production. — No data available. Imports in 1914 were valued at $180,194; for the calendar years 1918-1921 they have been valued as follows: 1918, $115,084; 1919, $160,258; 1920, $216,551: 1921 (9 months), $59,884. Important changes in ctosijficotion.-^" Not specially provided for" is new. PARAGRAPH 1609. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1609. Marrow, crude. . ACT OF 1009. ACT OF 1913. Par. 622. Marrow, crude [Free]. Par. 543. Marrow, crude [Free]. OBUIJE MARROW. (See Survey FI^15.) ,,,. Description and uses. — ^Marrow is the fatty» substance filling the cavities of most bones, and may be red or yellow. The yellow mar- row contains the lai^er percentage of fat, and is used in pharmacy SXJMMABY OF TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1369 and for making pomades. Horse marrow is employed in the manu- facture of soap. Red bone marrow is sometimes used as a medicinal food in cases of anaemia. Imports of crude marrow in 1910 were 60,971 pounds, valued at $1,376; in 1911, 10,670 pounds, valued at $327. No imports are given between 1911 and 1918; those since 1917 by calendar years are as follows: 1918 1919 1920 Quantity (pounds) 23,182 $4,684 232,960 $17,738 97,601 Value $8,648 Exports. — Statistics not given. PARAGRAPH 1610. H. K. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1610. Mechanically ground wood pulp, chemical wood pulp, unbleached or bleached: Provided, That whenever the President shall ascertain as a fact that any country, dependency, province, or other subdivision of government forbids or restricts in any way (whether by law, order, regulation, contractual relation, or otherwise, directly or indirectly) the ex- portation of, or imposes any export duty, export license fee, or other export charge of any kind whatever, either directly or indirectly (whether in the form of addi- tional chaise or license fee, or otherwise), upon printing paper, wood pulp, or wood for use in the manufacture of wood pulp, he may by proclamation, declare such ascertainment setting forth the facts; whereupon, and until said proclamation shall be revoked, there shall be levied, collected, and paid upon mechanically groimd wood pulp and chemical wood pulp, unbleached or bleached, when im- ported either directly or indirectly from such country, dependency, province, or other subdivision of government, a duty of 10 per centum ad valorem, and, in addi- tion thereto, an amount equal to the high- est export duty or other export cha^e imposed by such countrj^, dependency, province, or other subdivision of govern- ment, upon either an equal amount of wood pulp or an amount of wood necessary to manufacture such wood pulp, or an amount of printing paper ordinarily manufactured from such wood pulp. 1370 SUMMARY OF TARIFF' INFORMATION, 1921. .. ; ACT OF 1913. Pae. 649. Mechanieally ground wood pulp, chemical wood pulp, unDleacKed or bleached * * * [Free]. ; :. ACT OF 1909. . Par. 406. Mechanically ground wood pulp, oner-twelfth of one .cent per pound, dry weight: Provided, fiowever, That mechanically ground wood pulp shall be a^mittfld. free of duty from any country, dependency, province, or other subdivi- sion of government (being the product thereof) which does not forbid or restrict in any way the exportation of (whether by law, order, regulation; contractual rela- tion, or otherwise, directly or indirectly) orimpoae any export duty, export license fee, or oth^r export charge of any kind whatsoever, either directly or indirectly (whether in the form of additional charge or license fee or otherwise) upon printing paper, mechanically ground wood pulp, or wood for liae in the manufacture oj wood pulp: Provided further. That if any country, dependency, province, or o^er < subdivision of government, shall impose an export.diity oy other export charge of any kind whatsoever, either directly or indirectly (whether in the form of addi- tional charge, or license fee, or otherwise) upon printing paper, mechanically ground wood pulp, or wood for use in the manu- facture of wood pulp, the amount of such export duty or other export charge shall be added as an additional duty to the duty herein imposed upon mechanically groimd wood pulp when imported directly or indirectly from such country, depend- ency, "province, or pther subdivision of government. Chemical wood pulp, un- bleached, one-sixth of one cent per pound, dry weight; bleached, one-fourth of one cent per pound, dry weight: Provided, That if any country, dependency, prov- ince, or other subdivision of government shall impose an export duty, or other ex- port charge of any kind whatsoever, either directly or indirectly (whether in the form of additional charge or license fee or otherwise) upon printing paper, chemical wood pulp, or wood for use in the manufacture of wood pulp, the amount of such export duty, or other export charge, shall be added as an additional duty to the duties herein imposed upon chemical wood pulp ' when imported directly or indirectly from such country, dependency, province, or other subdivi- sion of government. WOOD PULP. (See Survey FL-38.). Description and uses. — Wood pulp is a mass of cellulose fibers obtained from wood, either nearly pure cellulose, as in chemical pulp, or mixed with other constituents, as in ground wood pulp. There are two different kinds of wood pulp, mechanically ground and chemical. Mechanically ground wood pulp is obtained directly from the wood SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1371 by grinding it, in the presence of water, on a grindstone. It is inferior m quality to the chemical wood pulp, other constituents of the wood remaining as impurities. It is only about 55 per cent cellulose. Because of this fact and because the fibers are too short and stiff to felt together jproperl^, it can not be used alone in paper making. It must be used in conjunction with some other form of pulp, usually chemical wood pulp. Chemical wood p^ulp is pure or nearly pure celliilose obtained by " cooking" smaU chips of wood in some chemical Solution until tbe pitch, resin, and other impurities are dissolved. There are three kinds of chemical wood piilp — sulphite, soda, and sulphate — the sulphite bein^ the most important commercially. The fibers of cellulose obtained by any of the three chemical processes are of greater length and more pliant than those obtained by the giind- ing process. opruce is the most important wood for the manufacture of wood pulp, furnishing over 54 per cent of the total domestic consmnption. Other woods of importance are hemlock, balsam fir, poplar, jack pine, and yellow pine. By far^thfi most important use of wood pulp is as a raw material for paper. Newsprint paper is manufactured from ground wood pulp and sulphite m the proportion of about 4 parts of ground wood to 1 of sulphite. Book paper cbntains a larger proportion of sulphite and the higher grades may contain rag or othej- kinds of pulp. Sul^ phate is used chiefly fpr wrapping paper. Even the fine papers, suiih as bond and ledger," though preferably made from rag pulp, ofteli contain sulphite. . -" There are also several minor uses for wood pillp. It has been made the basis of laces, yams, textiles, artificial silks, paper clothing, and papier-mS,ch6. Treated with chloride of zinc, it will yield vulcanized paper, which may be laminated and pressed into tubs, pails, and other containers. Eroduction. — The total production of wood pulp in the United States increased from 1,921,768 tons in 1904 to 3,799,835 tons ill 1920. From 1916 to 1919 production was nearly stationary, averag- ing about 3,400,000 ton? per year. ,1^ increased, however, 13 per cent in 1920. In this slow recent development of the wood-pulp industry may be seen the growing difficulty of obtaining raw material, owing to the depletion of the pulpwood forests. The 1920 production bykmdswas: Ground wood, 1,578,300 tons; sulphite, 1,576,676 tons; soda, 431,971 tons. The principal wood pulp States are, in order of importaJice, Maine, New York, Wisconsin, New Hampshire,, Pennsyl- vania, Minnesota, Michigan, and Vermont. Pulp may be mauufac^ tured as an independent industry and sold, to p^per mai^ufacturprs or otliers, or the manufacture of pulp and paper may be conducted, in the same estabhshment. The tendency is.m the latter direction. Imports- — Domestic p;rodiiction falls far short of supplying the demand. During the past decade, imports hav^ varied from. 17 to 23 per cent of .domestic production and tbe relative importance of im- ports is increasing. The chief source is Canada, supplemented by smaller , imports from Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Germany. The quantities of wood pulp of all kinds imported for consumption into the United States increased |rom ,423,217 short tons in the fiscal year 1910 to 782,357 short tons m 1917,.., There was a falling off in the calendar years I9i8 and 19I9 to 51/8,605 and 636,017 short tons 1372 SUMMARY op TARIFF INFOEMATION:, 1921. respectiyely. Imports of wood pulp (free under the act of 1913) have been for the calendar years 1918-1921, as follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Mechanically ground: (Quantity (tons) Chemical unblea^ed sulphate: (^lantity (tons) ' value Qhcmical unhleached sulphite: ^^lantity (tons) Chemijad bleached sulphate: . Quailtfty (tons).'...; ■ Value Chemical bleached sulphite: Quantity (tons) Value , Total, all kinds: Quantity (tons) Value 165,965 J4, 720, 971 105,666 (7,954,923 228,619 S16,9g9,556 3,410 $303,236 14,962 tl, 511, 807 180,683 J5, 117, 316 130,278 19,084,537 214,243 $17,979,170 4,594 $394,765 38,174 $4,472,593 208,168 $13,881,596 164,207 $17,210,196 307,908 $37,489/636 14,923 $1,924,850 114,020 $18,961,907 516,612 $31,480,492 567,872 $37,048,381 809,226 $89,468,185 $3,080,938 68,937 $6,048,716 100,872 $8,536,178 941 $77,643 54,147 $6,308,335 315,990 $24,049,811 Exports of wood pulp are insignificant as compared with either domestic production or imports. The maximum ratio of exports to domestic production, in any year since 1910 has been 1.^ per cent. From 1910 to 1915, inclusive, annual exports averaged about 12,000 short tons and from-1916 to 1920, inclusive, about i34,000 short ton^i Since 1914 the most important countries of destination of exports have been Canada, Japan, Argentina, the United Kingdom, and Brazil. Exports for the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows: Quantity (tons), value^f. 19,932 $1,733,872 35,765 $3,048,491 1920 ' 28,541 $2,947,267 1921 (9 months). 19,667 $1,433,907 Important changes in clasnjicaiion. — Wood pulp is conditionally exeihpted from duty! ' Suggested changes. — Paragraph 402 on page 77 of H. R. 7456 does not harmonize with paragraph 1301, pagie 137; paragraph 1610, page 189, paragraph 1659, page 196, and paragraph 1683, pa,ge 200, wim respect to restriction upon exportations to the United States. Paragraph 402 apparently leaves to the Secretary of the Treasury deternunation of the fact whether any coimtry, dependency, province, or other subdivision tof government during the 12 months immediately pl-ecedii^ importation of logs of fir, etc., maintains any embargo, prohibition, or other restriction. . Paragraph 1301 authorizes the Presideiit to enter into negotiations mth any country, dependency, province, or othw subchvisioh of goverimaent forbidding or restricting in any way the exportation of printing paper, wood pulp, or wood for use in the manufacture of wood pulp, with a view to the removal of the 10 per cent additional duties imposed in that paragraph on printing paper. Paragraph 1610 provides that whenever the President shall ascer- tain as a fact that any coimtry, dependency, province, or other SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1878 subdivision of government restricts in any way the exportation of printing paper, wood pulp, or wood for use in the manufacture of wood pulp, a duty shall be levied on mechanically ground wood pulp and chemical wood pulp, unbleached or bleached. Paragraph 1659 likewise imposes a duty on standard newsprint paper whenever the President shall ascertain as a fact that any country, dependency, province, or other subdivision of government forbids or restricts in any way the exportation of printing paper, wood pulp, or wood for use in the manufacture of wood pulp. PARAGRAPH 1611. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1611. Medals of gold, silver, or copper, and other metallic articles actu- " ally ^bestowed by foreign countries or citizens of foreign ' countries as trophies or prizes, and received and accepted as honorary distinctions. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 624. Medals of §old, silver, or Par. 546. Medals of gold, silvei-, or copper, and other metaluc articles actu- copper, and other articles actually bp- ally bestowed as trophies or prizes, and stowed as trophies or prizes, and received received and accepted as honorary dis- and accepted as honorarv distinctions tinctions [Fi-ee]. " [Free]. MEDALS AND TROPHIES. (See Survey FL-20.) Production. — No statistics. Imforts.^-Th.e importation fluctuates in amount from year to year; the range during the period 1909-1917 being $1,220 in the fiscal year 1917 and $54,469 in 1910. Imports in recent calendar years were for 1918, $5,541; 1919, $10,376; 1920, $19,460; 1921 (9 months), $6,671. Exports. — None recorded. Important changes in classification. — -The phrase "by foreign coun- tries or citizens of foreign countries" is new. PARAGRAPH 1612. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1612. Meerschaum. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pak. 625. Meerschaum, crude or un- Par. 381. * * * meerschaum, crude manufactured [Free]. or unmanufactured, 20 per centum ad valorem. im STJMMABY OJ TAIflFF INFORMATION, 1921. MEERSCHAUM. (See Survey N-26;j Description (ind me^^'.^ — ^Meersbhaum is an opaque mineral of wliite, gray or cream color, ajidj's liglit enough to float on water. ^ It is a silicate of magnesium sometimes associated with magnesite and described by mineralogists under the name of sepiolite. It occurs in irregular nodular masses varying in size from that of a walnut to a cubic foot or more. The common kinds are used in the manufacture of porcelain, and the fine grades^in jfehe manufacture of pipes, cigar and cigarette holders, and other smokers' articles. Production. — ^Most of the meerschaum of commerce is obtained from Asia Minor. It is also found in Greece, Moravia and Morocco, and to a limited extent in France and Spain. It is reported to have been found in the States of Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Utah, California, and New Mexico, although apparently not in sufficient quantities for commercial exploitation. Imports of meerschaum to the United States were formerly, almost all from Austria-Hungary, to which the output of Asia Minor was sent and distributed to various countries. In 1914 the value of imports was $102,803, of which 97 per cent cam^ frppi Austria- Hungary. Later statistics follow: ' Calendar year. • Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 Pounds. $488 27,078 3,,806 $98 5,416 Percent. 1920 5,385 1,045 $5.03 3.6* 20 1921 (9 months) In 1920 practically the entire importation was from Turkey in Europe. ' Important changes in classification.— r-TrsinsierTed from the sundries schedule (par. 381) of . the act of 1913, a,nd "crude or unmanufac- tured" omitted. PARAGRAPH 1613. H. K. 7456. SENATE AlffENBMENTS. Par. 1613. Mineral salts obtained by •evaporation from mineral waters, when accompanied by a duly authentica|ed-_ certificate and satisfactory proof showing that they are in no way artificially pfe-^ pared and are only the product of a desig- nated mineral spring. ,■ ; ACT OF 1909. Par. 627. Mineral salts gbtained by evaporation from miiieral Waters, when accompanied by a duly authenticated certificate and satisfactory proof, showing that they are in no way artificially pre- pared, and are only the product of a desig- nated mineral spring [Free]. ACT OF 1913. Par. 548. Mineral salts obtained by evaporation from mineral waters, when accompanied by a duly authenticated cer- tificate and salSsfactory proof showing that they are in no way artificially pre- pared and are only the product of a desig- nated mineral spring fPree]. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1375 MINERAL SALTS. (See Survey FL-22,> Description and uses.— Minersi salts are obtained by evaporation of natural mineral waters and are principally medicinal. Tne product of this evaporation may contaia a variety of salts, depending on the source of the water. Imports of mineral salts have been quite variable — in 1913, 103,337 poiunds, valued at $35,420; in 1914, 82,569 pounds, averaging about 50 cents per pound. Imports decreased to 425 pounds in 1916 and in 1918 were 4,699,735 pounds, with a very low value per pound. This ^eat increase and low price was due to the fact that most of ihe miports consisted of magnesium sulphate from British Columbia, valued at about$5per ton. Imports since 1917by calendar years have been as follows : 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 3, 566, 346 $10,231 1,237,730 $12,339 833,206 $13,572 13,262 $8,545 Exports. — Statistics not available. 1614. SENATE AMENDMENTS. PARA H. B. 7466. ORAPH Par. 1614. Minerals, crude, or not ad- vanced in value or condition by refining or grinding, or by other process of manu- facture, not specifically provided for. ACT OF 1909. Par. 626. Minerals, crude, or not ad- vanced in value or condition by refining or grinding, or by other process of manu- facture, not specially provided for in this section [Fi-ee]. ACT OF 1913. Par. 549. Minerals, crude, or not ad- vanced in value or condition by refining or grinding, or by other process of manu- facture, not specially provided for in this section [Free]. MINERALS, CRUDE. (See Survey FL-28.) Description and iises. — The most important minerals coming under this genesral designation are vanadium ores and feldspar. Ores of tantrum, titanium, tiranium, zirconium, molybdenum, and other ferroalloys now come in this group although molybdenite has received special mention under paragraph 302 of H. R. 7456. Production. — Practically all of the ores and minerals included in this group are produced in the United States but complete statistics are not available. Imports. — ^The largest single class of ores imported m this group is vanadium ore 'vraich comes mainly from an American-owned 1376 SUMMABY OF TAEII'F INFORMATION, 1921. mine in Peru but also from South Africa. Zirconium has been imported principally from Brazil. Tantalum imports in 1921 were derived from England while other steel hardening ores come from Canada and various other countries. Canada, owing to her large ship- ments of feldspar, is also the chief source of " all other crude minerals." The imports under the various designations for later calendar years may be tabulated as follows : ' 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Tantalum: Ouantitv fnoiinds') 6,785 $1,327 Titamum: 1,606 1221 157 $4,840 1,772,215 $5,333 3,216,659 $77,260 5,456,170 $5,637 $529,764 Uramiun-radium ores: 396 $1,110 250 v^.:...!^z :.;;::;:;;:.;:;:;::::::;:; $446 yaQadium ores: Quantity fTiniinda^- 6,026,005 $67,846 11,023 i332 5,343 $4,227 20,673,296 1 10.307.540 $1,080,935 $543,061 Z&coDluin ores: 120,120 $2,700 Steel hardentag ores, all other: 729,934 $53,264 674,025 Value..' "* ''. - $17,318 Minerals, crude or not advanced in value or Crude minerals, all other: Ouantitv fuounds). 58,661,099 $178,635 105,022,003- $488,302 83,324,096 Value. : $130,597 $223,557 Exports. — None recorded. PARAGRAPH 161S. H. B. 7456. Pah. 1615.. Models of inventions and of other improvements in the arts, to be used exclusively as models and incapable of any other use. ACT OF 1909. Pah. 629. Models of inventions and of other improvements in the arts, to be used exclusively as models and incapable of any other use [Free]. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Pah. 551. Models of inventions and of othei; improvements in the arts, to be used Exclusively as models and incapable of any other use [Free]. MODELS OF INVENTIONS. ' Imports in 1914 were valued at $41,333, and in later calendar years as follows: 1918, $5,315; 1919, $9,909; 1920, $6,547; 19.21 (9 months), $11,068. . . ' , Exports not, shown in official statistics. • SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. PARAGRAPH 1616. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS, 1377 Par. 1616. Monazite sand and ■ other thorium ores. ACT OP 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 183. * » * monazite sand Par. 154. * * * monazite sana * » thonte, four cents per pound; and thorite; * * * 25 per centum ad valorem. MONAZITE SAND AND THORITE. (See Survey C-22.) • ■'Pescription and v/ses.— Monazite sand is a duU-^brown, crystalline mineral consisting chiefly of the phosphates of cerium and thorium. It is mined in Brazil and India and formei'ly was obtained to a small extent in North and South Carolina. This sand usually contains about 25 per cent of cerium and 5 to 10 per cept of thorium. It is used primarily as a raw material in gas mantles. Since the mantle is made up of 99 per cent of thoria to 1 per cent of ceria, and since there are no present uses for more than a fraction of the surplus ceria, the va,lue of monazite depends upon its thoria; conteiit. Thorite and thorifnite are less iniportaht minerals from which thorium 'may be recovered. They contain from 50 to 75 per cent of thoria, but are comparatively rare, leaving nionazite sand the chief source of thorium. Production. — Domestic deposits of monazite sand occur in the beds of streams, and are mined and concentrated as in placer gold miiiing: This is an expensive and laborious process, not well adapted to large operation arid usually carried on by farmers during spare time. About 20 years ago certain Brazilian sea beaches were, found to contain monazite that could be cheaply exploited, and later monazite eSpfecially rich in thoria was discovered in India; Anierican producers coul4 not compete with either. The domestic output of monazite in 1905 was l,352,4r8 pounds, valued at:$l'63;9p8. No production ^as recorded for 1913 and. 19l4. In 1915 and 1916 paucity of imports caused a slight revival, which in 1916 amounted to 76,872 poiintis, about 5 per celit of the imports. Subsequent figures are not available. , . _ .. Imports of monazite from 1909 to 1913 averaged about 1,300,000 pounds, valued at $114,000. Imports since 1917, chiefly from Brazil, British India, and Canada, are as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. 1 ' ,1, Ad valorem rate. 1918 ' .„.. Fp^nds,. ' 2,994/515 632,568 1,814,482. '"$204,661 48,768 - $6^07 i08. .... ^'"P $51,165 i, 12, 192 •1,3,5,3??. - '^'24 1919 . !i,:;25 1920,.... -:- ,.,.„...,-;.j...-:---r:- T u,,v =« .g2304— 22-^-p$7 . 1378 SUMMARY OF TABIFF, INFOKMATION, 1921. Important changes in- classification. — Transferred from par. 154 of the djatiable list of the act of 1913. The phrase " and other thorium ores" replaces "thorite." PARAGRAPH 1617. H. R. 7456. Par. 1617. Moss, seaweeds, and ve|e- table substances, crude or unmanuiac- tured, not specially provided for. ACT OF 1909. Par. 630. Moss, seaweeds, and- vege^ table substances, crude or uninanufac- tural) not^othra-wise specially provided for in this section [Free]. Par. 540. Cocoa, or cacao, crude, * * * shells of [Free]. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. • • Par. 552. Moss, seaweeds, and vege- table substances, crude or unmanufac- tured, not otherwise specially provided for in this section [Free]. Par. 456. Cocoa, or cacao, crude, * * '* shells of [Free]. , MOSS, SEAWEEDS, AND VEGETABLE ' SUBSTANCES. ; , , - , M (See Survey N-22.)! Description and uses. — Sjea,moss; is used in, making mat tresses., and for.uphplstering. Certain Y^pi^^i^s, of mosses, and seaweeds are used here lor fopd by the Japaijese and Chine.se,,. " yegetfible substj|,p,ces, crude or unmanufactured," ipcludesuch products as huHs.pf the pea, cotton seed, mustard seed, and oait seed, used,; in cattle feed; also djfied grass aind leaves, a;fterwards dyed and used for millinery pur- poses/ Holly branches are also jiiicluded, being imported for Christ- mas decorations. " .. ,, , , ,,, ,, Production of moss is world-wide. , Seaweeds are extensively dis- tributed in the ocean and may be fouiid from tide, level to considerable depths. It is estijnated that about 14,000,000 pounds of! sea moss are used annually iii the United States for mattressep , and, upholstery, and in paper making. ,, ,,,.., Imports of moss, seaweedsj,j s^nd vegetable substances were $24^,196 in 1914. Canada,, Japs,];!,. and France were the chief sources, supplyr ing about 70 per cent. Considerable amounts formerly came from Germany. La1;er statistiic^, for calendar years follow,: 191^ 19}9. 1920 ' 1921 > (9 months,)., , '■■ 8,362,717 1338,756 7,929,129 .{480,839 4,212,699 Value ; 1302,912 wot; 286 The value of imports from Japan are much larger than those from Canada and France, although the quantity is smaller. In 1920 Ger- many was an important source,^, being exceeded only by the thrpe countries named above. , Exports oi moss increased from $61,006 in 1914 to $91,667 in 1918 (calendar year), about 85 per cent going to Canada. Sta,tistics for later calendar years follow: 1919, $91,475; 1920, $115-,346; 1921 (9 months), $42,429. SXTMMAEY OF TAEIFF: INFORMATION, 1921. 1379 PARAGRAPH 1618. H. B. 7456. Par. 1618. Needles, hand sewing or darning. AGT OF 1909. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. ' Par. 633. Needles, hand sewing and Par. 555. Needles, hand-sewing and darning [Free]. darning * t f [Free]. HAND-SEWING AND DARNING NEEDLES. _ (See Survey C-15.) Description and uses. — Besides ordinary hand-sewing and darning needles, there are included by 'Treasury decision harness, sail, mat- tress, and. upholsterers' needles^ which are classed as hand-sewing needles. " . : . Production. — Hand-sewing and darning needles' are not domestic products. Manufacturers explain that the large capital reqtiired yields more certain returns in other enterprises. ' There is not suffi- cient inducement for American capital to risk competition with the long-established English' and German industries. American manu- facturers would, be handicapped by. lack of raw material; as the wire for the finest quality of needles is made by but one or two niills in England. Hand labor seems essential for many operations. The English needle passes through the hands of about 32 workmen and is subject to about 18 different processes. As every workman requires special training, much skilled nelp is necessary, which, if available at all in the United States, would so increase the cost of the article as to make competition impossible. Practically all the hand,-sewing needles used Here are made in England and in Germany. Imforts of hand-sewing and darning needles in the fiscal year 1918 amounted in value to $533,969. For the calendar years 1918-1921 they have been as follows : 1918 1919 1920 1921(9 months). 758,957 ;.■■ 1984,119 1,299,393 11,646,890 638,862 vXe.'T™ :::::::::::::::::::::::: ■"i $776,087 < S798>,545 The greater part of itbeimpqi^ted material cqmes frprn'the, United Kingdom. Tn the years 1918 and 1919 there was a considerable im- portation from Japan. . Dulling 1919 and, 1^920 the, importation from Germany was growing relatively more significant. PARAGRAPH 1619. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1619. Newspapers and periodicals; but the term "periodicals" as hereiii used shall be understood to embrace only: un- bound or paper-covered ^tiblications Ss- Bued within six month,s of ■■ the time , of entry, devoted to current literature of thie day, or containing current literature as a predominant feature, and issued regulstrly at stated periods, as weekly, monthly, or quarterly, and bearing the date of issue. 1380 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. ACT OF 1909. . ACT OF 1913. Par. 634. Newspapers and periodicals; Par. 556. Newspapers and periodicals; but the term "periodicals" as herein used butthetemi "periodicals" as herein used shall be understood to embrace only un- shall be understood to embrace only un- bound or paper covered publications is- bound or paper-ciovered publications is- sued within six months, of the tigie of sued within six months of the time of entry, devoted to current literature of the entry, devoted to current literature of the day, or containing current literature ?.s a day, or containing current literature as a predominant feature, and issued regtilatly predominant featlire, arid issued regularly at stated periods, as weekly, monthly, or at stated periods, as weekly, monthly, or quarterly, and bearing the date of issue quarterly, and bearing the date of issue [Free]. '■'■■■' ■ ' [Tree].-: , - NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS. ::•■ -.ii, (See Survey N-24.) Description and uses.— The items mentioned in paragraph 1619 are of a .chara,cter in themselves to be dutiable as printecT matter under paragraph 1310. They are admitted free of duty only when they conform to certain specifications given in some detail in the para- graph. Imports of newspapers and periodicals in 1914 were valued at $363,807. Imports in later calendar years have been valufed as fol- lows: 1918, $313,392; 1919, $322,311; 1920, $347,479; 1921 (nine months), $237,118. , , . , JExports. — Statistics, not available; PARAGRAPH 1620. H. B.7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1620. Nuts: Crude in the shell and broken coconut meat or copra, not shredded, desiccated, or prepared in any manner, and not specially provided for; palm nuts and palm-nut; kernels. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par 635. Nuts: * * * palm nuts Par. 557. * * * . broken coconut and palm-nut kernels; * * * broken meat or copra, not shredded, desiccated, cocoanut meat or copra, not shredded, or prepared in any manner; palm nuts desiccated,'' or 'prepared in- any manner and palm-nut kernels [Free]. - ' [Free]/ ■ ' '■ ■■ ■■' \.,i ... :,', COPRA, PALM NUTS, KERNELS, ETC. '■•,■■ , f.)l •.'. . .(§ee,SuTvey A-11,). , Description and uses.-^GdpTa. is the dried, .broken kernel of the coconut, and is the chief form of the, commercial product from which coconut oil is expressed. (See paragraph YSG.) Pahn nuts are fr6m palm varieties indigenous to western itropical Africa, and valuable for the pahn oil they yield. The kemeis'are a distinct article of com- merce. The meal left after extracting the oil from the kernels has a small value as feed for cattle. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1381 Production. — Of the relatively small Florida and Porto Rican pro- duction of coconuts only the culls are marketed as copra. On tlie other han(i>the Philippine crop (1,510,000,000 nuts in 1920) is in large part turned into copra either for crushing in the islands or for export. There is no domestic production of palm nuts or palm kernels. Importf! of copra amounted to 44,459,158 pounds, valued at S2,395,105, in 1914. Practically all of the 1914 importation came from Oceania (including the Philippines), In 1920 the Philippines furnished 10 per cent; Austraha and other British Oceania, 43 per cent; Dutch East Indies, 14 per cent; and French Oceania, 11 per cent. Statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow: 1918 1919 1920 1921(9 months). 430,499,328 $26,255,527 267,915,789 $16, 544; 613 215,188,461 $14, 187, 178 129, 286, 526 $5,060,401 Value ; Imports of palm nuts and palm kernels in 1913 were valued at $4,872, and in 1914 at $23,127. Statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 5,610,056 $288,586 8,329,034 $484,730 65,003 $384, 215 $6, 802 British Africa furnishes 95 per cent of the imports. Important changes in classification. — This paragraph takes the place of a part of paragraph 557 of the act of 1913;-marrons and coconuts were transferred to schedule 7 (pars. 755 and 756). The word "crude" -quahfying "marrons" and the words "in the shell" qualifying "coconuts" in paragraph 557 have been retained and combined in the phrase "crude in the shell," following the word "nuts" in this paragraph. No reason is apparent for this combina- tion of parts of provisions. Suggested changes. — "Copra" as the trade name might be sub- stituted for "broken coconut meat or copra, not shredded, desiccated, or prepared in any manner, and not specially provided for." The word "nuts" beginning this paragraph should be changed to " oil-bearing seeds and nuts " if the provision is to be given its full scope of exempting from duty oil seeds and nuts, unless no seeds shall be added to this paragraph. (See paragraph 760.) Unless specific provision shall be made for perilla and sesame seed, and for tung nuts, the raw materials of the oils that are free of duty under paragraph 1626, they will be subject to duty as seeds not specially provided for. 1382 SUMMARY OF TARIFF: INFORMATION, 1921. PARAGRAPH 1621. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pak. 1621. Nux vomica. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 636. Nux vomica [Free]. Par. 558. Nux vomica [Free]. NUX VOMICA. ■''■■' (See Survey FL-2.) Description and uses. -r-Nux Tovaica,-^ tlie dried ripe; seed of an Asiatic tree, is extensively used in medicine and in tlie manufacture of 4ts alkaloids, of which strychnine is of chief importance. Production.— It is derivedf from a wild tree of India and the sur- rounding regions, the only important source of strychnine. Imports of nux vomica for 1909-1918 average 2,714,812 pounds, valued at $61,447. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: Calendar year, Quantity. Value. Unit value. 1918 ... Pounds. 4,107,167 3,750,838 3,069,994 2,509,381 1310,403 240,446 208,234 218,748 to. OS 1919 ; .06 1920 .07 1921 (9 months) .09 PARAGRAPH 1622, H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pae. 1622. Oakum. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 637. Oakum [Free]. Par. 559. Oakum [Free]. OAKUM. (See Survey FL-14.) Bes^cription and uses. — Oakum, a taiTed preparation of soft fibers, is divided according to its chief uses into marine oakum and plumbers' oakum. Marine oakum, made of old tarred ropes and,. for the most part since 1914, of domestic hemp tows, is employed for calking or packing joints or timbers of wooden vessels and the deck planking in steel ships. Plumbers' oakum, made from jute wastes, principally old waste bagging, is, used for calking all kinds of pipe. Production of oakum in 1914 and m 1919 was limited to six estab- lishments, the total output of which was valued in 1914 at $359,000 and in 1919 at $983,000. Prior to 1915 it is estimated that the annual domestic production of marine oakum amounted to about 100,000 bales of 50 pounds each, and of plumbers' oakum to about 85,000 bales. In 1919 the output was estimated at 210,000 bales of marine oakum and 60,000 bales of plumbers' oakum. SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1383 Imports in the period 1910-1914 averaged 1,446,000 pounds yearly and exports 1,351,000 pounds. Since 1917 imports have been "small, •whereas exports have shown a marked increase. Consumption of foreign oakum is linuted to the higher grades of mat-iae oakum, which are practically all supplied oy the XJnited Kingdom and Russia in Europe. Imports for the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows : 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) Quantity (pounds) 199 $25 35,840 J3,500 6,074 11,000 73 775 Value t8[833 ' Exports. — Nine-tenths of the exports consist of the lower grades of marine oakum shipped to Canada, Mexico, and South America. Ex- ports in the calendar years 191S-1921 have been as follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 2,958,154 $439,301 2,720,369 $364,610 2,82S,617 4365,088 1, 066, 531 Value $104,851 PARAGRAPH 1623, H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1623. Oil cake and oil-cake meal. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pah. 638. Oil cake [Free]. Par. 560. Oil cake [Free]. OIL CAKE AND OIL-CAKE MEAL. (See Survey A-11.) Description and uses. — ^The process of crushing various vegetable seeds and nuts to extract the oil, leaves a compressed mass known, when unground, as oil cake, and when ground, as oil-cake meal. This residual cake is chiefly derived from cotton seed, flaxseed, soya bea,ns, com, peanuts, and rapeseed. It is not only a valuable feedstuff for dairy, poultry, and other live stock, but also an important vegetable fertilizer, entering extensively into in temationd trade. Production. — ^The United States, through its great cottonseed-oil, linseed-oil, and corn-product industries, is the largest producer and exporter of the oil-cake by-product. In 1914 the production of cottonseed cake and meal was 2,191,610 tons; of linseed cake, about 600,000 tons, and of corn-cake meal close to 75,000 tons. In 1919 the production of cottonseed cake and meal was 2,260,007 tons valued at $124,498,598; of linseed cake and meal, 409,141 tons valued at $26,435,210. Imports during 1911-1920 ranged from 10,000,000 to 230,000,000 pounds, with values varying from 1100,000 to $4,600,000, coming principally from the Dutch East Indies and Philippine Islands 1384 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. (coconut cake) ; China arid Japan (soya-bean cake) ; Mexico (cotton- seed cake) ; Canada and the United Kingdom (linseed cake). Most of the imports move to the Pacific States. Statistics for thB calendar years 1918-1921 follow: Oil cdhe. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Cottonseed-oil cake; Quantity (pounds). 24,975,122 $439,927 1,513,600 $37,615 33,380 $333 78,370 $1,261 21,000 $534 120 $23 63,389,335 $1,314,271 4,041,088 $99,248 25,410,217 ■$4?3,I44,. 16,988,787 $483,221, 1,740,381 $37,062 227 $5 37,245,980 $807,985 3,757,985 $96,341 133, 588, 981 ; $2,476,-423 29,473,132 $645,267 9,122,025 $265,322 1,221,122 $32,189 1,850,204 $49,187 13,970,566 $263,196 463,278 $8,414 1,586,358 $25,576 56,478,704 ,, -$1,062,455 6,09i;619 . $i!)l,J5^ 2,825,665 $42,238 Value Cottonseed and Unseed (Bibby^s) oil cake: Value.. I., t , . Coconut-oil cake: Quantity (pounds) Soya-bean oil cake: Quantity (pounds). ... Value ^ All other bean-oU cake: Value. .:.„.... .::":"::"": :": Peanut-oil cake; Value Eapeseed-oil cake:' Value . , All other oil cake: 302,049 $21j23* 834,835 , $13,847 1,023,477 Value $34,515 Total oil cake: 26,923,641 $500,927 112,405,870! $2,370,827 - 230,229,995 $4,635,910 68 469 001 Value $1,277,352 Oil-cake meal. Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 '. Pounds. 799,340 60,000 109,336 20,280 $17,363 1,309 1,522 451 $2,604 196 ■,228 Per cent, 16 1919 15 1920 15 1921 (9 months) J ;.... : 1 f OIL. (See Survey A-12.) Description. — Cinnamon oil is distilled from the bark of the Ceylon cinnamon tree {Cinnamomum seylanicum). The oil is usually dis- tilled from an inferior bark of insuflicient value to pay the export tax. The bark yields from one-half to 1 per cent of oil. ' Cinnamon leaf oil is an essential oil distilled from the leaves of the same plant. It differs from oil of cinnamon in that it contains very little cinnamic aldehyde and from 70 to 90 per cent of eugenoL Imports. — ^The combined imports of cassia and cinnamon oil . in 1913 were 123,645 pounds, valued at $97,438, and were admitted free of duty. Imports decreased somewhat during 1914 and 1915, and in 1917 increased to 153,244 pounds, valued at $130,112, and yielded a revenue of $26,022. Imports for later years follow : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 , Pounds. 99,454 168,626 175,689 35,594 '«25,629 ■27r?80 265,061 36,657 tl.26 1.64 1.51 1.20 $25,126 ■ 55/456 53^012 Per cent. 20 1919... J.'..: 20 1920 H 1, 20 1921 (9 months) . .": '- Important changes in classification.- paragraph 46, act of 1913. ■ -Cinnamon' oil is dutiable under CITRONELLA AND LEMON-GKASS OILS. (See Survey A-12.) Description, uses, ani production.— CiiioneWa. oil is distilled from "Indian grass," chiefly iil the soiithem part of Ceylon. It is a pale- yellow oil which possesses k powerful' odor, and this property, along funie".' (.-t toey.' Leihoii-^a's'^'bil is 'obtained by^ of grass grown in Ceylon, the Straits Settlements, Malabar,- and 1390 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFdRMATION, 1921. Cochin Ctina. Ceylon and Singapore are the chief centers of culti- vation of the grass and of the production, and exportation of the oiL It is used chiefly as. a perfume, especially for the cheaper grades of soaps. It is also used to adulterate oil of lemons. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 Poundt. 783,045 572,202 1,012,050 634,637 J319,734 : 280, 498 737,047 263,862 to. 41 .49 .73 .41 163, 947 56,100 147,409 Per cent. 20 1919, , ,.,.....< 1920 ....;: 20 20 1921 (9 months) Important changes in classification. — Citronella and lemon-grass oils are dutiable under paragraph 46, act of 1913. . ■ GERANIUM OIL. ; ' description and uses. — Geranium oil, or rose geranium oil, is distilled from several varieties of the plant pelargonium, iandis used in compounding perfumes. . ProdAJbction.r^'th.e plants are cultivated and xiistillation is carried on in Algeria, southern France, Spain, Italy, Corsica, and Provence. Import statistics are available for' 1914 Only,, when they were 63,414 pounds, valued at $146,933. , : Export statistics are not available. / •'. Important changes -in classification. — First specific mention; now dutiable under the general provision in paragraph 46 of the act of 1913. :. LAVENDER AND SPIKE LAVENDER OILS. .'. / (See Survey A-12.) Description and uses. — Oil of lavender refers to a volatile oil dis- tilled from the fresh flowering herb Lavandula, vera and other species f rowing on the higher slopes of the Alps. Several grades of this oil, iffering greatly in price, are on the market. In France a large part of the commercial oil is obtained from the wild plant by means of portable stills. The English oil, which is obtained exclusively from cultivated plants, commands a much higher iprice than the ordinary commercial or French oil, as only a small amount is produced. Commercially the English oil is frequently designated as oil of garden lavender. Oil of lavender is employed chiefly as a perfume and as a flavoring agent for certain phafeiaceiitical preparations. It is rarely employed in medicine. , Spike lavender oil or spike oil is distilled from, the flowering Lav- andula spicq,, w]iich,gr6ws in the lower mountainous regions 0;f France, Spain, and Italy. Spike oil is a, common adulterant of oil of lavender aAd is occasionally distilled, with true l^ayender. It is also used by artists in the preparation of varnishes. Spike lavender oil is much cheaper than true oil of laivender.- SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1391 Imports of lavender and spike lavender oil in 1913 were 227,013 pounds, valued at $482,779, admitted free of duty. In 1914 and 1915, imports were about one-third of those in 1913; in 1916, 198,205 poimds, valued at $271,815, yielding a revenue of'$54,363. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: > Calendar year. Quantity. Value. ■ Unit . value. Duty. ' ! 'i Ad valorem rate. 1918 Pounds. 98,602 141,970 135,268 71,050 $214,759 263,038 351,947 138,419 $2.18 1.85 2.60 1.95 $42,952 52,608 70,389 Per cent. 20 20 20 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) ' Important chunges in classification.- paragraph 46, act of 1913. -These oils are dutiable under LEMON-GBASS OIL. (See Citronella oil, p, 1389.) LIME OIL. : (See Survey A-12.) Description and production. — Expressed lime oil is obtained biy me- chanical means from the peel of the fresh fruit of Citrus , limetta. It is produced in Italy chiefly during the months of December and Janu- ary. This oil closely resembles oil of lemon. A distilled lime oil is also produced, chiefly in the West Indies, and is the usual lime^qil of commerce. The expressed Italian oil is much more valuable than the distilled West Indian oil. Imports in 1913 yrere 1,3,075 pounds, valued at $15,025, and were admitted free of duty. The . imports during the war showed a de- crease only in 1915. Since 1917 they have been as follows; Calendar year. Quantity. Value. • - Unit • value. ' Duly. Ad valorem rate. 1918 Pounds. 9,978 46, 367 46,993 38,042 $19,^0 61,430 89,420 $1. 93 , 1.10 1.90 1.97. $3,848 10,208 17,884 Per cent. 20 1^^:::'^::::::::::^-::::::::::;:::::::::^::::: 20 20 1921 (9 months) Exports. — Statistics not available. Important changes in classification. — Lime oil is dutiable under para^aph 46, act of 1913. LIGNALOE OIL. Description and uses. — Lignaloe oil, or as it is more commonly known, Tinaloe oil^ comes on the market in two different varieties, Cayenne, and Mexican. The former is distilled in French Guiana; aad-the latter in Mexico^ both from woods of uncertain botanical origin- They are used in compounding perfumes. 1392 SUMMARY OF TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Production. — Produotion is confined to French Guiana and Mexico. Imports are shown for 1914 only, when they were 4,171 pounds; valued! at S 10,926, chiiefly from Mexico. £a;porU y'. :'<) •! ( • f(See SuiV^y A-12.) >■, ■.■,.,- .-'^ . -v \v Description. — Origanum or marjoram oil closely resembles oil of thyme and is obtained by distillation, with water from two species of origanum native to Europe and America. The two oils recognized in conamerceare Trieste oil, Atehichjisfdatk, and Smyrna oil, which is light colored. This idifference in i color iaccouiits for the' tariff descriptidnifreid or white." .1 'il ; li.'^/il :: ,rTfL>/i ■ I , Imports of .'oniganufiihad increased ulriddr exiem^fion from)idu. 20 wil '(9 months) . .:.,;. 20 '-•■'ilfi Export.— Statistics not available. Important changes in classification. — This oil is dutiable under paragraph 46, act. of 1913. , - PALMAROSA OIL. Description and uses. — Pahnarosa oil, or Turkish geranium grass oU, is distilled from Motia grass, which grows extensively in India. Its chief use is in the compounding of perfumes. The odor and properties are somewhat similar to geranium oil. Production. — Distillation is confined wholly to India. The name Turkish geranium oil came into use through the commercial intro- duction of the oil via Constantinople. Imports are shown for 1914 only, when they were 1,052 pounds, valued at $1,351. Important changes in classification. — First specific mention; now dutiable under the general provision in paragraph 46, act of 1913. PETTIQKAIN OIL. Description and uses. — The oil of pettigrain of to-day is distilled from the leaves and yqiing shoots of the bitter orange. It is used in the compounding of perfumes,, Production. — The hest pettigrain oil is distilled in the south of France, a certain amount also in -Algeria and Spain. An oil of less perfume value, but one which forms the bulk of the oil of com- merce, is distilled in Paraguay. - , / . -i i,i ^ /m^orte in, 1914 (the only year for which statistics are available) were 634 poiiiids, valued at $1,114. , , Important changes in.cl(issification.—F.ffst specific, mention; now dutiable under, the general provisions in paragraph 46, act of 1913. ROSE OIL OR OTT.O OP ROSES. (See Survey A-12.) ■ Description, uses, and production.— KUbx or otto of roses is a volatile oil distilled from fresh rose flowers. Of the numerous vane- ties of roses, only a few are used in the preparation of the essential oil A large part of the attar of roses is obtamed from the Balkan Mountains. The impqrtant center of, the mdustry^is Kezanlik. Roses are also cultivated in the southern part of France m the 82304—22 88 1394 SUMMARY OF TARIFF IHFOBMATIOH, 1921. njeighborhood of Grasse, Cannes, and Nice. T|ie Frenck floxfers, h,oweyer, are used chiefly lor the preparation of i'ose water and "rose pomades. In recept years extensive rose, plantations have Tieen. established in Germany near Klein-Mil titz. There is also a small production of attar of roses in Algeria. As rose oil is expensive, the probability of adulteration is always great. The principal adulterants are palmarosa oil and true gera- nium oil. Rose ou is used chiefly in the preparation of high-^ade toilet perfumes and is also employed in medicine for perfuming cerates, ointments, and lotionsl Imports. — The imports of attar of roses in 1913 had reached 133,325 ounces, valued at $791,370, admitted free of duty. The imports since 1913 have been considerably less, and in 1917 declined to a minimum of 11,235 ounces, valued at $85,673v and yielded a revenue of $17,134. This decrease in imports has been due, to war conditions which have demoralized the rose industry in Bulgaria. Import statistics since 1917 follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit' 5- value. ^ Duty. Ad valorem rate, , : ,. 1918 Ounces. 21,299 52,931 67,224 7,310 $160,556 497,021 480,327 65, 239 $7.54 9.39 fe2,lll •99,404- , 96,0,66 Per cent. 20 1919 20 19^0... 1921 (9 months) J....:. . 20 -, 1. Exports. — Statistics not available. ; ; [ .Important changes in ■ classification. — This oil is ^dutiable lUnder paragraph 46, act of 1913. f, I, ■■ ROSEMARY OIL. ,. (See Survey A-12.) Descriptidn.^-Rbs^m^Tj oilis distilled froin the flcfwerii^ tops of the rosemary plant. There are two commercial varieties, Italian; of Dalinatian. oil, ivhich is'distUlfed after the flowerih^ season is over, and a French oil, which possesses a finer odor and is' distilled from the fresh flo-«rering tops'. English oil', which is produced from culti- vated plants, and the Spanish oil are of minor commercial importance; although the English product brings a much higher price than the other oils. Imports of rotsemary oil showed a large incre?isB, from about 50,000 pounds in l9lO to 284,144 pounds, valued at $100,930, in 1913, being admitted free of duty. The imports during 1914, 1915, and 1916 were only about one-third those of 1913. Imports since 1917 are as follows: :: Calendar year. Quantity. Value: Unit value. Diity. Ad valofcm rate. 1918.. > . 1 ■' ■ Paunds. ■ '87,972 152,138 219,226 22, 018 ■'-$45; 341 . rims 193, 102 18, 119 $0.51 .51. .88 .82 $9,068 15,'493 38,620 Per ce'nt. ■ill 20 1919 , -... 20 1920 20 1921 (9 months). ... ... SUMMAEY OF TAEIFP INFORMATION, 1921. 1395 Important changes in ^classification. — This oil is dutiable under paragraph 46, act of 1913. SPIKE LAVENDER OIL. (See Lavender oil, p. 1390.) THYME OIL. (See Sm-vey A-12.) Description and uses. — Thyjne oil is distilled^from fresh flowering tops of the thyjne herb which grows wild in the inoun tains of south- ern France. Small quantities of oil are produced from the culti- vated herb, but this source is of little commercial importance. The Spanish thyme oil is probably derived from a species of origanum. Jt has been a common practice to export thyme oil from France to England, whence it is reexported to thp United States as oil of origanum. Thyme oil closely resembles oil of origanum; beiiag niuch cheaper, it has been substituted largely for the latter; Thyrae oil is used chiefly for veterinary preparations and as a cheap soap perfume. The French oil is the most valuable. There are two commercial varieties, known as red and white. The former ^ade is a crude distilled oil and, when properly rectified and purified, gives the cojtnmercial white thyme oil. The yield of oil varies from 0.5 to 2.5 per cent. Imports prior to the war increased from about 50,000 pounds in 1910 to 138,972 pounds, valued at $105,296, admitted free of duty in 1913. Imports since 1917 are as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. 1918 Pounds. 107, 7S9 115,456 77,4227 51,078 $122, 241 171, 459 ■ 151,631 74,006 • 11.14 1.49 1.96 1.47 $24,448 34,292 30,326 Percent. ,20 1919 20 1920 T -20 1921 (9 months) . 20 ' ExpoHs. — Statistics not available. Important changes in' classification.— ^TKjjAe oil is dutiable under paragraph 46, act of 1913. 1LANG-YLANG OIL. Description and ttses. — Ylang-ylang or Cananga oil is the product of ■ the distillation of the flowers of Cananga odorata, a native of Ava and Tenasserim, and is generally distributed and cultivated through- out southern Asia, the East Indies, tih.e Philippines, and Reunion. The Philippine oil is said to be the finest in quality. It is used in compounding perfumes. V Import statistics are not available. Important changes in classification: — First specific mention; now diitiaple under the general, provision in paragraph 46 of the act of '.'$mgested changes.— This oil from Java and neighborhood is known commercially as Cananga oil. In order, to be certain of its inclusion the words "or Cajianga" might be added after "ylang-ylang." 1396 SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1&21.- PARA GRAPH 1626. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1626. Oils, expressed or ex- tracted: Croton, palm, palm-kernel, perilla, sesame, and sweet almond ; olive oil rendered unfit for use as food or for any but mechanical or manufacturing purposes, by such means as shall be satis- factory to the Secretary of the Treasury aid under regulations to be 'prescribed ' by him; Ghinese and Japanese tung oils; and -nut oils nptt specially provided for. , ACT OF 1909. Par. 639. Oils: Almond, *■ * * croton, * * f nut pil or oil of nuts, ; * * *, olive oil rendered unfit for use as food or for any but mechanical or 'man- ufacturing purposes; by. such means as shall be. satisfactory to the Seicretary of: the Treasury and under regulations to be prescribed by him; * * * palm, palm- kernel, * * * aesame or sesamum seed or bean, '^^i; * * [Free], m j.Par. 3.^ * * i?t expressed oils, 7* *;* twenty -five per centum ad valorem; * * * [Covered oils not specifically mentioned in 1909.]. ' ACT OF 1913. Pab. 561. Oils: t,i*. * croton, * * * palni, palm-kernel, perilla, * * * and . olive oil rendered unfit for use as food or for any but mecianlcal or manufactur- ing purposes, by such mealns as shall be satisfactory to tjie Secretary of the Treas- ury an4, under regulations, to be pre- scribed by him'; Chinese nut oil, nut oil or oil of nuts hot specially provided for in this section; * *■ 'i* [Free]. if: Par. 45. Oils, expressed: t ?* * al- mond oil, sweet, 5 cents, per pound; sesame or sesamum seed or Dean oil, 1 cent per potind; **•*.' ... CROTON OIL. , (See Survey A-11.) Descrivtidn and uses. — Ordinary croton oil comes from the seeds of Croton ttglium, a native tree of the East Indies and cultivated in various tropical countries. The pil is amber color, has a nauseating odor, biting taste, and (often adulterated with castor oil) is used as a powerfurpurgative. It is produced in large; quantities in India and in Great Britain by pressing or by extraction with volatile solvents. The chief uses are in medicine. Imports have been small; prior to 1916 between; 4,000 and 6,000 pounds, 3ince decreasing greatly; Imports since ,1917 have been as follows: ' Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. 1 , , , , 1918. , Pounds. . liBOO . 900 ' 3,578 ■ : 2,002 si, 075 ; 1,288 3,776 , 2,054 > SI. 08 1919 1.43 1920; 1.08 1921 (9 months)..;: :. 1.02 PALM AND PALM-KERNEL OlL. (See Survey A-11.) ' Descriptioii and itses.— Palrn oil is obtained from the outside' fleshy portions of the ripe fruit; palm-kernel oil, from the kernels of the seeds. Forests of palih trees grow on the west coast of Africa, practically the only source' of supply. Another species of paltti is cultivated in South America-,' the West' Indiies, Java; an'd North SUMMARY OF. TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1397 Burma, but its yield of oil is. commercially unimportant. The native process of extracting palm oil is exceedingly crude and only a small portion of the oil is recovered. . The residue, palm kernels, is usually shipped to Europe or America, where the oil is extracted. Both palm kndpalm-kernm oils areUsed extensively in soap making — 27,345,000 Sounds of pal'm oil and 4,762,000 pounds of palm-kerneLoil in 1917. 'he total United States consumption in 1919 was 18,450,532 pounds of palm; oil and 2,517,105 pounds of .palm-kernel oil; in 1920, 24,791,- 212 pounds of palm oil and 2,671,112 pounds of palm-kernel oil; and for tne first 9 months of 1921 (preliminary figures) , 15,967, 164 pounds and 1,862^505 pounds, respectively. Palm oil inixed with 'cottonseed and mineral oils is used in the manufacture of tin plate to protect the iron sheets from oxidation before being immersed in the molten tin. Fresh palm-kqrnel oil is used in vegetable butter substitutes and for other edible purposes. Production of palra-kernel oil from imported kernels in the United States since 1911 has been as follows: ; ■ Year. Quantity. Year. Quantity. 