t:ftft Herbert M. Smitft Collection OF BOOKS ON SOUTH AMERICA PURCHASED PROM THE Sage Sndomtnent l^und 1896 Cornell University Library F 3097.M34 1883 The war between Peru and Chile, 1879-188 3 1924 021 202 936 f 1 %%'h THE WAR BETWEEN PERU AND CHILE, 1879— 1882. BY CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, C.B., F.R.S. R. WORTHINGTON, 770, Broadway. EonDon : SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON, SEARLE, & RIVINGTON, CKOWN BUILDINOS, l88, FLEET STREET. 1883. LONDON : PRINTKD DY GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LIMITED, ST. John's squark. TO OF Dr. DON FRANCISCO DE PAULA GONZALEZ YIGIL, The great Peruvian Scholar and Philanthropist, and Author of " Paz Perpetua," is dedicated this narrative of the undeserved misfortunes of that land of the Yncas which he served so long and faithfully, and loved so well. He who laboured earnestly and nobly to secure the blessings of perpetual peace for South America, and who denounced all wars of aggression and of conquest ; he who exclaimed, with feelings of deepest pity and sorrow, "lieu miseri qui bella gerunt J" would still have approved the heroic struggles of his countrymen in defence of their native land. A 2 Cornell University WM Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924021202936 PREFACE. The war on the west coast of South America between Peru and Bolivia on one side and Chile on the other has continued for nearly four years There have been naval operations of considerable interest, and there were three distinct and successive campaigns in different and widely separated regions, but all three on the Pacific coast. The naval campaign is deserving of attention, because in it the armoured-ships of recent con- struction encountered each other for the first time, and because guns of extraordinary range, torpedo- boats and torpedoes, and other late inventions have, also for the first time, been used in actual war- fare. A study of the operations on shore, during the course of the three campaigns, brings the English reader once more into communion with the descen- dants of those Spaniards and Indians of whom he has read, surely with more than passing interest, in the pages of Prescott and Helps. The battle-fields are in the land of the Yncas. The combatants belong to two races, to that race which was ruled over by vi Preface. Atahualpa and attained to the highest civilization of which aboriginal Americans were capable, and to that race which followed Pizarro in his career of conquest. The results of the war will permanently affect the welfare of those races. For this reason the campaigns on the Pacific coast should have an interest for readers in this country. The authentic materials for a narrative of the war are now sufficiently extensive, although they are almost exclusively supplied from the Chilian side. The ground has been carefully described in a series of publications issued by the Chilian Hydrographic Department, entitled " Noticias sobre las provincias litorales." The official despatches, diplomatic notes, and reports of correspondents, are contained in the " Boletin de la guerra del Pacifico," published at Santiago periodically from April, 1879, to March, 1881. The history of the three campaigns, has been written, in copious detail, by one of the most dis- tinguished literary men in Chile, Don Benjamin Vicuna Mackenna.' The author's powers of descrip- tion, of delineating character, of critical analysis are of a very high order. His industry in collecting materials is extraordinary, and it is equalled by his ability in arranging them. Vicuna Mackenna is above all things an historical biographer. He could not, if he would, omit a trait or an incident, however much ' "Guerra del Pacifico;" " Historia de la Campafia de Tarapaca " (2 vols. pp. 865 and 1189); "Historia de la Campana de Tacna y Arica" (l vol. pp. 1172) ; "Historia de la Campana de Lima " (l vol. pp. 1216). Santiago de Chile, 1880, 1881, 18S2. Preface. vii their mention might tell against the view he advo- cates. His love of historical truth amounts to a passion. From no writer, since the days of Ercilla, are we more certain to get the good, equally with the bad points of an enemy. His work is, therefore, in- valuable. Don Diego Barros Arana, in his " Historia de la guerra del Pacifico," gives us the history of the three campaigns, as well as of the naval warfare. His narrative is less interesting and not nearly in such full detail as that of Vicuna Mackenna. We also have the Memoir of the Chilian Minister of War for i88i,° which gave rise to an acrimonious paper war between the minister and the general command- ing the army, and thus many things were made public. The general replied in a volume containing all the official despatches.' There are also a few monographs of special actions, such as " El Combate Homerico " and " Estudios sobre la vida del Capitan Arturo Prat," which are useful. Chile, assuredly, has been fully heard. But Peru and Bolivia, apart from official reports, are silent so far as we are aware. If books have been published they have not become accessible here. The whole story, with the exception of private letters regarding the proceedings or the fate of individuals, and mere official utterances, is told by Chilians. Impartiality and common fairness, therefore, demand the utmost ' " Memoria del Ministerio de la Guerra correspondiente al ano de 1881 " (pp. 193). Santiago, 1881. ' ' ' Partes oficiales de las batallas de Chorrillos y Miraflores " (pp.420). Santiago, 1 88 1. viii Preface. care in judging of the acts and motives of their opponents. If an unbiassed stranger does not adopt the Chilian view with regard to the causes of the war, the justice of its continuance, and the character of some of the events, he at least argues from the same premises. The facts have been supplied almost exclusively by one side ; and if the historian feels obliged to condemn the proceedings of Chilian states- men and soldiers, he must, at the same time, commend the fairness of Chilian writers. CONTENTS. Dedication Preface . IIL V ^art h INTRODUCTORY CHAPTERS. CHAPTER PAGE I. Peru under Yncas, and under Spanish Viceroys . . . i II. Chile under Spanish rule IS III. The War of Independence 19 IV. The Republic of Peru 29 V. Social Condition of the People of Peru .... 49 VI. The Republic of Bolivia 67 VII. The Republic of Chile .... • ■ 73 THE WAR. I. Cause of the War 81 II. Naval and military strength of the three Republics . . 93 III. Gallant defence of Calama by the Bolivians — Proceedings of the Chilian Fleet— Bombardment of Pisagua . . 102 X Contents. CHAPTER PAGB IV. Destruction of a Chilian corvette by the Huascar—1.os^ of the Indefendencia . . . . . . .108 V. Proceedings of the /^aajca;- I'S VI. Notice of Admiral Grau — Brave defence of the Huascar — Death of the Admiral — Capture of the /Taajcor . .122 VII. The Peruvian Army in Tarapaca 133 VIII. The defence of Pisagua — Slaughter at Jermania — Battle of San Francisco 145 IX. The Peruvian Victory at Tarapaca . . . . .159 X. Nicolas Pierola as Supreme Chief of Peru — General Carapero, President of Bolivia 171 XI. Blockade of Arica and Callao 181 XII. The Tacna Campaign 191 XIII. Destruction of the Loa and Caaadonga by the Peruvians — Chilian bombardment of defenceless towns — Predatory Expedition of Captain Lynch — Importance of long- range guns— Torpedoes and torpedo practice . . 209 XIV. Failure of the Peace Conference at Arica — Chilian ex- peditionary force against Lima— Appointment of neutral officers to the contending armies 224 XV. The defence of Lima 23 1 XVI. The Battles of Chorrillos and Miraflores . . . .239 XVIL VaVictis 262 WORKS ON PERU BY THE SAME AUTHOR. 1. Cuzco AND Lima. 8vo, 419 pp. 1856. 2. Travels in Peru and India. 8vo, 572 pp. 1862. 3. Peru. Sampson Low and Co's. ^'Foreign Countries Scries," 192 pp. 1880. 4. Tribes which formed the Empire of the Yncas. Royal Geographical Society's jburnal. 1871. 5. Peruvian Bark : with accounts of tJie cultivation of Coca, Peruvian Cotton, Cuzco Maize, and Quinua. 8vo, 550 pp. 1880. 6. QuicHUA Grammar and Dictionary. 8vo, 223 pp. 1864. TRANSLATIONS. 7. Ollanta. An ancient Ynca drama. 8vo, 128 pp. 1871. 8. Chronicle of Peru, by Cieza de Leon. Translation, with introduction and notes. First Part, 1864. Second Part, 1883. 9. Royal Commentaries of the Ynca (Garcilasso de la Vega). 2 vols. Translation, with introduction and notes. 1869. 10. Search for El Dorado. Translation, with introduction and notes. 1861, 11. Narrative of the Adelantado Andagoya. Introduction and notes. 1865. 12. Life of Alonzo de Guzman. Translation, with introduction and notes. 1862. 13. Expeditions into the Valley of the Amazon. Trans- lation, with introduction and notes. 1861. 14. Reports on the Discovery of Peru (Xeres and Astete). Translation, with introduction and notes. 1872. 15. Rites and Laws of the Yncas. Translation, with intro- duction and notes. 1872. 16. Acosta's History of the Indies. 2 vols. Translation, with introduction and notes. 1879. 14 16 IS THEATRE OF WAR ou tie PACIFIC COAST faographical Miles 6 lb 20 30 60 120 ID 20 30 60 =^ Cobjg'a 'Huascar'taken ^f ELTfipoeoB Boundary claijTied1>y Ch'le/^18G6 V iarajna. ifees . 24 76' lopgimde Vest 74' facm. GTem-wicIi 72' Zdn^ioTL. 'S-impso^ Lov^ , J/iTr^&Tn , Searld. The map of La Rochette (1807) places Paposo in 25° 46' S. Colonel Ondaza's map (1859) in 25° 33' S. The Admiralty chart in 25° 2' S.J with which the " Geografia Nautica de la Republica de Chile," by Vidal Gormaz (p. 108) agrees. Vidal Gormaz notices that in the old maps Paposo is placed forty miles too far south. Question of Boundaries. 83 was created, orders were given that the province of Charcas should be included in it. The limits of Charcas (modern Bolivia) were then said to be well known, and to have been defined in the ninth law for the Indies (Titulo 15, Book ii.). The coast pro- vince of Atacama was there declared to extend to the first Chilian inhabited place at Paposo. The same boundary is given in the official descriptions by Dr. Cosme Bueno." It is shown on De la Rochette's valuable map of South America, published in 1807, which was based on original Spanish authorities, in- cluding Malespina and the " Mapa de las fronteras del Reyno del Peru, 1787." Moreover this boundary was tacitly accepted by the Chilians. In their official map, accompanying the work of Claudio Gaye, Chile ends at Paposo. After Fitz Roy's survey, when the sailing directions were being prepared, inquiries were made of the Chilian authorities as to the position of the boundary, and it was placed to the south of 25° S.' On Colonel Ondaza's official map of Bolivia (1859) the boundary is placed correctly at Paposo. The topographical map of Chile by Pissis only extends to Copiapo, 27" 20' S. It will thus be seen that the boundary between Chile and Bolivia, according to the iiti possidetis of 1810, was south of 25° S. ; and that this was acknowledged by implication, even on the part of the Chilians themselves. ^ See Diccionario Historico-Biografico del Peru, por Manuel de Mendiburu, iv. p. 198. 3 "South American Pilot." Part II. Sixth edition, 1865, p. 327. "Between the bight of Hueso Parado and Punta San Pedro :" that is in 25° 30' S. G 2 84 Negotiations with Bolivia. It was only when the great value, of Atacama was' discovered that any question was raised. Then Chile laid claim to the 23rd parallel. It has been shown that her boundary was south of 25° S. This was, therefore, an unjustifiable claim, and as such all sub- sequent arrangements that were based upon it, were vitiated. The Bolivian Government must have been ignorant of the rights of the case, for they appear to have looked upon the consent of Chile to accept the 24th parallel as a concession. Chile had no more right to 24° S. as a boundary than she had to 23° S. But General Melgarejo, the President of Bolivia, agreed to a treaty with Chile, in that .sense, bearing date the loth of August, 1866. It, however, was never ratified by the Bolivian Congress. Chile con- sented to withdraw her more exaggerated claim, and to adopt 24° S. as her boundary." In return for this pretended concession it was further stipulated that Chile should receive half the value of customs dues from minerals exported between the 23rd and 24th parallels, while Bolivia was to have the same privilege as regards the coast-line between the 25th and 24th parallels. As the whole territory in question be- longed by right to Bolivia this was a tolerably cool arrangement on the part of Chile, especially as the rich deposits are situated to the north of 24° S. The object was gained. The thin edge of the wedge had been driven in. Chile acquired recognized rights within Bolivian territory, which were pretty sure to '' The Chilians then erected a boundary pyramid on the coast, fifty feet above the level of the sea, in 23° 58' 11" S. (intended as 24° S.) to mark their new temporary boundary. Vidal Gormaz {ubisup,], p. llS- The Defensive Treaty. 85 be infringed in some way or other. As this result was almost certain, it may fairly be assumed that it was intended. For it enabled Chile to continue a dispute which could only lead to some opening for active interference, the forerunner of annexation. The Chilian share of the dues was not paid, the Bolivian officials did . not keep their accounts properly : in short, there was no difficulty about finding new grievances. In 1870 the rich silver- mines of Caracoles Virere discovered north of 24° S., and Antofagasta is the nearest port. The Bolivian Government, in con- sideration of receiving a sum of JJ 10,000, granted a concession to a company which was to work the nitrate deposits, construct a mole at Antofagasta, and open a road to Caracoles, with dep6ts of water. The company made a railroad instead of a road, and large works were undertaken for the extraction of nitrate. This Antofagasta Company, worked with English and Chilian capital, was under English management, and largely employed Chilian labour. In this state of affairs the year 1873 opened, when Colonel Adolfo Ballivian was elected President of Bolivia during his absence in Europe. He was an accomplished and enlightened statesman, and was thoroughly alarmed at the complicated relations be- tween his country and Chile, foreseeing their obvious tendency. He had an opportunity of discussing the subject with Don Manuel Pardo, the President of Peru, on his way to Bolivia, and the result was that a treaty was signed between the two republics, with the object of guaranteeing the integrity of their respective territories. The treaty bears date 86 Secret Treaty known in Chile. February 6th, 1873. It was approved by the National Assemblies of Peru and Bolivia in the following summer. The preamble of this treaty declared its object to be the mutual guarantee of the independence, sove- reignty, and territorial integrity of the two countries, and defence against exterior aggression. Each con- tracting party reserved the right of deciding whether the danger threatening the other came within the intention of the treaty. But when a casus foederis was once declared, the treaty obligations were to come into force. It was next provided that all con- ciliatory means possible were to be employed to avoid a rupture ; and especially that a settlement through the arbitration of a third power was to be sought. It was agreed that, as opportunity offered, the adhesion of other American States to the defen- sive alliance should be invited. An additional article provided that the treaty should be kept secret, so long as the two contracting parties did not consider its publication to be necessary. It has since been alleged that the additional article was successfully maintained in force, and that the existence of the treaty was unknown to the Chilian Government when war against Bolivia was commenced. This, however, was not the case. The Argentine Republic was officially invited to become a party to the treaty, and the question was discussed in 1877 in the Senate at Buenos Ayres, the Chilian Minister there being informed of the existence of the treaty.' ' "Cueston Chileno-argentina," por M. Bilbao (Buenos Ayres, 1878), p. 27. Bolivian Negotiations. 87 The Chilian Minister at La Paz knew of the treaty in 1874, he hurried forward negotiations in con- sequence of his knowledge, and he referred to the treaty in a work which he published at Santiago in 1876.° If Chile herself had magnanimously become another party to the defensive alliance, although she would not have extended her limits by violence and conquest, she would, on the other hand, have main- tained her former reputation as a peace-loving and civilizing power, to which she can no longer lay claim. Her objections to the treaty could only arise from in- tentions which were neither peaceful nor civilizing. Colonel Ballivian died in February, 1874, and soon afterwards the Chilian Envoy, Don Carlos Walker Martinez, who was acquainted with the contents of the Secret Treaty of 1873, began to press the ac- ceptance of another arrangement upon the Bolivian Government, which was then represented by Dr. Frias, the Minister of Foreign Affairs being Don Mariano Baptista. This new negotiation resulted in another treaty, dated the 6th of August, 1 874, by which the Chilian claim to half the proceeds of export duties in Bolivian ports was withdrawn. But by Article IV., all Chilian industries established on the Bolivian coast were to be free of duty for a space of twenty- five years, and this was to be granted "in con- sideration of concessions on several important points agreed to by Chile." ' That is to say that Bolivia ^ " Pajinas de un viaje al traves de la America de Sur," por Carlos Walker Martinez (Santiago, 1876), p. 217. ? " En virtud de concesiones otorgadas en diversos puntos de im- portancia por Chile." 88 Invasion of Bolivia. was to give up her right to levy duties at her own ports, because Chile consented to waive a claim to Bolivian territory which was baseless and unjust. The Bolivian Congress declined to ratify this treaty, which consequently never had any ^binding force. Bolivia, in her isolated position, naturally and justly looked to her mineral wealth for some addition to her revenue. The National Assembly decreed, on February 14th, 1878, that the concessions made by the executive to the Antofagasta Company were ap- proved on condition that an export duty of ten centavos the cwt. was paid on the nitrate. This was acknowledged to be a very moderate impost, and the Chilians have actually enforced a higher duty since their occupation. In December, 1878, the Enghsh manager of the Antofagasta Company, Mr. George Hicks, was called upon by the Prefect of the province to pay the duty which had become due since the promulgation of the law. Mr. Hicks refused payment, and the Prefect ordered the sale of so much of the company's pro- perty by auction, as would cover the amount due. It was fairly open to argument whether Mr. Hicks and the Antofagasta Company were Chilian subjects, whether the injustice of the original claim to Bolivian territory did not invalidate any subsequent agreement arising from it, and whether the refusal of the Bolivian Congress to ratify the Treaty of 1874 did not destroy its binding force. There certainly never was a dis- pute more obviously suited for arbitration, if a friendly ■settlement was desired. But it was not desired. With- out declaring war the Chilian Government commenced Quarrel with Peru. 89 hostile operations as soon as the news from Antofagasta arrived, and seized upon the BoHvian ports of Anto- fagasta, Cobija, and Tocapilla ; the invading troops at the same time marching into the interior, and beginning the war by bloodshed at Calama. Peru offered her good offices as a mediator. No pretext had as yet been alleged for making war upon her, but there was a grievance which was eventually used in order to establish a case. This grievance arose in the following way. Don Manuel Pardo, the President of Peru, in his efforts to alleviate the financial difficulties of his country, and as almost a last hope, resolved to make the nitrate deposits of Tarapaca a Government mono- poly. The law to this effect was promulgated on January 18, 1873, and was to come into force two months afterwards. The State was to pay a fixed price to producers, and was to be the sole exporter. But this measure was financially a failure ; and another law of May 28, 1875, authorized the State to buy up all the nitrate works. The legislation relating to Tarapaca may have been unwise, and it may have been disadvantageous to the English, Chilian, and other speculators who had embarked their capital in the nitrate works ; but it cannot be pretended that Peru was not within her right in adopting these measures. They could not form a just pretext for war,' but they have been made use of as a grievance ' " Necesario es confesar que para adoptar aquella u otra medida de igual indole, hallabase el Presidente Pardo bajo el amparo del derecho estricto de las naciones, porque era duefio de lejislar sobre cosa propia domestica come mejor viera convenir a los intereses de su patria." — Vicuna Mackenna. go Mission of Lavalle. in the long diplomatic notes which have from time to time been put forward by Chile in justification of her aggressive policy. Stripped of rhetoric and of suggestions of motives, the manifesto of the Chilian Minister of Foreign Affairs in defence of the war, published after the war was virtually over (December 21st, 1881), contains this grievance against Peru, and nothing more. Peru, he complains, had established a nitrate monopoly in her own dominions, which would injure the prospects of Chilian capitalists and labourers. Now it could not be pretended that Peru had not the right to make any such arrangement within her own territory ; and yet the verbose and rhetorical manifesto gives no other explanation and raises no other point. It is clear, therefore, that the policy adopted by Peru as regards her own internal affairs was the only real cause of offence, and that it was not a just pretext for war. The conclusion is inevitable that Chile made war on her neighbour without just cause. At last this has been confessed. " The salitre territory of Tarapaca," admits the Chilian Minister, "was the real and direct cause of the war." Consequently, we may fairly add, the war was unjust. The offered mediation was, however, accepted at the time, and Don Jos^ Antonio Lavalle was received at Santiago as special envoy. It would appear that the Peruvian diplomatist was ignorant of the Treaty of 1873, and even denied its existence when the Chilian Minister referred to it, though afterwards he was supplied with a copy. But the more astute Chilians had had full cognizance of it since 1876 War with Peru. 91 certainly, if not since 1874, and they have en- deavoured to make capital out of Lavalle's ignorance. The Peruvian envoy's efforts were properly devoted to mediation. Chile had already invaded Bolivian territory, and with this serious fact before him, Senor Lavalle made the following proposals — first, that Chile should evacuate the Bolivian port of Antofa- gasta while an arbitrator should decide the question in dispute ; second, that there should be a neutral administration in the port and territory so evacuated, under the guarantee of the three Republics ; third, that the customs and other revenues of the territory should first be applied to the local administration, the surplus being divided equally between Chile and Bolivia. If Chile had desired peace, this Peruvian proposal was a fair basis for negotiation. But Chile had no such desire. On the contrary, she intended to extend the war by fixing a quarrel on Peru. The defensive treaty only obliged Peru to make common cause with Bolivia, in the event of arbitration and all other means of obtaining a peaceful solution having failed. Chile took care that they should not be tried. The proposals of Senor Lavalle were declined. Demands that could not honourably be complied with were made. All defensive preparations on the part of Peru must cease ; the Treaty of 1873 must be abro- gated ; neutrality must be declared at once. All things being ready, the Chilian Government dis- missed Senor Lavalle, and declared war upon Peru on the 5 th of April, 1879. The official notes and declarations on both sides 92 War with Peru. are very contradictory and very diffuse ; but facts speak for themselves. The pretexts for making wai were unjust and baseless. The intentions of Chile were conquest and annexation ; those of Peru and Bolivia were the defence of their own territory. Chilian Navy. 93 CHAPTER II. NAVAL AND MILITARY STRENGTH OF THE THREE REPUBLICS. The contest between Peru and Chile was one, the result of which depended entirely upon the possession of the sea. All the Peruvian railways were at right angles with the coast, and there were no means of conveying troops except by sea.> The distances are enormous, and the marches are over vast desert tracts, without shade or water, the fertile valleys occurring at long intervals. Consequently an invader in possession of the sea can select his point of attack at pleasure, and, so far as the region between the Andes and the sea is concerned, its conquest is then only a question of time. Chile had been quietly but busily increasing and strengthening her navy for the last six years ; and when she declared war upon her neighbours it was very formidable. It consisted, in the first place, of two powerful ironclads of the newest construction, which were designed by Reed, and built at Hull in 1874-75. These are the sister ships Almirante Coch- rane and Blanco Encalada, of 3560 tons, and 2920 horse-power. They carry six 9-inch M. L. Armstrong guns of 12 tons, some light guns, and two Nordenfelt 94 Chilian Navy. machine guns. The armour is nine inches thick at the water-line, and six to eight inches round the battery. During the war they only had lower masts and fore-yards, with iron shields round the tops. They are both fitted with twin screws. Chile also had two sister corvettes, the Chacabuco and O'Higgins, of 1670 tons and 800 horse-power, armed with three i so-pounder, 7-ton Armstrong guns, and four 40-pounders ; the Magallanes, armed with one 1 50- pounder and two small guns; the Abtao, an old corvette with three 150-pounders ; the Covadonga, a wooden screw gun-boat (captured from Spain in 1866) of 600 tons, and armed with two 70-pounders and three small guns ; the Esmeralda, a wooden corvette, built in 1854, of 850 tons, carrying twelve 40-pounders on the upper deck ; and ten steam trans- ports. While Chile had been arming, Peru, in order to mitigate her financial difficulties, had been retrench- ing. In 1878 we find her turret-ship conveying a commission of scientific naval officers to Payta, con- sisting of Captain Camilo Carrillo, the Director of the Naval School,^ and Professor of Astronomy and Spherical Trigonometry at the Lima University, two commanders, two lieutenants, and two students of the Naval School, to observe the passage of Mercury over the sun's disc on the 6th of May. The Peruvian navy was particularly interested in this observation, ' The Peruvian naval school was established in 1870. The number of students was thirty; and there were four exhibitions of ?i6 a month enjoyed by four of the students. A preparatory school on board the steamer Meteoro, of which Captain Carrillo was also director, was opened in 1874: and there were 140 students. Peruvian Navy. 95 because it was the same by which the illustrious Hum- boldt decided the longitude of Lima in 1802. Train- ing schools were being established at Callao ; young officers, such as Juan Salaverry and others, were turning their attention to the survey of navigable affluents of the Amazon. The thoughts of the ser- vice were rather of peaceful scientific work than of war. No new men-of-war had been obtained within the last ten years. The existing vessels were of old type, and none could successfully cope with the new ironclads of Chile. The Peruvian turret-ship Huascar was built at Birkenhead by Messrs. Laird in 1866. She is 200 feet long, 1 1 30 tons, and 300 horse-power. The armour round her revolving turret is only five and a-half inches in thickness, and there is a belt of four and a-half inches. Such armour was worse than useless against the fire of the Chilian ironclads, for the shells penetrated and burst inside. She was armed with two lo-inch Dahlgren 300-pounders and two 40-pounder Whitworths. Peru also had a broad- side ironclad of the old type, built in London in 1865, under instructions from Captain Garcia y Garcia. This was the Independencia, 215 feet long, 2004 tons, and 550 horse-power, with only four and a-half inch armour. She was armed with twelve 70- pounders on the main deck, and two 150- pounders, four 32-pounders, and four 9-pounders on the upper deck. There were also two wooden corvettes. Of these, the Union, was 242 feet long, 1 1 50 tons, 400 horse-power, armed with twelve 70-pounders and one 9-pounder. She was capable of going thirteen knots. 96 Comparison of Strength. The Pilcomayo is properly the Putumayo, an Amazo-; nian affluent, after which she was to have been named. It was a mistake of the painter. She is 171 feet long, 600 tons, 180 horse-power, and was armed with ten guns — two 70-pounders, four 40-pounders, and four 12-pounders. These four vessels composed the Peruvian navy, for the antiquated monitors Atahualpa and Manco Capac must not be included in the list of sea-going ships. They were sister ships, built in the United States, and purchased at an extravagant price in 1869. They were 253 feet long and 2100 tons, with ten inches of iron armour on the turrets. The turrets were armed with two 15-inch smooth-bore Rodman guns. These structures were nothing more than floating forts. The Atahualpa was permanently stationed at Callao, and the Manco Capac at Arica. The two Chilian ironclads, if well manned and pro- perly handled, were much more than a match for the- navy of Peru. The Chilians had double the number of vessels, twice the aggregate tonnage, and more than double the weight of metal. The Chilian fleet had some officers who had served for a few years in the English navy. Several were of English extrac- tion, and the number of English names that occur in the Chilian official war despatches is surprising ; such as Condell, Cox, Christie, Edwards, Leighton, Lynch, Macpherson, Pratt, Rogers, Simpson, Smith, Souper, Stephens, Thomson, Walker, Warner, Williams, Wil- son, and Wood. The Chilian army, though on a peace footing, had been very carefully trained for active service, and Chilian Army. 97 supplied with the latest inventions and improve- ments. The Chilian lower orders are descendants of half-castes ; all speak Spanish, and they have lost all tradition of their Indian ancestry. They make good fighting machines, and were in a fairly respect- able state of discipline. But they are without pity or scruple when excited by drink and success. Their cruelty was only too surely proved by the extra- ordinary proportion the dead bore to the wounded on the fields of battle. They were well clothed and fed, their uniform being a tunic, trousers, and cap, made of a sort of karker or brown hoUand, and a pair of untanned, brown leather boots, well adapted for the kind of country over which they had to march. They were armed with the Gras or Comblain rifles, both good weapons. The Chilian cavalry are fine stalwart fellows, ad- mirably mounted, and armed with sabres and Win- chester repeating rifles. They are much brutalized by harassing warfare with the Araucanian Indians, and seldom give quarter. The artillery are espe- cially effective, with well-found accoutrements and mules in fine condition. Their field-guns, of Euro- pean manufacture, are principally Krupps and Arm- strongs, and they also have Catling and Nordenfeldt machine guns. Their 12-pounder Krupp guns have a range of 4000 yards, so that they can commence an action by heavy artillery fire which cannot be returned. These enormous advantages over the Peruvian troops are sufficient to account for the success of the Chilian operations. When on a peace footing the army of Chile consisted of 2500 infantry, H 98 Peruvian Army. 800 artillery, and 700 cavalry ; besides a large force of 25,000 national guards or militia, which was raised to 55,000 on the declaration of war. The Atacama and Copiapo militia regiments were mainly composed of miners ; the Navales were boatmen from Val- paraiso, whilst the Valparaiso regiment was recruited from mechanics of that town. When the war broke out the Peruvian army had, on the other hand, been very considerably reduced. In i860 the army consisted of 9500 men and 3940 gendarmerie ; and in 1870 of 12,000 men. Don Manuel Pardo, on succeeding to office in 1872, made great reductions, retaining only a small effective force. So that in 1879, although there had since been an increase, the nominal numbers were only 4500 ; five battalions of infantry of 500 officers and men each, three regiments of artillery (1000 officers and men), two brigades of cavalry (780 officers and men), besides 5400 gendarmerie. The force cannot be homogeneous as the infantry is mainly composed of pure Ynca Indians speaking Quichua, the cavalry and artillery of negroes or half-castes. The dress of the infantry is white-cotton cloth, and they were armed with the Martini-Peabody rifle. The very small force of cavalry was wretchedly mounted, but the negro horsemen are often muscular fellows, ac- customed to the management of horses and mules. They were armed with Winchester repeating rifles. The artillery was almost useless against the Krupp guns of Chile. It mainly consisted of field-guns of Lima manufacture, and of a very inferior kind. The rations of the Peruvian soldiers were ample, being Ynca Indians. 99 I J lb. of beef daily, besides a pound of bread and vegetables. The army is recruited by force, so that a more lawless tyranny than the Spanish viita has been in- troduced by the emancipated colonists. Villages are surrounded, and all the men that can be caught are driven away to serve in the ranks. The system is as objectionable as anything that existed in Spanish times, because it is put in force in defiance of the law. So strong is the feeling of the Peruvian people generally against this oppression that, in the reformed constitution, promulgated on November 25th, i860, forced recruiting was declared to be a crime." Yet military dictators and presidents have hitherto been able to set the laws enacted by civilians at defiance.. The Ynca Indians were an imperial and conquer- ing race. They are sober, obedient, brave, and capable of enduring hunger and thirst and fatigue with more courageous endurance than any troops in the world. They are unequalled in their power of making long marches over desert and mountainous tracts without food. No torture can force from them a confession or a secret. When they are dragged from their homes to defend the quarrels of Spanish Creoles in which they take no interest, they will seldom fight, and they often seek the first opportunity of returning home. But when they once believe in a commander, as they did in Castilla, they become undaunted soldiers. If love and home associations are combined with that confidence, they are not easily conquered. These considerations explain the 2 " El recluLamiento es un crimen." Titulo xvi. 123. H 2 lOO Rabonas. strange contrasts in the conduct of Ynca soldiers on different occasions. The wives of Peruvian soldiers, called rabonas, are allowed to follow the regiments in which their hus- bands are serving. They receive no rations, but subsist on a share of what is served out to their husbands. These faithful and enduring creatures follow the army during long, weary marches, carrying the knapsacks and cooking utensils, besides being occasionally burdened by having an infant strapped on their backs. Directly a halt is called, the rabona busies herself in preparing food for her husband, and generally has something ready for him the moment he is dismissed from the ranks. In battle she is to be found tending the wounded, administering to their wants, and alleviating suffering caused by intense thirst. Water is very scarce and precious in the sandy deserts of Peru, but the rabona generally has the means of moistening the parched lips of a wounded man. Again, she may be seen seeking the prostrate form of some loved one, and imprinting on his lips the last kiss, heedless of the bullets that whistle round her. Callous to the dangers to which she is exposed, and indifferent to the issue of the fight, her thought is to find and succour those she loves. Many of these poor women are killed in battle. The Bolivian army consisted of Colla (so called Aymara) Indians, who are more thick-set than the Yncas, and with a build even better adapted to mountain climbing. Without shoes, without food or shelter, these Aymara soldiers can endure fatigues Bolivian Army. ioi under which any European or ChiUan would sink, with only a few grains of toasted maize and a pellet of coca. But Bolivia was taken as much by surprise as Peru. The Government only possessed 1500 Remington rifles ; the rest of the army had the old flint-lock muskets. Shortly after the declaration of war a presidential decree raised the nominal strength of the Peruvian army to 40,000 ; and this was followed by a sub- sequent order, dated December 26th, 1879, by which all the male population of Peru, between the ages of eighteen and thirty, was called upon to join the regular army ; while all between thirty and sixty were to be embodied in the reserve. I02 Invasion of Bolivia. CHAPTER III. GALLANT DEFENCE OF CALAMA BY THE BOLIVIANS — PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHILIAN FLEET — BOM- BARDMENT OF PISAGUA. The Chilian conquests began on the 14th of Feb- ruary, 1 879, when Colonel Sotomayor, with 500 men, suddenly seized upon the Bolivian port of Antofa- gasta. He then marched into the interior, and occu- pied the station of the rich silver-mines of Caracoles on the 1 6th. The Bolivians were entirely unprepared for this attack, which was made without any declara- tion of war. Their coast province is for the most part a sandy desert, broken by rocky and barren ranges, thinly inhabited, and without defence of any kind. General Daza, the President of Bolivia, on receiving the news, declared war upon Chile on the ist of March. The Prefect, Dr. Zapata, and the other Bolivian authorities, fled to Calama, a small village on the banks of the river Loa, about eighty miles from the sea, and nearly due north of Caracoles. It is on the road into the interior from the port of Cobija to Battle uf Calama. 103 Potosi, and is inhabited chiefly by muleteers and their families. Here the Prefect was joined by Dr. Cabrera (sub-prefect), and a few officers who fled from Caracoles on the approach of the Chilians ; and at last 135 brave but badly-armed countrymen, in- cluding the officials and officers from the coast, were assembled at Calama. Taken by surprise, separated by vast deserts and chains of mountains from all help, this little band of patriots stood at bay, to strike at least one blow before the province was lost. Colonel Sotomayor began his march from Cara- coles to Calama, with a force of 600 men, including infantry, cavalry, and artillery, on the 21st of March. The distance is about fifty miles, and the troops were followed by twenty carts laden with provisions, forage, and timber for making a bridge over the river Loa. The colonel travelled in a comfortable carriage drawn by four strong mules ; while the soldiers took turns on the carts. On the night of the 22nd they reached the head of the ravine leading down to the valley of the Loa, almost in front of Calama, which is on the northern side of the river. The ford of Topater leads to the village. The bridge had been destroyed. Further up the stream there is another ford called Huaita. Early in the morning the cavalry was divided into two bodies ; one under Ensign Quesada, advancing to the ford of Huaita, the other towards Topater, led by Captain Vargas and Lieutenant Parra. The infantry followed, also in two columns. The artillery was stationed on the hill facing the Topater 104 Battle of Calama. ford. The object was for the cavalry to drive the enemy from the shelter of walls, houses, and heaps of forage, before the infantry advanced. Dr. Cabrera, who directed the movements of the Bolivians, posted his men on the road leading up the valley, at a height which enabled them to command the approaches from the fords. When he saw the invaders advancing to the ford of Topater, at six a.m., he ordered a gallant youth, named Eduardo Avaroa, a native of Calama, to descend to the river and open fire upon them from behind the huts. Poor young Avaroa was just married, and had a happy home among the clover fields of Calama. He crossed the river with twelve men, and prepared to defend the pass. He saw the overwhelming force approaching, but he had no thought of forsaking the post that had been entrusted to him. There he fell fighting, and when he had fallen his bod)' was run through by the sword of an advancing Chilian. The cavalry under Vargas then crossed the ford, and was received with a well-directed volley from twenty-four men posted on the other side, which emptied seven of the Chilian saddles. The rest dismounted and were driven back towards the village. At that moment the main force of infantry, led by Colonel Ramirez, marched over the prostrate body of the young hero Avaroa, and crossed the river ; while the artillery opened fire. For three hours the little band of patriots sustained the unequal fight, and then retreated up the road over the Andes to Potosi, leaving twenty dead on the field. Calama is one out of the only two villages in which the nearly extinct Atacama language is spoken. Operations of the Chilian Fleet. 105 This was the first encounter in the war ; and it redounded to the credit of the handful of men who strove to defend their country against such tremendous odds. After the action Colonel Sotomayor, with an escort, rode down the valley of the Loa to Tocapilla, where he found that both that port and Cobija had been taken possession of by the fleet under Rear-Admiral Williams. On the 29th Sotomayor returned to Antofagasta, Ramirez having remained in command at Calama. The delay in declaring war on Peru, while the Chilian president and his minister were playing at diplomacy with Sefior Lavalle, gave time for the aggressors to occupy all the Bolivian ports and to prepare their fleet. So that when the mask was thrown aside on April 5th, a fleet under Admiral Williams at once established a blockade at Iquique, the principal port of the Peruvian province of Tarapaca, and began to harry the coast. The Chilian ships suddenly appeared off the different ports, destroyed the lighters and launches, broke the machinery for loading vessels with guano, and demolished piers and moles. If there was any show of resistance, as at Mollendo on the 17th of April, they opened fire on the houses. On the morning of the i8th of April the ironclad Blanco Encalada, accompanied by the O'Higgins, proceeded to the bombardment of a defenceless town. Pisagua, on the coast of Tarapaca, was at that time a place containing about 4000 inhabitants^ a large pro- portion of whom were foreigners engaged in the ship- ment of nitrate of soda. The Chilians, without io6 Bombardment of Pisagua. communicating with the authorities on shore, despatched their boats with the object of destroying the numerous launches used for the shipment of nitrate, which were moored off the custom-house, at the south end of the town. Most of the launches were owned by foreigners, and were therefore neutral property. When the owners became aware of the intentions of the Chilians, they opened fire with their rifles, and this was of course returned. A few Peru- vian soldiers — the garrison of the town — who had remained in the custom-house until this moment, made their way to the shelter of some rocks, and also began to fire at the enemy. The men-of-war replied with their heavy guns, a shell from which set the town on fire. An attempt was then made by the Chilians to land, which was frustrated by the Peruvian soldiers. Still the bombardment continued. Neutral flags, which were displayed from some houses, were disregarded, and shot and shell fell indiscriminately about the town. In the drawing-room of the British Vice-Consul's house one poor woman received her death wound from a shell which, at the same time, wounded a poor little child who was lying on her breast. Another entered the bedroom where the Vice-Consul's wife was engaged in collecting a few necessaries before leaving the house. It passed within a few inches of her head, while others crashed through the house, dealing death and destruc- tion around. By noon the greater part of the town was in flames, when the Chilians, apparently satisfied with their work, steamed out of the bay. On the following day the remains of three women were found Bombardment of Pisagua. 107 amid the ashes of the British vice-consulate, which was completely destroyed. The excuses made for the bombardment of defence- less towns, like Pisagua and Mollendo, were that there was some show of resistance to the destruction of property. io8 Peruvian Squadron. CHAPTER IV. DESTRUCTION OF A CHILIAN CORVETTE BY THE "HUASCAR" — LOSS OF THE " INDEPENDENCIA." On May i6th, 1879, the President of Peru, General Prado, left Callao to take command of the army in the field, then assembling at Tacna in the south. His squadron consisted of the Htiascar, commanded by that heroic seaman Miguel Grau, the Independencia, Captain Moore, and three transports. By a curious coincidence the Chilian Admiral Wil- liams, whose flag was hoisted on board the ironclad Blanco Encalada, had determined to make a recon- naissance to the northward as far as Callao, and he left Iquique on the same day that the Peruvian squadron set out for the south. The blockade of Iquique was entrusted to two small vessels, the Esme- ralda and the Covadonga. As the Chilians kept well out to sea that their movements might not be observed from the shore, and as the Peruvians hugged the coast on their way southward, the rival squadrons never sighted each other. After landing the President at Arica, Captain Grau, who had obtained intelligence of the departure of the Chilian Admiral, determined to proceed at once to Iquique, with the Huascar and Independencia, and "Esmeralda" and "Huascar." 