SI i BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF flenrg m. Sage 1891 /\.zoc¥oi ^/f//m 5901 7 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 1924 081 208 526 ,IN liBRARY. -- CIRcijLAIlOM DATE DUE s J^T^%^, rr' - tT'86'M / ,2 iC 1 MlM.«%>b ao Urn m»4as^m . 1 l\ *«^«1 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924081208526 ANCIENT RECORDS UNDBB THB OGNEBAL EDITORSHIP OF WILLIAM BAIMET HABPEB Witat »ttUa ANCIENT EECOEDS OP ASSYRIA AND BABYLONIA EDITBD BY BOBEBT FBANCIS HABPBB &«nm& Btrita ANCIENT RECORDS OP EGYPT EDITED BT J4MES HENBY BBEASTEO tJHiixh »tt\ta ANCIENT RECORDS OF PALESTINE, PHCENICIA AND SYRIA EDITED BY WILLIAM BAINEY HABFEB ANCIENT RECORDS OF EGYPT ANCIENT RECORDS OF EGYPT HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS FROM THE EAELIEST TIMES TO THE PERSIAN CONQUEST, COLLECTED EDITED AND TRANSLATED WITH COMMENTARY BY JAMES HENRY BREASTED, Ph.D. PEOPESSOB OP EO^PTOLOBY AND OBIENTAL HISTOET IN THE UNIYEBSITT OP OHIOAQO VOLUME ll THE EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY CHICAGO THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 1906 LONDON: LUZAC & CO. LEIPZIG: OTTO HAEHA8S0WITZ \Hy/;"^ COPYEIOHT 1906, By Thb Dntvebsiti op Chicaqo Published March 1906 BB Composed and Printed By The Univeraity of Chicago Preie Chicago, Illinois, U. S. A. TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME I a The Documentary Sources of Egyptian History . 1-37 Chronology 38-57 Chronological Table 58-75 The Palermo Stone: The First to the Fifth Dynasties 76-167 I. Predynastic Kings 90 II. First Dynasty 91-116 III. Second Dynasty 11 7-144 IV. Third Dynasty 145-148 V. Fourth Dynasty 149-152 VI. Fifth Dynasty 153-167 The Third Dynasty 168-175 Reign of Snefru 168-175 Sinai Inscriptions 168-169 Biography of Methen 170-175 The Fourth Dynasty 176-212 Reign of Khufu 176-187 Sinai Inscriptions 176 Inventory Stela 177-180 Examples of Dedication Inscriptions by Sons . . 181-187 Reign of Khafre 188-209 Stela of Mertity6tes 188-189 Will of Prince Nekure, Son of King Khafre . . . 190-199 Testamentary Enactment of an Unknown OflScial, Establishing the Endowment of His Tomb by the Pyramid of Khafre 200-209 Reign of Menkure 210-212 Debhen's Inscription, Recounting King Mepkure's Erec- tion of a Tomb for Him 210-212 The Fifth Dynasty 213-281 Reign of Userkaf 213-23S V vi TABLE OF CONTENTS §§ Testamentary Enactment of Nekonekh .... 213-215 I. The Priesthood of Hathor 216-219 II. The Mortuary Priesthood of Khenuka . . 220-222 III. Nekonekh's Will 223-225 IV. Nekonekh's Mortuary Priesthood . . 226-227 V. Nekonekh's Mortuary Statue 228-230 Testamentary Enactment of Senuonekh, Regulating His Mortuary Priesthood 231-235 Reign of Sahure 236-241 Sinai Inscriptions . . 236 Tomb Stela of Nenekhsekhmet 237-240 Tomb Inscription of Persen 241 Reign of Neferirkere 242-249 Tomb Inscriptions of the Vizier, Chief Judge, and Chief Architect Weshptah 242-249 Reign of Nuserre 250-262 Sinai Inscription 250 Tomb Inscriptions of Hotephiryakhet .... 251-253 Inscription of Ptahshepses 254-262 Reign of Menkuhor 263 Sinai Inscription 263 Reign of Dedkere-Isesi 264-281 Sinai Inscriptions 264-267 Tomb Inscriptions of Senezemib, Chief Judge, Vizier, and Chief Architect 268-277 Mortuary Inscription of Nezemib . . . . 278-279 Tomb Inscription of the Nomarch Henku . . . 280-281 The Sixth Dynasty . . 282-390 Reign of Teti .... 282-294 Inscriptions of Sabu, Also Called Ibebi .... 282-286 Inscription of Sabu, Also Called Thety .... 287-288 Inscription of an Unknown Builder 289-290 Inscription of Uni 291-294 I. Career under Teti (1. i) 292-294 II. Career under Pepi I (11. 2-32) .... 306-315 III. Career under Mernere (11. 32-50) .... 319-324 Reign of Pepi I 295-315 Hammamat Inscriptions 295-301 TABLE OF CONTENTS vii I. The King's Inscriptions 296 II. The Expedition's Inscription . . 297-298 III. Chief Architect's Inscription 299 IV. Inscription of the Treasurer of the God Ikhi . 300-301 Sinai Inscription ... 302-303 Inscription in the Hatnub Quarry 304-305 Inscription of Uni: II Career under Pepi I . . . 306-315 Reign of Memere 316-336 Inscriptions at the First Cataract 316-318 I. Northern Inscription 317 II. Southern Inscription 318 Inscription of Uni: III Career under Memere . 319-324 Inscriptions of Harkhuf 325-336 Inscriptions of Harkhuf (continued) 3SO-3S4 Reign of Pepi II 337-38S Conveyance of Land by Idu, Called Also Seneni . . 337-338 Sinai Inscription 339^343 Stela of the Two Queens, Enekhnes-Merire . . . 344-349 Inscriptions of Harkhuf (continued from § 336) . . 350-354 Letter of Pepi II 3SO-3S4 I. Dates and Introduction 351 II. Acknowledgment of Harkhuf 's Letter . . 351 III. Harkhuf's Rewards 352 IV. King's Instructions 3S3~3S4 Inscriptions of Pepi-Nakht • 3SS-360 Inscriptions of Khui 361 Inscriptions of Sebni 362-374 Inscriptions of Ibi 375-379 Inscription of Zau 380-385 Reign of Ity 386-387 Hammamat Inscription 386-387 Reign of Imhotep 388-390 The Ninth and Tenth Dynasties 39i-4i4 Inscriptions of Siut 39i-4i4 I. Inscription of Tefibi 393-397 II. Inscription of Kheti I 398-404 III. Inscription of Kheti II 405-414 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS §§ The Eleventh Dynasty 415-459 The Nomarch, Intef 419-420 Mortuary Stela 419-420 Reign of Horus-Wahenekh-Intef I 421-423 Royal Tomb Stela 421-423 Reign of Horus-Nakhtneb-Tepnefer-Intef II . 423A-423G Stela of Thethi 423A-423G Reign of Nibhotep-Mentuhotep I . . ... 423H Temple Fragments from Gebelen 423H Reigns of Intef III and Nibkhrure-Mentuhotep II 424-426 Relief near Assuan 424-426 Reign of Senekhkere-Mentuhotep III 427-433 Hammamat Inscription of Henu 427-433 Reign of Nibtowere-Mentuhotep lY 434-459 Hammamat Inscriptions 434-459 I. The First Wonder 435-438 II. The Official Tablet 439-443 III. The Commander's Tablet 444-448 IV. The Second Wonder 449-451 V. Completion of the Work 452-456 Stela of Eti 4S7""459 The Twelfth Dynasty 460-750 Chronology of Twelfth Dynasty 460-462 Reign of Amenemhet I 463-497 Inscription of Khnumhotep I 463-465 Hammamat Inscription of Intef 466-468 Inscription of Nessumontu 469-471 Inscription of Korusko 472-473 The Teaching of Amenemhet 474-483 Dedication Inscription 484-485 The Tale of Sinuhe 486-497 Reign of Sesostris I 498-593 The Building Inscription of the Temple of Heliopolis . 498-506 Inscription of Meri S07-509 Wadi Haifa Inscription of Mentuhotep .... 510-514 Inscription of Amenemhet (Ameni) 515-523 Stela of Ikudidi 524-528 Inscription of Intefyoker 529 TABLE OF CONTENTS ix §§ Inscriptions of Mentuhotep S30-S34 The Contracts of Hepzefi 535-538 I. First Contract 539-543 II. Second Contract 544-548 III. Third Contract S49-S S3 IV. Fourth Contract 554-558 V. Fifth Contract S59-567 VI. Sixth Contract 568-571 VII. Seventh Contract 572-575 VIII. Eighth Contract 576-581 IX. Ninth Contract 582-588 X. Tenth Contract 589-593 Reign of Amenemhet II 594-613 Inscription of Simontu 594-598 Inscription of Sihathor 599-605 Sinai Inscription 606 Stela of Khentemsemeti 607-613 Reign of Sesostris II 614-639 Inscription of Hapu 614-618 Inscription of Khnumhotep II 619-639 Reign of Sesostris III 640-748 The Conquest of Nubia 640-672 I. The Canal Inscriptions 642-649 I. First Inscription 643-645 II. Second Inscription 646-648 II. The Elephantine Inscription 649-650 III. The First Semneh Stela 651-652 IV. The Second Semneh Stela 653-660 V. Inscription of Ikhemofret 661-670 VI. Inscription of Sisatet 671-673 See also 676 ff. and 687 Hammamat Inscription 674-675 Stela of Sebek-Khu, caUed Zaa 676-687 Inscriptions of Thuthotep 688-706 Hammamat Inscriptions . ' 707-712 Inscriptions of Sinai •• • 7i3"738 I. Wadi Maghara 713-723 I. Inscriptions of Khenemsu 714-716 X TABLE OF CONTENTS §: II. Inscription of Harnakht 717-718 III. Inscription of Sebekdidi 719-720 IV. Inscription of Ameni . . . . 721-723 II. Sarbat el-Khadem 724-738 I. Inscription of Sebek-hir-hab .... 725-727 II. Inscription of Ptahwer 728-729 III. Inscription of Amenemhet 73°~73^ IV. Inscription of Harurre 733-73^ Turra Inscription . . 739-742 Inscription of Sehetepibre . 743-748 Reign of Amenemhet IV 749-750 Kummeh Inscription 749 Sinai Inscriptions . 750 From the Thirteenth Dynasty to the Hyksos . . 751-787 Reign of Sekhemre-Khutowe 751-752 Records of Nile-Levels 751-7 52 Reign of Neferhotep 753-772 Great Abydos Stela 753-7^5 Boundary Stela . . ' 766-772 Reign of Nubkheprure-Intef 773-780 Coptos Decree 773-780 Reign of Khenzer 781-787 Inscriptions of Ameniseneb 781-787 VOLUME II The Eighteenth Dynasty Reign of Ahmose I . .... Biography of Ahmose, Son of Ebana I. Career under Ahmose I (11. 1-24) . II. Career under Amenhotep I (11. 24-29) III. Career under Thutmose I (11. 29-39) Biography of Ahmose-Pen-Nekhbet . I. Alunose's Campaigns [Continued § 40] II. Ahmose's Rewards .... III. Ahmose's Summary .... 1-1043 1-37 1-3 4-16 38-39 78-82 17-25 18-20 21-24 25 TABLE OF CONTENTS XI Quarry Inscription ... Kamak Stela Building Inscription Reign of Amenhotep I . . . Biography of Ahmose, Son of Ebana II. Career under Amenhotep I (11. 24-29) Biography of Ahmose-Pen-Nekhbe| . Career under Amenhotep I Biography of Ineni I. Career under Amenhotep I II. Career under Thutmose I III. Career under Thutmose II IV. Career under Thutmose III and Hatshepsut Stela of Harmini .... Stela of Keres .... Reign of Thutmose I . . Coronation Decree Biographical Inscription of Thure Tombos Stela Inscriptions at the First Cataract I. Sehel Inscription II. Sehel Inscription III. Assuan Inscription . Inscription of Ahmose, Son of Ebana III. Career under Thutmose I (11. Biography of Ahmose-Pen-Nekhbet Career under Thutmose I Karnak Obelisks .... Abydos Stela . ... Biography of Ineni II. Career under Thutmose I (11, Stela of Yuf Reign of Thutmose II . . . Biography of Ineni III. Career under Thutmose II Assuan Inscription Biography of Ahmose-Pen-Nekbet IV. Career under Thutmose II 29-39) 4-14) 26-28 29-32 33-37 38-53 38-39 38-53 40-42 40-42 43-46 44-46 99-108 115-118 340-343 47-48 49-52 54-114 54-60 61-66 67-73 74-77 75 76 77 78-82 78-82 83-85 83-85 86-89 90-98 99-108 99-108 109-114 115-127 115-118 115-118 119-122 123-124 123-124 xii TABLE OF CONTENTS s§ Campaign in Syria 125 The Ebony Shrine of Der el-Bahri 126-127 Reign of Thutmose III and Hatshepsut .... 128-390 Introduction 128-130 Inscription of the Coronation; Buildings and Offerings 131-166 Semneh Temple Inscriptions 167 I. Renewal of Sesostris Ill's List of Offerings . 168-172 II. Dedication to Dedun and Sesostris III . 173-176 Biography of Nebwawi 177 I. The Statue Inscription 178-183 II. Abydos Stela 184-186 The Birth of Queen Hatshepsut 187-191 I. The Council of the Gods 192 II. Interviews Between Amon and Thoth . . 193-194 III. Amon with Queen Ahmose ... . 195-198 IV. Interview Between Amon and Khnum . . 199-201 V. Khnum Fashions the Child 202-203 VI. Interview Between Thoth and Queen Ahmose 204 VII. Queen Ahmose is Led to Confinement . . 205 VIII. The Birth 206-207 IX. Presentation of the Child to Amon . . . 208 X. Council of Amon and Hathor .... 209 XI. The Nursing of the Child 210 XII. Second Interview of Amon and Thoth . . 211 XIII. The Final Scene 212 Statue of Enebni 213 Vase Inscription 214 The Coronation of Queen Hatshepsut . . . . 215 I. The Purification ' . 216 II. Amon presents the Child to All the Gods . . 217-220 III. The Northern Journey . .... 221-225 IV. Coronation by Atum 226-227 V. Reception of the Crowns and the Names . . 228-230 VI. Proclamation as King before Amon ... 231 VII. Coronation before the Court 232-239 VIII. Second Purification 240-241 IX. Concluding Ceremonies 242 Southern Pylon Inscription at Karnak .... 243-245 TABLE OF CONTENTS xiii H The Punt Reliefs ... ... 246-295 I. Departure of the Fleet 252-253 II. Reception in Punt . 254-258 III. The Traffic 259-262 IV. Loading the Vessels 263-265 V. The Return Voyage 266 VI. Presentation of the Tribute to the Queen by the Chiefs of Punt, Irem and Nemyew 267-269 VII. The Queen Offers the Gifts to Amon . 270-272 VIII. Weighing and Measuring the Gifts to Amon 273-282 IX. Formal Announcement of the Success of the Expedition before Amon 283-288 X. Formal Announcement of the Success of the Expedition to the Court . .... 289-295 Inscription of the Speos Artemidos 296-303 The Karnak Obelisks 304-307 I. Shaft Inscriptions; Middle Columns . . . 308-311 II. Shaft Inscriptions; Side Coliunns .... 312-313 III. Base Inscription 314-321 Reliefs of Transportation of Obelisks . . . . 322 I. Transport 323-329 II. Reception in Thebes 330-335 III. Dedication of the Obelisks 336 Rock Inscription in Wadi Maghara 337 Building Inscription of Western Thebes .... 338-339 Biography of Ineni 340-343 IV. Career imder Thutmose III and Hatshepsut . 340-343 Biography of Ahmose-Pen-Nekhbet 344 Conclusion of Summary . ... 344 Inscriptions of Senmut ... .... 345-368 I. Inscriptions on the Karnak Statue . . 349-358 II. Assuan Inscription . .... 359-362 III. Inscriptions on the Berlin Statue .... 363-368 Inscription of Thutiy 369-378 Inscriptions of Puemre 379 I. Statue of Inscription 380-381 II. Tomb Inscriptions 382-387 Inscriptions of Hapuseneb 388-390 xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS §§ Reign of Thutmose III 391-779 The Annals 391-405 The Annals: Conspectus of Campaigns .... 406 I. Introduction 407 II. First Campaign (Year 23) 408-443 Wadi Haifa Inscription 411-437 Fragment on the Siege of Megiddo .... 438-443 III. Second Campaign (Year 24) 444-449 IV. Third Campaign (Year 25) 450-452 V. Fourth Campaign 453 VI. Fifth Campaign (Year 29) 454-462 VII. Sixth Campaign (Year 30) 463-467 VIII. Seventh Campaign (Year 31) 468-475 IX. Eighth Campaign (Year 33) 476-487 X. Ninth Campaign (Year 34) 488-495 XI. Tenth Campaign (Year 35) 496-503 XII. Eleventh Campaign (Year 36) ... . 504 XIII. Twelfth Campaign (Year 37) .... 505 XIV. Thirteenth Campaign (Year 38) . . . . 506-515 XV. Fourteenth Campaign (Year 39) . . . . 516-519 XVI. Fifteenth Campaign 520-523 XVII. Sixteenth Campaign 524-527 XVin. Seventeenth Campaign 5*8-539 XIX. Conclusion 540 Feasts and Offerings from the Conquests . . . 541-573 Biography of Amenemhab 574-592 Fragments of Karnak Pylon VII S93-598 Great Karnak Building Inscription 599-608 Building Inscription of the Karnak Ptah-Temple . . 609-622 Obelisks 527 I. Karnak Obelisks 624-625 II. Lateran Obelisks 626-628 III. Constantinople Obelisk 629-631 IV. London ObeUsk 632-633 V. New York Obelisk 634-636 Medinet Habu Building Inscriptions .... 637-641 Heliopolis Building Inscriptions 642-643 Nubian Wars 644-654 TABLE OF CONTENTS xv §s I. Canal Inscription 649-650 II. Inscriptions of Nehi, Viceroy of Kush . . 651-652 III. Offerings from the South Countries . . 653-654 Hymn of Victory ... .... 655-662 Tomb of Rekhmire 663-759 I. Appointment of Rekhmire as Vizier . . . 665-670 II. Duties of the Vizier 671-711 III. The Sitting of the Vizier 712-713 IV. Reception of Petitions 714-715 V. Inspection of Taxes of Upper Egjrpt 716 A. Above Thebes 717-728 B. Below Thebes 729-745 VI. Reception of Dues to the Amon-Temple . 746-751 VII. Inspection of Daily Offerings and of Monuments 752 VIII. Inspection of Craftsmen 753-755 IX. Inspection of Sculptors and Builders . . 75^-759 X. Reception of Foreign Tribute .... 760-761 XI. Accession of Amenhotep II 762 Stela of Intef the Herald 763-771 Tomb of Menkheperreseneb 772-776 Stela of Nibamon 777-779 Reign of Amenhotep II 780 Asiatic Campaign 780-798 I. Kamak Stela ... .... 781-790 II. Amida and Elephantine Stelae .... 791-798 III. Kamak Chapel 798A Turra Inscription 799-800 Tomb of Amenken 801-802 Kamak Building Inscription 803-806 Biography of Amenemhab 807-809 Reign x)f Thutmose IV 810-840 Sphinx Stela 810-815 Asiatic Campaign 816-822 Konosso Inscription 823-829 Lateran Obelisk 830-838 Stela of Pe'aoke 839-840 Reign of Amenhotep III 841-931 Birth and Coronation 841 xvi TABLE OF CONTENTS a Nubian War . 842-855 I. Stela at First Cataract . . . . . 843-844 II. Stela of Konosso 845 III. Bubastis Inscription 846-850 IV. Semneh Inscription 851-855 Tablet of Victory ... 856-859 The Commemorative Scarabs 860-869 I. Marriage with Tiy 861-862 II. Wild Cattle Hunt 863-864 III. Ten Years Lion-Hunting .... 865 IV. Marriage with Kargipa 866-867 V. Construction of a Pleasure Lake .... 868-869 Jubilee Celebrations 870-874 Quarry and Mine Inscriptions 875-877 Building Inscription 878-892 I. Introduction (11. 1-2) 882 II. Temple of the (Memnon) Colossi (11. 2-10) . 883-885 III. Luxor Temple and Connected Buildings 886-887 IV. Sacred Barge of Amon (11. 16-20) .... 888 V. Third Pylon of Karnak (11. 20-23) 889 VI. Temple of Soleb (11. 23-26) 890 VII. Hymn of Amon to the King (11. 26-31) 891-892 Building Inscriptions of the Soleb Temple . 893-898 Great Inscription of the Third Karnak Pylon . . . 899-903 Dedication Stela .... . . 904-910 I. Speech of the King (11. 1-13) 905-908 II. Speech of Amon (11. 14-20) 909 III. Speech of the Divine Ennead (11. 20-24) . . 910 Inscriptions of Amenhotep, Son of Hapi . . . 911-927 I. Statue Inscription 913-920 II. Mortuary Temple Edict 921-927 Statue of Nebnefer 928-931 Reign of Ikhnaton 932-1018 Quarry Inscription at Silsileh 932-935 Tomb of the Vizier Ramose 936-948 The Tell El-Amarna Landmarks 949-972 Assuan Tablet of the Architect Bek 973-97^ The Tell El-Amarna Tombs 977-1018 TABLE OF CONTENTS xvii §§ Tomb of Merire II 981 Tomb of Merire I 982-988 Tomb of Eye 989-996 Tomb of Mai 997-1003 Tomb of Ahmose 1 004-1 008 Tomb of Tutu 1009-1013 Tomb of Huy 1014-1018 Reign of Tutenkhamon 1019-1041 Tomb of Huy 1019-1041 I. Investiture of the Viceroy of Kush . 1020-1026 II. Tribute of the North 1027-1033 III. Tribute of the South 1 034-1 041 Reign of Eye 1042-1043 LIST or FIGURES PAGE Plan of Punt Reliefs 105 VOLUME III H The Nineteenth Dynasty 1-651 Reign of Harmhab 1-73 Tomb of Harmhab 1-21 I. Leyden Fragments 2-9 I. Stela with Adoration Scene .... 2-5 II. Reward of Gold 6-9 II. Vienna Fragment 10-12 III. Alexandria Fragments 13 IV. British Museum Fragments 14-19 I. Doorposts . 14-17 II. Stela with Three Hymns 18-19 V. Cairo Fragments 20-21 Coronation Inscription . . 22-32 Graffiti in the Theban Necropolis 32A-32C The Wars of Harmhab 33-44 I. In the North 34-36 II. In the South 37-44 Edict of Harmhab 4S-67 xviii TABLE OF CONTENTS §§ I. Introduction (11. i-io) 49 II. Introduction: The King's Zeal for the Relief of the People (11. 10-14) . . ... 50 III. Enactment Against Robbing the Poor of Dues for the Royal Breweries and Kitchens (11. 14-17) 51 IV. Enactment Against Robbing the Poor of Wood Due the Pharaoh (11. 17-18) 52 V. Enactment Against Exacting Dues from a Poor Man Thus Robbed (11. 18-20) .... 53 VI. Against Robbing the Poor of Dues for the Harem or the Gods by the Soldiers (11. 20-24) • 54 VII. Enactmefits Against Unlawful Appropriation of Slave Service (11. 22-24) SS VIII. Enactment Against Stealing of Hides by the Soldiers (11. 25-28) 56-57 IX. Against Connivance of Dishonest Inspectors with Thievish Tax-Collectors, for a Share of the Booty (11- 28-32) 58 X. Enactment Against Stealing Vegetables Under Pretense of Collecting Taxes (11. 32-35) . 59 XI. Enactments too Fragmentary for Analysis (11. 35- 39) and Right Side (11. i, 2) 60-62 XII. Narrative of the King's Reforms, Containing Also an Enactment Against Corrupt Judges (11-3-7) 63-65 XIII. Narrative of the King's Monthly Audiences and Largesses (11. 7-10) 66 XIV. Laudation of the King, and Conclusion (Left Side) 67 Tomb of Neferhotep 68-73 Reign of Ramses I 74-79 Wadi Haifa Stela 74-79 Reign of Seti I 80-250 Kamak Rehefs 80-156 Scene i. March through Southern Palestine . . 83-84 Scene 2. Battle with the Shasu 85-86 Scene 3. Capture of Pekanan. .... 87-88 Scene 4. Capture of Yenoam 89-90 TABLE OF CONTENTS xix n Scene 5. Submission of the Chiefs of Lebanon . . 91-94 Scenes 6 and 7. Binding and Carrying Away Prisoners 95-97 Scene 8. Reception in Egypt 98-103 Scene 9. Presentation of Shasu Prisoners and Precious Vessels to Amon 104-108 Scene 10. Presentation of Syrian Prisoners arid Precious Vessels to Amon 109-112 Scene 11. Slaying Prisoners Before Amon . . . 11 3-1 19 Scene 12. First Battle with the Libyans . . . 120-122 Scene 13. Second Battle with the Libyans . . . 123-132 Scene 14. Return from Libyan War .... 133-134 Scene 15. Presentation of Libyan Prisoners and Spoil to Amon 13S-139 Scene 16. Capture of Kadesh 1 40-1 41 Scene 17. Battle with the Hittites 142-144 Scene 18. Carrying oflf Hittite Prisoners . . 145-148 Scene 19. Presentation of Hittite Spoil and Prisoners to Amon 149-152 Scene 20. Slaying Prisoners before Amon . . . 153-156 Wadi Haifa Stela . 157-161 Inscriptions of Redesiyeh . 162-198 I. First Inscription 169-174 II. Second Inscription 175-194 III. Third Inscription 195-198 Building Inscriptions 199-250 I. First Cataract Inscription 201-204 1. Assuan Inscription 201-202 2. Elephantine Stela 203-204 II. Silsileh Quarry Stela 205-208 m. Gebelen Quarry Inscription 209-210 IV. Mortuary Temple at Thebes (Kuma) . . . 21 1-2 21 V. Temple of Karnak 222-224 VI. Mortuary Temple at Abydos 225-243 VII. Temple Model of Heliopolis 244-246 VIII. Miscellaneous 247-250 Reign of Ramses II 251-568 Great Abydos Inscription 251-281 Kubban Stela 282-293 XX TABLE OF CONTENTS §§ The Asiatic War . 294-391 I. Beginning of the Hittite War .... 296-351 I. First Campaign . . . 297 II. Second Campaign: The Battle of Kadesh . 298-351 a. Poem of the Battle of Kadesh . . 305-315 h. Official Record of the Battle of Kadesh 316-327 c. The Reliefs of the Battle of Kadesh. . 328 I. The Council of War .... 329-330 II. The Camp 331-332 III. Ramses' Messengers .... 333-334 IV. The Battle 335-338 V. The Defense of the Camp . . 339-340 VI. After the Battle 341-347 VII. Presentation of Captives to Amon . 348-351 III. Palestinian Revolt ... ... 352-362 I. Reconquest of Southern Palestine . . . 353-355 II. Reconquest of Northern Palestine . . . 356-362 IV. Campaign in Naharin .... 363-391 I. Conquest of Naharin ... 364-366 II. Treaty with the Hittites 367-391 Relations of Egypt with the Hittites after the War . 392-491 I. The Blessing of Ptah 394-414 II. Marriage Stela 415-424 III. Message of the Chief of Kheta to the Chief of Kode . 425-426 IV. Coptos Stela 427-428 V. Bentresh Stela 429-447 Nubian Wars and References to Northern Wars . . 448-491 I. Abu Simbel Temple 449-457 II. Bet el-Walli Temple 458-477 III. Assuan Stela 478-479 IV. Luxor Temple 480-484 V. Abydos Temple 485-486 VI. Tanis Stelae 487-491 Building Inscriptions 492-537 I. Great Temple of Abu Simbel 495-499 II. Small Temple of Abu Simbel 500-501 III. Temple of Serreh .... 502 TABLE OF CONTENTS XXI IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. ) Temple of Derr Temple of Seb1i<:a . Temple of el Kab . Temple of Luxor Temple of Kamak . The Ramesseum Temple of Kurna Seti I's Temple at Abydos and Inscription Ramses II's Temple at Abydos Memphis Temples . 1. Great Abydos Inscription (1. 22 2. Blessing of Ptah (11. 32, 35) City of Tanis (Blessing of Ptah (11 Stela of the Year 400 . Royal Jubilee Inscriptions . I. First Gebel Silsileh Inscription Bigeh Inscription Second Gebel Silsileh Inscription Third Gebel Silsileh Inscription Fourth Gebel Silsileh Inscription Sehel Inscription El Kab Inscription . Fifth Gebel Silsileh Inscription Sixth Gebel Silsileh Inscription Inscription of Beknekhonsu . Reign of Merneptah .... The Invasion of Libyans and Mediterranean I. The Great Karnak Inscription II. The Cairo Column . III. The Athribis Stela . IV. The Hymn of Victory . Inscriptions of the High Priest of Amon, Daybook of a Frontier Official . Letter of a Frontier Official Reign of Siptah Nubian Graffiti Great Abydos XII. XIII. XIV. II. in. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. 16-18) Roy Peopl les §§ 503 504 505 506-508 509-513 514-515 516-522 262-267 524-529 530-537 260 412-413 406 538-542 543-560 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561-568 569-638 569-617 572-592 593-595 596-601 602-617 618-628 629-635 636-638 639-650 639-650 xxu TABLE OF CONTENTS Fig. Fig. Fig. 3- Fig. 4- Fig. S- Fig. 6. Fig. 7- Fig. 8. Fig. 9- Fig. lO Fig. II Fig. 12 Fig. 13- LIST or FIGURES PAGE Plan of the Reliefs of Seti I, on the North Wall of the Great Hall of Karnak .... 39 Seti I on the Route through Southern Palestine (Scene i) -44 Showing Two Superimposed Figures . 61 Inserted Figure of "First King's-Son" . 61 An Unknown Prince Following the Chariot of Seti I (Scene 14) . .... 66 Figure of an Unknown Prince Inserted in a Fragmen- tary Scene (§ 130) . .... .66 Map of the Orontes Valley in the Vicinity of Kadesh . . . . . . . 126 March to Kadesh: First Positions . . 128 Battle of Kadesh: Second Positions 130 Battle of Kadesh: Third Positions ... -130 Battle of Kadesh: Fourth Positions . . . 130 Battle of Kadesh: Fifth Positions 130 The Modern Mound of Kadesh .... 155 VOLUME IV The Twentieth Dynasty Reign of Ramses III Medinet Habu Temple. Building and Dedication Inscriptions Historical Inscriptions I. Treasury of Medinet Habu Temple II. First Libyan War, Year 5 . I. Great Inscription in the Second Court (Year 5) . . III. Northern War, Year 8 . 1. Great Inscription on the Second Pylon, Year 8 2. Relief Scenes Outside North Wall and in Second Court, Year 8 IV. Second Libyan War . .... S§ 1-603 .1-456 1-150 1-20 21-138 25-34 3S-S8 36-58 59-82 61-68 69-82 83-114 TABLE OF CONTENTS XXIU 1. 2. §§ Great Inscription on the First Pylon (Medi- net Habu) ... . . 85-92 Poem on Second Libyan War . . 93-99 3. Relief Scenes on First Pylon and Outside North Wall (Medinet Habu) . 100-114 4. Papyrus Harris . . 405 V. The Syrian War . 115-135 VI. The Nubian War . 136-138 Medinet Habu Temple Calendar . . . 139-145 Act of Endowment of the Temples of Khnum 146-150 Papyrus Harris . ... . 151-412 Discussion of . 151-181 Content: I. Introduction 182-183 II. Theban Section 184-246 III. HeliopoUtan Section 247-304 IV. Memphite Section 305-351 V. General Section (Small Temples) . . . 352-382 VI. Summary . .... 383-396 VII. Historical Section . . . . 397-412 Record of the Royal Jubilee . . . 413-415 Records of the Harem Conspiracy . . . 416-456 I. Appointment of the Court . 423-424 II. The Condemned of the First Prosecution . 425-443 III. The Condemned of the Second Prosecution 444-445 IV. The Condemned of the Third Prosecution . 446-450 V. The Condemned of the Fourth Prosecution 451-452 VI. The Acquitted 453 VII. The Practicers of Magic . 454-45^ Reign of Ramses IV . . . ■ 457-472 Hammamat Stela . . . . • 457^468 I. The First Stela . . ■ 457-46o II. The Second Stela . . . • 461-468 Abydos Stela . . .... 469-471 Building Inscription of the Khonsu Temple ... 472 Reign of Ramses V . 473 Tomb Dedication ..... ... 473 Reign of Ramses VI 474-483 XXIV TABLE OF CONTENTS Tomb of Penno ... Reign of Ramses VII Stela of Hori . . .... Reign of Ramses IX . . .... Inscriptions of the High Priest of Amon, Amenhotep I. Building Inscriptions II. Records of Rewards The Records of the Royal Tomb-Robberies . I. Papyrus Abbott. ... II. Papyrus Amherst ... III. Turin Fragment .... IV. Mayer Papjri .... Reign of Ramses XII The Report of Wenamon Records of the Restoration of the Royal Mummies . Letter to the Viceroy of Kush Building Inscriptions in the Temple of Khonsu The Twenty-First Dynasty . The Twenty-First Dynasty .... Reign of Hrihor . ... Inscriptions of the Temple of Khonsu . Reign of Nesubenebded Gebelen Inscription . . Reign of the High Priest and King Paynozem I I. Paynozem I as High Priest Building Inscriptions Records on the Royal Mummies II. Paynozem I as King Records on the Royal Mummies . Building Inscriptions High Priesthood of Menkheperre Stela of the Banishment . Record of Restoration Karnak GrafiSto .... Records on the Royal Mummies High Priesthood of Paynozem II Records on the Priestly Mummies . Records on the Royal Mummies 474-483 484-485 484-485 486-556 486-498 488-491 492-498 499-556 509-535 536-541 542-543 544-556 557-603 557-591 592-594 595-600 601-603 604-692 604-607 608-626 608-626 627-630 627-630 631-649 631-635 631-635 636-642 643 ff. 643-647 648-649 650-661 650-658 659 660 661 662-687 662-663 664-667 TABLE OF CONTENTS xxv §§ Record of Paynozem II's Burial .... 668 Stela of the " Great Chief of Me," Sheshonk . 669-687 High Priesthood of Pesibkhenno 688-692 Records on Mummy- Wrappings . 688 Burial of Nesikhonsu 689 Records on the Royal Mummies 690-692 The Twenty-Second Dynasty 693-792 Records of Nile-Levels at Karnak 693-698 Reign of Sheshonk I . 699-728 Records on Mummy-Bandages of Zeptahefonekh . 699-700 Building Inscription 701-708 Great Karnak Relief 709-722 Presentation of Tribute 723-724 Karnak Stela . 724A Dakhel Stela . . 725-728 Reign of Osorkon I 729-737 Record of Temple Gifts 729-737 Reign of Takelot I 738-740 Statue of the Nile-God Dedicated by the High Priest, Sheshonk 738-740 Reign of Osorkon n 742-751 Flood Inscription 742-744 Statue Inscription 745-747 Jubilee Inscriptions 748-751 Reign of Takelot II 7S2-7SS Graffito of Harsiese 752-754 Stela of Kerome 755 Reign of Sheshonk III . . 75^-777 Annals of the High Priest of Amon, Osorkon . 756-770 I. East of Door . . 760-761 II. West of Door 762-770 First Serapeum Stela of Pediese . .... 771-774 Record of Installation . . . 775-777 Reign of Pemou. 778-781 Second Serapeum Stela of Pediese 778-781 Reign of Sheshonk IV 782-792 Stela of Weshtehet 782-784 xxvi TABLE OF CONTENTS §§ Serapeum Stela of Harpeson 785-792 The Twenty-Third Dynasty. ... . . 793-883 Records of Nile-Levels at Karnak 793^794 Reign of Osorkon III 795 Will of Yewelot 795 Reign of Piankhi .... ... 796-883 The Piankhi Stela. 796-883 The Twenty-Fourth Dynasty 884 Reign of Bocchoris 884 Serapeum Stete . 884 The Twenty-Fifth Dynasty . . . . 885-934 Records of the Nile-Levels at Karnak .... 