1912 Poumis. 3; 200, 000 402,000 8,.619,000 6, 453, Obi) 1918.:.. Pounds. 3,784,000 2 617 105 1914 1919. 1916. 1920 2,671,102 1,327,382 1917 1921 (9 months) Imports of palm oU in 1914 were 58,04Q,202 pounds, valued at $3,858,001, and 27,405,231 pounds, . valued at $2,527,301 in 191.8. Prior to 1916 England furnished alaout 90 per cent; .but in 1918,BritJsh West Africp. shipped us 90 per cent. ' Impprts of palm-kernel oil in 1914 were 34,327,600 pounds, valued at $3,087,343, declining to 18,618, -pounds, valued at ,$2,583 in 1918 (fiscal year). Imports prior to the war came d^iieflyfrom Germany and England. During the war England became the chief crusher and in order to rptain this industry she has instituted a system of preferential export duties on palm kernels fi^oin British West.Africa. ,,j;, Imports since 1917 have been as follows: , • , ,., Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. PALM OIL. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (97ndnths) .,--..- JPALM-KEBNSL, OI]t-. 1918 1919 ' 1920 1921 (9 months) Pounds. 20,993,085 41, 817, 945 41,948,224 18,688/145 11,651,241 4,317,324 5, 430, 310 1, 156, 39Q SO. 08 .10 .13 .05 Pounds. 33, 564 1,929,493 1,693,740 1, 581, 717 $4, 855 142, 623 238,399 127, 741 JO. 14 .07 .14 .08 Imports of palm oil have been chiefly from England and West Africa, and of palm-kem^l oil from England and Belgium- Exports. — Statistics not available. 13.98 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOBMATION, 1921. PEBILLA OIL. (See Suirvey A-ll.) Description and uses. — Perilla oil is obtained by crushing the seed of PeriUa ocymoides, an annual plant indigenous to China, Japan, and the northern parts of India, where it is cultivated for its seeds, the oil being used for edible purposes. It is used as a substitute for linseed oil in .paint?,, varmshes; linoleum, and printing inks when market prices are:fa,vorfl,ble. It is not produced in the United States. Imports of perilla oil were 65,509 pounds, valued at $5j504,ui 1916. Imports since 1917 follow: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value : ' -nil '•■''. ; , :• 1918 . ... Pounds. . ; : 92J,,740 4,742,739 7,581,555 615,464 tl21,S58' 723,622 1,216,291 45,068 JO 13 1919 1920 .16 1921 (9 months) ,..-. .07 SESAME OIL. ' ,(See Survey A-ll.) Description and ■uses.—rThis oil is obtained from the seeds of the Jlant SesarnUm indicium, L., which is 'OTOwn principally in Ea&tlndia, aya, Siam, China, ahd Japan and, in the countries bordering the Mediterranean. Sesame cotild be grown in the southern United States, but the harvestiiig requires a great deal of hand labor. The seeds yield from 30 to 50 per CQnt of a thin yellow oil which is odorless, has apleasant taste, and does not become rancid' on exposure. The best qualities are used as table oils or to adulterate olive oil tbe poorer grades as fuel or soap stock. It is one of tbe staple food' oils of southern Ejirope. Production. — The production from imported seed has increased greatly since 1914, as shown in the following table: Year. _ Quantity. Year. Quantity. 1914 1 ' ' '( Pounds. 30,000 129,000 1917 Pranis. 304,000 299,000 1916 '. . 1918. Imports for 1914 were 1,389,648 pounds, more than half of which came from Germany. In 1915 they were 341,545 pounds; in 1917, 73,846 pounds. Imports since 1917 have been as follows; Calendar year. ' Quantity. Value. Unit - value. Duty. Equiva- lent ad valorem. 4918-.- , ;„....;....,..,...., row.; :. ■........^....V i..:u'. Pounds. 2,364,927 -4,722,484 ; ,806,935 " ; 74,191 1356,516 694,241 162,^8 10,783 ■ $0.15 .15 $23,549 47,225 8,069 Per cent. 6.61 6.80 1920 L i ■ . ' •-. ' 4,96 1921 (9 months) .....'.?... . ..^ . . . SUMMAEt OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1399 .EcpoHs.— Statistics hot available. . Important changes in classification.— Tx&n^ibTT&A from the dutia- ble hst (par. 45) _of the act of 1913. ' ■ALMOND OIL, SWEET. (See Survey A-11.) Description and uses.^So-called sweet almond oil is expressed from sweet and bitter almonds, since both oils are practically identical and can not be distinguished by chemical means. The cake resulting from the cold expression is ground and distilled with water, thus pro- ^ucmg bitter oil of almond. (See par. 1625.) Sweet almonds yield on an ^verage about 44 to 55 per cent of oil, while bitter almonds yid.d about 38 to 45 per cent, though it may be as low as 20 per cent. The oil IS pale yellow, with a pleasant milli taste and little o^or. It does not readily become rancid. Owing to its Jiigh price, almond oil IS freely diluted with other similar oils, chiefly peach-kernel and apricot-kernel oil. Genuine almond oil is sold under the name of " almond oil, true." Almond oil is used pi-incipally for pharmaceutical purposes and in the manufacture of high-dass toilet soaps, -i ■ i Proiuctibn. — The principal countries producing almonds are Mo- rocco, the Canary Islands, Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Sicily, Syria, and Persia. Figures for the domestic production of the oil are not available, but it is' "probably inconsiderable. Some alnionds am raised in California, but are mostly Used for other purposes. Imports for, 1913' amounted to 152,300 pounds. Imports since 1917 bave l;»een as follows: ' ' Calendar year. Quantity. Value. _Unit value. - .J Duty. Equiva lent ad valorem. 1918.L... ■-..'!. 1919... .;.'.. ;.Y.. J. 1 Pounds. 15,017 46,288 , 56,907 '■ 31,312 $11,586 38,991 $0. 77 .84* .50 .46 ' $751 2,3l4 :^S45 Per cent 6.48 5.94 10.02 1920... :....,..'.,.... 1921 (9 months) , " •■>fr,, ,, : ; ■ Exports. — Statistics not available. Important changes in classification.- able list (par. 45) act of 1913. -Transferred from the duti- OLIVE OIL. . '■■ . I'i,^ . .(See Survey A-ll.) Description and uses. — Denatured olive oil, also known as "^ olive v,oil foots" and "sulphured olive oil," is a very low-grade oil extracted from the third and sometimes the fourth pressing of the olive cake or pomace. Some volatile solvent, such as gasoline or carbon bisul- phide, is employed in the process. This oil is used in the manufacture of castUe soap, in wool spinning, and for lubricating and illuminating purposes.* (See edible olive oil, par. 50, p. 155.) 1400 STJMMA||Y,OF TABIFP INFOBMATipjS', 1921. Production. — The annual dom,estp.c prpduptioii; of. gpude. ^nd,yi^gin oliye oil was 438,69,4 pounds in l'91;9,aiid 779,470 pounds (prelimin,ary figures) in the first nine months of 1921,, , ,,,; ,^ : ■ ,_.-, {i,v .-(,,,, ^ i- , >.,; Imports are declining — ^in 1907 they were 1,845,702" gallons. Im- ports since 1917, chiefly from Spain, Italy,jand England, have been as follows: ,^| . calendar year. Quantity. Value.^ Unitvialue. 1918: :..■:. s^d:^^:'.: iv.yj....i.l :...;...... JS® - ,s.v--'-Ti-i--rf;"-;Tf,',-M •; ■••" •; 'Gallons. .^' I 7, -812 '287,654 105, 839- 413,:]i95| ■ 16,763 360, 145- , -. ■ J0..S7 ,1. ,.-,.4,54 '■'-' '2.02 ifei (9 months)...'.,.. ,.,.^..;^;....i,;..:.:. -.,v'-- ■. V!-' ;i-.^7 .,.,,,_ , ,. . . ,:■.,, . ■ ' ' -Exports. — Statistics, not iydilkbte." ' , . ' " ' ' ' CHIN'-ESE AJfD'jAPAiSTES'E. TUljr'G'oiLS.- ' ',\': '■ ■ • •''>": ' • •■ (See Survey A -II.)' - ^- > ■■ i 'u'l' :. - ,;• ,7: 'Pfescripiwn •ffrt^.'U^.es.j-TT-The term '/tung oil'.' despri^^.s,t|sjfo, similar fatty oils, but differentiated coniBaercially as Chinese or .Japanese tung oil.r Both are -also known as wood oil and nut oil. Chinese nut oil is obtained from the seecis of an iudigeijipms.tree yielding about 40 per cent of oil onjjressingi Goldrpressed oil is kijown, a3r,"^jV\^te tung," chiefly from China. Hotrprassed^Qili^tlniQwn ass 'J^l&chp^?^-" The Japanese oiil= is abtftined from th.e finiit of a.f imilajr tie^ grown in the southern part of iji^^an. Both the,Chinese,aiMi Japajpje^,Jt\mg oils have largely replaced linseed oil in waterpi;oof varnishep.. .^ The- con- sumption of tung oil in 1919 was 34,166,655 pounds; in 1920, 46,381,235 pounds; and for the first nine months of 1921 (preliminary figures), 24,403,902 pounds. ,.,.,, . , .. Imports of Chinese nut oil have Iseen about 5,000,000 to 6,000,000 gallons; in the fiscal year 1918, 4,818,740 gallons, valued at $4,038,- 072. Over 90-per cent is from China, Japan supplying a small part since 1^16. Imports of all other nut oils have varied greatly; in. 1915 a maximum, of 216,707 gallons, valued at $83^994, falling to .18,423 gallons, valued at 118,203, in the fiscal year 1918, Later Jmports of Chinese nut oil are as follows : Calendar year. Quantity.. Vfllue: Unit value. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months) Gallons. 5, 700, 663 7, 180, 346 9, 001, 620 2, 060, 307 $6,388,715 8,120,529 11,077,271 1,378,564 $1.12 I.IS 1.22 .67 ■ Important changes in classification. — -The' phrase '-Chinese nut oil'' (par. 661,iact''Of 1913) has been changed to- "Chinese. and Japanese tung oils," to remove doubt as to the inclusion of peanut oil within the term "nut oil." (Reclassification Report, p. 118.) . - i SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFOBMATION, 1921. 1401 NUT OILS N. S, P. F. Description and uses. — iTliis provision would include any expressed or e?;tracted oil produced from the kernel of a nut.. Caiidlenut or Lumba^ig oil, wnicli is. closely related to Chinese and Japanese tung oilj is obtained from the tree Aleurites moluccana in the islands of the Pacific,^ West Indies, and in Brazil. It is a drying oil suitable for iuse ia paints. Shea-nut ;0il is a.semisoUd fat which resembles, coconut and pahn oil and is used largely in soap. It is obtained from nuts, of a tree appearing in large areas on the West Coast of Africa and in the French and English Sudan. About 2,000 short tons of this oil were produced from imported nuts in the United States in 1916. The oil offers possibilities for future development. Imports of nut oils, n. s. p. f., since 1917, have been as foUows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. 1918 ; Oallone. 125, 760 123,305 111, 127 29,510 8155,389 167,968 131,082 30,423 tl.24 1919 1.28 1920 . 1.18 1.03 Exports. — Statistics not available. ^TE AMENDMENTS. PARAGRAPH 1627 H. R. 7456. SENJ Pae. i627.'(jils, 'mineral: Petroleum, crude, fuel, or refined, and all distillates obtained from petroleum,- including kero- " sene,, tienzine, naphtha, gaaoline, par- affin, and Jiaraffln oil, not specially pro- vided for. ACT OF 1909. Par. 639! Oils: * * * petroleum, crude or 'refined; including kerosene, benzine, naphtha, gasoline, and similar oils produced from petroleum [Free]. Par. 645. Paraffin [Free]. . ; ACT OF 1913. Par. 561. Oils: * * , * petroleum, crude or 'refined, and all products ob- tained from, petroleum, including kero- senej benzine, naphtJia, gascjine, par- affiri nnrl narnffin nil- * * * fFreel. affln,, and paraffin Qil; [Free], PETROLEUM AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS. -.!r.-.-i , '• (See Survey FL-17.) Description and uses.^-The provisipn for petroleum covers crude petroleum and its refined products, including kerosene, benzine, naphtha, gasoline, paraffin oils, and paraffin. Production.— The refined products are obtained by separatmg the crude oils by means of fractional distillation; these may be .modified 'by the methods of distillation and the points of separation of the distillate. These fractions are usually purified by treatment with sulphuric acid, caustic soda, and washmg with water. If a large yield of gasoline is desired a "dry" or destructive distillation (crack- m?) is employed. Marketed crude petroleum increased steadily from 8 801404,416 gallons, valued at $127,899,688 in 1910, to 1402 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 14,083,255,242 gallons, valued at $522,635,213, in 1917. This country is the largest producer and supplies. 66 per cent of the world's demand. In 1917 Oklahoma produded 34.26 pet cent; California, 16.49 'per cent; and Kansas, 12.84 per cent of th6 output: Texas, Illinois, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Ohio rank in the order named. Mexico is the world's second largest producer, supplying in 1919, 87,000,000 barrels, or 16 per cent of the world'^ output. Domestic production 6f crude petroleum since 1913 and of gasoline since 1916 has been as follows: < . CRUDE BETEOLEUM. Year. 1914 1815 1916 1917 Quantity. Barrels. 265, 762, 536 .281,101104 300, 767, 168 335,315,601 Value. J214,125,215 179,462,890 330,899,868 522,635,213 Year. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (7 months) Quantity. Barrels. 355,927,716 377,719,000 443,402,000 276, 910, 000 Value. $703,943,961 GASOLINE. Year. Quantity. Year. Quantity. 1917 Gallons. 2,860,646,423 3,670,312,963 3,957,857,097 1920 • '' OaOms. 4,882,546,699 1918 1921 (7 montlis) 2,993,185,362 1919 Imports of crude mineral oil or petroleum increased from 843,- 080,788 gallons, valued at $11,779,938 in 1914, to 1,348,419,493 gallons valued at $18,039,207 in 1918. Over 95 per cent of the im- ports in 1918 was from Mexico, in quantity equaling 10 per cent of domestic production in 1917. Benzine, gasoline, and haphtha ittipoipts have varied considerably — in 1915, 7,920,424 gallons valued i at $762,556; in 1916 only 7,738 gallons; 11,069,898 gallons valued at $1,473,027" in 1918, -chiefly from Peru and Mexico, imports of "aU Qtiher refined" mineral oil increased from 1,796,092. gallons, valued at $430,664 in 1914, to 43,927,718.gallons,,valued at $2,406,- 754 in the fiscal year 1918. In later years the 1>ulk of the imports has consisted of crude oil from Mexico. Imports of petroleum products since 1917 ha^e been as follows: ./ JiAinir.' i Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. ' CRUDE MINERAL OIL. ■ .I,:':..,. 1918 . Oallons. 1,584,235,6^ 2,218,606,817 4,459,353,992 . 3,660,823,799 $21,403,762 26,442.881 55,797,830 4$, 125, 773 $0 01 1919 .01 1920 ..:..... J.... .01 1921 (9 months) ..(?1 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1403 ' Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value . BENZINE, GASOLINE, AND NAPHTHA 1918 1919 , 1920 1921 (9 months). 13,655,350 8,520,169 40,478,107 25, 043, 583 11,944,506 1,697,341 4,892,254 2, 553, 249 $0.14 .20 .12 .10 PARAFFIN OIL. 1918 , 1919 i920.... 1921 (9 months). 418.264 390,550 582; 869 8,633 PARAFFIN AND PARAFFIN WAX. 1918 19l9 1920 1921 (9 months) Pounds. 5,531,118 9,883,180 7,629,395 3,526,670 $0.10 .10 .11 .08 ALL OTHER REFINED MINERAL OILS. 1918.. 1919... ,.;. 1920.. ...-.■..[.;. 1921 C9 montl}s). Gallons. 37,111,647 , 4.7,354,552 '68,926,209 70, 82b, 800 $2,334,732 3, 239, 475 5,691,647 5,220,143 $0. 06 -, .07 .07 .06 'Exports of domestic iietroleum products in tie fiscal year 1918 ■were 2,677,036,228 galToris, valued at $298,329,051, atoUt 50 per cent fuel and gas oil. The exports in 1917 were 2,6Sl'118,349 .gallons, or about 19 per cent of domestic production. Exports of ■crude mineral oil, chiefly to Canada, increased from 146,477,342 gallons, valued at $6,812,672 in 1914, to 185,069,674 gallons, valued at $9,288,979 in 1918. Exports of fuel and-^oil-gls increased notably, from 475,143,205 gallons valued at $13,747„863 in, 1914 to 1,223,283,641 gallons valued at $61,137,607 in 1918, going chiefly to the United Kmgdom and Canada. Exports of illuminating oil •decreased about 60 per cent from the export of 1,157,283,310 fallons, valued at $74,500,162 in 1914, and have , been chiefly to iurope. Exports of lubricating oils, including paraffin oil, nave been principdiyto Europe, and increased from 196,884,696 gallons, valued at $27,852,959 in 19My to •269,673,770 gallons, valued at $66,162,117 in 1918. Exports of gasoline, largely to Europe and Canada, increased from 151,611,537 gallons, valued at $21,699,475 in 1914, to 260,880,122 gallons, valued at .$61,642,859 in 1918. Exports of all other naphthas (exclusive of gasoline) increased from 40,840,730 gaUons, valued at $5,653,210 in 1914 to 209,029,477 gal- lons, valued at $52,739,227 in 1918. Exports of residuum decreased 1404 SUMMARY OF' TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. from 113,370,245 gallpns, valued at $1,907,715 in 1914, to 881,875 gallons, valued at $96,^^0 in 1918. Exports for the calendar years 1918-1921 are as follows: Mineral oil, crude: Quantity (gallons) Value Mineral oii, refined or manufactured, fuel and ga !.• Quantity (gallons) Va ue ,. llluininating oil: ' Quantity (gallons) ". Value ^... Lubricating oil — paraffin: Quantity (gallons).' \ Va lue Y. ■- All other lubricating oil: Quantity (gallons) Value Qasoline: Quantity (gallons) J Value , J , jAIl other naphtlias and light i products of distillation: Quantity (gallons) Value ; Residuum: Quantity (gallons) Value 1918 305,829,030 J12,084,250 1,200,750,319 l6Ci'(>15,743- 491, 109, 815 $50,354,414 7, 059, 121 Si; 454,327 250, 268, 132 $74,148,728 361,907,164 $85,225,574 207,401,691 $54, 368, 166 244.474 $14,298 1919 248,821,463 $14,806,546 584, 849, 606 $30,818,877 979, 155, 147 $119, 024, 479 10,300,005 284, 495, 161 $83,347,739 269,783,919 $61, 766, 864 112,349,038 $30, 290, 030 $1, 834, 285 337, 88fl, 081 $28, 990, 444 827,694,250 $64,888,724 870,666,033 $133,2903 080 1,987,380 $847,696 400,134,079 $154,758,909 395,384,262 $104, 992, 832 246, 926, 486 $70,547,541 19,268,812 $1,040,987 1921 (9moni;Hs-). 282,713,392 $10, 623, 469. 665,747,675 $38,674;097 532,771,294 $73,278,844 317,922 $136,374 195,044,843. $69, 914, 263. 207, 370^ 236 $50,ia5j09?- 196,103,-040^ $63,548,501 7,973,664 $457,813 Important changes in classificaiion.—^The phrase "and all products obtained from petroleum," paragraph 561, act of 1913, has been changed to read "and all distillates obtained from petroleum," so as iipt to. include chemicals manufactured from petroleum, (Re- classification Report, p. 119.) Specific provision has been made for " fuel " petroleum. PARAGRAPH 1628. H.B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1628. Ores of gold, silver, or nickel, and nickel matte; ores of the platinum metals; sweepimgs of gold and silver. ' ' ' ■,-'!■!■- ,':■ ACT OF 1909. Par. 643. Ores of gold, silver, or nickel, and nickel matte; sweepings of gold and silver [Free]. ACT OF 1913. Par. 565. Ores of gold, silver, or nickel,, and nickel matte; ores of the platinum metals; sweepings of gold and silver [Free]. ORES OF GOLD, SII VFR, NICKEL, AND PLATINUM. . (See Surveys FL-20 and C-23.) i • ' I. ' -■ . •' ■); '' GOLD. Production. — The recovered output from domestic ores and gravels; ' in 1918 amounted to 3,320,784 fine ounces, valued at $68,646,700,' and in 1920, to 2,395,017 ounces, valued at $49,509,400. The pro- ducing States number about 20, and extend throughout the country. In 1920 over one-half of the output was from California, Colorado,. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1405 wH*^ tsS^RHA^f '^''^*''''' ^^' f^^^^^ ^«^li°«d since 1915, when it was 4,887,604 fine ounces, vdued at $101,035,700. Foreign pro- loutHfric'''! ^«%^-l"«i-t $.339,839,5.06, nearly one-half f?o.m S^l \^^ fi^^f™^'"''''' ^"""^'^ (mcludmg Siberia), land Canada 1312,278 000 "" ""^^ Producers. Foreign output in 1918 was Import.^ of gold and base bullion in 1914 were $11,001,406, and in recent calendar years have been in value as follows • 1918 «1 fi 2^1 Q9n • 1919, 116,744,430; 1920, ^6,984,171 : 1921 (gTonJLTlso'gsl,^?: i. S^qIq °'Trfi''/ ^T ^''^^^''^ ^^1^^«^* ^^ol^y <^« <^«nada) amounted 1Q1S «9n« ft''7i in^n^ '^Z^^^""^ calendar years have been as follows: ^77413 ■■ ' ^^°'^^^' 1^20, 111,260; 1921 (9 months), SILVER. ■ -^^'^''''^^o??.— The recovered output from domestic ores and gravels m 1918 amounted to 67,810,139 fine ounces, valued at nearly $1 per ounce. ihe_ producing States are widely distributed and number about 20; chief among these are-Montana, Utah, Idaho, and Nevada, Ihe production in 191S was somewhat smaller than in preceding U^l% ^^^^ *^® country's output was 66,564,504 ounces, valued at $57,420,325. The total foreign output in 1917 was 92,252 300 fine ounces, produced chiefly in Mexico, Canada, and Peru. Foreign production m 1918 was 129,584,800 fine ounces. Import^ of silver in ore and base bullion in 1914 were $11,439,423, And in later calendar years were as follows: 1918, $44, 877 ,920; 1919, $74,073,332; 1920, $69,845,999; 1921: (9 months), $30,461,909. Exports of silver in ore and base.bulhon amounted to $136,721 in 1914 and for later calendar years have been as follows: 1918, $18,248 ■ 1919, $6,693; 1920, $16,522; 1921 (9 months), $13,851. , NICKEL ORE AND NICKEL MATTE. Description and uses. — Nickel matte is the product of the smelting of nickel sulphide ores. Prodwtion.^—l^iic'kel ore is not mined in this country; and but little nickel matte is produced. Canada is the largest producer, supplying more than one-half of the world's output. New Caledonia also has extensive deposits, which formerly dominated the nickel industry, but are now second iujimportance. Almost every country has woiEk- able deposits, but none so extensive as Canada and New Caledonia.' Imports. — In 1914 the nickel content of ore and matte (consisting ■almost exclusively of matte) was 43,532,278,j)ounds, vali(jed . at $6,109,547. Imports in later calendar years have been as follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Nickel ore: Quantity— Tons' . .. ...!...'..';.. -■■ 7, 878 10,431,602 $1,959,729 16,179 1-8, '871,626 $3,S20,651 917 1,.541,237 $145,723 31, 733 40,044.871 $8,318,149 Pounds 2 Value .:... Nickel'matte:, ', ' ' Quantity— . ,1 -■ Povmds 2 2,023,681 $432; 538 ■ \ — '■''■ , ■ . '' ■ ' . "M j ■;■'; i. • Gross weight. ' Niclcel content. 1406 SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. In addition to this importation, ore and matte containing 73,193,205 pounds of nickel, valued at $11,517,546, were imported in 1918. The bulk of this imported material came from Canada. ■> ■' Ex'poris.— .'Nickel ore and nickel matte are not. exported. Thei ex- ports of nickel and nickel oxide in 1914 amounted to 28,895,242 pounds, valued at $9,403,709, and for later calendar years have been as follows : ! , 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (pounds). 17,469,566 $6,927,041 3,810,656 $1,697,544 1,215,232 $574/845 425,439 Value ..; J $103,244 , These exports have ^ne largely to Belgium, Japan, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, France, anSi Italy. Suggested changes. — See General Note on Paragraph, paige 1407. ORBS OP THE PLATINUM METALS. Description. — ^Ih its native state platinum is invariably associated with small amounts of rhodium, osmium, iridium, palladium, iron, coppery or gold. Production. — Statistics of production are either not available or are unreliable,' because ores of platinum in the United States, produced primarily for their platinum content; are insignificant in quantity. In this country platinum is'produced from placers and from the residue obtained in refining gold and silver bullion, and copper and nickel mattes, Iri 1918 the value of domestic platinum yield was estimated at $5,452,900. Foreign platinum comes mainly from Russia and Colombia. Imports. — Ores of platinum metals are entered according to their plat^um content. The ,1914 figures show imports amounting to 831 troy ounces, valued at $30,341. Imports for later calendar years, largely; from, Colombia, have been as follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9montha>. QnaTitity (trfiy niinww) , . 168 $10,559 173 $15,868 t,141 $114,149 1,196 Value.. .f , $76,090 Exports. — None' recorded. SWEEPINGS OF GOLD AND SILVER. Description and uses. — Sweepings of gold and silver are chips of these metals from engraving, filing, turning, and polishing jewelry, and are invoiced as jeweler's sweeps. Particles of gold find their way to the floors of jewelry establishments, and are swept and saved until a suflScient quantity is obtained to warrant shipment to reduction plants. Their only use is conversion into metallic gold and silver. Production. — ^No statistics. Import value in 1914 was $175,043. For the calendar years 1918- 1921 miports have been as follows: SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, ^921. 1407 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Olin,Tit.itv (pnnndR) .... 350,801 $465,291 543,888 $650,616 482,022 Value »678,974 $495,617 The leading contributing countries were Canada, Argentina, Brazil, and the United Kingdom. Exports. — None -reported. GENERAL NOTE ON PARAGRAPH. Suggested changes.-^" Ot" before "nickel," in line 20, page 192, might be changed to "and" to agree with the "and" before "silver" in Tine 21. Substitution of a semicolon for the comma before " nickel matte," and omission of "and" in line 20 would separate the matte from the ore. PARAGRAPH 1629. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1629. Parchment and vellum. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 646. Parchment and vellum Par. 568. Parchment and vellum [Free]. [Free]. PARCHMENT AND VELLUM. (See Survey M-3.) Description, and uses. — Parchment is the skin of sheep, goats, calves, andptheryoxmg animals prepared and poUshed with pumice stone to serve as a material for writing or drawnlg. Vellum is .a fine grade of parchment formerly prepared only from calves, kids, and stillborn lambs, but now the terta is appUed to any fine grade of parchment. Before the art of paper makmg was perfected, parchment was onie of the most important writing materials. Most ancient manuscripts are on parchment. At present parchment is used to a limited extent for the same purpose, especially for college diplomas, but it is also used in the manufacture of a number of small articles, such as bags, baskets, belts, card cases, pocketbooks, portfolios, and satchels. Production. — No data available. »rx onn Imports of parchment and vellum in 1914 were valued at $54,800; in later calendar years they have been valued as follows: 1918, $17,425; 1919, $49,583; 1920, $144,113; 1921 (nme months), $52,062. Exports. — Not recorded. 1408 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. PARAGRAPH 1630. H. B, 7456. Par. 1630. Pearl, mother of, and sheila, not sawed, cut, flaked, polished, or other- wise manufactured, or advanced in value from the natural state. ACT OF 1909. Par. 647. Pearl, mother of, and shells, not sawed, cut, poUshed, or otherwise manufactured, or advanced in value from the natural state [Free]. SENATE AMEHtoMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 570. Pearl, ijiother of, and shells, not Sawed; cut, flaked, polished, or other- wise manufactured, or advanced in value from the natural state [Free]. MOTHEK-OF-PEARL AND SHELLS, NOT SAWED, ETC. (See Survey N-21.) ' . : ' ,'■ Description and uses. — Mother-of-pearl is the hard, pearly, internal layer of several kinds of shells, especially of pearl oysters, river mussels, and abalone shells. These shells are found in the greatest perfection on the coasts of Ceylon, in the Persian Gulf, and in the Australian seas. Shells of the mollusk have been found in the Mis- sissippi River and tributary streams, and to a ^mall extent in some other American rivers. Mother-of-pearl is used largely in the arts, particularly in inlaid work, knife-handles, and toys, and very largely for buttons. ' - ' .• ; Production.— YT&ctic&llj all domestic mother-of-pearl is derived from mussel shells in the Mississippi River and its tributaries, and in 1914 amounted to 8,539 tons of shells, valued at $148,960. Imports of mother-of-pearl in 1914 were valued at $1,253,742, and of other shells not sawed, c^t, flaked, polished, or otherwise manu- factured, at $572,423. Australia furnished between 50 and 60 per cent.. Large amounts are also received from England, French Oceania, and Dutch East Indies. These countries, wim the addition of Panama,' which is an important source, furnish the greater, part of the supply of other shell- Later statistics for calendar years follow: 1919 1921 (9 months). Mother-of-pearl: Quantity (pounda). Value other shells; Quantity (pounds). Value .;. Sl,iil,fl $286,900 5,772,977 $1, 669, &04 2,195,821 ■ $494,528 7,A29,951, i2, 460,677 1, 020, 839 $272,663 ,2,191,780 ■ $1,-47S,478 220,725 $61,333 Exports consist of the native fi-esh-water pearl shells, and in 1914 were valued at $164,559. Germany was the leading purchaser. England, Canada, and France also took large quantities, and were the chief purchasers in later years. The total exports by calendar years were as follows: 1918, $113,859; 1919, $5,74,575; 1920, $412,045; 1921 (nme months), $206,586. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1409 PARAGRAPH 1631. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1631. Personal effects, not ex- > ceeding $300 in value, not merchandise, of citizens of the United States dying in foreign Coiintries. ■ ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 648. Personal effect^, not mer- Par. 571. Personal effects, not mer- chandise of citizens of the TJmted States chandise, of citizens of the United States dying in foreign countries [Free]. dying in foreign countries fFree]. PERSONAL EFFECTS OF DECEASED CITIZENS. Imports of personal effects of citizens of the United States dying in foreign countries are combined in the trade statistics with household furniture, wearing apparel; tools of trade, etc., of immigrants. In 1914 their value was $5,019,950. More than half .Was from Canada, the remainder largely from England, France, and Germany. For later calendar years they were as follows: 1918, $3,972,564: 1919, $8,447,404; 1920, $10,949,525; 1921 (nine months), $6,264,609. With the exception of Germany, the countries from which these articles came were as above. Important changes in classification. — The limitation to $300 is new. PARAGRAPH 1632. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1632. Phosphates, crude, i'and apatite. ■ ' _, , , ■ ; ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. '''' Par. 651. Phosphates, crude fFree]. Par. 574. Phosphates, crude [Free]. Pah. 495. Apatite [Free]. Par. 401. Apatite [Free]. , PHOSPHATES, CRUDE. (See Survey FL-5.) ' Description and uses.—Cvndei phosphates are phosphate rocks con- sisting pi^incipally of calcium phosphate. They occur in rock forma^ tions of various forms, such as hard rock in beds between layers of sandstone, shale, or other sedimentary rocks; as pebbles in stream deposits; and as a residuum from the decomposition of phosphatic limestone and Other rocks containing phosphates. Basic slag (par. 1576) ,_ obtained from the smelting of iron orie containing phos|)horus, is extensively ' used as a fertilizer. Crude phosphate rock is Used principally as a fertilizer either directly with no further treatment than grinding, or changed to the acid phosphate by treatment with sulphuric acid or by some other means. 82304—22 89 1410 SUMMARY OF TABIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. Production. — The United States produces more crude phosphate than any other cbuntry,-,northem Africa (including Tunis, Algeria, and Egypt) ranking second. Florida yields the greater part of our output. The total domestic production for 1910-14, inclusive, averaged a little less than 3,000,000 long tons, but fell off somewhat during the war on account of decreasing exports to ^^tirope. The output (phosphate rock sold) in 1918 was 2,490,760 long tons, valued at $8,214,463; in 1919,. 2,271,983 long tons, and in 1920, 4,103,982 long tons, value<^ at $25,079,57?. ImfdHs of c,TtiA,& phospha,tes haVe been less than 1 per cent of production and decreased from 23,551 long tons ift 1914 to 6 tons in 1918. There were no imports during the calendar years 1918 and 1919; in 1920 there were 63 tons, valued at $2,090 and foi* nine months of 1921, 3,535 tons, valued at $43,960. Exports amounted to. 1,477,871 long tonsy valued at $10,617,835^ in 1914, but sharply declined to 269*364 long tons, valued at $1,742,697; in 1 915. Later exports of phosphate rock by calendar years areshowtl as follows : i ,' i High-grade hard rock: Quantity (tons).-, • VaWe ;.'. Land pebble: Quantity (tons)... Value All other; Quantity (tons)... Value 1918 57, 771 SMS, «9 64,559 "1303,758 21, 126 «163, 308 , SU.i,039 52,261,852 128,860 S904,3D8 . 34, 832 S401, 822 -, ,344,896 S4, 496, 457 693,356 $5, 593, 814 31,461 $479, 904 1921 (9 months). ,, ,M9,380 $2,160,799 406, 196 $3,571,149 172,018 Exports of "high-grade hard rock" have been chiefly to Germany, Denmark, and Belgium, and of "land pebble" to England, Spain; and Scotland. , , 'JO APATITE, '.(-''■- i-: (S«ie Survey FL-5.) ■,, i ; -^i !.■.[/ Description and uses. — Apatite is a IiatUrally occurring crystalline mineral consisting of calcmin^ phosphate combined with calcium fluoride, chloride, or carbonate, sold on a basis of 75 to 80 per cent of calcium phq^ph^t*- It is tisuafly tr6£\,ted with sulphuric acid to form "superphosphate": for fertilizer, purposes, but has cej^taiio ; ob,- je^ctions which favor theuse of other phosphate inatexials. ')' Production. — The chief deposits of iapatite are IpQated in Canada and Spain. Pomestic production data are not available. , Imports of apatite in 1913 were 2,930 tons, valued, at $22,535. Data are not shown froni. 1914 to 1918 (fiscal years). Imports since 1918 have been spaall; the; maximum was 142 tons in the ^calendar year 1920. . ^ ' . '; jExports. — Statistics not available. _ SUMMARY 'OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1411 PARAGRAPH 1633, H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1633.' Plants, trees, shrubs, roots, seed cime, seeds, and other imatarial for planting, imported by the Department of Ag^icult^re or the United States Botanic ■ • Garden. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 652. Plants, trees, shrubs, roots, Par. 577. Plants, trees, shrubs^. roots, seed cane, and seeds, imported by the seed cane, and seeds, imported by the Department of Agriculture or the United Department of Agriculture or the United States Botamc Garden [Free]. States Botanic Garden [Free]. PLANTS, TREES, ETC., (MPORTED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUL- TURE, ETC. Description and uses.^-The materials here included represent plants, trees, seeds, etc., brought in by the Government for experiment and study, and cover a wide range of plant material. Imports of plants, trees, shrubs, roots, seed cane, and seeds were valued at $32,000 in 1914, and at $47,643 in 1915. Imports since 1917 by .calendar, years have been valued as follows: 1918, $5,781; 1919, $4,334; 1920, $5,685; 1921 (nine months), $7,564. Exports. — None. , , ■ Important changes in classification. — This provision has been ex;- tended to "other material for planting." PARAGRAPH 1634. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1634. Platinum, unniS,nufactiired or in ingots, bars^ plates not less than one- eighth of one inch in thickness, sponge, or scrap. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 653. Platinum, unmanufactured Par. 578. Platinum, unmanufactured or iningots, bars, plates, * * * sponge, oriningots, bars, plates,, * * * sponge, or scrap, * * * [Free]. or scrap, * * * [Free]. PLATINUM. (See Survey FL-20.) Description and uses. — ^The crude mineral called platinum is fre- quently alloyed with iridium, rhodium palladium, and iron or other metals. In this country the metal is produced mainly from the residue obtained in refining gold and silver bullion and copper and nickel mattes. It is now of great industrial and military importance and is practically indispensable in the chemical industry. Some of its im- portant uses are in the contact process of making concentrated sul- phuric acid, in the delicate parts of the ignition system of inter- 1412 SUMMARY OF TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. nal-combustion engines, in instruments of 'precision, in photographic paper, in dentistry, and for jewelry. Production of crude platinum was 450 troy ounces, valued at $20,250, in 1914, and 710 troy ounces, valued at $35,490, in 1916. California and southwestern Oregon are the principal sources in this country. The domestic output in 1914 was lesS' than 1 per cent of total net imports of platinum and its manufactures. Known deposits do not indicate that the United States will ever produce a substan- tial part of the platinum supply. World production is small and steadily declining. In 1914 Russia produced 241,200 troy ounces, or 92.57 per cent of the world's total; Colombia, 17,500 troy ounces, or 6.72 per cent; all other countries, 1,848 troy ounces, or 0.71 per cent. In 1916 Russia supplied but 63,900 troy ounces, or 71.05 per cent; Colombia, 25,000 troy ounces, or 27.80 per cent; and all other coun- tries, 1,032 ounces, or lil5 pef cent. The Russian output, even prior to the political disturbances in that country, was decreasing owing to the gradual exhaustion of the mines. In the United States the metal is derived largely from the residues bbtaitted in the refining of gold, silver, copper, and nickel. Reports from refiners to the Geo- logical Survey mdicate a recovery from these sources of 36,015 troy ounces of the metal in 1920. " Imports of unmanufactured platinuin were 38,953 troy ounces, valued at $1,418,280, m 1914; 47,669 ounces, valued at $4,245,334, in the fiscal year 1918. Imports of platinum manufactured into ingots, bars, plates, sheet and wire, sponge,, or scrap were 54,932 ounces, valued at $2,444,951, in 1914; 3,093 ounces. Valued at $261,906, in the fiscal year 1918. Imports of vases, retorts,'and other apparatus, vessels and parts of, composed of platinum, for chemical uses were valued at $82,000 in 1914 and at $2,530 in the fiscal year 1918. Total imports ofrplatinum and jmainufactures of platinum, including a small quantity of ore, were valued at $3,982,708 in 1914, and a^; $4,578,812 m the fiscal year 1918. In 1914 the chief sources of our unmanufactured platinum, in order, were Germany, Colombia, and the United Kingdom; in 1918, Colombia and Russia in Asia. More recently supplies have come mainly from Colombia, because of the fact that Russia, owing to her political situation, almost ceased production. Imports of the manufactured forms included under this designation were derived in 1914 from Germany, France, and the United Kingdom, but since the war the United Kingdom has been the main source. The statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 are as follows: 1920 1921 (9 months). Platinuin, unmanufactured: Quantity (ounces, troy) Value Platinum, ingots,, bars, plates, sheets, etc, sponge, and scrap: ' Quantity (ounces, troy) Value , 45,665 U, 134, 181 9,130 S805, 015 47,774 $4,540,485 8672, 956 56,671 15,936,719, 23, 148 i^, 423, 631 30,738 $2,035,638 11,598 SXTMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1413 Exforts are small, and those of unmanufactured platinum amounted in 1914 to 273 troy ounces, valued at $12,977. Practically aU of this export went to Canada. Exports of manufactured platinum in 1914 were valued at $71,172, of which about 75 per cent went to Canada. In later calendar years exports have, been as follows : 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Platinum, unmahufacturedr 119 $13,511 $23, 562 610 $75,066 $54, 529 1,302 $177, 115 , $111, 0l4 3,172 Value '.'.. '...'. $235,872 Piatlnum, manufactures of, (valuja).i' $63,184 The unmanufa,ctured platinum went largely to Canada, Japan, and the United Kingdom. Important changes in classification. — I'njl., K.. 745Q platinum un- manufactured or m ingots, bars, and plates, not less than, one-eighth of an inch in thickness, sponge^ or scrap, are retained on the free list; but platinum one-eighth of an inch in thickness or less, and in the forms of sheets and wire , and vases, retortSj anci other apparatus, vessels and parts thereof, composed of platinum for chemical uses, are omitted from this paragraph and merefore transferred to the dutiable list. Suggested changes. — "Sheets" are omitted. Page 193, line ,9, of H. R. 7456: Insert "or" between "bars" and "plates." ,; Page 193, line 10, of H. R. 7456: Change "or" to "and" between "sponge" and "scrap. PARAORAPH 1635. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1635. Potassium chloride or muri- , ate of potash, potassium sulphate, kainite, wood ashes and beet-root ashes,, and all crude potash salts, not specially prpyided for: Provided, That for a period of five years beginning on the day follbmng the passage of this Act there shall be levied, collected, and paid, on the actual potash (potassiuni oxide) content of all the fore- going, a duty of 2J cents per pound for the first two years; 2 cents per pound for the third year; 1^ cents per pound for the fourth year; and 1 cent per pound for the fifth year: Provided, further, That there- after the said potash content shall be free of duty. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 655. Potash, crude, or "black Par. ^^.'^^^'^■,^^1'^^%.°'^}^''^ 1+g.,. * « * sulphate of poUsh, salts"; * * * sulphate of, crude or refined, and muriate of polish -d mun^ate of^Free]^^ ^^ ^^^^.^^_ ^^ LS rFrtel^"''^''' " '^"'"'^ "' "'S- ^lA^es, wood and lye, and Par. 502. Ashes, wood and lye of, and beet-root ashes [Free], beet-root ashes [Free]. 1414 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921, POTASSIUM CHLORIDE (mURIATE OF POTASh). (SeeSurvey A-16.) Description and uses. — Potassium cHloride is known commercially as mm-iate of potash. When pure it is a white crystalline solid readily soluble in water. It occurs as sylvite (or sylvine) and also as carnalite, a mixed chloride of potassium and magnesium, in the Stassfurt and other salt deposits of Europe. Large quantities are made from Stassfurt carnalite, and it is also obtained from kelp and the liquors left from the manufacture of salt from sea water.,, The chief use of the crude substance is as a fertiUzer. It is also a crude material in the preparation of caustic potash and potassium chlorate by the electrolytic process. Production.— Some potassium chloride has been prxsduced here since the war. In_1918, 30,127 tons of the crude salt were obtained, and in addition 6,559 tofts' of low-grade, potassium chloride. Imports in 1914 were 234,855 tons, valued at $7,925,781, decreasing to, 606 tons in 1917 and to 596 tons in 1918. Previous to 1916 im- ports were almost' entirely from Germa'hy, ih'1917 mostly from Japan and Scotland. Imports since 1917 have been as follows:. Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. 1918 .. ..; i ....:.'..... Tom. 379 20,716 , 121,602 36, 818 $102,109 1,783,916 12,703,.858 3,329,914 $269. 42 1919 -- 86.11 1920 1921{9mottths).:i.:. ; . . . '. ''S-.h.i...iJ...'. 104.47 90.44 Exports. — Statistics not available. Important changes in classiJieation.—l^voYiaos are new. ~i;ijw-. POTASSIUM SULPHATE. (See Survey A-16.) Description and uses. — ^Potassium sulphate (pure) forms Crystals which are soluble in water and have a bitter taste. It is used prin- cipally in the crude form as a fertilizer; also in making potassium carbonate by the Leblanc process, in potash aluin, and by glassworks. It is manufactured largely from cruidie German potash salts; also by heating potassium chloride with sulphuric acid,' l^ydrochloric apid being produced at the same time. Production of sulphate of potash was 6,672 tons of.the crude salt in 1918 and 4,882 tons in 1919. Imports.' — ^Formerly the supply came from Germany. Imports in 1914 were 45,139 tons, declinmg to 661 tons in 1917, mostly from Japan. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: ■ Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. 191S :.^ :.....: 1919 ,..,;........., ;.., 1920 ...;. , t52r'(9'mbntIiS)....- -. ()Q Tom. 90 ■ 1,263 15, 1'84 4,258 $15,329 I.', 188,-5921 2,343,.43L, 385,570 $170.32 149. 32 154.33 90.55 SUMMARY OF TARIFF TJ*IFOEMAXION, 1921. 1415 Exports. — Statistics not available. Important changes in classification. - -Provisos are new. KAINITE. ■ , XSee.Su?:vey A-16.) Description and xwes.-^Kainite, a complex salt consisting of sul- phate 01 potash, the sulphate aild chloride of, magnesia, and water of crystallization, is' a natural niineral found abundantly in Europe. It is used in the crude state (ground) as a fertilizer. ■ Production.— All of the domestic supj)ly is imported. Irriports of kainite have been almost entirely from Germany — ■ in 1914, 526,112 tons, valued at $2,579,619; in 1916 only 64 tons. Imports since 1918 have been as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value; Unit value. 1919 ...:... Tom. 61,274 372,019 63,^89 S921,481 8,212,621 1,349,122 117.97 1920 !•■.-<- 22.08 1921 ^9 months) . -'....'..i..i...I...'..:.J. 25.18 Exports. — Statistics not available. Irfiportant changes in classification. — Proviso^ are new. WOOD ASHES. -j (See Survey A-16.) Description and iises. — Wood ashes become of commercial impor- tance onfy where there are extensive fprests and large sa^vmills, where the wood waste is burned fqr fuel at thp iniUs and the ashes are sold. Wood ashes are sometimes used directly as a fertilizer on account of their potash and phosphorus content. The lye obtained by leaching is strongly caustic. It is used in the making of soap or is boiled down and crude potash salts obtained. Beet-root ashes are also sometimes used as a fertilizer. ProdiCcfion.^^DuTmg the war there was a revival of the wood- ashes industry, owing to the shortage of pot$,sh. The output from this source in 1919 was 358 short tons of actual potash, valued at $202 714. ■■■!.•;.■ -J';;' "" --J. ' Imports of wood ashes have varied in value from $27^884 in 1914 to $55,226 in 1917, and $47,932 in 1918, since which time statistics are not available. Exports. — Statistics not available., :: Important changes in classification.^-'P'roVisos are new. PARAGRAPH 1636. H. R. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1636. Potassium cyanide. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF ,1913. Pab 64 * * * cyanide of potas- Par.' .580. Potash:, * * * cyauid. slum, twelve and one-half per centum ad of; * * * [Free], valorem. 1416 SUMMARY OE TAKIPP INFORMATIOK, 1921. POTASSIUM CYANIDE. (See Survey A-18.) Description and uses. — Potassium cyanide is a white crystalline solid, readily soluble in water, sind extremely poisonous. Sodium cyanide, much cheaper and having a higher percentage of cyanide, has practically repliaced potassium cyanide, whic^i is made, either by fusing po.tassium ferrocyanide with potassium ca.i:l)on9.te; and, carbon, or by fusing cyanamid with potassium chloride and carbon. Its; principal use is for the extraction of gold and silyer fro^n, their ores; also for fumigation (notably that of citrus fruits), as a solvent for , electro- plating bathS; and as a flux in assaying and metallurgy. i : Production. — Separate figures are not, availiabie, but before the war the domestic output did not supply the demand. While rmpprts were cut off,. the demand was supplied by the prpduction of sodium cyanide instead of potassiuin cyanide. Imports prior to 1913 averaged more than 2,000,000 pounds (over ■90 per cent coming from Germany) , declining to a minimum of about 44,000 pounds in 1916. ;In:1917.the"itQporta were mostly from Japan. Imports since 1917 are shown below: ..-^ Calendar year. . .Quantity. Value. Unit yalue. 1918 .:<:u---ij- ■ ■''!! Pounds. 24,280 1, 176, 345 14,448,887 3,596,7^8 . ■ .'r.V, ■ • JIO, 278 68,848 1,088,247 304,358 $0.42 1919 . --■^. -^ .06 1920 i^ifr-JVV'-- :---"■■■- .07 1921 (9 months)... .08 -•<,,,:■- •; !/•:';!' ._ ■ • . E'xporte.— Statistics not available. , , .■ ,■ ; -,v ,:; Suggested changes,— See Sodium cyanide, paragraph 1654., p. 143&. PARAGRAPH 1637. H. R.745e. ,: Par. 1637'. Professional books, imple- mente, instruments, and tools of trade, ocerfpation, or employment in the actual possession of persons emigrating to the United States owned and used by thran abroad, not exceeding $250 in value; but this exemption shall not be construed to include machinery or other articles im- ported for use in any manufacturing es- tablishment, or for any other person or persons, or for sale, nor shall it be con- strued to include theatrical scenery, prop- erties, and apparel; but such articles brought by proprietors or managers of the- atrical exhibitions arriving from abroad, for temporary use by them in such exhibi- tions, and not for any other person, and not for sale, and which have been used by them abroad, shall be admitted free of duty under such regulations as the Secre- tary of the Treasury may prescribe; but SENATE AMENDMENTS. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1417 H. R. 7456. bonds shall be given for the payment to the United States of such duties as may be imposed by law upon any and all such articles as shall not be exported within six months after such importation: Provided; That the Secretary of the Treasury may, in his discretion, extend such period for a further term of six months in case applica- tion shall be made therefor. ACT OP 1909. ■ Par. 656. Professional books, imple- ments, instruments, and tools of trade, occupation, or employment, in the actual possession at the time of arrival, of persons emigrating to the United States; but this exemption shall not be construed to in- clude machinery or other articles im- ported for use in any manufacturing es- tablishment, or for ahy other person or persons, or for sale, nor shall it be con- strued to include theatrical scenery, prop- erties, and apparel; but such articles brought by proprietors or managers qf the- atrical exhibitions arriving from abroad, for temporary use by them in such exhibi- tions, and not for any other person, and not for sale, aiid which have been used by tnetn abroad, shall be admitted free of duty under such regulations as the Secre- tary of the Treasury may prescribe; but bonds shall be given for the payment to the United States ot such duties as may be im- posed by law upon any and all such arti- cles as ishall not be^ exported within six months after ^uch importation: Promcfed, That the Secretary of the Treasury may,' in Mb discretion, extend such period for a further terrn of six months in case appli- cation shall be made therefor. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Pau5S2. Professional books, ■ imple- ments, instruments, and tools of trade, occupation, or employment in the actual possession of persons emigrating to the United States owned and used by them abroad; but this exemption shall not be construed to include machinery or other articles imported for use in any manufac- turing establishment, or for any other per- son or persops, or for sale, nor shall it be construed, to include theatrical scenery, properties, and apparel; but such articles brought by proprietors or managers of the- atrical exhibitions arriving from abroad, for temporary use by them in such exhibi- tions, and not for any other person, and not for sale, and which have been used by them abroad, shall be admitted free b duty under such regulations as the Secre- tary of the Treasury may prescribe; but bonds shall be given for the payment to the United States of such duties as may be imposed by law upon any and all such ar- ticles as qhall not be exported withii; six months after such importation: Provided, That' the Secretary of the' Treasury may, in his discretion, extend such period for a further term of six months in case appli- cation shall be made therefor. PKOFES8IONAL BOOKS, IMPLEMENTS, ETC., OF IMMIGRANTS. /mporf statistics are combined with those for. personal effects of citizens of the United States dying in foreign countries. They are shown under paragraph 1631, page 1409. Important changes in classification. — The Hmitation to $2150 is new. PARAORAPH 1638. H. B. 7456. Par. 1638. Pulu. ACT OF 1909. Par. ^57. Pulu[Free]. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 583. Pulu [Free]. 1418 SXJMMAEY OF TAKIFF Il^FOBMATION, 1921. PULU. Description and uses. — Pulu, or v6^6table silk, is' the soft, elastic, hairlike, yellowish brown scale found on the upper part of tlie stem and at the base of the leaves (frond stalks) of a certain tree fern, which grows chiefly in the Hawaiian Islands. Itis used for stuffing mattresses, cushions, etc., and is never spun. Imports. — The only imports recorded since 1913 were in 1919, wtien they amounted to 24 tons, valued at |4,920. Suggested chariges.—Fviiu is a minor fiber and imports are so small that no reason is apparent for a separate paragraph. Without spe- cific mention pulu would come within paragraph 1575, which pro- vides for grasses and fibers not specially provided for. PARAGRAPH 1639. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1639. Quinine sulphate and all alkaloids and salts of alkaloids derived from cinchona bark,, ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19l3. Par. 658. Quinia, sulphate of and all ,Par. 584'. Quinia, sulphate of, an4 all alkaloids or salts of cinchona bark f Free], alkaloids or salts of cinchona b&rk [Free]. QUININE AND OTHER CINCHONA ALKALOIDS.,. ; (See Survey FL-2.) Description and uses'.— Quimne or quinia, the principal alkaloid of cinchona bark, is one of the most important medicinal articles. Quinine sulphate' (sulphate of quinia) is the most widely used among some 50 salts of quinine. Other alkaloid^s in the bairk atequinidine, cinchona, iahd cincbonidine. Kecent extensive use in certain prdprife- tary preparations has increased their importance. 'Production. — Quinine is prepared from cinchona bark in Java, India, the principal European countries, and . America. Java, the chief source, is a 'Dutch dependency, and exportatioiii of cinchona bark is restricted to Hollaiid. The processes of manufacture are varied, but generally the alkaloids are liberated by treating the ground bark with soda or lime and subsequently extracting with a suitable solvent. The details of the processes .are guarded as trade secrets. Only two domestic firms manufacture quinine on a commercial scale, and statistics are not available. The total alkaloids in cinchona bark run from about 5 per cent- to occasionally 7 per cent. The 10-year average import (3,444,008 pounds) would, therefore, be equivalent to about 2,750,000 ounces of alkaloids, of which 2,000,0,9)0, ounces may be reckoned as quinine. These figures may be somewhat in excess of the actual amount, for -considerable quantities' of cinchona bark are used for other purposes. Imports of quinine for 1909-1918 averaged 1,855,193 ounces', yaWed at $451,469, while imports of cinchonidine averaged 146,617 ounces, SUMMAKy.OI' TARIFF IIJllFORMATION, 1921. 1419 valued at $20,239. All other alkaloids and salts averaged 375,533 ounces, valued at $80,890. Imports since 1917 are as follows: Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. QUININE SULPHATE. 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Ounces. 1,987,333 2, 299, 285 3,605,521 755, 288 $1, 067, 766 1,426,912 2, 421, 961 .TOS, 129 $0.54 .62 .68 .67 CINCHONIDINE. 1918 131,272 35,000 122,032 8,048 $28,360 15,290 42,093 4,590 $0.22 1919 .44 1920 .34 1921 (9 months) .57 ALL OTHER ALKALOIDS OF CINCHONA BAEK. 1918 1919 1920 , 1921 (9 months). 320,889 1,614,604 1,454,436 1,293,270 $197, 810 190,230 556, 213 174, 150 $0.62 .12 .28 .14 Exports. — Statistics not available. Important changes in classification. — ^The phrase "derived from" has been inserted, as there are no "salts of cinchona bark" as pro- vided for in paragraph 584, act of 1913. . (Heclassification Report, p. 121.) PARAGRAPH 1640. H. B. 7456. Par. 1640. Radium, and salts of, and radioactive substitutes. ' V ACT OF ,1909. Par. 659. Radium [Free]. SENATE AMENDIdlENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 585. Radium and salts of, radio- active substitutes * * * [Free]. RADIUM. (See Survey FL-22.) li; ,: ■ -; Description and uses.— Radium is a metallic element formed by the disintegration of uranium, and is therefore always present in minute amounts in uranium ores, the source of radium. The largfet' known deposits of uranium, ore are in the United States. Radium is never employed as a metal, but always in the form of its cbmplounds. The principal uses are in luminous paints, and for therapeutic purposbs, especially the treatment of cancer. As the ratio of radiupa -to uran- ium in any ore is only about l,to 3,000,000, and as most uranium ores are low grade, the amount of radium that can be obtained from 1 ton of ore is extremely small. Uranium ore in sufficient quantity to be of commercial value occurs' only in a few localities. , ,, Pr oduction. —The JJnited States produces more radium ^han, all other countries combined-i Data for separate years are diflScult to 1420 SUMMARY OP TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. obtain; but domestic production in 1918 was between 21 and 22 grams in the form of salts of high purity.' This 'was much the gre'altest production for any single year. Imports were largest- in 1914, valued at 159,816, nearly 90 per cent from Germany. No imports are shown for 1918. Subsequent im- ports are combined with those of radioactive substances. RADIOACTIVE SUBSTITUTES. (See Survey FL-22.) Description and uses. — The only known substitute for radium is mesothorium, obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of thorium nitrate. It can be very satisfactorily substituted for radium in luminous paints and to a limited extent therapeutically. . . ■■'■ Production is quite small, but at least two companies have begun its preparation as a by-product in the manufacture of thorium nitrate for gas mantles. Data are as yet not available, but the production of mesothorium never can be very great. Imports oi radium, salts of,, and radioactive substances since 1917 are shown, below. Calendar year. Quantity. ■ Value, -tlnit value. 