i^etu Pork S>tate College of Agriculture ^t Cornell Wlni\setsitg Stbaca. B. S- ILihvav^ Cornell University Library HD 4973.M4S History of wages and prices in Massachus 3 1924 000 539 753 The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000539753 HISTOKY WAGES AND PRICES MASSACHUSETTS : 1752-1883. INCLUDING COMPARATIVE WAGES AND PEICES IN MASSA- CHUSETTS AND GEEAT BRITAIN: 1860-1883. [Being Parts III. and IV. or the Sixteenth Annual Report of the Massachusetts Bureau OF Statistics of Labor.] BY CARROLL D. WRIGHT, CHIEF OP THE BUREAU OF STATISTICS OP LABOB. BOSTON : WKIGIIT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, 18 Post Oi'ricB Squake. 1885. By Chapter 369, Acts of 1885, provision was made for the publication in pamphlet form of the various parts of the annual reports of the Bureau of Statistics of Labor. Parts III. and IV. of the Sixteenth Annual Report relate entirely to the subject of wages and prices and constitute a history of the movement of wages and prices in Massachusetts for the past one hundred and thirty-two years. To meet the wants of the public for such statistics, and for the .preservation in permanent form of the results of the investi- gations of the Bureau on this subject, a portion of the edition allowed for these two Parts has been bound together in this volume. HISTORICAL REVIEW WAGES AND PRICES 1752-1860. [From the Sixteenth Annual Report of the Massachu- setts Bureau of Statistics of Labor.] BT CARROLL D. WRIGHT, CHXXF OF THE BtJRBAU OF STATISTICS OF LABOR. BOSTON : WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, 18 Post Oi'iffiCE Square. 1885. CONTENTS. Page Inteoduction, 5, 6 The Eaklt Industkial Period 6-15 What industries had heen established, 6-8 How the industries were conducted, 8, 9 What machines had been introduced, 9, 10 Hours of labor, 10 Household comforts possessed by the laborer, 10, 11 Educational and social advantages 11-13 Means of transportation. Facilities possessed by the workingman for changing his location, 13, 14 Wages, and the purchasing power of money 15 The Period of Tbansition 16-24 . The introduction of the factory system 16 The introduction of labor saving machinery 16 The early expansion of the cotton industry 17 Number of cotton mills in the United States in 1810, ... 17 Theeffectsof the war of 1812 upon production, 17 The early tariff legislation, 18 The development of American manufactures, and condition of the laborer 18-22 The course of wages during the transition period, 22-24 Comparative wages in England, France, and the United States, in 1825 24 The progress of immigration in the United States 24 The Present Industrial Period, 25-40 The development of invention, 25, 26 The wonderful increase in inventions 26 Theeffectof machinery upon the condition of labor 27-38 The influence of machinery upon the boot and shoe industry, . 27, 28 The progress of the cotton industry 28-32 Progress of the cotton industry: 1831 to 1880 29 Productive capacity of cotton mill operatives 29, 30 Increaseof product per operative, 30,31 Increase in wages of cotton mill operatives, . . . . 31, 32 Decrease in average daily hours of labor, 32 Decfease in average prices"of products, 32 CONTENTS. The Pkesent iNDtigTRiAL Pekiod — Continued. The increase in wages in nine leading industries, Advance in wages : 1850 to 1880, . Belation of capital to net product, Tlie proportionate cost of labor reduced by the use of machinery, Ratio of wages and capital to net product, for all industries. Ratio of wages to net product ; 1850 and 1880, Ratio of capital to net product : 1850 and 1880, . The mobility of labor, The status of thtf laboi-er before the law, . Digest of labor legislation in Massachusetts, . The Wages and PsifoES Tables, By Yeaes. 1752-1860, Introductory remarks Table to convert old tenor into lawful money, . Value of colonial money, Notes, explanatory of the tables, The Wages and Prices Tables, Wages and prices : 1752, . Wages and prices : 1753, Wages and prices : 1754, Wages and prices : 1755, Wages and prices : 1756, Wages and prices : 1757, Wages and prices : 1758, Wages and prices : 1759, Wages and prices : 1760, Wages and prices : 1761,, Wages and prices : 1762, Wages and prices ; 1763, Wages and prices : 1764, Wages and prices : 1765, Wages and prices : 1766, Wages and prices : 1767, Wages and prices : 1768, Wages and prices : 1769, Wages and prices : 1770, , 'W^a^es and prices : 1771, Wages and prices : 1772, Wages and prices : 1773, Wages and prices : 1774, Wages and prices : 1775, Wages: 1776, Wages and prices : 1777, Wages and prices : 1778, Wages and prices : 1779, Wages and prices : 1780, Wages and prices : 1781, Wages and prices : 1782, Wages and prices : 1783, Wages and prices : 1784, Wages and prices : 1785, Wages and prices : 1786, Wages and prices : 1-787, Wages and prices.: 1788, Wages and prices : 1789, By Years: 1752-1860, Page 32-36 33 33-35 35 35,36 36 36 36-38 38-40 38-40 40-156 40-42 42,43 43,44 44 45-156 45 45 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 47 47 47 47 47 48 48 48 48 48 48 49 49 49 49 49 50 50 50 50 50,51 61,52 52,53 63 63 64 54 54 CONTENTS. The Wages and Pkices Tables, etc. — Oonlinued. Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Wages and prices : Prices : 1841, Prices: 1842, Prices: 1843, Prices: 1844, 790, 791, 792, 793, .794, 795, 796, 797, Page 54 55 55,56 56,57 57-59 59 60 60 798 60,61 799 61,62 800 62,63 801, 63,64 802 64,65 803 65,66 804 66,67 805, . . 67-69 ; 69,70 807 70,71 808, 72,73 1 73,74 810 74,75 811 . 75-77 812 77-79 813 ' 79,80 814 80-82 ,815 82-84 816 84,85 817 86,87 .818, 87,88 819, .... .... 89, 90 820. 90,91 821, 91-93 822 93,94 823 94,95 824 95,96 825 97-99 826 99, 100 827 100, 101 828, 101, 102 829 103 .830, 104-106 831, . . 106, 107 832 107,108 833 109 .834, 110 835, 110-112 836 113 837, 113-115 838, 116-118' 839 118, 119 840, 120-122 122, 123 123, 124 124-126 126,127 Wages and prices : 1845 127-130 CONTENTS. The Wages and Peioes Tables, etc. — Continued. Page Wages and prices : 1846, 130, 131 Wages and prices : 1847, 131-133 Wages and prices : 1848 133-135 Wages and prices : 1849, 135, 136 Wages and prices : 185P, 136-139 Prices : 1851, . . . • 140 Wages and prices : 1852 140, 141 Prices: 1853 : . . . . 141 Wafees and prices : 1854 142 Wages and prices : 1855, 142-145 Wages and prices : 1856 145-147 Wages and prices: 1857 147-149 Wages and prices : 1858, 149-152 Wages and prices : 1859, 158-154 Wages and prices : 1860, 154-156 The Occupations and Asticles Tables, By Name, 157-266 Index to occupations and articles, 157-169 Notes, explanatory of the tables 159, 160 The Occdpations and Articles Tables, By Name 161-266 Occupations, by name, 161-179 Agricultural laborers, 161, 162 Blacksmitt^, 162 Bookbinders, 163 Brewery and distillery employes 163 Butchers, 163 Carpenters 163, 164 Carriage makers, . , 165 Clockmakers 165 ' Clothing makers, 165 Cordage makers, . 166 Glass makers, .... .... 166 Gold and silver workers, ... .... 166, 167 Harness makers, 167 Hat makers, 167 Laborers, 167-169 Machinists, 169, 170 Masons, .... 170 Metalworkers, . . . . ■ ., . . . .171,172 Millwrights 172 Nail makers, 172, 173 Painters 173 Paper mill operatives, 173, 174 Printers 174 Ship and boat builders 175 Shoemakers 175, 176 Stone quarrymen and cutters, 176 Tanners and curriers, 177 Teachers, 177 Teamsters, 177 Watchmen 177 / Wooden goods makers, 178 - Woollen mill operatives, .... ... 178, 179 Articles, by name, . . 179-266 Agricultural products 179-187 Boots, shoes, and leather, 187-190 CONTENtS. The Occupations and Articles Tables, By Name— Continued. Page Articles, by name, — Continued. Buttons and dress trimmings 191, 192 Carpetings 192 Clothing 193-198 Cloths 198-200 Cutlery, 201 Dairy products 201-204 Dress goods 204-211 Dry goods ^ . . . . 211-217 Fish; 218-220 Flour and meal 220-225 Food preparations, 225-236 Fruits 237-239 Fuel 239,240 Furniture 241 Liquors and beverages 241-244 Lumber, 244 Meats 244-250 Nuts, • . . 250 Oils and illuminating fluids, , 250, 2S1 Paper 252 Poultry and game 252, 253 Bibbons and laces, 253, 254 Small wares 264-257 Spices and condiments, . 257-262 Tacks, brads, and nails 262 Tallow, candles, soap, etc., 262-264 Tobacco and snuflf, 264 Tools and implements ... 265 Not classified, 265, 266 Wages for cotton mill operatives 266-271 Table of. occupations and articles. Prices current, . ■ . . 272-274 The Occupations and Articles Tables, By Periods of Years, . . 275-304 Notes, explanatory of the tables 275-277 The Occupations and Articles Tables, By Periods of Years, . 278-297 Occupations, by periods of years 278-280 Articles, by periods of years ... 280-297 Occupations and articles, by periods of years, 298-301 Wage fluctuations. By occupations, 302 Price fluctuations. By articles, 302-304 Wage and price fluctuations. By periods of years, .... 304 Summary 305-313 General remarks, 305, 306 The commercial revulsions of 1837 and 1857, 306 The influence of commercial depressions upon wages and prices, . . 306, 307 Comparison of wages, by periods : 1830 and 1860, 307, 308 Comparison of prices, by periods : 1830 and 1860, 308-310 Conclusions ... 310-313 HISTOEICAL EEVIEW OF WAGES AND PEICES. 1752 - 1860. The Bureau has, from time to time, devoted considerable attention to the important subject of wages and cost of living. The chapters upon this topic presented in the annual report for 1879, and in subsequent issues, have quite fully covered the period between 1860 and 1884. It was determined, therefore, to collect during the current year all available data respecting wages and prices in the early part of the century, and to bring the investigation forward to 1860 so as to connect such data with that already published. Statistics of this sort seemed necessary properly to complete the history of the industrial development of Massachusetts, and the work, if undertaken at all, demanded immediate action, as the information, scattered through old account books, bills and miscellaneous papers, was rapidly passing out of existence. The present Part contains the results of the work of the Bureau in this direction, the tabular matter relating to wages and prices being accompanied by such historical, explanatory, and comparative statements as are deemed proper adequately to portray the social conditions surrounding the laborer to-day and in the past. In treating the subject historically, the industrial progress of Massachusetts, like that of the whole country, naturally falls into three periods. First, the early industrial period prior to the introduction of machinery and the factory system, and which may be said to close about the year 1815 ; secondly, the period of transition, marking the change from the old to the 6 STATISTICS OF LABOR. modern industrial system, and comprising the years between 1815 and 1830 ; and, lastly, the present industrial period, from 1830 to the present time. In this order we proceed. THE EARLY INDUSTRIAL PERIOD. The early industrial period was that prior to 1815. The subjects considered are as follows : what industries had been established ; how the industries were conducted ; what machines had been introduced ; hours of labor ; household comforts pos- sessed by the laborer ; educational and social advantages ; means of transportation, — facilities possessed by the work- ingman for changing his location ; wages, and the purchase power of money. What Industries had been Established. At the close of the Revolution several important industries had been placed upon a permanent basis, but the manufacturing interests of the country were still exceeded by its agricultural and commercial interests. Such manufactures as existed were largely confined to a system of isolated and household manual operations. Those were most prosperous which required the least outlay of capital and the least expenditure of labor. The rich deposits of iron ore existing in the country had been profitably attacked, and several trades dependent on iron were fairly prosperous. The home production of nails, for instance, was nearly sufficient to supply the domestic market. Agricultural implements, edge tools, and hollow ware were beginning to be made. The war had created a demand for firearms and gunpowder which was met for the most part by private enterprise, government manufactories of such articles not having acquired much importance until after 1795.* Copper, like iron, could be found in considerable quantities, and being easily and cheaply worked the manufacture of copper and brass goods was among the most extensive of the infant industries. American tanners were becoming able to meet successfully their foreign competitors. Extensive distilleries were in oper- ation. Malt liquors were made in quantity nearly commensu- rate with the home demand. WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 7 Paper making, one of the earliest industries attempted in tlie colonies, was now one of the most prosperous and success- ful. Printing presses were sufficiently numerous in the United States to render us independent of foreign nations in respect to the manufacture of books. Mills for the production of sawed lumber, flour, and meal abounded. Bricks were extensively made. Sugar refining and the manufacture of chocolate were among the leading industries. Manufactories of cotton goods established at Beverly, Mass., and at Providence, R.I., were just overcoming the obstacles to success. Elsewhere this industry was struggling for a foot- hold. The printing of cotton fabrics was hardly more than attempted. Manufactures of wool were almost entirely confined to the family. The making of wool hats, however, could no longer be classed among the household industries and the industry was in a thriving condition. At Hartford, Conn., before 1790, a woollen factory had been established, an enterprise that promised success. Small quantities of silk stockmgs, hand- kerchiefs and trimmings of silk were made, but the industry had scarcely emerged from the experimental state. Shipbuilding was flourishing. Manufactories of rope and cordage, also, were prosperous. A single establishment at Boston making sail cloth was doing well. One at Ipswich for the manufacture of lace was noteworthy. In 1795 the shoe industry at Lynn employed about 200 master workmen with numerous apprentices, the annual product being about 300,000 pairs. This list, meagre as it is, is practically exhaustive. Placed in opposition to the wide range of manufactures brought to view in the U. S. Census of 1880 it sinks into insignificance. It affords a background to the picture of industrial growth which the present century unfolds. It comprises industries near to the simplest needs of life and calculated to supply the most primitive social wants. Metallic implements and utensils of the crudest sort ; arms for personal defence ; ships for the navy and for commercial intercourse ; paper and the printing press; brick, lumber, flour, and meal; liquors; coarse tex- tiles, and a limited number of food products complete the list. 8 STATISTICS OF LABOR. These, and substantially these only, were the avenues open to mechanical skill in America in 1800. The condition of labor in these industries forms the starting point in our inquiry. How THE Industries were Conducted. The factory system had not yet displaced the domestic or indi- vidual system of labor. Nothing was known of the development of special skill by the subdivision of labor and the confinement of each workman to one particular step in a series of progres- sive operations, an expedient by which the productive capacity of the modern operative has been brought to the maximum and the time required to complete the product reduced to the minimum. The apprentice system was in vogue, and all pajts of a trade were then taught where it is now usual and needful to teach but a single branch. The youth who aspired to become a shoemaker might, for instance, during his period of apprentice- ship, acquire a knowledge of every step from the tanning of the leather to its embodiment in the finished shoe, and this illustration is applicable to other industries as well. The modern artisan is, to a great or less extent, a special- ist. He does one or a few things extremely well and very rapidly by the concentration of his power. He forms one of a company of specialists, each being a link in an industrial chain, and each, like himself, confined to a particular field of eflfort. His predecessor covered a wider range of industrial knowl- edge, but at a loss of time and skill. Hence a waste of pro- ductive force was contingent upon the industrial system, and the loss occasioned by this waste was borne partly by the laborer in the form of a lower wage for a given outlay of time and effort, and partly by the consumer in the form of a higher priced product. The system permitted a more intimate relation between employer and employed than is usual to-day. Industrial oper- ations were not then conducted by corporations. It was com- mon for workmen in all industries to board with their employers. In country districts and small towns this may be said to have been the rule for unmarried men. Capital had not then turned to real estate operations as a channel of investment. It was too scarce and too much in demand for other enterprises. The WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 9 building of tenements for lease as an independent business venture was rarely undertaken. Men with families, who were drawn to a particular locality by the establishment there of some special industry, often lived in tenements belonging to their employers, the rental forming part of their wages. What Machines had been Introduced. Manual labor was but little aided by the application of natural forces. The tools at the command of the laborer were few, and very crude in form. Neither the skill nor the appliances existed for the manufacture of machines. It is said that when Fairbairn, the distinguished English machinist, began his career, the human hand unaided was the sole reliance in such work. The early inventors were often obliged not only to construct the machines they devised, but to invent the tools for making them. The essential textile machines first went into operation in England, but it was not till 1790, as we shall hereafter show, that, under the direction of Samuel Slater, the first successful application was made of the English inventions to American textile manufacture. Slater's great difficulty was to find skilled workmen to carry out his ideas. Just prior to 1800, Bentham, in England, was putting in practical form the essential wood-working machines, but it was many years before their influence was felt. In metal working, the lathe was still in its primitive state ; the plan- ing machine, which of itself revolutionized the manufacture of tools and machines of metal, was unknown, and the steam hammer was not yet perfected. The paper machine, also, was still an experiment. Prior to 1800 steam was not applied to industry in America, though in 1789 the first engine for cotton spinning had been set up at Manchester, England. Water power was utilized in grist mills and for sawing lumber, but the wheels in use were very wasteful and not to be compared with the modern turbine. Many things easily accomplished by the modern mechanic were simply impossible in the state of the arts then existing, and what was then done was accomplished at an expenditure of time and manual labor that to-day would not be required in the manufacture of the most complicated mechanism. Here, once more, was a waste of productive force, resulting 10 STATISTICS OF LABOR. from not knowing the best way to do what was needed, and fronj the lack of proper tools to aid the hand of the workman. The great inventions in agricultural implements that were to aid the laborer by cheapening the price of breadstuffs were then unknown. During the early years of the century, then, we find little mechanical skill, and crude and imperfect machines. Muscle was essential to the workman, and what he accomplished was secured by purely manual, frequently monotonous and irksome labor, resulting in a product generally substantial, but often clumsy, and exhibiting, as a rule, little economy in the use of material or science in the adjustment of its parts. If the absence of machinery was a blessing to the laborer, then in that respect the early American artisan was in an ideal state. Hours of Labor. The hours of labor in nearly all industries were measured by the sun, from sunrise to sunset constituting the working day. Not until 18?4 was the subject of shorter hours agitated, and ^lot until 1840 were shorter hours adopted to any extent ; it was several years after that date before ten hours became the rule in the mechanic trades, while in the textile industries the ten hour system is a modern innovation, as yet adopted only in Massachusetts, so far as America is concerned. Household Gomfoets possessed by the Laborer. Laborers at the beginning of the century had few of the comforts and conveniences now common in the poorest families. China, glassware, and carpets, to say nothing of the numberless contrivances now in use for facilitating household labor, were then practically out of reach. Dwellings were warmed by open fires of wood, while churches were not warmed at all. The iron cook stove for economically and efficiently aiding the culinary operations of the family had not yet appeared. Anthracite coal, though for fifteen years in use on blacksmiths' forges in the coal region, was unavailable for household pur- poses, and in 1806 the first freightage of a few hundred bushels was brought down to Philadelphia, and there used experinjent- ally with indifferent success. The artisan's food was simple, often coarse, and in fact WAGES AND PBICES: 1752-1860. 11 confined to the bare necessities of life. Tlie wide range of products which now enrich the workiiigman's table, brought to him from all the markets of the world by the modern system of rapid transportation, were many of them unknown, or if known were expensive luxuries only obtainable by the favored few. " Among the fruits and vegetables of which no one had then even heard, are cantaloupes, many yarieties of peaches and pears, tomatoes and rhubarb, sweet corn, the cauliflower, the egg plant, head lettuce, and okra. If the food of an artisan would now be thought coarse, his 'clothes would be thought abominable. A pair of yellow buckskin or leathern breeches, a checked shirt, a red flannel jacket, a rusty felt hat cocked up at the corners, shoes of neat's skin set oflf with huge buckles of brass, and a leathern apron, comprised his scanty wardrobe."* The wealthy and more genteel wore silks, velvets and broad- cloth of foreign manufacture, but the laboring classes were confined to coarse fabrics of home pi'oduction. Educational and Social Advantagks. At the beginning of the century the educational advantages surrounding the workingman were few. Although common schools were early established in Massachusetts, yet judged by modern standards they were poor indeed. Hard by the church stood the school, but hard by the school on every vil- lage green stood, through all the early years, the gallows, stocks, and whipping post, and within, the rooms were bare and unattractive, and unprovided with apparatus for aiding the teacher's work. In school government the rod played an important part. No systematic training for teaching as an independent pro- fession was known. Indeed, such a profession as a distinct and honorable calling hardly existed. The instructors were, in many cases, young persons temporarily engaged while preparing for other pursuits, or the school dames and village pedagogues whose characteristics have been only too faithfully portrayed in story. Under these circumstances community of interests, • McMaater. A History of the People of the United States. Vol. 1 — p. 97. 12 STATISTICS OF LABOR. such as is now commou among those engaged in teaching, was out of the question, and mutual action among those having the schools in charge, thi-ough conventions and institutes of in- struction in which matters aflFecting the progress of education are discussed, was impossible. No rational methods of primary instruction were pursued. The range of text books was very limited and their typography beneath criticism. In some bf the larger towns private academies were established in which, for a tuition fee, some attempt was made to overcome the deficiencies of the public schools. The first educational association in the country* had just been formed and the first step taken which was to lead to important results. We shall hereafter see that the revival of education in Massachusetts, as in other States, was contempo- raneous with the inception of the factory system and the intro- duction of machinery as an industrial force. But prior to 1820, although attention was gradually concentrating upon the public schools and plans were maturing for improving them, but little was actually accomplished and, consequently, the educational opportunities open to the children of the wage laborer were limited. The opportunities for social enjoyment were no broader. An extensive inquiry into the social life of workingmen at the present day, undertaken by the Bureau in 1879,f showed the existence in Massachusetts of large numbers of social, farmers', and mechanics' clubs ; base ball, rowing, and sailing clubs ; secret societies offering social opportunities to members ; literary and debating societies ; musical societies ; halls for dancing, billiard rooms, and bowling alleys, and other avenues of enjoyment practically open to all and utilized by a cousider- able number. A similar inquiry at any time during the first quarter of the century would have disclosed few such social institutions. The industrial population was too much diffused, the character of the labor too severe, and the hours of labor too long to permit of their existence. It is frequently said that there were fewer class distinctions and greater social equality in early New England life than now. This is undoubtedly true if by social equality is meant equality * Middletown, Conn., 1799. See Barnard's History of Education in Conn, t See Eleventh Annual Report, pp. 239-293. WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 13 of condition. But the same causes that have operated to separate society into classes have, as we shall show, placed at the command of the manual workman opportunities for mental 'growth and social enjoyment unknown to the most favored in the early days. These opportunities have become his per- manent possession. They constitute his environment. In modern society not only are all classes united by ties which cannot be broken except through revolution, and each class dependent upon every other to a degree never before known, but the social privileges of the present are open to the many and can no longer be monopolized by the few. Mkans of Teanspoktation. Facilities possesskd by the workingman for changing his location. Transportation upon water was confined to sailing vessels, and upon land to wagons. The roads were very poor, although after 1800 the construction of turnpikes improved the means of communication between the larger towns. These were in- troduced by corporations, at first operated as toll roads, and finally assumed by the towns. Canals, primitive in construction and crudely operated, were coming to be relied upon as avenues of internal commerce. These afterward reached a high point of development until superseded by the railway. Neither upon sea nor land in 1800 was steam employed in transportation. The experiments of Fulton, Fitch, and others culminated in the Clermont in 1807, but from 1807 to 1820jnclasive only 128 steamers were built. During the next decade 385 were added. On the western rivers, before 1820, only 71 steamboats were in use. It was not till 1817 that a steamer was afloat in Boston harbor, and this proved a failure. It was 1824 before there was a regular line between Boston and Eastern ports, and at that time 17 hours were required for the trip from Boston to Portland, the fare being $5 including meals, and even this rate was one-half that charged upon the stages. The commerce of the great lakes was exclusively confined to sailing craft till 1816, and it was three years later before the first steamer crossed the Atlantic. The postal service was insufficient and far from rapid, while the rates were extremely high. Nine different rates were 14 STATISTICS OF LABOR. established ia 1792, varying from six Cents for thirty miles to twenty-five for four hundred and fifty miles and over, and this schedule continued in force for many years. Missives were as frequently sent by private carriers as otherwise, and sometimes weeks would elapse in the transit between places no farther apart than Boston and Philadelphia. On the average each person in the country, for the period of five years ending with 1799, sent but 1,^ missives by the mails, while for the single year 1875 the average was 23| per person, or at the rate of 11 7 1^ for five years, and the use of the mails has since increased, and is increasing. Nothing could better show the change in public importance of the mail service than the enormous increase here indicated. The railroad, telegraph, and telephone are all comparatively modern inventions. By means of steam and electricity Lon- don, Liverpool, and San Francisco are to-day nearer Boston for all practical business purposes than were New York or Philadelphia at any time prior to 1820. The comparative isolation of business centres and the lack of facilities for rapid communication between them materially aflTected the condition of the wage laborer. The risks of busi- ness were greater, and no industry could be considered per- manent when it was impossible to forecast the state of the market i for instance, the manufacturer in Massachusetts was for weeks ignorant of afiairs in centres of distribution like Philadelphia which might materially affect the price of his product. All commerce and manufacturing were then of the nature of a venture, and the labor dependent upon industrial operations thus limited remained more or less uncertain of employment. The same conditions, which prevented the free and rapid exchange of products, raised the price and limited the variety of articles for household consumption, except such supplies as eggs, corn and rye meal, etc., which could be easily and cheaply procured on the farms near the consumer ; and, beyond all, the laborer could not easily change his environment. Once located it was difficult for him to remove to other industrial neighborhoods, and this frequently operated to his disadvan- tage by limiting his employment and reducing his wage. WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 15 Wages, and the Purchasing Power of Money. A system of barter was common in business transactions. Money was scarce and wages were frequently paid in groceries or clothing, or in orders for such commodities, the orders passing from hand to hand as currency. Of actual money the workingmen had little, and, when cash became absolutely nec- essary, they were often obliged to exchange store orders there- for at considerable discount. Employers kept stores of groceries, clothing, boots and shoes, hats, and particularly liquors and tobacco, and it is evident from the inspection of old account books that a lib- eral share of the wages of labor was paid in rum and gin. This payment of wages in necessaries, known as the " truck system,'' the prices being controlled by the employer, has fortunately practically passed away in Massachusetts. It arose from the inability of the employer to pay cash and the consequent impossibility of the workman buying for cash else- where. It enabled the employer to reap a double profit," but it frequently kept the workman poor. Very few were able to keep out of debt. The balance of the account was generally against the workman. This was a force sufficient in itself to prevent the free mobility of labor. In many cases the work- man, especially if a man of family, was bound to the soil. There exists an isolated factory village in Massachusetts where the owners of the mills controlled the single store upon which the operatives were dependent for their supplies. For years the employes were at the mercy of the employers. Many came there poor, perhaps in debt for transportation thither. Once there, they remained poor. Every pay day found a balance against them. Reductions of wages must be submitted to, and exorbitant charges were irremediable. Unfortunately, such instances were not rare. From the testimony of old men, and from such records of the times as have come into the possession of the Bureau, the fact appears that there was little or no variation in the rate of money wages paid laborers or mechanics between 1800 and 1815. 16 STATISTICS OF LABOR. THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION. We have thus summarized the conditions surrounding the laborer prior to 1815. We now pass to a consideration of the transition period, beginning with the introduction of the factory system in that year and ending with 1830 when the factory system in the great textile industry had become well estab- lished and was slowly but quite surely transforming other industries. Machinery, essential to the modern system of labor, had then become an important factor in the industrial problem. The transition proceeded by degrees. In Massachusetts the cotton industry held the front rank, and it was the results achieved by the more perfect organization of labor in this industry that led to the adoption of similar methods in other branches of manufacture. From 1733, the date of John Kay's invention of the fly shuttle, up to 1788, the introduction of the labor saving machines essential in the manufacture of textiles had proceeded in England. These inventions comprised the carding machine, the spinning-jenny, Arkwright's combined carding, drawing and spinning machines, Crompton's mule, Cartwright's power loom, Watt's improvements in the steam engine, and the cylin- der calico printing machine, and to these should be added Berthollet's improvements in bleaching. The exportation of machinery was forbidden by the English law, but in 1786 Massachusetts granted Thomas Somers, an Englishman, and Messrs. Robert and Alexander Barr, who were Scotchmen acquainted with the progress of English inven- tions, aid to enable them to construct spinning machinery, which, under the patronage of Gol. Hugh Orr, of Bridge water, was used experimentally at East Bridgewater. Soon after came the Beverly factory before alluded to, and, after experi- ments elsewhere, the successful application by Samuel Slater at Providence, in 1790-91, of water frame spinning on the Arkwright plan. Until 1812 most factories employed the so-called water frame introduced by Slater. As eai'ly as 1808, however, throstle frame spinning had been introduced. WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 17 This is not the place for a detailed account of the commer- cial restrictions which grew out of the complicated foreign re- lations of the United States between 1808 and 1812. Such an account forms part of the political history of the country. It is sufficient for our present purpose to note that because of these restrictions prices of imported goods were raised, and, consequently, American manufactures stimulated. The expan- sion of the cotton industry was especially marked. Cotton mills which in 1803 were but four in number throughout the United States had in 1810 increased to 226, distributed as follows : Number of Cotton Mills in the United States in 1810. \ States. MasBacbuaettB, Vermont, . Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, . New Jersey, PennsylvaDia, No. of Mills S4 1 2S 14 20 4 64 Delaware, , Maryland, . Ohio, . Kentucky, Tennessee, Total, No. of Mills. H 2 J5 4 226 The war of 1812 still further expanded domestic production. English cotton goods advanced from 17® 20 cents to 75 cents per yard. The principle of corporate action whereby small amounts of capital in many hands could be aggregated, and, under the control of a few, be profitably employed in industrial opera- tions began to be utilized. Between 1806 and 1814 fifty com- panies were organized and incorporated in Massachusetts for the manufacture of textiles. In the latter year alone thirty corporations were authorized, including not only cotton and woollen companies but those for the manufacture of glass, files, wire, etc. Labor was in demand, wages advanced, and profits wei-e large. After the declaration of peace came the inevitable reaction. Unlimited foreign importations prostrated those industries which restricted commerce had fostered. American manufac- turers were overwhelmed by the influx of English goods. Not only this, but the foreign demand for American cotton raised its price from 13 cents in 1814 to 20 cents in 1815, and 27 18 STATISTICS OF LABOE. cents in 1816. All industries were affected. Everything was at a standstill. Much suffering was felt by the working- men. Then began the effort for a protective tariff which was partially successful in the passage of the act of 1816. From thence to 1824 American manufacturers were struggling for a foothold, their greatest obstacle being the commercial policy of Great Britain, by whom the products of Northern factories were rigidly excluded while the raw cotton of the South was admitted, wrought into cloth, and poured into the American market. It was not a theoretical discussion of the respective merits of free trade and protection that then interested the American manufacturer and his employes. It was a most practical prob- lem that presented itself. American manufactures had early been advocated from a patriotic standpoint. To be indepen- dent industrially as well as politically was the early argu- ment. It now assumed a different phase. The war had created a demand for domestic goods which had to be met. Capital had been diverted from commercial into industrial channels. To allow the .industries that the restrictions of war had fostered to be overcome by the free commerce of returning peace meant financial ruin to every manufacturer and distress to every artisan. With the patriotic argument was thus joined every consideration of self-interest. Until the question was definitely settled great uncertainty attended manufacturing enterprises, and the condition of the workingman was precari- ous. Finally, the revision of the tariff in 1824 and 1828 gave the needed relief. The latter law, bitterly opposed by the commercial interests and in the non-manufacturing States, ' especially in the cotton growing districts, was regarded by the manufacturers as the first really protective measure enacted by Congress. Besides the influence of tariff legislation machinerj' now assisted the development of American manufactures. The liberal patent system of the United States stimulated American ingenuity. The impetus in this direction once given improve- ments of every sort quickly followed. By 1817 steam was in general use for spinning yarn and wool, and in breweries. The first railway act was passed in Pennsylvania, March 31st, WAGES AJiTD PRICES : 1752-1860. 19 1823, and 1827 witnessed the beginning of railway enterprises in America. Until 1814 American -textiles were generally woven upon the hand loom. In that year the American power loom of Francis C. Lowell went into operation at Waltham, Mass. This, together with subsidiary inventions by the ingenious Paul Moody, and the arrangements of Mr. Lowell for co-ordinating the processes of preparation, spinning, weaving and finishing within the same building, perfected the American factory sys- tem of textile manufacture, revived the cotton industry, and laid the foundation of its subsequent growth and prosperity. Between 1820 and 1824 Massachusetts authorized $6,840,000 additional corporate capital. The factory system, the growth of manufacturing corporations, and the introduction and im- provement of machinery by means of which the factory system was made effective, led to the foundation of factory villages such as Lowell, Fall River, Taunton, and Chicopee. New industries, among others the manufacture of straw hats and bonnets, began to widen the avenues of employment. By 1829 Massachusetts contained 235 incorporated companies manufacturing cotton goods, woollen goods, iron, glass, hair, leather, wire, files, lead, duck, pins, soapstone, cordage, salt, calico, brass, copper, lace, umbrellas, linen, hose, ale, beer, type, cotton cards, gin, glass bottles, lead pipe, etc. There were sixty paper mills, six using machinery. The shoe in- dustry at Lynn was thriving, the annual product being from 1,200,000 to 1,400,000 pairs, averaging in value 75 cents per pair. The females employed received $60,000 in wages annually. The woollen industry in the towns of Mendon, Uxbridge, Northbridge, and Grafton was also prosperous. Fitchburg, Leicester, Oxford, Dudley, Southbridge, and other Worcester County towns were coming forward in this industry. In Lowell, in 1828, seven mills were in operation, giving employment to 1200 females, while 500 were employed in the manufacture of lace at Ipswich. By 1830, as we have said, the factory system of labor in the textile industries, and to a partial extent in other indus- tries, was firmly established in Massachusetts. Its influence was felt in various ways. Employment became more constant. The laborer began to have savings. The savings bank, an 20 STATISTICS OF LABOR. institution unknown in former years, was established. The congregation of labor in factory towns led to a community of interests among the wage classes. In 1824 agitation began in behalf of shorter working time. The condition of the laborer before the law began to demand reform. The onerous requirements of military service, imprisonment for debt, and the lack of a lien law, were among the topics discussed. After the discussion began it never stopped till reform was secured. The growth of an ever increasing industrial population threw upon .the employer class the responsibility of providing for their mental and moral culture. Public opinion demanded this at their hands. The factory was on trial, and the condi- tions surrounding it were jealously watched. It was with some concern, and no little foreboding, that many viewed its gradual supersession of the old system of labor. Its material benefits might perhaps be admitted, though even these remained to be proved, -but what was most feared was the moral degra- dation of the community. If this was to be the price of in- ' dustrial progress. New England of all places would reject it. To overcome these doubts and justify the new system by its results, both financial and social, was the chief desire of the manufacturer. The sabbath school established by Samuel Slater in connection with his factories in Rhode Island, though not first in America in point of date, as has been claimed, was undoubtedly first in influence, and formed a precedent for such institutions elsewhere. The effort to surround the operatives in Lowell with a favor- able moral atmosphere was a distinct advance, and attracted wide notice. The improvement of the common schools became an object of solicitude. Primary schools were made part of the public school system. Between 1826 and 1830 the governors of the New England States, and some others, directed particular attention to educational improvement. The education of the artisan was felt to be essential. The establishment of Me- chanics' Institutes in 1821, and the introduction of the Lyceum, with free or popular scientific lectures, in 1826, indicate the tone of public sentiment. Modified plans of higher education which should give the artisan class a wider opportunity were eagerly discussed, and technical schools, notably the Rensselaer WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 21 Institute at Troy, were founded, in which science as applied to the usefuf arts should form the basis of instruction. These are all features contemporaiy with the change in the industrial system. Let it not be supposed that in 1830 much that was definite had been accomplished. Though the work- man was better clothed, better fed, had more constant employ- ment, had a broader outlook and a brighter hope for the future than in 1800, yet fifty years of industrial progress were neces- sary to the realization of many things then suggested for his relief. His sure guarantee for their final accomplishment lay in the fact that they had come to be suggested, and that discus- sion had largely turned from theological or political subjects to those departments of social and industrial life in which he had an ever present and vital interest. We merely point out in passing that coeval with the change in the industrial system and the introduction of machinery the workman began to rise in importance as a social factor. The impetus was given. The results we shall summarize hereafter. The new system of production exerted an immediate and continued influence to increase the productive capacity of the workmen and to decrease the price of product to the con- sumers, of whom the workmen formed no inconsiderable part. At Newburyport in hosiery weaving, by the use of the power stocking loom, the capacity of the female operative was in- creased ten times. In textiles the greatest advance was made. In 1833 a weaver fifteen years of age, with a young assistant, could perform nine times as much work in a given time as could be performed by a man in 1803. Merrimac prints, which in 1825 averaged 25.07 cents per yard at the factory, declined to 16.36 cents by 1830. The cotton fabric made at Waltham, a staple article, bears the following quotations for the years succeeding the introduction of the power loom : Tear. . Pjice per yard. 1816 30 cents. 