885-888 Reign of Shabaka ... . . . . 889 Building Inscription 889 Reign of Taharka 892-918 Tahis Stela 892-896 Building Inscription in Large Cliff-Temple of Napata 897-900 Inscription of Mentemhet 901-916 Serapeum Stela ' . 917-918 Reign of Tanutamon 919-934 Stela of Tanutamon 919-934 The Twenty-Sixth Dynasty 935-1029 Reign of Psamtik I 93S~973 Adoption Stela of Nitocris 935~9S8 Statue Inscription of the Chief Steward, Ibe . . 958A-958M First Serapeum Stela . . 959-962 Second Serapeum Stela ....... 963-966 Statue Inscription of Hor 967-973 Reign of Necho . ... .... 974-980 Serapeum Stela 974-979 Building Inscription . . . . . . . 980 Reign of Psamtik II 981-983 Statue Inscription of Neferibre-Nofer .... 981-983 Reign of Apries . . . . ... 984-995 Serapeum Stela 984-988 Stela of the Divine Consort Enekhnesneferibre . 988A-988J Inscription of Nesuhor . . . 989-995 TABLE QF CONTENTS xxvii s: Reign of Amasis (Ahmose 11) 996-1029 Elephantine Stela . 996-1007 Serapeum Stela 1008-1012 Statue Inscription of the General Ahmose . . 1013-1014 Statue Inscription of Pefnefdineit .... 1015-1025 Mortuary Stelae of the Priest Psamtik . . . 1026-1029 LIST OF FIGURES Plan of Scenes and Inscriptions in Medinet Habu Temple . . 5 Index 521 EXPLANATION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL SIGNS AND SPECIAL CHARACTERS 1. The introductions to the documents are in twelve- point t3^e, like these lines. 2. All of the translations are in ten-point type, like this line. 3. In the footnotes and introductions all quotations from the documents in the original words of the translation are in italics, inclosed in quotation marks. Italics are not employed in the text of the volumes for any other purpose except for titles. 4. The lines of the original document are indicated in the translation by superior numbers. 5. The loss of a word in the original is indicated by — , two words by , three words by , four words by , five words by , and more than five by A word in the original is estimated at a "square" as known to Egyptologists, and the estimate can be but a very rough one. 6. When any of the dashes, like those of No. 5, are in- closed in half-brackets, the dashes so inclosed indicate not lost, but uncertain words. Thus ^ — ^ represents one un- certain word, ■" 1 two uncertain words, and r ^ more than five uncertain words. 7. When a word or group of words are inclosed in half- brackets, the words so inclosed are uncertain in meaning; that is, the translation is not above question. 8. Roman numerals I, II, III, and IV, not preceded by the title of any book or journal, refer to these four volumes of Historical Documents. The Arabic numerals following such Romans refer to the numbered paragraphs of these volumes. All paragraph marks (§ and §§, without a Roman) refer to paragraphs of the same volume. 9. For signs used in transliteration, see Vol. I, p. xv. THE EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY REIGN OF AHMOSE I BIOGRAPHY OF AHMOSE, SON OF EBANA^ I. This inscription contains the biography of a naval officer, Ahmose, a nobleman of El Kab, who served with distinction under three successive kings: Ahmose I, Amen- hotep I, and Thutmose I, his father having served under the predecessor of Ahmose I, Sekenenre. It is especially important, because it is our only contemporary source for the expulsion of the Hyksos, and forms, with the biography of Ahmose-Pen-Nekhbet (§§17 flE.), our only source for the wars of the early Eighteenth Dynasty; for the royal records of this critical period have totally perished. The family of nomarchs at El Kab^ were strong supporters of the rising dynasty, and it is clear that such loyalty was liberally re- warded with the gifts of slaves and land,*" of which both the El Kab Ahmoses boast. It was by thus cementing a firm friendship with such local nobility that the first kings *On the wall of Ahmose's cliS-tomb at El Kab; in two parts: the first, of 31 lines on the right-hand wall, and the second, of 8 lines, on the door-wall at the left of door. Text: Champollion, Notices descHpHves, I, 655-57, o°ly 26 lines, and very inaccurate ; first completely published by Lepsius, Denkmaler, III, 1 2 , a and d; thence inaccurately copied by Rheinisch, Chrestomatkie, PI. 6, omitting d; and equally incorrectly, Lemm, Lesestilcke, 67; Bunsen, Egypt's Place, 2d ed., V, 732, 733 (beginning only). I have collated the excellent Berlin squeeze (No. 172)^ which mostly sustains Lepsius, Denkmaler, but furnishes some important corrections. Valuable discussion of difficult passages by Piehl, Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archceology, XV, 256-58, and Sphinx, III, 7-12. ''The family is far older than the Empire, and already under the Thirteenth Dynasty enjoyed the favor of the king (Lepsius, Denkmaler, III, 14, J); but it is impossible to trace the line back of Ahmose, son of Ebana's grandmother. "A boundary stone marking one limit of such a gift by Thutmose I was acquired by the Berlin Museum in 1899. It reads: "Southern boundary of the fields given as a favor of the royal presence, to the orderly (snn) of his majesty, Nekri (Nkry); Ijo stat," See a similar tablet in Mariette, Monuments divers, 47A, under Thut- mose rv. 3 EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY: AHMOSE I of the Eighteenth Dynasty maintained themselves during their long and exhausting wars. The royal children were even intrusted to these El Kab princes, to be reared under their charge,* and they finally ruled from El Kab to Esneh.'' 2. The ten campaigns in which Ahmose took part are treated in the respective reigns under which they fall, as follows: I. Career under Ahmose I, 11. 1-24 (§§4£f.). II. Career under Amenhotep I, 11. 24-29 (§§38fif.). III. Career under Thutmose I, U. 29-39 (§§ 78ff.)- 3. The immediate authorship of the inscription is estab- lished by the neighboring relief. Ahmose is represented as standing at the left, and before him is his grandson, Pahri (F^-hry), accompanied by the following words: By the son of his daughter the conductor of the works in this tomb, perpetuating the name of the father of his mother, the draughtsman" of Amon, Pahri,"^ triumphant. The long inscription was therefore executed by Ahmose' s grandson, Pahri, who was a draughtsman. I. CAREER XJNDER AHMOSE I [LI. 1-24; continued §§38 £f.] 4. After an introduction and a few words about his youth and parentage, Ahmose plunges directly into his first ''See Tomb of Pahri, "Eleventh Memoir," Egyptian Exploration Fund, and Lepsius, Denkmaler, III, lo, b and ii, 6. bPahri, grandson of Ahmose, son of Ebana, was "prince of Esneh (Ynyt), governor of the southern lands ('A'/), satisfying the excellent heart of his lord from the House of Hathor to El Kab." Tylor, Tomb of Pahri, PI. III. "See Goodwin, Zeitschrift fur dgyptische Sprache, 1872, 21. dHis tomb is the most interesting one at El Kab; see The Tomb of Pahri at El Kab, by Griffith and Tybr, "Eleventh Memoir," of Egyptian Exploration Fund. §5] BIOGRAPHY OF AHMOSE, SON OF EBANA g campaign, with an account of a siege of the city of Hatwaret (ht-w'^r't). This can be no other than the city called Avaris by Manetho (Josephus, Contra Apion, I, 14), where, according to him, the Hyksos make their last stand in Egjrpt.'* It is also mentioned as the residence of the Asiatics (^ ^ mw, § 303, 1. 37) by Hatshepsut, and by a papjTus of the late Nineteenth Dynasty,^ as the residence of an Apophis; so that there is no doubt about the identification with Avaris. The siege, which must have lasted many years, was interrupted by the rebellion of some disaflEected noble in Upper Egj^t; but the city was finally captured, and the Hyksos, fleeing into Asia, were pursued to the city of Sharuhen (Josh. 19:6). Here they were besieged for six years by Ahmose-I, and this stronghold was also captured. It was probably at the conclusion of this siege that Ahmose I pushed northward and invaded S)T:ia, as narrated by Ahmose-Pen-Nekhbet (§ 20), probably still in pursuit of the last remnants of the Hyksos. 5. The king now returned, and carried his army to the other extreme of his domain, invading Nubia. He was recalled from a successful campaign there, to quell two successive rebellions, the last of the internal dissensions which had distracted the country since the fall of the Middle Kingdom. At this point the wars, and probably the reign, of Ahmose I closed, Ahmose, son of Ebana, having gained distinction in all his campaigns. ^According to Egypt Exploration Fund Archtwlogical Report (1900-1901, 13), there is in Cairo a stela containing a reference to this war with the Hyksos, but I have been unable to gain any information concerning it. It is probably § 30. ''Sallier I, 1-3; it contains a folk -tale narrating the cause of the war between a Hyksos king, Apophis in Avaris, and a Sekenenre, who was ruler (hk ^) in Thebes. Unfortunately, only the beginning is preserved. Most of the current translations and interpretations of this document are largely the products of a vivid imagina- tion. 6 EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY: AHMOSE I [56 Introductory Address 6. 'Chief of the sailors, Ahmose (Y^h-mS), son of Ebana ('-6 '-«'), triumphant; =he says: "I will tell you, O all ye people; I will cause you to know the honors which came to me. I was presented with gold seven times* in the presence ^of the whole land; male and female slaves likewise. I was endowed with very many fields." The fame of one valiant in his achievements shall not perish ''in this land forever.'' His Youth 7. He speaks as follows: "I spent my youth in the city of Nekheb'= (iV^J), my father being an officer of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Sekenenre (Sknyn R^-), triumphant, Baba (B^b^), 'son of Royenet, (R^-yn'i), was his name. Then I served as an officer in his stead, in the ship 'The Oflfering' in the time of the Lord of the Two Lands, Nebpehtire (Nb-phty-R ■=, Ahmose I), triumphant, *while I was (still) young, not having taken a wife,"^ and while! was still sleeping in the r — 1 garment.^ Then after I set up a household, I was trans- ferred Ho the northern fleet, because of my valor. I followed the king on foot' when he rode abroad in his ^chariot. Campaign against the Hyksos; Siege of Avaris 8. One besieged the city of Avaris {Ht-w'-rt); I showed valor on foot' before his majesty; then I was appointed "to (the ship) 'Shining- in-Memphis.'s ^Ahmose has recorded elsewhere in his tomb (Lepsius, Denkmdler, III, 12, c) a list of the gifts he received, making a total of 9 men and 10 women; the total of land is lost. This does not agree with his narrative, which does not summarize, but in different gifts mentions in all 9 men and 7 women received from the king, and 8 men and 7 women captured. ^This last statement is probably a proverbial phrase; see Spiegelbere, Recueil XXVI, 41, 42- <:E1 Kab. dSee Miiller, Liebespoesie, 3. 'This is, of course, some garment worn by a youth; cf. the girdle of Uni's youth (I, 294, 1. i). 'Lit., "on my two feet;" this is emphasized as land service, Ahmose being a naval officer. sReward after the first battle at Avaris. § 12] BIOGRAPHY OF AHMOSE, SON OF EBANA 7 Second Battle of Avaris 9. One fought on the water in the canal: Pezedku (P^-ddkw) of Avaris. Then I fought hand to hand, '°I brought away a hand.^ It was reported to the royal herald. One gave to me the gold of valor.'^ Third Battle 0} Avaris 10. Then there was again fighting in this place; I again fought hand to hand ''there; I brought away a hand. One gave to me the gold of braverv in the second place. '= First Rebellion, Interrupting Siege of Avaris 11. One fought in this Egypt,"^ south of this city; "then I brought away a living captive, a man; I descended into the water; behold, he was brought^ as a seizure upon the road of this ''city,® Calthoughi) I crossed with him over the water. It was announced to the royal herald. Then one presented* me with gold in double measiu-e.s Capture of Avaris 12. One '^captured Avaris; I took captive there one man and three women, total four heads, his majesty gave them to me for slaves.'' »Cut off as a trophy, from a slain enemy. •■Reward after the second battle. ^Reward after the third battle. dThere can be no doubt that the word (km'l) means here, as always elsewhere, "Egypt;" "this city" is then El Kab, for the word "south" is an adjective femi- nine agreeing with "Egypt." The phrase can only be translated into a language like Greek or German, thus: "in diesem sudlich von dieser Stadt befindlichen Aegjfpten." The siege of Avaris is therefore interrupted by a rebellion in upper Egypt, similar to the two later ones (§§ 15, 16), and for this reason the narrative particularly specifies "this Egypt, south, etc." See also § 13, 1. 15. 'Contrast with this the two men "captured as a seizure upon the ship of the enemy" (1. 21). There is no ground for the fandful rendering, indicating that he lost his way! Ahmose means that, although obliged to descend to and cross over the water (of some canal) with his prisoner, he brought him away as safely as one seized upon the road of the city. 'Read hr for myk (confusion from hieratic ?), as in 1. 28. sReward after the fourth battle. liReward after the fifth battle; apparently Avaris was captured on the fourth assault; but these brief references to fighting may each one indicate a whole season of the siege, which would then have lasted four years, as that of Sharuhen lasted sis. See § 13. 8 EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY: AHMOSE I [§13 Siege of Sharuken 13. 'sQne besieged Sharuhen* (S^-r^-h^-n^) for 6 years,'' (and) his majesty took it. Then I took captive there two women and one hand. '*One gave me the gold of bravery, rbesides^ giving me the captives for slaves. Campaign against Nubia 14. Now, after his majesty had slain the Asiatics (Mntyw Stt), '?he ascended the river to Khenthennofer (Hnt-hn-nfr) , to destroy the Nubian Troglodytes ;= his majesty made a great slaughter among them. '^Then I took captive there, two living men, and three hands. One presented me with gold in double measure, fbesidesi giving to me two female slaves.*^ '"His majesty sailed down-stream, his heart joyous with the might of victory, (for) he had seized Southerners and North- erners. Second Rebellion 15. ^°Therecame an enemy of the South; his fate, his destruction approached; the gods of the South seized him, and his majesty found him in Tintto-emu (Tynt-t^-'^mw).^ His majesty carried him ofif "'a living prisoner, and all his people carried captive. I carried away two »Cf. Josh. 19:6. bl^psius, Denkmaler, has "S," which has been generally accepted; Cham- pollion's text and Brugsch's translation have "6." I repeatedly examined the squeeze for this point with especial care; it has a clear "6." The correctness of the rendering " jor 6 years" rather than "in the year 6" has been clearly demon- strated by Piehl (Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archceology,- XV, 258). Another proof is that m, the preposition here, is used all through the Beknekhonsu inscription (Munich) for "during" or "for" a period of years. This throws a new light on the whole Asiatic campaign, for the stubbornness of the besieged and the persistence of Ahmose are almost certainly an indication that the siege is an exten- sion of the campaign against the Hyksos, who, having retreated to Sharuhen, are here making their last stand. We may suppose, therefore, that the siege of Avaris itself also lasted many years, allowing opportunity for a rebellion in Upper Egypt. See § II, 1. II. ■^Cf. Miiller, Asien und Europa, 21. dThese slaves being women, are not the two captives just taken, as the trans- lations of Renouf and Petrie indicate. 'Lit., "She of the land of the water-supply" (^-mw, "water-supply," occurs at Siut, I, 407, 1. 6, and in Rekhmire, § 698, 1. 25); possibly the district of the first cataract is meant, as the rebellion was in the South. The name is elsewhere unknown. § 17] BIOGRAPHY OF AHMOSE-PEN-NEKHBET 9 archers* as a seizure in the ship of the enemy;'' one ^^gave to me five heads besides pieces of land (amounting to) five stat (sP't)'^ in my city."^ It was done to all the sailors likewise. Third Rebellion 16. Then came that fallen one,^ '^whose name was Teti-en (Tty-'^ n) ;* he had gathered to himself rebels.^ His majesty slew him and his servants,'^ annihilating* them. There were given ""to me three heads, and fields (amounting to) five stat' in my city. [Continued §§ 38 ff.] BIOGRAPHY OF AHMOSE-PEN-NEKHBET 17. This El Kab nobleman, like Ahniose, son of Ebana (§§i-i6), served under the first kings of the Eighteenth Dynasty, but he lived to a greater age. Beginning his career under Ahmose I, he continued under Amenhotep I, Thutmose I, II, and III, and died enjoying the favor of Thutmose III and Hatshepsut. He has separated his ^This hitherto uncertain word (myg') is rendered tolerably certain by a scene in the tomb of Harmhab {Memoires de la mission jrangaise au Caire, V, PI. Ill, foil. p. 434; see also 420), where it bears {he determinative of shooting, and stands over a man with a bow, with the title "chief archer (myg^) of his majesty." l^The determinative indicates an enemy, not a proper name, but the meaning of the word (='<') is unknown. The rendering "fi^vreux" from Chabas is based on an impossible etymology. See Piehl, Sphinx, III, 11. <=A land measure containing about seven-tenths acres, here in apposition with "pieces of land." dEl Kab. eTerm of contempt for a foe. f There is no reason for supposing that this is not the rebel's real name. On the contrary, this very name was especially common at this period; see the ushebtis published by Borchardt (Zeitschrift filr agyptische Sprache, 32, pp. 113 f.). sLit., "the wicked of heart." l^Written femimne(!) in the text. ^Lit., "as that which exists not." iA land measure containing about seven-tenths of an acre, here in apposition with "pieces of land." lo EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY: AHMOSE I [§ 18 biography into three parts: his campaigns," his rewards,^ and a summary. ■= I. ahmose's campaigns^ [Continued § 40] 18. He enumerates his campaigns and his captures under Ahmose I, Amenhotep I, Thutmose I and II. /. Career under Ahmose I 19. His meager reference to a campaign of Ahmose I in Zahi is our sole source of knowledge for that event. It probably followed the capture of Sharuhen. Campaign in Syria 20. 'Hereditary prince, count, wearer of the royal seal,^ chief treasurer, herald ^of his Lord,^ — \ '^Ahmose, called Pen-Nekhbet (Pn-N^'t), triumphant; he says: "I followed King Nebpehtire (Nb- phty-R S Ahmose I), triumphant. 3i captured for him in Zahi (Z) ^-hy) a living prisoner and a hand." [Continued §40] ^Campaigns, three originals: (i) statue-base belonging to Mr. Finlay, Zeit- schrift fiir dgyptische Sprache, 1883, 77, 78; (2) statue-base in the Louvre, Lepsius, Auswahl der wichtigsten Urkunden, XIV A; Prisse, Monuments egyptiens, IV; (3) Ahmose's tomb-wall at El Kab, Lepsius, Denkmdler, III, 43, a (lower left- hand corner), and Sethe, Untersuchungen, I, 85. All sources have been collated. •'Rewards, two originals: (i) sta,tue-base belonging to Mr. Finlay, Zeitschrijt fUr agyptische Sprache, 1883, 78; (2) statue-base in the Louvre, Lepsius, Auswahl der wichtigsten Urkunden, XIV B; Prisse, Monuments egyptiens, IV. 'Summary, Ahmose's tomb-wall in El Kab, Lepsius, Denkmdler, III, 43, a, 11. 10-20; Sethe, Untersuchungen, I, 85, corrected and revised; and partially, Lepsius, Denkmdler, Text, IV, 46. "IThe translation of the campaigns is distributed under the different reigns, under which he lived, because they furnish very important historical events but his rewards and the summary, being more purely personal, are given in this leign. "All except the Finlay text insert other titles here, but, except the first, "sole companion," they are illegible. £A11 the other texts have whm kf<^, which would mean "repeating captures." This unusual title was also in the rewards (I. 4). sLines numbered from the Finlay statue text. §25] BIOGRAPHY OF AHMOSE-PEN-NEKHBET ii n. ahmose's rewards 21. ' » 3 4. . .a Ahmose, called Pen-Nekhbet; he says: "By the Ssovereign, who lives forever! I was not separated from the king upon the battlefield, from (the time of) *King Neb- pehtire (Ahmose I), triimiphant, to King Okhepernere (Thutmose II), triumphant; I was in the favor 'of the king's presence, until King Menkheperre (Thutmose III), living forever.'' 22. King Zeserkere (Amenhotep I), triumphant, gave to me, ^of gold: two bracelets, two necklaces, an armlet, a dagger, a headdress, a fan, and a mekhtebet. 23. 'King Okheperkere (Thutmose I), triumphant, gave to me, of gold: two bracelets, four necklaces, one armlet, six flies,° '°three lions ;'^ two golden axes. 24. King Okhepernere (Thutmose II),® triumphant, gave to me of gold: three bracelets, six necklaces, three armlets, a mekhtebet; a silver axe." m. ahmose's sxmmary' 25. '°8He says, "I followed the Kings "of Upper and Lower Egypt, the gods; I was with '^their majesties when they went to the South and North country, in every place where they went; [from] '^King Nebpehtire (Ahmose I), triumphant, King Zeserkere (Amenhotep I) [triumphant], King '•♦Okheperkere (Thutmose I), triumphant, King ^Unimportant titles of Ahmose (see § 20, 1. i) very fragmentary; lines are numbered according to text in Lepsius, Auswahl der wichtigsten Urkunden. ^This phrase shows that Thutmose III is still alive at this time, but Ahmose is now too old to be "upon the battlefield.," under him. <=These are golden flies, Uke those among Ahhotep's jewelry at Cairo. They were a decoration of honor. The word has been mistranslated "helmets." See Breasted, Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, 1900, pp. 94, 95. dCf. inscription of Amenemhab, § 385. «Finlay text, according to Maspero's copy, has Thutmose I; corrected by Mas- pero, Struggle of the Nations, 239, n. r, as above. ^Ahmose's tomb-wall in El Kab; published by Lepsius, Denkmaler, III, 43, a, 11. 10-20; ibid.. Text, IV, 46; Sethe, Untersuchungen, I, 85, corrected and revised, most of the lacunae restored from Lepsius' papers and his squeeze. sThe summary does not begin until 1. 10; 11. i and 2 contain an adoration of Re by Ahmose, and his titles occupy 11. 3-9. These 9 lines lack half their length. 12 EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY: AHMOSE I [§26 Okhepernere (Thutmose II), triumphant, until this Good God, King Menkheperre (Thutmose III) 's^ho is given life forever.* I have attained a good old age, having '%ad a life^ of royal favor, having had^ honor under their majesties and the love of me having been in the coxirt." [Concluded in § 344] QUARRY INSCRIPTION'^ 26. The inscription records the work of Neferperet, an official of Ahmose I, who, in the latter's twenty-second year, took out stone from the Ma "^ sara quarry, for the temples of Ptah and of Amon. The inscription is important, because it is the last dated document of Ahmose I, because it records the first resumption of building after the expulsion of the Hyksos, and for its reference to the Fenkhu, whose cattle were captured on some Asiatic campaign. Above, in a position of significant prominence in the queen's case, are the names and titles of Ahmose I, and his queen, Ahmose-Nefretiri (V^h-ms, nfr't-yry). 27. 'Year 22 under the majesty of the king. Son of Re, Ahmose, who is given life. 'The quarry-chambers were opened a[ne]w; good limestone ^of Ayan (■= nw) was taken out for his temples of myriads of [years],'^ the temple of Ptah, the temple of Amon in southern Opet (Yp -t, Luxor), and all the monuments which his majesty made ffor himi. aThis phrase after Thutmose Ill's name shows that he was living at the time of this inscription; all the others were at this time "triumphant" (deceased). Hence Ahmose, now an old man, died under Thutmose III. bLit., "having been in a life," and "having been in honor." cOn the wall of the limestone quarry of Ma <: sara, just southeast of Cairo. Published by Vyse, Operations, III, 99; Young, Hieroglyphics, 88; Lepsius, Denkmaler, III, 3, o = ChampoUion, Notices descriptives, II, 488=Rosellini, Monu- menii Storici, I, 15; and Lepsius, Denkmaler, III, 3, h; the text of the last is the same as the preceding, but it represents a second inscription. Both are badly broken, but they supplement each other, so that practically nothing is lost. dA conventional phrase applied to all temples, and referring, of course, to their durability. § 31] KARNAK STELA 13 The stone was dragged with oxen^ which his m[ajesty] captured [in his] victories [among]'' the Fenkhu (Fnfpw). 28. The assistant, the hereditary prince , fvigilanti^ one of the Lord of the Two Lands in restoring the monuments of e[''ternityi], greatly [satisfying] the heart of the Good God; the wearer of the royal seal, sole companion, chief treasurer, Neferperet {Nfr-pr't). KARNAK STELAd 29. Among Ahmose's pious worlds for the temples was the restoration of the furniture, utensils, and the like, be- longing to the ritual of the Kamak temple of Amon. He recorded this work upon a splendid stela, containing thirty- two lines of inscription, of which only the last six are devoted to the record of his benefactions, while the other twenty-six contain only conventional eulogy of himself. In the course of this tedious succession of phrases, there is a vague refer- ence to his wars: 30. The Asiatics approach with fearful step together, standing at his judgment-hall; his sword is in Khenthennofer, his terror is in the Fenkhu-lands, the fear of his majesty is in this land like Min (1. 12). 31. He was thus as much feared in Egj^t as in Nubia or Asia. The introduction closes with the names of Ahmose I and the queen Ahhotep, after which follows the record of the work in Kamak (11. 27-32): *It is not the Fenkhu themselves who are employed in the quarry (as some- times stated, e. g., Maspero, Struggle of the Nations, 93; also Petrie, History of Egypt, II, 36), but only the oxen captured. •"The horizontal Unes in Lepsius, Denkmdler, III, a, 1. J, indicate an »» = "in," or "among;" indeed, the entire phrase, "which his majesty captured in his victories in — ," is so common that the restorations are probable. <:[Rf\-d^d^, lit., "of watchful head." dA white limestone stela over 7 J feet high and nearly 3^ feet wide; found by Legrain by Pylon VII at Kamak. It was below the pavement of Thutmose III, and had been buried before Ikhnaton's time. Published in Annates, IV, 27-29. 14 EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY: AHMOSE I [§32 32. Now, his majesty commanded to make monuments for his father Amon-Re, being: great chaplets of gold with rosettes of geniiine lapis lazuli; seals* of gold; large vases (hs-t) of gold; jars (nms't) and vases (hs 7) of silver; tables (wdh -w) of gold, offering-tables {dbh 7 Up) of gold and silver; necklaces of gold and silver combined with lapis lazuli and malachite; a drinking- vessel for the ka, of gold, its standard of silver; a drinking- vessel for the ka, of silver rimmed with gold, its standard of silver; a fiat dish {tnyw) of gold; jars (nms-t) of pink granite, filled with ointment; great pails {wlmw)^ of silver rimmed with gold, the fhandlesi] thereon of silver; a harp of ebony,'' of gold and silver; sphinxes of silver; a^ — '"^ with gold; a barge of the " Begin- ning-of-the-River" called "Userhetamon,"^ of new cedar of the best of the terraces, in order to make his voyage [■'thereini]. I erected columns of fcedar '^ likewise; I gave . BUILDING INSCRIPTION f 33. This document discloses to us the name of the mother of Ahmose I's father and mother. She was a queen Teti- sheri, and although she is called a "king's-mother and great king's-wife," she is not designated as king's daughter. She was doubtless the wife of the last Sekenenre, and her daughter Ahmose I's mother, was, of course, the famous Queen Ahhotep. The latter's brother-husband, the father of Ahmose I, was probably Kemose. ^Or: "seal rings." ''These are the ceremonial pails with bucket handles, swelling or bulbous below, with more or less pointed bottom. Schaefer calls my attention to the example on the Ethiopian stela in the Louvre, 1. 11 (Zeitschrijt filr dgyptische Sprache, 1895, PI. V). There are many examples in bronze in the museums. «I suspect that a word has been omitted at this point, as the repetition of the preposition indicates. ^Spt, Schaefer suggests the spd which appears in the Mentuhotep coflSn at BerUn. ^Meaning "mighty is the front 0/ Anion." This is the usual name of the sacred barge of Amon. f Stela about 6i feet high and 3 feet wide, found by Petrie at Abydos; pub- lished by him in Abydos, III, PI. LII. 1 36] BUILDING INSCRIPTION 15 The inscription is so picturesque, and unconventional in form, as to be unique. In content it records the king's determination to erect further mortuary buildings for his grandmother. Queen Tetisheri. Introduction 34. 