109 attack the small wooden corvette and gunboat which had been left to continue the blockade. Early in the morning of the 21st of May the Peruvian ironclads appeared off the port of Iquique, and at daylight they sighted the Chilian corvette Esmeralda, commanded by Captain Arthur Pratt, and the Covadonga gunboat, under Captain Condell. Grau singled out the Esme- ralda for attack, leaving the IndependeJicia to chase the gunboat. At about eight a.m. Captain Pratt saw his danger, hoisted the signal to prepare for action, and endeavoured to entice his larger enemy into shoal water by steaming in towards the land. But, at this critical moment, one of his boilers burst, which reduced his speed from about six to less than three knots. It is impossible to help being struck with admiration at the gallantry displayed by the commanders of these two small Chilian vessels, who, regardless of the supe- rior strength of the attacking force, summoned the crews to their guns, and prepared their vessels for action, resolved at any rate to strike a blow in honour of their flag, before they yielded to overpower- ing odds. The size and armaments of the four vessels will be found in detail at pages 94 and 95. The Esmeralda began the action by firing a broadside at the Huascar, while the Covadonga rounded the island of Iquique, keeping as near as safety would admit to the breakers, closely pursued by the Indepen- dencia. For two hours a cannonade was kept up between the Huascar and Esmeralda, at distances ranging from 800 to 1000 yards, the Huascar being ■unable to come to closer quarters owing to the shallow no "Esmeralda" and "Huascar." water. Fire from some field-guns on shore at last obliged the Esmeralda to come out, when a shell from the turret ship struck her just above the water-line, killing several men and setting the ship on fire. The fire was quickly put out, and on the whole very little harm was done by the long artillery duel, owing, no doubt, to want of training among the crews of both ships. At last it became necessary for Captain Grau to bring matters to a conclusion by the use of his ram. The Esmeralda was struck by her antagonist on the port side, abreast of the mizen mast, but apparently sustained little injury from the shock. As the two vessels came into contact, Captain Pratt, with .sword in one hand and revolver in the other, jumped on board the Huascar, calling upon his officers and men to follow. But the two vessels disengaged so quickly that a serjeant was the only man who had time to obey the orders of his commander. Pratt rushed along the deck of the Huascar, and Captain Grau, anxious to save him, cried out, "Surrender, captain 1 we desire to save the life of a hero ! " But he would not listen, shot the only person on deck — a signal-officer named Velarde — and at last had to be shot down himself to prevent further mischief The command of the Esmeralda then devolved on Lieu- tenant Luis Uribe. Captain Grau made a second attempt to ram, and he was again successful, striking the Esmeralda on the starboard bow at an angle of about 45°. This time the effect was palpable, for the water rushed in through a gaping aperture, the engine-room was filled, the fires "Esmeralda" and "Huascar." hi were extinguished, aftd the powder magazine was flooded, the men wlio were serving it being drowned before they could make their escape. Before the Huascar could extricate herself, Pratt's action in boarding was repeated by Second Lieutenant Serrano, accompanied by a few men, who jumped on board the ironclad ; but they were immediately shot down by men stationed in the turret and pilot tower. By this time only about half the men were left un- injured on board the Esmeralda. She was perfectly helpless, a battered wreck upon the water, the guns and engines useless, and the ship gradually settling down. As she would not surrender, Grau had no alternative but to ram a third time, striking her full on the starboard side abreast the main chains, and discharging his guns into her at the same time. A couple of minutes afterwards the Esmeralda went down. Out of the crew of 200 officers and men, fifty were saved, and these owed their lives to hammocks and wreckage floating about in the water, which sup- ported them until they were picked up by the boats from the Huascar. Lieutenant Uribe was rescued half an hour after the ship sank, floating about with a hammock under each arm, in a very exhausted state. The combat lasted four hours ; but after the first show of resistance had been made, the obstinate and useless continuance of the fight involved an unnecessary sacri- fice of life. For this, however, Captain Pratt was not responsible, as he fell in the early part of the action. Captain Grau addressed a letter to the widow of his brave adversary on the 2nd of June. " Captain Pratt had died," he said, " a victim to his excessive intre- 112 Kindness of Captain Grau. pidity, in the defence and for the glory of the flag of his country." Grau had carefully collected everything that was likely to be valued on the person of Captain Pratt, and he continues, " I sincerely deplore this mournful event, and in expressing my sympathy I take the opportunity of forwarding the precious relics that he carried on his person when he fell, believing that they may afford some slight consolation in the midst of your great sorrow." It is pleasant, in the course of these deeds of horror and destruction, to meet with such traits of thoughtful tenderness in the character of the great Peruvian hero. He was soon, only too soon, to meet his own death, fighting against greater odds. Although the Huascar was frequently struck by shot and shell, she was practically uninjured. The fire of the Esmeralda was ineffective, for the sides of the Huascar could not be penetrated by her adver- sary's missiles. When the Esmeralda was rammed for the third and last time, the shock was so great as to cause some slight damage to the bows of the Huascar, so that the foremost water-tight compartment was filled. The failures to destroy the Esmeralda when she was rammed on the two first occasions are attri- buted to the /fwrtjcar having been stopped too quickly, and to her engines having been reversed some time before the collisions took place, the force of the blows being thus materially diminished. While the Huascar was engaging the Esmeraldaihe gunboat was hotly pursued by the Independencia, a desultory fire being kept up from both ships. The commander of the Cuvadonga, named Charles Condell, Loss OF THE " INDEPENDENCIA." II3 is the son of a Scotch merchant captain. His mother was a Peruvian of the Piura family of La Haza, and his maternal uncles and cousins were in the Peruvian navy. Cunningly tempting the Peruvian ship to follow, Captain Condell steered in for the land near Punta Gruesa, about ten miles south of Iquique, taking the little gunboat over a patch of foul and rocky ground which projects off that point. The stratagem answered only too well. Captain Moore, excited by the chase, followed heedlessly, and drawing much more water than the Covadonga, his precious, indeed priceless charge ran upon the rocks. Condell then turned his gunboat round, and placed her in such a position that the guns of the stranded ironclad could not bear upon her, while she was able to maintain a deliberate and unreturned fire at short range upon the wreck, from her two guns. This galling fire was kept up until the approach of the Huascar warned Captain Condell that it was time to sheer off and seek safety in flight. He escaped because the Huascar was obliged to devote all her energies to the rescue of the survivors from the ill-fated Independencia, which became a total wreck. This fatal accident was a death blow to the cause of Peru. The strength of the Chilian fleet, before unequal, was now overwhelming. Complete prepon- derance was only delayed for a time by the brilliant exploits of Captain Grau. He exchanged a few shots with the Blanco Encalada on the 3rd of June, but easily out-manoeuvred her, and on the 7th arrived safely in Callao Bay. Captain Moore, the unfortunate captain of the Inde- I 114 Loss OF THE " INDEPENDENCIA." pendencia, was overwhelmed with grief and shame. He strove manfully to make up for one fatal moment of heedlessness, by devoting his life to the service of his adopted country, and, soon afterwards, he secured for himself the death of a hero at Arica. Instructions to Captain Grau. 115 CHAPTER V. PROCEEDINGS OF THE " HUASCAR." The Huascar now became the sole hope of Peru. While her gallant commander out-manceuvred the immensely superior forces of the enemy, and kept his ship on the seas under the Peruvian flag, the Chilians did not dare to undertake any important expedition. The coasts were safe from serious attack. For more than four months this feat was achieved, and Peru was safe-guarded by her heroic son. During the month of July the Huascar was engaged in harassing the enemy, and keeping him in a con- stant state of alarm and preparation. Most of the ships of the Chilian fleet were employed in blockading Iquique ; and Captain Grau had received instructions from the President of Peru not on any consideration to risk an action with the Chilian ironclads if it could possibly be avoided. Owing to his superiority in speed he was long able to comply with these orders, though on one occasion, in spite of his precautions, the necessity for fighting an action became almost unavoidable. At midnight, on the 9th of July, know- ing that the blockading squadron always stood out to sea for the night, he crept cautiously out of the har- bour of Iquique, all lights being extinguished, and I 2 ri6 Night Action of the " Huascar." perfect silence maintained. Suddenly he found him- self close alongside a steamer, which he had no difficulty in recognizing as the Chilian transport Matins Cousino. He fired a gun to enforce his demand of surrender, but the transport, by skilful handling, contrived to elude her powerful adversary. At last, seeing escape impossible, the Chilian crew lowered their boats with the intention of abandoning the vessel and escaping to some of the blockading ships, which they knew could not be at any very great distance. At this critical moment, probably attracted by the report of the Huascar s gun, the Chilian sloop Magal- lanes, commanded by Captain Latorre, unexpectedly made her appearance. Grau was at first rather per- plexed in the darkness, believing that the new arrival was one of the ironclads. But soon discovering his mistake he endeavoured to ram her, and a desultory fight was carried on for some time, until the moon, rising above the summits of the hillsj revealed to the Peruvian commander the unwelcome sight of the Cockraue a.pproa.ching at full speed. With a part- ing salute to his assailant he steamed away, and escaped into Arica. Shortly after this night action Captain Grau, in company with the Union, made a successful cruise along the Chilian coast, which was to some extent retaliatory. The launches moored in the bays of Chanaral, Carrizal, Huasco, and Pan de Azucar were destroyed, and a merchant ship was captured at Chanaral. During the cruise the enterprising com- mander obtained information that two vessels laden Capture of a Chilian Transport. 117 with warlike stores for the Chilian Government were expected from Europe. He, therefore, despatched the Union to the Strait of Magellan to intercept them. On the 1 8th of August she appeared under French colours at Punta Arenas, and succeeded in obtaining coals and provisions. This is a Chilian colony, but the governor, who was fully aware of the character of his visitor, caused the supplies to be sent on board, in hopes of getting rid of her quickly, knowing that one of the expected vessels was actually off Cape Virgins, the eastern entrance of the Strait. He also caused intelligence to be circulated regard- ing the two vessels, leading the Peruvians to believe that they had already passed to the westward. Acting upon this false information the Union started off in hot pursuit, narrowly escaping an action with two Chilian men-of-war which had been sent down to convoy the expected vessels from the .Strait. The cruise of the Union was not, however, barren of results, for whilst returning to the north, having previously joined company with the Huascar, the two vessels sighted the fine Chilian transport Rimac off Antofagasta, at daybreak on the 23rd of July. This was an important capture, for, besides being a fine, powerful steamer, the Rimac had on board a regiment of cavalry, consisting of about 300 men, with a like number of horses. The officers and men were landed at Arica, whence they were subsequently sent to Callao as prisoners of war. The horses were utilized in the Peruvian army, and the Rimac was armed and commissioned as a Peruvian cruiser. Hitherto no act of aggression had been committed ii8 The "Huascar" at Antofagasta. on the town of Iquique by the blockading squadron ; but on the i6th of July, at seven o'clock in the evening, without any previous warning, the Chilians suddenly opened fire, and kept up a bombardment for two hours. The excuse made by the Chilian admiral for this outrage was that he intended it as a reprisal for an alleged unsuccessful attempt to destroy one of his vessels with a torpedo. He said that his men had orders to fire high, and in the direction of a body of troops stationed on the hills. This statement was corroborated to some extent by the people on shore, who reported that most of the shot went over the town. Little injury was inflicted, the casualties amounting to two men and three children killed, and seven or eight persons wounded. On the 27th of August the Huascar paid a visit to the port of Antofagasta, where she found the Chilian men-of-war Magallanes and Abtao at anchor in the bay, the latter with her machinery in a disabled condition. Captain Grau immediately opened fire upon these vessels, but they were moored under shore batteries in which some heavy guns were mounted, so that he was unable to capture them. The Huascar received a 300 lb. shot through her funnel which, bursting, killed one of her officers. If Captain Grau, instead of engaging the ships and forts, had thrown some shot and shell at the condensers on shore, which supplied the town with water, and had destroyed them, he would have compelled a force of 7000 Chilian troops, encamped ready to invade his country, either to surrender or to perish miserably for want of water. Escape by land was quite impracticable, and there Gallan'try of a Peruvian Lieutenant. 119 were no ships to convey them to any other port. His conduct in sparing- the condensers at Antofagasta was most noble and humane. It was on this occasion that the first torpedo was used during the war. A Ley torpedo was launched by the Huascar and directed towards the Abtao, but through some derangement in the machinery it had no sooner been shot into the water than it turned round and came straight back towards the Huascar. If it had struck her the fate of the turret ship would have been sealed ; but one of her officers, Lieutenant Diez Canseco, seeing the imminent danger, sprang overboard and succeeded in deflecting it from its course. This gallant conduct saved the ship. During the time of anxiety and watchfulness, when Grau was striving ceaselessly to protect his country from invasion, there were several places whence he kept a careful look-out, which will always have a melancholy historical interest attaching to them. To the south of Antofagasta, in 23° 52' S., rises the Morro Jara, with a scarped cliff bare and desolate. On its northern side is the anchorage of Bolfin, a desolate place called also by the fishermen "the nest.'' Here the Huascar often anchored at night watching for some transport laden with soldiers for the invading army. There was much discontent in Chile at this time, owing to the inactivity of the fleet ; and the feeling became so strong that a new Minister of War was appointed, in the person of Don Rafael Sotomayor. His first act was to raise the blockade of Iquique, and to order the two ironclads singly to Valparaiso, 120 The Chilian Admiral Riveros. to undergo a thorough overhaul of their machinery and hulls. It had been proved that in their present condition they were no match in speed for the re- doubtable Huascar. The wooden ships were also taken in hand, their bottoms cleaned, and machinery repaired. In short, the navy was thoroughly re-or- ganized. A number of fast merchant steamers were hired as transports to convey troops along the coast, and a few were purchased to be commissioned as men- of-war. Admiral Williams resigned on account of ill- health, and partly, no doubt, in consequence of the failure of his naval operations. He was succeeded by Rear-Admiral Galvarino Riveros, who hoisted his flag on board the Blanco Encalada. This officer, the son of an old hero of the war of independence, by the daughter of Colonel Cardenas of the old royal army, is a native of Valdivia. His parents died when he was a bby, and he was brought up by Colonel Aldunate, his father's old companion in arms, who sent him to the military academy at Santiago in 1843. In 1848 he entered the navy, serving under Simpson and Munoz, and became a full captain in 1 876. Riveros was the first scientific explorer of the river Tolten in i860, and he was sent to Europe to bring out the steamer Maria Isabel. Since 1 863 he served a good deal on the Atacama coast in the Esmeralda and Abtao, and in 1872 he was Marine- Governor of Valparaiso. The command of the Cochrane at the same time devolved on Captain Latorre, who had displayed great energy while he was employed in the little Magallanes. Importance of capturing the "Huascar." 121 The capture of the Huascar was now the great object of the Chilian Government, for she effectually prevented the prosecution of those schemes of devas- tation and conquest upon which the once peaceful and civilizing republic had unfortunately entered. 122 Life of Miguel Grau. CHAPTER VI. NOTICE OF ADMIRAL GRAU — BRAVE DEFENCE OF THE "HUASCAR"' — DEATH OF MIGUEL GRAU. The career of the Huascar, after the loss of her consort, when, single-handed, she long eluded the chase of the two Chilian ironclads, each more power- ful than herself, and kept the enemy in a state of constant alarm, is the most interesting episode of the naval war in the Pacific — a war of which Miguel Grau is the true hero. This brave patriot was the son of a Colombian officer, whose father was a merchant at Cartagena. The name clearly points to Catalonian ancestry. In the veins of Peru's champion flowed the same blood as gave life and vigour to the fleets of Aragon. A descendant of that race of sturdy seamen which long lorded it in the Mediterranean, was now to win un- dying fame in the Pacific. The father, Juan Miguel Grau, came to Peru with General Bolivar, and was a captain at the battle of Ayacucho. His comrades returned to Colombia in 1828 ; but the attractions of a fair Peruvian induced the elder Grau to settle at Piura, and there young Miguel was born^ in June, 1834. The child was named after the patron saint of his native town. His father held some post in the Life of Miguel Grau. 123 Payta custom-house, but he does not appear to have been in good circumstances, for his son was shipped on board a merchant vessel at Payta, at the early age of ten years. He knocked about the world as a sailor-boy, learning his profession thoroughly by hard work before the mast for the next seven years, and it was not until he was eighteen that young Grau obtained an appointment as midshipman in the then very humble navy of Peru. He was on board the Apurimac when Lieutenant Montero mutinied in the roadstead of Arica against the government of Cas- tilla, and declared for his rival Vivanco. The friend- less midshipman probably had no choice but to obey orders, and follow the fortunes of the insurgents until the downfall of their leader ; besides, Montero was a fellow-townsman, being also a native of Piura. As soon as the rebellion was suppressed, in 1858, Grau once more returned to the merchant service, and traded to China and India for about two years. Miguel Grau was now one of the best practical seamen in Peru, well known for his ability, readiness of resource, and courage, as well as for his genial and kindly disposition. When, therefore, he rejoined the navy in i860, he at once received command of the steamer Lersundi, and soon afterwards he was sent to Nantes with the responsible duty of bringing out two new corvettes, the Union and America. He attained the rank of full captain in 1868, and commanded the Union for nearly three years, and afterwards the Huascar, the turret-ship on board which he won his deathless fame. In 1875 he was a deputy of Congress for his native town, and was an 124 The Chilian Navy and the " Huascar." ardent supporter of the Government of Don Manuel Pardo. He paid a visit to Chile in 1877, was at San- tiago, and for a short time at the baths of Cauquenes. The object of this visit was to bring the body of his father, who had died at Valparaiso, to Piura, to be buried by the side of that of his mother. When the war broke out he had completed twenty-nine years of service in the Peruvian navy, and was Member of Congress for Payta. Admiral Grau was married to a Peruvian lady of good family. Dona Dolores Cavero, who, while mourning her irreparable loss, found some consolation in the way the services of her gallant husband were appreciated by his country. The last great sacrifice for that country, now in her utmost need, was about to be made. On the ist of October a squadron, consisting of two ironclads and several other vessels, all carefully and thoroughly re- fitted, was despatched from Valparaiso for the pur- pose of forcing the Huascar to fight, single-handed, against hopeless odds. This fleet first visited Arica, and there it was ascertained, on the 4th of October, that the Huascar, in company with the Union, was cruising to the southward. The speed of the Chilian ironclads, after their cleaning, was now superior to that of the Huascar. It would be the pursuer's own fault if he failed to bring matters to a decisive issue the first time he succeeded in meeting his gallant adversary. The Chilian admiral ordered his fastest ships — the Cochrane, under Captain Latorre, with the O'Higgins and Loa — to cruise from twenty to thirty miles off the land, between Mexillones Bay and Cobija, whilst The Eve of the Battle. 125 he himself, in the Blanco, with the Covadonga and Matias Cousino, vessels of inferior speed, patrolled the coast between Mexillones and Antofagasta. The fleet was thus posted in such a manner as to intercept all vessels proceeding to the northward, unless they had previously been made acquainted with the dis- position of the Chilian ships. The Peruvian Government had recognized the energy and gallantry of Don Miguel Grau since he had commanded the Huascar, by advancing him to the rank of Rear-Admiral ; while the ladies of the town of Truxillo, in the northern part of Peru, as a further reward for his great services, had presented him with a handsomely embroidered ensign, the work of their own fair hands, with a request that it might be the flag under which he would fight, when an opportunity of engaging the enemy occurred. The end of the Peruvian sailor's glorious career, and with it of all hope for his country, was now close at hand. The Huascar and Union were cruising together in the vicinity of Antofagasta, watching the Chilian vessels in that port, and doing their utmost to impede the military preparations for the invasion of Peru. Early in the morning of the 8th of October, in total ignorance of the proximity of his enemies, Grau steamed quietly to the northward, closely followed by the Union. The weather was thick and foggy, as is not unusual on the coast at that time of the year, when close to the land. As the dawn gradually broke, the fog lifted slightly, and they were able to make out three distinct jets of smoke appearing on the horizon immediately to the 126 Chilian Fleet approaches the "Huascar." north-east, and close under the land, near Point Angamos. This is the western extreme of Mexil- lones Bay. Admiral Grau at once suspected that these jets of smoke could proceed from no other funnels than those of the hostile vessels which were in pursuit of him. He signalled the presence of the enemy to his consort, steered to the westward for a short distance, trusting to what he believed to be the superior speed of his two ships for the means of escape, and then hauled up to the north-west. Soon the light enabled him to recognize the Chilian iron- clad Blanco, the sloop Covadonga, and the transport Matias Coiisino. All was going well for the Peruvian .ships, which appeared to be gradually but surely in- creasing the distance from their pursuers, when, at 7.30 a.m., three more jets of smoke came in sight, in the very direction in which they were steering. It was soon discovered that they were issuing from the funnels of the ironclad Cochrane, the O'Higgms, and the Loa. Grau's situation now became critical in the ex- treme. Escape was barred in every direction ; and soon it became evident that the advancing Chilian ironclad would intercept the Huascar before she could cover the distance between her position and safety. Grau fully realized his danger. Seeing that escape was impossible, he resolved to make a bold dash at his enemies, and fight his way through or perish in the attempt. He prepared his ship for action, keep- ing close into the land, in order that the coast might form a background, and make the aim of the enemy Commencement of the Action. 127 more uncertain. The Union was ordered to part company, and exert her utmost efforts to escape, as, with the Hiiascar gone, she would be the only effec- tive vessel left to Peru. This, in consequence of her great speed, she had no difficulty in accomplishing. The Union was commanded by Captain Garcia y Garcia, an accomplished officer, who had been en- trusted with important diplomatic mi.ssions by Pre- sident Pardo, and had negotiated the Treaty with China. He is the author of a volume of sailing- directions along the coast of Peru, and other works. Painful as the necessity for parting company with the Huascar must have been, it was obviously the best course for the public service. At twenty-five minutes past nine the first shot in the first and only action that has ever taken place between sea-going ironclads, was fired at the Cochrane from the Huascar' s turret, at a distance of about 3000 yards. It fell short. The second and third shots were fired with the same results. The fourth also falling short, ricochetted and pierced the armour plating of the Chilian ironclad, passing through the galley. Up to this moment the Cochrane's guns had been silent. She now opened fire, and the battle was kept up with spirit on both sides until the end. The fourth shot from the Cochrane struck the turret of the Peruvian monitor, and temporarily disabled its revolving apparatus. The Huascar's turret was worked by hand, and not by steam, as are the turrets on board similar vessels in our service. Almost at the same moment a shot from the Huascar struck the side of the Chilian, loosening and 128 Death of Admiral Grau. slightly indenting one of the iron plates. The ships had now closed considerably, and Admiral Grau made an attempt to ram his antagonist. This manoeuvre was frustrated by the quickness of the Cochrane s movements, for, being fitted with twin screws, she was able to turn in half the space that was required by the Huascar, and Captain Latorre han- dled his ship with great skill and judgment. Several subsequent attempts to ram also proved unsuccess- ful. The ships were now engaging at about 300 yards, although, in the course of their manoeuvres, this distance was frequently decreased to about 100 or even fifty yards, when an incessant mitrailleuse and rifle fire was kept up on both sides. At five minutes to ten, just half an hour after the first shot had been fired, a shell from the Cochrane struck the pilot tower of the Huascar, in which were Admiral Grau and one of his lieutenants. It exploded inside, destroying the tower, and killing its occupants. So deadly was the explosion that only a portion of a leg of the brave admiral was afterwards found. The body had been blown to pieces. He fought and died off Point Angamos. His deeds of patriotic heroism will never be forgotten, and Grau will be known in history as the Hero of Angamos. Up to the moment of the bursting of the fatal shell the Huascar had been manceuvred with skill and daring ; yet the firing on both sides was indifferent, a very small percentage of the shots taking effect. Shortly after ten a.m. the Blanco, which had been pounding up astern ever since daylight to close with the enemy, reached the scene of action, and on Death of Peruvian Officers. 129 arriving within 600 yards, fired her first shot at the doomed Huascar. On the death of the admiral, Captain Don Elias Aguirre, the senior surviving officer, assumed command. But his head was taken completely off by a shell from the Blanco a few minutes after he had succeeded to the post of honour. Captain Don Manuel Carbajal, the next in seniority, was severely wounded by the explosion of the same shell which killed Aguirre. No sooner had Lieutenant Rodriguez, by virtue of his rank, succeeded to Carbajal, than he also was added to the long list of slain. He was killed by a shot which, striking the turret at a tangent, glanced by the port out of which the unfortunate officer was leaning while directing the gun's crews inside. He was succeeded by Lieutenant Don Enrique Palacios, who, before the end of the action, was in his turn severely wounded by a fragment from a shell. The command then devolved on Lieutenant Don Pedro Garezon. By this time the Huascar was quite disabled. Her steam steering gear had been rendered useless by the same shot which killed the admiral, and from that time the ship had to be steered by relieving tackles hooked below. As there was no voice-tube leading from the upper deck to the place where the men were steering, the words of command had to be passed down by messengers, which produced great confusion. A shot had also entered the turret, injuring one of the guns to such an extent as to render it useless, besides killing and wounding several men. The turret was also disabled. Still the unequal contest was maintained. K I30 Surrender of the "Huascar." There was a momentary cessation of hostilities, caused by the flag of the Huascar being down, owing to the halliards having been shot away. But the colours were quickly rehoisted, and the Chilian iron- clads again opened fire. Several attempts were now made, on both sides, to bring the matter to an issue by means of the ram, but all failed. At the short' ranges the effect of the machine gun fire was very deadly, the Catling gun in the Huascar's top being silenced by the more effective fire of the Nordenfeldts, with which the Chilian ironclads were armed. At .eleven o'clock, one hour and a half after the commencement of the action, the Huascar's flag was at length hauled down. Through some inadvertence the engines were not stopped at the same time, and the Chilians continued to fire upon her, although several men were observed on the deck, waving white handkerchiefs as an indication of surrender. At length a boat from the Cochrane was lowered and sent to take possession of the hard-won prize. Lieutenants Simpson and Rogers, and an engineer, with half a dozen men and four soldiers went in her. There were at least three feet of water in the hold of the Huascar, and the lining of the pilot tower, in which the admiral was killed, had caught fire. When Lieutenant Simpson came on deck, he was received by Lieutenant Garezon, one of the junior officers when the action commenced, but now in command. The scene on board was a terrible one. Dead and mutilated bodies were lying about in all directions, whilst the captain's cabin was blocked up by a heap of mangled corpses. Both upper and lower decks- Details of the Action. 131 presented a shocking spectacle, being literally strewn with fragments of human remains. Out of a com- plement of 193 officers and men, with which the Huascar began the action, sixty-four, or nearly one- third, were killed and wounded. The survivors 'were ordered to assist in extinguishing the fire, and were kept at work by the captors until the water-tight doors were reported closed, the valves shut, the engines in working order, and the magazine safe. They were then treated as prisoners of war. Out of the crew of 170 there were thirty Englishmen, twelve other foreigners, and the rest, forming the great majority, were Peruvians. This was entirely an artillery combat, the ramming tactics, though adopted by both sides, having entirely failed, whilst torpedoes were not Used. The number of rounds fired by the Cochrane was about forty-six, while the Blanco fired thirty-one. Out of these seventy-seven shots, only twenty-four took effect on board the Huascar, or a little less than one-third. Only Palliser shells were used by the Chilians. They burst after penetration, showing that the weak armour of the Huascar was worse than useless. The Huascar fired about forty rounds, her guns being seryed with great rapidity, but there was a want of precision in the aim, owing to insufficient practice. Those shots which struck the Cochrane at a distance of about 600 yards, at an angle of 30°, penetrated about three inches, starting the bolts and inner lining, and breaking an iron beam. The projectiles were broken into small fragments by the impact. On the same afternoon the Chilian ships, with their K 2 132 Reflections on the Action. prize, anchored in Mexillones Bay, where the remains of the Peruvian naval hero, together with twenty-five of his gallant companions in arms, were interred. This action showed the importance of artillery fire, and the necessity for paying close attention to the exercise and efficiency of captains of guns. It also exemplified the great difficulty of successfully carrying out ramming tactics. Another lesson it has taught us is the error of not having the steering arrangements below the water-line, and well protected by armour. For the Huascar's helm was disabled three times, first the fighting-wheel being destroyed, and twice after- wards the relieving tackles. The action off Point Angamos was the first hostile encounter between ships of modern construction, and it is, therefore, desirable to study the details very attentively.' The Peruvians now had only two wooden corvettes. The little Pilcomayo was chased and captured by one of the Chilian ironclads on the 17th of November; but the Union eluded pursuit until the end of the war, and achieved at least one gallant naval feat in spite of all the ironclads of Chile. 1 See a paper on the capture of the Huascar, in Engineering, of January, 1880. Also a paper by Lieutenant Madan, R.N., in Journal of United Service Institution, May, 1881. Vol, xxv. No. cxii. 69- Hata. ujndo 70° Longitude West frora Creenv.'ich London.; Santpsan/Liyw , Maretcm. , Seixrle, Sf Kivintjton. Impossibility of protecting Coast-line. 133 CHAPTER VII. THE PERUVIAN ARMY IN TARAPACA. The difficulty of defending any coast-line 1400 miles in length, with the sea under the absolute control of the enemy, must be very great under any circum- stances, but in Peru the peculiar formation of the country makes it an almost impossible task. For the Peruvian coast is a rainless region, and its fertile valleys occur at long intervals between vast tracts of waterless desert. In the southern part of the coast these deserts cover nearly the whole area, and the tiny green oases are separated from each other by great distances. In rear of the coast region are the stupendous cordilleras of the Andes ; so that, with the ports blockaded, the movement of troops from one threatened point to another is impossible, within any required time. It was unknown at what point the invasion would commence. The capital might be attacked, or the Tacna region, or the province containing the nitrate deposits ; and it was necessary to make preparations for defence everywhere ; but on the whole it was believed to be most probable that the first descent would be made on the most southern province of 134 Description of Tarapaca. Tarapaca. For here the difficulties of a defending force, great everywhere, are most formidable. Tarapaca is a strip of desert extending from the defile of Camarones, south of Arica, to the river Loa, which separates it from Bolivia. There is an arid range of hills parallel with the sea-shore, some thirty- miles in width, and rising to from 3000 to 6000 feet, covered with sand and saline substances. Between this coast range and the cordillera of the Andes is. the great desert plain called the " Pampa de Tamaru- gal," from 3000 to 3500 feet above the sea, and about thirty miles wide, which extends the whole length of Tarapaca and Bolivian Atacama. It contains suffi- cient nitrate of soda for the consumption of Europe for ages. Here and there a few thorny tamarugos or algarrobos {Prosopis horridd) are met with, existing on the morning mist, which the sun disperses. They give their name to the desert. The streams flowing seaward from the Andes in deep ravines seldom reach the sea. Most of them have their mouths at the opening of the Pampa de Tamarugal, and the few inhabitable places are along their banks. To the north, and separating the pro- vince from Arica, is the profound ravine of Camarones extending from the Andes to the sea. A vast desert separates it from the gorge of Tiviliches, which con- tains two alfalfa farms, and opens upon the sea at Pisagua. There is no other watercourse which ex- tends across the desert to the ocean, until the banks of the river Loa are reached, on the southern frontier of Peru. Yet a few streams find their way as far as the Nitrate Works of Tarapaca. 13 j Pampa de Tamarugal, where they are lost. Such is the ravine of Tarapaca itself, just half-way between Camarones and the river Loa, forty leagues from each, where there is a little town surrounded by clover fields, in a deep gorge. Pica, twenty-one leagues further south, is in another such ravine, at the foot of the Andes, and is famous for its vine-covered hill. Another march of twenty leagues to the south brings a weary traveller to Huataconda, and the next green valley is Calama, on the river Loa, in Bolivia. There are also a few watering-places, at great distances, in the desert. The deposits of nitrate of soda are either on the western side of the Pampa de Tamarugal, or in some of the hollows of the coast range, but not nearer the sea-shore than eighteen or twenty miles. The refining works, called oficmas, backed by rocky hillSj look at a distance like the old ruined castles of Syria. The raw substance, called caliche, occurs in deposits averaging 500 yards across, with a depth of seven to eight feet. Those already examined cover fifty square leagues, and, allowing one hundredweight for each square yard, they contain 63,000,000 tons. The caliche is conveyed from the deposits to the paradas or boilerSj where it used to be broken into small pieces, with iron bars. Now steam power is used. The pieces are boiled in the paradas, the fragments and sediment removed, and the water, saturated with nitre, allowed to settle, when crystallization takes place. Since steam machinery has been intro- duced 2500 cwts. can be produced in a day. This industry employed thousands of hands. Railroads 136 Peruvian Troops sent to Tarapaca. connect the various oficinas with the sea-ports of Pisagua, Iquique, and Patillos. That from Pisagua, the most northern, zigzags up the coast range to the verge of the Tih'viche ravine and then turns south, to tap the various works in that district. The Iquique railroad goes south and then east to LaNoria, finally- trending north towards the Pisagua railroad, which it is eventually to join. But there were still twenty miles of desert between the Pisaguan terminus of Agua Santa, and Pena-arriba at the end of the Iquique line. Iquique was the central and principal port of Tarapaca, and the capital of the province. In 1876 the population of the province was 42,000, of whom about half are alleged to have been Chilian immigrants. When the war broke out great efforts were made to concentrate an army in Tarapaca, before communi- cation by sea could be cut off ; and the Peruvian troops continued to arrive in March, April, and May. The Bolivian army, 4000 strong, under the President Don Hilarion Daza, reached Tacna in Peru, on the 30th of April. The Peruvian General, Don Juan Buendia, was appointed commander-in-chief of the army of Tarapaca ; and on the 20th of May the President of Peru, General Don Mariano Ignacio Prado, arrived at Arica, the port of Tacna, to organize the army in the field. Next day he received the disastrous news of the loss of the Independencia. After saluting the President of Bolivia, General Prado pro- ceeded at once to Tarapaca for a tour of inspection, which lasted from the 25th of May to the 3rd of June. He brought with him two battalions of Bolivians under Colonel Villamil, to be stationed at Pisagua, General Buendia. 137 while Peruvian troops garrisoned the other two ports of Iquique and Patillos. General Prado proceeded from Pisagua to Iquique, where he remained a week, returning by land to Pisagua, and thence in a row- boat to Arica. The force in Tarapaca was brought up to 9000 men, but the cavalry were not properly mounted, and the field artillery was antiquated. Here, among these trackless deserts, the descendants of the Yncas were assembled to strike a blow for the right. Juan Buendia, their general, was a gentleman of good family, descended from the Marquises of Castellon. Born at Lima in 18 14, he entered the Peruvian artillery, and became a colonel in 1848. He was no longer young, though still upright and active. He had a well-earned reputation as a good officer and for personal bravery, and he had never betrayed a trust. He was a tall and handsome man. Courteous and well-bred, his eloquence had gained him influence in Congress, while his agreeable manners made him a great favourite in society. Yet he had remained a bachelor. His zeal and energy were shown on his way from Callao to assume command. There being danger from Chilian cruisers he landed at Chala, and rode to Arica in three days, with his personal staff, a distance of sixty leagues. If his age was a drawback to his efficiency, and he was sometimes inert and at others rash, he never failed in personal courage when the time for fighting came. The chief of the staff, Colonel Don Belisario Suarez, amply made up for any deficiencies in the commander- in-chief. He was the ablest and most enterprising officer in the Peruvian army, and, like his chief, he 138 Notice of Peruvian Officers. was a man of staunch loyalty. From the time he became a captain of artillery, in 1 866, he had ever been faithful to his trust. The first division was at first commanded by Don Manuel Velarde, a well-bred and polished gentleman who had been Prefect of Lima under Don Manuel Pardo. He was still young, and had the reputation of being a smart officer and a man of the world. He had won the good will of the ChiHans by his treatment • of the Esmeralda prisoners. But it was Justo Pastor Davila who led the first division at Tarapaca. A native of Moquegua, with Ynca as well as Spanish blood in his veins, Davila is impetuous and valiant in the field, active and enterprising. He was Prefect of Iquique when the war broke out. Colonel Don Victor Fajardo, another divisional chief, was the son of an old soldier of the army of San Martin, a Chilian-who settled at Ayacucho and made his home there. He was looked upon as one of the bravest officers in the Peruvian army. Colonel Don Francisco Bolognesi was the son of an Italian settled in Lima, and related to the wife of Dr. Weddell, the learned quinologist. He was in the artillery, and in 1859 was sent to Europe by General Castilla to select field-guns. On his return he became commandant of the artillery at Lima. Don Alejandro Herrera was another officer of good repute. The second division was led by Don . Andres Avelino Caceres, a native of Ayacucho, who had previously commanded the battalion Zepita, com- posed of his fellow-townsmen. He is a valiant soldier, seamed with scars, and has lost the use of one eye in action. Juan Bautista Zubiaga, 139 The artillery consisted of sixteen old-fashioned bronze guns, afterwards abandpned. Their com- mander, Don Emilio Castanon, preferred to arm his men with Winchester repeating-rifles. Castanon was a native of Tacna, his father having been prefect. He was a man of education who had studied in Europe, and he introduced into the Peruvian army a chassepot rifle reformed on his own plan, which was known as the " Rifle Peruano." There were also several younger officers of great promise in command of battalions in that army of Tarapaca. The name of one of the bravest takes the memory back to a heart-rending scene on one of the steep slopes of the Andes, some thirty-seven years ago. Among the distinguished families of Cuzco, was that of Zubiaga, of Basque descent, but long established in the capital of the Yncas. Dona Francisca de Zu- biaga, the heroine of many a strange adventure, married the President Gamarra ; and her brother, a brave officer and a true gentleman, was General Juan Bautista Zubiaga, who became Prefect of Ayacucho in 1840, when Gamarra attained to supreme power in Peru. The family of Tello y Cabrera resided in a large corner house facing the plaza of Ayacucho, and soon there was a marriage between Dona Micaela de Tello, the youngest of four sisters, and the prefect. A year had scarcely elapsed before General Zubiaga had to take the field against insurgents in the cause of constitutional right, and a few days after he had torn himself from the last embrace of his young bride their child was born. Dona Micaela was counting the days to the time when she might present her husband 140 Juan Bautista Zubiaga. with this pledge of their love, when — one dark night — an Indian messenger ran breathlessly into the courtyard. A battle had taken place in a wild and' remote part of the mountains called Ynca-huasi, and the general was believed to be mortally wounded. It was a pitiless night, rain was coming down in torrents and a thunder-storm was bursting over the town. Micaela had not reached her seventeenth year. She resolved to start at once, with her child in her arms, to soothe the last moments of her beloved. No per- suasion could stop her, and she must have her brother's roan, for it was said that a horse of that colour never tired. At midnight the young bride, with the child before her, and the faithful Indian Quispi at her side, galloped out into the storm on the good roan horse. Sixteen hours brought her to Ynca-huasi. Her hus- band was still alive. He lived to clasp his child to his heart, to hear the words of love, and he died in his wife's arms. Micaela was for many months between life and death. Little Agustin at last reconciled her to life. Her whole soul was wrapped up in the longing hope that the son should be as good, as loyal, and as brave as his father. For this she lived. Her home was in a large family house, shared with brother and sisters and their children. But Micaela and her boy were always looked upon as, in some sense, apart and- sacred. Agustin returned his mother's love. He strove to please her in all things, and when he came home, his first thought was to run to his mother's' room. There was another lad who was very dear to the young widow, a nephew and godson of the general ZUBIAGA AND MANUEL SUAREZ. 141 with the same name, Juan Bautista Zubiaga. He was tall and strong, quick-witted, and fond of adven- ture, generous and ever ready to interfere to prevent wrong or tyranny. So he grew up, and after a care- ful education he entered the Peruvian army. When ruin threatened his country Lieutenant-Colonel Juan Bautista Zubiaga was a mature man, brave and loyal, the counterpart of his uncle. He was stationed in the capital of the Yncas, second in command, under Colonel Caceres, of a battalion of the men of Cuzco, who were devoted to him, called the Zepita battalion. Zubiaga and his men marched from Cuzco over the wildest pass in the Andes, arriving in Tarapaca during the month of April. At the same time another battalion, named 2" de Mayo in memory of the day when the Spanish fleet was repulsed from Callao in 1866, was ordered to the front. It was composed of the men of Ayacucho, and commanded by an officer of the same stamp as Zubiaga. Manuel Suarez was a native of Cuzco, and nephew of that good and just Vice-President, Dr. Jos^ Manuel del Mar, whose influence obtained full justice for the illustrious General Miller in i860. Manuel Suarez led his men from Ayacucho across flooded rivers, over inundated plains and snow-covered passes, to the coast. The Zepita and 2° de Mayo battalions formed the division of Colonel Caceres. The Puno battalion was commanded by Don Rafael Ramirez de Avellano, who was soon afterwards taken prisoner. The Bolivian contingent at Pisagua was under Don Pedro Villamil, a native of Sorata, whose father had 142 Efforts of General Campercj. made money at the gold washings of Tipuani. Don Pedro had been educated in France, and served in Algiers under Bugeaud and Lamorici^re. He was an accomplished officer, but now old and rather infirm. Colonel Villegas was an Indian of the province of Chichas, in the far south of Bolivia, and a man who had made a considerable fortune by persevering industry. He commanded the other Bolivian division in Tarapaca. The colleague of Colonel Villamil, at Pisagua, was Colonel Don Isaac Recabarren of Arequipa, who was appointed military governor of the port by Gene- ral Buendia. He was a talented and trustworthy officer, but at this moment he was bowed down with grief by the news of his young wife's death, which arrived a short time before the enemy's fleet. General Buendia, in his difficult position, at first had some hope that help might come from the side of Bolivia, but, although efforts were made to support him, the enormous distances and absence of all resources made success impossible. General Campero, the ablest and most experienced officer in Bolivia, succeeded in bringing together three battalions of troops in the extreme south of the Republic, and in arming them with Remington rifles obtained from Buenos Ayres. His own countrymen from Tarija, to the number of 500, formed one valiant corps, called Cliorolque, which was led by Colonel Ayaroa of La Paz, and there were some other recruits from Porco and Potosi. Campero first established his headquarters at Santiago de Cotagoitia, in Chichas, and in August his vanguard marched as far as Lipez, Raids and Skirmishes in the Desert. 