1819, 21 cents. 1826, 13 cents. 1829, 8J cents. It was'destined to decline to 6| cents by 1843.* * Cf. " The Introduction of the Power Loom," by Nathan Appleton. 22 STATISTICS OF LABOR. The introduction of the brick machine made it possible to produce with one machine 25,000 bricks in 12 hours ready for the liiln. • By the pin machines the labor of 59 persons was saved through ingenious self-acting mechanism by which one opera- tive performed the work of sixty unaided hands. Paper was cheapened and improved by several inventions. Machinery had not yet affected the boot and shoe industry, which was one of the last to come under its influence. The cost of a musket at the Springfield armory was reduced over 13 per cent between 1815 and 1829. The price of hooks and eyes was in 30 years reduced from $1.50 per gross to 15 @ 20 cents. In the manufacture of machinery, also, increased skill and • improved facilities had cheapened the product. Thus cotton machinery cost in the United States, in 1810, four times as much as in England, but in 1826 its cost was but 50 or 60 per cent more. The early factory buildings often comprised six or seven stories, each story being low and poorly ventilated. Stoves were used for heating. The arrangements for artificial lighting were poor, although gas was now coming into general use. In the artisan's home anthracite coal was displacing wood as fuel, grates for its use having been introduced between 1825 and 1830. Though the rate of wages during this transition period may show an apparent increase over that prior to 1815, it should be borne in mind that in the years immediately following the peace of 1815 the tenure of employment was very insecure and the annual earnings of the workingmen seriously affected. The relation of prices to money wages in each year should also be noted in any comparative estimate of the wage earner's condition. We have already alluded to the distress among workingmen owing to the unsettled state of manufactures between 1815 and 1824. In connection with the wages and prices, given in the succeeding tables, it is proper to note more in detail the effect produced upon them by the disturbed industrial conditions. The excess of importations over exports after the peace caused an efiiux of specie, which, together with the' violent contraction of paper currency between 1815 and 1819, its WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 23 volume being reduced about 59 per cent, and the prevailing depression in manufacturing on account of unlimited imports, combined to greatly reduce prices. As an instance, flour, a leading staple, fell from about $15 in 1817 to about $6 in 1819. In Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, and New York the suffering among workingmen was most felt, although the depression was universal. The following from the report of a committee of the citizens of Philadelphia, October, 1819, throws some light on the state of affairs in that vicinity : " In thirty out of sixty branches of manufacture there had been a reduc- tion from the average of 1814 • and 1816, in the number of persons employed, from 9,425 to 2,137; in their weekly wages, from $58,340 to 112,822; and in their annual earnings from f 3,033,799 to $666,744. The actual loss of wages was therefore $2,366,935 per annum ; and supposing the materials equal to their wages, the loss of productive industry in a single district, not forty miles in diameter, was $7,383,870. " In the cotton manufacture the hands were reduced from 2,825 in 1816 to 149 ; in book printing, from 241 to 170 ; in the potteries, from 132 to 27 ; in the woollen branch, from 1,226 tp 260 ; in iron castings, from 1,162 to 52 ; in paper hangings and cards, from 189 to 82. In the paper manufacture in their vicinity the hands were reduced from 950, in 1816, to 175, and their annual wages from $247,000 to $45,900; the annual production from $760,000 to $136,000." * A committee of citizens of Pittsburg in December, 1819, reported : " The whole number of hands employed in that town and vicinity, in 1815, to have been 1,960, and the^value of their manufactures $2,617,833. In 1819 the hands numbered only 672 and the value of their manufactures was $832,000. In the steam engine factories the workmen were reduced from 290 to 24, and the value of their work from $300,000 to $40,000. In glass works and glass cutting the hands were reduced from 169 to 40, and the product from $236,000 to $35,000 ; the reduction in flint glass alone having been $76,000. In the manufacture of cotton, wire, umbrellas, yel- low queensware, pipes, and linen, there was no longer a single hand em- ployed." t After the tarifi" act of 1824, however, a revival of manufac- turing took place. The following comparative showing exhibits wages in Eng- land, France, and the United States, in certain employments in • History of American Manufactures. Bishop. Vol. 11., p. 250. t Ibid. 24 STATISTICS OF LABOR. 1825, and also the average price of wheat per bushel in each country. It is taken from White's Memoir of Samuel Slater, and is said to have been compiled with great care from the results of personal enquiries : Comparative Wages in England, France, and the United States. 1825. [Expressed in United States money.] Employments. Basis. England. United States. Common laborer • Carpenter Mason, Farm laborer (with board), . Domestic servant (female, with board). Machinists and forgers (best). Machinists and forgers (ordinary). Mule spinners (cotton). Spinners (woollen). Weavers (on hand looms), . Boys (age 10 to 12 years), . Females (in cotton mills, average). Females (in woollen mills, average). day mo. wk. day wk. $0.74 .97 1.10 6.50 .67 1.94 1.10 1.02 .94 .74 1.30 1.96 1.96 $0 37 to .65 to .60 to 4.00 to 0.40 .75 .80 to .40 to .37 to .85 to 1.48 to .92 .90 .60 .60 1.00 2.00 1.50 $1.00 1.45 1.62 $3.00 to 10.00 1.00 to 1.50 1.50 to 1.75 1.25 to 1.42 1.08 to 1.40 108 .90 1.50 2.00 to 3.00 2.50 Price of wheat (average). bnsh. $1.79 $1.17 $0.96* @ $0.49t * New Tork. t PitUburgh. Before leaving this period, it should be noted that after 1820 foreign immigration became active. The growth of the popu- lation from this source has had a marked eflFeot on the condition of labor in America. The following table shows the progress of immigration in the United States, and, for convenience, is carried forward to 1850: Progress of. Immigration in the United States.* .' Number of Immigrants arriving dur- ing period specified. Estimated In- crease of Im- migrants and Descendants during period specified. Estimated Increase during period speci- fied of Immigrants and Descendants arriving in previous periods. Total Immi- grants and Descendants in country at end of each period. 1790-1810, 1810-1820, 1820-1830, 1830-1840, 1840-1850, 120,000 114,000 203,979 762,369 1,521,890 47,560 19,000 85,728 129,602 183,942 68,490 134,130 254,445 ■ 719,381 167,660 859,010 732,847 1,879,263 4,304,416 * From data contained In " Progress of the United States of America," by R. B. Fisher. WAGES AND PEICES : 1752-1860. 25 THE PRESENT INDUSTRIAL PERIOD. The period since 1830 presents two important features : I. The first to be considered is the development of inven- tion. This is manifested in two directions, i.e., the application of natural forces in labor saving machines, and the adaptation of natural products to human wants. The results of invention in this latter direction have much enlarged the comforts of life by increasing the range of products available for food and cloth- ing. Of this class of inventions among the leading, if not themselves the chief examples in industrial importance, are those which utilized caoutchouc gum. The rubber industry arose soon after 1830, and in its various branches has become of considerable importance. Six rubber companies were in existence in Massachusetts in 1835. The state of the industry from 1855 to 1875 was as follows, all values being in gold : Yeaks. EMPLorus. Capital. Prodoct. 1855 1865 1875 462 1,055 1,054 Ill $968,000 1,788,736 3,021,246 The United States Census of 1880 disclosed in Massachusetts 27 establishments manufacturing rubber and elastic goods, the invested capital being $3,077,000; the product for the census year was $6,990,856, representing the work of 3,494 employes who were paid $1,145,170 in wages. In another direction this branch of invention has done much to prevent waste by utilizing refuse products, such, for instance, as the residuum of gas works ; each new invention forming the basis of a new industry, besides enlarging the rangfe of articles available for the uses of man. In the application of natural forces in labor saving machinery, the introduction of the sewing machine was in many respects the most important epoch of this period. This invention in its practical form belongs to the decade following 1840, and the manufacture of the machines alone added $5,605,345 to the product returned in the National Census of 1860. 26 STATISTICS OF LABOE. The industrial ejffect of this invention, and in varying degrees of all similar machines, was well set forth by Mr. Kennedy, the Superintendent of the Eighth Census of the United States, in his preliminary report, as follows : " It has opened avenues to profitable and healthful industry for thou- sands of industrious females to whom the labors of the needle had become wholly unremunerative and injurious in their effects. Like all automatic powers, it has enhanced the comforts of every class by cheapening the process of manufacture of numerous articles of prime necessity, without permanently subtracting from the average means of support of any por- tion of ths community. It has added a positive increment to the perma- nent wealth of the country by creating larger and more varied applications of capital and skill in the several branches to which it is auxiliary. * * * • * * * Among the branches of industry which have been signally pro- moted by the introduction of the sewing machine is the manufacture of men's and women's clothing. ***** ipj^g increase of this manufac- ture has been general throughout the Union, and in the four cities of New York, Philadelphia, Cincinnati and Boston, amounted in value to nearly forty and one-quarter millions of dollars, or over 83 per cent of the prod- uct of the whole Union in 1850." This meant more employment for labor, and greater variety in the wardrobe at lower prices for the public. Improvements in printing presses also had a direct effect in extending the use of books and newspapers, and therefore upon the paper and printing industries. In 1860, Massachu- setts alone produced • paper of the value of $5,968,469, or 58 per cent of the product of the whole country in 1850. The value of book, job and newspaper printing in New England, the Middle and "Western States, in 1860, reached 139,428,043, while the product of the same industries for the same states in 1850 was but $11,586,549. The following table shows the wonderful increase in inven- tions during this period. It exhibits the business of the United States patent office from 1837 to 1860. yEAKS. Applications filed. Caveats Issued. Patents issued. 1837-1840 ' 1841-1845 1846-1850, 1851-1866 1856-1860, 4,718 8,579 16,329 28,973 1,750 2,785 4,431 5,153 1,853 2,647 3,916 6,773 18,479 Totals 67,599 14,124 , 83,563 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 27 We have not the space, nor is this the place, to follow the course of invention farther, but it is pertinent to our subject to notice the effect of machinery, and of the modern industrial system which has been made possible by the aid of machinery, upon the condition of labor. This can be most clearly seen in the two leading industries, boots and shoes, and cotton goods. The boot and shoe industry was one of the latest to come under the influence of machinery, but the change wrought by its introduction has been complete. The entire shoe was formerly made by the same artisan, a small gi:oup of men often working together in a little one-story shop. Piece work was the custom, and it still prevails. In early times workmen were paid 15, 20, 25, or 30 cents a pair, according to the kind of shoe, and even higher prices for extra quality work. The average workman by twelve hours' labor could earn about a dollar. Women closers and binders work- ing by hand could average about twenty cents a day. Men living in towns adjacent to Lynn, then as now a centre of the industry, would walk to their employer's place of busi- ness for stock and in about a week return the finished shoes, frequently receiving their wages in store orders. The wages earned continually fluctuated, being always subject to indi- vidual bargains with employers. The introduction of machinery occurred about 1860. The industry is now conducted in large, well lighted, thoroughly ventilated factories, equipped with a number of ingenious in- ventions, each shoe being the result of the successive opera^ tions of numerous workmen. In 1845 the labor of each operative employed in Massachu- setts produced slightly more than 455 pairs of boots and shoes. In 1875 the labor of each operative produced 1205 pairs. In 1850 the average annual wage paid each operative in the United States was $205.43; in 1870 the average wage had become $370.81 gold; in 1875, in Massachusetts, $362.30 gold; in 1880, in the United States, $381.07 gold ; in Massa- chusetts in the same year, $397.70; the average in each case being based upon the total amount of wages paid to the total number of operatives. In 1855 hand workmen earned from six to seven and a half 28 STATISTICS OF LABOR. dollars a week when constantly employed. In 1860, after the advent of machinery, it has been shown by a special investiga- tion of this Bureau that the average weekly wages of workmen were from $10.50 to $18.00, and of women from $5.50 to $8.25 ; in 1872, of men from $14.22 to $22.22, and of women, $8.89 ; in 1878, of men from $8.00 to $19.50, of women, $7.33 to $8.00. Since 1878 a slight decrease is observable in the rate of average weekly wages, as compared with 1860, owing partly to the fact that the sudden expansion of the trade in the years immediately following the introduction of machinery carried wages to an exceptionally high point. In 1850, 105,254 per- sons were employed in the industry in the United States, 32,949 being females. In 1880, 133,819 found employment, 29,798 being females and children. In this branch of manufacture, therefore, more persons are employed than before the era of machinery, female labor has diminished, wages have been raised, and the productive capa- city of the operatives largely increased, while working time has been diminished and the surroundings of the workmen improved. Certain hand workmen, who have been unable to adapt them- selves to the new conditions, have of course suffered. They have found it more difficult to obtain work and have had their wages reduced from year to year, as the machine-made shoes have gradually monopolized the market. Eespecting the con- dition of the industry in the aggregate, however, our summary is conclusive. Turning now to the cotton industry, we present in the fol- lowing table statistics of its progress from 1831 to 1880 in the States of Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. These five States are the manufacturing States of New England, which is the leading cotton manufacturing district of the United States. The statistics for 1831 are from the report of a convention which secured data during that year on the manufactures of the country, while those for 1880 are from the United States census, except the statistics of wages, which are averages from returns covering 18 leading mills in Maine ; 6 in New Hampshire ; 25 in Massachusetts ; 10 in WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 29 Rhode Island, and 37 in Connecticut, secured during a special investigation undertaken by the Bureau in 1880. Progress of the Cotton Industry : 1831 to 1880. , Classification. Maine. New Hampshire. Massa- chusetts. Rhode Island. Connecticut. 1831. Capital invealed. $765,000 $5,300,000 $12,891,000 $6,262,340 $2,825,000 Number of Bi'iimlles, . 6,600 113,776 339,777 236,763 116,.'i23 of loom?, . 91 3,630 8,981 5,773 2,609 Product in pounds,* . 625,000 7,266,060 22,108,428 9.271,481 6,099,900 Men employed 84 875 2,666 1,731 1,399 Average wages per week, . $6.60 $6.25 $7 00 $6.25 $4.60 Women employed, . 205 4,090 10,678 3,?', 2,477 Average wages per week, . $2.33 $2.60 $2.25 $2.20 $2.20 Children Under 12 years of ( employed, age, . . . } - 60 3,472 439 Average wages per week, . - $2.00 - $1.60 $1.60 1880. Capital invested, $15,292,078 $19,877,084 $72,291,601 $28,047,331 $20,310,600 Number of spindles, , 606,924 944,053 4,236,084 1,764,569 936.376 of looms, . 15,971 24,299 95,321 29,669 18,261 Product in pounds, . 44,362,698 63,881,540 219,160,106 60,905,642 42,286,617 Men employed. pV„7-f«8^ 8,149 3,917 18,700 6,690 6,363 Average wages per week, . $7.43 $7.41 $8.31 $9.05 $7.71 "Women em- j 16 years of age \ ployed, ( and over, . ) 6,481 9,594 31,496 0,199 6,434 Average wages per week, . $5.91 $5.46 $5.68 $6.37 $5.40 Children ( Males under 16, j employed, ( Females under 15, t 1,420 1,697 7,670 3,930 2,916 Average wages per week, . $2 68 $3.08 $3.10 $3.30 $3.23 * Including yarn and cloth. An analysis of this table aflfords some interesting results. To bring these clearly before the reader we present a series of supplementary tables. The first of these relates to the productive capacity of the operAives at each period. Productive Capacity of Cotton Mill Operatives. Number of .Spindles per operative. Product per operative, in pounds. States. 1831. 1880. Percpntage of Increase. 1831. 1880. Percentage of Increase. Maine New Hampshire^ Massachusetts. . Khode Island. . (Connecticut. Average, 22.6 22.6 25.5 27.7 26.8 25.02 63 62.1 73.3 89 68 71.08 180 176 187 221 164 184 1,817 1,443 1,656 1,091 1,413 1,434 4,014 4.201 8,794 3,073 3,084 3,633 121 191 129 182 118 145 By this table it appears that while in 1831 one operative was required on the average for every 25.02 spindles, in 1880, owing to perfected machinery, improved processes of manufac- ture and the development of individual skill, but one operative 30 STATISTICS OF LABOR. was required for 71.08 spindles, being an increase of 184 per cent in the average number of spindles per operative during 50 years. The table also shows that, owing to this greater command of productive machinery, the product per operative, mealsured in pounds, has risen from an average of 1,484 pounds in 1831 to 3,633 pounds in 1880, an increase of 145 per cent. The foregoing comparison of product is made on the basis of pounds, the pound being considered the fairest unit of measure- ment, inasmuch as it covers the entire product, whether sold as yarn or cloth, while the product in yards would cover cloth only. Il is of course apparent that the weight of product re- sulting from a given output of labor would depend upon the fineness of the product spun or woven ; hence, the compari- sons of product in the table are of value as averages only, it being impossible to take into account the quality of the product. The next table affords a comparison of the productive capacity of the operatives upon the more conclusive basis of value. Increase of Product per Operative : 18S0 to 1880. Net product per Operative. 1850. Net product per Operative. 1880. Percentage of Increase. Maine, ... New Hampshire, Massachusetts, .... . ^ Khode Island Connecticut, ... .... Average $283 83 331 82 351 73 2T6 91 262 35 301 33 $510 18 476 15 592 62 499 84 955 14 626 79 80 43 81 112 In this table the comparison is made between the years 1850 aad 1880, as the value of product for 1831 is not obtainable ; and net product, that is to say, the amount of product less the value of materials of manufacture, is taken as the basis of comparison. It will be noticed that the net product per operative, in 1880, with Massachusetts working under a ten- hour law, is greater in that State than in any of the others named, although the operatives in the other States work longer hours. This greater net product in 1880 is, of course, due to various influences, because the net product per operative in 1850 was greater in Massachusetts than in any other State WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 31 named. It is important, however, to know that Massachusetts by the adoption of the ten-hour law has not lost her rank in net product per operative. This value of net product is divisible into the following items : rent, freights, insurance, interest on loans, interest on capital, commissions, wages, and the profits of the manufacturer. In other words, in 1850, after deducting from the total value of product the cost of materials of manufacture, there remains a product value resulting from the labor of that year amount- ing on the average to $301.33 per operative. In 1880 "this net product had risen to $526.79 per operative, showing an in- crease of 75 per cent in the productive capacity of the operative when the results of his \ labor are measured in dollars. If this increase in the value created per operative over the cost of materials is shown between 1850 and 1880, a much greater increase would undoubtedly be shown between 1831 and 1880, inasmuch as the difference in skill, processes, and machinery is broader between the latter than between the former periods, and the results of this difference would there- fore be more apparent. But assuming the increase between 1831 and 1880 to be identical with that between 1850 and 1880, — a fair assumption because manifestly within the limits of actual fact, let us next inquire what change has taken place in wages during this period. This queiy is answered by the data pi'esented in the following table : Percentages of Increase in Wages of Cotton Mill Operatives: 1831 to 1880. States. Men's Wages. Percentage of increase. Women's Wages. Percentage of Increase. Children's Percentage of increase. General Average. Percentage of increase. Maine. . New Hampshire, . Massachusetts, Bhode Island, Connecticut, . Average, 35 19 IS 72 71 154 110 152 190 145 149 120 119 97 76 108 163 104 Average Hours of Lahor, 1831, — 12 hours 18 minutes. 1880, — 10 hours 52 minutes. Decrease, ahout 12 per cent. From this table it is seen that, between 1831 and 1880, men's wages increased 38 per cent ; women's wages 149 per cent ; and 32 STATISTICS OF LABOR. children's wages 115 per cent, or an average increase on all classes of labor of 115 per cent. The average daily hours of labor, notwithstanding this in^ crease in wages, have in the same time decreased about 12 per cent. The average price of heavy sheetings per yard in 1829 was 8^ cents ; of printed calicoes, 17 cents.* In 1880 heavy sheet- ings had declined to 7^ cents, a dedrease of 11.8 per cent; printed calicoes to 7 cents, a decrease of 58.8 per cent. Thus, to make a concise summary of the results brought out in these tables relating to the cotton industry in five leading cotton manufacturing States, it appears that since 1831 the productive capacity of the operative, measured in pounds of product, has increased 145 per cent ; that this product is se- cured by the development of skill and by improved processes ^ and mfichinery whereby 184 per cent more spindles are con- trolled by the average operative in 12 per cent less time, and that measured in net value of product the productive capacity of the operative has increased 75 per cent while the cost of product has been materially reduced to the consumer, and that, notwithstanding the decrease in working time, wages have in- creased 97 per cent. , The following table of general averages exhibits the increase in wages in nine leading industries, viz. : Agricultural imple-- ments ; boots and shoes ; cotton goods ; carpentering ; cloth- ing; iron manufactures; paper; woollen goods; nails, tacks, and spikes. Each of these industries shows an increase in average money wages paid, the greatest increase appearing in the clothing trade, viz. : from $155.53 in 1850 to $282.79 in 1880. The percentage of net product paid to the workman as wages at each period is also shown by the table. It appears, for instance, that while 64.2 per cent of net product went to labor in the agricultural implement industry in 1850, but 35.3 per cent was thus apportioned in 1880, although the money wages of the laborer increased. Other industries exhibit the same /eature of decrease in the percentage of net product paid as wages accompanied by an increase in money wages, but the ratio of decrease is different in each industry. Three in- * Report on the Factory System of the United States, hy Carroll D. Wright, in XJ. S. Census of 1880. WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 33 dustries, however, — carpentering, iron manufactures, and paper — show not only an increased average wage but also an increase in the share of net product paid out as wages. Advance in Wages : 1850 to 1880. Average Wages. 1850. Average Wages. Percentage of Net Product paid as Wages. ISSO. Percentage of Net Prodnct paid as Wages. 1880. Agricultural implements. Boots and shoes,''' Cotton goods, Carpentering,* Clothing,* . Iron manufactures, Paper Woollen goods, . Nails, tacks, and spikes, $368 04 205 43 199 40 366 40 156 53 352 83 221 32 228 71 343 47 (376 05 381 07 253 19 454 06 282 79 400 76 345 18 316 69 414 69 64.2 71.8 68.0 66.7 66.6 60.0 34.3 62.1 61.9 36.3 82.3 43.6 67.7 27.8 66.2 41.3 43.3 66.9 * The statistics are for Massachusetts, except In respect to Boots and Shoes, Carpentering, and Clothing. For the latter Industries the statistics for the United States are presented, the requisite data for Massachusetts alone not being available. The next presentation exhibits the change in the amount of capital required per dollar of net product in the same indus- tries. ' Relation of Capital to Net Product : 1850 and 1880. Amount of Capital per dollar of Net .Product. 18S0. Amount of Capital per dollar of Net Product. 1880. Percentage of Increase or Decrease. Agricultural implements. Boots and shoes,* Cotton goods^ Carpentering,* Clothine,* . Iron manufactures, Paper Woollen goods, . I^ails, tacks, and spikes, $1 20 43 3 38 33 66 1 73 1 66 2 22 1 71 to 88 66 1 01 46 47 1 73 1 96 1 43 2 02 — 26.7 + 53.5 — 70.1 + 39.4 — 14.5 + 18.1 — 35.6 + 18.1 * See note at foot of previous table. It will be seen that in agricultural implements, cotton goods, clothing, and woollen goods, the ratio of capital to net product has decreased ; in boots and shoes, carpentering, paper, and nails, tacks, and spikes it has increased, while in iron manu- factures the ratio remains unchanged. From these two tables it is shown that in boots and shoes, for instance, the average money wages of the laborer have in- creased from $205.43 to $381.07, while his share of net product has decreased from 71.8 per cent to 62.3 per cent. But the 34 STATISTICS OF LABOR. relative amount of capital invested to secure this net product increased 53.5 per cent. While, therefore, the laborer received in 1880 a less share of net product, out of which both the laborer and the capitalist are remunerated, than he received in 1850, the decline in his share is partly oflfset by the increase of interest account, also paid from net product, which increase is made necessary by the relative increase of capital invested. The same thing is true in the manufacture of nails, tacks, and spikes, and in carpentering. In the manufacture of paper, how- ever, not only have the laborer's money wages liberally in- creased but his relative share of net product has also increased, and this increase has taken place despite the fact that the capital invested for every dollar of this product in 1880 was more than 18 per cent more than tljat in 1850. In iron manufactures money wages and the laborer's share of net product have' in- creased, while the ratio of capital to net product has not changed. In cotton goods, on the contrary, although the money wages of the laborer have largely increased, a less relative share of the net product goes to wages than in 1850, although produc- tive processes have been so perfected and machinery so inge- niously adjusted as to render it possible to make a dollar's worth of net product to-day with over 70 per cent less capital than was required to accomplish the same result in 1850. The same is true, in less degree, in agricultural implements, cloth- ing, and woollen goods. The obvious inference is that in these industries the ratio of increase of profits outruns that of increase of wages. Net product, or value of product remaining after deducting value of raw materials of manufacture, represents the direct result of the productive forces in the given industry ; or, in other words, it represents the value created over and above the value of raw materials by the effective operation of labor and capital united. The value of net product forms, as we have said, a fund divisible into interest on capital, interest on loans, insurance, freights, rents, commissions, wages, and profits. Now if the relative share paid to labor in the form of wages is decreased, it is, of course, obvious that the share remaining for the other purposes mentioned is increased. If capital is also relatively WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 35 decreased, then it is fair to suppose that the share chargeable to interest is also diminished. It is well known that the relative cost of freights and insurance has decreased. Allowing, then, for a possible increase in rents and commissions, it would seem probable that, in the industries last examined, the share drawn out as profits has relatively increased, though such an assump- tion is perhaps unwarranted in the absence of definite data. It is, however, clearly inferential from the tables. It is well established that the proportionate cost of labor in the finished fabric has been greatly reduced through the use of machinery. This reduction of actual labor cost has been an important element in reducing the price of product to the con- sumer, while permitting at the same time a liberal increase of wages to the laborer. An examination of these two tables would, we think, lead to the conclusion that although in every case money wages have considerably increased, yet in certain industries in which the principles of the factory system (i. e., sub-division of labor, co-ordination of processes, and the appli- cation of a series of mutually dependent and practically auto- matic machines) have been most effective, such, for instance, as in the cotton and woollen industries, the relative share of net product gained by the workman tends to decrease. That is to say, in these industries perfection of machines and processes constantly tends to create a larger product with less capital, and the ratio of increase in productive capacity tends to out- run the ratio of increase in wages, so that of this larger product labor obtains a less relative share, although it is pro- duced at less expenditure of time and effort, and rewarded by a constantly increasing wage. From the following presentation which exhibits the same data for all the industries in the United States, for 1850 and 1880, it appears that, when the field is broadened so as to include the entire manufacturing industries of the country, labor's share of net product has declined from 51 to 48.1 per cent. This slight decrease, however, is more than offset by the relative increase in capital. 36 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Ratio of Wages to Net Product : 1850 and 1880. The United States. Average Wages. 18S0. Average Wasen. 18H0. ' Percentage of net product paid as Wages. I8S0. Percentage of net product paid as Wages. 1880. All Industrie $247.11 $346.91 Bl 48.1 Ratio of Capital to Net Product: 18S0 and 1880. The United States. Amount of Capital per dollar of net product. 18S0. Amount of Capital per dollar of net product. 1880. Percentage of increase. $1.15 $141 22.6 _ It appears probable, then, that when all industries are con- sidered money wages have not only increased, but that a slight increase has also taken place in the relative share of net product secured by labor after payment of in(;erest on capital invested. Through the introduqtion of machinery ignorant labor is utilized, not created, as some have supposed. That is, oppor- tunity is made for the entrance into higher and better paid employments of those who before were confined to the lowest grade of purely manual labor. The lowest industrial class is thus raised in the social scale, for, as it is congregated in fac- tory towns, it is brought into a new intellectual and moral atmosphere. The children of such a class are under these influences given wider privileges. This is not a matter of theory. The change has been com- pletely shown in the development of the cotton industry in Massachusetts, and has often been pointed out. In the begin- ning the daughters of American farmers and mechanics formed a large proportion of the operatives. It opened up for them a chance for remunerative employment which they gladly em- braced. They brought to the work a degree of intelligence and culture which their successors have not shown because it is not now demanded. As machinery became more automatic and greater perfection of processes was attained, an operative class of less general intelligence, took their place, while the young American found employments requiring greater indi vidual skill. Speaking broadly, the textile factory population of the State has in this way presented three successive phases as to nation- WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 37 ality, first, American; second, Irish and English; third, and the present, French Canadian, Each class found the factory a rise in the scale of employment, and each, except of course Ihe last, gradually passed from factory labor into other pursuits. In fact already French Canadians are found engaged in agri- culture and many other callings outside of the factory. The constant establishment of new industries under the influ- ence of machinery has aided the mobility of labor here indi- cated ; the increase in aggregate earnings, with its complement, the savings bank system, has enabled the operative class gradu- ally to amass sufficient capital for the acquisition of land or for other profitable uses,* while the free educational system has raised the intelligence of the children and fitted them to pass from the factory to other and better paid pursuits. The allegation often made that we have a fixed factory popu- lation as a result of the modern organization of labor is there- fore neither fair nor philosophical. Labor to-day, under the . conditions obtaining in the United States, is less fixed than ever before. The growth of the country through immigration certainly shows that with modern facilities for travel it is not ^fixed geographically, .while as to employment, although it is undoubtedly true that of a given number of operatives few ever change their occupation, yet when periods are com.pared it is found that the status of the industrial population is con- stantly changing, the narrow stream entering at the bottom . diffusing into broader channels at the top. This mobility of labor, brought about by the rise in intelli- gence of the laboring class and the development of industrial skill by which new industries are originated, occurring at a time * The following, based upon data contained in the report of the Commissioners of Savings Banks, shows the condition of snch banks in Massachusetts in 1884 : Number of open accounts on books of savings banks, Amount of deposits, Average for each account Estimated population of Massachusetts, 1884, . Number of persons to each open account, . Average deposit for each person in the Commonwealth, 826,008 $262,720,146.97 . $318.06. 2,000,000 2.42 $131.36 The amount thus deposited in savings Institutions has been loaned in part to aid-small owners to build houses, and in part to manufacturing companies as working capital. Post office banks if established might, equally' with savings banks, induce savings^ but the lending feature of our savings bank system is of the greatest importance spci^Uy and industrially. This, however, seldom attracts attention. — Edward Atkinson. 38 STATISTICS OF LABOR, when, as in the United States, land is easily obtainable, is a marked characteristic of the present century, and that this mobility is secured together with increased wages to the work- man and cheaper product to the consumer is a sufficient indi- cation of industrial progress. But, it may be asked, if the lowest labor is constantly being raised under the modern industrial system, will not a dearth arise of workmen willing to remain in the lowest employments ? In reply it should be said that machinery constantly tends to narrow the range of purely manual labor. While certain operations can never be performed by machines, these are operations requiring a high, not a low grade of skill. The irk- some labor of the world is largely coming to be performed by machinery. It is just here that its labor saving power is most apparent. Invention has not abolished labor. On the con- trary, it has created new industries by stimulating new wants. But to a great degree it has overcome the necessity for a purely manual class. The hewing of wood, the drawing of water, the making of brick, tunnelling, dredging, all employ- ments in the past restricted to laborers weak in intelligence and strong in muscle have now come under its influence. The demand for a purely manual class is constantly decreasing. II. The second important feature of the period from 1830 to 1860 is the change that has taken place in the status of the laborer before the law. We have elsewhere given a complete summary of labor legislation in Massachusetts from 1833 to 1875* and shall here present a digest merely, without detailing the discussions which preceded or the immediate causes which led to the passage of the various acts. The legislation embraces the following subjects : — Abolishment of imprisonment for debt; various acts pro- viding for the instruction of youth employed in manufacturing establishments ; various acts to secure to mechanics and labor- ers their payment for labor by a lien on real estate ; fixing the hours of labor for women and certain minors in manufacturing establishments at 60 per week ; relating to contracts for labor ; requiring belting, dangerous machinery, and hatchways in fac- * Seventh Annnal Report. See also " Labor Laws of the Commonnrealth of Massa- chusetts," compiled by the Bureau, coutalning the existing Statutes on the subject of labor. WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 39 tories to be guarded ; fire escapes to be provided ; unsafe eleva- tors prohibited, and authorizing the appointment of inspectors of factories ; providing for weekly payments to laborers in the employ of cities ; requiring seats for the use of females employed in manufacturing, mechanical, and mercantile estab- lishments ; limiting the contract employment of prisoners in certain industries ; exempting from attachment the tools of mechanics to the amount of $300 ; regulating the employment of children in manufacturing establishments ; authorizing the formation of co-operative associations and exempting from attachment of shares therein to the amount of $20 ; exempting the wages of wife and minor children from attachment; appointing commissions to investigate the condition of the industrial classes, and, finally, establishing the bureau of statis- tics of labor; providing for ventilation, fire escapes, etc., in tenement and lodging houses ; authorizing the establishment of industrial schools ; providing for cheap transportation on rail- roads for workingmen ; authorizing towns to support public libraries ; requiring the maintenance of evening schools in certain towns ; authorizing instruction in schools in the use of hand tools ; providing for free text books and supplies in the public schools ; incorporating an industrial school for girls ; relating to loan and fund associations and co-operative banks ; relating to a fund for the promotion of education and the mechanic arts ; incorporating labor reform, co-operative building, and indus- trial associations ; modifying the apprentice law by repealing imprisonment and substituting a bond ; appropriating money for the representation of the industries of the Commonwealth at industrial expositions ; appropriating money to aid a school of industrial science, with a proviso for free instruction ; pre- venting the appearance of children under 15 as acrobats, etc. ; providing for special statistics from time to time on industrial subjects, and, by means of the census, for industrial statistics at decennial periods ; regulating deposits in savings banks ; preventing persons or corporations from making special con- tracts with employes by which the latter exempt their employ- ers from liability in case of accident to themselves while at work ; requiring contractors on public buildings or works to give bonds or security for themselves and sub-contractors that materials and labor shall be paid for ; forbidding detention in 40 STATISTICS OF LABOR. city almshouses of children after they reach the age of four years ; providing that in cases of insolvency the wages of clerks and servants, to the amount of $100, shall be paid in full ; fix- ing the responsibility of railroad corporations for negligently causing the death of employes ; prohibiting the locking of factory doors during working hours ; requiring railroad com- panies to use safety couplers ; regulating the use of explosive compounds in factories ; and requiring the compulsory vaccina- tion of operatives. As the grand result of this legislation, the legal hours of employment for women, and minors under 18 years, in factories, are fixed at 60 per week ; no child under ten is to be employed in any manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment, and no child under twelve during school hours ; no minor under eighteen can be legally employed more than 60 hours per week in any mercantile establishment ; imprisonment for debt is abolished ; a lien law is provided ; the necessary tools of a mechanic are exempted from attachment ; the trustee pro- cess is curtailed ; proper fire escapes are to be maintained in factories and tenements ; co-operative associations are author- ized ; regulations for the protection of life and health in fac- tories are provided, and the inspection of factories required ; and, finally, educational facilities have been broadened and made perfectly free as regards both instruction and text books. Without specific legislation ten hours have come to be the maximum day's work in most industries; the rule in a few industries is eight hours. THE WAGES AND PEICES TABLES, BY YEARS. 