'Now, it came to pass that his majesty sat in the audience-hall, (even) the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Nebpehtire, Son of Re, Ahmose (I), given Ufe; ^ while the hereditary princess, great in favor, great in amiability, king's-daughter, king's-sister, divine consort, great king's-wife, Ahmose-Nefretiri, who liveth, was with his majesty. The Conversation 35. One spoke 3 with the other, seeking benefactions for* the departed (dead), to present libations of water, to offer upon the altar, ■»to enrich the offering-tablet at the first of every season, at the monthly feast of the first of the month, the feast of the coming forth of the sem, sthe feast of the night-offerings on the fifth of the month, the feast of the sixth of the month, the feast of Hakro^^ (H^k-r^), the feast of Wag (W^g), the feast of Thoth, and at the first ^of every season of heaven, and of earth. His sister spake and answered him: "Wherefore has this been remembered? ?And why has this word been spoken? What has come into thy heart ?" Ahmose' s Purpose 36. The king himself spake to her: "I, ®it is, who have remembered the mother of my mother, and the mother of my father, great king's- wife and king's-mother, Tetisheri (Tty-hy), triumphant. "(Although) she already has a tomb (yS) and a mortuary chapel ■= {m'^h^ 't) on the soil of Thebes and Abydos, I have said this to thee, in that "=tny majesty has desired to have made for her (also) a pyramid and a house (h't) in »The negative « is to be read as the preposition n; see the converse confusion in 1. 14. •"The r = has been overlooked in the publication ? <:Lit., "Her tomb and her chapel are at this moment (m ty (sic!) ' t) on the soil, etc." I can only understand this clause as concessive, and that the new buildings planned by Ahmose are in addition to the ones in 1. 9. i6 EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY: AHMOSE I [§37 Tazeser, as a monumental donation of my majesty. Its lake shall be dug, its trees shall be planted, "its offerings shall be founded, equipped with people, endowed with lands, presented '^with herds, mortuary priests and ritual priests having their duties, every man knowing his stipulation." 37. '3Lo, his majesty spake this word, while this was in process of construction. His majesty did "tthis because he so greatiy loved her, beyond everything. Never did former kings the like of it for 'stheir mothers. Lo, his majesty extended his arm, and bent his hand;* he pronounced for her a mortuary prayer ^ *A poshire of prayer. ''Here follow three fragmentary lines, giving the names of the gods appealed to, and the usual objects in such an offering. REIGN OF AMENHOTEP I BIOGRAPHY OF AHMOSE, SON OF EBANA* [LI. 24-29, continued from § 16; concluded §§78 fi.] n. CAREER UNDER AMENHOTEP I 38. Under this king Ahmose commands the royal trans- ports in a campaign against Kush. The enemy is defeated, Ahmose fighting at the head of the Egyptian troops. He brings the king back to Eg5^t in two days, and is given "the gold," and a title of honor: "Warrior of the Ruler." The campaign extended to the Middle Kingdom frontier, for a rock inscription of Amenhotep's eighth year has been found on the island of Uronarti, just below Semneh.^ 39. I sailed the King Zeserkere (DSr-k ^-R % Amenhotep I), tri- umphant, when he ascended the river to Kush (Xi), in order to extend "sthe borders of Egypt. His majesty captured that Nubian Troglodyte in the midst of his army, who were brought away as prisoners, none of them missing. C 'i thrust "*aside'= like those who are annihilated. Meanwhile I was at the head of oxa^ army; I fought incredibly;^ his majesty beheld my bravery. I brought ofE two hands, ='and took (them) to his majesty. One pursued his people and his cattle. Then I brought off a living prisoner, and took (him) to his majesty. I brought his majesty in two days to ^Bibliography, etc., p. 3, n. a. ''Steindorff, Berichte der Philologisch-historischen Classe der KonigUchen Sdchsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaft, Leipzig, Sitzung vom 18. Juni, 1900, P- 233- cSame phrase, Tombos Inscription (§ 71, 1. 7). dThis and § 81 are the only places in all the historical texts of Egypt, where "our troops" are spoken of. It is a real touch of patriotism. ^Lit., "I fought more than what is true." 17 i8 EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY: AMENHOTEP I [§40 Egypt =%om the upper well;* one presented me with gold. Then I brought away two female slaves, in addition to those which I had taken =9to his majesty. One appointed me 'Warrior of the Ruler.' BIOGRAPHY OF AHMOSE-PEN-NEKHBETb [Continued from § 20; continued §§83 fif., and 344] 11. CAREER UNDER AMENHOTEP I 40. Ahmose-Pen-Nekhbet accompanied the king on two campaigns: one against the Nubians, of which we have a fuller account in the biography of Ahmose, son of Ebana (§39); and the other against the Libyans; this biography being our only source for this war of Amenhotep I in Libya. For his valor on these occasions he was rewarded by the king. Campaign in Kush 41. I '•followed King Zeserkere (DSr-k^-R'^, Amenhotep I), tri- umphant; I captured for him sin Kush, a living prisoner. Campaign in Libya 42. Again I served for King Zeserkere, triumphant; *I captured for him on the north of Imukehek (Y ^ mw-khk) , three hands. [Continued §§83 ff., and 344] BIOGRAPHY OF INENI^ 43. This official served under four kings: Amenhotep I, Thutmose I, Thutmose II, and Thutmose III, reigning with »In view of Amenhotep I's inscription at the second cataract, we are probably correct in concluding that the second cataract is meant here. ^Bibliography on p. 10, n. a. cFrom a Theban tomb at Abd el-Kurna, first noted by Champollion {Notices descripHves, I, 492-94), and then by Brugsch, who published some fragments (Recueil de monuments, I, 36, 1-3, tree list, etc., and Pi. 65, 4-5); also Piehl. Inscriptions, I, Pb. 129 Q-130 and pp. 105, 106. The long text is found in Recueil, §44] BIOGRAPHY OF INENI 19 Hatshepsut. He evidently died under this joint reign; his biography was composed at this time, and is the most impor- tant of all sources for the history of the succession of the Thutmosids. Ineniwas: Hereditary prince, count, chief of all works in Karnak; the double silver-house was under his charge; the double gold-house was on his seal; sealer of all contracts in the House of Amon; excellency, over- seer of the double granary of Amon.^ These offices brought him the superintendence of many of the most important works executed in Thebes by the kings whom he served. His career is divided as follows: I. Career under Amenhotep I (§§44-46). n. Career under Thutmose I (§§99-108). HI. Career under Thutmose II (§§ 115-18). IV. Career under Thutmose III and Hatshepsut (§§ 340- 43). I. CAREER UNDER AMENHOTEP I 44. The beginning, containing the name of the king, is lost, and the narrative begins in the middle of the account of a building probably Amenhotep I's gate on the south of the Karnak temple, found below the later pavement, of which the two dedications read:^ I. "Amenhotep I; he made (it) as his monument for his father Amon, lord of Thebes (ns-wt-t^wy), erecting for him a great gate of 20 cubits (in height) at the double fajade of the temple, of fine limestone of Ayan, which the Son of Re, Amenhotep, living forever, made for him." XII, 106, 107, where it is inaccurately published by Bouriant. (See also, ibid., XIV, 73, 74.) The first "7 or 8 lines" are wanting, according to Bouriant, and also the ends of the first 14 remaining lines; following these are 6 complete Unes. The wall scenes and plans of the tomb (also the long inscription) have been pub- lished by an architect, H. Boussac {M4maires de la mission frangaise au Caire, XVIII). To the Egyptologist the publication is little more than worthless, and the work must be done again. But the long inscription has now disappeared. aOne of Boussac's plates; he has not numbered them! •■Legrain, Annates, IV, 15 ff. 20 EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY: AMENHOTEP I [§45 2. [Amenhotep I]; * building his house, establishing his temple, erecting the southern gate, made high, even 20 cubits, of fine white limestone . It is important to note that this gate was erected in cele- bration of the king's first Sed Jubilee. Turning again to Ineni, his inscription begins: Buildings^ 45. 'Hatnub (Ht-nh), its doors were erected of copper made in one sheet; the parts thereof were of electrum. I inspected that which his majesty made "bronze, Asiatic copper, collars, vessels, necklaces. I was foreman of every work, all offices were under my command. ^at the feasts of the beginning of the seasons; likewise for his father Amon, lord of Thebes; they were under my control. Inspection was made for me, I was the reckoner. AT — 1. Death of Amenhotep I 46. His majesty having spent life in happiness and the yeirs in peace, went forth to heaven; he joined the sun, he associated (with him) and went forth . [Continued §§99-108] STELA OF HARMINI^ 47. Harmini (hr-myny) prefixes no other title to his name than "scribe," but he was no less a man than the chief magistrate of Nekhen-Hieraconpolis. This impor- »As in the first, as far as " Thebes." •"Possibly also the mortuary temple of Amenhotep I, found by Spiegelberg in 1896 at Drah abu-'n-Neggah on the west side at Thebes (see Spiegelberg, Zwei Beitrage zur Geschichte und Topographie der thebanischen Nekropolis im Neuen Reich (Strassburg, 1898; and Sethe, Gotting'sche Gelehrte Anzeigen, 1902, No. i, 29-31). The temple is referred to as "House of Zeserkere (^Amenhotep I) on the west of Thebes" (Lepsius, Denkmdler, Text, III, 238). See also Sethe, loc. cit., 30. ■^Mortuary stela of unknown provenience (probably Abydos), now in the Florence Museum, No. 1567; published in Catalogue, 288-90; Piehl, Recueil, II, 122-24. I had also my own photograph of the original. §49] STELA OF KERES 21 tant post on the original Nubian frontier either resulted in his promotion to the governorship of Wawat in lower Nubia, or his Nekhen appointment involved jurisdiction in Wawat, in view of the fact that earlier Nubia began in the vicinity of Nekhen. In any case, he had charge of the "tribute" from Wawat, which was later in the hands of the "king's-son of Kush" (§§ 1034 ff.). Although the inscription mentions no king, it clearly belongs to the Eighteenth Djmasty before the first appointment of a "governor of the south countries, and king's-son of Kush," by Thutmose I (§§ 61 ff.). Hence we are not far wrong in placing it under Amenhotep I, though Harmini must of course have served under Ahmose I, also. 48. After the usual mortuary prayer, the inscription continues, in Harmini's own words: I passed many years as mayor {h^ty-'^) of Nekhen (Hieraconpolis). I brought in its tribute to the Lord of the Two Lands; I was praised, and no occasion was found against me. I attained old age in Wawat, being a favorite of my lord. I went north with its tribute for the king, each year; I came forth thence justified; there was not found a balance against me. STELA OF KERESa 49. Keres, like his contemporary, Yuf (§§ 109 fi.), was in the service of one of the queen-mothers. The question arises here whether the "king's-mother Ahhotep," whom Keres served, was Ahhotep (IT), wife of Amenhotep I, in whose tenth year her command was issued, or Ahhotep (I), mother of King Ahmose. As Ahhotep II was never the mother of a king, it must have been Ahhotep I, who had a tomb ^Limestone stela, 0.82 m. high, from Drah abu-'n-Neggah, now in Cairo, without a number. Published by Bouriant, Recueil, IX, 94 f., No. 74 (his text is excessively incorrect); much better by Piehl, Zeitschrift fiir agyptische Sprache, 1888, 117 f. I am also indebted to Schaefer for a carefully collated copy made from the original. 22 EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY: AMENHOTEP I [§ 50 erected at Abydos for Keres. We thus see this queen, from whom the Eighteenth Dynasty sprang, still living in the tenth year of the second king of the dynasty. so. Keres, who was her herald, has not only preserved for us the old queen's command, honoring him with a tomb and a statue at Abydos, but has also added a loose enumera- tion of his duties as her herald, which resembles that of the herald, Intef (§§ 763-71). 51. 'Year 10, first month of the third season (ninth month), first day, under the majesty of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt: Zeser- kere, Son of Re, of his body: Amenhotep (I), beloved of Osiris, given hfe. 52. ^Command of the king's-mother to the hereditary prince, count, wearer of the royal seal, sole companion, overseer of the gold-house, overseer of the silver-house, chief steward of the king's-mother, 3 Ahhotep, who Uveth ; the herald {whm • w) , Keres (K = rs) . The king's- mother has commanded to have made for thee a tomb "at the stairway of the great god, lord of Abydos, confirming thy every office and every favor. There shall be made for thee thy sstatues, abiding in the temple, among the followers of ^ t^eir virtues in writing ^in .» There shall be made for thee mortuary offerings {Up dy Uny), as the king's-wife does for the one whom she has loved, for the hereditary prince, count, wearer of the royal seal, the steward, the herald, Keres {Krs), only favorite united 'with the limbs of Sekhmet, following his queen Qinw t) at her going. He f— 1 before the people, the real fconfi- danti of his queen, to whom secret things are told, ^rexperiencedi in the plans of his queen, transmitting affairs to the palace, finding ssolutions, making agreeable unpleasant matters, one upon whose word his queen depends, approaching the truth, knowing the affairs of the mind, profitable in speech to his queen, "great in respect in the house of the king's-mother, weighty in affairs, excellent in speech, secretive in mind, administering the palace, "sealing (his) mouth concerning that which he hears, official who solves knotty problems, chief steward, Keres {Krs), vigilant administrator for the king's-mother, "not more lax^ by night than by day, the herald, Keres {Krs). "Cut out. liRead wsf. § 53] STELA OF KERES 23 53. He says: "O ye mayors, scribes, ritual priests, '^attendants, citizens ("^ nfp'w) of the army, as your city-gods favor you, and love you, as ye would bequeath your of&ce(s) to your children 'Rafter old age; verily so shall ye say: 'An offering which the king gives; ,* king, of the two lofty plumes, lord of life, giver of that which is desired, 'slord of burial after old age. May he give bread, beer, oxen, geese, everything good and pure, that comes forth upon the table of '^the All Lord, for the ka of ^ Keres, a man of truth, before the Two Lands, really honest, free ''from lying, r — "■ in deciding matters, pro- tecting the weak, defending him who is without '^him (sic!), sending forth two men, reconciled by the utterance of his mouth, accurate like a pair of balances, "the like fof Thothfj in ■" — '^ the name, inclining the heart to hear matters, the Ukeness of a god in his hour, real ^confidant' »°of his queen, whom the queen of the Two Lands has advanced. . . . Keres." *Naine of Amon cut out in time of Ikhnaton. ^His titles. REIGN OF THUTMOSE I CORONATION DECREE^ 54. This unique document is a royal decree issued on the king's coronation day to the viceroy of Nubia, Thure, in- forming him of the king's accession, fixing the full titulary, the royal name to be used in offering oblations, and the royal name to be used in the oath. Thure's official residence was doubtless Elephantine, for he is charged to offer obla- tions to the gods of that city, and it was he who put up the records of Thutmose I's return from his Nubian campaign, at the first cataract (§§ 74 ff-)- He then caused the decree to be cut on stelae and set up in Wadi Haifa, ^ Kubba,n, and probably also Elephantine. Superscription 55. Royal'= command to the king's-son, the governor of the south countries, Thure (Tw-r^) triumphant. Announcement of Accession Behold, there is brought to thee this [command]"* of the"* king in order to inform thee that my majesty has appeared^ as King of Upper ^In two copies: (i) a sandstone ( ?) stela, 72 by 84 cm., found at Wadi Haifa, now in Cairo, published from a copy of Brugsch by Erman {Zeitschrifl jiir dgyp- tische Sprache, 29, ii7=Erman, Aegyplische Grammatik, 37*-38*); (2) a sand- stone stela, 67 by 76 cm., found by Borchardt at Kubb^n (Zeiischrift fUr agypHsche Sprache, 36, 26, n. i), now in Berlin (No. 13725, Ausjuhrliches Verzeichniss des Berliner Museums, 131), unpublished. The beginning is lost on the Cairo stela, and the end on the Berlin stela; the two thus furnish a practically complete text. The relief at the top is lost on both. I used my own copy of the Berlin text. bNot Elephantine, as stated {Zeitschrijt jUr dgypHsche Sprache, 29, 117). See ibid., 36, 3, n. i. <:See the similar introduction to Pepi II's letter to Harkhuf (I, 351, 1. 2). ^Supplied from the Story of Sinuhe, 180, 181. 'Lit., "dawned;" the same word is used for the rising sun, and is transferred without change to the king. It is regularly used also of his appearance in public. 24 §6o] CORONATION DECREE 25 and Lower Egypt upon the Horus-throne of the living, without his like forever. Titulary 56. Make my titulary as follows: Horus:^ "Mighty Bull, Beloved of Mat;" Favorite of the Two Goddesses:* "Shining in the Serpent-diadem, Great in Strength;" Golden Horns:* "Goodly in Years, Making Hearts Live;" King of Upper and Lower Egypt:* "Okheperkere;" Son of Re:* "[Thutmose], Living forever, and ever." Name to be Used in the Culttis 57. Cause thou oblations to be offered to the gods of Elephantine of the South,^ as follows:^ "Performance of the pleasing ceremonies'^ on behalf of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Okheperkere, who is given Ufe." Name to be Used in the Oath 58. Cause thou that the oath be estabUshed in the name of my majesty, born of the king's-mother, Seniseneb, who is in health. Conclusion 59. This is a communication to inform thee of it; and of the fact that the royal house is well and prosperous . Date 60. Year i, third month of the second season (seventh month) twenty-first day; the day of the feast of coronation. ^These five til;Ies are common to all Middle Kingdom and Empire kings; only the names following each title are individual. •"Cf. Erman {Zeiischrift fur dgyptische Sprache, 29, 117). <:This preposition {m) introduces the title or designation of the ceremony of presenting oblations by the priest on the king's behalf. *Lit., "doing of the pleasing things." 26 EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY: THUTMOSE I [§6i BIOGRAPHICAL INSCRIPTION OF THURE* 6i. In this inscription the name of the author is lost. He served under Ahmose, Amenhotep I, Thutmose I, by whom he was appointed viceroy of Kush (1. 6), Thutmose II, and Thutmose III (I. 14, note). He is supposed by Brugsch {Egypt under the Pharaohs, 135), and by Maspero {Struggle 0} the Nations, 230, n. 2) to be the same as Nehi, the viceroy of Kush, who also served under Thutmose III, and has also placed his inscription on the fapade of the Semneh temple (§§651 ff.). Now, Nehi was still in office in Thutmose Ill's fifty-second year, and if he began his official career under Ahmose, he would have been over 117 years old'^ at that time! The identity with Nehi, which was at best an assumption, is therefore impossible. Another identification is, however, certain. This unknown was appointed viceroy of Kush by Thutmose I, at whose accession he was in his prime. He is therefore the same as the viceroy, Thure, whom we find at Elephantine in Thutmose I's first year (§ 55), being the earliest viceroy of Kush whom we know. That he survived into Thutmose Ill's reign is shown by a tomb at Silsileh, where he is mentioned under Hatshepsut.'' Service under Ahmose I 62. ' under the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Neb- pehtire (Ahmose I) ; he made me overseer of the — ' of very good character in his heart, not careless in — 3 yg court. ^Inscribed on the south wall (fafade) of Thutmose Ill's Semneh temple; text: Young, Hieroglyphics, 91; Lepsius, Denkmaler, III, 47, c. The upper half of all the lines has been cut away for a later relief of Thutmose III. I am indebted to Steindorff for the use of his collation of the original. •"If he was 25 at Ahmose I's death, we must then add 10 for Amenhotep I, 30 for Thutmose I, and 51 for Thutmose III — a total .of 117 years. ^Griffith, Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archceology, XII, 104. See also note on 1. 14 in the translation, infra. § 67] TOMBOS STELA 27 Service under Amenhotep I 63. Favor was repeated by his son, King-of Upper and Lower Egypt [Zeserke]re (Amenhotep I) '* the granary of Amon, to conduct the works in Karnak s [ri (Jidi] for him the excellent things of (his) * heart ; he favored me for doing his* truth * . Service under Thutmose I 64. The King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Okheperkere (Thut- mose I) ; he appointed me to be king's-son of [Kush] ' of gold; an armlet the second time * gave me of gold : a vase, two bracelets » he — me more than the magnates of the palace, he recognized the excellence of • 1° r lb II in the place of satisfying the heart. He attained old age " . Service under Thutmose II 65. The first of the repetition of the favor of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Okhepernere (Thutmose II) ; he made [TmeT] >3 with a royal message, recording '. — "^ .° Service under Thutmose III 66. [King Thutmose III]; he magnified me in the midst . TOMBOS STELAd 67. Three important facts are preserved to us in this in- scription: ^Both these pronouns refer to Amon; the same thought occurs in Suti and Hor's tablet (British Museum, 826), 11. 16, 17. bThe portion preserved is hopelessly obscure. <:Here are the remains of a royal oval, which certainly contained the name of Thutmose III; in this king's second year, a viceroy of Kush is mentioned in this same temple (§ 170, 1. 2), but the name is unfortunately broken out. He is doubtless the same as our viceroy. ^Engraved on the rocks on the island of Tombos, just above the third cataract of the Nile; published by Lepsius, Denkmaler, III, S, a, and thence Piehl, Petites Hudes igyptologiques. The Berlin squeeze (No. 284) permitted some important corrections, but the publication (Lepsius, Denkmaler) is a brilliant example of cor- rectness in the form of the signs, as drawn by M. Weidenbach. 28 EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY: THUTMOSE I [§ 68 1. In the second year Thutmose I defeated the Nubians and conquered the country as far as the third cataract* (cf. 11. 6 and 7, and the location of the inscription); 2. He then built a fortified station for his troops at Tombos, remains of which still survive, and thus estab- lished his southern frontier at this point (cf. 1. 10).'' 3. His empire extended from this point on the south to the Euphrates on the north (cf. 1. 13); the Asiatic peoples are already subdued (cf. 11. 3, 4, and 16), but his Asiatic campaign did not take place until after this Nubian expe- dition (see § 81, 1. 35). Hence we must suppose, either that he had already made an Asiatic campaign of which no account has survived; or that his predecessors had already made the conquest of the country as far as Euphrates, and thus he could refer to it as in his domain. The latter is the more probable supposition. 68. Other interesting data are the fact that the oath, even in the foreign provinces, is made in the name of the king (1. 14), according to the instructions in his coronation announcement (cf . § 58) ; and the curious reference to the Euphrates as "that inverted water which goes down-stream in going up-stream" (cf. 1. 13, note). Unfortunately, this important inscription offers no sober narrative of the events which it commemorates, but is written in that fulsome style so often found in victorious hymns of the Pharaohs. This is a style so overloaded with far-fetched figures and unfamiliar words that it is often quite unintel- "An unpublished inscription of his, on the Island of Arko (Wilkinson, Thebes, 472, note) shows that he pushed some forty miles south of the third cataract. ^This expedition left another inscription at Tangllr, about seventy-five miles above the second cataract, but we possess only a partial copy by a layman, from which it is impossible to make out much. It is dated " Year 2, first month of third season," which shows that it was made on the way out (Sethe, Vntersuchungen, I, 41), about five months before the Tombos inscription. 1 70] TOMBOS STELA 29 ligible.* It is at its worst in 11. 5-9, where some phrases containing only exaggerated epithets applied to the king have necessarily been left untranslated. Introduction 69. 'Year 2, second month of the first season, fifteenth day, under the majesty of Horus: Mighty Bull, Beloved of Mat (M^'^'i); Favorite of the Two Goddesses: Shining in the Serpent-diadem, Mighty'' in Strength; Golden Horus: Goodly in Years, Making hearts Uve; King of Upper and Lower Egypt: Okheperkere, who is given life; Son of Re: Thutmose (I, hving) forever, eternally.'^ Hymn of Victory 70. ■" 1 of his induction "his coronation as Lord (hry-d ' d ') of the Two Lands, to rvde the circuit of the sun; South and North land as ruler of the portions of Horus and Set,'^ the Uniter of the Two Lands. He has seated himself upon the throne of Keb, wearing ^the radiance of the double crown, the staffs of his majesty; he hath taken his inheri- tance, he hath assiuned the seat of Horus, in order to extend the bound- aries of Thebes and the territory of Khaf tet-hir-nebes ;^ so that the Sand-dweUers and the barbarians shall labor for her.^ "FAn abomina- tioni of the god are the Haunebu; bound are the Ekbet {^ Wt); the Southerners come down'^-river, the Northerners come up'^-river, and all lands are together bringing their tribute 'to the Good God, the primor- dial, Okheperkere (Thutmose I), who liveth forever, the mighty one, ''There is a good example on the second Semneh stela (I, 657). liThe coronation letter has "great in strength," the usual form. "^Cf. the titulary given by the king himself in the coronation letter (§56). ^The ms^th of Horus and Set states that they divided the Nile country between them; over both these domains the Pharaoh rules, and hence follow the words: "uniter, etc.," It is possible that "Horus and Set" should be translated only "the two lords;" see Piehl, Proceedings of the Society oj Biblical Archaology, XX, 199, 200. ^For the same phrase applied to a successor, see I, 692. fThe goddess of western Thebes. eThe pronoun refers to Thebes; the foreign captives are to be employed on her buildings. •"To Thebes, the royal residence. 30 EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY: THUTMOSE I [§71 Horus, Lord of the Two Lands, ■" 1 The [SandJ-dwellers, chiefs of their tribes ^ — i to him, bowing down; the ^interiori* peoples^ 'send to his majesty, doing obeisance to that which is on his front.'' Victory in Nubia 71. He hath overthrown the chief of the rNubians^; the Negro is rhelpless, defenseless! in his grasp. He hath united the boundaries 'of his two*^ sides, there is not a remnant among the Curly-Haired,* who come to attack him; there is not a single survivor among them. The Nubian Troglodytes fall by the sword, and are thrust aside in their lands; *their foulness, it floods their valleys; the >" — ^ of their mouths is Uke a violent flood. The fragments cut from them are too much for the birds,* carrying off the prey to another place, "s the sole staS of Amon; Keb, divine begetter, whose name is hidden, '"reproducer. Bull of the divine ennead, chosen emanation of the divine members who doeth the pleasure of the Spirits of HeliopoUs. Tombos Fortress Built 72. The lords of the palace have made a fortress for his army, (called) "None-Faces-Him-"Among-the-Nine-Bows-Together;"'' like a young panther among the fleeing cattle; the fame of his majesty blinded them. Universal Triumph 73. (He) brought the ends of the earth into his domain; (he) trod its two extremities "with his mighty sword, seeking battle; (but) he '■^nwtyw, with a hide as the first determinative. ''The interior peoples of the neighboring lands. cThis means the sacred uraeus serpent on his forehead, as the determinative shows. ■iSee I, 311, 1. 14. «An epithet for the Negro, used also by Amenhotep II (Lepsius, Denkmaler, III, 61), by Seti I (III, 155, 1. 4); and again in the Nineteenth Dynasty, Recueil, XXII, 107, 11. 7, 8. See Piehl, Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archisology, XV, 261 f., and Sphinx, VI, 19 f. ^Determinative is an eagle. eThe first half of line 9 is a series of obscure epithets of praise applied to the king. hit is doubtful whether this is the name of the fortress. It is probably the same fortress which is referred to by Thutmose II in his Assuan inscription (§ 121, 1. 7). §74] INSCRIPTIONS AT THE FIRST CATARACT 31 found no one who faced him.^ (He) penetrated valleys which '^the (royal) ancestors knew not, which the wearers of the double diadem had not seen. His southern boundary is as far as the frontier of this land,^ (his) northern as far as that inverted water<= which goes down- stream in going up-stream."! '4The like has not happened to other kings; his name has reached as far as the circuit of heaven, it has penetrated the Two Lands as far as the nether world ;^ the oath is taken* by it (viz., his name) in all lands, because of the greatness of the fame of his majesty. '5They (viz., the lands) were not seen in the archives of the ancestors since the Worshipers of HoruSj^f who gives his breath to the one that follows him, his offerings to the one that treads '^his way. His majesty is Horus, assuming his (Horus's) kingdom of myriads of years, Tsubject^ to him are the isles of the Great Circle (^»[w]- wr, Okeanos), the entire earth is under his two feet; ' 'bodily son of Re, his beloved, Thutmose (I), hving forever and ever. Amon-Re, king of gods is his father, the creator of his beauty, '^beloved of the gods of Thebes, who is given Ufe, stabihty, satisfaction, health, joy of his heart upon the throne of Horus, leading'' all the living like Re, forever. INSCRIPTIONS AT THE FIRST CATARACT 74. Some eight months after the preceding expedition passed Tangur, about seventy-five miles above the second cataract, on the way out, they had reached Assuan on the return — a fact which was recorded by Thure, the viceroy of Kush, in two inscriptions on the island of Sehel and one at Assuan. *See Sethe, Verbum, II, § 967. i>Nubia. <=The Euphrates. dFor the Eg)rptian on the Nile norjh was "down-stream," and south was "tip- stream." It seemed very curious to him that in another country as here on the Euphrates, one went south in going down-stream; hence the anomaly of the text, which becomes clear, if we substitute "south" for "up-stream." See also IV, 407. ^Heaven, earth, and the nether world, include the entire Egyptian universe. *In the coronation announcement the form of the king's title to be used in the oath is given (see § 58). 