143 but it was found impossible to get sufficient supplies and transport together so as to advance to the coast deserts ; and eventually the attempt was abandoned and the leader fell back to Oruro. He was soon wanted for more important duties. Meanwhile the Chilian cavalry in the Bolivian coast province made numerous raids to cut off supplies coming to Tarapaca from the south. Major Soto, in command at Calama, established an outpost at Quilla- gua, lower down on the river Loa, whence incursions were made. On one occasion fifty head of Salta cattle were seized, on another 189 mules, while stores of firewood and forage were burnt. The muleteers from Salta, in the Argentine Republic, brought much- needed supplies to Tarapaca, and these Chilian depredations increased the difficulties of the Peruvian army. Colonel Suarez, ever on the alert, made a recon- naissance to Huatacondo, and on October loth he attacked a strong Chilian picket at Quillagua on the Loa, capturing some mules. Eventually he selected a hill in the desert, on which there is a clump of tamariigo thorns, called Soledad, whence he could watch the Chilian outposts, and keep their depredations in check. After the loss of the Huascar it was evident that a large invading force would soon be landed, with all the advantages of cavalry, modern artillery, and ships full of supplies of all kinds as a base of operations. The odds against the little Peruvian army were over- whelming. All chance of succour from General Cam- pero in the south being gone, but one hope remained. 144 Failure of the Bolivian March. A Bolivian force, under President Daza, might advance from Arica and - take the invaders in the rear while engaged with Buendia's army. Such an arrangement was actually made, but Daza was incapable. He began his march from Tacna with 3000 men, and loitered three days at Arica. At last, on the nth of November, he started, being accom- panied for a league on his road by General Prado, the President of Peru. On the 12th he marched over five leagues of sandy desert, and reached the oasis of Vitor. He advanced one more march to the defile of Cama- rones, and on November i6th he abandoned the work he had undertaken, and returned to Tacna, his own soldiers threatening to shoot him as a coward. The army of T.arapaca was thus left to its fate. It was indeed a forlorn hope, and nobly did the Yncas and Aymaras enter upon the struggle. It was as hopeless and not less glorious than that which their ancestors as bravely faced, when the Pizarros seized the sacred capital of their sovereigns. The worst of the older conquerors sought for gold, their Chilian imitators wanted to appropriate manure. The Yncas, at both periods, upheld the noblest cause for which men can fight and die — the defence of their fatherland. Chilian Invasion of Tarapaca. 145 CHAPTER VIII. THE DEFENCE OF PISAGUA— SLAUGHTER AT JER- MANIA — BATTLE OF SAN FRANCISCO. In November, 1879, that destructive invasion, which had been successfully prevented by the gallantry of the Peruvian navy for nearly a year, began to spread havoc and desolation over the coast region. The loss of the Huascar destroyed the last barrier of defence. The invading host v/as gathered at Antofagasta, and transports w^ere collected ; the secret of the exact point of attack being successfully kept. The two most likely places were believed to be Patillos or Pisagua ; but it was necessary to retain garrisons at all the landing-places, so that the defending forces were unavoidably scattered. The Chilian army, consisting of 10,000 men, in- cluding 850 admirably mounted cavalry, and thirty- two long-range field-guns, was embarked at Anto- fagasta on board four men-of-war and fifteen trans- ports, on the 28th of October, the destination being Pisagua, a distance of 274 miles. The embarkation was badly managed, the ambulances and medical stores being left behind, and the concerted arrange- ments being defective. General Escala was the L 146 Defence of Pisagua. Chilian commander-in-chief, and he was accompanied by Senor Sotomayor as Minister of War "in cam- paign." The coast at Pisagua consists of cliffs over 1000 feet high, rising at very steep angles, and only leaving room on the beach for a thin line of houses forming the town. The distance between the mouth of the Tiviliche ravine to the north, and the southern point, called Pichalo or Huayna Pisagua, is three miles. At each extremity there was a fort armed with one gun. Between the two points there is a small hill rising from the beach, with a stretch of sand on its northern side, called "Playa Blanca." The town of Pisagua was a little to the south. At the beach north of the town were the railway-station, offices, and some heaps of coal and mineral. The railroad winds up the cliff in long zigzags, and the station at the summit is called " El Hospicio." Six miles to the south is the small anchorage of Junin. General Buendia arrived at Pisagua in the evening of the 1st of November. His small force consisted of about 600 Indians of La Paz, commanded by Colonel Villamil, and some 300 boatmen and volun- teers of Pisagua, led by an able Peruvian artillery officer, Don Isaac Recabdrren. At dawn, on the 2nd of November, Buendia, Villamil, and Recabdrren received the report that steamers were in sight, and soon there were nineteen hostile vessels in the Pisagua anchorage. The general posted the Bolivians along the four zigzag lines of the railway between the sea-shore and the " Hospicio " on the summit, and also behind the buildings and coal heaps. Re- Defence of Pisagua. 147 cabarreii had some of his men among the ruins of the town, and others at the station. It will be remembered that Pisagua had already suffered from a bombardment early in the year. The first hostile act was the bombardment of the two little one-gun forts by the men-of-war. The fire of the Cochrane and O'Higgins disabled the gun in the southern work, and the men abandoned the northern one. This caused a long delay, and it was 9.30 a.m. before the first batch of boats shoved off and pulled towards the Playa Blanca. While the Chilians were landing, a tremendous fire from the men-of-war opened on the defenders who occupied the line of railway. The Bolivians kept up a brisk rifle fire as the boats touched the shore, and gallantly disputed every inch of ground. The men-of-war sent as many as 610 shells among them, and 4380 rifle shots were poured into their ranks. Colonel Villamil directed operations half-way down the cliff, while General Buendia was on the summit. Colonel Recabarren had been badly wounded. The enemy's troops kept on landing until their numbers were overwhelming, some being put on shore to make flank attacks, and General Escala himself landed at Junin. The beach is described, at this time, as look- ing at a distance as if it was covered with flocks of white gulls — the bodies of Bolivian dead in their white uniforms of coarse Cochabamba cloth. Buendia had sent for reinforcements to be hurried up, but the time was too short, the gallant defenders were decimated and in danger of being outflanked, and at eleven a.m., after a struggle against enor- L 2 148 Retreat from Pisagua. mous odds, which had lasted for five hours, the order was given to retreat. The allies had fought with great bravery. The Chilian loss amounted to 235 killed and wounded, most of the wounded dying of neglect. That of the defenders was probably much heavier, owing to the tremendous lire from the ships, to which they were exposed. A few Bolivian wounded were taken prisoners. Among them was a young lad of seven- teen, a sub-lieutenant named Emilio Calderon, native of Corocoro. He wept at being called upon to die so young, but not on his own account, his grief was for his unhappy mother in her far-distant home. General Buendia assembled the remnant of his brave little force, which had retired in good order, at the station of San Roberto, ten miles from Pisagua, and on the next day he was at Agua Santa, the terminus of the railway, whence he marched south- ward to form a junction with the rest of his army. A troop of wretchedly mounted cavalry, consisting of ninety-four men, under Captain Sepulveda, formed a feeble sort of rear-guard. Pisagua became the scene of most disgraceful ex- cesses during the night of the 2nd. The town had been set on fire by the shells of the Chilian ironclads, and afterwards the men were allowed to indulge in drunken orgies, and to rob, burn, and destroy in all directions. The invading soldiery gained for them- selves an unenviable notoriety for every kind of cruelty and excess whenever a battle was gained or a town captured. General Escala hastened to get possession of the line of railway as far as the Agua Santa terminus, a distance of fifty miles ; and on the Butchery at Jermania. 149 4th, a body of 175 cavalry, under Colonel ]os6 Fran- cisco Vergara, the general's secretary, was despatched in advance to make a reconnaissance. He came in sight of the small mounted rearguard of the Peru- vians, at Jermania near Agua Santa, on the 6th ; and feigned a retreat to draw the poor victims out on the plain. The commander of this doomed little band was Jos^ Ventura Sepulveda, a gallant young fellow, whose father was a Chilian colonel settled at Lima : his companions were Lieutenants Arnao, Mazo, and Loza, with the Bolivian Chocano. The men were only armed with carbines and miserably mounted. No sooner were they clear of the hills, than the vastly superior force of splendidly mounted Chilian cavalry, 175 strong, wheeled and charged them. Sepulveda was sabred and received three mortal wounds when on the ground. All the other officers were cut down. The rest was a massacre No quarter was given, and nearly all were killed ; seventy dead bodies being scattered over the plain, out of an original troop of ninety-four men. The Chilians did not lose a man — it was a sickening butchery. Meanwhile the Chilian army had easily occupied the whole line of the railway. After ascending the cliff at Pisagua by zigzags, the line forms a wide curve, eventually turning due south. Here is the station of Jaspampa, at the head of the ravine of Zapiga, and 3700 feet above the sea ; a strategic position of importance, commanding the direct road from Iquique to Arica, and the valley of Tiviliche. Four miles to the south of Jaspampa is the oficina of San Antonio, and six miles further on is ISO Chilian Position at San Francisco. that of Dolores, a still more important position because here there is a good supply of water. Then come, in consecutive order, the oficinas and stations of Porvenir, Santa Catalina, Dibujo, Agua Santa, Jermania. The two first are close to Dolores, but Santa Catalina is nine miles from Dibujo, and Dibujo three and a half from the terminus at Agua Santa. With a line of railroad, inexhaustible supplies of water at Dolores, and strong positions, the powerful Chilian army had no difficulties. Large tanks of water were sent along the line in trains, between Dolores and Pisagua. Meanwhile reinforcements of infantry and cavalry arrived. There was an army of over 1 0,000 men of all arms between Pisagua and Dolores. Near the asiento of Dolores there is a hill rising 800 feet above the plain, with a plateau on the summit, about 250 yards wide, and three miles in length, running east and west, the hill of San Francisco being its most eastern front. In its centre there is a slight ravine which gave it the name, in former times, of " Cerro de la Encafiada.'' On this hill of San Francisco an army of 10,000 men could be formed in a position of great strength. In front is a broken plain called the " Pampa Negra," and at its eastern extreme — two and a half miles away — is the oficina of Porvenir. The mass of the Chilian army, under Colonels Soto- niayor and Amunategui, was established on the hill of San Francisco and the adjoining heights ; while smaller detachments were at Pisagua with General Escala, and along the line of railway. By the 19th of November over 6000 men, with thirty-two pieces of Advance of the Peruvian Army. 151 artillery of long range, were assembled on the hills, and reinforcements were close at hand. The Peruvian general was now in extreme diffi- culties. His command was literally and in truth a forlorn hope. With a few thousand men, practically no cavalry, and a dozen antiquated field-guns, with but a few days' provisions, supplies of ammuni- tion fast running short, and surrounded by a track- less, waterless desert, he had to face the invading army. That army was 10,000 strong, with thirty-two field-guns of long range, and a large force of cavalry splendidly mounted. It was posted in an almost impregnable position, with abundant supplies of water brought hither and thither by train, and connected with its base, whence succour of all kinds could be received by a railroad. Never were more hopeless odds combined against brave men. Their enemies have not the generosity to admit that the Peruvians fought a good fight against these odds, but the facts which they cannot conceal abundantly prove it. When General Buendia arrived at Iquique, he called a council of war^ and, by the advice of Colonel Suarez, it was resolved to concentrate all available troops at Pozo Almonte. This station has a supply of water, and is near the terminus of the Iquique railroad. An interval of more than twenty miles separates it from Agua Santa. The divisions of Velarde, of Caceres, and of Bolognesi assembled under the command of Suarez at Pozo Almonte, on November 8th. The Bolivian division of Villegas was scattered in detachments at ports along the coast, another company was at Sole- 152 Advance of the Peruvian Army. dad in the far south. There were long marches, with extreme suffering from thirst and heat, all patiently borne. The force amounted to 10,000 men on paper, but from this the heavy losses at Pisagua, the garri- son at Iquique, and the difference between nominal rolls and actual numbers must be deducted. In reality there were barely 6000 fighting-men assembled at Pozo Almonte. Up to the last moment there was the hope of succour from General Daza, but this failed them utterly. Want of provisions and ammunition necessitated immediate action. There was no choice except between instant retreat, or the assault of an almost impregnable position defended by a superior force. It is a glorious reflection for the vilified and down- trodden people of Peru that their gallant sons chose to strike a blow for their country even in the face of such odds, preferring duty to safety. Yet the troops were on the verge of starvation. In the afternoon of the i6th of November this for- lorn hope commenced its march against the enemy in three parallel columns. The Bolivians were in the vanguard, with a small Peruvian detachment, under the personal command of General Buendia. Suarez led the divisions of Velarde and Villamil, with a few antiquated field-guns under Colonel Castanon. The reserve was composed of the flower of the army, the divisions of Caceres and Bolognesi. Small detach- ments from the Cuzco and Ayacucho battalions formed a light division in advance of the whole force. On the 1 8th the terminus of the Pisagua railroad at Agua Santa was reached, and the men were horrified Advance of the Peruvian Army. 153 at the sight of the dead bodies of those who had so recently been butchered by the savage Chilian cavalry at Jermania. Sepulveda and his slaughtered com- rades were decently interred, and the indefatigable chief of the staff was occupied all night in seeing that his men were fed and supplied with ammunition. Next day there was a march of fourteen miles to the sand-hills of Chinquiquiray, about a league south-west of San Francisco. Between the two heights was the " Pampa Negra." The gallant army of the allies uttering patriotic shouts, with their banners interlaced, then marched over the plain to the oficina of Porvenir, where there is a supply of water. Many were about to die for their country. In front, crowning the hill, were the serried ranks of the invaders, with their cavalry massed round the oficina of Dolores to defend the water-tanks, and their terrible rows of thirty-two field-guns ready to open fire. Bravely the allies advanced in perfect military order in three parallel columns. The four light companies, consisting of the flower of the Ynca and Aymara Indians, of men from the sacred city of Cuzco and from the sacred lake of Titicaca, formed the vanguard under Colonel Lavadenz. Buendia established his headquarters at Porvenir ; while Suarez, on his famous white horse, galloped from company to company forming the line of battle and exhorting the soldiers to fight for their fatherland. The plan appears to have been to occupy the line of railway, cut off the enemy from the water-supply at Dolores, and then force on an action at a dis- advantage. The three first divisions for the attack 1 54 Colonel Espinar. were under General Villegas, Colonel Davila, and Colonel Lavadenz, on the extreme right. In the centre were Velarde and Bolognesi ; and Villamil with the survivors from Pisagua was on the left. Caceres, with part of the two battalions of Cuzco and Ayacucho, formed a reserve. But Zubiaga and Manuel Suarez were in the vanguard with their picked men — brave and true hearts, fit leaders of the Ynca chivalry. The sun was burning fiercely. It was now nine in the morning. At that moment the news of the cowardly desertion by Daza was passed through the ranks. Despairing but undaunted they stood ready to die for the fatherland. They shouted resolutely as the general passed. Morituri te salutant. But it was resolved that there should be rest during the forenoon, for the men were dead tired and ex- hausted from want of food. Meanwhile Colonel Espinar, a man of extraordinary nerve and great courage, closely inspected the enemy's line within pistol-.shot. Ladislao Espinar was a native of Cuzco, a man scarcely thirty-eight though prematurely grey. Tall, well-formed, high spirited, he was noted for his impetuous valour. The Grand Marshal Castilla had noticed his prowess, and advanced him to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He had been some years in retirement ; but when his country was in danger Espinar hurried to Iquique as a volunteer. At first he was made controller of the hospital, very uncon- genial employment ; but in the previous May he had been placed at the head of a small intelligence department, and had scoured the country from the Loa to Camarones. He was now to find a hero's Battle of San Francisco. 155 death, and to win undying fanae as the brave leader of a forlorn hope. He reported that the enemy's position might be surprised and outflanked by the ravine of San Fran- cisco, crossing the hill ; for that the artillery was too much in advance of the line, and without immediate protection. The light division of Lavadenz, under the guidance of Espinar, made a dash at the ravine, followed by two of Davila's battalions, at about three p.m., while Villegas occupied the oficina of San Francisco at the foot of the hill. Bolognesi, Caceres, and the brave Fajardo kept together a strong reserve at Porvenir. So the battle began ; but the light division was met by a tremendous fire of artillery, no less than 400 shells and grenades being hurled amongst them in their first rush. Then died the gallant young Indian officer, Mariano Mamiani, a woodsman from the Chinchona forests. Next fell the horse of the intrepid Espinar, who was leading on the men of Cuzco in the very face of the Chilian guns. Instantly he was on his feet, shouting, " To the cannons ! to the cannons ! " and rushing up to the very muzzles, was followed by the Ynca chivalry. The Chilian artillerymen were falling back. At that supreme moment a ball pierced the forehead of Espinar. A cry of grief and horror ran through the foremost ranks of his townsmen. The hero of Cuzco had fallen, with his feet under the invader's gun. Then a close and overpowering mass of Chilian infantry dashed down with their bayonets at the charge. The men of Cuzco long stood firm, so firm that two of them were transfixed at the same instant 156 Battle of San Francisco. that they transfixed their antagonists. Overpowered by numbers they fell back, while the division of Villegas, issuing from the oficina of San Francisco, boldly began to ascend the ravine from the east. Received by a deluge of iron hail from the field-guns, while they were attacked in flank by more Chilian infantry, they too gave way, having received 112 shots from each man of the regiment that assailed them, and eighty shells from the artillery. General Villegas fell wounded in the front rank. Disputing every foot of ground, the Peruvians retreated down the hill, and made their way in good order to Porvenir. They were not followed. It was now five in the evening. It was a heroic struggle ; but alas ! the battle, so gallantly contested, was lost. The Chilians lost 208 in killed and wounded, in- cluding their leader, Colonel Sotomayor. As at Pisagua most of the wounded died from neglect. The Peruvian dead numbered 220, the wounded ^6 — a suggestive proportion ! But to the Peruvian army defeat was ruin. It was without cavalry, without food, without stores or resources of any kind, without a base. There was but one thing left. The survivors must be rescued from the pitiless deserts to fight for their country elsewhere. The Bolivians retreated by way ofTarapaca to the highlands. Colonel Suarez •called together the reserve and the surviving heroes of the assault, and began his retreat from Porvenir at midnight. The guns were taken a short distance, but it was lost labour to drag them over the deserts when they were useless against the Chilian Krupp guns on the field of battle. Colonel Castanon decided upon Retreat to Tarapaca. 157 abandoning them, and arming his men with rifles. Proudly but sadly the remains of the army retreated to the village of Tarapaca. The Chilians did not follow them. The cavalry, so brave among the poor fugitives at Jermania, were now satisfied with the capture of a few wounded at Porvenir and of the abandoned guns. The Yncas who had been over the crest of San Francisco hill, and beyond the muzzles of the Chilian guns, were left to retire unmolested. Driven back but unconquered, they were even now marching to victory. Iquique was no longer tenable, and the town was given up to the blockading squadron. The prefect- general, Don Lopez Lavalle, went on board the Eng- lish man-of-war Shannon, on the 20th of November, while Colonel Rios, in command of the garrison, retreated with about 600 men to join the Peruvian army at Tarapaca, bringing with him a much needed supply of ammunition. The indefatigable Suarez had galloped to the ravine of Tarapaca in advance, to collect food for his famished troops, leaving Bolognesi in command. That veteran brought the men safely to the green oasis on the 22nd, and at length they got food and rest. Few soldiers in the world could have endured the extremities of thirst, hunger, heat, and fatigue as these poor Indians had done. Colonel Rios arrived soon afterwards with the Iquique garrison, consisting of 400 soldiers, and 200 boatmen under two gallant brothers of Piura, Jos^ Maria and Sisto Melendez. They marched no less than fifty leagues in three days, reaching Tarapaca on the 26th. These troops 158 Volunteers of the Coast. were all volunteers, animated by patriotic feelings, and ready to die in defence of their native province. The Loa battalion consisted entirely of coast Bolivians from the conquered province to the south, men in whom the ethnologist would take the deepest interest, for their villages of Calama and San Pedro are the only places where the nearly extinct Atacama lan- guage is still spoken. The other two battalions of Tarapaca and Pica were made up of patient and laborious coast Indians, who dreaded the forced recruiting, but were ready to fight as volunteers against a foreign invader. Colonel Rios, who commanded them, was a valiant and honourable chief, possessing the full confidence of his men. The Ravine of Tarapaca. 159 CHAPTER IX. THE PERUVIAN VICTORY AT TARAPACA. The Peruvian army had made a gallant fight in defence of the invaded province, but the odds were too heavy ; and the general now prepared to evacuate a position which, without supplies and without chance of succour, was untenable. Before starting on the long march across the deserts between Tarapaca and Arica, it was decided that the sorely-tried soldiers should have a short rest in the ravine where they had at last halted. The gorge of Tarapaca has its source in the Cor- dillera of Lirima, with the frowning volcano of Isluga, 17,000 feet above the sea, on its north flank, and the mighty peak of Lirima to the south. A stream flows down the ravine, which is lost as soon as it reaches the Tamarugal desert, and when there are thunder- storms in the mountains, great floods, called avenidas, carry destruction down the valley. There are green alfalfa fields on each side of the stream, and a few villages of fifteen to twenty huts along its course. High up, near the source, is Sibaya, where sheep and llamas are raised. Lower down is Mocha in a milder climate, and here a little wheat and maize are culti- vated ; but the gorge is still so narrow as scarcely to i6o The Ravine of Tarapaca. admit of a small field and a few willow-trees on either bank.. At Mocha dwelt the family of Quispi Socso, descendants of the Yncas, who were exempted from tribute by reason of their lineage. At Pachica, four leagues from the mouth of the ravine where the desert begins, the valley widens to 400 yards, and there is an expanse of verdure. Two leagues lower down is the watering-place of Quilla-huasa, then the village of Tarapaca itself, and near the opening on to the desert is the last watering-place of Huara-sina, and a few huts. Tarapaca is a group of mudhouses, with a small square, and an old church which was shaken down by the earthquake of May 9th, 1877. There are fig-trees and willows round it, and a few lucerne fields, but the valley is here only 600 yards wide. Quilla-huasa is a long mile above the village, and Huara-sina the same distance below it. The steep sides of the ravine rise up very abruptly, with a per- fectly flat crest, so that, in approaching across the desert laterally, the gorge is not perceived until the traveller is close upon it. The road to Tarapaca from Iqui- que and the coast leads across the Pampa de Tama- rugal, and up the ravine by Huara-sina. From the north-west it is approached over a hill between two ravines, called the Cuesta de la Visagra ; and a side ravine leads down into that of Tarapaca by a hut, where there is water, called San Lorenzo, Tarapaca is 3800 feet above the sea. The ravine, grateful as its appearance must have been to the weary men who had marched for fifty hours over the waterless desert, could furnish but limited supplies. It was necessary to separate the little force, Estimate of Contending Forces. i6r the vanguard and first division being sent up to Pachica. There remained with General Buendia, at Tarapaca, the division of Caceres, comprising the two battalions of Cuzco and Ayacucho (called 2° Mayo and Zepitd) originally numbering I036 men on paper before the battle of San Fiancisco ; but since terribly thinned down by losses : the division of Bolognesi numbering 880 men on paper, before the battle ; the division of Exploradores, now a mere skeleton ; 600 men from Iquique ; and the artillerymen, once numbering 150. The whole number of effective fighting men, at the outside, was a little over 2000, without cavalry or artillery. But they were all staunch and true, the pick of the imperial Ynca tribe and men of the coast fighting for their homes. The Chilian general, after hesitating for several days, at last resolved to despatch a carefully-selected force against the retreating enemy, with the intention of intercepting and dispersing the remnant. The command was given to Colonel Don Luis Arteaga, and he was accompanied by Colonel Vergara, the general's secretary, who committed the slaughter at Jermania. The force placed under his orders con- sisted of 2000 infantry, all picked men, 150 cavalry, and 150 artillery with ten field-guns of long range. The infantry was composed of the second regiment of the line under Colonel Ramirez, with Major Vivar as his second ; the " Zapadores," under Don Ricardo Santa Cruz ; and the regiment of Chacabuco. The plan of attack was intended to effect the com- plete destruction of the Peruvian army at Tarapaca. For this purpose the force was divided into three i62 Plan of the Chilian Attack. divisions. The right, consisting of the 2nd regiment under Ramirez, with two guns and fifty cavalry, was to march up the ravine to the village by Huara-sifia. The left, under Santa Cruz, with a chosen body of infantry, cavalry, and four Krupp guns, was to march along the crest of the ravine, go down to the watering- place at Quilla-huasa, and so cut off the retreat of the Peruvians up the ravine. Then the centre, led by Colonel Arteaga himself and consisting of 900 men and four guns, was to descend upon Tarapaca and destroy the remains of the Peruvian army, whose retreat was to have been cut off at both ends by the other two divisions. A spy, named Laiseca, who had been a miner, actually went into Tarapaca and re- turned with a full report of the state of affairs. The destroying force started from the railway station of Dibujo, where the men were able to fill their carama- yolas or water-bottles, on November 26th. That night Arteaga encamped at Lluga, in the middle of the Pampa de Tamarugal. Early on the morning of the 27th the march to Tarapaca was continued in three divisions. There was one of the thick desert mists, called camanchaca, which impeded the march, but at 6.30 a.m. the fog dispersed, and there was a blazing sun for the rest of the day. The three divisions then proceeded in the preconcerted directions. On that eventful morning the unsuspecting Peru- vian troops were resting under the willow-trees, with arms piled. Colonel Suarez was sitting under a verandah, giving orders about serving out a few pounds of llama flesh to the Iquique boatmen, who Peruvian Army surprised. 163 had arrived the night before. Facing him, and nearly over his head, was the clear-cut line of the crest of the ravine touching the blue sky, and as yet unbroken. Suddenly a muleteer galloped breathlessly up to the steps, and reported that the enemy was in force upon the heights. In quick succession came another and another messenger, with the news that the enemy was advancing up the ravine to Tarapaca. At the same time the two lieut. -colonels, Manuel Suarez and Juan Bautista Zubiaga, were talking to the officer of the guard, Don Pedro Ferrer. A sub-lieutenant, a mere lad named Daniel Osorio (killed that day), ran up in great excitement, and said that the enemy was sur- rounding them. Zubiaga smiled and patted him on the back. In another minute the skyline was broken by moving columns of armed men, and there was a call to arms. Buendia and Suarez made their dispositions on the instant. They seemed to be surrounded. The division of Caceres was to climb the ravine side, and attack the enemy actually in sight— of course the division of Santa Cruz on its way to Quilla-huasa. The division of Bolognesi, with Castanon's artillerymen, was to protect the other side ; while General Buendia, with the remainder of the force, was to resist the advance of the enemy up the ravine and defend Tarapaca itself. A messenger was sent to Pachica for the vanguard and first division. Colonel Suarez, on his now famous white horse, led the troops up the steep hill, by a precipitous wind- ing footpath. It was ten a.m. Off the path it was like scaling a wall ; and on the crest, formed on level M 2 1 64 Battle of Tarapaca. ground, with rifles at the ready, and four Krupp guns, stood the Chilian foe. Calmly, and with un- daunted mien, the Yncas climbed the precipitous ascent. Zubiaga led on the men of Cuzco on the right. His second, Benito Pardo de Figueroa, of noble lineage in Lima, and related to the Chilian General Blanco Encalada, was on his left. In the centre were the men of Ayacucho under Manuel Suarez. Caceres, too, was in the front line. The ascent occupied a long half-hour. There was a shout of triumph as the Yncas reached the crest. Santa Cruz threw his men into skirmishing order, advanced rapidly, and formed a semicircle, with the two ex- tremes on the edge of the ravine, and the artillery on the left. He opened a withering fire, expecting to hurl the Peruvians back and down the precipice. For five minutes the Chilians seemed to gain ground, when the boatmen of Iquique reached the crest, and there was a pause. Then the Yncas charged, led on by Zubiaga. One ringing cheer and he was dead. A bullet had pierced his brain. He fell under the muzzle of a Chilian gun, as Espinar of Cuzco had fallen at San Francisco. Yet another hero falls. Manuel Suarez is dead, with a ball through his forehead. They died in the moment of victory—^ that victory which their deaths made certain. The Yncas of the ancient city saw their leaders fall. They set their teeth and charged, not wildly, but steadily and with a purpose. The men of the imperial tribe were in earnest now, and on equal terms, for the Krupp guns were captured ; and the Chilian half-castes had found their match. In vain Battle of Tarapaca. 165 Santa Cruz fell back, and formed another line at right angles with the ravine ; in vain the whole centre division, led by Arteaga himself, came to his help. They continued, though fighting bravely for a long hour, to give way. Isaac Recabdrren, recovered of his wound received at Pisagua, had taken the place of the dead heroes, and gallantl}'' led the charges. But alas ! the best blood of Peru was being poured forth along this path of victory. Pardo de Figueroa, and his brother Francisco, had fallen. Carlos Odiaga, lying dangerously ill in Tarapaca, sprang from his bed, by a last effort climbed the height, and was killed in the thickest of the fight. Poor young Daniel Osorio, who brought the news in hot excite- ment that morning, was dead ; and Meneses and Torico, and the young brother of the gallant Caceres, all dead. By 11. 15 a.m. each of the Chilians had fired 150 rounds. Seeing the advance of Arteaga, Colonel Rios, with the patriots of the coast, rushed up to the rescue. He fell mortally wounded ; and both the brothers Melendez, who came to avenge the death of Grau, the hero of Angamos, were killed, fighting by the side of Rios. The Krupp guns of Arteaga's division kept up a deadly fire on the Peru- vians climbing up the hill-side. But it was all of no avail. The Yncas were in earnest now ; for once they were on equal terms, and the mixed race must find its level. At noon the other Krupp guns were captured, and the Chilians were beaten all along the line. Fire was opened upon them by Captain Manuel Carrerafrom their own field- guns. The victory of the Peruvians on the " Cuesta 1 66 Battle of Tarapaca. de la Visagra" was secured. The Chilians fled towards a sandy hill called the " Cerro de la Minta," about a mile to the westward, in front of Huara-sina. Their retreat was only prevented from being con- verted into a rout by the cavalry under Villagran, which had watered the horses at Quilla-huasa, and now protected the fugitives. Colonel Caceres re- ceived the felicitations of the chief of the staff on the field of battle. Meanwhile General Buendia was engaged in the ravine, with the division under Ramirez. That officer, guided by the spy Laiseca, advanced from Huara-sina with the second regiment of the line and two Krupp guns, intending to occupy Tarapaca. Hearing the fire of Santa Cruz on the heights, he led his men on. Bolognesi came out to meet him along the eastern slopes, while the Bolivians of the Loa division were at the bottom. The general directed the movements in person. There was a desperate struggle in the outskirts of the village. Here stood the humble dwelling in which the Grand Marshal, Ramon Castilla — the man who gave twenty years of peace to his country — was born. On that spot the enemies of his country were defeated, but at how great a cost ! The first to fall was Francisco Perla, the second in command of the Loa division. The young lad Enrique Varela, fragile as a reed but steady as a rock, was wounded ; and the half-English Pezet, grandson of a former President of Peru, and Felipe Flores of Cuzco, fell dead. The little band, though falling fast, defended the place with desperate tenacity. There, were 107 dead bodies on one spot. Battle of Tarapaca. 167 The Chilians in the ravine began to fall back at the same time as their comrades on the heights. In their flight they left their colonel behind, mortally wounded. The standard of the regiment was captured by Mariano Santos, a native of Acomayo. They never stopped until they reached Huara-sina, several taking refuge in roadside huts. At the watering- place they encountered Arteaga, Vergara, Santa Cruz, and the fugitives from the heights. Fortunately for the Chilians they had an effective body of cavalry, while the Peruvians had none. There was also a detachment under Major Echanez, which had been sent to attack Bolognesi on the hill- slopes, but had failed to do so. These men had not been engaged, and had refreshed themselves at the watering-place of Huara-sina. They formed a rally- ing pivot. The leaders had apparently lost their heads ; but there was a little old man in the artillery who had risen from the ranksj named Benavides. Mounted on a mule, he gathered the unwounded men together, cheered them up with dry, comic speeches, and got them to face the advancing enemy, supported by charges of cavalry. The division of Caceres had been fighting for several hours, and the men were exhausted. Benavides not only rallied the Chilians, but gained several hundred yards of ground. While Arteaga and the other chiefs sat down to breakfast, the men got water, and the wounded were attended to and collected by the brave Dr. Kidd, a native of York. At 3.15 p.m. Colonel Arteaga began his meal. Ten minutes afterwards he was effectually disturbed. 1 68 Peruvian Victory. The message to the vanguard at Pachica, which was sent off by General Buendia in the forenoon, never arrived until two p.m. The troops, about looo strong, at once set out. Colonel Davila, with the men of Puno under Manuel Chamorro, ascended the heights ; while Herrera, with the hunters of Cuzco under Fajardo, marched down the ravine. This suc- cour completed the victory. The Peruvians advanced shoulder to shoulder, firing as they came. ' The Chilians did not even stop to receive them. Colonel Arteaga gave the order for the whole force to retreat. A troop of mules had just brought him supplies of food and water, and with this consolation, and two out of ten guns, he accepted his defeat, and marched, away over the Pampa de Tamarugal. If the Peruvians had had any cavalry, or if their ammunition had not been so nearly exhausted, the Chilian defeat would have been converted into a total rout. But the victory of the Peruvians was complete. They had driven the Chilians back at all points, they retained the whole battle-field,they captured eight guns and one standard, and they quietly continued those preparations for their march, which had been inter- rupted. It was three days after the Peruvians had gone, that General Baquedano at last sent a column from Dtbujo, under Colonel Urriola, to collect the wounded and bury the dead. The Chilian loss amounted to 687 killed and wounded. The Peru- vians had 19 officers killed and 16 wounded, 236 men killed and 262 wounded ; a total loss on both sides of 1220 men ! The valiant little army, terribly thinned in its Retreat to Arica. 169 efforts to save the province of Tarapaca, began its sad and weary march to Arica on the following day, with fifty-two Chilian prisoners. That night a full moon rose over the volcano of Isluga, and lighted them on their way. Their route was by what is called the " altos," along the skirts of the cordillera. The first rest was in the gorge of Aroma ; the next at Camifia, 6000 feet above the sea, where there are green clover- fields, vines and olives, and httacas, or burial-places of the Ynca ancestry. At Camifia there was a halt of a day, for before them was the long desert march to Camarones. At length Arica was reached on the 1 8th of December. The success of the retreat was mainly due to the exertions of Sub-Prefect Felipe Rosas, in collecting provisions. General Buendia and Colonel Suarez on their arrival were very unfairly put under arrest, and ordered to be tried for the loss of the province. They ought to have been received in a very different way. But they were soon released by superior authority, fully reinstated, and entrusted with important commands. When all the difficulties of the position are fairly considered — the absence of food and supplies of all kinds, the destruction of all means of communication with any base, the impossibility of receiving succour — it must be allowed that General Buendia adopted the proper course when he decided upon leaving the pro- vince after the failure of his brilliant assault on the hill of San Francisco. He thus saved the flower of his army, and did the best possible service to his country under the circumstances. Even to do this he had not only to fight a battle, but to gain a victory. 17° Cost of Victory. It is terrible to think of the cost of that victory, of all the precious lives that were lost, of the grief and anguish that was caused. Chile has won, and she has got the manure she coveted. Peru has lost, not the province only, but the flower of her youth — her noblest and best. Sorrow and mourning spread over the valleys of the Andes. Yet there was con- solation. Her lost ones were not conquering in- vaders ; they fell in a just and holy cause — the de- fence of their native land. Return of President Prado to Lima. 171 CHAPTER X. NICOLAS DE PIEROLA AS SUPREME CHIEF OF PERU — GENERAL CAMPERO, PRESIDENT OF BOLIVIA. The loss of Tarapaca led to revolutionary changes in the Governments both of Peru and Bolivia. General Prado seems to have despaired of success, with the means at his disposal. He has shown that he is personally brave by his conduct in 1866, when the Spanish fleet attacked Callao. He has qualities which attached many warm and faithful friends to him, and in quiet times he might have filled his post with credit. But he was incapable of facing a great emergency. The President handed over the command of the Peruvian troops at Arica and Tacna to Admiral Don Lizardo Montero, and embarked on board an English mail steamer on the 26th of November. Returning to Lima, he resumed office as President, relieving the Vice-President, General La Puerta, of the duties which he had temporarily performed. Three days afterwards, on December 2nd, a letter was published, in which the President announced his return. He declared his determination to repair the disasters which the arms of Peru had sustained, and that he would utilize the abundant resources of the country 172 Desertion of President Prado. with this object^ until the hour arrived for fulfilling his duties as a soldier. ' After the publication of this letter, the people of Lima were naturally amazed to hear that the President had suddenly, and without warning, abandoned his country in its direst necessity. He embarked on board the mail steamer bound for Panama, and the following decree was published in the morning after his departure : — " Mariano Ignacio Prado, Constitutional President of the Republic. Inasmuch as I am authorized to leave the country by a legislative resolution of May 2nd, 1878, and very urgent and important matters demanding my presence abroad, and it being my duty and desire to do all I can in favour of the country, I decree, solely, that the first Vice-President take charge of the Presidency of the Republic, in con- formity with Articles 90 and 93 of the Constitution. " Given in the Government House, &c., &c., "The 1 8th day of December, i879.-" A second document was addressed to the nation and the army, briefly stating that his motives for leaving the country were very great and very powerful, and promising to return in due time. It bears the same date. General Prado saw the inevitable disasters that were approaching, and he hoped to avert them by obtaining some help, either in money or mat&iel, or intervention, from Europe or the United States. There is no reason to suppose that he was actuated Desertion of President Prado. 173 by any other less worthy motive. Yet nothing can excuse this sudden desertion of his post. General Prado is, nevertheless, the hero of the 2nd of May, 1866, the day on which the Spanish fleet was repulsed from Callao. The most popular writer in Chile has declared Prado to be one of the loyal and honoured friends of that country, and the most generous subscriber to the works of the Paseo de Santa Lucia at Santiago. " It seemed right that such noble disinterestedness should be recognized by the erection of a monument which, while it was a memorial to General Prado, should also serve as a national tribute, on the part of Chile, to one of the most noble deeds in the annals of America. Such was the defence of Callao against the Spanish fleet by General Prado." ' Thus it was resolved to erect a monument in memoty of the action of May 2nd, on the height of Santa Lucia, in the capital of Chile. Until the magnanimous feeling which suggested this act returns to the Chilian people they will continue to be losers by reason of their " glorious " war. Once more the aged and infirm Vice-President, General La Puerta, assumed office. The Minister of War was General Don Manuel Gonzalez de La Cotera, an educated officer who has travelled in Europe. He is an incorrigible intriguer, mistrusted by his superiors, but a favourite with the men. He is a native of Piura, of good family, and began his military career as a cadet in 1 868. La Cotera was resolved to maintain the constitutional government in power if • "El Paseo de Santa Lucia. Lo que es i lo que debera ser." " Segunda Memoria." (Santiago, 1873.) 174 Nicolas de Pierola. possible, but Lima was in a state of excitement and scarcely suppressed anger. All through the day after the president's flight great crowds assembled in the streets. Next day, in the afternoon, Colonel Arguedas, in the barracks of the Inquisition Square, refused to obey orders to send a detachment to the palace. His battalion broke out into mutiny. La Cotera marched against the insurgent troops, and a heavy fire was opened upon his followers from the house-tops. He retreated to the palace, and soon afterwards Don Nicolas de Pierola, at the head of another insurgent battalion, appeared in the great square, and there was more firing. Altogether sixty men were killed and about 200 wounded. The armed populace now declared openly for revolution, and Pierola placed himself at the head of the movement. Assembling all the troops that adhered to him, he marched to Callao, and got possession of the port early on the 22nd. The Archbishop of Lima, who sympathized with Pierola, now intervened and suc- ceeded at last in persuading the Vice-President to resign his charge. In the morning of December the 23rd Don Nicolas de Pierola made his solemn entry into the capital, and was proclaimed Supreme Chief of the Republic. Nicolas de Pierola comes of an old Cataloniah stock. The home of his ancestors was in the little village of Pierola, in the mountains twenty miles from Barcelona, famous for its vineyards and for the boar and wolf hunts in the vicinity. The American branch of the Pierolas settled at Camana, on the coast of Peru, near Arequipa. Here young Nicolas was born Nicolas de Pierola. 