1918:....,........ :i"jMin' ■'..;:■ ■ ' Grains. ; ■ 10 ,' ! 13 807 $274 11,651 3,027 siiii) l919...Vj.l..U.Jj.U:.ili...-.;J..:::i .; 1921 (91 months) ' 896.28 3.75 Exports. — Statistics are not available. '!.::v,'-xy:.''; n'Siu. PARAGRAPH 1641. H. B. 7456. Par. 1641. Rig pulp; paper stock, crude, of every description, including all grasses, fibers, rags, waste, including jute, hemp and flax waste, shavings, clippings, old paper, rope ends, waste rope, and waste bagging, and all other waste not specially provided for, , including old gunny cloth, and old gunny bags; used chiefly for paper making, no longer suit- able for bags. ACT OF 1909. , Par. 644. Paper stock, crude, of every description, including all grasses, fibers, rags (other than wool), waste, including jute waste, shavings, clippings, old paper, rope ends, waste rbpe, and waste bagging, and all other waste not specially provided for in this section, including old gunny cloth and old gunny bags, used chiefly for paper making [Free]. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par, 566. Paper stock, crudsj of every description, including all grasses, fibers, rags, wapte, including jiite, hemp and flax waste, shavings, clippings, old paper, rope ends, waste lope, and waste bagging, and all othir waste hot specially provided for in this seqtion, ^including old gunny cloth and old gunny bags, used chiefly for paper making [Free]. Par. 649. * * * rag pulp [Free]. ■ SUMMARY OF TARIFF. INFORMATION, 1921. 1421 RAG PULP. (See Survey FL-38.) Description and uses.— Rag pulp is essentially a mass of cellulose fibers obtained from rags. Before the process of manufacturing pulp from wood was discovered it was the most important raw material for maiiufacturing paper and is still important, especially for the better grades, such as bond, ledger, and writing paper; and «ven some of the higher grades of printing paper: The process of manufacturing rag pulp involves the collection, sorting, cleaning, and shredding of the rags. They are boUed with ihilk of lime or caustic soda and treated in a "rag engine" or "Hollander," after which the pulp is ready to be manufactured into paper. Production.— Vne. manufacture of rag pulp is not carried on as a separate industry. Paper manufacturers using rag pulp produce it as a part of the continuous process of paper makmg. Some idea ■of the importance of rag pulp may be gathered from the quantity and value of rAgs consumed, which in 1914 amounted to 361,667 tons, valued at $12,151,288, or about 6.8 per cent of all paper stock consumed. Imports of rag pulp in 1918, calendar year, were 139,469 pounds^ valued at $1,557. In 1919 they were 262,987 pounds with a value of $5,611. No later statistics are given. ' '' Exports are not recorded. Important cJianges in classification. — In the act of 1913 rag pulp is admitted free of duty by paragraph 649 in connection with wood pulp of all kinds. In H. R. 7456 it is still admitted free of duty But is associated in paragraph 1641 with paper stock of all kinds. PAPER STOCK. (See Survey 111-4.) Description and uses. — The tariff wording is self-explanatory. It is not possible to make a thorough differentiation according to the idnds of finished paper into which paper stock enters, for almost every kind of paper employs a great variety of raw niaterials. The principal kind of grass uged is esparto grass, imported from JSpaiq and Algeria. This grass makes a high-grade, light, fluffy, hook paper. It is little used in the United States, however, being consumed principally in the United Kingdom. Other kinds of grass, such as saw grass from Florida, are of minor importance. There is probably no grass in existence that could not be made into paper, if sufficient energy were expended on it; but most grasses yield too little cellulose to be commercially useful as paper-making material; , "Fibers" is a general term applicable to anything of a fibrous texture. It should be emphasized, however, that except for some asbestos and negligible quantities of other fibers only vegetable fibers are used. Rags enter into almost all kinds of paper except newsprint, wrapping, and hanging paper, although certain graces of a great many other kinds of paper contain no rags. They are not always absent from the kinds of papier mentioned. The best rags are new linen cuttings, although new cotton cuttings make 1422 SUMMARY OP I'AKIFF INFORMATION, 1921. an exceUent quality of paper. Hew linen and cotton cuttings have their most important use in making the best qualities of writing, bond, and ledger paper. Old rags of ught color which have been care- fully ; sorted and cleaned are mucl^ used -in making writing pa,per, book: paper, tissue paper, and all sorts of specialties. Heavy, coarse, colored rags are one of the important constituents of sheathing paper, roofing felt, and other: coarse, heavy papers, and are used to some extent in making paper boards. Woolen rags are not used. Waste of jute, hemp, and flax and waste bagging and gunny cloth, are often employed to fliake a heavy, strong paper; for instance, manila wrapping paper. Old paper enters into papei* of all kinds. Ninety per cent of, p^per boards are made of waste paper. A good de^l is used in making building, papers and felts, and cheap wrapping paper. W.a^t^ paper, is used, usu,ally in small proportion, in making book paper and other papers of relatively high quality. Considerable quantities of straw are copsumed in the manufacture of paper board, and also to; some ex,tent in making certain kinds of paper. Stra^- board majiufacture, is in Holland a, definitely developed industry. Productian-and consumption.~I^h.pTe can hardly be said to , be, an industry producing paper stock. Paper stock is either; a waste product or a by-product,,, except in certain minor instances. The pririjCipal processes in, the preparation qf.pape^ stock are, the, concen- tration in ceh.tr at places of waste niate^ialfrpm Ipcaliti^s throughout, the country, baling or bagging it, and transporting it , to the c6h- sumer. In ,19.14 the,f,ollo,^ijgam^,^^^^;,of paper, stock ver§ .cbhstiined in, the ,Unite,d, Stajties:, OH .or "^aste ..paper. 151,OCfO ions/i valued* at $19,16,l,00a; rags, 362,00,0 tons, valued at $12,151,000; manila st;ock, 121,000 tons, valued at,$4,046,j000;, straw, S08,000. tons, valued at $1,676,000. "/ ' . ■ Imports of these various fibprs, grasses," and wastes amounted in 1914 to 294,121,145 pounds," valued at $4,667,156. Ths chief sources are Germany, the United Kingdpm, B,ritish India, Belgium, France. Imports for the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows: !.:-i-(i' IMS 1920 1921 '(9 months). Rags, other than woolen: Quantity iiTi li^T""?^-:. • $22,538 12,346 5, 150 8,596 1919 146,803 70, 168 59,340 10.08 .07 .15 1920 , 1921 (9 mouths) . i Exports. ^St&tistics not available. H. R. 7456. PARAGRAPH 1648. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pak. 1648. Shotgun barrels, in single tubes, forged, rough bored. ACT OF. 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 670. Shotgun barrels, in single Par. 597. Shotgun barrels, in single tubes, forged, rough bored [Free]. tubes, ifprged, rough bored [Free]. SHOTGUN BARRELS, SINGLE TUBES, FORGED AND ROUGH BORED. (See Survey C-14.) Production.— No statistics. Imports of shotgun barrels in single tubes, forged and roiigh bored, in 1917 were valued at $39. In 1914 they aggregated $171,198 in value, of which amount $163,861 came from Belgium. Later statis- tics for calendar years have been as follows : 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 30,667 $37,863 168,202 $155,034 6,686 Value $8,184 1428 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOKMATlONf 1921. Exports. — None reported. Suggested changes. — Gun-barrel molds not in bars, a cruder form than barrels and single tubes, forged, rough bored, are dutiable under paragraph 304 bf'H. E. 7456. PARAGRAPH 1649. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1649. Shrimps, lobsters, and other shellfish, fresh, frozen, packed in ice, or prepared or preserved in any manner, and not specially provided for. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 671. Shrimps and other shellfish Pab. 598. Shrimps, lobsters, and other [Free]. shellfish [Free], SHRIMPS, LOBSTERS, AND OTHER SHELLFISH. Description and uses. — Included under " other shellfish " are oysters, crabs, clams, scallops, squid, abalone, crawfish, and others of little importance. This paragraph also includes prepared and. canned shellfish, not specially provided for. Production of shellfish amounted to 444,024,000 pounds, valued at $22,218,000, in 1908 (laitest figures available for entire country) . The most valuable single product of the world's fisheries, the oyster, in the yield of which America is far in the lead, constituted 52 per cent of the shellfish caught in 1908, and 71 per cent of the total value. In that year 46,593,000 pounds of oysters were used for canning, the product being valued at $3,428,000. About 70 per cent of the oysters were gathered in Maryland, Virginia, Connecticut^ Louisiana, New York, and New Jersey, while about 85 per cent of the canned product was reported by Louisia,na, Mississippi, Maryland, South Carolina, and Georgia. In I9t)8 lobsters represented 3 per cent in amount and 9 per cent in value of the shellfish catch; shrimp, 4 per cent and 2 per cent; crab's, 12 per cent and 4 per cent; and clams, 4 per cent and 9 per cent, Maine reported 65 per cent of the, lobster catch; Massa- chusetts, 16 per cent; and Rhode Island, 9 per cent. The canning of lobster has disappeared under restrictive legislation necessitated fey the very rapid diminution of the supply. In 1919 a total of 717,636 cases of oysters, valued at $3,510,11,9, were canned in the United States. The canned shrimp product in 1919 amounted to 322,076 cases, valued at $1,864,793, and canned clams to 157,843 cases, valued at $772,870. , Ixnports of ,sbi;imps, lobsters, and other shellfish in 1914 were valued at $2,408,377 and in 1920 at ^6,345,233. In 1920 imports of crab meat were 30 per cent of the total; ,of canned lobsters, 24 per cent; of lobsters, all other, 45 per cent; and of shrimps and other shellfish, 1 .3 per cent. Practically a,ll the lobsters came from Canada, and the crab meat from Japan. About 90 per cent of the shrimp and other shellfish were frbm Japan, Canada, Hongkong, and Mexico. Later statistics for calendar years follow: SUMMARY OF TA1U.KF INFOKMATION, 1921. 1421) 1918 1919 1921C9mo.ith3)'. Lobsters, canned: Quantity (pounds) Value Lobsters, all other (except canned); Quantity (pounds) Value , Shrimp and other shellflsh aha turtles, value. 2,491,123 $lj009,54S 4,517,546 $808,71? $461,128 1,687,137 $1; 058, 418 5,636,059 : $974,312 $749,388 3,224,761 $2,231,627 6,193,180 $1,115,898 $831,640 1,321,825 $625,633 7,350,235 $1,169,633 $539,107 Export values of shellfish increased from $&89,860 in 1914 to $1,970,171 m 1920; of oysters, from $666,432 in 1914 to $871,072 in 1920. "All other shellfish "rppresent the remainder. About 60 per cent of the oysters went to Canada, while Australia, Argentina, England,, and Mexico also took considerable amounts. The United Kingdom's oyster imports declined during the war from about 25 per cent to less than 1 per cent of^our exports. Exports of shellfish for the calendar years 1918-1921 were valued as follows : ' t 1918 1919, 1920 1921 (9 months). Oysters t $413,203 1,006,681 $635^694 1,207,694 ' $871,072 ■ 1,099; 099 ! $363;8S7 . -318,580 Important changes in eldssijication. — " Fresh, frozen, packed in ice, or prepared or preserved in any manner, and not specially provided for," IS ah addition.' *'Not specially p^i?:ided for" was inserted:' to exclijde "crab meat," which is provided for in paragraph 722. PARAGRAPH 16S0, H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par, 16^0. Silk cocoqns and sijk 'waBlje. , ACT OF 1909. ' ACT OF 1913. Par. 673. Silk cocoons and silk waste [Free]. Par. f)99. Silk cocoons, stud sUk 'waste [Free]. SILK COCOONS. ■ '■ (See Survey L-1.)" Description and v;se\—^h.e silk cocoon is the envelope of slender pilk filament spun by^the silkworm around its ovm body. Both raw silk (par. 1651) and waste silk are obtained from the cocoon. Production. — There is no cocoon production here. (See par. 1651, p. 1430). Imports, except those which are occasionally made for scientific purposes, are of pierced or imperfect cocoons unjfit for reel- ing (par. 600) and of value only as silk waste. Imports, in the fiscal ye'&r 1914, were 1,413 pounds, valued at $1,118. Later imports for calendar years are recorded agfpllbws: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 160,118 $218, 152 852, 474 $486,636 239,298 $314,737 76,843 $68,891 1430 SUMMARY OF TARIFF IS-FORMATIOWi l&Sl. SILK WASTE. (See Survey L-1.) Description and liS^'.- — Silk waste 'comprises those pierced or im- perfect cocoons, and parts, such as the outer, and inner layers, which Can not be reeled; also "mill" wastes createdin throwing and weaying raw silk. It is used almost wholly in maldng spun silk yarn (see par. 4202, p. 10.11) • Under this parag^'apl;! come, also exhausted noils — that is, short waste silk lef t OYer after djessing, or dressing and combing, and which are too short [iwo jiicihess is taken as the diyiding liheXAbsjtract 39083, of 1916) between exhausted and long iipils, the j'atte^ covered by paragraph 1201], tq be riedressed cfr cGjnibed'. They are, employed in making npil yarn on pdiilpj spindles for lise^ in wool and silk mixti|fes and ill time'df war in mat^g, cartfi^ge-p'a^^ .,' ,, ,^' , Prody,Qtiq,n. — The pnly domestic pirodiictioii is that which cpg,si's'ts of mill waste, mostly a by-product of throwing,' sohietinies estiniated as one-eighth the quantity of waste imported. Imports, exclusive of cocoons given above, rose from 5,960,109 pounds, valued at $3,102,892, ihi914, to 8,552,168 pounds, valued ^t $7,148,27.6 in the fiscal year 19,18. Imports for the calendar years 1918-1921 were as follows: - ,.: V .> : ; : /, ' IW-J 1919 1920 l9Sl.(9^qiiths). auantity (pounds)., , , "Value.. :::V..."^ 15, 602, 445 $13, 610, 865 .9, 79?, 083 812,033,647 '9,378,939, '816,714,446 ■.sur..- J i,j 3,994,996 ' S3, 600, 858 The extraordinarily large import in the calendar year 1918 was due to the war demand'for silk to be used in making cartridge-bag cloth. , , The large import.since that time bespeaks, the notable expan- sion of the spun-silk industry since 1914. The principal source of waste silk now is China, with Japan a close second. The imp6rt'fr6m France, which until 1912 was the chief sourceyis small. Our supplies from Europe are derived chiefly from Italy. ■■ Exports are not recorded. \ _ .i;,.-,/ ;.! .^ l : ■'''., paragr:aph lesi. K. B. 7456. Par. 1651. Silk, Jaw, iii skeins reeled" from the cocoon, or rereeled, but not ■syound, doubled, twisted j or advanced in .jmanufactiifein any way. ACT OF 1909. - Pah. 672, Silk, raw, in skeins reeled from the cocoon, or rereeled, but not wound, doubled, twisted, or ad.vanced in manufacture in any way [Free]. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OP 1913, Par. 600. Silk, raw, in , skeina reeled from, the cocoon, or rereeled, but not wound, doubled, twisted, or advanced in manufacture in any way [Free]. SUMMARY OF TAEIET IlSfFOEMATION, 1921. 1481 RAW SILK. •'(See Survey L-1.) Description and uses. — Raw silk denotes those sil^ filaments reeled from the cocoon into skeins, and those which have been rereeled. The bulk of silk fabrics and articles is made from raw silk, which is woven directly into fabrics or "thrown" (twisted) into yarn apd then woven, knitted, or braided to. make fabrics and articles, i : Production. — Raw silk is not produced on a commercial scale in the United States. For centuries attempts have been made to produce silk in America, but without permanent success. The raising of cocoons and the reeling of silk require, even under the most advanced methods, a prohibitive amount of tedious work by hand. Even in France, with its cheaper labor, the production of raw silk is declining, notwithstanding Governmehi subsidies; and the still cheaper jlabor of Italy is failing against oriental competition. Japan and China, with abundance of the cheapest hand labor, are the principal producers. . , ItlipQrts.— The United States is the largest manufacturer of silk and; as this industry expands, impprts of raw silk increase. , Imports in the fiscal.year 1914 were 28,825,828 pounds, valued at $97,844,150. Imports for the calendar years 1918-1921 are as follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (pounds) , 32,g3M23 $180,!513i311 44,8721633. $32?, 354, 385 ■ 30,080,123 $285,007,474 32,978,206 Value .. -■ $183,064,594 Japan is the main source, fbllowed by China. Imports from European countries are small. ' Exports are nil aS-silk is not raised here. H. B. 7456. PARAGRAPH 1652. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1652. Skeletons and other prepa> •ations of anatomy. . ACT OF 190t. Par. i675. Skeletons and other prepa- rations of anator&y [Free]. ACT OF 1913. Par. 602. Skeletons and other prepa- rations of anatomy [Free].. SKELETONS, ETC., . Imports of skeletons a^d otlxer preparations of anatomy in 1914 were valued at $15,958,, and for, later calendar years as follows: 1918, $3,229;, 1919, $4,291;; 1920, .$6,701; 1921 (9 months), $9,957. E'xpor^s not shown in official statistics. 1432 SUMMAEY OF TAKIFF Ilfli'OBMATION, 1921. PARAGRAPH 1653, H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. : Pah. 1653. Skinsofall kinc^e;, raw, and hides not specially provided for. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. ' Par. 676. Skins of all kinds, raw (ex- . Par. 603. Skins of hares, rabbits, dogs, cept sheepskins with the wool on), and' goats, add sheep, undffeSsed'[Ffee]. hides not specially provided' 'for in this Par. 604. Skins of all kinds, raw, and section [Free]. ^ hides not specially provided fpr in this section [Free]. SKINS, EAW, AND HIDEp N. S. P. F. (See Survey FL-19.^; ^ Description and useis.—Th.e principal products embraced in this paragraph are the pelts' of the calf, sheep, buffalo, goat, horse, colt, ass, iangaroo, and deer. Calfskins are used chiefly for shoe uppers, upholstery,' case, bag, and strap leathers, and/' to some extent, for bookbinduig and light leathers. ' Sheepskins are used for shoe linings, gloves,'' and fanqy leathers; goatsMns, for shoe tippers, glo^e, book- binding, and fancy leathers; and Buffalo hides, to 'make heavy sole leather. Horsehide serves for shoe uppers and heavy glove leather, ahdooltskin for shoe uppers. Kangaroo skins are used for fine shoe upper leather and deerskins for shoe uppers, glove, and piano- action leather. More of these skins are used in shoes than for any other one purpose. The imported hides and skins are divided into two classes— dry" and "green or pickled." PeltsT taken off in localities re^note from favorable,, means of transportation^, anfl in warm climates, often have to be dried 'to, reduce the weight and to prevent deterioration. A 12-pound "dry" ,^id^, equals ^a 25-pound green or pickled," hide. They must be softened again, however, for tanning. Production here is about 50 per cent of the calfskins used in domestic tanneries; about' 25 |3ercent of the sheepskins; a very few foatskins, horsehides, ,s^ii.d deerskins; and practically no buffalo or angaroo skins. Imports. — Russia was the greatest, source of supply forhides and skins before the war. Reexports from Europe were large, colonies or protectorates ^sending them through home, ,coujp.tries. The war closed many of these routes and imports from South' Xinerica, Africa, and . Asia increased enormously. Of dry calfskin, in 1913 Russia in Europe supplied $8,000,000 worth, more than one-half the impoits. In 1913 Germany was the leading source of green or pickled calfskins, but Eiu-opean Russia, the Netherlands,' France, and Canada were also important, w:ith a total value of 111,202,956. Of dry goat- skins British India was the chief source; of dry sbeepskins, European Russia and England; and of green or pickled sheepskins, England.' Other principal imports of hides and skins were : Buffaw hides, principally from British India, valued at $2,790,009 in 1913; horse, colt, and ass skins in 1913 valued at $2,234,581, principally from Russia in Europe, and kangaroo skins, almost always exclusively from Australia, valued at $719,188 in 1913. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1433 Later statistics for calendar years for raw skins of all kinds and hides n. s. p. f. are shown as follows: ■ ■ Hides and skins. EuSalo, dry (12 pounds and ever): i Quantity (pounds). 1 . . . .' .'..... Value Buffalo, green or pickled (25 pounds or over): Quantity (pounds) :-. Value Calf, dry: Quantity (pounds) V. .... . Value Calf, gtewpr pickled; Quantity (pounds) Value Goat, dry: Quantity (pounds) Value Goat, green or pickled: Quantity (pounds) Value , . . , Horse, colt, and as J; dry: Quantity (pounds) Value. ,, Horse, colt, aiid ass, green or pickled: Quantity (pounds) Value Sheep, dry: Quantity (pounds) Value Sheep, green or pickled; Quantity (potmds) Value All other: i Quantity (pounds) Value Total hides and skins (including cattle hides and fish skins): ' Quantity (pounds) Value , ^- - ■ 1918 6^779, 483^ $1,537,182 1,393,463 $380,961 5,383,279 $2,175,470 2,093,402 $717,367 53,458,173 128, 626, 610 9,067,918 $1, 865, 306 868,742 $183, p03 .4,128,814 $636,682 '21,549,713 $7,517,661 31,422,331 $10,047,914 5,444,532 .' $2, 269, 884 361, 232, 399 $ip7,822j657 1919 16,819,7^8 $3,463,457 1,892,149 $511,966 42,325,180 $20,914,313 22,230,341 $12,738,8r9 ail;-133,387 4?5,827,flll 22,522,663 $9,729,448 15, 973, 796 $3,633,399 12,077,113 $3,612,468 43,580,327 $21, 288, 088 '41,471,600 $15,232,461 8, 538, 477 $3,962,201 744,689,828 $306,602,092 1920 9,483,786 $2,721,2()4 1,759,648 $502,186 16,902,653 $9,979,730 ! ■18,229,833 $9,270,931 69,869,332 $82,410,287 10,336,304 $6,229,955 5,043,439 $1,619,774 11,802:968 $2,635,656 29,832,904 $17,396,169 '52;?57,541 $20, •800,980 8, 386, 336 $4,720,306 510,156,546 $243,769,410 1921 (9 months). 1,682,640 ■$315,919 102,313 $29,448 9,430,950 $2,383,926 28,647,784 $5»966,419 39,411:904 $15, 429; 291 4, 540,' 036 $722,474 6.54,092 $74, 856 , 2,848,240 $2iS,909 11,647,179 $2, 797, 1^8 22; 829; 835 . .J3,- 462, 9.08 3,143,710 $888,277 268,962,272 $51, 414, 072 ^ 1 Except those listed ahdicat.tlehidies and fish skins. I.i- : ". !i ■:■■. ' Of the total imports of all hides aftd skins: in 1920, including cattle hides, Argentina shipped 20 per cent, British India 14 per cent, China 12 per cent, Australia, New Zealand, and British South Africa 10 per cfent, and Brazil 8 per cent. , - Exports of hides and skins are comparatively small, as we draw on foreign countries for large quantities^f raw mp-teriai for our tan- neries. Statistics for the calendar lyears 1918-1921 ifollow': ,;, .- Calfskins: • Quantity (pounds). . - -' Value Horsehides: Quantity (pounds) — Value All other hides and skins: ■Quantity pOunds) — Value 1918 ■2,'213j 293 $866,512 54,471 $13, 864 499, 148 $215,493 1919 : 4,654,335, ■$3,217,625 467,420 $135, 176 .21,806/984 $1, 252, 164 1920 1'921 (9 months). :.1,139,663 3i679, 69S 666, 017 $142, 706 , 4,121,781 $1,619,340 .4,;191,9DZ , $8'74, 70^ 112, 131 $12, 614 3, 316, 308 $544,601 In 1920 85 per cent of the exports of calfskins and 80 per cent of the exDorts of horsehides were to Canada. Exports of other hides and skins were to France -(32 per cent), England (17 per cent), and Canada (16 percent). 1434 SUMMARY or TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. : Important changes in: classification. — Paijagraph 603. of the act of 1913 lor skins of hares, rabbits, dogs, goats, and sheep, undressed, is merged in this paragraph with paragraph 604. Suggested changes. — It is suggested that if hides and skins be re- tained on the free list, paragraph 1582 be combined with this para- graph, as follows: "Skins of all kinds, raw, and hides, raw, uncured, or undressed, or dried, salted or pickled, all the foregoing hot specially provided for." PARAGRAPH 1654. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1654. Sodium: Cyanide, nitrate, sulphate, crude, or salt cake, and niter cake. ACT OF 1909. Pae. 3. * * * chemical compounds, ioixtures and salts * * * twtoty-five per centum ad valorem; * * *. Par. 677. Soda, nitrate of, or cubic nitrate [Free]. Par. 77. Sulphate of soda, or salt cake, or niter cake, one dollar per ton. ACT OF 1913. Par. 605., Soda, *,,.* * cyanide of, sulphate of, crude,, or salt cake and niter cake, * * * nitrate of, or cubic ni- trate [Free]. SODIUM CYANIDE. (See Survey A-18.) Description and uses.^-Cyamde of soda, or sodium cyanide, is a salt of prussic acid, and, taken internally,, is very poisonous, It has largely replaced the potassium salt, because cheaper. It is used in the "cyanide process" of extracting precious metals from their ores; in fumigating citrus fruit, raw imported cotton, and grain elevators ; in electroplating, especially with gold and silver; andiin case-hardening of iron. For fumigating purposes sodium cyanide is on the market in the shape of an egg'weigning 1 ounce; the trade name is "Cyanegg." Production. — Cyanide of soda is produced by the Castner process from metaUio sodium, ammonia, and €oke; and also by fusing cyana- mid (par. 1540) and salt. Prior to 1917 aU of the cyanide produced here was by the Caatner process, and the output was controlled by a single firm. Imports were 6,063,659 pounds, valued at $934,354 in 1915. Im- gorts since 1917 chiefly from Germany, England and Czecho-Slovakia, ave been as follows : Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. 1918 1919 1920 , 1921 (9 months) Pounds. 69,279 5,174,831 7,590,495 6^489,406 tl2,615 305,426 1,091,443 633,219 JO. 18 .06 .14 .10 StrSrMARY OF TAKIiFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1435 feporfe.— Statistics not available. ^ .i >. Swgmsted changes.— It has been rej!)resented to the Tariff Gommis- sion that It would be advisable to classify all cyanides under one paragraph. This suggestion has also been made by a domestic manu- lacturer during hearings before the Senate Finance Committee. 4 r J^' "^^^u^^i^^' ^^^"'^gf before Committee on Finance, Tariff bcheduie 1, H. R. 7456.) The various cyanides are used for prac- ticaUy the same purposes. It is their cyanogen (CN) content, and not their metal content, which is of importance to the consumer. Therefore, this classification is logical. If the committee desires to adopt this suggestion, the following paragraph will accomplish the purpose : Cyanidea: Potassium cyanide, sodium cyanide, all other cyanide salts, and' all combinations and mixtures of cyaiiides, — ^ per centum ad valorem, 'r.s i ,, If this paragraph is inserted in H. R. 7456 the pfovisidns for potassium cyanide in paragraph 1636 and for sodium cyanide in this paragraph should be omitted. In view of the widely varying prices of different cyanide compounds, it is believed that they will be best covered by an ad valorem duty. The percentage of cyanogen in the compounds varies greatly accordiiig to' the process of manufacture. A crude sodium cyanide made from calcium cyanamid contains between 40 and 50 per cent of sodium cyanide, whereas purer grade? contain 95 to 98 per cent sodium cyanide. NITRATE OF SODA. (See Survey A-18.) , Description and uses.— Nitrate of soda, cubic nitrate or Chilean Saltpeter, when pure is a white crystalline salt readily soluble in water. The commercial product,, of grayish-white color, is of two qualities (1) a fertilizer grade, which contains from 91 to 95 per cent of sodium nitrate corresponding to about 15 per cent of nitrogen; (2) a refined grade, with 96 to 97 per cent of sodium nitrate, used in the manufacture of nitric acid and other chemicals. Normally the larger part is consumed in fertilizer, but during the war the chief "use 'was for explosives. Production. — The only natural deposits of nitrate of soda of com- mercial iniportance are in Chile, whose output since 1910 approxi- mated, 3,000,000 tons annually, temporarily declining to about 1,000,000 in 1915. The Chilean Government levies ah export duty of $11.19 per ton, from which it derives more than 132,000,000 per year, ot over 50 per cent of its total revenue. Prior to the war over 80 per cent went to Great Britain, Germany, and the United States'; Great Britain received annually about 1,000,000 tons. During the war vir- tually all of the Chilean nitrate was sold to the British and United States Governments. 1436 STJMMAEY OP TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Imports prior to 1916 were between 500,000 and 600,000 long tons per year. During 1916 and 1917 over 1,000,000 tons were imported eaoli:yBari In 1918 all imports came from Chile. Those since 1917 are as follows: Calendar year.' Quantity. Value. Unit value. 1918 . . . •. Tons. 1,847,660 407,569 1,321,892 344,929 t90i 216,935 19,6S8,963 63,121,035 16,463,000 $48. 83 1919 :.. 47.99 1920; .....: 47.75 1921 (9 months) .-., 47.73 Sajpor^s.^Statistics not available. Important changes in classijieation. — "Cubic nitrate,'' used in con- nection with sodii^m nitrate, has been omitted. SODIUM SuLphATE qEuioE, OE SALT CAKE AND NITEE CAKE. ' (See Survey-A-18.) Description nmd uses. — Salt cake, sulphate of soda, crude, is the impure sodium salt of sulphuric acid, and is obtained chiefly by chem- ical processes,, It is used in the manufacture of inferior grades of glass, especially bottles, and, for the manufacturcjof sodium sulphide, Glauber salt, and ultramarine. In Europe, salt cake is used in making soda ash by the Leblanc process. Niter cake is a by-product in the manufacture of nitric acid (sodium nitrate-sulphuric acid process). It consists chiefly of sodium a6id sulphate, with a varying amount of sodiuBOj sulphate and (free sulphuric ^.pid.and ptheir impurities, and was' used as a substitute for sulphuric acid during", the war for such pvu:poses as acidifying soap stock, acid , wash, regenerating' plaster, acidifying phosphate fertilizers, bleaching paper pulp, pre>paririg muriatic acid, recbyering grease, removiilg oxide and scale frpm steej and for any 6t|her purposes wHere a weak mineral a,cid is required. Production.— -Salt: cake is robtained, (1) from natural deposits, oi* brine lakes, (2) as a by-product in the manufacture of muriatic acid^ and (3) in Europe' by the Hargfeaves-Eobihson process, using salt, sulphi^ir dioxide, air, and steana. In 1914 over, 110,000 short tons of salt cake were produced here. Niter cake is obtained as a by- product in the ' manufacture of nitric acid from nitrate of soda. The demand for nitric ,acid during the war multiplied the production of niter. cake many time^.^ Production of s,art cake and niter cake in 1919 and 1920 was as follows: , .' . I . ' , Salt cake. Nitet cake. 1919— Quantity (short tons) Value 1920— Quantity (short tons) Value 129,042 $2,019,460 178,770 $2,049,102 83,402 $271,424 308,638 788,544 SUMMARY OF TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1437 Imports of sulphate of crude soda, or salt cake, and niter cake since 1911 nave been unimportant. Exports. — Statistics not available. Suggested changes.— Trunspose "crude" and "sulphate" and strike •out the comma after "crude" and "sulphate" so that the paragraph -will read : . Sodium: Cyanide, nitrate, crude sulphate or salt cake, and niter cake. PARAGRAPH 1655. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pak. 1655. Specimens of natural his- -tory, botany, and ndineralbgy, when im- ported for scientific public collections, and not for sale. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Pak. 678. Specimens of natural his- Par. 607. Specimens of natural his- tory, botany, and mineralogy, when im- tory, botany, and mineralogy, when im- ported for scientific public collections, ported for scientific public collections, and not for sale [Free]. , and not for sale [Free]. SPECIMENS OF NATtTRAL HISTORY, ETC. Imports of. specimens of natural history, botany, a,nd mineralogy in 1914, mainly from Germany, Canadd, England, and the Nether- lands, were valued at S47,524. Imports for later calendar years ha;ve been as follows: 1918, $35,539; 1919, $52,775; 1920, $86,577; 1921 (9 months), $37,980. ' Exports pi specimens of minerals in 1914, mostly to Germany and England, were valued at $39,496; in 1915, mainly to France, England, and Canada, at $49,800. Specimens of natural histbry, valued at ^14,075, went largely to Germany, England, Belgium, and Canada in 1914, Similar exports in 1915, chiefly to England and Canada, were valued at $9,057. No data for 1918 or later years are available. PARAGRAPH 1656. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pah. 1656. Spunk. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 680. Spunk [Free]. Par. 608., Spuik [Free]. SPUNK. (See Survey N-8.) Description and. uses. — Spunk is a kind of tinder made from a species of fungus found on old trees. It is also called punk, amadou, black match^ pyro technical sponge, and German tinder. ' Production data are not available. 1438 SUMMARY or TARIFF INPOEMATIONj 1921. Imports are negligible. They amounted to $377 in 1912, the highest since 1908. In 1920 (calendar year) their value was $54; in 1919, $101; and in 1918, $12. Exports. — None recorded. , Suggested changes in classijication.. — This provision for "spunk" and the provision for "joss stick and joss light" (par. 1593, p. 1340) have been the subject of considerable litigation. Both paragraphs might be eliminated and the commodities relegated to the paragraph for unenumerated articles, to avoid- confusion with articles such as firecracker-lighters, and mosquito and incense sticks. PARAGRAPH 1657. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1657. Spurs and stilts used in the manufacture of earthen, porcelain, or stone warfi. , , . ,^ -, >^ , ACT OF 1909. Par. 681. Spurs and stilts used in the manufacture of earthen, porcelain, and stone ware [Free]. ACT OF 1913. Par. 609. Spurs and Stilts used in the manufactiire of earthen, porcelain, and stone ware [Free]. ' 8PUKS. Description ancZ wses.-^Spiirs (also called stilts) are small pieces of refractory clay ware employed to support articles while they, are being fired or baked- in a saggar, A saggar, or segger, is a pot, or case of- fire clay used to inclose fine or deucate ware when, placed in the kiln. The spur prevents the pieces from adhering to pach other or to .the. pot. , Imports of spiurs and stilts in 1914 were yalued at $1,599. Later statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow: ' 191S 1919 1920 1921 r' (9 months) KiiTrihi^r , 1,800 $88 193,828 $1,858 475,821 $2,975 Value $1,094 Exports. — None recorded. PARAGRAPH 1658. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1658. Stamps: Foreign postage or revenue stamps, canceled or uncanceled, and foreign -government stamped post cards bearing no other printing than the official imprint thereon. ACT OF 1909. Par. 682. Stamps; foreign postage, or revenue stamps, canceled or uncanceled, and foreign government^ stamped post cards bearing no other printing than the official imprint thereon [Free]. ACT OF 1913. Par. 610. Stamps: Foreign postage or revenue stamps, canceled or uncanceled, and foreigfn' government i stamped post cards bearing no other pointing than the official imprint thereon [Free]. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOEMATION, 1921. 1439 STAMPS, ETC. Description and uses. — Foreign postage and revenue stamps and foreign post cards are imported in considerable quantities for col- lectors. For the most part these stamps are canceled and have no value for mailing purposes. Nevertheless, they have a commercial value because of the demand by collectors, which value is independ- ent of the denomination of the stamp and is based on its rarity.. Production. — Foreign stamps and po^t cards are presumably not produced in the United States. Imports in 1914 were valued at $73,156. About one half, of these came from England, the rest largely from Switzerland and Germany- Imports in the calendar years 1918-1921 have been valued as follows: 1918. $13,338; 1919, $47,232; 1920, $231,922; 1921 (nine months), $155^786. Exports. — None recorded. PARAGRAPH 1659. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1659. Standard newsprint paper: Provided, That whenever the President shall ascertain as a fact that any country, dependency, province, or other subdivi- sion of government forbids or restricts in any way (whether by law, order, regula- tion, contractual relation, or otherwise, di- rectly or indirectly) the exportation of, or imposes any export duty, export license fee, or other export charge of any kind whatever, either directly or indirectly (whether in the form of additional charge or license fee, or otherwise), upon priiit- ing paper, wood pulp, or wood for use in the manufacture of wood pulp, he may by proclamation declare such ascer- tainment setting forth the facts; where- upon, and until said proclamation shall be revoked, there shall be levied, col- lected, and paid upon standard news- print paper, when, imported either di- rectly or indirectly from such country, dependency-, province, or other sub- division of government, a duty of 10 per centum ad valorem, and, in addition thereto, an amount equal to the highest export duty or other export charge im- posed by such country-; dependency, province, or other subdiviaion of govern- meritj upon either an equal amount of printing paper or an amount of wood pulp or Wood for Use in the manufacture of wood pulp necessary to manufacture such printing paperi 1440 SUMMARY or TARIFF , INFOKMATION, 1921. ACT OF X909. Par. 409. Printing paper (otter than pa'per commercially known as hand- made or machine handmade paper, japan paper, and imitation japan , i>aper by whatever name kno'ssfn), unsized, sized, or gltied, suitable for the printing of books and newspapers, but not for covers or bindings, not specially pro- vided for in this section, valued at i^ot above two and one-fourth cents per pouhd, three-sixteenths of one cent per pound; valued above two and one-fourth cents and not above two and one-half cents per pound, three-tenths qf i one cent per pound;, * ,*,_,* Provided, however, That if any country, dependency, province, or other subdivision of government shall forbid or restrict in any way the exporta- tion of (whether by law, drder, regula- tion, contractual relation, or otherwise, directly or indirectly) or impose any ex- port duty, export license fee,', or' other export charge of any kind whatsoever (whether in the fqTm.Qladditiona_l_charge or license fee or otherwise) upon printing paper, wood pulp, or wood for use in the manufacture of wood pulp, there shall be imposed upon printing paper when im- ported either directly or indirectly from such country; dependency, province, or other subdivision of government, an additional duty of one-tenth of one cent per pound when valued at three cents per pound, or less, and in addition there- to the amount of such export duty or other export charge imposed b^ such country, dependency, province, or other subdivision of government, upon print- ing paper, wood pulp, or wood for use in the manufacture of wood pulp. ACT OF 1913. Par. 567. Printing paper (other than paper commercially knowji. as handmade or machine handmade paper, japan paper, and imitation japan paper by whatever name known), unsized, sized, or glued, suitable for the printing of books and newspapers, but not for covers . or, bindings, not specially provided for in this section, valued at not above -2i cents per jpound, * * * [Free]. NEWSPRINT PAPER. (See Survey M-2) , Description and uses. — See paragraph 1301, page 1045. ' Production in 1914 was 1,313,284 short tons, valjied at $52,942,774, and in 1919, 1,324,000 short tons, valued at $98,560,000. The chief centers of the industry are found in the Northeastern and Lake States. In 1914 the distribution by percentage was as follQWs: New York, 37; Maine, 26; Wisconsin, 10; Minnesota, 8; all othter States, 19. The chief problem confronting the industry is the problem of raw material. The depletion of pulp^^wood forests' is causing increased dependence upon importations of pulp wood or wood pulp. The year 1920 was noteworthy as the year of the alleged, "newsprint famine," yet, according to figures collected by the Fed- eral Trade Commission production exceeded that of 1919 by 137,451 short tons, and imports, as shown below, exceeded those of 1919 by 101,952 short tons, while exports were less than those of 1919 by SUMMAKY OF -TARIFF IN^FOKMATION, 1921. 1441 14,378 short tons. Total consumption, therefore, exceeded that of 1919 by 453,781 short tons, Imports of newsprint in 1914 were 278,071 short tons, valued at $10,765,108. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 1918 19l9 1920 1921 (fl months)- QusntltT (pounds) 1,193,034,042 $35,023,092 1,265,782,140 143,685,109 1,459,687,393 »88,598,605 Value....... ..........:....:.;.:;. Under the act of 1913 printing papers were classified' for tariff purposes as (1) printing paper valued ait^ not more than 2^ cents per pound, and (2) printing paper valued at more than 2^ cents per pound. By the act of September 8, 1916, the dividing line was changed from 2^ cents to 5 cents and by the act of April 23, 1920, from 5 cents to 8 cents. This division by price corresponds roughly with the division into newsprint and book paper and is made the basis of the above table. The ratio of imports to total domestic production increased from 11 per cent in 1913 to 48 per cent in 1920. Up to 1920 from 98 per cent to more than 99 per cent came from Canada, or from Canada, Newfoundland, and Labrador. Small amounts came from Norway and Sweden. Beginning with 1920 there have beeii increasing per- centages from European couatries — specifically Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Germany. For the first 10 months of 1921. the per- centage from Canada was reduced to 83.1. For the same period the percentage from Germany was 5.4; from Finland, 3.0; from Norway, 2.5; from Sweden, 5.3; and from all other countries, 0-7. Because of the increasing demand for newsprint and the depletion of the pulp-wood forests we are becoming increasingly dependent upon miportation for our supply of newsprint paper. Exports of newsprint m 1914 were 44,483 short tons, valued at $2,177,483. Exports for the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows : 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 193,477,853 »7, 978, 296 220,535,014 «10,091,951 91,777,916 »5,S70,127 26,533,636 Jl, 830, 763 Export trade in newsprint, which in 1919 amounted to 8 per cent of domestic production, fell off to 3 per cent in 1920 and the decrease continued in 1921. Important changes in classification. — See paragraphs 1301 and 1610, pages 1046 and 1372. 82304—22 91 1442 SUMMABY OP TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. PARAGRAPH 1660. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1660. Statuary and casts of sculp-' ture for use as models or for art educa- tional purposes only; regalia and gems, where specially imported in good faith for the Use 'and by order of any society incorporated or established solely- for religious,' philosophical, educational, sci-' entific, 'or literary purposes, or for the en- couragement of the fine arts, or for the use and by order of any college, academy, school, seminary of learning, orphan iasy- lum, or public hospital in the IJhited Stites, or any State or public library, and not for sale, subject to such regula- tions as the Secretary of the- Treasury shall prescribe; but the term "regalia" as herein used, shall be held to embrace only such insignia of rank or office or emblems as may be worn upon the' person or borne iii the hand during public exer- cises of the society or institutipuj and shall not include articles of furniture or fix; : tures, or oif regular wearing apparel, nor personal property of individuals. ' ACT OF 1909. Par. 661. Statuary and casts of sculp- ture for use as models or for art educa- tional purposes; only; regalia, and gems, where specially imparted in good faith for the use and by order of any society incor- porated or established 'solely for religious, philoaophical, educational, sdentinc, or literary purposes,; or for the encourage- ment of the fine arts, or for the use and by order of any college, academy, school, seminary of learning, o'rphan asylum, or public hospitstl in the United States, or any State or public library, and not for sale, subject to such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe; but the term ' ' regalia ' ' as herein used shali^ be held to embrace only such insignia' of rank or office or emblems as may be worn upon thei person or borne in the ■ hand during putlic exercises of the society or institution, and shall not in- clude articles of furniture or fixtures, or of regular wearing apparel, nor personal property of individuals [Free], ■ ACT OF 1913. Par. 611. Statuary' aiid. casts' of sculp-, ture for use as models or for' art educa-' tional; purposes only; regalia' and gems,' where specially imported in good faith for tie use and by order of any society, in- corporated or established solely for i'e- ' Ugious, philoaophical, educational, scien- tiJQC, or literary purposes,' or- for the en-' couragfem^nt of uieifine arts, "or for the; use and by order pf any college, academy, school, seminary of learning, orphan ^sy-- lum, or public hospital' in the UnHed States, or any State or public: library ( and not for sale, subject to such regula- tions as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe; but the term "regalia" as herein used shall be held to embrace only such insignia of rank or office or emblems as may be worn upon the persoii or borne in the hand during pubacexer-' dses of the society or institution, and shall not include articles of furniture or fix- tures, or of regular wearing apparel, nor personal property of individ;uals [Free], STATUARY, ETC., FOR USE AS MODELS; REGALIA, GEMS, ETC. (See Survey N-24.) Imports of statuary and casts of sculpture for use as models, etc., in 1914 were valued at $442,844. Later imports by calendar years have been as follows: 1918, $99,822; 1919, $238,840; 1920, $307,652; 1921 (nine months), $365,624. Exports of all works of art are shown under paragraph 1447, page 1196. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1443 PARAGRAPH 1661. H. B. 7456. ' Par. 1G61. Stone and sand: Burrstone in blocks, rough or unmanufactured ; quartzite; rottenstone tripoli, and sand, crude or manufactured; cliff stone, free- stone, granite, and sandstone, unmanu- factured, and not suitable for use as monumental or building stone; all of the foregoing not specially provided fpn, ' ACT OF 1909. Par. 683. Stone and sand: Burrstone in blocks, rough or unmanufactured; cliff stone,, unmanufactured; rotten stone, tripoli, and sand, crude or manufactured, not otherwise provided for in this section [Free]. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. C14. Stone aildsand: Burrstone in blocks, rough or unmanufactured; rotten stone, tripoli, and sand, crude or manu- factured; cliff stone, freestone, granite, sandstone, * * * unmanufactured, and not suitable for use as monumental or building stone; all of the foregoing not specially provided for in this section [P'ree]. BURRSTONE. (See Survey B-3 and par. 234, p. 349.) Imports under this classification by calend-ar years amounted to: 1918, $17,370; 1919, 81 tons, valued at $8,996; 1920, 114 tons, val- ued at $9,007; and in 1921 (9 months), 67 tons, valued at $3,075. QUARTZITE. Description and uses. — Quartzite is a sandstone which by the ■deposit of crystalline quartz between its grains has been compacted into a solid quartz rock. As distinguished from sandstones, qua,rtzites are free from pores and have a smooth fracture. Quartzite blocks may be used in tube mills for crushing and grinding ores, cements, and for other metallurgical and chemical processes. They are too hard and splintery to be used as building stones to any large extent. Production. — Statistics are not given separately for quartzite. In the following table are shown total domestic sales of quartz including vein quartz,, pegmatite, and quartzite. 1918 1920 Quantity (short tons).. Value 71, 740 $259, 330 63,332 $373, 671 68, 190 $320, 350. Imports and exports. — ^None separately recorded. Important changes in classification. — The provision for quartzite is new. ROTTENSTONE AND TRIPOLI. . (See Survey B-3.) ■ Description and u^es. — Rottenstone isa siliceous stone, the residue of a siliceous limestone whose calcareous matter has been removed by the solvent action of water. The term tripoli designates two products similar in properties, uses, and chemical composition, but 1444 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. different in geological origin; the name being applied to: (1) A light, whitepr yellowish, porous, and generally purely siliceous rock which has resultM Jroin the leaching of the calcareous matter from very siliceous limestone or highly calcareous chej'ts,„.and is therefore synonymous with rottenstone; (2) diatomaceous earth or kieselguhr. A deposit of a fine, white, siliceous powder composed chiefly or wholly of. the remains of diatoms or minute aquatic plants, ' occurs in Tripoli, and enters the trade as tripoli or tripolite. These materials are usually loose and powdery, but in some cases are more or less firmly coherent. They are used chiefly as an abrasive for^ polishing ptirposes; scouring soaps, and soap powders; as absorbents, chiefly .for nitroglycerin in makiag dynamite: as a filtering medium, packing material, and heat insulating material. . Production. — Illinois has been the chief producer of tripoli, although the output of eastern States (Pennsylvania, for ' example) is higher priced, and is sold for polishing preparations. Western States lead m the output of diatomaceous eartli. Statistics of production are given in the following table: • Tripoii. l)iatomafeou.s earth. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. 1914 SMi't toni. 1.7,213 1 19,9S2 1 24,292 ■40,233 5142,428 1199,851 1 1S1,:5« 1,509,677 Short tons. 11,012: 2 2,965 42,642 61,922 5109,899 2 24,947 191.S -. 1919 531,960 1,079,693 1920 I Ground and otherwise prepared. '^ Excludes California product ^sed for filters and as insulating and flreproofing mat^rial.^ , Imports of tripoli and rottenstone increased in value from $20,004 in 191-4 to $37,573 in 1916, but decreased to $14,551 in 1918. They have been chiefly from England, Canada, and Germany. Later sta- tistics for calendar years follow: , 1919 1920 , 1921(0 months). Tripoli: Quantity (tons) . ... - . 41i' 510,620 21 $1,925 305 $7,720 526 $8,603 20S Value $5, 676 Eottostone: 39 Value $2, 355 SAND, CRUDE OR MAN (See Survey B- UFACTURI 7.) .D. Description and uses. — ^Besides familiar uses, sand is employed as an abrasive in sand blasting, in making gliass, and to form molds in casting iron and steel. , . , Production of sand and gravel increased from 66,846,959 tons, val- ued at $21,158,583 in 1911, to 82,041,388 short tons, valued at $65,661,605 in 1920. ' SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFOKMATIOjS'i 1921. M45 The following table gives kinds'; quantities, and values of sand prodyaed in l^U, ^d 1920 : , , . ! (■ ! '■;•') r ; Glass sand „ ..,.> MiJtilding sand ,;.'..;... .' Buildin? sand. . :: i . J i . Grinding and polishing sand File or furnace sand Engine sand .Paving sand , Filter sand; Other sands Railroad ballast Gravel Ml-o — An-H .,»i'A]..y:::.:,k-tii: CJu.anlity. Short tons. 1,619,6« 2,7.')1,209 24,003,902 1,0S«,871 318, 660 1,262,790 3,580,17J 3,331,236 1 2, U6;4a9 39,212,8.58 TotaJ.... :...:.... iL'-.L ■ .., 79,28i;i3S N'aUiel . 1, 608, 030 75n,383' i)S8,'771; 662,388 167, 167 307, 548 12V, 999 782.773 1 322, 740 1,398,897 1920 Quantity. Value, Shoit toTts. 2,165,92? 5il28,675' 20,639,365 1, 132, SIO 400, 953 1,7.64,897 .5,920,328 83,983 649, 805 9,081,815 = 20,183,431 23,-846,999 ■.8?,04t,388 S4, 748, 690 7, 604,759 17,969,635 2,037,079 724,466 1,435,103 1,050,9.62 100, 320 034,IJ0fl 2. 887, .673 123,675,418 65,661,605 1 TlailroadtbaUastSand.. * Exclusive of tailr,Qation and uses. — Cassava is a shrubby plant, native to tropi- cal America, but grown extensively in the Dutch East Indies, Central America, the West Indies, Africa, and to some extent in southeastern United States. There are two principal types. The bitter cassava of Brazil contains considerable volatile poison, but this is dissipated by heat and the washing of the grated roots. The sweet cassava, or manihot, is cultivated, principally in Flgrida, for the starch, which is used in the textile and other industries. Cassava bread and cakes are made from both varieties. Pearl tapioca is formed when naoist cassava starch is properly heated upon an iron plate. The granules rupture and. agglomerate into irregular pellets which become hard and translucent: when cooled. Thelour is used chiefly for food prepa- rations, for the manufacture of cassava dextrin, (envelope , gum) , and for finishing in the textUe industry. The flake and pearl tapioca is made into material for puddings and other desserts. Production. — Florida produces some cassava which is largely used for forage purposes. . Import figures for these various items are not given separately. Imports of tapioca, tapioca flour, and cassava or cassady in 1914 were 71,304,728 pounds, valued at $1,590,614, practically all coming from the Dutch East Indies and the Straits Settlements. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 1918 1919 1920 1921 {9 months). Quantity (pounds). Value 62,170,509, $3,260,575 95,652,649 $5,014,316 99, 286, 119 $5,634,283 31,943,719 $1,226,054 In 1920 the bulk of the imports of farinaceous substances came from the Dutch East Indies and amounted to 80 per cent of the total. Exports are not separately stated. Important changes in classification. — The word "cassady" has been dropped; it is erroneously used for cassava. 1452 SUMMARY or TAKIPP INFORMATION, 1921. PARAGRAPH 1667. H. B. 7456. Par. 1667. Tar and pitch of wood. ACT OF 1009. Pae. 690. Tar and pitch of wood [Free]. SENATB AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 626. Tar and pitch of wood [Free]. Par. 452. * * * pitch of * » * w w W ^QT* ''• wood tar, [Piee].: TAR AND PITCH OF WOOD. (See Surveys A-2 and FL-17.) ■Descri'ption and uses. — Tar and pitch of wood are products obtained from the destructive distillation of wood. When tar is distUled, tar oils are produced and a residual product known as wood pitch is obtained. Tar is used in the manufacture of ropes, in the paint in- dustry, and in making tar soaps. Pitch is used for calking wooden ships and for coating sUos to render them impervious to moisture. Wood creosote is obtained from heavy tar oils by a refining process. Production of tar by the wood distillation industry in 1914 was 2,965,354 gallons, of which 1,476,797 gallons were sold, valued at $145,984. The production of wood creosote in 1914 was 2,073^057 pounds, valued at $38,872. The- figures for 1919 are not available. Imports of tar and pitch of wood have been annually less 'than 1,000 barrels since 1911. Since 1917 they have been as followsci Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Unit value. 1918 Barrelt. 49 135 451 593 $233 347 2,393 3,433 {4.76 1919 2.67 1920 . . . . : . 6.31 1921 (9 months) ■ Exports of tar, turpentine (crude gum turpentine) , and pitch in 1914 were 351,353 barrels, valued at $568,891, decreasing in 1916 to 67,963 barrels, valued at $291,731. Subsequent figures are not available. PARAGRAPH 1668. H. R. 7456. Par. 1668. Tea not specially provided for, and tea plants: Provided, That all cans, boxes, and other immediate con- tainers, including paper, and other wrappings of tea in packages of less than five pounds each, and all intermediate containers of such tea, except mats, shall be dutiable at the rate chargeable thereon if imported empty: Provided further, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to repeal or impair the provisions of an Act entitled "An Act to prevent the importation of impure and unwholesome tea," approved March 2, 1897, and any Act amendatory thereof. SENATE AMENDMENTS. SUMMARY OF TARIFF ! INFORMATION, 1921. 