1752 TO 1860. - In the tables which follow, wages and prices are given for the years included in the period from 1752 to 1860. As has been already stated at the beginning of this Part, these wages and prices were secured by an examination of a large number of bills, day-books, and ledgers, containing the accounts of the daily transactions of large country stores at different intervals ; of memorandum, pass, and family account books ; of general family expense books, farm accounts, and manuscript material WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 41 obtained from original sources by agents of the Bureau, in various sections of the State. Through the courtesy of the persons in whose possession these books of account were found, the greater part of this examination was made at this oflSce, the books being loaned for the purpose, and an excellent opportunity was thus afforded for a most careful and systematic investigation and classification of wages and prices for the years named. In many instances, however, where it was not convenient to allow the use of these account books for office examination, agents of the Bureau were accorded the privilege of making copies of such portions of these old " accounts "as seemed necessary to ensure complete- ness of detail, and in this way, also, much valuable material was added to that already obtained from the sources referred to above. From the great mass of material so courteously placed at the disposal of this office, only that portion was used which fur- nished perfectly plain statements of wages and prices for the years specified. The material used, however, fully covers the different periods comprehended by this investigation of wages and prices, and the results can be accepted as accurate and entirely trustworthy in their nature. As indicating still further the thoroughness with which this investigation has been conducted, as well as the extent to which it has been carried, it may be well to say that the average wages and prices by years for the various occupations and arti- cles named are based upon over 4,600 statements representing over 9,000 original quotations of wages, and nearly 25,000 statements representing 120,000 original quotations of prices. Of course, as is well known, statistics of prices for any period are much easier to obtain than statistics of wages for the same period. These quotations of wages and prices were obtained from 116 books of account, the original property of indi- viduals, or persons engaged in business at some time, in 56 different towns and cities in the State. In the presentation of these wages and prices by years, reference marks are used in the earlier years to distinguish, so far as possible, the varying values in which these wages and prices were originally given, as was the custom at that time, either as " old tenor'' or as " lawful money." In some 42 STATISTICS OF LABOR. cases, however, this distinction was not carefully made, but the approximation of the amount given for any occupation or article on any given basis to a properly comparative amount given as either old tenor or lawful money will easily determine to which class the amount in question really belongs, although the evidence was not at hand to enable us to state definitely whether the quotations not marked are given in old tenor or lawful money. For the convenience of those persons who may wish to make such comparisons, and as a ready means for converting old tenor into lawful money, we reprint portions of a table pub- lished as a part of the " Collections of the New Hampshire Historical Society," for the year 1824 (volume I). This table purports to be "A correct Table to bring Old Tenor into Lawful Money, at the rate of dollars, at six shillings per piece, from one penny to twenty shillings Old Tenor." The table was first printed at Boston, in 1750, and is said to be " cal- culated with exactness, even to the fifteenth part of a farthing." We reprint only such portions as are necessary for the conver- sion of any number of shillings or pence, the table, as stated above, including all possible combinations of shillings and pence from one penny to twenty shillings Old Tenor. Such combinations, however, can easily be made from the data here Old Tenor. Lawful Money. Old Tenor. Lawftal Money. .. d. 0. d. ?■ IStha. 8. a. «• IBths. lis. 8 5iB . 8 2 1 1 6 9 2 6 3 1 9 7 11 12 4 2 2 8 3 3 5 2 10 9 2 1 9 6 8 3 10 4 7 3 11 11 S 2 6 n 12 7 12 8 4 13 8 3 3 9 12 14 10 1 9 10 1 5 15 2 11 1 13 16 2 1 2 6 1 2 6 17 2 3 12 2 3 12 18 2 4 3 3 3 4 3 3 19 .2 6 1 9 4 6 1 9 20 & 8 From this table we can find the relation which old tenor bears to lawful money. Taking lawful money as the unit, or 100, the ratio for old tenor then becomes as 13.33 is to 100, or. WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 43 in other words, the relative value of old tenor is two-fifteenths of the value of lawful money. For an exact comparison of the wages and prices given for the earlier years in pounds, shillings, and pence with those which for succeeding years are given in United States money, it is necessary to know the equivalent, in dollars and cents, for any value expressed in pounds, shillings, and pence. It is a matter of history that the colonists at a very early date, while retaining the English form of money, ceased to use the pound sterling as a basis for reckoning. Although their books were still kept in pounds, shillings, and pence, the value of which was variously denominated either as lawful money, or as new, middle, or old tenor to distinguish the forms of the successive issues of colonial paper money, their bills were always made payable in Spanish milled dollars, which, as early as 1652, took the place of English stei'ling as the money of account. The value of the Spanish dollar, in the colonial cur- rency of the times, varied greatly for the several colonies, the rate for Massachusetts being estimated, in 1782, at six shillings for a silver dollar. In computations of exchange with Eng- land, the Spanish dolla* was uniformly estimated at 4s. 6d., or fifty-four pence sterling.* At the establishment of the national mint, by Act of April 2, 3 792, the unit of value, or dollar, was made to conform, so far as possible, to the average coin value of the Spanish dollar at that time, which dollar had continued to circulate as the prin- cipal money of account and was generally accepted as the standard in all money transactions. By Act of July 31, 1789, by which the values of foreign coins were regulated, the pound sterling was reckoned as $4.44, as compared with the Spanish dollar, this being the exact ratio at which the Spanish dollar was valued at the London mint. The union, therefore, between the values of the Spanish dollar, which had been the colonial money of account, and the dollar adopted by the United States government, in 1792, is complete. Knowing the proportionate relation of old tenor to lawful money to be as 13.33 is to 100, or two-fifteenths in value, and knowing, also, that lawful money, expressed in shillings, rep- resents six shillings to the Spanish dollar, which coin is the * H. Linderman, on " Money and Legal Tender." 44 STATISTICS OF LABOR. exact equivalent of the unit of value, or dollar, authorized by the United States, in 1792, we find the value of a shilling old tenor to be 2.22 cents, and of a' shilling lawful money to be 16.7 cents, in United States currency of the present time. In that part of the tables devoted to wages, the amounts given for any occupation are, unless otherwise specified, the average wages paid to male day workers. In the "basis" column, however, the fact is always stated whether the amount given represents the work of a person in the occupation speci- fied for a day, week, month, or year, as the case may be. The fact, also, of the wage being «' with board " in any instance is so stated ; in all other cases, the wages are the amounts received without regard to board. In the same way, all prices given are average retail prices for the articles named, unless otherwise specified. The term " wholesale" is used to distinguish the price paid for large quantities of any given article bought at any one time (not necessarily to be sold again) from the strictly retail price paid for the same article, this retail price being the " average " price obtained by the aggregation of a large number of quota- tions of prices for small quantities of the same article. In the presentation of both wages and prices, the occupa- tions and articles are arranged alphabetically, this arrange- ment furnishing the easiest means of comparison from year to year for any given occupation or article. All "amounts" are average wages or prices for any given "basis," the recognized abbreviation being used, in each in- stance, to designate the particular time or quantity. Wages and prices, when graded, are so indicated, the desig- nation "high," "medium high," " medium," " medium low," or " low '' being used to mark the comparative grade. Graded prices, however, for certain articles, when>they appear in the tables, do not mean always that the range of price was alone due to the varying quality of the article named, for any given basis, but may have been caused wholly by the fluctuation of the price during the year, the difierence in price at difierent periods of the year being so great as to necessitate the division into grades to bring out this point distinctly. WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 45 The Wages and Pjbioes Tables, Br Yeaes. 1752-1860. Wages and Prices: 1752. Occupations and Ba- Occupations" and Ba- Articles. sis. Amount. Akticlbs. sis. Amount. Wages. £ ». a. £ 8. a. Laborers day *16 Iron, lb. *i 6 agricultural . day ns Mackerel, Pork, . doz. Ih. »12 *3 4 Prices. Potatoes, hu. *18 Beef, lb. *1 6 Rye, . pt. *8 9 Cbiese lb. *3 6 Turnips, bu. *10 Corn bu. *1 15 Wood, . • ft. *6 3 Wages and Prices: 1763. Laborers, ■Wages. I, . . . agricultural . Apples, Beef, Prices. day a»y £ ». a. *15 *16 8 *10 *1 6 Brick, M. Mackerel, .... bhi. Molasses, .... uai. Eye bu Sugar, lb. Wood ft. £ 8. a. *5 10 »12 •16 *1 18 *8 6.7 *6 3 Wages and Prices: 1754. Wages. Laborers, agricultural . Sboemakers, (piece work) Boef, Brick, Corn, Prices. day day pr. £ 8. *15 »15 *\ 7 d. 6 *Z *o 10 *1 S 6.8 Flour, . Pork, . Potatoes, Rye, Veal, . Wood, . £ 8. d. •1 8.4 *4 *3 9 *16 *1 S 1 8 8 9 Wages and Prices: 1755. Laborers, Wages.' agricultural Prices. Beans, white Beef, Cheese, . . . day day £ 8. d. *16 *16 *1 6 *1 8 *4 Cider, . Potatoes, Rye, Sugar, . Turnips, Wood, . bbl. bu. bu. lb. bu. fu £ ». a. *2 *17 6 *1 16 3 *8 9 *16 *6 3 Wages and Prices: 1756. Wages. £ 8. a. £ 8. a. Laborers, .... day »7 8 Flaxseed, . bu. *1 (sawing timber) . day »1 1 9 Parsnips, . pk. *7 6 agricultural . day *16 Potatoes, . pk. *6 (plowing green- Rye, . . . .,bu. *1 2 8 sward) . day *4 10 Salt, . . . . bu. *l 10 Shoes, . pr. *2 5 Prices. Tea, . lb. *3 Beef, lb. *6.4 Wood, (high) . ft. 8 9 Cloth, tow .... vd. 6 8 (low) . . ft. 5 Corn pk. »10 * Old Tenor. 46 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages and Prices : 1757. OOODPATIOHS AUD Ba- Ba- Articles. sis. Amount. Abticlks. sis. Amount. "Wagres. £ ». d. £ «. d. Laborers, .... day *7 6.4 Cider bbl. *1 10 agricultural . day *14 3 Corn, bn. *1 agrlunltural (with Fish, (by the 100 lb».) . . lb. *2.4 oxen) day *3 6 Oat hn. *16 Plank, 24 Inch ft. *2.8 Prices. Salt bu. *1 16 Beef, lb. *1 Veal, ...'.. lb. •1 Brick M. *3 Wood ft. *5 4 Wages and Prices: 1758. "Wages. £ 8. a. £ 8. d. Laborers day *11 8 Fowl lb. *5 agricultural . day *11 8 Eye, . . Salt, . . bu. hu. *1 6 *1 17 6 Prices. Sugar, loaf . Ih. *8 6.1 Apples, .... hu. 2 6 Tallow, Ih. *5 Candies lb. »6 6 Turkey, lb. *2 6 Corn I>u. *1 Turnips, bn. *ia Eggs, . . . , . . doz. *8 6 Wood, . . ft. *5 10 Wages and Prices: 1759. Laborers, Beans,. Cloth, flne Corn, Wages, i agricultural . agriculturul (wilb oxen) Prices. day day day £ 8. i;. *11 3 *ll 3 *2 5 *1 16 *6 2 *1 5 Iron, refined Pork, . Potatoes, Kye, Sugar, . Turnips, Veal, . Wood, . £ «. d. *i 6 *3 6 *15 *1 5 *3 2. *11 3 *1 6 *6 3 Wages and Prices: 1760. Laborers, ■Wages. Beef, Candiei Corn, Flour, agricultural . Prices. day day £ «. »11 *11 d. 3 3 4 *1 10 t3 1.9 t3 Mutton, . Potatoes, Salt, Tallow, . Turnips, Wood, French e t t* *4 6. *18 *10 t8.8 tl 8 *12 tl Wages and Prices: 1761. Laborers, Wages. I, agricultural Prices. Beans, white , Beef, . Candles, Cider, . Cloth, tow Corn, . . day day qt. lb. lb. bbl. pk. £ 8. a. »11 s *14 4.9 *1 10.6 2.8 *6 *2 S *14 *7 6 Corn, Herring, ParBnipa, Potatoes, Rum, Rye, . Shoes, , Sugar, . Wood, . bu. flOZ. pk. pk gal. bu. £ «. d. *1 10 1 6 *6 8 *4 6 3 *1 10 *2 10 *6 tl * Old Tenor. t Lawful Money. WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 47 Wages and Prices: 1762. OOCnpATIONS ASD Artioleb. Laborers, "Wages. Beef, Butter, Cheeae, Cloth, Corn, (chopping wood) Frioes. day day Amount. £ s. a. tl 6 *1 6 t2.6 tl t6.3 tl 7.2 *7 6 OCCDPATIONB AND ABTICLES. Com, Iron, MolaBses, Potatoes, Rye, . Bait, Tallow, . Tape, . Turnips, bu. lb. gal. pk. bu. bu. £ s. d. n 10 t3.2 tS t8 t2 4 *1 10 tl.6 t8.8 tl t4.6 Wages and Prices: 1763. Wag?s. £ s. d. £ ,. d. Laborers day 16 Beans, white . it t4 day *15 Beef, t3.2 day tS 6 Cider, . ... bbi. to agricultural . day *15 Corn r' tl agricultural . day t2 Fish, (by the 100 lbs.) . tO.4 agricultural (with Potatoes bu. t3 oxen) day tl2 Rye, . . . . bu. t4 Turnips, .... bu. 16 Prices. (high) . . . (low) . . bu. t2 Apples bu. tl bu. tl 4 Wages and Prices: 1764. Laborers, Wages. Beef, Brick, Cider, Cloth, agricultural . agricultural . Frioes. day day day day lb. M. bbl. yd. £ 8. d. 16 tl 11.6 17 8 t2 t3 15 2 5 1 10 Corn, Cotton wool, . Hate, Potatoes, English Rum, Rye, Stockings, Turnips, Wood, . Fb':- ea. bu. pt. bu. pr. pr. hn. ft. £ «. d. tl 12 6 2 15 0.4 4 6 2 3 t3 9 tl 6 10 Wages and Prices: 1765. Wages. £s. d. £ «. d. Laborers, .... day 15 Pork lb. t6.6 day t2 Potatoes, (high) . bu. 15 agricultural (low) . . . English . bu. 12 1.7 (plowing) day t8 bu. 18 Rum pt. 5 Frioes. Bye bu. 18 6 Apples bu. tl 6 bu. t4 Bflck, M. tl8 Turnips pk. tB Corn bu. tS 4 Veal, . lb. t2.5 Meal qt. t2 Wood,- cd. 4 Molasses qt. t8 cd. t9 Wages and Prices: 1766. ■Wages. £ «. d. £ s. d. Laborers day 16 2 Corn, (high) .... bu. 3 2.7 day tl 6 (low) bti. 1 mo. 1 16 Meal, (high) qt. *1 4 agricultural . day 15 Pork, . t tl.5 t5.8 Frioes. Potatoes, bu. 2 Beef, lb. t3.4 Rye, . bu. 4 Cloth, tow .... yd. tl 8.6 Taps, . pr. 1 Cider, bbl. 1 10 Turnips bu. 1 8 * Old Tenor. I Lawful Money. 48 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages and 1 ?rices: 1767. OOOnPATIOSS AND Articles. Ba- sis. Amount. ooccpatiohs and Articles. Ba- sis. Amount. 'Wages. Laborers agricultural . Prices. Beans Cider Cori Corn Feathers, • . Flax, Handkerchiefs, . largest smallest Meal day day bbi. v:: lb. lb. doz. doz. doz. qt. bu. £ 8. d. 15 tl 7.5 tl 6 2 5 1 7 tS 4 g.6 tio 3 18 2 tl.3 t3 D 1 Molasses, (by the bhd.) Muttoui Oats Oil, sweet . Potatoes English . Kye Shoes Tobacco, .... Turnips, .... Vinegar ft bu. It- bu. bu. bu. Fb'-.- bu. bu. gal. £ ». d. 1 2.4 t3.2 t2 6 es 1 10 t4 2 10 2 6 t6 10 tl 9 t9.1 Wages and Prices: 1768. "Wages. Laborers, Prices. Beans, . Com, Indian . day £ s. d. 15 9 1 16 1 1 Flax, . Onions, . Peas, Potatoes, English . Salt, lb. bu. pk. bu. bu. £ «. d. 5 2.5 2 5 12 6 18 15 Wages and Prices: 1769. Laborers, ■Wages. day £ s. d. 13 4 Beef, Prices. lb. £ «. d. 1 3 Wages and Prices: 1770. Laborers, Apples, . Beans, . Cider, (high) Wages. , . . • agricultural . Prices. day day bu. qt. bbl. £ 8. 15 15 4.1 1.2 6 1 2 16 2.7 Cider, (low) . Corn, Indian . Potatoes, Eye, Tobacco, Turnips, Wheat, . bbl. bu. bu. bu. lb. bu. bu. £ 8. d. 2 2 12 6 1 6 10 2 10 .S 11 3 2 5 Wages and Prices: 1771. Wages. £ 8. d. £ 8. d. Butchers, .... day 15 Cider, bbl. 2 11 8 Laborers day 16 3.1 Lawn, . yd. 5 5 agricultural . day 15 Peas, . qt. 2 6 agricultural (boys) day 7 6 Potatoes, Sugar, . bu. lb. 9 2 4 1.1 Prices. Tammy, (cloth) Thread, . yd. 16 2.4 Butter lb. 4 6.3 »k. 10 Cambric, yd. 2 5 10 Tobacco, lb. 2 6 Chintz, yd; 1 5 11.5 Turnips, bu. 11 6 Wages and Prices: 1772. Wages. £ 8. d. £ 8. d. Carpenters, .... day 19 10 Cider, (low) .... bbl. 1 10 Laborers day 16 Corn, Indian . bu. 1 10 (boys) . . . day 6 Flax, lb. 4 6 agricultural . day 16 Potatoes, bn. 7 8.3 agricultural (boys) day 7 6 Shoes, (high) (medium) pr. pr. 2 5 1 16 Prices. (low) . pr. 1 11 10.7 Butter lb. 4 11.1 Tobacco, Ih. 2 6 Cider, (high) . . . bbl. 2 4 t Lawful Money. WAGES AND PRICES: 1732-1860. "Wages and Prices: 1773. 49 OCCnPATIOHS AND Articles. Ba- sis. Amount. occcpations akd Abtioles. Ba- sis. Amount. Wages. Carpenters, Laborers, agricultural Prices. Apples, sweet Biscuit Butter Chintz day day day bu. ea. lb. yd- £ a. d. 15 4 15 13 4.8 7 6 4 10.7 14 Cider, . Molasses, Potatoes, English Satin, . Sugar, (high) Thread, . bbl. doz. lb. sk. £ ». d. 2 5 2 6 3 9 15 1 12 11.7 4 1 6 6 Wages, and Prices : 1774. "Wages. Carpenters, . Laborers, agricultural Masons, . Prices. Butter, . Cider, . Corn, Handkerchiefs, day day day day lb. bbl. bu. £ 8. d. 16 1.7 15 10.7 16 1 10 4 1 10 1 5 18 Milk, . Molasses, Pork, . Potatoes, Soap, soft SuKar, . Tobacco, Tubs, . Wheat, . £ «. d. 1 3 9 10 4.i 1 6 3 9 Wages and Prices: 1775. "Wages. £ 8. d. £ ». d. Butchers, .... day 15 Cotton batting. lb. 1 10 Laborers, .... day 17 2.7 Handkersliiet^, ea. 15 agricultural . da; 15 5.6 MolaAes, .... gal. 18 agricultural . wk. 3 18 9 Potatoes bu. 11 1.3 Tobacco, .... lb. 4 Prices. Turnips, .... bu. 11 2.7 Broadcloth, yd. 8 woeat, bn. 1 17 6 Cider bbl. 1 12 2.7 Wages: 1776. Wages. £ .. d. £ «. d. Laborers, (high) . day 1 6 3.4 Laborers, agricultural (high) day 1 2 6 •f (medium) . dW. 18 7.9 agricultural (me- (medium low) day 7 2.1 dium) day 15 how) . . . day 1 6.6 agricaltnral (low) day 1 Wages and Prices: 1777. Wages. Laborers, (high) . £ «. d. £ .. d. day 14 Corn, Indian .... bu. 4 (medlnm) . (low) . . . day 10 Meal pk. tl 6 day 2 0.8 rye ... . Fb^- tJ day ts Mutton, t8 agricultural . day 3 4 Potatoes bu. t2 6 agricultural (with Turnips, .... pk. *8 oken) . day t9 Veal lb. t2.8 Vinegar gal. 4 Prices. gal. tl Apples bu. tlO.6 Wood n. tl 1.6 Butter, It). t9 walnut ti. t2 Corn bp. ts 6 t Lawful Uon^. 50 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages and Prices: 1778. OCCtrPATIONS AND Abticles. Ba- sis. Amount. Occupations and Ahticlks. Ba- sis. Amount. Wages. Carpenters, .... Laborers day day £ .. d. 17 9.2 17 4.1 Prices. Beans, . , . \ . Butter Cabbages, .... Potatoes, Bngllsb, qt. lb. ea. hu. £ .. d. 1 10.6 4 11.5 2 9 15 Wages and Prices: 1779. Wages. £ ». d. £ 8. (i.v Carpenters, (hlxb) day 2 6 2.6 Cider, .... Kal 4 (low) . . . dHy 1 9 1.2 Cotton batting. lb. 12 6 Laborers day 1 16 8 Molasses K.il. 17 6 Rum, Ral. 10 Prices. Salt bn. 12 6 Cheese lb. 6 Shalloon, (cloth) . yd. 18 Wages and Prices : 1 780. Carpenters, Laborers, Beef, Candles, Corn, Flax, Milk, . Molasses, Mutton, . Wagres fl day day Prices- lb. * lb. . bn. lb. • • • • qt. »!al. lb. £ ». i. 20 2 8 t6.3 tl 4 t4 4 t9 t2.6 t2 4 t6.6 Pork, . Potatoes, Rye, . Soap, soft Sugar, . Tallow, . Tea, Vinegar, Wood, . lb. bu. t. lb. lb. gal. cd. £ ». d. t9 t2 9 . tl 6 t6 t8 t7 t8 t3 9 t8 tl2 Wages and Prices: 1781. Wages. Blacksmiths,. Carpenters, (high) (low) . Laborers, . . . . agricultural (high) agricultural (low) Nail makers day day day day day day day £ «. 4 1 3 1 1 1 18 1 1 Apples, . Beans, . Beef, Flax, Potatoes, Rum, Turnips, Pri ces bu. ?b': lb. I.u. c t. d. 1 1 10.3 1 6 5 15 1 Wages and Prices: 1782. Wages. £ «. d. £ *. d. Blacksmiths day 5 Beans rb":- 2 Carpenters, (high) (medium) day 1 u Beef, . . t6.8 day 4 (wholesale) , Biscuit, . . . . . Ih. 3 (low) . day 2 8 ea. 1 Laborers, (high) . day 19 2.1 Brandy qt. 2 6.4 (medium) day 16 Broadclbth, .... yd. 16 (low) . dHy S 4 Buttons, (high) , (medium) Ooz. 3 9.2 day t2 2.9 doz. 1 6.3 agricultural (high) day 1 1 9 doz. 11 aKrlcultural (me- Candles lb, 1 3 dium) . . day 16 Cheese Ih. 6 agricultural (low) day 2 4 Cider, bhi. 6 agricultural . day XI Cinnamon, .... Cloth tow ... . oz. yd. 3 7 6 10.1 1 6 Prioes. tow (wholesale) . yd. 1 Allspice, . . . Apples oz. 6.9 Coal, Coddsh, . . . . owt. 6 1.8 bu. tl lb. 6.3 t Lawful Money. WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 51 Wages and Prices: 1 782 — Concluded. Occupations and Ba- Occupations and Ba- Articles. als. Amount. Articles. sis. Amount. - £ ». d. £ a. d. Coffee lb. 2 1.6 Raisins lb. 1 10 Corn bu. 5 S.6 Bum qt. 1 11.9 bn. t4 Rye pk. t2 CrAnberrleB pk. 1 B.3 Bait pk. 2 10.6 Flax lb. 1 0.8 bu. tS Flour, lb. 4.B Shoe pr. 3 6 Ginger, . ... oz. 1.5 Silk yd. 6 Gloves pr. 2 1 Snuff, oz. 3.9 Handkerchiefs, (high) . ea. 11 Spermaceti, . oz. 1 6.3 , ('"•") • ■ ea. 4 6.6 Stockings, '. pr. 3 9 Meal bu. 6 Sugar, . . . . lb. 10.1 Uolasses qt. 1 2.7 (high) . . . (low) .... lb. tlO.3 gal. t3 lb. t6 Nankeen, .... yd. 4 9.6 Tallow, lb. 1 0.7 Nutmegs, .... ea. 7.1 Tea lb. 9 9.2 Oats bu. 3 10.6 Tobacco lb. 7.8 Pepper oz. g Turnip bu. 10 Pins, (high) . . row 1 Wood; ft. tl 2.4 (low) .... row 0.7 cd. 3 4 pap. 1 3.2 Wool lb. 2 6 Pork lb. t8.7 lb. t2 Potatoe bu. t3 \ Wag es and ] Prices: 1783. Wages. £ s d. £ «. d. Carpenters, (high) (low) day 12 Cloth, (high) yd. 16 day 3 6.3 (med. high) (medium) . yd. 12 10.8 Laborers, (high) . (medium) . day 116 yd. 6 7.7 day 16 6 (meil. low) yd. 2 6 (low) . . . day 1 10.6 (low). . . . yd. 1 2 agricultural (high) daj 15 7.3 duffel . . . yd. 8 agricultural (low) day 2 6.5 durant (high) . durant (low) yd. 4 6.6 yd. 2 2.9 Prices. everlasting (high) yd. 8 4 Allspice, .... oz. 2.7 everlasting (low) yd. 3 7.6 Baize yd. 2 4.7 frieze .... yd. 2 3.7 Basin ea. 1 11 tow .... yd. 1 0.4 Beans, pk. 3 0.4 Cloves uz. 2 2.6 Biscuit ea. 1 Coats ea. 9 Blankets ea. 7 6 Codfish lb. 3.6 Brandy, .... qt. 1 7.6 Coffee lb. 1 Breeches, .... pr. 6 Corduroy, (high) . yd. 5 4.3 Broadcloth, (high) yd. 10 (low) . yd. 4 10.6 (med. high) . (medium) yd. 17 8.6 Corn, new .... bu. 3 4.2 yd. 13 old ... . bu. 6 10.8 (med. low) yd. 7 6.6 Cotton wool lb. 2 7 (low) . . yd. 6 4 Cranberries, .... pk 10 Brooms, .... ea. 9.3 Denim yd. 6 6.9 Buckram, .... fb*- 1 6.7 Eggs, (high) . . doz. 8.2 Butter 8.7 (low) .... doz. 4 Buttons, (high) . doz. 3 6 Flax lb. 10 3 (med.blgh) . (medium) doz. 2 11.6 Flour lb. 3.9 doz 1 8.9 Gauze, (high) yd. 6 1.2 (med. low) . doz. 9.8 (medium) . yd. 3 6.9 (low) . . . doz 3 (low) ... yd. 2 5.9 Calamanco, (cloth) yd. 1 11 8 Ginger, .... oz. 1.6 yd. 4 8.3 Gloves, (high) . pr. 3 Cambric, (high) . yd. 8 5.6 (medium) pr. 2 3 (low) . . . Camlet, (high) . . . (low) n: 6 4.1 2 7.8 (low) . . . GroB-graln, .... yd. 1 4.1 8 9.1 fb^.- 1 6.1 Handkerchiefs, (high) . ea. 6 0.7 Candles 1 8.2 (medium) . (low) . . ca. 3 9.8 Candlesticks, ea. 1 ea. 2 1.7 Cheese, (high) . . . lb. 10 gauze . ea. 3 1.2 (medium) lb. 6.9 Hats, (high) .... ea. 1 16 (low) . . . lb. 34 (med. high) ; (medium) , ea. 18 Chocolate, (high) . (low) . Ibr 2 4.3 ea. 1 1 1.2 lb. 1 3.7 (med. low) . ea. 4 2 Cinnamon oz. 1 8.3 (low) .... ea. 10 t Lawfiil Honey. 52 STATISTICS OF LABOR. ■Wages and prices: 1783 — Concluded. Oocdpahoks akd Ba- Amount. OCOUPATIOKS AHD Ba- Amount. Aktioles. sis. Articles. sis. £ s. d. £ ». d. Jean yd. 2 13 Rum, qt. 1 4.3 Knives — by the cnee, (higb) e'se 8 14ye Ku. 6 4 by the case, (low) . c'se 3 16 Salt, . . . pk. 1 2.9 LambBkin yd. 6 9.4 Satin, (high) yd. 8 10.2 Lasting, yd. 4 2 (low). . . . yd. 4 6 Litwn yd. 4 4.8 Shalloon (cl..th;hfgh). yd. 3 10 3 Lemons, .... ea. 3,6 (cloth : low) . yd. 2 6,4 Linen, (high) . . . yd. 3 9.1 Bboes, (high) . . . pr. 9 6 (low). . . . yd. 1 7.6 (medium) . pr. 6 5.3 Lining, (high) yd. i 6 low). . . . pr. 4 8.6 (medium) yd. 3 6 Silk, (high) .... yd. 9 (low) . . . yd. 1 11.2 (medium) yd. 4 10,6 Millinet, . , . yd. 2 4 (low) .... yd. 2 6 Kode, (cloth) yd. 6 7.2 sewing (higli) sk. 6.4 Mohair, (by the stick) . ea. 6,6 sewing (medium) sk. 4 Molasses qt. 8.8 sewing (low) sk. 2.2 (hythehhd.) qt. e Snuff, oz. 3.4 Moreen, (high) yd. 8 10 (wholesale) lb. 2 4 (low) . . . yd. 3 4 Soap lb. 1 2.1 Mntton, Ih. 31 Spermaceti oz. 11.1 Needles doz. 45 Stockings, (high) . pr. 5 10 knitting . pr. 2 (medium) . pr. 4 85 Nutmegs, .... ea. 44 (low) . . . pr. 8 6 oz. 2 Suear, . . . , . lb. 8.6 Oats, (high) .... (low) .... bu. 18 9 Tallow • lb. 1 0.2 bu. 2 1 Tnmmy, (cloth) . yd. 1 9.2 Paper qr. 1 2,S Tape, yd. 1.8 (letter sheet) . ea. 8 Tea lb. 6 10.8 Peas, pk. S 1 (wholesflle) . lb. 3 2 Pepper 02. 2.7 Thread, (high) . sk. 4 Pius, ..... row 0.7 (medium) sk. 2,1 IT 9.2 (low) . . . sk. L6 Potatoes, (high) . 3 4 Tobacco lb. 8.1 (10^) . . . bu. 2 Trousers Z: 2 6 Baisins lb. 10.3 Turnips 1 4 Eibbon, (high) . yd. 2 bu. *10 (med. high) . yd. 1 8.5 Twist, (by the slick) . ea. 7.2 (medium) yd. 1L6, Veal lb. 3 (med. low) yd. 6.9 Vinegar qt. 3.8 (low) . . . yd. 2.71 Wine qt. 2 2.1 Eioe lb. 3.9 Wood, . . . . cd. 8 Wages and Prices : 1784. 'Wages. £ s. d. £ ». d. 'Blacksmiths, .... day 4 Chocolate lb. 1 4 Carpenters, (high) day 1 7 a Cinnamon, .... oz. 1 4 (low) day 8 7.7 Cloth, (high) (medium) . It 14 Laborers, (high) . dav 18 6 9.4 (low) . day 16 4.8 (med. low) yd. 2 4.6 agiiicultural day 17 9 (low) .... yd. 3.4 Cotton, (high) yd. 7 2.8 Prices. ^ (low) . . . yd. 3 4.8 Allspice, . . oz. , 3 everlasting. yd. 3 6.1 Baize, . yd. S 8.7 frieze. yd. 2 Biscuit, . ea. 0.7 ratteen, . yd. 5 9.8 Blankets, ea. 8 0.8 tow yd. 1 0.2 Brandy, . qt. 1 6.9 tow (wholesale) yd. 11 Broadcloth, (high) yd. 18 6.6 Cloves oz. 1 a (medium) yd. 11 Coffee, . ' . lb. 1 (low) yd- a 6 Corduroy, .... It 4 9.8 Buckram, J"- doz. 1 4.6 Corn, . ' . S 2.9 Buttons, (high) 6 6 Flax lb. .6,1 (low) doz. 10.1 tlour lb. 2.1 Calico, . yd. 2 81 Gauze, yd. 2 9,4 Camlet, (high) yd. 2 3 Gin t. 2 7.9 (low) yd. 1 a Ginger 2 Candlesticks, ea. 8 Gloves, (htigh) pr. 6 a Cheese, (high) lb. 6.9 i (l*w) . . ,. pr. 1 6.6 (low) . . .. lb. 3.4: Handkerchiefs, (high) . ea. a a ' Old Tenor, WAGES AND PKICES: 1752-1860. 53 Wages and Prices: 1784 — Concluded. QOOL-rATIOHS AND Ba- Amount. Occupations and Ba- Amount. Abticles. Aetioibs. £ s. a. £ ». d. Handkerchlefa, (med. high) iraodmm) .■ ea. 6 4.1 Rum, (low) .... qt. 8 ea. i 2.8 (wholesale) qt. •7.8 (med. Ii;w) . ea. 2 3.5 Rye, bu. 6 11.3 (low) . . ea. 1 6 Salt, (high) .... pk. 1 Hats, (high) .... ea. 13 9 (low) .... pk. 6 (noed. high) ffl. 1 2 Sarcenet yd. 3 (medium) . ea. 11 9.5 Satin, yd. 6 6 r. Rf.- lb. £ ». d. 6 8 12 17 0.6 7 3 19 3 2 1 2 3 3 4 47 6 2.5 9 6 9.6 2 0.9 6 6 2.9 6 Wages and Prices: 1792. "Wages. £ ». d. £ 8. d. Carpenters, ' . . day S 6 Florentine, (high) yd. a Laborers, (high) . (low) . . day 8 7.8 (medium) . yd. 9 . day 2 (low) . . . jd. 4 4 agricultural ( high) day 2 9 Flour, (who esale) bbl. 1 10 6.7 agricultural luw) dayi 1 superfine . Handkerchiefs, Bandanna . bbl. p'ce 1 12 1 10 Frloes. Hats, ea. 10 Apples, . BalEC, . . bu. 1 8 OHStor .... eft. 16 . yd. 2 0.6 Holland, brown . >d. 1 2.1 Barley, . . bu. 4 4.4 Hose, (high). pr. 11 Beans, . . . . bu. 9 4.9 (low) .... Lambskin, striped pr. 6 8 Bedsteads, . . ea. 12 yd. 9 Beef, . . lb. 2.4 Lasting, .... yd lb. 2 8.8 Beige, . . yd. 2 11 Leather, (wholesale) . 1 2.6 Blankets, . . ea. 14 sole (wholesale) . lb. 1 1.4 Broadcloth (high) . yd. 18 6 Linen, (high) . . . yd. 2 7.4 (low) . . yd. 14 7.2 (low) . . . Irish .... yd. 1 4.8 Buckram, . yd. 2 yd. 11.7 Buttons, (high) . . dOE. 2 3 printed • yd. 1 9 (low) . . dOE. « striped . yd. 1 8 Calamanco, (wholesale ). . yd. 2 1 Meal, Indian. . . . bu. 4 4 Casslmere, . . yd. 14 Molasses, (high) . . gd. 3 4.7 Chairs, dining . doE. 4 4 (low) . . . sal. 2 8 Cheese, . . . . lb. 6.2 Mutton lb. 3 ChibtE, (high) . . yd. 3 4.8 Oil, linseed . . . . gal. 4 7.9 (low) . . . yd. 2 4 Potatoes bu. I 6 Cloth, . . . yd. 4 6 Elce, lb. 2.4 cotton and tinon ( high) yd. 3 9.8 (whoUsale) lb.. 2.6 cotton and linen (low) yd. 1 9.4 Rum, cherry. gal. 8 elastic . yd. 7 2 Rye bu. 4 1.8 forest - . yd. 6 6 Satinet yd. 4 8.3 plain . . yd. 6 2 (wholesale) yd. 2 10 plain bine . . yd. 3 3.1 Scythes ea. S 1.7 tow . . yd. 1 0.6 Sei-ge yd. S 6 wild boar . . yd. 2 3 Shawl ea. 9 Coffee, . . lb. 1 2.9 Sheetings, Russia , yd. 2 6.8 (wholesale) . lb. 1 0.5 Shoes, (high) pr. 9 7.6 Corn, Indian . . bu. 4 1.8 (low) .... pr. 3 6 Drawers, ilatanel . . pr. 3 4 (wholesale, high) . pr. 4 9.9 Duck, . . yd. 1 8 (wholesale, low) pr. 3 9.8 Flannel, . . yd. 2 8.6 calamanco (whole- (whblesale) . .vd. 1 7 sale) pr. 3 9.3 Flaxseed, . bu. 9 9.7 ' t Lawful Money., 56 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages and Prices: 1792 — Concluded. Occupations and Ba- Amonnt. Occupations ahi> Ba- Amonnt. Articles. AB'TICLBS. •£..<*. £ ». d. Shoes, Florentine (whole- Soap Ib. 6 sale) pr. 4 8.9 Sugar, lb. 11 girls' Florentine Tea lb. 2 6.5 (wholesale) . pr. 3 6.4 (wholesnl- ) . lb. 2 3 lasting (wholesale) . pr. 3 6.4 Thickset, twilUd . . yd- 6 68 leather (whoUsak') . pr. 4 7 ■ Thread oz. 11 satinet (wholesale. lb. ' 6 high) . . . pr. 6 Tobacco, .... lb. 14 satinet (wholesale, Towelling, .... yd. 8 low) . . . pr. i 1.1 Twist sk. 4 Bilk, sewing. . ^ . sk. 4 Velvet Vd. e S sewing .... oz. 1 10.3 Wine, Malaga gal. e 8 Slippers, leather (wholesale) pr.. 5 2 Woollen, striped (cloth) . yd. 1 8 Wages and Prices: 1793. "Wages. ' £ ». d. 3 3.4 Velvet, yd. 5 0.3 Sheetings, (high) . yd. 4 10 Vests, I' a 13 4 (low) . . . yd. 2 2.8 Vinegar, (high) . . . g,.l. 1 6 Shingles, .... u. 13 9.6 (low) . . . g"l. 9.6 Shoes, (high) pr. 6 6.8 Wine, sherry gnl. 7 7.2 (low). . . . pr. 3 2 sherry (wholesale) . gill 6 10 (wholesale) pr. 4 2.5 Wood cd. 19 calamanco (whole- Woollen, striped (cloth) yd. 3 2.1 sale) pr. 3 11 Yarn, sk. 2.4 Wages and Prices : 1 794. "Wages. C.irpenters, (high) (low) . Laborers, (high) (i medium) (med. low) (low) . agricultural (high) agricultural (low) Prices. Allspice, Hhizc, . . Beans, . Bi.'dstead8, . lieef, (wholesale) . Biscuit, . Bliuikets, Brandy, . (wfaolesnle) Broadcloth, (high) (med. high) (medium) . (mi-d. low) (low) Buckles, knee plated . tin . Buckram, (high) . day day day day day day day day bu. ca. lb. doz. pr. gal. g>d. yd. yd- pr. doz. doz. yd. £ ». d. 5 6.6 3 10.7 6 3 5.1 1 ll.l 1 3.9 4 2 6 4 10 1 8 2 1.3 6 4 3.8 8 7.6 6.2 1 10 8 6 1 12 1 6 8.9 1 8.6 13 10.6 9 6 6 14 4 8 2 Buckram, (low) Bureaus, Butter, . Buttons, (high) (low) Calico, (high) (low) Cambric, sarcenet Camlet, . Camphor, Candles, Cassimere, . . Chairs, . birch . easy . Cheese, (high) (low) (wholesal< Chintz, . Chocolate, Cider, . Cinnamon, Cloth, (high) (medium) (low) . cotton (high) cotton (low) e) yd. I'll. lb. •loz. duz. y.l. yd. yd. yd. ASTICLE8. Ba- sis. ■Amnnnt. OCCnPATIOHS AHI> ABTICtKS. Ba- sis. Amouni. £ s. a. f ». a. Uloth, India cotton yd. 2 l.B Paper qr. 1 2 blue roBBct . yd. 3 4 (letter sheet) . ea. O.T copperplate yd. 2 6.2 Pepper, lb. 3 4 durant yd. 2 8 PlnsV pap. 8 forest (high) . yd. n n Poplint t: 2 9 forest (low) yd. 8 10 Pork » tow ... . yd. 1 l.» (wholesale} . lb. 5 wild hoar . I': 2 2.2 Balslns lb. 9jS Coffee 1 OJ Ribbon yd. 7 (wholesale) lb. 11.3 Bice lb. 2J9 Cordnroy, .... yd. S (wholesale) lb. 2.2 Corn, bu. 4 10.7 Eum, (wholesale) gal. 6 6.5 Indian .... bu. 6 0.4 New £neland . lal. 4 9.4 Indian (wholesale) . bu. 4 West India . . gal. 6 Cotton, lb. 2 .5 Rye, . . . ll: 1 6 (wholesale) . : lb. 110.8 (high) .... 8 2.7 Benlm doz. 6 (low) .... bu. 6 1.7 Eggs 6 (Wholepole) . . . bu. b 6 Fish, lb. 2Z Saek^loth ya. 4 (wholesale) . lb. \A Salt It 1 8 (by the quintal) . q'fl II ($4.00) 6 4 Flannel, yd. 2 6 Satinet, (high) . . . yd. 6 3 (wholesale) . yd. 1 11.9 (low) . . . yd- 4 1 Flai, ..... lb. 1 Scythes, ea. 6 6 Flaxseed, .... pt. 1 Shawl ea S 1A Florentine, (high) yd. 6 11.3 Sheetings yd- 2 8.9 (low) . . . yd. lb. 4 3.4 Shells, cocoa .... Ib. 7.5 Fionr 3 Shoes, (high) . . . pr. 5 3 (wholesale, hiffh) hbl. 2 4 6 '(low). . . . pr. 4 (wholesale, low) bbl. 1 16 5.fi (wholesale) pr. 4 3.5 Fustian, yd. 2 2 cloth .... pr. 4 Galoshes, pr. 4 11 Florentine . pr. 5 6 Gauze, black yd. 2 Florentine (whole- Gin, gal. T sale, high) pr. 5 4.6 ' (wholesale) gal. 6 8.7 Florentine (whole- Gloves, . pr. 1 6 sale, medium) pr. 4 7 Handkerchiefs, Soz. 12 Florentine (whole- Bstndnnna . ea. 7 6 sale, low) pr. 2 4 linen . ea. 1 1 lasting pr. S 7.3 muslin . ea. 3 6 men's .... pr- 7 Hats, (high) .... ea. 18 men's leather . pr. 6 (low) .... ea. 4 misses' Florentine . pr. 3 10.9 castor .... ea. 1 10 russet (wholesale) . pr. 3 9 Hose, (high) . . . . pr. 8 6 satinet (wholesale) . pr. 4 3 (medium) . pr. 7 2.5 Bilk .... pr. 6 6 (low) . . . . pr. 6 9 Silk Bk. 4 lambskin, (high) . . yd. 6 lb. 1 9 9.5 (low) . . . yd. 4 6.2 Slippers, Snuff, ..... pr. 3 4 Lasting yd. 2 10 oz. 2 Leather, .... lb. 1 1.8 Soap, . . lb. 10 Linen, (high) . . yd. 3 2.4 Bt&rch, . ,. , . lb. 1 (medium) . yd. 2 4.1 BtflcMngs, i . . . pr. 6 10 (low). . . . yd. 1 3.3 Sugar, fhigh) . . . (low) . . . lb. 97 (wholesale, high) . yd. 2 114 lb. 7.7 (wholesale, medium) yd 1 10 (wholesale, high) . lb. 9.1 (wholesale; low) yd. 11.7 (wholesale, low) lb. 6.7 brown (wholesale) . yd. 1 0.8 brown . . lb. 95 Lining, yd. 2 2 loaf . . . . lb. 2 Lustring, It 7 6 loaf, (wholesale) lb. 1 7 Meal, . 4 8 Tallow , lb. 10 Indian bu. 5 tl.l Tea, (high) . .' . . lb. e 26 rye bu. 6 4.9 low) . . . . lb. 3 4 Milk, . qt. 2 (wholesale) , lb. 2 2.3 Mitts, silk pr. 5 Bohea (wholesale) lb. 2 2.1 Mode, . Ill classes. yd gal. 4 » 4 3.2 Hyson . . . . lb. lb. 7 6 6 8 Muslin, . yd. 2 Thread sk. 1 3 Mutton, . lb. 8 Ticking', Russia . fb^.- e 2.S Nankeen, yd. 2 10 Tobacco 6 Nutmegs, oz. 7 Twist, (by the sUck) . ea. 3.5 Oil, gal. 4 8 Bk. 4 Oil-cloth "'-T yd. 3 6 oz. 2 6 United States Money. WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 59 Wages and Prices : 1794 — Concluded. oocdpations and Articles. Veal .... Velvet, (high) '. . (low) (wholesale, high) (wholesale, low) Wine Ba- sis. . 8. d, 2.4 5 10 4 6 3 10 11 4 Occupations and Articles. Wine, (wbolpsale) Wood, (high) (low) pine . Yarn, . Amount. 8. d. 7 9 68 2.8 Wages and Prices: 1795. Wages. £ a. d. \ £ «. d. Carpenters, (high) (medium) . day 6 Knives, heel . . doz 5 6 day 4 6 shoe . . doz. 6 3 (low). . . dwy 3 6 .Leather, . Ih. 1 3.5 Laborers, (high) . (medium) . day 6 11 Linen, (high) . yd. 3 3 day. 4 1.3 (low) . . . . yd. 1 4 (low) . . . day 3 4 (wholesale) . yd. 2 11.3 (high) . . . day t4 brown (wholesal e) . yd. 1 3 (low) . day t2 Meal . bu. 4 8 agricultural (high) day 4 6 Molasses, . gal. t3 4 agricultural (me- (wholesule) . . gal. t** J. dium) day 3 6 Mutton . lb. t4.3 agricultural (low) day 2 48 Paper :t 1 2 agricultural , day t2 6 Pork t8.9 Teachers yr. 120 (wholesale) . . lb. bbl. 6.1 6 12 Frloea. Potatoes, . bu. n t Apples, winter . . . bu. tl ?, Ribbon ■At 1 1.3 B^Sei yd. 2 1.7 Kye 8 6 Barley pk. t^ ? (wholesale) . . bu. 7 Beef, (wholesale) . (wholesale) . lb. 4 Salt, . . . . . qt. t2 lb. t2.4 bu. 6 Brandy, gal. 10 bu. t- Broadcloth, .... yd. 12 Sandals, (wholesale) . . pr. 5 6 Buttons, .... doz. 6 Serge, . . . . . yd. 4 6 (hi^h) . . . (low) . . . gro. 6 Shawls, (wholesale) . . ea. 3 4 gro. 2 10.7 Sheetings, . :&^.- 2 9 plated gro. 9 Shingles, tl Calico, ..... yd. 2 0.2 Shoes, (high) . pr. 6 4 Camlet yd. lb. 2 4 (low) . Florentine (w . pr. *, * Candles, (wholesale) . 1 1.9 hole- (wholesale) . lb. ll(-20) ^ sale, high) ^ ■ Pf- 5 2.5 Charcoal bu. 4.5 Florentine (w hole- Cider, gal. 6 sale, low) . pr. 4 7.6 Clocks, eight-day . ea. , 18 lasting (wholesa e) . pr. 3 7.6 Cloth, cotton .... yd- 1 8.7 russet (wholesal e) . pr. 4 India cotton yd. 1 9.1 satinet (wholesa lu) . pr. 4 2.3 jplalii . . . . yd. 12 11.3 Silk, (high) . . . lb. 2 8 "ratteen .... yd- 3 4 (low) . . . lb. 1 14 russet .... yd. 4 10 Slippers, (wholesale) . pr. 3 4 tow .... yd. lb. 1 2.3 Soap, (whoieaaie) . lb. II (.139) OofFee, (wholesale) 1 1 Sugar, (wholesale) . lb. 7.9 Combs, ivory doz. S Tacks, (wholesale) • gro. 1 Corn, . . . . . bu. 6 Tallow, (wholesale) . lb. 17.7 bu. tS 4 Tea, . lb. 3 Cotton, (wholesale) lb. 1 9 Bohea (wholesale) . lb. 2 4 Fish, salt .... lb. t* Thread, . . lb. 16 6 Flannel yd. 2 6 Ticking, . . . yd. 4 8 (wholesale, high) . yd. 2 3.5 Tobacco, (wholesale) . pap. 6.7 (wholesale, low) . yd. 1 10 Twist, . . . . sk. 4 Florentine yd. 3 2.2 Veal, . . lb. t2.9 Flour, - bbl. 2 15 8 Velvet, . . . . yd. « fine . . . . bbl. 3 8 Wine, (high) . ial. 12 Bandkerchiers, Bandanna . ea. 7 (low) . . . gal. 10 Hose, doz. 2 16 Wood, . . . . ft. tl 3 ribbed .... doz. 3 12 pine . . od. 6 t Lawful Money. United States Money. 60 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages and Prices: 1796. oooupations and Articles. Wages. Carpenters, (high) (low) Laborers, (hlg:h) . (mediam) (low) . agricultural Teachers, Prices. Bedsteads, (with sacking bnttom) Boots, . Butter, (wholesale) Ctinlrs, arm . Coifee, (wholesale) (wholesale) Corn, Indian . ilay (lay diiy ■lay day (lay £ a, d. 6 9 3 5.6 5 4.8 3 9.3 3 2 11.1 II ($20.00) |(*16.00) 116 11 ll(*2.67) 1 5.4 II (.222) ooodpatiobs ahd Articles. Corn, Indian (wholesale) Feathers, Flaxseed, Joist, (wholesale} . < Lamb Mutton Pork, (whole hog) ' Potatoes, ... Rye, (wholesale) . Shoes, (high) (low) . (with English toes) Sugar, loaf . t™ Vinegar, (wholesale) . Wine, sherry Wood hu. 11). hu. C. ft. lb. Ih. lb. bu. hu. pr. pr. pr lb. 111. gill gal. cd. £ ». d. 6 4 5 9 IKJ2.00) 52 8 12 6 4.8 13 6 II (.287) 2 8 10 6 6 1 12 8 Wages and Prices: 1797. ■Wages. £ ». d. £ ». d. Carpenters, (hi(!h) day 6 0.6 Gingham yd. 3 4 (low) . . day 3 6 Hose, cotton (wholesale) . pr. 6 38 Laborers, (carting timber) . day 11 silk . . pr. 10 (high) . . . day 4 Jean, (wholesale, high) yd. 2 6.6 (low) . . . day 1 3 (wholesale, low) y8s.) §(69.) §(4«. M.) .174 §(4«. id.) §(2s. 64 day §{6«.) Flannel, . .^d. .375 (low) . . day §(4s. M.) Flaz, lb. .20 agricultural . day §(3s. S.8d.) B'lour, . lb. bill .052 8.25 Prices. Fustian, . yd.' .'392 Barley, .... pk. $0.25 Hats, beaver . i-a. 5.50 bu. §(7». 6d!.) Hoes, e.l. .63 Beans qc. .06 Hose, cotton . pr. 1.33 Beef, .... lb. .076 Knives, heel . d..z. §(6».) ^ Brandy, (high) gill. 2.00 pocket doz. $(6s. 3(2.) (low) . . gal. 1.60 Lamb, lb. .076 Bread, (by the loaf) ea. .125 fore-quarter lb. .072 Brick C. .835 loin . lb. .063 . Broadcloth, (high) yd. 6.00 Lemons, (high) rioz. .834 (low) . yW) lb. .103 Cotton, (high) lb. .46 Rice, . . lb. .071 (low) . lb. .25 Rum, New England West India (high) gal. .60 Currants, lb. .167 gal. 1.25 r,m doz. .183 West India (low) Kttl 1.00 FisI, . . . . lb. .051 West India . gal. §(38. 8(2.) (by the quintal) . q't'i §(£1 14..) Rye bu. 1.17 § English form of money. WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 65 "Wages and Prices : 1802 — COSfCLTJDED. Occupations akd Ba- Occupations and Ba- Articles. sis. Amount. Abticles. sis. Amount. Kye bu. 5(8» sa.) Tea, Bohea . lb. §(3». id.) (wholesakO . liu. $0,791 Congo , lb. $0.69 Bait pk. .183 Hysnn . lb. 1.33 hu. .83 Byson (wholi-pale) lb. 1.10 Batln, .... .vd. 3.00 Souchong (hi^h) . lb. 1.00 Bhflls, cocoa . lb. .25 Souchong (low) . lb. .76 Shirtings, yd. .278 Thread, (high) . . oz. .111 Shoes pr. 5(9«.) (low) . . 02. .056 pr 2.00 Timber, .... C.ft. §(17». id.) Starch lb .88 Veal lb. .063 Sugar, (high) . (low) . lb. .166 loin . . lb. .08 lb. .126 should' r lb. .056 lb. §(6.9(2.) Vinegar qu .10 (wholesale, high) lb. .118 qt. §(4.6<«.) (wholesale, low) lb. .09 gal. §(1«. M.) brown . lb. .135 Wine gal. fas.) loaf . . . lb. .25 sherry . I»l. 1.60 powdered . lb. .179 Wood, .... Sd. J(£l 8». M.) Tea lb. .988 hard ' od. 3.91 (high) . . . lb. §(7». w.&a.) Wool, . lb. .418 Oow) . . . lb. S(3«. M) Yarn, cotton . lb. 2.00 Bohea . lb. .422 Wages and Prices : 1803. 'Wages. Cloth, ralteen fb^.- $0 60 Carpenters, . day $1.08 Cocoa, (wholesale) .199 day §(4s. 8.7(i) Codflsh, (wholesale) lb. .041 Laborers, day .42 (by the quintal) q-fl 4.50 diiy §(49. 9.8(2.) Coffee, (high) lb. .277 agricultural . diiy §(3«. 1.2(2.) (low) . . . lb. .23 Masons, .... day 1.66 lb. §(1». 11(2.) Pantaloons makers. Corn, .... bu. .75 piece work) pr. §(2». 6(2.) bu. §(6».) Shoe binders, (piece Cotton lb. 183 work) . . . . pr. §(3(2.) Cravats, .... ea. .438 Shoe binders, (piece Bggs, .... doz. .24 work, per dozen pair) Shoe binders, (piece doz. §(10».) Flour, .... bbl. 7.00 Gin, (wholesi.Ji) . gal. 1.13 work, per dozen pair) doz. .50 Ginger lb. .332 Handkerchiefs, doz. §(£1) Piioes. Hat ea. .75 Allspice, lb $0,332 Hose, silk pr. 1.76 Aniseed gal. .75 Lamb, .... lb. .066 Apple, dried . Barley bu. §(6s. 6(2.) Lard, twholesali) . , . lb. .10 bu. §(3».) Lemons doz. .50 Beef,' . . . . lb. .082 doz. §(2o. 6(2.) Binding, quality . gro. §(io».) ■ Linen yd. .722 Boots, (high) pr. 4.08 brown . yd. .267 (lew) . . . pr. 3.60 Lustring, yd. 1.13 Brandy, .... gal. 1.46 Meal, (high) . . . bu. §(«». 6(2.) (wholesale) gal. 1.33 flow) . . . (wh(>lestil<') ■ Indian . bu. §(3». 11(2.) Broadcloth, . yd. 6.00 bu. .916 Brooms ea. .167 bu. .987 Butter lb. .214 Milk, .... qt. §(2.6(2.) (>fhoIesale, high) (wholesale, low) . lb. .163 gal. .167 lb. .125 Mode yd. .76 Buttons, coat . gro. 1.11 Molasses, gal. .61 gilt vest . gro. 1.90 (wholesid ) . gal. .463 vest . gro. .92 Bugar.bakcr's . gal. .584 Calico, .... fb".- §(1.. 9(2.) Muslin yd. lb. §(4.. 6(2.) Candles, .... 5(10(2.) Mutton .063 (wholesale) lb. .12 Nutmegs, lb. 6.00 Casslmere, (high) . yd. 2.60 Oatmeal lb. .125 (low) . . yd. lb. 1.60 Oats, .... bu. .417 Cheese, (wbolesnie) .096 on gal. 1.17 Chocolate, lb. .311 Paper, letter . qr. .313 (wholesale) . lb. •'^^ Pepper, .... lb. .50 Cloth, cotton . yd. .34$ (wholesale) lb. .29 plain blue (whole- Pork lb. .125 sale) . . . yd. 100 lb. §(4.8(2.) § SngliBh form of money. 66 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages and Prices : 1803 — Concluded. OOCnPAIIOHS AMD Ba- OCCDPATIOHS AND Ba- sis. Amount. sis. Amount. Abtiolbs. Abtiolks. Pork, (whole hog) . lb. $0,065 Sugar, West India . lb. $0.13] PotatotiB,' .... bu. §(2.. 1.6if.) TamarindB, . lb. .25 Kalelua, (high) . . lb. .26 Tea, (high) . . . lb. 1.05 (low) . . lb. .125 (low) . . . lb. .62 Bloe, (wholesale) . lb. .067 fiohea . . . lb. .344 gal. .962 Hyson . lb. 1.33 New England, . qt. .145 Souchong lb. .834 New England Souchong (whole. (wholesale) gal. .502 sale) . . . lb. .721 West India . gal. 1.00' Thread, (wholesale) lb. .878 Kye bn. §(6»., 6.7(2.) Turkey, .... lb. .087 bu. .903 Veal lb. .077 Salt, .... hhd. 6.00 Vesting, .... yd. .833 fine . . pk. .27 yd. §(9s. id.) Lisbon . pk. .209 Wheat bran . bu. .40 Batteen yd. .60 Wine, .... gal. 1.68 Shells, cocoa . lb. .12 Lisbon (whole- sale, high) . Shoes, (high) . pr. 2.00 gal. 1.40 (low) . . . pr. 1.50 Lisbon (whole^ Silk yd. .333 sale; low) gal. 1.25 Sugar, (high) . (low) . lb. .23 sherry . > gal. ■' 1.42 lb. .132 Bherry (whole- lb. §C7.7(?.) sale) . . Kal. 1.33 (wholesale, high) lb. .lis Wood cd. 3.97 (wholesale, low) lb. .038 hard . . . rd. 4.15 brbwn . lb. .121 Wool, .... lb. .375 loaf . . lb. .22 lb. §(1». 