8The pre-dynastic kings, now mythical demigods. 32 EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY: THUTMOSE I [§75 I. SEHEL INSCRIPTION* 75. On arriving at the first cataract, the king found the canal of Sesostris III (see I, 642 flf.) stopped up. He cleared it, and the viceroy made the following records: Year 3, first month of the third season, day 22, under the majesty of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Okheperkere (Thutmose I), who is given life. His majesty commanded to dig this canal, after he found it [stopped up] with stones, (so that) no [ship sailed upon it]. He [sail]ed [down-stream] upon it, his heart [glad, having slain his enemies].'' The king's-son, [Thure].^ n. SEHEL INSCRIPTION "^ 76. Above are the Horus-, throne- and personal-names of Thutmose I; and below, the following: Year 3, first month of the third season, day 22. His majesty sailed this canal in victory and in power, at his return from overthrowing the wretched Kush. The king's-son, Thure. in. ASSUAN INSCRIPTION" 77- On the same day the king arrived at Assuan, where he left a similar record: Year 3, first month of the third season, day 22, under the majesty of Thutmose (I).^ His majesty arrived from Kush, having overthrown the enemy. "De Morgan, Catalogue des monuments, 8;, No. 13. t'The preceding restorations are from Thutmose Ill's copy of this inscription (see §§ 649 f.). ■^Restored from the following inscription. Thure, also § 55. ^Discovered by Wilbour, and published in Recueil, XIII, 202 ; better, de Mor- gan, Catalogue des monuments, 85, No. 19. =De Morgan, Catalogue des monuments, 41, No. 185. f Full titulary. §8o] INSCRIPTION OF AHMOSE, SON O F EBANA 33 INSCRIPTION OF AHMOSE, SON OF EBANA^ [LI. 29-39; concluded from §39] ni. CAREER UNDER THUTMOSE I 78. Ahmose's career under Thutmose I is still one of active service in campaigning. He first sails the royal transport in the campaign against Nubia (§ 80), resulting in his appointment to the head of the naval forces. They returned in triumph with the Nubian foe hanged head downward at the bow of the royal barge. 79. It was not until after this Nubian campaign that the famous expedition to Naharin set out. Our only sources for this event are the biographies of the two El Kab Ahmoses. Thutmose III states that he set up his boundary tablet be- side that of his father (§ 478), and it must have been on this campaign that this first boundary tablet was set up by Thutmose I.^ For it is always supposed that this cam- paign was the only Asiatic expedition of Thutmose I; but as the Tombos inscription (§§ 67 ff.) speaks of the conquest of Asia as far as the Euphrates, before the Asiatic campaign narrated by the two Ahmoses, we must suppose either that Thutmose I had already made a still earlier campaign in Syria; or that his predecessors, Ahmose I and Amenhotep I, had achieved greater conquests in Asia than our scanty sources for their reigns would indicate. Campaign against Nubia 80. I sailed the King Okheperkere (Thutmose I), triumphant, when he ascended the river to Khenthennofer (ffnt-hn-njr), 3°in order to cast *For bibliography, see p. 3, note a. ''The inscription of Hatshepsut's childhood (§ 225, 1. 11) mentions her father's (Thutmose I's) survivals among the chiefs of Retenu, meaning those he had left. 34 EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY: THUTMOSE I [§8i out violence in the highlands, in order to suppress the raiding* of the hill region. I showed bravery in his presence in the bad water, in the fpassagei of ^'the ship by the bend. One appointed me chief of the sailors. His majesty was .^ s^His majesty was furious thereat, like a panther ;"= his majesty cast his first lance, which remained in the body of that fallen one."^ This was ^ ^ar — i powerless before his flaming uraeus,* made ■"sol in an instant of destruction; their people were brought off as Uving prisoners. 34His majesty sailed down-river, with all countries in his grasp, that wretched Nubian Troglodyte being hanged head downward at the [prowjs of the ba[rge] of his majesty, and landed 3Sat Karnak. Asiatic Campaign 8i. After these things'^ one journeyed to Retenu (Rtnw) to 'wash his heart ^ among the foreign countries. His majesty arrived at Naharin (N '^-h '^-ry-n ^) s^his majesty found that foe when he was •'planning'' destruction; his majesty made a great slaughter J among them. 37Numberless were the living prisoners, which his majesty brought off from his victories. Meanwhile I was at ^The flying raids into the valley of the Nile made by the barbarians inhabiting the desert behind the hills on either side of the valley. The account of the battle is very obscure, but the weakness of the enemy makes the result certain. t'The text ends here in the middle of a sentence, and proceeds around the corner of the wall with what seems to be the account of another incident in the same Nubian campaign. cThis is precisely what is said of Thutmose II in his Nubian war (Assuan Inscription, 1. 9, II, 121) when the announcement of revolt was brought to him, hence a similar incident probably should precede here. dCf. Sinuhe's weapon which ''remained in his {his joe's) neck." 'It is possible that there is no lacuna here, as the squeeze shows not a trace of a sign in the last 9 inches of the line. ' The sacred serpent which crowns the royal forehead. sThe restoration is from the Amida tablet of Amenhotep II, II, 797, 1. 17, where the same phrase occurs. l^This phrase shows clearly that the Nubian campaign took place before the Asiatic campaign. The same order is observed in the biography of Ahmose-Pen- Nekhbet (|§ 84, 85). The usual supposition that the Asiatic preceded the Nubian campaign is based on a false conclusion from the Tombos inscription (§§ 67 £E.). i An idiom for taking revenge or obtaining satisfaction. JFiom the squeeze; cf. also 1. 17. §8s] BIOGRAPHY OF AHMOSE-PEN-NEKHBET 35 the head of our troops,^ and his majesty beheld my bravery, ^sj brought off a chariot, its horses, and him who was upon it as a living prisoner, and took them to ^his majesty.^ One presented me with gold in double measure. His Old Age 82. 39When I grew old, and had attained old age, my honors were as at their beginning."^ ^ a tomb, which I myself made. BIOGRAPHY OF AHMOSE-PEN-NEKHBET^ [Continued from §42; concluded §§ 123-4, 344] ni. CAREER UNDER THXTTMOSE I 83. In this reign Ahmose-Pen-Nekhbet took part in the campaign in Nubia; and also accompanied the Asiatic campaign to Naharin, of which Ahmose, son of Ebana, furnishes a fuller account (§81). He was then richly re- warded for his valor by the king. Campaign in Rush 84. I 'followed the King Okheperkere (Thutmose I), triumphant; I captured for him ^n Kush, two living prisoners, beside three living prisoners, whom I brought ofi 'in Kush, without counting them.* Campaign in Naharin 85. Again8 I served "for King Okheperkere (Thutmose I), trium- phant; I captured for him in the country of Naharin (N^-h-ry-n^), "21 hands, one horse, and one chariot. *See note on 1. 26, § 39. Trom the squeeze; cf. also 1. 27. t^He continued to receive rewards as at the beginning. ^Nearly one-third line is lacking. ^Bibliography, p. 10, note a. f Perhaps meaning that they were not included in the official count. ^Showing clearly that the Asiatic campaign took place after the Nubian cam- paign. 36 EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY: THUTMOSE I [§86 KARNAK OBELISKS* 86. This pair stood before the pylon (IV) of Thutmose I in the great Karnak temple; the northern obelisk, which Pococke saw still standing, has since fallen. Their erection by Thutmose I is narrated by the chief architect in charge, Ineni (see § 105). Both Ineni and the standing obelisk refer to "two great obelisks," so that there can be no doubt that Thutmose I erected both.'' The work must have been done just before his demission of the crown — an event which left the northern obelisk still uninscribed. It is cer- tainly very significant that it was later inscribed by Thut- mose III! If he did not reach the throne until after the reigns of Thutmose II and Hatshepsut, the northern obe- lisk remained uninscribed for some twenty-three years at least! This is improbable, and the fact that the northern obelisk was not usurped by Thutmose II or Hatshepsut would indicate that they had no opportunity to do so, be- cause Thutmose III, having succeeded Thutmose I for a few years, had already taken possession of it himself (see Sethe, Zeitschrijt filr dgyptische Sprache, 36, 39 f.). Only the middle columns of the standing obelisk are the inscriptions of Thutmose I; the side columns are later additions by Ramses IV and Ramses VI of the Twentieth Dynasty. The middle columns of the north and south sides contain only the elaborate titu- lary of Thutmose I; those of the east and west, his dedication, as follows: »Text: Lepsius, Denkmdler, III, 6; Champollion, Notices descriptives, II, 127 f.; Champollion, Mormments, IV, 312-313; Roug6, Album photographique, 50, 53, 54, 68. See also Pococke, Description of the East, I, 95; and Brugsch, Reise- berichte, 159. tiSee Breasted, Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archeology, XXII, 90. The two additional bases noted in Baedeker (1902, 253) probably belong to some other king, perhaps Amenhotep III, who mentions obelisks (§ 903, 1. 57); or to Thutmose III. §90] KARNAK OBELISKS— ABYDOS STELA 37 87. *Horus: Mighty bull, beloved of Truth; King of Upper and Lower Egj^t; Favorite of the Two Goddesses: Shining with the Ser- pent-diadem, great in strength ; Okheperkere, Setepnere ; Golden Horus : Beautiful in years, who makes hearts live; Bodily Son of Re, Thutmose (I), Shining-in-Beauty. He made (it), as his monument for his father Amon, Lord of Thebes, Presider over Karnak, that he might be given life Uke Re, forever. 88. ^Horus: Mighty bull, beloved of Truth, Eang of Upper and Lower Egypt: Okheperkere, Setep-Amon (Thutmose I). He made (it) as his monument for his father Amon-Re, chief of the Two Lands, erecting for him'= two great obelisks^ at the double fafade of the temple. The pyramidions were of .^ 89. A fragment of an obelisk' on the island of Elephan- tine also refers to Thutmose I's jubilee. It stUI bears the words: Thutmose (I); Shining-in-Beauty; he made (it) as his monument to his father, Khnum; making for him two obelisks of granite. First occurrence.' That he may be given life forever. ABYDOS STELAe 90. This stela recorded the king's works in the Abydos temple of Osiris. In the lost introduction he has appar- ently held an audience and declared his intention of exe- »Middle column, east side. ^Middle column, west side. =See Ineni, 11. 9-11, §105. ■JAbout one-third of the line is flaked ofiE; the material of the pyramidions crowning the obelisks was usually copper or bronze. 'Brugsch, Thesaurus, V, 1220. The epithet, "Shining-in-Beauty," is found on Thutmose I's Karnak obelisk, and is not used by other Thutmosids. Hence the obelisk certainly belongs to Thutmose I. f Referring, of course, to the royal jubilee. BSandstone stela from Abydos, now in Cairo; published by Mariette {Abydos, II, 31) and by de Rouge {Inscriptions hieroglyphiques, 19-22). Only the lower portion is preserved, the relief above being broken ofiE, and probably a consider- able fraction of the text. 38 EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY: THUTMOSE I [§91 cuting certain works for the god; whereupon the priests reply in the words with which the preserved portion begins. The chief treasurer is then instructed to execute the said works, which, he states, he did. On their completion the king delivers an address to the priests like that of Thutmose III(§§S7iff.). Address of the Priests 91. " — ^ "How pleasant is this in the hearts of the people! How beautiful is this in the sight of the gods! Thou makest a monument for Osiris, thou beautifiest the First of the Westerners, the great god of the beginning, whose place Atum advanced, whom he magnified before ^his his heart, for whom kings have labored since this land was founded. As for thee, thou wast born to him ; he made thee in the uprightness of his heart, to do that which he did in the earth, to restore 4the sanctuaries of the gods, [to] — their temples. Thou art gold, thine is the silver, Keb^ has opened for thee that which is in him, Tatenen'^ has given to thee his things. All the countries labor for thee, all the lands are under thy rule. 'Every costly stone is fcoUectedi — in thy house ; ^if there is"" a wish in thee, it must be done ; it is that which thy ka desires which happens. Royal Instructions to the Chief Treasurer 92. His majesty commanded the chief treasurer: " Conduct the work, causing to come * every prepared one of his workmen, the best of his lay priests, who knows the directions and is skilful in that which he knows, who does not transgress what was commanded him, '[Tto erectT] the monument of his father [Osiris], to equip his ever- lasting statue. Execute the very secret things, no one seeing, no one beholding, no one knowing his body. Make for him the portable chapel-barque (wts-nfrw) of silver, gold, lapis lazuli, black copper, *every splendid costly stone." Words of the Chief Treasurer 93. I executed for him the oflEering-tables, — (sf^m-) sistrums and (isyt-) sistrums, necklace-rattles (mnywt), censers, Ta flat dish' (tnyw),, *The number of lines lost before this point is uncertain. *'The earth-god. cptah. §97] ABYDOS STELA 39 a great oblation there. I did not rremovel them. I did not discon- tinue them. The Sacred Barge 94. I built^ "the august [barge] of new cedar of the best of the terraces; its bow and its stern being of electrum, making festive the lake;^ to make his voyage therein at his feast of the "District of Peker" {Pky). Statues of the Gods 95. Furthermore, '°[his majesty] commanded to shape° (statues of) the great ennead of gods dwelling in Abydos; (each) one of them is mentioned by his name; Khnum, lord of Hirur, dwelling in Abydos; Khnum, lord of the cataract, dwelling in Abydos; Thoth, leader of the great gods, '^presider over Hesret; Horus, presider over Letopolis; Harendotes; Up wa wet of the South, and Up wa wet of the North; mys- terious and splendid were their bodies. The standards'^ thereof were of "electrum, more excellent than their predecessors; more splendid were they than that which is in heaven; more secret were they than the fashion of the nether world ; more — were they than the dwellers in Nun. Words of the King 96. '3My majesty did these things for my father Osiris, because I loved him so much more than all gods, in order that my name might abide and my monuments endure in the house of my father, Osiris, First of the Westerners, '^ord of Abydos, forever and ever. Address to the Priests 97. [I say to] you, divine fathers" of this temple, priests (w'^b'w), ritual priests, dwellers in the place of the hand,* 'Sall the lay priests of the temple; offer ye to my tomb, present ye to my oblation-tablet; maintain ye the monuments of my majesty; mention ye my name; *Read: ' H as in Ineni (§ 105, 1. 10). ''Meaning it was reflected in the water; see same idea more clearly (§ 888, 1. 20). <'Ms, "to shape," with a following name of a god, is not uncommon (cf. I, 672). dThese are the standards upon which the statues were borne. 'Priestly title. 'An order of priests of whom we know nothing. 40 EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY: THUTMOSE I [§98 remember ye my titulary; give ye 'Upraises to my likeness; praise ye the statue of my majesty; set my name in the mouth of your servants, my memory among your children. For ''I am a king excellent because of what he has done ; the unique in might through the (mere) mention of his name ■" 1* which I made in this land, till ye know it. There is no he before you, nor exaggeration "^therein. I have made monuments for the gods ; I have beautified their sanctuaries for the future ; I have maintained their temples, I have restored that which was ruinous, I have surpassed ^'that which was done before. I have informed the priests (w'^b'w) of their duties, I have led the ignorant to that which he did not know. I have increased the work of others, the kings "°who have been before me; the gods had joy in my time, their temples were in festivity. Universal Triumph 98. I made the boundaries of Egypt {t ^-mry) as far as that which the sun encircles. I made '^ 'strong those who were in fear; I repelled the evil from them. I made Egypt the superior of every land r 1 favorite of Amon, "Son of Re, of his body, his beloved Thut- mose (I), Shining hke Re, beloved of Osiris, First of the Westerners; Great God, lord of Abydos, ruler of eternity; given hfe, stability, satis- faction, and health, while shining as King upon the Horus-throne of the living; and joy of his heart, together with his ka, Uke Re, forever. BIOGRAPHY OF INENI^ [Continued from § 46; continued §115] n. CAREER UNDER THXTTMOSE I (ll. 4-14) 99- The career of Ineni, which began under Amenhotep I, continues here under Thutmose I. The king's name and the narrative of his accession unfortunately fall in the lacunas at the ends of the lines (probably 1. 4). The biog- raphy then narrates the wide dominion of the king, and the rich tribute therefrom (§ loi) ; Ineni's advancement to "Read r-d'-t. ^Bibliography on p. 18, note c. §100] BIOGRAPHY OF INENI 41 superintendence of the king's building projects (§102) especially the construction of the Karnak pylons of Thut- mose I, and the erection before them of his two obelisks, one of which still stands (§§ 103-5); ^-Iso the excavation of the king's cliflE-tomb and improvements in the necropolis of Thebes (§ 106) ; Ineni's rewards in serfs and treasury dues (§ 107) ; and the death of the king (§ 108). 100. The Karnak hall, which Ineni constructed, is of great historic interest, as it was the first hall on entering the building, and served as the chief hypostyle, or colonnaded hall, of the temple throughout the reign of Thutmose I. It was in this hall that Thutmose III was proclaimed king by the priests of Amon (§§131 £E.), thus putting aside either its builder, Thutmose I, or the weakling Thutmose II, and in this hall Hatshepsut erected her two great obelisks. The description of the erection of the hall itself is unfortunately lost in the lacuna at the end of 1. 7, and 1. 8 begins with a reference to the "great pylons on its either side," the erection of which follows. But Thutmose III informs us of the inter- esting fact that he replaced with stone columns the cedar columns erected by Thutmose I in this hall (§ 601). Indeed, Thutmose I himself was obliged to replace the northernmost two of his cedar columns by stone ones before the end of his reign. " The fact is recorded by him on one of the new col- umns (see Piehl, Actes du &^ congres des orientalistes a Leide, 1883, IV™ partie, section 3, 203-19). This inscription is unfortunately now only a series of disconnected fragments, of which little is intelligible. The dedication on one of the columns is as follows: "Thutmose I, he made (it) as his monument for his father Amon-Re, chief of the Two Lands, aThis is a hint as to the length of his reign; he must have reigned long enough for the wooden colonnade to begin to decay. 42 EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY: THUTMOSE I . [§ioi making for him an august colonnade, which adorns the Two Lands with its beauty." (Brugsch, Thesaurus, VT, 131 1, and Rouge, Inscriptions hi6roglyphiques, 163.) On the further career of this historic hall, only begun here, see §§5995.; 803 ff. Accession and Power of Thutmose I loi. sthe Good God, who smites the Nubians, lord of might, who overthrows the Asiatics. He made his boundary as far as the *Homs of the Earth,* and the marshes in Kebeh {Kbh) ^ 1 Elephantine. The Sand-dwellers bore their tribute like the impost of the South and the North; his majesty forwarded them to Thebes, for his father Amon, each year. Everything was made to prosper'^ for me under . Ineni's Promotion 102. 'He filled his heart with me,'= I was brought to be a dignitary, overseer of the granary; the fields of divine offerings were under my authority; all"^ the excellent works together were under my administra- tion. Karnak Pylons 103. I inspected the great monuments^ which he made *great pylons on its either side of fine limestone of Ayan ("= nw) ; august flagstaves were erected at the double fafade of the temple of new cedar of the best of the Terraces;* their tops were of electnim.^ I inspected "wrought with electrum. »The same phrase occurs in Assuan inscription of Thutmose II (J 120, 1. 4), where it refers to the south; the marshes above must therefore be those of the Euphrates in the north, also used by Thutmose II, loc. cit. •"Such a passive is often a respectful circumlocution to indicate an act of the king. <:An idiom signifying favor with the king. ilRead: nb't. =The following is the description of the erection and adornment by Ineni of the hall and two pylons of Thutmose I at Karnak (IV and V), and the two obelisks before them, of which one still stands. 'Meaning the slopes of Lebanon; cf. the "Myrrh-terraces." eFour such flagstaves, set in channels cut for them in the faces of the pylons, usually adorned the temple fafade. §io6 BIOGRAPHY OF INENI 43 Karnak Portal 104. I inspected the erection of the great doorway (named) : "Amon- Mighty-in-Wealth;"* its huge door was of Asiatic copper whereon was the Divine Shadow,^ inlaid with gold. Karnak Obelisks 105. I inspected the erection of two*" obelisks '°^built the august boat"^ of 120 cubits in its length, 40 cubits in its width, ^ in order to transport these obelisks. (They) came in peace, safety* and pros- perity, and landed at Karnak "of the city. Its ftrack' was laid with every pleasant wood. Thutmose I's Cliff-tomb^ 106. I inspected the excavation of the cli£E-tomb of his majesty, alone, no one seeing, no one hearing.^ I sought out the excellent •'things upon "f — ' 'I was vigilant' in seeking that which is excellent. I made fields of clay, in order to plaster their tombs of the necropoUs; it was a work such as the ancestors had not done which I was obliged to do there ■" ' '^l sought out for those »The name is not among the ten gates given by Mariette, Karnak, 38. ''Explained § 889, note. <:Hence Petrie, depending on Mariette's plan {Karnak, 2) is under misappre- hension in attributing one of these obeUsks to Thutmose III (Petrie, History of Egypt, II, 67). The standing obelisk of this pair distinctly refers to the erection of "two great obelisks" (§88); hence Thutmose III must have appropriated the now fallen obelisk after it was up, and before the inscriptions were cut. "^The same words are used of the transport of Hatshepsut's obelisks; see § 326, note. 'Egypt Exploration Fund ArchtBological Report, 1895-96, 9 and 10, where Naville gives the equivalents of the above dimensions rather inaccurately. One hundred and twenty royal cubits =206.6 feet, and 40 royal cubits = 68.86 feet. i Read htp, "^ nd, wd \ eThe same phrase: "no one seeing, no one hearing," occurs on the statue of Seimefer, British Museum, 48. See also §92. This remarkable statement indi- cates the secrecy with which the vast rock-cut tombs of the Emperors were exca- vated, in order to avoid the tomb-robberies, which finally forced the removal of the royal mummies to Der el-Bahii. Another oflScer, Hapuseneb (§ 389, 11. 7, 8), also states that he worked on the king's "cliff-tomb" (hr't), see Piehl, Zeitschrift fiir agyptische Sprache, 23, 59. See Breasted, Proceedings of the Society of Biblical ArchcEology, XXII, 90-94. The construction of such a tomb is described in the last twelve lines of Sinuhe; see Goodwin, Zeitschrift fiir agyptische Sprache, 1872, 21 £f. l"The various supplies for the tomb. ' Lit., "My head was watchful." 44 EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY: THUTMOSE I [§107 who should be after me. It was a work of my heart, my virtue was wisdom; there was not given to me a command by an elder. I shall be praised because of my wisdom after years, by those who shall imitate that which I have done, "twhile I was chief (r ^-hry) of all works. Ineni's Rewards 107. My praise endured in the palace, my love among the court. His majesty endowed me^ with peasant-serfs, and my income was from the granary of the king's estate on each day. Death of Thutmose I 108. The king rested from life, going forth to heaven, having com- pleted his years in gladness of heart. [Continued §§115-18] STELA OF YUPb 109. This official served under Queen Ahhotep, the mother of King Ahmose I, and administered her property in Edfu. He also repaired for her there a ruined tomb belong- ing to her ancestor, the queen Sebekemsaf, who was the wife of one of the Thirteenth Dynasty Intefs."" He says nothing of any subsequent connection with the royal house under the following reign of Amenhotep I, but he was later in the service of Queen Ahmose, the favorite wife of Thut- mose I, and mother of Hatshepsut. His career therefore extended through at least part of four generations of the royal house. *The same rare phrase in Ahmose, son of Ebana (§ 6, 1. 3). ''Sandstone stela, 0.62 m. high, from Edfu, now in Cairo, old No. 238; pub- lished by Bouriant, Recueil, IX, 92, 93, No. 72. I had also a carefully revised copy, kindly loaned me by Schaefer. <^See Newberry, Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archceology, XXIV, 285-89. Maspero supposed {M amies royales, 625-28) that Sebekemsaf was a deceased daughter of Ahhotep, but Newberry has clearly shown that she was an ancestor of Ahhotep. §113] STELA OF YUF 45 Relie} no. In the middle is an offering-table, before which on the left are two women sitting, and on the right a man, standing, accompanied by his son. Before the first woman are the words: "Divine consort, great king^s-wife, Ahhotep, tri- umphant; before the second: "King's-wije, king' s-sister [Sebek]emsaf^ — ." Before the first man is a mortuary prayer for "thy (fern.) ka," but his name is illegible; before the son: "His son, prophet 0} the dues (S ^ w), Harhotep, triumphant." Below is the following inscription: Mortuary Prayer 111. 'An offering which the king gives; Horus of Edfu, Osiris and Isis ; may they give bread, beer, oxen, geese, everything good and pure for the ka of the great king's-wife, ^the king's-mother, Ahhotep, tri- umphant; and her son Nebpehtire (Ahmose I), triumphant. Restoration of Sebekemsaf's Tomb 112. She gave to me.'' The rsecondT= prophet of the dues (S^w) of the altar, 3the door-keeper of the temple, the priest, Yuf (Ywf), son of Iritset (Yryt-s't), he says: "I repaired this tomb (ysy) of "the king's-daughter, Sebekemsaf, after finding it beginning to go to ruin." Favor under Queen Ahhotep 113. Then this priest said: "'O ye who pass by this stela, I will tell you, and I will cause you to hear my favor vrith the great king's- wife, Ahhotep. She appointed *me to offer to her; she intrusted me with the statue of her majesty. She gave to me bread: 'loo (byt-) loaves, and 10 persen loaves; 2 (ds-) jars of beer, and a joint (pnsw) from every ox. I was endowed"^ [with] ^upland, and with lowland. ^Of course, Sebekemsas is meant. l^The connection of this phrase is not clear; the following list of titles ter- minating with the name of the owner of the stela can hardly be connected with the preceding. Perhaps the stela is the gift meant. cTwo strokes, perhaps misunderstood from hieratic determinative for a man. '^S^h'kwy, as in Ahmose, § 6, 1. 3. 46 EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY: ' THUTMOSE I [§114 She repeated to me another favor, she gave to me all her property in Edfu, 'to administer^ it for her majesty. Favor under Queen Ahmose 114. Another favor of the great king's-wifp, Ahmose, triumphant, whom king '°Okheperkere (Thutmose I), triumphant, loves. She appointed me to be scribe of the assistant treasurer. She intrusted me with ''the statue of her majesty, she gave to me 100 loaves of bread, 2 {ds-) jars of beer, and a joint (w "= 6 " t) from every ox. '^I was endowed vsrith upland, and with lowland. Field-scribe^ of Horus of Edfu, Denereg (Dnrg). ^ffrp; hence we may possibly render: "to present it (the income?) to her majesty." ^'Evidently the subscript of the scribe who made the document. REIGN OF THUTMOSE II BIOGRAPHY OF INENI^ [Continued from io8; concluded §§34off.] m. CAREER UNDER THUTMOSE II 115. According to this biography, Thutmose II succeeded directly at the death of Thutmose I;*" under the new reign, Ineni enjoyed the greatest favor, until the death of Thut- mose II. Succession of Thutmose II 116. The Hawk"= in the nest'' [appeared asf the ''King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Okhepernere (" ^-^pr-n-R ^ Thutmose II), he became king of the Black Land« and ruler of the Red Land,« having taken possession of the Two Regions in triumph. Ineni's Favor 117. I was a favorite of the king* in his every place; greater was that which he did for me than^ those who preceded (me). I attained the old age of the revered, I possessed the favor of his majesty every day. I was supplied from the table of the king '*with bread of oblations for "Bibliography on p. 18, note c. ''This seems unfavorable to Sethe's theory that Thutmose III succeeded Thutmose I and reigned for a short time before the accession of Thutmose II. But Sethe offers very cogent arguments in explanation of Ineni's silence on this point. See Sethe, Untersuchungen, I, 19, §29, and 39, §52; and Zeitschrift fiir agyptische Sprache, 36. •^This is a poetical designation of the crovrn prince as Horus, who also suc- ceeded his father, Osiris. dErman's restoration. Sethe, UiUersuchungen, I, 40, 11. 