1453 ACT OF 1913. 'Pah. 627. Tea not specially provided' for in this section, 'and tea plants: [Free] Provided, That the cans, boxfs, or other containers of tea. packed in packages of less than five pounds each shall be dtiti^ able at the' 'rate chargeable ' thereon if imported empty 1 Provided further, That nothing herein contained shall be con- strued to repeal or impair the provisions of an Act entitled "An Act to prevent the importation of impure and unVhole- some tea," approved March second, eighteen hundred and ninety-seven, and any Act amendatory thereof. ACT OF 1909. Par. 691. Tea aiid tea plants: [Free] Prdvided, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to repeal or impair the provisions of an Act entitled "An Act to prevent the importation of impure and unwholesome tea," approved March second, eighteen hundred and ninety- seven, and any Act amendatory thereof. Pak. 195, .Ca,ns, boxes, ; packages, and other containers of all kinds (except such as are hermetically sealed by soldering or otherwise), coiipoSed wholly or in chief value of metal lacquered or printed by any process of lithography, wiatever, if filled or unfilled, and wiether their con- tents be dutiable or free, four cents per pound and thirty-five per centum ad valorem: Provided, That none of the fore- going articles shall pay a less rate of duty than fifty-five per centum ad valorem; but no cans, boxes, packages, or con- tainers of any kind, of the capacity of- ;■ five pounds or under, subject to duty under this paragraph, shall pay less duty tha,n if the same were imported empty; and the dutiable value of the same shall include all packing charges, cartons, wra,ppingB, envelopes, and printed matter accompanying them when such cans, boxes, packages, or containers are im- ported wholly or partly filled with mer- chandise exempt from duty (except liquids and merchandise commercialfy known as drugs) and which is commonly dealt in at wholesale in the country of original exportation in bulk or in pack- ages exceeding five pounds in capacity: Provided further, That paper, cardboard or pasteboard wrappings or containers that are made and used only for the pur- pose of holding or containing the article with which they are filled, and after such use are merq waste material, shall not be dutiable unless their contents are dutiable. TEA. (See Survey FL-34.) Description arid uses. — The tea plant is an evergreen shrub of ttopical and subtropical climates. Its tender leaves compose the tea of commerce; the older woody leaves, and tea dust, waste, sif tings, and stalk are used for the manufacture of caflFeine, for adulterating purposes, and in making brick and other low-grade teas. Production. — The bulk of commercial teas may be divided into three general classes according to methods of preparation — black, green, and Oolong (an intermediate type). Subclasses such as 1454 SUMMABY OF TAEIFP INFORMATION, 1921. Orange Pekoe and Souchong indicate the gradation from the fine leaf bud to the expanded and woody leaf. Virtually the entire supply is produced in densely populated regions of the Orient having ample supplies of cheap labor. Producers are organized into strong guilds aj^d associations, which regulate the trade and conditions ot production. Definite figures of production are not available, but the annual combined exports of producing countries for 1909-1913 approximated 750,000,000 pounds. British India contributed about 34 per cent and Ceylon about 25 per cent, almost exclusively black teas ; China about 26 per cent (chiefly green teas) ; the remainder came from Japan proper, Formosa, and Java. The plant is successfxilly grown in South Carolina and Georgia, local needs being suppUed by tea gardens. Physical conditions are not so favorable as in the Orient, and the absence of cheap labor appears to be an insurmount- able handicap to commercial production. Imports of tea for 1910-1920 averaged about 100,000,000 pounds,, valued at from $17,000,000 to $30,000,000. Over one-half came from Japan proper and the British East Indies, about one-eighth from China. The remainder consisted chiefly of Indian and Ceylon tea, most of which was reexported from England (about 14,000,000^ poimds) and Canada (1,600,000 pounds). Later statistics for calen- dar years foUow: ! 1918 1 1919 1920 1921(9montli3]. Qiiantitv (p^nTifls). vm mm an 80,740,678 S20, 108,045 90,698.805 »24,739,494 46,848,092 Value 1 128)582)387 $8,473,092 1 Exports. — None recorded. , Important changes in classification. — ^The clause regarding tea con- tainers has been amplified and strengthened, because many fancy and valuable boxes, etc., used as immediate containers, enter free of duty. Suggested changes. — The importation of tea plants is negligible;, they are subject to quarantine regulations. If it should not be desired to exempt from duty such as may come in, the words "and tea plants" might be stricken out of lines 16 and; 17, pagei 198 of H. R. 7456. In such case, any importation of tea, plajitS; would, probably come within the provision for "all nursery or greenhouse stock, not specially provided for," if the change suggested imder paragraph 752, page 751, should be adopted. There is a possibility that the words "in packages," hi lines 18 and 19, page 198, of H. R. 7456, may be interpreted to mean that only immediate containers packed in intermediate containers would come within the proviso. This possible objection might be met by changing the proviso to read: "Promded, That all cans, boxes, and other immediate containers,, including paper and other wrappings, of less than five pounds of tea, and all intermediate contaiaers of such tea,^ shall, when importedt with tea, be dutiable at the rate or rates chargeable thereon if im- ported separately." In any event, the words " except mats," in line 20, page 198, of H. R. 7466, should be stricken out, since tea in packages of less than 5 pounds is not imported in mats. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1455 PARAGRAPH 1669. H. R. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Pah. 1669. Teeth, natural, or unmanu- factured. ACT OF 1909. Pab. 692. Teeth, natural, or unmanu- factured [Free]. ACT OF 1913. Par. 628. Teeth, natural,: or unmanu- factured [Free]. TEETH, NATURAL. (See Survey lSf-21.) Descnption and 'me. — The teieth of some animals were formerly- used in dentistry; only the manufactured article is now used. There is little, if any, commercial demand for natural teeth, eycept perhaps, for decorative purposes. . r Production data are not available. Imports of teeth, natm-al or immanufactured, in 1914 were valued at $197. Statistics for later calendar years follow: 1919, $703; 1920, $2,185; 1921 (9 months), $18,501. Exports. — None recorded- > PARAGRAPH 1670. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1670. Tin ore or cassiterite, and Dlack oxide of tin: Provided, That there shall be imposed and paid upon cassiter- ite, .or black oxide of tin, a duty of 4 cents per pound, and upon bar, block, pig tin aad grain or granulated, a duty of 6 cents per jwund ■vmen it is made to appear to the satisfaction of the President of the United States that the mines of the United States are producing one thousand five hundred tons of cassiterite and bar, block, and pig tin per year. The Presi- dent shall make knOwn iMs fact by pfoc- lamiitionj and thereafter said duties sh^ll go ihtoTeffect. • t ' ACT OF 1909. Par. 695. Tin ore, cassiterite or black oxide of tin, * * * [Free] Provided, That there shall be imposed and paid upon cas- siterite, or black oxide^ of tin, and.flipon bar, block, pig tin and grain or granulated, a duty of 4 cents per pound when it is made to appear to the satisfaction of the President oi the United States that the mineB of the United States are producing one thousand five hundred tons of cas- siterite and bar, block, and pig tin per year. The President shall make known this fact by proclamation, and thereafter said duties shall go into efiect. ACT OF 1913. Par. 631. Tin ore, cassiterite or black .aside of tin, * * * [Free] Provided, That there shall be imposed and paid upon cas- siterite, or black, oxide:fif, tin, and upon bar, block, pig tin and grain or granulated, a duty of 4 cents per pound when it 'is made to appear to the satisfaction of the President of the United States that the mines of the United States are producing one thousand five hundred tons of cas- siterite and ;bar, block, and pig tim per year. The President wiaU make known this fact by proclamation, and thereafter said duties shall go into effect. 1456 SUMMARY QF TARIFF -iINFOEMATIOlvr, 1921. TIN ORE, CAS8ITEBITE, OB. BLACK OXIDE OF TIN. ■ (See Survey PL-35.) . ' -. Description. — Cassiterite, or oxide of tin, is the ore of tin. It is also known as black tin, stream tin, tin stone, etc. Black oxide of tin in the meaning of this paragraph is tin dross containing no lead; it is also coEamercially "known as black-grain tin, scuff, and tin ash. In. the import ; statistics "cassiterite", is erroneously classified with the artificial oxide or dross. ' - Production in the United States is insignificant. The recovery of tin from domestic ores in 1920"was only about 20 tons and in no year have more than 100 tons of metallic tin been obtained from ore miaed in American territory; the small annual output is derived almost wholly from Alaska. Tin ore is mined in southeastern Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Siam, Chiha, and the Dutch fiast Indies. Bolivia is also a large producer and, from the standpoint of the Ameri- can smelters, the most important, as Bolivian ore is the only tin ore that can be brought * in any large quantity to the United States. Export duties on, |;in ore produced in territories under British control effectually prevent the smelting of such ore outside of the Empire. Imports of " cassiterite, or black oxide of tin, " in 1914 amounted to 19,549 pounds, valued at $3,022. In the fiscal year 1918 they amounted to 29,014 pounds, valued at $8,994. Imports of tin ore ia the fiscal year 1918 were 13,960 long tons, valued at $8,626,281. For the calendar years 1918 to 1921 imports of tin ore and black oxide have been as follows: 1918 1919 1920 1921 C9 months). Tin ore: 13,014 $8,978,764 29,014 $8,994 31,602 $20,318,778 2,188 $647 30,647 $18,775,926 142 $19,236 12,123 $8,113,796 1 10 Value Tin, black oxide of, or cassiterite: Qnantit.v fTiniTnfl.0 . Value $4,412 1 Tons. Exports. — None separately recorded. Important changes m classification. — ^^The rate conditionally imposed in the proviso is two cents per pound ^eater on bar, block, pig, and grain or granulated tin (provided for m paragraph 386, H. R. 7456) than on cassiterite or black oxide of tin. PARAGRAPH 1671. H. B. 7456. Par. 1671. Tobafcco stenis nbt cut, ground, or pulverized. ACT OF 1909. Par. 696. Tobacco stems [Free]. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. Par. 632; Tobacco Btems [Free]. SUMMARY OP TAKIFF INFOKMATION, 1921. 1457 TOBACCO STEMS NOT CtIT, ETC. Description and uses. — ^Tobacco stems are the midrib or stem of the leaf. When the cured leaf is used as wrapper or binder for cigars or in making chewing tobacco, etc., the midrib or stem (about 25 to 30 per cent of the leaf) is removed to reduce the w.eight and cost of transportation. Stems are manufactured into snuff and low grades of smoking tobacco, are a source of nicotine for insecticides, and fortify weaker tobaccos. They contain considerable potash and nitrogen and are extensively used as a f ertihzer. Production of stems as a by-product is large, exceeding 50,000,000 pounds in 1917 and 1919. About 20,000,000 pounds are annually used in tobacco manufacture. Imports of tobacco stems normally averaged about 1 ,000,000 pounds. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (pounds) 1,817,206 $15,275 604,993 »7,284 878,165 (6,388 2,160,002 tlS,27ii Value Exports of stems (including trimmings) in the years immediately priBceding the War averaged approximately 2,000,000 pounds, prin- cipally to the Netherlands and Germany. Statistics for later calendar years follow: 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Quantity (pounds). Value 2,965,443 (318,384 10,764,971 (647,281 12,237,908 (634,882 4,713,050 (213,671 Important changes in classification. — There is a new limitation to tobacco stems not cut, ground, or pulverized. PARAGRAPH 1672. H. R. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1672. Turpentine, gum and spir- ite of, and rosin. ACT OF 1009. Par. 700. Turpentine, spirits of [Free]. Par. 699. Turpentine, Venice [Free]. Par. 559. Drugs, such, as * gums, * * * not advanced ■• [Free]. ACT OF 1913. Par. 635. Turpentine, Venice, and spirits of [Free]. Par. 385. * * * unmanufactured articles not enumerated * * * 10 per centum ad valorem, « * *. Par. 477. Drugs, such as * * * gums, * * * not advanced * * * [Free]. 1458 StlMMAHY OF TABIIT IKTKmMATION, 1921. TURPENTINE AND EOSIN. ^(See Survey FLr-17.) Description and lises: — Turpentine, strictly speaking; is the oleo- resin exudation of coniferous trees, but the term is also, applied to, the oU or spirits of turpentine which is obtained by distilling the^ crude gum. Venice or Venetian turpentine is the crude gum exudation of the European larch {Pvmus lanx) . The larger part of the commercial article sold as Venice turpentine, is a factitious product made 'by dissolving rosin in spirits of turpentine. Spirits of turpentine, treated with' caustic soda and redistilled, is iknown as "rectified spirits of turpentine " and has medicinal uses. Wood turpentine is oil of tur- Bentine obtained from pine wood by destructive or steam distillation, •il of turpentine is chiefly used in the manufacture of paints and var- nishes, it is also used as a solvent for rubber and other gums and' in making synthetic camphor. Rosin is the brittle resm reinaining after the turpentine is distilled. In commerce it is graded and sold according to color. The chief uses are as a size in paper making and in the manufacture of lead and manganese resinates, which are used as paint driers. It is used also in soap making and in the textile industry. Production. — Over 97 per cent of the oil of turpentine is produced from gum turpentiae, the remaindCT from wood. The gum turpentine industry in 1914 was capitalized at $20,745,000; there w;ere 1,408 es- tabhshments, employing nearly 35,000 persons, with products valued at $20,990,191. Oil of turpentme amounted to 27,648,939 jg^bns, valued at $10,740,327 and rosin 2,944,900 barrels (280 pounds each), valued at $10,572,300 in 1914. In 1919 (prelimmary figures), 1,214 establishments produced; 19,271,000 gallons of spirits of turpentine valued at $21,918,100, and 2,272,100 barrels (280 pounds each) of rosin valued at $34,695,000. The turpentine and rosin industry is located in the South Atlantic and Gulf States adjacent to the pini^ forests of those regions. Florida leads with about 45 per cent oi the total output; Georgia follows with 22 percent. The United States is the largest producer, with France ranldng second. Imports 01 turpentine are less than 1 per cent of the domestic pro- duction. Imports since 1917 otspirits of turpentine and crude rosin have been as follows: ' Calendar year. SPIRITS OF TURPENTINE. 1918 ,;. Gallons. 302 1,662 43,385 8,393 1468 422 51,976 5,325 J1.55 .25 1.20 .63 Pa cent. 1919 .:.....';;.V.- 1920 ' 1921 (9 months).. Rosr N, CRUDE 1918 Pounds. 210,443 96,044 141,635 1,913 $10, 113 3,810 7,204 130 $0.05 .04 .05 .07 $1,011 381 720 10 1919 10 1920 10 SUMilAKY OF TARIFF IXFjORMATION, 1921. 1459 Exports of spirits of turpentine prior to 1915, were between 15,000,000 and 20,000,000 gallons, or about 60 per cent of the domestic production. During the war ihey' decriBased to about 8,000,000 gallons. The United Kingdom, iprjor to 1915, received about 35 per cent of the exports and during 1916 and 1917 about 60 per cent. The Netherlands, Germany, and Belgium were the other large con- sumers. Exports since 1917 by calendar years are as follows: 1.1! ' 1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). Spirit of tiirpentine: 3,717,093 $2,276,523 779,027 $7,551,262 10,672,102 $10, 448, 234 1,209,627 $20,433,970 9,458,423 $14,586,302 1,164,328 $19,468,705 7, 188, 968 •4fah?e:._™ ....:::::::: :;::;;:;: $4, 470, 490 Rosin, drade: Quantity (barrels) 637, 301 Value $3,446,079 Wl'l Exports of turpentine go chiefly to England, Canada^ Argentina, and isustralia while rosm goes chiefly ; to England,. Brazil, and Ai^entina. ^Important changes -in classification. — Gum is substituted for "Venice" and gum turpentine is specifically mentioned, specific mention of rosin. First PARAGRAPH 1673. , H. R. 7456. P.'iR.i673. Turtles. ACT OF 1909. Par. 701. Turtles [Free]. SENATE AMENDMENTS. ACT OF 1913. P.^R. 636. Turtles [Free]. TURTLES. (See Survey FL-32.) Description and uses. — The best known varieties of turtles are the edible terrapin and green turtle, highly prized for soup makmg. The hawksbill turtle furnishes the tortoise shell. Productionin 1908 (latest figures available) amounted to 1,088,000 pounds, valued at $40,000, of which the States of Illmois, Louisiana, and Florida reported about 65 per cent. Imports and exports are not separately stated, (see par. 1649, p. 1428.) PARAGRAPH 1671. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1674. Uranium, oxide and of. ACT OF 1909. Par. 703. Uranium, oxide and salts of [Free]. ACT OF 1913. Par. ()38. Uranium, oxide and salts of rFree], 1460 SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. UKANITJM COMPOUNDS. (See Survey FLr-22.-) Description and uses. — ^Uranium is one of the rare inetals. Its ores are not abundant and occur in workable quantities in only a few localities. The most important ores are pitchblend, an oxide, and camotite, a mineral containing potassiimi, vanadium, and uraniimi. Uranium minerals and salts contain and are the source of radium. The most important compounds of uranium are the oxide, the nitrate, the acetate, the double ammonium-uranium carbonate, and sodium uranate. Uranium is used only in alloys, principally steel. • The compounds are used for coloring glass and enamels, m china painting, as a mordant in dyeing and calico printing and to some extent m photography and medicme. Uranium ore is used chiefly for the pro- duction of radium. Uranium compounds may be obtamed from the residue and sqaay, therefore, be considered as by-products of the radium industry. Production.— Tins country is the lai^st producer of uranium ores and uranium products and salts, and in case of adequate demandy the output could be increased by utilizing residues that now go to waste. Separate figures for uranium conwyoirnds are not shown. Ferrouranium (par. 302) is produced by at least one company, but the output is small, as the use of this alloy is largely in the experi- mental stage. Imports of uranium compounds in 1913 were valued at $21,435; in 1914, at $5,782; and in 1917, at $3,018. Before the war they came largely from Grermany. In 1918 (calendar year) the imports of uraniimi oxide and salts of uranium were valued at $1,309, and in 1920 at $1,318, with none in 1919, or 1921 (nine months). EiKporte.— Statistics not available. PARAGRAPH 1675. H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1675. Vegetable tallow. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 580. » * « vegetable tallow, Par. 498. * * * vegetable tallow, * * * such ae are commonly used in, ; * * ' * such as are commonly used in soap making or in wire drawing, or for . soap making or in wire drawing, or for stuffing or dressing leather, and which are stuffing or dressing leather; ilpt specially fit only for such uses, and Hot specially provided for in this section [Free], provided for in this section [Free]. VEGETABLE TALLOW. (See Survey FL-15.) Description and 'oses.— "Chinese vegetable tallow" obtained from the hard fat which coats the seeds of a Chinese tree, is the most im- portant vegetable tallow, and is used largely in soap making, which industry employed 6,417,000 poimds in 1917. The consumption of Chinese vegetable tallow was 3,654r,682 pounds in 1914, 3,157,215 pounds in 1920, and for the first nine months of i921 (preliminary figures) 2,339,108 pounds. Imports and exports. — Statistics are not available. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1461 changes in classification. — The rest imonly used in soap making or in stuffing or dressing leather, " has been removed. Ififortard changes in classification. — The restriction to vegetable tallow, "commonly used in soap making or in wire drawing, or for fstllffinCr nr HpftSsinor loafVlO-p " Vine 1->o, .^v, : . ^ .r,-,^ Some of the articles omitted from paragraph 647 ot the act ol 191*$ might be specifically proyided for in H. R. 7456. The n^ost important appear to De broom handles and wood flour. : - There is doubt whether the words "rough hewn or sawed or planed on one side" in lines 23 and 24, page 200, are intended to apply only to "gun blocks for gunstocks/' or to include as well the other pre- ceding specific enumerations. .If the intention is to hm,it ^the quali- fying phrase "gun blocks forgunstocks," a semicolon should be sub- sHtuted for the comma af ter ^.timbpr,'; and after ," shingle bolts, in line 22, page 200, and " and" should, be inserted before ' shingle bolts :., in line 22 . ) A semicolon in place of the corhma after th^ , ]ifQrd side , in line 24, page 200, would also be advisable. 1476 SUMMARY OF TARIFF nSTFOEMATIOIir, 1921. PARAGRAPH 1684. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. Par. 1684. Woods: Sticks of partridge, ' hair wood, pimento, orange, myrtle, bamboo, rattan, india malacca joints, and other woods not specially provided for in this section in the rough, or not further advanced than cut into lengths suitable for sticks for umbrellas, parasols, sun- shades, whips, fishing rods, or walking canes. ,, , . ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. Par. 713. Woods: * _» * sticks of ' Par. 648. Woods: * » * sticks of partridge, hair wood, pimento, orange, partridge, hair wood, pimento, orange, myrtle, bamboo, rattan, reeds unmanu- myrtle, bamboo, rattan, reeds unmanu- factured, india malacca joints, and other factured, india malacca joints, and other woods not specially provided for in this woods not specially provided for in this section, in the roi^h, or not further ad- section, in the rough,- or not further ad- vanced than cut into lengths suitable for vanced than cut into lengths, suitable for sticks for umbrellas, parasols, sunshades, sticks for unbrellas, parasols, sunshades, whips, fishing rods, or walking canes whips, fishing rods, or walking- canes [Free]. [Free]. STICKS OF WOOD IN THE ROUGH. Description and uses. — Partridge, named from a wavy pattern in the grain, is the variegated wood of certain Soulii American and East Indian trees, used mostly for umbrella handles and walking sticks. The name is also given to an extremely heavy, hard, dense, dark- brown wood from Brazil, used in marqu^ry. Pimento (Pimenta vulgaris), both the black and the red, belongs to the myrtle family found in Jamaica, Trinidad, and St. Lucia; it is also called allspice, baywood, and Jamaica pepper. It attains a height of 50 feet and a diameter of 20 inches, is imported in the form of timbers 20 feet long by 12 inches square, and is used for posts, fences, sleepers, naves and felloes for wheels, and for umbrellas and walking sticks. Bay rum is distilled from the leaves, which have a strong, pleasant smell. The berries are known as a spice. Oil of pimento is obtained by distillation from the fruit. Orange {Citrus aurantium), familiar for its fruit, is also used as a cabinet wood, in turnery, and in a superior grade of toothpicks. The wood is of great beauty, has a fine grain, compares with boxwood in hardness, and is scarcely distinguishable from lemon wood {Oitrus medico) . The chief sources are southern Europe, Asia, America, and Africa. Myrtle wood {Fagus hetuloides and Fagus cunningTiami) is derived from the Victorian or Tasmanian beech found in Tierra del Fuego and Tasmania. It attains a diameter of from 3 to 4 feet. The wood has a silky luster and is used in bedroom furniture. The bamboos {Bambusex) are giant grasses, including some 20 genera and 200 species. They are tropical plants, but may be grown m California and along the south Atlantic coast, and are of surprisingly rapid growth, Florida stalks having attained a height of 72 feet in a single season. The foliage consists of delicate bstribh-like plumes. The stems, upward of 70 lieet high, with a diameter of 4 to 6 inches, SUMMAKY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 147T are broken by knots or joints. The Chinese eat tender bamboo shoots with bamboo chopsticks; paper is made from the fiber and pencils from small joints in which are inserted tufts of goat's hair. The hard siliceous, exterior is imjjervious to water, while the fresh, uncured stems may be bent to many purposes. It is used for masts, cables, rafters, chains, flutes, rattles, posts, poles, utensils, troughs, pipes, roofing, balloon frames, and incandescent lamps. A common use in this country is for fishing rods. Rattan, reeds: (See par. 411, p. 580.) India malacca joints: Canes from various species of the genus Calamus, as Calamus scipionum, Calamus latifohum, and others, are imported from the Orient as malacca joints or canes, used as walking sticks or umbrella handles. Hair wood : No information secured. Production. — ^Orange is grown for fruit in the United States and the bamboo may be grown m Florida and California, but for the most part the woods mentioned in paragraph 1684 are imported, woods, not growing in the United States. No data as to the orange and bamboo that may be grown for wood are obtainable. Imforts. — Red cedar, mentioned in paragraph 648 of the act of 1913 but dropped from the enumeration of woods in paragraph 1684, shows the following imports for the calendar years 1918-1921 : 1921(9months). Quantity (M feet). Value 2,527 $44,031 $675 206 $22, 385 Imports of certain cabinet woods in the rough, enumerated in para- fraph 648 of the free list, of the act of 1913 but transferred to the utiable list in H. R. 7456, will be found in connection with para- graph 404. Imports (calendar years) of the items remaining in para- graph 1684, i.e. , sticks of partridge, hair wood, pimento, orange, myrtle, bamboo, rattan, india malacca joints, and other woods, in the rough or not, further advanced than cut into lengths suitable for sticks for umbrellas, parasols, sunshades, whips, fishing rods, or walking canes, have been by calendar years as follows : 1918, $152,923; 1919, $206,264;. 1920, $675,101; 1921, (nine months), $271,844. Exports. — None recorded. Important changes in classification. — ThefoUowingitems, enumerated in paragraph ^48 of the free list of the act of 1913, have been trans- ferred .to the dutiable list, paragraph 404 in H. R. 7456: Spanish cedar, lignum-vitse, lancewood, ebony, box, granadilla, mahogany, rosewood, and satinwood, in the log, tough, or hewn only. Red cedar {Juniperus virgianna) timber, hewn, sided, squared, or round, in the free list (par. 648) of the act of 1913 is dropped from specific men- tion altogether in H. R. 7456, but logs of cedar are provided for in paragraph 402, and timber hewn, sided, or squared otherwise than by sawing (not less than 8 inches square) and round timber used for spars or in building wharves,, in paragraph 401. Red cedar in the form of round unmanufactured timjjer, not included in the foregoing, or such cedar sawed, would apparently be admitted free under para- graph 1683, but the latter would be subject to the dutiable proviso for certain lumber. 1478 SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. - Cabinet woods not Specifically enumerated, in the log, rough or hewn, have also been omitted, thus fa,lling within the generail pro- visions. : ;■- ■'-.•■• Suggested changes.— Pa.ge 201,, Par. 652.' Original paintings in oil, mineral, *ater, or other colors,; pastels, original drawings and sketches in pen and ink hr pencU -a^id water colors, . artists' proof etchings unbound, anji engravings, and woodcuts unbound, original sculp- tures or statuary, including not more than two replicas or reproductions of^the same; but the terpfis "sculpture" and- "stat- uary"^ as usealn this paragraph shalibe Underatood to include professional pro- ductions of sculptors only, whether in round or in relief, in' bronze, marble, stoae, terra cottar ivory, wood, or metal, or 'whether cut, carved, or .otherwise SUMMARY OP TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1479 ,,, ACT OF 1909. be understood to include any article of utUity nor s.uch as are pade wholly or in part by stenciUjig or aiiy other mechani- cal process; and the words " etchings "^ and "engravings," as used in this Act, shall be^ understood: to include only such as are printed by hand from plates or blocks etched or engraved with hand tools, and not such as are printed from plates or blocks etched or engraved by photochemical processes.. * * * [Free.] ACT OF 1913. wrought by hand from the solid block or jmass of marble, stone, or alabaster, or from metal, or cast in bronze or other metal or substance, or from wax or plas- ter, made as the professional productions of sculptors only;. and the words "paint- ing" and "sculpture" and "statuary" as used in this paragraph shall not be under- stood to include any articles of utility, nor such as are made wholly or in part by stenciling or any other mechanical proc- ess; and the words ■" etchings, " "engrav- ings," and "woodcuts" as used in this paragraph shall be understood to include only Such as are printed by hand from plates or blocks etched or engraved with hand tools aid not' such as are printed from plates or blocks etched or engraved by photochemical or other mechanical processes [Free]. ORIGINAL PAINTINGS, ORIGINAL DRAWINGS AND SKETCHES, ARTISTs' ETCHINGS AND ENGRAVINGS AND WOODCUTS UNRbt/ND, ORIGINAL SCULPTURES OR STATUARY, ETC. (See Survey N-24;.); For description and uses of works of art, original paintings, etc., see paragraph 1447, page 1195. Imports 01 works of art, etc., in 19i4 were valued at $11,303,541. Later statistics for calendar years follow: ■ 1"8 1919, . 1920 " (,2lnm. Original paiatiAgs in .oil,Tmrieral, water, or oUier colors, pastels, original drawings, sketches in pen and- ink, etc: $1,579,859 S108,96i $6,270,348 $4,107,851 Artists' proof etchings unbound, lanji engrav- ings and woddcuts unbound... 84^151 392,879 588,388 266,123 Original sculptures or statuary, including ' ' not more than two replicas or reproductions ' of same , , . 68,148 108,964 171,889 103,136 Exports of art works are shown under paragraphs 1447. Suggested cMnges.—'Page 202, lines 10 and 18 of H. R. 7456: Strike out the word "paragraph" and insert "Title and in Title I." :Page 202, lines 5 and 6, of H. R. 7456: Substitute "pen and ink, pencil or water colors, in whole or in combination," for "pen and ink or pencil and w;ater colors," if it is desired to exempt from duty all such sketches ; otherwise the provision should be so worded as to exclude sketches or designs of utilitarian or industrial nature. It is represented to the Tariff Commission that artists' proof etchings to be admitted without payment of duty must be signed in pencil, and that omission from the biU'H. R. 7456 of the provision in paragraph 425 of the act of 1913 for etchings printed more than 20 years at the date of importation will exclude from free entry artists' proof etchings unbound,' jprin ted before the practice of signing artists' proofs arose (25 years ago]. , Such etchings of high merit as artistic productions would be dutiable although more modern signed artists' proof etchings w'ouM be exempt from duty under the bill as passed by the House of Representatives. 1480 SUMMABY OF TABIFF IHTfORMATION, 1^1: It h.as been represented to the Tariff Commission tliat engravings, etchings, and lithographic prints, botmd or unbomid, which shall have been printed more than 20 years at the date of importation, should be exempted from duty, which, if desired, cotild be done- by insertion of the provision followed by a comma and the, words " and all" before "hydrographic charts" in pai-agraph 1529, page 1259. PARAGRAPH 1686. H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. JPar. 1686. Works" of ' art, drawiage, engraymgs, pliot'.. i.'.. ..,.,.',•>.,.,.: Sugar of milk Ichthyol oil Ammonia, sulphate of, perchlorate of, and nitrate of Calcium' carbide Cresol containing 5 per cent or more of tar acid, and distillates which yield 5 per cent of tar acids between 190° and 200° C. [Group L, act of 1916.] Quinolin [Group I, act of 1916] , _ .- ., Explosive .substances of coal-tar origin used for mining, blast- ing, and artillery purposes. , Madder and munjeet, ground or prepared, anil all extracts of. . . Balm of Gilead, when advanced. ..,,... Salep, or salop, when advanced ,..1 Aconite, when advanced Asafetida, when advanced Coc.Gulua indicus, when advanced , . Ipecac, whqn advanced. , Jalap,' when advanced. - .— ,,. Manna, when advanced ". '. Belladonna, digitalis, henbane, and stramonivim, when not advanced. Tanning materials: Extracts of quebracho, and of hemlock bark; extracts of oak and chestnut and other barks and woods other than dyewoods commonly used for tanning; all the foregoing not containing alcohol. Extracts of divi-divi, mangrove, myrobolan,, valonia, and wattle naentioned in H. R. 7456 but not in the act of 1913. Lac dye -. , Iodine, resublimed ,. .. Bromin Magnesite, crude or calcined, not purified ^ Grease, fats, and oils guch as are commonly used in soap mak- ing or in wire drawing, or for stuffing or dressing leather. Cod and cod-Uver oil. !. Coconut, cottonseed, and soya bean oil [Emergency tariff act of 1921 (par. 11) imposes a duty]. Birch tar, cajeput, and juglandium oil Paris green and London purple ., Phosphorus '....1 Blood char, bone black or bone char, not suitable for use as a pigment. . ^ _ _ , Potash, carbonate of, hydrate of, when not containing more than 15 per centum of caustic soda, and crude nitrate of, or salt- Santonin and its combinations with acids 1 . . . Salt. Soda,:arseniate of, soda ash, alicate, of soda ., ....,..,,. Strontia, oxide of, or protoxidf! of sttoritiani '.. Strychnia or strychnine and its combinations with acids SXTMMAKY OF TAKItT INFORMATION, 1921. 1487 Articles trdnsfeh'ed from the free list of the act of 191S to the dutiable schedules of the Mil H. J?. 7456— Continued. Act of 1913, paragraph. 444 614 411 450 629 621 579 494 493 438 470 518 518 540 549 633 518 613 509 554 645 587 554 554 612 555 573 578 441 631 572 637 470 550 578 fil9 Commodity. Schedule 2. Roman, Portland, and other hydraulic cement. ..... J. Limestone, unmanufactured ....'. _ Bauxite or beauxite, crude, not advanced ...:..."[....[....[. Common blue clay and Gross- Almerode glass-pot clay, in cases or casks. Terra alba .• .! . .^: J . Talcum, steatite, and IVench chalk, -crude, unground Plumbago ...:'.' Glass plates or disks, rough-cut or unvrrought, for use in manu- ^ facture of optical instruments. Glass enamel, white, for -wutch and clock dials Burrstones, manufactured Curling stones - Sghedttlb 3. Iron in pigs, iron kentledge, spiegeleisen, wrought iron, and scrap and scrap steel. i Ferromanganese Manganese, oxide and ore of Molybdenum ore Tungsten-bearing ores of all kinds Iron in slabs, blooms, loops, or other forma less finished than iron bars, and more advanced than pig iron. Steel ingots, cogged ingots, blooms and slabs, die blocks or blanks, and billets, not containing alloy. Hoop or band iron or hoop or band steel, cut to lengths or wholly or partly ma.n*ufactured"into hoops or ties, for baling cottoii or any other commodity.^ Horseshoe-nail rods Galvanized wire. ; Railway bars, iron or steel, T-rails, punched iron or steel flat rails. - Cut nails and cut spikes of iron or steelj horseshoe nails, hob- nails, wire staples, wire nails, spikes of iron or steel, and cut tacks, brads, or sprigs. Horse, mule, or ox shoes of iron or steel. 1 Steel engraved forms for bonds, debentures, stock certificates, etc. Needles for shoe machines. :;:.. Philosophical and scientific apparatus, etc., for institutions Vaaes, retorts, and other apparatus, vessels, and parts- thereof composed of platinum for chemical uses. Cream separators valued at not exceeding $75 , Tin in bars, blocks, pigs, or grain or granulated and scrap tin. . Pewter and Britainia metal, old, fit only to be remanuf actuied . Type, stereotype metal, electrotype metal, linotype composi- tion, old, fit only to be remanuf actured. Quoits, and curling-stone handles Miners' r^s6ue appUanfces,' deBighed for emergency use in mines where artificial breathing is necessary in' the' presence of poisonous gases, to aid in the saying /of human life, and miners! safety lamps, and parts, accessories, and appliances idi- cleanirig, repairing, and operating all the foregoing. Platinum in sheets and platinum wire Ti;TiPTa.vpH Htppi rliPB ay^A rnlla aiiitaVilo fnr ndD -Jti engraving and H. E. 7456, paragraph. 1488 STJMMARX OF TAEIFF nSTFORMATJCOK, 1^1. Articles transferred from the free list of the act of 191S to the dutiable scheduler of the Mil H. R, 7456— Continued. Act of 1913, paragraph. Commodity. H. E. 7456, paragraph. 647 648 647 648 647 647 647 647 591 545 562 619 622 545 619 528 545 619 419 545 547 547 416 478 619 483 435 465 .Schedule, 4. I Timber, hewn, sided, or squared , ^ - .,? r t Red cedar (juniperus virginianna) timber,, hewn, sided,, or squared otherwise than by sawing. , , ; Round, uhmanufS'Ctured timber when used for. spars or in building whales; logs (including Ijulp woods) of fir, spruce, cedar, and western hemlock (oonditionally). Cedar, including Spanish cedarj lignum- vitse, lancewood, ebony, box, granadilla, mahogany, rosewood, satinwopd, and all forms of cabinet ;woods, in the log, rough or hewn only. , ; Fence posts, hubs "for wheels, posts,^ea4ing bol,t§, stave bolts, last blocks, wagon blocks, oar blocks.ieading blocks, and all like blocks or sticks, rough hewn, sawed, or bored. , Pickets, palings, and staves ,. . , Shiiigles '. Kindling wood, hop poles, hoop ;poles, ship planking, broom handles, sawdust, and wood flour. Schedule 5. SaHcin . Schedule 6. Jfone. ' Schedule 7. Fresh beef and veal. . . , (Par. 14 of the emergency tariff act imposes a duty.) Oleo stearin Cattle (Par. 12 of the emergency tariff act imposes a duty.) Tallow. Fresh mutton and lamb (Par. 14 of the emergency tariff act imposes a duty.) Sheep and aU other domestic live animals suitable for hurtian food. (Par. 13of the emergency tariff act imposes a duty on sheep.) Lard, lard compounds, and substitutes Fresh pork, bacon, and hams .;...,.. (Par. 14 of the emergency tariff act imposes a duty.) ,, Swine -. ,-.-■:- Bladders and all integuments, tendons, and intestines of ani- mals, crude^ dried, or salted for preservation only. , ^ Meats of all kmds, prepared or preserved , . . . (Par. 14 of the emergency tariff act imposes a duty.) Milk and cream (Par. 23 of the emergency tariff act imposes a duty.) Milk and cream preserved or condensed or sterilized (Par. 24 of the emergency tariff act imposes a duty.) Birds and land and water fowls Eggs of poultry — Domestic live ?,nimals suitable fpr food Fresh-water fish and all other fish not specially provided for Buckwheat and buckwheat flour , Corn or maize. (Par. 4 of the emergency tariff a 711 713 716 718, 719, 720, 721 ' 724 ' 725 STJMMAEY OF TAEIFF IISTFOKMATION, 1921. 1489 Articles, transferfed from the free list o/ the act of 191S to the dutiable schedules ef the iill E. R. 7456— Continued, Act of 1913, paragraph. Commodity. H. E. 7466, paragraph. 466 589 644 417 640 488 488 488 488 563 488 510 595 595 489 557 557 595 595 595 595 606 581 434 389 473 595 471 634 ScHEDTTLB 7 — Continued. Corn meal, Rye and rye flour '. . . - .1' Wheat, wheat flour, Bemolihaj and other wheat products (Pare. 1 and 2 of the efflergenc^ tariff act impose a dutj^-i Bisctiits and wafers, when not c'ontainiiig chocolate, nuts, fruit, or confectionery. ■ Wafers, unleavened or not edible ' - • Fruits, green, ripe, or dried (bananas) Berries, green, npe, or dried - -- Fruits in brine (cherries)^.,.., .-. --- (Par. 27 of the emergency tariff act imposes a duty upon cherries, raw, preserved in brine (cherries), or otherwise.) Fruits, green, ripe, or in brine (citrons and citron peel, crude or in brine). Orange and lemon peel, not preserved, candied, or dried Fruits, green, ripe, or dried, and fruits in brine Hop roots for cultivation -. Bulbs and bulbous roots, not edible . [This provision is omitted irom H. R. 7456 and probably falls within the provision, for "all other bulbs and roots" in paragraph 751.] "■ Coniferous evergreen seedlings ---- - — - -••--- ■ Fruit plants, tropical and semitropical, for the purpose of propa- gation or cultivation. [This provision is oiriitted in H. R. 7456 and such fruit plants probably fall within the provision for "other fruit. vines or bushes" in paragraph 753.] Marrons, crude. . . , - . ' - ■ - - Coconuts in the shell. . . .'. IJ -" ,-: - - j - - ■ - ..--.,-,-■ All flower seeds (sunflower) - '■■■ -•--•••■•.--■ All grass seeds. [This provision covers all those seeds specm- cally mentioned in paragraph 761 of H. R. 7456.] Seeds: Cauliflower, celery, mangelwurzel, sugar beet, and flower seeds. ,,. ^ . .^ -r-^. , -u j Seeds: Cotton, hemp, hoarhound, rape, Saint John s bread or b^an, sorghum, and sugar cane, for seed. [These seeds are not specifically mentioned in H. R.,7456 and probably fall within the provision for "all other gtoden and field seeds not specially provided for" in jparagraph 762.] _ Soya beans. [No specific provision is made for soya beans in H. R. 7456 and they'^will^robably fall within the provisionm paragraph 763 for dried beans.] Potatoes [conditionally] V v " V (Par. 7 of the emergency tanff act imposes a duty.) Broom corn. ;. - - - - - - Acorns, raw, dried, or undried, but unground - Dan(felion rodlis, raw, dried or undried, but unground Steeds: Cardamom, coriander, cummin, fpnel, and mustard... Curry and curry powder ■ • - - Turmeric , ,,..-. , Schedule 8. None. Schedule 9. Cotton having a staple of If inches or more in length, dutiable at 7 cents per pound under par. 16, emergency tariff act. 725 729 730 734 734 736 787 738 740 740 749 751 751 752 753 755 756 760 761 762 762 763 769 774 775 775 780 780 780 82304^22 04 1490 SUMMAKY or TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. Articles transferred from the free list of the act of WIS to the dutiable schedules of the hill B. R: 7456-Oontinued. ActoU913, paragraph. Commodity. H. E. 74(58, paragraph. 485 408 650 651 481 530 567 425 426 650 479 491 422 495 443 576 412 618 428 571 582 Schedule 10. Flax straw, flax, not hackled or dressed, flax hackled, known as "dressed, line, "tow of flax and. flax noils; hemp and tow of hemp, hemp nackled, known as "line 0f hemp.' i'lain woven fabrics of single jute yarns, not bleached, dyedj colored, stained, printed, or rendered noninflammable by any process. .',' Schedule 11. Wool and hair - (Dutiable under pars. IS and 19 of the emergency tariff act.) Wool wastes Schedule 12. None. Schedule 13. Felt, adhesive for sheathing vessels Leather board or compressed leather.,. . .' Decalcomania paper, not printed,. , , . _, , - f Books, .rnaps^ music, engravings,, photographs,, etchings, i^tho- . graphic prints, bound or unbound, anii chftrts, printed, more ■ ' than 20 yeara., ^ , ,. Books and pamphlets "printed wholly or chiefly in languages other than English,"ahd all textbooks used in schools. Paper twine for binding wool Schedule 14. Crude artificial abrasives Silver or black fox; skins, i^ndressed, Press cloths composed of, camel's hair, impprtgd expressly for oil milling, purpoaes, and marked. , Gloves, made wholly or in chief value of lealiier made from horsehides, pigskins, and cattle hides of cattle of the bovjne species., ' ... ,. , Catgut, whip gut, or worm gut, unmanufacfured ,. . » . 1 . Photographic and moving-picture filmSj sensitized' but' pot exposed or developed. ' , ,' Beeiwax, white, bleached,.. : . . '.'. .,'.... Sumac, ground. 1'. PEHSONAL,, HOUSEHOLD, OK PEOPESSIpNAL EEFECTS TBANS- PEKEED FKOM THE FREE LIST TO DUTL^BLB SCHEDULES AcfcoED- LNG TO THE NATURE OP THE ARTICLE. Books and libraries exceeding $250 in vlaiie, and hoiisehold effects, of persons from abroad. [See par. 1532, H. B. 7456.] Personal effects, exceeding $300 in value, of United States citizens dying abroad. fS^e par. 1631, H. R. 7456.] Professional books, implemente a.nd instruments and tools of trade, exceeding $250 in. value, of immigrants. [See par. 1637, H. R. 7456.] 1001 1008 1101, 1102 1105 1302 1302 1305 1310 1310 1313 1415 1420 1426 1433 1434 1451 1457 1458 INDEX t Abbreviations: n. s. p. f.-Dot specially -provided tor; *=more specially provided for in act of 1909 or 1913 than in H. E. 7456.] Paragraph of H. E. 7456. Page. Abrasives 335,1415 439,1120 Absinthe ; 802 826 Acenaphthene 1546 1276 Acetaldenyde 2 24 Acetaldol 2 24 A.cetamlide (acetanilid*): Medicinal 26 76 Not medicinal ..._ 25 73 Acetate." Amyl * 35 101 Benzyl ■..::.1'1:: 26 76 Calaum ; ......;;. 1540 1267 Copper 1554 1288 Ethyl, esters , 35 103 Lead .;.. 44 129 Acetic: Acid 1 10 Anhydride (anhydrid *) ...:..... .: 1 11 Ether * (ethyl acetate) ....,:... 35 103 Acetone and acetone oil. 3 25 Acetphenetidine (acetphenetidin *) 26 76 Acetylsalicylic acid 26 76 Acids: Acetic 1 10 Acetylsalicylic 26 76 Amidonaphtolsulfo * 25 75 Amidosalicylic * (aminosalicylic) 25 75 Aminobenzoic 25 73 Aminosalicylic (amidosalicylic *) 25 73 Anhydrides , .1, 1501 11, 1217 Arsanilic 25 73 Arsenic 1 17 Arsenious 1 17 Benzoic, medicinal 26 76 Benzoic, not medicinal. . ; ■-.,-.■ - 25 73 Boric (boracic *) ,. 1 11 Carbolic* .-■.. 25 74 Chloroacetic . . . . : 1 12 Chlorophthalic 25 73 Chromic 1501 1218 Cinnamic - 25 73 Citric 1 13 Color ■ 26 79 ■ ■ Color, from natural alizarin or indigo 26 80 , Diamidostilbendisulfo * - 25 75 Dichlorophthalic 25 73 Fluoric "^ (hydrofluoric) 1501 ] 218 Formic - ^ 1 18 Gallic : 1 19 Glycerophosphoric 24 72 Hydrochloric 1501 1219 ' Hydrofluoric 1501 1218 1491 1492 • INDEX. Paragrapli of Acids-Continued. lB..g.^4X. Page. Hydroxyphenylarsinic 25 73 Lactic 1 14 Metanilic 25 73 Mixtures of nitric and sulphuric 1501 1219 Muriatic ...., 1501 1219 Naphtolsulfo * ^. •: 25 75 Naphtylaminosulfo * 25 75 Nitnc. ........-=-.. 1501 1219 Nitropicric * 26 79 N.s.p.f .......,u..:..... .....i:..,.... ,. ^ 1.. ,23 Oil of vitriol 1501 1220 Oleic ..,......: 1 19 Oxalic 1 20 Phenylglycineortho-carboxylic. 25'^ . 73 Phosphoric .■ .' - -- 1, . 21 .. PhthaUc: 25 73 Picric 26 83 Prussic* .- :;-■. 1 / ^ ., PyrogaUic .:.!'..'::'. 1 21 PyroUgneous * (acetic) , 1 11 Ricinoieic * (alizarin assistant) ; 51 1^9 ;., Salicylic, medicinal 26. / 76 Salicylic, not medicinal 25 73 , Silicic* 1- ■' 23 '■'i: Stearic: .:... ..::.;:.......... 1 22 ,, Sulphanilic... 25.'-'* 73 ,,' , Sulpho, of coal-tar products * 25 . 75 Sulphoricinoleic * (alizarin assistant) .-.-.;.... 51 159 ^1 Sulphuric 1501, 1220 Tannic ...;., 1 ' 15 . ', Tartaric ...•...• ......V. ' 1 ,16 , Tetrachlorophthalic.................. .- .• '..'. 25 ' 73 Thiosalicylic ; .;... ...... .-;...; 25 73 Tungstic .- : . .':'.*: 302 368 Valerianic :. ISOl 1221 Aconite: , Advanced : .;. 32 92 :. Crude.. 1502 1222 Acorns f :■■■--. 775 804 Adepslanae. ..;..'^. 49 146 Adonite. . , 505 608 Agar-agar : . . . : [ : 39 120 Agate: ' Buttonrand studs .- ;. 1411 1109 ^ Manufactures of n. s. p. f ;... 233;" 348 Unmanufactured: :..,.:..... 1^03' 1223 Agricultural implements and parts ■...'::';'.... 1504 1224 Agricultural" Department, plants' for . .' ' ' . 1633 1411 iiigrettes 1419, .1128 Airplanes and parts 370 500 Air rifles * 364 485 Air rifles, toys 1414 1117 Alabaster, manufactures of :..:....' 233 347 Albata silver * ; 377 516 Albumen: Blood* ..:.:..;:... ..: 1505 1226 E^..: ...::'.:':....; ' 7i3 eei N. s. p. f ...:.:.... .:..... 1505 1226 Albumenized paper :.;. : 1305 1063 Albums, autograph, photograph, etc :.:..: 1311 1085 Alcohol (se« awo Distilled spirits):' Amyl : 4 27 Amylic * (fusel oil) 4 , 27 Butyl :.: : : 4 28 Compounds, preparations, mixtures, and salts: imth . '^ ""^ INDEX. 1493 Alcefliol (see a?so Distilled apirite)— Continued. .H.^/U56° Pagek. 1 Ethyl, 'for nonbeverage purposes 4 30 ff' Isopropyl. /.[].'..'.'..[[ 4 , 28 '.-^^^*^f -■■■••■ 1435 .1176 -' Methyl 4 , 29 '; Phenylethyl I!l ..!!!.!"]" .litlk!, 26 76 ' Wood _ 4 29 Alcoholic compounds, preparations, etc '. 22 67 Aldehyde ammonia : 2 24 Aldol l^[^[.[[ ... .. 2 24 Ale. '. .W.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.W'..] 805 831 Ale, gilder i ,: 807 834 AlMfa seed 1 76i 769 AKmentary pastes > 726 692 Alkarin: ' Assistant 51 159 Dyes • ." 26 80 Natural 26 80 •'Synthetic 26 . 80 Alkalies *. 5 32 Alkalies containing soda*... ■.bns...... 5 32 Alkaloids: Cinchona bark .• .>..'; 1639 1418 N.s.p.f* ....: 5 32 Opium. = . 55 172 All-chain Venetian carpets and rugs* 1118 998 Allowance for leakage, etc., of wine, etc 812 838 Alloys (see aiso Ferroalloys): Aluminum ;...... 374i 511 Barium* 1559 1295 Calcium*..... .J.. ;.., 1559 1295 ■■ Forsteel .i..;'.,..j./.. ..;... . 302 -362 Iron or steel 301,302 358,362 ,, Lead, n. s. p. f.. 389 ■ 538 • '■ Magnesium 375 . 513 '■*^ Molybdenum 302 367 " Nickel '. -ijJ: 385 530 ■ N. s. p. f. substitutes for tool steel ^ 304 380 Potassium* ....ti 1559 1295 Sodium* .■ 1.1559 1295 ■ Steel 305 383 Tungsten _ 302 368 Allspice (Kmento *) 780 822 Almond oil: 1 Bitter .• 1625 1387 Sweet ■ 1626 1399 Almonds 754 754 Aloe bs^ing for cotton , 1517 1249 Aloes: Advanced 32 92 Crude 1502.; 1222 Alpaca hair - 1102,1121 948,1004 Alfha-naphthol (naphthol *) ....-.-. 25 73 Alsike clover seed ....'.;.. 761 771 Althea root, leaves, and flowers: - :j - Advanced 32 95 Crude... --- - 1502 1222 Ahim and alum cake » 6 34 Alumina, hydrate * (Aluminum hydroxide) 6 33 Aluminous cake 6 34 Aluminum - '- 374 510 ^ ' AUoys. :>l ,.r - 374 . . 511 r (>'• ■ Aflimonidih-sulphate. '6 35 Articles, not plated, n. s. p. f 393 551 ' Bars, plates, sheets, etc -'• 374 510 • Compouilds.. '...-. ■■- 6 '33, 35 1494 IMDEX. Paragraph of Aluminum— Continued. ' • H.Bs.7456^ I'ftSe. , Flatware utensils 339, ,j : 444 Hollow ware utensils r. 339ji - 444 Hydroxide - , 6 . / 33 Leaf ,, 379!,!: 522 Potassium-sulphate.. ....-,r,, G ,: 34 ' Scrap.. 374 ,,', 511 1 Sulphate : ..>-.. .t.^.: ,6 ni 34 ;: Utensils 339 , ; ,444 Amaryllis bulbs * 751 .. 746 Amber: ,, Gum (unmanufactured*) , ,... 1577, 1318 Manufactures, n. s. p. f , 1436. . 1177 •-; OU* 64 ,, 163 Ambergris 1506 1227 Ambergris oil * , , 54 163 Ainberoid 1577 1318 Artists; works of....... '.'. 1688 -1483 Fisheries , 1624 1385 • Goods, exported and returned , 1514 1242 Landscapes, views 1310 , , 1084 Amidonaphthdl* (Andnonaphthol).. ! ,., ' 25 73 Ainidonaphtolsulfoacids*. and salts , 25 ; ' 75 Amidophenol* (Aminophenol) 25. ^ ,, 73 AMidosalicylic acid* (Aminosalicylic acid) 25 ; 75 Aminoanthraquinone -. ; 25 , 73 Aminobenzoic acid , 25 73 Aminonaphthol (amidonaphthol*) 25 ., 73 Aininophenetole ,.., 25 73 Aminophenol (amidophenol*) r---.-.. 25 ' 73 Aminosalicylic (amidosaUcylic*) acid , 25 73 Ammonia: ' Aldehyde .>. 2 24 Alum ,. 6 34 Liquid anhydrous 7 40 Muriate* (ammonium chloride) ■ 7 '37 Ammoniacal gas liquor* ' 1458' 1214 Ammoniac, sal* (ammonium, chloride) 7 37 Ammonium (ammonia*): , Aluminum sulphB,te , 6 35 Carbonate 7 37 Chloride.; 7 37 Compounds 7 36 Nitrate 7 38 Perchlorate 7 38 Phosphate 7 39 Sulphate. , 7 , 39 Ampoules, chemicals, etc., in , 21 . 65 Ainyl: . . i ; Alcohol 4 . .27 ' Acetate* i 35 101 Nitrite* 35 101 Amylic alcohol* (fusel oil) 4 27 Anatomy, preparations of t . . 1652 1431 Anchor chain 329, i 429 Anchors and parts 319 ,413 Andirons, cast-iron , 327 423 Anethol.... 4. ;..... .......... 56 175 4.hgles: ;, Brass..;. 378 ,517 '' Ironors'teel 312 397 Angora goat hair 1102, 1121 948,, 1004 Anhydrides (anhydrids*) : Acetic and lactic .,. 1 ■( 11 ' Other ., 1,1501 23,1217 PhthaUc 25 73 iNpp;s;, X495 » •!• > :,. «.^ Paragraph or Anpine (amhn*): H. B. 7456. Page. ' Oi} 25 1,, 73 Salt. . . . , 25 73 Anamal: ; Carbon*.. :..,....;.:„;. ;;,....^,. ,...,:..;. i,.... 1527 1257 ^l Greases, alcoholic... 22 66 r>. Greases, n. 8.. p. fi ,. ...... 49 147 Hair, uiunanufactured..... ..'..........'....'............ 1579 1325 Intestines, etc 706 - 647 Oils (se« Oils, animal). Wax, crude....... ....;...;.......■.. 1676. 1461 Animals: • „ Exported and returned *. 1514 i , 1242 . V! For breeding purposes 1507,1508 1229,1232 , V' T'or exhibition or competition 1508 1232 ■ Immigrants'...., ........■..............'....■..".......... ,1508 1232 ; In quarantine 1507 , 1229 Live, n. s. p. f 716 667 •Pasturage , 1507 1229 f : Straying across the boundary line 1507 ; 1229 Wild for zoological collections, etc .•-.--,- 1508 1232 Anise: Oil 1626 1386 Seeds ; ,:. 780 813 Seed oil* (anise oil).... ..-.-..-- .------.-.- 1625 1386 Annatto and extracts j . , t . . l , , j. 1510 1236 Anodes, nickel 385 530 Anthoss oil * (rosemary oil) , .^5..,.,,. <.... 1625. 1394 Anthracene (anthracin*) : Dyes * ■. 26 76 . ou ■...., ,:, ...,., ,.;.;:.;.^.....^, .....,:: 1546 1277 Purity of 30 per center more 25 73 Purity of less than 30 per cent ■-". 1546 1277 Anthracite coaJ -•••--■- ■ 1545 1273 Anthranilate, methyl.. 26 76 Anthraquinone 25 73 Antifriction balls and rollers. ,--.-.-- - - --.-,■.-.-.-• - - - - .--•--- 321 416 Ajitimonial lead and scrap -.-.■,-.-.- -.- .- -.- -.-. .--.-.--- . 389 539 Antimony: Compounds 8 ' 41 Matte */..... ...........'. .':. - 376 515 .; Needle or liquated...... ■..'.... 1509 1234 Ore 1509 1234 Oxides --r 8 41 Oxide, salts *... ,. 8 41 Potassium-tartrate or tartar-emetic -.-■•■ 8 41 Eegulus or metal 376 515 . Stibnite, containing * 1509 1233 Sulphides --•---■- « 41 Antipynne..; 26 76 Antiquities.^...... - 1687,1689,1481,1483 Antitoxins.. - 1511 1240 Anvils, iron or steel ■.- ■ 325 422 Apatit4 - •--.-■- 1632 1410 Apparatus: . . ^ „ Chemical* 360 479 Fortheblind 1530 1259 Life-saving 1605 1366 , Philosophical and scientific 360,1686 479,1480 Platinum*.... .- 360 479 Apparel, wearing, theatrical (see also Wearing apparel) 1637 i 1416 Apple treesi .seedlings and cuttings 753 752 Apples i - - -. • • • • ' 35 , 710 Appliances (see aZso Electric) : ... „„a ,»„ '. "Laboratory, philosophical and scientific - . 360 479 ' Miners' rescue *,,,.......:......... -.---.■-•,■• 1605 136b 1496 INDEX. Paragraph of H. B.7456. Page. Apricot kernels . ..- 760 767 Arabic, gum ..•..■.■.-.. 1577 1319 Arabinose • 505 608 Archil or archil liquid. •- 1610 1236 Argentine silver * -. - f-'-- 377 516 Argols .-. -..- ...I.'.. 9 43 Amks, side.- ...-......-.■. J'. ;;. 363 483 Aromatic^ , , v. Chemicals j-.-.i-i'.':. ■ '56 ' 175 Chemi^als^ coal-tar. . ;;.. ■- •-. . 26 79 Seeds, drugs, advanced 31 90 Seeds, drugs, crude .;........-. 1562 1298 Substances -. : - 26, 56 77, 175 Arrack - ....;.... 802 826 Arrowroot, crude 1512 1240 Arfeanilic acid '25 '73 Arsenate (arseniate *) : ■ Aniline*. 25 73 Lead -. '■■.'■- ...w... 44 130 Sodium ......1. ..'.'... 78 224 Arsenic — , " Acid and anhydride. . -. -..-. 1 , 17 Sulphide of, or orpiment. ; .-. •. ................ 151§ 1241 White,..;: ........:..JL..'.l'-' I' 17 Arsenious acid and anhydride ■.. .-. .-. ^?i'.'; 1 17 Articles: 'Acquired abroad by Americans... ...................... ;';...:... 1678 1464 Agate '.'..:•:. 233 348 Alabaster........ 233 347 ' 'Artificial silk, knit 1215 1042 Bamboo : .^- . . . : ; Ji ;. : 411 579 . Beaded or spangled. ........:.. .■; : . . : . ;. . . . 1403 1094 Breccia. 233 , 346 Bullions 382 525 Carbon.- 216 302 Carpet: --■. 1119 1001 Casein ..-. .........: 30 88 Cellulose 29 87 Chain 329 429 China.-.. -.. 213 ' 295 Copal..'-- ......V -.:..-...■.:. J ::'.: 1439 ■ 1186 Cotton, h. '8. p. f ■-... ■..---....•....■. 920- ' 899 Cotton wearing apparel 918 ' 894 Cotton; with fast edges - 912 882 Drawn work : i :- 1430 1154 Dyeing or tanning, . - - - 1563 . 1300 Earthenware. : 212 290 Earthenware tUe... 202 257 Earthyormineral.;. -..--- 214 298 Exported and ifetumed .......■......--..--. 1514 '■ 1242 - Feather 1419 1130 Flower '...... 1419 1130 Forejdnbition- . ; :-.. ..........-.•.•......:.:.■...•. 1687 1481 Fur wearing apparel 1420 1133 Galalith .'..... 30 88 Glass....'. --. 218 ■ 310 Harness: -.........-....,.- 345 454 In alcohol. : .-. i'l'J. . . . . . .'v ! . 