175 on the 5th of January, 1839, the son of the learned naturalist, whose honourable career has already been noticed.^ His father, though Finance Minister under Castilla, was strictly honest, and died poor. He brought up his son in the same habits of purity and thrift. But he died when the lad was barely seven- teen, and the young Nicolas became a second father to his little brothers and sisters. His protector and tutor was Dr. Huerta, now Bishop of Arequipa, who was then rector of the seminary of Santo Toribio at Lima. Of his brothers Emilio was a naturalist like'his father, and died in 1879. Exequiel is in the artillery, and Carlos distinguished himself by his gallantry in the defence of Lima. Don Nicolas is married to a granddaughter of Agustin Iturbide, the ill-starred Emperor of Mexico, arid their son, aged about eighteen, was by his father's side at the battle of Chorrillos. Pierola was educated at Santo Toribio, but he decided upon a legal career, and, becoming an advo- cate in i860, he founded a review called El Pro- greso Catolico. In 1864 he became editor of El Tiempo, in which periodical he defended the adminis- tration of President Pezet, so that he fell with his patron when Prado's insurrection was successful. He travelled for some time in Europe. President Balta appointed Pierola to the ministry of finance on January 5th, 1869; and he shares with his chief the credit of the great public works that were executed or projected, and the discredit of the ruinous loans During the subsequent administrations of Pardo and * See page 46. 176 Nicolas de Pierola. Prado, from 1872 to 1878, he was always conspiring, and when the war broke out he was residing in Chile. He offered his services to his country, and was allowed to return to Lima in 1879. The Supreme Chief is vivacious in conversation, has an agreeable address, and speaks French fluently. His countenance is bright and pleasing, and his smile almost captivating. He has a clear intellect, great decision of character, self-confidence, and extraordi-- nary tenacity of purpose inherited from his Catalan ancestors. The secret of his success appears to have been the confidence felt by the people in his audacity, and in his ability to stem the tide of invasion. Pierola grasped the situation in which the country was placed. He felt that the constitutional government, deprived of its head, would be incapable of meeting the emergency. He, therefore, stepped forward and boldly seized the helm in the hour of extreme peril. His ability was tacitly acknowledged by the various leaders of parties. These men, instead of harassing their distracted country by adding the evils of civil contention to its difficulties, patriotically accepted the leadership of Pierola, and maintained unwavering loyalty towards him during the war. Pierola showed, himself to be a great war minister, and for his services in her sore need he has deserved well of his country. The new ministry, appointed by the Supreme Chief, included men of position and ability. The Minister for Foreign Affairs was Don Pedro Jos^ Calderon, a native of Lima and an old schoolfellow of Pierola, who was envoy in Germany during the Balta admi- HiLARION DAZA. 177 nistration. Don Nemesio Orbegoso, the Minister of the Interior, is a son of the former President, and had been Prefect of his native town of Truxillo. Colonel Miguel Iglesias, who. took charge of the war depart- ment, is a wealthy landed proprietor at Caxamarca, with a character for probity and for stoutness of heart. He afterwards brilliantly maintained his reputation for valour in the moment of his country's extremity, on the Morro Solar.' The change in the government of Bolivia took place under different circumstances. Ever since his deser- tion of the army of Tarapaca, and his retreat from Camarones, his own troops had felt ashamed of their leader. This man is one of the worst public charac- ters that has been churned up to the surface in the caldron of Bolivian revolution. Hilarion Daza was, of low origin, born at Sucre or Chuquisaca. His father's name, which for some reason of his own he dropped, was Grossoli. Young Daza was brought up to an idle life, and so he continued until the revolution of Linares, when he took service under some miUtary chief, and in 1862 was made a sub-lieutenant. An- other change got him his captaincy, and returning to Sucre, he led the life of a conspirator. In 1864 Daza obtained the rank of major by joining Melgarejo in his successful revolution. General Nicanor Floras and the poet Nestor Galindo, author of a volume of sonnets entitled " Lagrimas," rose against the tyranny of Melgarejo in 1865, but they were defeated. A dark suspicion hangs over the name of Daza in con- 3 See page 243. N 178 Fall of Daza. nexion with the death of young Galindo. When another revolt broke out against Melgarejo at Sucre, Daza carried the news to La Paz by galloping at the rate of fifty leagues a day, without rest, for 500 miles. For this service he was made a colonel, with command of the first regiment of Bolivia, called *' Colorados." But in 1870 he betrayed Melgarejo, and was a turbulent supporter of Morales. In 1872 he married a lady, named Benita Gutierrez, of Sorata. Daza was proclaimed President of Bolivia on May 4th, 1876. His predecessor, Melgarejo, was one of the worst characters that profligate revolutions have thrown to the surface in South America, but he was at least brave. Daza has not displayed that quality, and he has shown himself to be as ignorant as he is incapable. Daza was encamped with the Bolivian army at Tacna. On the 27th of December he went to Arica, by invitation from Admiral Montero, to discuss the plan of the campaign. At four p.m. he proceeded to the railway station at Arica, to return to Tacna. He had got into the train, when a telegram was handed to him. He read it, and jumped out as if some one had struck him. The telegram announced that, during his absence, the Bolivian army had risen at the call of some of the superior officers, that he had been deposed, and that Colonel Don Eleodoro Cama- cho was elected to command the army in his place. Daza remained at Arica. If he had gone on in the train, he would have been taken out by his own men and shot. They searched the train for him at the first station. Montero condoled with him, but de- General Campero. 179 clined to interfere. On the 4th of January, 1880, he began a journey on horseback to Mollendo, and went thence by train to Arequipa. There he heard of the revolution which had broken out at La Paz on the 28th of December, and he consequently took the steamer for Panama and went to Paris. General Don Narciso Campero was proclaimed at La Paz, and his nomination was cordially accepted by the army at Tacna. He was elected constitutional President of Bolivia on the 5th of June, 1880, but pre- viously he was called upon to perform anxious service in the field. If Daza is the worst, Campero is one of the best examples of a South American military statesman. Born in the province of Tarija, in the extreme south of Bolivia, he received an exceptionally good educa- tion, and, surrounded by an atmosphere of treachery and intrigue, he has ever maintained a well-earned reputation for honesty and candour. Naturally gifted with ability and powers of application, he improved himself by a residence in Europe, and afterwards was Minister for Bolivia in England and France, where, during the years 1872-73, he took great interest in the project for making the river Madeira navigable. In the success of this enterprise, now indefinitely postponed. General Campero looks forward to the future prosperity of his country. As an organizer the new President was unsuccessful in his efforts to succour the Peruvians in their gallant attempt to defend Tara- paca. . His failure was not, however, due to any want of energy or foresight on his part, but to the insur- mountable natural difficulties. N 2 i8o General Campero, As a conductor of the war the Bolivians had selected ;the best man their country contained, in Narciso Campero ; while Nicolas de Pierola was endowed with ability, untiring energy, and courage, and, in her death struggle, he served Peru well and faithfully. Port of Arica. ISI CHAPTER XL BLOCKADE OF ARICA AND CALLAO. The year 1880 was the saddest that had dawned upon the land of the Yncas since, 348 years before, Pizarro entered upon his career of conquest at Tumbez. Already, before that year of desolation began, the Chilian fleet had commenced the blockade of Arica. Three men-of-war made their appearance a few days after General Prado had sailed for Callao. Chile now had three powerful ironclads, besides several corvettes, and she had increased her navy by the purchase of a steamer called the Angamos, with a most formidable armament, though only consisting of one gun. It was an 8-inch breech-loading Armstrong of eleven and a half tons, and eighteen feet four inches long, mounted on a central pivoted slide. The range of this gun was 8000 yards, far out of reach of any guns at Arica. The port of Arica is an open roadstead, protected to the south by a lofty cape called the Morro, and the rocky island of Alacran. The town stretches along the beach from the Morro, and the surrounding country is desert and sandy, though there is a fertile valley up the watercourse of the Azapa, which reaches the sea to the north of Arica, The railroad to Tacna 1 82 Raid on Moquegua. passes along the beach for a short distance, and then runs a little east of north. The defences consisted of twenty rifled guns, ten planted on the Morro, and the rest in forts on the beach north of the town, called 2° lie Mayo, Santa Rosa, and San Jose. The accom- plished Captain Camilo Carrillo, of the Peruvian navy, was commandant of the batteries. The harbour defence monitor, Manco Capac, commanded by Cap- tain Don Jose Sanchez Lagomarsino, was moored under the protection of the forts. There was also a small torpedo brigade on the island of Alacran, com- manded by Lorencio Prado, a son of the President. The Chilian blockading squadron had not been many days in Arica roadstead before the defenders made an attempt to destroy the corvettes O'Higgins and Chacabiico by means of a steam launch, armed with a spar torpedo. It failed, however, and the launch ran on shore, and was broken up by the heavy surf which rolls in along the coast. The next offensive operation showed how com- pletely the possession of the sea placed the Peruvian coast at the mercy of the invaders. They could land where they pleased, and the unfortunate people and their possessions were at the mercy of the enemy. At dawn, on the 31st of December, the Chilian squad- ron landed 500 soldiers under an engineer officer named Aristides Martinez, at the little port of Ylo, north of Arica. Ylo is connected by a railroad with the town of Moquegua, the centre of rich vine-grow- ing valleys. The invaders reached Moquegua by train, exacted a contribution of provisions, and re- turned to Ylo. They then dismounted the railway Action with the "Huascar." 183 locomotives, and embarked again on the 2nd of January. The object appears to have been to striite terror, and to show how suddenly and unexpectedly a Chilian force could make its appearance. On the 27th of February, 1880, the Chilian com- mander sent the ironclad Huascar closer in towards " Afica. for the purpose of reconnoitring the forts and batteries. On getting within range, fire was opened upon her by the guns on the Morro, and by the Manco Capac, and a desultory action ensued, which lasted for about an hour, when the Huascar retired out of range. Soon afterwards the Chilians observed a train full of soldiers about to start for Tacna. So the blockading squadron again steamed in to shell the train, which brought about a second engagement. This time the Huascar was struck by a shell which killed seven and wounded nine officers and men, in- cluding two lieutenants. The Manco Capac then got under weigh, and the Huascar once more steamed in towards her adversary. On nearing the harbour- defence monitor, the captain of the Huascar observed that she had a torpedo-boat alongside, so he renounced his first intention of attempting to ram, and ordered the helm to be put hard over, so as to increase his distance. At that moment a shell from the Manco Capac struck the mizen-mast of the Huascar, ex- ploded, and blew the captain, named Thomson, lite- rally to pieces. The first lieutenant continued the action, assisted by the Magallanes, for an hour longer, when the Mattco Capac returned to her anchorage. During these engagements the Huascar discharged Ij6 projectiles, 35 from the eight-inch guns in her 184 Dashing Peruvian Exploit. turret, and 81 from her 40-pounders, besides firing 600 rounds from the Hotchkiss and Gatling guns. The Magallanes was struck three times in her hull, and the Huascar received a shot in her hull which -caused her to leak badly. Two days afterwards the Angamos bombarded the town of Arica with her soli- tary 8-inch Armstrong, at the amazing distance of 8000 yards, the Huascar joining her later in the day. This was continued for five days, the A ngamos hurl- ing 100 projectiles from her huge gun Much terror was caused to the inhabitants, but as the houses are built of large sun-dried bricks, called adobes, the in- juries they sustained were comparatively unimportant. So February passed away, and daring the month of March the little Peruvian navy, consisting of one wooden corvette, added another daring feat to its achievements. Arica, the headquarters of the allied army, being closely blockaded. Captain Villavicencio, ' in command of the Union, determined to land supplies in spite of the whole ironclad fleet of Chile. Having embarked a cargo at Callao, consisting of six Gatling guns, several thousand rifles with ammunition, and clothing for the troops, besides a torpedo-boat named the Alianza, the gallant little Union set out on her daring expedition at daylight, on the 17th of March. Suddenly appearing off Arica, Captain Villavicen- cio succeeded in eluding the blockading squadron anchored in the roads, and safely landed his valuable cargo. On discovering that they had been outwitted, the Chilians sent in an overwhelming force, consisting of the Cochrane and Huascar ironclads and the Ama- zonas to attempt the destruction of the Union. But Chilia'n Fleet at Callao. 185 this powerful fleet would not venture within range of the guns on the Morro. The ships kept at the very respectful distance of 7000 yards, at which range their firing was not very effective. Afterwards the two ironclads closed to 3500 yards, when some better practice was made. A shell from the Cochrane burst over the Union, wounding twenty and killing two men. At three p.m. the Chilians ceased firing, and stood to the northward in company, thinking that the Union would attempt to escape in that direction. Captain Villavicencio closely observed their very unintelligent movements, adroitly slipped out of the anchorage, and steamed full speed to the south, obtaining a clear lead of four miles. He was immediately pursued, but with such a start he could laugh at his enemies, who were soon out of sight. So the Union returned Safely to Callao. On the 6th of April a Chilian squadron, consisting of tlie Blanco Encalada, bearing the flag of Rear- . Admiral Riveros, the Huascar, the Angantos, the Pilcomayo, and the M alias Cousino, proceeded north- wards towards Callao. Remaining out of sight, a torpedo-boat was sent in at 4.30 a.m., of the loth, to attempt the destruction of the Union, as she lay along- side the mole or darsena. The attempt failed in con- sequence of booms and other obstructions which had been placed round the ship ; and another attempt next day was equally futile. In the forenoon of the • loth the hostile fleet arrived in the bay, and officially notified the blockade to the Peruvian authorities and to foreign representatives. From that date Callao -was closely blockaded by the enemy for nine months. •I 86 Defences of Callao. Neutral merchant ships were warned to leave the roads within eight days, after which time the Chilian admiral declared that he would feel himself at liberty to bombard the town. Callao is built along a spit of land and on the shore of a large bay facing north, two lines of railroad con- necting it with Lima, a distance of eight miles over a plain which rises slightly to the foot of the maritime Cordilleras. The spit is separated from the high and barren island of San Lorenzo by a channel called the " Boqueron." Callao is the headquarters of the English Pacific Steam Navigation Company, and the Company has works consisting of steam cranes for loading and unloading, iron and brass foundries, arti- ficers' shops with steam power, and store-houses covering an area of 60,000 square yards. Callao has a floating dock capable of lifting 5000 tons, and a new work, including docks and piers, was commenced in 1870, called the Mtielle y darsena. The total length of the sea-wall comprised in this work is 4520 feet, enclosing a space of fifty-two acres, with berthing accommodation for large ships. There are also eighteen steam cranes, a triple line of rails, lighthouse, and supplies of fresh water for shipping at eight points. The defences consisted, in the first place, of the two old historical round towers of Callao Castle, now called " Independencia " and " Manco Capac," the former mounted with two soo-pounder Blakeley guns, and the latter with four 300-pounder Vavasseurs. On the spit there were two looo-pounder smooth-bore Rodman guns. On the beach were the two revolving armoured turrets called " Junin " and " Mercedes," one Peruvian Torpedo Brigade. 187 north of the town, the other on the spit to the south, each with two soo-pounder Armstrongs. Between them were forts "Ayacucho" and "Santa Rosa," with two 500-pounder Blakeley guns on each. Besides the heavy guns there were six smaller bat' teries called " Maypu," " Provisional," " Zepita," "Abtao," "Pichincha," and " Independencia," with two, five, eight, six, four, and six 32-pounders respectively. These small guns were of very little use. The Atalmalpa (harbour defence monitor) and the Union, with three school ships and some transports, were moored inside the darseiui ; and the Peruvians had a Herreschoff torpedo-boat and several steam launches. But a fatal mistake was made in not having fortified the island of San Lorenzo, which became the headquarters of the blockading squadron. Thus the desolating work continued, and now the Chilians had arrived to extend havoc and destruction over this thriving and important commercial sea- port. On the 22nd and 23rd of April they bombarded Callao at ranges varying from 5000 to 7000 yards, firing 1 27 shot and shell ; the Peruvian guns returning the fire with 170. But the long range rendered this attack comparatively harmless. Don Nicolas de Pierola, as the Peruvian ironclads were lost to the country, turned his attention to the careful organization of a torpedo brigade. He caused to be launched several floating mechanical torpedoes on McEvoy's plan of a vibrating weight releasing a trigger. Some were placed in the Boqueron passage, in the hope that the current would carry them down to the Chilian guard-ship. Two of these torpedoes 1 88 Chilian Torpedo Boats, were found by the Chilian steamer Amazonas, floating just below the surface. One was sunk by firing at it with rifles, but the other was secured, and towed to San Lorenzo, where it exploded directly it touched the ground, with such force that the brass lid belonging to it was sent flying into the air to a height of over 1 50 feet. The violence of the explosion led to the supposition that it was charged with about 100 lbs. of dynamite. It was of a cylindrical shape, the outer shell being of copper. A wheel was fixed at one end, so arranged as to revolve on coming in contact with any heavy body. In revenge for these attempts Admiral Riveros again bombarded Callao during the afternoon of the loth of May. The squadron fired 400 projectiles which were replied to by the forts and batteries on shore. The principal object of the Chilians was the destruction of the vessels that were sheltered behind the walls of the darsena ; and a school ship, besides several boats and barges, was sunk. On the other hand the hull of the Huascar was struck three times, her steering gear being injured by one shot, which for a time made her useless. Another shot hit her at the water-line, filling one of the wing compartments. The Chilians increased the effectiveness, of the Callao blockade during the month of May by the addition of several swift torpedo-boats. Of these the Fresia and Janequeo were built at Yarrow, and sent out from England to Valparaiso in sections on board an English merchant-ship, a breach of neutrality which ought to have been prevented. It is sad to reflect how very, little harm these misguided Chilian Torpedo Boats. 189 countries could have done to each other if it had not been for the means of destruction supplied to them by England, Germany, and the United States. The Fresia and Janequeo were of steel, with five watertight compartments, seventy feet long, and with a speed of eighteen knots. The Janequeo was fitted with three McEvoy patent duplex outrigger torpedoes, one on a boom rigged out on the stern, the others on side swing- ing booms. These two boats also carried a Hotchkiss machine gun each. The Guacoldo was another of these boats, built in America for the Peruvian Govern- ment, and sent out by the Isthmus of Panama. She was captured by the Chilian transport Amazonas on her voyage to Callao, Two more, the Colo-colo and Tucapel, were of a smaller class, built on the Thames by Thorneycroft, and armed with outrigger torpedoes and machine guns. These boats, in consequence of their great speed, were used to keep watch over the Peruvian ships at night, and were regarded as the eyes of the blockading squadron during the dark hours. They were in charge of energetic and intelligent officers, whose vigilance during the long blockade was unceasing. The Janequeo was commanded by Lieutenant Senoret, and the Guacoldo by Lieutenant Goni. These two boats were cruising in company and recon- noitring the entrance to the docks early in tlie morning 'of the 25th of May in pitch darkness, when they suddenly found themselves close to a Peruvian steam launch, the Independencia, commanded by Lieutenant Galvez, and manned by a few soldiers with a mitrail- leuse. The launch turned to re-enter the darsena- 1 90 Gallantry of a Peruvian Lieutenant. closely pursued by the Janequeo. On nearing his adversary Lieutenant Senor^t tried to destroy the launch with his stern torpedo, but failing to place it in contact, he attempted, as the two boats sheered outwards from each other, to bring his port swinging torpedo into action. The boats at this time were so close that there was no room for the spar to swing out. Imagining, however, that it was in contact with his opponent's hull, and sufficiently far from his own, Lieutenant Senoret pressed the firing key of the battery and exploded the torpedo. At the same time Lieutenant Galvez threw a 100 lb. case of powder on the sloping deck of the Janequeo, and exploded it by firing his revolver. This caused the immediate destruction of the torpedo-boat. She filled and sank, the officer and men escaping in a small boat. The Independencia sank soon afterwards, eight of her men having been killed by the explosion. The gallant Lieutenant Galvez and seven men were picked up by the Guacoldo. Doubt has been cast upon the daring act of the Peruvian lieutenant, but Lieutenant Senordt gave distinct evidence that there were two explosions. After this affair the blockade of Callao, and the adjacent ports of Ancon and Chancay, was main- tained with redoubled vigilance. Londcm. SancpAon Low. It^atcm , Searl^, S Riviiifftan.. Continuation of the War. 191 CHAPTER XII. THE TACNA CAMPAIGN. The Chilians had now conquered and occupied the coveted nitrate provinces, the annexation of which was the real object of the war, and they had destroyed the Peruvian fleet. All reasonable pretext for further operations, involving bloodshed and destruction, had ceased to exist. The continuation of such work was unnecessary for the invader's avowed objects. But a nation that once enters upon a career of glory and ambition will not readily desist. Success is apt to blunt and often to destroy the moral sense. So it was with Chile. The conquerors of the Tarapaca province determined to extend their desolating in- roads over the more northern Peruvian departments of Tacna and Moquegua ; and to destroy the allied army assembled at Tacna. The plan was for the invading forces to effect a landing to the northward, so as to cut off the allies from all communications, and then fall upon them in their isolated position. With complete command of the sea, and superiority in every military point of view, there was little difficulty. A fleet of sixteen transports and men-of war was assembled at Pisagua, and 10,000 men were embarked on the 24th of 192 Position of Los Angeles. February, 1880. They were put on shore at Ylo and Pacocha two days afterwards, and on the 28th an additional force of 4000 men was landed. On the 8th of March 2000 men, led by Colonel Orozimbo Barbosa, were disembarked at the port of Islay further north. They marched thence to Mollendo, the port of Arequipa, and committed the most useless and deplorable acts of destruction. Telegraph works, rolling stock, railroad, and the fine new mole were all demolished. The marauders returned to Ylo on March 14th, General Don Manuel Baquedano was now ap- pointed to the command of the Chilian invading army, to succeed General Escala. Ylo is connected with the town of Moquegua by a railroad, and at that time there was a small Peruvian force, commanded by Colonel Don Andres Gamarra, in a strong position beyond Moquegua, on the road to the little town of Torata, on the spurs of the Andes. Between Mo- quegua and Torata there is a very rugged and diffi- cult range of mountains which only offers one tole- rable line for a road, which is by the " Cuesta de los Angeles." Up this ascent there is a zigzag path, with scarped defiles on either side. Here Gamarra, had entrenched himself. The position of Los Angeles is historical. It was here that the Spanish General Valdez repulsed the attacks of the patriots led by Alvarado on January 19th, 1823 ; and it is an interesting fact that Espartero, then a young colonel of thirty, but afterwards Duke of Victory and Regent of Spain, commanded the left wing of the army of Valdez on that occasion.. The Battle of Los Angfxes. 193 same position was occupied by Pierola, in his insur- rection against the government of President Pardo, in 1874. But General Buendia, who was the adviser of Senor Pardo, knew that the failure of Alvarado, in 1823, was due to his having confined his movements to an attack in front. He, therefore, sent Montero, the present admiral, by a long round to make a simultaneous assault in the rear. These tactics were successful, and Pierola was entirely defeated. The Chilian general, in his attack on Colonel Ga- marra, faithfully copied the plan of President Pardo's adviser. On the 20th of March his troops occupied Moquegua ; and he ordered the volunteer regiment of Copiapo to scale the heights on the right of the Peruvian position ; while a thousand men under Colo- nel Munoz, made a long round to fall upon the Peruvian left rear. Baquedano then got his artillery into position, to open fire on the zigzag road in front of Gamarra's entrenchment. At dawn, on the 22nd of March, the Peruvians found themselves fiercely assaulted by the Copiapo men, on their right flank ; while their reserve was as unexpectedly attacked in rear by MuSoz. At the same moment a storm of shell was showered upon the defenders from the Chilian field-guns. For more than an hour the Peru- vian soldiers, though overmatched and surrounded, steadily held their ground. At length they fell back, leaving twenty-eight killed and many wounded on the field. Torata was occupied by the Chilians on the same day, but subsequently abandoned. The imme- diate object of Baquedano was to close the roads by which the army at Tacna could communicate M'ith o 194 March of the Chilians to Tacna. the rest of Peru, and receive supplies or reinforce- ments. Preparations were then made for the advance against the allied army at Tacna. From Ylo the distance of eighty miles is occupied by a desert intersected by two narrow but fertile valleys, called Locuniba and Sama. Carts were landed for carrying stores, provisions, forage, and supplies of water in casks. While these preparations were being made, Colonel Vergara, the hero of the butchery at Jer- mania, got a second opportunity of distinguishing himself by swooping down upon another body of wretchedly mounted Peruvians under Colonel Al- barracain. On the i/th of April, his cavalry once more annihilated the poor wretches who fled before them, killing about 150, and leaving the dead bodies with ghastly sabre-cuts, scattered over a distance of several leagues. General Baquedano, accompanied by Don Rafael Sotomayor, the Minister of War " in campaign," set out from his camp of Hospicio, on the railroad between Ylo and Moquegua, on the 27th of April. His troops marched in separate divisions, with cavalry and powerful batteries of Krupp field-guns of long range. On the 20th of May, the Chilians encamped at a place called Yarao, near the village of Buena- vista in the Sama valley. Here the War Minister, Sotomayor, the man to whom the conception of this deplorable campaign was due, died very suddenly of apoplexy.. Meanwhile the allied army, cut off from communi- cation by the blockade and by the vast distances over Admiral Montero. 195 desolate wildernesses, was in a most difficult position. Tacna is a town situated on the Pacific side of the Andes, in a fertile plain' running north and south between two ranges of hills. The high road to Bolivia passes through it and winds along over the mountains. Tacna, with its seaport of Arica, is the outlet for Bolivian commerce, and, previous to the desolating Chilian invasion, they were both very thriving places. Tacna had a population of 14,000 souls. When President Prado deserted his post, he left the Peruvian army in command of Admiral Montero. The career of this ambitious officer had been one of intrigue and adventure. Lizardo Montero is a native of Piura, a fellow-townsman of Miguel Grau, and like Grau he adopted the sea as a profession. He is first heard of when General Vivanco began a revolt against the government of Castilla, in 1856. At that time the Apurimac frigate was the largest vessel in the Peruvian navy, and she was lying at anchor off Arica. While her captain, a rough old Chilian seaman named Salcedo, was on shore, the crew led by young Montero mutinied, declared for Vivanco, and steamed away, leaving Salcedo storming on the beach. Montero at once went to Islay, then the port of Arequipa, and took possession. In the following year, Castilla be- sieged Vivanco in Arequipa, but the daring Montero, after a hard street-fight, took Arica, so that the President was cut off from his communications both at Islay and Arica. When Vivanco was beaten, Montero surrendered the Apurimac and succeeded in making his peace. Since then he has always been o 2 196 The Bolivian Leaders. prominent. Don Manuel Pardo rewarded him for his excellent services in putting down the rebellion of Pierola in 1874, by placing him at the head of the navy. In 1876 he was the candidate for the presi- dentship against Prado, and when the war broke out he was Senator for his native town of Piura. In his fidelity to the best interests of Peru in her great need, and in his zealous efforts to organize an efficient force at Tacna, Montero has atoned for the turbulence of his earlier career. He is married to Dona Rosa Elias, a daughter of the wealthy family of vine-growers at Pisco and Yea. The admiral's army consisted of the remnant of the heroes of Tarapaca, and such recruits as had since been collected. Pierola sent a friend of his own as Prefect of Tacna, with political powers at which a factious man might have taken offence. This was Don Pedro del Solar, a lawyer and editor of the Patria newspaper. Montero, however, received him in a proper spirit, allowing no personal feelings to interrupt the harmony of official work at such a crisis. " It seems to me," he said to Dr. Solar, "that between you and I, we have to save our country."' Since the fall of Daza the Bolivian army at Tacna had been commanded by Colonel Don Eleodoro Camacho, a native of Cochabamba, and a lawyer as well as a soldier. His original command had been the third column of the vanguard, consisting entirely of young mounted volunteers of his native town, all law students. This vanguard or " Legion Boliviana " ' " Se me figura que entre vm. i yo hahremos de salvar a nuestra patria. ' Allied Position before Tacva. 197 was composed of three volunteer regiments of young patriots from the towns of Chuquisaca, La Paz, and Cochabamba ; commanded respectively by Colonels Saravia, Pinto, and Camacho. The rest of the army was in four divisions ; but a large proportion had already suffered severely in the Tarapaca campaign. General Campero placed complete and deserved confidence in Colonel Camacho ; and on the 19th of April, the President arrived from Bolivia to assume the command in chief. Admiral Montero, with the Peruvians, then became second in command ; while Camacho was second in the Bolivian army. Campero held a review of the allied army on the 22nd, and was well satisfied with its appearance, but he deplored the total absence of all means of transport. This necessitated exclusively defensive tactics. The artil- lery also was very defective ; and there were no arrangements for obtaining information. The army only numbered 10,000 men on paper, and of these 2000 formed the garrison of Arica. A battalion of Indians from the President's native province of Tarija, called " Chorolque," numbering about 1000 men, arrived early in May. But the total of actual fighting- men did not exceed 9000, against 14,000 Chilians. Considering the great superiority of the Chilian army in numbers, in cavalry, and above all in artil- lery. General Campero resolved to select a good defensive position and await an assault. Tacna is bounded on the north-west by a number of arid hills of heavy sand, which makes the ascent difficult. Here he hoped he might be able to select a position where the enemy's cavalry would be useless, and which 1 98 Allied Position before Tacna. would offer advantages in resisting an attack. After a long and careful examination of the ground, he moved the encampment to a small plateau which dominated the adjapent plain. The flanks of this position were defended by deep ravines, thei;e vvas a steep glacis in front, and the approach to Tacna was commanded. Some rough field-defences were thrown up, and each soldier was supplied with a sack to fill; with sand, so that he CQuld quickly form ^ shelter against rifle firing. In the;se dispositiop? of his small force Carjiperp showed ihifnself to be an able strate-, gist. But he only assumed the command when it was too late. In disposing his army in line of battlcj the general entrusted the centre to Colonel Castro Pinto, who cpmmanded, a, volunteer regiment comr posed of the enthusiastic youth of Chuquisaca. The left wing was directed by Colonel Caniacho. Admiral; Montero, with the Peruvians, was on the right, Colonel Velarde acting as his chief of the .staff. Here, too, was Colonel Belisarip .Suarez, vyho had been the soul of the Tarapaca campaign. , Cjaceres, Daviia, Fajardo, three surviving warriors of that ravine of victory, werq once more in command of divisions ; with Colonels Cesjr Canevaro and Miguel Iglesias of Caxamarca, $Qon to do good service again before Lima. Colonel PanizQ had charge of the . arti4,le;-y. Don, Pedro del Solar, the Prefect of Tacna,. had collected, a reserve of a few hundred volnnteens and policq. General Perez, a Bolivian, acted a,s chief of the staff fqr the whple army, The Chilian army was, meanwhile, encamped on the banks of the Sama river, about sixteen mile^ to the westward. The superiority pf^Baquedano ix\ Advance of the Chilians. 199 cavalry enabled him to make a reconnaissance in force to within gunshot of Campero's position, while the allied general was unable to advance beyond the line of his outposts. On the 2Sth of May the Chilians encamped within six miles of Tacna. On the 26th Baquedano advanced his army, with rifle skirmishers on each flank, to a position well outside the range of his enemy's artillery. Here he stationed a reserve under Colonel Munoz. At ten a.m. he opened a tremendous fire from his long 12-pounder Krupp guns, which have a range of 4000 yards. They did their fell work with deadly precision, cutting up and demoralizing the defenders of the position long before their few short range guns could return the fire. For a long hour this artillery fire had to be endured, — a severe trial to the men. The Chilian infantry was then formed in four divisions, each composed of 2400 men. The first, under Colonel Amengual, was the first to become engaged, attacking the extreme left of the allied position. The two next, led by Amunategui and Barcelo, assaulted the allied .centre ; while the fourth, under Barbosa, the marauder of Islayand Mollendo, attacked Montero on the right. The weakest point of the allied position was on the left, where Camacho led ; and it was to this point that Baquedano directed the largest assaulting column. At noon the battle had become general all along the line ; the Chilian artillery continuing a plunging fire over the heads of the infantry, and especially conr centrating it on the allied left. The brave Aymara Indians and the gallant young volunteers held their own unmoved, undaunted either by the long and 200 Battle of Tacna. trying bombardment or by the constantly renewed charges of the Chilian infantry. At length, deci- mated by the terrible fire, and with the poor boyS of Cochabamba, the " Libres del Sur," as they called themselves, almost annihilated, the left wing gave ground. Campero immediately sent up the re- serves to reinforce it, and the combat was continued with renewed ardour. For a moment there was a bright flash of hope.' The Chilian column now wavered, and was hurled down the hill to the point where the assault commenced. But the advantage could not be secured, owing to a protecting charge of cavalry, and to a renewed fire of artillery. The in- fantry re-formed, and again dashed up the hill. For two long hours the heroic Aymaras, against all these fearful odds, had maintained their ground. Still they faced the foe for some time longer, constantly with ranks ever thinning from the fire of the Krupp guns. It was not until two p.m. that the survivors finally gave way. Camacho himself was severely wounded. The right wing, under Admiral Montero, also made a gallant resistance. The Yncas, survivors of the vic- tory of Tarapaca, resolutely withstood the withering fire of the artillery and the repeated charges, emu- lating the glorious defence of their Aymara brethren. Caceres had two horses shot under him, and his " right hand," young Carlos Llosa, fell by his side. It was not until the invaders had lost 2128 killed and wounded, that the defenders of their native land were overwhelmed. At this moment the Bolivian General 2 "There were moments when the victory seemed to hang in the scales." — General Campero' s hejiort. Retreat of the Allies. 201 Perez fell mortally wounded. The slaughter among the brave Indians was most grievous. General Campero fell back to Tacna, hoping to organize a second resistance. But this was soon found to be impossible, and he continued his retreat, with the remnant of his army in good order. This is proved by their having brought away two field-guns, though the rest were lost. On the 29th Campero rested his men at Corocoro, where he received the gratifying news of his election as Constitutional Pre- sident of Bolivia, and next day he continued the march to La Paz. Montero, with the Peruvians, re- tired by way of Torata. Sorrowfully the victors of Tarapaca now retreated with their numbers still more thinned. Brave Fajardo had been slain at the battle of Tacna. There were many other losses, for 147 officers had fallen, and, in their deaths, they refuted the calumny that Peruvians will not fight.. Sad and heart-broken, the gallant knot of survivors strove to encourage their long-suffering companions in arms. Their anguish could not be repressed altogether. Some expression of it was wrung from them. " I confess," wrote Colonel Caceres, in his report, " that I have had the weakness to weep over so terrible a disaster. Better for me to have shown my patriotism and devotion to duty by the sacrifice of my life." Brave heart ! How far more noble are the sorrowing words torn from the very heartstrings of a patriot, struggling against hope in a losing cause, than the vulgar boast- ing of a conqueror! ^ The despondency was but for a 3 "In a false quarrel there is no true valour." — Muck Ado about Nothing, Act v. Sc. I. 203 EeTREAT of the ALLIES. moment. Soon the survivors were again rallying to strike another blow^ in defence of their fatherland. The allied army had fought a good fight.'' Their inferiority in numbers, in drill and experience — and, above all, in artillery and cavalry — told fatally against them. If there had been anything like equality in these respects, the heights of Tarapaca tell clearly how different would have been the result. The defeat of Tacna was a great calamity. A victory of the im- perial races — of the Quichuas and Aymaras — would have prevented unspeakable bloodshed and misery in the near future. But it was not to be. Great efforts had been made to send succour to the allied army at Tacna before it was too late ; but the trackless deserts intervened. The command of the sea gave the Chilians an advantage against which no exer- tions, no energy could make head. Yet, in spite of the blockade, the Peruvian transport Oroya landed •troops, arms, and clothing at Camand, one of the ports of Arequipa, on the 30th of April, under the com- mand of Colonel Isaac Recabarren, the defender of Pisagua. During May a force of 2000 men was assembled at Arequipa under the veteran Colonel Leyva. On the 22nd of May an advance was made to the southward, but the Chilians had too long a start. The crushing news from Tacna reached Leyva a march or two beyond Moquegua, and he was forced to fall back on Arequipa. ; To complete the military occupation of the neigh- < " Batieronse los ejercitos aliados con indisputable intrepidez, y hubo cuerpos que se cubrieron de legitima gloria, corao el Zepita, el Ayacucho y oixos."— Vicuna Mackenna. Assault of Arica. 203 bourhood of Tacna, a division of the Chilian army, under the command of the marauder Barbosa, was sent to attack and occupy the town of Torata early in July. This involved a march of about forty miles to the northward. The object of the expedition was to disperse any small bodies of the allied army that might have assembled, and to deprive them of a rendezvous. The place was defended by a few Peru- vian soldiers led by Colonel Prado, a nephew of the President, who were dispersed by the Chilians with a loss of twenty-nine killed and three wounded. This extraordinary proportion of killed to wounded, which was generally the case after one of these encounters, shows the savage way in which the Chilians conducted the war. A few days after the Chilians had occupied Tacna, General Baquedano began his operations for the assault and capture of the seaport of Arica. On the 2nd of June 4000 Chilians, under Colonel Lagos, pre^ ceded by four squadrons of cavalry, started for Cha- calluta, a small village within easy reach of Arica, Y'hence it had been arranged that the attack should be made. The arrival of these troops naturally caused great excitement and consternation among the inhabi- tants of Arica. Many took refuge in the Azapa valley, and a numberof women and children sought protection on board the neutral men-of-war in the roadstead^ There they remained, helpless and horrified spectators of the closing act in the bloody Chilian drama. At the commencement of the war, Arica, which was much more populous before the great earth- quakes of 1 86,8 and 1877, numbered about 3000 in- io4 Assault of Arica. habitants. To the south the Morro is 700 feet high, with a perpendicular sea-face. It is the western ter- mination of a ridge which forms the southern boun- dary of the Azapa valley. Two sand-bag forts, each with four small guns, were constructed on the ridge ; and on the Morro itself there was a fort containing nine heavy guns, the largest being a 150-pounder Armstrong. A few Catling guns had also been placed in position on the summit. North of the town were the three batteries, close to the sea-shore, called Santa Rosa, 2° de Mayo, and San Jose. In the two latter there was one heavy gun, and in San Jos^ were two 150-pounders. Shelter trenches ex- tended from the beach towards the valley of Azapa, with earthworks and sand-bag defences. Under the forts was the monitor Manco Capac. The defence of Arica was entrusted to the brave Colonel Don Francisco Bolognesi, one of the heroes of Tarapaca. The batteries on the Morro were under the command of Captain Moore, the unfortunate captain of the Independencia, who was resolved to obtain forgiveness for his fatal error on that 21st of May, by his resolute defence of the fortress. With him were 250 of the Independencia s ship's company. He wore the dress of a civilian and a Panama hat, refusing to put on uniform again until his good services had atoned for the loss of his ship. By his side was the gallant young Alfonso Ugarte, a wealthy native of Tarapaca, who had been educated at Valparaiso. When the war broke out he was on the point of start- ing for Europe, on a tour of pleasure. He at once abandoned the design, became a volunteer, and was Assault of Arica. 