1. *The cultivable land and the desert. £Lit., "one who filled the heart of the king." ^Supply of course: "than that which he did for those who, etc.;" or "than that which those did who, etc.," meaning he received greater favor than from preced- ing kings. 47 48 EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY: THUTMOSE II [§ii8 the king, beer likewise, meat, fat-meat, vegetables, various fruits, honey, cakes, wine, oU. My necessities were apportioned in health and Ufe, as his majesty himself said, for love of me. Death of Thutmose II ii8. (He) went forth to heaven, having mingled with the gods.* [Concluded §§340-43] ASSUAN INSCRIPTIONt" 119. This inscription narrates: (i) the arrival of a mes- senger who announces to his majesty a rebellion in Kush, and mentions a frontier fortress of the king's father, Thut- mose I (see § 72) (11. 5-9) ; (2) the anger of the king (11. 9-1 1) ; (3) his dispatch of an army thither (11. 11, 12); (4) the over- throw of Kush, and the capture of one of the chief's children with some other prisoners (11. 12-15); (4) the complete pacification of the country (11. 15-17). The inscription is dated on the day of the king's accession, and, according to 1. 7, his father, Thutmose I, was living at the time, thus proving the coregency of the two. Protocol 120. 'Year i, second month of the first season, day 8, coronation day'= under the majesty of Horus: Mighty Bull, Powerful in Strength; Favorite of the Two Goddesses: Divine in kingship; Golden Horus: Powerful in Being; ^King of Upper and Lower Egypt: Okhepernere, Son of Re: Thutmose (II), Beautiful in diadems, upon the Horus- *See also Senmut's reference to his death (§ 368, 11. 7, 8). ''Cut into the rock on the road from Assuan to Philae; text in Lepsius, Denk- maler, III, 16, a; de Morgan, Catalogue des monuments, I, 3, 4, and Roug^, Inscrip- tions Meroglyphiques, 250, 251 ; but the best text is revised from a squeeze by Sethe, UrUersuchungen, I, 81; translation, 38. <:The "appearance" (lit., dawning) of a king is his coronation; it is to be construed with "upon, etc.," after the names of the king. As this is the king's first year, the coronation is not an anniversary, but the very first day of the reign. §121] ASSUAN INSCRIPTION 49 throne of the living; his father, Re, is his protection, and Amon, lord of Thebes; ^they smite for him his enemies. Lo, his majesty is in the palace, (rbuti) his fame is mighty; the fear of him is in the land, [his] terror in the lands of the Haunebu; "the two divisions of Horus and Set* are under his charge; the Nine Bows together are beneath his feet. The Asiatics come to him bearing tribute, and the Nubian Troglodytes bearing baskets. His southern boundary is as far as the Horns of the Earth^ (his) 'northern as far as the ends; ''the marshes of Asia'' are the dominion of his majesty, the arm of his messenger is not repulsed among the lands of the Fe[n]khu. Announcement of Rebellion 121. One came to inform"^ his majesty as follows: " The wretched Kush *has begun to rebel, those who were under the dominion of the Lord of the Two Lands purpose hostility, beginning to smite him. The inhabitants of Egypt are about to bring away the cattle behind this 'fortress « which thy father built in his campaigns, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Okheperkere (Thutmose I), living forever,* in order to repulse the rebelUous barbarians, the Nubian Troglodytes of Khenthennofer, for those who are ^there on the north of the wretched Kush ■" '^ with the two Nubian Troglodytes among the children of the chief of the wretched Kush who r — ' before the Lord of the Two Lands ' — ■" '^." His majesty was furious thereat, Uke a panther, when he '°heard it. Said his majesty, "I swear,^ as Re loves me, as my father, lord of gods, Amon, lord of Thebes, favors me, I will not let Uve anyone among their males f — ' ''among them." »Cf. § 70, 1. 2. ''Cf. §101, 1. 5; and Index V. 'See Index V, s. v. dLit, "to make prosperous the heart of his majesty," which is the conventional form for introducing a matter to a superior in letter-writing. "These are the cattle of Egyptians who have settled in Nubia beyond the frontier military station, and are thus in danger of being pillaged by the rebellious Nubians. 'This epithet indicates that Thutmose I is still living. eSethe : " neigen zum Bundniss ? ' ' ^Compare the same royal oath in the obelisk inscription of Hatshepsut (§ 318, 1. 2, north side) and in the Megiddo campaign of Thutmose III (§ 422, 1. 4o)- so EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY: THUTMOSE II [§122 The Campaign 122. Then his majesty dispatched a numerous army into Nubia (T^-pd't) on his first occasion of a campaign, in order to overthrow all those who were rebellious against his majesty or hostile to the Lord of the Two Lands. "Then this army of his majesty arrived at wretched Kush r ^1.* This army '^of his majesty overthrew those bar- barians; they did [not]^ let live anyone among their' males, according to all the command of his majesty, except one of those children of the '''chief of wretched Kush, who was taken away alive as a living prisoner with their people to'^ his majesty. They were placed under the feet of the Good God; for his majesty had appeared upon his throne when 'sthe living prisoners were brought in, which this army of his majesty had captured. This land was made a subject of his majesty as formerly, the people '^rejoiced, the chiefs were joyful; they gave praise to the Lord of the Two Lands, they lauded this god, excellent in examples of his divinity. It came to pass on account of the fame of his majesty, ''because his father Amon loved him so much more than any king who has been since the beginning. The King of Upper and Lower Egypt: Okhepernere, Son of Re: Thutmose (II), Beautiful in Diadems, given life, stability, satisfaction, like Re, forever. BIOGRAPHY OF AHMOSE-PEN-NEKHBET-i [Concluded from § 85; see also § 344] IV. CAREER UNDER THUTMOSE 11 123. The conclusion of the long mUitary career of this officer, at least in so far as he has recorded it, was a cam- paign of Thutmose II against the Shasu-Bedwin, of which this is our only record. It is probable that this defeat of the Shasu was only an incident in the northward march ^Partially broken away. bThe negative is broken out in the text, but may certainly be supplied from 1. 10. "Lit., "to a place under his majesty" = the place where his majesty was. dBibliography on p. 10, note a. §i2S] CAMPAIGN IN SYRIA 51 against Niy (§ 125). » This last campaign also brought its reward of valor from the king (§ 24). Campaign against the Shasu 124. I followed King Okhepernere'' (Thutmose II), triumphant; there were brought off for me in Shasu (S^-sw) very many living prisoners; I did not count them. [See also §344] CAMPAIGN IN SYRIA" 125. The great importance of this fragment has been overlooked in all the histories, and was first noticed by Sethe."* It records a campaign of Thutmose II in "Retenu, the Upper" and as far probably as Niy. '^[Gifts which were brought to]^ the fame of the king, Okhepernere (Thutmose II)* [from his vicj^tories 3elephant[s]8 *horse[s] [Retenu] ^the Upper [the land] "^of Niy 'kings *his majesty in "[when] he came out of . ^The reign of Thutmose II was so short that we can hardly suppose that he made more than one campaign into Asia, in addition to his Nubian campaign (§§119-22). iTublished by Maspero {Zeitschrijt fur agyptische Sprache, 1883, 78) as "Thutmose I;" corrected as above, Maspero, Struggle of the Nations, 239, n. i. •^Fragment from the Der el-Bahri temple, middle colonnade, toward the right end of the Punt reliefs (§ 272). Only the extreme tops of nine lines are preserved. Text: Mariette, Deir-el-Bahari, 7; Dumichen, Historische Inschriflen, II, 17; Sethe, Untersuchungen, I, 102 and 40. Naville, Deir-el-Bahari, III, 80. Besides this inscription, there is a short building inscription of Thutmose II in the Der el- Bahri temple, giving the usual dedication of a doorway which he erected there (Brugsch, Recueil de monuments, 69, i). dSethe, Untersuchungen, I,- 40. 'As the inscription accompanies a relief representing gifts, the beginning is undoubtedly to be restored according to numerous analogies, as Sethe has done, Untersuchungen, I, 40. *In Naville's text the end of the name is lost; hence Naville, not having col- lated the old publications, is unable to identify the name, but says "it seems to be that of Thothmes I" (Naville, Deir-el-Bahari, III, 17). Both Mariette and Dum- ichen give Thutmose II. 8Cf. the elephant hunt in the same region here mentioned, in Amenemhab (11. 22-25, § 588) under Thutmose III. 52 EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY: THUTMOSE II [§ 126 THE EBONY SHRINE OF DER EL-BAHRI* 126. The left side-panel of an ebony shrine, unearthed by Naville in the temple of Der el-Bahri, contains the follow- ing dedication written thrice on the outside. It is in the name of Thutmose I and II, but the feminine pronoun occurs thrice, and the feminine verbal ending four times;'' hence Hatshepsut was certainly the author of the monument. Moreover, one of Hatshepsut's partisans, Thutiy, states that he made just such an ebony shrine in her time (§ 375, 1. 24). It was therefore later usurped by the two Thutmoses, show- ing that Hatshepsut reigned for a time before them. 127. The Good God, Lord of the Two Lands, lord of offering, lord of diadems, who hath taken the crown of the Two Lands, King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Okhepernere, Bodily Son of Re, Thut- mose (II) "^j he made (it) as his monument for his"* father, Amon-Re, making for him an august shrine of ebony of the best of the highlands, that she^ might live and abide* ffor him^s like Re, forever. ^Naville, Deir-el-Bahari, II, xxv-xxix. bThe feminine occurs continually in the other inscriptions on the shrine also, as Sethe has shown {Zeitschrijl jiir Ugyptische Sprache, 8, 9). "^Right-hand column has Thutmose I! 31)- As it was later dismantled by Hatshepsut for the erection of her obelisks in it, we have here also a terminus ad quem for the date of Thutmose Ill's coup d'etat. On the later history of the hall, see §§ 600, 601, and 803 ff. 6 A common poetic designation for the temple of a god; to or from the temple at this juncture the sacred procession is moving, as the following three sentences show. In the lacuna opening the next line, he reaches "his temple," these being the first words of the line which are preserved. f Doubtless the things offered to him. sOr the procession. '■Where Prince Thutmose has already been stationed by the god (1. 3). * Meaning the colonnades on either side of the central aisle ; Prince Thutmose is standing in the left, or "northern," colonnade. § 143] CORONATION INSCR IPTION 6i ment, I prostrated myself in his presence. He set me before his majesty ;» I was stationed at the "Station of the King."b He was astonished at me * without untruth. Then they Trevealedi before the people the secrets in the hearts of the gods, who know these his — ; there was none who knew them, there was none who revealed them sfbeside himi]. Ascent to Heaven 141. IJHeopenedJf or] me the doors of heaven; he opened the portals of the horizon of Re. I flew to heaven'^ as a divine hawk, beholding^ his form in heaven; I adored his majesty '" feast. I saw the glorious forms of the Horizon-God u^n his mysterious ways in heaven. Coronation in -Heaven 142. Re himself established me, I was dignified with the diadems which [we]re upon his head, his serpent-diadem, rested upon ''[my forehead] [he satisfied] me with all his glories; I was sated with the counsels^ of the gods, like Horus, when he counted his body at the house of my father, Amon-Re. I was [TpresentTled with the dignities of a god, with " my diadems. Fixing Titulary^ 143. His own titulary was affixed for me. ^Probably "his majesty" = "idmseli;" viz., he raised me up and set me before himself. •"The "Station of the King" is the place in the holy of holies where the king stood in the performance of the prescribed state ritual. One is known in Am^da, in Elephantine, in Thebes (temple of Memnon colossi), and, as above, at Karnak. (See Spiegelberg, Recueil, XX, 50, and my New Chapter, 16, 17.) I have since found another at Memphis (III, S3^)- The placing of Prince Thutmose at this official "Station of the King" is a public recognition of him as king. =The usual meaning of this phrase applied to a king is that he died, but this is clearly not its meaning here, where the king on the throne uses the phrase him- self in addressing his courtiers. ■^So Brugsch, but Gardiner and photographs have only a lacuna for "beholding." "S^r't," see Piehl, Zeitschrift fiir agyptische Sprache, 24, 83-85; it occurs also in Haimhab's coronation, U. 3 and 11. f Compare the fixing of the titulary by the gods in the coronation of Hatshepsut and that of Amenhotep III (§§ 230, 239). 62 EIGHTEENTH DYN.: THUTMOSE HI & QUEEN [§144 First Name He fixed my Horus upon the standard;* he made me mighty as a mighty bull. He caused that I should shine in the midst of Thebes ■3[in this my name, Horus: "Mighty Bull, Shining in Thebes"].'' Second Name 144. [He made my kingship enduring, like Re in heaven, in]" this my [name], Favorite of the Two Goddesses: "Enduring in Kingship, like Re in Heaven." Third Name 145. He formed me as a Horus-hawk of gold, he gave to me his might and his strength and. I was splendid with these his diadems, in this my name, '■'[Golden Horus: "Mighty in Strength, Splendid in Diadems "]. Fourth Name 146. [in this my name]. King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Lord of the Two Lands: "Menkheperre" (the being of Re abides). Fifth Name 147. I am his son who came forth from him, a likeness fashioned like the presider over Hesret;"* he beautified all my forms, in this my name. Son of Re: "Thutmose, Beautiful of Form," living forever and ever. Recognition of His Authority 148. 's my — ; he caused that [the princes of] all [coun]- tries [should come], doing obeisance because of ^ the fame of my majesty; my terror was in the hearts of the Nine Bows; all lands were under my sandals. He gave victory by my arms, in order to widen '^[the boundaries of Egypt] because — so much him. He ''This is the Horus-hawk which surmounts the so-called standard or banner (really the fajade of a building) containing the Horus-name of the king. ''Restored from the name of the king, as it occurs elsewhere. cThis restoration is not literally certain, but something similar must have occupied the lacuna. dThat is, Thoth, with whose name "Thutmose" (or Thothmose) is compounded. eOr: "to." § ISO] CORONATION INSCRIPTION 63 rejoiced in me, more than (in) any king who had been in the earth since it was loosened.* Purpose 0} His Choice 149. I am his son, beloved of his majesty", whom his double desires ^to causei that I should present this land at the place, where he is. I cause to encompass '' which he established, to make a monu- ment abiding in Karnak. I requited his beauty with something greater than it by magnifying him more than the gods. The recom- pense of him who does excellent things is a reward for him of things more excellent than they. I have built his house as an eternal work. '* my [TfatherTI caused that I should be divine, that I might extend the throne of him who made me ; that I might supply with food his altars upon earth; that I might make to flourish for him the sacred slaughtering-block with great slaughters in his temple, consisting of oxen and calves without Umit. '» descending ffor' things, of those which were paid anew, — the dues therefor. I fiUed for him his granaries with barley and spelt without hmit. I increased for him the divine ofierings, I gave to him increase, '° for this temple of my father Amon, at all feasts ; ^of the sixth day (of the month) "^ satis- fied with that which he desired should be. I know that it is forever; that Thebes is eternal. Amon, Lord of Karnak, Re of Heliopolis of the South (Hermonthis), his glorious eye which is in this land " . Erection of This Monument 150. I made my monument, I recorded my commands at the stair- way of the lord of Karnak, of the fashioner of all that is or exists. Everything shall remain forever, that is therein f 1 " a libation, together with the things of his gods, when the god is satis- fied with his things. The monument is a work in the temple for a memorial of my beauty in his house, and I shall endure in the mouth"= forever. »That1s, loosened (ivh') and separated from the heavens at the beginning, as in the Pyramid Texts. •"So Brugsch; it is not now visible on the wall. "^Of the people. 64 EIGHTEENTH DYN.: THUTMOSE III & QUEEN [§151 Reply 0} the Court 151. These companions, they said: '3" this [word] which has been spoken to us; which we have heard in the court, L. P. H. May thy nostrils be rejuvenated with satisfying life; may thy majesty endure upon the great throne. The oracle of the god himself,^ is like the word of Re at the first beginning. Thoth is he who makes the writing speak,'' '* rejoicing. His kingship is assigned to thee; established is thy coronation upon the Horus-throne, and recorded are thy annals as King of Upper and Lower Egypt. He has united for thee the Two Lands in peace, all countries in subjection." A New Chapel'' 152. 's anew, together with a "Divine Abode," a monu- ment of fine white sandstone. The king himself performed with his two hands the stretching of the cord and the extension of the line, putting (it) upon the ground, and furnishing on this monument the exaction of work, according to the command of "* enduring work of their hands. A Holy of Holies 153 . Behold, my majesty erected for him an august Holy of Holies,^ the favorite place of Amon (named): "His-Great-Seat-is-Like-the- Horizon-of -Heaven," of sandstone of the Red Mountain.* Its interior was wrought with electrum ^^ . Three Portals 154. I [erected] the first portal, (named:) "Menkheperre-is-Splendid- in-the-OpuIence-of-Amon;" the second portal, (named:) "Menkhe- »Evidently a reference to the oracle which decreed Thutmose III king. Com- pare the "oracle of the god himself" in the Punt reliefs (§ 285, 1. 5). ''See Papyrus Ebers, I, 8. <=Here the audience of the court seems to have been concluded, and the list of buildings and offerings begins. ^The form of the determinative is like the shrine of Saft-el-Henneh. eNear Cairo (cf. Baedeker's Egypt, 1902, 77; wrongly stated to be near Syene in Egypt under the Pharaohs, 176), about two miles east of the city. It yields a reddish, sandy conglomerate called "gritstone." This passage shows the elastic character of the word rendered "sandstone" (rwd't); it indicated only gritty, hard stone, and usually sandstone. See also Erman, Life in Ancient Egypt, 478, n. 1. J is6] CORONATION INSCRIPTION 65 perre-is-Abiding-in-Favor-with-Amon;" [the third^ portal, (named:) " Menkheperre,]Ms-the-Great-One-of-the-Soiils-of-Amon ; " wrought with real electriun, through which Mat<= enters for him »* making festive the monument. He rejoiced in his praise, he did that which he desired, he united his (sic) majesty with satisfying life, and joy of heart forever. Pylon VI 155. My majesty [erect]ed an august pylon"^ of the interior in front of "'[■'the holy of holies^] I erected for him a great door, fash- ioned of new cedar, wrought with gold, mounted with real black copper, — with copper. The great name upon it was of electrum, doubly frefined^ gold and black copper 3° the ^ — ' thereof were of doubly rrefinedi gold made in the likeness of the horizon of heaven. It was more beautiful than [fanythingi] that has (ever) been. My majesty further made for him these three portals^ ^i . Shrines and Statues 156. the northern — ; shrines of stone, (with) doors of new cedar thereto; 'the statues of [my majesty] belonging thereto, and the statues^ of my fathers, the kings 3?[of Egypt who were before me]. ^Mariette found six gates bearing the name of Thutmose III in Karnak; but of the three above named he could only find the last (see Mariette, Karnak, Textes, 58, and Brugsch, Thesaurus, VI, 1311, 1312, 1315- The first was found by Legrain in 1901 {Annates du service, II, 227); the second has never been found. ''Inserted by Brugsch, but no longer visible on original. "^Goddess of truth. ^This pylon of the interior is, of course, the pylon (VI) of Thutmose III, behind the two pylons (IV and V) of his father, Thutmose I, and just in front of the holy of holies. The back of this pylon is occupied by the conclusion of the Annals and the record of feasts and offerings (§§ 541 ff.), and the front by Nubian lists. 'Apparently a further reference to the three portals mentioned before (§ 154).' *So Brugsch, but it is probably one of his tacit restorations, as there is no trace of it on the wall. sThese statues were those of his ancestors mentioned in the list in one of the rear chambers of the Karnak temple and now in Paris (see §§ 604 f.). 66 EIGHTE ENTH DYN.: THUTMOSE III & QUEEN [§157 A Restoration^ 157. [for] my father Amon-Re in Karnak, by making for him a monument anew, — upon — the ancestors, by beautifying for him his temple which built'' for him 33[niy majesty] . Behold, my majesty found this (made) of brick,'^ very ruinous, of the work of the ancestors. My majesty himself wrought with his two hands, at the feast of " Stretching-the-Cord," upon this monument 34 . Its beautiful name which my majesty made was: " Menkheperre- (Thutmose-III)-Adored-of-the-People-is-Great-in-the-Strength-of- Amon." Its great door was of cedar of the royal domain,*^ wrought with [copper; the great name upon it]^ was of electrum. 3S . Conclusion of Buildings 158. He UdidT] more than any king who has been since the beginning. There was none beyond his majesty in knowledge of everything in every handicraft, exacting f— 1 36 f — fwhen' there was an "Appear- ance "s at of very great monuments, excellent in work according to the desire of his majesty concerning them, because he so much loved his father Amon [Qord of Thebes^. »It is impossible to identify this structure, but it must have been a considerable building, as a special ceremony of laying out the plan was held. It may have been the chambers attributed to Hatshepsut, on the south wall of which the inscription stands. As this is the last building in the list, its conclusion or dedication is doubtless the occasion of the audience of the court and the introductory speech of the king. ''Egyptian order preserved, to indicate division of lines. <=In contrast with his restoration of it in stone (which here falls into the follow- ing lacuna) ; cf. Thutmose Ill's Ptah-temple at Karnak, which bears the inscription: "His majesty jound this temple of brick he made this temple of sandstone" (Brugsch, Thesaurus, V, 1188). dThis domain must have been in Syria, for cedar did not grow in Egypt. This indicates that Thutmose III maintained his authority there before the begin- ning of his great campaigns (see my New Chapter, 28, 29). ^So Brugsch; evidently another tacit restoration. 'At this point begins a part of the lost upper portions of the lines, preserved on two blocks at the top of the wall. They have been set on wrong by Mariette, and should be shifted two lines to the right. From here to the end, the average loss is from one-quarter to one-half hne. eOf the god, in procession. § i63] CORONATION INSCRIPTION 67 New Offerings 139. The king himself commanded to make divine offerings, 3'anew for his father Amon-Re, lord of Thebes, 30 jars of — , 100 bundles of vegetables, 3 (hbn't-) jars of wine, (jf/-"=^-) fowl, fruit, white loaves, "i wd ' of (' h-) herb and i »i ' of dates.* Live Offerings 160. My majesty furthermore commanded 3'to present an oflEering, consisting of oxen, calves, of bulls, of gazelles, . Vegetable Garden and Lands 161. My majesty made for him a garden anew, in order to present to him vegetables and all beautiful flowers. My majesty furthermore gave lands, 392800 stat^ to be fields of divine ofiferings; many lands in South and North, — "= ""statl Foreign Slaves 162. supplied with people. I filled it with [captives] from the south and north countries, being children '•"[of] the chiefs of Retenu^ and children [of the chiefs] of Khenthennofer, according as my father [Amon] commanded milk therein, each day for these vessels^ (rn[hr]w) of silver, gold, and bronze, which my majesty made for him ^'anew. Another New Offering 163. Year 15, first (month) of the third season, day 27; my majesty commanded to found a great divine offering anew [fin the year"'] ' for the sake of the life, prosperity, and health of my majesty, in order that the altars of my father Amon may be supplied for all eternity. *See same two items together in feasts and ofiferings (§ 571, 1. 3°, and note). ••See Griffith, Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archceology, XIV, 412. "^Numeral is lost. ^See New Chapter, 28. •They are mentioned from 1. 42 on, § 164. 'So Brugsch, but there is now no trace of it. 68 EIGHTEENTH DYN.: THUTMOSE III & QUEEN [§164 Small Monuments,^ Utensils, Etc. 164. *'My majesty furthermore presented to him [very many]^ monuments: a great vase (hs't) of electrum, of 7 cubits" of silver, gold, bronze, and copper, they shone over the (sacred) lake; the Two Lands were flooded with their brightness, tsjike the stars in the body of Nut, while my statue followed. Offering-tables of electrimi of real — , which my majesty exacted anew. I made it for him out of the conceptions of my heart,"^ by the guidance of the god himself, 44being the work of the hands of "Him-Who-is-South-of-His-Wall."« Never was made the like in this land since the time of the an[cestors] Qjeyond everything!. My majesty furthermore presented to him 2 great (hbn't-) jars, as the first of this great oblation, '•'which my majesty founded anew, for my father Amon, lord of Thebes, at all his feasts forever. My majesty furthermore [made] many ^cham- bersi * wrought with electrum and black copper ,8 erecting an renclosurei, a seat '»6 . A Harp, Etc. 165. [My majesty made]"^ a splendid harp wrought with silver, gold, lapis lazuU, malachite, and every splendid costly stone, *'for the praise of the beauty of his majesty' at his appearances in the names gold, bronze, and every costly stone, a haU as in the beginning; (mnjf't-) Unen, made anew, supplied with all that belongs thereto; "•^two chambers (ySwy) containing splendid ointment for [""my father AmonT] [Twhichi] I [Texact^ed for it. Conclusion 166. My majesty did this for my father Amon, lord [of Thebes^, as recompense for the permanence of "'the statues of my majesty which are in [this] temple the hmbs, as an everlasting work, to make his voyage therein, at his great feasts of the New Year. »The Egyptian uses the word "monument" also for smaller works, vessels, utensils, etc., of which a, list begins here. ''So Brugsch, but Gardiner has the wj^-sign and a lacuna. <=Ii this refers to the height, as seems certain, it was of the astonishing height of twelve feet! dThe same phrase {km'-n-yb) occurs in Papyrus Harris (IV, 308, 1. 4). «An epithet of Ptah, patron of handicrafts. iSb^t. BSee Building Inscription of Amenhotep III, 11. 3, 1 1 , and 22 ( § § 883, 886, and 889) . l>So Brugsch; no trace on original. "The god. §i68] SEMNEH TEMPLE INSCRIPTIONS 69 SEMNEH TEMPLE INSCRIPTIONS^ 167. The temple of Semneh was rebuilt of stone from the ground up, by Thutmose III, with the pious intention of re- storing the brick sanctuary of his great ancestor (at least officially so), Sesostris III, in whose fortress of Semneh the temple stands. Of Sesostris Ill's original temple nothing has ever been found, unless the "Second Semneh Tablet" (I, 653-60) was a part of it. This tablet Thutmose III piously set up in the wall of his new temple; and also had recorded on the new walls the old list of feasts and offerings which he found among the inscriptions of Sesostris III. More than this the old temple was sacred to KJinum and Dedun; but Thutmose III adds to them Sesostris III, now apotheosized as the hero who conquered Nubia'' (see I, 640 flf.). There is here a noble regard for the greatest king of the Middle Kingdom, which contrasts very strikingly with the shameful desecration of which the Nineteenth Dynasty was guilty. Thutmose III completed his new temple early in his second year, and the original sculptures show not a trace of Queen Hatshepsut's regnancy.'