22 67 Indianibber.- :•.•.-....- .-..■....,.•.>-.-..•.•. -....;..■ .382 ' 524 ' Iron...;...-^^.-^^^..^. ::.::<:. ^i:'im^...:':'l',-^'fl.r"'SU 397 - Jet ;i.^vll*l^---:i.:^':. 233 347 Jewelry. . . .. -. .■....-..•..•.;.. 1428 1146 Knit artificial silk ,*-^----- 1215 1042 Lace. . - V i ...... .i : i? 1430 1156 Lameot'lahn... ......:.. :.... 382 '525 Leaf 1419 1127 INDEX. 1497 Articles— Continued. K^E^fm. Page. Magnesium ;.. ; , ._ 375 513 Manufactured, n. s. p. f -. ; . . _ i^^g 1214 Marble [ 233 346 Metallic, as trophies ;;...;..... ■' '• '" '" igll 1373 ^^M-.i,--'V ' ■■•■■-■ ..,..-.!.;-: 393 551 Metal th^ad ; ....::.;.' 382 524 ;■ 'Onyx. 11; : ; -..j 233 347 Osier.., ;:..: 411 579 Paper, coated : I305 1059 Paper, lithographically printed 1306 1068 Personal ajiommentj passengers' 1678 1464 Paste. ..:: 2I8 309 Perfumery 57 ■ 173 ^ Photogelatin* .., 1306 1067 '•■'^^le, vegetable fiber * , ....; loil 924 "• (Porcelain. ; ; ,.. ^1 . . . j 213 295 Pyroxylin. . . : ; . . ......... 29 87 Rattan 411 530 Raw, n. s. p. f ; : ,:., 1458 1214 . Rellgiots : ; :.:...:.. 1444 1192 ' Resin, synthetic phenolic ...:...:... ■. . '.. 1439 1186 . Rock ciystal ; . . : ,, ; . . ... 233 348 Rug. :..:...■.;..... i 1119 1001 ■ Saddlery. '. : _■. 345 454 Shellac 1439 1186 Silk wearing apparel ,...-..... ■. 1212 1037 Silk, with fast edges 1207 1029 ! 'Similar :'.'. - ; . . 1459 1216 Smokers' ......i'..; 1452 1206 ' Steel 311 396 ' Stone.'... 233' 346 ■-'- a?erneplate 311 396 Tinplate 311 396 • Tinsel wire 382 '525 • Toilet*..' 57 178 ■ Toilet, passengers'........ 1678 1464 Unmanufactured, n. s. p. f 1458 1214 Vegetable fiber, with fast edges. 1014 927 '<' Wearing apparel — • Pur , 1420- 1133 ' ■ Vegetable fiber......... 1016 931 ■Wool.;...... 1115,1116 . 988,992 ' WUlow....' 411 580 Wire* 318 412 ■ Wool, knit..... 1115 988-991 Wool weating apparel....... 1116 991 Wool with fast edges 1114 985 Woven, vegetable fiber -... 1019 938 Artificial (see AUo Imitation): Abrasives and manufactures of 1415 1119 Baits ,,-. 344 453 Cork...' 1412 1114 ■' • Feathers, n. s. p. f 1419 1130 ■ Flies 344 453 Flowers, fruits, grains, etc 1419 1130 Horsehair 1215 1043 Mineral waters 808 835 ; Silk 1215 1041 Artillery explosives 15'78 1323 Artists: ! -• ' AmericSatt,; works of 1688 1482 Colors, paints, pigments 62 184 ; Knivek:.....:. . 355 469 Art squares, ihkrain m^ '998 Artworks.....: 1447.1685-1689 1195,1478 14'98 INDEX. Paragraph of Aeafetida:. , . ^H.^.,7456, JPag?,, ' Advanced ■■ ,.32, , 93 i;_Crude...- :...,..:. ...; .....:..:....-. 1502, 1222 Asbestos: * oi,,',. . ; -Crude and unmanufactured.... ..;... .....^....\'....-.'...-.,r,. ,l,515;jjj^ 1245 Manufactures of .. . ...: :.. 1401 ;, 1090 Ascertainment of width, silkl 1206 , , 1025 Ascertainment of weight or number, silk '. 1214 1039 Ash, bone ..:.:.........:.......... 152? 1257 Ashi 8oda..,.,^i ..:;....;.......-, ,,7S : 227 Ashes: . • V- ;■, . .; ,; Beet-root .I....... .,.,., 1635 „ .., 1415 Lye * (wood ashes) . . 1635 1415 Wood .......,...;... 1635 1415 Asphalt, limestone rock. '. '....'...' 1603 1364 Asphaltum:.., ...................'........... 1603 1364 Aspic oil* {see also Spike lavender oil) 1625 1390 Aspirin * (acetylsaUcyUc add)". '.... 26 78 Lead-bearing ore : 388 536 Zinc-beaiing ore. - 390 543 es straying across boundary line iifx.-:-'. 1507 , 1229 Astilbe clumps * '. ' 751 746 Attarof roses, oil* (otto of roses).,,....,.... .-,,., :- 1625 1393 Aubuason caJ^sets and rugs, handmade. ... , :,, 1117 993 Autograph albums ■■•■r\ , r 1311 1085 Automatic pistols -,--,- , 366 487 Automobile-r- Lace* ,..., 1430 1158 : ; Rivets or studs for nonskidding tires 332 • 437 Tires ,,,....., ,..,..,....,.,..., ,.... 1437 ; 1181 Automobiles and parts , 369 - 497 Ajdes and parts , , , 323, 324 42Q, 421 Axminster carpets and rugs: Chenille V. 1117 993 Handmade 1117 : 993 N. s. p. f :...'. 1118 , 997 Azaleas (azalea indica) 751 747 Azides :.. 1516 1247 Babbitt metal ; . . 389 538 Back saws 340 445 Bacon 703 639 Bacterins 1511 1240 Bagatelle balls , , 1413 1116 BagMg— ' Forcotton 1517 1249 Waste for paper stock 1517, 1641 1248, 1421 American manufacture returned ,, ,, ^i 1514 1242 Gunny, for paper stock i .,,.. 1641 ; 1421 Jute.... .........1 1017 933 Leather or parchment 1432 -: 1166 Mesh, metal... 1428 1145 Paper ; ..,.. , 1305 1061 Baits, artificial , 344 453 Baked articles : 734 709 Baking soda 78 224 Baling — Hoops or ties, iron or steel 314 401 Wire 317 411 Ball bearings 32l . < - 416 Balloons, toy ;..... 1414 ■< ;1117 Balls: • ^n ' ,., Antifriction 321 - 416 Golf, tennis, etc 1402 . 1093 Metal, tor ball bearings 321 416 IlSTMiX; 1499 „.,, o ^- , Paragraph of Bkll&— Continued! • fH,E.74^. Page,,, Billiard, pool, and bagatelle....: ._...: -j... 1413 J^116 ■ Vegetable, meat, or fisii.. , u,....!.. '..,-. 773 -801 Balm of Gilead: .,^,, Advanced* , 31 . ^ 90 Crude*..: , , ,..,..■. 1562 .. ,1299 Balaams : ^ 10 'j '15 Bamboo: _, Articles a. s. p. i ...., ,,.,,,.,,,,, 411 579 : Blindsj porch and window, , ,.,,,! | ,, ., 413 584 c : Curtains;: shades, or screens , , , '.'. 413 584 Furniture ', 411 579 Sticks. ,,, ,..,.."../...... 1684 1476 Bananas and banana floiu:, ,,,,...,....,., 736, ; 713 Banding, spindle , ...,..- . ,,.,.,..... 912 , , , ; ' 882 Bandings: '■'■',■ Cotton*. , 912 882 Silk* ,..,...,.,.,,......., ,.. 1207 1030 Vegetable fiber not cotton* 1014 928 Wool*.... ,...,..,,..,,,..,..: 1114 985 Band iron or steel; i For baling cotton or other commodities-.-.-,- .-■.■ 314|,^, , 401 .- Galvanized or coated 309 391 iN. s:p..f.. ,.....-,..,.......-...-.--, 313 400, Band: Leather, n. s. p. f.* 1600 1345 Saws.. 4 ,.. .... 340 445 Bands: i^ - 1 Cigar i306 1068 ! Iron or steel 313 400 Paper 1306, 1313 1068,-1087 Vegetable fiber not cotton 1014 . 928 Barbed wire l 1680 , 1466 Bar iron , , - . , 303 376 Barium: a , ,. . Carbonate U 49 Chloride ,.., 11 50 Dioxide....-, 11 51 Metal and alloys* 1559 1295 ■ Nitrate 11 51 :■ Sulphate (sulphate of baryta*) ,.....,, ; 64 188 'Sulphate, combinations or mixtures with zinc sulphide 74 207 Bark: Cork— , , Squares, cubes, or quarters.. 1412 1113 Unmanufactured ..- 1556 1289 - Cinchona, etc., for quinine ,, , 1518 ■ 1250 : Drugs^^ . . . ' , .3 Advanced .-.,,,,.,, ,, 31 90 ■ :i Crude - ..---,. :--■: .-..-- 1562 1298 Dyeing or tanning - - • - ■■■ -. •. — 1563 1299 : 1 Extracts, tanning , 36 105 Manufaetures of, n. s. p. f -'■- ^-- 414 ,589 Barley :..... .---..... ,.--.-.- 723.^ 683 Flour.. .:.i ,-.-.. :.--., - ..-,........- 723: 685 Hulls ....,.„..,,.,........ 731 704 Malt..... , ..-...-..- 723.,. .684 Pearled, patent, or hulled 723 685 Barrel— ■ .; Buttons* - --- 1411. 1108 Hoops, iron or steel -.-•-- .^1^ ^^^ :- American manufacture, returned .1514 1242 - Containing oranges, lemons, etc 4.10 578 Empty 409 574 (-■ Of exported American staves ^ 1514 1242 'f.r ^ . '..I - . - . . 1500 IISTDBX. Paragraph of Barrels— Continued. - H.E.7456,, Page;, ■ Shotgun, in single tubes, forged, rough bored . ,. i J 1648 1427 Sporting, breech-loading, shotguns or rifles ^ 365 485 Bars: Aluminum 374 511 BraSB... 378 519 Copper 1553 1284 Iron or steel — Axle 323 419 Galvanized or coated 309 391 Railway...... 322 418 Lead 389 538 Muck 303 376 Nickel 385 530 Platinum 1634 1411 Steel 304 379 Tin...;. 386 532 Baryta, sulphate oP 64 188 Barytes: ' ' ' Earth*......... : -. , 64 186 Manufa;ctured 64 186 Ore , crude or unmanufactured .^ i .....'..... jj 64 186 Sulphate of , artificial* j.. 64 188 Baseballs... .: •. 1402 1093 Base bullion 389 538 Bases: Color..':.. 26 79 Color, from natural alizarin or indigo 26 80 Basic: Paper, plain 1305 1063 Slag.: 1576 1317 Baskets: ' Bamboo, wood, straw, wood compositions 413 585 Fishing 344 453 Leather or parchment 1432 IJIBS Basses, double and parte. 1441 1187 Basswood lumber* 1683 1470 Bast fibers, cordage 1005 914 Bath- Brick 201 255 Mats, cotton*. . i 909 874 Bats : V. :........ ■ .■. :..:.. 1402 1093 Batteries, electric storage 320 415 Battery plates and plate material, storage 320 415 Baiting, cotton* ..-. 920 899 Bauxite or beauxite: Crude.... 207 273 Refined 6 33 Bay rum or water 58 180 Beaded fabrics 1403 1094 Beads .......;.. 1403 1094 Articles of , not embroidered, etc .;-;:'.. 1403 1094- Articlea ornamented with '..'....ii..l. 1430 • 1153 Curtains of*..... 1403 1094 ' Imitation- pearl ........ 1403 1094 Imitations of precious or semiprecious stones 1403 : 1094 Beams, iron or steel 312 ' 397 Bean: Cake 773 802 Oil* 1626 1396 Stick 773 802 Beans: ■■'; > Castor .!•..' 760 765 Cocoa or cacao :-. 1548 1279' Drugs — Advanced 31 90 Crude 1562 1298 INDEX. 1501 "rt i-' ' , 'Wragraphof -Oontmiied. H. E. 7456. Page. '.I Crreen, dried, in brine, prepared or preaerved .763 787 ' Soya — : Green or unripe* 763 ,786 •J,l Prepared or preserved 773 803 ^ ' vTonka' (tonquin, tonqua.^) '. ' 87 250 ",; Vanilla. 87 249 Hearings, bail or roller 321 416 ■Beauxite, crude (see aZso Bauxite) 207 278 Beaver hats 1497 1144 Bed: Plates for pulp and paper machinery 356 472 Sets 919 898 Sides, wool* 111.8 998 Bedspreads, cotton . , 91I 878 Beef, fresh. , 701 629 Beer 805 831 Coloringfor* 26,36 78,105 -' Ginger. ; 807 1 833 Beeswax: ■ Crude* 1676 1461 White bleached 1457 • 1213 Beet: Pulp, dried 731 704 Seed, sugar and other. :.,L 762 775 Beet-root aslifes 1635 1415 B^ets, sugar and other i 764 789 B«^t-topping knives .• 355 469 Begonia bulbs* , 751 746 Belladonna. 33 99 Bell metal, fit only for remanufacture. . , 1519 1251 Bells, broken , 1519 1251 Belt buckles, iron or. steel...... 346 455 Belting, machinery, vegetable fiber 912 882 Beltings: Artificial silk* ..:... 1215 1040 Cotton* - .912 882 Leather. 1432 1168 Metal thread, lame, etc 382 524 Silk*... 1207 1029 ■'" Vegeta;ble fiber, not cotton*.... , 1014 928 ' Wool*:..'..... 1114 985 Belts: ' ' Cotton* 912 882 ' Leather or parchment 1432 1166 Silk* 1207 1029 Vegetable fiber, not cotton *. 1014 928 '•■ Wool*... J..:.-:; 1114 985 Benches, stone - 233 346 Bench knives •..•..... 355 469 Benzal chloride -■- . . . . -• i . . . ^ - 25 73 Benzaldehyde: Medicinal i.l 26 76 • ■ Not medicinal. . . . ... - ... ". 25 73 Benzanthrone ' 25 73 Benzene (benzol*) - - 1546 1276 Benzidine (benzidin*) -. 25 73 Benzidine sulfate 25 73 Benzine - 1627 1401 Benzoate: . _» Benzyl 26 77 Sodium..: ' ■-■ 26 76 Benzoic acid: . Medicinal |o 76 I Not medicinal - -- ;-25 '■ 73 Benzol* (benzene) ■ • - ■ ■ - - - ■ ■ i546 1276 1502 ISTDBX. Paragraph of H;.,B.74£i6. P^ge. Benzoquinone ;...u.,..!jj'..-.;i ...i.. 25 73 Benzoyl chloride 25 , ' 73 Benzyl: ■ . Acetate i... .- 26 76 Benzoate ^ . . . i. 2& 77 Chloride 25 73 Benzylethylaniline - --- 25 73 Bergamot oil , i; 1625 1386 Berlin: Blues* 65 189 Carpets and rugs* .;..."..... .1 1117 993 Buries: Drugs — Advanced.. 31; 90 Crude 1562 1298 Edible 737 714 Inalcohol .„.. 750 743 ' Persian, extract of ......... 36 111 Beta-naphthol (naphthol*): Medicinal 26 76 Not medicinal >.. 25 73 Beverages: • I Containing leas than one-half of l.per cent of alcohol 807 833 Containing no alcohol 807 ., 833 Spirituous 802 826 Bias dress facings, cotton pile* 909, 874 Bibles ....;. 1520 ; 1252 Bibulous paper* ., 1304 1055 Bicarbonate: ' . ■..•<.■ PotassiUni .....i. .: ^..... .. 75i 215 Sodium.. 1 ,.,.. 78 ;224 Bichloride, tin .f. . .. .^ ... 85 . ' 245 Bichromate: i; Potash * (potassium dichromate) 75 211 Soda* (Sodium dichromate) ., . 78 231 Bicycles and parts 371 502 Bicycletires ....... . 1437 1181 Billets: .;.,., J i ' ' Iron......'. 303 376 ■ Steel.....' : 304 379 Billiard balls .■ 1413 i 1116 Binding twine, manila, sisal, etc 1521 1252 Bindings: Cotton* ; 912 , 882 SUk 1207 ^1030 Skirt, cotton* .'.......,..; 909 874 Vegetaible fiber, not cotton 1014 928 Wool -..-...... 1114. 985 Binitrobenzol * (dinitrobenzene) , 25 75 Binitrochloi-benzol* (dinitrochlorobenzene)., ....... ..25 75 Binitrochlorobenzol * (dinitrochlorobenzene) 25 75 Binitronaphthalene * (dinitronaphthalene) , 25 75 Binitrotoluol * (dinitrotoluene) .'._ ' :.- 25 75 Birch: . i Oil, swBet 26 77 Taroil* t.,.. 54 163 Birds: . , Dead 712 - 660 Eggs of 1564 1301 Game* 712 660 Importation prohibited 1419 1128 Live '711 658 Of paradise ., 1419 1128 SHns. 1419 , 1128 Stuffed* .; 1419 1129 WUd, for exhibition 1508 1232 INDEX. 1508 ■ ■ ' 'Li Paragraph of „. .^ H. g.7456. Page. gflcmte. ....... . V , ,,. 734 708 BlSmutn. . . . , : .- .-. ...... 1523 j254 Chemical compoundB, salts, and preparations. v 20 64 ^gueware.. / y 2]3 295 isjBulpnite, sodium •. _ _ 78 238 Ilitartrate, potassium 1 !!!!!!!!!! 9 43 Bits, harness or saddlery !!v!!.'!!! 345 " 454 Bitter almond oil...... 1625 1387 Bitters, containing spirits ....... 802 826 Bitumen. ,. „ . ; ." ; " ; ' ; ; ; ; ; ; ; igos i364 Bituminous coal . 1545 j273 Black: ''■ 5°°® 66 191 ..Copper 1553 i284 ^ 9^W'V;{ ■• ■• •■•■■ 68 194 Oxide of tin 1670 1455 Pigments, n, s. p. f 68 194 „, ??!»* 1635 1413 Blackings 12 '52 Blacksmiths' hammers, etc. 326 423 Bladders: ■ I'Ksh* : 706 645 Manufactures of, n. B. p. f .....;..•. 1436 1177 N.B.p.f : 706 647 Blades: Knife 354 465 Machine 356 471 Marking 354,357,358| 472^74' Razor 358 474 Scissors 357 472 Sword......... 363 483 Blanc fixe . . . 64 188 Blank books 1310 1082 SlftiikGtJS* Cotton...: 911,920 878,899 Wool 1112, 1120 980, 1001 Blanks: Aluminum. .::... 374 510 Axle 323 420 , Bolt 330 431 ' Button — Nis.p. f ...-...• 1411 1109 Vegetable ivory, pearl, or shell. •..;................... 1410 1105 File..!. 362 482 Hinge* 393 551 Locomotive tires *............... - . - . 304 379 Steel forrailway wheels, etc... 304 378 Blaflt-fumace tar: Crude 1546 1276 Distillates '25 ,73 .1 Ktchof 1546 1276 Blasting: Caps .....:.......... 1418 .1126 Explosives - •--• 1578 1323 Fules... 1418 1127 Bleaching powder 13 53 Blind, books, etc:, for the use of 1530 1259 Itlinds, porch and window 413 ' ;^ 584 Blocks: ,, ' , Cork, artificial - 1412 ' 1114 Gun, for'gunstocks - - . . - . - 1683 1468 'Oar*...:........... ---■ ...v.- 406 570 -'; Print, metal....- '. 392 550 • ■' Bough-hewn, sawed, or bored -. 406 570 1504 INDEX^ Paragraph of Blocks— Continued. H.E.7456. Page. Tin 386 ,.; 532 . Wagon..v ...v. 406 , 570 -'ZiiTc...:. ,,.....,,.„...,...../,..., 391,,, , b45 Blood: Albumen*..:.......... .-rr 1505 .: 1226 Char.., -- ,66 ,, 1^1 Dragon's .........".■......■......".."..... .' 1577 ,, 1321 ; . Diied-V-r ...'..-.............. 1525 1256 Blooms: , Iron... ..........•....' .•--. 303 376 ';,'Steel.....f....;...V... ...•...•....•.•... .•;-,304., , 37-9 ■ Steel for railway wheels, etc.* '- .■...' - 304 3;^9 Blotting paper 1309 1076 Blue clay, common....... ■.........'... .......■..■.'.■.. 207 270 Blue vitriol... - . . .■.-.-■. . ... . .' - - - - . - - - - - - ■ - . - - .---'-- ■ ' 1554 ' 1287 Blues , .,,. .-. ;..■... •. ...'.".-■.■.. Pi- «!5Vi , , , 189 Board: " '.'' ' .,ni;t Bristol-. ;. .-. ... ... .■;. .'. ...■:..■... . . ..-.-. .-. ..... . . . : 'l3t)2', 1307 iM; 1072 Leather ■. . . . ....... ./. 1302,1313 lOSOAOSg MiU ■. . . . ..•-■. ....;. ■. . .-.; - 1401, 1'091 Paper. ■. ... ... ..■..-.■. .•.■.... 1302, 1313 1048, lt)89 Bo3,rd8, sawed 1683 - 'l4'^8 Boas, feath^, etc :...:. .".■..::.•:: :.::,::._.. I4i9,^ ,1127 Boats, motorand parts ....■."..;:..■...■.'.....■.:..- 370 ' 500 Bockings, wool *. . . ... . . ... ... :. . ... .. . .... . .'. . . ........ .-■.■... . . 1118 998 Bodkins, metal 343 .- 450 Boiler plate, iron or steel. ..... ...... ... '. .'. .■.■.'...".... . 3Q7. ; '.. 388 Sologna sausages *. '.■.'.........■ ......".■.■...".■-.. 706' 647 Boltblanks, iron or steel 330 431 feoltihg cloths, silk 1526 1256 Bolts: ■' Handle... .'.... .'. ..... :. 1683 "' ,1468 Heading. ............;. 406 '' , ' 570 ,Ironor?teel ...'.....;...•. 330 431 Muntz or yellow metal ..'. . ;.■. . ;. . .'..'. .'. ;. ... .... 378 517 ghingle 1683 1468 , r Stave ,:. .■-■."... 406 , . 570 Bombay of wild mace. . ..'..■.. .. ;. ..■.'....■..'.■.. . .;.... . ..■.'..". . 780 819 Bombs, fireworks 1416 1122 Bond paper.. ' . ....... . . . . . .... . . 1307 1072 Bone — Ash ......•......."...."...•.■ 1527 1257 . Balls, bagatelle, billiard, and pool , 1413 1116 Black. - -::. ........ .;.:.. ,J^,;;, .;<;... ,;:. -. 66 191 Buttons .........:.....:'..;:....;'..:.• 1411 ;■ 1110 Casings — Cotton .....•..■...;...... 912 882 Silk*. ......: .■....:.•.....•;. :;.;:.. . ,'.' . 1207 1031 Char ;:..........•... 66 191 . Chessmen : 1413 1116 Cuttlefish :. ; : I56O , . ,, |'1297 Dice, dominoes, etc '..... .'...■.. '.." ...'... 1413' ' 1116 Dust... 1527 1257 Manufactures of, n. s. p. f 1437 il79 ' Meal. : ;. .;..■.■..■;. ...... 1527 1257 Studs.....; ■.' ...;..........".■......■; 1411 ' ,1109 Bones .., , 1527 1257 Bonnet pins .......;.....:. 350 460 Bonnets: , Fur 1427 1143 ; Straw, chip, grass, etc 1406 1098 Booklets ;. . .... . .,., 1310 1083 Books..... ;......'.. 1310' 1081 Blank... ..........'i 1310 ,; 1082 Bound or unbound ., ,..; ,1310 108? INDEX. 1505 BQoks — Continued H. B. rise. Page. Children's 1310 1083 Cigarette, etc 1452 1206 ■ Ply-: ■ 344 453 FoJ'eign ■. 1310 1082 For institutions A 1531 1260 _ For Library of Congress :.. 1528 1258 Fortheblind 1530 1259 For use of the United States 1528 1258 Household effects 1532 1261 , Letter-copjdng * 1310 1082 Needle 343 449 Professional, immigrants' 1637 1416 Slate 1310 1082 Text * 1310 1082 Toys 1414 1117 Twenty years old* 1310 1085 Boot lacings -. 912 882 Boots and shoes: Leather 1601 1361 Not leather 1405 1097 Boracic acid* (boric acid) 1 11 Borate: Lime, crude 1533 1261 Material, crude and unmanufactured 1533 1261 Soda, crude 1533 1261 Sodium or borax, refined 78 226 Borax: Crude and unmanufactured 1533 1261 Refined 78 226 Boric acid 1 11 Boron: Manganese 302 367 Steel* 305 883 Bort* 1429 1149 Botanic Garden, plants, etc., for: 1633 1411 Botanical specimens for public collections 1655 1437 Bottle caps, metal 387 534 Bpttles: Containers, imported beverages 809 836 Definition of : 217 306 Flint, lime, or lead glass 217 307 V - Glasa-^ Blown, colored, or ornamented :...;; 218 309 Molded or pressed 217 307 Glass or paste -■'- - ...:;:.;;:., 218 309 Quicksilver, exported and returned. ...:..'. 1514 IZii Thermostatic 1454 1210 With cut-glass stoppers j^° ^"^ Boutonnieres 1419 1130 Bowls, calendar 1443 1191 RnardH ptc 404 561 Ks:' ;;::::;:::::::::: 409,410 576,577 Boxes (see also Containers) : - Containing oranges, lemons, etc 41" ^'° J?]-^ ^44 4oo Jewell "leather or parchment 1432 1166 Leather or parchment ^^^^ j|™ Match, metal --■■ 1428. 114& Of exported American shocks ^°i^ ., '-^t^ Packing, empty....- .:....--.-. - •- wa o/o Paper, papier-mllch^, or wood covered or lined idos |w^ Paper, papier-mach6, paper board, n. s. p. f ■ idid luoo Steel American manufacture, returned...: .: --■- ioi4 i'^*^ 1506 INDEX. Paragraph of H. ft. 7456. Page. Boxing gloves 1402 lOQ? Boxwood .......■.■..".....: 404 561-564 Braces: - Cotton ,.'. "..-■........ 912 882- Silk ......*. .-...:... 1207 1031 Vegetable fiber, not' cotton 1014 927 Wool . . , 1114 985 Brads, iron or steel . . '. ■ ■ • - - 331 436 Braids: CMp, grass, straw, etc....'. .-.....:........ 1406 109S . Ramie, hat .'. ..... .".... .. ......'. ..... ... ............ 1404 1096 Textile, n.s. p.' f.... .:...■....... 1430 1157 BraiUe tablel^ ............: 1530 1259 Bran: Rice -. ::.:...:...:.:::...:...::.:..... 728 695 ■Wheat or other cereals... .'. 1 :. .'. .'. . ..".■.: ..:;'.". .:; ; ............ . 731 704 Brandv ..::::::.. .:::..::........-......... 802 827 Coloring* .'..■.:........ ....-.•.■.■.■...•..-..:•..■.•.-.... 26,36 78,105 Containers*.-. 811 837 Forfeiture of 811 837 Imitations of ......I..... :;...: 811 837 Proof standard..... '. 810 837 1534 1262 Angles, 378 517 Articles not plated, n.s. p. f 393 551 ,v ^ars....; 378 520 Channels 378 517 ,01d, and clippings from 1534 1262 Pins .....:. 350 460 Plates 378 " 520 Print roUers or blocks. .:.... 392 550 .Rods.. . , 378 519 Saddlery and harness hardware; 345 454 Sheets... ;.:..:: :... 378 519 Strips... ; 378 519 Tubes and tubing..:. 378 519 I Woven-wire cloth .' ..I...- 318 412 Brazed — , Brasstubes 378 519i Ooppertubes ;. ':'...' 378 517 Braziers' copper * ; 378 517 Brazilian pebble, unwrought .....';... 1535 1263 Brazil nuts.. 755 755 Bread: Knives, n. 8. p. f ,.. ..... 355 469 Leavened with yeast.." ..... 1522 1254 Breakage of wines, etc., allowance for : 812 838 Breakfast foods, cereal.. 1 :..... ; 733 7'o7 Breccia and manufactures. 232, 233 342, 346 Breech-loading and repeating shotguns and rifles 365 ' 485 Breeding, animals for. . : 1507, 1508 1229, 1232 Brewers' grains * 731 704 Briar* (brier) . . - - , 403 560 Brick: , ■ Bath.... .'...V...... 201 253 Chrome .....;;.... 201 254 Fireor refractory..... ,....;:; 201 254 JIagnesite ....:.; ;. ; . .'. IL ... 201 254 T, ■'^U^-y-l' •■•■• -' 201 255 Bner (bnar*) — ' - Root ...:.; 403 560 , Roses, seedlings and ciittings 752 749 Wood :.:..:. ^ 403 560 Biunstone * ..'......:.:. 1663 1447 Briquets, coal. ..;...:.:.:.;::..;..:... ; 1545 1273 INDEX. 1507 Tj •_4.i " Paragraph of • Bnstles: H. R,7456. .Page. Crude, not sorted, etc !: 1536 1264 Sorted, bunched, or prepared 1408 1103 Pnstol board I302 1048 '' . Fourdnmer I307 1072 Britannia metal, old* 389 538 British gum [[ 81 242 Brocades, broAze 379 521 Bromide: Potassium 75 215 Sodium .' 78 226 Bromine (bromin *) and compounds, n. s. p. f 43 128 Bromobenzene 25 73 Bronze: ■^ Brocades, flitters, and metallics 379 521 l^eaf 379 521 Powder 379 521 Rods, sheets, and tubes 378 519 Woven-wire cloth 318 412 Works in 1689 1483 Broom — Com 774 803 Handles* 414 589 Brooms 1407 1101 Brown, Spanish* 70 199 Brushes: - Carbon ^ .*... 216 304 Electric machine - ■ -' - 216 304 Toilet, tooth, and other 1407 1102 Brussels carpets and rugs... 1118 997 Buchu leaves 33 97 Buckles: " •■ Iron or steel, for wearing apparel 346 455 Metal 1428 1145 Saddlery or harness 345 454 Buckwheat: Flour 724 687 -' Grits..... 724 686 Hulled or unhuUed 724 686 Hulls.. 731 704 Budding knives 354 465 Buds: Cassia 780 814 Drugs^ Advanced 31 90 Crude 1562 1298 Bugles 1403 1094 Bmlding — Forms, iron or steel >•- 312 397 Stone 235 350 Bulb beams, iron or steel 312 397^ Bulbous roots: Drug^— ' ' Advanced 31 90 Crude 1562 1298 Bulbs: Drugs — '' ' Advanced 31^ 90 Crude ■■■■■ 1562 1298 Electric light 229 334 Flower. 751 745 Mother flowering* 751 748 Bullion: Base 389 538 Gold • 1537 1264 1508 Fwmxi Paragraph of Bullion— Continued. H.li.7466. , Page.. ■Lead...-. . • ■. 389 '.■ , 53S Silver. ...u ...,.1537 1264 Bullions and articles .382, 1430 525,1153 Bunting, wool or hair*.............. -t... 1108,110.9! , 969,972 Bur waste, wool* .- 1105 957 Bureau covfers, cotton. --. 911 ,878 Burgundy pitch. ..-...- 1538 , 1266 Burnt-out laces 1430 ,\ 1157 Burnt — ■ . , Pyrites, dross, or residuum 1590, . 1837 , Starch .- ...:...... v.:....,.). ;. . 81 „. 242 Burrstone: In blocks, rough 1661 1443 Manufactured .'.'. 234 349 Millstoneis .- 234 349 Butchers' — Knives;. ....:.. i-. 355 : 469 Skewers: .-.-. : -', :412= ,.< 583 Butter....::.: , , 709 654 Oacao 776 - 806 Cocoa, and its substitutes* ^.... 776 ,, 808 Knives, n. s; p. f ...,,,..,.. 355 469 Substitutes* ,., 709, .. 654 Butterine, cocoa 776 808 Buttermilk 707 ; . 65P Butters, fruit ^ 748 740 Button: Blanks or molds — N. s. p. f .,, 1411 1109 Vegetable ivory. . ; 1410 1105 Forms 1409 1104 Buttons: ■'',•.•,■::. •"<' •,?, < ' „-,.,i r,-, j,; , , Agate-..:. - 1411: ., 1109 Bai.el* , 1411,,,; 1108 Bone 1411 HIO Collar and cuff — Metal . . . : ; : : 1428 1145 Notmetal... 1411 .. 1109 Dress, metal 1428 ; : , 1145 Glass* 1411. 1110 Horn* 1411 * 1111 Ivory... 1411 , 1109 Metal 349, 458 Mother-of-pearl ;,. 1411 1109 Nickel bar * 349 458 N. s. p. f : 1411 1112 Paper or papier-mi,ch6 * 1411- ^ , 1111 Parts of, n. s. p. f.....; j..w,i...: 1411 1109 Pearl or shell 1410 , , 1106 Shoe* i.,, , 1411 1111 Silk 1411 1112 Trouser 349 . 458 Vegetable ivory. 1410 1105 Wool, for tassels or ornaments * , 1411 1108 Butyl alcohol 4 28 Butyraldehyde 2 24 Cabbages * j . 772 800 Cabbage-seed ^ 762 ' 776 Cabinet; . . . , , , Furniture .^.-^ 414 , 587 Woods * : t. . . 404 ; 561 Cables: , ^ Hemp and other bast fibers (except jute) 1005 r 912 Jute. . '.■-. :...... 1003 905 Manila and other hard fibers 1005 9i2 Metal, covered with cotton, etc. . . .* 816 406 XNBEX, 1509 Paragraph of €acao (««caiso Cocoa): H. R.7456. Page. ■■-■ Beans.: 1548 1279 Butter 776 806 Gaainium...... , ., 1539 1266 Galffeine (caftein *) and compounds 14 54 Caieput oil * .• 54 163 eake knives 355 469 Cake and caikes '. 734 708 Calamine * '. 390 542 Calcium: ' Acetate I540 1267 Carbide , 15 56 t;i I Chloride^ crude , 1540 1268 ;i- ' Cyanamid .,„. . 1540 1269 '■ i':: Metal md alloys *..,., ,. . . . 1559 1295 i '. . Molybdate 302 367 .Nitrate 1540 1268 . Silicide. 302 360 Sulphate, precipitated. _. 71 203 Tartrate, crude 9 43 Calendar rolls or bowls -1443 1191 Cailendars. .' 1306 1068 Calfskins, bookbinders', n. s. p. f.* 1600 1353 CaUa bulbs or corms* ; 751 746 Calomel 16 57 Camel's hair 1102,1121 947,1004 Presscloth* , ■. 1426 1141 Oameos 1429 1148 Cameras 1451 1203 Camomile oil * 54 163 Caifaphor , 48 138 Oil ^ 1625 1388 Oatnada balsam 10 46 Canarv seed 762 777 Candle wicking 912 882 Candles, Roman .'. 1416 1122 Candy, sugar ,. 506 610 Cane: Chair * 411 579 • Hand-made or machine-cut j. 411 579 Juice 501 596 Sugar , ; - . 504 606 Sugar, for seed- *.-... 762 784 : Sugars -•.» 501 591 Webbing 411 579 Wrought from rattan 411 579 Canes, walking 1455 1211 Canna bulbs * 751 746 Canning knives. . - , 355 469 Cans {See Containers) ^%la«ting.^ ^ 1418 1126 Bottle. 387 534 , Fur 1427 1144 Perciission.'.: :........:.. 1418 1125 Capsicum .- ■ - ■ 7«0 8^1 Capsules, chemicals, etc., in ■-• ^1 0^ Oil- 1625 1388 ^^::::::::::::::::::;:::;:::::-. 780 sis Carbazole (carbazol*): Dyes* - ■ f, II -Vff-^t-tr nf Rfi nor r>eTit. nr more -^O '"> Purity of 65 per cent or more... 25 Purity of less than 65 per cent 154b IZ7b Carbide, calcium - • ■ 15 Oar blocks 406 56 570 1510 INDEX. Paragraph of ^ H. E. 7456. Page. Carbolic acid * 25 75 Carbon: Animal* -.. 1527 1257 Brushes, disks, electrodes, and manufactures, n. s. p. f 216 304 Porous pots* .....,: 216 302 Tetrachloride 17 59 Unmanufactured * 1458 . 1214 Carbonate: Ammonium 7 37 Barium. 11 49 Guiacol * 26 78 Magnesiiun 47 133 Mineral strontium 1662 1446 Potassium 75 215 Soda crystal * (sodium hydrated) 78 223 Sodium, calcined 78. 227 Strontium 82 244 Carbonized noils and waste wool 1105 957 Carbons: Deodorizing and decolorizing 66 191 Electric arc light and electric furnace 216 303 Carboys: American manufacture, returned 1514 1242 Definition 217 306 Glass, molded or pressed (see Containers) 217 307 Cardamom seed '. 780 813 Cardboard 1302,1313 1048,1088 Card cases: ' Leather or parchment 1432 1166 Metal 1428 1145 Card: — Clothing, iron or steel 337 441 Laps, cotton 901 846 Waste, wool * ^ 1105 957 Carded: Silk * 1201 1006 Yam, cotton * 901 843 Cards: Christmas, greeting, or post 1310 1081 Jacquard paper 1309 1076 Paper, lithographically printed 1306 1068 Playing .^ 1312 1086 Carpenters' bench knives .". .■ 355 469 Carpet: Cork 1018 936 Covers * 1119 1001 Hassocks.... 1119 1001 Screens 1119 1001 Carpeting; Vegetable fiber, not cotton* 1020 941 ■ Wool* ,. 1118 996 Carpets and rugs: All-chain, Venetian *..... 11 18 998 Articles of 1119 1001 Aubusson 1117 993 Axminster 1117, 1118 993, 997 Berlin * 1117 993 Bookings 1118 998 Brussels. 1118 997 Chenille * / ^"^O, 939, ^'^^'^"'® \1117,1118 992,996 Chenille Axminster 1117 993 Druggets :'.......... 1118 998 Ingrain. .- -,.. 1118 998 Moquette * 1118 996 INDEX. 1511 C^eta and rugs — Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. Oriental .....;. 1117 993 Savonnene .'..v... . 1117 993 ,, , Saxony* ....".-...■.■.•...■.... .....\ .[ .\].. ['.'/.[] 1118 997 Tapestry .-.•. . ; . 1118 997 ' Treble mgrain * 1118 998 , Toumay* v 1118 997 Velvet. 1118 997 Vegetable fiber, not cotton *...... 1020 941 Venetian, all-chain* ....- 1118 998 , : ; Wilton. i . .' 1118 997 Wool,Dutch* -. ..-. •...;. 1118, 998 ■Carriage laces * ..-..•. 1430 1154 ■Carrot seed 762 -777 Car tires, iron or steel. ....;, 324 420 •Cartridges and shells, empty v. '..!.'. 1418 1125 •Carts, agricultural ,. 1504 1223 •Car-truck channels, iron or steel '. 312 397 •Oatt-ving knives and forks 355 469 €asein 1598 1343 Compounds. ' 30 88 Glue. 39 121 Clock 212, 213 289, 298 Clockwork and parts.... 368 494 Leather or parchment ' , 1432 1166 Metal, card, pot^der, stamp, vanity, etc 1428 1145 Metal, cigar or cigarettie 1428 1145 Musical instrtiment. 1441 1187 Needle 343 449 Pipe... ..: 1452 1206 Watch.. 367 489 ■Cash registers 1541 1269 •Casings: Clockwork and parts 368 494 Cotton* 912 882 Sausage 706 646 Silk 1207 1031 American manufacture, returned (see also Containers) 1514 1242 Empty.. 409 574 -Cassava or cagsady. ...., .......... 1666 1451 'Cassia J. .:..'.':r 780. 814 Buds 780 814 Oil . ... 1625 1389 Vera 780 814 -gassiterite ----- 1670 1455 •Oast hollow ware, coated, glazed, brtinned.;. — 827 424 •Castile soap - ■ ... . - - "--"- -•'- ■ 77 220 •Castings: OMt-iron -r\. .,., - - ... - - ■ 327 424 . Malleable iron, n. s. p. f...:. — 327 424 Steel .: .^:. .::;... 304 378 "Cast-iron articles 327 424 •Oastoreum (castor*). 1506 1227 •Castor: • - „„ „„_ , Beans 760 765 OU.... ..-....-. 50 149 ' Oil, sulphonated.... - ....■.....-.-■ - - -•- . 51 IpO 'Casts, fishing - 344 453 •Catgut and manufactures ' •- ^4d4 luo •Cattle - 701 627 Hair, unmanufactured i-oni la^o , Hides 1S82 1328 \.>r j Jaiaes — ,. ; i Kn7 i ooq " Strajdng across boundary line .....■....'.'. - - "■ ^- 1 W7 i^^a •Cauliflower seed 762 777 1512 INDEX. Par^raph of Cauatic: H. fi. 7456. Page. Potash.. 75 ' *16 Soda. . . . .:. .-. 78 ■ ' 232 Caviar 722 682 Cayenne pepper. ...'....... 780 820 Cedar: ■ . Logs..... : 402 558 Red*.. ; .V 401 557 ': ■ Spaniah,., 404 561 Oedratoil* ."....'..... 54 163 Celery seed. ., '. 762 778 Celestite.........: ..:.. 1662 1446 Celluloid* •'' 29 87 Cellulose: Blocks, etc 29 87 Esters and ethers 28,29 85,87 Cement: Copper •- 1553 1284 Gypsum in chief value .....; 205 265 Hydraulic 1.:... 203 260 Keene's 205 265 N. s. p. I 203 261 Portland 203 260 Hydraulic 203 260 White honstaining ^05 ' 266 Roman 203 260 ^ Tiles , 202 257 .Censorship, photographic filins 1451 1202 Centerpieces, cotton. L .... 911- 878 Ceramic: ,. Colors, fluxes, glazes, and enamels 231 338 MosaictDes.. ;..- ■.... 202 258 Cereal breakfast foods and similar preparations 733 707 Cerite 1542' 1271 Cerium 1542 1271 Fluoride 84 247 Nitrate 84 ' 246 Ore.... 1542 1271 Salts 84 247 Chaff , , 732 706 Chain or chains: Anchor 329 429 Iron or steel and manufactures. 329 429 Jewelry -. 1428 1146 Machine 329 429 Sprocket 329 429 Stud-link 329 429 Chair cane 05 reeds*. 411 579 Chalk ..:.. .........:... 18 61 Billiard , 18 61 Crude 1543 1271 Cubes, blocks, sticks, or disks ...;. 18 61 Dry, ground, bolted, or precipitated.. 18 61 French, and manufactures . ". 209 283 Ground in oil (pu^iy) .... 18 62 Manufactures, n. s. p. f. 18 - 61 Red.... 18 61 Tailors:. 18 61 Chamois skins 1431 II6I Chamomile oil * 54 163 Champagne 803 829 Channels: Brass 378 517 Iron or steel 312 397 Chaplets 1444 1192 INDEX. 1513 ^1 J v ' H. ft. 7456. Page. >, Blood or pone gg jg^ r ; Deodorizing and decolorizing ' ' rr iqi Charcoal: '""•- °° '^'■ Crayons ^^449 ^-^g^ : f Iron tubes, pipes, flues, and stays.. :: :-. ' 328 426 GharS?'' :..--....,......:......::::: 1682 ms Earthenware 212 289 ^et^*: -;--";;;;;"!;;!;!;:;;:;;:;:;:;: i428 im Porcelain ;...; 213 294 Charts..... 1310 iog2 ±1 or institutions J J . . . . 1531 1260 • For use of United States or Library of Congress 1528 1258 , HydrograpMc : : 1529 1259 tihasBis, automobile 3g9 49g CJatons : "[[[[[[[[[[[[WWW ..]..'. 1429 1148 Cieese.. 7IO ggg f^\^--- ■ ■ ■ 355 469 bubstitutes 7X0 657 Chemical : , Apparatus * : 360 479 ; -; Compounds, salts, etc : 5 31 Compounds, salts, etc., of bismuth 20 64 Compounds, etc. , of gold, silver, platinum, or rhodium 19 63 " Elements,etc ; 5,22 32,66 Earthenware 213 294 ; Elements, n. s. p. f 5 32 Porcelain ware : 213 294 Retorts * 360 479 ; Signals, time-burning 1417 1123 Vases* 360 479 Vessels * 360 479 Wood pulp 1610 1369 Chemicals: Coal-tar, odoriferous or aromatic 26 79 In capsTiles, tablets, troches, etc 21 65 Natural and synthetic, aromivtic or odoriferous 56 175 Photographic 26 80 Chenille: Carpets and rugs 1020, 1117, 1118 939, 992, 996 Cotton, curtains, table covers, manufactures 920 899 Silk :.....•. 1206 1028 Cheroots 605 623 Cherries 738 717 Cherry: Juice 806 833 Ti'ees, seedlings, and cuttings 753 752 Chess balls* 1413 1116 Chessmen '. 1413 1116 Chestnut extract 36 106 Chestnuts 755 756 Chickpeas 765 790 Chicle 23 68 Chicory root 775 804 Chiffon silk articles* 1430 1155 Chimney pieces, slate 237 355 China — Clay or kaolin : 207 273 Matting and floor coverings 1020 940 Ware 213 295 Chinese — . Blues* 65 189 Tungoil 1626 1400 1514 INDEX. " ' Faragrapli of CJjjp. H. R.7456. Page. i Braids, etc 1406 1098 Maniifacturea of, n. s. p. f ..'..'. 1437 1179 Chips: Cinnamon : ;...:;;... 780 816 Poker ..•:;............:.. 1413 1116 Chloral hydrate ; - - ■ 24 70 Chlorate: Potassiuin ; 75 212 Sodium : : 78 229 Chloride: Ammonium (ammonia*)...::...: :: 7 37 Barium : 1 .......:,..... : 11 50 Benzal.,. ...:....:..:::... J.... J. I... .. 25 78 Benzoyl..: :: ;.. :..; 25 73 Benzyl : : ; 25 73 Calcium, crude : : 1540 1267 Ethyl ;...... 35 103 Lime (see Bleaching powder). .■ 13 53 Magnesium ...;....... 47 134 Potassium 1635 1414 Sodium : 78 230 Zinc : ....:... 88 251 Chlorinated — Lime : '. 13 53 Oils and fats 52 162 Chloroacetic acid.... 1 12 Chlorohenzene : 25 73 Chloroform : 17 60 Chlorohydrin: Ethylene 2 24 Propylene 2 24 Chlorophthalic acid 25 73 Chlorophyll extract 36 107 Chocolate 776 806 Christmas cajrds 1310 1080 Chromate: . Tron* :. •: 1544 1272 Potasfdum :..: : 75 211 ' Sodium 78 23J Chrome ;.....:... :....-.: 302- 371 Brick 201 254 Green ;::...::::... , :............... 67 193 Ore .:......... 1544 1272 ; Yellow ..: : :.:... 67 192 Chromic: . Acid and anhvdride 1501 1218 - Ore * 1544 1272 Chromite .....:.... :;.."..:'.::..... 1544 1272 Chromium: » ; ' Cobalt tungsten :..: : 302 369 Colors :...:....:: ..-.. 67 192 Hydroxide, crude * ...:.:: 5 31 Metal : : : . : 302 371 Nickel : 302 361 ; Silicon : 302 361 ; Steel.... :... 305 383 Tungsten :.:...:.. •....-. ... !'; . 302 361 Vanadium 302 361 Chronometers and parts. . . : : :...:.:■..:..... 367 489 Circular saws ..:...: ; .-. . .-. ...... . . '...'.'.. 340 445 Cider : : .::..:: : . . 739 719 Cigar: , Bands., : :.................. 1306 1068 Cases and holders, metal : : .■.:.......•.:.. 1428 1145 moBx. 1516 Qigax-Continued. ' "Tr^"' Page. V Gutters ,^90 ,,._ - ;:; Holders, n.B. p. f.. ....::::;;:::;:::::;;:::;;::■::;:;;: \tl ]^tl ' f^Z^^ ^- 355 469 digaiS^-^ :• r-/^0« 1068 Book covers...-. 1452 12O6 ; Books.. 1452 ^206 : Oases and holders, metal. . ; X428 1145 ;: Cutters, circular .:::;:;:::;:;: 356 471 - Holders, n. s. p. f , 1453 12O6 ;, P^P« -- 1452 1206 S«^rettes 605 623 gsars.... 605 623 GmchonabM-k , igig ^250 Alkaloids 1639 i4ig Salts of alkaloids from i ....;!;..!".- 1639 1418 Ojnematography film pictures ^. ; 1451 1202 CSnnamic acid 25 73 <^'i^amon ^ . . . . . ....\'.]\\]'.\\\\ 780 816 X^PS- • 780 816 „. 0"-v---. 1625 1389 Circles, alumanum ■ 374 512 ^?"^--V,% ■■■ '..\...[..... 56 176 rJitrate of lime 46 132 Citric acid 1 13 Citronella oil 1625 1339 Oitrons and citron peel .■ :. ' 740 720 <^vetv-- - ■ •-. 1506 1226 ^, Oil*. 54 163 Clapboards ■ 1683 1468 Clasp knives.... y 354 465 1114 Tile...; /............. 1412 ;■ 1113 Wafers 1412 1113 Washers 1412 1113 Waste 1556 1289 Wood, unmanufactured 1556 1289 Corms 751 ■ 746 Corn: ' Broom 774 803 Grain (com or maize) 725 688 Knives 354 ■-■ 465 Meal, etc :... '. 725 689 Salad seed *..-............ 762 782 Corrosive sublimate. 16 57 Corset: ' Clasps -336 440 Covers, knit *.. 916 890 Lacings 912 882 Steels'. 336 440 Corticine. ., 1018 936 Corundum: Grains 1415 1119 Manufactures. 1415 1119 Ore 1565 1302 Cosmetics.. " 57 178 Cotton: ; Articles — ^ > Appliqu^d, ornamented, etc.*. ; 1430 1154 ■ Household 911 _ 878 Lever or go-through machinfe * 1430 1155 N. s. p. f.:.. 920, 899 ' Bagjging. - .- 1517 ■ ■■. 1248 Baling ties, iron or steel. . . ; ^ 314 401 Bands and bandings * ^ 912 882 Basket paragraph. .- 920 899 Bath mats * . » 909 , 876 Batting* 920 899 Bed setsi Nottingham lace... i........ 919 ■ 898 Bedspreads ..: ....;......... 911 878 Belting for machinery... i ^ 912 882 Belts and beltings *...; 912 882 Bindings* 912 , 882 Bias dress facings*-. j 909 874 .Blankets .- 911 878 Bone casings* (See Tubings)...... 912 i' 882 Bootlacings , 912 882 ■ Braces .' 912 882 Braids* 1430 1154 Bureau covers, plain woven 1 ■.-.-.-...... .5-... »~.. 911 ' 878 INDEX. 1521 Cotton — Continued. H. B. 7456. Page. Candle wicking. ...';... 912 882 Cardlaps. .'!.'!!.'.'."!!!!!!!!!! 901 846 ,,, OarpetB* 1020 942 -,' Centerpieces, plain woven 911 878 Chenille curtains, table covers, etc .1. 920 899 Cloth 903-910 858-877 Articles, n. s. p. f 920 899 Bleached • • 903 858 Coated 906 867, 869 Colored 903 860 Corduroys* :; 909 874 Countable , 903 858 Damask, table, and manufactures of .-....;.' 910 876 Definition ':[ 904 862 Dyed 903 858 Extra threads - : .- . : ; 905 864 Filled 906 867,869 Jacquard upholstery. . .-. 908 872 Lappet or swivel ....;. 905 864 Linings, silk-striped* 907 870 Mercerized* -. ..-.-. ... 903, 905 860, 865 Method of assessing duty on .-. . . .■ 904 862 Oilcloths 906 869 Painted* 906 860,866 Pile fabrics and manufactures of ...;...... 909 874 Plushes* 909 874 Printed 903 858 Sateens, woven with eight or more harness : :'.'.'... 905 864 Silk^striped sleeve lining* ...............:..... 907 870 Silk stripes*. . . . .- .- 907 870 Silk and cotton ■ 907 870 Special cloths .~ 906 867 Stained* - 903 860 Tapestries ' '; . -'-..'. 908 872 Terry-woven fabrics. . . : 909 874 Tire fabrics -• 905 864 ^ Tracing :.: 906 867 Unbleached ;:'............ . 903 858 Upholstery, Jacquard-woven 908 872 Velveteens* -...-• -■- '.':- ■ - 909 874 Velvets* 909 874 Waterproof - . --- - - . . ■ . . ----- - - - - ■ - - - 906 867, 869 Window hoUands '906 868 Wiftven-figured .■............;.- 903 858 Clothing — ■ ' ' ' „„, K^t v.... .-■■ 916 891 Lace, or ornamented with embroidery, etc.* -- ■ ; 1430 1154 N g p. f .-.....- ...-: 918 895 ■' CoUars and'cuffs, 'shirt - .----- - . - . --. - ■ ■ - - ■■ 918 895 'CoUets.. : , :-.;.-.■ 912 882 Combination suits * - -'. . . - - - - - . ■ - - -- - - • - - - 91° °xV Cord fabric.-...--. ...-■■- -905 864 Cords and tassels -, 912 8b^ Corduroys* --■\, 909; 874 Corset covers * .....;.-....-....-....- ..-.........; 916 890 Corset, lacings .'......::....... ---.... ...... ......--. .. 91^ " Cottons " ■. - .-. - - - - - ■ - -•- ■ - • - ■ • .■•-•-■ • ■ ■ ■■-'■ - - - - ,- ; ■ 902 Countable cloths ■ ■ - - • 9Ud ; Crochet... .:.. ...........■..:-.. 902 Cuffs and 'collars, shu't. .....■..■...-...-■:-.-:-:■ ■;-■-;■;, ■:-,- - -■;- ■,■ 918 CurtaihsTT- ' " ' ' '.„„ Chenille*....:.:.:...-..: ;;.:.......,.......,...>-. 920 882 848 858 848 895 Lace. ..:...:..:.: :..........: .....;. :^. ::. . Nottingham : ....:.:.-........■..:•-.-•- wi" 1430 I 1153 897 1522 INDEX. Paragraph of '^ . 745" Catton— Continued. ^-.f^-^^/ ,^ Damask and manufactures 9iQ, ■ . 87^ Darning. :........ v. .v. v.. ■...'.... v. v. ......•....■-.-.. 902 , 848 . Doilieai..... ■."..-"-.■.".■....'.■..■. .".'... .' 911 ' 878 - Drawersjiknit*'...;-;.;.;. ;.;....;..'.... ".'...... ..,.:., 916 892 ,, Dress lacings, bias *.......'... ...v............. '......ij 909 , 874 - -Dust cloths.;'.: :."...".■.■.■.'.'. v. v. v. v. ....... ...;...".r.l 911' ,, . 878 Edgings*......, ■.;.;.;.;.;.■.;. ■.■.v.v.'.^... •.........■...".'."..■.;:.,. 1430 1154 Embroidered articles *.i... '...'..:..."......'... "....' .1 1430 r 1154 Embroideries *. . . .".V. '. 1430 1154 Embrcadery., ■..;.,.._... 902 848 '.> Fabric for use in pneumatic tires 905 864 >; FabriCjdn the ^iece, knit........ 913 884 r - Fabrics jWith fast edges not exceeding 12 inches in width 912 882 : .,' Feath^gtched braids *....;.. ■............::; 1430 1154 - - Flocksjiinanufactuied'* ....;... 901 842 Flocks,*'.... ... .:.■.■.';:;:;.;.:..;. :....;.... 1 1557 1290 Elouncings *. ..... .'..'.'... .V. .". ....■..'..".".'."..'. 1430 1154 . Flutings,* .'.V. . .■..'.;.;..■.•... ...... . . .'. 1430 1154 Galloonsi* .......V.V..V.V.V.V...............; : 1430 1154 Garters.. 1_ ;. . . .\ . .'. .'. . ." .'. . .'. ...*..,. . . ,.. :^^^. 912 ; 882 Gauze, plain ". . ..'."..'. .."..." "ii.,. 9C)3 851 .:>8 G'ins..!; ....'.■. ........ ...V.V.V /../k' , 1504 1223 .-, Glovesiso. ;.'.'.'.■.......".■.'.■......■.......... .'.':.. 914 886 Gorings * ■..;.'.■.■.".■.■..'..■.■. ./.'... 1430 1154 Handkerchiefs 1 ;:;.■.'.■.... ... .....:. .,„..,. ,V.:.,;".L v., / 917, 1430 893, 1153 Heaids ' v.v.:.'.'.".'.':. .'.;.;. :"!:::'. .. :.'!'. .':':■'. .:'. : .. 912 882 Hollands, windowJ . .'.V.V. .■.■."..'.'.■."..■. . . .'. .... . . .'. . . ..'.■..".■ 906 868 Hose and half hose. .'--■. : ::.■.... . . .\ ... . -'. .,.'.,/,. . .v.V ...,,-■ j,,',. . 915, 1430 :>888, 1153 Household articles ."'. . . ^.„;.. . . . -i^... 911 878 .• :, insertings *.....'. .;.'.'.'.■. .'. .\ :■'.:. . '. . '. .': :': .,: . . 1430 1154 Knitf^Mcs ..-■...■...........' 913' 884 - > Knit gopds ....'. . . ... . . . . . . . . ..... ;. .'. , Si6 891 (1 ,: Knittmg. .'.'... . . '.'. .'.' l' 902' 848 ■'■ - Labels for garments of other articles. - . ....'... 912 882 Lace articles * ......'. ... . . .'. .". ;., ;. 1430 ; 1154 ...r Laces *k: ...........................v.......:.'.'.. 1430 1154 - Lace yfiudow curtains.'."...'.'..' ...'. 919, 1430 897, 1153 Lacings, boot, slxoe, and corset.... ■.!;.....' ..'.■..'.■ 912 882 ' Lamp wicking. . .' ■..'..'.. .■...■...";.;.,....;.:.".. ,'..., 912 882 ]' Lappets andswivels.. ".....'.'.....■. ■..."."...!......l........ 905 864 ! •;, Long staple * ....'.... .... . . ;. .........:.. '. . 1557 1290 1 ;' LopmhaMiess , 912,,. 882 Manufactxires of— ' Chepille'*.... '..■.. .■.;.':.....;.. :..:.. ::..^:'r.'-,,.. 920 899 Jacquard figured..'..."."." 920 899 N. s. p. f 920 899 ' rMatsand matting *........ ...^V-.,.... ..;.,..... ld28', 939 , . : Mop cloths ........'......!,V:...'J ;.. 911 878 J. r. Mufflera-.....'— .". 917, 1430' 893,1153 " ?-> Napkins. ...1' 911, 1430 878,1153 NarroTf wares* ....................■..."......... ..... 912 ] 882 ' r Netsor'iiettingB ........................... 903,919,1430 {ggg X153 Nottingham lace— ' Bedjflets.. ."..........'.■...".........;.■........■.•;... ......... 919 898 Curtains ".....".".■...".■........ . .... . . . .:.:.... .... . ' '919 897 NetBandnettings.'..'..".".'.. .......■..'."..... .......:... 919 898 Pillow shams. .. .'..'. . . .;. ..■.'.■...■.".■.■.■;..■. ;. . . . . . . ... . 919 898 Oilcloth.....'.;....'.:. ...'..■.'.".....■;...■...'.".....•...... ..; goe 869 Ornaments.... '....'..■...... "..:..".. ........................ 1430 |ll53 Pile fabrics and manufa,ctufes of...... ..".........'.;.. /.:.'..'.. 90S 874 ;,, Pillowcases , . . . . 911 878 -: r i ; Kllowi shamSj Nottingham 'lace . .'..... .".'.■................'' 919 , 898 ...2 piushe^^ .........■.■:::;."....■.........:...:.....;....■.... 9os- 874 piushribbonsii;..:::::::::.::.::.. .....;::. ;:.:;;:. :;:;:.';: 909 873 INDEX. 1523 ^ .. . ^ , . , Paragraph of OOttdn— Continued. l,H. S,7456. Page. Polishing cloths -■.:■.. 911 ,; 878 Quillings* ; ,..,, 1430, ' .' 1154 Quilts ^..j 911 878 Raw...: 1557 1290 Ribbons ...:::.....::;.:;;..:.....:;.;..:..::.. 909, 912, 1430 ,|gg2 f-^f^ Roping* .„ 901 :i ;:' 842 Roving: 901 ,846 Ruchings' * 1430 ,1154 Rugs*. 1020 942 Runners, plain woven 911 878 Sateens, woven with eight or more harness * 905 864 Scalloped articles * 1430 1154 Scarfs; plain woven ' 911 878 Seed *. : •. 762 785 Seedoil: 50 150 Sewing thread 902 848 Sheets;: 911 878 Shirts* 916 892 Shoe lacings w 912 . '882 Skirt bindings*... 909 874 Skirtings* 1430 1154 Sliver. . 901 846 Smallwares*, 912 882 Special cloths 906 867 Spindle IJanding..... - 912 - 882 Spool thread* ..:'..........:. 902 849 Staple, long*..... ..i .-j .■ 1557 1290 Stockings * (see also 'Boae and half hose) 915 888 Stovewicking • 912 882 Suspenders 912 882 Sweaters 916 891 Swivels! 905 ■ ,864 Table covers, chenille * 920 899 Table covers, plain woven 911 • 878 Table damask and manufactures 910 876 Tapes* 912 882 Tapestries ■. 908. 872 Tares.il: 1517 1248 Tassels and cords. - ■ '912 882 Terry woven fabrics. ■. 909 874 Thread", except spool* 901 844 Thread, sfewing. 902 848 Ties, iron or steel. 314 401 Tights*..-............ 916 890 Tire fabric 905 864 $6wels --■- 911 878 Tracing cloth.... ::................. 906 867 Trimmings*.. 1430 1154 Tubing^ -------- 912 882 Tuckings* ■■ ■- 1430 1154 Underwear - . = :....'....' 916 891 UnionSuits*... -■ 916 890 Upholstery goods -908 ^'j Veflb and- veilings* 1430 1154 Velvets and velveteens* 909 8'^4 Vests*' 916 892 S;?/^-^'---------'-::::-:::::::::;;::::;:::::;:::::::: m.^ m Wash roller cloths*-..... -..-.-. -.-.. 909 874 SVaste {or flocked) .-..:.-....... - - 1557 1290 SVaste', advanced in -value...-. '»"i g°|' RrearingWareL'::,.;;::.::.;...-----:-:-.-.-.--v--,---.:--' 9,16. 918. 1430 {895,1153 1524 INDEX. .,' i Paragraph of Cotton— ContUiued. H.B,7456. Webs and webbings* ' 912 ; 882 ■ Wickiug-^lamp, stove, and candle 7 , 912i ■ 882 Window turtaina — < Lace* 1430. ,.,1154 Nottingham, lace 1 919 897 Window hoHands.... :;.....;.;.:... ..;...; 90'6 ' 868 Yam ..„...,.. 901. ,;., ; 843 Cottonseed oil 50, r , 150 Coachlace* 1430,1 1154 Ooumarin 26 77 Court-plaBter 'i.,;.,.j^. 61 183 Coverings. ' (Sec Containers.) . -.m -_ • . , f ■ Covers: ... 1 1 , I ■ Cigarette book .145? ,i(« 1206 Corset* .916 ;„, 890 Cotton, table or bureau, , , 911 878 . Wool*..i .....:■., 1119-. .-UOOl -Cowpeas..... 765. ,.„ 790 Gi-abmeatiL': 722, n,/ 681 Cranberries* , 7^7, 716 Crayons.....: 1449 , . 1199 Cream L 707,^ ; 650 Nuts 755., ., 755 Of tartar ,..,.. ; 9^ 43 Powder '. . 708 ■, 652 Separators* ,,.. 372,1504 504,1223 SuDstitutes or . compounds ....,, 708: 654 Creams, cleaiiing or polishing ......,., ,, il2 52 X3reels or baskets i...^..; j.t 3.44 ,, 453 Cteosoteoii , 1546.. . 1276 Crgpe paper , 1304 1054 Cresol* , 25,1546 75, 1276 Crinoline cloth 1426 1141 'Crochet: - .;..£..•, . ., , . ■,, / Cottons , ..V .-.i. .902r,! ', 848 Needles.- yv...:., .,i,, 343^! : ; 450 Crocheted jtrticles: . ■ : Silk.....' 1208 ;. 1031 Wool..... 1115 .;,, 990 Crockery ware , ,., , 1,212 290 Crbcusbulbs , ,.,,,..,.,.,,...,,,... 751. 746 Crosscut saws , 1,. ....... 340 , . , : 445 Crosses, fur ,,.,,..,,.,..,„ 142qj;q.,| i 1132 Crotonaldehyde i ,1.,^ a ij ■ 24 eiroton oil ; 1626, ; ,f- ; f 1396 lOfowbars... , ,326.; ,,1 423 Crown glassi. , ,.,, ,.,,..,,,.,,.. 223„224. |?3, 325 Crucibles, earthenware or stoneware ,■<-• 210 : ■m-,", • 285 Crude steel .. i.., .".'..■. 304 . .^' r 379 Cryolite or ktyolith....... 1558r; ', ,1294 Crystals, watch...... ,...,.,,.,,.., 23^' . 356 iSuba bark and manufactures , 1406 ,1 , 1098 iGubarithmsi. , 1530,, 1 1259 Cudbear.... , '.'.'. ^...,. 1510; •', 1235 Cuff buttons ,.,.., ,„., ,,.\,,;,V 1411,1428; 1109,1145 Cuffs: ' *.^,i ', .1 , ;, ii«t'iv' Cotton , 918^3,,' ' 895 Flax...; ;.::;....... ioi6, ,r.-y; 931 Culm ; .;.;;;:;:;;;.'.. is^s.;,.;; 7 1273 Cultivators: , i..., ,1594 'i . (,1223 Gumene(cum.ol*).,.. , ,,,,..,.,,,,,.,.,. ;,..., i 551 Diethyl sulphate.,,, .,,...,,,, , ; ,,'35 ,102 Digitalis — ..; ,., ,,.,..... ,,33 ,, 99 Dmydroxynaphthalenp (dioxynaphthalene*) 25 , 73 Dimethylaminophenol , , , . . , ,.,.,.;.,., 25 , , 73 Dimethylaniline (dimethylanilin*) ... ,,.,..., .....!.. 25 • 73 Dimethylphenylbenzylammonium hydroxide, ,.,.., , 25 , i 73 Dimiethylphenylengdiamine,-... ,...,1,,.,.,,,,,.,.,,,... .... ., .25 ! , 73 Dimethyl sulphate , , ,..,,...,.,, , . , ,,,,..,.,.,,.... 35 102 INDEX. 1527 . »■ I I • Paragraph of o^j . ' H. E.7456. Page.; Blinitrobenzeue (bi-nitrobenzol*).-..-..... .•..-.-.--.-...... ...^,,.^,,^, 25 73 Dinitrochlorobenzene (binitrouhlorobenzol,* biHitrocblorbenzol*) .. .25. 73 BinitTonaph-thaleneCbinitronapbtiialene^V -.-....... ...;'.....4 . '25 73 Jl jni.tropheApl , ', 25 73 Dinitrotoluene(f)initrotoluol*>. -.:;.. -.-.•.■.-.■.-.•.-. ■.-... ....... 25 73 Dioxide, baaTim...'..;..-...-..-..-.-.-.-.-................ . n 51 Dioxynapbthalene* (dihydroxynaplithaJeiie) .■...•..■.. . .. .. .^;\" 25 73 Diphenylaimin* (diphenylamine). .•..;.-.■.•...•.-......-.•...-.■.-.-.•.- .............. .25 : 73 Diphenylamine (diphenyiarain*).-. .... -....■.•.-.-............ .. . 25. 73 Diphenyloxide ■...:..'.... .......................................... 26 : 77 Digk or tooth harrows '. 1504 1223 Disks: '■ . . Alumifturu .^ 374 ■ 510 _ Carbon*... 216^ 302 ; ,, Cork or artificial. ......... -.. .■......-. 1412.. ' 1114 Glass* 227 330 ,. Soft wax, or master records 1677 1463 Ijistillates: ', Coal-tar and other tar ...;.-. 25,1546. . 75,1276 Petroleum -. 1627 1401 Distilled oils. (See Oils.) Distilled spirits: ■ •. Compounds ..........' .i ...... j.. 802 826 -, Forfeiture 811 837 .'' Leakage -.v.... 812 838 Standard for proof. I ....... . 810 837 Divi-divi -..-... . . 1563 1299 „,. Extract, 36 107 gbcumenta, public, foreign governments 1529 ■ 1259 E(pg-skinplates and mats...... 1420 1 '1132 Dogskins, undressed* ...■•....-.■.......■.-.•..-..-...-........... 1653 1432 IDbilies, cotton .-.-.....'..•.....•....■.-.....,.... 911 878 Dolls and parts of 1414 1117 Dominoes... '. --.'. ..'..■.....■..'.'.■.■. 1413 1116 doublets...: ..:: - - 1429 1148 Down and manufactures... . . .-..-.-.•.•.■.•.. ....... ... ... .■. 1419 1127 Dragon's blood 1577 1321 Drag saws .■.-.-.■.■.•..•.. ..•...•.-.-.-.... 340 445 Jjitinage tools, metal.. .....■..-.-.. .-.•.•........■.- 373' 509 Draughts .." v. ...■....-.•.-...-... 1413 1116 Drawers, knit, cotton or other -vegetabl-e fiber* . .-. 916 892 Drawing: ,, Instruments, metal 360 480 Knives.. - -•- - . .•.-.-... . ... . . 355 469 Paper. ...■.-.■.... - -•- - . .-.-.■..- - - - --. - - 1307 1072 Drawings: ' Bound or unbound. ...-..■:.... 1310 1084 „ For exhibition 1686 1480 :'- Original - - ■■- 1685 .1478 .": Pen and,ink, n. s: p. f. - -- ....... 1447 1195 'j Twenty yearsold*;. ................ ..--■-.---•---.---- ■-- 1685 1478 Prawnwork articles. 1430 Buttons, metal 1428 Facings, bias, cotton pile * ,- - ■ ■ - "09 , Goods, wool or hair *. - . : . . . - --. --,. . - 1108; 1109 969, 972 Steels ■ ..:...... 336 440 Drills, agriiiijituiai. . - . . ..■-■... - - - ..-■-. --"i 1504 1223 ^'"U^d'' "--'"..:-.... .........:-".........= 389 538 ^^^'^ ■ - """ 1337 1154 1145 874 Ot residuum, burnt pyrites 1590 Dr^^}.:ol..l ..^..■.....■......■. .^. - 1118; 995 998 Druseists' sundries * .:■.■.....■...•.......■.-•.■...■.■--•---■--• •■■ i^o'- ^^-^^ 1528 INDBX. Paragraph of Drugs: H. R. 7456. Page. Botanical 31 90 Definition ...\ ..,...;. 31., , 89 Incapaules, pills, etc.... ..:.. 21 65 Inedible — Advanced 31,32 90,91 Crude 1502,1562 1222,1298 Drums, iron or steel, reimported 1514 124^ d-Tagatose 505 607 d-Talose 505 607 Dulcite. 505 608 Dust: Bone 1527 1257 • Cloths, cotton ^ 911 878 Diamond 1429 1149 Zinc 391 547 Dusters, feather . . V. 1407 1102 Dutch metal: Clippings 1534 1262 i Leaf 379 521 Dutch wool carpets* ...." 111§ 998 Dyeing: Extracts, vegetable origin 36 105 Materials, vegetable origin '. 1563 ,1299 Dyes: ■'>._.- Alizarin ...'. 26 80 O Anthracene (anthracin *) 26 77 •« Carbazol* ........' 26 77 Coal-tar: 26 79 Description .../.... 26 79 : IndigOi'.. 26 80 Lac*....: 36 105 Marking.'. 26 77 - 'Natural. 26, 36, 1510 Lq^ -^235 Synthetic 26 ' 79 Dyewoods 1563 1299 Earth or earths: Fuller's 207 275 Ocher*.. 70 199 Sienna*. 70 199 Umber* ., ..i.. .■.,... 70 199 Unmanufactured 207 270 Earthenware: China... 212 290 Crucibles 210 285 Granite ..... 212 290 ; Manutaeteres n. s. p. f 210,212 285,290 N. s. p. f.. ...■...';.'.■.■...;;;:......:... 2I4 298 Rockingham ......V........ ... .... 210 286 Tiles and tiling .... '.■...'...■.. .. 202 ' 257 Earths or days .".'...■.■. ...'^■... , 207 . 270 EsBrthy or mineral substances and manufactures. ............. J.. i. 2l4 298 Ebony .l 404 561 Ecgonine and derivatives 55 173 Edgings , . ; . 1430 1153 Educational institutions. (See Instiiutions.) r Eelgrass, manufactured or dyed. '. 14-'0 1186 Eels, fresh or frozen* '. 718 ' 671 Egg, albumen and yolk '.....'..V....... ■.'.' 7l3 662 Eggplant seed * 762 , 783 •Eggs: .,.,;.■ . ^ '-' Bird .......:.: 1564 1301 Dried 713 663 Fish 1564 1301 INDEX. 1529 Egg^Continuedr Tr&' Page. Silkworm*.... 1564.. 1301 Wnole, frozen, etc 713 ggi Egret plumes ...'. \. [.[......] 1419 1128 Electrical-measuring mechanisms ........i.i...... . 368 493 Electric — Appliances, table, household, kitchen, and hospital 339 443 ■ Sf . ■■•^'" 216 303 Electrodes.... 216 304 Ught bulbs and lamps 229 334 Light poles. . 405 sgy Machine brushes 216 304 ;^ Papers^ asbestos 1401 1091 Storage batteries 320 415 Electrodes: r ' ,, Carbon or graphite 216 304 _ Nickel ,,..... 385. 530 Electrotype — Metal*,;. .„1....... 389 538 Plates. ^ .;..... i, ... . 341 , 447 Elements, chemical n. s. p. f 5 ;' 32 Embossing rolls 1443. . 1191 Embroidered articles .1 . 1430 1153 Embroideries ,,. .;. . . . : 1430 1153 Eifibroidery: . ; Cotton, for handwork. 902 848 Machine needles 343 449 ! Machines and shuttles..., - ■ 372 504 Emery: :• Files, paper, wheels >. , 1415 1119 Grains 1415 . 1119 Manufactures ,. 1415 1119 Ore 1565 1302 Emigrants.* (See Immigra,nts.) Emulsions .gelatin * 39 , 120 Enamel: - Ceramic , 231 338 -'': Fusible.* 231 338 Glass 231 339 Opal, tiles, tiling, and rods 231 - . 341 Paints.: . 63 185 Enameled — Dials, watch or other instrument. , ..^•,. 367 492 , Tiles ; - 202 257 V ■ Ware 339 444 Encaustic tiles - , 202 257 Enfleurage grease 1566 1303 Engines, steam 372 504 Engraved — . . ,. Diesandrolls* 341 447 Steelplates : 341.- 447 Bngravers'7^ >. Diamonds^ ...,-....,... ............ 1561 1297 Plates, copper •':^- . - 'i- 378 517 EngravinsB: Booklof 1310 1083 i Definition 1685 1478 For exhibition 1686 1480 , For institutions 1531 - 1260 . . For the United States 1528 1258 .-.si N.B.p.f :... 1447 • 1195 Twenty years old * 1310,1685 1081,1478 UnboiHid .C. :..;.... 1685 1478 EnvelopeB„paper, i. .>---> 1308 1075 1530 INDEX. Paragraph of "H.B.7456. Page. Epaom salts . .• 47 ' 134 Eiasers, knife ,-...... 354)- 465 Ergot : V..... - 34 100 Essences: ' - ; Coffee. . . .'. .- - -; 775 805 ' Floral {•flower *) not containing alcohol -..iJ. 1566 1303 Fruit— Cofltaining alcohol... cv.iv; j.. >'....... .j 22 66 Not containing alcohol, 37 116 N.s.p. f 37 117 Essential oils. (See Oils.) Esters: AlcohoUc J. 22 ' 66 Cellulose;: .:...... 28,29 85,86 Cocaine 55 173 Diethyl and dimethyl sulphate 35 ' 102 Ecgonine 55 173 ■ Ethjl acetate and chloride 35 103 Fruit — Containing alccdiol 22 66 Not containing alcohol 37 116 N. s. p. f 35 104 Opium.. , 55 170 Etchings. ./ 1310 1083 Artists' proof, unbound 1685 1478 Books of 1310 1083 Definition ...:..'... 1685 1478 For institutions. -. .•. . 1531 1260 For United States 1528 1258 Twenty years old* 1310, 1685 1081, 1478 N. s. p. f.i '.- ':-... J. 1447 1195 Ethers: Acetic* 35 102 Cellulose. , 28,29 85,86 Containing more than 10 per cent alcohol -:^.. ';...;■... 22 66 ■ - Ethyl ..;.. 35 104 Fruit* 37 116 Nitrous* 35 101 N. s. p. f 35 104 Sulphuric* 35 102 Ethyl- Acetate, chloride,- and ether 35 103 Alcohol, non-beverage 4 30 Methyl ketone ..., ^..i.. 3 25 Ethylene-chlorohydrin, dichloride, glycol, and oxide.. 2 24 Eucalyptus oil 54 166 Evergreen cuttings and seedlings. 752 750 Excrescences: • Drugs — Advanced 31 90 Crude . 1562 1298 Explosives: Coal-tar 26 83 T - Mining, blasting or artillery,. — 1578 1323 Eixpressed oils. (Set Oils,) Extracted oils. (See Oils.) 'i Extracts: Alcoholic. , 22 66 ' Annatto. , 1510 1236 Bark* . ........... 36 105 Combinations of, vegetable. ...i;... 36 105 '■■ Dyeing or tanning, etc.,., 36 105 ■■\ 'I'lavormg-i— j'.:i .. t, Coii'&ininpalcohcd.. ..., ...,. 22 66 Not i66ntauiing alcohol.--.. - ..-.....- ''37 116 INDEX. 1531 _, „ Paragraph of Extracts — Continued. H.H.7456. Page. Hop 779 810 , Indigo* 26 79 Licorice..;. .; 1 45 131 Madder*....,^ ., ,. . . 26 79 ...Malt. ; : ; : : \: ... . . 805 832 Meat .: .'....:■....:. : 705 ,644 r; Munjeet* ^ 26 79 ' 'TSTutgalls ...: ...■..:. ;... 1 15 Opium, aqueous* 55 169 •Orleans* ......:;... 1510 1236 Rocoa* .-. ....................... i5l6 1236 Roucou* ,.'. 1510 1236 Safflower or saffron* 1510 1238 ^ Sumac* 36 ' 113 r.j Tanning, or dyeing, etc '. .36 105 .,,; [Wool..',..... 11P5 958 Eyi^lasses and frames. . . . , 1 225 328 Fabrics: Artificial silk. 1215 1D41 J. Bagging.. j, 1517 1249 ■.r- Beaded or spangled ' , . . . 1403 1094 Cotton, knit : - ! . 913 884 ' ,. Cotton, with fast edges .,,. 912 882 ; .Embroidered or ornamented .-- 1430 1156 For pneumatic tires '. 905 864 Jute : 1008 918 Knit (see also Knit goods) — Silk - - '. ---- 1208 1032 Vegetable fiber :..... 913 884 Wool '.'.'■ 1115 987 Lace : . : : : 1430 1156 Pile- Cotton.. 909 874 Silk ;.....: .• 1206 1027 Vegetable fiber, not cotton 1011 ' 924 Wool - 1111 978 f: ,Silk— ■ ■- ; Ascertainment weight 1214 1039 Knit .'.' ..:...:..;.... 1208 1032 Pile :;:.:......::.:... ..:.. 