205 wounded in the defence of his own province. Colonel Inclan of Tacna, Arias, Varela, and the three Corne- jos, also rallied round Colonel Bolognesi. Admiral Montero himself would have been there, if his retreat in the direction of Arica had not been cut off by the Chilians. The garrisoq consisted of 300 artillery ap- prentices in the forts, and about 1400 riflemen, mostly volunteers, besides the men of the Independencia. General Baquedano established his headquarters at Chacullata, and posted his powerful artillery in posi- tions suited for covering the assaulting parties. On the 5th of June he sent a flag of truce into the town with a summons for unconditional surrender. This demand was indignantly refused by Colonel Bolognesi, after consultation with his officers ; and the Chilian general gave orders for the artillery to open fire, and continue during the rest of the day. On the 6th the fleet, consisting of the Cochrane iron- clad, Magellanes, Covadonga, and Loa, commenced a bombardment of Arica, which was answered by the Manco Capac, and the shore batteries. During this engagement both the Covadonga and the Cochrane were struck by shell from the guns of the Morro and the Manco Capac. The Covadonga received two shots between wind and water, and had to be sent to Pisagua for repairs. In the battery of the Cochrajie, whilst tliey were loading one of the heavy guns on the starboard side, a shell from the Morro entered the port at which the gun was being worked in a downward direction, and, bursting at the muzzle, not only ignited the charge (fifty pounds of pebble powder) which had just been put into the gun, but 2o6 Assault of Arica. also the spare charge which was in the powder- case in rear. So fatal were the consequences of this combination of explosions, that twenty-eight men were seriously injured, seven of whom afterwards died. The Chilian general entrusted the operations con- nected with the assault of the forts to Colonel Pedro Lagos. He had 4000 men, besides cavalry and artillery. He told off looo men to attack the three little redoubts on the beach to the north, 2000 to attack the Morro and the sand-bags in rear, and lOOO as a reserve. All the works_ had been erected for mounting guns to be used to seaward, and there were very slight defences on the inshore faces, while the so-called forts below the Morro were merely lines of sand-bags. The Chilians had an overpowering supe- riority in numbers at all points, much more than two to one of disciplined troops against volunteers. Still they proceeded with the utmost secrecy and caution. The cavalry kept up the camp-fires to de- ceive the garrison, while the infantry crept to their assigned positions in the dead of night, ready to assault at dawn of the 7th of June. At the first sign of daylight 2000 men made a rush at the sand-bags below the Morro, cut them open with their knives, and in a few minutes slaughtered the unfortunate volunteers. A dozen or so fled towards the Morro, and were bayoneted as they ran. At the same time 1000 men attacked the three redoubts on the beach, and easily carried them by assault. The defenders at that moment fired some mines by electricity, which only injured their own people. The main force, Assault of Arica. 207 having cut the sand-bags, rushed up the Morro by the inland or easiest ascent, and were received by a rifle-fire from the fort ; but they quickly cHmbed the low parapet in vastly superior force. The Chilian soldiers behaved like savages, killing ruthlessly, and giving no quarter. When the officers saw that the fort was taken, they raised a white flag on the point of a sword and grouped themselves round a gun, as if to die on the altar-steps of their unhappy country. Here stood Bolognesi, Moore, and Alfonso Ugarte. The Chilians slaughtered them without mercy. Bolognesi was pierced by a rifle-bali, and his brains were then beaten out. Ugarte was killed, and the body hurled over the cliff into the sea. The heart-broken mother offered $1000 for even a scrap of the clothes of her heroic son. But nothing was ever found. The whole affair, from the commence- ment, was little better than a massacre. Indeed, the Chilian historian himself compares it to the massacre perpetrated by Pizarro at Caxamarca. As many as 600 of the brave defenders of the forts were bayoneted, most of them in cold blood. About 150 ran down the steep sides of the Morro, and reached the town ; but they were followed and shot down. As on other occasions the proportion of killed to wounded was monstrous — 700 to about lOO.'' After the capture of Arica the usual drunken revelries took place, and the town was fired in several quarters. As soon as the forts were captured, Captain Lago- < " Se lanz.aron corao lobos enfurecidos sobre arremolinado rebano y comenzaron a matar y matar sin que valiera llanto, ni edad,ni perdon. Se forman pantanos de sangre." — Vicuna Mackeima, III. p. 1 142. 2o8 Peruvian Wounded. marsino, of the Manco Capac, to prevent her from falling into the hands of the enemy, ordered the crew into the boats, opened all the valves^ and in a few minutes she heeled over and sank. The Chilian admiral so far mitigated the horrors of the work in which his country was engaged, as to grant permis- sion to the Peruvian steamer Limena, under the red- cross flag of the Geneva Convention, to transport the wounded from Arica to Callao. These poor fellows, who had received their injuries at the battles of Tacna and Arica, were left v.ncared for by the Chilians, and many had perished for want of proper attention. The surgeons of the Chilian army only looked after their own wounded, and would not devote any of their time to the unfortunate Peru- vians, who were left to die as they fell, if they escaped the knives of their ferocious victors.^ It would, therefore, have been an act of wanton barbarity on the part of Admiral Riveros if, under such circum- stances, he had not allowed the Limena to proceed to Arica without fear of molestation from the force under his command. She successfully conveyed to the hospitals in Lima and Callao the wounded Peru- vians who had survived the sanguinary struggles in which they had been engaged in' defence of their country. Many a poor fellow who had given up all hope of seeing his home again, was thus restored to his friends with a renewed lease of life. 5 The Chilian soldiers carried long knives, with which they de- spatched the wounded. Destruction of the "Loa." 209 CHAPTER XIII. destruction of the "loa" and "covadonga" BY the PERUVIANS — CHILIAN BOMBARDMENT OF DEFENCELESS TOWNS — DISGRACEFUL MA- RAUDING BY CAPTAIN LYNCH — IMPORTANCE OF LONG-RANGE GUNS — TORPEDOES AND TORPEDO PRACTICE. The blockade of Callao was now the principal enterprise of the invaders, while they made preparations for another and still more devastating descent upon the coast. With her navy destroyed, the Peruvians could no longer defy the enemy's ironclads or outwit them by superior seamanship. Still they could make attempts to destroy the blockading ships, and their efforts are remarkable alike for originality and for the ingenuity displayed by those who undertook them. Late in the afternoon of the 3rd of July a small coast-, ing vessel was observed by the blockading squadron, apparently endeavouring to work up along the coast to Ancon, a port about sixteen miles from Callao. The armed transport Loa, under Captain Pena, was ordered to intercept her. On approaching, Captain Pena sent his lieutenant, Martinez, to examine the vessel. He found her at anchor and abandoned by her crew, P 2IO Destruction of the "Lqa." although all sail was set. But she was filled with provisions of various kinds, such as poultry, vegetables, and fruit, a rich prize for men who had been so long engaged in the monotonous duties of a blockade, generally on salt provisions. The bait was too tempt- ing to be resisted j besides, there seemed to be no reason to suspect that the prize was anything but what she seemed to be. She was accordingly taken possession of But the suspicions of Lieutenant Martinez appear to have been aroused to some extent, for thinking it just possible that an infernal naachine might have been attached to her anchor, he gave orders for the cable to be cut, instead of weighing. He then, in obedience to instructions from Captain Bena, towed her alongside the Loa. The captain then ordered the fruit and vegetables to be hoisted out, but as the last pack£*ge, which happened to be a. sack of maize, was lifted, there was a terrific explosion, A breach more than fifteen feet long was made in the ship's side at the water-line, through which the water rushed, and in five minutes the sea had closed over the ill-fated Loa. Captain Bena, three of his officers, and fifty men perished. The neutral men-of-war, which were lying at a distance of four miles off, sent boats which succeeded in saving the lives of thirty-eight of the crew. The mechanism, the exact arrangement oi" which was never ascertained, was supposed to have consisted of a case, with ?SQ pounds of dynamite, stowed in the bottom of the boat under the cargo. In this case it is believed that an apparatus was arranged so ingeniously that,, on the removal of a certain pressure from the lid, a spring Destruction of the "Covadonga." 211 would be released and cause the explosion. The unpacking of the cargo had the effect of removing the pressure. On the 13th of September the Peruvians scored another success, by destroying the Chilian sloop of w^ar Covadonga. On the previous day she had been detached from the squadron off Callao, and ordered by Admiral Riveros to blockade the port of Chancay, a few miles north of Ancon. She was commanded by an officer named Pablo Ferrari, who had recently been promoted into her, out of the O'Higgins. The Covadonga was a small vessel of 600 tons burden, carrying two 70-pounder 6-inch Armstrong breech- loading guns, besides three others of smaller calibre. This armament had been put into her after the memorable encounter with the Peruvian ironclad, Independencia. A railroad runs from Lima to Chancay, and Captain Ferrari was sent with orders to destroy the bridge and railway station, lest they should be used for transporting troops. This he failed to do, but whilst in the bay his attention was directed to a launch which, with a rather smart-looking gig, was lying at anchor about 300 yards off the railway mole. As his object was the destruction of the enemy's property, Captain Ferrari opened fire upon these boats. The launch was quickly destroyed, but the gig being uninjured, was ordered to be appropriated for the use of the Covadonga. A boat was lowered down and sent, in charge of a midshipman named Gajardo, with orders to examine the gig, and, if he considered her to be in good condition, to tow her P 2 212 Destruction of the "Covadonga." alongside. The caulker of the ship was sent to assist in this survey ; and, as all seemed sound, the prize was towed alongside. She turned out to be a life- boat with air boxes at both ends. She had been freshly painted and cleaned, was fitted with cushions in the stern sheets, and was fully equipped. Captain Ferrari was so pleased with her appearance, that he determined to make her his own gig, ordering her to be hoisted up to the starboard waist davits. The moment the tackles were hauled taut, an explosion took , place. The ship filled rapidly, and went down in about three minutes. Her starboard side was completely crushed in by the tremendous force of the explosion, and all the boats on that side were blown to atoms. The ship sank in eleven fathoms of water, so that a portion of her mastheads remained above the surface. Fifteen men succeeded in effecting their escape in one of the boats, and reached the Chilian sloop Pilcoinayo, which was blockading the neighbouring port of Ancon. Many of the crew perished, including the captain, but forty- nine, who sought refuge in the rigging, were rescued by the Peruvian boats from the shore. It is supposed that the air-boxes, or the double bottom usually supplied to such life-boats, mu-st have been charged with dynamite, and that the chain-slings to which the tackles were hooked, passed through a tube into one of these buoyancy chambers. These however, instead of being clenched to the kelson were, in all probability, attached to one or more safety pins, which, on the tackles being hauled taut, were pulled out, thus releasing a catch or spring, and thereby Bombardment of Defenceless Towns. 213 causing the charge to explode. This is only a supposi- tion, for the details of the mechanical arrangement of this particular machine have never been divulged ; but it would appear from telegrams found in the palace at Lima after the Chilian occupation, that a Peruvian naval officer, named Oyague, was the con- triver of the scheme. The loss of the Covadonga was felt very deeply by the Chilians, not so much on account of her value as because she had been captured from the Spaniards in 1866, being the only trophy of that war. The mother country cannot be expected to share in this amiable feeling ; and Spaniards naturally rejoice that their insurgent colonists have destroyed the poor little Covadonga amongst them, in the course of their intestine feuds. But the Chilians were so angry at the destruction of their cherished prize, that Admiral Riveros was ordered to bombard three defenceless towns, if the Peruvian Government did not deliver up the Union and the Rimac within twenty-four hours. The reply to the Chilian Admiral, dated September 22nd, was that the two ships in question were in Callao harbour, and that he had better come and take them. " As for the threat of bombarding the ports of Chorrillos, Ancon, and Chancay, it is worthy of the manner in which the Chilians are carrying on the war." In consequence of the receipt of this reply the Chilian squadron actually bombarded three defence- less towns for several hours. These acts will ever remain a blemish on the Chilian arms. As if ashamed of the orders they had to carry out, it is alleged that 214 The Marauder Lynch. : 1 : ■ — the firing from the ships was by no means as good as usual, and that most of the shells fell over the houses, without doing much damage. During the month of September a Chilian expedi- tion, consisting of 3000 men, was organized, and placed under the command of a certain Captain Patrick Lynch of the Chilian navy, but of Irish extraction. He was then a man of about sixty years of age, but active and energetic, and in his youth he had been allowed to serve for eight years in the British navy, seeing service during the war in China in 1841-42. His instructions were to proceed to the different ports along the coast of Peru, for the purpose of destroying private property, seizing merchandise, and damaging public works — such as piers, railroads, and custom-houses. The division under his command" was of such strength as effectually to overcome any local opposition that might otherwise have been offered. These instructions were quite contrary to the usages of civilized warfare, and they prove ho\V demoralizing an effect the career of conquest and. "glory" had had upon the Chilians. When they entered upon this business, the Chilian commanders proclaimed that their troops never made war upon private property, that they came only to fight the enemy in the field, that the interests and the honour of private people were safe under the glorious banner of Chile, that to all pacific and unarmed inhabitants they brought protection, that their persons and property were sacred and inviolable.' A short year had scarcely ^ Here is the declaration of the Chilian Government when the war began : "Nada de destrucciones insensatos de propriedad que a nadie" Chilian Predatory Expedition. 215 passed— a year of carnage and destruction — before a contradiction was given to this proclamation. Lynch was ordered to ravage the whole coast from Callao to Payta, and he executed his instructions to the letter, destroying government and private property in every direction. The injury he inflicted, not only On the seaport towns of Huacho, Sup^ Chimbote, Salaverry, Truxillo, Pacasmayo, Chiclayo, Eten, LambayeqUe, and Payta, but on all the adjacent villages, farms, and plantations, was incalculable. The work of destruction was undertaken systematically and ruthlessly. Dynamite was the explosive used for destroying iron piers and all massive building.s. Houses that were set on fire were previously besmeared with petroleum or some other equally inflammable substance. During the visit of these marauders to the port of Chimbote, Captain Lynch, escorted by 400 men, made an excursion to the sugar plantation of Puente, in the fertile valley of Palo-seco. This was one of the finest and best managed estates in the country, and was the property of Don Dionisio Derteano. There were 6000 acres under cultivation, affording employment to several hundred labourers, and the best English machinery was used. Over twenty-six miles of rail- road were laid down on the estate, connecting different parts with the works and offices. Captain Lynch, on his arrival, demanded black-mail to the amount of 16,500/., declaring that if it was not forthcoming he aprovechan i que redundarlan en dano de nuestros mismos : nada de violencias crimiuales contra personas indelensas." — Vicuna Mackeniia, IV. p. 573- 2i6 Destruction of the Derteano Estate. would destroy the place. Sefior Derteano's son asked for three days in order that he might telegraph to Lima for the amount. But the Supreme Chief, Pierola, prohibited the payment of any black-mail to the Chilians. Senor Derteano had, therefore, no option but to inform the brigands that he was prohibited from meeting their demand. Then the odious work began. Nothing was left but ruin and desolation. The factories, the dwelling-houses, the store-houses, were all destroyed. On the railroad the line was torn up in several places, and the carriages and locomotives shattered to pieces. Even the gardens in front of the houses, which had been prettily and tastefully laid out with much care and skill, were a scene of wild confusion. Choice flowers and plants were wantonly trampled under foot. Orange, lime, and other fruit-bearing trees were barbarously cut dov/n. Books of great value were burnt. All the furniture was destroyed ; while dastardly cruelty was added to spoliation. Pet dogs were killed, and English race-horses of great value were shot. The sugar-crops were all set fire to, and the once fertile fields were converted into black calcined surfaces. Rice, sugar, and other goods to the value of 8000/. (50,000 silver soles) were put on board the Chilian ships, and carried off. Much of the property belonged or was mortgaged to British subjects, and the destruc- tion and appropriations were in spite of protests from H.B.M. Minister. The Puente estate is close to the great Ynca road which, though constructed centuries ago, is still, in places, in a perfect state of preservation — a silent Return of the Lynxh Expedition. 217 testimony to the wonderful civilization of the Yncas. It is a pity that the Chilians could not have been brought to reflect on the contrast between the civi- lizing work of the Yncas and their own barbarous deeds. After leaving Chimbote, where the railway rolling -stock, custom-house, and mole were destroyed. Lynch directed his course northwards, and captured paper notes to the value of 100,000/., and postage stamps worth 5100/., which had been manufactured for the Peruvian Government in the United States, and were being brought to Callao in an English steamer. He then put in to Payta, captured a small Peruvian steamer, destroyed the custom-house, the rolling stock of the railway, and seized all the cotton in the port, besides other merchandise. Having robbed the people along the coast to the utmost, he returned to Arica, where his proceedings received the cordial approba- tion of his Government. Thus ended this expedition of pillage and lawless plunder ; a lasting disgrace to the perpetrators, as well as to the Government which planned and approved their proceedings. It is con- demned by the best of the Chilians themselves.^ The advisers of Pierola, wholly unable to protect their countrymen from such attacks, continued to devote much attention to the possibility of destroying the Chilian fleet. The blockading ships, to avoid being surprised at anchor, put to sea every night, cruising - " Ibamos a resucitar los dias de los corsarios en nuestro propio suelo, cuando el mundo entero, de comun aaierdo, acababa de abolirlos. La espedicion Lynch ha hecho inmensos y irreparables males." — Vicuna Mackenna, IV. p. 556. 2i8 Torpedo Work. off the port until daylight, when they returned to the anchorage off San Lorenzo. Taking advantage of their temporary absence> the Peruvians prepared a Jarge boat which was ballasted to a certain draught, and so fitted with valves that, by working automati- cally, they could sink the boat to any previously arranged depth below the surface, at a given time. In this boat an iron tank had been placed containing a. large quantity of gunpowder. A machine, regulated •by clockwork, was attached to the tank, and set to ^release a spring at any settled time which, striking a -detonator, would ignite the contents of the tank. This ingenious machine was brought out from Callao during the night of the 9th of October, while the Chilian ships were at sea, and moored close to the billet of one of the enemy's ironclads. It was then submerged, but not to the required depth. By some mistake the necessary quantity of ballast had not been put on board, so that, instead of the launch being below water and invisible, she was so close to the surr face as to attract attention. On the return of the squadron the half-submerged object was observed, and the senior officer. Captain Latorre, sent a boat to examine it. The inspection confirmed his previous suspicions, and he was making preparations to destroy the launch when it suddenly exploded with a tremen- dous report at 9. 10 awm. of October loth, the exact time, it was afterwards a,scertained, that the machinery had been set to explode. If the proper quantity of ballast had been put on board, the attempt would probably have succeeded, and one of the ironclads would have been destroyed. The "Angamos." 219 The last action during the course of the blockade took place on the 6th of December. A small Peru- vian steamer, named the Arno, was observed by the Chilians to be steaming outside the darsena with a lighter in company. No sooner were they seen than a rush was made for them by the three torpedo-boats, Fresia, Giiacoldo, and Tiicapel^ at full speed. The Peruvian launch was armed with a couple of 40-pounder Armstrong guns, and showed a desire to come to close quarters, which caused the torpedo boats to sheer off on each side ; a brisk fire .being kept up on both sides. The guns in the batteries on shore then began to take part in the proceedings, and this brought in the blockading squadron, which engaged the forts at a range of about 6000 yards. The action thus became general ; and it was necessary for the neutral men-of-war to move out of the way. The fifing continued for an hour and a half, the Chilians sustaining the temporary loss of the Fresia^ the finest of their torpedo-boats. She was struck by a shell from one of the shore batteries, at a distance of about 2000 yards, and she went down in fifteen fathoms off San Lorenzo. The Chilians set to work to raise her, and succeeded perfectly ; so that in a fortnight she had resumed her duties as one of the blockading squadron. The Angamos then opened fire on the Union at the enormous range of 8000 yards, and out of eleven rounds one actually struck her, penetrating the upper deck, and passing through her side. The batteries did not remain silent, but the Peruvian shells fell short by 1500 yards of the place where the Chilian ship 220 The "Angamos." was engaging them. So that after a time they ceased firing, as it was only a waste of ammunition. The Angamos has shown the immense advantage of using very long range guns. She was originally an Irish pig-boat named the Belle of Cork ; and it is very noteworthy that such a vessel should be able to attack strongly fortified towns with perfect impunity^ She possessed the two great desiderata of an efficient man-of-war, namely speed and a long-range piece of ordnance. Her single gun was a i8o-pounder 8-inch B.L. Armstrong. With this weapon she was a terror to the batteries and forts of Arica and Callao, and if she had met any of the enemy's ships, with her superior speed she could have selected and regulated her own distance. Thus she would be a formidable antagonist even for an ironclad. Although the English squadron in the Pacific at that time had vessels carrying twelve and eighteen ton guns, there was none that could compete with the Angamos either in speed or length of range ; and therefore nothing that could control her actions if once the open sea was gained. She would have made it unpleasantly warm either for the Triumph or the Shannon, and as for an engagement with vessels of the Thetis or Pelican class, or even with vessels commonly called " gems," such as the Torquoise, the chances would be very much in favour of the pig-boat. The gun of the Angamos •W3,s not, however, perfect. After doing a large amount of mischief along the coast, it suddenly, in the very act of being discharged, recoiled so violently that it dis- connected itself from the carriage and disappeared overboard. It was on the nth of December, and Peruvian Torpedoes. 221 the sixth discharge during that day. It had probably- been injured not only by the great number of times it had been fired (380 in ten months), but also by the very large charges of powder that were always used. At first it was supposed that the gun burst, and fell overboard in two pieces. But the entire piece may have recoiled through the trunnion coil. Unluckily it sank in very deep water, and the position was uncertain, so that the exact nature of the accident has not been ascertained. With the exception of the assistance which the Chilian men-of-war rendered to the army at the battle of Miraflores, this was the last action of any import- ance in which the Chilian navy took part. It is to be observed that in the numerous affairs that took place in the bay of Callao between the Chilian ships and the Peruvian forts, the former took especial care of their vessels, and but rarely permitted them to approach within range of the enemy's guns. It was well-known to the Chilians that numerous torpedoes were laid down in Callao Bay, and at the anchorage off Chorrillos. No less than 150 of these machines were reported to be moored in a certain line off the port of Callao, and immediately after the occu- pation of that town by the Chilians, steps were taken to find and remove them. Several were picked up, but they were found to be in a harmless condition, owing to the corrosion caused by their long immersion in the water. These torpedoes were of a conical shape, the outer casing being made of zinc. They were about three feet in length, with a diameter at their base of two. feet four inches. They were constructed 222 Torpedo Practice. in two separate compartments, the lower one charged with from thirty to fifty pounds of dynamite, whilst the upper one was a buoyancy chamber, and was hermeti- cally sealed. A rope fastened to the apex of the cone moored it at a regulated depth below the surface. These machines were fitted to explode by a fuze kept in a safety position by a large horizontal iron wheel, three and a half feet in diameter, secured to the top of the torpedo by brass spiral springs. The centre was fitted with a small pricker, which, on anything coming into contact with the wheel, would release a hammer, and this, on falling, would strike a percussion cap, and thus explode the dynamite. The principle of construction was good, but the torpedoes were hurriedly and cheaply manufactured, and being of poor materials, became worthless after a short period of immersion. During the war the Peruvians used, or had in their possession, the following different kinds of torpedoes : — 1. Ericson's gun torpedo. 2. Harvey's towing torpedo, 3. Ley's torpedo. These are said to have been sent from New York, by Panama, at heavy cost. 4. Hardley'a torpedo (supposed to be an improved Ley). 5. McEvoy's outjigger torpedo. The Chilians only used the McEvoy outrigger tor- pedo, but they were also provided with the French towing torpedo. The war clearly demonstrated the great value of torpedoes and torpedo-boats for defensive purposes. Value of Torpedo Boats. 223 and the moral effect they produce on the enemy forms an. important part of their value. If either of the belligerents had possessed the Whitehead torpedo, carried in one of the fast torpedo-boats, there were several opportunities of using it with advantage. The value of fast torpedo-boats in maintaining a blockade cannot be over-estimated. They are not only the '■ eyes " but the " legs " of a squadron. Not only are they of use in preventing the escape of any of the enemy's ships, but they also afford protection to their own fleet, giving timely notice of approaching danger at night by a prearranged system of flashing lights, and in the daytime by their great speed. The thoroughness of the blockade of Callao was un- doubtedly due, in a great measure, to the Chilian torpedo-boats. 224 Peace Negotiations. CHAPTER XIV. FAILURE OF THE PEACE CONFERENCE AT ARICA^ CHILIAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCE AGAINST LIMA — APPOINTMENT OF NEUTRAL OFFICERS TO THE CONTENDING ARMIES. In October, 1880, an attempt at mediation was made by the United States. On the 6th of that month Mr. Osborn, the American minister at Santiago, addressed a letter to the Chilian Minister of Foreign Affairs, proposing that a conference should be held for, the purpose of discussing terms of peace between Peru, Bolivia, and Chile, at which the United States repre- sentatives offered to assist with their good offices as mediators. He further suggested that the conference should take place on board one of the American men- of-war off the port of Arica, in presence of the repre- sentatives of the United States accredited to the three republics. The governments referred to accepted the offer of mediation under the form of "good offices," and it was arranged that the conference should take place on board the \S .S. corv&tte. Lackawanna in the port of Arica. The plenipotentiaries for Peru were the naval captain and diplomatist Don Aurelio Garcia y Garcia Peace Negotiations. 225 and Don Antonio Arenas (formerly commissioner for the constitution of i860) ; and for Bolivia Don Ma- riano Baptista and Don Juan Carrillo. Chile was represented by Colonel Vergara — the hero of the cavalry butcheries, and now Minister of War — Don Eulogio Altamirano, and Don Eusebio Lillo. The first meeting took place on the 22nd of October, when Mr. Osborn, the American minister in Chile, took the chair, supported by Mr. Christiancy and Mr. Adams, American ministers respectively for Peru and Bolivia. Mr. Adams opened the proceedings by expressing the feelings of friendship entertained by his country for the three republics, of regret at the existence of the war, and of longing for its termination. But he added that the American representatives did not intend to take any part in the discussions, though they would be glad to help by friendly co-operation. He concluded with these words, " I beg and entreat you, that you will do all in your power to obtain peace, and I hope in the name of my government that your efforts will lead you to this end." The Chilian representatives then presented copies of a memorandum of the essential conditions which their Government demanded in order to arrive at peace. The first meeting then adjourned. These demands were the cession of the whole province of Tarapaca southwards from the ravine of Camarones, and of the whole Bolivian coast province ; the pay- ment to Chile of the sum of $20,000,000, of which $4,000,000 to be paid in cash (about 2,500,000/.) ; the return of all private property of which Chilian citizens had been despoiled ; the return of the transport Rimac ; Q 226 Peace Negotiations. the abrogation of the defensive treaty of 1873 between Peru and Bolivia ; the retention of the territory of Moquegua, Tacna, and Arica, occupied by the Chilian forces until the other conditions are complied with ; and an obligation on the part of Peru never to fortify Arica. These excessive demands could only have been made with the intention of breaking off the conference and continuing the war. At the second meeting Senor Arenas said that the conditions had produced upon him a very painful impression, because they closed the door upon any reasonable or tranquil discussion. He said that the doctrines of annexation through con- quest were recognized in other times and in distant regions ; but that they had never before been in- voked in Spanish America from the time of the Inde- pendence, having been considered as incompatible with the bases of republican institutions. He ex- pressed a belief, therefore, that a peace founded upon a revival of the obsolete right of conquest would be an impossible peace. If this condition is insisted upon, he concluded, all hope of peace must be aban- doned. The Chilian Altamirano had nothing to reply beyond the declaration that Chile must be compensated for her sacrifices, and that the conquered provinces owe their progress entirely to Chilian labour and capital. The latter assertion is both irrelevant and erroneous. Those provinces owe their progress mainly to English capital, and only partly to Chilian labour. The Bolivian representative frankly admitted that, on the ground of her success, Chile might justly claim an indemnit)', and proposed that she should retain the Peace Negotiations. 227 territory she- had occupied until that indemnity had been raised from its revenues, but he could not agree to permanent annexation of territory. It would destroy ail chance of peace and progress, leaving to one side the sullen labour of revenge, and to the other the sterile and costly task of preventing it. Captain Garcia y Garcia then proposed that the questions in dispute should be submitted to the arbi- tration of the United States ; but this again the Chilian representatives peremptorily refused, thus once more showing their determination to make a reasonable settlement impossible. They also declined even to consider the arrangement for a full war in- demnity, suggested by Bolivia. The second Bolivian representative concluded the discussion with one more eloquent and well-reasoned, but fruitless appeal to the Chilians. Mr. Adams expressed the profound regret of himself and his colleagues at the failure of their efforts. It is difficult to understand the object of the Chilian Government in consenting to the con- ference, when they so clearly showed, both by their demands for the annexation of conquered territory and their refusal of arbitration, that their lust after " glorious victories " was not satisfied. They had resolved still further to extend the horrors of war, by sending an expedition against the capital of Peru. The victors actually possessed all they demanded, and yet the baleful influence of military glory, bought at the price of untold misery, still urged them on in their sanguinary career. An expeditionary force of 30,000 men of all arms was organized, transports were purchased or chartered, Q 2 228 Chilian Force against Lima. and the resources of the country were taxed to the utmost for objects of mischief and destruction. The expeditionary army was formed into three divisions. The first, consisting of 9000 men under the command of Captain Lynch, was ordered to land at Pisco. The second, under General Soto- mayor, numbering 7500 officers and men ; the third 6300 strong under Colonel Lagos ; and the reserve, 1250 strong, were to follow as soon as all the pre- parations were complete. The artillery, thoroughly equipped and with excellent mules, comprised 103 officers and [486 men, with jy mountain and cam- paign guns, 8 Catlings, and 2 Nordenfeldts. The force of the army that was actually brought into the field made a total of 1202 officers and 24,956 men, Infantry, 1008 officers and 22,169 men Cavalry, 91 ,, 13°' .. Artillery, 103 ,, I486 ,, 1202 „ 24,956 „ exclusive of commissariat, ambulance corps, team- sters, carriers, and camp-followers. These probably swelled the numerical strength of the force to at least 30,000. The Commander-in-Chief was that General Don Manuel Baquedano, who had already spread havoc and desolation over Southern Peru. General Maturana was chief of the staff, Colonel Velasquez commanded the artillery brigade, and Colonel Letelier the cavalry. The men were armed with breech-loading rifles, and wore a serviceable uniform. The cavalry were well mounted, and the guns were of the newest types from Krupp and Armstrong. Landing of the Chilians. 229 On the 19th of November the first division arrived off Pisco, which place was held by a small garrison under Colonel Zamudio, who retreated after a few shots had been fired. The Chilians then landed, and a detachment was sent to occupy the town and valley of Yea, which is connected with the port of Pisco by a railroad. The rest of the expeditionary force was to be disembarked in Curayaco Bay, about three miles north of Chilca, and 107 miles from Pisco. This bay, although exposed to a heavy and dangerous surf, is partially protected from the prevailing southerly winds by a slightly projecting promontory called Point Chilca. It had been selected as the place offer- ing the greatest facilities for the landing of troops and stores, while it is only ten miles from the fertile vale of Lurin, and about twenty-five from Lima itself The division under Lynch was ordered to march by land from Pisco to Curayaco, On the arrival of the Chilian army, Admiral Stirling, the Commander-in-Chief of the English Pacific Squad- ron, signified his intention to the officers commanding the other neutral men-of-war off Callao of applying to the Peruvian and Chilian authorities for permission for an English naval officer to join the headquarters of each of the belligerent armies, to watch and re- port proceedings. Permission having been obtained, two officers were selected from the English, French, Italian, and American squadrons, eight in all. The English officers chosen for this responsible duty were Commander Dyke Acland and Lieutenant Carey Brenton, both of H.M.S. Triumph, the flag-ship in the Pacific. The first-named officer was sent to Pisco, 230 English Officers with the Belligerents. and was attached to the staff of Captain Lynch, with whom he marched from Pisco to Lurin. Mr. Carey Brenton was accredited to the Peruvian army before Lima, and was generally with the division commanded by Colonel Caceres. It would have been difficult to have found two officers possessing qualifi- cations more particularly fitted for the delicate and onerous duties that were required from them. Situation and Name of Lima. 231 CHAPTER XV. THE DEFENCE OF LIMA. Lima, the city of the kings, the wealthy and pros- perous capital of Peru, was now threatened with all the horrors of war. Her long line of houses and lofty towers are visible from the sea, with rocky mountains rising immediately in rear, until lost in the clouds ; and a fertile plain extends in front down to the forts and shipping of Callao, which form the fore- ground. It is indeed a noble site, worthy of the capital of a far-reaching state, embracing many climes and regions. Here the conqueror founded the new capital on the banks of that river of the ancient oracle, " Rimac," or he who speaks, which,- flowing rapidly from the cordillera, seems to talk in never- ceasing murmurs, as it spreads fertility over the great plain. From " Rimac " is derived Lima in a softened form ; but Pizarro, on that i8th day of January, 1535 — the day of the founding — named it " Los Reyes," in honour of his sovereigns, Juana and her son Carlos. The arms granted to the city seem also to refer to the three kings of the east. Here the high-born viceroys of the Spanish kings strove vainly to execute the beneficent decrees of their masters ; here were planned the voyages of discovery in search of Aus- 232 The People of Lima. tralia and the Isles of Solomon ; here St. Toribio and Santa Rosa lived their saintly lives ; while poets and writers added lustre to the gay and pleasure-loving society of the city of the kings. This queenly city of the Pacific in due course became independent of the proud old country ; foreign mer- chants and contractors crowded her streets, her wealth increased, and in spite of a turbulent and restless beginning, her independent life was bearing prosperous and abundant fruit. The old mud walls of the viceroys have given place to shady alamedas, the great national exhibition buildings of 1872 are surrounded by pleasant gardens, and all the modern improvements indicate the absence of thoughts other than those of peaceful advancement. The population of Lima in 1880 was estimated at 100,003 souls ; but this is certainly below the truth. There are 15,000 foreigners, including a large colony of Italians. The upper classes were gay and pleasure- seeking, like their predecessors in the days of the viceroys. Many families were ennobled in colonial times ;,some are of illustrious descent. The majority probably derive their origin from Andalusia or Castile, yet the numerous Basque names show that nearly as many are from the freedom-loving sister provinces of Cantabria. But there was quite as much business as pleasure on the banks of the Rimac. The city was full of foreign merchants' houses, of contractors and speculators, of French and Italian shops, of busy mechanics. It was full, too, of churches and nunneries, as well as of taverns, idlers, and vice. A great and busy city, throbbing with PlEROLA AND HIS OFFICERS. 233 thousands of different aims and desires, with mani- fold Interests — a mighty and complicated machine, not lightly to be broken and mangled without heavy guilt resting on the destroyer. That destroyer was almost at the city gates. The gay and thoughtless youths, the workmen and the idlers, the students and mechanics, all were suddenly called upon to face death in defence of the capital — all that could bear arms — there could be no excei>- tions. The national army was destroyed, and the conquerors were landing on ,the coast. The army could do no more. It had fought well and bravely far away in the south ; it rests now in heaps round the bones of Zubiaga and Manuel Suarez and the gallant boy Osorio, on the Cuesta de I.a Visagra ; it is scattered in ghastly piles along the deserts of Tarapaca ; it whitens the sand hills of Tacna ; it sleeps with Bolognesi on the Morro of Arica. There are huacas full of the bones of heroes ; but there is no longer an army for Peru in her last extremity. Nicolas de Pierola only saw the danger, to strive heart and soul to avert it. He was full of hope and ardour — mad bragging arrogance his enemies called it. Be it so. He did not despair of his country in her great need, and the survivors of the death- dealing campaigns rallied round him. The venerable Buendia was by his side ; Admiral Montero, escaped from Tacna ; Garcia y Garcia, who had just spoken so nobly at the abortive conference ; all rallied round the man who was ready to make one last effort. There, too, were Suarez of the white horse ; Caceres, who saw the Chilian infantry fly before 234 Warlike Preparations at Lima. him down the slopes of Visagra ; Davila, who led the vanguard at Tarapaca ; Silva, Canevaro, and Iglesias — all good men and true. But how few ! How many brave ones are lost for ever — the flower of the army. If 2000 of the veterans could gather round the few surviving chiefs, it would be all ; but there were barely as many as that. A decree was issued ordering every male resident in Lima, between the ages of sixteen and sixty, to join the army, of, all professions, trades, and callings. Alas ! decrees alone cannot make an army. Six months is not sufficient time to create veteran soldiers. Crowds could be sent to the sand hills to fight bravely and to die. They were patriots, but not soldiers. The artillery was very inferior. There were more than a hundred guns, but they were manufactured in Lima, and had not been sighted, while their range was far shorter than that of the Chilian Krupps and Armstrongs. The engineers were actively employed, under the personal direction of Pierola, in laying down mines and torpedoes fitted with a percussion arrangement, so as to explode on contact. They were placed in front of positions to be occupied by the Peruvians, and were charged with ten pounds of powder. But they were never of any use in checking the advance of the enemy. On paper it was arranged that each division of the army should be composed of three brigades, and each brigade of three battalions numbering 1500 men, with a battery of artillery. This gave 5000 men as the nominal strength of a division. There were four divisions, commanded by Suarez, Cacere^, Warlike Preparations at Lima. 235 Davila, and Iglesias. Pierola assumed the duties of commander-in-chief, and General Don Pedro Silva, as chief of the staff, controlled all the military details. When the news reached Lima that the enemy had actually landed, business was in a measure sus- pended. By a decree, all shops, banks, and public offices were closed between the hours of three and six p.m., the time being notified by the tolling of the great bell in the cathedral. This, too, was the signal for all who had been enrolled to assemble for drill. The young idlers, the shop-keepers and apprentices, clerks and artificers, all were called to arms. One corps was commanded by Don Juan de Aliaga, the Count of Luringancho. The lawyers were enrolled under Senor Unanue, and the members of the press had the wealthy Derteano for their leader. Still more useful service was done by Don Luis Milon Duarte, a young doctor and owner of estates at Concepcion. He collected about a thousand sturdy natives of the Xauxa valley, and marched them into Lima on the 6th of July. Numerous foreigners, too, who had made their homes in Lima, could not fail to catch the enthusiasm. A great number of Italians, especially, wished to strike a blow in defence of their adopted country. It is a very serious thing to draw away the whole party of order from a great city. Lima contained a dangerous class, like London or Paris ; not so nume- rous, but, in some respects, more formidable. There was a mass of 30,000 idle negroes and half-castes ready for any mischief, numbers of bad characters of all sorts, and a Chinese colony, hated by the more 236 Neighbourhood of Lima. lazy and worthless zambos and mulattos. Such dangers were little thought of with the enemy at the gates ; but they existed, and added to the real horrors of the situation. Yet all looked bright and peaceful. The villages round Lima were embosomed in their fruit orchards j the clover fields bordered with willows, and often with white daturas, looked bright and green ; the pleasant villas enlivened the landscape, the busy sugar estates were at work, and all was set in a frame of rocky mountains and bright blue sea. From Lima a railroad runs south, over the plain, to the fashion- able bathing-place of Chorrillos, named after the " little springs '' which issue from the neighbouring cliffs. There is a station at Miraflores, a place made up of country houses with large gardens, once the favourite residence of San Martin. Here was the villa of Don Felipe Barreda, father-in-law of President Pardo, where the wealthy merchant loved to assemble the learning and fashion of Lima at his pleasant open-air breakfasts, and where he had endowed a well-conducted village school. Of late years many other villas had risen up round the two " mi radores," or look-out towers of Miraflores. The most beautiful was that of the banker Schell and his, hospitable wife, with its tasteful gardens and aviaries. The next station was Barranco, a smaller place of the same kind, built near the steep banks of a shallow ravine opening to the sea. Further east was the more agricultural village of Surco, and the haciendas, or estates of La Palma, Tebes, and San Juan. The river Surco is led from the Rimac above the city, First Line of Defence. 