^ I. RENEWAL OF SESOSTRIS lIl'S LIST OF OFFERINGS^ Scenes 168, On the right Sesostris III is enthroned under a baldachin. Before him at the extreme left stands Thutmose III. aLepsius, Denkmdler, III, 47, a-56, b; Young, Hieroglyphics, 91-95. Stein- dorff's collation of Lepsius with the original shows that the latter's plates are very accurate. ^This apotheosis of Sesostris III doubtless took place earlier than this, but we have no earlier evidence. cQn later traces of her in the reliefs, see Sethe, Zeitschrift fiir agyptische Sprache, 36, 59-63, and Pis. VI-X. dOn the east waU, outside (Lepsius, Denkmaler, III, 55, a-b). 70 EIGHTEENTH DYN.: THUTMOSE III & QUEEN [§169 Inscription 169. 'Year 2, second month of the third season (tenth month), day 7 under the majesty of * ^Thutmose (III), given life. Decree of Renewal 170. That which was spoken by'' the majesty of the Court, L. P. H., to the wearer of the royal seal, sole companion, king's-son, governor of the southern countries — •=: s" Cause that there be engraved the divine offerings, which the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Lord of the Two Lands, Lord of Offering, Khekure (Sesostris III)"^ made ■♦in the temple of his father Dedun, presider over Nubia, the avenging son; that he might do excellent things for his fathers who begat him; and the festal offerings, that fhis name might be mentioned in the house of^ his father] sKhnum, binder of the (Nine) Bows, smiter of the Shasu (Ss '■ w) ; while the king, Khekure (Sesostris III) was among the living, while he lived *the gods ; causing that there be offered divine offerings to the gods and the mortuary offering to the dead by his majesty. Divine offerings were made anew ^in the house of his father Dedun, that his name might be mentioned in the house of his father Khnum, binder of the (Nine) Bows, smiter of the Shasu. Sesostris Ill's List 171. There shall be given: southern grain and spelt' for them, and the water of Wawat *for his father Dedun, pre- sider over Nubia, a festal offering of the beginning of the seasons: of southern grain, 15 heket;^ for his father Dedun, presider over Nubia: of southern grain, 645 heket; of spelt, 20; [for his father], sKhnum, binder of the (Nine) Bows: a festal offering of the beginning of the seasons: southern grain, 50 heket; southern grain, 425 heket; of spelt, 20; each year for his father Khnimi, binder of the (Nine) Bows: a bull of the herd for the New Year (wp-rnp't); for his father aPuU titulary. bLit., "from" (»t). ^The name of the official is lost, but it is almost certainly the viceroy of Kush, who was appointed by Thutmose I (§§ 61 flE.), whose name was probably Thure. ^His Horus-name follows. ^Restored after 1. 7. * See Griffith {Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archeology, XIV, 430). sThe offerings are separated by a semicolon. §172] SEMNEH TEMPLE INSCRIPTIONS 71 Dedun: a bull '°a bull of the herd for the feast, (named:) "Repulse-of-the-Troglodytes,"^ which occurs in the fourth month of the second season, on the twenty-first day, *'a festal offering of the beginning of the seasons;'' southern grain, 50 heket; southern grain, 202*= heket; of spelt, 15; each year at (the feast) " Repulse-of -the-Troglodytes : " royal Unen, 8 [for] ''the feast, which occurs in the first of the third season"^ (ninth month) : a bull of the herd ; for his father Khnum, binder of the (Nine) Bows, smiter of the Shasu: southern grain, 26 heket; each year for the king's-wife : -, '^southern grain, 26 heket; each year for the great king's-wife, Merseger (Mr-sgr), at (the feast) "Bind- ing-of-the-Barbarians:"* southern grain, 135 heket; of spelt, 10; each year for the king, Khekiure (Sesostris III) : . 172. '3His majesty enjoined them upon the chiefs, and governors of the fortresses of Elephantine of the South, as dues of each year to abide and to endure: . n. DEDICATION TO DEDUN AND SESOSTRIS III Scene ^ 173. Sacred barque, containing a shrine with statue of Sesostris III ; behind this Thutmose III and Dedun stand- ing, the god embracing the king. Words of Dedun 174. My beloved son, Menkheperre, how beautiful is this beautiful monument, which thou hast made for my beloved son. King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Khekure (Sesostris III). Thou hast perpetuated his name forever, that thou mayest live. *See I, 654. •The season feast and the feast of victory seem to have fallen together. cThere is a small lacuna after the units; the number is probably 205. dProbably Thutmose Ill's coronation feast, which occurred on the fourth of this month. eThere is no doubt that this is another feast introduced by r, "at, " as in 1. 10. f Inside, on the west wall (Lepsius, Denkmaler, III, 48, 6-49. °)- There is a similar scene on the newer portion of the same wall, farther north. 72 EIGHTEENTH DYN.: THUTMOSE HI & QUEEN [§175 175. On the opposite wall in a similar scene* Dedun adds: Thou hast renewed his birth^ a second time in a monument in memoriam.'= Thou hast presented to him many offering-tables of silver and gold, bronze, and Asiatic copper. The reward thereof for thee is satisfying life, like Re, forever. 176. The dedication inscription in full is as follows:^ 'The Good God, Menkheperre (Thutmose III). He made (it) as his monument for his father Dedun, presider over Nubia {T ^-pd' t), and for the King' of Upper and Lower Eg)rpt, Khekure (Sesostris III); making for them a temple ''of fine white stone of Nubia (T^-pdf) although my majesty found (it) of ruinous brick; as a son does, ""accord- ing toi the desire which his father desired, ^who assigned to him the Two Regions, who brought him up to be Horus, lord of this land. I have set it in my divine heart that I should make his monument ; that I should make him mighty according as he gave * — ; that I should perpetuate his house forever, according as he has become greater than any god. He hath given to me all Ufe, stabiUty and satisfaction like Re, forever. BIOGRAPHY OF NEBWAWI 177. This official enjoyed a long career, beginning early in the reign of Thutmose III and continuing under Amen- hotep II. The narrative of his career was evidently distrib- uted upon a number of monuments,' some of which are lost, so that we now possess only the story of his earliest and latest years, the former on a statue, the latter on a stela, both of which were gifts from the king. ^Lepsius, Denkmdler, III, 50, b. ^Lit., "repeated birth for him." '^lAt., "a monument of putting the heart," that is, of putting in mind, remind- ing. Compare Hebrew, i? DID. •dOn the outside of the west wall; Lepsius, Denkmdler, III, 52, 6; see also Young, Hieroglyphics, 93. ■= Perhaps four (see Spiegelberg, Recueil, XIX, 99). §i8i] BIOGRAPHY OF NEBWAWI 73 I. THE STATUE INSCRIPTION* 178. This text narrates the career of Nebwawi during the first nine years of Thutmose III ; during which he rises to be High Priest of Osiris at Abydos. It is significant that Hatshepsut is not referred to until the ninth year, and even then not by name. At this point the narrative is abruptly concluded, as if to be continued on another monument. Introduction 179. 'Given as a favor of the king, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Menkheperre (Thutmose III), living forever, to the High Priest of Osiris, Nebwawi (Nb-w '^' wy) . He saith: "I was a servant, useful to his lord, zealously serving^ him who favored him. First Period 180. I filled the first office in the house of my father, Osiris; I was made chief in the — of the temple. A royal command came before me every day '^ in the secret of the lord of Abydos. I .' This period was until the year ^^"^.^ My lord, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Menkheperre (Thutmose III), praised me for it. Second Period 181. I was appointed to be High Priest of my father Osiris; every office of this house was placed under the authority of the king's-servant. Another time it was commanded me, that I should go, to «bring forth in procession® his father, Harendotes, in the house of Min, lord of aOn a statue in the hands of a native dealer in Luxor; seen and copied by Spiegelberg and published, Recueil, XIX, 97, 98; thence by R^villout, Revue egyptologique, VIII, 132. Unfortunately, the dealer allowed Spiegelberg only a few moments to copy it, and he was unable to secure a reliable text. See the trans- lation and full discussion by Sethe, Zeiischrift fiir agypHsche Sprache, 36, 71 £f. bLit., "pressing (i. e., following) the way of, etc." cAn entire line is lost; its length is not given as published. dlt is almost certain that Spiegelberg's 10 is to be read 2; giving 3. •Lit., "to cause to dawn." 74 EIGHTEENTH DYN.: THUTMOSE III & QUEEN [§182 Panopolis, at all his feasts in Panopolis, I being there as chief of the prophets and all the workmen of the entire temple. This period was until the year 6. It was the occasion in the Thinite nome. The majesty of my lord praised me. Third Period 182. I was appointed to be chief in the of his father, the King of Upper and Lower Eg3rpt, Nebpehtire (Ahmose I); his treasuries were upon my seals; I came forth therefrom, safe and prosperous, until the year 9. 183. I conducted the work on the ship." I repulsed him that rebelled against her majesty^ (fem.). II. ABYDOS STELA = 184. This monument takes up the hfe of Nebwawi after a long interruption at the close of Thutmose Ill's reign, after the coregency of Amenhotep II had begun, for it carries the narrative into the reign of Amenhotep II, although the monument is a gift of Thutmose III."! This conclusion is corroborated by the epithet "living forever" after the name of Thutmose III, in the reign of Amenhotep II. Nebwawi was called to the court, and probably died there during the coregency. »This is the sacred barge used in the drama of the Osiris-myth; see the same connection in the inscription of Pefnefdineit (IV, 1023). '■Read "his majesty;" the feminine was doubtless inserted by Spiegelberg as consistent with the rest of the inscription. Osiris is referred to. •^Stela found at Abydos, now in Cairo; Mariette, Abydos, II, 33, =■ Birch, Zeitschrijt fUr agypHsche Sprache, 1876, 5, 6 (very bad) = Rouge, Album photo- graphique, No. 151. I have not seen the last, but used Berlin squeeze (A 1628). Translated by Spiegelberg, Recueil, XIX, 99. dOn the coregency, see Sethe, Untersuchungen, I, 55. It must have begun late in the year 53, oi: early in 54, for we find Thutmose III still alone in year 52 (Lepsius, DenkmiUer, III, 45, e; Sethe, Untersuchungen, I, 23, n. i), and Amenhotep II already alone in his third year. As the campaign in Asia was already over by Amenhotep II's third year, and it was certainly made necessary by Thutmose Ill's death, it is clear that Amenhotep II reigned his first year with Thutmose III, fought out his war in Asia in his second year, and went to Nubia in his third (§§ 780 ff.). § i87] THE BIRTH OF QUEEN HATSHEPSUT 75 Reign of Thutmose III 18s. 'Given as a favor of the king's presence, the King Menkhe- perre, living forever, ^to the High Priest of Osiris, Nebwawi. He saith: "I conducted many works in ^the house of my father Osiris, of silver, gold, lapis lazuli, malachite, and every splendid costly stone. ■♦All these were upon my seal, (for) he knew that I was excellent of heart ^toward him. I administered the ''affairs'' of my lord, as pro- tector of the house of my father. *I attained reverence^ under the favor of the king's presence. I was summoned 'to his house of gold, and my place was made among his princes. *My feet strode in the splendid place;*" I was anointed with the best ointment, 'a wreath (w' h) was at my throat, as the king does to him whom he has favored. Reign oj Amenhotep II 186. His son repeated to me favor, '°the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Okheprure (Amenhotep II), living forever. He gave to me a statue of his father, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, "Menkhe- perre (Thutmose III), living forever; his likeness of millions of years in the house of his father Osiris; divine offerings; "lands of the royal domain. Every writing remained ^in force'' for the L. P. H. of the Son of Re, his beloved '^Amenhotep (II), beloved of Osiris, First of the Westerners, lord of Abydos, given life, like Re, forever.'"^ THE BIRTH OF QUEEN HATSHEPSUT^ 187. Beginning with the Fourth DjTiasty, every Egyp- tian king might bear the title, "Son of Re," the sun-god. It is not an accident therefore, that the interesting folk- tale preserved to us in the Papyrus Westcar narrates aOld age. ''The halls ot the palace. cHere follow seven lines containing the usual mortuary prayer. dA series of reliefs and inscriptions in the Der el-Bahri temple, occupying the north half of the middle colonnade (corresponding to the Punt reliefs on the south half, §§ 246 ff.). They were uncovered by the excavations of the Egypt Explora- tion Fund under Naville, which began excavating the temple in 1894. Published in Naville, Deir-el-Bahari, II, 46-55. 76 EIGHTEENTH DYN.: THUTMOSE III & QUEEN [§i88 that the three children of a priest's wife, begotten by Re, and bom among astonishing prodigies, became the first three kings of the Fifth D)Tiasty.'' The rise of the title, "Son of Re," on the Fifth Dynasty monuments thus corre- sponds remarkably with the legendary tale current a thou- sand years later among the common people.^ As Re had once ruled as king of Egj^t, lineal descent from him through intervening kings was claimed by all Pharaohs from this time on, and was sufficient to justify the assump- tion of the title; but in its strictest sense the title indicated that the king was immediately and physically the offspring of the god and a mortal mother. It is probable that this interpretation was pressed at first only by kings whose claims to the throne through their mortal parents were ques- tionable. Naturally, there gradually grew up around so fruitful a theme a literary version of the story, as well as pictures of the various incidents in the drama. These finally took stereotyped form, and the pictures, ■= accompanied by explanatory text, made up of fragmentary quotations from the story in poetic form, have been preserved to us by Hatshepsut at Der el-Bahri and by Amenhotep III at Luxor. i88. The Papyrus Westcar,^ dating from the rise of the Eighteenth Dynasty, has preserved to us the charming aSee Petrie, History of Egypt, I, 69 f. liThe Papyrus Westcar (see Erman, Die Marchen des Papyrus Westcar, Berlin, 1890; Erman, Life in Ancient Egypt, 373 ff., and Aus den Papyrus des koniglichen Museums zu Berlin, 38, 39) is from 700 to 1,000 years later than the birth of the three kings which it narrates. <=That these pictures are composed of conventionally current scenes is shown by the fact (i) that both Hatshepsut and Amenhotep III used almost identically the same scenes in their birth reliefs; (2) that the sculptor of Hatshepsut's scenes, copied his traditional models in every detail, including the sex of the child (of course, a boy! This was not to conceal the child's sex, for all the pronouns in the accompanying texts are feminine!); had he been sketching something new, prompted by this particular occasion, his sketches would have been made to suit the occasion. § iQo] THE BIRTH OF QUEEN HATSHEPSUT 77 folk-tale in which the state fiction found expression and circulated among the common people. The explanatory texts, accompanying the reliefs of Hatshepsut and Amen- hotep III, unfortunately furnish us only the merest frag- ments of the fine poem in which the court and the higher classes heard the story of the monarch's divine paternity. The meagemess of the surviving fragments of the court poem makes a comparison with the folk-tale a very brief matter, but enough of the former is preserved to show that one quotes from the other, or both quote from a common source in traditional stock phrases long orally current. For the same gods figure at the birth in both, and at least in two incidents the same words are employed by both. 189. Later every king claimed Amon (successor of Re) as his physical father, and in Ptolemaic times the incidents in the divine birth of the king were regularly depicted in the temple reliefs." The most notable example in late times, Alexander the Great, who journeyed to the Oasis of Amon that he might be recognized as the god's son, was therefore merely acting in harmony with a state fiction as old as the Fifth Dynasty. He thus became the legitimate king of Egypt by the only possible means. 190. In the case of Hatshepsut, it was, of course, a violent wrenching of the traditional details to apply the fiction to a woman, for the entire legend was fitted only to a man. The result was in some cases startling inconsistency (e. g., § 202). Undoubtedly, this tale of Hatshepsut's divine »For example, Lepsius, Denkmaler, II, 59-61; Champollion, Monuments, II, 145 sext. ff.; these late representations have not been collected and published; to put them all, early and late, together would be a very useful piece of work. Much material, especially with reference to Alexander the Great, has been collected by Maspero {Comment Alexandre devint dieu en Egypte, Ecole des hadites ftudes, annuaire 1897). bSee Mahaffy, The Ptolemic Dynasty, 15, 16. 78 EIGHTEENTH DYN.: THUTMOSE HI & QUEEN [§191 paternity, designing her before her birth for the throne, was intended by her supporters to enforce her claims to the kingship. The whole was therefore sculptured in a series of magnificent reliefs at Der el-Bahri, which have suffered sadly from a twofold attack: by the triumphant Thutmose III, who erased the figure and inscriptions of the queen; and by the Amon-hating Amenhotep IV, who did likewise for those of Amon. Hence it has been necessary to employ also the duplicate by Amenhotep III in Luxor. ^ 191 . The reliefs begin at the south end of the colonnade, proceed northward (lower row) without interruption, and conclude at the north end. I. THE COUNCIL OF THE GODS*" Scene 192. Amon enthroned at the right, before twelve gods" in two rows at the left. Inscription The long inscription of probably twenty-one lines'^ be- tween Amon and the gods contained the words of the gods (three lines at the left) and those of Amon (all the rest) in which he has evidently prophesied the birth of Hatshepsut and promises her great power; for we can still read: I will unite for her the Two Lands in peace I will give to her all lands, all countries." *See §§ 841 £f. I have arranged the Der el-Bahri and Luxor texts in parallel columns, and find that they largely supplement each other. They axe practically identical. ''Naville, Deir-el-Bahari, II, 46 (Luxor, Gayet, 73 (66), fig. i8g). •^Osiris, Isis, Harsiese, Nephthys, Anubis, Hathor, Montu, Tum, Shu, Tefnut, Keb, and Nut. "^Including two lines behind Amon; all have been carefully hacked away, and only the tops of the lines have escaped destruction. In front of Amon is Ramses II's clumsy note: "Restoration of the monument which King Usermare- Setepnere {Ramses II) made, for his father Amon." The note has been cut directly over the old inscription! ^Amenhotep III has Thoth before this council of gods at Luxor. § 195] THE BIRTH OF QUEEN HATSHEPSUT 79 n. INTERVIEW BETWEEN AMON AND THOTH^ Scene 193. Amon stands at the left before Thoth on the right. ^ Inscriptions'^ The words of Amon are almost totally illegible, the record of Ramses II's restoration being placed over the lower half. Without them, it is difficult to discern the exact purpose of the interview. The words of Thoth are better preserved : Words of Thoth^ 194. thou^ maiden whom thou hast mentioned. Lo, f ^1 an old man.^ Ahmose is her name, the beneficent, mistress of in this whole land. She is the wife of the king [0]kheperkere (Thutmose I), given life forever. While his majesty is in f — ', go thou to her. Amon and Thoth are now seen^ proceeding to the queen. m. AMON WITH QUEEN AHMOSE*' Scene 195. Amon and Queen Ahmose are seated facing each other; the god extends to her the symbols of life. They ^Naville, Deir-el-Bahari, II, 47 (Luxor, Gayet, 62 (72). '•The Luxor scene shows one feature omitted in Der el-Bahri, viz., the queen and Hathor standing between Amon and Thoth. Hathor embraces the queen, and the fragmentary inscription would indicate that the goddess is informing the queen of what is to befall her. ^Between and over the gods. dBy combining Der el-Bahri and Luxor. 'End of an optative imperative ? fPossibly a reference to the fact that the king is old as a reason that Amon should become the father of Hatshepsut? eOn the right of the preceding scene (Naville, Deir-el-Bahari, II, 47; Luxor, 63 (71)- hNaville, Deir-el-Bahari, II, 47, Luxor, Gayet, 63 (71); a much better text than Gayet's, although with impossible conjectures in the lacunae, is by Bouriant, Recueil, IX, 84, 85. 8o EIGHTEENTH DYN.: THUTMOSE HI & QUEEN [§196 are sitting upon the heavens,^ symbolic of the exalted char- acter of the interview, supported by two female divinities who are seated upon a couch.'' The inscriptions are as follows: The Interview'^ 196. Utterance of Amon-Re, lord of Thebes, presider over Kamak."* He made his form like the majesty of this husband, the King Okheper- kere (Thutmose I). He found her as she slept in the beauty of her palace. She waked at the fragrance of the god, which she smelled in the presence of his majesty. He went to her immediately, coivit cum ea, he imposed his desire upon her, he caused that she should see him in his form of a god. When he came before her, she rejoiced at the sight of his beauty, his love passed into her limbs, which the fragrance of the god flooded; all his odors were from Punt. * Words of the Queen^ 197. Utterance by the king's-wife and king's-mother Ahmose, in the presence of the majesty of this august god, Amon, Lord of Thebes : "How great is thy fame!^ It is splendid to see thy front; thou hast united my majesty (fem.) with thy favors,* thy dew is in all my limbs." After this, the majesty of this god did all that he desired with her. Words of Amons 198. Utterance of Amon, Lord of the Two Lands, before her: "Khnemet-Amon-Hatshepsut shall be the name of this my daughter, whom I have placed'' in thy body, * this saying which comes out of thy mouth." She shall exercise the excellent kingship in this whole land.' ^Plainer in Luxor. bUpon which the interview really took place. ■^Text behind Amon. dThe following is not really the words of Amon. 'Behind the queen. f Luxor has a dififerent text here: " the plans which thou hast made; thy [hear(\ is satisfied ivith my majesty" (feminine). eNext to the right; four lines. hRead wd'ny. ^The connection is not clear. JThis announcement of the god to Hatshepsut's mother is strikingly like the announcement of Re to Rededet, the mortal mother of his three unborn children in Papyrus Westcar (IX, 10, 11): "He, {Re) hath said to her: ' They shall exercise this excellent office in this whole land.' " §302] THE BIRTH OF QUEEN HATSHEPSUT 8i My soul is hers, my nbountyi is hers, my crown fis hers,' that she may rule the Two Lands,^ that she may lead all the living > IV. INTERVIEW BETWEEN AMON AND KHNUM^ 199. Amon now calls in the aid of the god Khnum, who created man. Scene Amon stands on the left before Khnum on the right. The following inscriptions accompany them: Instructions of Atnon^ 200. Utterance of Amon, presider over Kamak: "Go, to make her, together with her ka, from these limbs which are in me; go, to fashion her better than all gods; fshape for me,'^ this my daughter, whom I have begotten. I have given to her all life and satisfaction, all stability, all joy of heart from me, all offerings, and all bread, like Re, forever." Reply 0} Khnum 201. "I will form this [thy] daughter [Makere] (Hatshepsut),* for life, prosperity and health; for ofiEerings for love of the beau- tiful mistress. Her form shall be more exalted than the gods, in her great dignity of King of Upper and Lower Egypt." V. KHNUM FASHIONS THE CHILD* Scene 202. Khnum is seated before a potter's wheel, upon which he is fashioning two male (!) children,** the first being »Luxor adds: "like Re, forever" and ends here. ••Nearly two lines of conventional promises, in a very fragmentary state, follow here. cNaville, Deir-el-Bahari, II, 48 ( = Luxor, 63 (71), Fig. 203). dThey have all disappeared but one line. The rendering is partially from Luxor, with corresponding changes of gender. In fashioning the child (at Der el- Bahri, PI. 48), Khnum repeats the instructions he has received from Amon, which can thus be reconstructed from this source, also. I have arranged the three sources in parallel columns, and employed all. "Read twt ny ? f Luxor adds: "together with all his {Amenhotep Ill's) ka's." BNaville, Deir-el-Bahari, II, 48 (=Luxor, 63 (71), Fig. 202). l»This would indicate that the reliefs were made according to old and tradi- tional sketches in which, of course, a female child had no place. All the pronouns used by Khnum in addressing the child are feminine! 82 EIGHTEENTH DYN.: THUTMOSE III & QUEEN [§203 Hatshepsut and the second her ka. The frog-headed goddess Heket, ^ kneeling on the right, extends the symbol of life to the two children. Inscription 203. Khnum repeats the instructions he has received from Amon, putting them now in the first person. Utterance of Khnum, the potter, lord of Hirur (Hr-wr): "I have formed thee of these hmbs of Amon, presider over Kamak. I have come to thee (fem.), to fashion thee better than all gods.^ I have given to thee (fem.) all hfe and satisfaction, all stability, aU joy of heart with me; I have given to thee (fem.) "^all health, all lands; I have given to thee (fem.) all countries, all people ;■= I have given to thee (fem.) all offerings, all food ; I have given to thee (fem.) to appear upon the throne of Horus like Re, forever; ^ I have given to thee (fem.) to be before the ka's of all the living, while thou (fem.) shinest as King of Upper and Lower Egypt, of South and North, according as thy (fem.) father who loves thee (fem.) has commanded. VI. INTERVIEW BETWEEN THOTH AND QUEEN AHMOSE" Scene 204. Queen Ahmose standing on the right is saluted by Thoth, who stands with outstretched arm at the left. Inscriptions They unfortunately contain only titles and epithets of praise, so that the purpose of the interview is not clear. Vn. QUEEN AHMOSE IS LED TO CONFINEMENT* Scene 205. Khnum and Heket appear on each side of the queen leading her by either hand. Before them nine divinities in three rows of three. All are led by Amon. "At Luxor it is Hathor. '>In Papyrus Westcar (X, 14) Khnum "makes sound his limbs." ^Unimportant variants in Luxor. ^Xwo short lines last. «Naville, Deir-el-Bahari, II, 48 (=Luxor, 64 (69), Fig. 197). 'Naville, Deir-el-Bahari, II, 49 (-Luxor 64 (69), Fig. I'pS). §2o6] THE BIRTH OF QUEEN HATSHEPSUT 83 Inscriptions They again offer only titles and epithets of praise; the inscription of Heket,^ however, did contain some references to the scene; we can discern: "Thou didst conceive imme- diately after this, thou >" — '* a child {[Go^] with him^ to the court, to ;" but the bulk of her speech is hacked out or covered by Ramses II's renewals. Before Amon a long inscription of thirteen lines, now completely hacked out, doubtless contained the description of the scene. Vm. THE BIRTH ■= Scene 206. The queen "i sits enthroned in the middle of the upper row, holding the child ; before her are four female divinities, acting as midwives and extending their arms for the child.^ Behind her are five goddesses;* the foremost, extending to the queen the sign of life. The entire row rests upon a couch. In the middle row, which also rests upon a couch, we see directly under the queen two genii of myriads of years; and on either side of them the genii of the east and west.^ The bottom row shows: on the left, the genii of the north and south; on the right, Bes and »Her titles are also interesting : " Heket, mistress oj Hirur, White One 0/ Nekhen, deliverer" (at births), in which she is identified with Eileithuia because of similar functions. ''Khnum or Amon ? ■^Naville, Deir-el-Bahari, II, 51 ( = Luxor, 65 (70), Fig. 199). dShe bears the name of Hatshepsut! But in Luxor the corresponding position is occupied by the mother of the child, and there can be no doubt of the identity here. eJn Luxor, one of these midwives is passing the child to the next. 'Among them Isis and Nephthys; these two, together with Khnum and Heket who led in the queen, and Meskhenet, who sits at the right, are the same five divinities who figure at the birth of the children of Re in Papyrus Westcar (IX, 23). eNaville, Deir-el-Bahari, II, 16. 84 EIGHTEE NTH DYN.: THUTMOSE III & QUEEN [§207 Teweret, with a blank space which contained an inscription now totally gone." At the extreme right sits Meskhenet, the goddess of births, directing the midwives. Inscriptions 207. The divinities on the right in the upper row and Meskhenet all utter the conventional promises, as in the speech of Khnum^ (§ 203). rX. PRESENTATION OF THE CHILD TO AMON"= 208. The child is now presented to her father by Hathor. Scene 1. Hathor, enthroned on the right, extends the child to Amon, who is standing on the left. Inscriptions 2. The brief words of Hathor have almost disappeared; one can still read: "she extends her arm before his majesty." Words of Amon 3. Utterance of [Amon] "^ to see his daughter, his beloved, the king, Makere (Hatshepsut), living, after she was born, *while his heart was exceedingly happy.* Utterance* of [Amon to] his bodily daughter [Hatshepsut]: "Glori- ous part which has come forth from me; king, taking the Two Lands, upon the Horus-throne forever." »It is better preserved at Luxor, but I can see no connection with chap. 137 of the Book of the Dead, to which Naville finds a resemblance {Deir-el-Bahari, II, 1 6). bin PapjTus Westcar (X, 13, 14). Meskhenet says: "A king, who shall exer- cise the kingship in this whole land." 