1206 1027 With fast edges. ...::.;..:..: 1207 1029 Woven... :.-.'. --■ 1205 1022 ' Terry-woven - 909 874 Textile, asbestos 1401 1091 . Tire ..^ 905 864 Vegetable "fiber, with fast edges 1014 927 Wire .■---; 318 412 With fast edges, not exceeding 12 inches in width— Artifiicialsilk*.... ■ 1215 1040 Ootton - 912 882 Silk "■;;:::::::::;::::;;:: 1207 1029 Vegetable fiber, not cotton ■ - - - ■ 1014 927 Wool ; : ■- 1114 985 ■^""fcit 1115 987 Kk:::::;.'.::::::::;::::::-';:-- : mi 978 With fast pdirps - 1114 985 - Woven .! .".:::::■.::::.-: :■.: iio8-iiio' 959-977 , /^"^I^^ITion ...................... 382 525 CotwV««'afeoCotton"cioth)V.". ...I.,,-..,: 903-910 858-877 Flax, hemp, or jute, for paddmgs , - lOJ-0 ; 9^rf jute^t ■ - - -T lyvo.,;; ,1 918 Lameorlahn .■.--.•.•:.■■:■■-•,--.-■.•-•:■-- .oi? - III Metal thread...;. ,■-,.- ■■.-■:-■--: .■.■.-::;.-.•.■. '^^"i ^^^ 1532 iNDHx. Fabrics— Continued. Paragraph ol Woven— Continued. &.B.7456.. Page. Silk. : :... 1205 , 1022 Silk, weight of, ascertainment. ;.;;.-..;; 1214 1039 TiiiaelWire :.:;. 382 525 Vegetable fiber, not cotton ; 1009, 1010 921, 922 Wool : ; 1108-1110 969-977 Fails: Not palm leaf. 1422 . 1137 . Palm leaf, plain. 1567 1304 Facings, dress, bias* 909 874 Farriers' knives 355 469 Fashion magazines.. '. 1306 1068 Fasteners, snap, iron or steel 348 457 Fats {see also Oils): Chemically treated , 52 161 Hydrogenated. . .'. ':'. ' 52 161 Feather dusters......... :. 1407 ' 1102 Feathers and import restrictions. . : 1419 1128 Feather-stitched braid* 1430 1154 Feeds: By-product, wheat or other cereals 731 704 Grain and mixed feeds. . . . : 731, 732 704, 706 Felt: Adhesive for sheathing vesselp* 1302 1048 Deadening ....: ..:..... 1302 1049 Hair, and manufactures ot..'. .....; 1426 1142 Not woven.. 1113 983 Roofing : . . 1302 1049 Sheathing 1302 1048 Fence posts, wood* 1 ' 406 570 Fence rods.. 315 402 Fencing, galvanized wire 317 411 Fennel: Oil*.. ; : 54 163 Seeds ." 780 816 Fenugreek seed* 762 783 Ferricyanide: Potassimn 75 273 Blues 65 189 Ferroalloys 302 362 Ferroboron. 302 374 Ferrocerium 302 374 Ferrochrome, or ferrochromium 302 371 Ferrochromium tungsten. 302 369 Ferrocyanide: Blues 65 189 Potassium ' 75 213 Sodium ■-■■-- V 78 232 Ferromanganese 302 366 Ferromolybdenum , .:. 302 367 Ferrophosphorus 302 371 Ferrosilicon 302 370 Ferrotitanium 302 372 Perrotungsten ....;: 302 368 " Ferrouraniiun 302 374 Ferrous sulphate 1568 1305 Ferrovanadium 302 373 Ferrozirconiiim 302 374 Fertilizers 1576 1317 Fiber, vegetable: Appliqu^d aiticlea* : 1430 1154 , Bands and banding* 1 912 882 Bed sets,, Nottingham lace ;...'...--■ : . .. 919 898 Belting for machinery ...; 912 882 Belts and beltings*.... .: ......-......-•...-.'.... 912 882 Binding^*.... 912 882 INDKSL. 1533 Fiber, vegetable-Continued. ; , hT7?56?' Boot lacings ,.. ^ __ 9J2 Page. 882 1014 927 912 882 941 feraci ' Cables. ; . . . ; , .."W.W.W. .[\.[l^[\[[ ..'']' ' 1005 Candle wicking " 9x2 Carpeting*......,....., .l][\\\]]]]'.[ .]['.[['...'.[::['.[[ . 1020 Oarpets .. 1020,1118 941,997 Olotns, iipnolstery .-. 908 872 ^?^ ■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■-■■■■■■■■■■- ^w,^.W{m,^ '^oUetB , , :^ .; ... .. 912 882 )fT^a§e 1003, 1005 905, 912 : Cords : , _ ioi4 927 Cords and tassels .....■..-. . . j'- 1014 927 Corduroys* , ]'.].['.['..'.].'.[.'.].'."[] 909 874 Corset lacings;........-..;.-.... ] 912 882 Curtains, 'Nottingham laee 919 §97 Damast and manufactures. '....'.'. 1012 925 Embroideries 1430 1157 Fabrics with fast edges not exceeding 12 inches in width . .' ...: . 1014 927 . Floor coverings, n. s. p. f . > 1020 939 ; Garters. .:..... IO14 927 ; Gloves-. 914 886 i Handkerchiefs. IOI5, 1430 929, 1155 ; Healds 912 882 Hose and half hose -. , , 915 888 Hose, for conducting liquid or gas 1007 916 ^ Hydraulic hose*. 1007 916 Jacquard woven upholstery cloths 908 872 Knit goods 913-916 884-892 Labelsfor garments. ..... 912 -i 882 Lace window curtains 919 897 Laces. . '. ,.... 1430 1156 Lacings, boot, shoe; or corset 912 882 Lamp wicking. 912 ^ ' 882 Loom harness 912 . 882 Manufactures of, n. s. p. f 1019 938 Mats* 1020 941 Narrow wares 1014 927 ^ Nets and nettings 1430 1156 ' Nets and nettings, Nottingham lace. 919 897 Pile fabrics aad -manufactures. ..;''.'.".^ ....'....: 1011 924 Pillow shams, Nottingham lace .'. . .';-; . ; 919 ' 898 Plushes*. ;:............... 909 874 Raw, not flax, hemp, coir, cotton 1575 1310 ' Roving..! :; 1002 904 Rugs*... 1020-' ■ 941 Shoe lacings 912 883 SUver... 1002 904 Small wares '. 912 882 Spindle banding. 912 -: 882 Stocking. (-See Hose and half hose.) 915 888 Suspenders....;.-.- - 1014 ' i . 927 ' Tapes, measuring ....;.... 1014 j 928 Tapestries .........:........ 908- i -872 TasseW: .'. 1014 • ' 927 Tubings 1014 IQZI Underwear.......;.;.... ......:... .;V;:..... 1S16 ; r 891 Velveteens* ...-....-.■::.;..i..ii i.. .... 909 ■ 874 Velvet* ....;..........:...-.' '; .. . ... 909 874 Waterproof cloth...- 906 867,869 Waste, for paper making ....... .. 1517 ' 1248 Wearing ^ipparel r,- .\- - - - -,- • - ,-, 916, 1016," 1430 |93]^ 1153 Webs and webbings*. 1014 928 Wicking.................... .-..- ...;....:..,r.;:^ 912 882 1534 INDEX. :, ■„, •) Paragraph of Fiber, vegetable^Oontinued. i ■;,..!;■ ■ H-P,745S. Wovenarticles .' .....'. 1Q19 938 Woven fabricB .J .. J .'.. 1009,1010 921, 92a Fiber ware, indurated, , ,.,........,..-.... 1303 , 1051 Fibers: . • t, ... i Asbestos:: ......,..::,;:::. 1515 . ,1245 Dried — . ;. :; Drugs, advanced.. ;51 90 Drugs,crude. ......L'.'.'..'.; 1562 129& ' Forpapei'stock...\!........... ....■.-....■.' 1641 ' 1421 Not dressed or manuiactured 1575 1310 - ' '■ Textil e ' " ■ Artificial silk*...". :.... 1215 1040 Coir (or cocoa fiber) .'..."..::,;... 1551 1282 Flax „ , .........-■.■......■;.... 100].. 900 Hair, of camel ,. , ,.,...,,.,,,,..,. ,- ..■- . . - ,^ ,'.. UOl 945 Hair; of angora goat, alpaca^ etc ...tj. ...;.%,... 1102 948 Hemp , Lu ...... lOOl 902 Istle 1575 1310 Jute and jute butta. . . ,C.^. ...-, -. ;..;.'.' .', 1575 1311 Manila ,,-,... i .(,.„.,/.. .V , 1575 t 1311 N:9.p.f ..-■.'..■....... 1575, 1316 Sisal ...:;:...;:;;;;' 1575, . 1312- ' : .■ sunn-.-.L,: ..■.;..;..:;;;:.. 1575- 1313 Tampico fiber 1575i , 1310 Silk ...:...;..;:;.... laoi 1431 Wool 1101-llOD 945. 948 Fibrin....... 1569 : 1306 Field glasses and frames , 228,. 332 Figs.: : 741. , 722 Filaments, artificial silk 1215 1040 Filberts...... '. 755 756 File blanks 362 482 «les .^.,... 362 482 : Emery 1415 1119 ' Nail : 354 465 Filler tobacco 601, 60? 614, 620 Films: Censorship , 1451 1202 . Damaged; ^,.. 1514 1243 " Exposed abroad , .,,. ,.,1514 1243 -■- Moving-picture, not exposed , . " 1451 1203 Photographic, not exposed...- ■..-...-. 1451 1202 Prize fight, prohibited* 1451, 1203 'Filter: '- ' ' , , , V ". "... ,/ ' ;,. , Masseorstock '. ' 1303, 1051 Tubes*..: , , .....;.'..■.. 212 294 Filtering paper ; 1309 1076 Finnanhaddie , 719 673 Pir: '...:..-. Balsam , '. 10: , . 46 Logs : 402, 558 Firebrick 201.,, 254 Firecrackers. ,; . 1416 1122 Firewood.:. I683 1468 Fireworks. . . ■ 1416 1122 Fish: BallB,:with meat or vegetables. ,,.. 773, 801 Bladders, not crude or dried, etc.*,.... 39., ; 119 Boned, dried,. S£|,lted, skinned, etc......,...; 719 674 ;i- Oaviaf and other.fishroe. ,., , 722 682 : r Crab meat..., , iV,...., 7.22 ,; 681 Eggs.^ ^, :......".,... 1564 ,1301 Fresh, frozen, or packed in ice,- n-.-s. p.- f ... ...-.':■ 718 ' 669 Glue ...;. , ,.,,,,,,,,,,,..,,,,,.,,..,.,....,,,...,. • 39 119 Herring; pickled .or salted...,,,,,,.,.,,. ..,....., 720 676 Knives, n. s. p. f ', , . 355 469 INDEX. 1535 Fish-^Continwed.. ^IW.?^?' Pag«. LobstejfS.. jg,n ,,08 Mackeret, pickled or salted, ...■...,. ../,['.l'.'.\l'.'j.\'.'.'.'. 720, 676 Oils of jAmerican fisheries. , . .V! .. '. /.. '. .'.. .... 1624 1385 Packed in oil or.other substances ... 721 678 S?^*?- j .• ■ •"■ :• - ■ ■ ■ • ■ - - ■ ■ - ■ • ■ • ■ • - ■■ ■ - - • 722 ; 681 i'lcfcled, smoked, etc 721 679 Products of American, fisheries........ ......\\[.\...] 1624, r> 1385 J°^- ■ ■ - ■ ■ - - - - ...■....'...;.., .;. V. . . ;;722' - 682 bauce 722 681 Sea herring, fresh, frozen, or packed in ice. . . . . ... . ." . . ... .... 1645. 1425 SheUfish ,1649 1423 Shrimp............ 1649, 1428 Soimds-^ ■ , , Cleaned,; split, or prepared..... '39 119 Crude; dried, or salted... .-..-......■.'.■.■.....■.. 1524- 1255 Tuna, fresh, frozen or packed in ice. 1645 1425 Fishhooks .-.-.-. ^ 344 453 Fishing — '" ■■■■ " Nets, flax, hemp, or ramie ........'. 1006 915 ,,, , Rods and reels 344 453 >v! Tackle ..,......'..... ....'. ........'. 344' ' 453 Kshplates, railway, iron, or steel , ' 322 ' . , 418 ffishskins, raw or.salted. ..........'.'.'.' 1570 1306 Flannels, wool or hair ..".'.... ii08, 1109 969, 9,73 ■Maps, paper:. 130^ 1068 Flavormg extracts: Alcoholic ............." .......... 22 67 Nonalcoholic : 37 lie Flavors; , \. . . ,,...; Alcoh(^c ,.........._...".' 22 ; 67 Coal-tar, ...,.._. . . . . .'. 26 ' 81 ' Nonalcoholic .'. 37 116 Flax: -- Collars anjd cuffs 1016 931 Cords....- , .,.'-" ,-. .,....;......' 1004'. . 908 Damask,; table, and manufactures of ............'..."....'1012' 925 Fabrics ..'..;.■ 1009-1011 921-925 Floor coverings .^,., .., . 1020 939 • Gill nettings, nets, etc.. ..............■.....:...... '.. 1-006-, -• 915 Hackled^and not hackled .'. . . . . . ... .'.".'..... . . . 1001 . 900 Handkerchiefs ....'. :........ .... . 1015 " , 929 InterliningB ............'....'.. 1010 . 923 Manufactures, n. s. p. f.* ,;. .',.., 10^9 938 I Nets, fishing.....' ..........;......;... .,....„...: ,J006 915 •; Noils.' .;....■....;-..:. '.''..■ ...;. looi 901 Paddings for clothing.... ..'............ .::.: 1010 923 PUlowcases ,. 1013 927 ,'. Roving, .■ 1002 904 Seines .■..........-..'.....■.".. , ,;.,:, 1006 . .; 915 Sheets. .:.■......... ■-... 1013 "S* 927 , Sliver ....'.."......■......' ..........v 1002 .' 904 ,. , Straw ..........;......;..■.■........'.......;..'...•.... loor . 9go ;- . Tapes, measuring . 1014 928 ,L Threads...... .-■.-.". ...........•......'.-,.. lOM 908 Tow - lOdl 901 - Towels::::;::;:.:. :......:..:.. .::..:..::::::.':-:--.::---^.^ioi3 927 , .. Twines:... ..:::.....:...::.:::::. :::.::::-■-':--■■•■---'--■-■■- ^004 908 Waste.for paper slack.. . ..,.:,-.. . ,,.,-,. ..,.;:.,,.;,.-, • - - vrf'"-r - ■ }^^l ^^} !.( i Wearingapparel .-..-,- iV-l-o ^f^ r Webs fchine " . - -'-"- --'-'- -'- •'-'•- - -i- - - • r,- v ^006 915 rl.-wovKSis::::::::..:::::...::-:.-.-:..-...::,:.:..:'. 1*911010 921,^23 :;; Yarns;:.^.. ::,::...:::::,::::,,.... -.::^:^■:^■:^•:^^^^:^:^^■■:^^^■:^.:lOO^^^ , 908 Flaxseed..,.., .^^..^.-..^■-^^^-^--^■.^^^^^-^^^^^^^^:^-•--,••-- ^^^rl ^S on 50 l&d Screenings, etc '''32 '06 1536 INDEX. Paragraph of H.R.7456.. Pago. Fleshing knives 3B5 ' - 469 Flexible metal hose and tubing ...i........... 328 ■ 427 Plies, artificial - : 344 '■ 453 Flint, flints, and flint stones, unground. . .- .- - . . 1571 ' - 1307 Flitters, bronze -. . . . . . ... ..... .-. i ; j4-i . .'J . - . ...-.:. 379 5B1 Floats 362 ■ 482 Flocks: 'Cotton* -W.^i.-'..'..:'. J 1557 '1290 Cotton, manufactured 901 842 Wool 1105 958 Floor coverings: ■ : • , Cork cS,rpet 1018 936 ' Corticiae.' 1018 936 Linoleum 1018' 935 1^' Matting. ■..• ..it. .:....:.. 1020^1021 940,942 ■ ' -'N. s. p. f.L 1020 939 ' Oilcloth •....'. ..l;!. 1018 935 Vegetable fiber..;.-.. ■ .. 1020 941 Wool 1117,1118 993,997 Floral: ' "fn ■ , ..? -- Concretes and essences ..- 1566 1303 Waters. 58- 180 Floss, silk.............. 1204 ' i015 Flouncings 1430 ■ 1157 Flour: • ' Banana 736 713 Barley 723 6'85 Buckwfoat ■.. 724 ■ 687 ' ' Com...; 725 690 Potato 769 796 Rice .■...-.-...•....... 728 695 Rye..;, ..-. 729 •■- 698 " Sago... ......-.-.•....- 1644' 1424 Snuff. . . , 604 623 ' Tapioca..; .- ...:... 1666 1451 ' Wheat.!; .-. ....■ 730 ■ 701 Wood *......, •,..■.•. -. ..'..;.-; ' ' 414 589 Flower: '■ '' Bulbs, roots, tubers, etc ......■..-....■.....;. 751 ' 745 Essences *. . .-. . .-. ... . . . .-.. .-.- : .1 ; . . . .■. . 1566 1303 Seed.. ;:':... v.-. .'.•.'..-..-.■.•. .■.....-.-. -.....■.•.•.^^':'J.-;i-..-:!.'. 762 • 782 Waters ...v.... •.-.■..•/;......./.-.../.... v.. ■/....•.-...... iSv'- 58 180 Flowers: : — ' Althea oi* marshmallo-w, crude-.-. .-. . .-.■.•. . . .-. .-.;;■.......;. . . -.'. . : 1502 1222 Artificial and ornamental, n. s. p. f..-.. ;...'.-.■.. ..-.-..•...•... ..... 1419^ 1130 „ , Cut, fresh orpreserved. ......■...■.-.-..-.-..■.-. ..-...■.....■..-.,.-.•.. 7-51 ;" 748 ■ Drugs — '. ' ' ' . i , • ■ ' ' Advanced. ..•...-.......-...■.-.•..-..•.-.-............. 31 90 Crude .-.-... .•..■..-.-.•.■.............- 1562 1298 ' '';, Marshniillo-w or lalthea, advanced .•.■.......-...■.......-...-..■ 32 95 - Of sulphur *. .-. ... ....... . . . .-. .-. .- ...-..■..-.... ... . ... .-.-.- 1663 ^ 1447 Flues, ironorsteel. ;.-...■. .... 328 425 Flume hose*.,. . ..■.■.■.■.... . . . . . .- .-. . . . . .-. . . . .-. . . ..... .-. ..... 1007 ' ' 916 Fluorene..:.'. ... .•.-.. :.•. . .•.-.-.-.-.-.. . . . .-. .... .■....-..-.. ........ . :. . . . '1546 1276 Fluoricacid*. 1501 ■ 1217 Fluoride, cerium. . .. ....;;..-.■.■ ... . 84 ' 246 iPiiorspar ...... . . . ;. .■.-..■.-.;;..■... . ... ..•..-.■. . .-..-.....-..-.■.. .... 207 '■' 277 'Hutings. .|. ; .:. . .•..;.. ;;..■.. ..•..■.-.•.■.•. .-. . ..... ... .-.-. ... . . .;.. ... . . 1430 1157 fluxes, ceramic andglass;.. •.;.-.• .•.-.■.■.• ..•....-..-.■.•......".". ;:;.'y'' 23L ' 338 Fly books and-boxes; . .■.■.".. .•.■.■.-..■.•.■.• ... . . .•.-. ...... ... . ..-.-. . .1': • 344 '' 453 Foods, breakfast, cereal. . ........ . .■.-.■ .-. .^' 733 • ' 707 Footballs ; . . . .;..•. . . . . ........... . . . . . .-. 1402 ' 1093 Footwear. ,. , . . . .-.■.•. .•.•.•.■.-. . . ..•.■.-...•..•.. 1405, 1601 1097, 1361 Forceps, h^nd. ..'.■.■..■.■..■.■."......■....■.......■.....•....-........-...•.-• 354 465 INDEX. 1537 Forgings: ^^"£?4^6?' Page. For axles, n. s. p. f., iron or steel 323 419 . Ironorsteel 319 413 Forks: Table, butchers, carving, etc ^ 355 469 )'.■:'. Tuning.; ^ ^ . i i, 1441 1187 Formaldehyde, solid or solutions .'..'. as 118 ^Jbrmalin (formaline*) ^ . j^ , ^ ' 33 118 Fffl-mate, Sodium ,„ .'.'"'] yg 331 f;Formic acid 1 18 " Eta-ms, engraved steel* „ ^ 341 , 447 Fossils... J ,... 1572 ' . 1308 Fountain pens and parts ii> ,..j.;.... 353 464 Fowls, land and water* 711 659 ".Fbx, silver or black, akins and manufactures of , n. s. p. f 1420- 1132 .Foxes, black or silver , . 715 667 Frames: ,, , . Eyeglass, goggles, and spectacles ; 225. , 328 Iron or:steel* ,.. , 393,. 551 Optical instrument...... ^ 228 332 Freestone: Monumental or building 235 350 Not monumental or building 1661 1445 French chalk and manufactures of 209 283 Friezes, tile or tiling , 202 257 Fringes: Metal 382 525 : N.s. p. f '.... 1430 ■- 1157 . I Tinsel wire, lame, etc 382 , 525 > Costings, glass 231 338 Fruit: , Butters -. ... 74?, 740 Essences — • , ■ .^ Alcoholic 22 67 Nonalcoholic.................. , 37 116 Esters — Alcoholic 22 67 Nonalcoholic 37 117 Ethers*; (esters).. .- - ... ... - -, .37 -116 Flavors — Alcoholic .-.-..-.-- -. - - 32 67 Nonalcoholic -r-- ; 37 116 Juice 806 833 Knives - - ... - - -'- ]■ -. - ■ r 355 , 469 tf|. Myrobalans 1563 1299 ■ i Oils- Alcoholic -.-,----- ---■ 22 , -67 Nonalcoholic 37 116 .. Peel....:.....-...... .,■.....,........,.,-.-,,.... 740 720 , " Plants fpr propagation* • • -.- ■ -.- ..-.-.■ 753 753 11 Sirupgf.alcoholic, n. s. p. f 806 833 Stocks .-■.-■.---- 753 , 752 Grafted or budded .-. 753 752 Seedlings and cuttings .--.- .--■-. 753 752 Fruits: Artificial and ornamental, n. s. p. f...., i„,-^!:^q 711 iii ; Dried, desiccated, or evaporated .-- 735-749 711-741 Drugs^v ■ I ■! ■ „, Advanced _^g Crude i&w .. Inaicahol .-.•.-.-■. .-. -.■•.- 7^0 743 •;p In brine,. ...-.., .-.--. -■--.-.- -.■.■.-.-.■-.■-■.-■.-■ ^"^^ '^^ ' *- 82304-y-22-- — ^97 '' " ' '■ 90 1298 1538 INDEX. Faragrapli of Fruits— Continued. H. K.7456. Page. In their. natural state .:.. i,.. 735:*747 710-738 Mixtiiresof „ : >■ 749> i: 742 N. B. p. f 749,750 741,743 Pickled •.. ..r... • 748' , 740 Preserved or prepared 735^750 712-743 Fuel: ,, . .'.„ .. i . ■' . i •■' 1 Compositions. (aee ai«o Coal) , 1545 :' 1273 Oil 1627 ' 1401 Fuller's earth 207 • . '27.5. Fulminates and powder ., 1516- ■ 1247 Furnaces, -welded, cylindrical 328. =^1^426 ' Btoniture (see also Houseliold effects).. -. i 411, 414 580; 587 Fur or fius: . i Crosses..' ■'..,. ;.,r..l'i.-.i.:'j..(j .....'.-...:■..'' 1420 - 1132 Dressed on the skins. .i-n'J. 1420 1133 Hats, bonnets, hoods, etc 1427 1144 Hatters'-. -.................-.;..... .^.. 1421- > • 1136 Lining^ 1420.".' 1132 Manufactures of, n. s. p. f 1420 1133 Plates 1420 ; 1132 Silver or black fox........ 1420 1132 Skina-^' ' . - . - . , ,i Cairbted.. : i ;•. .. i. . . j 1421 1136 Dressed.... 1420 1133 Undressed 1573 : 1308 Undressed 1573 1308 Wearing apparel 1420 1133 Fusains :. ...:. 1449 1199 'Fusees. ....:. 1417 1123 'S'useloil..., 4 27 Fuses, blasting, mining, etc. 1418 1127 Fusible enamel * 231 338 Fustic: ' Extract 36 108 Wood 1563 1299 Galactose 505 607 G'alalith... 30 88 ■ Galleries, metal .... 1428 1145 Gallicacid 1 19 Gall nuts (see also Nutgalls). 1563 130O Gallon, proof, defimtion :... 810 837 Galloons....; 1430 ' 1157 Galvanized ii;on or steel..; 309 392 Galvanized wire :.. 316,317 405,411 Gambler 1510 1237 Game birds, dressed * 712 660 Game, n. s. p. f 704 643 Garbanzos .■ 765 •' 790 Garden seeds ■ 762 775 Garlic : I'jv. 768 794 Gametted waste, wool 1105 ' 957 Garters: Cottoli.' ....:...'.' 912 882 Silk :.. 1207 1029 Vegetable fiber 1014 927 WooL :.:..':..' J J. 1114 985 Gasblack... •. ,:. • 68 194 Gaskets and paper for, asbestos 1401 1091 Gas mantle:. Scrap. ,, 84 247 : Suppbr(;ers 215 ■ 301 Gasmantlds 1435 1176 Gas-measuring mechanism 368 493 Gasoline : 1627 1401 Gas retorts 215 301 INDEX. 1539 Paragraph of „, „ , ^, „ H.JS.7456.' Page. Gauffre leather * , I600 1^4^ ■Ganges, glass-Bljrips for "..; 226 ' 328 ;Gauze or leno-woven nets or nettings .\\.........\:.:\. 903 " 851 ^Gauze, wire.". . _■ 0-^0 4-1 ■Gelatin and, manufactures.... ....!!!!!!!}'"'}:!!!.-!: 39 120 Gems for institutions (see also Precious stones) 1660 1442 Gentian ..■. ;;;: 33 98 ^^erarnol.... , _._ 56 176 aeramumoil.. ......:.......,.. ..:........... 1625 1390 -Germamca bulbs * ■ 751 . 747 German silver...., "':..""[..'.:':"'.:[':[.:. m' 516 (^ill nets and nettings 1006 915 ®mps -■-:...:.......:.:....■;;:■:;■■/!'■• :::::!:^ uso 1157 Ginger: ; - - Ale...,:...:;.:;: ;.; .: goy - 834 Beer. ;....:;;;;:....: .;;:..;... 807 ' 834 . Cordial.;..,;;:: ....:;..:;;............;..... 804 830 ,. Root, candied or preserved. .:.. ..;.......:: 777 809 '. Root, not preserved or candied ; :.:....,..; 780 818 ., .' Wine....: : :.'!:'.'.... J^. ..'.;:.:'.".. ... 804 , 830 .Gins, cotton — ;.: : .;':.... 1504 ' 1223 <}irders, iron or steel..: : : .i'.. ..: '312 397 Glass {see also Paste) : Articlfesn. s. p. f .;....: ; .... 218 310 Blown .....;. ; ...."J:.;.;'?;. 218 310 Bottles^ ■ ' ■" ' ' -•- ; Blown ;.......-;:':... 218 309 7.; Molde*or pressed '.';.....:.'.:.'.... 217 307 V Carboys, molded or pressed .; ...:.:... 217 ' 306 , Buttons* ';':;..;.:.... 1411 1108 j': Colors,., ;......; ; ,231 338 ContaiiierB — Blown '...: :. ^18 309 Molded ; 217 307 ■ ', Pressed.. ;.. :... 217 307 Containing wire netting ; ::.. 221,222 319,321 ,, Crown, colored, ornamented, or manufactured 224 325 J," ' Crown, isilvered: : ; 223, 224 323, 325 ti'. Cut..;... 218 310 Cylinder — Colored, ornamented, or manufactured 224 325 Silvered: : 223,224 323,325 Cylinder, crown, and sheet — *'' Polished.;;..: :.: 220 316 :,,'-. Unpolished ...::. 219 314 r, Decanters, blown *;...... : ::..:....; 218 310 Demijohns ;; :.; .:.::... 217 306 - Disks*: - .:..:.;:.;...;;... ..; 227 330 Enamels :; :... :....:....:... 231 339 Engraved and etched .....; : 21S 309 Eyeglasses... .■..':!.....:;:... 225 328 '■ Flint :....: :.......;.;.. ;;:-:...: 217 306 Fluxes., '....'.... ;..;... 231 338 Frosted ; ...:;:. .;.......;...;...... 218 309 Gilded .V::: ... :. ..::: 218 309 ■ Glazes. ;..;...:..: ,.-- 231 338 ■"-■' Goggles. ;....;:;;: 225 328 Ground 218 309 •'•' Jars ::::::: 217 307 ':' Lens.:;.:...::.::.-:-. -.■;;;;■;■■■ ^^7 330 Lenses ; : ; : - • - - ■ - - - - • - ■ ^26, 228 329, 332 ' Looking. : •.;.:....::.....:..:...: : ; . ; : 223 323 - Manufactures, n. s. p. f 230 337 " '^ Mirrorplates -.-..: --•-- 223 323 ■ ■ Mirrors • 223, 230 323, 336 '-■•' OpticSt;:. ..;:.::.. 227 ' 330 ,1540 OTDEX. Paragraph of Glassi {see alio Paste)— Continued. H. E. 7456. Page. Omamettted - 218, j ,309 'Pamted................;...;.;..: ,.... 2lfe- 309 Plate............. .•..■;:.•. .■:...,„„... 221-221;, ■318,:325 , Plates * ....:...■.. . . . ......;. :. ...'.•.... :.'..... 227 ,, ,; 3so Pot clay', Gross-Almerode :.......... , 207 , ;276 Printed... ..,...:,.,,.., ^^.u-^..^,.."...,.' 218 309 ■ Prism...::......-...: :..;..::.:'...::.:.'... 227 , 330 . Rods.. ::.....:..:..:.:::.::...:;.::.:.::.: 231 ::; 338 Sand-blasted....:......::...::::::::....::...::... :... 218 ,, 309 Sheet. : .: : .. .■ 219, 220, 224 .313, 316,325 Silvered: :.: ..............: :....,.... 218 ■ '309 Slides for magic lanterns. ..'...:.".....:... 226 '32$ Spectacles : ..:::.: 225 328 Stained 218 309 Strips for gauges.. :....... ..:.:...:......... 226 , 328 Tilesortiling.:.:::......... .....:..: :.-. 231 338 Vials.... ...::...:..:.::::. :.::.:^.:; > 217':' i 307 Window* :.. .;. ..:.:.....>,:...,..„: .,. ii9,224 31^,325 stained or painted for institutions ..'......: 1688 , r 1482 Windows, stained or painted..... :........:... . . .J... 230 336 For institutions ...:.:..:..: :.:...,,,. 1688'. ^ . "1482 Glasses: ' , Coquill.. ■...., 226: i 329 Eye, feames, and parts.: .:...:.........:........:...' 225|, , 328 Field, frames, and mountings..'. .......J........ 228 332 Goggles^ frames and parts 225 328 Opera, frames, and mountings.:; .:.;. i ,-!-••* 228 332 Piano... ::......:::..;......; : :. .;. .V: , . 226. ^ 329 , Spectacles, franies and parts....... .: ... 22S '.. ' 328 Glauber salt :::..: 78 ^.V; 235 Glazes, ceramic and glaas.... ...:. ?3L:',',|^ 338 Glaziers' and engravers' diamonds, unset 15^1 ' 1298 Glazier's lead :..::.:: ; 38& 538 Glove leather :.., ...; 1431 , 1163 Glovetranks :.... :....: :.... 1433, , , 1169 Gloves: Boxing.. ..:.... ;... 1402 1093 Cotton... : : :..::: 914 886 Leather 1433 1170 SUk, knit 1208 1032 Wool, .knit 1 . . . 1115 989 Gloxinia bulbs * , 751 , 746 Glucose * 504 604 Glue : : 39 120 Casein 39 121 Fish*..: ..:..... : 39 120 Size ::. :.:...:. 39 , 121 stock, another 1580 1326 Glycerin ...:. /...j. 40 123 Glycerophosphoric acid, salts, and compounds ..'. 24 1 , 72 Glycol-ethylene, monoacetate, and projjylene :. „ 2 24 Goat hair. {See Hair, goat, and like animals.) Goat skin plates and mats ...::: : .'. 1420 1133 Goatskins* : 1600,1653 1345,1432 Goats ;. ; 702 634 Goggles, frames, and parts :...:........:.:... 225 328 Gold: Articles, n. s. p. f :.... 393 550 Bullion :....: 1537 1265 , CJiemical compounds .::.:. 19' 63 Coins,.....; .....:.:..:::..::: :.:..:..":].:" 1550,' 1281 Leaf.. :....:: ,380 , 523 Manufactures, n. 8. p. f :.. 393 550 Medals....... ........::...:.:......: !!!!!!!:[! i6ii' 1373 ir, Ores...^... 1628 1404 INDEX. 1541 Gold-Continued. ^A'.Tfm°! Page. V!P?iis^--- ^ 352 ^ 462 bize*.-... .....-.:..•..-.. -I,..;.. ■ 72 ' 203 ?[;:'SweepiiigB.... ........ V.V.\'.\ 1628 '1406 ^■■*' Tinsel lame or lahn. ; ....:.; 1 382 525 '• - Tinsel wire. ......... i. .;! l^VJ 382 525 „ Trophies .;;..... .Li^-;.. 1611 1373 Goldbeaters molds and skins.......... , 1574 1309 Golf balls.... 1402 1093 Goods. (See^ Articles and knit goods.) Gooseberry, cuttings and seedlmgs....... :..■..... 753 751 Gorings: 1 • Ornamented by embroidery, etc.*....-. 1430 1154 Silk*...: 1207 1029 Wool * 1114 985 Gothrough laces, etc.* 1430' 1155 Grains: . . . L Abrasive, artificial.,. ;... 1415 1119 • Artificial and ornamental, n. s. p. f 1419 ■ 1127 Brewers' . ..... . 731 • 704 ! ':< iCorunduini and emery .• 1415 ' 1119 i:-':;JDrugs— . - . '.'':'' Adva,nced 31 ' 90 Criide 1562 1298 Gramophones and parts 1442 1189 Granadilla boards, etc. 404 562 Gi'anite: '" Monumental and building 235 352 - Unmanufactured 1661 1445 Ware...... 212^ 290 Grapefruit. ;. , .........-....: 743 ; ; 729 Grapefruit, 'boxes or barrels containing 410 578 Grapes ....' 742 724 Grape: ' Sugar*...' 504 604 Vines, cuttings, and seedlings 753 ■ 751 Graphite... 211 287 Electrodes , 216 302 -■ ; Manufactures :..'.'. 216 302 Graphophones and parts 1442' 1189 Grass: ■ ■ - - - ■ ' " "' Definition 1406 .1098 Eel .' .-...v 1440 '1186 Floor coverings * 1020 940 ; Manufactures -.--. 1406, 1437 1098, 1178 Sea......'...." : .:.->.: ni...r 1440 1186 : Seeds ---•--■ 761 769 Grasses and fibers {see also Fibers) '--'.- 1575 Paper stock 1641 Grease : Arumal, alcoholic ,,.<........... 22 6b , Animal, n.e. p. f .........-.'..:........ ^49 _147 Enfleuragel 1566 ' 1303 1 Paints, theatrical - 57 178 : Rendered * (see. also Oils, chemically changed, n. s. p. f.) oZ ibJ ^^■t/JSoap orwire drawing * - 49, 50 140, 148 Soluble, n. 8. p. f 51 159 "Wool i.'l..... 49 146 Greaee-prooKpapers • 1305 ;1060 Green, chroihel o' J-»o Green, Paris ................-...-....-:---■ P . Greenhouse plaints .- - Gieehhousestockn....aj.,.. 62 753 744 750 S!^^r!^ '■ ;\v:vv ■■•.":■.;:.;::; ::::.: 23^' '354 Caindstones — ---•-• „„f. .„„ Gxit, iron or steel '*'*^ ^■^'* 1310 1421 1542 INDEX. Paragraph of Grits; fl?.,§,,7^. Page. Buckwheat 724 - 688 Corn 725 690 Oat ; ; 727 694 Groats, buckwheat ,,.-- 724 i 688 Gross-Almerode glass pot, clay ...,.....,..!...„ ^ , 207 270 Guaiacol (guiacol *) and derivatives. 26 77 Guano .' : . . . : ..........:........... 1576 1317 Guayule...j 1587 ' 1332. Guiacol (sec Guaiacol) ,fj ...i. 26 81 Guiacol carbpnate * 26 78 Gums and gum resins: Amber and amberoid 1577 1318 Arabic..., ; .1 1,577 , 1319 British^^..:....... 81 ; 242 .Camphor.....;;; 48 138 Chicle.. ;..; ...; 23 6& .> Copal :.... 1577; 1320 • ; iDamar. .t .^.,.,. .> 157,7i ; 1320 Dextrine 81 , ■ 242 i , rDragon's blood .,., . 1577 1321 Guayule ' : 1587 - 1332 ,: Guttabalata i a587i ' 1334 Gutta-percha 1587 , 1334 , Guttasiak f 1587 , 1334 ,■ India rubber 1587 : 1332 Jelutong'- 1587 1332 . Kadaya.: i. 1577 1321 ' Kauri.;..,; ;;;..; 1577 1320 ,, - Pontianak , .1587 n 1332 ( v; Resius,' n. s. p. f , 1577 . 1321 ", Rosin—.. 1672 1458^ ■ ■ ■ Sandarac , , 1577 1321 Senegal. ........" 1577 1319.' , ,:!Tragacanth. ,.' 1577 ,.. 1321 Tragasol;.-' .crJi. .,......,. 1577 1321 • Turpentine.....,.,,.., ,,,,, .1672. .1458- Giun: . . ~ V Barrel molds, steel , 304i; 380 Barrels. ..;..; ,...,..,......, -.u.- 365, 1648, . 484,1427 Blocks for gunstocks 1683 1468' . Stocl^ , 365 •!. 484 , . .Wads, hair felt 1426 1140 , Wads, n. 8. p.f , , , , ty. = 1423 1138 Gunpowder. . ., . jij,: , ,..,., , , . , , ^ .- 1578..; ,. ,. . 1323 Gunny bagSiand cloth for paper stock... .1517, 1641 1248, 1420 Guns .; ,,,,........, 364rT366 484, 487 Gut and mamifactures 1434 1175 Guttabalatai..; ,., ,,,,.,..., 1587 1334 Gutta-percha: r ,„) Crude..: ,.,....,,.,., 1587 1334 - Manufactures of, n. s. p. f. .i 1437: • ., /1178 Scrap oir refuse , 1587'i ."■ 1332 Guttasiak ,,, , ,:• 1587 Ja 1334 Gypsum or plaster rock. . . ,.,......', ..v. 4.^.. ...fj;... l.:;.^:.j... 205 •)bnf 265 Gypsum ceinenfts. . .. , .....:..... ■ 205 - "^ - 265 Hair: i i .•,-.;.. • i Alpaca, goat...;.;; ;, ^,,.. ,,.,,.,..,. 1102 I. .'948 , ji.Angoragoat , ,.. 1102 948^ i. Camel.. ,i 1101 945; ,, Cattle.i:,, , ,..., 1579; ^' 1325- ..,- Classified as "wool" 1121 lOOii Cloth. , 1108, nil, 1426 969, 978- i; .■■ ' ; 1141 , ., . Curled fpr beds or mattresses .... . ... ... 1425 i , 1140 INDEX. 1543 Hair— Continued. ^sT.fm^ PaEe - Felt, and manufactuies . .;; ' i49fi ' nap H. Goat, and like animals {tn^, ^lll Yarns* " iiU2 948; :" Horse (s«e Horsehair)' ' .""" ^^^"^ ^^^ " f Human and manufactures 1494 moa "iMixed • ■■■■■ lino -^lil ^^'="' 1424 1138 ■ 8S.S^;.::::::::::-. - ■"::::■::: :"ii6i,no2 946950 PpTipils --....- 14^8 1145 ^^ 1407 1102 ^v-press-cioth.;::;:::;::::::::::::::::::;::;:::::::::::::::;:;: ,lf„. ^^ miibut ... ^ 718,721 670,679 Maanmer molds, steel .■ '304 380 Hammers: ... ...'", ; Blacksmiths'..... 326 423 _■ Tuning:. 1441 1187 Mams^... :.......,.. .^ -70& 639 Handkerchiefs: . > ;. n ; : i ■ ' '-'•■' Not orriataiented — , i Cotton 9X7, g93 Flax, hemp, or ramie^ .:..... 1015 929 ?P':V,---^V'------ ........l.u. ....:; 1209 1033 Vegetable nber, not cotton 1015 929 Ornamented :. 1430 "I153 Embroidered. .., ... ....- 1430 II53 Lacei.' . 1430 1153 With drawn- work - ..- 1430 1153 Handle bolts, *ood..,..-. - 1683 1468 Handles: ... .\. ; . ■'Broom* .._. 414 589 • -Curling-stone*. 393 551 «> Knife.... ^ i^, ..,.,..-.•.... , .-.-..... 354 ■'■ -'4:65 ■ 'UmbreMiJ ^....,...-..,.. '....•....-..... 1455"' '•' . • 1210 BCahd saws .';.': 1'. .'.........,..,. — .............. ...'';'i:.' . .* ' 340' ■ 445 Hangingpaper 1309 1076 Hangings, paper ,...-....--.......-.. ......1. ... .. 1309 '■ 1076 Hardware, saddlery,- and harness...... 345 .^■'' 454 Ha»e skins * . .' " .........-.............-; ^ 1653 ' ■ 1432 Harness; ■ ''• ..... . . ■. i : Hardware - /.--........ .s.-. ... 345 454 * Immigrants' ..-,.......■..■.-..-...... 1508 .' 1232f ' : Iveathe^i : ..';:; 1600^' 1360 Loom 912 ' 88Z Harrows, tooth or disk.. , .......... ........... l.'J: L -n :lhV' I6i)4 ■ '1223 Harvesters ......-....■..- 1504 ■ : ' 1223 Harvesthats, straw..................... .•;...-..-.-.-.■....-... 1406 ' 1098 Hash.... :..... ■ 773 803 Hassocks 1119 1001 Hatbands. &ilk*. .......-.-....-..............................'--: 1207 ' 1030 Hat braids and manufactures, -ramie ....;........•.■.-;.. :....... 1404 1096 HatpiAs ............■............-..;.............■-....'' 350 '460 Hats: *-" ■'■ '-'.'-.'- 'Fur ..;' 1427 1144 '^'Harvest/.--. ...>..... .-.-.-.......: ..-.•!;;;ni . J' -1406 '• •■" 1098 Straw, ftip. grass, etc... ..................-.::....-. ..-.I'l'-;... 1406 1098 Hatters' fur* ■..:............. = ............... ;....: .:...... 1421 1136 Hatters' irons ...::.... 327 423 Hatters' plush 1453 1208 Hay ..::■ ...............:.: .........:..:: 778'^ 809 Hayforks and knives.... ..i.... ...... :..: .-.;.:.-..., 355, ■ 469 Headers .......: , :..:..,■....:..: 1504- 1223 Bead nete,TTOol *..... = .. ..■• i':. J i. J. :..■.'.. li/:!.;! 1430 1155 1544 INDEX.; Paragraph of H..B,;?456. , Pagp.^ Headir^ blocks and bolts 406 570 Heads, doll .'... ^4«,i 1414 ll»t Healds, cottonj 912 882 Healds, wire ..;:;.."...... 316 . 407 Heddles, wire ..-?,i.... 316 407 Heliotropin 56 175 Hemlock: •B^rk. -....; 1563 1299 . , Extract..!.- 36 108 'Western,. logs..... , , ,, 402-' , 558 Hemp: Binding twine 1621 1252 Cables ,....,.,. 1005 912 Cordage 1005 912 Cords ■ 1004 908 . Fabrics^ woven ..., 1009,1010 921,923 Floor coverings 1020 939 Gill nettings 1006 915 Hackled , 1001 900 Handkerchiefs*., ,.....-... 1015 929 Hose, flume or hydraulic * 1007 916 Interlinings 1010 923 "Lineof* , , 1001 903 Manila, manufactures i ,-.. 1406 1098 Manufactures, n. a. p. f* , 1019 938 Nets, fishing , .•... 1006 915 New Zealand — Bindingtwine 1521 1252 Fiber 1575 1313 Paddings .- 1010 923 Kle fabrics* :. 1011 924 Roving 1002 904 Seed* , 762 785 Seines 1006 915 Sliver 1002 904 Smallwares* 1014 928 Threads and twines , 1004 908 Tow 1001 901 Waste for paper stock 1641 1422 Webs ...,>... 1006 915 Woven fabrics 1009 921 Yams -.. . 1004 908 Hempseed oil ,.... 50 152 Henbane ., 38 99 Herbaceous perennials ,.,,.., 751 746 Herbs: . _ ' Chemically treated or colored ,..,...,..,., v. 1419 1127 ' Drugs, advanced 31 90 Drugs, crude , , , , ,..,... 1562 1298 For culinary use , 780 812 Herring: , Boned 720 676 on :...... 49 142 .: Pickled or salted. ..,.,-, .., 720 676 Sea, fresh, frozen, or packed in ice .' 1645 1425 Skinned ---..., 719 675 1 iSmoked or kippered *................,.,........., 721 678 Hexamethylenetetramine 1 38 119 Hide cuttings. '. 1580 1326 Hiderope*,....,..., ,.,., .............._..,..., 1581 1327 Hides: i .Cattle.... ; ; ; 1582 1328 N.s.p.f 1653 1432 Hinges or hinge blanks*.... 393 561 History specimens, natural,' for puljlic collections. ....._.._„... 1655^; , 1437 Hoarhound seed * '.'. ' '.'. 762 786 INDEX. 1545 Paragraph of H. E. 7456. , Page. . HobBails . . . ; t ^ 33X 432 Homheads (empty)* (see aisoContamers)... ..".'.!"!!"'.!' '.!!!.!!!'! 409 574 Hollands, window 906 868; Hollow ware: .j. .1; ■■.', ■■■,:, '. Cast, coated, glazed, or tinned 327. , 423 Iron or steel, enameled or glazed 339 443 Utensils, aluminum , . 339 444 Hones ......!.!!!!..' !!!!.'^."!.."!. ".'.'! 1583 1329 Honey 717 668 Hoods, fur..... 1427 1143 Hoods, straw, chip, grass, etc 1406 1098 Hoofs, unmanufactured 1584 1330 Hooks and eyes 347 456 Hooks: ^.ic ; Fish i. „ 344 453 i _Snelled.. : j... 344 453 Hoop: Iron or steel 313 400 For baling cotton or other commodities 314 401 GalvaSiized or coated 309 - 391 Poles* ............ 414 589 Hoops: Barrel, iron or steel 313 400 I Wood.. .'J. 407 571 Hop— M .:::.!_i '-. ,, Extract ^ 779 810 Poles* -. 414 589 ' Roots* .; •-. l75L. 744 Hops ? 779 810 Horn: oButtona * 1411 1108 Combs 1437 - 1178 Manufactures of, n. 8. p. f j..'... ... 1437 1179 Strips and tips.. 1585 1330 Horns and parts, unmanufactured - 1585 1330 Horsehair: i . . _ . Artificial and manufactures (see also Silk, artificial) , . 1215 1043 Real— Manufactiires 1406 1098' Unmanufactured z .:... i.. 1579 1325 Horserakes- .^. . - . . ; 1504 1223 Horaes 714 665 Strayed' across boundary line — - 1507 1229 Horseshoe: _ ... Nail rods* 315 403 ^ Nails --. 331 434 Horseshoes...: - 333 438 Hose and half hose: Cotton..-,. 915 888 Silk . .....:...... 1208 1032 Wool. - - - - - — 1115 988 Hose: ■' . . Flume of cotton, flax, etc.* .:..,..-...-... 1007 916 For liquids or gases, of vegetable fiber -■ . - . 1007 Hydraulic * 1007 Metal, flexible-...,.-.....-.- -■--■■'■-■ '%ll Hospital utensils- - ■ ■ ^^9 Household^ Effects— -„- Of persons from abroad 100^ i . Of returning residents. , ^°l° ' Utensils... ..Wi.-.:.-..: 339 444 Hubs... -....•-.■.....U. -— • 406 570 Hulls. gmm-...i...... -..-......- -- ^31 704 HumnBK iMSwlsia... 916 916 426 444 1261 1464 1546 IHDEX. Fararaapb of Hyacinth— H. S. 7456. Bulbs..' 751 .745 •Clumps* : 751 744 Hydrate: Alumina * (see aZ«o Aluminum hydroxide) 6 33 Chloral.'. 24 . 70 Potash* ....:. J 75 '210 Soda* 78 ■ 223 Terpin...., 24 70 Hydrated — Lime...'.-..L - 204 263 Sodium carbonate or salsoda .-. 78 228 Hydraulic — Cement- 203 260 Cement, sheets and plates 1401 1091 : Hose*... - 1007 916 Hydriodate of potash * 7. 75, 210 Hydrochloric acid 1501 1219 Hydrofluoric acid 1501 1218 Hydrographid charis .....jjij..-'i.. '..... . 1529 T 1259 Hydroplanes and parts J. 370 499 Hydrosulphite, sodium and compounds 79 240 HydroxidTe: "■' '''.Aluminum' - 6 33 ! "Chromium, crude* 5. < 31 Dimethyl-phenylbenzylammonium 25 73' ' Potassium 75 !216 ^^-Sodiumi]. 78 232 Hydroxvphdnylarsinic acid - 25 " 73 HTyposuiphit&.^sodium* 78 223 Ice ' 1586 1331 Skates...... 1402; . 1093 Ichthyoloil*.! ,.. 5 31 Itiiitition (see aZ«o Artificial) — - ' i Papers.: 1305^1307 1060,1072 Pearlbe^ds .^... .........' 1403 1^ 1094 Pearls i 1429 uu il51' Precious stones v . . . L v : i ■ 1429 ' > ' ')'' 1151 Semiprecious stones 1429 '■•■' 1151 Immigrants'^— i 's Animals, harness, and wagons,-. .-,.1 '1508 1232 Professional books, tools of trade, etc 1637 - ;- 1416 Implements: . -AgriculftMral, and parts .i. ..;...]. 1504> 1224 Immigrants' 1637 1416 Impurities yriUb. — Grains and seeds 732 706 Nuts... 759> 763' Spices 780 812 Vegetables 772 801 Incandescent electric-light bulbs 229 334 Indelible leads 1450 ■ 1201 India malacca joints 1684 1476 India rubber (■iee a?go Rubber): :.,xjl: Articles',' n. 8. p. f — ......li. ...... 382 525 Crude.....! 1587 1332 Manufactures of, n. s. p. f 1437, 1438 1181, 1184 Milk of *. 1587 1332 Scrap or refuse. 1587 1332'' With— Cotton 912 882 SUk... .- 1207 '■ 1029 Tinsel wire, lame, etc ,, 382 '525 Vegetable fiber i »12, 1014 882, 928 Wool , 1114! '. '985 Vulcanized 1438- ' 1184 INDEX. 1547 Paragraph of Indian — H. K. 7456. Page. Madder and extracts * 26 79 Red * 70 199 India straw matting, and floor covering 1020 939 Ind%o: Carmined* 26 80 Dyes 26 80 ExtractB*...- 26 80 Natural 26 80 Pastes* 26 80 Synthetic*.... 26 80 Indigoids * -. 26 80 Iridoxyl and compounds ■.,, 26 80 Indurated fiber ware 1303 1051 Trigots: Copper 1553 1284 - i-Nickel ;-. . . . fii^ 385 530 Platinum ...; 1634 ,1411 Steel - - 304 379 Co^ed , 304 378 ■ For railway wheels, etc.* ...^.-.■.- .-. 304 379 lihgrain carpets, rugs, and art squares -. - 1118 998 Tiik: ' N.s.p.f 41 125 .' i:; Powders^ —:; Coal-tar 26 78 N. 8. p. f - 41 125 Tnosite - ■ ■ ■ " 505 607 Insect flowers: -'Advanced -- ..-:■:.'. ^32 ---' 96 1. Crude 1502 ■'1222 Insects: , ^ Dried, drugs — Advanced 31 90 Crude "" --- 1562 ■ 1298 •: Eggsof '.-■ --■- 1564 1301 Insertings - - i . 1430 1153 Imtitutions^ " . , ir;qi i9Rn / Books, engravings, etc., for - - J'J^J^ J^'^ou : Casts and staUiary for Ba.....i.. ..■;•....-... 1660 1442 '"■ Charts and pubhcationa issued by.. 1529 1259 ■-■: Life-saving apparatus, imported by 1605 1366 , Regalia and gems for ................. 1660 1442 • Worksofartfor - 1687,1688 1481,1482 Instruiueuis: , Dental and parts ^oa in Drawing. .- - -360 478 .Immigrants' ---■ ■ 1637 1416 - Laboratory 360 479 Markingof 360 ,.. 478 Mathematical. - 360 478 479 477 - Musical,' and parts - 1441 1188 . Optical, and frames ---.- - t^' ^7q ■ PhUosopHcal -" ----- ^60 479 i Scientific ,......, ^bo iS^Snr'^'^v::::;::::::;;::.::::::::::::::::::::::^-2^^^^^ 332^78 Insulating Aaterial, rubber or gutta-percha w*' J JO" Insulators:*' ,,,„„ hor Electrical, n. s. p. f .-.- ---- -, 1439 1186, ■ Molded, rubber or gutta-percha ...-- ^^^ ^^^^ Integuments - ■ ".Vf."","'';' 'i " ' " 706 647 intotaies.. :;:;::;;:;:::;::;'!'';;!!;!;^!;!!;!;;!--- 505 eos Inv«StiOTS.'modete of ;""!""'- i:...:.;.:^.. .- - 1615 ■■ 1376 IMS USfPEX. Paragrapli of H. K.74S 7456. Page. . , Invoices, tobacco .,... , >!.,-iy 602 620" lodate of pdtaflh * — . 5 'h 31 Iodide, potaesiiim t'.-s . ^v .U ; iJ& fiv. 214; Iodine: Crude... ,......- 1588 1335- • Resublimed ...-- .42 -,) 127 Iodoform* 5 . ;. I 31 lonone ^ ■ . 56ir : ; ;,. 175- Ipecac: ' Advanced 32 94 Crude 1502 1222 Iridium 1589 1335' Steel * ..,.,„ 305 383 Iris Kaempferii bulbs * 751 747 Iron (see also Iron or steel): Alloys - 301, .302 > 358, 362 Andirons, cast :..-. 327 424 Band for baling 314 I 401 Bar 303 376- Bars i ...;... 303 37ff- w:Billets 303 376= Blooms - ■ 303 376'- Cast, articles 327 424- Castings 327 424 Chromate* 1544 1272 Flats , . 303 376 ■ Flues, charcoal 328 42S Galvanized 1 309 391 Hatters' irons, cast... 327 ■; 424 Hollow ware, cast 327 424 Hoop, for baling 314 401 Kentledge 301 358 Loops 303 376 Manganese alloy 301 35S Manganiterous ore.... 1590 133T Manufactures of, n. s. p. f 393 55Ii Muck bars SOS ST® Ore -.. 1599 ISST Oxide, containing more than 25 per cent sulphur 1663 1447 -• Pigs 301 358 Pipe, cast .-.. ,... ..■ ........... .. 327 424 Pipes, charcoal 328 426 Plates, cast 327 424' Rods, round 303 376 Round.... ..■:■::.. 303 376 Incoils .'. 303 376 Sadirons, cast 327 424 Scrap.. 301 > 35S Shapes. 303 376 Slabs.... 303 376 Spiegeleisen 301 358 -'Square. 303 376 Stays, charcoal...... , 328 426 Stove plates, cast 327 424 Sulphate of* 1568 1305 Tailors' irons., cast 327 424 Sulphuret of : _ ■..'. 166* 1447" Tubes, charcoal 321 426 , Vessels, cast , 327 424 Ironi-hydroxide pigments ..,. : ., • 70 201 Irpn-oxide pigments 70 . 201 Iron or steeli|see also Iron; Steel); . . ... . f Abrasives* , '. 335 . 439 Allowance, none, for ruat, etc...... ^.. 394 566 Anchors and parts 31$ 413 Angles 312 397 INDEX. 154-9 Iron or steel (see. a Zso Iron; Steel)— Continued. H.l.MSS? Page. Anvils 325 422 : Articles or wares, n. s. p. f , 393 55X Axle — t Bars 323 420 iu.. Blanks ;, 323 420 ;>:i: Axles.. 328 420 'Sj i Fitted to laUway wheels , 324 421 Foldings for 323 420 Parts 323 420 Baling-^ Hoops or ties 314 401 Wie ,j... 317 411 ■ £and — ForbalLng 814 401 Galvanized- or coated 309 391 Manufactures, minimum duty 311 396 N.s.p.f 313 400 Bands, n. s. p. f 313 400 Barbedwire 1680 1466 Barrel hoops 313 399 1;:- Bars — ; - Cold-rolled, etc 315 403 Galvanized or coated 309 391 Beams 312 397 Blacksmiths' hammers,, tongs, and sledges ^....^ 326 423 •_ Boilerplate , 307: 388 Bolt blanks 330 431 Bolts... 330 431 , Boxes, reimported- 1514 1242 !. Oirdelr '•■■■••-:- ...; - 312 397 f'tif: ^^ [[[[[WWW - • 335 439 Heddi^'andheaids.V.!. '!!.". .--•- 316 407 Hinges ! or hinge blanks*, , , ^"^ °*^^ 1550 INDEX. ' Paragraph of Iron or Bteel '(see aZso Iron; Steel) — Continued. H.E.jfise. ■ Page. HobnaHs 331! .' 433 Hollo\^are,. enameled or glazed ,...:■. 339 ' / 444 Hoop — ■! ' i Galvanized or coated, 309 1 391 Manufactures, minimum duty 311'' 396 N.s.p.f 313 , /- 400 Hoops, barrel. . .'..:: 313 400 Horseshoe: - ■ ■■ Nail rods* 315 403 Nails 331 ■: 434 HorsesIibeB, wrought 333, 43S Hospital utensils 339' 444 Household utensils 339 ■ 444 Joists..- '312 397 Kitchen utensils. .. . .'...u-. 339 444 Lock washers j.....' u.a 330 431 Mule shoes . 333 438 Nailrods i.... 315 ■ 403 Nails:i..i 331 '- 433 Nut-^ .... Blanks, wrought 330 j 431 Lofcks, spiral y...... 330 431 Nuts,;ivvrought ...^....... 330 431 Ox-shoes 533 . 438 Parasol ribs or stretchers j ..... '< 342 ' 449 Pipes. 328' '■> 426 Plate— .; .. .:• Boiler 307 .< 388 Definition 307 •> 388 Manufactures, minimum duty 311 i ; 396 N.s.p.f.* J. .....:....i %m.i 1 387 Plates :,: 307 . 387 Coated with tin or lead 310 ' 395 Cold rolled, smoothed only ..ii; 309 ' 393 For impressions on glass 341 448 Gsilvanized or coated 309 392 Pickled or cleaned .•. 309 393 PbUshed, planished, or glanced 309 393 With layers of other metal 309 393 Posts 31^ 397 Print rollers or blocks 392 550 Rails 322 418 Railway^ Bars 322 418 Fishplates or splice bars 322 418 Tires or wheels '..'..: 324 421 Ribs, umbrella or parasol ....ik :..... 342 449 Rivet roas 315 403 Rivets. 332 437 Rods — Galvanized or coated :...... 309 392 Wire.--.. 315 403 ''■■■• Rope.... 316 407 Rust or discoloration, no allowance. 394 556 Saddlery and harness hardware 345 - 454 Sand. . -■■- 335 439 Sashes * : 393 551 Screw rods, wire 315 403 Screws, wood i 338 442 Scroll— '■ Galvanized or coated;.... 309 392 Manufactures, minimum duty 311 396 N.s.p.f- 313 ■• 399 Sheet, manufactiu-es, minimum duty i/i ... . 311 396 Sheets .*. . 1 i-i 307 388 Coated with tin or lead 310 395 Cold-hammered, blued, brightened, etc 315 403. 388 435 431 418 iiirDEx. 1551 '^'^^^^^Ml^r^ SteeD-Continued. ^^^ ^^^^ Cold-rolled, smoothed only , 309 395 Common or black, corrugated or crimped!!!!!! 308 39b Definition of -. 30g g^Q Galvanized or coated with zinc, spelter, etc! !!!!!!!!!!!!! 309 392 Pickled or cleaned ......'.... 309 393 Polished, planished, or glanced ...:.. ! ! ! ! 309 393 With layers of other metal 309 393 Shoes, horse, mule, and ox ' ....!..!!!!"! 333 433 ■: it2h""" ■■■■■ .-.!!!!!!!!! 335 439 bkelp 308 390 bflearea or rolled in grooves '307 Spikes - ..;. . ] ! j! ji. !!!!.!!! !• 331 Spiral nut locks. ... ........! ! ! ! ! 330 Splice bars, railway . . 322 ipif* - !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 331 ■ 436 g*aples • 331 434 : Stays • .....I'.- ..... J...V- 328 ' 426 btrand.. 316 407 Strips: Cold-hammered, etc 315 4{)2 ;7.^. Galvanized* 309 392 N.s.p.f..... 313 399 Structural shapes 312 397 Studs 332 ;437 Table utensils ...' ■ ....... . 339 . 444 , ^ Tacks.,......,. .....;.i:..: SSI-' 433 - Taggers- tin 310 ' 395 Tanks, cylindrical 328 426 Tees... .;...... 1411 1108 Tusks,. ;....■.;.....,,.!.....■.....,.. 1591 , 1339 Vegetable* ■.;....'... 1664 , 1450 Button blanks ;.'. . . ;. . ;:. . . . 1410 1105 Buittons.. ,. ,... .«,.,,.,!.;.(,,>., . .,, i 141-Q 1105 Manufactures of, n. s. p, f 1438 1183 Ivy or laurel root...,,.... ._. .. 4Q3 560 Jacquard — •; n Cards '-V;. .;.;.. ., ,,;. . . . 1309 1076 Designs, paper .-■-.-. .-. .•-■-- 1309 , 1076 Figured materia^ cotton, manufactures of * 920 899 Woven fabrics, silk.. ..V.V.;.'.;....; ..;,.'......;. .V;.. ;;.- 1'2(^ , 1022 Woven upholstery cloth 908 872 Talap: " i ^ . Advanced ..;'.V. .;... !. 32 94 Crude.. ;;.... ;.;...;; ,1502 1222 Jam /.^\ 748 739 Japan — ■ Matting and floor coverings..,-.. 1020 940 Paper and imitation 1307 1072 Varnishes*. ...... ... ... . .' '. ;. .,....;.;.;.;... ...... . ., 72 , r. 203 Japanese-^.. 'u, -.i '• ■!■. Isinglass * (sec aZso Agar-agar) 39 121 Maple.i j.,... -V''V-»;-r--»--'- -.'" r - • ■ 404 561 Tung oil ; ,...,..-..;, ;.i,, 1626 1400 Whiteoak..... .--..-- -. 404. 561 Jars, glass, (see also Containers) ;.!...,. , 217 307 Jasmine oil * ; . . . .'. ;. 1566 1303 Jellies. ..'.-; ;.; ..;... .; ;. . . . ;. 748 739 Jelutong.... ,. . . . . . -V. ....;..... . . .; 15S7 1332 Jet manufefctuies . - - ... - ;-.-.-.-- ■ -,-.- 233 347 Jet, unmanufactured , 1592 1340 Jewel boxes;, leather or parchment.. - 1432 1166 Jewelers' saws .■.., ...:....,.;.' 340 446 Jewelry. J ...-'-..; .; ..;....... ,1428 1146 Jewels, clock, watch, compass, etc 367 491 Joists; iron or steel..... ..;,■-.-? 312 397 Joss stick or joss light .-.-.-.-• ,-.-. - - ■ - -.- • 1593 1340 Jubes, chemic!als, etc., in -r-- '■■r-------'^r- 21 65 Juglandium oil * 54 ; , 163 Jugs: ... ThermoBtatic... ._. ............ 1454 1209 Used for importation of wines, etc. (see also Containers) .1 '. .. . . . 809 836 Juice: Cane, sirups of , . .„ .,. . ...,. .. 501, 503 596, 599 Cherry ...'.;... 806 833 Fruit ;..... .... .... 806 833 Lemon ; . . ..:..:. ..... 1604 1366 Lime .'.' 1604 1366 Orange, sour .V 1604 1366 Prune ....,;...;.V...;.V.. ....;.. 806 833 Juniper oil * '..-..'...; 54 163 Junk ;...... 1594 1341 , Jute :. ,. ..;.;. .'. .; .;. ;;: : . ; .v. . 1^75 1,311 j ! Bagging for cotton .• " ..;.;...;... 1517 1249 Bags.. ■;.;..;.; ..;. loi'?. 933 Butts .;.;;.;.. .;; ■.;..... 1575 1311 . Cordage 1005 ; 905 Fabrics ...V.....' 1008, IQIO ; 918,923 INDEX. 1553 Jute — Coutinued. ; H,^. 7^. Floor coverings * , ^ ^. i020 Machiiiery, manufacturing * T. 372 , Padding for clothing \.. ..].!]]..[[ 1010 Raw .... 1575 " Roving 1003 Sacks. lQl7 Twine and twist .........'. 100^ v: ' Woven fabrics 1008, lOlO Yams , .....'.. 1003 Waste for paper stock .1 ....'. 1641 iaya 1577 Kainite .". 1635 Kale seed., ..........' . 762 Kangaroo sMns, dressed and finished * ..;.... 1600 Kaolin or china clay ! 207 Kauri gum 1577 Keene's cement . 205 gdp 1595 ,Kentledge, iron .' 301 Kernels, apricot or peach...... 760 Kernels, palm-nut 1620 Kerosene ------- ,,. 1627 Kerosene mantles. 1435 Ketone, ethyl methyl ; 3 Kid skins * 1600 Kieserite 1596 Kindling wood * , 414 Barschwasser 802 Kitchen: Forks... ...........---. 355 j Knives. ; 355 Utensils ;.;..................--.., .339 Knife blades and handles , - : . 354,^356 Knife erasers --.--. -r 354. Knit fabrics and goods: . i : Artificial sUk ,, .... : ,....,,.... 1215 Cotton or other vegetable fiber — =■,!>. . Fabric, in the piece ---- 913 Gloves...... -..:.-:f-i- •-■ 914 Hose and half-hose-. - ... - - -k- ----> 915,1430 Underwear. .... — . . — 916 Wearingapparel........,......,....:..-...---.--, -•-.-— --:-!- 916 Silk 1208 Wool -....-.- ::--.---- 1"5 Knitted articles, wool — .,,...,..,,...,..., r -.- • - - ibj-.- f- - - ^^^ Kmtting cottons, for handwork. ..,..,,.... 9U^ Knitting needles. ,.,....,... -. • . ^™ Knives! ..-,.-: .---■ ----,---• 354-356 Artists' r--. -.-.-■-. das Beet-topping ,...,.,....,, am Bench ,,.......,....,.....-..- -..--- 355 Bread -.--..--- - - l^ Budding lit. Butchers'...,., ---, ----- • i^t - Butter ■■.■.-■■ ■■-: ,..-:.., - - • Cake ,..,,.,..,,...,... ,:- '^- Canningi . , ■ - ■■■■ - • • ■ „^, Carpenters' bench , , , -. ^^° 355 355 355 t.-:,f Carving. Cheese Cigar.. Clasp.. ^^ Cooks' -•---• -■• ^^ Com -. : ■•■■■•■ ■■• 82304—22 ^98 355 355 354 355 Page. 941 504 923 1311 906 933 ■, 905 918, 923 905 1422 1321 . 1415 778 1345 273 1320 265 1341 358 767 1380 1401 • 1176 25 1348 1342 589 827 469 469 443 465-471 465 1042 884 -: 886 888, 1153 891 891 1P32 98'7-991 988,991 848 450 465-471 469 ' 469 469 469 465 469 469 469 469 469 469 469 469 465 469 465 1554 ENTDfiX. Paragraph of . Knives— Continued. Hi &. r«6. ■ ' Pag«. Curriers'.'. .........:.:.......:......:.-- 355 469 ' Cuticle:: :.. .r. ...................•.:. ..V.'.'i^i^/i' 354 465 Cutting..: .■:.•..:..:.:.......:..."-'.■.**': 356' 471 • 'Drawing.. ..-........-..-..•..- ...-.- 355 ■' 469 Farriers'.: 355 469 Fish..: 355 ^ 469 Fleshing ..•..: 355 469 Fruit. J. . . .-. ....-..-. .-. -■. - . . ..-•.-•':' 355 469 Hay .--- 355 ■ 469 Hunting. ....•..■.■.-.-.■.........• .-... .■:."..-.:;. 355 469 KitcheniJ. 355 469 Leather:: .................: 356 471 Machine:,...................-...----.-...;. -356 -■ 471 Manicure.......... .....-..:......-'. .: : 354 465 Marking..................... :.:.....-.--.-:..- 354; 355 465,469 ■ Painters': 355 469 PaUette^. .-....^..^../.v......-..^...-/ 355 469 Paper mill 356 .■ 471 Pen...': •......-.-.-.--- '354 • 465 Pie....'- ...--.-. ..■.-..-. - . . . . .-. ... ... : 355 469 Planing-machine i............................ 356 471 Plumbers' 355 469 ' Pocket.:.'.....:: --...:.. ■.-.•..... ................ 354 465 - Pruning ..',... ..■-..:..-.•..;..■-...-•.■.-.•..:.-.. 354 465 Pulpmill - --. 356 471 ' Shoe.:':V....^:: .;....:.:...;.:;.......:.: ; 355-"' 469 < ■ Slicing ^:;...;....;........:.....;...........^^...^r;^' 355 ;( 469 Sugar beet........: ..:-..............:........:.:. 355 - 469 Table 355 469 ' Tanners' .-.....-.. .-.....■......■..■.•..- :..•.-. 355 ^ 469 '■''■ Tannery:.....:. ...-. .......■......•.-...■.-.• 356 ' 471 ' Tobaccbi .- ...----...... ...■...-....:.:-..•. 356 '471 ■ VegetsMe... :....-.;...::U::;:.' 355'^' 469 Kohlrabi seed........... ...:.........:........... 762 ' 779 KryoHth or cryolite ::::.. 1558 1294 ■Kyanite *...:......-. .....:....:...:.::..........,... : 1635' 1413 Labels, cotton or other vegetable fiber : . := . : . ?; 4': 912 ' 882 ■Labels, paper. :,..:.:......:. ...... :...':-. .•^:.. . . : i ; . 1306 1068 L'aboratory instruments, metal ......;.-.;.-..•.. •.-..■ 360 479 Laic, criide, seed, button^ sticky or shell..:... ........??'}'.' .': 1597 1342 Lac dye*.:: ....................:.:.. 36 105 Lac spirits* (see also Tin bichloride)..... ..;........;..•.- .-.:.: 85 247 Lade: Articles 1430 1156 ' Bed seta, Nottingham....... .,. 919 ' 898 ^ Braids... .-.'. 1430 1157 Curtain inachines. ..;....'• 372 - '' 505 Curtains..; 919,1430 897,1153 Fabrics -...• 1430' 1156 ' Handkerchiefs ....-..; 1430 1153 ' ' Napkins': ....-.-....-. ..-.-.. 1430 '1153 Nets aintd nettings........... ................................ -919,1430 897,1156 " Nottingham — Bed'sets..: 919' 898 Curtains.....:......................;.... 919 ' 897 Nets and nettings. 919 • 897 Pillow shams.... ..... 919 898 Wearing^apparel I-:..:' 1430 1153 Window curtains (except Nottingham) ..-.-..... 1430 ■-; '1153 Ldt;e-making machines.. 372 505 Laces: . ■■ ' Artificial- silk* 1430 ' ' 1155 Automobile*.............-.................. 1430 1154 Burnt-out....................... -1430 - 1157 Carriage* j.., „ . 143%- > 1154 iNbBx. 1555 T n , • , Paragraph of Laces — Contmued. H. R. 7456.. Page. Chip ; . 1406 1098 ,. . S°^ch*. :.„.... ■..■..-.......• 1430 -1154 -■\- S?**°5 ■ v.v... •..-..■... ■ 1430' 1154 . Flax *.,-.,. ......-■ 1430 1154 ; Go-through machine * ■ ..■ 1430 1155 ':'- Grass.. .1 1406 1098 ''•;. Handmade.. .■ ......■.....■.-...• ...-. 1430 1156 , ' Hat , .v..-. ...- 1406 '1098 ^ . Lever-machine *. . ..-.-.•..... 1430 1155 ; : Machine made .-.-.■ .- 1430 1156 ; N.s.p.f ;..... 1430 1156 : Shoe, leather 1600 1361 ■ ' ■ SUk * .-. ..... .... . . . . . . . . ... 1430 1156 • Straw.... -....-..- 1406 1098 f^;' Tinsel* ;....-.........■.. -.■ 1430 1154 •:i Vegetable fiber* 1430 1155 Wool*U: 1430 1155 Lacings, boot, shoe, corset, cotton or vegetable fiber 912 882 Lactarene 1598 1343 Lactic acid. '. 1 14 Lahn. {See Lame.) Lakes, color,, coal-tar -. . . . . . .-. ' ■ 26 79 Itamb, fresb.; ■ 702 " 635 tamb skins * •. ■. 1600 ' ■ 1349 Lame or lahn -articles... ..■ 382,1215,1430 ' '525, . ' ; - 1041,1153 Lampblack. . . 68 ': 194 Lamps: ' " - Crockery ware 212 290 Electric 229 334 Miner's safety *........... 1605 1366 Porcelain. 213 295 Lampwicking,' cotton or other vegetable fiber.... 912 ' 882 Lancewood...'. ....■....-.•... , 404 ■ 562 Landscapes, 'American views of ;..;.;... 1310 1084 Land fowls*. I' 711 659 Lanolin *.... .■....: '.'. 49 146 Lantern slides' 226 ' 328 Lappets (cotton cloth*) 905 864 Ikrd, compounds and substitutes .-. . i . .L .'. .1 703 640, 641 Lastblocks.: ..■.....:..;.;■..':...-. 406 570 Latch needles. 343 ' 450 Laths. ./ . . . : i'i • ., 1683 1470 Iiaudanum .:..-. .....-...■.;•.. . .v -.'.:. 55 , 172 Laurel root:... ..........:::.::. i';..:;-...:: 403 560 Lava: ^ Monumental and building •....■..:.: ....•.'. 235 353 ■Tips....... 215 301 ■Unmanoiaictured .......■....■.■.....■............-■.--. 1599 ,. 1344 Lavender oil.^; .........-..:. 1625 1390 Layers of plants for fruit stocks ..;............. .1. '.'...:-.- 753 752 Lead-bearing inattes..... :;;..-. 388 ,, 536 Lead-bearing; ores : ; - 388 536 Assay of. , ■. -. - - - - — ..:.:...:■- 388 535 ;Sampling' of. . .-. ; ■, - ■ 3^^ ^35 ''^tateL...... ..;... ;;:..: ......:....:.:.. , « ,;•;: m ''•'Arsenate,.. -: ....:.......'.:..■..... 44 , 130 ■ Articlesnotplated, n.s.p.f .;::.;:;:::.:;...:.;:::.-.- ^i. ,^SD1 •"■'^ars ' •...::-. 1. ..:r.. ;:...::.:.:; :-■. •.::.::.; o»y OdB ^So^"::;.... .-.,.:.::.-.-.::..:.:::::::- — -■--: -389', ,538 1556 iNBBXi. Paragraph of Lead— Continued. H. ft. 7456. Page, , Glarier's -■-■■■_-. 389, , , 538 Manufaetuies 393 ,; . / 550 Nitrate:. .'. .V. . . . ... . . ..... . . .■.'.'.:; :::... u,„ .-,. 129 N.s.p.f ...."..".".'...".............'.■-■...; 389' ,: 538 Pencils. .'. ■......'.■.. ... .;:,,. 1,449 , 1198 ) Kgments .'. ... . : ...... .. .... .". .'. 69 ,. . 195 Pigs....... ...................'...■... 389; „ 538 ■Kpe...L.. ..........................v..... 389' 538 Reclaimed. ....'....... . . . . V. .,,„ , 389 538 Red../... ...........■.......'....'.■...'......;> 69 , . 197 ., ■ Refuse *. ..:...... ... .". . .'. .'. .;. ; .'.... . 389 , ' 538 : Resinate '. ■... 44 139 I. Scrap.. '..r... ........... . 389 .538 .Sheets... ..V.V.. 389 , , 538 Shot. 389 ■ ,, 538 . White.. 69 197 iWire ...^ .;■.....:;.... 389 7 538 ■Leaded zinc oxides ,..f. ,, > . 74 207 Leaders. . . . ..; . . . . . . . !'..'.... 344' ,, 463 Leads, penpil or crayon... 145Q ,. 1201 Leaf: .,.. i Aluminum .,,,. ; T, 579 / 522 Bronze. ' 379 522 Dutch metal 379 521 Gold. ■■■■■■■ - ■ - • - .- - ■ •- • -.: ,j - 380 523 • Palm, manufactures ..'....'...'.. 1437 1179 Silver 381' 524 Tobacco 601, 602 612, 62Q Leakage of wines, etc. , allowance for ■•-■-- . , 812^ 838 Leather: , Bags... , ; . 1432 1166 Band, n. s. p. f.* ..'.. ....'.'.. ...' 1600 1345 Baskets:. .,. ...„..., . , ,p'..i.-/V. Jr^^/ 1432 1166 Belts..: .......... 1432 1166 , Belting and sole >,,.'.......,.... 1600 1346 - Bend, n. s. p. f.* .....'." Ji. ....... 1600 1S45 Board 1302; 1313 1050, 1089 . Boots... 1601 1361 Buff * 1600 1345 Calfskins, bookbinders, h. s. p. f.* „, ..,.!.,.. 1600 , 1345 Tanned or dressed, n. 8. p. f.*. 160Q 1345 Cardcases '........... 1432 , 1166 Compress ..'. 1302, 13l3 1050,1087 Cut mtoAoe uppers, etc 1600. 13,60 Dressed upper *..'...'... ...'.....'.........,.......... 1600 , 1347 Enameled* I600 1345 Enameled upholstery ..,,1...... .. 1431 1163 Gauffre*............... ................ .;...;.„'.'.....'.. 1600 1345 Glove................ ...............................!...,. 1431 -1163 Gloves .J , .....■.'....'. .'.;.; . . .'. 1433 1170 Goatskins, dressed, n. s. p. f.* ........; 1 1 ....1600 i35t Grain*.. ....: V....... ,.. 1600 1345 Harness ". .'.... . 1600 , 1350 Japanned*. ......: — ......;;;:...: :..;:..... 1600 1345 Jewel boxes. : ; J J .,!...... 1 .. . ... 1432 1166 Kangaroo skills, dressed, n.B. p. f.*. i.l..i.... 1600 ' ^3.45 f Kid skins, dressed, n. s. p. f.* 1600 i^ ,'1345 Knives for machines '. ......s.., 356 , ' 471 Lambskins, dressed, n. s. p. f.*.... '..'..'..'."..'.' 1600, 1345 Manufactirres, n. s. p. f . 1 .i. ..'.'..'... lls^ 1166 Moccasins ....;..,..,.;».,.!•;,..;, rW32 ' 1165 Morocco skins for 1 ^ .. m 1600 ^ 1357 N.s.p.f ...: :...;.;......;.........;...... leoo i358 Patent* :.........!.;.........: ...........,.;..,, T,9P0 1351 Pianoforte .............: 1431 ill62 INDEX. 1557 Paragraph of Leather — Continued. H. ft. 7456. Page. Pianoforte action 1431 1162 i"i Player-piano action 1431 1161 '* Pocketbooks , .:■ 1432 1166 Portfolios 1432 1165 : Rough, n. s. p. f.* 1600 1354 J Saddles and saddlery 1600 1359 ' Satchels , H32 1166 '-' ' Sheepskins, dressed, n. s. p. f.*.. 1600 1357 Shoe laces. 1600 1361 ■: Shoes... J 1601 1361 ■ iw ' Sele, n. s. p. f.* .-.. 1600 1346 IV*- Split*.. 1600 1355 t'i'lfpholstery.. 1431 1163 ''-S->"- Upper; dressed, n. s. p. 1.* 1600 1347 "i\ Vamps. 1600 1360 •■~ Varnished*.. ....:; 1600 1345 Leaves: ' ' Althea or marshmallow, advanced 32 95 ■ Althea or marshmallow, crude : 1502 1222 <■ if : Artificial, n. s. p. f 1419 1127 Buchu 33 97 Coca....'..: 33 97 Cocoa* 1548 1279 "'' Drugs, advanced .• 31 90 rv; Drugs, crude. ..-. ..