9d.) powdered . . lb. .179 Worsted, sk. .125 Wages and Prices : 1804. WaEres- Cora, Indian (wholesaif) bu. $0,917 Carpenters, . day $1.16 Cotton wool, . lb. .222 (high) . . day §(6«. 8.7(J.) Cranberries, • pk. .25 (low) . . day (§4s. O.ld.) Currants, lb. .181 Laborers, . . . day . .893 Fish lb. .049 (high) . . day §(6.. ad.) (by the quintal) . q-l'l 6.00 (low) . . day §(4..) Flannel yi- .625 agricultural . day 1.00 Flour Ih. .072 agricultural . day §(88. 8.1d.) (high) . . . hbl. 11.55 Painters day 1.33 (low) . . J bhi. 7.63 Gin, Holland . ^al. .04 PricBBt Ginger, (wholesale)^ lb. .11 Aniseed gal. .797 Glasses, wine . duz. 1.00 Beans, .... bu. 1.60 Halibut lb. .044 Beet, . . . . lb. .08 Handkerchief, e,l. .25 lb. §(3.2d.) Hats, .... ea. 5.50 Brandy, .... qt. §(2«. 6d.) Honey Ih. .167 irai. 1.44 Ho8«i silk pr. 1.50 Butter, .... lb. .246 Lamb lb. .079 Calico yd. .417 ■ Lemons rt.iz. .334 Cambric yd. lb. 2.00 Linen, (high) . yd. .75 Candles §(1«. i.ld.) (low) . . . German . yd. .60 (wholesale) . lb. .20 yd. .417 Cassimere, (high) . yd. 4.43 Mace, . . . . oz. .76 (low) . . yd. 1.50 Mackerel, lb. .055 Cheese lb. , .167 Mats, (high) . ua. .625 (wholesale) lb. .10 (low) . . . ua. .165 Chocolate, (high) . lb. .342 Meal, . . . . bu. §(6». 6.6<«.) (low) . . lb. .28 Indian (high) Indian (low) bu. 1.25 Cloth, .... yd. 1.88 bu. .976 yd. §(2». 7(?0 Milk qt. §(2.2,4.) cotton . yd. .876 MiUinet, .... yd. .146 India cotton . yd. .383 Molasses, qt. §(!«•) Cloves oz. .126 (high) . «al. .602 Coats ea. 18.00 (low) . . (wholesale) . gal. .445 Cocoa, (wholesale) lb. .238 gal. .611 Coffee, (high) lb. .304 Muslin, . . . . yd. 1.00 (low) . lb. : .167 Mutton, .... ib. .or (wholesale, high) lb. .297 Nankeen, yd. .28 (wholesale, low) lb. .26 Nutmegs, oz. .60 § English form of money. WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 67 Wages and Prices; 1804 — Concluded. OCODFATIOHS iSJ) ABTICLBa, Oatmeal, . on, . . . Paper, letter (high) letter (low) letter (wholesale) Peas, . . I'epper, (wholesale) Pimento, (wholesale) Pork, . Potatoes, . . Raisins, liibbon, (high) . (low) . Bioe, ... Bum, (wholesale) New England New Engl (wholesalti) West India Eye, (high) medium) . (low) . Bait, . Satin, India Siieetlng, Russia Shells, cocoa . • Shoes, (high) . (medium) (low) . and qt. gal. r*m qr. qr. pk. bu. lb. lb. lb. lb. bu. bu. lb. yd. lb. gul. gal. gal. gal. bu. bu. bu. bu. bu. yd. lb. pr. pr. $0,125 1.29 1.25 .376 .25 .175 §(t«. 10(2.) 1.34 .434 .24 .216 .06 .583 §(2..) .25 .167 .10 .055 1.05 .629 .668 1.00 1.67 1.04 .761 .977 1.89 .556 .183 1.22 .76- .394 Occupations and Abticlbs. Shoes, (wholesale) . calfskin . Silk, Suet Sugar (wholesale) . brown . India . India (wholesale) . loaf. powdered Tea Bohea. Hyson (wholesale) . Souchong . Souchong (wholesale) Thread, . . . . Tongue Turkey, . . . . Turnips, . . . . Veal, loin . . . . Vinegar, . . . . Wafers Wine Corsica (wholesale) Lisbon . Lisbon (wholesale) Madeira (wholesale) port (wholesale) sherry (wholesale) . Wood, (high) . (low) . . . nurd pr. «k. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. sk. lb. lb. pk. lb. lb. gal. lb. gal. gal. gal. gal. gal- gal, gnl. cd. cd. cd. $0,917 §(78. M.) .083 .126 .16 .118 .12 .143 .134 .212 §(5«. io.9i2.) .376 1.25 .906 .80 .Oil .083 .08 §(1».) .076 .083 §(la. 2d.) 1.50 1.67 .90 1.45 1.34 2.26 1.14 1.33 7.22 6.32 6.00 Wages and Prices : 1805. 'Wages. Beef, (wholesale) lb. 5(3.5(2.) Carpenters, day J(6». ild.) Binding, quality Boards, cfear . gro. §(10..) (high) . day $1.75 M.ft. $22.03 (medium) (low) . . day 1.46 merchantable M.ft 13.00 day 1.17 Mft. 12.87 Laborers, (high) day §(4». 7.7d!.) 5(8».) refuse . M.ft. 6 90 (low) . . . day spruce . M.ft. 10.00 (high) (medium) . day 1.02 Boots, pr. 2.00 day .887 Brandy, (high) . gal. 1.75 (low) . day .26 llow) . . . gal. 1.33 agricultural Brooms ea. .376 (high) . . day $(8a.) Butter, .... lb. .256 agricultural (wholesale) . lb. .207 (medium) day §(««.) Buttons, . . doz. .097 agricultural gro. 3.00 (low) . . day §(39. 8.4(2.) Calico, (high) . . . yd. .625 agricultural day .8f|3 (low) . . . yd. .42 Teachers, .... day 1.11 (wholesale) . yd. §(2».) wk. 8.68 Cambric, (high) yd. 1.00 (high) . . mo. 60.00 (low) . . . yd. .79 (low;. , . mo. 41.67 yd. §(1». 10(2.) Candles, .... lb. §(1«. 4.8(2.) Frloes, Uasaimere, cotton fb^- §(2«. 3(2.) Allspice lb. .60 Cheese, .... §(W.3(2.) Almonds, . lb. .626 (wholesale) . lb. .12 Aniseed, . ,I5^-. .80 Chocolate lb. .376 Baize, . yd. .333 No.2(wholesale) lb. .27 Bark, . cd. 7.24 Cinnamon oz. .26 Barley, bu. 1.00 Clapboards, M. 22.00 Beabs, (high) (low) bu. 1.67 Cloth, (high) . . . yd. 1.42 ba. 1.33 (low) . . . yd. .834 white qt. §(3(i.) cotton yd. (§1.. 6(2.) Beef, . lb. .083 frieze yd. §(11».) lb. §(4.6(2.) India cotton (high) yd. .333 § English form of money. 68 STATISTICS OF LABOE. Wages and Prices : 1805 — Continued. Occupations and Ba- Occupations and Ba- sis. Amount. sis. Amount. Articles. ASTICLBS. Cloth, India cotton (low) . yd. $0,219 Pork, lb. t0.164 ClOTCB, . . . . oz. .125 lb. §{8.8d:.) Cocon, (wboIesBle) . lb. .1»7 (wholesale) lb. .078 CodflBh, (by the quintnl) . q'l'J 6.34 (whole hug) . . lb. .065 Coffee, (high) ... (low) . lb. .375 bbl. 26.60 lb. .828 corned (wholesale) . lb. .12 (wholesale, higb) . lb. .31 Potatoes, (high) bu. §(39. 4.5d.) (wholeeale, low) . lb. .26 (low) . . (wholesale) ■ bu. §(2«.) Corn pk. .28 bu. .631 (bigl.) . . . bu. §(0») early , bu. .74 Indian (wholeeale) . bu. §(6«. 11. Id.) Prunes, lb. .25 bu. 1.27 Raisins, .... lb. ..128 Cranberries, fb''- .376 lb. §(1W.) Currants .26 Ribbon, (high) . yd. .20 Fig lb. .26 (medium) . . yd. .167 Flannel yd. .626 (low) . I': .10 Flonr lb. .071 Rice, ... . . .061 bbl ll.a? Rum, gal §(4«.) (by Iho half barrel) bbl. 13.76 (wholesale) . gal. .89 Game yd. §(U. 8d.) New England GlD, (wholesale) gal. .96 (wholesale) . gal. .6S< Ginger, .... lb. .332 West India . gal. 1.00 (wholesale) . lb. .102 Rye, C. §(2<. 6<2) Gloves K- .666 1.61 Halibut .094 bu. §(8s) Handkerchiefs, . ea. .75 (wholesale, high) . bn. 1.72 cotton doz. ${18») (wholesale, medium) bu. 167 Hats, (high) . . ea. 6.60 (wholesale, low) bu. 1.25 (low) . . . ea. 2.60 Salt bu. .884 silk .... dciz. 24.00 Scythes, (high) . ea 126 Hoes, la. .60 (low) . . . ea. .75 Holland, brown yd. §C2».) Serge, .... yd. .666 brown fb^.- .17 yd. §(4s. td ) Hops .167 Sheetings yd. .267 Uoee, worsted . pr. .75 Shells, cocoa . lb .197 , worsted (wholeeale) pr. §(6».) cocoa (wholesale). lb. .iig ' Joist M.ft. 10.00 Shingles M. 2.83 Lamb lb. .076 Shirtings yd. .641 Lard lb. .125 Shoes, (high) . . . pr. 2 00 Ltmons, (high) . doz. 1.00 (med.high) . . (medium) pr. 1.66 (low) . . . duz. .684 pr. 1.26 Linen yd. §(38. lid.) (low) . . . pr. .667 5d. .417 pr. §(9». lid.) Lining, cotton . yd. .42 morocco . doz. .96 Mace oz. .75 Shovels, .... 9.60 bu. S(6«.) Silk, sewing . . lb. 6.90 (wholesaU ) bu. 1.26 Snakeroot, (wholesale) . gal. .80 Milk qt. .042 Sugar lb. .138 qi. §C2d.) (wholesale) . . lb. .108 llilllnet yd. .26 brown . lb. ,139 Mode yd. §(7«.) brown (wholesale) lb. .116 (wholesale) ell S(4«) India (wholesale) . lb. .144 Molasses qt. §(11.2d.) loaf (wholeeale) . lb. .227 (high) , . . gal. .666 powdered lb. .179 (low) . . gal. .526 Tape p'ce .123 (wholesale) gal. .422 Tea lb. §(6«. 2.4(?.) Mnslln yd. 1.00 ■ Hyson lb. 1.27 cambric . yd- §(3s.) Souchong . lb. .889 Mustard lb. .66 Souchong (whole- Mutton, (high) . lb. .10 sale, high) . lb. .807 (low) ... lb. .066 Souchong (whole. Nails, lOd. (by the cn^k) . lb. .116 sale, low) . lb. .765 4d. (by the cask) . lb. .10 Thread, .... lb. 1.13 Nankeen yd. J(88.) No. 12 . lb. §(m.) ■ Nutmegs, .... uz. .60 No. 26 . lb. Oatmeal, . ,i . qt. .13 Timber, Cft. 3.60 Oats, Bu. .756 Tongue, (high) . (low) . lb. .10 Oil gal. 1.28 lb. .063 Taper, .... r'm 1.26 Trousers, .... pr. 1.60 letter (high) . qr. .46 Twist, .... sk. .042 letter (low) . qr. .28 lb. §(£2 8«.) Peas, (high) (low) pk. §(4».) Veal, lb. .091 ft §(1.. 6. .12 (low) . . . bu. 1,30 Twist, (by the stick) ea. .053 (wholesale) bu. 1.06 Veal, 111, .088 Salt pk. ,272 hind-quarter . lb. .09 Serge yd. 1.00 loin .... lb. .083 Shalloon, (cloth) . yd.. .60 Velvet, (high) . Jd. 1.76 Sheetings, Kussia (high) . yd. .676 (low) . . . yd. T,68 Kuesia (low) . yd. .47 Walnuts bu. 1,76 Shells, cocoa lb. .167 Wine, (wholesale) . Lisbon (wholesale) gal. 1,30 cocoa (wholesale) . lb. .13 gal. 1.33 Shirtings, .... yd. ,439 'sherry (wholesale) Wood, (high) '. . . gal. 1.26 Shoes, (high) . pr. 2.00 cd. 6,21 (med. high) . pr. 1,60 (medium) (low) . . . od. 6,50 (medium) pr. 1.25 cd. 4,89 (med. low) . pr. ,667 cd. §(£1 19»,) (low) . pr. ,60 pine ft. ,229 Wages and Prices : 1807. "Wages. Blankets, .... pr. $7.60 Carpenters, day tl,60 Boards, merchantable M.ft. 12.60 (high) . . day If5l:l refuse . M.ff, 6 02 (low) . . day Bombazet yd. .626 Laborers day ,662 Brandy, (high) . gal. 1.50 (high) . . day §(e».) §(48. ea ) §(38, M.) (low) . . . gal. 1.00 (medium) , day cognac (whole- (low) , , . day sale) gal. 1.20 mo. 12,60 Broadcloth, (high) . (low) . yd. 3.04 agricultural td 2.13 • (high) . . day .83 Buckram Vd. ,36 agricultural Butter, (nholesale) . lb. ,20 (low) . . day .68 Buttons doz. ,104 agricultural day §<4».) gro. §(10s, 6d!,) Painters day 1.60 Calico It- .277 §(1», lOd.) Frices. Cassia ,40 Allspice lb. .60 Casslmere, . t 1,29 Almonds, . , , , lb. ,60 Cheese, . , . , .11 Aniseed gal. ,60 (wholesale) , lb. 004 Apple, dried . bu. ''"i^ Chocolate lb. .376 Apples, .... bbl. (wholesale. Beans, . . , , bu. 1,69 high) . , lb. ,32 white . bu. 1.76 (wholesale, Beef, (high) Ih, .099 low) . , lb. .26 flow) . . . Beer, (wholesale) . lb. .074 Cider gal. doz. ,08 itnl. .192 Cigars, .... .26 Binding, quality gro. §(9«,) Cinnamon,. oz. .063 { English form of money. WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 71 Wages and Prices : 1807 — Concluded. Occupations and Ba- GCCDPATIOHS AND Ba- sis. Amount. sis. Amount. Articles. Aeticlks. Cloth yd. $3.03 Oil-Cloth yd. $0,611 ratteen . U- 1.42 Paper, (wholesale) . r'm .833 tow . . yd. §C1»0 letter V- .376 Clpve«, .... oz. .125 Pepper lb. .44 CodQab, .... lb. .032 Pimento, (wholesale) lb. .364 Coffee, (high) . . . lb. .305 Pins pap. , .083 (low/ . . . lb. .22 Pork, (high) . lb. .187 CorD hu. §(7».) (low) . . . lb. .12 bu. 1.09 (wholesale) . lb. .06 (wholesale) . Indian bu. hu. .87 1.00 (high) . . . (low) . . . lb. lb. §(1..) §(7 2d.) Cotton, .... sk. .125 Potatoes, .... bu. .42 Currants, .... lb. .146 Kaisins, (high) . lb. .26 Eiels, lb. .07 how) . . . lb .125 Eggs duz. .27 Eibbon. (high) . yd. .60 Fisb, (wholesale) . lb. .047 (low) . . . yd. .078 Flannel, (high) . yd. 1.82 Rice, lb. .05 (low) . yd. lb. .66 (wholesale) lb. .034 Flax, ... . . .224 Eum gfll. 1.26 Flour, (high) . bbl 9.00 (wholesale) gal. .86 (medium) bbl. 7.87 New England (low) . . . bbl. 7.00 (wholepale) . Kal. .44 Fustian yd. .222 West India i^al. 1.00 Galloon gro. §(£1) Rye bu. 1.29 G-auze yd. .50 tjalt, (high) pk. .332 Gin, i;al. 1.24 (low). . . . pk. .20 (wholesale) gal. 1.02 . Sheetings, .... yd. .167 Ginger, . . . . lb. .17 Shells, cocoa (high) . lb. .368 (wholesale) . lb. .11 cc roa (low) . lb. .16 Gingham, (high) yd. .50 cocoa (wholesulo) . lb. .124 (low) yd. .361 Shirtings, .... yd. .50 Glasses, wine . doz. 1.60 Shoes, (high) . . . pr. 2.00 Gloves pr. 1.25 (medium) (med. low) . pr. 1.17 Halibut lb. .04 pr. .677 Handkerchiefs, . ea. .313 (low) . . . pr. .376 Hatchets doz. 11.00 Shovels doz. 10.00 Hats, men's (high) . ea. §(16».) §(9s.) §(6s. id.) §(13«. ed.) Silk, sewing . . sk. .076 men's (low) ea. Starch lb. .14 youths* , ea. Sugar, (wholesale) . ib. .102 youths' beaver ea. brown . lb. .128 Hops, lb. .25 India (wholesale) . lb. .113 Hose pr. 1.18 loaf (wholesale) . lb. .212 worsted (whole- lump (wholesale) . lb. .201 sale) . pr. §(6s.) powdered Tea, high) . . . lb. .158 Jean I': .445 lb. 1.20 Lamb, (high) . .096 low). . lb. 1.00 (low) . . . lb. .065 Hyson lb. 1.83 Lemons, , . . , ea. .031 Hyson skin lb. .65 Linen yd. §(6s.) Souchong . lb. .787 (high) . . . (low) . yd. .656 Thread lb. §(4». 8d.) yd. .40 No. 12 . . lb. (9«.) Meal, . . . . . pk. bu. .30 Turnips bu. (2s.) 1.11 Twist, (by the stick) ea. .063 rye . bu. §(6».) Veal lb. .083- Milk, qt. .05 leg ... . lb. .10 It. 5(2.1<«.) loin . . . . lb. .10 Molasses gal. .60 Velvet yd. (4..) Muslin, (high) . . . yd. 1.12 Velveteen, .... yd. (6«. 2d. (medium) . yd. .75 Vesting, . . . . yd. (98.) (low) . . . yd. .604 Wine gal. 1.67 Mutton lb. .071 Lisbon (wholesale) gal 1.30 Nails, 4d lb. .11 Wood, (high) . . cd. 6 51 lOd M. §(8«. 9d.) (low) . . . cd. 5.33 Nutmegs oz. .417 hard ft. .37 Oats bu. .652 pine ft. .23 Oil, gal. 1.00 § English form of money. 72 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages and Prices : 1808. Occupations and Ba- OCCUFATXOKS AND Ba- Akticlbs. sis. Amount. Articles. sis. Amount. "Wages. Flannel, . , . i yd. $1.33 Butchers day §{8».) (wholesale) . yd. .418' Carpenters, (htghl . day $1.75 , Flour, (high) . bbl. 7.50 (medium) day 1.00 (low) . . . bbl. 6.25 (low) . . day .668 Gin, . . . . . gal. 1.50 day §(6». id.) (wholesale) gal. 125 Laborers, (high) day 1.00 Ginger, (wholesale) . lb. .109 (medium) . day .SIS Gingham yd. §(2». 6d.) (low) . . day .60 Gloves pr. .60 day §(3.. ^d.) Halibut, . . . . lb. .038 mo. 12.00 Hats ea. .92 (domestics, wo- youths' doz. 7.00 men) wk. §(4». 2d.) Holland yd. .407 (boys) . . day §(1«. 6d.) Hops, . . ... lb. .167 agricultural Hose pr. 1.75 (high) . . day 1.00 worsted . doz. §(£3 16« ) agricultural Knives doz. 2 08 (low) . . day .75 Lamb lb. .063 agricultural day §(59. O.Sd.) Lemons ea. .083 agricultural Linen, .... yd. 1.25 (boys) . day §(1«.) (wholesale) . yd. .379 Teachers wk. 6.56 brown yd. §(1«. 8.9d.) Mats ea. .163 Prices. Meal bu. .936 Allspice lb. .40 rye . bu. §(5». 9.2d.) Almonds lb. .26 Milk,' qt. .06 Bark cd. 6.19 MolasseB, (high) gal. .72 Beans, .... bu. 1.00 (low) . . . gal. .575 Beef, lb. .079 sugar-bakers' . gal. .75, (wholesale) lb. .066 Mutton, .... lb. .07 Binding, quality gro. §(W») Nails, 4d lb. .11 Boards, clear . M.ft. 17.00 lOd lb. .10 merchantable U.ft. 10.98 Needles C. .332 Boots, pr. 3.60 Nutmegs, .... oz. .76 Brads, 2d M. .42 Oats, . . . . . bu. .583 4a M. .625 Oil, sperm (high) . gal. 1.00 6d M. 1.00 sperm (low) gal. .75 Brandy, (high) . gal. 2.00 winter( wholesale) . gal. l.OD (low) . gal. 1.60 Oysters pk. .50 Broadcloth, I': 3.33 Paper, (high) . r'm 3.25 Butter .166 (low) . . . r'm 1.00 (wholesale, high) . lb. .179 wrapping (whole- (wholesale, low) . lb. .143 sule) . . . r'm .80 Buttons, .... doz. .20 Pepper, (wholesale) . lb. .22 Calico yd. .278 Pork, lb. .087 Cambric yd- .709 (whole hog) . lb .066 cotton . yd. .475 Potatoes bu. ,322 Candles, (wholesale) lb. .13 Ribbon yd. .042 Carpeting yd. 126 Rice, (wholesale) lb. .049 Cassia oz. .06 Rum, cherry gal. 1.33 (wholesale) . ID. .46 New England Cheese, .... lb. §(5.2(?.) (wholesale) . gal. .64 (wholesale) . lb. .089 West India . gal. 1.00 Chocolate lb. .82 Rye, . '. bn. 1.11 Clapboards, U. 16.76 fwholesale, high) . (wholesale, low) bu. .95 Cloth, yd. 1.60 bn. .728 cotton (high) . yd. .403 Salmon lb. .167 cotton (medium) . cotton (low) . yd. ,274 .167 Sail, (high) (low) .... pk. It: .60 .334 India cotton . yd. .25 rock .... .90 plain ... yd. 1.00 Scythes, .... doz. 6.00 plain blue yd. .813 Shells, cocoa (wholesale) . lb. .125 tow fb*.- .889 Shingles, .... M. 2.70 Cocoa, (wholesale) . .18 Shirtings, cotton ydi .50 Codfish, .... lb. .088 Shoes, (hl|j!h) . pr. 2.30 Coffee, .... lb. .276 (med.hlgh) . . pr. 1.92 (wholesale) . lb. .24 (medium) pr. 1.50 Com bu. .971 (med. low) . pr. .849 • (wholesale, high) . (wholesale, low) bu. .962 low) . . . pr. .60 bu. .761 Silk yd. 1.33 Currants, .... lb. .167 sewing 8k. .063 Eel lb. .06 sewing lb. §(£2) Filberts lb. .25 Suet lb. .10 ' File doz. .76 Sugar lb. .143 S English form of money. WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 73 Wages and Prices: 1808 — Concluded. Occupations and Articles. Sugar, (wholesale, hlgb) . (wholesale, low) . loaf (wholesale) . powdered Tape Tea, Hyson Hyson skin (whole- sale) Souchong (high) Soaehong (low) Thread Tohacco Turkey lb. lb. lb. lb. p'ce lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. $0.12 .094 .182 .157 .20 1.29 l.OS .929 .775 §(5». l.sa.) §(M.) .101. Occupations and Articles. Twist, (by the stick) Veal, . . fore- quarter leg . loin . Velveteen, . Waistcoats, Wine, . Wood, (high) (low) pine lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. yd. ea. gal. cd. cd. cd. $0,063 §(£2 10».) .009 .07 .074 .092 .873 2.33 1.67 5.00 3.9T 4.42 Wages and Prices : 1809. "Wages. Corn, Indian . . bu. $1.01 Carpenters, (high) . day $1.33 white hu. .85 (low) . . day 1.06 Cotton, sewing (high) sk. .116 Coopers, .... day .66 sewing (low) Bk. .06 Laborers, (high) day 1.67 sewing (high) lb. 2.24 (medium) day 123 sewing (low) lb. 1.84 (low) . . day .988 Currants lb. .125 day §(3s. 8d.) Flour, lb. .065 agricultural day .68 ^KlV : : : bbl. 8.75 agricultural day §(8».) hbl. 7.71 Masons, (high) . (low) . day 1.76 Gin, (wholesale) gal. 1.10 day 1.33 dinger lb. .24 Teachers, . . .« . wk. 6.00 (wholesale) . lb. .10 Gingham yd. .289 Prices. Halibut lb. .039 Almonds lb. .25 Hats, (high) (low) ea. 6.00 Beans, .... pk. .60 ea. 1.38 bu. 1.32 silk .... ea. 2.60 Beef, lb. .033 Holland, brown (whole- (wholesale) lb. §(2.6rices: 1811. 'Wages. Carpenters, (med. low) . (low) . . day $1.00 Carpenters, (high) . day $1.58 day .748 (med. high) . day 1.24 Laborers day 1.00 § English form of money. 76 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages and Prices: 1811 — Continued. Occupations and Ba- OCCUFATIOHS AND Ba- Articles. sis. Amount. ARTicms. sis. Amount. Laborers, - , . . . . « . ■day §(U.' e/.) Coffee, (wholesale, high) . (wholesale, medium) lb. $0193 (boys) . . day lb. .167 agrionllnrnl . day $0,683 (wholesole, low) lb. .126 agricultural . day §(3«.) Corn, Indian (wholesale. agrlcultural.(boyB) day §(1». dd.) high) . . . bu. 1.46 Masons day ■ 1.50 Indian (wholesale. Shoemakers, (piecework) . pr. .625 medium) . Indian (wholesale. bu. 1.17 Prices. low). , . . bu. .973 Allspice, lb. .60 Cotton lb. 3.68 (wholesale) . lb. .23 No. 9 . . . ib. .78 Aniseed ual. .80 sewing sk. .125 Bacon, (wholesale) lb. .16T Cranberries, . . . . pk. .25 Baize yd. .378 Crash yd. .109 Bark ed. 7.00 Cream of tartar, . Ib. .60 Barley bu. 1.00 Currants, . . . . lb. .163 Beef, (high) . . . lb. .10 Dimity, (high) . yd. .667 (low) .... lb. . .073 (low) . . . yd. .60 Boards, clear VT.ft 19.00 Duck, raven .... yd. .42 clear (table) . ,0,ft 30.00 Pish lb. .063 merchantable . VI. ft. 10.50 Flannel, (high) , yd. .80 refuse M.ft. 5.25 (medium) yd. .666 Boots, (high) pr. 8.60 (low) . . . yd. .50 (low) ... pr. 8 00 Flax Ib. .25 calf ... . pr. 9.00 Flour, lb. .078 long-legged pr. 7.00 (high) .... bbl. 11.16 Brandy, ..... gal. 1.70 (low) bbl. 10.17 (wholesale) gal. 1.50 (by the half barrel) . bbl. 10.68 Broadcloth, . . . ' . yd. 2.76 Gin, American (wholesale) . gal. .92 . mixed yd. 3.60 New England (whole- Brooms, (high) . ea. .33 sale) .... sal. 1.06 (low) . . . ea. .20 Olnger, (wholesale) . Ib. .094 Butter, (high) lb. .243 Halibut, lb. .04 (low) . . lb. .203 Handkerchiefs, (high) . ea. .25 (wholesale) lb. .169 (low) . . ea. .063 Buttons fl 6.00 Pork, Ib.^ §(4.9(?.) Coflfee, (lilgh) lb. .26 (medium) . lb. .151 (medium) . lb. .19 lb. .097 (low) . . . lb. .151 (low) .... (whole hog) lb. .073 Corn, (liigh) .... bu. 2.00 lb. .075 (medium) . bu. 1.68 Potatoes, (high) . . . (medium) bu. .499 (med. low) . bu. 1.25 bu. .432 (low) .... bu. 1.17 (low) . . . bu. .833 Indian .... bu. .916 Raisins lb. .25 Cotton, lb. 1.30 Ribbon, (high) . (low) yd. .25 (high) . . . sk. .063 yd. .083 (low) .... sk. .01 Rice, . . . . . lb. .053 Cottonwool, .... lb. .125 Rum, (wholesale, high) gal. 1.15 Fish lb. .066 (wholesale, low) gal. .95 (wliolesaie) . lb. .054 New England gal. .871 (by the quintal) . qVl 4.75 New England (whole. lb. .06 sale, high) gal. .749 Flannel, (high) '. '. ! yd- .748 New England (whole- (low) . . . yd. .697 sale, low) gal. .683 Flour, (hlgb) . lb. .071 West India (wholesale) gal. 1.25 (low) .... lb. .06 Rye, thigh) . . . . bn. 2 50 (high). bbl. 11.20 (medium) bu. 183 (medium) . . .. bbl. 10.50 (med. low) . bu. 1.44 (low) .... bbl. 9.25 flow) .... bu. 1.15 Ginger, lb. .334 (wholesale) . bu. 1.03 (wholesale) lb. .127 Salt, (high) .... pk. .40 Gingham, (high) . yd. 1.20 (medium) pk. .30 _ (low) . . . fb^.- .455 (low) pk. .235 , Halibut .044 bn. .80 ^Handkerchiefs, fhigh). (medium) . ea. .83 Screws, . . . doz. .18 ea. .67 Serge, yd. .833 (low) . . ea. .53 Sheetings, (high) . yd .625 bandanna . ea. .76 (medium) yd. .565 Hats, (high) .... ea. 2.00 (low) . . yd. .50 (low) .... ea. 1.00 Shells, cocoa (high) lb. .18 beaver .... ea. 7.00 ooooa (low) lb. .12 youths'. ea. .683 Shingles M. 5.00 Holland, brown . yd. .42 Shirtings, (high) . (low) ... yd. .70 Hose, (bigh) .... pr. 2.25 yd. .48 (low) .... pr. 1.00 Shoes, (hlKh) pr. 2 00 Lamb, (high) lb. .065 (med. high) . pr. 1.58 (low). . . . lb. .041 (medium) . pr. 1.10 Leather, (high) . (low) . lb. ■.25 (med. low) pr. .836 lb. .21 (low). . . . pr. .625 Lemonst .... doz. .417 boys'. . . . pr. .92 Linen, ..... yd. .19 men's. pr. 1.38 Meal, (high) . . . . bu. 1:56 Silk, sewing (high) sk. .083 (low) .... Indian (high) . Indian (low) bu. 1.18 sewing (low) sk. .063 bu. 1.33 Slabs, . : . . . cd. 1.26 bu. 1.13 Snakeroot gnl. .90 , pye(hlgh) . . . bu. 1.50 Stockings, (high) . pr. 1.25 »ye how) . bu. 1.25 Sugar, (high) ', '. '. pr. 1.00 tjie (wholesale) . Milk, (tigL) .... bu. 1.15 fb. .155 qt. .052 flow) . . . (wholesale) lb. .126 qt. .034 lb. .141 Molasses, (high) '. '. '. (low) . . . gal. .745 brown lb. .13 gal .641 brown (wholesale) . lb. .09 Mustard, . ' . lb. .60 loaf .... lb. .18 Mutton, (high) . (low) lb. .062 powdered . lb. .19 lb. .037 Tape p'oe .123 Nails, lb. .18 ferret .... yd. .06 Needles C. .50 Tea, (high) .... lb. .926 pap. .125 (medium) (low) .... lb. . .833 Oil, (high) .... gai. 1.80 lb. .608 § English form of money. WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 79 Wages and Prices: 1812 — Concluded. Occupations and Articles. Tea, Hyson (high) Hyson (low) Byson pkin (high) Hyson Ekin (medium) Hy8«n skin (low) Souchong (high) Souchong (low) Thruad, . Ticking, Turkey, Veal, (high) . (low) . Watches, silver . Wiue, . $150 1.01 .952 .833 .625 1.26 .895 333 .733 .10 .16 .078 15.00 .53 Occupations and Abticlbs. "Wine, L i B h o n (wholesale, high) . . . Lisbon (wholesale, low) Wood, . (high) . (medium) . (low) (wholesale, high) (wholesale, low) maple pine . Wool Yarn gal. gal. ft. cd. cd. cd. cd. cd. cd cd. lb. sk. $1.67 1.50 .334 7.00 6.10 5.76 4.22 1.67 3.00 1.25 1.10 .063 Wages and Prices : 1813. "Waeres. Candles, (high) . . . lb. $0.42 Boot fitters, (piece work. (low) . lb. .188 high) . . pr. $1.00 (wholesale) . lb. .147 (piece work, Cassia, lb. 1.00 low) . . pr. .46 Casslmere yi. 2.60 Boot makers, (piece work, Chambray, .... yd. .46 high) pr. 1.26 Cheese, (high) lb. .14 (piece work. (medium) (low) . . . lb. .107 low) . . pr. 1.13 lb. .07 Carpenters, (high) day 1.43 Chocolate, .... lb. .267 (medium) day 1.26 (wholesale, high) lb. .302 (low) . . day 1.00 (wholesale, me- Laborers, (high) . day 1.33 dium) lb. .235 (medium) . day 1.00 (wholesale, low) lb. .16 (med. low) . day .84 Cider, (high) . . . gal. .187 (low) . . day .57 (low). . . . gal. .123 agricultural (high) day 1.25 bbl. 2.60 agricultural (low) day .667 Cigars C. 2.00 Masons, (high) . day 1.74 Cinnamon, (high) oz. .25 (low) . . ., day 1.50 (low) . oz. .05 Paper hangers. day 1.60 Clams, (high) pk. .60 Shoemakers, (piece work. (low) pk. .16 high) pr. .918 Cloth yd. .167 (piece work, cotton (high) , yd. .766 medium) . pr. .754 cotton (low) yd. 443 (piece work. Codfish lb. .029 low) . . pr. .647 Coffee, (high) . . . lb. .333 (low) . . . lb. .20 Frloes. Corn, (high) .... bu. 1.66 Allspice lb. .60 (low) .... bu. 1.25 Anl^ed qt. .345 Indian. bu. 2.00 Apples pk. .075 Indian (wholesale) , bu. 1.13 bu. .267 Crackers, . ' . bbl. 6.44 Bacon lb. .144 Crash yd. .167 Barley t: .50 Cucumbers bu. .1.00 Beans 3.00 Currants lb. .167 white. qt. .09 Bggs doz. .18 Beef, (high) .... lb. .10 Fish. lb. .064 (low) .... lb. .074 salt ... . lb. .057 Boards C.ft. 1.50 Flannel, .... Vd. .76 pine .... M.n. 14.00 Flour ib. .093 Bootees, .... pr. 1.75 (high) . . . bbl. 17.00 Boots pr. 4.00 (medium) . bbl. 14.00 Brandy, .... gal. 2.32 (low) .... bbl. 12.75 Broadcloth, .... ya- 8.00 (by the half, barrel; (wholesale) rd. 6.11 high) . . . bbl. 17.24 Brooms, .... ea. .18 (by the half barrel : Butter, (high) lb. .30 low) . . : bhl. 15.00 (medium) lb. .249 61n, (wholesale) . gal. .915 (low) . . . lb. .221 Gingham yd. .435 (wholesale, high) . lb. .20 Haddock, .... Ib. .024 (wholesale, low) lb. .17 Halibut lb. .041 Calico, yd. .876 Handkerchiefs, . ea. .83 Cambric, (high) . yd. 1.26 silk . . ea. 1.60 (low) . . . ya- 1.00 Hats, (high) .... ea. 6,50 80 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages and Prices: 1813 — Concluded. OCCUPATIOHS AND Ba- Amount. Occupations and Ba- Amount. Articles. sis. ASTICLES. sis. Hats, (low) .... ea. $1.00 Rum, New England (whole- Hoes ea. .54 sale, low) gal. tO.776 ' Lace, thread (high) yd. 1.00 West India . qt. .36 threiid (low) Lamb, (high) (low) . , . yd. lb. lb. .75 West India . gal. 1.25 .10 .062 West India (whole- sale, high) . . Westlndia (whole- gal. 1.20 Lard, lb. .193 sale, low) gal. 1.13 Leather, sole lb. .187 Rye, (high) .... bu. 1.60 Lemons, .... doz. .60 (low) .... bu. 1.33 Linen, yd. .42 Salmon, lb. .11 Meal, (high) .... bu. 1.81 Salt pk. .24 (low) .... bu. l.Bl Sausages, . . lb. .125 Indiiln (high) . bu. 1.63 Sheetings, .... yd. .667 Indian (low) bu. 1.38 Sheila, cocoa. lb. .167 rye ... . bu. 1.47 Slilrting yd. .398 bolted rye . bbl. 8.75 Shoes, (high) pr. 2.00 Milk, (high) .... qt. .053 (med. high) (medium) . pr. 1.70 (low) .... qt. .03 pr. 1.21 MolRSses qt. .335 (med. low) pr. .733 (high) . . ,. gal. 1.19 (low). pr. .458 (low) . . . gal .837 girls' .... pr. 1.25 Muslin, ..... yd. 1.00 wulking . pr. 1.50 colonnade yd. 1.12 Silk sk. .06 Mutton lb. .065 yd. 1.00 Nail lb. .124 Soap, hard .... lb. .11 lOd lb. .09 Sugar, (high) lb. .23 Needles C. .50 (medium) . lb. .175 Oatmeal lb. .129 (low) .... (wholesale) lb. .143 Oil gal. 1.23 lb. .153 Pantaloons, (high) pr. 6.50 brown Havana . lb. .162 (low) . ■ . pr. 3.60 loaf .... lb. .23 Nankeen . pr. 2.50 Tallow, (wholesale) . lb. .11 Paper qr. .25 Tea, (high) . . . . lb. 1.75 Peas, ..... pk. .80 (medium) . lb. 1.44 Pork, (High) lb. .178 how) ... . lb. .80 (low) .... lb. .123 Hyson .... lb. 1.63 salt (high) . lb. .162 Hyson skin . lb. i.ia salt (low) . lb. .147 Souchong (high) . lb. 1.60 (whole hog) lb. .09 Souchong (med. high) lb. 1.34 Potatoes, (high) . bu. .75 Souchong (medium) . lb. 1.12 (low) . . . bu. .492 Souchong (low) . lb. .60 Balsins, (high) . lb. .333 Thread sk. .02 (low) . . . lb. .206 Veal lb. .078 Ribbon yd. .091 loin .... lb. .083 Bice, (high) .... lb. .099 Wine gal. 2.09 (low) .... lb. .085 Lisbon (wholesale) . |al. 1.65 (by the owt.) lb. .062 sherry Wood, (high) gal. 2.00 Bum, qt. .248 cd. 7.52 (high) .... gal. 1.12 (mertlum) . ed. 5.06 (low) . . . . gal. .85 (low) cd. 4.00 New England (high) . gal. 1.44 Wool lb. .737 JTew England (low) . gal. 1.03 Tarn, cotton .... sk. .03 New England (whole- sale, high) No.9 . . . . lb. .75 gal. .05 woollen lb. 1.50 Wages and Prices : 1814. "Wagea. Carpenters Coat makers, (piece work) . Laborers, (high) . (medium) (low) . (with oxen) . (young persons) . agricultural (high) agricultural (low) agricultural (with d'ouble'team) . Pantaloons cutters, (piece work) . . . . day p'ce day day day day day day day pr. $1.04 2.25 1.35 1.00 .781 1.60 .784 .792 .607 3.00 .25 Pantaloons makers, (piece work) . . . . Shoemakers, (piece work) . Waistcoat makers, (piece work) PrioeB. Andirons, brass . Aniseed, Apples, . . ' . Bacon, .... (wholesale, high) (wholesale, low) Beans p'ce $1.26 .71 1.25 4 50 .36 1.00 .163 .14 .U .67 WAGES AND PEICES: 1752-1860. 81 Wages and Prices: 1814 — Continued. OCOUPATIOKS AND Ba- Amount. OOODPATIOSS AMD Ba- Amount. ABTICLEa. sis. Aktioles. sis. Beans bu. $2.34 Flour lb. $0,087 wblle .... pk. .72 (high) .... bbl. 16 50 Bedstead ea. 20.00 (low) .... bbl. 15.00 Beef, (high) .... lb. .083 (by the half barrel: high) . . . (low) .... lb. .069 bbl. 16.08 Boards Cft. 1.33 (by the half barrel; Boots, (high) (low) .... pr. 9.00 low) .... bbl. 16.00 pr. 8.00 Gin, (high) .... gal. 1.20 Brandy, (high) . gal. 3.00 (low) .... gal. .989 (low) . . . gal. 2.60 Ginger, ..... lb. .48 Bread, (by the loaf) . Broadcloth, (high) ea. .18 OIngham, (high) . yd. .568 yd. 8.00 (low) . yd. .46 (medium) . yd. 6.82 (wholesale) . yd. .409 (low) . . yd. 5.00 Haddock lb. .04 Bureaus, .... ea. 25.00 Halibut, lb. .052 Butter lb. §(!». M.) Hats, (high) .... ea. 6.60 (high) . . . lb. .276 (medium) . ca. 3.64 (medium) . lb. .249 (low) .... ea. 2.61 (low) . . . lb. .166 boys' .... ea. .75 (wholesale) lb. • .222 felt (high) . ea. 1.00 Buttons, .... d02. .113 felt (low) . . . ea. .75 Calico yd. .60 men's (high) ca. 6.60 CimbrJo, (high) . yd. 1.25 men's (low) ea. 1.00 (low) . . . fb^.- .89 men's broad brimmed Candles, (high) . .20 (high) . . . ea. 3.00 (low) . . . lb. .18 men's broad brimmed Cassimere, .... yd. 3.50 (low) . . . ca. 2.75 Chairs, bamboo . ea. 2.33 youths' (high) . youths' (low) ea. 3.00 Charcoal, . . -*. bu. .163 ea. 2.26 Cheese, (high) . lb. .141 Kettles, brass . , . ca. 2.00 (low) lb. .088 Lainb, (high) ^ (low). . . . lb. .072 (wholesale, high) . lb. .12 lb. .054 (wholesale, low) . lb. .10 Lard lb. .202 Chocolate, . ... lb. .80 Meal It .67 (wholesale, high) (wholesale, low). lb. .25 (high) .... (medium) . 2.12 lb. .20 bu. 2 00 No. 1 . . . lb. .25 (low) .... bu. 1.64 Cinnamon 02. .06 Indian (high) bu. 1.77 Clams pk. .126 Indian (low) bu. 1.37 Clock ea. 10.00 rye lb. .06 Cloth, (high) .... yd. 6.00 rye ... bu. 2.25 (low) .... Briiibh cotton (high) . yd. 1.64 .874 Milk Molasses, (high) . qt gal. .06 1.50 British cotton (low) . yd. .626 (med. hlKh) . gal. 1.37 checked cotton . yd. .56 (medium) gal. 1.24 cotton (high) yd. .50 (med. low) . gal. 1.00 cotton (medium) yd. .425 (low) . gal. .794 cottpn (low) yd. .35 Mutton, (high) . (low) . . . lb. .10 plain blue . yd. 1.42 lb. .063 tow (high) . yd. .416 Nails, wrought . lb. .14 tow (low) . I': .262 Needles, (high) . C. .666 Cocoas (wholesale) .179 (low) . . . C. .493 Codfish, lb. .086 Nutmegs ea. .10 Coffee, (high) . . . lb. .278 oz .60 (low) . . . lb. .25 Oatmeal, .... lb. .14 Corn, (high; .... bu. 1.70 Oats, (high) . . . . bu. 1.13 medium) . bu. 1.46 (low) .... bu. .67 bu. 1.08 01 gal. 1.75 Indian .... bu. 1.76 Overshoes pr. 2.50 Cotton, (high) sk. .126 Peas, (high) .... pk. .80 (low) sk. .03 (low) .... pk. .45 knitting (high) lb. 1.72 Pepper, (high) . lb. .68 knitting (low) . lb. 1.28 Pi eons ^'"'"^ ■ ■ ■ lb. .493 sewing lb. 2.88 Pollock,' (by the quintal) '. doz. .333 Kggs, (high) .... d02 .206 q'l'l 3.50 (low) .... doz. .17 Pork, (high) .... lb. .184 Fish lb. .06 (medium) . lb. .086 (wholesale) . lb. .031 , (low) .... lb. .04 (by the quintal) . qVl 6.75 (wholesale) lb. .173 bbl. 7.00 (whole hog) lb. .096 salt .... lb. .061 salt (high) . lb. .195 Flannel, (high) . yfl- .931 salt (low) . lb. .178 (low) ... yd. .76 spare rib . lb. .09 Flax, ..... lb. —i — .20 Potatoes, (high) . bu. .60 § English form of money. 82 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages and Prices : 1814; — Concluded. 0CCDPAT10N3 AND Ba- Amount. Occupations and Ba- Amount. Akiiclbs. sis. Abticles. sis. Potatoes, (low) . bu. t0.421 Suet lb. $0.11 Raisins, lb. .323 Sugar, (high) lb. .28 Ribbon, (high) . (low) yd. .50 (medium) . lb. .206 ya. .04 (low) .... lb. .165 Eioe, lb. .084 brown lb. .193 (wholesale) • lb. .07 loaf .... lb. .342 Rum, New England . gal. 1.00 powdered . lb. .214 West India (high) . ■West India (low) gal. 2.33 Tables, 4 ft i-a. 12.00 lal. 1.98 Tape, yd. .063 Rye bu. 1.34 Taps pr. .12 Salt, bu. 1.00 Tea lb. 1.75 coarse .... pk. .276 Hyson (high) lb. 2.00 Sandals, .... pr. 1.42 Hyson (low) lb. 1.33 Satinet, (high) yd- 2.60 Hyson skin . lb. 1.60 (low) . . . yd. 1.26 Souchong (high) . lb. 1.59 Sausages lb. .14 Souchong (low) . lb. 1.21 Settees, bamboo . ea. 6.00 young Hyson lb. 1.33 Shad, lb. .03 Tumblers ea. .25 Sheetings, (high) . yd. .582 Turkey lb. .10 (low) . . . fb^- .40 Turnips bu. .45 Shells, cocoa .... :23S Veal, • lb. .083 cocoa (wholesale) . lb. .15 loin .... lb. .098 Shirtings, (high) . . . yd. .50 Vinegar, (high) . gal. .32 (low) . yd. .433 (low) . . . gal. .248 (wholesale, high) yd. 45 (wholesale) . gal. .165 (wholesale, low) . yd. .36 Wine, Lisbon gal. 1.80 cotton . . yd. .336 Wood ft. .375 Shoes, (high) pr. 2.08 ; (high) . . . (low) .... cd. 6.00 (medium) . pr. 1.56 cd. 1.00 (med.low) pr. 1.19 birch .... cd. 3.67 (low) .... pr. .751 maple cd. 4.17 boys' .... pr. • 1.04 oak . . . . ft. .416 walkikig . pr. 1.75 pine .... ft. .25 Silk, sewing .... sk. .125 pine .... cd. 2.67 sewing .... lb. 11.00 Wool, (high) . . . lb. 1.10 Soap lb. .122 (low) . ) . . lb. .85 Starch, lb. .264 "Wages and Prices : 1815. Wages. Blacksmiths, (horseshoers). (horseshoers; with board) . (wagon smiths) (wagon smiths; with board) . Blacksmiths' helpers, . Boatbuiiders, (with board) Carpenters, ship . Oarpentersand Joiners, (high) (low) Carpenters and jolners,(with board) .... Carpenters and joiners, (with board; summer; high) . Carpenters and joinerB,(with board; summer; low) Clock makers. Coopers, Curriers, (high (piece work) ^Igh) . . (medium) s (low) Domestic servants, (women; with board) Foundrymen, (skilled) (unskilled) . Harness makers, . . . (with board) Laborers, (high) . day day day day day day day day day day day day day day day day day day day wk. day day day day day $0.90 .45 1.00 .626 .625 1.13 .60 1.26 1.00 .76 1.26 1.13 I.IS 1.38 1.29 1.00 .76 .60 1.18 .876 1.60 Laborers, (medium) . (low) . (cutting wood) . (In mill) (on highways) . (on sloop) . . agricultural . agricultural . agricultural (with board) agricultural (with board and lodg. ing) . . . agricultural (with tWomealsaday) Masons, (summer) (winter) . (with board, sum- and winter) . — foremen, (winter) — foremen, (with board, summer and winter) . Masons' helpers, . Millwrights and maohlnists. Painters, house . ship and sign Paper makers, . . . (women and girls; piece work) Pattern makers, . . day day day day day day day mo. day mo. day day day day day day day day day day wk. day $0,987 .50 .864 1.02 .60 1.25 .868 13.50 .66 8.00 10.00 1.21 .88 1.17 .88 .88 1.13 1.13 1.38 1.13 6.50 1.13 WAGES AND PEICES : 1752-1860. 83 Wages and Prices : 1815 — Contintjed. OconpATiosa and Ba- Amount. OCCCPATIOKS ASD Ba- Amount. ASTICLES. sis. Aetiolbs. sis. Printers day $1.13 Ginger lb. tO.40 Riggers, ship day 1.25 Gingham, (high) yd. .878 Ship gravers (carvers), day 1.88 (low) . yd. .384 Tailors wk. 6.00 Gloves, . pr. .46 (with board) . wk. 3.00 Goose, . lb. .078 Tanners, (high) . day 1.25 Halibut, . . lb. .053 (medinm) day 1.00 Handkerchiefs, (high) . . ea. 1.25 (low) . . . day .75 (low) . . ea. .23 bandanna . ea. 1.60 Prices. silk . ea. .96 Allspice lb. .46 Hats, (high) .... ea. 3.00 Andirons, brass . set 14.50 (low) . ea. 1.00 Barley, bn. 1.00 youths* ea. 3.00 pearl lb. .375 Holland, yd. .60 Beans qt. .079 Hose, . pr. 1.29 iu. 2.24 Lace, , yd. .25 Beef, (high) .... lb. .118 lb. .067 (medium) . lb. .087 Lard, . . lb. .20 (low) . . . . lb. .064 Linen, (high) yd. 1.04 Brandy, (high) . qf. .81 (low) . yd. .386 (low) . . . qt. .50 brown yd. .375 Broadcloth, (high) yd. 7.39 Meal, . . lb. .027 '(low) . . t 7.00 It .85 Butter .253 Indian (high) 1.46 (wholesale) lb. .208 Indian (low) rye (high) . . . bn. 1.17 Buttons, (high) . doz. .782 bu. 1.75 (low) . . . doz. .188 rye (low) bu. 1.34 Calico, (high) yd. .375 Milk, . . qt. .05 (mediuin) (low) . . . Cambric, (high) . yd. .828 Molasses, (high) (low) gal. 1.60 yd. .265 iai. .843 yd- .88 Mnslin, . yd. .668 (low) . . . yd. .696 Mustard, lb. .78 Candles lb. .209 Mutton, (high) lb. .10 Gassimere, (high) yd. 2 75 (low) lb. .069 (low) . . . yd. 1.46 Noils, lOd. (by the cask) . lb. .112 Charcoal, (by the basket) . b'k't .25 4d. (by the cask) . lb. .11 (..heese, lb. .144 Oatmeal lb. .125 Chicken lb. .10 Oats, . bu. .60 Chocolate lb. .31 Oil, . . gal. 1.75 (wholesale, high) (wholesale, me- lb. .28 Pepper, . lb. .48 Plunk, . C.ft. 2.00 dium) lb. .244 Pork, (high) . lb. .212 (wholesale, low) lb. .20 (medium) (low) . lb. .18 Cloth yd. 8.76 lb. .10 Bristol cotton . yd. M (whole hog) lb. .10 cotton yd. .30 Potatoes, (high) bu. .493 hunter yd. 2.75 (low) bu. .336 plain blue . yd. 1.42 Poultry, lb. .125 tow . . . . yd. lb. .234 Jiaisins, . lb. .375 Codflsh .032 Ribbon, (high) yd. .20 Coffee, lb. .232 (low) yd. lb. .063 Cori».(hlgh) . . . . bu. 160 Rice, . .046 (low). . . . bu. 1.26 Rum, West India (high) gal. 1.90 Indian (wholesale) . bu. 1.08 West India (low) . ial. 1.40 Cotton, sk. .03 Bye, (high) .... bu. 1.42 ^^^ : : : lb. 3.68 (medium) bu. 132 lb. 2.04 (low) . bu. 1.09 knitting . lb. 1.72 Salt, (high) . pk. .42 Dimity yd. lb. .958 (low) . pk. .265 Fish, (high) . . . . .077 (high) . bu. 1.35 (low) . . . . lb. .041 (low) . bu. 1.00 (by the quintal) . q't'l 5.13 Satinet, . . * . yd. .932 salt . . . . lb. .06 Shells, cocoa (high) . lb. .25 Flannel, (high) . yd. .848 cocoa (low) lb. .20 (low) . . . yd. .666 cocoa (wholesale) . lb. .16 (wholesale) . American yd. .167 Shoes, (high) . . pr. 2.26 yd. .418 (med. high) . . pr. 1.98 wide yd. lb. 1.25 (medium) . pr. 1.46 Flax, .20 (med. low) pr. 1.16 Flour lb. .068 (low) . . . . pr. .875 (high) . . . . (low) . . . . Gin, (high) . . . . bbl. 8.2S boys' .... pr. 1.00 bbl. 7.60 women's . pr. 1.50 gal. 1.20 Silk yd. lb. 9.00 (medium) gal. 1.13 Soap, hard .... .109 (low) . . . . gal. .904 Starch lb. .20 84 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages and Prices: 1815 — Concluded. Occupations and Ba- OCCUPATIOKS AND Ba- Ahtioles. sis. Amount. Aktiolbs. sis. Amount. Sugar, (high) lb. $0,197 Tumblers ca. $0,138 (medium) lb. .164 Turkey, lb. .124 (low). . . . lb. .137 Turnips, bu. .50 hrown lb. .177 Veal, . . lb. .08 white .... lb. .261 loin . lb. .087 ''''■^^)' : : : : Ih. 1.67 Wiae, . qt. .63 lb. 1.13 Lisbon Kal. 1.80 (wholesale) . . . lb. .90 Wood, . It. .292 Hyson .... lb. 1.45 pine . cd. 2.34 Bouohoug (high) . ' . lb. 1.26 walnut cd. 6.00 Souohong (low) . lb. 1.00 Tarn, cotton . lb. 1.60 Thread oz. .125 Wages and Prices : 1816. "Wagies. Carpenters Laborers, (high) . (mt'dium) (low) . agricultural (high) agricultural (low) agricultural (plow- ing with oxen) . Shoemakers, (piece work) . Prices. Apples, . Axes, Bacon, . Barley, . Beans, . Beef, (high) . (low) . corned . Binding, carpet . Boards, (20 feet long) Bombazet, (high) (medium) (low) . Boots, . Brandy, . Broadcloth, (high) (med. high) (medium) (med. low) (low) Brooms, Butter, (high) (low) Buttons, (high) . (low) . Calico, (high) (medium) . (low) Cambric, (high) . (medium) (low) . Candles, Carpeting, Cassimere, (high) (medium) . (med. low) (low) . Charcoal, (b; the basket) Cheese, (high) ' • (low) Chocolate, Cider Cigars, .... day day day day day day day pr. bu. fa. lb. bu. a'- bu. lb. lb. lb. yd. M.ft. yd. vd. pr f£ai. yd. yd. ea, lb. lb. doz. doz. yd. yd. lb. yd. H- yd. b'k't lb. lb. lb. gal. bbl. 0. $1.00 1.74 107 .785 .909 .595 1.50 .516 .50 2.00 .16 l.OO .098 2.50 .10 .063 .10 .083 17.00 .625 .53 .412 7.00 1.76 7.60 '5.84 3.99 2.80 1.26 .20 .282 .245 .262 .765 .629 .335 .223 1.60 8.00 1.26 .767 .267 .80 .133 .11 .33 .17 8.00 .76 Cinnamon, Cloth, (high) (low) . British cotton cotton .... factory cotton (high) factory cotton (me- dium) . . . factory cotton (low) . India cotton Cloves, . Cocoa, (wholesale) Codfish,. (by the quintal) Coffee, (high) (low) Corn, (high) . (low) . cracked Cotton, (high) (low) Dimity, (high) (low) Duck, . Eggs, . Figs, . . . Fish, (by the quintal) salt Flannel, (high) . (low) Flour, (high) . . (mtd high) (medium) (med. low) (low) . . . . (by the half barrel; high) . . : (by the half barrel; low) . G-alloon, Gin, dinger, . Olnghum, (high) . (medium) (low) . Glasses, wine Gloves, (high) (low) Goose, . Halibut, Handkerchiefs, (high) (low) Hats, (high) . . (med. high) (medium) . lb. yd. yd. yd. fb'- lb. lb. q't'l lb. lb. bu. bu. bu. sk. Bk. J^- doz. lb. lb. 5d. yd. lb bbl bbl. bbl. bbl bbl. bbl. bbl. yd gal. lb. yd. doz pr. pr. lb. lb. $2.60 6.00 .427 .30 .66 .68 .26 1.25 .16 .037 6.00 .266 .20 1.60 1.19 1.17 .126 .03 .876 .46 .392 .30 .26 .04 6.60 .06 .564 .456 .065 12.00 10.61 9 30 7.33 5.83 16.50 11.07 .061 .917 .50 .55 .403 .271 1.00 .76 .473 .09 .063 .67 .168 7.00 4.60 3.50 WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 85' Wages and Prices: 1816 — Concluded ,,,*^ OCCUFATIONa AND Ba- OCCDPATIOKS AND Ba- Articles. sis. Amount. Abticlbs. sis. Amount. Hats, (med. low) . ea. (2.50 Sheetings, (low) . yd. $0,393 (16w) . . ea. 1.00 UnsBia . yd. .656 straw . ea. .25 Shells, cocoa . lb. .14 Hose, (high) . pr. .957 Shirtings, yd. .463 . (low) . . pr. .833 Shoes, (high) pr. 2.09 Lamh, (high) lb. .093 (medium) . (med. low) pr. 1.20 (low) . . lb. .049 pr. .897 Lemons, doz: .60 (low) . . pr. .6U8 Linen, (high) yd. .413 (wholesale, high) pr. 1.14 (low) . . yd. .262 (wholesale, medium) pr. .927 brown yd. .60 (wholesale, low) pr. .671 Meal, . bu. 1.34 (Scotch ties; whole- Indian lb. .033 sale) . . . pr. 1.07 Indian (high) DU. 2.00 boys' . , . . pr. 1.03 Indian (med. high) . bu. 1.79 cork . . . . pr. 1.67 Indian (medium) bu. 1.48 kid (wholesale) pr. 1.10 Indiao (med. low) bo. 1.25 men's . . . . pr. 1.33 Indian (low) bu. 1.13 misses' pr. .50 rye lb. .034 roan (wholesale) pr. .732 rye (high) . bu.' 1.75 walking (wholtsale) pr. 1.15 rye (medium) !7.e,(low) . bu. 1.50 Silk, (high) . - . . yd. 1.25 bu. 1.25 (medium) *"• 1.00 Milk, (high) . qt. .05 (low) . yd. .667 (low) . . qt. .03 sewing •. oz. .516 Molasses, (high) . gal. .774 sewing ' . lb. 6.60 „ „ •J'ow) . gal. .636 sewing (high) Bk. .10 MusUd, (high) . yd. 1.00 sewing (low) sk. .062 (medium) yd. .60 Slippers, kid aud moroocu (low) yd. .813 (wholesale) ' . pr. 1.02 gurrah ' . t .334 misses' kid and Mutton, . .062 mordcco(whole. Nails, . lb. .115 sale) . pr. .60 Needles, 0. .60 Soap, . III. .128 Oatmeal, lb. .12 (wholesale) lb. .10 Oats, bu. .67 Stookliret, . yd. 2.60 Oil, (high) . gal. 1.77 Stockings, . pr. .976 (low) . gal. 1.58 Sugar, fhigh) (low) . lb. .173 Paper, . qr. .081 lb. .138 (letter sheet) ea. 1 .01 brown lb. .163 Pepper, . lb. .40 powdered lb. .214 Pins, (high) . pap. .187 white. lb. .232 (low) . . pap. .10 Taljow, . lb. .153 Pork, (high) . lb. .181 Tape, . p'ce .09 (low) . . lb. .125 Tea, (high) . lb. 1.27 salt . lb. .107 (low) . lb. .70 spare rib . lb. .10 Hyson (high) lb. 1.55 Potatoes, bu. .451 Hyson (low) lb. .80 Kaisins, lb. .139 Souchong (high) lb. 1.03 Hil^bon, (high) . yd. .20 Souchong (low) lb. .897 (medium) llow) . yd. .136 Thread, . sk. .262 yd. .061 cotton sk. .049 Bice, (high) . . lb. .055 Tobacco, (high) . lb. .32 (low) . . lb. .014 (low) . lb. .08 Rum, New England (w hole- plug . lb. .40 sale) . gal. .62 Tongue, . lb. .10 West India . g»l. 1.00 Turkey, . lb. .132 Eye, (high) . . bu. 1.58 Twist, (by the stick) ea. .06 (low) . . bu. 1.34 Veal, . lb. .086 Salt, ... qt. .05 loin . lb. .10 (high) . . pk. .847 Wadding, yd. .375 (low) . . pk. .17 Wine, Lisbon (high) gal. 2.00 (high) . . bu. 1.02 Lisbon how) sherry (high) lal. 1.40 (low) . . bu. .793 gal. 2.25 Sandals, (wholesale) pr. 1.08 sherry (low) lal. 2.00 Satinet, (high) yd. 1.75 Wood, . cd. 6.89 (medium) {low) . yd. 1.83 pine (high) cd. 4.00 yd. 1.00 pine (low) cd. 1.95 Shalloon, (cloth) . yd. .625 Wool, . lb. .50 Idtieetlngs, fhlgh) . yd. .747, Tarn, No. 7 . lb. .69 (medium) . yd. .529 No.9 . . lb. .75 86 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages and Prices: 1817. OCCDPATIONS AMD Ba- Amount. OCCnPATIONS AND Ba- sis. Amount. AltTIOLKS. sis. ABTI0I.K8. Wages. Cotton, knitting (high) lb. $1.94 Carpenters, (high) day tl.42 knitting (low) . lb. 1.52 (low) . day 1.00 Crash, (high) . . . yd. .167 Laborei;^, .... agricultural . day 1.00 (low). . . . yd. .125 day .827 Cream of tartar, . oz. .063 Tack makerB, day 1.00 Dimity, (high) . yd. .923 mo. 18.00 (low) . . . yd. .41 Duck, cotton .... yd. .40 Prices. Bggs, doz. .167 AlmondB lb. .22 Figs, lb. .20 Apples, bu. .50 Fish lb. .051 Beans qt. .187 salt .... lb. .056 bu. 4.00 Flannel, (high) . yd. .886 Beef, (high) .... lb. .139 (med. high) . yd. .66 (medium) . lb. .079 (medium) yd. .517 (low) .... lb. .059 (low) . .' . yd. .259 Blankets pr. 7.50 twilled . fb".