237 and irrigates this eastern side of the valley. Chor- rillos had long been a very fashionable resort for sea- bathing, with numerous handsome villas, hotels, and shops. There was also a large building for the mili- tary academy. Above it rises the lofty headland called Morro Solar. To the east the Lima valley is bounded by rocky mountains, and to the south-east a desert separates it from the equally fertile valley of Lurin. When it became certain that the invading army would land to the south of Lima, the advisers of Pierola decided upon forming a line of defence by the arid sandy hills on the verge of the desert, and extending from the Morro Solar and Chorrillos to the mountains on the east. The time was very short, and it was not possible to do more than dig a few ditches, throw breastworks across the roads, and in front of the main positions, and place the guns. The line was of immense extent, at least six miles long, and was broken by barren hills, about 100 feet high, and gullies. The Morro Solar is 600 feet above the sea, with Chorrillos at its northern base. The fertile estate of Villa is on the south-east, with reedy lagoons between the fields and the sea frequented by wild duck. The chain of sand hills which formed the line of defence extends from the Morro Solar, by a shoulder between Villa and Chorrillos, to a height called Santa Teresa. Thence it turns sharply to the north, above the fields of the San Juan estate to that of Monterico- chico, overlooking At^ and the Rimac. The line is crossed by three roads going from the Lima valley 238 The Defenders of Lima. across the desert to Lurin. One leads from Chor- rillos, over the .shoulder at the foot of the Morro Solar, to the estate of Villa. Another passes by the estates of La Palnia and San Juan, entering the desert near the centre of the line. The third goes direct from Lima, by the estate of Tebes, to Pacha- camac in the Lurin valley, and is the most inland or eastern route. This outer line of defence was about ten miles from Lima, and the hastily-drilled people of the capital, with many recruits from the interior, but a pitifully small sprinkling of soldiers; were encamped there among the sand hills, under the lead of the indefatigable and undaunted Pierola. A second line of defences was prepared, which passed just outside Miraflores, only six miles from Lima, and was at least four miles long. So the pre- parations were completed. There were double lines of defences, miles long ; just as if there was effective artillery to be mounted and served, and a disciplined army to hold the positions. There were many un- serviceable guns. There were a few brave hearts, a few good men and true, a few thousands of gallant young ■ fellows who were not soldiers, and a great rabble. It was right that a stand should be made. The capital must not fall without a blow struck in its defence. But how piteous to think of those thou- sands falling in heaps, in a fruitless attempt to bar the way, in a last vain effort to save their country. Yet by the memory of such achievements do nations, rising from the ashes of adversity, learn the lessons which bring prosperity and good fortune. Zondjn; Sampson loyx', Marst^m , Se-rrle , c^ Jthinaton. March of Lynch's Division. 239 CHAPTER XVI. THE BATTLES OF CHORRILLOS AND MIRAFLORES. The first division of the Chilian army, which landed at Pisco, marched northwards on the 13th of De- cember to form a junction with the rest of the forces which disembarked at Curayaco, a point nearer Lima. The valley of Pisco is famed for its vineyards. They produce a spirit called " Italia " and excellent wine. There were no serious difficulties in the march from this valley, and a small steamer, the Gaviota, kept on a parallel line with the column of troops. The first march was to Tambo de Mora, at the mouth of the river of Chincha, where the Gaviota landed fresh bread for the men. A party under the engineer Villarroel went on in advance, opening wells at which the soldiers could fill their caramayolas or water- bottles. Chincha is a large and fertile valley where sugar-cane is extensively cultivated ; but an invasion was calculated to disorganize the community, for the labourers consist of two races, Chinese and negroes, which hate each other. The freed negroes had risen only a year or two before, and committed several murders. The Chincha valley is a place of historical interest. liere Almagro was encamped for several months in 1537, when he came down 240 Reminiscences of General O'Higgins. from Cuzco to settle the limits of their governments with Pizarro, Here the marshal began the founda- tion of a city which was to rival Lima, and to be called Almagro ; and here he consented to submit his quarrel with Pizarro to the arbitration of the monk Bobadilla. The estate of Laran, in the vale of Chincha, was supposed to be in the same latitude as the temple of the sun at Cuzco. Really Cuzco is in 13° 30' S. and Chincha in 13° 29' S. Lynch's division marched in a leisurely way, rest- ing a day at Chincha. In crossing the strip of desert between Chincha and Canete there was an attack on the outposts by some patriot skirmishers under cover of the morning mist ; and on the 19th the broad and fertile vale of CaFiete was at the mercy of the invaders. There were reminiscences connected with this valley which might have suggested moderation to a Chilian soldier. General O'Higgins fought and bled for Chile ; he was engaged in all the battles in the war against the Spaniards, and he secured independence for his countrymen. In return he was hunted out of his native land by the ungrateful Chilians, and he died in exile. Peru received him as an honoured guest, and granted him an estate. He found a home among hospitable strangers, and lived for many years at Montalvan, in the valley of Caiiete. Did not one Chilian think of this while their leader was cattle- lifting and threatening de- struction round the old home of the Chilian patriot O'Higgins ? In the house at Montalvan still hung the portraits of the general, of his mother the fair Isabel Riquelme, and of several soldiers of the war Chilian Proceedings on the MARrn. 241 of independence ; as well as large pictures of the battle of Rancagua and of the deposition of O'Higgins. Even these were not held sacred. Lynch pulled down and carried off one of the most valuable pictures. His men, who had charge of it, got drunk and left it on the road. It is now lost. Lynch then stopped at the next estate that came in his way, that of Gomez, belonging to Don Jos^ Unanue, a scion of one of the most distinguished families in Peru. The learned Don Hipolito Unanue was the dear and intimate friend of General O'Higgins, whose agreeable society soothed the weary years of the patriot's exile. But what cared Lynch ! He demanded a number of horses and bullocks which did not exist, and he declared that he would burn and destroy the house and the valuable buildings and machinery if this requisition was not complied with. Eventually he was satisfied with black-mail to the amount of $20,000. That night his division reached Cerro Azul, a little port at the northern end of the rich valley of Cafiete. On the 2 1 St the Chilians marched across another desert to the hamlet of Asia, where there are wells, and then onwards to the large grazing farm of Bujama, resting there until the 23rd. From this point the Peruvian cavalry of the " Torata " regiment, con- cealed to a great extent by trees and bushes, annoyed the advancing columns by a desultory fire, two Chilians being killed, and three wounded. In return Lynch ordered all houses on the line of march to be burnt, and caused a prisoner to be shot in cold blood. In this frame of mind he entered San Antonio in the R 242 Destruction of Mala. beautiful valley of Mala. When he arrived there was a pretty little town, with a handsome church, sur- rounded by fruit gardens. When he departed there was a heap of smouldering ruins. This charming spot was the place where Pizarro and Almagro had their last interview on the 13th of November, 1537. The conference closed by widening the breach between the two old friends, and Almagro. departed in haste, fearing treachery. An honourable cavalier of the Pizarro faction warned him of danger^ by humming two lines of an old ballad under the window : — ' ' Tiempo es el cavallero, Tiempo es de andar de aqui.*' A more ruthless destroyer than Pizarro was now at Mala. Yet the place is suggestive of other feelings than revenge and hate. The beautiful valley, with its rapid river, is a grateful change from the sandy desert. Here are groves of oranges and bananas, vines and maize-fields, and rows of graceful willows, forming a pleasant contrast to the adjacent wilderness. Here, too, in the old days, was abounding and cordial hospitality. Lynch and his companions regaled themselves on the luscious fruit, rested under the delicious shade, then burnt down the church and town, and marched away, leaving desolation and ruin behind them. A march of five short leagues brought them to Chilca, a small Indian village in a little oasis, from which all the inhabitants had fled. After allow- ing his camp-followers to pillage the poor people's houses he set out again ; and on the 25th Lynch and Occupation of Lurin. 243 his division arrived at Curayaco, the place where the rest of the army was disembarking. This experienced cattle lifter brought with him 200 cows and bullocks, several horses, 600 donkeys, and 1000 Chinese labourers from the estates, who were freely allowed to pillage and burn in his rear. He was twelve days marching 114 miles. Meanwhile the main body of the army, under General Baquedano, landed at Curayaco. Colonel Vergara had been promoted to the post of Minister of War " in campaign," and accompanied the ex- pedition. The landing at Curayaco commenced on the 22nd, and continued during the two follow- ing days. The cavalry, under Colonel Letelier, was pushed forward to occupy the valley of Lurin. A Peruvian cavalry detachment was surprised by Colonel Barbosa o.n the 27th of December, at Man- zano, in the upper part of the Lurin valley ; and upwards of a hundred men and horses were taken prisoners. The Peruvian Lieut.-Colonel Ar6stegui was shot by the Chilian soldiers after he had sur- rendered. This was the same force which had harassed Lynch's division on his line of march. The disaster was the more serious as all the effective cavalry of the Lima defending army did not number ,600 men. Lurin is a beautiful little valley on the south side of a river ilowing to the Pacific. It contained three sugar-cane estates, and the two villages of Lurin and Pachacamac. The house of one estate, called Buena- vista, stands on an isolated rock, with a broad arcade in front of the rooms, overlooking a sea of verdure. R 2 244 Ruins of Pachacamac. Fruit-gardens flourish round the pretty village of Pachacamac, and willows pleasantly cast their shade across the irrigating streams. On the northern side of the river the desert commences abruptly, and extends to the first line of defence in front of the valley of Lima. Here, on the desert river bank, are the ruins of the ancient city of Pachacamac, with its temple rising up in three broad terraces, and overlooking the sea. Near the beach there is a lagoon abounding in fish, and the small farm of Mamaconas. On the land side the great roofless houses and courts, and the silent streets of the city of the dead, stretch away from the foot of the temple. The whole scene is deeply interesting. On one side of the river are the old ruins with all their romantic associations, and the rolling sand hills. On the other the bright and smihng vale of Lurin, so soon to be converted into a scene of mourning and desolation by the invaders. It was on the 30th of January, 1533, that Hernando Pizarro, after passing over the site of the future city of Lima, reached the famed temple of Pachacamac. Such reports had been received of its wealth that his brother had entrusted him with the conduct of a long and perilous march from Caxamarca to ascer- tain the truth. Miguel Astete, who accompanied him and wrote the narrative, afterwards settled at Cuzco. His descendants shared the honours of the Tarapaca victory, and fought in defence of Lima. Pizarro and Astete lodged in one of the great courts, with small chambers opening to them, which are still standing in gloomy shade, half filled with sand. The fierce con- queror broke the idol of Pachacamac into pieces before Chilian Advance. 245 the people, and taught them the sign of the cross. The lords of Mala, of Huarca (Cariete),and of Chincha came to him with presents, and were kindly received ; but after this visit the sacred coast city ceased to be inhabited. There it has stood for 350 years of solitude, with the smiling valley on its flank, and the river almost washing its walls. Worse invaders than the Pizarros were now to waken the echoes in its sand- filledstreets. Pizarroshowedfavourto the chief of Mala. The " men of Chile " burnt Mala to the ground. The once merry village of Lurin was completely gutted by the Chilians. Most of the houses were con- verted into ruins, whilst all the furniture and house- hold goodsof the poor people were wantonly destroyed. Even the church was not respected, the interior being used as, a stable for the horses of General Baquedano. He established his headquarters at the estate of San Pedro, on christmas day. Here the Chilian leader, with his army, remained for three weeks, making preparations for his final advance on Lima, reconnoitring the Peruvian line of defence about ten miles to the north, collecting pro- visions and munitions of war, and maturing his plans. He had an effective force of 26,000 fighting-men, over 70 field-guns of long range, and a large and well- mounted body of cavalry. His task was neither complicated nor difficult.. With veteran Quichua and Aymara soldiers to attack, in the same 'numbers, the result might have been different. But the overwhelm- ing numbers of thoroughly disciplined Chilian troops merely had to carry a line of sand-hills defended by brave but inexperienced townsmen and recruits. 246 Reconnaissance to At^. In the upper part of the valley of Lurin there are two farms called Manchay and Cieneguilla, where the groves of algoroba and other trees help to supply Lima with firewood. Thence a desert road, between arid ranges of hills, leads to the Rinconada de At4 a corner of the valley of Lima on the extreme left of the Peruvian position. At^ is a little village with a few small lucerne farms round it, watered by an irrigating channel from the Rimac. The distance between the two valleys by this route is fifteen miles. There was some idea of marching by this " Camino de los Lomeros," as it is called, with the whole Chilian army, and thus completely outflanking the defenders of Lima. Colonel Barbosa, with a force of 2000 men of all arms, was sent to reconnoitre in this direction on the Qth of January, and he reached the point where the desert road enters upon the clover-fields of Atd The Peruvians were digging a trench across the ravine. The Chilian cavalry charged and the workmen fled, seven being left dead on the field. Rarbosa then retreated back to the Lurin valley, with a report that he had killed forty-two of the enemj-. The same afternoon the Supreme Chief Pierola visited the spot, and determined to strengthen the extreme left of his line of defence with a large part of the division of Davila. But the Chilian general decided against a flank march by the " Camino de los Lomeros." He would be completely separated from his ships, to which he looked for co-operation, there is not a drop of water along the fifteen miles of desert between the Lurin valley and Ate, and the difficulty of debouching into Peruvian Commanders. 247 the plain in the face of a numerous enemy would be formidable. On these grounds he preferred the plan of a direct attack. The first division, under Lynch, was to form the Chilian left wing, marching along the road by the sea shore, called the " Playa de Conchan," a distance of nine miles, assaulting the line of defence between the Morro Solar and Santa Teresa, and coming down upon Chorrillos. The second division, under General Sotomayor, was in the centre, and had orders to break the line in front of San Juan, and then co-operate with Lynch against Chorrillos. The third, led by Colonel Lagos, was on the extreme right, with the duty of keeping the enemy's left in check or support- ing the centre under Sotomayor. The reserve, under Colonel Martinez, was placed in the space between the left and centre, ready to give assistance as cir- cumstances might require. The defenders of the capital, marshalled to receive the invaders, were ranged along the first line of defence. On the extreme right Miguel Iglesias was under the brow of the Morro Solar with 5000 men. His colonels were Noriega, Valle Riestra, Arguedas, Cano of Caxa- marca, Borgono of Truxillo, Panizo, v/ho commanded the artillery at Tacna, Rosa Gil at the head of the Callao volunteers, and Carlos de Pierola with the guards of Lima. In the centre was Caceres defending the hills of Santa Teresa and San Juan ; with the battalions of Marino, of Ayarza, and of Canevaro. The latter was transferred to the division of Davila, on the left, just before the battle. Here were Manuel Velarde, 248 The Staff of Pierola. Mariano Bustamante, the Sub-Prefect of Lima, and the gallant young Reinaldo Vivanco. The division of Suarez formed a reserve, with Isaac • Recabarren, who fought under the shadow of a great sorrow, and Buenaventura Aguirre, who was wounded at the first battle, and slain at the second. The Supreme Chief had his headquarters at Chor- rillos, in the villa of Don Manuel A. Fuentes, the learned statistician. Round him were the veteran generals of the republic, the aged Vargas Machuca, who remembered the days of the viceroys, Pedro and Francisco Canseco, the brothers-in-law of President Castilla, Echenique the former President, and Andres Segura. Buendia, Montero, and Leyva, worn and battered from the fateful southern campaigns, were his honorary aides-de-camp. General Silva was his chief of the staff. Captain Garcia y Garcia his Secre- tary, and his young son, just eighteen, was also by his side. All that remained of the military order, from extreme old age to boyhood, had come out to face death, and, if need be, to die for their country in her great need. Commencing the march from Lurin in the evening of the I2th of January, 1881, the Chilian plan was to attack the defences at dawn on the 1 3th, taking the Peruvians by surprise. The first division marched half-way across the desert, with its left resting on the sea-shore, halting at midnight in front of the Peruvian positions of Villa and Santa Teresa, and about two miles from them. Sotomayor led his division across the Lurin river, up the ravine of Atocongo to the table-land of La Tablada, Battle of Chorrillos. 249 where he also halted at midnight. The third division reached the same plateau. At dawn they all began to advance, but as the first division had much the shortest distance to march over, the action began first on the Chilian left, with a smart fire from the Peruvian lines at five a.m. Here the heavy odds against the defenders were increased by a cannonade from the men-of-war. Yet their resistance was steady and tenacious. They had scarcely lost any ground when Baquedano ordered the reserves to advance between Santa Teresa and San Juan, and attack on the flank. Then the gallant Peruvian right wing was driven back, but not broken. It retreated steadily up the Morro Solar. An hour after this attack began, at six a.m., the second Chilian division charged the defences in front of San Juan, nearly the centre of the position, and carried the hill at the point of the bayonet ; while there was a frightful slaughter of the unfortunate people under Canevaro, who faced the third division. They were attempting to retreat when Baquedano, at 7.30 a.m., let loose his cavalry along the road to Tebes, who cut down the fugitives in all directions, and covered the plain with dead bodies as far as Tebes and La Palma. The defenders of San Juan, under Caceres, retreated in better order towards Chorrillos. Among the dead was young Juan Castilla, the only son of that President who gave long years of peace to Peru. He was serving as brigade-major to Colonel Can- evaro, and fell, sword in hand, pierced by the bullets of the advancing Chilians, while in the act of gallantly rallying his brigade. An English friend thus speaks of this brave Peruvian : — " He was a noble young man, 250 Battle of Chorrillos. a dashing soldier, a true and enthusiastic patriot, a sincere and hospitable friend. Educated in England, he excelled in all field-sports. His manly form and cheery voice will be sadly missed for many a long day in future amicable contests, either in the meUe while struggling to score for his side the first ' touch-down ' or ' goal,' or while running between the wickets for a fiver." Like Tirado, Echenique, and other Peruvians, poor young Castilla was an excellent cricketer and football player. Another youth who died for his country was Reinaldo Vivanco, eager and zealous, and brave to audacity. He fell gloriously, sabred by the Chilian cavalry. He atoned, in his death, for any injury that the restless ambition of his father General Vivanco may have done to his country. The name will not in future recall the seditious revolts of the accomplished though turbulent father, but the heroic death of the gallant son, killed fighting in the noblest cause for which a man can draw his sword. ' The interest now centres on the little knot of valiant warriors fighting for their country on the Morro Solar. Colonel Miguel Iglesias, himself a rich landed pro- prietor of Caxamarca, had with him a body of his countrymen, descendants of the victims who were massacred by Pizarro and his ruthless followers in the square of Caxamarca. They formed a dauntless front, to sell their lives more dearly in opposing invaders who were closely imitating the work of those first Spanish conquerors. Supporting them were a few Indians of Ayacucho, brethren of those who followed Caceres at Tarapaca and at Tacna. Battle of Chorrillos. 251 Lastly there were some Lima volunteers under Don Carlos de Pierola, a younger brother of the Supreme Chief. Baquedano now re-arranged his line. The first division was to assault the Morro, while the reserve attacked it on the opposite side. The second was to advance on Chorrillos by the road from San Juan, and the rest of the troops were to be assembled near the houses of San Juan. The firing was kept up steadily on both sides for several hours, the Peru- vians under Iglesias making a steady defence. Lynch was now fighting desperate men who were defending their country at its last gasp. He sent urgent appeals for succour and reinforcements. The general ordered up brigade after brigade to help him, and the patriots were slowly driven by overpowering numbers from post to post, making a brave resistance at each step. Finally they were driven out to the point of Chorrillos, where a heavy fire from long range field-guns was opened upon them. At length, to save the gallant remnant, Iglesias surrendered ; with Colonel Noriega, a veteran of the school of Castilla; Colonel Cano, of Caxamarca; Colonel Pablo Arguedas; and Don Carlos de Pierola. Noriega, Arguedas, and Pierola were wounded. The reserve under Suarez ought to have reinforced Iglesias. But, alas ! he who had been the life and soul of the Tarapaca defence was fated to lose his prestige on this disastrous day. He said his orders were contradictory. At all events he did not advance. But others took his place. Isaac Recabarren, the defender of Pisagua and victor at Tarapaca, got 1000 252 Sack of Chorrillos. men together, and hurried forward to defend Chor- rillos. Caceres, too, rallied 2000 men, and supported him. They were furiously attacked by the second Chilian division. Lorig^ the desperate struggle was maintained in front of Chorrillos. Recabdrren fell severely wounded ; and this last remrrant of de- fenders was overpowered. The Chilians as usual gave no quarter, and bayoneted not only all the wounded, but defenceless civilians. Here the aged Dr. Maclean, a respected English physician long resident in Lima, was foully murdered. The Chilian rioters soon set the houses on fire, and the town was burnt amidst the most hideous scerles of slaughter and rapine. Dreadful as were the atrocities com- mitted by the Chilians during the day, they were as nothing in comparison with the horrors enacted after dark. There were no more Peruvians of either sex to kill, so the drunken savages turned upon each other. No less than 400 were killed in this way, fighting with senseless fury, or being burnt by the flames which they had themselves kindled. The thirst for blood was unsated, and shots were heard in all directions through the night. The foreign flags, fly- ing over the houses of neutrals, were torn down, and lighted torches applied to the most inflammable parts of the buildings, amidst ribald jests and bursts of drunken laughter. The British Minister's house was levelled to the ground, as well as the church. The town was utterly destroyed. Vergara reported that over 2000 Chilians were killed and wounded ; while 4000 bodies of the young students and mechanics of Lima — the poor citizens thus making a human The Armistice. 253 wall between the invaders and their beloved capital — 4000 dead bodies were scattered over the first line of defence. At two p.m. the slaughter was finished for the day, having lasted continuously since dawn. The first Chilian division encamped at the foot of the Morro Solar, near Chorrillos. The rest of the army was distributed in the meadows between the ruined town and San Juan. The large military school at Chorrillos, the only building left standing, was used as a hospital. The Supreme Chief had remained at the front en- couraging his countrymen until the day was lost. He then rode from Chorrillos along the beach, managing to get his horse up some part of the cliff, and so reached Miraflores, where he laboured to place the second line in a posture of defence. In the early morning of the 15th the Diplomatic Corps at Lima intervened in the hope of preventing more bloodshed, and averting the horrors of a battle just outside the capital. This was done at the request of the Supreme Chief, who desired to know what would be the bases of peace. The Ministers of England, France, and Salvador asked General Baquedano for a suspension of hostilities with the object of allowing Pierola time to deliberate. The Chilian commander agreed that the armistice should last until midnight of the 15th. But he insisted on carrying out a movement of troops which had been commenced. The Ministers agreed to that, with the express condition (accepted by the Chilian general) that the movement should not extend beyond the "Gran Guardia " of the army, and that 254 The. Armistice broken. the line should remain as it was at the moment of the agreement. There was to be no advance. The Foreign Ministers and Admirals, with the Supreme Chief of Peru and some of his officers, then assembled in the beautiful villa of Mr. Schell at Mira- flores. Here Pierola entertained his distinguished guests at breakfast, in perfect confidence that faith would be kept, and all hoped that some arrangement would be made with the Chilians before the armistice came to an end. A golden oriole had perched on a twig close to the windows, and Pierola was explaining the habits of the bird to his foreign guests. At that instant a furious cannonade was heard,and shells began to fly in all directions. There was a cry of treachery. There was no time to get out horses ; admirals and diplomatists had to escape on foot as best they could, and were exposed to great danger. Two days after- wards the golden oriole was found dead in one of the redoubts. General Baquedano had inadvertently broken the armistice. He had advanced to reconnoitre beyond the line agreed upon.' Seeing that an advance was thus made, contrary to agreement, some of the Peru- vian gunners mistook it for an attack and opened fire. The action immediately became general. '• The terms of the armistice are given in a document dated April 27th, 1881, and signed by Senor Pinto, Minister of Salvador, M. de Vorges, of France, and Sir Spencer St. John, of Great Britain. The same high authorities say that " in the report of General Baquedano the facts are not stated as they took place on the morning of the 15th of January during our interview.'' This erroneous statement of Baquedano probably accomits for his breach of the armistice. The Chilian historian bears witness that there was no treachery on the side of the Peruvians. "No; tras los parapetos de Miraflores no hubo traicion." — Vicuiia Mackenna, iv. p. 1182. Battle of Miraflores. 255 On that afternoon the last stand was made behind the last line of defences. The railroad from Lima to Chorrillos passed through it, near Miraflores. East of the railroad the irrigating watercourse of Surco, flow-, ing from the Rimac, passes south-south-west to Surco and Barranco, one branch forming a shallow dry ravine, extending to the sea. This was used as a sort of trench in front of the defences. Near the Rimac, and between Lima and the river Surco, rise the isolated hills of Vasquez with the peak of San Bar- tolomd. Across the Rimac, and in rear of Lima, is the peak of San Cristoval. These two heights were planted with heavy cannon. The line passed from the hills of Vasquez, along the course of the Surco, by the estates of Pino, Mendoza, San Borja, La Palma, and the Huaca Juliana to Miraflores. There were five redoubts on this line, mounted with artillery, and entrenchments between them. Here Colonel Davila commanded. In one redoubt was Deputy Sanchez. In the next was Ribeiro with the students and gentlemen of the press. Then came the mer- chants under Manuel Lecco. The adobe walls, forming the boundaries of the numerous fields, were pierced for rifles in two rows, for men kneeling and standing. Miraflores may be considered the central point of the position, and hither trains, mounted with guns, could be sent out of Lima with reinforcements. Between Miraflores and the sea the line was continued to a semicircular redoubt on the Peruvian extreme right. Two of the heavy Rodman guns from Callao were placed in it. This work, called the Alfonso Ugarte fort, in honour of the young hero who fell on 256 Battle of Miraflores. the Morro of Arica," consisted of sand-bags on a bed of pebbles, with a ditch in front. It was defended by Caceres. It is quite uncertain how many Peru- vians lined the defensive works, as they came and went, perhaps 12,000 at the outside, at one time. The Supreme Chief stationed himself in a redoubt on the left. There were 13,000 Chilians actually engaged- in assaulting the lines, by their own account. The battle began at 2.25 p.m. Artillery was brought to bear on the Ugarte fort, and opened fire at 2.35 p.m., while the ironclads Huascar and Blanco, and the O'Higgins, Pilcomayo, and Toro enfiladed, from the sea and disabled the two Rodman guns. The work was very gallantly defended by Colonel Caceres, and the fire was steadily returned. After a long bombardment the Chilian third division advanced in skirmishing order, protected by the artillery, and made a furious charge under Colonel Lagos. Yet it was not until the ammunition of the defenders was exhausted that they at length got possession of the place after a sharp struggle. Caceres had whispered to those around him, " No tenemos ya municiones. Estamos perdidos." This was at 4.30 p.m. The defenders fell back, to reinforce the centre. At the same time a still more severe con- test was raging on the Peruvian left. The students- and merchants made an attack upon the Chilian first division, supported by the reserves, while the guns of San Bartolomd and San Cristoval kept up a sullen roar in the rear. For a time the vigorous assault of the citizens afforded a gleam of hope, ■* See page 204. Battle of Miraflores. 257 the enemy wavered, their ammunition was failing. But reinforcements came up, and a battery of artil- lery opened fire from the ridge of " Huaca Juliana." The defenders were forced back, and at last the redoubts were carried at the point of the bayonet. They were filled with dead, poor young lads from the desk and the counter, and many well-dressed men of fashion, and students. One had been whiling away the hours before the battle by reading a story of lives of brave endurance. There was a volume of letters from the Martyr Jesuits in Japan amidst the dead. In one place there was a heap of a dozen Italian youths, volunteers who would not see their Peruvian friends go forth to fight without helping them. They were lads of the " Garibaldi I.egion," as was testified by the legend on their caps. Most pathetic was the wall of youthful dead, which the invading soldiery must trample over before the doomed city could be reached. There were old men as well as young among the heroic dead. Dr. Pino, a learned judge of the Superior Court at Puno, aged sixty ; Seiior Ugariza, secretary of the Lima Chamber of Commerce ; Senox Los Hcros, the chief clerk of the Foreign Office ; the diplomatist Marquez, brother of the poet ; two editors, members of Congress, magistrates, wealthy landed proprietors, were all lying dead, after fighting in defence of their country's capital. Ricardo Palma, the charming writer of historical anecdotes, was fighting, though fortu- nately he escaped with life. But his house, with a priceless library of American work.s, was burnt to the ground. s 258 Battle of Miraflores. At 4.45 p.m. the defending fire was slackening^ Resistance was now concentrated at the central part of the line near Miraflores. At 5.35 p.m. the centre redoubt was carried at the point of the bayonet, and by six the fell work was done. For nearly four hours the defence had been bravely maintained. Surely the slander that Peruvians will not fight bravely for their country and die for it ought to be silenced before these facts. At least one enemy has the generosity and the wisdom to do them justice.' The very night before the battle saw the arrival of an important reinforcement. The redoubtable Moro- chuco Indians, having at length received arms, came down by forced marches just in time to share in the honours of the day. Their chief, named Miola, was among the slain, a fact which the Chilians will have cause to remember, if their predatory incursions ever bring them into the neighbourhood of the wild Andes of Cangallo. The aged General Vargas Machuca, a hero of the battle of Pichincha, now past eighty, was wounded. Generals Silva and Segura, and Colonel Canevaro were also wounded, the latter severely. Caceres received five honourable scars ; and the young son of the brave Iglesias was killed. The Supreme Chief Pierola rode off the field when all was lost, and retired to the little town of Canta in the mountains, accompanied or followed by General ' "Los Peruanos desplegaron un valor digno de menos desdichada suerte que la que all! les cupo." — Vicuiia Mackenna, IV. p. 1172. " Entre los jefes superiores del ejercito Peruano las perdidas fuerott Humerosas y senalbles, prueba de la honrosa tenacidad con que se batkron." — Ibid, iv. p. 1175. Fall of Lima. 259 Buendia, Colonel Suarez, and the Secretary, Captain Garcia y Garcia. Pierola appointed Admiral Montero to the direction of affairs in the northern depart- ments, who made his way along the coast, by Huacho to Truxillo, and thence to Caxamarca. Colonel Echenique received charge of the central depart- ments, while Dr. Solar took command at Arequipa. Don Rufino Torico was left in charge at Lima. Another tale of 2000 dead swelled the number of mourners in Lima. At 6.45 p.m. Miraflores was in flames. The savage victors sacked and burnt all the pleasant country houses, and destroyed the lovely gardens. This once charming retreat shared the fate of Chorrillos and Barranco. It has become a wilderness of ruin and desolation. Lima, the great city, would have shared the fate of Chorrillos and Miraflores if the Chilians had had their way. Its rescue from destruction is due to the firm stand made by the British Minister, Sir Spencer St. John, backed by the material power and calm resolve of the English and French Admirals. On the i6th, Don Rufino Torico, the Municipal Alcalde of Lima, made a formal agreement with the Chilian general to surrender the unfortunate city. During the night the dangerous classes ran riot, the Chinese quarter was gutted, and if the foreigners had not formed an efficient volunteer corps, the whole place might h^ave been sacked. On the 17th the Chilian troops took possession of Lima. General Baquedano, with his headquarter staff, made his entrance on the following day, and established him- self in the palace. S 2 26o Sorrow and Humiliation. In the two battles the Chilian losses were reported to be 5443, of whom 1299 were killed, and 4144 wounded. The Peruvians lost far more heavily, the proportion between killed and wounded telling, as usual, a tale of savage butchery. There were. said to be 6000 killed and 3000 wounded. At Callao, as soon as the fatal news arrived, it was determined to destroy all the remaining ships and as many guns as possible, rather than that they should fall into the hands of the enemy. The Union became a wreck. The monitor AtaJutalpa was sunk. The school-ships Aptirimac, Meteoro, and Maranon, and the steam transports Rimac, Chalaco, Talisman, and Limena were all destroyed. The Meteoro was intended for a preparatory school. The Maraiion was the naval college ; and the school for apprentices was on board the Apurimac, an old frigate of 1853. After a gallant and well-conducted naval effort, and after three hard-fought campaigns, the coast of Peru was conquered, and the capital was occupied by the enemy. The unfortunate people had to drinkthe cup of sorrow and humiliation to the dregs. Although the Peruvian and Chilian governing classes are one people, having a common ancestry, often bound together by the ties of kindred, with the same religion, speaking the same language, with the same history until recent years, and the same traditions ; yet the conquerors showed no relenting, no wish to soften the calamity. Not only were they harsh and exacting, but they pushed their power of appropriating and con- fiscating to unprecedented lengths. Black-mail was extorted from private citizens, with threats that their Sorrow and Humiliation. 261 houses would be destroyed if the demands were not immediately met. Public property, unconnected with the war, was seized. The public library of Lima was carried off! Even the picture by Monteros of the obsequies of Atahualpa was stolen ! In all this is seen the demoralizing effect of a policy of mili- tary glory and conquest. Peru may possibly find a new and better life through adversity. The influence of such prosperity as Chile has sought and won must be altogether evil. 262 The Interior of Peru untouched. CHAPTER XVII. V^ VICTIS. The whole coast of Peru, including her capital, has been prostrate under the heel of the conqueror since those days of hideous slaughter in January, i88l. But the coast, though the best known part of Peru, is far from being the most extensive or the most important part. Cuzco, the ancient capital, the city of the Yncas, is beyond the reach of Chilian occupa- tion ; and there are centres of population and local government at the Andean cities of Caxamarca and Huaraz, Tarma and Xauxa, Ayacucho and Anda- huaylas, Puno and Lampa. Arequipa, too, has not yet been visited with the horrors of war, although it lies more within reach of the invaders. The Supreme Chief Pierola retired into the lofty valleys of the Andes, remaining for some time at Xauxa, and eventually establishing his headquarters at Ayacucho. Colonel Caceres was in command of the small remnant of the force which retired from the defensive lines before Lima. The con- querors were embarrassed from the first by the possession of the Peruvian capital. After they have ruined the people of the coast by war contribu- tions and sucked them dry, extorting fi,ooo,ooo Refusal to treat with Pierola. 263 a month of black-mail from Lima alone, it is clear that the occupation will necessarily become a drain on their own finances. For the enormous duties on merchandise must eventually ruin foreign trade. At first the Chilian authorities were inclined to open nego- tiations for a peace with Pierola, who was still at the head of the only recognized government in Peru, Mr. Christiancy, the United States Minister, ascer- tained that Pierola was ready and willing to treat, and the Supreme Chief appointed two commissioners, for the purpose. But suddenly the Chilians declared that they would not treat with him, and would no longer recognize him as representing the government of Peru. They based this refusal on a charge that Pierola's secretary had brought against them of having broken the armistice at Miraflores. That the charge was true, although there was no intentional treachery on either side, has been shown beyond any doubt, but this was not calculated to make it any the more palatable. Thus there was a complete deadlock. Some of the leading citizens of Lima, seeing that there was no probability of successful negotiations for peace with the Pierola Government, dreading the exactions of the invaders, and longing to be rid of them, started a movement for the establishment of a provisional government. The Chilians had been inconsiderate and ungenerous in their dealings with the unfortunate conquered people, but in nothing more than in the selection of a military governor at Lima. That post was actually given to the man who carried ruin and destruction along the northern coast of Peru, who had burnt private houses and 264 Government of Garcia Calderon. defenceless towns, seized all he could lay his hands upon, and desolated many a once happy and prosperous home. Captain Patrick Lynch was made Governor of Lima ; and with him the people would have to make their account. His employers seemed willing to come to some arrangement, and he was instructed to allow the organization of a provisional government. At a meeting consisting of about a hundred citizens, an eminent lawyer was induced to undertake the thankless task. Francisco Garcia Calderon was born at Arequipa in 1832, where he practised as an advocate until 1859, when he came to reside at Lima. His " Dictionary of the Jurisprudence of Peru " (1859-62) is a work of marvellous erudition and research. At Lima he was legal adviser to several large mercantile houses, and he made a considerable fortune, without losing his justly-earned reputation for integrity and uprightness. He still has great influence in his native city of Arequipa, The Chilian Governor permitted the occupation of the little village of Magdalena as the territory of the new administration, and here Dr. Garcia Calderon was installed on the 12th of March, 1 881. He rallied some influential men around him. His Minister of the Interior was Don Juan Ignacio Elguera, a native of Lima, who had charge of the finances in the time of President Pardo. Captain Camilo Carrillo had done good service at Arica and Tacna, and had previously been the moving spirit in promoting higher education in the navy. He had also presided over the Chamber of Deputies with tact and abilitj-, during Pardo's administration. Don Mariano Felipe Paz Soldan is an eminent geographer Government of Garcia Calderon. 265 and statistician, and Honorary Member of the Royal Geographical Society of London . The Mayor, Rufino Torico, was the second son of the general and received his education in Europe : a handsome well-bred man with cultivated manners, and a devoted adherent of Pierola. Senor Galvez, Colonel Velarde, and General Canseco — the brother-in-lawof President Castilla — are also persons of distinction. These gave countenance and strength to the Garcia Calderon Government ; while Admiral Montero, though declining to be decoyed within the Chilian lines, accepted the office of Vice-President, and remained in the north. But the fact that this administration was organized with the permission and under the auspices of Chile was fatal to its influence and popularity. Calderon called together the old Congress which existed before the war ; but only a few representatives answered to his summons. The Chilians gave permission for the use of the military college at Chorrillos as a place of meeting, and there what in England would be called the " Rump " Congress assembled in sadness and humiliation. The conquerors believed that Calderon and his advisers would agree to any conditions that might be imposed upon them. But the Congress refused to authorize Calderon to consent to any per- manent cession of Peruvian territory, and on the 23rd of August, 1 88 1, it was dissolved. Meanwhile Calderon was buoyed up with hopes of intervention from the United States, hopes which had been strengthened by the recognition of his government on the part of the American Minister on the 26th of June. Finding that these hopes had been raised, and that Dr. Calderon 266 Retirement of Pierola. was too honest and patriotic to be a tool in their hands, the Chilians determined to knock down what they had set up. Calderon's government was abolished, with coarse violence, on the 28th of Septem- ber, by Governor Lynch, and its head was packed off a prisoner to Chile. The Supreme Chief Pierola had in the meanwhile summoned a national assembly to meet at Ayacucho, and he resigned his exceptional powers into their hands on the 28th of July. The representatives elected him as Provisional President, but he felt that he had been unsuccessful, and that the most patriotic course; would be to retire, at least for a time. He resigned office on November 28th, 1881, and, proceeding to Lima as a private citizen, he has since left the country. Generals. Buendia and Silva retired into private life at the same time. Admiral Montero, in the enforced absence of Dr, Garcia Calderon, then became head of the Peruvian Government, as Vice-President in charge. He re- mained for some months at Huaraz, in the north of Peru; but in August, 1882, he went to Arequipa, where he was enthusiastically received. He proceeded to form a government. Captain Camilo Carrillo became Minister of the Interior, Dr. M. del Valle of Foreign Affairs, Dr. Epifanio Serpe of Justice, Dr, F. F. Oviedo of Finance, and Colonel Manuel Velarde of War. Colonel Iglesias, the hero of the Morro Solar, holds the military command in the north, with his head- quarters in the department of Caxamarca. He has summoned a representative assembly of the northern Government of Montero. 267 departments to express their views regarding terms of peace. The indefatigable Caceres, now promoted to the rank of general, is in command in the central departments, actively engaged in organizing an efficient force. At Arequipa the accomplished Cap- tain Camilo Carrillo assembled a force of 5CX)0 men, with several guns, and received arms and ammunition by way of Bolivia. Since the arrival of Vice-President Montero at Arequipa, and the assumption of minis- terial office by Captain Carrillo, the command of the troops in the south has been given to Colonel Belisario Suarez. Colonel Canevaro, who had reco- vered from the severe wound he received at the battle of Miraflores, had taken command of the National Guard. The Government of Peru has thus been reorganized, after the interval of unavoidable confusion caused by the loss of the capital, and the paralyzihg calamity of January, 1881. Bolivia has remained loyally true to her ally, and has also been occupied in the reorganization of her army. In September, 1882, Montero proceeded to La Paz, to have an interview with General Campero ; and the resolution of the allies seems to be to hold out until less hard and more just and reasonable terms of peace can be obtained from Chile. Covered with wounds, with her long line of coast mercilessly ravaged, and the flower of her youth destroyed, the land of the Yncas still presents a gallant front to the foe. In this hour of extreme peril there is no civil dissension, and Peru's most tur- bulent spirits have atoned for past sedition by their patriotic devotion to duty in the face of the enemy. 268 Chilian Predatory Raids. In civilized warfare a conqueror acts as if his enemy might some day be again his friend, and seeks to lessen, rather than unnecessarily to increase the amount of human misery caused by his mischievous operations. The Chilians have carried on their war in an opposite spirit. They have made their neigh- bours taste the full bitterness of defeat by every form of insult and violence, and by a system of wholesale plunder, and they have needlessly extended the area of their destructive operations. At Lima enormous sums of money have been ex- torted from private persons, and a great number of leading citizens have been seized and imprisoned, or transported to captivity in remote parts of Chile. The educational establishments, including the colleges of San Carlos and San Fernando, the School of Arts, and the National Library, have been converted into barracks, their treasures robbed or destroyed. The Peruvian students now have neither books, instru- ments, nor instruction. Meanwhile predatory raids have been made into the interior from several points on the coast. Soon after the occupation of Lima Colonel Aristides Martinez, with an adequate force, was landed at Chimbote, and occupied the city of Truxillo. Another smaller force took possession of Pacasmayo. A third party made a dash at the silver-mines of Cerro Pasco, and penetrated as far as Huanuco, where a revolting slaughter of half-armed Indians was com- mitted. In January, 1882, a force of 5000 men occupied the valleys of Tarma and Xauxa, under Colonel del Canto, who placed garrisons in those Cageres to the Rescue. 