•-. 1562 1298 ' Gentian*:....... -■ 33 97 ':'■"■" Herb, for cuHnary use --. 780 812 ■" Marshmallow or althea, advanced 32 95 Marshmallow or althea, crude 1502 1222 Natural, treated, etc 1419 1127 Ornamental -- 1419 1127 Leeches 1602 1363 Lees, wine .■ ■ - 9 43 Lemonade - ^"^ 834 Lemon-grass oil - 1625 1389 Lemon — ' Boxshooks.... ..-...•.....--.. 410 577 Juice ,-r-- 1^2! 13^6 .Oil - ^ .'I'.UJ-'I- 54 165 Peel-'.'.^-ii^^^-^'-i-------- ----- - ..-...---- 740 721 Lemons. . . .'. - -■ J|^ ^27 -' Boxes or barrels containing -. - ■*J-" 0'» ''^°Glass and pebble.. ....---.---.---.-..---.- ■ -■- 226 329 Photographic and projection, and frames, etc , ^^o oaz -Lentils.... - ■ ■ ,^°^ JIE .'Letter-copying books*.. - 1310 1082 Letter paper.. - - - - - - - ^'^'i' ^"'^ Leuco-compounds... -....-. --.--. ■ - ^° ' Lever clock movements and markings. lion ii^? Lever machine laces *........... ........--..-- w^u iiSD T 1 ■ . . . - OUo bU/ Le-vulose t ,....-..-...; Libraries of persons from foreign countries lOd^ i^b i Library of Congress, books, etc., for. ... -■■■•-■■- - - - - -.- " ■ ■;,{ •-■-•■ ^ *' Library. {See "Library of Congress" and "Institutions. ) lichens, dru^: • 3^ gf, Advanced ,,...........— .■....-■-- .■;■""""":... 1562 1298 Crude. .,..-....;.-■.------•---■-- ; •■ Licorice— ' 45 131 Extracts - • - " 33 gg |!;i Root.-.-. '■' ;■■'.*■;■;■"■;;!;; 1605 i366 'Lifeboats ^g^^ ^^ggg Life-savingapparatus.. --....-•-■..---------------- .^^^^ j^^23 'Lights, nifjht "■"""""■""';^";,t:'"!"'""""""!.'! 1625 1391 Lignaloe oil .•.■^...- --■--■- ' 1558 INDEX. Par^raph of , H;B.,7456., Pago. Lignum vitae •--,;i. 404 ,,< ' ^ 561 Lily bulbs , ., 751, . 746 IMf of the vajley pips and clumps 751 745 Lime: ' > -.>n\. .. i ■ Artificial sulphate * - ..71'- 202 Boratej:-: ,1533 1262 • Chlorinated (chioride of *) 13 53 ,, Citrate ,--: 46 132 Hydrated. - . , 204! 263 Juice. 1604 , 1366 Nitrogen ,1540 1267 - N.s.p.i.. .■-■.■ 204 •, 262 Oil .■..'... 1625 1391 Sulphate, artificial * 71 ;, 202 Limes... . i:. j. ,. , 743 ,,.. 728 .' Boxes or barrels containing....-..,.. .- 410 578 Limestone: ■ ..> Crude or crushed --- -■ 204 ( 262 Monumental and building 235 . i , 353 : Eock aaphalt. ,.; ,. , 1603):,, '/. 1364 Linaloe.* >:()See Lignalpe.) _ v< ,;,'! Linen. {See Flay.) . . ; Linings: ; ' , - -' Cotton* 907 -i 870 ' Flax, hemp, or jute 1010. . 923 Fur 1420 1132 Wool ., 1108,1109 969,972 Linoleate, cobalt 27 85 Linoleum. .-■-■---. ■ - 1018. 935 Linotjrpe composition *.. ........ ......^. 389 ,, 538 lanotype machines , - . , 1541 1269 Ljnseed* 760 , 765 Oil , ., ....,, 50 , „ 153 Liquor, ammoniacal gas * 1458 1214 Liqueurs. - SOI, 802,, 826, 827 Liquors: . Coloring for " .26, 36 78, 105 Spirituous — Breakage and leakage , ^ 812 838 Forfeiture 811,813 837,839 Minimum duty ,. 811 887 Listings, asbestos. ....-,.. .-»_,-;iKi..i j., 1401 1092 Literary institutions. (See Institutions.) Litharge , , , , 69 195 Lithographic: ,,,!, , Articles . . .*. , 1306 1068 Booklets, etc : .. j . . 1310 1083 Periodicals ..,,.,.,,.... 1306 1068 Plates, engraved , .....,,,,....... 341 447 Prints for institutions ,...,i,i j.iT.fi,.;j 1531 1260 Stones, not engraved , , , 1606 1367 1 Transfer paper, not printed 1305 1061 Lithographs .,.-.. ^ 1306 1068 Lithopone.. : -• J 74 209 Litmus L-.v, , . . .... . . . 1510 1238 Loadstones : 1607 1368 Lobsters...' , 1649 1428 Lock washers,: iron or steeL.,., .,. ..-■■. 330 431 Locks, spiral nut, iron or steel 330 438 Locomotives, steam , 372 504 Locomotive tires, iron or steel. ^ 324 ! 420 Logs 1683 1470 Cabinet wood ,* 404 661 I Drugs, crude , . , . , . . , 1562 1 298 ■ Fir, spruce, cedar, or western hemlock, 402 .558 INDEX; 1559 , ' Paragraph of , J ' 5, E. 7456. Page. tenn^--;--; --■- •■■- 1563 ,. -1299 IjOgwooQ extract 36 109 if°"^^pv*p^^-v -■-■■"■■;■;;":::'::::;::::::;:;;:::; 59 , m idoking-glaBatplates. , 223.230 323,336 Loom harness; 9]^2 . 882 Loops,iroii \.. v^\'^v^'.v/^v/.'.. '.'.['.'." .:.. m S7s liozenges, c(n6imcals,-etc.,in _ .,, 21 65 Eumber (aei also Wood) ]'"'.'.' 1683 il470 Lupins.... -„ ,,.['.{[['..'.'.'.]'.['. 765 ! " :z90 Lupuhn. 779 g^, Macaroni. . .':; 72g ggj^ Mace^/,-L- ^""^ll"l\"'.^[\.'.[y...\\:'.] 780. 818,819 „ Oil -. .54: , 163 Macmne— ■ Chains,. iron or steel, ...,.,........,.../..;: 329 , 429 Knives 356 471 ' Needles. ,.., 343 , 450 Tools and parte ,, 372,, 504 Machines and machinery: Agricultural , '.....,. 1504 1224 Belting, vegetable fiber ,, ,...., 912 882 ,; . Cash registers ,. 1541 1270 . '.", Cream separators * , . . . , 372, 1504 504, 1223 Embroidery and shuttles , , , , , 372, , 505 For making lace curtains and parts...................... , 372,.: , 505 For making; nets and nettings. and parts , , ,. 372 505 Jute manufactiuing * 372 504 Lace maJsing and parts ,., , , 372 ., 505 Linotype , 1541 1269 ■ N.s.p;i. ,..,,.. ,. 372 508 ' Oil spreading , 1541,, 1 1269 Printing presses, machines, etc., for use of blind 1530 1259 Sand blast 1541 1270 :, Sewing...: , , 1541 1269 Shuttles , 372 504 Shoe . . ; i ...,*-., - .:- 1541 1269 Sludge 1541 1270 ' Sugarmaking ,.,..,....,. 1504 1224 I-.'. Tar spreading... 1541 1269 <_;> Thradiing (threshing*) ,. 1504 1223 Typesetting 1541 1269 Typewriters 1541 1269 Mackerel: Fresh* 718 670 Rckled or salted 720 676 Madder and extracts * . .. - 26 79 Magazine pistols - 366 487 Magazines, iashion 1306 1068 Magnesia (see aZso. Magnesium); Calcined 47 , 135 Clay supporters .....,.., , , - 215 301 Magnesite: ' . . Brick - 201 , 254 Crude, ground, or calcined, .-■ 47 136 Magnesium: „ , Alloys..' 375 513 Carbonate 47 133 Chloride.. .„.47 134 ' Manufactures of, n. s. p. f .-. ^j_^ 513 Metallic and scrap .- ■ - ^^5 513 . ; Oxide, medicinal ..,.,....,..,.. 47 135 - Powder..' -.--. .----• ^..^... 010 bli Sheets,ribbons, tubing, wire, etc., ,, . 37|. 513 Scrap,! metallic ,.,..,.,...,...,,, ,d ' 5 513 1560 INDEX. Paragraph of Magnesium— Continued. H. E. 7456. Page. Sulphate.. 47. • 134 ' Wares, n. s. p. f 375 513 Mahaleb cherry, stocks, cuttings, etc* 753 752 Mahogany, i . . . .' . , 404 562 Maize or corn -.-.-... , 725 688 Malacca: Furniture made of j. 411 579 India,ioints 1684 1477 Malleable iroh castings, n. s. p. f 327 424 Malt: - Barley .-.,...-..... 723 684 ' Extract 805 832 ■ Sprouts. 731 r 704 Maltedmilk , 708- 652 Manetti roses, seedlings and cuttlogs .;....'' 752 -' 749 Miainganese: . . r, i, i Boron. 302 ii 367 Perro... 302 ' 366 Metal 302 367 Ore or concentrates. ,.-. 302 :. 362 Oxide* 302 ^^ 362 Silicon. 302 367 - Steel.....::-:. 305 ' 383 ManganiterouB iron ore 1590 ; 1337 Mangelwurzelseed.. i 762 779 Mangling rolls 1443 1191 Mangrove: i ', Bark 1563 .1299 Extract 3§ : 110 Manicure knives 354 465 Manifold paper ■.... 1307 , 1074 Manila: ' .'.;.■ ■r- , , ' . r.i. BindingtWine.. ............ .......... 1521 1252 'Cables and cordage.............. -.•..-... 1005 912 Fiber.. 1575 1311 Manila hemp, braids, «tc-., for making-hats............... 1406. : 1098 Manna: • "' "AdvantieaA. ...... .. .32 '. 96 Crude.'....- .-.- 1502 . 1222' Maimite : . 505 , 608 Mannose 505 607 Mantle: . Gas, scrap 84 247 Threads, asbestos ■ ......... 1401 .■ 1090 Mantles: ■■ - - - ..-..' ; 1 ' ^r ■,, Gas, kerosene, -or alcohol....... 1435 1176 N.s.p.f;.... 1435 1176 Slate. ; .. .' ...-..-.-..-. 237 355 ^ Tile 202 258 Manufactured — ■■ Articles; unenumerated orn. s. p. f.. 1458' 1214 Barytesore 64 ' i 186 Building stone . 235 '^ 350 Burrstones .-. ....................... .'.•..■.' 234 '•' 349 Clay 20?S.i J 270 Cork, artificial... ...- ....•..-......-.• 1412 . 1114 '-■''• Cotton '*aste.. 901 847 i Earths.? ■.....-.•....-...- 207 ' ^ 270 Eelgraes.; ......<.....■.. 1440 1186 Emery.::-. .:., .- Ulgi III9 Feathew, 1419 '1130 ' Insulating materials - 1437 1182 Moss..'..". ....1. .1 1440 . ' 1186 PumiceStone...... • 206 j 268 Rattan 411 580 INDEX; 1561 Mmufactured-Gontinued. ^hT^^"' Paee :^^^Ss.:::-:: • ■ -- ]Z' ]]ll -Tobacco :;;:;;;::;::::■■■■■■-' '■■■'' 'eos rI? Waste.cotton • qni "^l Manufactures: ""^ ^^ ..i-AL^s:::::::::::::;:::::::::::;::;::;:-;-;-- -■■• {^i i^i irBladdere 1436 ^77 5°J^-:- ....:;..... 1437 1179 > effiv;:::;:::::::::::::::::::;:;::;:::::;:::":::;::;;::: ''^, ^'H Chemical stoneware 213 295 I- iChinaware !!!!'! • 213 295 ^'^p- ■■•.■£-•.•■, .!;!!,'"!"!!!;!;!!;;;;; 1437 1179 ,,. tJork, artificial.... X412 1114 S°*t°° ....!.!!!!!;!"/!!!!!!;!!!;;; 920 899 r Cotton: Pile fabrics.! .'; . 909 874 ■ • H " Table damask 910 876 •0 Earthenware ! ! '.'. .,.,,', !• '2IO, 212 . 285, 290 gmery I415 ^g '. ) Flax, etc : : 1019 938 I,.! Fox skmsy silver and black 1420 1134 .;, French chalk -.....■. .^.-.j.. ...... ..V.-.;;... 209 283 ■ Fur.... : 1420 1133 _ Cxelatin. 39 120 Ti; Glass .,,, 230 336 Grrass •. 1437 1179 r,.r .Gut, n. s. p. f... 1434 1175 ; Gutta-percha ,1437 ■ 1178 f 1 : Hair felt 1426 1142 Horn 1437 1179 • Humanhair 1424 1138 India rubber 1437,1438 1181,1184 ; \ lyory 1438 1183 . ^ .Leather. 1432 1166 H, :- Material for buttons 1409 1104 ; Mica : 208 280 -- Mother-of-pearl 1438 1182 Pahnleaf 1437 1179 „, Paper 1313 1088 ^ Papier-mllchd w,.. 1303 1052 Parchment 1432 1165 Parian ware .::<,5.j 213 295 .- Paste 230 337 Pile fabrics — Cotton 901 874 Vegetable fiber 1011 924 Wool nil. 978 ■ ; Plaster of Paris 1438 1182 "- Porcelain 213 295 " Pulp 1303 1051 Pumice stone '* 206 268 Quills -...- 1437 1179 - Ramie hat braids , 1404 1096 1; Rawhide --■---• 1432; 1165 :r-. Shell„shells, pieces of - 1438 1183 ,, iS?es;::::::::;:::::;;;:::::::: 1445 im r ijr^:^°^^:^^:v;;::::::::::::::;:;::;:::::::;:::::^^ ; Straw....: ■■.. 1437 1179 1562 INDEX. Manufactures — Continued. Paragraph of •■'fable damask— H. E.7456. Page. ' Cotton 910 876 ' '■' Vegetable fiber......... -1012 925 !-■ Talc..:?.........-..............-. 209 , 283 ■ ' Vegetable fiber — ■ - .i . ■! N. s. p. f 1019 938 Pilefibrics 1011' ' • 924 Tabledamask... 1012 925 Vegetable ivory. 1438 ' 1183 ■■•Wax..;:.L.. 1436" -'1178 '■ ' WeedsJ..L.. ...-....■.-... 1437 ■'■ 11179 • i Whalebone: . = ...... ........-.■..-..■. .- 1437 -" ' 1179 Wood -. . . . 414 '' 587, 589 '■'- Wool-^'- ..,,-•'" *■■-•'■ N.d.'p. f........... 1120 1002 ' ■ Pileifabrics............ 1111 ■ 978 ;• Saiii^les of. ...-..-... li22''' 1005 Manures...'..'.....-.. .-..-... 1576 '^ 1317 Manuscripts, n. s. p. f 1608'/ ' 1368 Maple: ■'■;'- - ■ ''''.' Japanese : .- 404 561 Sirup and siigar. 504 603 Map?: ■ ■' ■< Bound or unbound... 1310 .'1082 ■ ■ 'For institutions Av±'i .:■ '. . , 1531 " !l260 - - For use of United States or- Library of Congress . .■-■.- 1528'' 1258 iN.s.p.f , ■ 1310 1082 20 J ears old*... .- 1310 1081 Maraschino cherries .-. 738 . 717 Marble: ' . .-. ^;' ' ' ' And manufactures. ....... .-.-. ■ 232, 233 342, 346 Works of art..... 1689 "'1484. Marbles, toy..;. .,. 1414 1117 Markings: ' '•- Bottles, thermostatic ■. 1464 1210 Carafes, thefmobtatic. . . . ... . . . . 1454 1209 ' 'Clock movements -. . .-..-. . ....... . . 367, 368 488, 493 ■i i ' Cutlery . ' -. 354, 355 '■ 465, 469 ' ' Dentalinstruments -..•... ....-.-... ... . .'ii'.. . ; ' 359 476 Dials, clock and watch - . - - -. . .- -. . . - . - . - 367, 368 488, 493 ^ Dyes, packages containing '26 77 Jugs, thermostatic 1454 1209 Knives.:. 354,355 ''465, 469 ' Laborator\ instruments...... ..........)' 360 478 > ' Nippers. .". 361 480 Philosophical instruments ........ 360 • 478 ' Pincers"...... 361 480 Pliers 361 480 Razors .' 358 474 Scientific instruments 360 478 Scissors. .'. 357 472 Screws. ..'. .- 338 442 - Shears. 357 472 Steel wool containers • 334 438 Surgical instruments 359 476 ' ' Thermostatio containers. .. i 1454 1209 Watch' movements.-. ,......-..,, • • 367 488 Marmalades ....-.•. ..,.^...,^.... .... 748 740 Marrons .. . : ..;■;. 755 756 Matrow, crude. . . . .......... . . ..:. 1609 1368 M-arshmallow root, leaves, and flowers: Advanced....... 32 95 Crude.. 1502 1222 Masks,- paper, pulp, or papier-m&di^.... 1303 1053 Masse, filter 1303 1051 Master records 1677 1463 INDEX. 1563 ' '■ ' Paragraph of ' ' H. R. 7456., ■ Page. Mat, stereotype matri-v l... <...... 1313 1088 Match boxes, metal il428 . '1145 Matches _ , 141.7; 1124 Importation, white phosphoriis.prohibited 1417 ' 1123 Mat6: , , ' ' Advancea 1 ..i..' f- -32- < '96 . tCrude ,...,. 1502 ' 1222 Mathematical inRtr.um.ents, metal .v. . .'.lv..'i'." 360 478 Matrices, metal, for .sound, records 167.7 '■ ''1463 Mats (see ateo Matting') -. -,*! 1 - .Bath..: 909' ■' 87'4 r' Ohinastraw 1020 .'' 940 Cocoa fiber 1021 ' ' 942 Corticine ■ 1018i i 936 Cotton* 1020 ^942 .on iDogskiaiJ.. iii . ... 1 1420 . : 1133 -( • Flax *^. J J i020 ■ 939 'f:- Goatskin. :,;.::.; '141^0 - 11^3 ,-^ Hemp* I020i ^ 939 India straw 1020 ' 939 Japan straw .• ...'..I 1020 ' 940 ; Jute* 1020 ■' 941 Linoleum -. ........u. .:-. . 1018 ' 935 :>■ Oilcloth,.floor - .....1018' ■ 935 Rattan . .' 1021 943 • Straw 1020 ' 940 .. Vegetable fiber, n. s. p. f.* - 1020 -939 - Wool -" 1118 998 Matte" ' /■ Atitimony * - 1S09 1233 Copper (see alio Regulus) 388 '■ • 535 ' Lead-bearing 388 536 - Nickel' 1628 1405 Matting: Cocoaflber -... 1021 ■• 942 Cotton* .•-■--. 1020 939 .: Rattan ■- 1021 ' 943 Straw, China, Japan, or India 1020 939,940 . Vegetable substances *- - -' L.i.-,... 1020 - ^^^ Mazs^ard cherry, stocks, cuttings, etc.* 753 752 ^^^Bone ....:.... .- 1527 1257 Com .""'.. .. 725 689 Oat ."."J.....; - '727 693 Oil f-alrp .1 1623 1383 Rice 728 695 - R^v;.v::: :;:::.: ::::::::: - ■ 729 698 Measurers, time ■ ^^^ ^^^ Meat: '°'=°S^r^edded iBf 1380 .: r.J'^^^'^ : ::::::::::: m li • ^"Lf"l 705 644 , %^^^ 701-704.706 629-649 rresti. — --- - inc. rai; Fre8h,;5repared, preserved, n.s. p. f '"^ o^^ Inspectioii of - ^^^ 642 Reindeer g^g ^^j^ SUdng cutters , »„„ onq ■ With^etables -": ^^^ '^"^ Mechanisms: , ^ ■ -j. 4. srr 4Q.^ For measuring flowage of water, gas, electnaty, etc f^ ^»^ Forregulatingspeedofarbors, drums, disks ^00 ^^o 4 Time-measuring, and cases \Ki\ 1373 Medals as trophies 1564 INDEX. Far^aph of Medicinal— H. E.74S6. Page. Chemicals in small packages 21 65 ; Preparations — Alcoholic 22 67 Mercurial* ij.......: 16 57 N.s.p.f 5 31 Medicinals, coal-tar. 26 81 Meerschaum. 1612 1374 Melada and concentrated melada 501 591 Melibiose 505 607 Melitzitose J 506 608 Menhaden oil 49 142 Menthol.. . . ; 48 137 Merchandise (see Articles). Mercurial preparations 16 57 Mesh — Bags and purses, metal 1428 1145 Metal. 1428 1145 Meta-bisulphite, sodium 78 238 Metacresol 25 73 Metal — Alloys (see Alloys). Antimony 376 515 Articles or wares, n. 8. p. f 393 551 Babbitt.. 389 538 Bell, broken 1519 1251 Britannia * 369 538 Bronze in leaf 379 522 Chrome or chromium ^ j. 302 371 Composition, copper, chief value 1552 1283 Containers * 1668 1453 Dutch— :; Clippings 1534 1262 Leaf. 378 522 Electrotype * 389 538 Manganese 302 362 Matrices, for sound records 1677 1463 ' Manufactures, n. s. p. f 393 551 Pewter,old* ..;... 389, 538 Plates, withlayers.of other metal 309 392 Sheets: Decorated or coated * 393 551 With layers of other metal : 309 392 Silicon. 302 361 Stereotype* 389 538 Threads, and articles of . - ... ..-. 382, 1430 525, 115? Type.. , 389 53& Wolfram * 302 361 Yellow— . ., Bolts 378 517 Piston rods 378 517 I Shafting „<..L: 378 517 Sheathing 378 517 Sheets 378 517 Metallic- Magnesium and scrap 375 r 513 Mineral' substances, crude, n. 6. p. f v. 1559 .. 1295 Tungsten J .,302 ^m 368 Metallics, bronze 379 ■■■ .i 521 Metals: " ... . .aiiiji s'b'l' Ores of the platinum i.U 1628 'j' 1406 Unwrought, n. s. p. f 1559 1295 Metanilic acid :;... j.. ....•>. ■..;>.-;;-;ior...i- i 25 : 73 Methanol... .- ,, 4 29 Methylantbtacene , ^ ... .;.,..:, il546 ^ < 1276 MethylanthJaquinone i ;(i25; 73 INDEX. 1565 .... Paragraph of •Kf-ii. 1 i..t', H.g. 7466. Page. Kyir^ 1^46 1276 Alcohol . .. .. 4 29 Anthranilate. , ....\... " " " " ,g _ Salicylate J . .'! .[[[[."]... 26 77 MetionomeB. ' 1441 ii87 Mica, and manufactures of '.W .['..]]] .][.[ 208 280 Microesspes and frames 228 332 Military ornaments, metal..... ' ] \.l\.[....\.\....\. 1428 1145 Compounds of -, 708 gg4 Condensed or evaporated...;. .■ 708 651 ¥i^y----- .!.'!.".'.";;;;; 707 650 - Malted 708 652 fodder 708 651 ^our 707 650 Substitutes for 708 654 ;Sugarof* ...]..!.!... 5 3] Millboard, asbestos 1401 1091 Millet seed ' " . . 761 772 Millinery ornaments: ' - F«ather, etc 1419 1130 Metal 1428 1145 Mill: Saws 340 445 Shafting, steci* ..:.... 304 378 MUlstones.'. .■.-.-.■.• 234 349 Mmeral: Objects in alcohol •. 22 67 . (Oils 1627 1401 Orange 69 196 Salts, from mineral waters 1613 1375 Strontium, carbonate and sulphate 1662 1446 Substances — And manufactures ' . . .' 214 298 Metallic, crude, n. s. p. f... 1559 1295 Waters 808 836 ;', Wax,crude :;. y........... 1676 1461 Miiieralogical specimens for public collections : '. .' 1655 1437 Minerals, crude, n. s. p. f .-. 1614 1375 Miners' : 'Appliances, rescue* '.''..': 1605 1366 Diamonds 1561 1297 Powders, fulminating* 1516 1247 Safety lamps* 1605 1366 Mining: Explosives 1578 1323 Fuses . . , 1418 1127 Mirrors: Large 223 323 Small ...::..\.l 230 336 Miso - . . . . - - - - - • ■ ■ • ■ ■ - - - - - 773 802 Mittens, wool, knit. .-. - ■ - - - 1115 989 Mixtures: ; ' .Chemical— '.,'-' ',: Aldoholic ;.. ..........:...::...' 22 ^ 67 Bismuth, chief value* 20 . 64 Nitric and sulphuric acids 1501 1217 •/.-, N.S,p.f.... .---. 5 32 Precious metal , chief value 19 63 Tin, chief value... -. 85 248 - Titanium, chief value. -■- ..'.... 86 248 Coal-tar 26 79 ' '. 0»al-tar distillates and pitches .' ---- 1546 1278 1566 INDEX. Mixtures— Continued. Faragraphof Medicinal— H. H. 7«6. Page., Alcohol ; 22' 67 N,s.p.f 5 32 Sugar and water .....' 501 596 Moccasins, leather, rawhide, or parchment.'. 1432 1165 Models of inyentions '......-" 1616 1376 Mohair. (See Hair, goat, etc.) Button iorms- . . . .... 1409 1104 Molasses-...- .-.-.....■.. ,. 501,503 596,59^ Molds: " ,, Button 1411 U09 Goldbeaters- .: 1574 1309 - Gun barrel .■ -.■...■....:. .'^ I 304 378 Hammer: 304 , 378 Molybdate,,"calcium .........-..--.- 302. 367 Molybdenum': Metal, ore, and alloys. 302, 305 363, 383 Steel - - .-. ...'..-.. 2i05 ; > 383 Monazitesand ;...'... 1616 1377 Moiioacetate, glycol 2 ,24 Monohydrated sodium carbonate 78 228 Monumental stone 232, 23-5 342, 352 Monuments 233 . ,* 346 Hop cloths, cotton, not jacquard 911 878 Moquette carpets and rugs * 1118 996 Morocco leather, skins for*. .....' ' ...,. 1600 - _ 1357 Morphine (aiorphia *).......... '! 55 ' ', 172 ■ Sulphate....: '......■.".. 55 1^3 Mosaiccubes ; ., 232, ,' /342 Moss: , . ' Crude, n. 8. p. f ..■......."...■........'..... ...... I6I7 " ; ,1378 .Drugs-^ ''«;,' Advanced ........:.,., .v..... .'.,.,.t,. '31 . 90 Crude ...::.'....:;:..'.::..:: i562 1293 Manufactured or dved .i.,., 1440 1186 , , Peat. , "....... ., '.,.^: ' .1448 1196 Mother-of-pearl: Buttons and studs.: 1411 1108 ] Manufactures of, h. s. p. f ...'.., 1438 1182 --■ Unmanufactured :..:'. .,.,.'..;. ]L6^0 1408 Motion-picture films l'45i 1203 Mpto-photograjphy film pictures , 1451 1202 'Ijptor: Boats and parts of- . .: , 370 500 : ', Cycles and parte of 371 , 502 Mountings, optical instruments. 2^8 332 Mouthpieces for pipes 14^p-. ^206 Movements: , ' Clock.:.: 368 ' 494 Watch. 367 4^9 Mbving-picjjiire films ' 1451 , 1203 Mowers- - - ; : .' :. . . . . .'.■. . 1504 1223 JMiick bars; '. . , . 303 , 3lja MuiHers: Cotton 917. '• , 893 Embroidered,* etc .' .1430,, 1155 . Silk. .:;. - . . . - , . ':j^69 1033 !MugS: r,', r :,-.,;' Crockery ware : ..:. .'. 2l2 ;, 290 ■ Porcelain... 213:= 295 Mules : .......'. : 7l4 , 666 Straying across boundary line 1507 ' 1229 Mule shoes : : ' : 333 , , , , 438 Multifl^ora roses, seedlings and cuttings of 752 , , 749 Mungo :..:.. :; 1105 " '" 958 INDEX. 1567 Par^raph of Munjeet and extracts* ' ^'^■^*«'- ^''ee. atz or ydllovi riate: ■-> ; Ammonia *, Miintz or ydlow metalsheete," etc". '.'..'..'.'. ' S7S - J 7 Mtiriate: ■''> °'° °'-' 1187 1174 1187 484 484 'Potash ' " — '"'"' ' " 37 M-uriatic add". ". ". ". ". ". '.::":.[ l". •■■■■■■•■ " " " 1635 1414 Mushrooms :::;■: - IfOl 1219 Mushroom spawn * L^o ■ ■ -700 Music: ■/""""■■".■."""■"■■■". ^^^ For institutions tcoi, -.n„r. Forthebiind .-...::;.:::::""" ""t;"" ■. 1535 :mq ' In books or sheets , ' '"" nqnn , , i TnH9 , Twenty yea^s old* .-—.:::::.:::::::::;;:::;::; mo im ... I Wire.:... - '.\.\~, .'. nv,M,,,i:;.,.T44T. . . '■^^m Musical: ; "" ^.^,u••.u .' Instrument — ,',' ',> ."■: Cases". ]^44]^ •A ■ Strings, gut* ,-...!.!"","' 1434' U Strings, metal. ,, 1441 ; I Instrunients and parts 1441 iigg Musk: I ..,.■! ' ■.■,". ■. , , ,, '-Artificial ;iJi..... .ii.. i '26 76 .: Grained or in pods ." . ." M. ." ." [ ! ! ' ! y. ." ." !.! 1506 1228 Muskets * . .L 3g4 Muskets, muZzle-loading '__ 304 Mustard: ... ... •-_., . Ground or prepared ._ 780 ' ' 819 ' Seeds... 780. .K>i 819 Mutton, fresh 702 ''■ ) 635 Muzzle-loading muskets, shotguns, and rifles 364 T 484 Myrobalan (mjrrobolan *) : . ! .Extract... 36 no Plum stocks, cuttings, etc.* 753 752 Myrobalans fruit 1563 ' 1299 Myrtle, sticks 1684 1476 Nail files 354 465 Nail rods. i.ii;. .........%........: 315 ; 403 Nails ::■:: 331 433 Naphtha....:. 1627 1 1401 Naphthalene (napthalin *):. . . '. li ; >■■•:■:■,' Melting .79° or above I.. :.. 25 .''' ■ 73 Melting , below 79° 1546 ' 1276 iNaphthol *. .: 25 - 73 iNaphthol, alpha and beta.... 25,26 ■ 73,76 'Naphthylamine (naphthylamin *) 25 j. 73 Naphthylenediamine (naphthylenediamin *) 25 73 Naphtol. (See NaphthoL) .^ ^ .Naphtolsulfoacids. and salts of * 25 - 75 JJaphtylaminsulfoacids and salts of * 25 75 Mapkins, cotton 911 878 .Napkins, lace .Jj.:.. 1430 ■• 1153 Narcissus bulbs 751 j : 745 Narrow wares. (Se« Small wares) .. •' , .-i . .' Natural historv specimens 1C55 . 1437 Neck rufillBigBi' 1430 .■.. 1153 Needle books and cases 343 449 Needles: '' ' Crochet 343 i..; 450 .: Darning : .^ 1618 .'•:i379 it I Embroidery machine 343 449 728 Boxes or barrels for 410 ■ 578 'Orchids*.' 751 , 747 Orchid or orchil liquid * IBlO 1235 Ore or ores: , > : Antimony .i. ..... ij 1509 1234 ■• Baryte&j'.' 64 ' 186 " ' Cerium^jr cerite.. 1542 ' • 1271 ' Chrome or chromic 1544 1272 Chronlite .,1544 1272 ■ Cobalt 1547 1278 ":• Copper ...:... 1553 1284 -•-' Corundum.... ^ 1565 1302 " Emery; ,1565 1302 Gold..;.--.- 1628 1404 Iron 1690 1337 ■ Lead-bearing , ,, .'388 536 ''■'■'■'■ Mangaiipfe •': 302 362 ' ■ MangaJniferous iron ^ , .... ^ ....... , 1590 1337 i Molybdenum ., ........... 302 363 Nickel 1628 1405 INDEX. 1573 r> _ ,-•/,. .' Paragiaph of Ureorores — Continued. , H. R.7456. Page. Platinum metals 1628 1406 ' i^^/®^- ■■;■•■■. -- ■ 1628 ' 1405 Sulphur (pyrites) , 1663- 1449 Ihonum 1616 1377 Tin 1670 1456 : Tungsten 302 364 _ Zinc-bearing 390 543 Organzine, silk 1203 1013 Oriental carpets and rugs 1117 993 Oriental gut and manufectures of 1434 1175 Origanum oil , 1625 1392 Orleans and extracts* 1510 1235 Ornaments, n. s. p. f 1430 1153 China, etc 212, 213 289, 294 Metal 1428 1 145 MilUnery 1419,1428 1130,1145 Orpiment * 1513 1 241 Orthocresol 25 73 Osier: Articles, n. s. p. f , 411 579 Basket 411 579 Braids, etc., for hats 1406 1098 Osmium 1589 1336 Osprey feathers 1419 1128 Ossein , 1580 1326 Ostrich feathers 1419 1128 Otto (attar*) of roses 1625 1393 Outerwear, , knit or crocheted : Silk....... 1208 1032 Wool 1115 . 990 Oxalate, titanium potassium 86 248 Oxalic acid 1 20 Oxide: Antimony 8 41 Cobalt 27 84 Ethylene 2 24 Iron pigments 70 201 Iron, containing more than 25 per cent sulphur 1663 1447 Leaded zinc 74 207 Magnesium, medicinal 47 133 Manganese * ... -. • - 302 362 Nickel..... 385 530 Strontium (strontia *) 82 244 Thorium 84 245 Tin, black 1670 1456 Uranium 1674 1460 Zinc - ■ 74 207 Oxidized oils and fats 52 161 Ox shoes 333 438 Packers' skewers • 412 583 Packing (see also Containers) — Boxshooks : 409 576 Woven sheet, asbestos 1401 Padding for clothing, flax, hemp, or jute '. lOl" Paddy Ill Painters' knives ■'°° Paintings: . Definition 1^=0 Glass, for institutions |o°° Mineral colors i*>°% 1091 923 695 469 1478 1482 1478 Nspf "47 1195 nil ^ 1685 1478 Ortinai -.'..' 1685 ^478 Water colors:::::::::;::.::: i685 1478 1574 INDEX. Far^aph of Paints (see also Pigments): H. fi. 7456. Page. Artists' 62 184 Enamel 63 185 N.s.p.f 63 184 Theatrical grease 57 178 Palette knives 355... 469 Palings 407 571 Palladium 1589 1336 Palm: - . Nut kernels 1620 1380 Nuts 1620 . 1380 Oil 1626 1396 Palm-kernel oil 1626 1396 Palm leaf: Braids, -etc., for hats 1406 1098 PanSjplain 1567. 1304 Manufactures of, n. s. p. f , 1437 . 1179 Natural 1567 1304 Palms* 751 747 Palmarosa oil 1625 1393 Pamphlets 1310 1081 For the blind 1530 1259 Pants, knit* 916 892 Paper: Albumenized 1305 1 063 Albums 1311 1085 Articles 1304-1306, 1313 1053-1070, I 1087 Asbestos 1401 1091 Bags 1305. 1061 Bands 1306,1313 1068^1087 Basic, plain 1305 1063 Bibulous* 1304 1055 Blotting 1309 .1076 Board 1302, 1313 1048, 1089 Boxes 1313 1088 Wallpockets 1313 1087 Bond 1307 1072 Book i ......:. 1301 1046 Booklets 1310 1083 Books 1310 .1081 Boxboard* 1302 1048 Boxes 1305, 1313 1064, 1088 Bristol board* 1302 1048 Pourdrinier 1307 1072 Building 1302 1048 Buttons* 1411 1108 Calendars 1306 1068 Calender plate finished * , 1305 1062 Cardboard 1302,1313 1048,1088 Cards, ligthographically printed 1806 1068 Christmas, greeting, or post 1310 1080 Playing .....'... 1312 1086 Cigar bands 1306 1068 Cigarette (except cork paper) 1452 1206 Cigars and cigarettes .' 605 623 Cloth-lined 1305 1059 Compress leather 1302, 1313 1050, 1087 Copying 1304 ' 1054 Cork 1412 1115 Crgpe .......'. 1304 1054 Cut into designs, etc 1313 1088 Decalcomania 1305 1059 Decalcomanias 1306 1068 INDEX. 1575 Paper— Continued. MfSfyise. Page. Decorated , I305 1059 Drawing 1307 1072 limbossed 1305,1307,1313 1059,1073 , ;_, 1087 . , S^ieiy 1415 1119 Envelopes 1308 1075 Filtering I309 1056, 1076 *}»e 1307 1071 S^PS 1306 1068 Flock coated I305 1059 Gelatin coated , 1305 1059 Grease-proof , ',///_ 1305 ]060 Gummed I305 1059 -Handmade I307 1072 Hanging I309 1076 Hangings I309 1076 Jacquard 1309 1076 Japan, and imitation. 1307 1072 Labels I3O6 1068 Leather board. 1302, 1313 1050, 1089 Ledger 1307 1072 Letter :....... 1307 1072 Letter-copying books * 1310 1082 Machine — Handmade 1307 1073 Knives 356 471 Manifold 1307 1074 Manufactures of, n. s. p. f ; 1313' 1088 Marbleized* 1305 1061 Maaks ^ 1303 1053 Metal coated 1305 1059 Newsprint 1659 1045, 1440 Note 1307 1072 N. B.p.f 1304,1309 1056,1078 Paper stock ; 1641 1421 Pamphlets 1310 1081 Onionskin and imitation 1307 1071 Paraffin 1305 1062 Parchment, vegetable and imitation 1305 1060 Pencils 1449 1198 Photographic 1305 1060 Pictures 1306 1068 Placards....... : 1306 1068 Plain basic... 1305 1063 Pottery* - 1304 1054 Press 1313 1088 Boards 1313 1088 Printed 1305 1057 Printed matter, n. s. p. f 1310 1081 Printing. 1301 1045 Pulpboard 1302,1313 1048,1089 Record 1307 1072 Reinforced 1305 1059 Roofing ------ 1302 1049 Ruled^ 1307 1073 Sensitized 1305 1060 Sheathing 1302 1048 Stereotype -.--- - 1304 1054 Matrix, mat or board i-Si^ i"»o . Stock. ■ --■-• 1641 1421 Sur^-coated............................^ 1305 1059 iv . Test or container boards 1313 1088 Tissue 1304 1054 Transfer 1305 1061 1576 jiiPEx. Far^apb of Paper— Contiiiaed. H.fi,7*56, , Page. Transparent *. 1305 . 1060 Twine, for binding wool*.... 1313 1087 Typewriter.. - 1307 1072 Wall pockets - 1313 1089 Waste. 1641 1420 Wax 1305 1059 Wrapping 1305, 1309 1064, 1076 Writing.: .'...... :.... 1307. 1071 Papier-m3,ch6: Boxes 1305,1313 1061,1089 Buttons * 1411 1108 Manufactures of ,.. 1303 1052 Masks 1303 1053 Wall pockets 1313 1089 Paprika 780 821 Paracetaldehyde ,. 2 24 Paracresol 25 73 Paraffin , . . . 1627 1401 Oil..... 1627 1401 Paper...... 1305 , 1062 Parafonnaldehyde 38 . 118 Parairitranijin:* (nitroaniline) .25 73 Parasol: . ' , Ribs and stretchers 342 449 Sticks. .,. 1684 1476 Parasols 1455 1210 Parchment - 1629 1407 Manufactures of , n. g. p, f ...■..,.. 1432 1165 Paper , 1305 1060 Parian : . Ware, and manufactures 213 295 Works of art 1687, 1689 1481, 1483 Green 59 181 White. 18 61 Parsley seed 762 779 Parsnip seed 762 780 Partridge, sticks of 1684 1476 Paste or pastes: Alimentary. , ,.^... , 726 692 Fish 722 681 Indigo*..j 26 78 Manufactures of (glass) n. s. p. f 230, 1428 337, 1145 Meat. . : .1 773 801 Theatrical ^ease*. 57 178 Toilet 57 178 Tomato 770 798 Vegetable 773 801 Pastels .,. M85 1478 N. 8. p. f 1447 1195 Patchouli oil , , 54 168 Patent: Alum* 6 34 Barley* 723 685 Leather* 1600 1351 TarUr* - 9 43 Paving: Posts 405 567 Tiles , 232 341 Peaches 745 732 Peach kernels 760 767 Peanut oil 50 156 Peanuts 757 759 mms.. 1577 Pearl: B^^.*?456° Page. Barley (pearled*).; -. 723 685 Beads, imitation 1403 1094 Button blanks... 1410 1105 Buttons... ,...:!:!; 1410 1106 Hardening* 205 265 Mother-of-, unmanufactured 1630 1408 Pearls: Imitation 1429 1151 JNot set or strung 1429 1150 ; Partsof ...-..., 1429 1150 Reconstructed*.... 1429 1148 Synthetic*.. , 1429 1148 Pears 745 734 Pear trees, seedlings and cuttings...:...- 753 752 Peas(pease*) .... 767 • 792 Pease, seed * Li... 767 792 Peatmoss 1448 1196 Pebble: Brazilian, uhwrought ,. 1535 1264 Lenses 226 329 Pecans 758 762 Peel, fruit 740 720 Peignfee. silk * (combed silk *) 1201 1006 Pen-andi-inlc drawings 1447, 1685 1195, 1478 Pencil: Attacbments .• i 352 462 Caps or protectors 1449 1197 Leads. : 1450 1201 Pencils: Hair : 1407 1102 Lead ■ 1449 J198 Mechanical — N. s. p. f.. 1449 1197 Of base metal, not plated 352 463 Not metal 1449 1197 Paper 1449 1198 Slate ; 1 449 1198 Penholders and parts. 352 462 Penknives 354 466 Pens; Fountain, and parts ; 353 464 Gold ;.;:... 352 462 Metallic, a. s. p. f .;.:........ : - 351 461 Nib and barrel in one piece. . : .....;.- .....;... 351 461 Stylographic,- and parts -. 353 464 Peony bulbs* - 751 747 Pepper : 780 820,821 Peppermint oil ;.... ■ ■■■■ - -• 54 167 Pepper seed 762 780 Perchlorate: Ammonium (ammonia *) 7 38 Potassium ■ - '^5 212 Percussion caps — 1418 1125 Perennials, herbaceous. : 751 746 Perfume materials - - - °° ^J^ Perfumery -. •, f 1^8 PeriUaoil. ■-•- • 1^26 1398 ^^'^Lu..::. 1619 1379 ■V KtT"!?;.:::::::;::::;:::::;:::::::::::::::::"::--:::: leS' ^9 'Permanganate, potassium -•• 75 218 Persian berries, extract ^o ^^^ 1578 INDEX. Paragraph of Personal effects: H.^.74S6. Page., Accompanying passengers --•: 1678 ,; 1464 Of citizens dying abroad 1631 ;. 1409 Perubalsam ....•-.-, -------- 1° ^7 Petroleum oil and distillates 1627 , , 1401 Pettigrain oil. , 1625 • 1393 Pewter: . i , ^ Manufactures -- 393 , 550 Metal.old* 389 ■ 5^8 Phenol ----- 25 73 Phenolic, synthetic, resin - 26 82 Phenolphthalein 26 76 Phenylacetaldehyde 26 ; 77 Phenylenediamine (phenylenediamin *) 25 73 Phenylethyl alcohol 26 77 Phenylglycine , , 25 73 PhenylglycineorthocarboxyUc acid 25 73 Phenylhydrazine 25 73 Phenylnaphthylamine (phenylnaphthylamin *) 25 73 Philosophical apparatus 360, 1686 479^ 1480 Philosophical institutions. (See Institutions.) Phonograph-record albums 1311 1086 Phonographs and parts 1442 1189 Phosphate: Ammonium (ammonia *) •. 7 39 Sodium 78 235 Phosphates, crude 1632 1409 Phosphoric acid and anhydride 1 21 Phosphorus 60 182 Photo-engraved plates 341 447 Photograph albums 1311 1085 Photographic: t Cameras and parts of, n. s. p. f 1451 1203 Chemicals 26 " 80 Films .■ ,. 1451 1203 Lenses and frames 228 332 Paper. '. 1305 - 1060 Pictures 1686 1480 Plates 1451, 1514 1203, 1243 Photographs: Bound or unbound * 1310 1083 For exhibition 1687 1481 For institutions 1531 1260 For use of United States or Library of Congress 1528 1258 N. s. p. f 1310 1083 20 years old * 1310 1081 Photogravure plates 341 447 Phthalic acid and anhydride 25 73 Phthalimide 25 73 Pianoforte: Action, leather 1431 1162 Actions and parts 1441 1187 Leather 1431 1162 Pickets 407 571 Pickled fruits and nuts 748 739 Pickles * 748 739 Picric acid 26 83 Pictorial paintings on glass for institutions : 1688 1482 Picture books * ." 1310, 1414 1080, 1117 Pictures: Motion 1451 • , 1202 Paper 1306 1069 Photographic, for exhibition ; 1686 1480 Pie knives 355 469 Piercing saws '_ 34O 445 INDEX. 1579 -r.. . Paragraph of Pigments: H. E. 7456. Page. ■Artists'. 62 184 ; Barium sulphate, precipitated 64 188 ; Barytes, ground 64 186 ■ Bone black ; 66 191 Black, n. s. p. f 68 194 Blanc fixe 64 188 Blue , 65 189 :Calcium sulphate, precipitated 71 203 Chrome..; 67 192 , Gas black 68 194 • Iron-oxide and hydroxide. 70 201 Lampblack 68 194 Lead, n.,s, p. f 69 198 Leaded zinc oxide 74 207 Litharge 69 195 Lithopone 74 209 .'N. s. p. f .- 63 184 :- : Ocher.,. : , 70 199 Orange mineral 69 196 ":Redlead 69 197 Satin white 71 203 Sienna 70 199 Silica 207 .276 'Ultramarine blue 65 190 Umber 70 199 Vermilion red 73 206 Wash blue 65 ,190 ■White, containing lead * 69 197 White lead 69 197 White, containing zinc * 74 207 White sulphide of zinc * 74' 207 Zincoxide 74 207 ftgnolia nuts 755 757 Kg or pigs: Copper 1553 1284 Iron 301 358 . Lead 389 538 Nickel. : 385 530 Tin 386 532 Zinc 391 545 Pile fabrics: Cotton 909 874 Flax, hemp, or ramie * 1011 924 Silk 1206 1027 Vegetable fiber, not cotton 1011 924 Wool 1111 978 Pillowcases: Cotton 911 878 Linen ■- 1013 927 Pillow shams: . Nottingham lace -. ?19 898 Pill tiles.. 212 289 Pills, chemicals, etc., in 21 65 Pimento: _„. „„„ Allspice -■■• ■■-■ 780 822 Sticks of • 1^8'* 1^76 Pimientos, prepared or preserved 780 823 Pincers ■ ■■- 361 481 Pineapples ■ 746 735 '^jewelry 1428 1145 Not jewelry Tuning. - 1^41 350 460 1187 1580 INDEX. FaragTaph of Pipe-' ' ' ''^ H.R. 7456. i. Page; Bowls^ -. 1452 ' 1206 Cast-iron..... 327 423 Copper* 378 517 ;., Lead..,. 389 538 Pipes: Charcoial iron 328 425 Iron or steel 328 ' 426 Pitch.. 1441 1187 Smokers' 1452 ■ 1206 Pips, lily of Ihe valley 751 745 Pistache nuts 755 757 Pistols 366 487 Kston rods, Muntz or yellow metal 378 517 Pit saw? 340 445 Pitch: Blast-furnace tar 1546 1276 Burguiidy 1538 1266 Coal tai, .-. 1546 1276 Oil-gas tar 1546 1276 Pipes. 1441 1187 Water-gas tar 1546 1276 Wood 1 667 1452 Placards, paper 1306 1068 Plain basic paper. 1305 1063 Plaits, straw, chip, grass, etc 1406 1098 Planing machine knives 356 471 Planking, Ship * 414 589 Planks: Cork, artificial....... 1412 1114 Gabinetwood 401. •>■ 561 Wood . -■ lfi«^ 1470 Piano glasses 226 329 Planters 1504 1223 Planting material for Department of Agriculture 1633 1411 Plants: "■ Deciduous and evergreen 752 750 For Botanical Garden. 1633 1411 For Department of Agriculture 1633 1411 Fruit 753 752 Greenhouse * 751 747 Natural, chemically treated, etc, n. s. p. f 1419 1127 Nursery stock *....... - 752 750 Rose * 752 749 Tea 1668 1458 Plaques: Earthern ware 212 289 Porcelain 213 294 Plaster of Paris: Crude... 205 ' 265 Manufacturers of, n. s. p. f 1438 1185 Plaster rock or gypsum 205 265 Plasters: Court.: 61 183 Healing or curative 61 183 Plastics, pyroxylin. 29 87 Plateaux, fur 1427 1143 Plate: Boiler, iron or steel 307 388 Iron or steel 307 388 Definition 307 387 Glass- Cast polished, unsilvered 222 . 321 Colored, manufactured, ornamented..... 224 325 IH0BX. 1581 Plate — Continued •Glass-Continued. ^hT*^4V p».„ Mul^d. ribbed, rolled, rough ., ^-^r.. '"3I8 Material, storage battery . Z.' ! "^^'qon ' ^^^'5?t ScraptinJ •. %j^ 415 Plates: 3^ 358 Aluminum • „„. Asbestos 3/4 510 Brass ;;:::::::; -. , "?^ ^^i Carbon ! i;:::;;:;;- ^ IJf I" Cast-iron 21| 216 Cement, hydraulic. 1401 .2^ Oircularsaw •• ""] ^^^l Copper- : 304 380 Caet and unman ufactur;\l '_ _ __ J553 j284 Rolled or raariufiK;tmed- .- [ "_ 378 ciy With layers of oAei metal ...'.".".'.'..."..!!.'!.' 309 391 Bi^"' -;!.'.';;."!!."!!:'367,368 488,493 Do"-skiii ■ 367,368 ; 489,494 Ei^trotyi;^;:::::::.:::::;;::::::::;:::::::;-^^^--' ^|^o nss Engraved— ' **' Foi-printing .;. 34I, ^^^ 447 T, ^^\- 341 447 Jingraver'a copper _^_ 373 g^y Fur 1420,: , r:1133 Goat-skin... '....:'.. ^^\"'.'. 1420 ' uim Gl^ optical*.... ;;...; ;,.„ 227; ' 330 Half-tone 34] ,447 Hydraulic cement -l-..!.,. 140] , ■ '•' 1091 Ironorsteel. (See Iron or steel.) -• ■ "',."'" V lithographic ; 34] 447 Looking-glass ;.".".; 223,230 323,336 Metal, with layers of other metal i 309. • 392 -Mica. 208!..: 280 ' Nickel 385 i 530 With layers of other metal _ 309, 392 ■' ' Photo-engraved 34I 447 Photographic, dry, n. s. p. f ..'.. 1451 , 1203 Photogravm^ 341 447 Platinum 1634 1411 St«el. -CSee Steel.) Railway &h ^.. 322 418 Saw*.: _ 308 390 Circular., 304 380 Stereotype 341 ,447 Storage battery 320 415 Stove...' ...t. 327 423 Tagger's tin 310 396 Terne 310 395 Tin....... 310 395 Watch... 367,368 488,493 Platinum: Apparatus for chemical uses* 360 479 Articles or wares 393 550 Bars.. 1634 1411 ; ' Chemical compounds, mixtures, and salts 19 63 Combinaltions -with iridium, etc 1589 . 1335 Ingots.!'. 1634 1411 Metals, ores of 1628' 1404 • Plates- --•- 1634 1411 Scrap '. - :'-. 1634, 1411 (' '- ' Sheets * 393 551 Sponge 1634 1411 Unmanufactured i . . . j. - 1634 1411 Wire* - 393 551 1582 INDEX. Paragraph of ' . H.E.T456, Page. Player-piano-action, leather 1431 1162 Playing cards --. 1312 1086 Fliers- :.--- 361 481 Plows .■ 1504 1223 Plumbago , 211 287 Pliiinbers' knives ■ 355 469 Pl*nmes... 1419 1130 Plum trees, seedlings and cuttings 753 752 Plums !7. - . 747; : 737 Plush: Cotton*.. 909 874 Definition 1206 1026 Hatters'.. 1453 1208 Ribbons^-- -■ " . Cotton * - =. 909 873 Silt.. L 1206 1027 ■Silk............ 1206 1027 Wool* 1111 978 Pocketboo^, leather or parchment 1432 1166 Pocketknives 354 466 Points, steel 332 437 Poker chips.. 1413 1116 Poles: Electric-light , 405 567 Hoop* 414 589 Hop*.. 414 , 589 Telegra'ph, telephone, and trolley. 405 567 Polishing — • Cloths, cotton, plain .:.,. 911 878 Creams, powders, and preparations >. . ^ ....... 12 52 Pomades 57 178 Pomelos* 743 727 Boxes or barrels for 410 578 Pontianak 1587 1332 Pool balls 1413 1116 Poppy seed 760 766 Oil 50 157 Porcelain — Ware '. 213 295 Works of art 1687,1689 1481,1483 Porchblinds J.... 413 ' 584 Pork 703 638 Porter..... 805 831 Portfolios, leather or parchment 1432 1165 Portland cement: Hydraulic 203 260 White, nonstaining 205 266 Positives, photographic-film 1451 , 1203 Stamp album 1311 1085 Stamps, foreign 1658 1439 Post-card albums 1311 1085 Post cards: .;. . ..£■. . . 1310 1083 Foreign 1658: 1439 Posts: Iron or steel , 312 397 Paving .405 . 567 Fence; wood* ,,. , 406 , 570 Wood i 406 : 570 Potassa, tartrate of * 9 43 Potassium or potash: Alloys* ..'... 1559 1295 Alum. 6 35 Aluminum sulphate , 6 35 Antimony tartrate 8 42 INDEX. 158S Potassium or Potash — Continued. h *£f?456° Page. Bicarbonate.... 75 215 Bichromate * (dichromate) ^. ■■■■.-..." -..\.\V...\...\... 75 211 , Bitartrate • ...][.[.[ ..\\[. 9 43 ' Bromide ■. [\ .[[.[. .[\\. 75 215 - Carbonate '"' ,75 215 ; . Caustic: 75 216 Chlorate 75 212 Chloride 1635 ' 1414 . Chromate...-. ■ 75 2II _ Crude '^alts, n. s. p. t 1635 1413 :; Cyanide 1636 1416 Dichromate (bichromate *) 75 211 Ferricyanide 75 213 ! Ferrocyanide 75 213 Hydrate * 75 210 j ; Hydriodate* 75 210 - " Hydroxide 75 216 " ' lodate * 5 31 Iodide 75 214 Metal * .- 1559 1295 Muriate •. 1635 1414 :;Nitrate, ... 75 217 Perchlorate 75 212 Permanganate 75 218 Prussiate, red and yellow 75 213 Salts, crude, n. s. p. f 1635 1413 Sodium tartrate 9 45 Sulphate 1635 1414 ' Titanium oxalate 86 248 Potatoes 769 796 Potato — Flour 769 796 Starch 80 241 Pots, carbon, porous * 216 302 Pottery 210,212,213| ^^^'^^^ Paper* 1304 1054 Works of art 1687, 1689 1481, 1483 Pouches, tobacco 1452 1206 Poultry: Dead.... 712 660 - Live - 711 658 Powder or powders: Bleaching •--- 13 52 Bronze - 3™ 521 Cases, metal - 1428 1145 Cleaning 12 52 Cream..^. 708 652 Curry. 780 815 Fulminating 1516 1247 Gun . .. 1578 1323 Ink, 'coal-tar. '.'.!.. ■■■ 26 79 ■ Ink ns p f - 41 125 Molybdenum 302 367 ^o-v,n.^.v.i -::::;::::::::: 3?9 i? ^i :::;;::;:::;;::::::! 57 m Tungsten 302 368 Precious stone settings |^^° ||]" 'ftedous stones and imitations of '■^^^ '■'■^° Preparations: 99 r7 Alcohohc. .... 2^ 67 ^IS?!'::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2^ ^ 1584 isfMiXi I Paragraph of Prepaira1ioas--Clontimied. : , H. ft..7456, Page, : Chemical, n. s. p. I 5 31 Cleaning* 12 52 Coal-tar* 25,26 74,78 Dyeing ,..-..- .--... 36 , 105 ' Medicinal, n. B. p. f 5 i , 31 .Mercurial ... 16, > 57 Opium.. ;. 55 170 . Philosophical* 360 479 PoUshing* 12 . 52 Scientifi®* 360 479 Tanning.' 36 105 ToUet - 57 178 Boards.. 1313 1088 Cloth— - Camel's hair * 1426 .1141 Hair 1426 .1141 Paper. 1313 j.lOSS Presses, printing * 372- - 504 Fortheblind ..........: 1530 , ; 1259 Printed matter: •_ ,,,.,. Coated paper, not lithographic 1305 1057 N. s. p.f 1310 1082 Printing: .... --. ', f Paper— , '. For books *.. i.,,. ,1301 i,, 1046 For newspapers * .1..... 165,9 1045, 1440 Presses ^:i 372 , : . 504 ■' ' For the bUnd . . .... ....... -".,..,. ,153p; ',, \ 1259 Print blocks or rollers, metal _.'... .... .... 392 "., 550 Prints: . Lithographic * 1310 1081 For institutions 1531^ 1260 Motion picture .'. . . - 1451 1203 Prizes. 1611 1373 ProfesMonal — ' ■ - . .., . f Books, etc., immigrants' , 1637 1417 ' ' Works' of art.;. J ,,,... ,...',. ..■.'.■ 1685, 16,86 1478, 1480 Projection lenses and frames.. ,. 228 332 Proof of spirits: , i 'i''''> Ascertainment , , 810 ,, 837 -■ ■ Basisofduty .......,.,.....'.','..^... '.,..'. 811 .. ,, , 837 Properties, theatrical ,'1637 ,; 141(3 Propylene ehlorohydrin, dichloride, and glycol , , 2 ; 24 Protoxide of «trontian * , 82 ,,.;i 243 Prune juice' or wine .,,...,.,.., .......-.■ 806 833 Prunelles.; 747 737 Prunes.....' 747 ,, 737 Pruning knives 354 • 465 Prussiiin blue * (35 189 Prussiate: Potash; -red and yellow. 75' ,: 213 Soda, yellow ...,...,.,,.,.^. 78 .]] 232 Prussic acid * .,1 23 Publications: Gratuilfeus ,, ,1529; , 1259 ' Institutional. , ,1 1529 . 1259 Public documents, foreign .Governments ,.......,. 1529 ' , 1259 Puddings..' , 734 709 ' Vegetable, meat, or fish 7,73 801 Pulp: . ' . . ' '. ' ',;:";. .■ . ., ',' Beet, dried ,: ,..1.. 731 ,, 704 Manufactures of 1303 - 1051 Masks,.,; ..,„,...,....,.,.. 1303 . "'. 1053 Mill knives >..^.. ...,^.......,...., 356 j 471 INKEX. 1585 Pulp— Continued. H^I'.^^SS?. Page, ?^°"V::---i. •-■ ■• 1641 1421 Shoe h-uttons* '. . . ..... .... 1411 1108 - Wood. ... ..,...,. .." 1610 1370 •• Export restrictions ^2,1301 560,]047 , Wooda*.. 402,1683 558,1469 Fulpboard I302, 1313 1048, 108« Fulu..... . . . . . . Ig38 1418 ir'nmice stone and manufactures..., 206 268 Purple, London . "' 59 181 Purses, meah; .'!.......!!;!!!. 1428 " ,' 'll45 Putty^....: .......;..... ■.;v, is 62 Pyrethrum: i . • ,, ; . Advanced ....:...."!. ^ .', . . 32 96 Crude....: 1502 1222 PjTidme (pyridin*) ,..,.. 1546 1276 Pyrites : . . . 1663 1449 Burnt, dross or residuum from 1590 1337 Pyrogallic acid : 1, 21 Pyroligneous acid* (acetic acid)] 1 , ,. 11 Pyroxylin: ,; . Compounds 29 87 • Liquidflotutions. ................... . " 28 85 ' r Manufactmres ' 29 87 /-, Plastics. .,._■...... 29 ,87 Quarantine, animals in 1507 1229 Quarry tiles or quarries 202 257 Quartzite..:. '. . . ...... 1661 1443 Quebracho: .•, Extract 36: 112 ! Wood .'.... 1563.. 1299 Quicksilver-^ - i And containers ., , 383 . 527 < Flasks ;oi; bottles, exported and returned ....,,.. 1514 1242 , , Vermilion reds containing 73 206 Quillings. ....'. .■..'. 1430 1157 Quills .'. . . . .'. 1419 1128 - ' Manufactures of, n. s. p. f : ..,*.;.. 1437 1179 Quilts: Cotton-.., ■.'.'...■.... 911 878 Down ■..."..."..■.... ...:,.... , 1419 1127 Quinaldinej. ...: 25 73 tfincea*. ., .^ 749 741 uiiace trees, seedlings and cuttings. -. 753 752 Quinine (quinia*) — - Barks 1518 1250 Sulphate 1639 1418 Quinoline (quinolin*) 25 73 Quoits*... 393. . . 551 Kabbit — . > ; ; 1 1 n Fur hats - 1427 1144 V. Skins* V - .....,:.:... 1653 1432 Rackets ..:.:.. ...;....:.. 1402 1093 Radioactive substitutes .;...,. 1640 1419 Raidish seed..... "....: -- 762 780 Badium and salts of 3 640 1419 Raffinose 505 = 608 Rag pulp ....:.....■.... 1641 1421 Rags: ^ Vnr TiaTier stnplr 1641 i ,1421 ...N spf *■■■■■'■"" ■■ ---;•- - -•-■ 1641 1420 '-] Wash: cotton*::'.::'.::. :..:.:. :;;:.:....;,..... 909 920 874,899 ;.> (Wool. ■- 1 — . - ,,1105 ,, 957 Railroad ties,.....:. .::,,,,::.......: 405 seg Rails, iron or steel....... ............... , ^■'^ '*^° 1586 INDEX. Paragraph ol H. fi.r ■" Railway H. k.7456. Page. Bars 322 418 Fishplates 322 418 Tires 324 420 Wheels and parts 324 421 Raisins 742 725 Ramie: Cords r. . 1094 908 Fabric, woven 1009 921 Fish nets 1006 915 Gill nettings 1006 915 Handkerchiefs * 1015 929 Hat braids and manufactures 1404 1096 Hose, hydraulic * 1007 916 Manufactures *..-. 1019 938 Nets and nettings, fishing 1006 915 Roving 1002 904 Seines 1006 915 Sliver 1002 904 Small wares * 1014 928 Threads 1004 908 Twines 1004 908 Webs 1006 915 Yams 1004 908 Rapeseed* 762 775 Oil 50 158 Rasps . . 362 482 Ratafia 802 827 Rattan 411 580 Articles, n. s. p. f 411 579 Chair cane * 411 ' 579 Furniture \\\\ 411 580 Hat braids and manufactures ^ 1406 1098 Matting and mats '.. 1021 943 Sticks .'vj ' .' ; .] . . 1684 1476 Raw articles, unenumerated 1458 3214 Rawhide: Manufactures of, n. s. p. f 1432 1165 Rope ..!.!!!!!!!! i58i 1327 Razors and' blades...- 358 474 Ready-made clothing. (-See Wearing apparel.) Reapers '-. 1504 1223 Record paper 1307 1072 Records, master, and metal matrices of ^ . . . 1677 1463 Red- Cedar* 401 557 Chalk 18 61 Indian * 70 199 Lead 69 197 Oil or oleic add 1 19 Pepper. . . . .- ........'. 780 820 Prussiate of potash ■.-. 75 213 Venetian * 70 199 Vermilion, containing quicksilver ''.... 73 206 Vermilion, not containing quicksilver *....-.. 69 195 Reed chair cane * 411 581 Reed furniture ..'. 411 579 Reeds: Definition 411 579 Manufactured : ;. 411 531 Unmanufactured * . ; 1684 1476 Reels, fishing ; -. 344 453 Regalia and gems, for religious, etc;, purposes 1660 1442 RegisterB, cash I54I 1269 INDEX. 1587 Re^uluH- Paragraph of Antimony o^e kic Copper -.ill lofll Reindeer meat :;;: ^2°^ ^^°* Devotional articles I444 5^192 ' ' Inatitutions. (See Institutions.) Rendered oils. (See Oils.) Rennet (rennets *) '. Ig42 1423 Repjicas and reproductions of works of art 1447, 1685 1195 1478 Rescue appliances, miner's * ' leos ' 1366 Residuum from burnt pyrites [ I59O 1337 Resin (see also Gum and gum resin): Gum ..... 1577 1313 Synthetic phenolic 26 82 Manufactures of I439 1186 Reainate, lead : 44 130 Resorciuol (resorcin*): Medicinal 26 76 Not medicLual 25 73 Retorts, gas 215 301 Retorts, platinum for chemical use * 360 479 Revenue stamps, foreign 1658 1438 Rhamnose. 505 608 Rhodinol 56 176 Rhodium: Chemical compounds and salts ^ 19 63 Combinations with platinum 1589 1335 Ribbons: Artificial horsehair * 1215 1040 Artificial silk * 1215 1040 Bullion 382 525 Cotton* 912 882 Cotton velvet or plush 909 873 Lame or lahn 382 525 Magnesium 375 513 Metal thread - , 382 525 Ornamented 1430 1153 Plush- Cotton 909 873 Silk 1206 1026 Silk 1207 1029 Silk velvet or plush 1206 1027 Tinsel wire 382 525 Vegetable fiber* 1014 928 Velvet- Cotton - 909 873 Silk 1206 1027 ■VVool* 1114 985 Ribose....::.:::::: ■■--■ 505 m Ribs for umbrellas and parasols 342 449 Rice - 728 694 Bran, flour, and meal - 728 695 Cleaned for use in the manufacture of canned foods. 164^ li^i "V^iiie 804 829 Ricinoleic acid * (see also Alizarin assistant) 51 159 Rifle barrels 365 484 Rifle stocks 365 484 ^^11 w« -■-■ 1414 1117 Air, toys „„j. ,„e Breech-loading 365 485 i Combination - ^°2 4«4 Muzzle-loading - - -- 364 484 15B8 XNDBX. Paragraph of I. K. 745 H. E. 7456. Page. Ring travelers, spinning and twisting ,, -. 316 407 Ring waste, wool , ,.-., ,.., , - ^105 957 Rings, saddlery or harness 345 484 Rivet rods ' : 315 403 Rivets, iron or steel - 332 437 Rochelle salts -..-..:... 9 43 Rock crystal, manufactures of, n. s. p. f 233 348 Rockets. .>...- , -• , : Wl« 1132 Rock: ■ , . . ' Limestone asphalt ..,.,,,.. , . , , 1,003 1364 Plaster or gypsum... ,..,.......,, ; 205. 265 Rockingham earthenware* 212 286 Rocoa (roucou) and extracts* 1510 1236 Rods: Aluminum .1. ', 3741' 510 Brass ..378, 519 Bronze - : 37S , 519 Copper 378 517 Cork, artificial ...,..,.......,.,......, ....;,. 1412 1114 Cylinder glass or opal enamel -■ - - . 231 338 Fence :.,i.[^,.',:. ....■....> - . 31,5 402 Fishing. - - , . 344 453 Flat....: ,, .., , ,.-.- 315. , 402 Horseshoe nail * , . , , , ,..,.,,.,...., .- _ 315 ;, j 403 Iron or steel — : Cold-drawn, etc <....! ' 315 . 402 Galvanized or coated ;... 309 392 Xail 315 „ 402 Ivickel...-. , [385 i 530 Rivet...' 33,5, 403 Roundiron 303 375 ' Screw 315 402 Steel wire, rolled * 315 403 Wire 315 403 Roe of fish ,,.,......... 722 682 Roll bars for pulp and paper machinery. 356 472 Roller bearings and parts 321 416 Rollers, antifriction 321 416 Rollers, print, metal 392 550 Calendar 1443; 1191 Copper 378 517 Steel, for bonds, etc , ... .1 393 550 Roman candles ; 1416 1122 Roman cement 203 260 Roofing: Felt 1302 1049 Paper 1302 1049 Slate 237 355 Root or roots: Althea, advanced _ 32 95 Althea, crude 1502 1222 Brier (briar *) , 403 560 Bulbous* :..V. 751 745 Chicory 775 , 804 Dandelion ,..., ,. -775 804 Drugs — • Advanced 31 90 Crude .' 1562 1298 For Department of Agriculture ,, 1633 1411 Ginger—^ Candied or preserved^. .\ ............. , 777 809 Not candied or preserved -.., 780 818 Hop*.. ,..;,, ;,,.,, ,....,.^....:.. 751 745 ! Horticultural 751., 744 ivv .......;.: '. '. ; ..... 403 seo INDEX/ 1589 Root or roots-Continued. mT-Fm'!' Pago, ,; f?""^*?!----- 403 560 i ilacorice.. 33 qq ' ' Marshmallow-T- 95 1222 Ad-i'K .) Ifi72- 1457 Rosin, violin. 1446 II94 Rottenstone -. . . . .Wir.u . . .' ; ;■. : '.A':'?i:vi '. 1661 1443 Reucou and extracts * 1510 1236 Roving: ■ .,-,... ,. ;.. Cotton 901 846 ?£'3<'lax...: ................... = = . 1002 904 Jlemp..';. 1002 904 n. Jute. . .1:^; 1003 -906 I jaiamie. . .: • 1002 " -■'' 904 K2ESilk....:;. 1202 ■' ' IJOIO Vegetable fiber n. s. p. f 1002,-^ 904 ' Wool. ........•:. . 1106 ' '^963 Roving waste.- wool............. .:i'.'. '.■/.■.. i'.viJ.'. 1105 ■ ; '' ,957 Rubber: - '.••.:■' -•■,, y... ■ ^ ! 7 Hard, manufartures-of, n. S: p. f...... ..;..:...:.;. 1438 ' 1184 n India, crude .......:....:...........:: ...:'l-"'158r'" 1332 Manufacturt'sof.......-..; .......:.. 1437"' 1181 Milkiof * :......:;:... ...... 1587' 'J ■' . 1332 Vulcanized, manufactures of. ......;...:::■:..;:.... 1438- ■'.™'' 1184 Rubies, cut. liot set. ....,:..................... ... . . .: . -. .. I'.^UT 1429 : 1148 Riichings...:-. ....:......•./;. 1430 1157 Ruffling!*, ue;'k. = -^^- -■-■ 1430 '•]" 1157 Rues. (.§<;- ('arpets andrugs.)- - Corkcarpet*............. .....:..::.....:...:....... 1018^- :935 Ootloll*!. .........:........:::.:.....:v... 1020 ^^ 942 ( .(brticin^* ........................:.::..::..:.■-....-., 101,8 ■ 935 ■r. Linoleum...............;.. ......:.:... :^. ...vi :v:.. . . lOlS V ,935 - Oilcloth^. ...:.:..::.:.:....:...^... 1018 ■ ,935 - Straw*- .....:.-:;. :■..■.■.-...;. -:i-... 1020 940 Vegetable fiber * ..•....-..-.....: 1020 ;:,940 ■Vegetable siibstapces, n. s. p. f.* .:...:.-.-..:....:.-.. 1020 ,940 Riim,bay - ..:.....,.. 58 180 Runners, cotton, plain woven cloth ;;■: - ^^-J ,^^° Rust, iron or steel.. -.-.-. 2^4 bob Rutabagaseed ^ '»^, i°i. Ruthenium - - - •■ ^^f^ . ^iil^ Rye. grain, flour and meal ■■■■'■ i^; S°° o •' . ° • J ■ . ■ . oOa ' 608 Sa"chandes p„ , _ . . „„ Saccharin (saccharine *).... - - ■ ■ ^ -" Sackp, jute. - • - 1: >" 7 " " " ' 345 ; ' ^54 Saddlery hardware........ :--:;r;V- ^^^^ Ht badim* *>"*'''^'»^"'">-.j ' --"■'"-'"-"■-•■•"■-" ■ ," " ■ ■ q9y - 423 Sadmii'B ....... = ..........,,..--- 1590 INDEX. Paragraph of H. S.7456. ,, Page. Safetyfuses , 1418 1127 Safetypins 350 460 Safety razors 358 474 Safflower 1510 1239 Safflower extracts 1510 1235 Saffron 1510 1238 Saffron cake* 1510 1239 Saffron extracts 1510 1235 Safrol 56 176 Sage , 780 823 Sago, crude, and fiour 1644 1424 St. John 's bread seed* ., 762 785 St. Julian plum stocks, cuttings, etc.* 753 • " ■752 Sake 804 829 Sal ammoniac* (ammonium chloride) 7 87 Salep, advanced* 31 90 Salep, crude*. . : 1562 1299 Saleratus* 78 . , 224 Salicin , 505 608 Salicylate, methyl.... 26 77 SaiicylLc acid and salts, medicinal- -.- 26 i 76 Salicylic acid and salts, not medicinal 25 73 Salmon, fresh* , 718 669 Salmon, pickled, salted, Smoked, or otherwise prej^red 719 672 Salol 26 76 Salop, advanced* 31 90 Salop, crude*. 1562 1299 Sal soda 78 228 Salt 78 230 Cake 1654 1436 Drawback* 78 224 For curing fish* 78 223 Salt or salts;. Alcoholic , 22 67 Alkaloid from cinchona bark , 1639 1418 Amidonaphtolsulfoacid* 25 75 Aniline; (amlin*>, , ,25 74 Antimony oxide* 8 41 Black*. , 1635 1413 Bismuth 20 64 Cerium 84 247 Chemical, alcoholic i., 22 67 Chemical, n. s. p. f 5 32 Cinchona bark 1639 1418 Cocaine '. 55 173 . Ecgonine 55 173 Epaom , 47 134 ■Glauber , 78 235 Glycerophosphoric acid 24 72 ."' 780 ' 813 "Carrot.-,..; 762q ; 777 Cassia.-. .i. ..: .' 780 814 Castorbean 760 • ' -76* <^auliflowi6r 762 777 'Celery.' ;■.; 762 778 Clover, n. 8. p. f 761 771 Cloves 780 ^i' 817 CoUard * ............:. .- - 762 •'m^ 782 Coriander: :;.::>•:?:'- 780 •'i'^'' ' 815 Com salad* :... ..:.:;.• .}. '762' • '■" 782 Cotton * , : 762 767 Crimson' clover.. 761 770 Cummin. ,. . . . . 780 815 Drugs- Advanced 31 90 Crude 1562 ' 1298 Eggplant* 762 783 Fennel ..;...... ............ 780 ' ' 816 Fenugreek*. ..:.......... i. .... . 762 783 Flaxseed ..;.:......-.. 760 '765 Flower. .............;...;:;:....... 762 - ■ 782 P'or Department of Agriculture . ............... .... :' . 1638 1411 Garden and field - 762 ' 775 Grass..:. ...;...:.. .....;.;.:.. 761 ■ ' 769 Hairy vetch.... ....:......•. 761 ' ' 773 Hemp* 762 768 INDEX. 1593 Seeds-Contitiue'd. ^ ^^'T?^"! Page.; - iX°"°'^ •- ■ ■■■■■^ 762 ^85 Kohtabi:::;:::::::;;;::;:::::::;;-— -■:--:-::-- m m ■Linseed* .......:. ^ i:" ^ "^ , , . Mangeiwurzei ;;:;:.■; '■ Ill l^i ';■ Morbid growtt drugs— ' :""' - ' ^d^^nced ..:..;.:.: :.:................. 31 90 Lruae. 1502 ^ggg Mushroom spawn * ;.;;...;. ■ ■ 7g2 7aQ Mustard ,..: -:...:.:..:....::::;;;:;:;:::::;:;: yso 819 C f^^'^%-— ■.^.■:..^:^.^...:.:^..: .......... 780 820 OU-beanng..;.: ; :„:. :.;::....:.... 760,1620 767,1380 Omon 7g2, '779 Palm nut and kernels ..■.;:...;;..■.;.-.-. ..".'-'.' - g2o : ^330 '. Parsley.;:^...; :.::: :...::....:....:...:.:..;;; :;;:: 762 779 ,_,Parsmp,.. ::.:^.....:. ;:..,, .....::....:.•.:.. 762 780 .reacn kernels.-. .:... ..-.:-;..;..-.. 760 ' 767 - -Peas--: i!.!! ^i!!;!;!";;;; 76? 792 , Pepper...- ;.;;...::....;;.:;..-; ;;.. 762- -780 Pepper, spice...;..;;:;... ..;;;;..,. 780 820,821 ,'.;,£0PPy--, .;..;....;.:.:.;:...:;.:;: i..\... 760 ' 766 Kadish:.. ;. ;;.....;;.;;;;;;;;;;;..;. ; ;;;;.. 762 780 : gape*^ ..;...;; ;:..;;.....;;;.;;;;.; ;;. 762 768 ■ ' Red clo-fer .;;... -..;..;;;..;..... ; 761 ' 770 Rutabaga ;....; ;; . ....;.;.;;.....; ..'..^ .'. i'^ i . ; 762' ' ''P 781 _ St, John's bread or bean * ;.;..;.;;.......;......; i'i'..^ 762 "'•^''•785 , I " SO^hunf:*: .;;.....;.;;;;;.;.;:..;.;.....;; ; ; . . . 762 ' ^''^ 784 '^" Spice..:.;. ■ 730 811 Spinach 762 "•^•p ; 781 \ ' Spring vetch...;;... ;;:.. ......;■;'.';'.':■.•'.;'.'.'.. '1'.:'.'.;.'. 761 *?'" 773 ■; ; Sugar bfiet ;.;...;..; .....:;:.:; ; ; ; .; 7'^.--'Jf'''. j 775 ■ ' Sugar cane * ; ; ; ; ; ..;;;..;;.;.;.;;.... ■ 762- ■'"!" ' 784 Sunflower 760 ■' 767 ,:. Jimothy.;: ;;:.;..;:; .....;;;;; ;.;;;.;;.... 761'' '''' ' 772 ''^Treb.. :.;,.'... ::::::;;..; .;..;....; .;;.;.;... 762 '781 ';;; Turnip:. .:....:.:-; ;;....;;;;.; ;.;;.;;.;.;;;. 762 -■■; 781 ' ;l' Vetch ;;:;;.........;;.;;;.;.;:;.;;..;:;.;.:.:;:;;; 761 ' ;1 773 ■/.White clover..;..:..-.-. ; ;.;::.;.;;.,...;;:;;.;.;...;... 761' ' '771 Segand Russian seg bagging.; ;..:....:.;.'.'.':;■. ..'.".Y:!';.;;'. .. 1517 1248 Seines, gill, of flax, hemp, or ramie ;;...;...;.;;-:;;.:.;. 1006 "^ ^ , 915 Selenium, and salts. ...:. ...;..;; ;... 1646 ; , 1426 Semiprecious stones: V ,, Cut,riotset ; .....;..... 1429 5151 Imitation .' ; 1429 1151 Manufactures of (not jewelry) ;.;...;; ;..;.. 233 349 Semivitrified tiles ;;....;...........,........; 202 257 Semolina..:. ; .;.: .....'. :.':':..... ... ,730 702 Senegal....:.. :.......;':'. :..;:v;. .:.... . , 1577 1319 Seterators, crpam * .:;.;...; ;......;. .'.... . S72, 1504 ; 504, 1223 Serums ...;..;;...:...:.;...;..;..;..-...-- 1511 1240 Sesame bean oil* ; : ;;..';.;.:;...' 1626 1396 Sesame oil ; :.: - 1626 1398 Siesamum seed oil * : . . ; ;.:::;.;...;; 1626 1396 Sesquicarbonate, sodium; .. ; ;...- ; ;.... 78 228 Sewing — Machine needles. ...;.-; ;;.-...;;.... ;:...; 343 450 , Machiaegand parts..:;......:.:... .■...'-------- -■-."-- -■•- 1541 1270 Needles, hand.. ;..;.;;;..:.;.:;.;:...::-:...: W18 1379 Silk..... ;.-..;..;.;.;;;;.;.•;.:;;:.;;.;;.-::.-..:--•::--- 1204 1015 Thread, cotton 902 848 Sifia(idocks*r:. ;....;;: :::.:.::::::.; ,.:, 743 730 Shaddocks, boxes or barrelscontainmg: ;..:..;.;;;;..:;...- 410 &7» Shades, bamboo, wood, etc 413 584 1594 INDEX. Paragraph of .Shafting: H.fi. 7456., Page. Muntz or yellow metal 378 517 Mill,steel* 304 378 Steel ........: 304 380 Shale coal . : 1545 1273 .Shapes: Forhat8,fur 1427 1143 Iron ....; 303 375 Steel ...,,..,,.,,,....... 304 378 Shavings: Cork ...;:. ..;..;... i556 1239 For paper stock 1641 1421 Steel... 334 439 .Shawlpins — :- 350 ,460 Shawls, wool: Knit* 1115; 987 Woven* :..... :■■■■■- 1116 '991 Shear blades used in machines '. 1 ..... . 