- .627 Bombazet, (high) . yd. .63 Flax .20 (low) . . . yd. .293 Flour, (high) lb. .088 Boots, (small) pr. .75 (low). . . . lb. .065 Brandy gal. 2.24 (high) . . . bbl. 16.25 Bread, (by the loaf ) . ea. ' .14 (medium) . bbl. 13.67 Broadcloth, (high) yd. 6.06 (low) .... bbl. 10.92 (med. high) . (medium) . (low) . . Jd. 4.93 (by the half barrel; high) . . . U- 2.17 bbl. 16.00 yd. 1.48 (by the half barrel; Brooms, ea. .28 medium) bbl. 16.36 Butter, (high) lb. .31 (by the half barrel; (low) . . . (wholesale) . . lb. .266 low) . . . bbl. 12.62 lb. .27 Gingham, (high) . ~ . yd. .517 Buttons, (high) . doz. .333 (medium) . yd. .372 (medium) doz. .242 (low) . yd. .286 > low) . . . doz. .127 . Q-lasses, wine doz. 2.50 Calico, (high) . . . (med. high) . . yd. .75 Gloves, (high) pr. .3.18 yd. .633 (low) . . ■. pr. .25 (medium) . yd. .448 Haddock, .... lb. .033 (med. low) (low) Jd. .366 Halibut, . . . lb. .049 yd. .269 Handkerchiefs, (high) (med. high) ea. 1.00 Camlirlc, (high) . . . yd. .76 ea. .87 (low) . . . yd. lb. .398 (medium) . (low) . ea. .42 Candles .209 ea. .168 (wholesale) . lb. .174 bandanna . ea. 1.00 Cassimere, (high) . yd. 2.76 silk . ea. 1.00 (medium) . yd. 1.61 Herring, . . doz. .192 (low) . . . yd. .457 C. 1.26 Cheese, . . • lb. .144 Honey qt. .25 Chocolate, (high) . lb. .282 Hose, (high) .... pr. 1.00 (medium) . lb. .229 (medium) . pr. .88 (low) . . . lb. .18 (low) .... pr. .75 Cider, ^Wgh)_ . . . bbl. 2.00 Lamb lb. .074 bhl. 1.66 Lard lb. .223 Cigars, (high) . . Cloth, (high) .' '. '. 0. C. .90 .76 Lawn Lemons, .... doz. .538 .40 yd. 6.00 Linen yd. .68 (medium) . (low) .... yd. i^ table .... Mackerel fb^.- .667 .068 cotton (high) . cotton (medium) yd. .463 Meal, bu. 1.84 yd. .356 Indian .... lb. .041 cotton (low) yd. .274 Indian (high) . bu. 2.00 factory cotton (high) yd. .626 Indian (medium) Indian (low) bu. 1.75 factory cotton (med. bu. 1.36 high) . . . yd. 426 rye . ... lb. .043 factory cotton (me. rye high) . . . rye (medium) . bu. 1.75 dlum) yd. .318 bu. 1.60 , factory cotton (low) . yd. .20 rye (low) . bu. 1.26 India cotton t .307 bolted rye . bbl. 7.00 Codfish, .039 Mittens pr. .20 Coffe^, (high) lb. .328 Molasses, (high) . gal. .676 (low) lb. .242 (low) . . . gal. .676 (wholesale) lb. .235 Muslin, (high) . yd. .75 Corn, (high) .... bu. 1.68 (medium) yd. .38 Indian. ^ . bu. bu. 1.25 2.00 (low) . . . Mustard yd. lb. .25 .64 Cotton, (high) Bk. .068 Mutton, (high) . (low) . . . lb. .094 sk. .03 lb. .064 WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 87 Wages and Prices : 1817 — Concluded. OCCUFATIONS AND Ba- OCCnPATIOHS AND Ba- Amount. sis. Amount. Articles, sis. Akticles. ISrailB, lb. JO.IO Shoes, (low) pr. $0.60 Nankeen, (high) yd. .333 (wholesale, high) . pr. l.ll (low) yd. .20 (wholesale, medium) pr. .90 Needles, 0. .40 (wholesale, low) pr. .56 Oatmeal, (high) lb. .167 kid (wholesale) pr. .971 (low) lb. .125 morocco (wholesale. (medium) gal. 1.60 high) . . . pr. .91 gal. 1.30 morocco (wholesale. ' (low) • gal. .902 low) . . . pr. .lO Paper, . . qr. .063 (pumps) . pr. .916 r'm 3.17 roan .... pr. .70 (letter sheet) ea. .013 roan (wholesale) pr. .625 French r'm 2.00 walking (wholesale) dm. 1.13 Pepper, . lb. .40 Shovels 10.50 Pins, . . . pap. .10 Silk, (high) . yd. 1.26 Plaid, (high) yrt. .75 (low) . yJ- 1.00 (low) . . yd. .561 sewing . 02. .50 Pollock, lb. .027 sewing . Hb. .062 Pork, (high) . lb. .201 Starch, . lb. .28 (low) . lb. .102 Suet, lb. .152 (wholesale) lb. .122 Sugar, (high) lb. .163 fresh . lb. .13 (low) Ih. .086 Potatoes, (high) . bu. i.ia brown lb. .13 (medium) bu. .651 loaf . lb. .23 (low) . bu. .33 powdered lb. .197 (whclesali) bu. .28 Swan's-down, yd. lb. .875 Raisins, . lb. .131 Tallow, . .168 Ribbon, (high) . yd. .25 Tape, . yd. lb. .02 (medium) (low) y<3- ,.106 Tea, (high) . 1.68 yd. lb. .062 (med. high) (medium) lb. 1.52 Rice, . .076 lb. 1.20 (wholesale) lb. .061 (med. low) lb. .912 Rosin, . lb. .06 (low) . lb. .758 Rum, (high) . gal. 1.33 Hyson (high) Uysoo (medium) lb. 1.68 (low) . . ial. .748 lb. 1.43 New England gal. .64 Hyson (low) lb. 1.16 West India (high) . gal. 1.33 Souchong (high) . lb. 1.12 West India (low) ial. 1.00 Souchong (medium) . Souchong low) . lb. .83. Eye, (high) . . bu. 2.00 lb. .722 (low) . bu. 1.73 Thread lb. .80 Salt, ... pk-. .32 cotton (high) . sk. .13 •fhigh) . . (low) . bu. 1.00 rotton (low) . sk. .043 bu. .826 linen sk. .2.52 Bandals, pr. 1.23 Ticking, yd. .62 Satinet, (high) . yd. 1.78 Tobacco, plQg lb. .40 (medium) yd. 1.40 Tumblers, . doz. 2.25 (low) . yd. I.OS Veal, . lb. .096 Shawl ea. 2.60 loin . lb. .126 Sheetings, (high) . yd. .561 Vinegar, gal. .30 (low) . yd. .286 Walnuts, bu. 1.68 Shells, cocoa . lb. .167 Watches, silver ea. 15.00 cocoa (wholesal e) : lb. .09 Wine, sherry gal. 1.75 Shirtings, (high) . yd. .44 Wood, (high) cd. 6.97 (medium) . yd. .347 (low) cd. 6.00 (low) . . yd. .23 oak . cd. 4.90 Shoes, (high) pr. 2.25 pine (high) . . cd. 2.83 (med. high) . pr. 2.05 pine (low) cd. 2.61 (medium) . pr. 1.29 Tarn, cotton .... lb. 1.76 (med. low) pr. .961 Wages and Prices : 1818. Wages. Bacon, (high) lb. $0,161 Laborers, (high) . day 91.00 (low) . . . lb. .129 (low) . . . (high) . day .763 Beans, qt. .001 day (38. id.) fl- .557 horn) . . . da^ §(2a. 8.5(2.) Beef, (Ugh) .... .128 ■ agricultural . day 1.49 (medium) . (low) .... lb. Ih. .102 .082 Prices. Binding, quality . yd. .02 Allspice, .... Ih. .40 Boards o.«. 1.60 Apples, ..... bbl. 2.50 Butter, (high) lb. .238 S English form of money. 88 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages and Prices: 1818 — Concluded. OCOnpATIOKS AND Ba- Occupations and Ba- AUTICLEB, sis. Amount. AailCLES. sis. Amount. Butter, (low) lb. $0,197 Molasses, New Orleans gal. $0.72 Buttons, (high) . doz. .315 Muslin, (high) yd- 1.20 (low) . . . doz. .12 (low) yd. .42 Calico, (high) yd. .354 Mustard lb. .66 (low) yd- .248 •Mutton, (high) . lb. .10 Cambric, (high) . yd. .484 (medium) lb. .073 (lowj . . . yd. .25 (low) . . . lb. .05 Candles lb. .172 Nail ' . lb. .U sperm . lb. .60 Oil qt. .315 Cheese, (high) lb. .IS (high) .... gnl- 1.33 (mtdiura) lb. .127 (low) .... gal. .982 (low) . . . lb. .008 Oranges, .... ea. .062 Chocolate, .... lb. .257 doz. , .60 (wholesale, high) lb. .23 Paper, writing r'm ' S.OO (wholesale, low) . Ib.- .18 I'epper, lb. .40 No. I . Ib. .23 Pins, (high) . . . pap. .123 No. 2 . lb. .212 (low) .... r- .06 Np. 2 (wholesale) lb. ' .18 Pork, (high) .... .23 Cider, . . . . . bbi: §(16».) , (medium) . lb.' .198 Cloth, cotton (high) . yd. '.386 (low) .... lb. .116 cotton (low) yd.-. .30 (whole hog) lb. .125 Cloves lb. ■ 1.68 bbl. 35.00 Codfish lb. , .029 Potatoes, (highj . bu. .60 Coffee, (high) lb. .361 (low) . bu. .334 (medium) . Ib^ .30 Raisins lb. .135 (low) . . . lb: ' .269 Ribbon yd. .167 (wholesale) lb. ■ .241 Ric«, , lb. .071 Corn, Indian (high) . bu. 1.28 Rum gal. 1.34 Indian (low) bu. .95 Rye, pk. .34 Indian (wholesale, (high) .... bu. .95 high) . . bu. 1.00 (low) .... (wholesiile) . bu. .85 Indian (wholesale. bo. .81 low) bu. ■92 'Salmon, smoked . lb. .18 Cotfon, knitting . Figs/ChTgh) . ' . . . lb, 1.30 Salt, ■ pk. .34 lb. .20 (high) .... bu.' .83 tlow . . . . lb. .14 (low) . . . . bu. .64 Fish, salt . . . . lb. .045 Shells, cocoa . . . t . lb. .12 Flax lb. .20 Shirtings, .... yd. .31 Flour, lb. .b69 Shoes, (high) pr. 2.'Z2 (high) . . . . bbl. 12.00 , (med. high) pr. 1.75 (low) . . . . bbi. 10.71 (medium) . pr. 1.23 (wholesale) m. 6.00 (low). . . . pr. .662 Ginger, (high) 'lb. .26 (small) . . . pr. .42 ■ (low) . . . lb. .10 Silk, Bk. .125 Gingham, (high) . yd- .343 t 1.27 (low) . yd. lb. .168 Soap, .126 Halihnt .047 Starch lb. .2u8 Handkerchiefs, . ea. .50 Sugar, (high) lb. .175 ' ' cotton (high) ea. .292 (low) .... lb, .146 , cotton (me- (wholesale) lb. .10 dium) ea. .126 powdered . IB. •W cotton (low). ea. .042 white Havana . lb. .19 Hats,, (high) . . . ea. , 2.00 TaUoW, lb. .13 (low) . . . . ea. 1.00 Tape, p'ce .08 Hose, pr. .75 Bilk ferret . . . yd. .083 LamB, (high) fb. .10 Tea, lb. 1.00 (low) .... lb. .071 Hyson (high) ,1b. 1.60 Lard, lb. .216. Hyson (low) Hyson skin . lb. 1.33 Ijlnen yi- .333 lb. .796 Meal Ib. .026 Souchong . lb. .713 bu. 1.30 young Hyson lb. 1.26 (wholesale) t bu. 1.20 Thread sk. .032 Indian . . . . pfc. .88 Ticking, yd. .60 Indian (high) . bu. 1.27 Tongue Turkey, lb. .125 Indian (low) bu. 1.09 lb. .14 rye (high) . bu. 1.28 Veal lb. .095 rye (low) . bu. 1.08 loin (high) . . . lb. .1,25 Milk, qt. .09 loin (low) . •lb. .096 Mode, yd. 1.00 Wine, Lisbon -gal. 1.50 Molasses qt. .1761 sherry r 1.78 (high) . . . (low) . . . gill, .767 Wood,, oak . . . . .647 gal. .622 pine .... ft. .363 § English fornjof money. WAGES Ato PEICES: 1752-1860. 89 Wages and Prices : 1819. Occupations and Ba- Occupations and Ba- AlLTICLES. sis. Amount. Aii:l:ici.Es. • sis. Amount. Wages. ' Ginger, lb. $0,167 Butchers day $0.75 Gingham, (high) . yd.- .443 Carpenters day l.U (low) . yd. .246 Laborers, Chl^h) . day 1.15 Gloves, (high) pr. .688 Craedium) . day .795 (lew) pr. .272 (low) . day .50 Goose, (high) lb. .109 (layinK wall) day 1.25 (low) lb. .06 agricultural . day .533 Haddock, lb. .03 Plasterers, .... day 1.00 Halibut, lb. .05 Shoemakers, (piece work. Handkerchiefs, (high) ea. .75 high) . . pr. .655 (niediu m) : ea. .25 (piece- work, low) . "(low) ea. .125 pr. .4^ Bilk ea. 1.95 Tack makers, Say 1.00 Herring, HoUiind, dozi yd. lb. .16 .41T Prices. Hops, .2-18 Allspice, (tai^h) . lb. .40 Uose, (high) . pr. 1.00 (low) . . . lb. • .28 , (low) . pr. .875 Bacon lb. .17 Lamh, . lb. .069 Beans pk. .646 Lard, . lb. .166 Beef, (high) .... lb. .125 Leather, sole lb. .19 (low) .... lb. -.084 Lemons, Linen, Algh) (low) . doz. .60 Brandy, . • . gal. 1.76 yd. 1.25 Bread, (by the loaf) . ea. .125 yd. .417 Brooms, .... ea. .30 Lustring, yd. Mi Butter, (high) . lb. .28 Macketrel, . bbl. 8.75 (low) lb. .215 pickled Meal, (high) . (Ibw) . lb. .10 (wholesale) lb. .19 bu. 1.32 Buttons doz. .124 bu.- .98 vest gro. .62 Indian fhtgh) bu. 1.20 Oalloo, (high) yd- .29 Itidlan (medium) bu. 1.08 (medium) tlow) . . . yd. .241 Indian (low) bu. .89 yd. .20 rye . gS: .30 Cambric, .... yd. .508 rye (high) 1.13 cotton (high) yd. .45 rye (low) bu. .977 cotton (low) . yd- .28, Molasses, qt. .17 linen yd. 4.00 (high) gal. .696 Candles lb. .19 (low) gal. .502 Cashmere yd. 1.60 (wholesale) gah .45 Cassia, (high) lb. .80 Muslin, (high) . yd. 1.25 (low) . . . lb. .499 (med. high) yd. .89 Cheese, (high) lb. .14 (medium) yd. .58 (medium) lb. .105 (low) . S' .25 (low) lb. ■ .05 Mustard, .60 Chocolate lb. .&3 Mutton, (high) lb. .081 No.l (wholesale) lb. .25 J'^°^'> ■ lb. .044 Cinnamon oz. .073 Nails, 6d. wrought lb. .14 Cloth, copperplate yd. .25 8d. wrought lb. .12 cotton (high) yd. .25 lod. wrought lb. .10 cotton (low) yd. .143 loa. cut lb. .08 India cotton yd. .418 Napkins, ea. .65 Cl0V«B lb. 1.28 Needles, 0. .44 Codflah, lb. • .OS Oil, (high) . gal- •1.25 Coffee lb. .338 (medium) gal. 1.09 Corn bu. 1.16 (low) . gal- .92 Indian .... pk. .28 Patch, (high) rd:.! .458 Indian (high) . bu. 1.00 (low) . yd.. .27 Indian (medium) tin. .89 Peas, . qt.. .06 Indian (low) bu. .7-5 Pepper, (high) lb. - .50 Cotton, (high) . sk. .063 (low) lb. .355 ' (low) . . . sk. .027 Pork, (high) . lb. .166 Crash, V: .133 (medium) lb. .114 Currants .22 (low) . lb. .074 Diaper yd. .36 Potatoes, (high) bu. .595 Eels, lb. .066 (low) bu. .406 Eggs, (high) .... doz. .25 EaisiiiB, (high) lb. .14 (low) . . . . doz. .164 (low) lb. .10 Figs lb. .13 Ribbon, (high) yd. .222 Fish lb. .05 (medium yd. .12 salt . . . . lb. .047 (low) yd. .048 Flannel yd. lb. .458 Eice, . lb. .071 Flour, .058 (wholesale) lb. .049 (high) bbl. IOlOO Bugs, Brussels ea. 14.50 (medium) . (low) .... bbl. 8.25 Bum, qt. .16 bbl. 7.41 New England gal. .48 90 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages and Prices : 1819 — Concluded. OCCDPATIONS AND Ba- OCCUFATIONS AND Ba- sis. Amount sis. Amount Articles. * Articles. Earn, West India . gal. fl.OO Starch lb. $0.24 Eye, It .339 Stockings, (high) pr. 1.25 (high) .... 1.42 low) pr. .37 (medium) bu. 1.17 Sugar, (high) lb. .199 (low) .... bu. .944 (low) . lb. .145 Salmon, smohed . lb. .20 brown lb. .249 Salt, (high) i . . . pk. .33 India. lb. , .139 •(medium) pk. .25 . loaf : lb. .26 (low) .... pk. .17 Tape, (high) . p'ce .192 hu. .84 (low) . p'ee lb. .117 Satinet, (high) yd. 1.25 Tea, . . .837 (medium) yd. 1.08 Hyson (high) lb. 1.50 (low) ., . . yd. .917 Hyson (low) lb. 1.25 Scythes, , i . . ea. .92 Hyson skin . lb. .80 Shawls, Cashmere ea. 5.00 Souchong lb. .724 long. ea. 40.00 Souchong ( by the Shells, cocoa .... lb. .125 chest) lb. .98 Shirtings, (high) . yd. .368 Thread, . sk. .062 (low) . . . yd. .225 Tobacco, lb. .32 Shoes, (high) pr. 2.26 Turkey, . lb. .08 (med. high) pr. 1,50 Vfal, . lb. .096 (medium) . pr. 1.83 Vmegar, gal. .32 (med. low) pr. 1.03 Wafers, . lb. 2.00 (low) .... pr. .677 Walnuts, bu. 2.21 Silk, (high) .... sk. .125 Wine, Lisbon gal. 1.-33 low) . . . . sk. .072 sherry gal. 1.60 (high) .... yd. .917 Wood, (high) cd. 5.95 (low) . . . . C'anton .... yd. .751. • (low) cd. 4.00 fb^.- 1.00 pine (high) cd. 1.92 Soap ' .13 pine (low) cd. 1.00 Spoons, silver ea. 6.00 Worsted sk. .389 Wages and Prices : 1820. Wages. Cheese, (medium) lb. $0,099 Carpenters, ..... day $1.00 (low) . . . lb. .06 Laborers, (high) . day 1.00 Chocolate, (high) . lb. .38 (medium) . day .676 (low) . . . lb. .27 (low) . day .502 Cloth, cotton (high) . yd. .26 agricultural (high) day 1.00 cotton (low) fb^- .194 agricultural (me- . ' Cocoa, , ^ . . . .334 dium) day .76 Codfish, . .1 . lb. .031 asriculturnl (low) day .50 Coffee, (high) lb. .318 Tack makers, day liOO lb. .271 Com, (high) . '. '. bu. 1.00 Prices. '"- bu. .80 Bark cd. ' 6.00 (wholesale) bu. .66 Barley, (wholesale) bu. .80 Cotton, (high) (low) sk. .056 Beans, bu. 1.74 sk. .025 Beef, lb. .073 Currants, .... lb. ,16 Biscuit, doz.. .10 Eels, . . lb. .087 Bombnzet, .... yd. .683 ^^'"■(a^'; : : : doz. .26 Bonnets, Leghorn . ea. , 12.no doz. .157 Boots pr. 4.50 Figs, (wholesale) . B'Ish, (by the quintal) . lb. .083 Brandy gal. 1.32 q'fl 3.50 Broadcloth yd. 5.60 salt (wholesale) . lb. .045 Brooms, .... ea. .166 Flannel yd. .70 Butter, (hieh) lb. ;204 cotton and wool yd. .25 (low) lb. iies twilled (high) . twilled (low) . yd. .832 Buttons, (high) . doz. .20 yd. .626 (low) . . . d'iz. .10 .. > Flour lb. .05 Calico, (high) yd. .333 (hieh) . bbl. 6.62 (low) yd. ,19 i (low) . bbl. 6.36 Cambric, (high) . yd. .482 Oingham, (high) yd. .379 (low) . . . yd. .225 ■! (low) yd. .224 Candles, (wholesale) . lb. .18 Gloves, . . pr. .376 Casslmere, (high) . yd. 2.88 GooSBi . lb. .08 (medium) . yd. 2.00 Haddock, (high) lb. .063 (low) . . . doz. 1.63 (low) lb. .03 Chairs, fancy; 48.00 Hallbnt,. . lb. .046 Grecian , . doz. 72.00 Herring, C. 1.00 Cheese, (high) lb. .14 Hose, (high) .... pr. .644 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 91 Wages and Prices: 1820 — Concluded. OCCnpATIONS AND Ba- OCGCPATIONS AND Ba- sis. Amount. Amount. AailCLES. Articlss. sis. Hose, (low) .... pr- $0.43 Rum, (wholesale) gal. $0.45 Jean, doz. .24 Xew England gal. .37 Knives and forks, 2.60 Rye bu. 1.08 Lace fb*.- .833 Salt, (high) .... bu. .86 Lamb .058 how) .... bu. .70 Lard lb. .169 flue (high) . bu. 1.16 Leather lb. .20 (ine (low) bu. 1.00 Lemons, C^lgh) doz. .J28 Satinet yd. .278 1 (low) . . . doz. .448 Sheetings yd. .265 Linen yd. .851 Shells, cocoa .... lb. .14 German . yd. .825 Shirtings, (high) . yd. .275 Mackerel, . .' . bbl. 6.60 (low) . . . yd. .171 Meal, Indian (high) . Indian (law) bu. .90 Shoes, (high) . . . pr. 2.13 bu. .711 (med. high) pr. i.ri rye (high) . . . rye (low) . bu. .90 (medium) . pr. 1.27 bu. .72 (med. low) pr. .739 bolted rye . bbl. 4.00 (low). . . . pr. .625 Milk, (high) ... . qt. .06 Silk sk. .062 I (low) .... qt. .03 (high) .... yd. .861 Molasses gal. .378 (low) . . . . yd. .625 Muslin, (high) . . . yd. 1.26 Soap, (wholesale) lb. .10 , (medium) yd. 1.03 Starch, (wholesale) lb. .125 (low) . . . yd. .696 Stockings pr. .37 Mutton, lb. .044 Sugar, (high) lb. .181 Needles,. . . . . c. .40 (medium) . lb. .158 Oatmeal, .... lb. .123 (low) . . . lb. .13 Oil, (high) . . . . gal. 1.33 brown lb. .11 (low) . . . . gal. 1.18 loaf . lb. .20 Paper, writing (high) . writing (low) . Patch, ..'... r'm 2.50 Tape p'ee .1-25 r'm 2.00 Tea lb. .738 yd. .42 Hyson .... lb. 1.09 Pepper, (high) lb. .28 Hyson skin . Ih. .588 (low) . . . lb. .23 Souchong lb. .679 Pimento, (wholesale) . Pins, (high) .... lb. .28 young Hyson lb. .868 pap. .15 Tumblers doz. .40 (low) .... pup. .10 Turkey lb. .07 Pork, (high) .... lb. .167 Veal, (high) .... lb. .084 - (medium) . lb. .118 (low) .... lb. .058 (low) (whole hog) lb. .079 loin (high) . loin (low) . . . lb. .13 lb. .072 lb. .07 Potatoes, (high) . (low) . bu. .60 Wine, sherry gal. 1.84 bu. .264 Sicily .... gal. 1.60 Raisin lb. .094 Sicily Madeira . gal. 1.40 Ribbon, (high) . (medium) yd. 1 .211 Wood cd. 4.00 yd. .126 oak . ft. .873 (low) yd. .068 oak . cd. 6.00 Rice, (wholesale) . lb. .039 Wages and Prices : 1821. "Wages. Prices. Butchers day tO.76 Allspice, (high) lb. $0.50 Laborers, (high) . day 1.00 (low) lb. .38 (medium) day .76 Apples, (high) bu. .64 (low) . day .638 (low) bu. .30 mo. 8.00 Bacon, . lb. .10 agricultural (high) day 1.00 Bark, . cd. 6.0O agricultural (me- Beans, . bu. 1.20 dium) day .664 Beef, (high) . lb. .093 agricultural (low) day .447 (low) - lb. .072 agricultural (with salt . lb. .06 oxen) day 2.00 Booking, yd. .667 agricultural (with Boots, (high) pr. 7.00 oxen; w ith ' (medium) pr. 6.26 board) day 1.60 (low) . pr. 4,26 agricultural (with Broadcloth, . yd. 6.00 four oxen and Brooms, ea. .17 plow; high) day 2.40 Butter, (high) lb. .25 agricultural (with (medium) lb. .20 four oxen and (low) lb. .162 plow; low) day 1.67 Buttons, (high) . doz. .167 92 STATISTICS OF LABOE. "Wages and Prices : 1821 — Continued. OCCDFATIONB AND Ba- Amount. OCCUPATIOHS AHD Ba- Amount. ASTICIBS. sis. Abticlbs. sis. ButtODB, (mecUnm) doz. $0,123 Lard lb. $0,116 (low) . . doz. .06 Linen, (high) yd. .689 Calico, (high) yd. .375 (medlnm) . yd. .409 (medium) . yd. .315 (low) . yd. .334 (low) . . yd. .26 Linsey-woolsey, . yd. .583 French yd. 1.00 Ueal, Indian (high) . Indian (low) bu. .847 Cambric, (high) . yd. .417 bu. .686 (low) . . yd. .243 rye (high) . . bu. .876 Candles, lb. .20 rjo low) . bu. .647 Carpeting, yd-, lb. ,, 1.26 Milk, . . . qt. .05 Cassia, (high) .80 MilUnet, yd. .25 (low) lb. .68 Molasses, gal. .38 Cassimere, (high) yd. 2.44 sugar iai. .60 (low) . t 1.25 Muslin, (hi^h) yd. 1.37 Cheese, (high) .127 (low) yd. .606 (medium) .lb. .085 Mustard, lb. .48 (low) . . lb. .04 Mutton, (high) lb. . .08 Chicken, lb. .063 . (low) lb. .047 Chocolate, (high) lb. .33 Needles, C. .40 (medium) lb. ,279 Nutmegs, (high) lb. 2.48 (low) . lb. .21 (low) lb. 2.00 Cider, . gal. .20 Oats, . bn. .35 Cloth, . yd. 2.72 Oil, (high) . gal. 1.34 copperplate yd. .40 (medium) gal. 1.00 cotton (high) yd. .20 (low) . gal. .762, cottoiL (medium yd. .167 lamp Peas, (high) . qt. .33 cotton (low) yd. .125 bu.. 1.60 tow . yd. .20 (low) . bu. .68 Codfish, . lb, .031 Pepper, (high) lb. .37 Coffee, Java . lb. .297 (low) lb. .19 Mocha lb. .334 Pitchforks, . ea.- .60 Corn, (high) . bu. 1.00 Pork, (high) . Ib... .105 .(low) . . Indian ■ bu. .672 (low) . fresh . lb. , , ! , .07 bn. .90 lb. I .062 southern i . bu. .63 Potatoes, (high) bu. ,;.., •*88 Cotton, (high) sk. .09 (low) bu. :,, .197 : (low) . sk. .02 Raisins, (high) lb. ■ k, -25 Cranberries, . pt. .25 (low) lb. .108 Crape, . yd. .761 Ribbon, (high) yd. .275 Canton fb^.- 1.00 (medium] yd. .17 ' Currants, .20 (low) yd. lb. .068 Dow]as, . t .333 Rice, ; 1 . .042 ■ Eels, . .063 Rum, West India qt. .26 Eggs, (high) . . doz. .228 Rye, (hlgl^ . in. 1.00 (medium) . doz. .131 (low)' . bu. .747 (low) . . doz. .091 Salt, . . qt. .065 rish, . . . lb. .04 (high) . pk. .25 salt (high) . lb. .084 (low) . high) . pk. .18 salt (low) . lb. .046 bu. .84 Flannel, (high) . yd. 1.13 (low) . bu. .885 (medium) ft lb. .614 Sheetings, (high) (low) yd. .375 (low) . .48 .yd. .208 Flaxseed, .247 Shells, cocoa . lb. .144 Tlour, . lb. .037 Shirtings, (high) yd. .27 (high) bbl. 7.28 (low) yd. .171 (medium) . bbl. 6.26 Shoes, (high) pr. 2.60 (low) . bhl. 4.43 (med. high pr. 2.00 Gin, . . . qt. .125 (medium) pr. 1.32 GHnger, (high) lb. .16 (med. low) pr. .875 (low) lb. .10 (low) . pr. .58 Gingham, (high) . (medium) yd. .472 Shovels, ea. .25 yd. .351 Silk, . . sk. .062 (low) ; yd.. .241 Soap, . lb. .124 Gloves, (high) (low) pr. .50 Starch, . . lb. .166 pr. .20 Stockings, . pr. .60 kid . . pr. 1.00 Sugar, (high) lb. .16 Goose, . lb. .07 (low) lb. .109 Halibut, lb. .041 brown lb. .112 Handkerchiefs, ea. .46 ]oaf<(htgh) loaf (low) lb. .222 silk ea. liOO lb. .18 Herrine, Hose, (high) C. .64 Tape, . p'ce .097 pr. 1.09 Tea, lb. .667 ;(iow) . . pr. .333 Hyson . lb. 1.09 Lamb, (high) lb. .06 Souchong lb. .566 (low) . . . lb. .043 young Bysoi;! (high) . lb. 1.00 WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 93 Wages and Prices : 1821 — Concluded. Occupations and Abticles. Teft, yoang Hyson (low) Ticlilng, Tobacco, Turkey, (high) . (low) . Veal, . loin $0,875 .60 .24 .085 .076 occdpatiohs and Abticlbs. Walnntfl, Wine, IjBboD Sicily Madeira Wood, . (high) . (low). . oais p 1.62 .25 5.67 3.00 4.00 Wages and Prices : 1822. ■Wages. Corn, Indian .... \m. $0.86 Carpenters, .... day $0.89 Indian (wUolesale) . bu. .T18 G-lasB cutters. day 1.6S Crackers, .... doz. .108 Glass makers, (gaffers) day 2.04 Cranberries, . pk. .32 (journeymen) day 1.05 Crape, Canton (high) yd. 1.37 (journeymen) (boys) . wk. 6.40 Canton (low) yd. 1.00 day .64 Crash, . fb^.- .14 (boys) . i wk. 3.28 Cream of tartar, . .657 Laborers, (high) . day .80 Dimity, . yd. .50 (low) . . . day .67 Duck, . yd. .34 mo. ■13.00 Eels, . lb. .06 agricultural . day .771 Eggs, (high) . doz. .17 Tack makers, (high) . day 1.52 (medium) . doz. .139 (low) . . day 1.26 (low) . . doz. .10 (piece work) M. .028 Feathers, Flannel, (high) . lb. yd. .333 .667 Prices. (low) . yd. .461 Allspice, .... lb. .406 Elour, . lb. .04 Almonds, . . . . lb. .20 ^^. : bbl. 8.11 Apples » t: .127 bbl. 7.25 .37 Gin, qt. .17 Bacon, lb. .11 Ginger, (high) . lb. .24 Beans pk. Sb (low) . lb. .123 Bed cords, .... ea. .60 Gingham, (high) . yd. .407 Beei lb. .066 (mcidiiim) yd. .29 Bocking yd. .666 yd. .206' Bombazet, (high) yd. .626 Gloves, . pr. .62 (low) . . . yd. .829 Goose, . lb. .065 Boots pr. 2.00 Haddock, lb. .03 Braid, yd. .013 Halibut, . lb. .044 Broadcloth, .... yd. 6.00 Handkerchiefs, (high) (low) ea. .25 Brooms, .... ea. .14 ea. .165 corn ea. .17 Hats, beaver . ea. 2.25 Butter, (high) (medium) lb. .25 Hose, (high) . pr. .78 lb. .193 (low) . . pr. .46 (med. low) lb. .16 woollen pr. .58 (low) lb. .132 Knives, tea . set 1.17 Buttons, (high) . doz. .371 Lace, (high) . yd. l.no (low) . . . doz. .084 (low) . yd. .875 Calico, (high) yd. .336 Lamb, . lb. .066 (medium) . yd. ;25S Lawn, . yd. .60 (low) yd. .212 Lemons, ea. .06 Cambric, (high) . yd. .681 doz. .33 (low) . yd. .242 Linen, (high) yd. .418 Candles lb. .20 (medium) (low) . yd- .333 Cassia, lb. .68 yd. .28 Cassimere, .... yd. lb. 2.75 Mackerel, . lb. .04 Cheese .089 Meal, Indian. bu. .888 Chicken, .... lb. .06 rye bu. .928 Cinnamon oz. .032 Mtlk, . . qt. .04 (high) . . . (low) . . . lb. .74 Molasses, gal. .383 lb. .30 MubUd, (high) yd. i.op Cloth, cotton (high) . yd. .386 (med. high) (medium) yd. .764 cotton (medium) yd. .28 yd- .652 • cotton (low) . yd. .17 (med. low) yd. .419 tow .... yd. .17 (low) yd. .24 woollen yd. .635 Mutton, (high) lb. .10 Cloves oz. .10 ■ (low) Nails, 20d. . lb. .05 Codfish lb. .034 lb. .10 Coffee, (high) lb. .296 Nankeen, yd. .185 (low) lb. .177 Needles, ea. .008 Com, (high) .... (low) .... bu. 1.00 C. .40 bn. .725 Nutmegs, oz. .185 91 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages and Prices : 1822 — Concluded. occcpatiohs add Abticles. Oat», . Oil, lamp lamp Onions, (high) (low) . Pepper, . Pine, (high) . (low) . Plaid, . . . Pork, (high) . (Iqw) . ■ . (whole bog) Potatoes, (high) . (low) . Balslns, (high) . (low) Ribbon, (high) . (medium) (low) Rice, Kam, Jamaica (high) Jamaica (low) ^cw England West India . Eye, (high) . (medium) (low) . Salt, ... (high) . . (low) . . fine . Satinet, (high) (low) Scissors, Shawls, crape Sheetings, (nigh) . (medium) Shirtings, (low) I, (liigh) (low) Ba- sis. bn. qt. gal. qt. gal. pk. pk. lb. pap pap, !b. lb. bu. bu. lb. lb. yd. lb. gal. gal. qt. bu. hu. It bu. pk. I': pr. ea. ^i yd. Amount. (0.50 .376 .865 .34 1.00 .26 .18 .40 .125 .063 .50 .125 .09 .065 .33 .213 .20 .103 .333 .135 .065 .043 1.25 1.00 .105 .50 1.00 .824 .68 .17 .84 .74 .246 1.07 .92 .109 .42 6.00 .458 .321 .20 .30 .184 OCCnPATIOHS AND Abticlks. Shoes, (high) (medium) (med. low) (low) . kid . walking Silk, (high) . (low) . (high) . a J'°"5 • Snuff, . Buap, Starch, (high) (low) Sugar, (high) (low) . brown loaf . powdered Tallow, bay > Tape, (high) . (low) . Tea, Hyson . Souchong young Hyson Thread, cottoii Ticking, Tobacco, Turkey, (high) •. (low) Turnips, French Veal, . loin Velvet, . Wine, . . Lisbon . sherry . Wood, . oak pine . pr. pr. pr. pr. pr. L': sk. yd. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. U). lb. lb. lb. lb. p'ce p*ce lb. lb. lb. lb. sk. fb^- lb. lb. hu. hu. Ih. lb. yd. qt. gal. ft!'- cd. ft. cd. Amount. $2.00 1.01 .69 .333 1.34 1.44 .084 .049 .84 .632 .40 .12 .26 .113 .143 .116 .10 .213 .167 .24 .20 .096 .753 1.09 .627 1.00 .014 .416 .248 .10 .069 .25 .50 .05 .075 1.00 .26 1.60 1.60 .408 3.80 .438 2.00 Wages and Prices : 1823. Wages. Bombazet, (high) yd. $0.64 Box makers day $1.00 (medium) . yd. .394 Oai^enters day 1.00 (low) . yd. .249 Laborers, (high) . day 1.00 Bread, (by the loaf) . Broadcloth, .... ea. .08 (low) . . . day .732 yd. 4.68 agricultural (high) day 1.26 Brooms, (high) . ea. .26 agricultural (me- (low) . . . Butter, (high) ea. .10 dium) day 1.00 lb. .20 agricultural (low) day .67 flow) . . . (wholesale) lb. .176 agricultural (with lb. . .154 oxen) day 1.60 Buttons, (high) . doz. .25 Shoemakers, (piece work. (low) . . . doz. .099 high) . . pr. .648 Calico, yd. .28 .(piece work. Cambric, (high) . yd. .60 , low) . pr. .31 (medium) yd. .236 Tack makers. day 1.61 (low) . yd. .167 Cassimere I': .78 Prices. Cheese, .103 Allspice lb. .37 (wholesale) . lb. .03 Apples It .131 Chocolate, ., . lb. .27 .30 Clam^ pk. .168 Bacon, lb. .094 Cloth, British cotton (high) British cotton (low) . yd. .30 Beef, (hieh) .... lb. .095 yd. .25 (low) .... lb. .065 cotton (high) . cotton (medium) yd. .333 (wholesale) . lb. .06 yd. .219 Boards, . . . O.ft. 1.60 cotton (low) yd.. .16 WAGES AND PEICES: 1752-1860. 95 Wages and Prices : 1823 — Concluded. OocnPATIONS AKD Ba- Amount. OCCVFATIONS AND Ba- Amount. Articlbs. sis. ABTI0I.B8. sis. CodfiBh, lb. $0.03 Oil, winter .... gal. $0.66 Coffee, lb. .264 Paper, . r*m .75 Com, (high) .... (low) .... bu. .90 writing qr. .20 bn. .ea Pins, . . pap. .125 Cotton, (high) sk. .105 mixed . lb. .73 (low) sk. .015 Pork, (high) . (low) .' lb. .10 Crash fb^.- .125 lb. .083 Currants .25 Potatoes, (high) bu. .346 Dimity yd. .68 (low) bu. .26 Buck, Ruaeia yd. lb. .383 Baislns, . lb. .09 Bel8 .063 Ribbon, . t: .069 Fto1?,'migh) '. '. '. '. doz. .22 Rice, . .045 lb. .05 Rum, New England gal. .54 vlow) .... lb. .03 West India gal. 1.12 ' (wholesale) . lb. .04 Rye, (high) .... bu. .96 Flax, . . ■ . . . lb. .167 (medium) bu. .83 Flour, lb. .041 (low) . bu. .636 bbl. 8.04 Bait, bu. .86 Ginger lb. .12 coarse , bu. .66 Gingham, (Ugh) . yd. .672 Sathiet, (high) yd. .748 (medium) . yd. .346 (low) yd. .60 (low) . . yd. , .20 Serge, . yd. 2.47 Gloves, (high) , pr. .67 Sheetings, . yd. .18 (low) . . . pr. .26 Russia yd. Ib. .417 HaUhut lb. .049 Shells, cocoa . . .. ■ . . .14 Handkerchiefs, (high) ea. .412 Shirtings, (wholesale) . yd. .135 (low) . . ea. .125 cotton and linen . yd. .83 Holland yd. .25 Shoes, (high) pr. 1.28 Hose, (high) .... pr. .70 (medium) pr. .939 (low) .... pr. .50 (low) . pr. .515 Lace Ji- .125 tiin . pr. 2.00 Lamb, .067 Silk, (high) . (low) . sk. .065 Lard lb. .112 sk. .03 Lemons, (high) . doz. .60 sewing . lb. 2.00 (low) , . . doz. .24 Sugar, . lb. .139 Levaiitlne, .... yd. .874 brown lb. .102 Llnen^ Bussia table yd. bbl. 1.00 loaf (high) lb. .21 Mackerel, (hieh) . 6.25 loaf (low) lb. .163 (loW) . . . bbl. 4.25 white . lb. .179 Meal, Indian (high) . bu. 1.08 . Tallow, . . lb. .10 Indian (medium) Indian (low) bu. .814 Tape, (high) . (low) . p'ce .172 bu. .652 p'ce .103 ■ rye (high) . bu. .911 Tea, Hyson (high) lb. 1.09 • rye (low) ' . bu. .745 Hyson (low) Ib. .70 Molasses, . . gal. .829 Souchong (high) . Souchong (low) . lb. 1.13 (wholesale) . gal. .294 lb. .651 Muslin, (high) . yd. .595 Souchong (wholesale) lb. .599 (medium) yd. .25 Timber ft. .048 (low) Mutton, (high) . yd. .10 Turkey lb. .07 lb. .08 Twist, (hish) sk. .063 (low) lb. ;066 (low) . . sk. .04 Nails ib. .10 Veal, (high) .... (low) .... lb. .102 cut .... lb. .071 lb. .071 Needles C. .28 lorn ... . lb. .084 Oats bu.' .498 Vinegar gal. .168 Oil, (high) .... gal. 1.83 (wholesale) . "Wood, oak .... gal. .15 (Ipw) . . . . gal. .60 cd. 5.36 summer . ^ . . ial. .60 Worsted sk. .06 Wages and Prices : 1824 • "WageB. Apples, (low) bu. $0.44 Carpenters, .... day $0,833 Bacon, . lb. .10 (cordage works) day 1.33 Barley, . . pk. .18 Laborers, (high) . day 1.00 Beef, (high) . lb. .087 (low) . . . day .68 (low) . lb. .058 Tack makers, day 1.35 Brandy, Brooms, ■ gal. ea. 1.50 .183 Frioes. Buckram, yd. .26 Allspice Apples Ih. .37 Butter, . lb. .162 pk. .18 Buttons, (high) doz. .254 '^ '(high) . . . bu. .60 (medium) doz. .107 96 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages and Prices: 1824 — Concluded. OOODPATIOKS AND Ba- Amount. OOOI7PATION8 AMD Ba- Amount. ASTICLBS. sis. Articles. sis. Buttons^ (low) . doz. $0,033 Muslin, (med. hleh) . yd.. $0.75 Cslico, . • . yd.. .2t4 (medium) yd.. .50 Camlsi'lc yd. lb. . .475 (low) yd.. .25 CaniJlBS, ... .16 Mustard, .... Mutton, (high) . lb.. .48 Gassimere, .... yd.. 1.87 lb. .075 Cheese Ih. . .102 (low) lb. .052 (wholesnlu) . lb. .08 Needles C. .32 Cinnamon lb. 1.00 Nutmegs, .... oz. . .16 Cloth, (high). yd. 1.76 Oil, ... . . . gal. .50 (low) .... yd. .1.^5 F*aper, letter .... r'm 4.50 British cotton . yd.. . .20 Pepper, lb. . .375 cotton (high) . yd. .24- Pins, (high) .... pap. .185 cotton (low) ya. .13S (low) .... pap. .125 tow .... yd. .22 Plaid, yd. .50 Cloves, lb. 1.36 Pork, (high) .... lb. .095 Codfish lb. ^03 (low). . . . lb.. .069 Coffee lb. .22 spare rib . . . lb. . .06 Corn bu.. .816 Eaisins lb. .095 Cotton, (high) \. sk. .10 Ribbon, (high) yd. .226 (medium) Hk. .06 (medium) yd. .169 (low) sk. .015 (low) yd. .064 Crash yd.. .125 ' velvet fb^- .167 Currants lb. .20 tiice, .042 Eels lb. .062 Rye, bu. .82 Eggs Fish doz. lb. .163 .06 Salt, Satinet, . . pk.. fb'- .213 .667 dun . . . . lb. .06 Sausages, .... .123 Flannel, .... yd. .605 : Shawls, cashmere ea. 12.00 Flour, . . . . . lb. .043 Sheetings, (high) . yd- .33 (high) . . . (low) . bbl. 7.60 (low) . . . Bussia . yd. .15 bbl. 6.63 yd.. .417 Fustian, yd.. .30 Shirtings, (high) . yd.. 28 Q-inger lb. , .128 (medium) . yd. .211 Gingham, (high) . yd. .34 (low) . yd- .16 (medium) . yd.. .25 Shoes, (high) pr. 2.00 (low) . yd. ;167 (medium) . pr.. 1.29 Gloves, (high) pf. 1.25 (low) .... pr. .873 (low) pr. .333 Silk sk. .049 Haddock lb. .03 yd. lb. .663 Halihut lb. , .048 Starch, .15 Bam lb. . .10 Suet lb. .10 Handkerchiefs, (high) ea. .83 Sugar, (high) lb. .143 (medium) . ea. .50 Clow) .... lb. .105 (low) . . ea. .125 brown lb. .108 Hats, . . . . . ea. 3.50 loaf .... lb. .20 ' Hose, (high) .... pr. 1.13 white Havana . lb. .16 (medlam) . (med. low) pr. .653 Tallow lb. .10 pr.. .48 (wholesale) lb. .06 • (low) pr.. .25 Tape, fhigh). • . . (medium) . p'oe .20 Jean, , yd. .333 p'ee .10 Lacej cotton . yd.. .128 (low) .... lb. .026 ; thread . . . . yd.. .76 Tea lb. .62 Lamh, lb.. .06 Bohea . . . . lb. .40 Lard lb. . .10 Hyson .... lb.. 1.10 Lemons, . . . . doz. .36 Souchong lb. .64 Linen ,yd. .374 Tobacco lb. .20 Meal, pk.. .26 Turkey lb. .088 Indian (high) . . bu.. .76 Turnips pk. .07 Indian: (low) bu. .564 French . bu. .40 rye (high) . . . bu. .84 Veal, (high) .... lb. .09 rye (low) . bu. .629 (low) . . . . lb. .058 Milk, (high) .... (low) . . . . ".qt. .06 loin ... . lb. .075 qt. .03 Wine pt. .18 Mittens pr. .12 Sicily .... gal. 1.37 Molasses, (high) . gal. .824 Wood od.. 8.60 (low) . . . gal. .22 pine .... ft. .314 Muslin, (high) . . . yd.. .984 pine .... od. 2.00 WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 97 Wages and Prices: 1825. OCCDFATIONS ANI> Ba- Amount. Occupations and Ba- Aiuounti Articles. sis- , Ariiclbs. sis. Wages. , Laborers, agricultural (low) . day t0.60 Blackemiibe, (with Hoard) day $0.90 agricultural (high) . mo: 18.00 (caniages and agricultural (low) . mo. 16.00 wagone; bfgh) day 1.33 agricultural (with (carriages and board, higb) . day .86 •wagons; low). day 1.26 agricultural (with (horseshoers) . ,day. 1.00 board, low) . day .60 BlacbBmithB' helpers. day 1.00 agricultural (with helpers (carriages two meals a day. and wagons) . day 1.00 high) . . . mo. 16.00 Boatbnllders, (high) day 1.26 agricultural (with (low) . . day 1^00 two meals a day. (with board) . day. .6P low) . . : mo. 12.00 Carpenters day .76 agricultural (with (cordage works : board and lodging, bigb) . . . day 1.25 high) . . . mo. 12.00 (cordage works; agricultural (with medium) . day. 1.00 board and lodging, (cordage works: low) . . . mo. 10.00 low) . . . day .75 agricultural (with ship (high) . day 1.33 oxien) . day 1.60 ship (low). . . day 1.26 Masons, (summer; high) day 1.60 Carpenters and joiners, (sum. (summer; medium) . (summer; low) . day 1.26 mer; bigb) .... day. 1.33 day 1.00 Cji^) . ■ ■ yd. 3.24 (piece work. Brooms, (high) (Ipw) .... ea. .26 medium) , pr. .367 ea. .16 —pegged brogans, Butter, (high) .... lb. .192 (piece work. (medium) . flow) .... lb. .159 low) . pr. .189 ib. .109 — sewed brogans. BuUons, (high) doz. .125 (piece work. (low). . . . doz. .04 high) pr. .62 Calico, (high) .... yd. .37 — sewed brogans, (med. high) (medium) . ^?- .306 (piece work. yd. .196 , medium) . , . pr. .623 (med. low) . (low) .... y^- .126 — sewed brogans, y?- .059 (piece work, Cambric, (high) (medium) yd. .926 low) . . : pr. .40 yd. .668 —boots, (piece (low) . . . yd. .182 work, high) . pr. 1.32 Candles, lb. .127 — boots, (piece Carpeting yd. l.OO work, low) pr. .569 Cassia, lb. .456 — sewed boots. Cnsslmere, (high) . yd. 160 (piece work. (low) . . . yd. ■lb. .952 fiigh) . . pr. 1.76 Cheese, (high) .... .118 — sewed boots. (low) .... lb. .079 (piece work. Chicken lb. .069 medium) . pr. 1.08 Chocolate lb. .164 — sewed boots. Cider t .04 (piece work. Cinnamon .33 low) . pr. .62 Citron lb. .418 — nailed shoes, Cloth, yd. .167 (piece work) . pr. .202 Circassian . yd. .588 — sewed shoes. cotton (high) cotton (medium) . yd. .244 (piece work) . Spinners, (cordage works; high) . pr. .439 y^ .169 day 1.33 cotton (low) . cotton and woollen yd. .105 .353 (cordage works; tow .... yd. .176 med. high) . day 1.25 Cloves oz. .10 (cordage works; (high) .... ib. 1.00 medium) . day 1.11 „ „ ^ (low) .... ib. .76 (cordage works; Codfish, ib. .029 med. low) . day 1.00 Coffee, (high) .... Ib. .146 (cordage works; (low) . . . . lb. .128 low) . day .88 Corn, bu. .666 — foremen, (cor. Cotton Bk. .08 dage works; high) day 1.83 (by the dozen skeins) doz. .094 — foremen, (cor- (high) .... sp. .084 dage works; low) day .968 (low) . . . . Cotton batting, sp. lb. .06 .11 Prices. Cotton flannel yd. .22 Allspice oz. .025 Crackers doz. .06 lb. .258 (wholesale) . doz. .045 Apple, dried .... Apples, (high) . . . Ih. pk. .06 .20 Crash Currants, (high) fh^.- .10 .25 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 105 Wages and Prices : 1830 — Contintjed. ■ OocnrATioKS akd Ba- Amount. OCCnPATIONS AND Ba- Amount. ARTICLES. sis. Abiicles. sis. Currante, (low) lb. $0,175 on, (high) .... gal. $1.00 Drilling, (high) yd. .625 (medium) . gal. .805 (low) . yd. .167 (low) . . gal. .533 Duck, yd. lb. .25 fall . . gal. .88 Eels, . .061 lamp . qt. .22 Eggs, (high) . doz. .165 olive . qt. .285 (low) . doz. .129 winter gal. .98 Figs, . lb. .145 Oysters, , pk. .50 Fish. . . . lb. .033 Paper, writing . qr. .24 salt . lb. .041 Patch, (high) . yd. .26 Flannel, (high) (medium) yd. .624 (low) . yd. .IS yd- .358 Pepper, (high) . lb. .387 (low) . yd- .28 (low) . lb. .25 Flour, It). .035 Pins, (high) . pap. .25 (high) . bbl. 7.08 (low) . piip. .13 (medium) bbl. 6.21 Plush, . . yd. .25 (low) . bbl. 5.47 Pollock, . . lb. .025 Fowl, . . lb. .08 Pork, (high) . lb. .091 G-ln, Holland . qt. .30 (low) . lb. .065 Ginger, (high) . lb. .162 (whole hog) lb. .07 (low) . lb. .12 fresh . lb. .07 O-lngham, . yd. .417 salt . lb. .10 Gloves, (high) . , pr. .76 spare rib . lb. .07 (medium) pr. .58 Potatoes, . bu. .249 (low) . pr. .42 Raisins, (high) . lb. .17 Goose, lb. .07 (low) . lb. .104 Hnddoclc, . lb. .02 Ribbon, (high) . yd. .25 Halibut, . . lb. .046 (medium) yd. .113 Handkerchiefs, (high) ea. .222 (low) . yd. .067 (low) ea. .125 Rice, . . . lb. .041 bandanne ea. 1.13 Rubbers, India (high) pr. 1.25 Herring, . doz. .083 India (low) pr. .875 Hoes, ea. .334 Rum, (high) . qt. .19 ■teel ea. .60 (low) . qt. .10 Honey, lb. .126 New England West India gal. .30 Hose, (high) . pr. .46 qt. .25 (medium) (low) . pr. .889 Rye, . . pk. .25 pr. .25 bu. .852 Iron, . lb. .055 (wholesale) bu. '.735 Knives, pocket . ea. .25 Saleratns, (high) lb. .15 Lace, (high) . yd. .687 (low) . lb. .115 (low) yd. .273 Salt, . . . pk. .223 Lamb, lb. .058 (high) bu. .768 Lard, (high) . lb. .111 (low) bu. .59 (low) . lb. .07 coarse pk. .16 Leather, sole , lb. .25 Satinet, (high) yd. .771 Lemons, (high) doz. .166 (low) yd. .54 (low) . doz. .125 Sausages, . lb. .10 Linen, (high) . yd. .84 Scythes, . ea. 1.00 (medium) yd. .63 Shawls, (high) ea. 3.75 (low) . yd. .33 (low) ea. 3.00 yd. .125 Shears, pr. .25 Lustring, . yd. lb. .708 Sheetings, (high) yd. .56 Mace, . .. 3.00 (low) yd. .11 Meal, lb. .016 Shells, cocoa . lb. .15 bu. .822 BhirUngs, (high) yd. .111 Indian bu. .703 (low) Shoes, (high) . yd. .068 rye (high) bu. 1.00 pr. 2.00 rye (low) bu. .84 (med. high) . (medium) pr. 1.42 Milk, . . . qt. .05 pr. 1.25 Mittens, . pr. .321 (med. low) pr. .967 Molasses, (high) gal. .90 (low) . . pr. .625 (low) leal. .319 Silk, . . . sk. .041 Muslin, (high) . yd. .875 Slippers, . pr. 1.12 (low) . yd. 458 Snuff, oz. .015 MusUrd, . lb. .40 Soap, . lb. .095 Mutton, (high) lb. .08 soft . . . lb. .02 how) . lb. .054 Starch, (high) . . lb. .224 Nails, (high) . (low) . lb. .13 (low) . lb. .105 lb. .07 Steel,. . . . lb. .139 4d. . . . lb. .08 Sugar, (high) . (medium) lb. .18 Needles, . 0. .347 lb. .14 Nutmegs, (high) oz. .15 (low) • . lb. .103 (low) . oz. .124 •loaf lb. .167 Oats bu. .414 powdered . lb. .15 106 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages and Prices : 1830 — Concluded. Occupations and Articles. Tea, . ByBon old Hyson Fouchong . Souchong . young Hyson Ticking, . Tobacco, (bigh) (low) Tongue, . Turkey, . Twist, Veal, (bigh) . Amount, $0.61 1.06 1.12 .667 .573 .895 .188 .12 .073 .074 OCCnfATIOHS AND AETICLES. Veal, (low) loin . Vestings, (high' (low) Vinegar, . Wine, currant Lisbon port vidonla Wood, lb. lb. yd. qt. qt. gal. qt.' gal. qt. gal. cd. $0,063 .07 1.33 .752 .05 .20 1.33 .25 .90 .38 1.10 3.81 Wages and Prices: 1831. Wages. Cloves oz. $0.05 I^aborers, agricultural (high) . day $1.00 Coal, . ton 8.50 agricultural (low) . day .75 Codfish, . lb. .031 Tack makers day .539 Coffee, lb. .133 Wheelwrights, (high) . day 160 (wholesale) « lb. .11 (low) . . day 1.37 Corn, (high) . (medium) bu. bu. .83 .697 Prioes. (low) . bu. .656 Ahmonda lb. .167 Cotton, . sp. .062 Apple, dried (high) lb. .062 Cotton fl»nnel, (high) (low) yd. .362 dried (low) . lb. .034 yd. .20 Apples bu. .25 Crape, yd. .74 Bacon, lb. .124 Crash, yd. .112 Batiste Beans yd. pk. .331 .60 Currants, (high) (lo*) lb. lb. .165 .122 bu. 1.42 Dimity, . . yd. .684 Bed cords, .... ea. .33 Drilling, (high) yd. .637 Beef, (high) .... lb. .099 (low) . yd. .46 (low) .... lb. .064 Duck, yd. lb. .26 Beer bbl. 7.00 Eels, . .061 Blankets, (high) . ea. 1.90 Eggs, (high) . doz. .15 (low) . . . ea. 1.65 (low) . doz. .122 Boots pr. 4.60 Figs, . lb. .125 sewed .... pr. 8.26 Fish, . lb. .03 Brandy qt. .33 dun . lb. .065 cognae qt. .41 Flannel, (high) (low) . yd. .654 Broadcloth yd. 4.00 yd. .333 Butter, (high) .... lb. .161 Flour, lb. .038 (low) .... lb. .124 (high) . ^ bbl. 8.18 Buttons, doz. •JO (medium) bbl. 7.07 Calico, (high) .... yd. .31 (low) . bbl. 613 (medium) . (low) . . . . yd- .20 Gin, . . . qt. .12 yd. .141 Holland . t .31 Cambric, (high) yd. .651 Ginger, . .142 (medium) {low) '. . . yd- .333 Gingham, (high) yd. .338 yd. .162 (low) yd. .15 Candles lb. .128 Halibut, . lb. .047 Carpeting, Kidderminster t 1.33 Handkerchiefs, (high) ea. .62 Cassia, .48 (medium ) ; ea. .88 Cassimere, .... t 1.25 (low) ea. .211 Cheese, (high) .... .091 Bilk. ea. 1.25 (low). . . . lb. .066 Hats, . ea. 4.00 Chicken, lb. .063 Herring, . doz. .09 C)|iocolate, .... lb. .20 Hose,' (high) ! lb. .125 Citron, lb. .76 pr. .75 Cloaking, plaid qoth, (high) .... (medium) yd. .36 (medium) pr. .478 yd. 1.25 (low) . pr. .283 yd. .833 Jean, (high) . yd. .87 (low) .... Circassian yd. .295 (low) . yd. , -IB yd. .375 Lace, (high) . . yd. .76 cotton (high) yd. .288 (low) . t .06 cot.ton (medium) . Jd. .186 Lamb, .06 cotton (low) . yd. .122 Lard, . lb. .10 milled .... yd. .876 Lemons, . . doz. .86 tow .... yd. .17 Linen, (high) . yd. .62 twilled oottoif yd. .20 (medium) yd. .314 WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 107 Wages and Prices : 1831 — CONCSLUDED. OOCDPATIONS AND Ba- OCODFATIONS AND Ba- Abtiolks. sis. Amoimt. ASTI01.