269 towns, as well as at the Oroya bridge, in Concepcion, and in Huancayo. Other parties were sent to Cafiete, Chincha, Pisco, and Yea, apparently with the sole object of plunder and useless bloodshed. The Andean valley of Xauxa, between the mari- time and eastern Cordilleras, was inhabited in the days of the Yncas by a tribe called the Huancas, who early adopted and identified themselves with the civilization of Cuzco. They made a brave stand against the conquerors led by Pizarro ; and the losses and sufferings caused by Spanish cruelty were par- tially remedied by an enlightened system, which raises the Huancas, as civilized men, far above their European oppressors. An exact account was kept at every village in the Xauxa valley, by means of the quipus, of the losses each sustained during the pas- sage of the Spanish conquerors. The sum total was divided by the number of villages, and those which had suffered more than the average received help and relief to that amount from those which had suffered less.' The descendants of the Huancas were now exposed to a still more cruel invasion. They made a brave resistance to the predatory incursions of the Chilian garrisons, armed only with spears and slings, and were mercilessly slaughtered as their ancestors had been by Pizarro, many villages being burnt. But help was at hand. Genenal Caceres was actively engaged at Ayacucho during the first months of the year 1882, in organizing a force for the defence of the 1 Information received by Cieza de Leon from Huacara]5ura, Chief of the Huancas, a few years afterwards.— .SV^'ZiKi/a Parte de la Lronica del Fcru (Madrid, 1880;, cap. xii. p. 43. 270 Successes of Caceres. interior of Peru. In July he was able to take the field. Colonel del Canto, with the bulk of the Chilian force, was at Huancayo, and there was a garrison of seventy-seven men of the Chacabuco regiment in the town of Concepcion. The first encounter was at Marcabaya, a small village two leagues from Huan- cayo. The Peruvians then advanced to Concepcion, and, after a long defence of the barracks, the Chilian garrison was cut to pieces on the ^th of July, 1882. Del Canto then assembled the other garrisons from Tarma, Xauxa, and Huancayo, and retreated by way of Oroya to the terminus of the railroad at Chicla. He burnt the town of Concepcion to ashes, in revenge for the Chilian reverse. Meanwhile a small Peruvian force, under Colonel Tafur, had crossed the Oroya and encamped on the heights of Chacapalca. He was surprised by 300 Chilian carbineers under Lieutenant Stuven, and forced to retreat, with a loss of forty-eight prisoners. The Peruvians still remained in threatening force in the neighbourhood ; and Stuven, embarrassed by his prisoners, proceeded to commit a cruel act which shows how utterly demoralized the Chilians had become. He ordered the Peruvian prisoners to be formed in a line, and shot them down to a man. The wounded were despatched by the Chilians with their long knives. The retreat was then continued, and the invaders, covered with disgrace by this act of infamy, evacuated the valley of Xauxa. General Caceres then sent some troops, by a flanking march, to a point down the line o railway, to intercept the retreat of Canto. Caceres and Iglesias. 271 On the 22nd of July the Chilian garrison, numbering a hundred men, at San Bartolom^ — a place on the railway about fifty miles from Lima — was resolutely attacked. But reinforcements arrived from Lima, under General Gana, and the Peruvians retired over the mountains in good order. The Chilians destroyed several villages along the line, and finally retreated to Chosica, twenty-four miles from Lima. General Caceres cleared this part of Peru of the invaders. He established his headquarters at Tarma in August, 1882, and continued his labour of arming and organizing his forces. Huancas, Yquichanos, Pocras, and Morochucos flocked in thousands to his standard, all eager to defend their beloved valleys from invasion. But the task of arming and drilling them must needs be slowand difficult. Their leader, however, is one who is not easily turned away from his purpose. Ayacucho is the home of Andres Caceres. He is surrounded by his own people. They know him as the man who has fought for his country in almost every action since the invaders landed at Pisagua. He is covered with honourable wounds He has seen the Chilians flying before his brave Ayacuchenos at Tarapaca, and that day justifies the hope of further successes in the same righteous cause. He is a veteran leader of proved valour, long military experience, and capacity. A similar needless extension of the horrors of war was planned by the Chilians in Northern Peru, where Colonel Iglesias conducted the defence. A force of 300 men advanced from the port of Pacasmayo, up the Jequetepeque valley, with the intention of ravaging 2/2 Moral Deterioration. the department of Caxamarca. Met by Iglesias at San Pablo, twelve miles from Caxamarca, they were defeated, and fled back to Pacasmayo, leaving their field hospital in the hands of the Peruvians. But they received reinforcements, and eventually, like Pizarro before them, entered Caxamarca as conquer- ing invaders. After converting two of the ancient churches into ruins, and burning several villages, they evacuated the historical city, so famous for similar crimes committed there 350 years ago. They then entirely destroyed the town of Chota, and finally retreated to the coast in September, 1882. The consequence to Chile of this career of conquest has been rapid moral deterioration in the characters of those employed in such work. First public pro- perty only was wantonly destroyed. Then defence- less towns were bombarded. Soqn private property ceased to be respected ; and Lynch was sent to rob and destroy over an extensive area. Next followed the robbery of pictures and public libraries. Hitherto this was all done, professedly at least, on public grounds. But at last we hear of wholesale robbery and extortion for private enrichment, and the cases have become so gross that Captain Lynch has brought Colonel Letelier and other officers before courts-martial. Thus rapid is the descent down the path of an immoral and selfish policy. The gains and losses on both sides may now be summed up. Chile has become half-delirious over her " glorious victories," has seized vast quantities of warlike stores, and plundered private persons of large sums of money. She has conquered all the coast of The Future. 273 Bolivia, and the province of Tarapaca, and the rest of the Peruvian coast is at her mercy. Her neigh- bour's capital is in her hands, the inhabitants crushed under her heel. She has spread ruin, deso- lation, and death over a neighbouring country ; thousands of wives and mothers have been plunged into mourning and despair to satisfy her desire for glory, thousands of homes have been made desolate, of families ruined. These, it will be said, are the inevitable consequences of war, and Chile, in her present mood, will doubtless kugh at such considera- tions. But what is her real net gain .' She has got some manure that belongs to her neighbours. That is all ! And against this gain must be set the loss of her character for justice, for humanity, for love of peace. That is the loss now. Hereafter, unless there is a change, she may suffer still more from the predominance of the military element, and of ideas engendered by conquest. The only hope for Chile is that better counsels may at last prevail. On September i8th, 1881, a new President, Don Domingo Santa Maria^ succeeded to the leadership in Chile. Born in 1825, and a graduate of the University at Santiago, Senor Santa Maria has had a long training in official life. He has also known adversity. A member of the liberal party, and join- ing in its attempted revolutions, he has twice been banished. As an exile he found a home at Lima in 1852, and made a long sojourn in Europe in 1858. In 1863 he was Minister of Finance ; and in 1866 he signed an offensive and defensive treaty with Peru against Spain. As Minister of Foreign Affairs he T 274 Gains and Losses. conducted the negotiations with Seiior Lavalle before the outbreak of the war. There is a hope that Senor Santa Maria, who, during his own exile, found a home in Peru, and who has had much friendly intercourse with Peruvians, may have the courage to resist the sanguinary instincts of the Chilian people, and use his influence to obtain magnanimous or at least con- siderate treatment for his neighbours. The opposite policy will be even a greater loss, in the end, to Chile than to Peru. Chilian statesmen will do well to re- member the old proverb, " La codicia rompe el saco." The land of the Yncas, hated by bondholders, has beenharshly judged. Putting the views of" financiers" and speculators on one side, let us conclude by con- sidering the losses and gains of Peru. Her losses are the " glorious victories," the " Homeric combats," the " Titanic struggles," touching which Chile blows her own trumpet so loudly ; and those losses are heavy indeed. The manure may be left quite out of the account in comparison. Peru has lost her bravest sons, her army and. navy, the flower of her youth. Before such losses as these the desert province, the manure and like matters are as nothing. And the gains! There are consolations, bright examples, honourable memories which may turn out to be gains for the unhappy people. The life and death of the hero of Angamos will perhaps, in the time to come, be a gain to his country. The way brave Espinar died close to the Chilian gun is a gain. The Ynca chivalry falling thick upon the Cuesta de la Visagra, but victorious, is not wholly a loss. Peru lost her sons, yet gained the examples and the memory. Future of Peru. 275 These deeds, and many more like them, are the deeds of patriots. They could not have been the same, if they had been performed in a civil feud or in an unjust cause. They are reasons for just and honourable pride. So the mourning people may count them as a gain. Their rulers, too, should have learnt patriotism and a truer sense of duty through adversity.' All, however, now seems dark and confused. Peru waits in broken-hearted suspense, but with undaunted front, for reasonable terms of peace. The province of Tarapaca to Camarones must be ceded. The nitrate and the guano must go with it, and also the claims on the revenue derived from nitrate and guano. These false riches have never been other than a curse to their possessors. They brought the "finan- ciers " in their train. They are the spoils of war now. Other exactions must probably be endured. Chile has not hitherto shown herself to be either generous or considerate. But when the conqueror is brought to reason, Peru may still be richer and wiser in the time to come. The land of the Yncas was a country of vast natural resources before the nitrate was heard of, and will be so when the nitrate is gone. Peru will begin her new life without the foreign debt, for that departs with the manure of which it forms a part. She may yet have a bright and prosperous future before her. ' The Chilian historian has the following noble passage in speaking of the calamities of Peru :— " Ni en muchos siglos olvidara el Peru tan cruel hecatombe ; pero su propia sangre asi generosaraente vertida por el deber habra talvez de servirle de estimulo y de regeneracion. — Vicu'ta Mackenna, iv. p. 1 1 76. T 2 276 Future of Peru. While Pierola was in power, Don Melchor Terrazas, as plenipotentiary from Bolivia, came to Lima to negotiate a union between the two countries. The discussion of details was satisfactory, and the union of Peru and Bolivia, as the Peru-Bolivian Confedera- tion, was once more proclaimed on the i6th of June, 1880. Subsequent disasters prevented any further progress as regards this measure, and Chile, jealous of any scheme for the prosperity of her neighbours , again objects to it. But Chile is ultra vires on this question. If the two republics come to the conclusion that the union will be an advantage to them it will be accomplished. If not they should continue to be friendly neighbours, with the memory of glorious struggles side by side at Pisagua, at San Francisco, and at Tacna. There is hope for both countries, in spite of a disastrous invasion, worse than the con- quest of Pizarro, which has filled their houses with mourning. There are still the elements of peaceful advancement and prosperity in the land of the sacred city, and in the land of the sacred lake. INDEX. Abascal, Don Jos^ Fernando de, Viceroy of Peru, suppressed insurrections against Spain, 23, 24- Abtao, Chilian corvette, armament, 94 ; al tacked by the Huascar at Antofagasta, 118, rig. Abtao fort at Callao, 187. Acha, Jose Maria, President of Bolivia, 70. Acland, Commander Dyke, R.N., H M.S. Trhimph, attached to Chilian army, 229, 230. Acomayo (see Santos). Adams, Mr., U.S. Minister for Bolivia, presided at the Peace Conference, 225 ; his closing speech, 227. Agua Santa nitrate works, ter- minus of Pisagua railway, 136, 148, 150 ; allied army arrives at, 152. Aguirre, Don Elias, second in com- mand of the Hitascar, killed, 129. Aguirre, Peruvian Colonel, Don Buenaventura, wounded at Chor- rillos, killed at Miraflores, 248. Alacran Island, off Arica, i8l ; torpedo brigade on, 182. Alba de Liste, Viceroy, Count of, on treatment of Indians, 9. Albarracain, Peruvian Colonel, cavalry of routed and dispersed, '94- Aliaga, Don Juan de. Count of Luringancho, commands a volun- teer corps at Lima, 235. Alianza, torpedo boat, brought to Arica by the Unioii, 184. Allied army in Tarapaca, 137 — 144; defence of Pisagua, 146, 147 ; numbers, 152 ; difficulties, 152 ; reaches Agua Santa, 152; at Porvenir, 153 ; battle of San Francisco, 155, 156 ; at Tacna, 196, 197 ; memories of glorious efforts of, 276. Almagro, Diego de, murder of Atahualpa, 6 ; invasion of Chile, 15, l6 ; at Chincha, 239, 240 ; at Mala, 242. Almagro, the lad, 52. Almirante Cochrane, Chilian iron- clad, armament, 93 ; Captain Latorre appointed to, 120; watching for the Huascar, 127 ; action with the Huascar, 127 — 131 ; at the landing of Pisagua, 147; at the Arica blockade, 184; engaged, remarkable effect of a .shell entering port of, 205. Alpacas reared by Ynca Indians, 61. Altamarino, Don Eugenio, Chilian Plenipotentiary at the Peace Conference, 225 ; his speech, 226. Althaus, Peruvian poet, 47. Alvarado, Patriot General, repulsed by Spaniards at the Cuesta de los Angeles, 192, 193. Amat. the Viceroy, promoted from Chile, 17. Amazonas, Chilian steamer, finds torpedos floating, 188 ; at the 278 Index. Arica blockade, 184 ; captures a Peruvian torpedo boat, 18(5. Amengual, Colonel, commands, a Chilian division at battle of Tacna, 199. Amunategui, Chilian Colonel, at the battle of San P'rancisco, 150; commands a division at the battle of Tacna, 199. Ancon, blockade of, 190, 212 ; bom- barded by the Chilians, 213. Andahuaylas, 262. Andps, exports from, 38 ; railroads across, 42, 43 ; region of, the most important part of Pern, 50 ; life of landed proprietors in, 54. Angamos Point, death of Admiral Gran off, 128. Angamos, hero of (Grau), 128, 165, 274. Angamos, Chilian steamer \vitli one large gun, i8[ ; bombards Arica, 184 ; at blockade of Callao, 185 ; formidable character of her arma- ment. 219, 220 ; gun goes over- board, 220, 221. Angeles {see Los Angeles) . Angol, destruction by Araucanians, 17- Antofagasta, company fonned at, 85 ; refusal of Mr. Hick, the agent, to pay the export duty, 88 ; place seized by the Chilians, 89, 91, 102, 117; attacked by Admiral Grau, I iS ; Chilian invading army assembled at, 145. Apurimac, department of, 59. Apurimac, Peruvian frigate, 123, 195, (see Montero); sunk to avoid capture, 260. Aquiles, Chilian man of war, 32. A-ragon, Don Agustin, 58- " Araucana," epic poem of, 17. Araucanians, wars of, 16 ; related by Ercilla, 17; pacification of, 17 ; brutalizing character of wars with, 97. Aienas, Don Antonio, Peruvian Plenipotentiary at the Peace Conference, 225, 226. Arequipa, 50 ; occupied by Puma- cagua, 22; General Prado re- pulsed at, 40 ; railroad, 42,43; native place of the Riveros, 46, 57; old families, 57, 58; first settled by mitimaes, 59 ; General Daza at, 179 ; Vivanco besieged at, by Castilla, 195 ; army formed at, under Colonel Leyva, 202 ; Dr. Solar at, 259 ; open to attack, 262 ; Dr. Garcia Calderon, born at, 264 ; Admiral JNlnntero forms a government at, 266 ; Peruvian army assembled at, by Captain Carrillo, 267. Arequipa, liishop of [see Huerta, Dr. ). Argentine Republic gives up all claim to Upper Peru, 27 ; invited to join Peru and Bolivia in the defensive treaty, 86; muleteers from, in Tarapaca, 143. Arguedas, Colonel Don Pablo, mutiny of his regiment at Linja, 174; on the Morro Solar with Iglcsias, 247; wounded, 251. Arias, Colonel, at defence of Arica, 205. Arica, Don H. Unanue, born at, 13 ; railroad to Tacna, 42 ; out- let for Bolivian trade, 67, 195 ; JlJanco Capac stationed at, 96 ; General Prado at, 136 ; President Daza at, li(4, 17S; retreat of army of Tarapaca to, 169 ; blockade commenced, l8i ; description of defences, 182, 203 ; blockade broken by the Union, 184 ; bom- barded by the Angamos, 184; garrison, 197 ; population before the war, 203 ; assault and cajjture, 204 — :o7 ; Peace Conference in roadstead, 224. Armistice after the battle of Chor- rillos, 253; terms, 254; broken by the Chilians, 254, 263. Armstrong guns on board ("hilian ironclads, 93 ; on board Chilian corvettes, 94 ; field artillery, 97 ; in batteries at Callao, 187 ; large Index. 279 gun on board Angainos, 181, 220 ; disappeared overboard, 221 ; Peiuvian launch armed ^^ ith, 219 ; at Arica, 204; Cliilian, in Lima campaign, 228, 234. Arnao, Peruvian Lieutenant, slain at Jerraania, 149. Arno, small Peruvian steamer, attacked by torpedo boats, 219. Aroma, tjorsje of, in Tarapaca, 169. Arostej,iii, Peruvian Lieut. -Colonel, shot by the Chilians after he had surrendered, 243. Arroyo, Don Manuel, friend of the Indians, II. Art in Peru, 48. Artajona family of, in Cuzco, 55. Arteaga, Don Luis, Chilian Colonel, commanding force at battle of Tarapaca, 161 ; encamped at Lluga, 162; comes to reinforce Sam a Cruz, 165 ; flight to Huara- sifio, 167 ; final defeat, 168. Artillery, Chilian, 97 ; Peruvian, 98 ; old-lashioned gun.^ in use in Peruvian army in Tarapaca, I39; Chilian artillery in Tarapaca, 145, ■S°> 15s ; Peruvian guns aban- doned, 156, 157 ; Knipp guns at Tarapaca, 161 ; guns captured by the Peruvians, 164, 165 ; Chilian fire at battle of Tacna, 199, 200 ; in Lima campaign, 228 ; Peru- vian, manufactured at Lima, 234 (see Krupp, Armstrong, Rodman, Blakeley, Vavasseur, Whitworth, Nordenfeldt, Catling, and Hctch- kiss). Ascope railroad, 41. Asia, village passed by Lynch's division, 241. Asillo, 63. Astete family at Cuzco, 55 ; Mrs. Bennet de, 56. Astete, Miguel de, companion of f lernando Pizarro at Pachacamac, ^44- ,. . Atacama desert, 27 ; limits of Bolivian province, 67, 81 ; boun- i daries, 82, 83; language nearly extinct, 104, 158 ; miUtia of (Chiliani, 98. Atahualpa Ynca, murder of, 6 (sef Monteros). .<4/«,^;/fl//a,Hcruvian floating battery, stationed at Cahao, 96, 187 ; sunk to avoid capture, 260. Atauchi, Don Luis Titu, of Cuzco, Sf. Ate, in the Lima valley, 237. Ate, Rinconada de, Chilian recon- naissance to, 24.6. Atienza, Bias de, protested against the murder o( Atahualpa, 6. Atocongo ravine in desert of Lurin, 248. Avaroa, Eduardo, Bolivian, his gal- lant conduct at Calauia, f04. Avellano, Don Rafael Ramirez de,- in command of Puno battalion in Tarapaca, taken prisoner, 141. Ayacucho {see Guamanga), 262 ; battle of, 26 ; General Gamara at, 30; city, 50; family of Don Manuel Tello at, 50, 51 ; visit to the battle-field, S3 ; rising youlh °f> 53 ; Pocra Indians of, 59, 271 ; head-dress of women, 6i ; battalion of men of, 138, 141, 152 ; in reserve at San Francisco, 154; at Tarapaca, 161, 271; in the centre, scaling the hill, 164; gallant defence of the Morro Solar by the men of, 250 j Pierola at, 262, 266 ; Caceres at, 269, 271 ; the home of Caceres, 271. Ayacucho fort at Callao, 1S7. Ayarza, Colonel Don Domingo, at battle of Chonillos, 247. Aymara Indians of Bolivia {see Bolivians); in the basin of Lake Titicaca, 59 J number, descrip- tion, 68 ; character, 69, 245 ; hatred of the whites, 69, 70 ; as soldiers, 100, loi ; in Tarapaca, 142, 144 ; retreat to the high- lands, 156; heroism at the battle of Tacna, 199, 200. Azangaro, 60, 63. 28o Index. Azapa, valley of, near Arica, i8l, 203. Baides, Marquis of, Captain-Gene- 'ral of Chile, pacification of Araucanians by, 17. Ballivian, General Jose, President of Bolivia, 69. Ballivian, Colonel Adolfo, President of Bolivia, 71 ; arranged the de- fensive treaty with Peru, 85; death, 71. 87. Balta, Colonel Don Jose, President of Peru, 40 ; administration, 43 ; Death, 43 ; Pierola, . Finance Minister to, 175. Baptista, Don Mariano, Bolivian Minister, 87 ; Plenipotentiary at the Peace Conference, 225. Eaquedano, Don Manuel, Chilian General, sends a burying-party to Tarapaca, 168 ; succeeds General Escala, 192 ; at battle of Los Angeles, 193 j at battle of Tacna, 199 ; attack on Arica, 203 ; com- mander-in-chief of the army to attack Lima, 228 ; lands at Curayaco, 243 ; at Lurin, 245 ; orders at battle of Chorrillos, 249 ; agrees to an armistice, 253 ; breaks it, 254; enters Lima, 259- Earbosa, Colonel Don Orozimbo, Chilian, destructive raid on Islay and Mollendo, 192 ; commands a division at battle of Tacna, 199 ; at Torata, 203 ; his reconnais- sance to the Rinconada de Ate, 246. Barcelo, Chilian Colonel, in com- mand of a division at Tacna, 199. Barnuevo (see Peralta). Barranco, near Chorrillos, 236, 255; destroyed by Chilians, 259. Barreda, Don Felipe, his house and hospitality at Miraflores, 236. Basque settlers in Peru and Chile, 14ii7, 18,39; families of Basque descent, 5o», 51, 139; Lima families descended from, 232, Battles, Calama, 103, 104 ; between the Huascar and the Chilian fleet, 125 — 132; Pisagua, 146 — 148 ; Jeruiania, 149 ; San Fran- cisco 154 — 156; Tarapaca, 163 — 168 ; Cuesta de los Angeles, 192) 193 ; Tacna, 200 ; Arica, 204 J Chorrillos, 249 — 252; Mi- raflores, 255, 257. Belgrano, Patriot General in Upper Peru, 21. Bello, Doii Andres, a learned Vene- zuelan settled in Chile, 74 ; work of< 75 ! prepared the Chilian Civil Code, 76. Belzu, General, President of Bolivia, 69. Benavides, Chilian artillery officer, rallies the troops at Tarapaca, 167. Bennet {see Astete). Blakeley gims on batteries in Callao Castle, 186, 187. Blanco Encalada, General, invades Peru, and capitulates, 33 ; Peru- vian officer slain at Tarapaca related to, 164. Blanco Encalada, Chilian ironclad, her armament, 93 ; bombards Pisagua, 105 ; leaves Iquique for the north, 108; flag of Admiral Riveros, 120; watching for the Huascar, 125 ; in action with the J-Juascar, 128, 131 ; begins block- ade of Callao, 185 ; bombards line of Miraflores. 256. Blockade of Iquique, 105, 118, 119, 157 ; of Arica commenced, i8i ; brcjken by the Union, 184; of Callao commenced, 185 ; con- tinued, 209 — 223 ; of An con, 190, 212 : of Chancay, 190, 211. Boatmen, of Iquique (see Iquique), of Valparaiso in Chilian army, called ' ' Navales," 98. Bobadilla, Friar, chosen to arbitrate between Pizarro and Almegro, 240. Index. 281 Eolfin, anchorage frequented by the Huascar, 119. Bolivar, General, came to help Peru, 25 ; finally leaves Lima, 27- Bolivia, Republic of, created, 27 ; first President, 27 ; boundaries, iso- lated position, 67 ; cause of back- wardness, 68 ; first Congress, 68 ; succession of Presidents, 69, 71 ; capabilities and resources, 70, 71 ; question of boundaries with Chile, 82, 83 ; treaties with Chile, 84, 87 ; defensive treaty with Peru, 85, 86 ; war with Chile, 88, 102 : coast province conquered by Chile, 89, 105 ; battle of Calama, 103, 104 ; army of, marches to Tacna, 136 ; troops in Tarapaca, 136 ; their brave defence of Pisa- gua, 147 ; at battle of San Fran- cisco, 152, 155, 156; leave the Tarapaca province, 156 ; army at Tacna, 196-200 ; representatives at the Peace Conference, 225, 226 ; loyal to the alliance, 267 ; pro- posed confederation with Peru, 275, 276 (see Aymaras, Cam- pero, Daza). Bolivian Navigation Company, 70. Bolognesi, Colonel Don Francisco, 138; his division at Pozo Al- monte, 151 ; forms reserve, 152; in the centre at San Francisco, 154, 155; conducts the retreat to Tarapaca, 157, 161 ; at battle of Tarapaca, 163, 166, 167; in command at Arica, 204 ; refuses to surrender, 204 ; glorious death, 207, 233. Boqueron passage at Callao, i86 ; torpedoes placed in, 187. Borax in Tarapaca, 81. Eorgoiio, (^olonel Don Justiniano, of Truxillo, with Iglesias on the Morro Solar, 247. Brenton, Lieutenant Carey, R.N., attached to Peruvian army, 229, 230- . . Boundary question between Bolivia and Chile, 82, 83 ; claim of Chile. 225, 275 Buena Vista, in Sama valley, 194. Buena Vista, in the valley of Lurin, 243-. Cuendia, Don Jnan, the Peruvian General in Tarapaca, biogra- phical sketch of, 137 ; at I'isa- gua, 146 ; sends for reinforce- ments, 147 ; retreats to Agua Santa, 148 : difficulties, 151 ; detachment under personal com- mand of, 152; head-quarters at Porvenir, 153 ; his force in the Tarapaca ravine, 161 ; in com- mand in the ravine, 163 ; engaged with Chilians under Ramirez, 166; sends for the vanguard, 163, 168; put under arrest at Arica, but reinstated, 169; advice at the battle of Los Angeles against Pierola, 193 ; with Pie- rola at Lima, 233 ; at battle of Chorrillos, 248 ; retreats with Pierola, 259 ; retires, 266. Bueno, Dr. Cosme, learned Peru- vian, 12 ; Chilian boundary shown on map of, 83. Buenos Ayres, 63 ; Upper Peru transferred to Viceroyalty of, 27, 82 ; an outlet for Bolivian trade, 67 ; defensive treaty discussed in Senate of, 86 ; rifles received in Bolivia from, 142. Bujama farm, on Lynch's line of march, 241. Bullocks introduced into Peru, II ; seized by Chilians, 143. Bulnes, General, President of Chile, 75- Bustamante, Don Juan, Peruvian traveller, 59. Bustamante, Don Mariano, Sub- Prefect of Lima, with Davila, at the battle of Chorrillos, 248. CabreRa, Dr., Bolivian Sub-Pre- fect of Atacama, 103; at battle of Calama, 104. 282 Index. Caceres, General Andres Avelino, born at Ayacucho, 53, 271 ; Colo- nel of a division in Tarapaca, 1 38, 141 ; his division at Pozo Al- monte, 151 ; forms the reserve at San Francisco, 152, 154, 155 ; divi- sion in the Tarapaca ravine, i6l ; climbs the hill-side, 163 ; leads on his men, 164; his young brother slain, 165 ; receives lelicitalions on the victory, 166 ; at the battle of Tacna, 198, 200 ; his manly grief after the defeat at Tacna, 201 ; Lieutenant Carey Brenton, R.N., accompanies division of, 230 ; commands a division in the defence of Lima, 233, 234 ; in the centre at the battle of Chorril- los, 247, 249 ; rallies the reserve, 252 ; gallant defence of lines of Mirailores, 256 ; wounded, 258 ; in command of the remnant of the army, 262 ; engnged in organ- izing a force, 269 ; drives the Chilians out of the Xauxa valley, 270, 271 ; people flock to his standard, 271. Calama, 135; first bloodshed at, 89 : battle of, 102, 103, 104 ; men of, in the Loa division, 158. Calderon, Emilio, a young Bolivian Sub-lieutenant, mortally wounded at Pisagua, 148 [see Garcia Calderon.) Calderon, Don Jedro Jose, Piero- la's Minister for Foreign Affairs, 176. Callao, castle dismanted in the time of Santa Cruz, 32; Spanish fleet repulsed from, 39, 173; railroads to Lima, 41 ; British shipping at, 45 ; steam navigation to, 75 ; Chilian squadron arrives off, 185 ; blockade commenced, 186 ; de- scription of the fortifications, 186, 187; bombarded by Chilians, 187, 188; increased effectiveness of blockade by torpedo-boats, 188; blockade continued, 209 ; Peru- vian ships at, sunk to avoid capture, 260. Camacho, Colonel Don Eleodoro, in command of the Bolivian army at Tacna, 178; notice of, 196; commands left wing at battle of Tacna, 19S ; severely wounded, 200. Camana, native place of the Pierola family, 46, 174; Colonel Reca- barren lands at, 202. Camanchaca, morning mist, in Ta- rapaca, 162. Camarones ravine, 134, 144, 154, i6g, 177 ; boundary claimed by Chile, 225, 275. Camiiia, halt of Peruvians at, in the retreat to Arica, 169. Campero, General Don Narciso, President ol Bolivia, 71 ; his attempt to reach Tarapaca, 142 ; failure. 143 ; notice of, 179 ; suc- ceeds L'aza as President, 179, 180 ; reviews the army at Tacna, selects a position, 197, 198 ; con- ducts the battle, 200 ; retreat, 201 ; elected President, 201 ; conference with Admiral Mon- tero, 267. Cauete, Viceroy Marquis of, paci- fies Peru. 8 ; war in Chile, 16, 17. Cafiete, valley of, 240 ; condition of negroes on sugar estates, 64, 65 ; General O'Higgins retires to, 73i 240 ; depredations of Lynch and Chilians in, 240, 24.1 ; Chilians at, 268. Canevaro, Colonel Don Cesar, at the battle of Tacna, 198 ; rallies to Pierola, for the defence of Lima, 234, 247, 249 ; wounded at the battle of Miraflores, 258; in command of Arequipa, 267. Cangallo, mountains of, home of the Morochucos, 59, 258 Cano, Colonel Don Manuel R., of Caxamarca, vvitli Iglesias on the Morro Solar, 247. 251. Canseco, Doiia Jesucita, 52; her early death, 52. INDEX. 2S3 Canseco, General Pedro Diez, Vice- President of Peru in charge, 40 ; at battle of Chorrillos, 24S. Canseco, General Francisco Diez, at battle of Chorrillos, 248 ; President of the Council in the Government of Dr. Garcia Calde- ron, 265. Canseco, Lieutenant Diez, gallantly in jumping overboard to detlect a torpedo, iig. Canterac, Spanish Genera] at Junin, 26. Caiita, Pierola retreats to, 258. Canto, Colonel del, Chilian officer in command of garrisons in the Xauxa valley, 268, 269 ; retreat of, 270. Caracoles, silver-mines discovered, 85 ; occupied by Chilians, 102 ; march from, 103. Caramayolas, or water-bottles, Chilian soldiers supplied with, 162, 239. Carazas, Dr., Dean of Cuzco, 55. Carbajal, Don Manuel, officer who succeeded to command of the Huascar, severely wounded, 129. Carrera, Jose Miguel, framed the first Constitution for Chile, 22 : flight of, 23. Carrera, Captain Manuel, Peruvian officer at Tarapaca who used the Chilian gims, 165. Carrillo, Captain Camilo, Peruvian navy. Director of Naval Schools, 94 ; observed the transit of mer- cury at Payta, 94 ; in command of batteries at Arica, 182; in Government of Garcia Calderon, 264 ; of Montero, 266 ; collects forces at Arequipa, 267. Carrillo, Juan, Bolivian Plenipo- tentiary at the Peace Conference, 225. Carrizal, Chilian port visited by Captain Grau, 116. Castai^on, Don Emilio, with Peru- vian artillery in Tarapaca, 139 ; the inventor ef a new rifle, 139 ; under Suarez in march to San Francisco, 152 ; resolves to abandon the guns, 156; at the battle of Tarapaca, 163. Castellar, Viceroy, Count of, on the treatment of Indians, 9, 10. Castilla, Grand Marshal Don Ra- mon, President of Peru, account of' 35 ; peace restored by, 35 ; administration, 36, 37 ; retire- ment, 38 ; deaih, 40 ; believed in by the soldiers, 99 ; promoted Colonel Espinar, 154; his birth- place at Tarapaca, 166 ; insur- rection of General Vivanco against, 195; besieges Vivanco at Are- quipa, 195.. Ca.stil]a, Juan, son of the President, notice of, his glorious death, 249, 250. Castro Pinto, Colonel, commands the centre at the battle of Tacna, iqS. Castro, Don Ignacio, friend of the Indians, 11. Catacaos, 46 ; coast Indians at, 64. Cauquenes, baths of, visit of Cap. tain Grau to, 124. Cavalry, General Miller in com- mand of, at Junin and Ayacu- cho, 25 ; Chilian, 97 ; raids in southern Tarapaca, 143 ; butch- ery at Jermania, 149 ; massed round Dolores to defend water, 153 ; at Tarapaca, 166 ; Peruvian want of, 98, 161, 168; Peruvian, under AUiarracain, defeated by Vergara, 194 ; harass Lynch's raarph, 241; Peruvian, surprised at Manzano, 243 ; charge of Chilian at battle of Chorrillos, 249, 250. Cavero, Doua Dolores, wife of Admiral Grau, 124. Caxamarca, 50, 177, ,262 ; march of Hernando Pizarro from, 244 ; massacre at, by Pizarro, 207 ; gallant defence of Morro Solar by men of, 250 ; Montero at, 259 ; Iglesias in command at, 2t)6 occupied by Chilians, 271, 272. 284 Index. Census {see Population). CeiTo Azul, Chilians under Lynch at, 241. Cerro Pasco, Chilian raid to, 268. Chacabuco, battle of, 24. Ch.icabuco, Chilian corvette, arma- ment, 94 ; attempt of Peruvians to destroy, at Arica, 182. Chacabuco regiment at Tarapaca, l5i ; in Xauxa valley, 270. Chaeapalca, engagement at. 270. Chacullata. Chilian headquarters at, for attack on Arica, 203, 205. Chala, General Baerdia, lands at, 137- Chalaco, Peruvian steamer, sunk to avoid capture, z6o. Chamorro, Don Manuel, with the men of Puno, at the battle of Tarapaca, 168. Cliauaral, Chilian port, visited by Captain Grau, 116. Chancas tribe in the ApUrimac department, 59. Chancay, railroad to, 42 ; blockade of, 190, 2.1 1 ; bombarded by the Ctiilians, Z13. Chancos inhabitants of Chilian coast, 16. Charcas province, boundaries, 83. Chavalina estate, treatme.it of ne- groes, 65. Chaves, Diego de, protested against the murder of Atahualpa, 6 ; wife introduced wheat into Peru, 11. Chaves, Francisco de, protested against the murder of Atahualpa, 6 ; killed defending Pizarro, 6. Checacnpe, defeat of Tupac Amaru at, 20. Chicama railroad, 41. Chichas, 142. Chicla, terminus of Oroya railway, retreat of Chilians to, 270. Chiclayo railroad, 41 ; mischief done by Lynch at, 215. Chilca, coast Indians at, 64 ; Chi- lian army lands near, 229 ; depre- dations of Lynch at, 242. Chile, Spanish population of, 14 j description, 15 ; invasion by Al- magro, 15, by Valdivia, 16 ; ori- ginal inhali>itants, 16 ; pacification of Araucanians, 17 ; immigration, Spanish rule, 18 ; population and trade in Spanish times, 18; first rising suppressed. 22, 23 ; inde- pendence, 24; first war with Peru, 31, 32, 33 ; civil wars, 74, 77 ; education, 76, 78 ; political parties, 77 ; reforms, 78 ; popu- lation, 78 ; trade and revenue,' 79 ; army, 78; hydrographical ser- vice, 79 ; boundary question with Bolivia, 82, 83 ; unjust claim, 84; responsibility for the war, 4. 14, 79, 80 ; extends its horrors to Callao, 187 ; invade Bolivia, 89, 102 ; unjust quarrel with Peru, 89, 144, 170; declares war with Peru, 91 ; navy, 93, 94 ; army, 97 ; invades Peru. 145 ; persistent career of conquest, 181, 191 ; continues the war without reason- able pretext, 191 ; demoralizing effect of military glory on, 214 ; di.sgraceful system of plunder au- thorized by, 217 ; abortive peace conference, 224, 225, 226, 227 ; resolved still further to extend the horrors of war, 227 ; losses at battles before Lima, 260 ; un- generous treatment of the con- quered people, 260, 267, 268 ; demoralizing influence of the war on, 261, 270, 272 ; excessive use of their power as conquerors, 262, 263, 266 ; predatory raids into the interior of Peru, 268, 269 ; her gains by the war, 272 ; her losses, 273 ; future policy, 274. Chilian, destruction by Arauca- nians, 17. Chimbote railroad, 41 ; Captain Lynch at, 215, 217 ; Chilians land at, 268. Chimu, 64. Chincha Isles, guano exported from, 37- Index. 285 Chinclia, valley of, historical as- sociations, 239, 245 ; Lyncli's divisions at, 240; Chilians at, 268. Chinese immigrants, 38, 44, 66, 231, 239 ; colony at Lima, 235 ; allowed to plunder, by L;nch, 243 ; their quarter at Lima gutttd, 259. Cliiiiquiquiray sandhills, 153. Chocano, Bolivian captain at Jer- mania, 149. Chorolque, Bolivian battalion, 142, 197. Chorrillos railroad, 42 ; town bombarded by Chilians, 213 ; derivation of name, 236 ; extreme right of first line of Lima defences, 237, 247 ; headquartei-s of su- preme chief at, 248 ; battle of, 249 ; sack of the town, 252, 259 ; congress at, 265. Chosica, on Oroya railway, retreat of Chilians to, 271. Christiancy, Mr., U.S. Minister at Lima, at the Peace Conference, 225, 263. ChuBu, preserved potato, 60. Chupas, battle of, 52, 53. Chuquisaca lor Sucre), 67; Presi- dent Daza born at, 1 77 ; volun- teer regiment of, 197. Church, Colonel, projects for open- ing route from Bolivia to the Atlantic, 68. Cieneguilla, farm of, in the Luria valley, 246. Coast people of Pera, 64 (see Negroes). Cobija, Bolivian port, 67 ; seized by Chile, 89, I02, 105. Cochabamba, 67 ; cloth of, used for uniforms of Bolivian soldiers, 147 ; volunteer regiment of, 196, 197 j gallantry of regiment at Tacna, 200. Cochrane, Lord, sailed for Peru, 24. Coffee of Bolivia, 68. Colocolo, Chilian man-of-vifar, 32. Colocolo, torpedo-boat, built by Thorneycroft for the Chilians, armament, 1 89. Colla Indians (see Aymara). College of Medicine, at Lima, 47- Colleges at Lima, used as barracks by Chilians, 268 {see Univer- sities, Schools, Education). Colombia viiar with Peru, 30. Colombians, Peruvians bring aid to, 25 ; at Ayacucho, 26; leave Peru, 27. Comblain rifle, Chilian infantry armed with, 97. Concepcion, town in the Xauxa valley, 235 ; Chilian garrison at, 268 ; cut to pieces, 270; burnt by Chilians, 270. Conchan {see Playa de). Condell, Captain of Covadonga, 109; his parentage, 112, 113. Condorcanqui {see Tupac Amaru). Condor Kunka heights above Aya- cucho, 53. Congiess of Peru dissolved by Gamarra, 30 ; constitution of, 36 ; assembled at Chorrillos, 265 ; at Ayacucho, 266. Congress of Bolivia refused to ratify treaties with Chile, 84, 88. Confederation, Peru-Bolivian, or- ganized, 31 ; dissolved, 34; new confederation agreed to, 275. Constitutions of Peru, 35, 36 ; of Chile, 22, 74. Copiapo mines not worked in Spanish times, 18 ; in the hands of the insurgents, 77 ; on the map of Pissis, 83 ; militia of, 98 ; the volunteer regiment of in the ac- tion at Cuesta de los Angeles, 193- Coquimbo, 77. Cordova, General, at Ayacucho, 26, 27 ; President of Bolivia, 70. Cornejos, three brothers, at defence of Arica, 205. Corocoro, General Campero rests 286 Index. his retreating army at, 201 (see Cakleron, Emilio . Corregidors, Spanish Governors, 8 ; office abolislied. 2i. Cetera (see La Cetera). Cottjn crops of Peru, 38 ; railroads for, 41, 42. Coiiaiioiiga, Chilian gun-boat, 94 ; blockading Iquique, 108 ; chased by Independcncia, 109 ; escaped, 113; watching for the Huascar, 125 ; injured at blockade of Arica, 205 ; blown up by Peru- vians, 211, 212 ; Chilian rage at her loss, 213. Cows introduced into Peru, 11. Creoles, Spanish, settlers in South America, rapacity of, 7, 8, 11; careers open to, in Spanish times, 13 ; in modern Peru, 50 ; in Chile, 17, 79. Cricketers, Peruvian, 250 (see Casiilla, Echenique, Tirade). Cruz, Chilian General, 75 ; his rebellion, 76. Curayacu, Chilian army to attack Lima lands at, 229, 243. Cuzco, Bishop of [see Gurruchate- gui). College of San Borja at, 12, 20 ; repulse of Tupac Amam at, 20 ; occupied by Pumacaqua, 22 ; Viceroy Laserna at, 26 ; society ■at, 54, 55 ; country life near, 56; young people of, 56 ; portraits of Yncas at, 60 ; battalions of men of, 141, 152 ; in reserve at battle of San Francisco, 154; gallantry of, at battle of San Francisco, 155 ; at Tarapaca, 161 — 168 ; out of reach of occupation, 262. Dahlgren guns, armament of Huascar, 95. Darsena at Callao, 186 j attempts of Chilians to destroy vessels within, 188. Davila, Francisco, learned Peruvian, , 12. Davila, Colonel Juste Pastor, 138 ; on the right at San Francisco, 154, 155; with vanguard at Tarapaca, 168 ; at battle of Tacna, 198 ; commands a division in Lima campaign, 234, 235 ; his division strengthens extreme left of Peruvian position, 246, 247 ; on left in battle of Miraflores, 255- Daza, General Don Hilarion, Presi- dent of Bolivia, 71 ; declares war en Chile, 102 ; arrives at Tacna, 136 ; abortive march to Cama- rones and back, 144 ; hope of succour from, iri Tarapaca, 152 ; news of his retreat, 154 ; bio- graphical notice of, 177 ; ex- pelled by his own army at Tacna, 178 ; goes to Europe, 179. Debt, public, of Peru, 30, 35, 40, 44, 45 ; of Chile, 76, 78, 79. Dei Canto (see Canto). Derteane, Den Dionisie, his valu- able estate destroyed by Lynch, 215, 216 ; commands a volunteer corps at Lima, 235. Dibuj.j, nitrate station on Pisagua line, 150; Chilian force starts from to attack Tarapaca, 162, 168. Dolores, nitrate station on Pisagua line, 150, 153. Dress of Ynca Indians, 61. Dreyfus, Messrs, financiers, 44. Duarte, Den Luis Milen, brings a volunteer corps of Indians from the Xauxa valley to Lima, 235- Duende ravine, near Tocapilla, 82. Dynamite used by Lynch during his predatory expedition, 215. EcHANEZ, Major, rallies Chilians at Tarapaca, 167. Echenique, General Don Jose Ru- Index. 287 fino, Ex-President of Peru, at battle of Chorrillos, 24S. Echenique, the Peruvian cricketer, 250. Echenique, Colonel Don Juan Martin, maiie chief of the cen:ral departments, 259. Education in I'eru, 48 ; in Chile, 76, 78 ; establishments for, at Lima, ruined by the Chilians, 26S {st'c l.'niversities, Schools). Elespuru family, of Basque origin, Elguera, Don Juan Ignacio, in government of Garcia Calderon, 264. Elias, Doiia Rosa, wife of Admiral Montero, igf>. Encomiendas granted to the Spanish conquerors, 7. Erauso, Catalina de, the Nun En- sign, the story of her, told, 52- Ercilla Alonzo de, his poem, 17. Ericson's torpedo, 222. Errazuriz, Don Federico, President of Chile, 77. Escala, Chilian General, invasion of Tarapaca, 145 ; disembarks at Junin, 147 ; seizes the Pisagua railroad, 148, 1 50 ; superseded by General Baquedano, 192. Esmeralda, Chilian corvette, arma- ment, 94 ; blockading Iquique, 108 ; action with the Huascar 109 ; sunk III. Espartero, Don Baldomero, in com- mand of the left wing of Spanish force at Cuesta de los Angeles. 192. Espinar, Colonel Ladislao, ofCuzco, account of, 154; glorious death at San Franciso, 155, 164, 274. Espinosa, Colonel, Peruvian author, 45- Esquilaelie, Viceroy Prince of, on the iwsition of the Ynca, 9 ; on Spanish misgovernment, 10 ; ' founded college for noble Indians at Cuzco, 12, Eten, port of, railway, 41 ; coast Indians at, 64 ; mischief done by Lynch at, 215. Fajardo, Don Victor, bom at Ayacucho, 53 ; with the army in 1'arapaca, 13S ; in the reserve at San Francisco, 15J; with the vanguard at the battle of Tara- paca, 168 ; at the battle of Tacna, 198 ; his death, 20I. Ferdinand Vli., 22, 23, 27. Ferrari, Commander I'ablo, of the Chilian gunboat, Covadonga, 211, 212 ; blown up, 212. Ferreuape raih\'ay, 41. Ferrer, Don Pedro, officer of the guard at Tarapaca, 163. Figueroa, Benito Pardo de, at the battle of Tarapaca, 164; slain with his brother, Francisco, 165. Fitz-Koy survey, boundary between Chile and Bolivia, 83. Flank marcli, proposal as to, for attack on Lima defences, 246. Fleet of Santa Cruz seized by Chilians, 33 ; streng1.li of Chilian fleet, 93, 94 ; Peruvian fleet, 95 ; compaiison of strength, 96 ; Chilian fleet refitted, 119 ; whole Chilian fleet attacking the Huas- car, 124, 125 {see Blockade) ; (Chilian) bombards the Peruvians defending Lima, 249, 256 ; (Peru- vian) sunk to avoid capture, 260. Flores, Felipe, Peruvian officer slain at Tarapaca, 166. Flores, General Nicanor, rebellion against Melgarejo, in Bolivia, 177- Freire, General Don Ramon, pre- sident of Chile, 73 ; insurrec- tionary attempts of, 32, 74; death, 74 Fresia, torpedo boat, built at Yar- row for the Chilians, armament, 288 Index. 1!: 219. sunk and recovered, Frias, Dr., president of Bolivia, 71, 87. Fuentes, Don Manuel, a Peruvian antiquary and statistician, 47 ; his villa at Cliorrillos occupied by Periola, 248. Gajardo, Chilian midshipman in charge of boat which towed the torpedo alongside the Covadbnga, 211. Galindo, Nestor, Bolivian poet, his death, 177, 178. Gallo, Don Pedro Leon, Chilian insurgent, 77. Gaivez, Lieutenant Don Jos4 Peru- vian officer, destroys a Chilian torpedo-boat, 189, 190. Gaivez, Sefior, Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Government of Dr. Garcia Calderon, 265. Gamarra, General Don Agustin, President of Peru, 30 ; banished, 31 ; restored by Chilians, 34; wife of, 139 [see Zubiaga). Gamarra, Colonel Don Andres, son of the Presidentj with Peruvian force near Moquegua, 192 ; de- feated at the Cuesta de los Angeles, 193- Gana, Chilian General, sent from Lima with reinforcements, 271. Garcia y Garcia, Captain Don Aurelia, 95 ; commanding the Union, 127 ; plenipotentiary for Peru at the Peace Conference, 224; his speech, 227, 233 ; at battle of Chorrillos, 248 j retreats with Pierola, 259. Garcia Calderon, Dr. Don Fran- cisco, account of, 264 ; his pro- visional government, 265 ; sent prisoner to Chile, 266. Garibaldi Legion defending Lima, 257- Garezon, Lieutenant Don Pedro, in command of the Huascar when she struck, 129. Gasca, President, his distribution of the encomiandas, 7. Gatling gun on board the Huascar, 130 ; in Chilian service, 97; fi-e irom the Huascar at Arica, brought to Arica by the Union, 184 ; placed in position at Arica, 204 J Chilian, in Lima campaign, 228. Caviota, steamer, follows the Chi- lian division of Lynch, along the coast, 239. Gaye, Claudio, work on Chile, 75 ; north boundary of Chile shown oh map of, 83. Gi'-on, his rebellion, 8. Gomez (see Unanue). Gotii, Lieutenant, Commander of Chilian torpedo-boat Guacoldo, - 189. Gorhe.i, Andres, learned Spaniard, settled in Chile, 75. Goyeneche, General, defeated the patriots at Huaqui, 21. Gras rifle, Chilian infantry armed with, 97. Grossoli, name of Daza's father, 177. Grau, Juan Miguel, father of the admiral, at the battle of Ayacu- cho, and afterwards settled at Piura, 122 ; his parentage, 122 ; died at Valparaiso, 124. Grau, Admiral Don Miguel, 108 ; engages and sinks the Msmeralda, 109, 1 10, III ; endeavours to save Captain Pratt, no ; thoughtful kindness to Pratt's widow, III, 112; night action, 116; cruise along the Chilian coast, 116; capture of Chilian transport Jiimac, 117 ; attack on Antofa- gasta, n8 ; noble humanity, 119 ; biographical sketch, 122, 123 ; visit to Chile to convey the re- mains of his father to Piura, 124 ; made an admiral, 125 ; flag pre- sented to, by ladies of Truxillo, Index. 289 125 ; action with Chilian fieet, 126, 127; death, 128; remains buried in Mexillones IJay, 132 ; avengers of his death at Tarapaca, 165 ; fellow-townsman of Admiral Montero, 123, 195 (see Angamos, Hero of). Guacoldo, Chilian torpedo-boat, 189 ; chases the Arno, 2 1 9. Guamanga occupied by Pumacagua, 22 ; in power of Bolivar, 26 (see Ayacucho). Guanape Isles, guano on, 37. Guano, cause of its formation, revenue from, 37 ; in Tarapaca, 81. Guanta, 59. Guantajaya silver-mine, in Tara- paca, 81. Guia, affair at, outside Lima, 33- Guns {see Artillery, Rifles). Gurruchategui, Dr., bishop of Cuzco, friend to the Indians, II. Guzman, Dim Luiz Munoz de, Captain-General of Chile, 18. Guzman, Doiia Asunta de, 52, Hardley's torpedo, 222. Harvey's towing torpedo, 222. Helps, Mr., his opinion of Spani^ legislation, 7. Henriquez, Camilo, Chilian patriotic writer, 22. Heredia, Don Cayetano, Peruvian man of science, his patriotic bene- volence, 46, 47. Herrera, Colonel Don Alejandro, 138 ; with the vanguard at the battle of Tarapaca, 168. Herreschoff torpedo-boat at Callao, 187. Hicks, George (see Antofagasta. Company). Horses introduced into Petu, 1 1 (see Cavalry). Hospicio on the railway above Pisagua, 146. Hospicio on Moquegua railway, Chilian headquarters, 194. Hotchkiss machine guns used at Arica by the Huasear, 184 j in Chilian torpedo-boats, 189. Huaca Juliana, 255 ; fire opened on Peruvian lines from, 257. Huacho, port of, mischief done by Captain Lynch at, 215 ; Admiral Montero at, 259. H uaita ford over the Loa, at Calama, 103. Huamantanga, village of, 12. Huancas, tribe of the Xauxa valley, 59 ; their arrangement for dividing losses after Spanish invasion, 269 ; flock to the standard oi Caceres, 271. Huancayo, Chilian garrison at, 268. 