'Naville, Deir-el-Bahari, II, 52 (=Luxor, 65 (70), Fig. 200). dThe usual promises. 'Exactly the same phrase {ndm yb) is used by the divinities in Papyrus Westcar (XI, 5), as they announce the birth of his children to Rawoser, saying: "Let thy heart be happy, Rawoser; behold three children are born to thee." * Under his extended arm. j2io] THE BIRTH OF QUEEN HATSHEPSUT 85 X. COUNCIL OF AMON AND HATHOR Scene 209. Amon is enthroned at the left holding the child before Hathor, enthroned at the right. Behind the latter is the goddess Serek, ^ who is perhaps summoning the child to its nourishment in the following scene. Inscriptions They are unfortunately so defaced that little more than the conventional promises can be made out.^ XI. THE NURSING OF THE CHILD "= Scene 210. On a couch at the left (above) sits Queen Ahmose, supported by a goddess, and before her the child and its ka are nursed by two cow-headed Hathors. Below the couch are two Hathor cows, suckling the child and its ka."^ On the right are the ka's, twelve in number, which have already been suckled and are being passed on to the Nile-god and an obscure deity named Heku (hk ^ w), who present them to three enthroned divinities. Inscription It has almost all been hacked out, but we can discern the words: "Nursing her majesty (fem.) together with ail her ka's." "She is lacking at Luxor. ''Luxor is no better. cNaville, Deir-el-Bahari, II, S3 (=Luxor, 66 (67), Figs. 192 and 193, and 67 (68), Fig. 194). "iXhe children have been hacked out, but they are clear in Luxor. There is a splendid granite statue of such a Hathor cow in Florence, suckling the infant King Harmhab. 86 EIGHTEENTH DYN.: THUTMOSE HI & QUEEN [§2n Xn. SECOND INTERVIEW OF AMON AND THOTH Scetie 211. Amon and Thoth stand facing each other, and hold between them the child* and its ka.* Inscriptions Only the conventional promises; the purpose of the interview is perhaps the arrangement of the child's future. XIII. THE FINAL SCENE^ Scene 212. At the left Khnum and Anubis advance, the latter rolling a large disk before him. Before them two female divinities in the upper row present the child and its ka to a kneeling god (the Nile-god ?), and in the lower row the same scene appears before another unknown divinity. Be- hind (at the right) stands Sefkhet, keeping record, accom- panied by an attendant god. Inscriptions Only the conventional promises; it is therefore impos- sible to explain the purpose of this scene. The child is now launched upon its career. STATUE OF ENEBNI^ 213. A statue upon which the nobleman Enebni refers to Thutmose III as "her (Hatshepsut's) brother." "Hacked out. ''Naville, Deir-el-Bahari, II, 55 ( = Luxor, 67 (68), Fig. 195, and 64 (69), Fig. 196. t^Statue in the British Museum. Inscription: Lepsius, ^mjtuoW der wichtig- sten Urkunden, it; Sethe, UfUersuchungen, I, 123, e, and cf. also 6, 7, and 51; also Maspero, Proceedings of the Society of Biblical ArchcEology, XIV, 170 £E. §215] THE CORONATION OF QUEEN HATSHEPSUT 87 Made as a favor* of the Good Goddess, Mistress of the Two Lands, Makere (Hatshepsut), living and abiding like Re, and her brother the Good God, Lord of Offering, Menkheperre (Thutmose III), who is given life like Re, forever. An " offering- whi ch-the-king-gives " *> for the ka of the only- excellent one, the favored of his god, the beloved of his lord, because of his excellence; the follower of his lord on his journeys in the South country and the North country,'^ the king's-son, chief of the archers, master of the royal weapons, Enebni {'nbny), triumphant before the great ennead of gods. VASE INSCRIPTION-i 214. A small jar, presented by Hatshepsut to her mother, Ahmose, bears the words: Divine Consort, Great King's- Wife,^ Hatshepsut; she made (it) for her mother, Great King's-Wife, Ahmose, triumphant before Osiris. THE CORONATION OF QUEEN HATSHEPSUT ^ 215. The scenes and inscriptions in this series are in uninterrupted continuation of the birth series (§§ 187-212). *The usual formula has: "Given as a favor, etc.," see, c. g., Senmut statue (§366). tiThe usual formulary — in the name of Amon, Osiris, and Anubis — is omitted. "^This suggests unknown campaigns of Thutmose III, while he was still ham- pered by the association with Hatshepsut. din Gizeh; text in Mariette, Monuments divers, n8, d i; Maspero, Momies royales, 633, n. 4; Brugsch, Recueil de monuments, I, PI. 36, 4, and p. 49; Sethe, Untersuchungen, I, 122, 6, 20. ^Showing clearly that the queen for a time after her accession bore the usual titles of the king's legitimate wife, with no pretense of being king herself. See Sethe, Untersuchungen, I, § 31 and § 36, where another vase inscription shows the same fact. f Reliefs and inscriptions on the wall of the northern half of the middle colon- nade in the Der el-Bahri temple; they begin on the south end-wall (directly over the first scene of the birth series, which they continue), proceed northward along the west wall, and conclude on lie north end-wall (directly over the last scene of the birth series). They were uncovered by the Fund excavations under Naville, and published by NaviUe, Deir-el-Bahari, III, 56-64- 88 EIGHTEENTH DYN.: THUTMOSE III & QUEEN [§216 They represent the child consecrated to the kingship by the gods; then grown to maidenhood and crowned by them; and finally crowned by her father, Thutmose I, before the assembled court. This is followed by some concluding ceremonies by the gods. The birth series of Amenhotep III at Luxor continues to furnish a parallel as far as the coronation by Atum (III) and the reception of names and crowns (IV). The entire series has been more or less defaced and systematically hacked out by the queen's political enemies. The historical value of the different sections is discussed as they are taken up. I. THE PtTRIFICATION* Scene 216. The child'' stands between Amon on the right and Khonsu on the left, who are pouring water over her head. Inscriptions Both the gods utter the following words :■= Thou art pure, together with thy ka, [for] thy great dignity of King of Upper and Lower Egypt, living. n. AMON PRESENTS THE CHILD TO ALL THE GODS'* Scene 217. Amon, enthroned at the left, fondles the child upon his knees; before him stand six figures: three (above) rep- resenting "all the gods of the South," and three (below) representing "all the gods of the North." ^Middle terrace, northern half, on the south end-wall, upper row, over the first scene in the birth series; published by Naville, Deir-el-Bahari, III, 56 ( =Luxor, 75 (64), Fig. 186). ^The figure has totally disappeared at Der el-Bahri, but is preserved at Luxor. ■^Same in Luxor. "^Naville, Deir-el-Bahari, III, 56 ( = Luxor 73 (66), Fig. 190). § 221] THE CORONATION OF QUEEN HATSHEPSUT 89 Inscriptions 218. They have as usual been hacked out and further obscured by the barbarous restorations of Amon's name where it did not belong, by Ramses II. Words of Amon 219. Utterance of Amon-Re, lord of ^[heaven to] the gods:* "Be- hold ye, my daughter [Hatshepsut]^ living; be ye loving toward her, and be ye satisfied with her." He shows'^ her to all the gods of South and North, who come to look upon her, rdoing obeisance before her^. Words oj the Gods 220. 'Utteranceof all thegods, [to] Amon-[Re]: "This thy daughter [Hatshepsut], who liveth, we are satisfied with her in life and peace. 'She is now thy daughter of thy form, whom thou hast begotten, prepared. Thou hast given to her thy soul, thy r — 1, thy fbountyi, the magic powers of the diadem."^ ^while she was in the body of her that bare her, the lands were hers, the countries were hers;^ all that the heavens cover, all that the sea encircles. Thou hast now done ■•this with her, for thou knowest the two aeons.* Thou hast given to her the share of Horus in life, the years of Set in satisfaction. We have given to her8 ni. THE NORTHERN JOURNEY^' 221. With this incident in the queen's childhood we pass out of pure fiction into a narrative which possibly contains ^Ramses II's restoration renders this uncertain. ••In the blank where the name of the queen had been cut out, Ramses II has inserted "Amon." <=Lit., "he causes them to see her." dSee the same statement by Amon himself in the birth scenes (§ 198). «Read If^s't (or nt) and ns ymy = " belonging to." * Periods of 60 years. BRamses 11 has again put in a restoration of Amon in the wrong place. After that follow the conventional promises of life, satisfaction, etc. l>Text first published by Naville, Recueil, 18, PI. i, and corrections, ibid., 19, 209-11. Later and much more correctly NaviUe, Deir-el-Bahari, III, 57. 90 EIGHTEENTH DYN.: THUTMOSE HI & QUEEN [§222 a kernel of fact. Having actually, during her father's life- time, made a journey with him to the north, she now slightly warps its purpose (of which we really know nothing) and represents the journey as the occasion of an acknowledg- ment of her coming kingship by all the gods of Egypt as she proceeds to Heliopolis to be crowned by Atum. Ac- cording to the date of her jubilee (year 15), she must have spent fifteen years as crown prince (being nominated thirty years before the jubilee).* After references to her godlike appearance and blooming beauty, having grown from child- hood to maidenhood, the journey is barely mentioned, but it is stated that all the gods came to her as she journeyed northward. Following this, over half of the inscription (11. 8-15) is occupied with the splendid promises of the gods regarding the greatness of her future kingdom. That this journey northward is represented as primarily in order to visit Heliopolis, and there be acknowledged and crowned by Atum, is shown by the accompanying scene, in which she is crowned in his presence. 222 . The same incident occurs in the coronation of Amen- hotep III. This was undoubtedly an old custom, for Atum was the solar deity, who was always associated with the kingship; and, as we noticed in the preceding birth series, Atum's successor at Heliopolis, Re, became the father of all mortal kings of Egypt. In accordance with this old custom, Amenhotep III also visited Atum, and was crowned by him, before his accession. The visit of Piankhi (IV, 871) was due to the same custom, and Thutmose Ill's ascension to heaven (§ 141) to be crowned and receive his royal names is but a splendid variation of the customary fiction. *See Sethe, Zeitschrijt fiir dgyptische Sprache, 36, 65. § 225] THE CORONATION OF QUEEN HATSHEPSUT 91 The Queen's Growth and Beauty 223. 'Her majesty saw all this thing* herself, which she told to the people, who heard, falling down for terror among them. =Her majesty grew beyond everything; to look upon her was more beautiful than anything; her r — ^ was like a god, her form was Hke a god, she did ^everything as a god, her splendor was hke a god; her majesty (fem.) was a maiden, beautiful, blooming, Buto in her time. •'She made her divine form to flourish, a rfavor of him that fashioned her. The Journey 224. Her majesty (fem.) journeyed sto the North country after her father, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Okheperkere, who Uveth forever. There came'^ her mother, Hathor, patroness of Thebes ; Buto, mistress of Dep; Amon, lord of Thebes; *Atum, lord of HeUopolis; Montu, lord of Thebes; Khnum, lord of the Cataract; all the gods that are in Thebes, all the gods of the South and North, and approached 'her. They traversed for her, pleasant ways, (they) came, and they brought all life and satisfaction with them, they exerted their protection behind her; one proceeded *after another of them, they passed on behind her every day. Promises of the Gods 225. They said, "Welcome, daughter of Amon-Re; thou hast seen thy administration in the land, thou shall set 'it in order, thou shalt restore that which has gone to its ruin,^ thou shalt make thy monuments in this house, thou shalt victual the offering-tables of him who begat thee, thou shalt pass through the land'^ and thou shalt embrace '°many countries. Thou shalt strike among the Tehenu, thou shalt smite with the mace the Troglodytes; thou shalt cut off the heads of the soldiers, thou shalt seize "the chiefs of Retenu, bearing the sword, the survivals^ "What thing is meant is not clear; possibly it refers to the preceding presenta- tion to the gods, which she narrates now to the people. Then follow her growth into youth and beauty, and the journey. ^Yw'lfr is a sdm' Ifr' f-ioim. cThis is a clear reference to the queen's restoration of the temples recorded at Benihasan (§§ 296 ff.), and plainly indicates the late date of the coronation reliefs, which are thus evidently later than the temple restorations. ■JRead ^ns't t^ {t for two land-signs). 'Meaning those whom her father Thutmose I had left; hence this is further evidence of Ids Asiatic campaign. 92 EIGHTEENTH DYN.: THUTMOSE HI & QUEEN [§226 of thy father. Thy tribute is myriads of men, the captives of thy valor; thy ""rewardi is "thousands of men for the temples of the ^Two Lands^. Thou givest offerings in Thebes, the steps of the king, Amon-Re, lord of Thebes. ''The gods have [endowed] thee with years, they ''present'' thee with Ufe and satisfaction, they praise thee, for their heart hath given understanding to the egg* which ''•[they] have fashioned. They shall set thy boundary as far as the breadth of heaven, as far as the limits of the twelfth hour of the night ; the Two Lands shall be filled with children — , thy numerous children '^are (as) the number of thy grain, fwhich'' thou r — '^ in the hearts of thy people; it is the daughter of the bull of his mother,^ — beloved. IV. CORONATION BY ATUM'= 226. The queen on the left is led by Hathor"^ into the presence of Atum standing on the right. In Luxor, after being led in by Sekhmet, the king (corresponding to the queen in Der el-Bahri) kneels before Atum enthroned." Before them stands Thoth, of whose inscription only the fol- lowing has survived: Words oj Thoth 227. Set his diadem upon his head; put titulary before the gods ^ V. RECEPTION OF TBCE CROWNS AND THE NAMES*' 228. The coronation before Atum is followed by a similar ceremony before Amon.** ^Meaning the queen. ''Amon-Kamephis. cNaville, Deir-el-Bahari, III, 57, 58 ( = Luxor, 73 (66), Fig. 191, and 74 (6s), Fig. 188). "IThere is another divinity before the queen, and there were others behind Hathor, but all have disappeared. =It is probable that this scene was also in the Der el-Bahri series in the erased space immediately following the above introduction to Atum. 'The conventional phrases. gNaville, Deir-el-Bahari, III, 4, where only an account of the scene is given with a few sentences of text, as the whole is almost completely hacked out. At Luxor the scene of the crowns is well preserved (Gayet, 75 (64), Fig. 184 incom- plete; better Lepsius, Denkmaler, III, 75, c), but the scene of names is omitted. '■This is of coiu'se a later custom, as Amon himself is a later god. J 231] THE CORONATION OF QUEEN HATSHEPSUT 93 Scene The queen,* standing, is embraced by Amon, enthroned at the left; from the right approach two goddesses,'' one bearing the crown of Upper and the other the crown of Lower Egypt, and behind them are the genii of the cardinal points. Inscriptions 229. Presented to thee is this red crown, which is upon the head of Re; thou shalt wear the double crown, and thou shalt take the Two Lands by this its name Presented to thee is this white crown, mighty upon thy head; thou shalt take the lands by its diadem, by this its name. Reception of Names 230. There was here a scene (wanting in Luxor), repre- senting the reception by the queen of her new royal names, conferred by the gods." The scene is totally destroyed, with the exception of the figures'^ of Sefkhet and Thoth ( ?) on the right accompanied by the words: Writing the name, Golden Horus: Divine of Diadems. Writing the name. King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Makere. VI. PROCLAMATION AS KING BEFORE AMON" Scene 231. The queen, in king's costume, with the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt, stands before Amon, enthroned on the left. Behind the queen are the genii of the cardinal points, and behind these again Sefkhet and Thoth are keeping record. »From Luxor, where, of course, it is the king. ^From the Der el-Bahri inscription it is evident that they are Nekhbet and Buto, the goddesses of South and North, as we should expect. 'See the conferring of names upon Thutmose III (§§ 143 ff.) by the gods. Later, when the queen's names are really conferred by the ofl&cials, it is naively explained that they have been revealed to the officials by the god (§ 239). ■iNaville, Deir-el-Bahari, III, 59. «Naville, Deir-el-Bahari; III, S9. 6°- 94 EIGHTEENTH DYN.: THUTMOSE III & QUEEN [§232 Inscriptions The accompanying inscriptions are either destroyed or, where preserved, show only conventional phrases. That the coronation before the gods is complete is seen from the fragmentary words of Thoth: "Thou hast set these thy diadems [upon thy head}." Vn. CORONATION BEFORE THE COURT* 232. We now reach the alleged real coronation of the queen, which is represented as taking place before the court, at the command of Thutmose I, who retires from the throne in Hatshepsut's favor. As she bore the title "great king's-wife," for some time after her accession,^ it is clear that she did not immediately succeed her father in the kingship as here represented. 233. This fact alone shakes one's confidence in the truth of the coronation inscription; but to this fact we must add another still more decisive. The date of the coronation is given as the first of Thoth, New Year's Day, of itself a remarkable coincidence. The selection of this date is ex- plained as intentional on the part of Thutmose I in a passage, which states : = aPirst published by Naville in Recueil, 18, PI. Ill; corrections, ibid., 19, 211, 212; finally, much better (but not without errors) in Naville, Deir-el-Bahari, III, 60-63. ''See Sethe, Unlersuchungen, I, § 31 and § 36, and Zeitschrijt jur agypUsche Sprache, 36, 67. cNaviUe's rendering is as follows:' "at (r) the festival day (^t-disk) of her coronation; when the first day of the year and the beginning of the seasons Should be united, etc." (Naville, Deir-el-Bahari, 111, 7, 1. 33). The ^disk cannot be read as the sun-disk ("day"), for it lacks the stroke, never lacking with the sun-disk in this inscription (e. g., in the neighboring lines twice, 1. 27 and 1. 29). We must read r^/, " he knew, recognized." Nfr follows in the usual construction with ». There is not a shadow of doubt as to the correct rendering. Later: Naville's later altered rendering, in a recent number of Sphinx, is grammatically im- possible. § 234] THE CORONATION OF QUEEN HATSHEPSUT 95 "He (Thutmose I) recognized the auspiciousness of a coronation on* New Year's Day as the beginning of the peaceful years and of the spending of myriads (of years) of very many jubilees."^ Thutmose I therefore ostensibly selected New Year's Day as the most auspicious day for his daughter's corona- tion. But if we examine her obelisk inscription (§ 318, 1. 8), we find that, as she actually reckoned, the beginning of her regnal year fell somewhere between the first of the sixth and the thirtieth of the twelfth month, and not on New Year's Day. Finally, this account of the coronation in the Der el- Bahri temple, is taken verbatim from the account of the coronation of Amenemhet III in the Middle Kingdom temple at Arsinoe,' and deserves no more credence than the geographical lists of Ramses III at Medinet Habu, which have been copied from the lists of the Eighteenth and Nine- teenth Dynasties. It is clear that this entire coronation of Hatshepsut, like the supernatural birth, is an artificial creation, a fiction of later origin, prompted by political necessity. As such it is closely paralleled by the similar representations of Ramses II in his great Abydos inscrip- tion (III, 251-81), with the sole difference that his father is stated to have remained as coregent on the throne. Scene 234. Thutmose I is enthroned at the left, with his daughter standing before him; in their presence three rows of court- iers standing on the right. ^Lit., "of," making the phrase, "New Year's coronation." H 239. 11- 33. 34- ■^Fragments in Berlin (Nos. 15801-4; see AegypHsche Inschriften aus den Koniglichen Museen zu Berlin, Heft III, 1 38) . I owe the knowledge of the character of these fragments to my friend, Mr. Alan Gardiner, who kindly caUed my attention to them. 96 EIGHTEENTH DYN.: THUTMOSE III & QUEEN [§235 Inscriptions^ They furnish the only surviving account of such a corona- tion, in the presence of the superseded monarch and the court. Thutmose I Summons His Daughter to be Crowned 235- 'There saw her*" the majesty of her father, this Horus;"^ how divine is her great fashioner ! Her heart is glad, (for) great is her crown; "she advocates her cause rini truth, rexalteri of her royal dignity, and of that which her ka does. "^The living were set before her"^ sin his palace ■= of ■" — ''. Said his majesty to her: "Come, glorious one;* I have placed (thee) before me ; that ''thou mayest see thy administration^ in the palace, and the excellent deeds of thy ka's'^ that thou mayest assume thy royal dignity, glorious sin thy magic, mighty in thy strength. Thou shalt be powerful in the Two Lands; thou shalt seize the rebel- lious; *thou shalt appear in the palace, thy forehead shall be adorned with the double diadem, resting upon the head of the heiress of Horus, whom I begat, 'daughter of the white crown, beloved of Buto. The diadems are given to thee by him who presides over the thrones of the gods. Thutmose I Summons the Court 236. *My majesty caused that there be brought to him the digni- taries of the king, the nobles, the companions, "the oflScers of the court,' and the chief of the people,' that they may do homage,'' to set the maj- ^They are in vertical lines, divided into three groups by the king's throne and the group of courtiers. The language is in many respects unusual, the whole is difl&cult and sometimes uncertain. ^JHatshepsut. •^Meaning King Thutmose I, to whom all the following epithets are applied. dReferring to the court spectators. *Of course, read: '^ fi '-f-n-ys' t as in 1. 10. 'Addressed to his daughter, the queen. sShe has already seen it in the land at large on the northern journey (5 224 1. 8). hThat which the ka does, is to reign; the phrase is not uncommon. iOf course, correct to Snyt. iRby't, a class of people not yet closely defined. ^Ndt-hr. § 238] THE CORONATION OF QUEEN HATSHEPSUT 97 esty of '°the daughter of this Horus* before him in his palace of f — \^ There was a sitting^ of the king himself, ''in the audience-hall of the right of the fcourti, while these people prostrated themselves"^ in the court. Thutmose I's Address to the Court 237. Said^ his majesty before them: "This my daughter, Khnemet- Amon, Hatshepsut, who hveth, I have appointed [her] ; she is my successor* '^upon my throne, she it assuredly is who shall sit upon my wonderful seat.'* She shall command the people^ in every place of the palace; she it is who shall lead you; 'Sye shall proclaim her word, ye shall be united at her command. He who shall do her homage shall live, he who shall speak evil in '^blasphemy of her majesty shall die. Whosoever proclaims with unanimity the name of her majesty (fem.), ''shall enter immediately into the royal chamber, just as it was done by the name of this Horus (viz., by my name).'^ For '*thou art divine, O daughter of a god, for whom even the gods fight; behind whom they exert their protection every day according to the command of her father, the lord of the gods.' The Court and People Acknowledge the New Queen 238. ''The dignitaries of the king, the nobles and the chief of the people' hear =°this command for the advancement of the dignity of ^Meaning the king, Thutmose I. •"See 1. 3 (note). Possibly referring to the tomb-temple of Der el-Bahri, where the scene is engraved. In this case, the events narrated took place in the Der el-Bahri temple itself. <:See sitting of year 9, Punt relief (§ 292, 1. i). ■^Lit., "were upon their bellies." eAt this point the inscription is interrupted by the scene representing the king seated in a. pavihon, etc. *This word (ys'ty) is very important; for it indicates, not association as core- gent, but accession as successor. It is used in the same sense, precisely, by the nomarch Key (I, 692). BLit., "She shall command matters to the people (.rl).yt)." l>That is, the name of the new queen is to be as effective in securing entrance as had been that of the king, her father. iHere the text is interrupted by the bas-relief of the three rows of officials named in 11. 8, 9. JSee § 236, 1. 9, n. f. 98 EIGHTEENTH DYN.: THUTMOSE III & QUEEN [§239 his daughter, the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Makere (Hatshepsut) living forever. They kissed the earth at his feet, when the "'royal word fell among them; they praised all the gods for the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Okheperkere (Thutmose I), living forever. They went forth, their mouths ""rejoiced, they published his proclamation [to] them. All the people* of all the dwellings "^of the court heard; they came, their mouths rejoicing, they proclaimed (it) beyond every- thing, dwelling on dwelling ""therein was announcing (it) in his name; soldiers on soldiers •" — \^ they leaped and they danced "sfor the double joy of their hearts. They rproclaimedi, they rproclaimedi^ the name of her majesty (fem.) as king; while her majesty (fem.) was a youth, while the great god was "^rturningi their hearts to his daughter, Makere (Hatshepsut), living forever, when they recognized that it was the fa[ther] of the divine daughter, and "'thus they were excellent in her great soul beyond everything. As for any man who shall love her in his heart, and shall do her homage every day, "%e shall shine, and he shall flourish exceedingly; Paut] as for any man who shall speak against the name of her majesty, the god shall determine his death immediately, "'even by the gods who exercise protection behind her every day. The majesty of this her father hath published this, all the people"^ have united upon ^othe name of this his daughter for king. While her majesty was a youth, the heart of his majesty inclined to [her] exceedingly. Proclamation of the Queen's Names 239. 3'His majesty commanded that the ritual priests be brought to rproclaim"" her great names that belonged to the assumption of the dignities of her royal crown and for insertion in (every) work and every seal of the ^^Favorite of the Two Goddesses, who makes the circuit north of the wall,« who clothes all the gods of the Favorite of the Two Goddesses. 33He has recognized the auspiciousness of the coronation on New Year's Day as the beginning of the peaceful years and of the =-See § 236, 1. 9, n. f. ^A verb of shouting is lacking, as it is construed with hr. •^Written twice, cf. note a. ^See § 236, ii. «Some ceremony unknown to us. The whole line refers to ceremonies in which the oflScial name of the monarch must be used (see § 57). § 240] THE CORONATION OF QUEEN HATSHEPSUT 99 spending of myriads (of years) of s+very many jubilees. They pro- claimed her royal names, for 3sthe god caused that it should be in their hearts to make her names according to the form with which he had made them before:* 3*Her great name, Horus: [Wosretkew (wsr-t-k^ w)],'^ forever; 3 'Her great name, Favorite of the Two Goddesses: "Fresh in Years," •= good goddess, mistress of offering; 3*Her great name. Golden Horus: "Divine of diadems ;"'i 39Her great name of King of Upper and Lower Egypt: "Makere, who liveth forever."^ It is her real name which the god made beforehand. Vrm SECOND pxirification* 240. After the public coronation, further ceremonies of the gods follow. First Scene The queen is led away by the god Kheseti. Inscriptions sThe first (day) of the first season. New Year's Day, the first of the peaceful years of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Favorite of the Two Goddesses, who makes the circuit north of the wall, the Feast of Shed ^ •The leading away to enter the "Great House" (^byi) the "Pillar of his Mother,"' of the "Great House" Cfor the!) purification of the "Great House." »They were inspired to announce the same names which the god had already- conferred upon her before (§230). This is to explain how the officials knew the same names already conferred by the god. ^" Mighty of doubles." <:W ^d't rnp'wt. ^Nlrt-^ ' w. eThe complete titulary should contain five names of which the last is here lack- ing. This last fifth name was her personal name, Hatshepsut, which she had already received in childhood. 'Naville, Deir-el-Bahari, III, 63. sOver the queen. 