356 471 Shears 357 473 Sheathing: Copper* 378 , 517 Felt : 1302 1048 Muntz or yellow metal ". 378 517 Paper................: ...; 1302 1049 Sheep ......::.... :.. 702 633 Dip :.. 1647 1427 Straying across boundary line 1507 1229 Skins, dressed and finished * 1600 1345 Wool. : : 1101, 1102, 944, 947, 1121 1004 iSheet glass; Colored, manufactured, ornamented 224 . ,325 Polished i 220 316 Unpolished 1... ^19 , 314 ^Sheets: , .-. Aluminum 374 ^510 .. Asbestos ::... 1401 1091 Brass..... : 378 . 519 Bronze ....: 378 \ 519 Copper, :.... ..:.: 378 .517 Coppier, with layers of other nietal..: 309 . 391 Cotton ....:.....:.... 911 ,878 Flax 1013 ,mi Gelatin* 39 120 Hydraulic cement and asbestos 1401 ■ 1091 Iron or steel. (See Iron or Steel.) Xead :.....:... , 389 538 Magnesium..: 375 ■ ;513 .Metal, decorated or coated ?^. 309 392 Metal, with layers of other metal. 309 392 Muntz or yellow metal... 378 537 Nickel...... 385 530 Nickel, with layers of other metal 309 391 tlatinum * '... 393 55i: Pyroxylin 29 86 Steel, n. B. p. f :..:: 304 378^ Willow .......:.. ; 1406 1099 Zinc 3n 545 Shellac 1597 1342 Shellac manufactures. ..". ........'. 1439 1186 Shellfish :..:.... 164d 1428 Shell: Buttons : ........: .......:.. 1410 iioe Manufactures, n. s. p. f 1 1438 1184 1184 1470 572 INDBX. 1595 Sfiollu- Paragraph of 7?"_ • , H. ft. to. Page. Cartridge, empty 1418 ii25 ^ocoa* Igl7 jg^g Notsawed, etc., unmanufactured !.'" 1630 1408 Engraved^ cut, etc 1438 Shingle bolts 1683 Slungles..... 408 Snip — ChronometerB 367 489 Hanking* 414 539 „, . ?^?^- — ;•• « 1683 1470 Shirt collars and cuffs: Artificial aUk 1210 1035 Cotton 918 895 Flax 1016 931 Silk 1210 1035 Shirts: Cotton, knit* 916 892 Silk and artificial aUk 1211 1036 Shoddy 1105 958 Shoe- Buckles 346 455 Buttons * 1411 1111 Knives 355 469 Laces, leather 1600 1361 Lacings, cotton 912 882 Machine needles 343 450 Machinery 1541 1270 Uppers, vamps, etc., leather - 1600 1347 Shoes: Horse, mule, or ox, iron or steel 333 438 Leather 1601 1361 Not leather 1405 1097 Shooks: Box, exported and returned , 1514 1242 Box, foreign 409 576 Fnut box, exported and returned 410 578 Shorts, wheat or other cereals 731 704 Shotgun barrels ..--, --- . 1648 1427 Shotguns and parts - 364, 365 484, 485 Shot, iron or steel 335 439 Shot, lead 389 538 Shoulders of pork 703 639 Shovels, metal 373 510 Shrimps ■ 1649 1428 Chemically treated, etc 1419 1127 For Department of Agriculture ---- 1633 1411 Nursery or greenhouse * 752, 753 749,751 Shuttles for marines 372 504 Sideims......; 363 483 Sienna earths * 70 199 Siennas -■ ™ ^H Siftings, tea j^ ,,„„ Signals, chemical - "1; ^^^^ Silica, crude and pigment ^^P ^'° Silicate, sodium ' ^ 23 Silicic acid *.........-• - :;;;;:;:::: 302 sai Sihcide, calcium - ^^'^*'^?' „, - ............ 302 ,361 Chromium ^. . . 302 360 Manganese ,;. ..■"■; 302 361 Metal ■■ 305 ggi Sniuin:::::::::;:;;::::::::;::::::::::::: 302 36i 15% INDEX.r Paragraph of Silk, artificial: H. R. 7456. Pagp. ; ArticW of , n. s. p. f 1215 1041 ArticleB, lever or go-through maGhine *.. 1 1430 1155 Belting^* 1215/ , 1042.. Braids*; . . 1430 1155 Collars, shirt. -. 1210' 1X335 -Cords*........... 1215 1042 Embroideries * 1430 1155^: - Fabrics of, n. B. p. f 1215 1041 Fibers* 1215 1041 Filaments: 1215 1041 Fringes* 1430 1155 ' Gallooiifl*. 1430 . 1155 '-'Knit goods .1215 ".: ■ 1042 ■ Laces* 1430 ,1155 Lame. -. ., 1215 ' ' 1041 Neck ruffling* 1430 115& ''Bibbon^j;:. 1215,1430 1042,1153 ■ RuchingB ....-..-:....... 1430 '';1155 Shirt comjs. 121D . . 1035 Shirts, for men and boys 1211 1036 • 'Tassels*: .:;..-. 1215 • : 1042 Threads 1215 1041 Trimmings*...... 1430 1155 - Waste 1215 1041 Yams... ..'- 1215 1041 Silk: - • _ - ... - ■■ -.■■ .; ; AppUqu^d articles *. 1430 n . 1155 >' Articled, lever or go-through ma,chine * /. , 1430-; . ; 1155 Ascertainment of weight or number 1214 1039 ; Ascertainment of width. Ls..i:... 1206 . '1026 Assessment of duty on yam.. 1202; , ;. 1008 Bands and ibandings *...... 1207 ■ 1030 Beaded goods * 1430 1155- -Belts aridbfeltings *. .,. . 1207 1030 'Bindings* :.. 1207 1030 Bolting cloths. .u . 1526, , 1256 ' Bone casings * {see also Tubings) 1207 ' 1030 '-'Braces 1207 1030 ' 'ia^ids*. ....;.... 1430 il55 ' ^Buttonforms. .1409 il04 • Carded*;. , 1201 1006 ■Chenilles , ,1206 1027 ' Chiffon articles* 1430. 1155 Clothing, knitl^ .. 1208 10^«. Clothing, not knit or crocheted 1212 1038- • Clothing, ready-made 1212 1038 ' Cocoons:. :..,;.: 1650 1429 ' Collars, shirt: , 1210 1035 ' Combed*.. 1201 1006 'Cords........... , 1207 '1030- |Cords and tassels , , 1207' > .., 1030 Cotton cloth containing , , 907 870 ' Crocheted goods , 1208 , 1032 Dressed.. I „., 1201, 1006 Edgings*. .;...... 1430 1155 Embroidered articles* 143.0 1155 Embroideries* ,..,..,.;,... 1430 : 1155 Fabrics, knit, in the piece - , . ,1208 1032 Fabrics, jiile '.. 1206 102,7 Fabrics with fast edges, not exceeding 12 inches in width. ,..-..,-- 1207 ■ 1029 Fabrics, Woven in the piece 1205, .1022 ' Floss ...„ ,.,. 1204 1015 Flouncings*. ,... 1430 1155 Fringes* , 1430 1155 INBBX. 15^7 Mlk— Lontinued. H. B.7456. , Page. Galloons* ,. 143O , , 1155 Garters. , , . . , 1207 1030 Gloves, knit , 1208 1032 Gonnfes* ,.., :... 1207 1030 Handkerchiefs ; . . . .1. .^r. . . . . : 1209 1033 Hatbands* ;...... 1207 1030 Hatters' plush .,;.... . , . . 1453 1208 . Hose and half-hose, knit ,.,., ; ji. j..,.. 1208 1032 Imitation. (See Artificial silk.) " , Insertings* , ., 143O 1155 Jacquai'd woven fabrics ; . l 1205 1022 Knit fabrics in the piece 1208 1032 Knit goods .« •,,. 1208; 1032 Laces* , ,.,,..,,,.. •. 1430 1155 Liningst sleeve, cotton* , , ,,,,--•..,....• 907 . 870 Manufactures of , n. s. p. f , , ..,,....,,,... 1213 1039 Mufflers, woven , , . , 1209 1033 Neck rufflings* _ 1430 1155 Nets and nettings*. ....;.... 1430 1155 Noils, exceeding 2 inches in length ,......>.. 1201 1007 Number, ascertainment of 1214 1039 Organzine 4 .„. . : . 1203 1013 Ornamental articles* ., 1430 1155 Ornaments* ...t .,; .. 1430 1155 Outerwear,, knit .■::.. 1. 1208 1032 Partially manufactured 1201 1006 Peignee* (combed* silk) 1201 1006 Pile fabrics 1206 1027 Plush, distinguished from velvet 1206 1027 Plush, htoers' 1453 1208 Plush ribbons 3206 1027 Plushes ■.•.■2'j 1206 1027 Raw 1651 1430 Readv-made clothing 1212 1038 RibbOTS, n. s. p. f i..... 1207 1029 Ribbons, ornamented * 1430 1155 Ribbons, plush 1206 1027 Ribbons, velvet ' 1206 1027 Roving 1202 1010 RucHngs *....-..■ 1430 1155 Rufflines* 1430 1155 Schappevarn 1202 1011 Sewing..: ...-:- 1204 1015 Shirt collars 1210 1035 Shirte, for men and boys 1211 1036 Singles, thrown 1203 1013 Skeina. 1651 1430 Sleeve linings, cotton* 907 870 Small wares* 1207 1030 Spangled goods* , 1430 1155 ^Sr^* - ;■;:::•::::::::::: 1202 ion su^end^::::;;:::::::::::::::.::: ..i 1207 1030 Tamboured articles * 1«0 11&& 1030 Taflsels 1207 Taaselsand cords ^^^' Threads, n.s. p. f 1204 1015 Th---- ;;:■::::::: \Z ms ^iSmings^:::::;.::::::;:::::::::;:::::::::: i^ 1155 Tubings.. ■••-■- \^ Twist....- , 1^04 Underwealr, kmt • - ^fi^ ■ „ Veils and veilings* ----- 1430 1155 Velvet, distinguished from plush l^O" ^"'^^ 1030 1015 1032 1598 nroBx, Paragrapli of Silk-Continued. H.fi.7456. Page. Velvetribbons 1206 1027 Velvets 1206 1027 Waste 1650 1429 Wearing apparel, Imit * 1208 1032 Wearing apparel, not knit or crocheted 1212 1038 Webs and webbings * , 1207 1030 Weight, ascertainment of 1214 1039 Width, ascertainment of 1206 1026 Woven fabrics — In the piece 1205 1022 Jacqnard woven 1205 1022 Yarn — Method of assessing duty 1202 1008 N. s. p. f 1204 1015 Schappe or spun 1202 1011 Thrown...... , 1203 1013 SUkworm eggs * 1564 1301 Silver: ■ Albata or Argentine*. 377 516 Articles or wares, n. s. p. f 393 551 BulUon : 1537 1264 Chemical compounds, mixtures, and salts 19 63 Coins 1550 1281 Fox skins and manufactures 1420 1132 German, unmanufactured - . - 377 516 Leaf 381 524 Manufactures 393 550 Medals 1611 1373 Nickel, unmanufactured 377 ' 516 Ores 1628 1404 Sweepings 1628 1406 Tinsel lame or lahn 382 525 Tinsel wire 382 525 Trophies 1611 1373 Similar (unenumerated) articles 1459 1216 Sirtip: Dextrose 504 604 Fruit, alcoholic 806 833 Maple 504 603 Mefada 501 591 Other : 501, 503 596, 599 Sisal grass. 1575 1312 Binding twine 1521. 1252 Cables; 1005 912 Cordage 1005 912 Size: Glue 39 121 Gold* 72 203 Skates 1402 1093 Skeletons 1652 1431 Skelp, iron or steel *. 308 390 Skelp iron or steel, sheared or rolled in grooves 307 388 Sketches, original 1685 1478 Skewers..... 412 583 Skins: Bird 1419 1130 : Chamdis 1431 1161 Dressed, etc.* 1600 1345 Fish 1. . 1570 1306 1 Fox, silver or black 1420 1132 Fur, carroted , 1421 1136 Fur, undressed ; 1573 1308 Goldbeaters' ' ...... 1574 1309 Morocco* 1600 , 1345 Raw 1653 1432 Undressed * 1573, 1653 1308, 1432 INDEX. 1599 Paragrapli of , H.R.ftse. Page. Skirt bindings', cotton pile* 90g 874 Skirtings, Kemstitched or tucked * .. .... 1430 1154 Slabs: Breccia marble, onyx 232 342 , , Cork, artificial 'J.':'.. 1412 - 1114 Iron---- 303 376 Slate 287 355 „, Steel.. 304 379 Black, coal I545 i273 Slag, basic 1576 1318 Slate: Books 1310 1082 Pencils 1449 1198 Slates and manufactures .......: 237 355 Sledges, blacksmiths' 326 423 Sleeve linings * 907 870 Slicing knives ; 355 469 Slides, for magic lanterns 226 328 Slipper buckles 346 454 Slippers * (see ako Boots and shoes) 1405 1097 Sliver: Cotton .- 901 846 Flax.n.s.p.f 1002 904 Hemp 1002 904- Jute.......... ; 1003 904 Ramie 1002 904 Vegetable fiber, n. s. p. f :.:■ 1002 904 Slubbing waste, wool 1105 957 Sludge machines and parts 1541 1269 Sr&alts, glass 231 338 Small wares: Artificial silk... 1215 1040 Ck)tton ; 912 882 Silk - 1207 1029 Vegetable fiber 1014 928 Wool 1114 985 Smelting: Lead-bearing ores .1 388 536 Zinc-bearing ores ■- . ... - - - - 890 , 543 Smelts, fresh or frozen* - 718 670 Smokers' articles 1452 1206 Snap fasteners 348 457 Snaps, saddlery or harness ■ - . - 345 454 Spelled hooks :■■■-- 344 453 Snuff and snufi flour 604 623 '°%a.tile 77 220 Oastoroil 51 159 77 220 220 220 220 178 283 Fancy toilet *.'.'.'.'. ■-••--■■ H ^^0 Medicinal or medicated *.- ■ - ■ '' ^^X / ■ N.s.p.f - --- ...----■- 77 Perfumed toilet*.... '' Powder, n. s. p. f : '' Toilet. // Tooth „/.„ Soapstone and manufactures Societies, (See Institutions.) , ; Soda or sodiuih: _ e 32 Alkalies containing * - ^^ :'!, Arsenate (arseniate*) - ■ - -• ■ • ^g 227 ,,*' Ash....,, -v. - ■■- ------ - - ■ ■ • -g 224 , _ Baking...................... ,„ 76 ' Benzoate.. :,■";■>••• r^ 224 . Bicarbonate. .;.- i^--",- LI ooq Bichromate*...-......... ......:..;.' I..'. •- 78 ^^d Bisulphite - 78 238 -1600 INDE-X- , Paragraph of Soda or sodium-4Contiiiued. H. ft. ?456. Page. Borate, crude ■■-■ 1533,; 1261 Borate, refined;. 78 226 Bromide 78 226 Carbonate, calcined.... -.----, 78 227 I Carbonate, crystal *.... 78 223 Caustic ..- - 78 ; ,; 232 Chlorate 78 s 229 Chloride 78 ' -. 230 Chroniate:.-- ,......■..■.......;..............,.,.. .78 281 . Crystal carbonate* ( sodium carbonate, hydrated) 78- 223 Crystals * .'.: 78 223 Cyanide. , 1654 ._ ;.,. , 1434 Bichromate (bichromate *) . ._ 78; , 231 Perrocyanide or yellow prussiate di soda. 78 , 232 Formate. , 78 231 ,/ Hydrated carbonate or sal soda 78 228 ; Hydrosulphite and compounds 79 i 240 Hydroxide or caustic soda 78 232 - Hyposulphite*.-.-....-..........--.-..--.. 78,; ,223 ,':;Meta-bi8ulphite.---....... ....... .;.'...-■ 78 .. 238 Monohydrated carbonate 78 , 228 Nitrate... 1654:. , 1435 , Nitrite..... . . .' .'. . .'.'.'.. . .'. .'-■.■- 78 234 Phosphate ..........;.;.......-- --'.. 78;,,, 235 Potassium tartrate - 9 43 Prussiate of, yellow -... 78;, 232 Sal or hydrated sodium carbonate 78 , . 228 Sesquicarbonate . . . . . - .78 228 Silicate - . - - 78 237 Sulphate, crude '. 1654 1436 Sulphate, crystallized 78 235 , , Sulphide (sulphid *) 78 236 Sulphite 78 ,,., 238 ,. Sulphoxylate compounds. 79 • 240 Superoarbonate.* (See oZso Sodium bicarbonate.). 78 224 Tartrate, potassium 9 ■ 43 Thiosulphate V 78 , , 239 Yellow prussiate of 78 , 232 Soda water 807 834 Sod oil. . ; . ., 49 141 Solder 389 538 Soles, leather. 1 1600 1346 Soluble greases, n. s. p. f ' , . . . . 51 I59 Solutions: , Formaldehyde or formalin ".. .' 38 118 Pyroxylin :. 28 ,85 Sorbite 505 607 Sorghum seed* . . . . '. . . .".' ...".'.'. 762 784 Sounds, fish: Crude,- dried, or salted, n. s. p. f 1524 1255 Prepared '. 39. 121 Soup , 773;,.,.. 803 Souvenirs .^ . , 1678 i 1464 Soya-bean oil ■. ..'.. 50 > 152 Soya beans* 763 ,, . „ r 786 Prepared or preserved 773 ,, 803 Spades, metal . V :....-l.i ^373 510 Spangled or beaded articles and fabrics ...'....'.' 1403, 1430 1094, 1153 Spangles 1^03 , 1094 Spanish brown* . . ." . . . . . .,.*,i^,j,. ..- 70 .' . , 199 Spanish cedar "..'..' ' '. . 404 ,, 561 Sparkling wines .' .". . . ...'.'. .'. . . . . . ..'.'.'. . . . . .'. ...'.. . 803 :; ,829 gp'awn, mushroom*...'. .■....'. ........ ... ....'.. . . . .V. ..'... 762 ,. 783 Specimens, natural history 1 1655 ; ,1437 Specimensforscientificpublic' collections.. ......... .....'.'..'. 1655 , 1437 Spectades^d frames. . ...... ...... . ; .....'. . . . .' 225. ; 328 INDEX. 1601 Paragraph of H. fi, 7456. Page. Spermaceti oiL 1624 1385 Sperm oil : 49 143 Spaces {see also Seeds) : :: Cinnamon : 780 816 Cloves ; 780 817 Curry and curry powder 780 815. Drugs, advanced* 31 90 Drugs, crude* 1562 1298 Ginger ........;.. 780 818 Mace 780 818, 819 N. a. p. f -. 780 824 Nutmegs 780 820 Pimento 780 822 Sage 780 823 Turmeric 780 , 823 Spiegeleisen ..:..... 301, 302 358, 360 Spike lavender oil : .:..::. 1625 1390 Spikes, iron or steel 331 433 Spinach seed : 762 781 Spindle banding, cotton : . 1 912 882 Spiral nut locks, iron or steel 330 431 Spirit varnishes ..'. 72 204 Spirits: Distilled 802 827 Compounds 802 827 Containers ..'.:.. : . . . : 809 836 Forfeiture - 811 837 Imitations 811 837 Leakage, breakage, etc 812 838 Permit for 813 839 Proof 810, 811 837 Regulations for 814 840 Lac* (see also Tin bichloride) - - 85 247 Nitrous ether* - - 35 101 Turpentine : : - - 1672 1457 Spirituous beverages. (See Spirits, distilled.) Splice bars, railway - 322 418 Splittings, mica. - 208 280 Sponge, platiaum... - 1634 1411 Sponges and manufactures, n. s. p. f : 1445 1193 Sponges, rubber* 1437 1179 Spool thread, cotton* - - 902 Sporting goods - - 1402 Sporting shotguns and rifles ------ '^^^ Sprigs, iron or steel*.. -- ,-■ 331 433 Spring-beard needles. t t - r - - - 343 Sprinkler tops... - ------ 387 Sprocket chains, iron or steel ^„, ^7.,. Sprouts, malt - -•-. 731 704 Spruce logs. , 402 558 Spunsilkyam - 1202 JOll For churches - 1688 Stained window glass for churches - - - ioB» Stains 849 1093 485 450 533 1656 1437 1438 Spunk Spurs used in the manufacture of earthenware 1657 Stained glass windows ^230 ^33b 1482 Alizarin - • -..-...■. 26 80 Coal-tar ^° 79 ^ K^i::::::: ■:::::::;;:::;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: i i^^ stamp albums .: --•■.•/.■-.■,■.-•■■■■■ ]lll ]^ll Stamp case4 metal ■ -.-:■■■ l^^** J-^*^ 82304—22 101 '' ' 1602 nsTDBX. Paragraph of H. S.T" .7456. Page. Stampings, metal 14^8 ' 1145 Stamps, foreign ; 1658 1438 Staple, long, cotton*.. 1557 1290 Staples, wire :: 331 434 Starch.: Burnt or British gum. .....-....: 81 242 Chemically treated. ..;..•..•..;......: 81 242 N.s. p. f .: :.; 80 241 Potato ....:.;.;.; 80 241 Soluble : :: 81 242 Substitutes for ..:....'. 81 242 Statuary: . - . Definition ::.■;.;„.;.... 1685 1478 For educational purposes 1660 1442 N.s. p.f 1447 1195 Original :. 1685 1478 Statues and statuettes: - - • Earthenware :..•.: . ............;:...... 212 289 Porcelain .-;..;..:.... ..........; .. ... 213 294 Stave bolts. .. : ....-...;..:.... .:.;;... '.:.!.. 406 570 Staves ..■.;...■....-.- ;'.'.'!..:.'.'.. 407 571 Returned, as boxes or barrels 1514 1242 Stays, iron or steel 328 425- Steam— Engines: 372 504 Locomotives .: ..•;.. . .....;..■. ; 372 504 Stearic acid .:...;.. •:.:.• ..;.::....■ ;..... 1 22 Stearin, oleo ...:.;......... ....;..;. 701 631 Steatite manufactures, not toilet preparations. 209 282 Steel or iron. (See Iron orsteel.) Steel: Alloys ;.■....... :........ 305 383 N. s. p.f., substitutes for tool Bteel......; ':... 304 378 Antifriction balls and rollers . ..:.....: ; ; . . . 321 416 Balls, antifriction. .::..;...;.•.....;;;.,;..... : . . .... 321 416 Band — ■ ■ j - ' , Forbaling .. .......:........: ;..;.. 314 401 Saws.....; ::.......... ..: 340 445 Barrels, American manufacture, returned 1514 1242 , Bars. . . , :.... ................. ...j... ... 304 379 Billets. ;. .-. 304 379 Blooms .■ 304 379 Boron * 305 383 Boxes, American manufacture, retinned 1514 1242 Carboys, American manufacture, returned. .... : ...'., 1514 1242 , Casks, American manufacture, returned 1 : .' 1514 1242 Castings 304 380 Chromium ;..[.... 305 383 Circular saw plate: ............... ...::.:.: 304 380 Cloth, woven-wire ....■:■" 318 412 Cobalt. . . : ....;. .............;: 305 382 ,: Crucible, electric,* etc ...:..;.:;....".. 304 379 , Definition '...:...: ....:'...; ..: 1 306 385 Die- Blanks. . ;.. . ; , 304 378 Blocks. ...... : 304 378 Dies* 393 551 Forms *. : :...... ..:..... 34l 447 ^ Galvanized 309 392 Wire .-....■.■..: ; 316, 317 406, 411 Gun-barrel molds. ; : 304 378 Hammer molds'. . . .;. . ;. : ;. ... . .... . . 304 380 ' Hoop for baling. . ....'." 314 4o\ Ingots ' ,304 379 Iridium * 305 383 anese 305 383 INDEX. 1603 Steel — Continued. „ ^ , Manufactures- ^^nT^Jse' Page.,. Prom tinplate, etc 31X 396 N.8. p. f. 393 gg-j^ Molds, gun-barrel and hammer 304 330 -' Molybdenum 305 333 ' Nickel ......: L....... 305 383 N. 8. p. f -. 304 378 Plate, crucible *. 304 379 • - (Plates — ■ ■ ; Circiilar saw 304 380 ^ Engraved .....I..... 341 447 ^ N.s.p.f 304 378 ■Points... 332 437 Rods, rolled wire ^. 315 403 Rollers, antifriction 321 416 Rolls * 393 551 ' Saws 340 445 Scissors and shears 357 473 Sierap. , - .- 301 358 Shafting. 304 880 Shapes },j.r< 304 380 Shavings 334 439 - ' Sheets, n. s. p. f . 304 378 Silicon 305 383 Slabs 304 379 Strings tor musical instruments 1441 1187 Strips. 316 405 Substitutes for. -..•.... 304 378 . Swaged :. 304 380 •'Tantalum* ...-....- 305 383 ' Titanium* -.'jV.:. '. 305 383 Tool 304,305 378,383 Travelers 316 '407 Tiouser buttons 349 458 - Tungsten 305 383 ■ Uranium* 305 383 • • ' Vanadium .' 305 383 Wolfram * 305 383 Wool ----- 334 439 Woven-wire cloth. -■ ---- 318 412 Steiels: Corset or dress 336 440 Table, butchra-s', carving, etc 355 469 Steel-tired wheels for railway purposes 324 421 Steins: Crockery ware 212 289 ■ Porcelain - - 213 294 Stems: Artificial and ornamental, n. s. p. £- 1419 1127 Clove... --- -■-'- 780 817 Drugs— , . 01 an Advanced ......-.-:-.- _di 9U Crude ---■ ,----:- 1562 1298 T0^^P^,^P- . . 604 623 TjMut::::::;:::::;;;;;;;:;-;--;;';----------- 1^71 1457 Stereotype-matrix mat or board. 1313 1088 Stereotype: 533 ^^^t .'■"...■ 1304 1054 fc:::::::;:;:::;:;:::::::::::::::::::: 341 447 Stibnite containing antimony * - - - • ■ - 1509 1233 ^^^^- „ ' ..... 773 802 . Lir'^-^^-----------------------------'---'-^ ^597 1342 1604 INDEX. Paragraph of Sticks: H.fi.7456. Cork, artificial 1412 1114 : Fishing rod, wood for , 1684 1476 ParasoI'J , .;. . i .. . 1455 1211 Wood for 1684 1476 Partridge, pimiento, bamboo,.liairwood, etc . 1684 1476 Rough; hewn, sawed, or bored , , 406 570 Sunshade 1455 1211 Wood for 1684 1476 Umbrella 1455 1211 Wood for 1684 1476 Walking cane, wood for 1684 1476 Whip, wood for 1684 1476 Still wines 804 830 Stilts used in earthenware manufacture 1657 1438 Stock: Filter 1303 1051 Glue 1580 1326 Nursery and greenhouse *. 752 744, 750 Paper. 1641 1421 Stockings. (See Hose and half hose.) Stocks: Fruit* 753 752 Rifle 365 484 Root 751 746 Rose*....: 752 749 Shotgun 365 484 Stock-treating parts, pulp and paper machinery 356 471 Stone: Monumental or building, 235 350 Not monumental or building. 1661 1443 N. 8. p.f:....- 1661 1443 Pumice and manufactures , 206 268 Stones: Curling * 235 350 Flint, unground 1571 1307 Imitation precious l 1429 1151 Lithographic — Engraved :. 341 447 Not engraved 1606 1367 Precious 1429 1148 Semiprecious — For jewelry 1429 1151 Manufactures, not jewelry : ,233 349 Synthetic cut .' 1429 1148 Stoneware. . '. 210, 212 , 285, 289 .Chemical 213 295 Stoppers: ; ■ Cork 1412 1114 'Glass, cut , 218 309 Storage: : Battery plates and material 320 415 : Batteries; electric 320 415 Storax * 10 45 Stout. .: 805 831 Stove: Plates, cast-iron , 327 423 WickLng 912 882 Stramonium 33 99 Strand, wire 316 405 Straw 778 809 Basketsof 413 ' 585 Blinds, porch and window 413 584- Braids for hats, etc 1406 1098 Curtains, shades, screens 413 584 Definition 1406 1098 1179 940 448 1174 INDEX. 1605 Straw-ContiBued. ^^Tf^"! Page. 4 .^ , 1001 900 Manufactures of , n. s. p. f I437 Matting, mats, rugs !"...".'.".]...".' 1020 Stretchers, umbrella and parasol 342 Strings, musical instrument: ^'t* 1434 .Metal 1441 ^gy Stripes, silk * 907 870 Stnps: Aluminum 374 510 ^rass.. 378 519 Copper* ■. 378 517 Wass, for gauges 226 328 Horn 1585 1339 Iron, n. s. p. f 313^ 315 399 492 Nickel 385 530 Paper I313 1087 Steel 313, 315, 316 j 399, 402^ „ ZiQC 391 545 Strontia * (istrontium oxide) 82 243 Strontian, protoxide * 82 243 Strontianite .> 1662 1446 Strontium (strontia *): Carbonate, precipitated 82 244 Mineral 1662 1446 Nitrate 82 244 Oxide 82 244 Sulphate, mineral 1662 1446 Structural shapes, iron or steel 312 397 Strychnine (strychnia *), and salts 83 244 Stucco, asbestos 1515 1245 Studs: Automobile tire 332 436 Dress, not metal 1411 1109 Iron or steel 332 436 Stummels, pipe bowls 1452 1206 Stylographie pens and parts 353 464 Styrax balsam 10 48 Subacetate, copper 1554 1287 Sublimate, corrosive 16 57 Substitutes: Alloy steel 304 380 Butter* 709 656 Cheese 710 656 Cocoa-butter* 776 808 Dextrine 81 242 Coffee 775 804 Cork* 1412 1114 Cream 708 654 Lard 703 641 Milk 708 654 Radioactive ^ 1640 1420 Steelalloy 304 380 Sugar 501 591 Adulterated 506 611 ai^^^".":::::;;::;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;:::::::: ^tl III Bone ciiar for decolorizing * 66 191 ' Boxshooks 409 576 Candy 506 610 rinnp 504 606 cane:^ed*:v.-.:::::::::::::::;;;::::; 762 m Colored... 506 bll 16D6 INDEX. ParaCTaph of Sugar— Continued. H.&.-74^.. Pagpj^ Contained in dried sugar cane...-. ....^,.^^ - 504 603 Drainings* -.......-...,. -■- 501,503 596,599 ■ Dutch standard *.-..-..... - 501 590 - Grape*.. 504 604 Imports by manufacturers.... 502 597 Machinery. .• 1504 1224 Maple...: 504 603 Milk of *.-..... 5 ; 31 Mixtures with. ... 501 596 Refined 501,506 591,611 Saccharides 505 608 ■ • Sweepi'ngs* , 501,503 596,599 Tank bottoms:. .-,.. 501 591 Tinctured -.- 506 611 Sugar-beet knives 355 469 Suitis: ' Oombination, cotton *..- 916 890 Union*....... - - 916 • 890 Sulfate, benzidine...'! 25 ., 73 Sulfid of zinc, wliite'* .' 74, 88 207, 250 Sulfonamide, -toluene.. • 25 73 Sulphanilickcid... .- 25 .73 Sulphate : ' Aluminum (alumina *) ^ 6 34 Ammonium (ammonia *) '■'- 1 ''"u 39 Aluminum .'. -- 6 . 35 Barium 64 188 Combinations or mixtures with zinc sulphides 74 207 Baryta * 64 186 Barytes, artificial * 64 186 Calcium, precipitated 71 203 ' Cobalt - 27 85 Copper.-.". ......-.- 1554 1288 Diethyl, esters : 35 102 Dimethyl, esters .......-.- 35 102 FerrousL'... 1568 1305 ■: Iron*..;. 15B8 1305 ■ Lime, artificial *. 71 202 Magnesium (magnesia*)..... ....... 47- ,134 Mineral strontium........ 1662 1446 Morphine (morphia *)......... j 55 173 Potassium (potash*).... i 1635 ■• 1414 Aluminum 6 35 Quinine (quinia *) 1639 1418 Sodium (soda*). .78 235 Crude 16-54 1436 Zinc 88 251 Sulphide (sulphid,* sulfid *): Antimony 8 41 Arsenic 1513 1241 Sodium. 78 nr.. 236 Zinc 88 252 White *..... 74, 88 207, 250 Combinations with barium sulphate 74 207 Sulphite, sodium... 78 238 Sulphoacids and salt *, .- - 25 73 Sulphonated: - .... Animal or vegetable oils 51 159 Caatoroil 51 159 Sulphoricinoleic acid * i.. :i.jj.-:..... 51 159 Sulphoxylafe, sodium, and compounds - 79 240 Sulphur and sulphur ore 1663 1447 Sulphuret of iron 1663 1447 Sulphuric — Acid and anhydride 1501 1220 Ether * '. 35 101 INDEJC. 1607 „ Paragraph of bumao; H. B.7456. Page. Extract* 36 113 Ground * 1458 1214 Unground ^ ] 563 1299 Sunflower seed 760 767 Sunn: Binding twine 1521 1252 Cables and cordage .. 1005 912 Fiber. 1575 1313 Sunshades: Not paper or lace and sticks for ; 1455 1211 Wood for sticks : ; : 1684 1476 Supercarbonate of soda * : ; ; 78 223 Supporters, magnesia clay 215 301 Surface-coated papers . . .' : .' ■. . . . 1305 1059 Surgical instruments and parts 359 477 Surveying iustruments. : : 228, 360 332, 478 Suspenders: , Cotton 912 882 Silk 1207 1029 Vegetable fiber 1014 927 "Wool : 1114 985 Sweaters, vegetable fiber *..:.:: 916 891 Sweepings: Gold and silver :.. 1628 1406 Sugar * - 501, 503 596, 599 Tea .:....'.■?...... 14 54 Sweetmeats ; ::-..: 7-^8 739 Swine ;.;..... .::: .;-..: 703 637 Swivels: , Cottoncloth :: 905 864 Harness or saddlery ...■....; ..: ..•.:.;. : 345 454 Swords and blades 363 483 Sycamore lumber * . ." -' - 1683 1469 Synthetic: Alizarin * - . : : - - : 26 80 Camphor :----- - ----■ 48 138 Chemicals :.........'.,..... 1 ..- 26 80 Cut stones ;...;.....: -- '.- 1429 1148 Indigo* ---- - 26 80 Odoriferous chemicals - or oo Phenolic resin 26 82 Manufactures of, n. s. p. f - 1439 1186 Precious stones * - - - - - 1429 1148 Resins _. ---- 26 82 Tanning materials ^" °^ Syrup. (See Sirup.) Table covers, cotton: Chenille* : - 920 899 Plain woven : -■-- "^1 '^^'^ Table damask and manufactures: Cnttnn ..;....:.:... 910 87b Vegetable fiber, not cotton. .:.-. 1'"^ l^^ Table knives and forks - |g^ |^^ Table slabs, slate - ggg ^^ Table utensils - • Tablets: ;^530 i259 Braille. .........---------- :-■ :■--■ 21 65 Chemicals, etc., m ; ' ' ■ ' ' Tack;le: . 344 453 Fishing. . . ■■■■■:■-■ ■ ■ " : 1508 1232 Immigrants.. ..............-.----■ ^^^ ^^^ Tacks, iron or steel - - g^g gQ7 d- - - ^^?ron or steel, coated with tin or lead - 310 395 Tin 1608 INDEX. Paragraph of H. ft. 7456. Page. Taguanuts. (See aZso Vegetable ivory) 1664 1450 Tailors' irons 327 423 Tailors' chalk 18 61 Talc and manufactures 209 283 Talcum.* (See Talc.) Tallow 701 630 Tallow, vegetable : 1675 1460 Talose, d- 505 607 Tamarinds .,.; 1665 1450 Tamboured articles .' . . : 1 . 1430 1157 Tampico fiber ■--■-■ - - - 1575 1310 Binding twine : . : ; 1521 1252 Cables* 1005 912 Cordage* 1005 912 Dressed, dyed, or combed 1458 1214 Tank bottoiDS 501 591 Tanks, iron or steel, cylindrical and tubular 328 426 Tanners' ki^ves 355 469 Tannery knives for machines 356 471 Tannic acid - 1 15 Tannin 1 15 Tanning: Barks 1563 1299 Extracts 36 105 Materials, synthetic coal-tar 26 82 Woods ;.. 1563 1299 Tantalum 302 373 Steel* 305 383 Tape needles 343 450 Tapers 1417 1123' Tapes: Cotton* 912 882 Flax 1014 928 Measuring 1014 928 Vegetable fiber 1014 928 Tapestries, cotton or other vegetable fiber 908 872 Tapestry carpets and rugs. : 1118 997 Tapioca and flour 1666 145 1 Tar: Crude and pitch of — Blast-furnace. 1546 1276 Coal 1546 1277 Oil-gas 1546 1276 Water-gas. , , ... . 1546 1276 Distillates — ' Blaat-fumace 25 73 Coal 25 73 Oil-gas 25 73 Water-gas 25 73 Spreading machines 1541 1269 Wood 1667 1452 Tartar: Cream of 9 43 Crude.. : 9 43 Emetic 8 41 Patent* 9 43 Refined 9 43 Tartaric acid 1 16 Tartrate: Calcium : . . . ; . 9 43 Potassium-antimony 8 42 Sodium potassium •....: 9 43 Artificial silk* 1215 1041 Cotton 912 882 INDEX. 1609 Tassela — Continued. H. fi. 7456. Page. Lame or lahn 382 525 Silk _. 1207 1030 Tinsel wire 382 525 Vegetable fiber 1014 927 „ Wool 1114 985 T^^ea 1668 1453 Containers 1668 1452 Impure 14 54 Plants 1668 1453 Siftings, sweepings, and waste 14 54 Teams, immigrants' 1508 1232 Teasels (teazels*) •. . . 781 825 Tees, iron or steel 312 897 Teeth, natural or unmanufactured 1669 1455 Telegraph poles 405 567 Telegraph wire 3 16 407 Telephone: Poles 404 567 Wire 316 407 Telescopes and frames 228 '331 Tendons 706 647 Tennis balls 1402 1093 Terneplate, manufactures 311 396 Temeplates 310 395 Terpineol 56 176 Terpin hydrate 24 70 Terra alba * .... 207 270 Terra cotta. works in ".'.!!'.!".'.!'.!!".!!!!!!!!!!!!.!!!.! 1687, 1689 1481, 1483 Terra japonica * 1510 1235 Terry- woven fabrics and manufactures 909 874 Test"boards 1313 1088 Tetrachloride: Carbon 17 59 Tin 85 248 Tetrachloroethane 17 60 TetrachlorophthaUc acid 25 73 Tetramethyldiaminobenzophenone : . 25 73 Tetramethyldiaminodiphenvlmethane 25 73 Textbooks'* : .--.-- 1310 1082 Textile braids, n. s. p. f 1430 1156 Textile grasses and fibers. 1575 1310 Theatrical grease paints 57 178 Theatrical properties - ■ - - - ■ - • - 1637 1416 Thermostatic containers 1454 1210 ThiocarbaniUde. - 25 73 Thiosalicylic acid 25 73 Thiosulphate, sodium - - 78 239 Thorite^.... 1616 1377 Thorium, nitrate, oxide and salts ?'4 245 Thorium ores J61G 1377 Thrashing machines l^O* 1^^^ Thread: ,^„„ ^^^„ jVrticles --• -• l^^*' ^^°^ Artificial horsehair and silk - 1215 1040,1043 ^^T""'^*^^ ■ :::::::::::-:;-::::-90M02 844S Fb^ hemp, or ramie ■--■ — -y,^^ 524.n53 ^^ifv - 1204 1015 Wa^e;w;)d-^'^-;;;;!i;;;"i"";;ii--------- 1105 958 Threshing machines - 1^04 1223 Thrown silk ■ 1203 WIS Thyme oil 1625 1395 Thymol '^^ "- 1610 INDEX. Paragraph of fjpg. H. E. 7456. Page.,. Baling 314 ' 401 Railroad 405 ' ~56& Tights, knit, vegetable fiber *,.... 916 890- Tiles and tiEng: Articles - 202 , ,, 257 Cement: ,.., 202 ' 257 Ceramic mosaic 202, . 258 Cork ■ 1412 1114 Corrugated 202, 257 CyKna.©r , glass ! 231 ' 341 Decorated 202 25,7 Earthenware ,202 257 Embossed 202 257 Enameled 202 257 Encaustic 202 257 Flint. 202 258 Friezes composed of .' . 202 257 Glaas 231 341 Glazed 202 ' 258 ' Gold decorated 202 257 Grooved '. 202 257 Hand painted 202 257 , Ornamented... ,.,.,.... 202 257 , Mantels composed of 202 258 Manufactures..... '..-.. 202 ' 257 Opalenamel 231 341 ■ Paving. 232 • 342 Pill.;... 212 289 Quarry 2Q2 258 Semivitrified 202 258 Spar 202 257 TJnglazed 202 258 Vitrified 202 258 Timber. Hewn, sided, or squared 401 557 Red cedar* 401 557 Round and unmanufactured. 1683 1470 Round for spars or wharves .' , 401 558 Ship ,..■..'..'.....;.. i:. .. 1683 1468 Time of taking effect of act Title I, sec. 1. ,7 Time-burning chemical signals , . . 1417 1123 Time detectors * , ". '. 368 495 Time-measuring mechanisms 368 493 Timothy seed '. '. 761 77^ Tin "... 386 532 Bar ' 386, 1670 532, 1455- Bichloride 85 248 Black oxide of 1670 1456 Block 386,1670 532,1455 Cassiterite '. . . .' 1670 1456 Compounds 85 248 Containers* 1668 1452^ Grain 386, 1670 532, 1456 Granulated 386, 1670 532, 1455 Mixtures 85 248 Ore " ; 1670 1456 Oxide, black ■..'.. 1670 1456 Pig 386,1670 532,1455 Plate, scrap '. 301 358 Plates -■-.-■-. 310 395 Plate, manufacturers of 311 396 Powdered ". 379 521 Production proclamation 1670 1455 Salts .'. .'. 85 248 Scrap 386 533. INDEX. 1611 m- ^ . Paragraph of lin — Continued. H. K. 7456. Page. Taggei-s 310 395 Tetrachloride 85 248 Tincture, opium 55 169 Tinsel wire articles . '. .'. 382, 1430 525, 1153 Tips: Horn . . , 1585 1330 Lava..., 215 301 Penholder 352 462 Tire fabric, cotton 905 864 Tires: Automobile and bicycle ." 1437 1181 Iron or steel , locomotive .' 324 420 Tissue paper 1 304 1054 Titanium 302 372 Compounds and mixtures 86 248 Potassium oxalate . 86 248 Steel*....'.....'... 305 383 Tobacco: Cigars, cigarettes, cheroots ' 605 623 Exported and returned .' 1514 1242 Filler .W 601, 602 614, 620 • Knives- 356 471 Leaf.... ■. ".:...:.... 601,602 612,620 Examination 602 620 Invoicing 602 620 X. s. p. f -■- .' 603 621 i < Pipes and pipe bowls ^ '.. 1452 1206 • Pouches------ -.-.. 1452 1206 Scrap .- 603 621 Smiff and snuft flower 604 622 Stems, cut 604 622 Stems not cut, ground, or pulverized 1671 1457 Turkish , ■- 601 612 Wrapper .-.-:-,. ,- 601,602 614,620 Toilet: Articles. - 1678 1464 Brushes.., .---- -- 1407 1102 - Pastes, powders, and preparations •- 57 178 Soap --- -■--- 11 220 Waters- :-,- - - 1 -,■ - - - °l "^° Tolidine (tolidin *) - f^ 73 Tolu balsam .V...... •• \^ 47 Toluene (toluol *) : ,- - " ^""^ ^^^^ Toluenesulfochloride - - 5^ '^ Toluene sulfonamide . - .' • - ^? 7^ |°Sne(toIuidin*)...:..-..-...-.----------^ 1546 1276 Toluylenediamine (toluylenediamin*) - - ■ 25 73 Tomatoes - • ■ ■ - ' 'q '^5 Tomato paste - ■--:-•• „„„ . „„ Tongs, blacksmiths', iron or steel ^^^ ^^^ Tonka (tonqua*, tonquin*) beans ^°'^ ^°'^ Tool steel .' Tools: 373 ^qq Drainage, and parts ^^^.j ^^^^ Immigrants' - 3^2 504 Machine, and parts ^2^ ^22 Track Tooth: ... 1407 1102 Brushes •" • j^t^q^^ 1223 Harrows .' -y ^^^g Soaps ; ; • ; ^'^g 583 Toothpicks - _ 11Q5 957 Top waste, wool 1612 INDEX. Paragraplj of Tops- H. E.'7456. Page. Sprinkler .- 387 534 Wool ; 1106 962 Tournay velvet carpets and rugs * 1118 997 Tow, flax and hemp : 1001 901, 903 Towels: Cotton 911 878 Linen , 1013 927 Toy or toys: Balloons 1414 1117 Books 1414 1117 Bullions 382 524 Ohinaware 213 295 Earthenware 212 289 Lame or lahn 382 524 Marbles 1414 1117 Metal threads 382 524 Not earthenware 1414 1117 N. s. p. f 1414 1117 Porcelain .:..::.. 213 295 Tinsel wire -- .- ■.■...:'=.: 382 524 Tracing cloth, cotton 906 867 Track tools, iron or steel 326 422 Tragacanth 1577 1321 Tragasol 1577 1321 Trails 322 419 Tram, silk 1203 1013 Tranks, glove 1433 1169 Transfer paper 1305 1061 Tree seed.,. 762 781 Trees: Chemically treated, etc., n. B. p. f 1419 1127 Deciduous' or evergreen, cuttings and seedlings 752 750 For Department of Agriculture 1633 1411 Fruit seedlings and cuttings 753 752 Tribromophenol 25 73 Trichloroethylene 17 60 Trimmings 1430 1156 Trinitrotoluene 26 77 Tripoli 1661 1443 Troches, medicinals, etc., in 21 65 Trolley poles 405 567 Trophies 1611 1373 Tropical fruit plants * 753 753 Trouser buckles 346 455 Trouser buttons, metal 349 458 TrufHes ; 766 791 Tubers 751 747 Tubes: Bronze 378 519 Charcoal iron 328 425 Collapsible 387 534 Copper 378 517 •Filter * 212' 290 Iron or steel 328 426 Plate metal 328 426 Umbrella -. 342 449 Tubing: Brass . . 373 519 Copper 378 517 Magnesium 375 513 Metal flexible 328 427 Tubings: Cotton 912 882 Silk 1207 1031 INDEX. 1613 Tubings — Continued. B..RyFim. Page. Vegetable fiber 1014 927 Wool 1114 985 1 ubular tanks and vessels , . , 328 426 Tuckings: ; 1430 1157 Tulip bulbs 751 745 Tuna, fresh, frozen, or packed in ice 1645 1425 Tung oU, Japanese or Chinese .-4 .;. .u . . . . ,i 1626 1400 Tungsten-bearing ores * 302 , 362 Tungsten: ' r Alloys. 302 368 Chromium 302 371 Compounds , 302 361 Concentrates 302 364 Ferrochromium 302 371 Metallic 302 364 Nickel 302 361 Ore 302 364 Powder 302 368 Steel 305 383 Tungstic acid 302 368 Tuning forks, hammers, and pins 1441 1187 Turkev-red oil 51 160 Turkish tobacco 601 614 Turmeric 780 823 Turnips 771 799 Turnip seed. - : r - - - - - 762 781 Turpentine, gum, and spirits 1672 1458 Turpentine, Venice* 1672 1457 Turtles 1673 1459 Tusks, ivory 1591 , 1339 Tweezers , - - 354 465 Twine: Binding 1521 1252 Flax 1004 908 Hemp ■■■ 1004 908 Jute..... - - --•-. 1003 905 Paper, for blading wool * ^ 1313 , 1087 Raiiie... 1004 908 Twist, jute .: -.: 1003 905 Twist, sUk - 1204 1015 Type metal ■■••■• - 389 538 ''^^^New ..:....: 384 529 Old *.' - 389 538 Printing, for the blind - 1530 1260 Typesetting machines 1541 J270 Typewriter paper.. "U/ 107. Typewriters and parts - ^?*^ '-^°^ Ultramarine blue -...--.- 65 190 Umber earths* 70 199 Umbers .- --- ■■ 70 199 Umbrella: „.„ . .„ Ribs and stretchers. : - •- . ^*^ ' *^^ Sticks 1^55 121] T^xihea ^^^ ^^ Wood for sticks" ....,.,. ,.1684 1476 Umbrellas, not paper or lace - J-*o^ ^^j-^ Underwea^, flannels for * ■-: - 1109, 973 Underwear, knit: . ____ g^g gg^ ^^*^<'^ ;;;;....... • 1208 1032 «biefib^-.;-:::;::;::;::....: :■:::;::::;::::::; i^l Z uneSra^da^ticies:::::;:::::;:::::::::: ^'''''^f^^'^-'ij^ Union suits, knit*.. 916 89» 1614 INDEX. Paragraph of H. E. 7456. Page. United States (see also Botanic Garden, Department of Agriculture, and Library of Congress) : Articles, growth or manufacture of - 1514 1242 Books, engravings, etc., for use of . ^ -. 1528 1258 Unmanufactured unenumerated articles 1458 1214 Upholstery: Cloths, Jacquard -woven, vegetable fiber 908 872 Goods, cotton* 908 872 Leather, enameled 1431 1163 Uppers for boots and shoes, leather 1600 1360 Uranium, oxide and salts of 1674 1460 Uranium, steel * 305 383 Urea , 24 71 Utensils: Aluminum ,.. 339 444 Containing electrical heating elements 339 443 Flatware ■. 339 443 Hollow ware : 389 444 Hospital ■. 339 444 Household : 339 444 . Kitcheii- 339 444 Laboratory 360 479 Philosophical... : 360 479 Scientific 360 479 Table :...::. = ..: 339 444 Vaccines. ...'.. :;.....:...; - 1511 1240 Vaccine virus* ■..-...•.. 1511 1240 Valerianic acid : ..;.;.;.;.-.. 1501 1221 Valerian oil* •...;:..;;...;;:;: ; 54 163 Valonia. ....:;..-..::....:.: : ......;. 1563 ' 1299 Valonia extract ..:.;::;;;.;:;;;;;.;;...;; 36 112 Vamps, leather 1600 1360 Vanadium: Chromium ;.;....;... 302 361 Nickel ;... 302 ■ 361 Steel .......;;...:.:; : 305 383 Vanilla beans : :...-. , 87 249 Vanillin :: .:.....::. 56 176 Vanity cases, metal ; 1428 '■ 1143^ Varnishes: . . . . . ' Gold size or Japan* ; . ; : : 72 204 N. s. p. f 72 204 Spirit :..-. 72 204 Alabaster .- . : 233 347 Breccia...: .: : 233 345 ^Earthenware - : 212 289 Jet 233 345 Marble .■ 233 345 Onyx..; 233 345 Platinum, for chemical use*... ; 360 479i Porcelain 213 : ' 294 Veal, fresh.;.: .-.•.. 701 ' -629 Vegetable: Articles — For dyeing or tanning. 1563 1300 Inalcohol ........... -...-.i:::: '22 67 Decoctions for dyeing or tanning ; : 36 105 Extracts for dyeing or tanning : ^ 36 105 Fiber. (See Fiber, vegetable.-) Ivory*. (Se^tjZso Tagua nuts)..- .-...■.■.. ...-. 1664 1450 Buttons .-. .-. .- 1410 1105 Mahufactures, n. s. p. f 1438 ■ 1183 Knives.. .;. 355 469 Oils, sulphonated. (See aZso Oils, vegetable)...;:..-. 51 160 INDEX. 1615 Vegetable— Continued. n\^^im. Page. Parchment paper 1305 1060 Preparations for dyeing or tanning 36 105 Substances — Crude 1617 1378 Fibrous, n. s. p. f 1575 1316 Tallow 1675 1460 Wax, crude 1676 1461 Vegetables: Drugs — Advanced 31 90 Crude 1562 1298 Natural ; 772 800 Preparations of i..,.. 773 801 Prepared or preser\'ed ; 773 802 ■ With meat or fish 773 803 Veils and veilings ■. 1430 1157 Vellum 1629 1407 Vehicles, immigrants' 1508 1232 Velvet or velvets: Carpets and rugs 1118 997 Cotton* 909 874 Distinguished from plushes. . . 1206 1026 Ribbons, cotton 909 878 Ribbons, silk 1206 1027 Silk 1206 1027 Tapestry carpets and rugs 1118 -. 997 WooF 1111 978 Velveteens, cotton* 909 874 Veneers of wood 404 565 Venetian: Carpets and rugs* 1118 998 Red* - - - 70 199 Venice turpentine* 1672 1457 Venison ..---. 704 643 Verdigris 1554 1288 Vermicelli 726 691 Vermilion reds: Containing quicksilver 73 206 Not containing quicksEver* : - ■ - 69 195 Vermuth 1:... 804 .829 Castiron 327 423 Iron or steel 328 426 Platinum, for chemical use* 360 479 Vests, knit, cotton* 916 892 Vetchseed 761^ , 773 Vials glass ^ *^^ ' Views landscape, United States 1310 1084 Vinesar .... 739 719 ^ fc 739 720 Vines, deciduous and evergreen 752 750 Violas and parts of--.- 1441 1187 Violin rosin 1446 1194 Violins and parts of ■■ 1441 1187 Violoncellos and parts J-!?| ^^°' ViniR vaccine* - l^H 1^40 V& .-"-"- 1511 1240 ^^^f.' .•-...-... 1554 1288 oiroi;;.';::::;.'.:::;::::: 1501 1217 Vulcanized: „ Oils and fats.. -- ^52 162 wn'^'^m'' ;;:;:;::::::;::::::::;::::::: Im ni WadB,gun ^3^ ^^g cork-V.'.'-V.'.'.v;::;!!.';.";;;!i -■■- 1412 ms 1616 INDEX. Paragraph of H, E. 7456. Page,, Wagonblocks , 406 570 Wagons: Agricultural 1504 1224 Immigrants' 1508 1232' Waistcoat Duckies, iron or steel 346 455 Walking canes 1455 1211 Wood for , 1684 1476 Wall pockets, paper, papier-mi,ch6, or paper board 1313 1089 Walnuts 758 762 ^ Bisque ., 213 295 Chemical porcelain , 213 294 Chemical stone.... 213 385 China ,......., 213 295 Cream-colored 212 290 Crockery 212 290 Earthen 212 290 Flat 339 443 Hollow 339 444 Parian 213 295 Porcelain 213 295 Stone 212 289 Wares (see aZ«o Articles): Magnesium, n. 8. p. f 375 . 513 Warps, cotton 901 844 Warp yam, cotton* 901 842 Wash: Blues 65 189 Cloths, cotton*. 909 874 Rags, cotton* 909 874 Washers: Cork 1412 1113 Iron or steel, wrought 330 431 Lock, of iron or steel 330 431 Waate: Cork 1556 1289 Cotton 1557 1290 Advanced 901 847 N.s.p.f : 1456 1212 ^ Paper-maldng 1517,1641 1248,1420 Silk 1650 1430 Tea..... 14 54 ' Wool 1105 957 Wa;tchcases 367 488 Watch: . Crystals. 238 356 •' Dials...". 367 492 Jewels ..:,.... 367 491 Movements 367 489 Parts... 367 489 Marking 367 488 Plates 367 ■ 488 ■^a,ter ' Artificial mineral 808 836 • Bay : 58 180 ■ Colors.. 1447,1685 1195,1478 ' Floral or flower 58 180 Fowls * 711 659 Imitation mineral 808 836 Mineral 808 836 Soda 807 ' 834 Toilet.. 57: : 178 Water-gas tar: Crude. . 1 J 1546 12Y6 Distillates 25. . 73 Pitch.....: 1546 1277 INDEX. 161T ,Paragraphof ■aro+<>, „ • , -■■' !H.E;745& Page. Water-measurmg mechanisms,... oco 400 mterproof cloth Zt til m,ttle— 906 869 > , Barlr ■ t E^ct:::::::::-; - ■ ^'H ^??| Wax: " -.-.... 36 US ^^'''™'^^ .....-..,...-.■..........: 1676 1461 VilT ■V-Vi:,"-"^-,- ----- 1676 1461 iiees, white bleached _. 1457 1213 Disks ^_ ....;;_";■;; ; ; ; ; 1577 i463 Manufactuies of, n. s. p. f 1436 117& Matches: 2^42^7 ■j^-]^24. Mineral, crude ^.\^^\V.'."V^^"].i.^'.^^l][. 1676 1461 , £^P®'- : - -■- ...-:. . . - 1305 • 1059 Tapers^ 1417 1123 ■ Vegetable, crude ..-I :^ 1676 1461 Wearmg apparel: Appliqu6d 1430 1157 Beaded I43O 1153 Cotton...: 916,918 891,895 Dogskin ; : ...:.. 1420 1133 Embroidered 1430 1157 Fur .'..'.'.'.'.".' 1420 1133 Goatskin 1420 1133 Hidesorskins 1420 1133 tace ...- 1430 ' 115S Ornamented , 1430 1156 Passenger's j.. 1678 1464 Scalloped- 1430 1157 Silk—-- ... 'i. ■ r.._ ■ Knit* ■ ...:.... 1208 1032- Notknit 1212 1038 Spangled lj 1430 , 1153 Tamboured .,. 1430 1157 Theatrical, not for sale '. 1637 1416; Vegetable fiber, notcotton 916,1016 891,931 . Wool 1115,1116 988,992 ^ '"* 82304-22 102 ' ' ', '.'. , 11518 nin>EX, Paragraph of Wheat {see also Cereal breakfast food)— Continued. H- »• ''^e. Page. Flour 730 701 Impurities 732 706 Products, n. s. p. f 730 703 iScalpinge 732 705 Screenings '. 732 706 _Scouring8 732 706 Semolina 730 702 Shorts 731 704 Wheels: Axles fitted in 323 420 Emery 1415 1119 Hubs for. : 406 570 Railway, iron and steel. 324 421 Steel-tired, railway 324 421 Whetstones 1583 1329 Whip gut, and manufactures, , 1434 1175 White: Arsenic 1 17 Lead 69 197 Paris 18 61 Phosphorus matches, importation prohibited -. 1417~ 1123 Pigment — Containing lead *.. 69 195 Containing zinc * .„. 74 207 ■' Satin 71 203 .; Sulphide bf zinc * 74,88 207,252 Whiting......: 18 61 Whitewood, lumber * 1683 1469 Wick, asbestos 1401 1091 Wicking — lamp, stove, candle, cotton ; 912 882 Width of silk, ascertainment '.. 1206 1026 Wild: . . Animailsand birds for exhibition 1508 1232 Birds, feathers, heads, etc , . 1419 1130 Mace ' 780 818.819 Willow '.:.... 411 . 580 Ajticlesof, n. 8. p. f 411 579 Baskets.. 411 580 Braids, etc., for hats 1406 1099 For baskets 411 580 Furniture * 411 580 Manufactures of * - .i;'. .i . j . 411 582. Wilton carpets and rugs 1118 997 Wind matches 1417 1123 Window: Blinds, bamboo, etc .413 , 584 Curtains — Lace, not Nottingham 1430 1153 Nottingham lace 919 , 897 . Glass* 219,224 313,325; Stained or painted for institutions 1688 1482J Hollands, cotton 906 868| Windows: ... Stained or painted 230 , 336 For institutions 1688 1482J Wine: Breakage, etc 812 838 Champagne 803 829 Coloring* 26,36 78,105 ■• Ginger. 804 829 ' Imitations of 811 . 837 Lees..; 9 43: Permit for 813 839 Proof 810,811 837 Prune 806 833 Rice (sake ) 804 829 INDEX. 1619 TV,. Paragraph ot Wines: H. E.7456. Page. Sparkling 803 829 Still. ■ 804 '830 Wings, wild birds' 1419 ]130 Wintergreen oil .'. 26 77 Wire: Articles *.... V ...■......"...;. 393 551 Baling 317 411 Barbed 1680 1466 Brads, iron or steel 331 436 Cables 316 407 Cloth 318 412 Coated, iron, steel, or otter metal 316 405 Covered with cotton, etc 316 407 Fabric 318 412 Fence, barbed * 1680 1466 Fencing, galvanized 317 411 Plat ,,... 316 405 Fringes; tinsel .' 382 525 Galvanized, n. s. p. f 317 411 Gauze 318 412 Healds or heddles 316 407 In glass 221,222 319,321 r Iron or steel.. 316 406 Lead.... 389 538 :-'• ■Magnesium 375 513 r Manufactures of * 316-318 406, 412 Music. .. . .-.-:- 1441 1187 Nails ...'. 331 433 Platinum * 393 551 ■ Rods -. - 315 403 - Rope -' 316 407 Round 316 406 , Screen; V..... 318 412 Spikes .'. . . .'. "- 331 433 Staples - 331 434 Strand 316 405 Tacks .- 331 433 Telegraph, telephone. . .• -•-.-- .-.-■- 316 407 . Tinsels " Articles. .- 382, 1430 525,1153 GoH, silver or other metal 382 525 Witherite 1681 1467 Wolfram metal * _..■-.: r ■ .r :;-., 302 361 Wolfram steel * , - - ■-■•- 305 383 Wood: ; ■■ . . '■ . Alcohol ■ ......--■ 4 29 .-'(Ashes ■-■ - ■ 1635 ;: 1415 Barrels- Empty .- 409 574 FUled with fruit 410 578 Baskets , -. -.- ■ - -. 413 585 Blinds, porch and window 413 584 Blocks — ..no en P„- 406 570 Gun"""" -■- --• 1683 1468 ' Heading"".:...... - 406 570 l^ast •- 406 570 N s'p'f* .....^L.-.^.. 406 570 ;' wTeon'""-" 406 570 . •; Boards. . - -■ -.. ----- --.--•-■- ■ - - ■ ■- -■ ■ - 404. 1683 563, 1468 " ; -^""Sndle - .-..-- 1683 1468 #Ldin^.: -- ----- 406 570 1620 INDEX. Wood — Oontinued. Paragraph of ' Bolts— Continued. H.K.f456. Page,- Shingle -.■-... 1683 ' 1468 Stave 406 ' 570 Box.... 404 562 Boxes^ Covered or lined ISOf^ 1064 Filled with fruit.. 410' 578 Packing.empty.. ...-.• ■.■.•.. 40t' ' ' 576 Paper....- 1313 1088 Brier (briar *■) root. .-..-.........'.'■•'.. 403 . 560 Broom Ijandles * . ; . . .... . . . . . . . . .... .-. .- ■.-..... . .-. . .■ 414 ' ' 589 Cabinet * . . . ■ : ■.-.■.-..... .^.......y..... .: ... 404 561 Cabinet'furniturev v.....;-.-..'.;l'.".i.'.-'.-l';;..''..l'.. .. '414 587 ' Casks, empty .•.-..■.•.-....-..■.-.-.-.-.■.:".':..?.'.';■.'■.'.' 409 ' 574 Cedar,red.* • 401 557 Ceda;r ......:•' 402 558 Cedar, Spanish. ■. ...:•.■.'■:.. 404 " 661 Cork, unmanufactured 1556 1289 Charcoal .' 1682 1468 Clapboarids ....'.' 1683 ' 1469 Curtains'. 413' 584 Deals. '. .: 404, 1683 563, 1470 Ebony.,..-.'... . 404 561 ■ Extracti/idyeing or tanning*.. 36' 105 Fence posts* ..-.;.....-. 406 ' 570 ■ Fire. ....1683 1468 Flour * .-.-. ...-.■- . ... . . . .-. f: . . - 414 589 Furniturfe .-. 4-11,414 580, 587 Fustic '.-. 1563 1299 ' Granadilla ■......-..•...-...■...■.-.......• 404 562 Hogsheads, empty ...:. ...-....-.-. -.-..... -409 •574 Hooppoles* ..414 589 Hop poles*... 414' 589 Hoops .-.-.■- •....-....• 407'-' -T' 571 Hubsforwheels 406 '' 570 . • I-vy or laurel root - ...-..■...-... 403 ' ' 560 Japanese maple .-..--.-. .-....- 404 561 Japanese white oak 404'' 561 • Kindling*..-... -.. ' 414^ 589 Lance-wood 404' ' ' • 562 Laths ..:........ 1683 1470 Lignum--vit8e. . .... ; 'Jt'M..: •■ 404 ' 561 Logs, cabinet*-.. . ■. 404 563 ' Logs of cedar; lignum--vit8e, lancewood, etc ..-.. . 404' ■ 564. Logs of ife, spruce, cedar,-or -nrestern hemlock 402 558 Logs, n. B. p. f 1683 1470 ' Logwoad •.-...... 1563 ' 1299 Lumber .-.....-. 1683 ' 1470 Mahogany 404 561 Manufactures, n. s. p. f -.•.-.-.•...•..-. 414 589 Palings •........■...•.-.■.-...... ......'. 407' 571 Pa-ving posts. ........ .•.....-..-.. -. - 405 -' 567 Pencils.'; ...'...^... 1449 1198 Pickets 407' ' 571 - ■ Pitch of .-.■..-. -. .-. . . . ... .... .-. .- 1667 ' 1452 Planks . 404, 1683 563, 1468 Poles: -'^ Hop and hoop*-. . ........ ,, 414 589 Telephone,- trolley, electric -light,- and telegraph...-.-...-..' 405 567 Posts... .\....-...-.......'......-.-.....-.-......-......... 406 570 Posts, fefice *..-.. . . ... . .-..■....■.-..■.. 406 570 Posts, paving.'. . . ....-.-..-.......-..-. 40E^' ' ' 567 Pulp 1610 ■ 1370 Quebracho 1563 1299 Railroad-ties..-.. . . .- - 405 568 Rattan and manufactures of 411 580 INDEX. 1621 Wood— Continued. K/SrFix. Page.' Rosewood _... 404 " 563 Satinwood 404 563 oawdust * : "'_'__ 414 539 Screens !.!;.!".!!!'.!!!!!". 413 584 Screws..., 333 442 Shades, 413 534 - Shingles. ... 408 572 Ship planking* 414 589 Ship timber 1683 1468 Shooks. .; . 409, 410 576, 577 Skewers, butchers' and packers' 412 683 Staves 407 571 Sticks for fishing rods, parasols, etc 1684 1476 Sticks, rough-hewn, sawed or bored 406 570 : Tar.... 1667 1452 : limber, hewn, sided, or squared 401 557 Timber, round, for spars or wharves... 401 558 Timber, round, unmanufactured 1683 1470 Timber, ship 1683 1468 Toothpiclis .412 583 Unmanufactured, n. s. p. f 404 566 Veneers ' ..' 404 565 Willow and manufactures of... 411 580 Rough, n. s. p. f 1684 1476 Woodcuts: Definition 1685 1478 :, Unbound....... 1685 1478 Woods: : Dyeing or tanning* 1563 1299 - Pulp* : 402, 1683 560, 1469 Taiming or dyeing * 1563 1299 Wool and wools: Adrianople sMn or butcher's * 1102 947 Advanced .:--- 110,6 964 Alpaca 1102,1121 950,1004 ,,, Angora goat hair..... 1102,1121 948,1004 Beaded or spangled* 1'430 1155 Knit or crocheted.... IHB 990 ; Of carpets or rugs 1119 1001 Art squares, ingrain 1118 998 , Bagdad* 1102 947 Bandings* - - .........,../... 1114 985 Basket paragraph of wool schedule 1120 1002 Beaded articles * . . .■ - - - - - - - --•"•■- - - ■ . 1430 1155 Bedsides*........... 1118 998 Belts and beltings* 1114 985 Bindings* 1114 985 Blankete. .v. . . . 1112; 1120 980.1002 ;, Bookings* ..- ----- ■ 1118 III Brapps 1114 985 Bmitini *.".".V.V.'. : : : - - IIO8, 1109 969, 972 B^tonf* --.- 1411 1108 Sr* ::::.:::: , • 1430, nss Camel'siiaii- --- - ■-------• 1101,1121/945,1004 ^^ameisnair _ g^g , iJarpet -• Carpets and rugs (see csteo Carpets and rugs)— _ , .„ « Handmade, machine-made knotted pile fabrics, chenille Ax- , T, NsTf*'" ■ ■■:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1118 , 997 " CastelBrWco* ■ ■■•-•'j}nf 111 :' China,lamb's* ■•■■;■ 1102 947 ClasseSl,!!* IIO? 952 Classes II, III * ----- HOI ^^^ 1622 INDEX. aph oJ 456.' Wool and wooIb — Continued. Parai Clothing— H- Not knit or crocheted -.•..•.-.. . 1116 ' Ready-matie *. . .• -.....■. 1116 Cloths * 1108^, 1109 ; Coat linings *. . . . . . .• .-. - 1108, 1109 ■ Combed * - - - 1106 ■ Combing *....... 1102 Cordova 1101 : Cords. . i .-.•.•. . . . .-. . .'.•.. .-. ; 1114 Cords and tasgels.-. . . ..-.-......■ .-. • . . .... . .- 1114 Cotswold *..'.. . . . . ... . . .-. •. . . . ... . ... . . .-. . . . 1102 • , Covers* :: .:l:^:iJ::'.. .';... 1119 Crocheted, articles.. ■...•.... . , 1115 Crossbred.... ^^....:..v.-.;.;....;.::^. -,:'.. ;.:^';:'....':;:.:l}', 1102 Deflnitibn.. - . .-. - -v.-. ;'.':;.'..:::....:. I?. : i: ll2l -: Donskoi. .' :.-. . ..... ... . . .... . . . . . . . . . . ... ... . . . . ..-.•..•. . . UOl Dress goods * ±': ^ 1108, 1109 "':'' ^Druggete.,. . . .-. . .-. .V .•..:..,:;..;.. ..■. li .l'; . . . ills ;!;, Edging^*.-- : :-v - ':: .'. . .'.':.-•: ;■. i'- . - - 1430 "^ , Embroidered articles * • 1430 ' ■ Embroideries*....... 1430 ■ . Englisji J. .-..'..:. :. 110^ , Extract;......... IIOS Fabrics^, - , i. :r.^ , .,< Past edges ...-.-.... ...... . 1114 Knit 1115 Pile., :....-.. :j:... 1111 Woven. . . . ...-;...-. . ;...........;. ......... ......... 1108-1110 Felts, not, woven 1113 Flannels* ....■ ......•.■.•.-.-..;.;.•.....•..;.-.•.;..... 1108,1109 ,. Flocks ..•.•. ..■.■.-..■....■. .-. : 1105 Floorcoverings. .-...-.■.-..-.:.■.•.•..■... .•.-..•.:.....• 1117,1118 . Flouncings * , 1430 Fringes*. ;. ...;.■... . . . . . .■.•;.... ..;.... .". i .:..;...... . 1430 GaUoopg *..^„. . .... . . .-. ........ ... . . .... ..... . .-. .-. . . .... .• 143CI , Garters. ..,.>. ." 1114 Gimps *. J. . . ... . 1430 Gloves,/ knit 1115 Goat hair *.......... 1102, 1121 Gorings *- 1114 • Grease..-,! .^ 49 Hassocks: •. .-. .i .'f J . . . 1119 ' Head nets *. :::'. :.. 1430 Hose ^nd half hose, knit.... ......,._j... 1115 Insertings *. ; '... '. -'....'...... 1430 Italian cloths * 1108, 1109 ,■ Knit— • ■ ■ Fabrics •.-... ... . .-.'•. 1115 Goods.. .^.,.,..' -■ '. . . . . . . . . . . .' . . ; 1115 Laces * ..'..'. .". 1430 Leicester *...'. .V.' '. . .". ; 1102 Lincolnshire*. ;..... . . . . 1102 Linings *-; - ' .". ...'.. 1108, 1109 ManufactiiU'es: Beaded or spangled * .■....";.■;... 1430- N. s. p.'f . . . . . . .V.-. .-. ... ... ..... ..■.-... :::.. il2Q Mats ■.-. , . . . . ., 1118 Merino * .,..,. ,^ , . * . ., 5^,.,,,.|. .*....,, ...■,,...:.... 1102 Mestiza*.^ ...;... ....Ij:. ... l.'..l.....!.. .'.......;. 1102 Metz or metis*.... ".....".■."....'..'. '. ...' ':'. 1102 Mittens, knit. .■. .' .'.... ...... 1115 Mixed.,,,. 1103 Mohair . . ' .'.'... ". ". . : 1102 Mimgo .'.... 1105 Narrow wares ..'.'. ;. 1114 Page. 991 991 969. 972 96i9, 972 961 • 947 945 985 985 949 1001 990 '^ 948 1004 ■ 945 969, 972 ' 998 '1155 1155 ' 1155 948 958 985 987 978 969-977 983 969. 973 '■' 958 993, 997 1155 1155 1155 985 1155 989 948, 1004 985 146 1001 ■ 1155 988 1155 968, 972 987 9^^-991 1155 947 947 969, 972 1155 1002 998 948 947 947 989 956 950 958 985 INDEX. 1623 '456. Page. Wool and wools— Continued. ^H°^f "■?[ Nets, head* 1430 1155 ' Nettings^* 1430 1155 N-.s. p. f 1102 947 ^0113-'^-. - 1105 957 Ontheskin noi, 1102 946,950 Uriental carpets and rugs III7 993 Ornaments*....... ...'..'.'.'..'.'.'.'." 1430 1155 Outerwear, knit or crocheted. _ III5 990 Partially manufactured wool 1106 961 Pile fabrics and manufactures 1]11 973 ■ Plushes* v.. :........... ...J. 1111 978 5*gs 1105 958 Regulations. , 1104 957 '■ Bibbona *;: . . . . .r 1114 985 Roping * ; • 1106 963 Roving. 1106 963 ' Rugs (see also Carpets and rugs) : . ^ Handmade, machine-made, knotted-pile fabrics, chenille Axminsters. .' 1117 993 N. s. p. f 1118 997 Russian camel's hair * 1101 946 Samples': Of manufactures...- 1122 1005 Standard* -......- .... .......... 1104 956 Scoured ................ ........... 1102 952 ' Screens of carpets or rugs -< 1119 1001 ' Shawls: Knit* 1115 987 Woven* 1116 991 Sheep....... 1101, 1102, 112l{ 947^1^4 Shoddy. 1105 ' 958 Skirted * 1102 948 Small wares... .-. J . . . . 1114 985 Smyrna, native... .- 1101 945 South American, native ........ 1101 945 Spangled articles *.-. 1430 1155 Standard samples * 1104 956 Steel - . : 334 439 Suspenders 1114 985 Stockings. (See Hose and Half-hose.) Tassels and cords. 1114 985 Tops 1106 962 Trimmings* 1430 1155 Tubings. ...-...., 1114 985 Underwear, knit - 1115 990 ' Unwashed* ----- 1102 948 : Valparaiso - HOI 945 Velvets * 1111 978 Washed - 110.2 947 Wastes and waste material .•..-..-.•.-... 1105 957 Wearing apparel — Kmt or crocheted 1115 988-991 Not knit or crocheted ■ ...- 1116 991 Webbines* 1114 985 Wovenfabrics. ---- 1108-1110 969-977 Yam......... • 1107 965 Works of art: A labaster - 1"°" 147S Antiquities.". .".■.■.■.■. ■.:;. . . . . - - - :. 1687, 1689 1481, 1483 Bronze: -..-■-• 1685,1689 1478,1483 For exhibition by institutions, etc.. ,^. ........ 1687 1481 For institutions, etc 1689 1483 For temporary exhibition 1686 1480 Ivory 1685 1478 1624 INDEX'. Paragraph of Works of art— Continued. , , :h.,K.7456. Page., Marble 1685, 1689 1478, 1484 More than 100 years old - 1689 , 1483 More than 20 years old* 1685 1478 N.s.p.f 1447 .:1195 Not for sale. 1687 1481 Onginal :,.'..,^..w, 1685 1478 Parian 1685, 1689 1478, 1483 Plaster <..'., 1685 .1478 Porcelain 1687, 1689 1481, 1483 Pottery. .,>... ■. ,- 1687,1689 1481, 1483 Productions of American artists-. 1688 ,1482 Professional 1685 1478 Stone 1685 1478 Terra cotta .-. 1685, 1687, 1689J^^''^' ^^ Wax ./.. '..".". 1685 , 1478 Wood ,. 1685 1478 Worm gut and manufacttires of. ; . .iLi-.:.i!.:i>i.;! ..../.. ...■ 1434 1175 Woven: .' . , _ Articlesi, vegetable fiber, not cotton. 1019 938 Fabrics.' (See Fabrics,, woven.) Mufflers, silk 1209 1033 Woven- wire cloth j., 318 412 Wrapper tobacco 601, 602 . 614, 620 Definition of 602 , 620 Wrappino; paper., , , .,:. 1305, 1309 1064, 1076 Wreatlis, flowers, leaves, etc 1419 1180 Writinj paper: 1307 1071 Xylene (xylol;*) , ,, 1546 - 1276 Xvlidine (xy lidin *) 25 73 Xylol*.. .:f... .-.-; 1546 1276 Xylose. ...;.; , , , .... .............. .. ..... . . 505 607 Yarn: .:i, , Artificial horsehair * 1215 1043 Artificial silk ,12i5„, , 1040 i ' Asbestos., ,,., 1401 / 1092 -.. Coir...;.. , ': 1551f : ,1282 Cotton..... '. .'■ . 901 843 Flax..;. ...■ 1004 908 ' Hemp,.:.j 1004 908 Jute 1003 905 Ramiei. 1004 908 Silk— ■ ■ Artificial 1215 , 1040 N.s.p.f 1204, i 1014 Scha,ppe or spun 1202 ■ , 1011 Waste, wool 110-5^ ' 958 Wool. .'. . . i ] 107 957 Yellow — ■ ; ' I Chrome. 1 67 192 ■ Metal sheets, etc..,..., i.^i. 378. - ,/.■ 517 Prussiate — .' , Potash :...,, 75 213 Soda:. , .,. . 78 232 Ylang ylang oil 1625 : -1395 Yolk, egg . ..,. 713 , , 662 Zaffer '.i ., ■. 1690 . 1484 Zante currants * 742, , 726 Zinc: Articles, not plated , .--.., 393 ,,, , 550 Bearing ores . .^ .• 390 543 Import regulations 390 542 Block.....' 391 545 Calamine * 390 542 Chloride.. 88 251 INDEX. 1625 Paragraph of Zinc — Continued. H. R.7456. Page. Coils 391 545 Dust 391 547 Duties, two-year provision 391 545 Manufactures, n. s. p. 1 393 550 Old 391 548 Ore 390 543 Oxide 74 207 Pigment containing* 74 207 Hgs -391 545 Sheets 391 545 Strips 391 545 Sulphate 88 251 Sulphide (sulfid*^ 88 252 Sulphide, comhinations with barium sulphate 74 207 White, sulphideol* 74,88 207,250 Worn-out 391 548 Zirconi\im 302 361 Nickel 302 374 Silicon 302 374 Zoological collections, animals and birds for 1508 1232 o M J^T^. •^^* V.l\£ v^ ^ 1»' "♦-CJ »^^fi