£S. sis. Amount. Ltnen, (low) .... yd. $0,169 Rice lb. $0,047 RuBBta . yd. .128 Rye, . bu. 1.10 Mace, oz. .25 SaleratuB, . lb. .10 Mackerel, . lb. .041 Salmon, . lb. .20 Mata, entry ea. 1.00 Salt, . pk. .14 Meal, . . . pk. .23 (high) bu. .777 Indian . bu. .821 (low) bu. .60 rye (high) bo. 1.07 Sausages, . lb. .10 rye (low) • bu. .883 Sheetings, (high) yd. .60 Molasses, , qt. .10 (medium' yd. .206 (high)' (tal. 1.02 (low) Shirtings, (high) yd. .136 [(medium) (fal. .60 yd. .18 Vock coat makers, (high) (low) General bands, (woollen mill) Knife men, (leather; high) , (leather; low) Laborers, (cotton mill ; high) (cotton mill' low) . (woollen mill) Machinists (cotton mill ; liijih) (cotton mill; luw) Overalls makers. Painters, (carriages and wag- ons; high) (carriages and wag- ons; low) Pantaloons makers, (high) . (low) Pantaloons makers, (custom work; high) .... Pantaloons makers, (custom work; low) .... Paper mill operatives, (high) (low) day day wk. wk. day day day wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. day wk. $1.25 1.00 9.00 7.60 2.00 1.00 1.75 10.60 6.00 3.00 2.00 S.OO 1.60 12.00 7.00 5.50 3.25 6.00 3.00 10.50 9.00 2.60 wk. 2.00 day 2.00 day 1.33 day 1.42 wk. 7.50 wk. 6.00 wk. g.oo wk. 7.50 wk. 10.50 wk. 9.00 wk. 10.00 wk. 9.00 day 1.50 day 1.00 wk. 11.00 wk. 7.00 wk. 6.00 day 1.00 day .83 wk. 6.00 day 1.26 day 1.00 day .87 day .76 day .75 day 1.50 day 2.00 day 1.33 day .196 wk. 9.00 wk. 7.00 day .16 wk. 1.60 wk. 1.00 wk. 6.00 wk. 4.60 day 1.23 day 1.00 Occupations and Abticlbs. PreBsmen. (custom clothing: high) . . . (cuBtom clothing; low) . fprinllng; high) . (printing; low) . Printers, (high) (low) Scourers, (leather; high) (leather; low) Shavers, (lealher; high) (leather; medium) . (leather; low) . Shoe hinders, (women; high) (women; me- dium) . (women ; low) Shoe cutters, . . (high) . . (low) . Shoe fitters, (women; high) . (women; low) . ' (women; high) . (women; low) . Shoemakers, (high) (medium) . (low) . (high) . . (medium) . (low) . Spinners, (woollen mill) (woollen mill) Splitters, (leather; high) ■ . (leather; medium) . (leather; low) Stuffers, (leather; high) (leather; low) . Table hands, (leather; high) . (leather; low) . Tanners, (high) (low) (high) . . . (low) Teamsters, (cotton mill) Tinsmiths, (high) . (low) . Vest makers, (high) (low) (cnsiom work ; high) . (custom work; low) Weavers, (woollen mill) (woollen mill) Wlieel Wrights, (carriages and wagons; high) Wheelwrights, (carriages and wagons; low) Wiiiteners, (leather; high) . (leather; medium) (leather; low) Wood-workers, (carriages and wagons; high) Wood- workers, (carriages and wagons; low) Woollen mill overseers, . ' Woollen mill overseers, (card- ing) Woollen mill overseers, (card- ing) Woollen mill overseers, (spin, nlng) Woollen mill overseerB,(weav- ing) Ba- sis. wk. Amount. $8.00 wk. . 7.00 wk. 10.00 wk. 8.00 wk. 8.00 wk. 6.00 day 1.25 day 1.00 day 2.00 day 1.60 day 1.26 wk. 3.60 wk. 3.00 wk. 2.50 day 1.25 wk. 9.20 wk. 6.90 day .467 day .26 wk. 3.00 wk. 2.60 day 1.63 day 1.00 day .625 wk. 11.33 wk. 6.38 wk. 3.64 day .85 wk. 6.00 day 2.00 day 1.50 day 1.25 day 1.25 day 1.00 day 1.25 day 1.00 day 1.25 day 1.00 wk. 7.00 wk. 6.00 day 1.14 wk. 10.50 wk. 9.00 wk. 175 wk. 1.25 wk. 4.60 wk. 3.75 day .60 wk. 6.00 wk. 9.00 wk. 7.00 day 2.00 day 1.50 day 1.25 wk. 9.00 wk. 7.00 day 1.00 wk. 7.60 day 2.00 wk. 9.00 day 1.00 day 1.00 WAGES AND PEICES: 1752-1860. 117 Wages and Prices : 1838 — Continued. OCOCPATIOKS AKD Ba- Amonnt. OCCttPATIONS AND Ba- Amonnt. Akiicles. sis. Articlrs. sis. Woollen mill overseers, (wool Handkerchiefs, silk . ea. $0,625 room) day $1.00 Hats en. .169 Wool washers, (woollen mill) wk. 6.00 boys' . . . . ea. 2.00 Yard hands, (leather; high) . . (leather; low) . day 1.25 fur . . . ea. 6.00 , day 1.00 Hops lb. .163 Hose pr. .616 Prices. Lace, . yd. .126 Allspice Apple, dried .... lb: .21 Lamb, (higii) .... ib. .125 lb. .08 (low) . . . Lard, (high) . Ib. .086 Apples, (high) . . . . pk. .36 lb. .149 (Jow) .... pk. .20 (medium) lb. .113 bn. .bS (low) . . . lb. .079 bbl. 2.00 Lemons, (high) doz. .336 Baize, . . . . yd. .46 (low) . . doz. .23 Beans, qt. .094 Linen, ... yd. .835 (high) . 8u. 2.80 Mackerel, ... lb. .069 (low) . bu. 2.60 Meal, Indian . lb. .024 Beef, (high) . lb. .124 Indian (high) . bu. 1.12 (low) . lb. .088 Indian (low) . bu. .86 Beer, . qt. .086 rye (high) . bn. 1.34 Bonnets, (high) ea. 2.00 rye (medium) bu. 1.22 (low) ea. .76 rye (low) bu. 1.14 Boots, thick . pr. 3.60 Milk, ... qt. .04 Brooms, (high) ea. .332 Mittens, (high) pr. .96 (low) . ea. .231 (low) . pr. .20 Butter, lb. .247 Molasses, . gal. .408 Buttons, . doz. .17 Muslin, (high) . yd. .75 Calico, fhigh) . yd. .416 (low) .... yd. .56 (medium) yd. .28 Muslin de laine, (high) . yd. .749 (low) . French . yd. .149 (low) . . box .51 yd. .426 Mustard .178 Cambric, . yd. .125 Ib. .34 Carpeting, t 1.00 Mutton, . lb. .075 Cassia, .24 Needles, pap. .087 Cassimere, yd. 1.23 Nutmegs, . oz. .131 Cheese, (high) . lb. .122 Oatmeal, lb. .124 (medium) (low) . lb. .09 Oats, ... . . bu. .51 lb. .068 Oil, (high) gal. 1.14 Chocolate, lb. .20 (low) . . . . gal- .993 Cider, gal. .137 winter gal. 1.17 Cinnamon, Ih. .85 Oranges, ... doz. .206 Cisms, pk. .20 Pantaloons, .... pr. 10.00 Cloth, cotton (high) yd. .251 Paper, ... r^'m .375 cotton (medium) yd. .143 .62 cotton (low) . unbleached cutton yd. .087 Pepper, ... lb.. .231 yd. .083 Pins, ... . . pap. .12 Cloves, lb. .508 Plaid, Scotch . yd. Ib. .748 Cocoa, lb. .25 Pork, (high) . .148 CodHsh, . lb. .048 (medium) lb. .10 Coffee, . lb. .137 (low) . Potatoes, (high) lb. .06 Cotton, (high) . Bk.. .20 bu. .75 (low) . sk. .057 (medium) (low) bu. .50 sp. .06 bu. .30 16. .87 Baisins, . . . . lb. .071 Cotton flannel, .... yd. .167 layer . lb. .126 Cranberries, . pk. .60 Kibbon, (high) . yd. .25 Crash, yd. lb. .077 (medium) yd. .18 Currants, . .118 (low) . . yd. .123 Dimity, . yd. .374 Rice lb. .057 Bggs, (high) . (low) doz. .251 Rubbers, . pr. 1.25 doz. .179 Saleratus, . . . . lb. 118 ITisb, . lb. .061 Salt, ... bu. .603 Flannel, . yd. .60 .fine . pk. .216 Flour, ib. .051 Sausages, . . . . lb. .128 (high) . (medium) bbl. 10.25 Shawls, ... ea. .875 bbl. 9.37 Sheetings, . . . . yd. .125 (low) . bbl. 8.67 Shells, cocoa .... lb. .151 Ginger, . Ib. .13 Shirtings, (high) . yd. .19 Gloves, (high) . (low) . pr. .717 (low) yd.. .10 pr. .42 Shoes, (high) .... pr. 1.60 Goose, lb. .101 (medium) pr. 1.00 Halibut, . . Ib. .052 (low) . . . . pr. .75 Handkerchiefs, (high) ea. .675 women's pr. 1.25 ■ (medium) (low) . ea. .417 Silesia, . yd. .20 ea. .248 Silk, ... sk. .05 118 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages and Prices : 1838 — Concluded. occdpatioss ahd Articles. Silk, . SlipperSi . BDUff, Soap, (high) . (medium) (low) . fhigli) . (low) . Socks, Soda, (wholesalf) Starch, Sugar, brown . crushed . loaf molasBes white Havana Tape, Tea, (high) . (medium) . yd- lb. lb. lb. bar biir lb. lb. p'ee lb. lb. Amount. $0.75 .317 .236 .16 .091 .35 .24 .356 .101 .067 .124 .18 .10 .166 .18 .05 .179 .113 .847 .625 Occupations and astioleb, Tea, (med. low) (low) Hy lyaon Fekoe Souchong . Thread, . Tobacco, (high) (lo*) Tripe, Tumblers, (high) (low) Turkey, . Veal, (higih) . (low) ' breast and neck leg . Vinegar, (high) (low) . Wine, port Tarn, lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. doz. doz. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. gal. gal. qt. 1 Amount. $0,461 .28 .78 .44 .213 .14 .10 .956. .72 .141 .10 .08 ,005 .097 .201 .153 .276 .50 Wages and Prices : 1839. Wages. Bombazet yd. $0.60 Blacksmiths, .... day $1.51 Bombazine, .... yd. 2.26 Die sinkers, (gold and silver Bonnets, (high) ea. 2.00 work) . ... . . day 1.60 (low). . . . ea. .833 Gold and silver platers, (jour- neymen; high) Gold and silver platers, (jour- neymen; medium) Gold and Stiver platers, (jour- Boots, ... pr. 4.60 day 1.22 Brooms, (high) (low) .... ea. .33 ea. .256 day 1.00 Butter, (high) .... lb. .339 (low)' .... lb. .247 nevmen; low) Gold and silver workers day .833 Buttons, (high) doz. .248 doz. .043 {boys; high). . day .667 bone .... doz. .06 Gold and silver workers. Calico, (high) .... yd. .25 (boys; low) .... day .663 French .... yd. .166 Gold and silver workers. yd. .442 (women) .... day .50 Cambric, (high) (low) yd. .26 Gold and silver workers. yd. .136 — overseers day 1.46 Canvas, yd. .83 Machinists, (high) . . . daj 1.34 Carpeting, (high) . yd. .373 tnedlum) (low) . day 1.17 (low) . yd. .20 day 1.00 Cassimere, (high) . {low) . . . yd. 4.62 Nailcutters — brads, (high) . mo. 44.88 yd. 2.T6 (low) . mo. 28.54 mixed . \t- 1.00 — shoe nails. Cheese, .123 ■(high) . . mo. 44.81 Chocolate, lb. .20 — shoe nails, Cider, (high) .... qt. .063 (medium) . mo. 83.78 (low) .... qt. .03 — shoe nails. Cinnamon, .... lb. .358 (low) . . mo. 19.77 Clams, pk. .25 Quarrymen, (stone) day 1.03 Cloth, blue Mexican yd. .26 Shoemakers — light shoes. cotton (high) . cotton (low) . yd. .165 (with board) yr- 276.00 yd. .115 Stone cutters day 1.32 French .... yd. 12.00 Tack makers, (high) mo. 76.70 N'eapolUan . fb^.- 2.75 (low) mo. 66.86 Cloves, (high) .... ,501 Teamsters, .... day 1.17 (low) .... lb. .40 Coal ton 8.60 Frioes. Cocoa, (high) .... lb. .248 Alepine Jt 1.98 lb. .16 Allspice, .24 CodBsh lb. .04 Apple, dried .... Ih. .079 Coffee lb. .189 Apples pk. .248 Java .... lb. .146 Beans qt. .086 Cotton, sk. .054 t: .76 sp. .08 2.58 knitting (high) . lb. 1.20 Beef, (high) .... (low) . . . . lb. .111 knitting (medium) lb. .936 lb. .09 knitting (low) . lb. .50 Beer qt. .086 Cotton flannel, .... yd. .167 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 119 Wages and Prices : 1839 — Concluded. OCOCPAIIOHS AND Ba- Occupations and Ba- Abticles. sis. Amount. Abtxclbs. sis. Amount. Crackera, ... lb. t0.126 Paper, (medlnm) . qr. $0.24 Cranberries, .... pk. .60 (low) . qr. .10 Crash fb^.- .113 Parsnips, . ft .193 Currants .168 Pepper, . .233 Duck, . ... yd. .34 Pimento, . . lb. .18 Bggs, (high) .... doz. .271 Pork, (high) . lb. .16 (low) . . . doz. .182 (low) . lb. .126 Fish lb. .05 (wholesale) lb. .109 Flour, lb. .05 Potatoes, (high) bu. .76 (high) .... bbl. 9.67 (low) bu. .50 (medium) bbl. 8.37 Poultry, . Ib. .125 (low)' .... bbl. 7.16 Raisins, (high) . lb. .124 graham .... bbl. 8.00 (low) . Bibbon, (high) . Ib. .071 Fowl, . ... lb. .125 yd. .291 Ginger, lb. .123 (low)'. yd. .08 Glugham, ... yd. .167 velvet . yd. .20 Gloves, fhlgh) .... pr. .50 Rice, . lb. .069 pr. .25 Baleratns, (high) (low) lb. .118 Haddock lb. .04 lb. .08 Hajibut lb. .061 Salt, . . . qt. .029 Handkerchiefs, (high) . ea. .76 6u. .632 (med. high) . (medium) ea. .60 fine . pk. .20 ea. .802 Sausages, . lb. .128 (low) ea. .117 Shells, cocoa (high) lb. .145 Hats, (high) .... ea. 3.50 cocoa (low) lb. .08 (low) .... ea. .315 SbirUngs, (Ugh) yd. .15 Hops lb. .173 (low) Shoes, (high) . (medium) (med. low) yd. .11 Hose, (high) .... pr. .666 pr. 2.13 (low) .... pr. .17 pr. 1.38 Jean, yd. .14 pr. 1.03 Lamb lb. .086 (low) . pr. .62 Lard, (high) .... lb. .169 Silk, . . . Bk. .04 (low) .... ib. .118 yd. .60 Lemons, (high) ■ (low) doz. .366 Slippers, (high) pr. 1.06 doz. .236 (medium) pr. .76 Linen, (high) .... (medium) yd. 1.00 (low) pr. .50 yd. .686 Snuff, lb. .31 (low) . . . yd. .288 Soap,. lb. .09 Meal, ... bu. 1.21 bar .26 Indian (high) Indian (low) . bu. 1.27 Soda, . . . lb. .101 bu. 1.05 Starch, . Ib. .12 rye . . . . lb. .029 Sugar, lb. .098 rye bu. 1.33 loaf (high) lb. .181 Merino yd. .251 loaf (low) lb. .163 Milk,. . qt. .05 Tape, Fb?° .08 Mittens, (high) pr. .50 Tea, (high) .876 (low). . . . pr. .17 (medlqm) lb. .68 Molasses, . . . . qt. .105 howy . lb. .373 gal. .392 Pekoe (high) lb. .44 sugar-bakers' . gal. .65 Pekoe (low) lb. .38 Muslin, (high) .... yd. .78 Souchong . lb. .333 (medium) . yd. .425 Thread, . lb. 1.68 (low) .... yd. .298 cotton . lb. 1.24 Mustard, box .17 Tobacco, (high) lb. .273 lb. .84 (low) lb. .204 Needles pap. .02 Tripe, . '. lb. .10 Nutmegs oz. .132 Twist, (by the sUck Veal, breast (high) ea. .062 (high) . . . lb. 2.00 lb. .145 (low) ... . lb. 1.76 breast (low) lb. .099 Oats, (high) .... bu. .66 leg . . lb. .123 (low) .... bu. .60 Velvet, cotton . yd. .66 on, (high) -. . . . qt. .274 Vinegar, . qt. .06 (low) .... (high) .... qt. ; .15 gal. .173 gal. 1.33 Waistcoats, ea. 1.38 (low) .... ial. 1.17 Wine, (high) . qt. .50 Oranges, (high) doz. .30 (low) . t .276 (low) . . . doz. .24 Tarn, .25 Padding, ... yd. .50 lb. 1.22 Paper, (high) . qr. .38 120 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages and Prices; 1840. Occupations and Ba- Occupations and Ba- Articles. sis. Amount. Abticleb. sis. Amount. Wages. • Shoemakers— boys' brogans. BlacksmlthB, carriage (with (piece work) . pr. $0,167 board) . mo. $20.00 — boys' pegged (cordage works) day 1.42 brogans, (piece work) (stone) day 1.62 pr. .194 Bookbinders— collatorB,(glrlB : — nailed brogans. high) . . wk. 6.00 (piece work, — ooUators,(girl8 ; high) . . pr. .23 low) . wk. 4.00 — nailed brogans. — finlehers, (high) wk. 11.00 (piece work. — flBiehers, (low) wk. 10.00 low) . . . pr. .16 — folders, (girls) wS. 4.00 — pegged brog.ins. — forwarders, . wk. 10.00 (piece work. — pasterB, (girls) wk. 3.00 pr. .236 -sewers, (girlfl: — pegged brogans. high) . . wk. 6.00 (piece work, — sewerB, (girls ; low) . . . pr. .197 low) . . . wk. 4.00 — sewed brogans. Boot flttere, (women; piece (piece work. work) pr. .13 high) . . pr. .40 Brewery employes, (with — sewed brogans. board) mo. 20.00 (piece work. Carriage body makers, (with low) . . . pr. .29 board) mo. 20.00 — youths' brogans. Carriage makers, (with board) Carriage trimmers, (with mo. 20.00 (piece work) . pr. .14 — Blippers, (piece boara) mo. 20.00 work) . Shovel makers, (skilled; high) pr. .39 Compositors, (high) wk. 10.00 day 1.31 (low) . . . wk. S.OO (Bkilled; me- job (high; . wk. 12.00 dium) . day 1.21 job (medium) . wk. 10.00 (skilled; low) (apprentices; high) . . day 1.09 job (low) . wk. 8.00 sDistillery employes, (with day .68 board) mo. 20.00 (apprentices; FoDiidry'men,(unskilled: high) day 1.00 low) . . day .68 (unskilled; low) day .60 — foremen. day 1.76 Glass cutters, .... day 2.22 — handlers. Glass makers, (gaCfera) . day 2.87 (skilled; (journeymen) . day 1.49 high) . . day 2.00 (journeymen) . wk. 9.81 — handlers. (boys) . day .565 (skilled; Harness makers, carriage(with medium) day 1.50 board) mo. 20.00 — handlers, Hatchellers, (cordage works) . day 1.17 (skilled; Laborers, (cordage works; med. low) . day 1.21 high) . . . day 1.08 — handlers. (cordage works ; low) (shovel works ; high) day 1.00 (skilled; low)' day 1.00 day 1.00 — riveters. day 1.00 (shovel works : med. — shearers, . day 1.25 high) . . . day .84 — trip-ham- (shovel works; med. mermen. low) day .736 (high) . . day 2.23 (shovel works; low) day .60 — trip. ham. Machinists, (high) . day 1.26 mermen. (medium) . day 1.00 (low) . day 2.00 (low) . . . day .75 Spinners, (cordage works) day 1.25 (cordage works) . day 1.33 — foremen, (cordage Painters, carriage (with board) mo. 20.00 works; high) day 2.00 Press feeders, (girls; higb) . wk. 6.00 —foremen, (cordite (girls; low) wk. 6.00 works ; low) day 1.50 Pressmen, (printing; high) . wk. 10.00 hand (women : cord- age works ; high) . (printing; low) wk. 8.00 'day .684 Printers wk. 8.00 hand (women ; cord- Quarrymen, (stone) Bhoe filters- brogans, (piece day 1.20 age works ; low) . day .60 (woollen mill) . day 1.3S work) pr. .04 Stone cutters day 1.49 Shoemakers — boots, (piece Teamsters, (stone) . day 1.25 work, high) . pr. .68 Watchmen, (woollen mill) Woollen mill operatives, day 1.04 — boots, (piece day .669 work, low) pr. .40 Woollen mill overseers, . day 1.81 — pegged boots, . pr. .50 Woollen mill overseers, (fin- — Bewed boots, . pr. 1.00 Ishing) day 2.00 — brogans, (piece work, high) . Woollen mill overseerB, (spin- pr. .333 ning) Woollen mill overseers, (weav- day 1.75 — brogans, (piece work, low) . pr. .19 ing) day 2.02 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 121 Wages and Prices : 1840 — Continued. Occupations and Ba- OCCDPATIOHS AND Ba- Articles. lis. Amount. Abticlks. sis. Amount. Frioes. Huckaback, .' . . yd. $0.46 Allspice oz. 10.03 Lace, (high) .' . . yd. .25 lb. .20 (low) . yd. .029 Apples bbl. 1.01 T^amb, lb. .071 Beans, t .10 Lard, . lb. .132 Beef, (high) . .106 Lawn, (high) . yd- .668 (low) lb. .065 (low) . yd. .45 Bonnets, (high) ea. 1.25 Lemons, (high) doz. .30 (medium) ea. 1.00 (low) . doz. .22 (low) . ea. .50 Linen, (high) . (medium) yd. 1.13 Boots, (high) . pr. 3.62 yd. .76 (low) . pr. 2.38 (med. low) yd. .625 Brooms, (high) ea. .33 (low) . yd. .50 (mediam) ea. .23 Mackerel, . lb. .085 (low) . ea. .13 Matches, . pap. .02 Butter, (high) . lb. .243 Meal, Indian (high) bu" .92 (medium) lb. .209 Indian (low) bu. .714 (low) . lb. .161 rye . bu. .987 Buttons, (high) doz. .163 Milk, . . . qt. .09 (low) , doz. .09 Molasses, . gal. .348 Calico, (high) . yd. .331 Muslin, . yd. .30 (medium) yd. .26 MusUn de lalne. yd. .29 (low) . yd. .134 Mutton, (high) . lb. .10 Camhric, (high) yd. .16 (medium) how) . lb. .061 (low)' yd. .119 lb. .03 Candles, . lb. .16 Nutmegs, . oz. .11 Canvas, . yd. .293 Oatmeal, . lb. .08 Cassia, (high) . lb. .32 Oats, . bu. .48 (low) . lb. .21 Oil, (high) (medium) . gal. 1.33 Caeslmere, yd. , 1.05 gal. 1.25 Cheese, . ib. .097 how) . . |al. 1.16 Cinnamon, lb. .32 Padding, . yd. .37 Clams, pk. .25 Paper, qr. .26 Cloth, yd. 5.00 ^I-Jf)' : ?'m 3.25 cotton (high) yd. .16 r'm 2.76 cotton (medium) cotton (low) . yd. .104 Patch, fb^.- .167 yd. .07 Pepper, . PlaiS, . . .16 tow . yd. .11 yd. .333 Cloves, oz. .03 Pork, . lb. .103 lb. .10 (wholesale) lb. .07 Coats, ea. 25.62 Potatoes, (high) bn. .60 Cocoa, (high) . lb. .26 (low) bu. .38 (low) . lb. .18 sweet Ib. .023 Codflsh, . lb. .04 Raisins, (high) . Ib. .12 Coffee, (high) . Ib. .16 (low) . Ribbon, (high) . lb. .067 (low) . lb. .12 yd. .375 Corn, . bu. .724 (medium) yd. .167 yellow bu. .60 (low) . yd. .04 Cotton, knitting lb. .913 Rice, . . . lb. .05 Cotton hatting, . lb. .10. Rubbers, . pr. 1.00 Crape, yd. .625 Saleratas, . lb. .091 Crash, yd. .115 Salmon, lb. .238 Cream of tartar. lb. .36 Salt, fine . pk. .191 Currants, . . ■ lb. .163 Sathiet, . yd. .667 Drilling, . . yd. .12 Shad, . lb. .167 Eels, . . . lb. .062 Shawls, (high) . ea. 10.00 Eggs, (high) . (medium) doz. .219 (low) . ea. 2.00 doz. .169 Sheetings, (high) yd. .167 (low) . doz. .127 yd. .115 Ksh, . lb. .043 BheUs, cocoa°(bigh) cocoa (low) lb. .167 salt . lb. .018 lb. .12 Flannel, yd. .631 Shirtings, (high) yd. .163 Flour, lb. .033 (low) Shoes, (high) . yd. .11 bbl. 5.76 pr. 1.88 Ginger, . lb. .133 (med. high) pr. 1.60 Gloves, (high) . pr. .42 (medium) pr. 1.21 (medium) pr. .25 (med. low) pr. .958 (low) . pr. .154 (low) . pr. .625 Halibut, . . lb. .058 Silesia, . yd. .222 Handkerchiefs, (high) ea. .38 Silk, . sk. .05 (low) ea. .25 Slippers, (high) pr. 1.75 silk . ea. .76 (low) pr. 1.25 Hose, (high) . (mediam) pr. .76 Soap, ; Ib. .09 pr. .626 Soda, . lb. .08 (low) .... pr. .H Stockings pr. .165 122 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages and Prices : 1840 — Concluded. Occupations and Articles. Sugar, Tea, (high) (medium) . (low) Hyeon Pekoe Souchong Ticking, . Tobacco, . Turkey, . Veal, . breast and neck lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. I yd. lb. lib. lib. lb. 1)0.095 .80 .609 .49 .46 .44 .493 .2S4 .25 .11 .10 .073 Occupations and Articles. Veal, leg . Velvet, Vinegar, . Wadding, (by the sheet) Wood, hard rblgh) . hard (low) . hemlock pine (high) . pine (low) . Yam, Amount. $0,093 4.00 .20 .013 6.16 6.00 4.33 2.76 3.50 2.23 .21 Prices: 1841. Prices. Eels lb. $0,082 Allspice, lb. $0.20 Bg^s, (high) . doz^ .263 Apple Ebi. .261 (medium) doz. .158 (high) . . 1.81 (low) . . doz. .10 (low) . bhl. 1.60 Fish, . . . lb. .038 (wholesale, high) bbl. 1.99 ~ English . lb. .05 (wholesale, low) hbl. 1.42 FlAnnel, fhigh) (med. high) (medium) . (med. low) yd. 1.00 Bacon, lb. .078 yd. .751 Beans, g'u. ' .078 yd. .624 2.00 yd. i28T Beef, . lb. .111 (low) . yd. .138 B^rgge, . yd. .60 Flour, lb. .04 Blankets, (high) pr. 5.60 (high) . bbl. 7.42 (low) pr. 3.00 (medium) bbl. 6.96 Bonnets, (high) ea. 2.60 (low) . bbl. 6.30 (low) ea. .75 CIdilloon, . yd. .03 Boots, pr. 2.88 Ginger, . lb. .14 Bread, (by the loaf) ea. .061 eioves, (high) . pr. .75 Brooms, (high) ea. .£62 (low) . pr. .30 (low) . ea. .17 Ooose, lb. .07 Butter, (high) . lb. .252 Halibut, . lb. .068 (low) . lb. .206 Handkerchiefs, (high) ea. .571 Buttons, . doz, .031 (medium ea. .42 Calico, (high) . yd. .247 (low) Spltalfiel ea. .233 (medium) (low) . yd. .139 d ea. 1.13 ya- .083 Hats, (high) . . ea. 4.00 Cambric, . yd. .12 (low) . ea. 1.76 Oanilet, yd. .624 Hose, pr. .89 Candles, . lb. .147 Lace, . yd. .03 Cissia, (high) . lb. .471 Lamb, lb. .081 (medium) (low) . lb. .32 Lard,. . . lb. .099 lb. .20 Lawn, doz. .48 Cheese, . lb. .094 Lemons, . .24 Chocolate, lb. .20 Linen, (high) . yd. .729 Cider, gal. .121 (medium) yd. .863 Cinnamon, lb. .48 (low) . yd. .20 Citfon, lb. .34 Matches, . Jgro. .46 Cloth, cotton (high) yd. .334 Ueal, Indian (high) bu. .90 cotton (medium) yd. .167 Indian (low) bu. .66 cotton (low) , yd. .092 rye . lb. .02 Cocoa, (high), . (low) . lb. .26 rye (high) rye (low) bu. .978 lb. .15 bu. .825 Codfish, . lb. .032 wheat lb. .038 Coffee, Ih. .132 Merino, (high) . (low) . yd. 2.00 (wholesale) lb. .115 yd. .60 Corn, (high) . bu. .938 Milk, . . . qt. .041 (low) . bu. .63 Mittens, (high) pr. .72 Cotton, . sk. .041 (medium) pr. .60 (high) . sp. .08 (low) . pr. .303 (low) . sp. .062 Molasses, (high) Muslin, (hIghT . Muslin de lalne. gal. .333 lb. .915 gal. .289 Cotton flannel, . ^. .105 yd. .75 Cranberries, . 1.34 yd. .30 C):eam of tartar, lb. .32 yd. .625 currants, . lb. .169 Mutton, (M^h) . (low) . lb. .10 Drilling, . . yd. .12 lb. .069 men!. , yd- .468 Nutmegs, oz. .106 WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. Prices: 1841 — Concluped. 123 OOOCPATIONS AND Ba- Ba- Articles. sis. Amount. Abtici,es, sis. Amount. Nutmegs, lb. $1.62 Shells, cocoa .... lb. $0,157 Oatmeal, . lb. .10 Shirtings, (high) yd. .16 Oats bu. .96 (low) . . . yd. .09 on, (high) . . . . gal. 1.25 Shoes, (higb) .... pr. 1.50 (medium) .... f!8l. 1.15 (medium) pr. 1.25 (low) Kal. 1.00 (low) . Silk, (high) .... pr. 1.00 Onions bu. .63 sk. .08 Paper, (high) .... qr. .26 (low) .... sk. .047 (low) . . . . qr. .05 yd. .827 (letter sheet) Patch ea. .02 .188 Slippers, Snuff, Tb: 1.00 .32 Peaches 1.00 Soap, . . . . lb. .079 Peas, ... t .06 bar .223 Pepper, (high) .... .218 Soda, (higb) .... lb. .10 (low) .... lb. .16 (low) .... lb. .05 Pimento ih. .25 Starch, ' Ih. .128 Pork lb. .085 Stockings, Vr. .58 fresh (wholesale) . lb. .061 Sugar, (high) lb. .124 Potatoes, (high) bu. .60 (low) .... (wholesale) . lb. .087 (low) . . . bu. .26 lb. .075 (wholesale) bu. .375 loaf .... Ih. .166 sweet pk. .32 white . lb. .164 Raisins, (high) lb. .10 • Tallow, ... Ih. .08 (low) .... lb. .065 Tea, (high) . . lb. .82 Kibbon, (high) yd. .25 (low) . . Souchong . lb. .604 (low) .... yd. .093 lb. .75 Elee lb. .048 Thread, ... oz. .125 Eye bu. 1.00 Tobacco, (high) lb. .28 Saleratus lb. .096 (low) . . . lb. .20 Salmon, . . . . lb. .206 Tripe, \ . lb. .09 Salt, qt. .025 Turkey, lb. .10 fiu. .60 Turnips, (wholesale) bu. .20 fine pk. .20 Veal Ih. .098 Satinet yd. .833 (wholesale) lb. .086 Sausages, . lb. .094 Vinegar, qt. .05 Shad, Ih. .167 pal. .186 Shawls, (high) . ea. 10.00 Wine, port r 2.00 (low). . . . ea. 3.50 Wood, ... .61 Sheetings, (high) yd. .167 Tarn, ... lb. .88 (low) . . . yd. .102 Prices: 1842. Prices. Allspice, . Almonds, . Apples, . (wholesale) Beans, Beef, (high) , (low) Bonnets, (high) (low) Bread, (by the loaf) Brooms, (high) (low) . Butter, (high) . (medium) (low) . Buttons, . Calico, (high) . (medium) (low) . French (high) French (low" Cambric, (high) (low) Candles, . Carpeting, Cassia, (high) . lb. $0.20 lb. .167 hhl. 1.60 )>hl. 1.00 qt. .072 e: .60 1.76 lb. .084 lb. .064 ea. 3.00 ea. 1.00 ea. .06 ea. .30 ea. .25 lb. .217 Ih. .179 lb. .11 doz. .04 yd. .25 yd. .148 yd. .083 3) yd. .60 ) yd. .337 yd. .46 yd. .083 lb. .12 . yd. .625 lb. .48 Cassia, (low) . Cheese, (high) . (low) . Cider, Clams, Cloth, cotton (high) cotton (low) Cloves, (high) . (low) . Cocoa, Cod, (high) . (low) Coffee, (wholesak-) Com, (high) . (low) . (wholesale, high) . (wholesale, low) . white (wholesale) . Cotton (by the dozen spools) Damask, cotton Duck, Eels, , Eggs, (high) . (medium) (low) sp. doz. lb. yd. yd. lb. doz. doz. doz. $0.40 .126 .08 .12 .228 .144 .48 .40 .248 .06 .127 .11 .75 .606 .685 .04 .063 .12 .91 .62 .20 .074 .275 .219 .151 124 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices: 1842 — Concluded. OCCnPATIONS AND Abticles. Fish, (higb) (low) salt . Flannel, . Flour, (high) (medium) (low) Ginger, Oioves, doose, Halibut, (high) (low) . Handlsercniefa, (high) (low) Hops, Hose, (high) (medium)' (low) Lace,-. Lamb, (high) (low) Lard,. Lawn, Lemons, , Linen, Mackerel, . Matches, . Meal, . . Indian Indian rye (high) rye (low) Merino, Milk, . (wholesale) Mittens, . Moiassea, . Uuslln de lalne, Mustard, . ' Mutton, Nutmegs, . Oatmeal, . Oats, (high) (low) Oil, . . (high) (low) . ?s?i: (high) Ba- sis. Amount. lb. S0.10 lb. .039 lb. .06 t .65 .036 bbl. 7.63 bhi. 6.78 bbl. 6.29 lb. .12 pr. .25 lb. .06 lb. .07 lb. .062 ea. .76 ea. .25 lb. .25 pr. .67 pr. .624 pr. .437 yd. lb. .62 .09 lb. .067 lb. .104 yd. .653 ea. .019 yd. lb. .92 .069 Jgro. .40 bn. .80 lb. .016 bu. .736 bn. .891 bn. .70 yd. 1.00 qt. .05 qt. .04 pr. ;25 gal. .272 yd. .25 box .17 lb. .09 oz. .10 lb. .10 bn. .648 bu. .45 qt. .45 gal. 1.23 gal. .939 Ih. .224 lb. .09 occdpatiohs and Abticlbs. Pork, (low) . (whole hog) Potatoes, . (wholesale) Baisine, (high) (low) . Ribbon, Rice, . BaleratUB, . ■ Salmon, . Salt, . . . Sausages, . Sheetings, . Shells, cocoa (high) cocoa (low) Shirfings, . Shoes, (high) . (medium) (low) Smelts, Soap, . Soda, . Starch, Sugar, (wholesale) loaf white (high) white (low) Tea, (high) . (low) young Hyson Thread, . Tobacco, . Tripe, Tumblers, Turkey, (high) (low), . Veal, . . . loin . Velvet, Vinegar, . . . Wine, (high) . (low) . Tarn, Ba- sis. lb. lb. doz. lb. lb. lb. lb. $0,077 .049 .50 .02 .10 .064 .25 .045 .097 .183 .20 .612 .087 .096 .167 .136 1.42 1.06 .50 .227 .087 .12 .068 .165 .16 .106 .76 .536 .761 .74 .202 .163 .08 .099 .082 .50 .187 .507 .25 .21 1.21 Prices: 1843. Pi^ioea. Bread, (by the loaf; low) Brooms, (nigh) (low) .... ea. $0.06 Almonds, .... lb. $0.15 ea. .227 Apple, dried .... lb. .044 ea. .166 Apples, (high) pk. .349 Butter, (high) . . . . lb. .197 (low) .... pk. .204 (low) .... lb. .156 bn. .761 (wholesale, hlgb) lb. .129 (high) . . . bbl. 2.29 (wholesale, low) lb. .065 (low) .... bbl. 1.74 Buttons doz. .17 Bacon, lb. .091 Calico, (high) . yd. .127 Beans, ; . . . . qt. .068 (low) . yd. .071 It .652 Cambric, (hlgb) (low) yd. .20 (high) .... (low) .... 2.14 yd. .07 bu. 1.60 Candles, . lb. .15 Beef, (high) . , . lb. .10 Caps, seal . ea. -.50 (low) ■ • • ■ lb. .069 Cassia, (high) . (low) . lb. .469 (wholesale) . lb. .04 lb. .28 Bocklng yd. .417 Oasslmere, J'f'- 1.37 Bootsi pegged .... pr. 2.37 Cheese, . . lb. .083 Bread, (by the loaf; high) . ea. .09 Cherrle qt. .10 WAGES AND PEICES: 1752-1860. 125 Prices: 1843 — Continued. OOOnPATIOHS AND Ba- Amount. Occupations amd Ba- Amount. Abticles. sis. Akticles. sis. Chocolate, .... lb. $0.20 Molasses, (high) . gal. $0,295 Cider, . . qt. .01 (low) . . . gal. .235 (high) . gal. .25 (wholesale, high) . (wholesale, low) . gal. .24 (medium) (iow) . gal. .183 gal. .18 gal. .12 Muslin, cambric . . yd. .627 Cinnamon, lb. .48 Muslin de laine, (high) . yd. .46 Cioth, cotton (high) yd. .125 (low) . . yd. .375 cotton (iow) yd. .074 Mustard, (high) lb. .48 Cloves, (liigh) . lb. .477 (low) . . . lb. .34 (low) , lb. .415 Mutton, ... lb. .071 Cocoa, (high) . lb. .25 Nutmegs, oz. .306 (low) . lb. .16 lb. 1.62 Coflfee, (high) . lb. .113 Oatmeal lb. .U (low) . lb. .08 Oats, bu. .40 (whoieeale) lb. .077 Oil, (high) . . qt. .281 Corn, bu. .68 (low) qt. .223 (wholesale) bu. .50 (high) . . . . gal. .905 Cotton, . sk. .041 (low). gal. .826 b?i. .08 Oiled silk yd. 1.00 Crackers, . S.OO Onions, (high) . . . . pk. .158 Cranberries, bu. 2.00 (low) . . . . pk. .125 Crash, yd. .091 Oranges, (high) doz. .239 Cream of tartar, lb. .26 (low) doz. .171 Currants, . lb. .123 Paper qr. .24 Eels, . . . lb. .064 r'm 2.00 Eggs, (high) . doz. .236 Parsnips, pk. .17 (medium) (low) doz. .178 Patch, ... yd. .15 doz. .142 Peas pk. .248 Erminet, . fb^- .664 Pepper, (high) lb. .233 Fig .123 (low) . . . . lb. .186 Fish, . . . lb. .037 cayenne lb. 1.00 (wholesale) dun . lb. .02 Pimento lb. .24 lb. .05 Pork lb. .086 salt . lb. .04 (wholesale, high) . lb. .059 Flannel, (high) yd. .432 (wholesale, low) . lb. .03 (medium) yd. .318 Potatoes, (high) . bu. .75 (low) . yd. .13 (medium) bu. .471 Flour, lb. .031 (low) bu. .33 fhigh) . (low) bbl. 6.26 sweet lb. .026 bbl. 5.38 liaisins, (high) lb. .121 Ginger, lb. .121 (medium) . lb. .091 dingham, . yd. .242 (low) . . . . lb. .065 Gloves, (high) . pr. .375 Ribbon, (high) yd. .063 (low) . pr. .25 (low) . . . . yd. .03 Halibut, . lb. .047 Rice lb. .039 Ham, lb. .09 Rubbers, ... pr. .50 Handkerchiefs, (high) ea. .42 SaleratuB, fb. .098 (low) ea. .27 Salmon, lb. .208 Hops, lb. .168 Salt qt. .026 Hose, (high) . pr. .50 (high) . . . . bu. .772 (low) . Lace, CniBh) pr. .27 (low) . . . . bu. .544 yd. .70 bag 1.75 low) . yd. .053 fine qt. .03 Lamb, (high) . lb. .10 fine t .20 (low) . lb. .075 Sausages, .085 Lard, lb. .094 Serge, yd. .333 (wholesale) lb. .06 Sheetings, (high) . yd. .125 Lawn, doz. .417 (low) . . . yd. .089 Lemons, (high) .82 Shells, cocoa (high) lb. .153 (low) doz. .229 (medium) . lb. .123 Linen, yd. .268 (low) . . . lb. .094 Mackerel, (high) lb. .12 Shirtings yd. .12 (iow) lb. .07 Shoes, (high) . . . . pr. 2.00 Matches, . Jgro. .125 medium) pr. 1.33 Meal, Indian . lb. .014 low) . . . . pr. 1.00 Indian . bu. .697 Silk, sk. .045 rye . lb. .017 yd. .65 rye . bu. .887 Soap, lb. .07 Merino, (high) yd. .692 (high) . . . . bar .245 (low) . yd. .25 (low) . . castue bar .21 Milk, . qt. .06 lb. .25 (wholesale) qt. .04 Socks, (high) . . . . pr. 1.00 Mittens, . pr. .67 (iow) . . . . pr. .361 Molasses, (high) qt. .11 Soda, (high) . . . . lb. .098 (low)' ■ . qt. .076 (low) . . . . lb. .042 126 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices ; 1843 — Concluded. occcpatiohs and Abticlxs. Starch, Sugar, loaf white (hiBh) white (low) Tape, Tapioca, . Tea, (high) . (med. high) (medium) (low) Souchong (high) Souchong (low) young Hyson (high) young Hyson (low) Thread, unbleached Ticking, . . . . lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. p'ce lb. Amount. (0.118 .083 .16 .143 .043 .122 .756 .637 .486 .60 .485 .712 .563 .75 .15 occcpatiohs and Abiicles. Tobacco, (high) (low) Tripe, Tumblers, (high) (low) Twist, (by the stick) Veal, . loin . Vinegar, , Walnuts, . Wine, Yam, port (high) gort (low) icily Madeira lb. lb. lb. doz. doz. ea. lb. lb. gal. qt. qt. gal. qt. qt. qt. $0,247 .20 .085 2.07 .§6 .04 .04 .073 .179 .08 .248 .50 .62 .60 .249 .14 Prices: 1844. Prices. Flour, (high) . (low) . . bbl. $6.26 Allspice lb. $0.20 . bbl. 6.29 Apples, , bu. .45 Ginger, . lb. .12 (high) . . bbl. 1.40 Oingham, . . yd. .21 how) . bbl. 1.00 Gloves, (high) . (low) . . pr. .74 Baize, yd. .28 . pr. .063 Beans, pk. .503 HaUbnt, . . lb. .061 Beef, (high) . (low) BootH, calf lb. .102 Handkerchiefs, (high) . ea. 1.00 lb. .064 (med. hlg h) . ea. .76 pr. 8.25 , (medium . ea. .59 Bread, (by the loaf) ea. .067 (med. lov 7) . ea. .33 Brooms, . ea. .30 (low) . ea. .21 Butter, (high),. lb. .196 Hats, .... . ea. 3.60 (medium) lb. .162 Lace . yd. .126 (low) . lb. .11 Lamb, (high) . . lb. .076 Calico, yd. .138 (low) . . . lb. .043 Cambric, (high) yd. ■m Lard,. . . . . lb. .089 (low) yd. .103 Lemons, (high) . doz. .24 Candles, . lb. .14 (low). . . doz. .178 Cassia, (high) . lb. .48 Linen, (high) . . yd. .625 (low) . lb. .28 (low) . . . yd. .211 Cassimere, (high) yd. 1.12 Mace, . oz. .125 (low) yd. .875 Mackerel, . . lb. .069 Cheese, . lb. .078 Meal, Indian . . lb. .013 Chocolate, lb. .20 Indian fhigh) . Indian (low) . . pk. .28 Cider, . . qt. .03 : 11: .18 Citron, fb. .33 Indian .673 Cloth, cotton (higli) yd. .167 rye . . bu. .888 cotton (medium) yd. .105 Milk . qt. .06 cotton (low) . yd. .066 (wholesale) . . qt. .04 Cloves, lb. .48 Mittens, . . pr. .20 Cod, . lb. .037 Molasses, . . gal. .345 Coffee, lb. , .111 Muslin, . . yd. .26 Com, . bu. .62 Muslin de lalne, (high) . yd. .40 (wholesale) bu. .565 (low) . k. .238 white . bu. .618 Mustard, . . box .15 Cotton, (high) . sk. .05 Mutton, (high) . (low) . . lb. .10 (low) . sk. .037 . lb. .06 (high) . sp. .125 Nutmegs, . . oz. .107 (low) . z. .04 lb. 1.44 Cotton batting, . .106 Oil, (high) . gal. 1.20 Cream of tartar, lb. .24 (medium) . . gal. 1.11 Currants, . lb. .14 (low) . . gal. .80 Eels, . . . lb. .08^ OTeralle, . . pr. .70 Eggs, (high) . doz. .221 Patch, . yd. . fb. .07 (low) . doz. .138 Pepper, fhlgh) . (low) . .24 Figs, . lb. .14 . lb. .16 Fi*; . . . lb. .035 Pimento, . . lb. .24 salt . . lb. .042 Pork, (high) . . lb. .10 Flannel, (high) yd. .458 (medium) . lb. .082 (low) . yd. .293 (low) . . lb. .06 Flour, lb. .03 (whole hog) . . lb. .065 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. Prices: 1844 — Concluded. 127 occttpatioks and Articles. Fotutoes, . (wholesale) Balsins, . ' . Ribbon, (high) . (low) . velvet . Bice Rubbers, (high) (low) Saleratus, . Salmon, . Salt fine . Sausages, . Shawls, (high) . (low) . Sheetings, . Bhelts, cocoa . Shirtings, (high) (low) Shoes, (high) . (medium) (low) . Silk, (high) . (low) sewing fl.OO .351 .111 .25 .056 .168 .041 .75 .625 .079 .185 .563 7.60 5.00 .111 .16 .14 .085 1.25 .906 .60 1.25 .60 .032 ocodpatioks ahd Articles. Ba- sis. Bilk, sewing Soap, . Soda, (high) . . . (medium) (low) . Starch, (high) . (Idw) . Sugar, . . . . loaf white . Tapioca, . . . . Tea, (high) . . . (low) old Hyson Ticking Tobacco, . . . . Trtpe Turkey Twist, (by the stick) Veal, breast loin . . . . Vinegar, (high) (low) Wadding, (by the sheet) ■Wine, . . . . Yarn $0.56 .079 .20 .16 .08 .05 .12 .156 .14 .113 .64 .34 .18 .20 .08 .125 .06 .074 .18 .125 .04 .24 1.19 Wages and Prices: 1845. "Wages. Carpenters and Joiners, (win- Blacksmiths, (high) day «1.25 ter ; with board, high) day $0.84 (low) . day 1.00 Carpenters and Joiners, (win- (with board. ter; with board, low) . day .50 high) . day .60 Carpenters and joiners— fore- (with board.low) day .50 men, . . . . day 1.50 carriage (high) . day 1.50 Carriage makers, (high) (low) . Clockmakers, (high) (medium) day 1.25 carriage (low) . day 1.25 day l.OO (machine shop) (shovel works) . wk. 8.00 day 1.50 day 1.50 day 1.25 (stone yard) day 1.60 (low) . . day 1.12 Blacksmiths' helpers, day 1.00 Compositors, (high) wk. 9.00 Bleachers, (paper mill) , day .863 (low) . . wk. 8.00 Boatbuliders, (high) day 1.33 Coopers, (high) day 1.33 (low) day 1.00 (low) . . . day 1.29 (with board. Capper and tinsmiths, (high) day 1.50 high) . . day .66 (low) day 1.25 (with board, Cordage makers, (boys; high) (boys ; low) day 1.25 low) day .60 day .792 Bookbinders — finishers, (high) — finishers, (low) wk. 10.00 —foremen . day 1.83 wk. 8.00 Curriers, (high) day 1.25 — forwarders. (low) . . . day 1.00 (high) . . wk. 9.00 Finishers, (paper mill) . day 1.16 —forwarders. Foremen, (metal work) . day 1.67 (low) wk. 8.00 (stone work) . day 1.41 Cabinet makers, (high) . day 1.50 Foundrymen, (skilled ; high) day 1.60 (low) . . day 1.25 (skilled; low) . day 1.25 Carpenters, (cordage works) . day 1.42 (unskilled; ship (high) . 'day 1.50 high) . . day 1.25 ship (low) . Eday 1.25 (unskilled; low) day 1.00 Carpenters and joiners, (sum- Glass cutters, .... day 2.17 mer; high) .... day 1.83 Glass makers, ( ;a£fei*s) . wk. 19.38 Carpenters and joiners, (sum- mer; low) .... day 1.25 (journeymen) . (boys) , . (women and day day 1.51 .542 Carpenters and joiners, (sum- mer; with board, high) day .90 girls) . . day .448 Carpenters and joiners, (sum- Gold and silver platers, (jour- mer; with board, low) day .75 neymen; high) . day 2.00 Carpenters and joiners, (win- Gold and silver platers, (jonr- neymen; medium) Gold and sliver platers, (jour- ter; high) .... day 1.12 day 1.60 Carpenters and joiners, (win- ter; low) .... day 1.00 neymen; med.low) day 1.23 128 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages and Prices : 1845 — Continued. OCCDPATIOHS AHD Ba- OCCDFATIOHS AHD Ba- Amount. sis. Ainonnt. ABTICLE8, sis. Articles. Gold and Bilver platers, (jour- Millwrights, (paper mill) day $1.23 neymen; low) Ooldand sliver workers, (over- day $1.00 Painters, carriage (high) day 1.75 carriage (low) . sign (high) . . day 1.26 seers; high) .... day 2.25 day 1.60 Gold and silver workers, (over- sign (low) day 1.25 seers; low) .... day 2.00 Painters and glaziers, (high) . day 1.25 Gold and silver workers, (boys : (low) . day 1.00 high) . . . . .' Gold and silver workers, (boys ; day .679 Pattern makers, (high) . (low) . . day day 1.60 1.25 medium) .... day .50 Press feeders, (girls; high) . wk. 3.50 Gold and silver workers, (boys ; (girls; low) . wk. 2 50 low) : . . . . day .292 Quarrymen, (stone) day 1.19 Gold and silver workers, (wom- Rag engine tenders, (paper en; high) . . . . day .667 mill) day 1.00 ■ Gold and silver workers, (wom- Bag sorters, (paper mill ; wom- en; low) .... day .50 en and girls; high) wk. 4.60 Harness makers, (high) . day 1.26 Bag sorters, (paper mill; wom- (low) . day 1.00 en and girls.; low) wk. 3.00 Hatters, (high) . . . day 1.50 day 1.60 (low) .... day 1.00 (low) . . day .1.26 Laborers, (high) day 1.25 Ship carvers, (high) day 1.76 (medium) (low) . . . day 1.00 (low) . . day 1.33 day .808 Shoe fitters, (piece work) pr. .125 (skilled; metal Shoe fitters and makers, (piece works; high) day 1.62 work) day .20 (skilled; metal Shoemakers, .... 1.33 works; medium) day 1.31 (high) . , . wk. 7.00 (skilled; metal (low) . . . wk. 6.00 works; low) day .792 — sewed boots. (boys; metal works; (piece work) . pr. .75 high) . . .■ day .50 — laced brogans, (boys ; metal works ; (piece work) . pr. .16 low) . . . day .306 — pegged bro- (paper mill; high) day 1.00 gans, (piece (paper mill; luw) . day .785 work) . . pr. .229 (shovel works; —pegged bro- high) . . . day .947 igans, boys' (shovel works; low) day .773 (piece work) . pr. .185 (stone) . day .856 — pegged shoes. agricultural (high) agricultural (low) . day 1.00 (piece work) . pr. .563 day .90 — pegged shoes, agricultural (high) mo. 20.00 boys* (piece agricultural (low) . mo. 15.00 work) . , day .20 agricultural (with Shovel makers, (skilled; high) 1.73 board and lodg- (skilled; med. ing; high) . mo. 12.00 high) . . day 1.60 agricultural (with (skilled; me- board and lodg- dium) . day 1.37 ing; low) . mo. 10.00 (skilled; med. agricultural (with low) .. . day 1.14 two meals per (skilled; low) day 1.00 day; high) . agricultural (with mo. 15.00 (apprentices; men ; high) . day .68 two meals per (apprentices; day; low) .. mo. 12.00 men; low) . day .60 Lay women, (paper mill) day .452 (apprentices; Lay girls, (paper mill) . Lay boys, (paper mill) . day .334 boys) . • . day .50 day .468 — handlers. Machine tenders, (paper mill) day 1.19 —handlers. day 2.00 Uachlnlsts, (high) . (medluih) . day 1.92 day 1.69 (low) . . day 1.47 (low) . day 1.29 — trlp.ham'- — foremen, (high) day 1.75 mermcn, . day 2.12 —foremen, (low) day 1.60 Spinners, (cordage works; (paper mill; high) day 1.60 high) . . . day 1.32 (paper mill ; low) Masons, (high) day 1.25 (cordage works ; day 1.60 medium) day 1.06 (low) .... day 1.00 (cordage works ; (summer ; with board) day .75 low; . day .856 —foremen, (high) . day 1.75 —foremen, (cord- age works; high) —foremen, (low) day 1.60 day 2.00 —foremen, (with —foremen, (cord- board) . . . day 1.00 age works; low) day 1.63 Masons' helpers, (high) . day 1.25 Stair builders, (high) . (low) . . day 1.50 (low) . . day .967 day 1.26 WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 129 Wages and Prices : 1845 — Continued. OCCDFATtONS AHD Ba- OCODPATIONS AKD Ba- Amount. sis. Amount. Abticlss. sis. Articles. Stone cutters, (high) day $1.60 Goose lb. $0.06 (low) day 1.47 Halibut, . Ib. .068 TallorB, (high) . day 1.50 Ham, lb. .106 (low)'. . day 1.25 Handkerchiefs, (high) ea. .50 Tanners, (high) day 1.25 (low) ea. .33 (low) . day 1.00 silk. ea. 1.00 Woollen mill operatives, day .621 Hats, . . ea. 4.50 Woollen mill overseers, . day 1.74 Herring, . Hops, doz. lb. .12 .168 Prices. Lamb, lb. .077 Allsptee lb. .213 Lardj . . . J lb. .097 Alpaca, yd. lb. .472 Lemons, (high) doz. .346 Apple, dried (high) .067 (low) . doz. .21 dried (low) . lb. .045 Linen, yd. .25 Apples, . 5bl. .227 Mackerel, . lb. .076 1.72 Meal, Indian . lb. .015 (wholesale) bbl. 1.63 Indian (high) bu. .933 Bacon, lb. .105 Indian (low) bu. .673 Beans, Fb':- .491 rye . lb. .019 Beef, (high) . .117 '■J'* V. .• SS: .266 (low) , Boots, calf lb. .06 rye (high) .941 pr. 2.76 rye (low) bu. .85 Brandy, . gal. 2.00 Milk, . qt. .05 Bread, (by the loaf) Brooms, (high) ea. .07 (wholesale) qt. .04 ea. .60 Mittens, (high) pr. .746 (medium) ea. .33 (low) . pr. .20 (low) . ea. .19 Uolassea, . gal. .33 Butter, (high) . lb. .232 Muslin, . . yd. .26 (medium) lb. .172 Muslin de laine. yd. lb. .333 (low) . lb. .13 Mustard, (high) .41 Buttons, . doz. .126 (low) lb. .30 Calico, (high) . yd. .28 Mutton, (high) Ib. .086 (low) . yd. .109 (low) . lb. .063 Cambric, (iiigh) yd. .376 Xutmegs, . oz. .114 (low) t .114 lb. 1.67 Cassia, (high) . .466 Oatmeal, . lb. .098 (low) • lb. .28 Oats, . bu. .468 Cheese, lb. .091 Oil, . . . qt. .83 Chocolate, lb. .20 (high) gal. 1.12 Cider, cal. .123 (medmm) . gal. .92 Citron, lb. .32 (low) . Oll-oloth, . . gal. .799 Cloaks, cashmere ea. 14.00 yd. .76 Cloth, cotton , .vd. .099 Onions, doz. .128 Cloves, (high) . lb. .464 Oranges, (high) .60 (low) . lb. .20 (medium) doz. .24 Coats, ea. 1.76 (low) . doz. .12 Cocoa, (high) . lb. .249 Paper, (high) . qr. .37 (low) . lb. .16 (low) . qr. .26 Coffee, (high) . (low) . lb. .16 writing . , S: .198 lb. .107 Pepper, (high) . .228 Corn, . bu. .601 (low) . lb. .16 (wholesale) bu. .602 cayenne lb. .667 Cotton, . sp. .04 Pimento, . lb. .24 Cotton flannel, . yd. .124 Pork, lb. .087 Cranberries, qt. .126 (whole hog) lb. .064 Crash, ?d. .083 Potatoes, (high) pk. .375 Cream of tartar. ib. .228 (low) It .215 Currants, . lb. .14 .50 Bggs, (high) . doz. .214 (wholesale) bu. .333 (low) , . doz. .158 sweet lb. .023 Ifigs, . . . Ib. .138 sweet (high) pk. .327 Fish, . lb. .039 sweet (low) pk. .22 dun . lb. .06 Balslns, (high) . Ib. .139 salt . 10. .06 (medium) how) . Ib. .114 Flannel, (high) yd. .40 lb. .077 (low) . yd. .269 Ribbon, yd. .125 Flour, lb. .032 Bice, . lb. .047 (high) . bbl. 7.92 Saleratufl, . lb. .08 (medium) bbl. 6.33 Salmon, . Ib. .272 (low) . . bbl. 5.64 Salt, . . . bu. .565 Fowl, Ib. .139 fine . qt. .026 einger, . lb. .12 Sausages, . lb. .082 Gingham, . yd. .126 Sheetings, . yd. .103 Gloves, (high) . pr. 1.00 Shells, cocoa . lb. .1.36 (low) . pr. .08 Shirtings 1 yd. .08 130 STATISTICS or LABOR. Wages and Prices ; 1845 — Concluded. QCCDPATIOSS AND Ba- OOCDPATIOKS AND Ba- Abtiglzs. sis. Amount. AXTICLSS. sis. Amount. Shoes, (hlgb; .... pr. $2& Tapioca, . . lb. $0,123 (meiilam) pr. 1.17 (medium) how) '. Hyson . . lb. .691 (low) . pr. .SO . lb. .4S8 fillfr, . . . sk. .04 . . lb. .338 Snuff, lb. .25 . lb. .727 Soap, . . lb. .078 Baula> Abticles. els. CasBia, (high) .... lb. $0 396 Meal, Indian (low) . bu. (0.682 (low) . . lb. .28 rye . lb. .022 CasBimere, fb^- 1.25 rye . pk. .34 Cheese, . .10 rye (high) bu.. 1.17 Chocolate, lb. .iiO rye (medium) bu. 1.04 Cider, . . gal. .188 rye (low) bu. .865 Citron, lb. .834 Milk, . . . at. .05 Cloaks, cashmere ea. u.oa (wholesale) qt. .04 Cloth, cotton . yd. .09T Mittens, (high) pr. .662 Indiana ■ yd. lb. . .76 (medium) . pr. .415 Cloves, .447 (low) . pr. .208 Cocoa, (high) . lb. .249 Molasses, . gal. .293 (low) . Cocoa and shells. lb. .15 Moreen, . yd. .25 lb. .188 Muslin de Mne, yd. .166 Cod, . lb. .04 Mustard, . lb. .404 Coffee, lb. .109 Mutton, , lb. .08 Corn, bu. .64 Nutmegs, . oz. .113 (wboleBale) bu. .66 Oatmeal, . lb. .101 Cotton, sk. .04 Oat bu. .602 sp. .047 Oil, (high) gal. 1.34 Cotton batting, lb. .10 (low) . . gal. .796 Cranberries, .... It .87 Oil-cloth, . yd. .76 2.25 Onions, pk. .22 Cream of tartar, lb. .278 bn. .664 Currants, . . lb. .123 Oranges, (high) doz. .841 Eggs, (high) . doz. .268 (medium) doz. .233 (medium) doz. .192 (low) doz. .168 (low) . doz. .163 Oysters, . qt. .20 Figs, . lb. .119 Paper, ^high) . qr. .20 Fish, . . . lb. .051 qr. .126 ' (wholesale) lb. .03 Patch, yd. .037 salt . . lb. .047 Pepper, (high) . lb. .231 Flannel, . yd. .807 (low) . lb. .16 Flour, lb. .04 Pimento, . lb. .236 (hl^) . bbl. 8.19 Pork, . . . lb. .109 (medium) bbl. 7.36 (whole hog) . lb. .076 (low) . bbl. «.50 Potatoes, (higb) pk. .323 Fowl, lb. .145 (Ibw) pk. .18 Ginger, (high) . lb. .18 Ifo'f)' bu. 1.25 (low) . lb. .12 bu. 1;0S . Oiogham, . yd. .186 (wholesale, high) . bu. .863 linen • yd. .30 (wholesale, low) bu. .648 Gloves, (high) . pr. .663 sweet lb. .03 pr. .42 Bweet Fb":-. .33 GooBe, lb. .104 Prunes, . .12 Haddock, . lb. .035 Raisins, (high) . lb. .123 Halibut, ■ ■ lb. .06 (low) . lb. .085 Ham, lb. .108 Bice, . lb. .051 Handkerchiefs, (high) ea. .25 sXatus". ; lb. .10 (low) ea. .164 lb. .098 silk (high) . ea. .76 Salmon, . lb. .232 ' silk (medium) ea. .627 Salt, . qt. .03 Bilk (low) . ea. .37 bu. .606 HatB, (high) .... ea. .298 Sausages, . Jb. .099 (low) ea.