'Over the god. •"Cf. I, 150- Titulary of the queen. )A priestly title. loo EIGHTEENTH DYN.: THUTMOSE III & QUEEN [§241 Second Scene 241. The god Kheseti, standing at the right, holds over the queen, who stands at the left, a vessel in the form of the sign of life. Inscription Over the queen, merely her name with epitheta; over the god, the following: I have purified thee with these waters of all satisfying life, all stability, all health, all joy of heart, to celebrate very many jubilees, like Re, for- ever. rx. CONCLUDING CEREMONIES* 242. The queen is now led away by Horus, and several ceremonies follow, which are too nearly destroyed to be clear, but one of them was the "making of the circuit north of the wall," in accordance with the title of the queen used above. ^ The coronation is now regarded as complete, for Horus says: "Thou hast established thy dignity as king, and appeared upon the Horus-throne." SOUTHERN PYLON INSCRIPTION AT KARNAK<= 243 . There is a distinct tendency on the part of Hatshepsut to show especial respect to her father, Thutmose I. The evident purpose of the following inscription is to make clear that her father recognizes her right to rule as king. It represents him shortly after her accession, as praying for ^Naville, Deir-el-Bakari, III, 63, 64. ''In § 240, and elsewhere. cQn the north side of the third southern pylon, left wing, below; text: Lepsius, Denkmdler, III, 18; Sethe, Untersuchungen, I, 113, 114; translated by de Roug^, Melanges d'archeologie igyptienne, I, 46 f.; Sethe, ibid, I, 27, 28 (cf. also p. i). The inscription is very mutilated, and some omissions have been necessary. § 245] KARNAK SOUTHERN PYLON INSCRIPTION loi the blessing and favor of the gods upon her reign," and the entire document is of course, the work of the queen herself. 244. The accompanying scene shows Thutmose I stand- ing on the right before Amon, Mut, and Khonsu, the Theban triad on the left; the inscription of twenty lines occupies the space between. Over half of it is occupied with the names, titles, and fulsome epithets of Thutmose I, and the translation omits these, beginning in the middle of 1. 11, with the king's address to the three divinities. 245. " I come to thee, lord of gods; I do obeisance^ [before] thee, in return for this that [thou hast put]'' '^the Black and the Red Land"^ under (the dominion of) my daughter, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Makere* (Hatshepsut), who lives forever, just as thou didst put (it) under (the dominion of) my majesty '3. . . . Thou hast given to me the kingdom of every land in the presence of the Two Lands, exalting my beauty while I was a youth .... [the Black Land] '''and the Red Land are under my dominion. I am satisfied with victories, thou hast placed every rebellious land under my sandals which thy serpent-diadem has bound, bearing their gifts; thou hast strength- ened the fear [of me] ''their limbs tremble, I have seized them in victory according to thy command; they are made my subjects; [they come to me] doing obeisance, and all countries with bowed head. Tribute '* * '' the heart of my majesty is glad because of her '^[rthe petition!] concerning my daughter Wosretkew,8 King of Upper and Lower Egypt, of whom thou hast desired, that she be associated with [thee]*' — rthati thou mightest aSethe has shown (Untersuchungen, I, 28) that it does not record the installa- tion of Hatshepsut as coregent. •'Lit., "smell the ground." ':Sethe's emendation,- Untersuchungen, I, 113. dThe black land of the valley and the red of the desert hills. «The name has been changed to that of Thutmose II, but the queen's name can still be read. *The conventional praise of the king; in the following Unes which are very fragmentary, only the references to the queen are translated. sHonis-name of Hatshepsut. ^Apparently a play on her name, "Associate of Amon" (Khnemet-Amon), I02 EIGHTEENTH DYN.: THUTMOSE III & QUEEN [§246 assign [this] land [to] her grasp. Make her prosperous as King 'smayest thou [TgrantT] for me the prayer of the first time, my petitions concerning [my] beloved (fem.) '° under her majesty (fem.). THE PUNT RELIEFS^ 246. These are undoubtedly the most interesting series of reliefs in Egypt, and form almost our only early source of information for the land of Punt. They are as beautiful in execution as they are important in content. They record an important expedition of the queen thither, which was successfully concluded just before her ninth year (§ 292, 1. 1). 247, The only earlier evidences of intercourse with Punt are as follows: In the Fourth Dynasty a Puntite negro appears as the slave of one of the sons of King Khufu;'' in the Fifth, King Sahure sent an expedition thither (I, 161, 8), Mn the Der el-Bahri temple, occupying the south half of the middle terrace (corresponding to the Birth and Youth on the north half, §§ 187 if.). See accom- panying plan (p. 105). First copied by Dumichen and published by Diiraichen, Historische Inschrijten, II, 8-20, and Fleet, 1-3, and 18, a; then by Mariette, Deir - el - Bahari, 5-10. The excavations of the Egypt Exploration Fund since 1894 have for the first time uncovered all the Punt reliefs, and they have all now appeared in the superb publication of the Egypt Exploration Fund (Naville, The Temple of Deir-el-Bahari, Introductory Memoir, Pis. 7-10, and Vol. Ill, Pis. 6g-86). Unfortunately, the old publications have not been collated and the por- tions since lost, added. It is therefore still necessary to collate Mariette and Dumichen; I have placed all copies in parallel columns as a basis for the present translation. The inscriptions and reliefs have suffered, not merely from the hand of time and modern vandalism, but the inscriptions and figures of Hatshepsut were hacked out by her political enemies after her fall, and the figure and neighboring inscriptions of Amon, wherever occurring, were later erased by Amenhotep IV. The faint traces remaining on the wall are difficult to read; hence the numerous errors in the old publications. The most useful treatments are Erman {Life in Ancient Egypt, 505 ff.), Maspero {Struggle of the Nations, 247-53, ^i'h very full citation of the older bibliography) ; and for Punt especially see MuUer {MUtheil- ungen der Vorderasiatischen Gesellschajt, III, 42; also Orientalistische Litteratur- zeitung, II, 416) and Krall {Beitrdge zur Geschichte der Blemyer und Nubier, "Denkschriften der Wiener Akademie," Philologisch-historische Classe, Vol. XL VI, 4te Abhandlung) to which is added an excursus on Punt). ''Lepsius, DenkmOler, 1,1, 23; see Erman, Aegypten, 670. 1 248] THE PUNT RELIEFS 103 and King Isesi sent another, which brought back a dancing dwarf (I, 351); in the Sixth, an officer of Pepi II, named Enenkhet, was killed by the Sand-dwellers on the coast, while building a ship for the Punt voyage (1, 360), and another expe- dition thither under the same king was led by the assist- ant treasurer, Thethy (I, 361); in the Eleventh Dynasty, Henu, chief treasurer of King Senekhkere-Mentuhotep III, dispatched an expedition to Punt, which he accompanied only to the coast of the Red Sea (I, 430) ; in the Twelfth Djniasty, an officer of Amenemhet II, named Khentkhetwer, records his safe return from Punt (I, 604-6);^ and finally there was also an expedition under Sesostris II (I, 618). None of these sources contains more than the meagerest ref- erence to the fact of the expedition. 248. The reliefs illustrating her expedition, which Hat- shepsut had carved in her beautiful Der el-Bahri temple, are therefore, as stated, the first and only full source for a stud^ of ancient Punt and the voyage thither. The expedition, like those of Henu^ and of Khentkhetwer, may have left the Nile at Koptos, and proceeded by caravan to Wadi Gasus on the Red Sea, where the ships may have been built.'' But as no shift of cargo is mentioned, and the same ships depicted as sailing the Red Sea are afterward shown on the Nile, it is possible that the canal through the Wadi Tumilat connect- ing the Nile and the Red Sea had existed from the Twelfth Dynasty, having been made by one of the Sesostrises.'^ The question of the location of Punt is too large for dis- ^A fairy-tale in a St. Petersburg papyrus of the Middle Kingdom, in possession of M. Golenischeff, narrates the adventures of a shipwrecked sailor on a voyage to Punt. ^As Henu returned by way of Hammamat, he must have sent his expedition from the Red Sea terminus of the Koptos-Hammamat road. cCf. the ship of Enenkhet (I, 360). dStrabo, XVII, i, 26. 104 EIGHTEENT H DYN.: THUTMOSE III & QUEEN [§249 cussion here, but it was certainly in Africa, and probably was the Somali coast. 249. The successive scenes and the accompanying in- scriptions tell the story of the expedition so clearly that no introductory outline is necessary. 250. Historically, it is important to note that Thutmose III appears only once in the Punt reliefs, and that in a sub- ordinate position, so that, as far as this source is concerned, the queen is the author of the expedition, which she under- takes in accordance with an oracle of Amon (§ 284). 251 . The arrangement of the reliefs on the wall is inter- esting; Punt is at the extreme south (left) on the end wall of the colonnade (see plan), and the fleet bound thither is placed by the artist with prows literally toward the south, while the returning fleet is correspondingly represented with stern toward Punt in the south and bows to the north. The successive scenes then proceed northward (to the right) and conclude on the north end-wall. I. DEPARTURE OF THE FLEET* Scene 252. Five vessels, two of which are still moored, the rest already under sail. The last vessel bearing over its stern the pilot's command, "Steer^ to port." A small boat lashed to a tree has above it the words: "{An offering) for the life, prosperity, and health of her majesty (fem.), to Hathor, mistress of Punt ^ 1 that she may bring wind;" "First scene on the west wall, lower row; Marietta, Deir-el-Bahari, 6 below; Mariette, Voyage dans la haute Egypte, II, 63; Diimichen, Historische Inschriften, II, 11; Diimichen, Fleet of an Egyptian Queen, i; Naville, Deir-el-Bahari, III, 72. 73- bLit., "make." 1- dQ !2 fe b CO E f' fcS s c ; i^ M i; tt £■ £1- 2 3 1 1 5 i. 1 5? g "i in ■3 ^ a3 tn 1 u rt g s 1 ■3 S C 3 X c C s 1 ea 1 < § p^ ^ p? C/] > JS aj ^ ■4-J *+H OJ p^ o nj ' ^ K cn (/> fH o o p<^ ■^ ^tn 6 4-> .o ^ +-> 2 o- 1 ■B 6 .g 13 H i C "3. J o u g io6 EIGHTEENTH DYN.: THUTMOSE HI & QUEEN [§253 showing that a propitiatory ofifering is being made ashore as they leave." Inscriptions 253. 'Sailing in the sea, ^beginning^ the goodly way toward God's- Land, journejdng ^in peace to the land of Punt, by ■♦the army of the Lord of the Two Lands, according to the command'^ ^oi the Lord of Gods, Amon, lord of Thebes, presider over Karnak, *in order to bring for him the marvels of 'every country, because he so much loves *the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, [Makere (Hatshepsut)],'^ 9for his father Amon-Re, lord of heaven, lord of earth, '°more than the other kings "who have been ''in this land '^forever. 11. RECEPTION IN PUNT" 254. The voyage has been safely made^ and the expedition has landed. Scene^ On the right the " king's-messenger" advances at the head of his soldiers. A pile of necklaces, hatchets, daggers, etc., before him, ostensibly an offering to Hathor, are for trade with the Puntites, whose chief, "Perehu," advances from the left to meet the Egyptians. Behind him follow his abnormally fleshy wife,« "Eti," their children — two sons* aCf. Erman, Aegyplen, 675. Henu in the Eleventh Dynasty made a similar offering as he dispatched his Punt expedition (I, 432; see also III, 423). ''Lit., "taking the head oj the way." 'See Oracle, § 285. dXhe queen's name has been cut out; later Ramses II inserted his name over the old erasure; the following clause, to the word "earth," is also due to him; hence "his father" and the entire loss of connection with 1. 10. «On the south wall, lowest two rows; Mariette, Deir-el-Bahari, 5; DUmichen, Historische Inschrijten, II, 8 and 10; Naville, Deir^l-Bahari, III, 69. As Naville has unfortunately not added the now lacking portions contained in the old publi- cations, it is necessary here to employ them also. 'Lowest row. sOnly in the old publications, as this block has been stolen from the wall; see Dumichen, ResuUate, LVII; photograph in Mariette, Voyage dans la haute Egypte, II, 62. 1 258] THE PUNT RELIEFS 107 and a daughter^ — and three Puntites* driving the "ass which bears his wife." Behind these is a landscape in Punt, showing among the trees the houses of the Puntites set on poles (Pfahlbauten). Below the whole is a line of water, showing that the scene is near the sea or the haven in which the Egyptians have landed. The inscriptions are these: Over the Egyptians 255. [The arrival] of the king's-messenger in God's-Land, together with the army which is behind him, before the chiefs of Punt; dis- patched with every good thing from the court, L. P. H., for Hathor, mistress of Punt; for the sake of, the life, prosperity, and health of her majesty. Before the Puntites 256. The coming of^ the chiefs of Punt, doing obeisance, with bowed head, to receive this army of the king; they give praise to the lord of gods, Amon-Re ."^ Over the Puntites 257. They say, as they pray for peace: "Why have ye come thither"^ unto this land, which the people^ know not? Did ye come down upon the ways of heaven, or did ye sail upon the waters, upon the sea of God's-Land? Have ye trodden Cthe way of')^ Re? Lo, as for the King of Egypt, is there no way to his majesty, that we may live by the breath which he gives? Before the Leader of the Puntites 258. The chief of Punt, Perehu {P^-r'-hw). »Only in the old publications. ^Egyptian "hy." 'Here evidently the iiame of the queen originally stood; it was then erased by Thutmose III, and in the time of Ramses II the blank was mistaken for an erasure of Amon's name by Amenhotep IV, which name was then inserted. Traces of the old inscription are visible at the end. dLit., "Why have ye reached this?" 'The people of Egypt (rmt). See the oracle, § 285, 1. 10. fThe text has "Re" as the direct object of "trodden;" something must be supplied. io8 EIGHTEENTH DYN.: THUTMOSE III & QUEEN [§259 Before His Wife His wife, Eti ("ty).'' Over the Ass The ass which bears his wife. III. THE traffic'' Scene'' 259. At the right is the tent of the " king' s-messenger," who stands before it. Before him are the products of Punt, and approaching from the left is a long line of Puntites, bearing similar products; at their head, as before, the chief and his enormous wife. At the extreme left the Puntite landscape, as in II. In the Tent 260. Pitching the tent of the king's-messenger and his army, in the myrrh-terraces of Punt on the side"! of the sea, in order to receive the chiefs of this country. There are offered to them bread, beer, wine, meat, fruit, everything found in Egypt, according to that which was commanded in the court, L. P. H. Before the Egyptian 261. Reception of the tribute of the chief of Punt, by the king's- messenger. Before the Puntites 262. The coming of« the chief of Punt bearing tribute at the side of *the sea before the king's-[messenger]* . ^Before the two sons who follow her: "His son;" before the daughter: "His daughter." ''South wall; references as for II. "^Second row from below. dThe Egyptian has a dual, "on the two sides of," from which Dumichen {Geschichte, 120) would locate Punt on both sides of the Red Sea, but this dual is a common idiom, meaning no more than a singular. See § 262, where it is absurd to suppose that the chief of Punt is bringing his gifts "at both sides of the seal" Dumichen's translation "von beiden Seiten" is, moreover, impossible, for the text has "upon," not "von."' ^Egyptian "by." 'These words extend over the Puntites; it is uncertain how much has been lost at the end. i 265] THE PUNT RELIEFS 109 IV. LOADING THE VESSELS* Scene 263. Two vessels heavily laden with myrrh trees, sacks of myrrh, ivory, woods, apes; on shore'' and ascending the gang-planks, men carrying sacks and trees. Over Men with Trees on Shore 264. CLook to'')'= your feet, ye people! Behold! the load is very heavy! ^Prosperity ■T)e"' with ''us,'' for the sake of the myrrh tree in the midst of God's-Land, for the house of Amon; there is the place •" where! it shall be made to grow for Makere, in his temple, according to com- mand. Over the Vessels 263. 'The loading of the ships very heavily with marvels of 'the country of Punt; all goodly fragrant woods of God's-Land, heaps of smyrrh-resin, with fresh myrrh trees, '•with ebony" and pure ivory, with green gold Sof Emu, (^mw), with cinnamon wood, *khesyt wood,^ with ihmut-incense, 'sonter-incense, eye-cosmetic, *with apes, 'monkeys, '°dogs, ''and '"with skins '^of the southern panther, '"with natives and 'Stheir children. Never was brought '*the like of this for any king who has been since the beginning. *South wall, uppermost row; first scene on the west wall, upper row; Mariette, Deir-el-Bahari, 5 and 6; Dumichen, Historische Inschriften, II, 9 and 12; Fleet of an Egyptian Queen, 2; Naville, Deir-el-Bahari, III, 69 above, and 74 below. ^At the left, over the scene of the traffic. <=A guess; the words are broken away, and some similar exclamation on the part of the men carrying the trees is to be expected. Note the Puntites represented as speaking Egyptian ! dWords of a second man. ^Fragments of the Punt wall show the felling of the ebony trees, with the inscription: "dating the ebony in great quantities" (Naville, Deir-el-Bahari, III, 70). * Sweet wood, used in making incense. no EIGHTEENTH DYN.: THUTMOSE HI & QUEEN [§266 V. THE RETUIUSr VOYAGE =' Scene^ 266. Three vessels under full sail, with the cargo enu- merated in § 265. Inscriptions'^ over the Vessel Sailing, arriving in peace, journeying to Thebes'^ with joy of heart, by the army of the Lord of the Two Lands, with the chiefs of this country « behind them. They have brought that, the Uke of which was not brought for other kings, being marvels of Punt, because of the great- ness of the fame of this ^revered god, Amon-Re, Lord of Thebes.* VI. PRESENTATION OF THE TRIBUTE TO THE QUEEN BY THE CHIEFS OF PUNT, IREM, AND NEMYEW^ Scen^ 267. At the right the cartouches of the queen, badly defaced; approaching from the left, two lines of men with gifts, led by four lines of kneeling chiefs, being the chiefs of Punt (two lower lines), "the chiefs of Irem" ' (upper middle line) and "the chiefs of Nemyew"' (Nm^yw, upper line, negroes). Behind them approach Egyptians and Puntites with myrrh trees and other products of Punt. ^Mariette, Deir-el-Bahari, 6; Voyage dans la havte Egypte, II, 63; Diimichen, Historische Inschrijten, 13; Fleet of an Egyptian Queen, 3; Naville, Deir-el- Bahari, III, 75. ''At the right of the vessels loading. ^Beginning at the right. dThis scene is therefore upon the Nile, not upon the Red Sea. ePunt. ^Restored by Ramses II, supposing that the name of Amon had been here erased by Amenhotep IV. In reality, it was the name of Hatshepsut which had been erased. KMariette, Deir-el-Bahari, 6; Dumichen, Historische Inschriften, 14, 15; Naville, Deir-el-Bahari, III, 74 and 76. I'Over the loading of the ships and the return voyage. ■The location of these two countries is uncertain ; Nemye w is entirely unknown, and it is a question whether Irem is one of the inland Nubian countries or on the Red Sea coast north of Punt. §27i] THE PUNT RELIEFS iii Inscriptions^ 268. ' [Kisjsing the earth to Wosretkew^ (Hatshepsut) by the chiefs of Punt " the Nubian Troglodytes of Khenthen- nofer, every country — of ^ doing obeisance with bowed head, bearing their tribute to the place where her majesty (fern.) is ■• ways not trodden by others s every country is dominion of her majesty and counted * lord of Thebes, as tribute each year '^ which her father Amon UappointedT] for her, "^who hath set all the lands beneath her sandals, living forever. Over the Chiefs of Punt^ 269. They say as they pray for peace from her majesty (fem.): "HaU to thee, king (sic) of Egypt, Re (fem.),^ who shines like the sun, your sovereign, mistress of heaven . Thy name reaches as far as the circuit of heaven, the fame of [Makere (Hatshepsut) js; encircles the fsea''] . VII. THE QUEEN OFFERS THE GIFTS TO AMON*' Scene 270. The queen stands at the left; before her the products of Punt and Irem (lower row), brought back by the expedi- tion, mingled with those of Nubia (upper row). Before the Qtieen 271. The King himself, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Ma- kere (Hatshepsut) ; presentation* of the marvels of Punt, the treasures ^By the queen's cartouches. •"The queen's Horus-name: "Mighty in ka's." cMore probably a short lacuna here. "JRefemng to Amon. eXhe remains of a similar inscription are visible over the chiefs of Nemyew. ^Feminine; cf. the similar "female Horus" (obelisk-base, south, 1. i, § 314; Semnut statue, § 354; etc.). BTraces of the cartouche in Naville, (PI. 74); the determinative for "sea" is also probable, and suits the context admirably. hMariette, Deir-el-Bahari, 7, 8; Diimichen, Historische Inschrijten, II, 16, 17; Naville, Deir-el-Bahari, III, 77, 78, and 80. 'An absolute infinitive used as the tide of the scene, the preceding royal name being the date. 112 EIGHTEENTH DYN.: THUTMOSE HI & QUEEN [§272 of God's-Land, together with the gifts of the countries of the South, with the impost of the wretched Kush,^ the baskets of the Negro-land, to^ Amon, lord of Thebes, presider over Kamak, for the sake of the life, prosperity, and health of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Makere (Hatshepsut), that she may Uve, abide, and her heart be joyful; that she may rule the Two Lands like Re, forever. By the Trees'^ 272. Thirty-one fresh myrrh trees, brought as marvels of Punt for the majesty of this god, Amon, lord of Thebes; never was seen the like since the 'beginning. Under the Trees'^ Electrum; eye-cosmetic; throw-sticks of the Puntites; ebony; ivory, rshellsi (k^S). With Panther^ A southern panther alive, captured^ for her majesty (fem.) in the [south] countries. Miscellaneous Objects Electnun;^ many panther-skins; 3,300 (small cattle).^ Vin. WEIGHING AND MEASURING THE OFFERINGS*' 273. This scene is closely connected with the preceding presentation scene, of which it forms the unbroken continua- tion. It is accompanied by the following descriptive text:' *By an evident emendation. <:Lower row. •"Construe with "presentation." "iUpper row. «Lit., "brought" (ynyy); it is regularly used of prisoners and apparently also of wild beasts, e. g., also the lions captured by Amenhotep III (§865). Two more panthers show fragments of a similar inscription. 'With four chests, probably made by Thutiy (§ 376, 1. 31). eOver a gap among these offerings is the inscription recording the Asiatic campaign of Thutmose II (§ 125). hOn the right of the preceding scene in two rows; Mariette, Deir-el-Bahari 8; Dumichen, Historische Inschriften, II, 18, ig; Naville, Deir-el-Bahari III' 79, 81, 82. ' ' iAt the extreme right in five columns, behind the figure of Thutmose III offering incense (Naville, Deir-el-Bahari, III, 82). 1 277] THE PUNT RELIEFS 113 274. 'The king himself, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Makere (Hatshepsut).* Taking the measure Qik't) of the electrum, laying the hand on the f — ^ of the heaps, first instance of doing the good things. Measuring of the fresh myrrh unto Amon, lord of Thebes, lord of heaven, the first of the harvest ' of the marvels of the countries of Punt. The lord of Khmunu (Thoth) records them in writ- ing; Sefkhet counts the numbers. Her^ majesty (fem.) ^herself, is acting with her two hands, the best of myrrh is upon aU her Umbs, her fra- grance is divine dew, her odor is mingled with Punt, her skin is gilded"^ with electrum, ^shining as do the stars^ in the midst of the festival-hall, before the whole land. There is rejoicing by all the people ; they give praise to the lord of gods, 'they laud Makere (Hatshepsut) in her divine quahties, because of the greatness of the marvels which have happened for her. Never did the hke happen under any gods* who were before, since the beginning. May she be given life, like Re, forever. Measuring Scene^ 275. Two huge heaps of myrrh are being scooped into measures by four men; a fifth, whose figure has been care- fully erased, is Hatshepsut's favorite, "the scribe and steward, Thutiy" (§§369 ff.), who is keeping record of the measure for the queen; while the god Thoth at the extreme right performs a similar office for Amon. Over the Myrrh Heaps 276. Heaps of myrrh in great quantities. Over the Men Measuring 277. Measuring the fresh myrrh, in great quantities, for Amon, lord of Thebes; marvels of the countries of Punt, treasures of God's- Land, for the sake of the life, prosperity and health .^ ^The date. ^Rgad -s for -/. cA bold figure referring to the yellow hue of the women of ancient Egypt. dVellow stars painted on a blue field form a common ceiling decoration. For comparison of the king with a star, not so common as with the sun, see I, 31° ff-> 1. 2. ^That is, "kings." ^I^jwer row (iSTaville, Deir-el-Bahari, III, 79). BThe queen's name has been erased. 114 EIGHTEENTH DYN.: THUTMOSE III & QUEEN [§278 Before Thoth 278. Recording in writing, reckoning the numbers, summing up in millions, hundreds of thousands, tens of thousands, thousands and hundreds; reception of the marvels of Punt, ^for Amon-Re, lord of Thebes, lord of heaven.* Weighing Scene^ 279. A huge pair of balances piled on one side with com- mercial gold in large rings, against weights in the form of cows on the other side, is presided over by the gods Horus and Dedun of Nubia," standing at the left. At the right is Sefkhet, the goddess of letters, keeping record. Round and cow ^^ weights," and quantities of "electrum" in bars and rings, are piled up beside the balances. Over the Balances 280. The balances, accurate and true, of Thoth, which the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, [Makejre (Hatshepsut), made for her father, Amon, lord of Thebes, in order to weigh the silver, gold, lapis lazuU, malachite, and every splendid costly stone, for the sake of the Ufe, pros- perity, and health of her majesty (fem.) A Under the Balances 281. Weighing the gold and electrum, — the impost of the south- ern countries, for Amon-Re, lord of Thebes, , presider over Kamak .^ Before Sefkhet 282. Recording in writing, reckoning the numbers, summing up in millions, hundreds of thousands, tens of thousands, thousands, and hundreds. Reception of the marvels of the South countries, for Amon, lord of Thebes, presider over Kamak. aAmon is here not properly restored by Ramses II; see end of 9. ''Upper row (Naville, Deir-el-Bahari, III, 81). "^Because the gold comes from Nubia. ■^The name of the queen has been erased. §284] THE PUNT RELIEFS 115 IX. FOEMAL ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE SUCCESS OF THE EXPEDITION BEFORE AMON^ Scene 283. The queen stands at the extreme left, staff in hand, before Amon, enthroned at the extreme right. Behind the queen is the sacred barque of Amon borne by priests,'' before which Thutmose III'' offers "of the best of fresh myrrh." Inscription 284. This long text in vertical lines between the queen and Amon falls into two parts. The first contains the titulary and encomium of the queen (11. 1-4), followed by the oracle of Amon (11. 4-6), in accordance with which the expedition was made. It is here repeated, in order to enforce the statement that all that was commanded has been done (1. 6). To this favorable statement Amon replies with praise (U. 7-9), and reverts to a description of former times when the "myrrh-terraces" were not visited by Egj^tians, but their products were obtained only through intermediaries (11. 10-12). The success of future expeditions is promised, and his guidance of the expedition just successfully carried out is mentioned. The inscription closes with further praise of the queen, which gradually becomes too mutilated for trans- lation. »At the extreme right; Mariette, Deir-el-Bahari, 10; Dumichen, Historische Inschriften, II, 20; through some confusion in Diimichen's papers his 1. 10 and 1. II have exchanged places, and Mariette has the same mistake! It is clear, therefore, that Marietta's text is drawn from Dumichen, an astonishing number of errors having crept in during the process. From these sources Sethe constructed a skilfully emended text (Sethe, Utaersuchungen, I, 103, 104), which is sustained in ahnost all cases by the last and best text (Naville, Deir-el-Bahari, III, 84), which is undoubtedly very nearly correct. The entire inscription has been carefully hacked away; hence the numerous errors in the old publications, a collation of which demonstrates the superiority of NaviUe's texts. bNaville, Deir-el-Bahari, III, 83. '^Ibid., 82. ii6 EIGHTEENTH DYN.: THUTMOSE III & QUEEN [§285 Titles and Encomium of Haishepsui 285. *'Horus: Mighty in Ka's; Favorite of the Two Goddesses: Fresh in Years; Golden Horus: Divine in Diadems; King of Upper and Lower Egypt: Makere (Hatshepsut), — of Amon, whom he loves, who is upon his throne, for whom he has made to flourish the inheritance of the Two Lands, the kingdom of the South and North, "to whom he hath given that which the sun encompasses, that which Keb and Nut inclose. She hath no enemies among the Southerns, she hath no foes among the Northerns; the heavens and every country which the god hath created, they all labor for her. ^They come to her with fearful heart, their chiefs with bowed head, their gifts upon their back. They present to her their children that there may be^ ■•given to them the breath of Ufe, because of the greatness of the fame of her father, Amon, who hath set all lands beneath her sandals. The Oracle The king himself, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Makere (Hatshepsut). The majesty of the court made suppUcation at the steps <= of the slord of [gods]; a command was heard from the great throne, an oracle of the god himself, that the ways to Punt should be searched out, that the highways to the Myrrh-terraces should be pene- trated: *"I