269 ; forced to retreat, 270. Huanta \.see Guanta). Huanuco, Chilian raid to, 268. Huaqui, defeat of insurgents at, 21. Huara-siSa, watering-place at en- trance to Tarapaca ravine, 160, 162 ; flight of Chilians to, 166, 167. Huaraz, 50, 262 ; projected railroad to, 41 ; Admiral Montero at, 266. Huarca, ancient name for Caiiete, 245- Huasear, Peruvian ironclad, arma- ment, 95 ; leaves Callao, com- manded by Captain Grau, 108 ; action with the Esinera/da, 109, no. III ; saves crew of Indepen- deitfia, 11.3 ; exchanges shots with the Blanco Excalada. 113 ; night action with Magallanes, 1 16; cruise along the Chilian coast, 116; capture of Chilian transport Mtmac, 117 ; cruising off Antofa- gasta, 118, 124 ; sights the enemy, 125 ; last action under the Peru- vian flag, 127,128, 129 ; surrender, 130 ; details of the action, 131 ; nationality of the crew, 131. Huasear, Chilian, action with the U 290 Index. • Peviivian floating battery Manco Capac at Arica, 183 ; death of Chil an captain, 183 ; at the blocliade of Callao, 185 ; hull struck by shots from Callao forts, 188 ; bombards Peruvian lines at Miraflores, 256. Huasco, Chilian port, visited by the JJuascar, 116. Huataconda, in Tarapaca, 135. ■Huayna Pisagua, or Pichalo, south point of bay, 146. Iliierta, Dr., Bishop of Arequipa, tutor of Pierola, 175. Huguet family, at Ayacucho, 51, 52. Humboldt, Baron von, his observa- tion for the longitude of Lima, 95- •Hydrographical department in Chile, 79. Igi.esias, Colonel Don Miguel, of Caxamarca, Pievola's Minister of War, 177; at battle of Tacna, 198 ; at Lima, 234, 235 ; in command on llie Morro Solar, 247 ; his glorious defence, 250, 251 ; his son slain at Miraflores, 258 ; in command in the north, 266 ; defeats the Chilians at San Pablo, 271. Have river, an omen from llamas swimming across, 69. Imperial, destruction by Arauca- nians, 17. Incas {see Yncas). Iiiclaii, Colonel, of Tacna, at defence of Arica, 205. Independencia castle at Callao, armament, 186. Independenda, Peruvian ironclad, armament, 95 ; leaves Callao, commanded by Captain Moore, 108 ; chases the Covadoiiga, 109 ; loss of, 113, 114,136; ships company defending Arica, 204, 205. ■Independencia, steam-launcli, action with Chilian torpedo-boats, 189, I go. Indians {see Yncas, Aymaras, Quichuas, Huancas, Chancas, Morochucos, Yquichanos, Arau- canians t. Intervention of the admirals and diplomatic corps, to prevent Lack of Lima, 253, 254. Iquique, port for export of nitrate, 37, 81, 136; blockade, 105; bomljardmeat by Chilians, 118 ; blockade raised 119; railroad, 136; council of war at, 151 ; garrison, 152 ; .evacuation of, by Peruvians, 157 : boatmen 01, join the. army at Tarapaca, 157; numljers, 161 ; gallant con- duct -in the battle of Tarapaca, 164. Irizarri, . T)on Antonio J. de, Chi- lian envoy, who negotiated the treaty of Paucarpata, 33. Islay, destructive Chilian raid on^ 192 ; Montero at, 195. Isluga volcano, 159, 169. Italian volunteers defending Lima, 235 ; form a Garibaldi Legion, 257. Iturbide, Agiistin, Emperor of Mexico, Pierola, married to a grand-daughter of, 175. Janequeo torpedo-boat, built at Yarrow for the Chilians, arma- ment, 188 ; destroyed by the Peruvian Lieutenant Galvez, 190. Jaspampa, station on the Pisagua line, 149. Jauja {see Xauxa). Jauregui, Viceroy of Peru, promoted from Chile, 17. Jequetepeque, valley of, railroad, 41 ; occupied by Chilians, 271. Jermania, cavalry action at, 149, 161 ;■. burial of dead, 153. Jesuit missionaries,, treaty wiih Index. 291 Araucanian Indians, through intervention of, 17. Junin, battle of, 26. Junin, port of, in Tarapaca, 146 ; Chilian General Escala lands at, 147. yiiniii, revolving armoured turret, at Callao, armament, 184. Justiniani, Dr., Cura of Laris, descendant of the Yncas, 5S. ICiDD, Dr., of York, his services with the Chilians at Tarapaca, 167. Krupp guns in Chilian army, 97, 9S, 156; at the battle of Tara- paca, 161, 164, 165 ; in Chilian army in Tacna campaign, 194, 199 ; ui Lima campaign, 228, 2J4. Lackaiuaana, U.S. frigate. Peace Conference held on board, 224 La Colera, General Don Manuel Gonzalez de. Minister of ^^'ar at Lima, 173 ; leads troops against insurgents at Lima, 174. Lagomarsino, Captain Don Jose Sanchez, in command of the Manco Capac at Arica, 182 ; destroys her to prevent capture, 207. Lagos, Colonel Pedro, led Chilians at assault on Arica, 203, 205 ; commanding a division in Lima campaign, 228, 247 ; attack on Miraflores lines, 256. La Haza, Peruvian naval officers of the name, 113. Laird, Messrs., builders of the Huascar, 95. Laiseca, Chilian spy at Tarapaca, 162, 166. Lamar, General, in command of Peruvians at the battle of Ayacu- cho, 26 ; President of Peru, 28 ; fall, 30. Lambayeque, railroad from, 41 ; U injuries inflicted by Lynch at, 215. Lampa, 262. La Palata, Viceroy, Duke of, on the depopulation of Peru, 10. La Palma hacienda, near Lima, 236, 238 ; slaughter at, 249 ; in second line of defences, 255. La Paz, 67 ; foot-post to Tacna, 69 ; massacre at, 70 : Chilian Minister at, 87 ; revolution at, 179 ; volun- teer regiment ol, 197 ; Admiral Montero proceeds to, 267. La Puerta, General Don Luis, Vice- President of Peru, in charge dur- ing absence of General Prado, 171, 173; resigns, 174. Lara, CJeneral, in command of Colombians at the battle of Aya- cucho, 26. I-aran estate, in Chincha valley, 240. Laris, Cura of (sec Justiniani), por- traits ol Yncas at, 60. Laserna, Viceroy, 24, 25 ; at the battle of Ayacuclio, 26 ; created Conde de lus Andes, 27. Laso, Peruvian painter, 48. La Tablada, in the desert beyond Lurin, 248. Latorre, Chilian Captain of the Magallanes, 116; appointed to the Cochrane, 120 ; handles his ship well iu action with the Huascar, 128 ; sends a boat to examine torpedo, 21S. Lautaro, treachery of, 16. Lavadenz, Colonel, commanding allied light infantry at the battle of San Francisco, 153; on tire right of the attack, 154; charges the heights, 155. Lavalle, Don Jose Antonio, Peru- vian Envoy to Chile, 90, 91, 273; his proposals for mediation, 91 ; dismissal, 91. Lavalle, General Lopez, evacuates Iquique, 1 5 7. Lawyers, volunteer corps of, at Lima, 235. 292 Index. Lecco, Don Manuel, in command of volunteers at battle of Miraflores, 255. Lejesema, Mancio Sierra de, Spanish conqueror, his remorse, 6. Letelier, Colonel, in command of Chilian cavalry, 228 ; occupies Lurin valley, 243; tried for plundering, 272. Leyva, Colonel Don Segundo, his advance from Arequipa as a diver- sion, 202. Ley torpedo, first use of, in the vi'ar, 119 ; in Peruvian service, 222. Lillo, Don Eusebio, Chilian Pleni- potentiary at the Peace Confer- ence. 225. Lima, university of San Marcos at, 12 ; occupied by San Martin, 25 ; entered by Bolivar, 25 ; by Chi- lians in 1838, 33 ; railroads, 41, 42 ; international exhibition, 43, 63 ; college of medicine, 47 ; full of Cnilian exiles, 77 ; the longi- tude of, observed by Humboldt, 95 ; desertion of President Prado, 1 72 ; revolution at, which ended in the proclamation of Pierola as supreme chief, 174 ; foundation, and derivation of name, 231 ; in viceregal times, 232 ; families of, 232 ; population, 232 ; people called to arms, 233 ; drilling of the citizens, 235 ; neighbourhood, 236 ; first line of defences, 237 ; second line of defences, 238, 255 ; armistice to prevent sack of, 253, 254 ; surrendered to the Chilians, 259 ; riots at, 259 ; robbery of public library and pictures, 261 ; Captain Lynch made Chilian governor, 264 ; schools and colleges used as barracks, 268. Lima, Archbishop of, persuades General LaPuerta, Vice-]?resident, to resign, 174 (see Luna Pizarro). Limeua steamer goes to Arica for vifounded Peruvians, 208 ; sunk to avoid capture, 260. Linares, Dr., President of Bolivia, 70, 177. Lipez. 142. Lircay, battle of, in Chile, 74. Lirima peak, at Tarapaca, 159. Llamas, 11, 61 ; used by the Ayma- ras as omens, 69 ; flesh of, served out to Iquique boatmen at Tara- paca, 162. Llona, Numa, Peruvian poet, 47. Llosa, Carlos, young officer slain at the battle of Tacna, 200. Lluga, Chilians encamp at, 162. Loa river, 82, 102, 105, 134, 154, Loa battalion marches to Tarapaca, 158 ; engaged. 166, Loa, Chilian armed transport, 124 ; at Arica blockade, 205 ; blown up by Peruvian ingenuity, 210. Loans, Peruvian, 30 ; arrangements for paying interest, 35 ; fresh loans raised, 40, 44, 175; pay- ment of interest ceases, 44 ; Chilian, 76, 78, 79. Locumba, valley of, 194. Lomeros, Camino de los, proposed Chilian flank march by, 246. Longamilla, sanjuinary battle, in Chilian "civil war, 76. Lorente, Sebastian, historian of Peru, 47. Los Angeles, Cuesta de, Peruvian force entrenched at, 192 ; battle of, 193. Los Heros, Seiior, chief clerk of the Foreign Office, slain at the battle of Miraflores, 257. Lota coal-mines, in Chile, 76. Loyola, Martin Garcia de, Governor of Chile, death, 17. Loza, Lieutenant, Peruvian, slain at Jermania, 149. Luna Pizarro (see Pizarro). Lurin, town and valley of, 238, 243, 245- Luringancho, Conde de (see AWags). Lynch, Patrick, Chilian Captain, account of, 214; his predatory expedition to northern ports, 214 ; 215, 272 ; commands the first Index. 293 division of Chilian army for the attaclc on Lima, and lands at Pisco, 228, 229, 239 ; appropriates a picture in the house of General O'Higgins, 241 ; extorts black mail at the estate of Unanue, 241 ; shoots a prisoner, 241 ; burns houses, 241 ; burns the town of Mala, 242 ; cattle-lifting. 243 ; reaches Lurin, 243 ; division of, on left of Chilian army. 247 ; commences attack, 248 ; attacks the Morro Solar, 251 ; made Governor of Lima, 264; abolishes government of Garcia Calderon, 266 ; tries Chilian oflicers for plundering, 272. McEvoY torpedoes placed in the Boqueron passage, 187. 222 ; Chi- lian torpedo-boats armed with, 189, 190. Maclean, Dr. , murdered by Chilian soldiers at Chorrillos. 252. Magallmtes, Chilian corvette, 94 ; action ^\\h the J/tiascar, 116; attacked at Antofagasta by the htiiiscar, 118 ; in action at Arica, 1S3, 1S4. 205. Ma<;ellan Strait, Peruvian corvette Union in, 117. Magdalena, railway to, 41 ; govern- ment of Garcia Calderon esta- blished at, 264. Maize cultivation by Ynca Indians, 60. Mala town destroyed by Chilians under Lynch, 242, 245 ; beauty of the valley, 242. Malabrigo, railway at, 41. Malespina, authority for map of South America, 83. Mamaconas farm, near Pachacamac, 244 Mamiani, Mariano, from the chin- chona forests, death at battle of San Francisco, 155. Manchay.farm of,in Lurin valley,246. JUance Ca^ar, Peruvian floatmg baltery, at Arica, 96, 182, 204 ; action' with the J-Juascar, 183 ; action with blockading squadron. 205 ; sunk to avoid capture, 208. Manco Capac tower, at Callao Castle, its armament, 1 86. Manco ^'nca, 58. Manzano, in Lurin valley, Chilian cavalry surprised at, 243. Mar, Dr. Jose Manuel del, Vic=- Presidentof Peru, obtained justice for General Miller, 141. Mara'um, Peruvian steamer, sunk to avoid capture, 260. Marcabaya,defeatof Chilians at, 270. Marino, Colonel Fabian, at battle of Chorrillos, 247. Marquez, Peruvian poet, 47 ; his brother killed at battle ol Mira- flores, 257. Martinez, Don Carlos Walker, Mi- nister for Chile in Bolivia, 87. Martinez, Colonel Aristides, Chi- lian engineer officer, his raid on Moquegua, 182 ; commanding reserve at battle of Chorrillos, 247 ; occupies Truxillo, 268. Martinez, Lieutenant, of the Loa, 209, 210. Martini- Peabody rifle, used in Pe- ruvian army, 98. Matias Cousiuo, Chilian transport, in clanger of capture, 116; watching for the Htiascar, 125; at blockade of Callao, 185. Maturana, General, chief ol staff in Chilian army, 228. Maypu, battle of, 24. Maypu fort, at Callao, 187. Mazo, Lieutenant, slain at Jermania, 149. Medina, Peruvian sculptor, 48, 63. Melendez, Jose Maria and Sisto, brothers, in command of the Iquique boatmen. 157 ; both slain at Tarapaca, 165. Melgar, the Peruvian poet of Arequipa, joined Pumacagua, 22 ; his heroic death, 57, 58, 64 Mendiburu, Don Manuel, Peruvian 294 Index. general, hh biographical dic- tionary, 47. Mendoza, Garcia Kturtado de, his war in Chile, 16. Mendoza, flight of Chilian insurgents to, 2'^; camp of San Martin at, 24. Mendoza hacienda, near Lima, on second line of defences, 255. Meneses, Peruvian officer, slain at Tarapaca, 165. Mercury, transit of, observed by Peruvian naval officers, 94, 95. Merivale, Herman, his opiaion of Spanish legislation, 7. Uleteoro, Peruvian steamer, school- ship, 94 «. ; sunk, before sur- render of Callao, 260. Mexi Hones Bay, Grau's last action off. 124, 125, 126 ; Admiral Grau's remainsburied on shore at, 132. Miller, General, in command of patriot cavalry, 25 ; at Ayacucho 26, 27 ; justice obtained for, by Vice-President del Mar, 141. Miners in Chilian army, 98 {see Copiapo). Mines exploded by the Peruvians at Arica by electricity, without much effect, 206 ; scattered in front of positions for the defence of Lima, 234 {see Silver). Minta, Cerro de la, flight of Chi- lians to, 166. Miola, chief of the Morochucos, killed at battle of Miraflores,258. Miraflores, Cliilian fleet helps at the batlleol, 221, 256; description of, 236; centreof second line of Lima defences at, 238, 255 ; admirals and diplomatists sur|irisedat,254; battle of, 256, 257, 258. Miranda, Dr., a leader of society at Cuzco, 55. Mist [see Camanchaca). Misti volcano, above Arequipa, 57. Mita, or forced labour, 8, 10, 62, 99 ; modified, 21 ; abohshed, 29. Mitimaes, 3 ; Ynca colonists, 59. Mocha, in the Tarapaca ravine, 159; family of Quispi Socsoat, 160. Mollendo, port of, railroad to Are- quipa, 42 ; bombarded by the Chilians, 105, 107 ; General Daza at, 179 ; destructive Chilian raid on, 192. Montalvan, estate of, in Caue^e valley, belongmg to General O'Higgins, 73 ; Chilians under Lynch at, 240. Montalvo, life of Santo Toribio, list of Peruvian authors in, 12. Monte-rico-chico estate, on line of Lima defences, 237. Montero, Admiral Don Lizardo, the mutiny on board the Aptirimac , frigate led by, 123, 195 : left ini command at Arica and Tacna, '•• 171, 178; defeats Pierola on the' Cuesta de los Angeles, 193, 196; notice of, 195, 196 ; placed at the; head of the navy by President' Pardo, 196 ; his reception of the Prefect Solar, 196 ; commands right wing at battle of Tacna, 198, 199, 200 ; retreats by way of Torata, 201 ; intended to have thrown himself into Arica, 205 ; with Pierola at Lima, 233 ; at battle of Chorrillos, 248 ; in command of northern depart- ments, 259 ; Vice-President, 265 ; forms a goverament, 266, 267 ; proceeds to La Paz, 267. Monteros, Peruvian painter, 48 ; his picture of the obsequies of Atahualpa seized by the Chilians, 261, Montes Claros, Marquis of. Viceroy of Peru, on the treatment of Indians, 9. Montt, Don Manuel, President of Chile, 75 ; opens the university, 75 ; admini.-itration of, 76. Moore, Captain, of the Peruvian ironclad Independencia, loS ; loses his ship, 113, 114; at de- fence of Arica, 204 ; death, 207. Moquegua railroad, 42, 192 ; Chi- lian raid on, 182, 191, 192 ; occupied by the Chilians, 193. Index. ^95 Mora, Don Joi-e J. , learned Spaniard settled in Chile, 74. Morales, President of Bolivia, 70, I78.' Moreno, Dr. Gabriel, learned Peru- vian. 12. Morochuco Indians, 59 ; at battle oi Miraflores, 25S ; flock to the standard of Caceres, 271. Moiro, of Arica, iSi ; battery on, 182, 1S3, 185, 204; assault and capture, 205, 206. Morro Solar, 177 ; on first line of Lima defences, 237, 238, 247 ; retreat of Peruvian division up, 249 ; surrender, 2', I, 266. Mosul, Colonel, an old hero of Aya- cucho, 53. Mozobambd, Marquis of, relates the story of the battle of Chupas, 52- Mules introduced into Peru, 11 ; for Chilian artillery, 97, 22S. Mufloz, Chilian officer, attacks rear of Peruvian position at the Cuesta de los Angeles, 193 ; commands reserve at battle ot Tacna, 199. Nadal, family of, at Cuzco, 55. Naval schools in Peru, 94 «. ; 260. Navy, Chilian, 93,94; comparison of strength, 96; English names of officers, 96 ; Peruvian, 94, 95 ; Chilian navy completely refitted, 119, 120. Negri les in Peru emancipated, 36, 66 ; their con. lition as slaves, 64, 65 ; dangerous class in Lima, 235 ; at Chincha, 239. New laws, 7. Nitrate of soda deposits, export of, 37, 38, £1 ; Peruvian legislation as to, 89 ; descriptfon of the works, 135; works along the Pisagualine of railroad, 149, 150, 153. Nordenfeldt machine guns in Chilian ironclads, 93, 130 ; in Chilian army, 228. Noriega, Peruvian Colonel, with Iglesias on the Morro Solar, 247, 251. Novoa, family of, at Cuzco, 55. Novoa, Victoria, 56. OCHOA, Don Julian, rector of Cuzco University, 55. Odiaga, Don Carlos, Peruvian officer, his heroic death at Tarapaca, ,16.5 . O'Higgins, Ambrosio, Viceroy of Peru, administration in Chile, 17, 18, O'Higgins, Bernardo, 18 ; flight after the battle of Rancagua, 23 ; return witli San Martui, 24 ; Supreme Directorof Chile, 24, 73 ; expelled from Chile, and hospi- tably received in I'eru, 73 ; death, 73 ; his house robbed by Chilians under Lynch, 240; reminiscences, 01', 240, 241. 0' //ix.!;ins, Chilian corvette, 94 ; bombards Pisagua, 105 ; watching for the Huascar, 1 24; at the Pisagua landing, I47 ; Peruvian attempt to destroy, at Arica, 182 ; bombards line of Peruvian de- fences at Miraflores, 256 Ondasa, Colonel, map of Bolivia, bouiidary shown on, 82 n, 83. Oroegoso, Don Luis Jose, of Truxillo, President of Peru, 30 ; treaty with Santa Cruz, 31. Orbegoso, Don Nemesio, sun of the Preident. Pierola's Minister of the Interior, 177. Ormasa, family, 50, 51, 52- Oroya, Peruvian transport, lands troops at Camana, 202. Oroya, railroad, 42 ; Chilians occuijy bridge of, 268, 270. Oruro, 67. Osborn, Mr., U.S. Minister in Chile, proposes Peace Conference, 224, 225. Osorio, Spanish general, reconquered Chile, 23. Osorio, Daniel, Peruvian, Sub- 296 Index. lieutenant, brings news of the ap- proach of Chilians at Tarapaca, 163 ; slain in battle, 165, 233. OvieJo, Dr. F. F., Finance Minister in Government of Admiral Mon- tero, 266. Oyague, Peruvian Lieutenant, con- triver of the scheme for blowing up the Covadonga, 213. Pacasmayu, port of, railway, 41 ; injury inflicted by I ,ynch at, 215 ; Chilians at, 268, 271. Pachacamac,inLurinvalley.238,244. Pachacamac, ancient ruined city, 244, 245. Pachica, in the Tarapaca ravine, 160; vanguard of the Peruvian force sent to, 161 ; vanguard re- called from, 163 168. Pacific Steam NavigationCompany's works at Callao, 186 (see Wheel- wright). Pacocha, Chilians land at, 192. Padilla, Don Juan de, represented the wrongs of the Indians, ii. Painters in Peru, 48, 261. Palacios, Don Enrique, officer of the Huascar, wounded, 129. Palliser shells used by Chilians in action with Huascar, 131. Palma, Don Ricardo, Peruvian author, 47 ; at battle of Miraflores, 257- Palo Seco, valley of, destruction of estate of Puente, by Lynch, 215. Pampa Negra, 150, 153. Panizo, Colonel Don Arnoldo, in command of artillery at Tacna, 198 ; on the Morro Solar with Iglesias, 247. Paposo, northern boundary of Chile, 82, 82 n, 83. Pardo, Don Manuel, President of Peru, notice of, 43 ; his measures, 44 ; death, 44 ; patronage- of literature, 47 ; defensive treaty with Bolivia, 85, 86 ; legislation as to nitrate trade in Tarapaca, 8g ; supported by Grau, 124 ; defeats Pierola at the Cuesta de los Angeles, 193 ; places Admiral Montero at the head o( the navy, 196 ; house of father-in-law at Miraflores, 236. Pareja, -Spanish General, invades Chile, 22. Parra, Chilian Lieutenant, at Cala- ma. 103. Patillos, port of Tarapaca for ex- port of nitrate, 136, 145. Paucarpata. treaty of, 33 ; broken by Chilians, 34. PauUu, Ynca, accompanied Alma- gro to Chile, 15. Payta, port of, railroad, 41 ; transit of Mercury observed at, 94 ; Admiral Grau member for, 124 ; mischief done by Captain Lynch at, 215, 217. Paz Soldan, Don Mariano Felipe, Peruvian geographer, 47 ; in government of Garcia Calderon, 265. Peace Conference proposed by U.S. Minister in Chile, 224; discussions,225,226 ; failure, 227. PeiJa, Captain, of the Loa, blown up, 209, 210. Peiia-arriba, on Iquique railroad, 136. Peralta y Barnuevo, Dr., eminent Peruvian author, 12. Perez, Don Jose Joaquim, President of Chile, 77. Perez, Bolivian General, chief of the staff at Tacna, 198 ; his death, 201. Perla, Francisco, Peruvian officer, slain at Tarapaca, it 6. Peru {see Creoles, Yncas, Debt, Navy, &c.), population, 29, 48; independence, 25, 28, 29 ; Chi- lian aggressive war, 32, 33, 34 ; anarchy after confederation in,34 ; peace restored by Castilla, 35 ; the constitution, 35, 36 ; sources of revenue, 37 ; wealth of coast valleys, 38 ; railroads, 41, 42 ; trade with Great Britain, 45 ; Index. 297-. authors, 12, 45, 46, 47 ; painters, 48. 261 ; sculjjtors, 48,63 ; educa- tion, 48 ; social condition, 49 — 66; Chile declares war on, 91, 92 ; fleet, 95, 96; army, 98; safety dependent on possession uf the sea, 93, 115 ; difficulty of defend- ing the coast, 133; officers, 137, 138, 139, 141 ; first invasion, 145; revolution, 172, 173, 174; per- sistent prosecution of war with, by Chile, 181, 187, 191 ; Peace Conference, 224, 225, 226, 227 ; army destroyed, 233; interior still unconquered, 262 ; government re-organized, 266, 267 ; gains and losses, 274, 275 ; proposed confederation with Bolivia, 275, Pezet, General, President of Peru, 39i 175; grandson wounded at Tarapaca, 166. Pezuela, General, engaged with patriot army in Upper Peru, 21. Philip v., immigration to Chile in time of, 17. Philippi, Professor, 15, 76, Pica in Tarapaca, 135. Pichalo (see liuayna Pisagua). Pichincha, battle of, 25, 31 ; hero of, wounded at Miraflores, 258. Pichincha fort at Callao, 187. Pierola, Don Carlos, 175 ; with Colonel Iglesias on the Morro Solar, 247 ; wounded, 251. Pierola, Don Emilio, 175. Pierola, Don Exequiel, 175. Pierola, Don Nicolas de, an eminent Peruvian naturalist, notice of, 46. Pierola, Don Nicjlas de, son of the above. Supreme Chief of Peru. 1 74, 175 ; biographical notice of, 175, 176 ; accepted by the nation, 176 ; his ministry, 176, 177; formed a torpedo brigade, 187 ; deleated on the Cuesta de los Angeles, near Torata, 193, 196 ; prohibits the payment of war indemniiies, 216 ; devotes much attention to schemes for destroying Chilian fleet, 217; his efforts for the defence of Lima, 233 ; assumes duties of commander-in-chief, 235 ; places mines and torpedoes in front of the Peruvian positions, 234 ; strengthens his extreme left, 246 ; his staff, 248 ; his young son with him, 248 ; at battle oc Chorrillos, 253 ; entertams ad- mirals and diplomatists at Mira- flores, 254; at battle of Miraflores, 256 ; retreats to Canta, 258 ; retires to Ayacucho, 262 ; Chi- lians refuse to negotiate with, 263 ; summons an assembly at Ayacucho, 266 ; resigns, 266 ; negotiates confederation with Bolivia, 275. Pierola, village near Barcelona, 175. Pilcomayo, Peruvian corvette, 96 ; captured by Chilians, 132 ; as a Chilian ship at the blockade of Callao, 185 ; picks up some men from the Covadonga, 212 ; bora- bards Peruvian lines of Miraflores, 256. Pimentel, port of, railroad, 41. Pino, Dr., an aged judge, slain in battle of Miraflores, 257. Piiio, estate near Lima, on second line of defences, 255. Pinto, Don Anibal, President of Chile, 78. Pinto, Bolivian Colonel, at Tacpa, 197 {see Castro Pinto). Pisco, railroad, 42 ; first Chilian division under Lynch lands at, 228, 229 ; marches from, 239. Pisagua, port for exports of nitrate, 37, 136 ; bombardment by Chi- hans, 106, 107; railroad, 136, 149 ; Bolivian troops at, 136 ; Peruvian troops at, 142 ; descrip- tion of the bay, 146 ; gallant defence of, 147. 148, 276 ; heavy losses, 152 ; Chilian army assem- bled at, 191. Pissis, M., map of Chile by, 76, 83. Piura Railroad, 41 ; birthplace of Grau, 123; of Admiral Montero, • 23i 19s ; of the brothers Menen- 298 Index dez, 157; of General La Cotera, 173; Grail's father settled at, 122; buried at, 124; Admiral Montero, senator for, 196. rizarro, Francisco, his work imitated by the Chilians, 4, 181, 207, 272 ; his speech on the Isle of Gallo, 5 ; murder of Atahualpa by, 6 ; empowered to grant en- coniiendas, 7 ; quarrel with Almagro, 240 ; interview with Almayro at Mala, 242 ; invasion of Xauxa valley, 269 ; crimes at Caxamarca, 272. Pizarro, Gonzalo, his rebellion against the new laws. 7. Pizarro, Hernando, at Pachacaraac, 244. Pizarro, Dr. Luna, Archbishop of Lima, preceptor of the elder Pierola, 46. Playa Blanca, at Pisagua, 146. Playa de Conchan, between Lurin and Chorrillos, 247. Pocras tribe round Ayacucho and Guanta, 59 ; flock to the standard of Caceres, 271. Population of Peru, 29, 48 ; of Chile, l8, 78 Portales, Don Diego, Chilian states- man, 74, 75 ; assassinated, 75. Purvetiir,nitrate station in Tarapaca, 150; allied army at, 153, 155; retreat to, 156 ; prisoners taken at, 157- Potatoes, preserved, cultivation by Ynca Indians, 60. Potosi, 67, 103. Pozo Almonte, rendezvous for the allied army in Tarapaca, 15 1- Prado, in the insurrection of Puma- ca^'ua, 22. Prado, General Don Mariano Ig- nacio. President of Peru, defended Callao against Spanish fleet, 39, 173 ; Piesident,40 ; elected again. 44. 45 ; proceeds to Tacna, loS ; inspects army in Tarapaca, 136, 137 ; accompanies Daza a leagtie Irora Arica, 144; returns to Lima and deserts his post, 172; his ^ praise by a Chilian author, 173. Prado, Don Lorencio, son of the President, in charge of a torpedo brigade at Arica, 182. Prado, Colonel, defeated at Torata, 203. Pratt, Captain Arthur, of the Chi- lian corvette Esmeralda, 109 ; boards the Htiascar, no; death, no; Grau's tlioughtful kindness to his widow, iii, 112. Press, members of, at Lima, form a volunteer corps, 235 ; at battle of Miraflores,255; editnrskilled,257. Prieto, General, President of Chile, 74- 7S- Provisional fort, at Callao, 187. Pnente, destruction of estate of, by. Lynch, 215. Pumacagua, Mateo, 56, 57> ^3 > insurrection, 21, 23 ; General San Roman served under, 38. Puno, 262 ; insurrection of Indians near, 21, 22 ; General San Ro- man's father shot at, "^^ ; railroad to, 43; men of, at the battle of Tarapaca, 16S ; Judge oli slain at Miraflores, 257. QuESADA, Chilian Ensign, at Ca- lama. 103. Quichua language, 27, 98; spoken by -Spaniards in the Andes, 53 ; folk-lore, 58. ■ Quichuas, 202, 245 (see Yncas. ) Quilca, Chilians imder Blanco land at, 33- Quillai^'ua, on the river Loa, Chilian raids from, 143. Quilla-huasa, watering-place in the Tarapaca ravine, 160, 162, 163 ; Chilian cavalry at, 166. | Quintana, Don Juan de Dios, his kindness to negroes, 65. Quinua, village near Ayacucho, 53. Quinua crop, 60. Quipus system of keeping accounts, use by the lluancas, 269. , Index. 299 Quispi Socso, family descended from the Vncas, ia the laiapaca I'avine, 160. Quito, 25, 63. Rabonas, in the Peruvian army, 100. RaiUoads in Peru, 41, 42 ; scheme when completed, 43 ; in Chile, 76, 77 ; in Taripaca, 135, 136, 149 ; between Ylo and iSloque- gua, 192 ; fighting on line of, to Oroya, 270. 271. Raimondi, Don Antonio, his scien- tific labours, 47. Ramirez, General, suppressed the rebellion of Pumacagua, 22 ; his cruelty, 63 ; deleated at Pichin- cha, 25. Ramirez, Chilian Colonel, at Cala- ma, 104 ; in command of the 2nd regt. of the line at Tarapaca, 161 ; engaged with General Buendia, 166; mortally wounded, 167. Rancagua, battle of, defeat of Chi- lians, 23 ; picture of, at Montal- van, 241. Recabarren, Colonel Don Isaac, in command of the Peruvians at J'isagua, 142, 146 ; woumled, 147 ; led on the men at Tarapaca,, 165 ; lands a force at Camana and marches to Arequipa, 202 ; in battle of Chorrillos with Sua- rez, 248 ; rallies the reserve and is severely wounded, 251, 252. Recruiting, forced, in Peru, 30, 62, 99- 158. Remington rifles supplied to Boli- vian soldiers, loi. Repartimiento, Spanish form of ex- action, 10 ; abolished, 21. Ribeiro, in command of volunteers at battle of Miraflores, 255. Rice cultivated in Peru, 38, 41. Rimac, name of Lima derived from, 231 ; irrigating Surco channel led from, 236, 237, 246. Riiuiu, Chilian transport, captured by the Htiascar, 117, 213, 225; funk to avoid recapture, 260. Rios, Colonel, leads Iquique garri- son to Tarapaca, 157 ; character, 158 ; slain in battle, 165. Rios, Juan, Peruvian soldier, mor- tally wounded in defending doors of Congress, 3 1 . Rios, Miguel de los, rector of the Medical College at Lima, 47. Rinconada de Ate, Chilian recon- naissance to, 246 ; suggested flank march by, 246. Rivero, Don JMariano E., Peruvian antiquary and mineralogist, 46. Riveros, Cliilian Admiral, 120; begins the blockade of Callao, 185 ; bombards Callao, 188 ; allows wounded Peruvians to be brought from Arica, 20S. Rifles, Chilian infantry armed with the Gras and Coinblain, 97 ; Peruvian with the JSlartini-Pea- body, 98 ; cavalry armed with the Winchester repeating rifle, 98 ; Bolivians armed with Rem- ingtons, loi. Rifle Peruano, invented by Co- lonel Castanon, 139. Rodman guns on board Peruvian floating batteries, 96 ; at Callao, 186 ; in the Ugarte fort on the Miraflores line of defence, 255, 256. Rodriguez, I^ieutenant, officer of the Huascar, killed, 129. Rosa Gil, Colonel, in command of the Callao regiment on the iSIorro Solar, 247. Rosas, Felipe, Sub-Prefect of Tara- paca, exertions in obtaining pro- visions for the retreating army, 1 69- Sahuaraura, theYnca Justo Pas- tor, Archdeacon of Cuzco, 58. St. John, Sir Spencer, H.B.M. Minister at Lima, negotiates an amiistice, 254 n. ; saves Lima, 259- ^00 Index. Sala\erry, General,, fatal mistake of Santa Cruz in shooting, 31. Salaverry, Lieutenant Juan, Peru- vian navy, on survey of Amazo- nian tributaries, 95. Salaverry port, 41 ; mischief done by Lynch at, 215. Salta, 143. Sama, valley of, 194 ; Chihan army encamped in, 198. San Antonio, nitrate station in Ta- rapaca, 149. San Antonio, in valley of Mala {see Mala). San Bartolome, battery on hill of, 25s, 256. San Bartolome, station on Oroya railway, Chilians attacked at, 270. San Borja, estate of, near Lima, 255. San Borja, Collejje of, for noble Indians, at Cuzco, 12 ; Tupac Amaru educated at, 20. San Carlos, College of, at Lima, used as a barrack by Chilians, 268. Santa Catalina, nitrate station in Tarapaca, 150. Sanchez, Deputy, commands in a redouljt at battle of Miraflores, 2SS- San Cristobal, battery on the peak of, which overlooks Lima, 255, 256. Santa Cruz, General Don Andres, 69, 71 ; at battle of Pichincha, 25 ; President of Bolivia, 31 ; Protector of Peru-Bolivian Con- federation, 31 ; good govern- ment of, 31 ; efforts to preserve peace with Chile, 31, 32, 33, 34 ; (lefeated at Yungay, 34, 75 Santa Cruz, Don Ricardo, Chilian officer, in command of a wing at battle of Tarapaca, 161, 163 ; defeated. 164. 165 ; his flight to Huara-sina, 167. San Fernando College at Lima, used as a barrack by Chilians, , 268. San Francisco hill, Chilian army massed on, 150, 153 ; allied plan, 153; battle of, 154, 15s, 276; oficina of, occupied by Villegas, 155- Sangarara, Tupac Amaru defeats Spaniards at, 20. San Jose fort at Arica, 182, 204. San Juan estate, on the first line of the Lima defences, 236, 237 ; position, 238 ; assaulted and car- ried by the Chilians, 247, 249, 251. Sanlalices, Don Ventura, Governor of La Paz, efforts to protect the Indians, II. Santiago de Chile founded, 16 ; edi- fices built, 18 ; Paseo de Santa Lucia at, 173 ; university, 18, 75, 76. 273- San Lorenzo, near Tarapaca, 160. San Lorenzo, island of, near Callao, 186 ; mistake of the Peruvians in not fortifying, 187 ; explosion of a torpedo at, 188 ; of another near, 218. Santa Lucia observatory, 76 ; Paseo de, at Santiago, 173. San Marcos University, at Lima, 12. Santa Maria, Don Domingo, Presi- dent of Chile, notice of. 273 ; hopes of moderate policy from, 274. San Martin, General, 23 ; his camp at Mendoza.and invasion of Chile, 24 ; embarks for Peru, 24 ; se- cures Peruvian independence, 25 ; retirement, 25; death, 73, 236. San Pablo, defeat of Chilians at, 271. San Pedro, in Lurin valley, Chi- lian headquarters, 245. San Roberto, station on Pisagua railway, 148. San Roman, General Don Miguel, President of Peru. 38 ; death, 39 ; government of his Vice-President restored, 40. Santa Rosa, her saintly life, 232. Santa Rosa silver-mine, in Tara- paca, 81. Index. 301 Santa Rosa fort, at Arica, 182, 204, Santa Rosa fort, at Callao, 187. Santa Teresa height, on the first line of the Limi defences, 237 ; the division of Lynch to attack, 247 ; assault of, 24S, 249. Santo Toribio, life of, 12 ; seminary at Linia,i75 ; his saintly life, 232. Santos Mariano, of Acomayo, cap- tured the Chilian standard at Tarapaca, 167. Saravia, Colonel, commanding a Bolivian regiment of volunteers at Tacna, 197. Schell, M., lianker, beautiful villa at Miraflores, 236 ; Pierola and diplomatists assembled at, vifhen armistice was broken, 254. Schools of Peni in Spanish times, 12 ; in modem Peru, 48 ; in Chile, 76, 78 ; in Lima, used as barracks by Chilians, 268. School-ships for Peruvian navy, 94 and note ; sunk to avoid capture, 260. Sculpture in Peru, 48, 63. Segura, General Don Andres, at battle of Chorrillos, 248 ; wounded at Miraflores, 258. Senoret, Lieutenant, commanding Chilian torpedo-boat Janequeo, 189 ; trying to destroy Peruvian launch, loses his own boat, 190. Sepulveda, Jos^ Ventura, Peruvian captain of cavalry, slain at Jer- mania, 149 ; interred, 1 53. Serpa, Don Epifanio, Minister in Government of Admiral Montero, 266. Shannon, H.M.S., Governor of Iquique abandons his command, and goes on board, 157. Sibaya, in the Tarapaca ravine, mania, 159. Silva, General Don Pedro, Chief of the Staff of the Peruvian defen- ders of Lima, 234, 235 ; at battle of Chorrillos, 248 ; wounded at Miraflores, 2585 retires into pri- vate life, 266, Silver-mines in Tarapaca, 8i ; at Caracoles, 85, 102 j in Bolivia, 71- Slavery in Peru, 64, 65 ; slaves emancipated, 36 {see Negroes). Solar, Don Pedro del. Prefect of Tacna, reception iDy Admiral Montero, 196 ; commands re- serves at Tacna, 198 ; at Are- quipa, 259. Soledad Hill, in south part of Ta- rapaca, 143, 151. Soto, Cnilian Major, in command at Calama, 143. Soto, Hernando de, protested against the murder of Atahu- alpa, 6. Sotomayor, Chilian Colonel, occu- pied Antofagasta, 102; at Calama, 103 ; returns, by Tocapilla, to Antofagasta, 105 ; at battle of San Francisco, 150 ; General commanding a division in Lima campaign, 228, 247 ; advance of, 248. Sotomayor, Don Rafael, Chilian Minister of War, 119,146; death of, 194, Spain, claims of, against Peru, attack on Callao, 39, 45, 173. Spanish conquerors, their share of blame, 5 ; their heroism, 5 ; their remorse, 6 ; treatment of natives, 7 ; introduction of cereal and other crops, and domestic animals, into Peni, 1 1 ; invasion of Chile, IS, 16. Spanish rule under the Viceroys, 8, 9, 10 ; unfounded charges against, 13 ; in Chile, 18. Spar torpedos (see Torpedo). Steam navigation commenced in the Pacific, 75 ; on Lake Titicaca, 43 {sei Pacific S. N. Com- pany '. Stirling, Admiral, sends English officers to accompany belligerent armies, 229. Stuven, Chilian Lieutenant, shoots his prisoners, 270. 302 Index. Suarez, Colonel, at the battle of Junin, 26. Suavez, Colonel Don Belisario, Pe- ruvian Chief of the Staff in Tara- paca, 137 ; checks the Chilian raids, 143; concentrates the allied army at Pozo Almonte, 151 ; divisions led by, 152 ; indefati- gable activity, 153 ; conducts the retreat from Porvenir, 156 ; col- lects food for the troops at Tara- paca, 157 ; surprised by the Chilians, 162 ; leads the attack, 163 ; put under arrest, but re- instated, 169 ; at the battle of Tacna, 198; with Pierola at Lima, 233 : commands a division, 234; in reserve at Chorillos, 24b, 251 ; retreats with- Pierola, 259; in command in the south, 267. Suarez, Lieutenant-Colonel Don Manuel, 141 ; in the vanguard at Tarapaca, 163 ; leads on his men and is killed, 164, 233. Sucre, General, at the battle of Ayacucho, 2b^ President of Bo- livia, 27, 31; driven out, 68,71. Sucre [see Chuquisacai. Sugar estates on the coa^t of Peru, 38 ; in the Canete valley, 64, 65. Supe, port of, mischief done by Lynch a't, 215. Superunda, Viceroy, Count of, pro- moted Irom Chile. 17. Surco, village near I^ima, 236 ; irrigating water-course of, 237, 255- Tacna railroad, 42, 181 ; settled by jtLitiinai's^ 59 ; fcot-post to La Paz, 49 ; President Prado at, 108 ; Bolivian army arrives at, 136; march of President Daza from, 144 ; Bplivian army at, ex- pells Daza, 178 ; Chilians prepare to attack, 191 ; preparations for Chilian advance, 194 ; route for Bolivian commerce, population, 195 ; position of the allied army at, 197, 198 ; battle of, 199, 200, 276. Taloro, Dr., at Ayacucho, 52. Tafiir, Colonel, Peruvian officer, engagement with Chilians near Oroya, 270. Talcahuano, Spaniards land at, 22. 'lalisman, • Peruvian steamer, sunk to avoid capture, 260. Tamarugal. Pampa de, de.-cription, I34i 159 ; march of Chilians across, 1 62, 1 63. Tarabo de Mora, port of the Chin- cha valley, Lynch at, 239. Tarapaca province, guano on head- lands of, 37 ; nitrate, 37 ; system of railroads. 42, 135, 136, 149 ; south boundary of, 67, 82 ; Pe- ruvian legislation as to nitrate, 89 ; description ol the province, 134; nitrate works, 135 popula- tion, 136 ; army of, 136— 142 ; difficulties of Peitivian army in, 151 — i6g. Tarapaca rav'ne and town, position, 135; description, 159. 160; bat- tle of, 164 — 167 ; Peruvian vic- tory, 16>. Tarija, native place of General Campero,- 142, 179, 197. Tarma, ,262 ; Chilians at, 2bS ; retreat from, 270. Tebes hacienda, near Lima, 236, 238 ; Chilian cavalry charge along the road tO; 249. Tello y Cabrera, Don Manuel 50 ; house and family, 51 ; society at house of, 52 ; his country houses, 53 ; kindness to Lidians, 54. Terrazas, Don Melchor, Bolivian Minister at Lima ; his negotiation for a Peru- Bolivian Confederation, 275- Thomson. Captain (Chilian) of Hu- ascar, killed 183. Thorneycroft {see Torpedo-boat). Tiliviche ravine, deaih of General Castilla in, 40 ; its position, 134, 146, 149. Tinta, Tupac Amaru at, 20. Index. 303 Tipuani gold washings, 67, 142. Tirado, a Peruvian cricUeter, 250. Titicaca Lake, 21 ; steamers on, 43 ; basin of, 59, 67. Tocapilla ravine, boundary of Peru and Bolivia, 67, S2 ; seized by Chilians, 89. Toledo, Don Francisco de. Viceroy of Peru, his legislation, 8, 29 ; murder of the Ynca Tupac Amaru, 8, 19. Topater ford over the Loa, at Calania, 103. Torata, Peruvian force entrenched on road to, 192 ; occupied by Chilians, 193 ; action between Barbosa and J'rado at, 203 ; Pe- ruvian army retreats by way of, 201. , Torata regiment of cavalry, ha- rasses Lynch's march. 241, 243. Toribio (see Santo Toribio). Torico, Don Rufino, Municipal Al- calde at Lima, surrenders tlie town, 259 ; supports the Calderon Government, 265. Torico, officer slain at battle of Tarapaca, 165. Toiv, Cliilian gunboat, bombards Peruvian lines of Miraflores, 25 • Torpedo, excuse for bombarding Iquique, 118; first used in the war, by the Hit-ascar^ 119; gal-, lantry of a Peruvian lieutenant in deflecting, 119 ; brigade at Arica, 182 ; attempt to destroy block- ading ships at Arica with a spar torpedo, 182 ; brigade formed at Callao, by Pierola, 187 ; in Bo- queron passage, onMclivoy's plan,, 187; explosion of, on island of San Lorenzo, 1S8 ; Chilian trans-, port Loa blown up by, 210 ; gun- boat Covadonga blown up, 211, 212; ingenious attempt to blow up a Chilian ironclad, 218 ; de- scription of those used by Peru- vians, 221 ; different kinds used, 222 ; their great value for defen- sive purposes, 223 {see Hard- ley, Harvey, Ericson, McEvoy, Lev, Whitehead, iVIines). Torpedo-boats : the Aliattza at Arica, 184 ; Hereschoff boat at Callao, 187 ; Chdians increase effectiveness of Callao blockade with, 188, 189 ; description of tresia and Jancqjieo, built at Yar- row, 188 ; fitted with McEvoy's outrigger torpedoes, 189 ; Gtm- coldo, 189, 190 ; Thorneycroft's two boats Coio-colo and Tucapel, 189 ; engagement with Peruvian launch, 189 ; destruction of the, yanei/jieo, 189, 1 90 ; attack Peru- vian steamer Arno, 219 ; great value of, in blockading work, 223. Tribute exacted from Ynca Indians, 8, 10, 29 ; abolished, 36 ; paid by Aymaras, 58 ; special exemp- tion, 160. Triumph, H. M.S., officers from, attached to belligerent armies, 229, 230. Truxillo, 25 ; railroad, 41 ; Orbe- gosos of, 177 ; mischief done by Lynch at, 215; Admiral IMontero at, 259 ; occupied by Chilians under Martinez, 251 Tucapel, torpedo-boat, 189 ; chases the Arno, 219. Tumbez, 181. Tupac Arnaru I., murder of, 8, 19. Tupac Amaru IL, insurrection of, 19 ; cruel death, 20 ; education and character, 20 ; results of his martyrdom, 21, 56. UOARIZA, Senor. Secretary of Lima Chamber of Commerce, slaiii at battle of Miraflores, 257. Ugarte, Alfonso, gallantry and death at Arica, 204, 207 ; reward offered by his mother for his remains, 207 ; fort in lines of Mira- 304 Index. flores named in honour of, 255 ; its gallant defence, 256. Umacliiri, battle of, 22, 63. Unanue, Don Hipolito, learned Peruvian, 12; census taken by, 29. Unanue, Don Jose, estate of Gomez in Caiiete valley, tlack mail levied on, by Chilians under Lynch, 241 ; enrolls a regiment of law- , yers at Lima, 235. Union, Peruvian corvette, arma- ment, 95 ; proceeds to Magellan Strait, 117 ; parts company with the Huascar and escapes, 127 ; breaks the blockade of Arica, 184 ; returns to Callao, 185 ; moored inside the Darsena, 187, 213 ; hit by the Angamos, 219 ; destroyed to prevent capture, 260. United States recognizes Govern- ment of Garcia Calderon, 265 (see Peace Conference, Adams, Christiancy, Osborn). University of San Marcos at Lima, 12 ; of San Felipe at Santiago, 18, 75, 76 ; of Cuzco, 55. Upper Peru {see Bolivia), insurrec- tion in, 21 ; transferred to the Viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres, 27. Uribe, Lieutenant Luis, in com- mand of the Chilian corvette Es- TnercUda, 110; saved, ill. Urriola, Chilian Colonel, sent to Tarapaca after the battle, 168. Vat.delirios, Marquis of, 50. Valdez, Spanish Cieneral, at battle of Ayacucho, 26 ; at the Cuesta de los Angeles, 192. Valdivia, Pedro de, conquest of Chile, 16; death, 16. Valdivia, destruction by Arauca- nians, 17 ; German colony at, 76 ; Admiral Riveros a native of, 120. Valle, Sefior del. Minister in Go- vernment of Admiral Montero, 266. Valle Riestra, Colonel Don Migiiel, with Iglesias on the Morro Solar, 247. Valparaiso, origin of name, 16; fleet unde" Lord Cochrane sails from, 24 ; steam navigation com- menced, 75 ; insurrection at, 77 ; population. 78 ; fleet sent to refit at, 119; Admiral Grau's father died at, 124. Varela, Enrique, young Peruvian officer, vifouncled at Tarapaca, 166. Varela, Colonel, his father, at the defence of Arica, ^05. Vargas, Chilian captain, at Calama, 103 ; leads cavalry, 104. Vargas-Machuca, Peruvian General, his great age, at Chorrillos, 248 ; vifounded at Miraflores, 258. Vasquez, hills of, on the left of the second line of I^ima defences, 255; Velarde. Lieutenant, killed by Cap- tain Pratt, on board the Huascar, no. Velarde, Colonel Don Manuel, ac- count of, 138 ; his division at Pozo Almonte, 151 ; under Sua- rez, 152 ; in the centre at battle of San Francisco, 154 ; Peruvian Chief of the Staff at the battle of Tacna, 198 ; in division of Davila at battle of Chorrillos, 248 ; in Government of Garcio Calderon, 265 ; of Montero. 266. Velasco, General, President of Bo- livia, 69. Velasquez, Chilian Colonel, in com- mand of artillery in Lima cam- paign, 228. Vergara, Jose Francisco, Chilian officer. Secretary to the General- in Tarapaca, leads cavalry charge at Jermania, I49 ; at battle of Tarapaca, 161, 167; defeats the cavalry under Albarracain, 194 ; Minister of War in campaign, 243 ; repoi t on killed and wounded at Chorrillos, 252. Verrugas, bridge of, 42. Viceroys of Pern (see Abascal, Alba de Liste, Amat, Cafiete, Index. 30s Castellar, Esquilache, Jaurequi, Laserna, O'Higgins, Monies Claros, Pezuela, Superunda, To- ledo). Vicuna Maclcenna, Don Benjamin, eminent Chilian author, his his- tory of the war, vi ; banished, 77- Vidaurre, Chilian General, killed in a civil war, 77, Vigil, Dr. Don Francisco de Paula, dedication to, iii ; his work, 45 Villa hacienda, near Chorrillos, just outside the first line of Lima defences, 237, 238, 248. Villagran, Francisco de, brings rein- forcements to Valdivia, 1 5. Villagran, Chilian Captain of ca- valry, at battle of Tarapaca, 166. Villamil, Bolivian Colonel at Pisa- gua, 136, 141, 146 ; account of, 142 ; his division, 152 ; on the left at the battle of San Francisco, 154. Villarroel, Chilian Engineer, opens wells on line of Lynch's march, 239- Villavicencio, Captain of Peravian corvette Union, breaks the Arica blockade, 184. Villegas, Bolivian Colonel in Tara- paca, 142 ; his division scattered in detachments, 151 ; °^ th^ right at the battle of San Fran- cisco, 154; occupies the oficina, 155 ; leads on his division and is wounded, 156. Vineyards in Peru, 12, 38, 182; railroad for, 42. Visagra, Cuesta de la, over the Tarapaca ravine, 160 ; victory of the Peruvians on, 166, 233. Vista Florida, Count of, Vice-Presi- dent of Peru, 28. Vitor, Oasis of, 144. Vivanco, General, his insurrection against the Government of Cas- tilla, 123, 195- „ . ,, Vivanco, Colonel Don Remaldo, son of the General, gallant con- duct and death at the battle of Chorrillos, 248, 250. Vivar, Chilian Major, at the battle of Tarapaca, 1 61. Water-bottles (j-«?CaramayoIas). Wheat, introduced into Peru, 12 ; of Chile, trade with Peru, 18. Wheelwright, Mr. W., introduced steam navigation into the Pacific, 75- Whitehead torpedo, not used in the war, 223. Whitworth guns, Huascar armed with, 95. Williams, Chilian Admiral, pro- ceedings on the coast, 105 ; leaves Iquique to reconnoitre, 108 ; re- signed, 120. Wilson, Colonel, H.B.M. Minister at Lima, mediation by, 34. Winchester repeating rifle, cavalry armed with, 98. Xauxa, 50, 262 ; projected railroad to, 42 ; Indians of, come to de- fend Lima, under Duarte, 235 ; occupied by the Chilians, 268 ; retreat of Chilians from, 270 («« Huancas). Yanez, Bolivian General, conduct and death of, at La Paz, 70. Yarao, in Sana valley, death of Chilian War Minister at, 194. Yaravis, love-songs of Peru, 62. Yarrow, Chihan torpedo-boats built at, 188. Yea railroad, 42 ; estate of Chava- lina near, treatment of negroes, 65 ; Chilians at, 229, 268. Ylo, railroad from, to Moquegua, 42, 192 ; Chilian raid, 182 ; Chi- lian army lands at, 192. Yncas, description of their empire, 2 ; administration, 3 ; civilization, 4 ; college for, at Cuzco, I2 ; X 3o6 Index. causes of their insurrection, 14, 19; conquest of Chile, IJ ; assist the invasion of Chile by Almagro, IS; portraits of, 60; modern descendants, 58 ; chivalry of, at the battles in Tarapaca, 154, 164 — 168; road of, near the Puente estate, 216 {see Tupac Amaru, Manco Ynca, Sahuaraura, Jus- tiniani ^. Ynca Indians, responsibility of the Chilians for slaughter of, 4 ; Spanish legislation for, 7, 8 ; efforts of the Viceroys to secure good treatment of, 9 ; depopula- tion, 10 ; Spanish friends of, II ; causes of their insurrection, 14, 19 ; have attained to high posi- tions, 14, 25, 35 ; defeat at Uma- chiri, 22 ; numbers, 29, 48 ; gains from independence, 29 ; abolition of tribute, 36; forced re- cruiting, 30, 62, 99, 158; relations with Spanish families, 53, 54 distinguished persons of the race, 58, 59 ; different tribes, 59 ; de scription of, 59 ; agriculture, 60 shepherds, 61 ; dress, 61 ; melan- choly songs, 62 ; character, 63 anecdote of their dauntless cou- rage, 63 ; as soldiers, 98, 99 ; at the battle of San Francisco, 155, 156; at Tarapaca, 164; their endurance, 157 ; at battle of Tacna, 200 ; flock to the standard of Caceres, 271. Yquichano Indians in the province of Guanta, 59 ; flock to the stan- dard of Caceres, 271. Yungay, battle of, 34 ; Chilian General Bulnes at, 75 ; General Cruz at, 76- Zamudio, Colonel, in command at Pisco vifhen Chilians landed, 229. Zapadores, Chilian regiment at the battle of Tarapaca, 161. Zapata, Dr., Bolivian Prefect, at the battle of Calama, 102. Zapiga, ravine, in Tarapaca, 149. Zapita battalion in Tarapaca, 1 38, 161 (see Ayacucho, men of). Zubiaga, Agustin de. 51, S^. I40. Zubiaga, Micaela de, 51 ; kindness to poor people, S3, 54 5 story of her husband's death, 139, 140. Zubiaga, Francisca de, vi^ife of President Gamarra, 139. Zubiaga, General Juan Bautista, 51, 139 ; death of, 140. Zubiaga, Lieut. -Colonel Juan Bau- tista, his early years, S3i '4' J Lieut.-Colonel of Zepita battalion, 141 ; in the vanguard at San Francisco, 154; ^' Tarapaca, 163 ; killed leading on his men, 164, 233. THE END. LONDON : PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LIMITED, ST. John's square.