- .13 Shawls, . ea. 1.00 Herring, . doz. .12 Sheetings, . . fb^- .004 HopB, lb. .186 Shells, coaoa . .148 Hose, (high) . pr. .83 Shoes, (high) . pr. .75 (medium) (low) . pr. .19 =„ . ('<"'' ■ pr. .50 pr. .10 S esia, . . yd. .13 Lamb, lb. .08 Silk, sewing . sk. .04 Lard, . . lb. .103 Soap, (high) . lb. .16 Lawn, yd. .46 (low) lb. .086 Lemons, (high) doz. .834 fhirt) . bar .239 (low) Linen, (high) . doz. .234 (lot) ■ bar .173 yd. .333 (wholesale, high) l)b. .067 (low) • yd. .25 (wholesale, low) lb. ;0S Uace, oz. .16 sodp lb. ,10 lb. 2.00 Soda, (high) . lb. .12 Uackerel, . lb. .066 (low) . lb. .0«6 UatobeB, . r .16 Starch, lb. .111 Ileal, Indian . Indian . .017 .27 Stoeklngs, . Sugar, (high) . [?; .279 .137 Indian (high) .91 how) . lb. .077 Indian (medium) . bu. .803 (wholesale) . lb. .066 WAGES AND PRICES : 1762-1860. 135 Wages and Prices : 1848 — Concluded. Occupations and Articles. $ugar, molasBes (higli) molasses (low) / , New Orleans white . Tapioca, . Tea, (high) (medium) (low) Hyson Jyson Nlngyong . Ticking, . Totiacco, . Tongae, . Tripei $0,057 .059 .111 .113 .785 .325 .845 .375 .IS .251 .10 .09 Occupations and Abtigles. Tumblers, (high) . (low) Turk,ey, . Turnips, . (wholesale) Veal, breast . loin . Velyet, Vinegar, . Walnuts, . Wine, Wood, ... Yam, doz. doz. $1.48 1.15 .124 .125 .076 .102 .185 .125 .25 6.00 .165 Wages and Prices: 1849. VSTages. Flour, graham .... Fb"!- $0.48 Machinists day $1.76 Ginger .12 Shoe entters, . day 1.09 Gingham yd. .146 Shoe heel cutters, . day 1.26 Gloves, pr. .23 Shoemakers, (high) . day 1.00 Goose lb. .096 (low) . day .82 Halibut, lb. .06 Ham lb. .112 FricBB. Handkerchiefs, ea. .20 Allspice, lb. .24 Hose, (high) (low) .... pr. .26 Alpaca K".- •*? pr. .16 Apple, dried . .068 Huckaback, (high) . yd. .333 Apples c .17 (medium) . (low) . . ■ yd. .25 .67 K!- .126 bhi. 1.00 Lamb .081 (wholesale) bbl. 1.98 Lard lb. .098 Beans, qt. .0^6 Lemons, (bigh) doz. .28 t- .60 (low) .... doz. .232 Beef, (high) . .125 Linen, (high) .... yd. . .492 (low) . lb. .09 (low) .... yd. .30 Bonnets, . ea. 2.70 Mackerel, lb. .067 Boots, pr. 2.60 Meal It .255 Bread, (by the ^oaf) Brooms, (nigh) ea. .062 1.08 ea. .26 Indian .... lb. .016 (low) . ea. .12 Indian (high) . Indian (low) . pk. .28 Butter, (high) . lb. .279 C. .17 (low) . Calico, (high) . lb. .201 Indian .... .794 yd. .25 Indian (wholesale) bn. .63 (low) . yd. .116 rice . ... lb. .011 Cambric, (high) (low) Candles, . '. yd. .42 rye lb. .022 fb".- .083 .13 rye rye It .20 .957 Cassia, (high) . lb. .398 Milk qt. .05 (low) . lb. .806 (wholesale) . qt. .038 Cheese, Ih. .101 Mittens, ' pr. .50 Chocolate, lb. .20 Molasses, (high) . sal. .33 Clams, pk. .25 (low) . gal. .279 Cloth, cotton (high) yd. .282 Muslin yd. .25 cotton (low) yd. .086 Muslin de lidne. yd. .20 Cloves, oz. .026 Mutton lb. .066 lb. .32 Nutmegs oz. .114 Cocoa, lb. .243 Oats bu. .56 Cocoa and shells. lb. .146 Oil, high) . . qt. .349 Coffee, lb. .112 low) qt. .214 Corn, . bu. .78 high) .... isal. 1.30 (wholesale) bu. .642 „ low) sal. 1.20 Cotton, . sk. .125 Oranges, ea. .026 sp. .03 Pepper, (high) .... (low) .... lb. .23 Crash, yd. .094 lb. .14 Cream of tartar. lb. .257 Pork,. . . . . . lb. . .106 Eels, . lb. .08 (wholeiiale) . . . lb. .069 Eggs, (high) . doz. .176 Potatoes pk. .333 (low) doz. .137 (high) . . . bu. 1.23 Fish, . . . . Ih. .046 (low), . . . (wholesale) . bu. .955 dun . lb. .06 bu. .82 Flour, Ih. .036 sweet lb. .03 bbl. 6.80 Raisins, (high) .... lb. .123 136 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages and Prices: 1849 — Concluded. OCCnpATIOHS AKD Articles. RnisinB, (low) Ribbon, velvet Bice, . Sago, . Baleratus, Salmon, Salt, . ShavU, Sheetings, Shirtings, Shoes, SUesJa, Soap,. Soda, . Sc^uash, $0,082 .167 .122 .099 .20 .011 .138 7.50 .076 .111 1.00 .124 .068 .06 .01 Occupations and asticles. Starch, Sugar, loaf New Orleans Tapioca, . Tea, fhlgh) . . (medium) . how) 'Hyson Tobacco, . Tumblers, . Veal, breast loin . Vinegar, . Tarn, lb. lb. lb. doz. lb. lb. qt gal. Bk. lb. $0,112 .078 .11 .06 .123 .594 .415 .305 .78 .253 1.60 .08 .106 .044 .18 .165 1.50 Wages and Prices: 1850. 'Wages. Carriage trimmers, (high) day $1.75 Apprentices, (locomotive (low) . day 1.50 works; high) day $0,807 (piece (locomotive work) . day ' 2.00 works J me- Die sinkers, (gold and silver dium) . day .667 work; high) ; day 2.25 (locomotive Die sinkers, (gold ond silver works; low) , Blacksmiths, carriage (high) . day .476 work; low) . day 1.87 day 1.75 Drawers, (woollen mill) . day- 1.67 carriage (low) . day 1.80 Dressers, (woollen mill ; high) (woollen mill; me- day 1.60 carriage (piece work) . . day 2.00 dium) . day 1.25 (cordage works) day 1.60 (woollen mill; low) day 1.03 (locomotive Finishers, (paper mill) . (woollen mill ; hlgb) day 1.08 works; high) . day 1.94 day 1.00 (locomotive (woollen mill; low)- day .76 works; me- Firemen, (paper mill) day 1.25 dium) . day- 1.51 Foremen, (metal work; high) day 2.60 (locomotive (metal work; med. works; low) . day 1.17 high) . . . day 2.25 (machine shop) w/. 9.00 (metal work; me- (shovel works) . (stone yard; day 1.78 dium) . day 1.99 (metal work; low) . day 1.75 high) . . day 1.79 (paper mill; high) . day 2.00 (stone yard; (paper mill; low) . Fullers, (woollen mill ; high) . day 1.75 low) . . day 1.64 day .84 Bleachers, (paper mill; high) (paper mill; me- day 1.25 (woollen mill ; low) . daj .76 Giggers, (woollen mill; high) day .84 dium) . day 1.00 (woollen mill; low) . day .743 (paper mill; low) . day .667 Glass cutters day 2.24 Boiler makers, (locomotive Glass makers, (gaffers) . ■ . (journeymen) . wk. 19.88 vrorks; high) day 2.60 day 1.63 (locomotive (boys) . . (women and day .628 •works; me- dium) . day 1.52 girls) . . day .657 f (locomotive Gold and silver platers, (jour- works; med. neymen; high)- . day 2.00 low) . . day 1.23 Gold and silver platers, (jour- (locomotive neymen ; ro^d. high) . Gold and silver platers, (jour- day 1.67 works; low) day 1.00 Card strippers, (woollen mill ; neymen; medium) Gold and silver platers, (Jour- day 1.38 high) . . day .84 (woollen mill; neymen ; med. low) day 1.13 'low) . . day .76 Gold and silver platers, (jour- Carpenters, (cordage works) . (locomotive day 1.60 neymen; low) Gold and silver platers — over- day .833 works; high) . day 1.68 seets, (high) . . . . day. 2.67 (locomotive G old and silver platers — over- works; low) . day 1.39 seers, (low) . . . ." Gold and silver workers, (wo- day 2.00 (metal work) day 1.60 Carriage makers, (high) . day 1.75 men; high) .... day .881 (low) . . day 1.60 Gold and silver workers, (wo. (piece work) day 2.00 men; medium) . day .75 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 137 Wages and Prices : 1850 — Continued. OOOnPATIONS AND Ba- Amount. Occupations and Ba- Amount. AUTICLES. sis. Articlbs. sis. Gold and silver workers, (wo- Lappers, (cordage works; men; low) .... day $0,659 low) . wk. $6.00 Gold and silver workers, Layers, (cordage works; high) wk. 15.00 (girls) ..... day .374 (cordage works; low) wk. 9.00 Gold and silver workers, Lay boys, (paper mill ; high) . day .833 (boys; high) day .908 (paper mill ; low) . day .343 Gold and silver workers, Lay girls, (paper mill) . day .40 (boys; low) . . day .75 Machine tenders, (paper mill ; Gold and silver workers — high) . day 1.33 casters day 1.67 Machine tenders, (paper mill ; Gold and silver workers — low) . . day 1.17 overseers day 1.33 Machinists, (high) . day 2.00 day 1.76 (medium) . day 1.76 (low) . day 1.50 (low) . day 1.60 (piece work) day 2.00 (cordage works) . day 1.67 Hat body makers, . wk. 12.00 (gold and silver Hat curlers wk. 15.00 work ; high) day 2.25 Hat finishers wk. 12.00 (gold and silver Heaters, (metal work ; high) . d-^V 1.92 work ; medium) day 2.00 (metal work; low) . day 1.75 (gold and silver Hemp openers, (cordage work; low) day 1.67 works ; high) wk. 6.00 (locomotive (cordage works; high) . day 2.50 works; me- (locomotive dium) wk. 5.50 works; med. (cordage high) . . . day 1.86 works; low) wk. 5.00 (locomotive Laborers, (cordage works; works; medium) day 1.57 high) . day 1.67 (locomotive (cordage works; works; med. low) . . . day 1.04 low) . day 1.34 (locomotive works ; (locomotive high) . . . day 1.02 works; low) day 1.17 (locomotive works ; (metal work; medium) day .871 high) . . . day 2.50 (locomotive works ; (metal work; low) . day .50 medium) . day 2.00 (metal work ; high) day 1.27 (metal work; (metal work ; med. low) . day 1.76 high) . . . day .903 (shovel works) . day 1.50 (metal work; me- — foremen, . day 1.84 dium) . day .737 Machinists' helpers. day .784 (metal work; med. Nail makers — brads. mo. 35.36 low) . day .643 — shoe nails, (metal work; low) day .46 (high) . . mo. 53.87 (metal work ; boy s ; — shoe nails, (me- high) . day .75 dium) mo. 45.01 (metal work; boys; — shoe nails. medium) day .50 (low) . . mo. 34.30 (metal work; boys; — tacks, (high) . mo. 78.89 . low) . day .333 — tacks, (med. (nail works ; high) . day 1.15 high) mo. 52.95 (nail works ; low) . day .989 — tacks , (me- (paper mill) . day 1.00 dium) mo. 38.91 (shovel works; -tacks, (med. high) . day 1.00 low) . . . mo. 34.32 (shovel works; me- — tacks, (low) . mo. 16.00 dium) . day .871 — brads, shoe (shovel works; nails, and tacks, low) . day .722 (foremen; high) day 2.00 (stone yard) . (woollen mill) day .976 — brads, shoe day .34 nails, and tacks, skilled (metal (foremen ; low) day 1.00 work; high) day 2.00 Nailers, (nail works ; high) . mo. 60.24 skilled (metal (nail works; med. work; med. high) day 1.69 high) . . . mo. 61.38 skilled (metal (nail works ; medium) mo. 44.16 work ; medium) . day 1.50 (nail works ; med. skilled (metal low) . . . mo. 32.86 work ; med. low) day 1.34 (nail works ; low) mo. 23.96 skilled (metal Painters, carriage (high) . carriage (low) . day 1.75 work; low) day 1.10 day 1.60 Lappers, (cordage works; carriage (piece , high) . . . wk. 6.00 work) . day 2.00 (cordage works ; Pattern makers, (machine medium) wk. 6.50 shop) day 1.62 138 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages and Prices : 1850 — Continued. Occupations and Ba- Amount. OCODPATIOHS AND Ba- Amount. Abticles. sis. Articles. sis. Pickers, (woollen mill; high) day $0.84 Spinners, hand hemp (cord- age works) machine (cordage works; high) . (woollen mill; low) . day .76 wk. $7.50 Preparers, (cordage works; boys; high) , . wk. 4.00 wk. 3.60 (cordage works; boys; low) . machine (cordage works; low) wk. 2.00 wk. 3.00 (cordage works; — foremen (cord- girls) . Printers, (high) wk. 2.00 age works) day 2.00 wk lo.oq Spinners' helpers, hand hemp o..., (''"') • ; ■ wk. 9.0ft (cordage i^brks ; boys ; high) wk. 1.60 Puddlers, (nail works; high) . mo. 81.68 Spinners* helpers, hand hemp (nail works ; low) . mo. 74.81 (cordage works; boys; low) wk. 1.00 Qnarrymeuj (stone) day 1.10 Stone cuttei^s, (high) day 1.74 Eag cutters, (paper mill) day 1.04 /low) . . day 1.64 Bag engine tenders, (paper Teamsters, (stone) . day 1.30 mill) . . ... day 1.32 Weavers, (woollen mill) day 1.00 Scourers and dyers, (woollen Wooden goods makers, . day 1.00 mill) day .84 Woollen mill operatives, Shoe cutters, (high) day 1.50 (boys; high). day .45 (medium) . diy 1.34 Woollen mill operatives. (low) . day 1.25 (boys ; low) .... day .30 Shoemakers, (high) day 1.25 Woollen mill operatives (medium) . day .916 — assorting room, ^ day .96 (low) . day .564 Woollen mill operatives Shovel makers, (hiKh) . day 2.00 -carding room, . day .552 (med.high) . day 1.67 Woollen mill operatives (medium) day 1.50 — dressUgroom, . . day .387 (med. low) . day 1.24 Woollen mill operatives (low) . . day 1.00 — finishing room, . day .578 — apprentices. Woollen mill operatives (men) . day .70 — machiiie shop, . day 1.18 -ajprentlces. —foremen, . Woolen mill operatives day day .50 2.50 — spinning room, . Woolen mill operatives day .486 — ha.mm e r- — weaving room, . day .572 men, (high) day 2.66 —hammer- men, (low) . day 1.50 , Prices. —hammer. Allmlce, \ , . . lb. .24 meh, with Alpaca, (high) . . yd. 1.00 helpers . mo. 109.80 Apple, dried (high)' IS- .292 —handlers, .138 ftigh) . . —handlers, day 1.76 dried (low) . lb. .069 Apples, (high) pk. .412 (mediuin) . —handlers, day 1.39 (low) . pk. .218 bn. 1.00 (low) . day 1.00 bbl. 176 — polishers. Beans, It .532 (high) . . day 1.25 2.00 — p oils hers. Beef, (high) .... lb. .113 (medium) . day 1.00 how) . . . . lb. .065 — polishers, (wholetele) lb. .056 (low) . . day .68 Boots, calf .... pr. 2.62 — trip ham- Bread, (by the loaf; high) . ea. .10 mermen, (by the loaf; low) ea. .05 (high) . . day 2.67 Brooms, (high) ea. .26 — trip ham- (low) . . ea. .12 mer men. BhcKwheat, . . lb. .038 (low) . day 1.50 bu. .677 — welders, . day 1.25 Butter, (high) . (medium) . lb. .264 Slitters, iron (high) Iron (low) . day 1.33 lb. .206 day 1.25 (low) . lb. .129 Sorters, (paper mill) day .50 Calico, (high) . yd. .122 (woollen mill) . day 1.25 (low) . . yd. .07 Speckers, (woollen mill) day .50 Cambric, . yd. .089 Spinners, (cordage works; Cassia, (high) . lb. .488 high), . . (cordage Works; day 1.80 (low) . . lb. .397 Cheese, , lb. .094 med. high] day 1.86 Chocolate, lb. .202 (cordage works; Cider, t .04 m'edium) . , . day 1.25 Cinnamon, . . Citron, (high) . .50 (cordage works; , lb. .301 med. low) . day 1.13 (low) . . lb.. .24 (cordage works ; Cloth, cotton . yd. .08 low) . day 1.00 Cloves, (higjh) . .481 (woollen mill) day 1.00 (lolB .... lb. .399 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 139 Wages and Prices : 1850 — Concluded. OCOnPATIOHS AND Ba- Occupations and Ba- Abticles. sis. Amount. Articles. sis. Amount. Cocoa, (high) .... lb. 10.249 Onions, . < . . bu. $0,634 (low) .... lb. .14 Oranges, (high) doz. .345 Coffee, lb. .137 (medium) doz. .239 Co(a, bu. .756 (low) doz. .16 (wholeaale, high) . bu. .737 Overalls pr. .60 (wholesale, low) . bu. .623 Paper, ... qr. .20 Corn Btarch, .... lb. .121 (letter sheet) ea. .01 Cotton batting, lb. .10 Patch yd. .115 Crackers lb. .08 Peas, (high) . pk. .44 Soda .... lb. .10 (low) . t- .32 Cream of tartar, (high) . , . lb. .254 Pepper, (high) .226 (low) . . lb. .20 (low) .... lb. .14 Currant lb. . .123 cayenne oz. .06 Eggs, (high) .... doz. .232 Pimento lb. .24 (medium) low) .... doz. .191 Pork, ... lb. .094 doz. .163 (wholesale) . lb. .063 Farina lb. .12 Potatoes, (high) pk. .38 nga lb. .152 pk. .264 Fish, lb. .042 (Mgh) "• ' ■ bu. 1.26 salt lb. .036 (medium) bu. 1.00 Flour, lb. .037 (low) hu. .76 (high) .... bbl. 8.97 (wholeaalt) bu. .509 (low) .... bbl. 6.03 sweet lb. .029 (by the half barrel) . bbl. 7.60 sweet pk. .333 graham .... lb. .036 Raisins, (high) lb. .148 graham .... bbl. 7.24 (low) . . lb. .101 Ginger lb. .124 Ribbon, . . fb^- .13 Gingham yd. .246 Rice, .... .06 Gloves, (high) .... pr. .37 Saleratus, ... lb. .092 (low) .... pr. .26 Salmon lb. .82 Halibut, lb. .074 Salt lb. .01 Ham lb. .103 qt. .023 Handkerchiefs, ea. .60 pk. .127 Herring doz. .06 bu. .40 Hops, ..... lb. .ISO Shawls, . ea. 4.00 Hose, (high) .... pr. .60 Sheetiogs, (high) yd. .12 (med;high) . (medium) pr. .37 (low) . . . yd. lb. .086 pr. .26 Shells, cocoa . .135 (lo*) .... pr. .143 Shirtings yd. .129 Knives and forks, . Lard, (high) .... (low) .... doz. 1.25 Shirts, flannel .... ea. 2.00 lb. .098 Shoes, (high) . pr. 1.26 lb. .063 (medium) (low) .... pr. .92 Lemons doz. .213 pr. .63 Linen, (high) .... yd. .33 Silesia, ... yd. lb. .11 (low) .... yd. .226 Snuff, ... .236 Kaekerel, lb. .058 Soap, . . lb. .081 Matches Jgro. .177 bar .235 Meal, Indian .... lb. .016 Soda, (high) . lb. .111 Indian .... pk. .28 (low) . . lb. .06 Indian (high) bu. 1.68 Starch, . . . . lb. .119 Indian (low) . bu. .762 Sugar, (high) . lb. .078 rye lb. .021 (low) . lb. .06 rye g^ .278 white . lb. .106 rye (high) . . . .82 TaplQca, , . lb. .124 tye (low) bu. .796 Tea, (high) . . (medium) lb. .772 Milk qt. .053 lb. .61 (wholesale) . qt. .087 (low) lb. .367 Mittens pr. .76 Thread, cotton 8k. .06 Mitts pr. .76 Ticking, fb^.- .167 Molasses, (high) . ial. .405 Tobacco, . .286 (low) . . . gal. .291 Tripe lb. .078 Muslin de laine, . . fb^' .14 Tund)leTB, .... doz. 1.60 Mustard, (high) .48 Veal, (high) . . . lb. .10 (low) . . . lb. .40 . (low) ... lb. .07 Kutmegs oz. .12 Vinegar, high) gal. .185 lb. 1.71 (low) gal. .124 Oatmeal lb. .095 Wood, (high) . . ii. 4.97 Oil, (high) .... gal. 1.S8 (Ibw) .... cd. 2.61 (medium) .... gal. 1.00 pine . . . • cd. 4.60 gal. .793 Tarn Bk. .185 140 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices: 1851. OCOGFATIOHS AND Ba- Amount. OCCtlPATIOKS ASD Ba- Amount. Abticles. sis. Abticles, sis. Frioes. Meal, rye . . . . ; . lb. $0,021 Allspice, . . . . Apple, dried .... lb. $0.24 Milk qt. .051 lb. .07 (wholesale) . qt. . .039 Apples, pk. .221 Molasses, . qt. .11 ^tr. : : : bbl. 2.00 gal. .292 bbl. 1.76 sugar-'house |al. .42 (wholesale) bbl. 1.59 Muslin, (high) . yd. .37 Beans, f^: .674 (low> . Muslin de laine, yd. .25 Beef, .123 yd. .22 (wholesale) . . lb. .06 Mustard, . lb. .40 Bread, (by the loaf; high) . ea. .10 Mutton, . lb. .076 (by the loaf; low) ea. .091 Natmegs, . oz. .108 Brooms, (high) ea. .251 Oatmeal, . lb. .10 (low) .... ea. .IS Oil, . . . qt. .229 Batter lb. .206 Oranges, (high) doz. .358 (wholesale) . . . lb. .10 (low) doz. .244 Calico, ... ya. .062 Pepljier, . lb. .231 Cambric, cotton yd. .052 Pimento, . lb. .24 linen .... fb^.- .25 Pork, (high) . lb. .10 Candles .14 (low) ■ lb. .063 Carpeting, .... yd. .873 (whole hog) lb. .075 Cassia, lb. .484 Potatoes, . pk. .27 Cheese lb. .094 (high) bu. .80 (wholesale) . lb. .081 (low) bu. .678 Chocolate, ... lb. .201 Prunes, lb. .122 Cider, qt. .04 Raisins, (high) lb. .141 Citron, ... lb. .30 (low) . lb. .10 Cloth, cotton . yd- .109 Rice, . lb. .05 tow yd. .125 Sago, (high) . lb: .11 OloTes, lb. .485 (low) . lb. .08 Cocoa lb. .248 Saleratus, . lb.. .078 Cocoa and shells, . lb. .118 Salt, . . . qt. .026 Coffee, ... lb. .147 pk. .13 Corn bu. .769 Sausages, . lb. .10 (wholesale) bu. .713 Shawls, . ea. S.50 Corn starch lb. .121 Shoes, (high) . pr. 1.29 Cotton, ... sp. .045 (low) . pr. .96 Crackers, ... lb. .085 Silesia, . yd. .11 . soda .... lb. ■ .10 Snuff, lb. .248 Cream of tartar. lb. .254 Soap, . lb. .079 Currants, ... lb. .123 bar .237 Drilling, ... yd. .091 Castile . lb. .147 Eggs,. doz. .153 Soda, (high) . lb. .116 Farina lb. .121 (low) . lb. .06 Figs lb. .192 Starch, lb. .119 Fish lb. .042 Sugar, lb. . .082 Flour lb. .036 white . lb. .104 (high) . . . bbl. 6.49 Tape, p'ce .05 (low) . . bbl. S.88 Tapioca, . lb. .12 graham .... lb. .036 Tea, . lb. .378 Ginger, lb. .121 green . Hyson (high) lb. .58 Gloves, (high) .... pr. .75 lb. .759 (low) . . pr. .20 Hyson (low) lb. .602 Halibut, lb. .069 Tobacco, . lb. .34 Ham lb. .117 Tumblers, (high) doz. 1.90 Handkerchiefs, ea. .125 low) doz. .75 Hop lb. .181 Veal, (wholesale) lb. .082 Lace yd. .30 Vinegar, (high) gal. .18 Lard lb. • .11 (low) eal. .125 Lemons doz.- .221 Wood, (high) . cd. 7.40 Mackerel Ib. ■ .06 (low) . cd. 4.09 Matches }gro. .178 Tarn, (high) . (low) . sk. .20 Meal, Indian .... lb. .016 sk. .14 Indian .... bu. .772 Wages and Prices : 1852. Wages. Laborers, (cordage works) Allspice, Almonds, . Prices. Apple, dried . Apples, (wholesale) Beans, Beef, . . . . (wholesale) $0,089 2.29 1.16 .079 .129 .093 WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 141 "Wages and Prices : 1852 — Concluded. Occupations ano Articles. Bread, (by the loaf; (by the loaf; Broma, Brooma, (high) (low) . Batter, Carpeting, straw Cassia, Cheese, Chocolate, . Cider, Citron, Cloth, cotton (high) cotton (low) Cloves, Cocoa, (high) . (low) . Coffee, Corn, white Corn starch, Crackers, . Cream of tartar. Currants, ' . Eggs, . Farina, Kg Fish, . Flour, (high) . (low) . &tnger. Gloves, . . . Ham, . Handkerchiefs, Hose, (high) . (low) . Lard, . Lemons, . . Mace, Mackerel, . Matches, . Heal, Indian . Indian Indian rys . rye . Milk, . (wholesale) Mittens, (high) (low) . high) low) doz. lb. pr. doz. lb. Jgro lb. pk. Amount. $0.10 .05 .34 .25 .12 .233 .247 .478 .099 .20 .045 .318 .173 .463 .241 .165 .144 .749 .10 .112 .251 .123 .162 .119 .12 .045 .035 6.60 .122 .13 .665 .75 .125 .122 .209 1.48 .061 .166 .017 .217 .79 .019 .278 .06 .037 .67 .17 Occupations and Articles. Molasses, (high) (low) Muslin de laine, Nutmegs, . Oatmeal, . Oil,- (high) (medium) . (low) . Oranges, (high) (low) Paper, Pepper, Pork, . (whole hog) Potatoes, . (wholesale) Prunes, Raisins, (high) . (low) . Rice, . Rubbers, . Sago, . Saleratus, . Sausages, . Shells, cocoa , Shoes, (high) , (low) . Snuff, Soap, (high) . (low) . Soda, . Starch, Sugar, (high) . flow) (wholesale) maple . Tapioca, . Tea, (high) . (medium) (low) Tobacco, . Tumblers, (high) (low) Veal, (wholesale) Vinegar, (high) (low) Wood, Yarn, lb. gal. gal. gal. doz. doz. 'qr- doz. doz. lb. gal. gal. cd. Bk. 0.44 .25 .143 .108 1.50 1.00 .788 .36 .241 .24 .235 .115 .076 .40 .573 .10 .117 .08 .051 1.00 .10 .078 .10 .127 1.25 .625 .248 .16 .109 .234 .12 .114 .076 .073 .167 .115 .765 .468 .333 .229 1.50 .962 .076 .182 .13 5.00 .12 Prices: 1853. Prices. Lard lb. $0,133 Apples bbl. $2.25 Linen, yd. .75 (wholesale) bbl. i;i6 Meal, Indian . lb. .02 Beef, (high) . lb. .14 Milk, . . . qt. .05 bow) . lb. .088 (wholesale) qt .039 (wholesale) lb. .07 Muslin de laine, yd. .133 Butter, lb. .25 Napkins, . doz. 1.60 Calico, yd. .106 Pork, (whole hog) . lb. .036 Cambric, . yd- .07 Potatoes, (wholesale, high) . bu. .677 Com, (wholesale) bu. .69 (wholesale, low) . bu. .406 Cotton, . sp. .014 Sheetings, yd. .11 Dimity, . doz. .374 Silk ek. .028 Doylies, . 1.20 yd. .60 Flannel, . doz. .254 Tea lb. .25 yd. .20 Turnips, bu. .42 Flour, bbl. 6.25 Veal, (wholesale) . lb. .088 Halibut, . lb. .08 Wood, cd. 2.66 142 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages and Prices: 1854. Occupations and Ba- sis. Amount. OCODPATIONS AND Ba- sis. Amount. Abticles. ASTICLES. Wages. Meal, rye lb. $0,031 HammererB, (stone) day $1.75 Milk, (wholesale) qt. .043 QuBrrymen, (stone) day 1.21 Mittens, (high) pr. 1.12 (low) . . . pr. .17 Prices. Molasses gal. .302 AUeptce lb. .223 Mustard lb. .411 Apple, drtea .... Apples, (high) .... lb. .087 Nutmegs lb. 1.69 pk. .336 Oatmeal lb. .10 (low) .... pk. .36 Oil qt. .266 (wholesale) bbl. 1.49 Patch, ... yd. lb. .26 Betas, t- .078 Pepper, (high) , . . . .216 Beef, .17 (low) lb. .14 (wholesale) . lb. .079 cay^ntae lb. .76 Boots pr. 2.78 Pork lb. .123 Brandy at. .875 (whole hog) . lb. .089 Bread, (by the loaf; high) ea. .10 Potatoes, hijjh) pk. .50 (by the loaf; low) ea. .05 medium) pk. .362 Brooms, (high) ea. .258 low) SS: .28 (low). . . . ea. .13 wholesale) • . .756 Batter lb. .261 ivreet pk. .647 Calico, yd. .062 Raisins, (high) .... lb. .176 Carpeting, straw yd. .37 (low) .... lb. .133 Cassia lb. .492 Bleet lb. .06 Chieese, ..... lb. .131 Sago,. ... . lb. .12 Chocolate, .... lb. .W BAlei-atus, (high) . lb. .125 Cider t .05 (low) . . . lb. .08 Citron, .339 Salt, ...... pk. .192 yd. .09 fine qt. .031 lb. .486 Sheetings yd. lb. .11 ' flow) : : : : Cocoa, (high) lb. .40 Shells, cocoa . .127 lb. .253 Shoes pr. 1.76 (low) .... Coflfee, (high) .... lb. lb. .148 .20 Slippers, . . . . Snuff, ff; .75 .24 (low) . . . . lb. .149 Soap, lb. .095 Cornstarch, . . . . lb. .12 bar .248 Cotton flannel yd. lb. .126 Soda, (high) . . . lb. ' .119 Cream of tartar, (high) , .68 (iov^) . lb. .06 (low) . lb. .48 Statch, ... lb. .125 Ciirrants lb. .30 Sugar, ^ lb. .077 Bggti doz. .223 white .... lb. .101 Fbrina, ... lb. .14 white coffee . lb. .08 Fish lb. .052 SyHjp, gal. .40 Flonr lb. .059 Tapioca lb. .129 (high) . . . . bbl. 11.89 Teii((high) . . . . lb. .707 (mediuim) bbl. 10.26 (medium) lb. .602 (low) .... bbl. 9.26 (low) . . . lb. .376 Gihfeer Glbvea lb. .12 Ticking, S- .18 pr. .50 Tobacco, thigh) (low) .337 H«ih, lb.- .125 lb. .26 Bandlcerchiefs, silk . ea. .625 Tuttblers, .... doz. 1.05 Hops, lb. .48 Turnips, (wbolesale) . bu. .494 Lard, lb. .13 Veal, (wholesale, high) . lb. .104 Linen yd. .26 .(wholesale, low) . lb. .075 Matches Jgro. .166 Vtn^lt, gal. .20 Meal, Indian . . . . lb. .022 Tarn» sk. .097 Indian .... bu. 1.02 Wages and Prices: 1855. Wages. Apprentices, (locomotive Blacksmiths, (locomotive works; me- works; high) day $0,833 dium) . day $2.28 (locomotive (locomotive works; me- works; med. dium) . day .648 low) . . day 1.77 (locomotive (locomotive works; low) . day .498 works; low) . day 1.38 Blacksmiths, (locomotive (stone yard) . Bleftchors, (paper mill; high) (paper mill; me- day 1.24 works; high) day S.OO day 1.17 (locomotive works; med. dium) . day 1.10 high) . . day 2.50 (paper mill; low). day .834 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860.^ 143 Wag-es aiid Prices : 1855 — CoNTnroED. Occupations ahd Ba- Amount OCOUPATIOSS ASD Ba- Amount. Articles. sis. ABTICLE8. sis. Boiler makers, (locomotive Gold and Bilver workers — works; high) day $3.00 overseers, (low) . day $2.00 (locomotive Laborers, (locomotive works; works : med. Ugh) . . day 1.11 high) . ; day 2.00 (locomotive works; (locomotive medinm) day 1.00 works ; me- (locomotive works; dium) . day 1.66 low) day .841 (locomotive (nail works; bigb) . (nail works ; low) . day 1.34 works : med. day l.U low) . day 1.47 (paper mill ; bigb) . day 1.00 (locomotive (paper mill; low) . day .667 works; low) day 1.19 (stone work) . day .875 Oarders, (woollen mill; high) day .70 (woollen mill) . day .90 (woollen mill; low) . day .57 Macbino tenders, (paper mill) day 1.17 Carpenters, (locomotive Uacbinists, (bigb) . day 2.50 works; high) . day 1.83 (med. bigb) . (medium) day 2.20 (locomotive day 1.84 works; med. (med. low) . day 1.64 , high) . . day 1.54 flow) . (apprentices) day 1.22 (locomotive day .609 works; me- —foremen, . day 2.16 dium) day 1.33 Vacblnists* helpers, . day .792 (locomotive Mecbanics, (paper mill) . Nail cutters — brads, day 1.50 works; med. mOi 38.44 low) . day 1.17 — sboe nails. (lo CO m otlve (high) . . mo. 87.84 ' works ; low) . day .917 — sboe nails, (nail works) day 1.75 (medium) mo. 72.86 Die sinkers, (goH and silver — shoe nails. work) dpy 2.67 (low) . . mo. 62.18 Dreasera, (woollen mill; high) (woollen mill; low) day 1.12 —tacks, (high) . mo. 99.34 day 1.00 — tacks, (med. Fine drawers, (woollen mill) . day 1.69 high) . . mo. 78.83 Finishers, (paper mill) . day 1.25 — tackB,(medium) mo. 60.38 (paper mill; boys) . (woollen mill; high) day day .383 .80 . — tacks, (med. low) . mo. 40.32 (woollen mill" low) Fbremon, (paper mill; nigh) . day .60 — tacks, (low) . mo. 28.89 day 2.00 Pattern makers. day 2.12 (paper mill; low) . day 1.76 Pickers, (woollen mlU) . day .70 (stonework) . day 1.75 Quarrymen, (stone) day 1.19 Fullers, (woollen mill) . day .76 Rag cutters, (paper mill) day 1.25 G-lggers, (wbollen mill) . day .771 Bag engine tenders, (paper Glass cutters, .... day 2.B6 miU) day 1.33 Glass makers, (gaffers) . wk. 24.10 Scoarers and dyers, (paper (journeymen) . day 1.76 mill) day .82 (women and Shoemakers, . . . . day 1.25 boys) . day .59 wk. 2.50 (boys) . . day .64 Slitters, iron (bigb) . day 1.83 Gold and silver platers, (jour- (med. bigb) day 1.76 neymen; high) . day 2.00 (medium) . day 1.67 Gold and silver platers, (jour- neymen; medium) Gold and silver platers, Qour- (low) . day 1.60 day 1.67 Sorters, (woollen mill; high) . . . day 1.20 neymcn; low) day 1.32 (woollen mill; low) . day .884 Gold and silver platers — over- Spinners, (woollen mill) . day .851 seers, day 2.25 — foremen, (cordage Gold and silver workers, (wo- works) . mo. 76.00 men; high) .... day .983 Stone cutters, .... day 1.88 Gold and silver workers, (wo- Teamsters, (stone) . day 1.26 men; medium) day .726 Watchmen, (nail works) day .833 Gold and silver workers, (wo- (woollen mill) day ,892 men; low) day .53 Weavers, (woollen mill ; high) day .84 Gold and silver workers, (girls ; (woollen mill ; low) day .745 high) day .433 Wooden goods makers, . day 1.06 Gold and silver workers, (girls : low) day .376 Prices. Gold and silver workera,(boy8 ; Alepine yd. 1.25 high) .... Gold and silver workers, (boys; day 1.25 AlUpice, lb. .231 Alpaca, (high) .... yd. .78 medium) .... day 1.00 (medium) . yd. .455 Gold fend silver worker8,(boys ; fb^- .25 low) day .765 Apple, dried .... .124 Gold and silver workers — Apples, (bigb) . bbl. 2.25 casters, day 1.83 (low) . . . . bbl. 1.60 Gold and silver workers — (wholesale) bbl. 1.67 overseers, (high) . day 3 00 Arrowroot, . . . . lb. .26 144 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages and Prices : 1855 — Continued. OOOnpATIONS AND Ba- Occupations and Ba- Articles. sis. Amount. Aeiicles. sis. Amount. Bar&ge ya. $0,498 Flannel, (medium) . . . yd. $0,319 Beans, qt. .OS (low) . . . . yd. .122 bu. 2.50 Flour, . lb. .06 Beef, (high) . . lb. .134 (high) . . . bbJ. 12.23 (low) . . lb. .076 (medium) . bbl. 10.89 (wholesale) . lb. .087 (low) . . . bbl. 9.80 corned . lb. .006 (by the half barrel :l Blankets, . pr. 3.30 high) . . (by the half b low) . . bbl. 11.24 Boots, (high) . (med. high) . pr. 4.25 arrel; pr. 3.47 . bbl. io.76 (medium) pr. 2.45 graham . . lb. .06 (med. low) . pr. 1.25 graham (by the half (low) . . pr. .46 barrel) . bbl. 11.50 Braid, fhigh) . (low) . yd. .12 Fluid, burning . . qt. .228 yd. .016 Frocking, . . . yd. .58 (by the stick; high) . ea. .10 Galloon, . . - yd. .057 (by the stick ; low) ea. .06 Oinger, . . lb. .12 Bread, (by the loaf; high) . ea. .10 Gingham, (high) . . yd. .333 (by the loaf; medium) (by the loaf; low) ea. .075 (low) . . yd. .176 ea. .05 Gloves, (high) . . pr. 1.04 Brooms, (high) ea. .27 (medium) . . pr. .691 (low) . . ea. .10 (low) . . 1 pr. .26 Buckwheat, lb. .085 Ham, . . lb. .107 Butter, lb. .271 Handkerchiefs, (high) . ea. .726 Buttons, (high) doz. .37 (medium ) . ea. .305 (med. high) doz. .25 (low) . ea. .16 (med. low) • doz. .124 ' Bilk (hig b) . ea. .80 (''"') doz. .028 silk (low y . ea. .58 Calico, yd. .12 Hats, (high) . . (medium) . ea. 3.00 Cambric, (high) yd. .40 . ea. 2.06 (medium) yd. .23 (low) , . . . ea. 1.06 (low) yd. .096 Hops, .. lb. .833 Cashmere, (high) . yd. 1.12 Hose, (high) . . pr. 1.00 (low) . yd. .753 (medium) . pr. .448 Cashmeretto, . yd. .667 (low) . . . . pr. .176 Cassia,' lb. .432 Lace, (Ugh) . . yd. .60 Casslmere, (high) . yd. .89 (medium) . yd. .217 (low) . yd. .125 (low) . . : t .05 Cheese, . lb. .118 Lard, . . . .143 Chocolate, lb. .80 Lemons, (high) (iQW) . doz. .36 Citron, (high) . . (low) . . . lb. .40 . doz. .248 lb. .325 Linen, (high) . ^ . . yd. .60 Cloth, cotton (high) yd. .129 (low) . . yd. .24 cotton (low) . yd. .089 Mackerel, . . lb. .088 lyoncse (high) yd. .488 Matches, . ■ Jgro. .15 lyonese (low) yd. .869 Meal, . . . lb. .024 sheep's gray . yd. .761 bu. 1.14 Cloves, (high) . lb. .40 Indian . . lb. .026 low) . lb. .34 Indian . ■.t: .36 Coal, . . . bu. .376 Indian 1.04 Coats, fhlgh) . (med. high) ea. 12.50 rye . . lb. .032 ea. 9.44 Milk, (wholesale) . . qt. .047 (medium) (low) . ea. 6.98 Mittens, (high) (med. high) . pr. 1.02 ea. 4.33 . pr. .718 Coffee, (high) . . lb. .15 (med. low) . pr. .46 (low) . Corn, white lb. bn. .11 1.17 (low) . Molasses, (high) . . gal. .226 .456 Cotton batting. lb. .11 (low) . . gal. .39 Cotton flannel, . yd. .128 Moreen, , . yd. .28. Crash, fb^.- .105 Muslin, . . . yd. .26 Cream of tartar, .40 Muslin de lalne, (high) . yd. .231 Ctirrants, . lb. .251 (low) . yd. .163 Dehelge, . yd. .26 Nankeen, . . . yd. .135 Denim, yd. .133 Needles, (high) (low) . pap. .10 Doeskin, (high) yd. 1.16 . pap. .047 (low) yd. .753 Hutmegs, . . oz. .097 Drilling, . ooz. .124 011, (high) ■ . . (low) ... . Onions, (high) . . gal. 1.14 Eggs,' (high) . .282 . gal. .998 (low) . doz. .235 . bu. 1.00 Klastlc, (high) . yd. .12 . bu. .75 (low) . yd. lb. .072 Overalls, . . pr. .464 Fish, ... .052 Pantaloons, (high) . . pr. 4.31 salt . lb. i .06 (medium) . pr. 3.66 Flannel, (high) yd. .764 (low) . . pr. 2.66 (med. high) yd. .68 Paper, . . . . qr. .38 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 145 Wages and Prices : 1855 — Concluded. OOODPATIONS AKD Ba- Occupations AKD Ba- Articles. sis. Amount. Abtiglks. sis. Amount. Patch yd. $0.13 Shovels, . . ea. $0.96 Pepper, (high) .... lb. .24 Silesia, . . yd. .122 (low) .... lb. .181 Silk, . . . . . . ek. .029 Pin pap .071 (high) . . oz. .76 Plaid, (high) .... yd. .749 (low) . 02. .67 (medium) yd. .542 (high) . (medium) . yd. 1.20 (low) . yd. lb. .26 . . . yd. .876 Pork .14 (low) . . . . yd. .619 (wholesale) . lb. .085 Slippers, (high) (medium) . pr. 1.63 Potatoes, t: .83 . pr. 1.20 (high) . . . (low) ... .60 (low) . pr. .657 bu. .472 Soap, . . . lb. .108 (wholesale, high) . hu. .861 bar .234 (wholesale, low) . bu. .682 Squash, . . lb. .007 sweet lb. .029 Starch, . . . lb. .123 RalsioB, (high) lb. .187 Sugar, (high) . . lb. .103 (low) .... lb. .113 • (low) . . lb. .083 Rlhhon, (high) .... yd. .317 molasses . . lb. .04 (med. high) yd. .243 Tape, (high) . . p'ce .08 (medium) . yd. .16 (low) . . p'ce . . lb. .06 (med. low) (low) .... yd. .101 Tea, (high) . .62 yd. .037 (medium) . . lb. .60 velvet (high) yd. .213 (low) Thread, (high) . lb. .408 velvet (low) vd. lb. .08 . sp. .053 Rice .075 (low) . . sp. .038 pr. 1.02 Ticking, . . : :rb^- .158 (medium) pr. .747 Tobacco, . .248 (low) . . . 11 .552 Trimming, moire antique Rye 1.60 (high) r . yd. .167 Sago lb. .125 moire antloue Baleratus, (high) . lb. .11 (low) : :fb^.- .124 flow) . . . lb. .07 Turkey, . .17 Salmon lb. .126 Twist, (by the stick . ea. .06 Salt, (high) .... bu. .816 Veal, . . . . lb. .125 (low) .... bu. .667 (wholesale, hi (wholesale, lo Sh) . . lb. .10 Satinet, yd. .422 w) . . lb. .082 Shawls, (high) ea. 9.00 Velvet, . . . yd. .50 (med. high) (medium) . ea. 7.38 Veste, (high) . . ea. 4.00 ea. 6.17 (med. high) (medium) . ea. 3.00 (med. low) ea. 2.60 . ea. 2.26 (low) .... Sheetings, (high) . (medium) ea. 1.11 (med. low) . ea. 1.64 yd. .178 (low) . . ea. 1.25 yd. .13 Vinegar, . . gal. .162 (low) . . . yd. lb. .093 Wigan, . . . yd. .16 Shells, cocoa .... .13 Wood, . . . . bd. 6.09 Shirtings yd. .12 Tarn, (high) . . sk. .15 Shoes, (high) .... pr. 2.00 (medium) . sk. .096 (med. high) . . . pr. 1.65 . sk. .04 (medium) pr. 1.13 (high) ; . . oz. .094 (med. low) . pr. .666 (low) . . . oz. .066 (low) .... pr. .33 Wages and Prices: 1856. "Wages, Shoemakers, . Prices. Allspice, . Alpaca, (high) (low) Apple, dried Apples, (wholesale) Barege, (high) . (low) . Beans, Beef, . (wholesale) Boots, (high) . (med. high) (medium) (med. low) day $1.83 lb. .229 yd. .80 yd. lb. .213 .093 ) • • bbl. 1.33 yd. .494 yd. .25 qt. .096 Fb*:- .50 .17 lb. .09 pr. S.62 pr. 2.76 pr. 1.91 pr. 1.29 Boots, (low) Braid, (wholesale) Broadcloth, Brooms, (high) (low) . Butter, Buttons, (high) (medium) (low) . CaUco, (high) . (low) . Cambric, . Oaipetlng, Cashmere, (high) (low) Cashmerette, . Cassia, pr. p'ce ^i- yd. yd. ea. ea. lb. doz. doz. doz. yd. ^A ^^■ ^^■ yd. yd. fb".- $0,673 .06 .03 .017 2.00 .373 .286 .265 .376 .247 .071 .118 .063 .126 .171 1.17 .836 .521 .436 146 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages and Prices : ISS'G^^CONTINUBD. OCCnPATIOHS AHD Ba- Amount. OOODEATIOHS AHD Ba- sis. Amount. Abtioims. sis. ABTICfKS. Challia, . .1 I': $0,202 Lemons doz. $0,224 Cheese, . .128 Linen, (high) . , . yd. .818 ChocolatC} lb. .18 (medium) (low) .... yd. .607 Citron, . lb. .34 yd. lb. .266 Cloth, andaluBia yd- .64 Mackerel ' .08 cotton (high) yd- .18 Matches, igro- .16 cotton (low) . y^lB> (paper mill) . Lay boys, (paper mill) . Machine tenders, (paper mill) UachlnistB, (gold and silver work; high) . (gold and silver work; low) day $1.12 day day .60 .50 day 1.60 day 1.00 day 2.00 day day day day day day 8.00 1.28 1.50 1.00 1.00 .83 day 2.61 day 2.07 day 1.79 day 1.6i day 1.27 day .944 day .574 day 1.04 day .797 day .40 day S.OO day day daj day day day day day 2.60 1.60 1.17 .971 .734 .466 .86 1.63 day 2.26 day 1.68 MacbinlstB, (woollen mill: high) . . . (woollen mill; low) . — o veraeerB, (woollen mill) . Millwrights, (paper mill) Pattern makers, (woollen mill) Picking bands, (woollen mill) Bag engine tenders, (paper mill) ShoemakerB, . . . . (women) (women) . — flnisherB, Spinners, (woollen mill; piece work, high) . (woollen mill; piece work, low) Teamsters, (woollen mill) Watchmen, (woollen mill) Woollen mill operatives, (men and women: piece work, I high) Woollen mill operatives, (men fuid women; piece work, low) Woollen mill overseers, . Woollen mill overseers, (card- ing; high) . . . . Woollen mill overseers, (card- ing; low) . . . . Woollen mill overseers, (fin- ishing) Woollen mill overseers, (pick- ing) Woollen mill overseers, (spin- nine) Woofien mill overseers, (weav- ing) Woollen mill second hands, (finishing) . . . . Woollen mill second hands, (picking) .... Woollen mill second hands, (weaving) .... Prices. Allspice, . Alpaca, (high) . (low) . , Apple, dried . Applet), (high) . day $1.50 doy 1.26 day day day day 2.50 1.78 2.00 .60 day day day 1.15 1.60 .50 3.78 3.50 mo. 32.00 mo. day day 19.00 1.26 1.00 mo. day day day day day day day day day day 12.00 1.26 1.76 1.50 2.60 1.60 1.60 i.60 1.60 .24 .503 .17 1.24 148 STATISTICS OF LABOB. Wages and Prices : 1857 — Continued. OCODPATIONS AKD Ba- Amount, OCOnPATIONS ADD Ba- Amount. ARTlCLBa. sis. AETIOLEe, sis, Apples, flow) .... bu. $0.76 Doeskin, (high) yd. $1.12 (high) . (low) . bbl. 2.46 (low) . yd. .989 bbl. 1.75 DrilUng, . yd. .125 Baffege, . yd- .60 Kggs, (high) . (low) doz. .248 Beans, t .083 doz. .205 Beef, (wholesale) .089 Farina, lb. .16 Belting, . yd. .16 Figs, . . . lb. .24 Blkn^eu, . . ea. 1.00 Fish, salt . lb. .06 Boots, (high) . pr. 4.00 Flannel, (high) : (low) . yd. .584 (med, high) pr. 8.41 yd. .368 (medium) pr. 2.47 Flour, lb. .048 (med. low) pr. 1.31 (high) . bbl. ' 9.45 (low) . pr. .753 (medium) bbl. 7.90 ; rubber (high pr. 8.60 (low) . bbl. 6.75 Tubb^i' (mid. high) . pr. 3.00 graham . lb. .049 ; rubber (mea. low) . pr. 2.00 Fringe, (high) . yd. .164 rubber (low) pr. 1.38 (low) . yd. .071 Braid, (high) . p'ce .10 Frocking, . yd. .68 (low) . p'ce .066 Galloon, . I': .057 Brilliant, . yd. .14 Ginger, (high) . (low) . .17 Broadcloth, yd. 3.12 lb. .124 Brooms, (high) ea. .60 Gingham, (high) yd. .216 (medium) ea. .395 (low) yd. .144 (low) . ea. .238 Gloves, (high) . pr. 1.21 Butter, lb. .261 (medium) pr. .79 Buttons, (high) doz. 2.00 (low) . pr. .291 (med. high) doz. 1.67 kid . pr. .865 . (med. low) doz. .467 Halibut, . lb. .12 (low) . doz. .109 Handkerchiefs, (high) ea. .60 Calico, yd. .117 (medium' ea. .36 Oambrio, (high) yd. •Ell (low) ea. .172 (low) yd. .105 Hats, (high) . . ea. 3.17 Candles, (high) (low) . lb. .333 (med. high) ea. 1.91 lb. .17 (med. low) ea. ,881 Cashmere, yd. 1.12 (low) . ea. .24 Oashmerette, . yd. .642 Herring, . doz. .08 Cassia, lb. .604 Hops, (high) . lb. .34 Challis, . yd. .185 (low) . lb. .25 Cheese, . lb. .122 Hose, (high) . pr. 1.26 Chomlate, lb. .25 (med. high) pr. .626 Citron, (high) . (low) . lb. .43 (medium) pr. .434 lb. .373 (med. low) pr. .249 Cloth, cotton (high) yd. .148 (low) . pr. .142 cotton (low) yd. .107 raw silk . pr. , 1.00 lyonese . yd. .42 Jean, . yd. ' .237 tow yd. .13 Knives and forks, set 1.18 Cloves, (high) . lb. .474 Lace, (high) yd. .506 (medium) lb. .40 (medium) yd. .269 (low) . lb. .34 (low) . fb"!- .14 Coal, . ton 7.00 Lard, . . .16 CoaU, (high) . (med. high) ea. 8.76 Lawn, (high) . yd. .42 ea. 7.50 (low) . Lemons, (high) doz. .14 (medium) ea. 6.67 .36 (med. low) ea. 6.58 how) doz. .236 (low) . ea. 4.29 Linen, (high) . yd. .874 Cocoa, lb. .25 (medium) yd. .621 Coffee, (high) . lb. .201 (low) . yd. .323 (medium) lb. .163 Linaey, plaid . yd. .20 (low) . lb. .102 Mace, oz. .133 Com, . bu, .96 Mackerel, . lb. .096 (wholesale) bu. .90 Marseilles, yd. .333 white . bu.. 1.04 Mats, . ea. 1.00 Cotton, sp. .038 Matches, . gro. .16 Cotton flannel, . t .132 Meal, lb. .023 Crackers, . .117 bu. .985 Crash, t .116 Indian . lb. .021 Cream of tartar. .898 rye . lb. .03 Crinoline, . I': .126 rye (high) bu. 1.60 Currants, (high) .332 rye (low) bu. 1.14 (low) lb. .183 Milk, (wholesale) qt. .06 Damask, . yd. .876 Mittens, (high) pr. 1.06 Delaine, (high) (low) . Denim, (high) , yd. .456 (medium) pr. .50 yd. .204 (low) . pr. .26 yd. .175 Molasses, (high) gal. .746 how) . . . yd. .126 (medium) . . 1 gal. .688 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 149 Wages and Prices: 1857 — Concluded. OCODPATIOKS AND Ba- Amount. OCCDPATIOKS AKn Ba- Amount. ASTIOLKS. sis. Articles. sis. Molasses, (low) gal. $0,375 Shawls, (high) .... ra. $8.00 Moreen, . yd. .26 (roed. high) . ] ea. 4.06 Muslin, (high) . yd. .376 (medium) . ea. 2.88 (medium) . yd. .25 (med. low) . ea. 1.76 (low) . . yd. .143 (low) . . ea. 1.00 cambric yd. .35 Sheetings, (high) . yd. .18 Nankeen, , yd. .15 (low) . yd. ■ .10 Napkins, . doz^ 2.76 Sheila, cocoa . lb. .26 Needles, . pap. .05 Shirtings, . yd. .125 Netting, . yd. .166 Shoes, (high) . pr. 1.76 Nutmegs, (high) lb. 168 (med. high) . pr. 1.47 (medium) lb. 1.33 (medium) pr. 1.03 (low) lb. 1.00 (med. low) . pr. .68 Oil, (high) . . g»l. 1.14 (low) . . pr. .37 (low) . gal. .944 Silesia, . yd. .124 Oil-oloth, . yd. .631 Silk, (high) . yd. 1.82 Onions, bu. 1.06 (medium) yd. 1.13 Overalls, (high) . pr. .603 (low) yd. .721 (low)' pr. .495 moire antique . yd. .746 Overcoats, (high) . ea. 20 00 watered . yd. 1.50 (medium ea. 12.60 sewing . Bk. .03 (low) . ea. 5.64 sewing . oz. .78 Pantaloons, (high) pr. 4.47 Slippers, (high) pr. 1.07 (med. high) pr. 3.63 pr. .6BT (medium) pr. 2.32 Snuff, (high) . lb. .333 (low) Paper, pr. qr. .85 .137 flow) . Soap, (high) . lb. lb. .256 .184 Patch, (high) . , yd. .127 (low) . lb. .079 (low) . yd. .067 bar .287 Pepper, (high) lb. .249 Starch, lb. .123 (low) . lb. .20 Sugar, (high) . lb. .146 Pimento, . lb. .244 (medium) lb. .113 Pins, (high) . pap .17 (low) . lb. .082 low) . pap. .086 Syrup, . gal. .76 Plaid, (high) . >d. .826 Tape, (high) . p ce .075 (medium) yd. .54 (medium) . p'ce .052 (low) . yi. .294 (low) . ■ i p'ce .03 Poplin, yd. .28 Tapioca, . . . 1 lb. .166 Pork, (high) . lb. .149 Tea, (high) • i'lJ- .754 (low) . lb. .10 (medium) . 1 lb. .565 Potatoes, (high) bu. 1.58 (low) . lb. .296 (med. high bu. 1.26 Thibet, . y.l. 1.34 (medium) bu. .997 Tickhlg, . . >d. .167 (low) bu. .777 Tobacco, . lb. .31 (wholesale bu. .75 Towelling, yd. .169 sweet lb. .036 Tumblers, . ' doz. .616 Raisins, (high) lb. .228 Turkey, . lb. .16 (low) . lb. .129 Twist, (high) . sk. .06 Eihbon, (high) yd. .32 (low) . 8k. .03 (medium) yd. .186 Veal, . lb. .105 (low) . yd. .067 Vests, (high) . ea. 4.50 ■ velvet (high) yd. .503 (medium) ea. 3.09 velvet (medium velvet (low) yd. .289 .134 (low) . Vinegar, (high) ea. gal. 1.78 .167 Rice lb. .066 (low) gal. .112 Rubbers, (high) pr. .98 Wadding, . yd. .05 (low) pr. .873 Wheat, cracked lb. .07 Sago, . lb. .12 Wood, . cd. 6.50 Saleratns, . lb. .071 Worsted, . sk. .01 Salt, (high) . bu. .84 Yarn, (high) . sk. .103 (low) bn. .61 (low) . Kk. .048 (high) . bag 2.12 (high) . lb. 1.23 (low) .... bag 1.34 (low> .... lb. 1.00 Wages and Prices: 1858. Wages. Bleachers, (paper milt; high) (paper mill ; low) . Carders, (woollen mDl') . day d'ay day $1J9 1.00 .6S Biawera, (wooIBen mill; wo- men ; high) . ^woollen mill; wo- men r Dow) . wk. wk. $5.31 4.50 150 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages and Prices: 1858 — Conthstued. OCCnPATIONS AKD Ba- Amount. OCODPATIOBS AND Ba- Amount. Articles. sis. Articles. sis. Dyers, (woollen mill) day $0.82 Boots, (high) .... pr. $3.75 Fiaishers, (paper mill ; high) . day 1.67 (med. higli) . pr. 3.13 (paper mill; low) . day 1,1.25 (medium) (med. low) . pr. 2.05 (paper mill; girls; pr. 1.28 high) . . . day .48 (low) .... pr. .64 (paper mill; girls; rubber (hlali) pr. 3.18 low) . day .28 rubber (low) pr. 1.50 (woollen mill) day .78 Braid p'ce .078 (woollen mill; wo- (by the stick) ea. .033 men) . wk 2.60 Brilliant, (high) yd. .249 Fullers, (woollen mill) . day .74 (low) . . . yd. .132 Giggers, (woollen mill) . day .72 Broadcloih, .... yd. 2.6U Laborers, (paper mill) . dai 1.00 Brooms, (high) ea. .33 (woollen mill) . day .96 (medium) . ea. .244 Machine lenders, (paper mill; (low) .... ea. .106 • high) : day 1.93 Butter, (high) .... Ib. .40 (paper mill; (low) .... lb. .252 medium) . day 1.42 (wholesale) . lb. .227 (paper mill; Buttons, (high) doz. .252 low) day 1.17 (medium) . doz. .US' Millwrights, (paper mill) day 1.67 (low) .... doz. .033 Paper mill operatives, (boys) . day .833 Calico, (high) .... yd. .117 (gills) . day .60 (low) .... yd. .079 Kng cutters, (paper mill; girU) day .50 Cambric, (high) yd. .375 Bag engine tenders, (paper (medium) . yd. .257 mill; high) .... day 1.25 (low) . . . yd. .071 Bag engine tenders, (paper Candles lb. .167 mill; low) . ... day 1.00 Canvas, . . t . . yd. .20 Bag room hands, (paper mill; Carpeting, yd. .415 high) day 2.01 Cashmere yd. 1.13 (paper mill; Cashmerette, (hig1<) yd. .642 medium) . day 1.37 (low) . .Vd. .42 (paper mill; Cassia, (high) .... lb. .49 low) . : day 1.08 (low) .... lb. .40 (paper mill; Cassimere, .... yd. .123 girls;high) day .703 Chains yd. .193 (paper mill; Cheese, (high) .... lb. .109 girls; me- dium) (low) .... lb. .061 day .639 Chocolate, (hixh) i lb. .30 (paper mill; (low) . . . ib. .22 gills; low) day .50 Cider gal. .10 — foremen. Citron, (high) .... lb. .357 (paper (low) . . . lb. .26 mill) day 1.41 Cloth, cotton (high) yd. .122 Bepair hanils, d- .223 (low) bu. .808 (low) .... yd. .162 Indian lb. .021 Denim, yd. .167 Indian . pk. .44 Dimity, . . . . yd. .60 Indian . bu. 1.00 Uoeekin yd. .876 rye lb. .024 Drilling, yd. .12 rye . . . bu. 1.01 Eggs, (high) . doz. .26 Milk, . . . qt. .05 (medium) doz. .205 Mittens, (high) pr. .916 (low) .... doz. .161 (medium) . pr. .623 ErmiDft, yd. .417 (low) . pr. .291 Farina lb. .16 Molasses, (high) gal. .41 Figs lb. .154 (low) g«l. .31 FiBh lb. .048 Moreen, (high) yd. .353 BRlt ..>... lb. .06 (low) . . yd. .26 Flannel, (high) yd. .612 Muslin, (high) . yd. .387 (medium) . yd. .351 (medium) . yd. .233 (low) .... yd. .125 (low) . yd. .127 Flour lb. .038 Mutton, chops . lb. .125 (high) .... bbl. 9.00 leg . . lb. .147 (medium) bbl. 7.42 Nankeen, . yd. .08 (low) .... bbl. 6.60 Needle pap. .05 graham .... lb. .04 Nutmegs, . oz. .064 graham .... Foulard, bbl 7.50 (high) . lb. 1.00 yd. .342 (low) . lb. .773 Fringe, (high) .... yd. .60 Oatmeal, . lb. .06 (medium) . yd. .373 Oil, (high) gal. 1.49 (low) .... yd. .187 (medium) . ^low) . . . gal. 1.06 Frooking yd. .68 gal. .719 Galloon, yd. .064 Onions, pk. .26 Ginger, lb. .124 bu. .942 Gingham, (high) . yd. .221 Overalls, . pr. .641 (low) yd. .129 Overcoats, ea. 6.50 Gloves, (high) .... pr. 1.12 FantalooDS,,(hlgh) . pr. 4.03 (med. hitih) pr. .78 (mediuni) pr. 2.07 (medium) . pr. .675 (low) . pr. .74 (med. low) pr. .407 Paper, (high) . qr. .26 (low) .... pr. .213 (medium) . qr. .13 kid . . pr. .838 (low) . . qr. .035 Halibut lb. .12 (letter sheet) ea. .01 Ham lb. .125 Patch, yd. .11 Handkerchiefs, (high) . ea. .464 Pepper, (high)'. lb. .234 (mt-diuni) ea. .236 (low) . lb. .123 (low) . ea. .113 Pimento, . lb. .245 H«ts, (high) .... (med. high) . ea. 3.64 Pins pap. .068 ea. 2.67 Plaid, (high) . . yd. .867 (medium) ea. 1.57 (medium) yd. .399 (med. low) ea. .888 (low) . . yd. .199 (low) .... ea. .268 Poplin, (high) . yd. .268. ladies' .... ea. .76 (low) . . yd. .167. straw (high) . ea. 1.12 Pork, lb. .107; straw (medium) . ea. .50 (wholesale) . lb. .OSli straw (low) . ea. .186 fresh lb. .09. Hominy lb. .06 salt . lb. .14. Hops lb. .252 Potatoes, (high) . bu. 1.64 Hose, (high) .... (medium) pr. .596 (medium) bu. ,821 pr. .292 (low) . bu. .605 (low) .... pr. .14 (wholesale) bu. .85 Jean, (high) .... yd. .42 sweet lb. .08 (low) .... Lace, (high) .... yd. .124 Raisins, (high) lb. .14 yd. .492 ^ (low) lb. .09 (low) .... Lamb, hind-quarter yd. .258 Ribbon, (high) yd. .344 lb. .14 (low) . . yd. .082 Lard, lb. .14 Ribbon,' velvet (high) yd. .984 Lemons, (high) doz. .38 velvet (med. high) . yd. .398 (low) .... doz. .24 velvet (medium) yd. .259 Linen, (high) .... yd. .739 velvet (low) yd. .099 (medium) yd. .602 Rice, .... lb. .065 (low) .... yd. .302 Rubbers, (high) . pr. .677 Macaroni lb. .167 (low) . pr. .437 Mace, lb. 1.94 Sago, lb. .074 Mackerel, lb. .086 Baleratns, . lb. .067 MarseUles, (high) . yd. .499 Salmon, . lb. .124 (low) . yd. .25 Salt, (high) bu. .642 Matahes, }gro. .15 (low) . . . . bu. .50:! 152 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages and Prices: 1858— Concluded. OCODPATIONS AND Ba- Amount. OCCnpATIONS AND Ba- Amount. Articles, sis. Aetioles. sis. Satin stripe, (high) . , yd. tO.S75 Tape, . p'ce $0,059 (low) . yd. lb. .167 TiipiocB, . . ll>. .17 Sausage .10 Tea, . . . . lb. .664 Shawls, (high) . ea. 8.60 Thibet, (high) . . yd. .971 (med. Ut-h) ca. 3.84 (low) . . yd. .53 (medium) . ea. 2.39 Thread, . . sp. .04 (low) . . ea. 1.00 linen . . sk. .036 Sheetings, (high), . yd. .128 Ticking, . : fb^- .136 (low) . yd. .0S4 Tobacco, . .30 Shells, cocoa • lb. .239 Trimming, moire an tique . yd. .165 Shirtings, . yd. .091 Tumblers, (high) . ilOZ. .96 Shoes, (high) . pr. 1.71 (low) . floz. .604 (medium) . • pr. 1.01 Turkey, . . lb. .147 (low) . pr. .573 Turnips, . . bu. .25 Silesia, . yd. .12 Twist, . . . sk. .06 Silk, sk. .03 (hy the stick hig i) . ea. .06 (high) . . oz. .84 (hy the stick low ) . ea. .03 (low) . . oz. .736 Veal, (wholesale} . lb. .097 (high) . . yd. 1.47 cutlat . lb. .17 (med. high) . yd. 1.19 shoulder . . lb. .10 (med. low) yd. .803 Vests, (high) . . ea. 3.50 (low) . . . yd. .68 (medium) . en. 1.75 Slippers, (high) pr. 1.25 (low) . . ea. .70 (medium) pr. .953 Vinegar, (high) . gal. .20 (low) pr. .674 . (low) . . gal. .16 Snuff, lb. .257 (wholesale . ial. .125 Soap, (high) . lb. .173 Wadding, . yd. .046 (low) . . lb. .089 Wlgan, . . . yd. .166 (high . . bar .232 Wood, . . . It. .751 (low) . . bar .099 cd. 6.00 Squash, . lb. .025 Worsted, . . sk. .01 Stiirch, lb. .121 (high) . oz. .19 Sugar, (high) . lb. .16 (low)' . oz. .11 (medium) lb. .097 Tarn, (high) . . sk. .101 (low) . . lb. .025 \ (low) . . . »k. .04 Syrup, (high) . . gal. .60 lb. 1.22 (low) . . gal. .415 Wage s and I 'rices: 1859. Wages. Bag room hands, (paper mill; Bleachers, (paper mill; high) day $1.25 . day $1.29- (paper mill; low) day 1.03 tir mill; Carders, (woollen mill) day .62 . day 1.00 Cutters, (paper mill ; girls) . day .50 ^XT mill; Drawers, (woollen mill; wo- : day .50 men) wk. 5.50 ..-forci nen. Dressers, (woollen mill; wo- (papei Eepair hands, (woollen n mill) day 1.38 men) wk. 6.73 aill) . day 1.38 Dyers, (woollen mill) day .82 Spinners, (woollen mill) . day .80 Finishers, (paper mill; bigh) day 1.67 Stockmen, (paper mill; MghJ day low) day 1.23 (paper mill ; low) . day 1.25 (paper mill; 1.00 (paper mill; wo- Waste sorters, (woollen mill) day .32 men; high) day .60 Watchmen, (woollen mil 1) . day 1.10 (paper mill; wo Weavers, (woollen mill. wo- men; low) day .383 men) . wk. 4.40 (woollen mill' day .82 Wool sorters, (woollen n illl) . day 1.19 (woollen mill wo- men) . wk. 2.83 Prices. Fullers, (woollen mill) diggers, (woollen mill) ■day .76 Alpaca, (high) . . yd. .488 day .83 (low) . . yd. .294 Laborers, (paper mill) day 1.00 Apple, dried . . lb. .12 (woollen mill) day 1.10 Apples, . . . bbl. 2.00 Machine tenders, (paper mlll; Barfege, (high) . . . . yd. .479 high) day 1.98 (low) . . • -.it .107 (paper mill; Barley, . .80 low) day 1.27 Beans, (high) . , (low) . . qt. .12 Paper mill operatives, day 1.00 . . qt. .073 Bag engine tenders, (paper (high) . . . bu. 3.00 mill; high) . day 1.24 (low) - . . bu. 2.00 Bag engine tenders, (paper (wholesale) . . bu. .76 raiU; low) . . day 1.00 Beef,. . . . . 11). .10 WAGES AND PEICES : 1752-1860. 153 Wages and Prices ; 1859 — Continued. OCCDPATIONS AND Ba- Amount. OOGDPATIONS AND Ba- Amount. Aetioi.es. sis. Aetioles. sis. Beef, (wholeaalp, high) . lb. $0,083 Denim, (high) .... yd. $0,167 (wholeBalo, low) . lb. .06 (low) yd. .126 corned .... lb. .10 Diaper yd. .167 round .... lb. .125 Drilling, . yd. .12 rump .... lb. .125 Eggs, (high) . . (low) doz. .252 rump steak lb. . .167 doz. .172 Birloin (best outs) . lb. . ..167 Flannel, (high) yd.. .538 sirloin (tips) . . lb. ,125 (low) . yd. .344 Boots, (high) .... pr. 3.51 Flour, lb. .045 (med. high) . pr. 2.23 (high) . bbi. 10.60 (med. low) . pr. 1.35 (medium) bbl. 8.87 (low) .... pr. .704 (low) . . bbl. 7.96 rubber (high) pr. 3.50 graham . lb. .046 rubber (medium) pr. 2.25 Fish, salt . lb. .05 rubber (low) pr. 1,72 Foulard, . yd. .272 Braid yd. .056 Fringe, (high) . yd- .499 (high) .... p'ce .10 (low) . y?- .179 (low) . . . .• p'ce .053 G-alloon, . yd. .053 Brilliant yd- .138 Ginger, (high) . lb. .157 Broadcloth, (high) . yd. 2.24 (low) . . lb. .12 (l"w) • ■ ■ yd. 1.29 Gingham, (high) (low) yd. .215 Brooms, (high) (medium) . ea. .37 yd. .11 en. .264 Gloves, (high) . pr. 1.12 (low) .... ea. .12 (med. high) pr. .783 Buckwheat, .... lb. .041 (med. low) pr. .294 bu. 1.00 (low) . pr. .136 Butter, (high) .... lb. .28 Halibut, . lb. .12 (low) .... lb. .25 Ham, . Ib. .125 Buttons, (high) doz. .201 Handkerchiefs, (high) ea. .452 (medium) . doz. .12 (medium) ea. .286 (low) .... doz. .048 (med. low) ea. .14 Calico, (high) . . . . yd. .25 low) . . ea. .045 (medium) yd. .11 Hats, (high) . . ea. 2.79 (low) .... yd. .062 (medium) ea. 1.73 Cambric, (high) yd. .257 (med. low) ea. 1.02 (low) . . . yd. .097 (low) . ea. .331 Candles, (high) lb. .618 Hominy, . lb. .05 (medium) . lb. .33 Hose, (high) . pr. .439 (low) .... lb. .16 (medium) pr. .252 Cashmere, (high) yd. 1.12 (low) . pr. .135 (low) . yd. .92 Ladies' cloth, (high) y^ 2.02 Cashmerctte yd. .668 (low) .yd. 1.25 Cassia ib. .482 Lamb, bind-quarter, lb. .125 Caaslmere, .... yd. lb. .125 Lard,. . . . lb. .145 Cheese, (high) .... .15 Lemons, (high) doz. .36 (low) .... lb. .118 (low) . doz. .233 Chocolate lb. .26 Linen, (high) . yd.. .877 Cloth, cotton (high) yd. .126 (medium) "i- .646 cotton (low) . yd. .085 (low) . s?- .236 lyonese .... yd. .42 Macaroni, . lb. .18 ' Cloves, (high) .... lb. .39 Mackerel, (high) lb. .122 (low) .... Ib. .208 (low) lb. .08 Coats, (high) .... ea. 8.80 Marseillea, yd. .50 (med. high) . ea. e.84 Matches, . Jgro. .15 (med. low) . ea. 4.14 (wholesale ) ?^°- .40 (low) .... ea. 1.76 Meal,. . . lb. .023 Cocoa lb. .26 bu. 1.09 Coffee, (high) .... (medium) lb. .196 Indian lb. .021 lb. .163 Indian . bn. 1.00 (low) .... lb. .109 rice . lb. .011 Corn bu. 1.12 rye . lb. .022 white bu. .952 rye . bu. 1.04 Cotton sp. .041 Milk, . qt. .05 Cotton flannel yd. .121 Molasses, (high) (low) gal. .44 Crackers, lb. .123 gal. .321 Crash, (high) .... (low) .... yd. .123 Moreen, . yd. .293 yd. .066 Mnnlin, (high) . yd. .338 Cream of tartar. lb. .394 (medium) yd. .191 Currants, (high) lb. .20 (low) . yd. .128 (low) ... lb. .157 Mustard, . box .16 Damask, (high) yd. .943 lb. .24 (low) . . . yd. Af! Mutton, chops . - lb. .125 Delaine, (high) . . yd. .42 Nankeen, (high) lb. .125 {medium) . (low) yd. .206 yd. .347 yd. .131 (low) . . . yd. .25 154 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages and Prices : 1859 — Concluded. OCCDPATIONS AHD Ba- Amount. Occupations and Ba- Amount. AKTICLEa. sis. Articles. sis. Needles pap. $0.05 Sheetings yd. $0>1 Nutmegs, . oz. .079 Shirtings yd. .116 lb. .978 Shoes, (high) .... pr. 1.57 OU, (high) gal. 1.12 (medium) pr. 1.02 (low) . . . gal. .754 (low) .... pr. .604 Oil-cloth, . yd- .877 Silesia, ... yd. .12 Onions, bu. .95 Silk, sk. .031 Oranges, , doz. .20 oz. .80 Overalls, . pr. .672 (high) . . . ■ . yd. 1.37 Pantaloons, (high) . pr. 4.02 (low) .... yd. .665 (medium) pr. 2.34 yd. .662 (low) . pr. 1.47 Slippers, (high) ... pr. .976 Paper, (high) . qr. .20 (low) . . . pr. .627 (low) . . qr. .08 Snuff, lb. .248 (letter sheet) ea. .01 Soap,. ..... lb. .111 Patch, t- .114 bar .243 Pepper, .224 Soda, (high) .... lb. .154 Pins pap. .065 (low) . . . . lb. .069 Plaid, (high) . yd. .814 Sugar, (high) . lb. .103 (medium) yd. .469 (low) . . lb. .078 (low) . . t .279 Syrup Tape, gal. .451 Pork, . . . .112 p'oe .056 (whole hog) . lb. .082 Tapioca lb. .168 fresh lb. .125 Tea, (high) . . . . lb. .747 salt . lb. .11 (medium) lb. .607 Potatoes, (high) bu. 1.00 (low) .... lb. .50 (medium) bu. .777 Ticking, (high), yd. .20 (low) . bu. .599 (low) .... yd. .161 Prunes, lb. .10 Tobacco lb. .30 Raisins, (high) lb. .167 Towelling, ..... t .20 (low) . lb. .135 Turkey, (high) .17 Eibbon, (high) yd. .36 (low) .... lb. .126 (medium) . yd. .184 Twist, (by the stick) ea. .03 (med.' low) yd. .124 Veal, (wholesale, high) . (wholesale, low) . lb. .097 (low) . . yd. .066 lb. .08 velvet (high) velvet (low) yd. .26 outlet ■, . . lb. .18 yd. lb. .11 shoulder .... lb. .125 Rice, ... . . .051 Vests, (high) .... ea. 3.76 Rubhers, . :?■■• .699 (medium) ea. 1.96 Sago, . ,1b. .103 (low) .... ea. 1.36 Saleratus, . lb. .07 Vinegar, (high) ... (low) ... gal. .24 Salmon, . lb. .123 gal. .162 Salt, (high) . . bu. .663 (wholesale) Kal. .125 (low) . . bu. .468 Wadding yd. .06 Satin stripe, (high) . yd. .274 (by the sheet) ea. .17 (low) . yd. .167 Worsted sk. .01 Satinet, yd. .60 (high) . . . oz. .223 Sausages, . lb. .125 (low) . . . oz. .13 Shawls, (high) . , ea. 11.00 Yam, (high) .... sk. .112 (medium) . . ea. 4.83 (low) .... sk. .04 (med. low) ea. 2.42 lb. 1.30 (low) . . . . ea. .9^3 Wages and Prices : 1860. ■Wages. Bookbinders — folders, (girls; Blacksmiths, (high) dny $1.50 low) . . wk. $4.00 (low) . . . day 1.26 — forwarders, carriage (high) . day 2.00 (high) . . wk. 12.00 carriage (me- — forwarders, dium) day 1.76 (low) . ■. wk. 9.67 carriage (low) . day 1.60 -gasters,(glrls; (machine shop) . wk. 10.50 wk. 4.00 Bleachers, (paper mill ; high) day 1.23 — pasters, (girls: (paper mill ; low) . day 1.13 low) . . wk. 3.00 Bookbinders — collators, — sewers, (girls ; (girls) . . wk. 6.00 high) , : wk. 6.00 . — fl n i shers , —sewers, (girls; — finishers, (low) wk. 12.00 • low) . , . wk. 6.00 wk. 10.00 Cabinet makers, (high) . day 2.00 — folders, (girls: (low) . day 1.50 high) " : wk. 6.00 Carders, (linen mill; high) . day 1.26 WAGES AND PtllCES: 1752-1860. 155 "Wages and Prices: 1860 — Continued. Occupations asd Ba- Amount. OOODPATIOHS AKD Ba- Amount. ABTICLB3. sis. Aetiolbs. sis. Carders, (linen mill; low) day li.oo Hat body makers, (hish) wk. $16.00 (woollen mill) . day .68 (low) . wk. 14.00 Cnrders' boys, (linen mill) . wk. • 2.00 Hat curlers wk. 18.00 Carpenters, (liigh) . day 1.50 Hat finishers, (high) wk. 16.00 (low) . . . day 1.25 (low) wk. 14.00 — foremen, (iiigb) day 2.00 Hat makers, (high) . day 1.75 — foremen, (low) day 1.75 (low) . . . day 1.60 (linen mill) . dyy 1.75 Kettle men, (brewery) . wk. 14.00 Carriage makers, (tiigii) . day 2.00 Laborers day l.OO (medium) . day 1.75 (linen mill) . mo. 20.00 (low) . . day 1.50 (on wharf) day 1.60 Carriage trimmers, (high) day 2.00 (paper mill; high) . day 1.26 (low) . day 1.75 (paper mill; low) . day 1.01 Cellar men, (brewery ; high) . wk. 14.00 (woollen mill) . day 1.00 (brewery; low) . wk. 12.00 agricultural (high) . day 1.12 Clockmakers, (high) day 2.25 agricultural (low) . dfty 1.00 (medium) day 1.75 agricultural (high) . mo. 25.00 (med. low) day 1.50 agricultural (low) . mo. 18.00 (low) . . day 1.25 agricultural (with — foremen. board, high) mo. 12.00 (high) . . day 3.00 agricultural (with — fore men, board, low) . mo. 10.00 (low) . day 2.00 Machine tenders, (paper mill; high) Compositors, .' wk. 10.00 day 1.98 Coopers, (high) day 1.75 (paper mill; (low) dny 1.33 medium) . day 1.55 Copper and tinsmiths, (high) . day 1.75 (paper mill; Cooper and tinsmiths, (me- aiam) . . ... low) . day 1.27 day 1.60 Machinists, (high) . day 2.00 Copper and tinsmiths, (low) . day 1.25 (med. high) . (medium) . day 1.75 Curriers, (high) day 2.00 day 1.50 (low) . . . day 1.60 (low) . . . day 1.25 Cutters, (paper mill; women; (linen mlU; high) day 1.60 high) . . : day .65 (linen mill; low) day 1.60 (paper mill; women; — foremen, (high) day 2.50 low) day .50 — foremen, (low) day 2.00 Distillery employes, (high) . wli. 15.00 U asonn and bricklayers, (high) day 1.60 (medium) wk. 12.00 (low) day 1.25 (low) . wk. 10.00 —fore- Drawers, (woollen mill; wo- men. day 2.00 men) wk. 6.08 Masons' helpers. Moulders, (foundry; high) . day 1.00 Dressers, (linen mill; women) (woollen mill; wo- day .84 day 2.00 (foundry; low) day 1.50 men) wk. 4.65 Painters, carriage (high) day 2.00 Dyers, (woollen mill) day .91 carriage (low) . day 1.75 Formenters, (brewery; high) (brewei-y; low) . wk. 14.00 sign .... day 1.75 wk. 12.00 Painters and glaziers, (high) . day 1.75 Finishers, (linen mill; high) . day 1.84 (medi- (linen mill; low) . day 1.00 um) . day 1.50 (paper mill; higii) . day 1.68 (low) . day 1.25 (paper mill; low) . day 1.26 Pattern makers, (foundry; ^ (paper mill; wo- high) day 2.00 men) . day .50 Pattern makers, (foundry ; low) day 1.50 (woollen mill) day .88 Paper mill operatives, (high) . day 1.83 (woollen mill; wo- (low) . day 1.06 men) . wk. 2.90 high) . wk. 16.00 Fouhdrymen, (high) day 1.50 (low) . wk. 9.00 (low) day 1.25 (women) diiy .50 Fullers, (woollen mill) . day .81 Pickers, (woollen mill) . day .81 Oiggers, (woollen mill) . day .84 Printers, (high) day S.OO Hueklers, (linen mill) . day 1.00 (medium) . day 2.00 — inachine boys. (low) . . . day 1.63 (linen mill) . wk. 2.00 Pressmen, (printing) wk. 10.00 — overseers, (linen Hag engine tenders, (paper mill) . day 1.16 mill; high) .... day 1.37 Harness inakers, (high) . day 2.00 Rag engine tenders, (paper (low) . day 1.75 mill; medium) day 1.26 Harness makers, (country Rag engine tenders, (paper towns; high) day 1.33 mill; low) .... day 1.01 Harness makers, (country Bug room hands, (paper mill ; towns; low) .... day 1.25 high) day 1.28 Harness makers, (piece work, Kag room hands, (paper mill; high) . . . . . day 1.75 low) . . ' . . . day 1.04 Harness makers, (piece work, Bag room hands, (paper mill ; low) day 1.50 women; high) day .542 156 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages and Prices : 1860 — Concluded. OCCDFATIONB AND Ba- Amount* Occupations and Ba- Amount. Abticles. sis. Abticles. sis. Rag room hands, (paper mill; Beef, rump .... lb. $0,126 -women; low) day (0.30 rump steak . lb. .18 Bag room bands — foremen, sirloin (best cuts) . lb. .167 (paper mill) .... day 1.45 sirloin (tlpa) . Butter, (high) .... lb. .125 Repair hands, (woollen mill) Saddle mahera, day 1.38 lb. .29 day 2.00 (low) .... lb. .23 Sorters, (paper mill; women and girls; Tiigh) ... . Chpese, lb. .14 wk. e.oo Coffee, (high) .... lb. .22 Sorters, (paper mill; women and girls ; low) ... (low) .... lb. .18 wk. 8.00 Com, (wholesale) . bu. .804 Spinners, (linen mill) day .67 Eggs, (high) . . . . doz. .27 (Unenmill; RlrlB) . wk. 1.30 (low) .... doz. .17 (woollen mill) . day .78 Fish, salt lb. .05 — overseers, (linen Flour, (high) . . . . (low) .... bbl. 9.60 mill) . day 1.84 bbl. 8.75 Stair builders, (high) . day 2.00 Ham. lb. .14 (low) . . d.ny 1.75 Hominy, . . lb. .05 Stockmen, (paper n^ll; high) day 1.19 Lamb, hind-ciuartcr . lb. .125 (paper mill ; low) . Tailors, (higTi) .... day 1.00 Lardft lb. .15 day 1.75 Macaroni, lb. .19 (low) . . . . day 1.50 Meal, . bu. .85 Tanners, (high) (low) d%y 1.76 Indian (wholesale) bu. .70 day 1.60 rice (wholesale). . lb. .011 Teamsters, (brewery) . wk. 14.00 Molasses, (high) gal. .50 Warpers, (linen mill; women; (low) ... gal. .40 high) . . . day .80 Mutton, chops .... lb. .125 (Unenmill; women; leg , . . . . lb. .125 low) . . . day .60 Fork, (whole hog) . fresh .... lb. .09 Wash honse hands, (brewery) Waste sorters, (woolien mill) wk. 11.00 lb. .125 day .34 salt lb. .10 Watchmen, (woollen pilU) . day 1.00 Potatoes, (high) (low) bu. 1.00 Weavers, (linen mill ; women) day .40 bu. .68 (woollen mill; wo- Raisins,' (high) lb. .16 men) . . . wfe. 4.18 , ■ (low) .... lb. .125 Wooden goods makers, ■ day 1.07 Sausages, . . . lb. .125 Wool sorters, (woollen mill) . day 1.17 sugar, (high) : : : : Tea, lb. lb. lb. .11 .09 Frioes. ieo Apples bbl. 1.13 Turkey, (high) lb. .17 Beans, (high) .... hu. 3.00 (low) .... lb. .125 (low) .... hu. 2.80 Veal, (wholesale) . lb. .087 Beef, (wholesale) . lb. .087 cutlet . . . . lb. .18 corned .... lb. .10 shoulder .... lb. .125 round .... lb. .10 Vinegar gal. .20 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 157 THE OCCUPATIONS AND ARTICLES TABLES, BY NAME. In the tables of wages and prices by years, from 1752 to 1860, which we have just completed, wages and prices have been given for one or more years for the following occupations and articles : — Index to Occupations and Articles. Occupations. Peas. Overalls. Agricultural laborers. Potatoes. Overcoats. t BlBCkBmiths. Rice. Pantaloons.t Bookbinders. Rye. Shawls.t Brewery and distillery em- Squashes. Shirto, flannel.* t ployes. Sweet potatoes. Socks. Butchers. Turnips. Stockings. Carpenters. Wheat. Vests. Carriage makers. Wool. Waistcoats. Clockmakers. Clothing makers. Soots, Shoes, and Leaiher. Cloths. Andalusia.* t Blue cloth.* t Blue Mexican cloth.* f Blue russet cloth.* f 'Rrnn(1(*lnt.ti Cordage makers. Boots. Domestic servants.' f Boot-legs.* t Glass makers. Buckles.f Q-old and silver workers. Calamanco. Harness makers. Galoshes.* f Hat makers. Leather. Cassimerc, Laborers. Overshoes.f Circassian cloth. Linen mill operatives.* f Machinists. Rubber boots.f Rubbers. Cloaking.* f Clolh.t Corduroy. Cotton and woollen cloth.* t Masons. Metal workers. Sandals.f Shoes. Millwrights. Slippers. Doeskln.f Ducal.* t Duffel.t Durant. Nail makers. Taps. Nurses.* t Painters. Buttons and Dress Trimmings. Paper hangers * f Belting.* t Elastic cloth.t Urminet. Paper mill operatives. Braid. Plasterers.* f Buttons. Fine cloth * t Florence cloth.* t Florentine. Printers. Elastic* t Ship and boat builders. Fringe.f Shoemakers. Stone quarrymen and cutters. Tanners and curriers. Galloon. Moire antique trimming.t Forest cloth.t French cloth.* t Frieze.t Tape. Teachers. Teamsters. Watchmen. Wooden goods makers. Carpetings. Bocking.t Carpetings.f Mats.t Oil-oloth.t Rugs.t Frocking.f Fulled cloth.* t Fustian. Hunter cloth .*t Indiana cloth.* t Jeannette.* t Kersey.* t Lambskin. Woollen mill operatives. Abticlbs. Agrimltural Products. Clothing. Apples. Bonnets-t London cloth.* f Barley. Braces.* t Milled cloth.* \ Beans. Breechee.f Mixed cloth. Buckwheat. Caps.* t Neapolitan cloth.* t Cabbages.* t Cloaks.t Orleans stripe.* t Corn. Coats.f Pelisse cloth.* t Cranberries. Cravats.* t Plain blue cloth. Cucumbers.* t Crinoline.* t Plain cloth. Flax. Drawers, flannel.* t Ratteen. Flaxseed. Gloves. Russet cloth.* t Grain.* t Handkerchiefs. Sackcloth.* t Hops. Hats. Sheep's grav cloth. f Oats. Hose. Striped cloth.* t Onions. Mittens. Striped woollen cloth.t Parsnips. Mitts. Superfine cloth.* t * Omitted in tfae " Occupations and Articles Tables, by ^xanBt" post. t Omitted in the " Occupations and Articles Tables, by Periods ^ Tears," po6t. 158 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Index to Occupations and Articles — Continued. Thiokset.t Tweed.* t VeBtings.f Wild boar oloth.t Woollen cloth.* f Cfutlery. Knives.t Knives and forks. f Knives, pocket.f Knives, table.f Scissors.* t Shears.* t Silver spoons.* f Sliver spoons, table.* f Silver spoons, tea.* f Dairy Products. Butter. Cheese. Eggs. Milk. Sresa Oooda. Aleplne. Alpaca. Bar6ge. Batiste. Beige. Bombazet. Bombazine.t Brilliant.f Brllll8ntlQe.*t Calico. Cambric. Camlet. Camlet, sllk.*t ^Cashmere. ' Cashmerette.t Casslnette.* t Challls.f Cham bray.* | Crape. Debelge.f Delalne.t Dimity. Foulard. t G-auze. Olngham. Q-ros-graln.*t Ladles' cloth.t Lawn. Levantine.* f Linsey-woolsey. Lustring. Lyonese cloth.t Marllnet.*t Marseilles.! Merino. Milllnet. Mode. Mohair.* t Moreen. Muslin. Muslin de lalne. Nankeen. Nankinet.* t Plaid. Plush.* t Pongee.* t Poplin. Barcenet. Satin. Satinet. Satin stripe, t Satteen.* f Seersucker.* f Serge.' Shalloon. Silk. . Swan's-down. Tammy. Thibet.t ■Velvet. Velveteen. Velvet stripe.* t Dry Goods. Bnlze. Binding. Blankets. Buckram. Canvas. Chintz. Copperplate. Cotton and llnen'cloth.f Cotton batting. Cotton cloth. Cotton flannel. Cotton wool. Crash. Damask. Denim. Diaper. Dowlas. Drilling. Duck. Everlasting.! Flannel. Holland. Huckaback. Jean. Lasting. Linen. Lining. Napkins. Netting.* t Oiled silk. Paddlng.f Patch. Quilting.* t Sheetings. Shirtings. Silesia. Stockinet.*! Ticking. Tow cloth. Towelling. Wadding.f Wigan.t Fish. Alewives.* t Bass.*! Clams. Cod. Codfish. Eels. Fish. Fish, salt. Haddock. Halibut. Herring. Mackerel. Oysters. Pollock. Salmon. Shad. Smelts.*! Flour and Meal. Flour. Flour, buckwheat. Flour, graham. Flour, rye.! Meal. Meal, bolted rye. Meal, Indian. Meal, rice. Mcali rye. Oatmeal. Wheat bran.! Wheat meal.f Food Preparations. Biscuit. Bread. Broma.*! Chocolate. Cocoa. Cocoa and shells. Cocoa shells. Coffee. Corn starch. Cracked wheat.* ! Crackers. Cream of tartar. Farina. Hominy.! Honey. Lard. Macaroni. Molasses. Pearl barley. Sago. Saleratus. Salt. Soda. Starch. Suet. Sugar. Syrup. Tapioca. Tea. Fruits. Cherries.*! Citron. Currants. Dried apple. Figs. Lemons. Oranges. Peaches.* ! Prunes. Raisins. Tamarinds.* ! Fuel. Bark. Charcoal. Coal. Wood. Furniture. Bed cords.! Bedsteads.! Bureaus.! Chairs.! Settees.*! Tables.! Liquors and Beverages. Aniseed. Arrowroot.* ! Beer. Brandy. Cider. Gin. Porter.*! Rum. Snakeroot. Wine. * Omitted in the " Occupations and Articles Tables, by Namej" post. ' Omitted In the " Occupations and Articles Tables, by Periods of Years," po«i. WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 159 Index to Occupations and Articles — Concluded. Lumber. Boards f Clapboards.f Jolat.j Plank.f Shingles. Timber. Meats. Miis. Bacon. Beef. Ham. Lamb. Mutton. Pigs' feet.* t Pork. Sausages. Tongue. Tripe. Veal. Almonds. Filberts. Walnuts. Oils and Illuminating Fluids. Burning oils and fluids. Linseed oil. Olive oil *t Sweet oil.* t Paper* Letter paper. Wrapping paper. Poultry and Game. Chicken. Fowl. Goose. Pigeons.* t Poultry. Turkey. Ribbons and Laces. Lace. Ribbon. Small Wares. Cotton, knitting. Cotton, sewing. Mohair (by the stick) .*t Needles. NjeedleB, knitting.* t Pins, Silk, sewing and embroider- ing. Thread (cotton and linen) . Twist. Worsted.! Yarn.t jl Spices and Condiments, Allspice. Cassia. Cinnamon, Cloves. Ginger. Mace. Mustard. Nutmegs. Pepper. Pepper, cayenne. Pimento. Vinegar. TackSt JSradSt and Nails. Nails.f Nails, 4d. Nails, 6d.t Nails, Sd.t Nails, lOd. Nails, 20d. Tacks and brads.f Tallow, Candles, Soap, etc. Candles. Soap. Soap, castile. Soap, Boft.f Spermaceti. t Tallow. Tobacco and Snuff. Cigars.f Snuff. Tobacco. Tools and Implements. Axes.*t Files. Hammers.*! Hatchets.* f Hoes. Pitchforks.* f Kakes* f Screws.* t Scythes. Shoe knives. Shovels. Spades, t Jffbt Classi/ied. Andirons.f Basins.*! Brick. Brooms. CandleBticks.f Clocks t Combs.* t Corks.*! Cotton. Door handles.* ! Feathers.! Iron. Kettles, brass.! Matches. Rosin.*! Shovel and tongs.*! Steel.*! Stoves.* ! Tubs.! Tumblers. Twine.* ! Wafers. Watches, silver.! Wine glasses. * Omitted in the "Occupations and Articles Tables, by 'Name," post. ! Omitted in the " Occupations and Articles Tables, by Periods of Years," ;30«i(. We present next tables of wages and prices, by name and by periods of years, for each of the occupations and articles named which are not otherwise marked. Those marked with the (*) will not be shown byname, and those marked with the (f ) will not be shown by periodsof years, wages for such occu^ pations and prices for certain of the articles so marked being given only for one year or for one period, and consequently supply no comparisons. In many instances, also, either from the nature of the article itself, or because of a material varia- tion in the "basis" of price, certain other articles are omitted from the tables by periods of years, although included in the '* articles " tables by name. In the occupations and articles tables, by name, all amounts originally given, as explained on pages 197 and 198, ante, in 160 STATISTICS OF LABOR. pounds, sbillings, and pence, have been converted into United States currency in accordance with the basis of value estab- lished on pages 199 and 200, ante. In bringing forward these amounts (expressed in pounds, shillings, and pence either as old -tenor or as lawful money) from the wages and prices tables, by years, to the occupations and articles tables, by name, where all values are brought to the common basis, or United States currency, it frequently happened ■ that the amounts were very nearly and sometimes exactly the same. This was, also, oftentimes true when brought into comparison with amounts which were originally given in the same year, for the same occupation or article, in United States money. Wherever two values in any one year, when expressed in United States currency, very nearly or exactly agreed, but one amount is given in the tables of occu- pations and articles ; in all other cases, the amounts have been graded and properly marked. It will be noticed, however, in many cases that the currency values given for an occupation or article, for the same year, are very close. This is due to the re-arrangement of values, as brought forward from the wages and prices tables, on a currency basis, it having been deemed expedient to allow them to stand, although very close, as less liable to cause confusion where references are made from the wages and prices tables to the showings by occupations and articles. In the occupations and articles tables, by name, the same general form of presentation used in the wages and prices tables, by years, has been adhered to, stating for each occupa- tion and article the various years, in their order, for which wages or prices are given, the "basis" and corresponding " amount." Any description other than the name of the occu- pation or article itself immediately follows, in parenthesis, the year, together with such designations as may be needed to explain the given basis or amount. The • ' occupations " and "articles" will be presented in the order in which they are named in the " index," this classification having been adopted in order to bring together all related occupations and articles, either under one title as in the case of occupations, or under general headings as regards articles. WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 161 The Occupations and Akticlbs Tables, Bt Name. Wagres; Agricultural Laborers. Ba- Ba- Yeahs. sis. Amount. Yeass. sis. Amount. 1762 day $0,333 1800, . . . ; .". . day $0,424 1768 day .37 1801 day .577 1754 day .333 1802 day .622 1765 day .366 1803 day .617 1766 day .333 1804, (high) .... day 1.00 (plowing ereensward) . day 2.00 (low) .... day .612 1767,. day .317 1805, (high) .... day 1.33 (with oxen) . day 1.00 (medium) day 1.00 1768,. day .269 (med. low) day .883 1759, ....... day .25 (low) . . day .611 (with oxen) . day 1.00 1806, (high) .... day 1.17 1T60, . day .26 (medium) day 1.00 1761 day .319 (low) .... day .625 1763 day .333 1807, (high) .... day .83 with oxen) . 1764, (high) .... day 2.00 (medium) day .667 day .389 (low) .... day .68 low) . . . . 1765, (plowing) day .333 1808, (high) .... day 1.00 day 1.33 (medium) day .844 1766 day .333 (low) .... day .75 1767 day .271 (boys) .... day .167 1770, day .336 1809, (high) .... day .58 1771 day .333 (low) .... day .60 (boys) .... day .167 1810, (high) .... day 1.17 1772, . day .333 (medium) day 1.00 (boys) .... day .167 (low) .... day .639 1773, ... . . . day .342 1811, (high) .... day .683 1774 day .356 (low) .... day .60 1776 day .344 (boys) .... day .25 * wk. 1.75 1812, (high) .... day 1.25 1776, (high) . . . . aay .60 (medium) day 1.00 (medium) (low) .... day .333 (med. low) day .667 day .167 (low) . . day .50 1777, \ day .656 1813, (high) . day 1.25 (with oxen) .day 1.60 (low) .... day .667 1781, (high) . day .444 1814, (high) .... day .792 (low) .... day .40 (low) .... day .607 1782, (high) . . . . (medium) day .483 (with double team) day 3.00 day .389 1815 day .868 (low) day .333 mo. 13 60 1783, (high) .... day .423 (withTjoard) . day .66 (low) .... day .347 (with board and lodifing) mo. 8.00 1784, T '■ day .394 (with two meals a day) . mo. 10.00 1785, (high) .... day .468 1816, (high) .... day .909 (low) .... day .351 (low) .... day .595 1786.. day .333 (plowing with oxen) day 1.60 178T, (high) .... day .66 1817 day .827 low3 . . . . day .392 1818 day 1.49 1788, (high) .... day .444 1819 day .633 (medium) day .389 1820, (high) .... day 1.00 (low) .... dHy .333 (medium) day .75 1789,. day .423 (low) .... day .50 1790, (high) . day .426 1821, (high) .... (medium) day 1.00 (medium) day .333 day .664 (low) . . day .26 (low) .... (with oxen) (with oxen ; with hoard) day .447 1791, . day .438 day 2.00 1792, (high) .... day .403 day 1.50 (low) .... day .167 (with four oxen and 1793, day .363 plow; high) . day 2.40 1794, (high) .... day .667 (with lour ijxen and (low) . . . . day .416 plow; low) . day 167 1796, (high) .... day .76 1822 day .771 (medium) day .67 1823, (high) .... day 1.25 (med. low) day .416 (medium) day 1.00 (low) .... day .393 (low) . . . . day .67 1798 day .487 (with oxen) day 1.50 1797 dny .436 1825, (high) .... day .992 1798, (high) .... day .833 (medium) day .74 low) . . . . day .41 (low) . . . . day .50 1799, (high) .... (low) .... day .628 (high) .... (low) .... mo. 18.00 day .43 mo. 15.00 162 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages: Agricultural Laborers — Concluded. Ba- Ba- Years. ^ sis. 1 Amount. YliARS. sis. Amount. 1825, (with board, high) . day $0.66 1835, (with board, low) . . day $0.50 (with board, low) . day .60 (with two meals a day. (with two meals a day, high) .... mo. 15.00 high) . . . '. mo. 16.00 (with two meals a day, (with two meals a day, low) . . .^ , low) .... mo. 12.00 mo. 12.00 (with board and lodging. (with board and lodging. high; .... (with board and lodging. mo. 12.00 high) .... mo. 12.00 (with board and lodging. low) . . . : mo. 10 00 low) .... mo. 10.00 1846, (high) .... day 1.00 (with oxen) 1826, (high) .... day 1.50 (low) .... day .90 day .784 (high) .... mo. 20.00 (low) .... day .45 (low) ..... mo. 15.00 1827, (high) .... da; 1.00 (witli board and lodging, (medium) day .80 high) .... (with board and lodging. mo. 12.00 (low) .... day .628 (shearing sheep) . day 1.34 low) . . . :• mo. 10.00 1828, (high) .... day 1.00 (with two meals a day. (medium) day .75 high) .... (with two meals a day, mo. 16.00 (low) .... day .676 1831, (high) .... day 1.00 low) .... mo. 12.00 (low) .... da^ .76 1860, (high) .... (low) .... day 1.12 1835, (high) .... day 1.00 day 1.00 (low) .... day .76 (high) .... mo. 25.00 (high) .... (low) .... mo. 18 00 (low) .... mo. 18.00 mo. IS.OO (with board, high) . mo. 12.00 (with board. Ugh) . day .60 (with board, low) . mo. 10.00 Wages: Blacksmiths. 1781 day $0,667 1838, (cotton mill; high) day $2.00 1782 day .833 (cotton mill ; low) . day 1.00 1784, ...... day .667 (machine shop) day 1.75 1787 day .636 1839 day 1.61 1790 day .667 1840, (carriage; with board) . (cordage works) mo. 20.00 1815, (horseshoers) . day .90 day 1.42 (horseshoers; with (stone) .... day 1.52 board) day .46 1846, (high) .... (low) .... day 1.25 (helpers) .... day .625 day 100 (wagon smiths) day 1.00 (With board; high) day .60 (wagon smiths; with (with board; low) . day .60 board) .... day .626 (carriage; high) day 1.50 1825, (with board) . day .50 (carriage; low) day 1.25 (helpers) .... (carriages and wagons; day 1.00 (machine shop) (shovel works) wk. 8.00 day 1.60 high) .... day 1.33 (stone yard) . day 1.60 (carriages and wagons: (helpers). . . . day 1.00 low) .... day 1.25 1860, (carriage; high) . day 1.75 (carriages and wagons; (carriage; low) day 1.60 helpers) day 1.00 (carriage; piecework) . day 2.00 (horseshoers) . day 100 (cordage works) day 1.50 1832, (carriage; with board. (locomotive works; high) day 1.94 high) .... mo. 18.00 (locomotive works; me- (carriage; with board, dium) .... day 1.61 low) .... mo. 16.00 (locomotive works ; low) day 1.17 1835, (carriages and wagons; (machine shop) wk. 9.00 high) .... day 1.60 (shovel works) (stone yard ; high) , day 1.78 (carriages and wagons; day 1.79 low) .... day 1.25 (stone yard ; low) . day 1.54 (horseshoers; high) das- 1.25 1866, (locomotive works; (horseshoers; low) (horseshoers; with day 1.00 high) .... day 3.00 (locomotive works; mcd. board) .... day .60 high) .... day 2.60 (helpers) .... day 1.00 (locomotive works; me- 1836 day 1.78 dium) .... day 2.28 1837, (carriages and wagons; (locomotive works; med. high) .... wk. 9.00 low) .... day 1.77 (carriages and wagons; (locomotive works; low) day 1.33 low) .... wk. 7.60 (stone yard) . day 124 (cotton mill; high) day 2.00 1860, (high) .... day 1.60 (cotton mill ; low) . day 1.00 (low) . . . . day 1:25 (machine shop) day 1.76 (carriage; high) day 2.00 1838, (carriages and wagons; (carriage; medium) day 1.75 high) .... wk. 9.00 (carriage; low) (machine shop) day 1.50 (carriages and wagons; wk. 10.60 low) .... wk. 7.60 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 163 Wages: Bookbinders. Wn- Ba- Yeaks. sls. Amount. Yeabs. sis. Amount. 1837, (high) .... wk. tlO.50 1840, (collators; girls; high) . wk. $6.00 (low) .... wk. 6.00 (collators; girls; low) . wk. 4.00 (apprentices; high) (apprenticeB ; low) wk. 3.00 (Bniehers; high) . wk. 11.00 wk. 2.00 (finishers; low) (folders: girls) (forwarders) . wk. 10.00 (boys; high) . (boys; low) . wk. 3.00 wk. 4.00 wk. 1.50 wk. 10.00 (foremen; high) (foremen; low) wk. 12.00 (pasters; girls) wk. 3.00 wk. 7.00 (sewers; girls; high) . wk. 6.00 (folders; high) wk. 5.50 (sewers; girls; low) wk. 4.00 (folders; low) wk. 3.25 1845, (finishers; high) . wk. 10.00 (sewers; high) (sewers; low) wk. 6.00 (finishers; low) wk. 8.00 wk. 3.00 (forwarders; high) wk. 9.00 1838, (high) .... wk. 10.60 (forwarders; low) . 1860, (collators; girls) . wk. 8.00 (low) .... (apprentices; high) wk. 6.00 wk. 5.00 wk. 3.00 (finishers; high) . wk. 12 00 (apprentices; low) wk. 2.00 (finishers; low) (folders; girls; high) . wk. 10.00 (boys; high) . wk. 3.00 wk. 6.00 (boys; low) . .' . 1 (foremen; high) . wk. 1.60 (folders; girls; low) (forwarders; high) ■ . wk. 4.00 wk. 12.00 wk. 12.00 (foremen; low) wk. 7.00 (forwarders; low) . wk. 9.67 (folders; high) (folders; low) wk. 6.60 (pasters; girls; high) . wk. 4.00 wk. 3.26 (pasters; girls; low) (sewers; girls; high) . wk. 3.00 (sewers; high) (sewers; low) wk. 6.00 wk. 6 00 wk. 3.00 (sewers; girls; low) wk. 6.00 Wages: Brewery and Distillery Elmployes. 1840, (brewery ; with board) . mo. $20.00 1860, (dislillery; low) . (fermenters, brewery ; wk. $10.00 (dittillery; with board) mo. 20.00 1860, (cellar men, brewery; high) .... wk. 14.00 high) .... wk. 14.00 (fermenters, brewery ; (cellar men, brewery; low) .... wk. 12.00 low) .... wk. 12.00 (kettle men, brewery) . (wash house hands. wk. 14.00 (dislillery; high) . wk. 15.00 (distillery; medium) wk. 12.00 brewery) wk. 11.00 Wages: Butchers. 17T1, . 1776, . 1808, . 1819, . day $0,333 day .333 day .60 day .75 1821, . 1826, . 1827, . day day day $0.76 1.00 1.00 Wages: Carpenters. 1772, day $0,441 1792 day $0,683 1778, . day .34 1793, (high) how) day .914 1774, . day .359 day .482 1778, . day .396 1794, (high) day .924 1779, (high) day 1.03 (low) 1795, (high) day .649 (low) day .847 day .833 1780, . day .444 (medium) day .75 1781, (high) day .619 (low) 1796, (high) day .583 (low) day .444 day .988 1782, (high) day .667 1 (low) day .678 (low) day .444 1 1797, (high) day .84 1783, (high) (lay .674 (low) day .583 (low) day .489 1798, (high) day .833 1784, . day .609 (low) day .76 1785, . day .69 1799, (high) day .785 1786, . day .638 (low) day .666 1787, (high) day .636 1800, (high) day 1.00 (low) 1788, . day .389 (low) day .836 day .50 1801, (high) day .99 1189, . 1790, . 1791, . day day day .564 .69 .649 (low) 1802, . 1803, (high) day day day .75 .833 1.08 164 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages : Carpenters — Conoltjded. Yeabs. Ba- sis. Amount. Ybaks. Ba- sis. Amoimt. 1803, (low) . day $0,788 1835, (and joiners; summer; high) .... 180i, (high) ■ . . day 1.16 day $1.25 (medium) . day .964 (and joiners; summer; (low) ■ day .668 low) .... day 1.12 1806, (high) . . day 1.75 (and joiners; summer; (medium) . daj 146 with board, high) day .90 (med. low) „ low) . . . day 1.17 (ond joiners; summer; . day 1.12 with board, low) day ,60 •1806, . . ,, . . day .994 (and joiners; winter; 1807, (high) . . . (medium) . day 1.60 high) .... day 1.12 . day 1.17 (ana joiners; winter; (low) . . . day 1.00 low) .... day 1.00 1808, fMgh) . . (medium) ■ day 1.75 (and joiners; winter; . day 1.00 with board, blgh) day .84 (med. low) (low) . . . day .889 (and joiners; winter; . day .668 with board, low) day .60 1809, (high) . . day 1.33 (and joiners — foremen) day 1.60 . (low) . . . . day 1.06 1837, (cotton mill; high) day 2.00 1810, (high) . • . . daj 1.11 (cotton mill ; low) . day 1.33 (low) . . . day 1.00 (machine shop) day 142 1811, (high) . . daj 1.68 1838, (cotton mill; high) day 2.00 (med. high) . . day 1.24 (cotton mill; low) . day 1.33 (med. low) . day 1.00 (machine shop) day 1.42 (low) 1812, (high) . . day .748 1846, (cordage works) . day 1.42 . day 1.40 (ship; high) . day 1.60 (low) . . 1813, (high) . . day . day , 1.00 1,43 (ship; low) (and joiners; summer; day 1.25 (medium) . day 1.26 high) .... day 1.83 (low) . day 1.00 (ana joiners; summer; 1814 . day 1.04 low) .... day 1.26 1815, (Bhip (and joiners; high) . day 1.25 (and joiners; summer; . day 1.00 with board, high) day .90 (and oiners; low) . day .75 (and joiners; summer; (and joiners; with b oard) day .625 with board, low) . day .75 (aiid joiners; sum mer; (and joiners; winter; ' with hoard, high) . day 1.26 high) .... day 1.12 (and joiners; sura mer; (and joiners ; winter; low) .... with board, low) . day .626 day 1^00 1816 . day 1.00 (and joiners; winter; 1817, (high) . day 1.42 with board, high) day .84 (low) . day 1.00 (and joiners; winter; 1819 . day 1.14 with board, low) day .60 1820 . day 1.00 (and joiners — foremen) (cabinet makers ; high) . day 1.50 1822 . day .89 day 1.50 1823 . day 1.00 (cabinet makers ; low) . (stair builders; nigh) . day 1.25 1824 . day .833 day 1.60 (cordage works) . day 1.33 (stair builders; low) . day 1,25 1826 . day .76 1850, (cordage works) day 1.50 (cordage woris; hi efh) . day 1.26 (locomotive works; (cordage works; me. high) . . . . day 1.68 diura . . day 1.00 (locomotive works ; low) day 1.39 (cordage works ; lo (ship; high) . w) . day .76 (metal work) . day 1.60 . day 1.33 1855, (locomotive works; high) day 1.83 (ship; low) (and joiners; sum high) . . day 1.25 (locomotive works ; med. mer; high) .... day 1.64 . day 1.33 .(locomotive works ; me- (and joiners; sum mer; dium) .... day 1.33 low) . . . day 1.00 (locomotive works; med. (and joiners; wl nter; low) .... day 1.17 high) . . . day 1.26 .(locomotive works; low) day .917 (and joiners; wl nter; (nail works) . day 1.75 low) . . . day 1.00 1857, (woollen mill ; high) , day 1.50 (and joiners; sum mer; (woollen mill ; low) day 1.00 with board, high) . day .84 (foremen, woollen mill) day 2.00 (and joiners; sum mer; 1860, (high) . . . . day 1.50 with board, low) . day .60 (low) .... (foremen; high) day 1.25 (and joiners; win ter; day 2.00 with board, high) . day .76 (foremen; low) day 1.75 (and joiners; win ter; (linen mill) (cabinet makers ; high) . day 1.75 with board, low) . day .60 day 2.00 1836, (cordage works) (shlpjTiigh) . . day 1.33 (cabinet makers ; low) . (stair builders; high) . day 1.60 . dny l.fiO day 2.00 (Hhip; low) . day 1.25 (elair builders; low) day 1.75 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 165 Wages: Carriage Makers. Ba- Ba- Ybaes. sis. Amount. Years. sis. Amount. .1831, (vheelwrigbtBiliigh.) . day $1.60 1838, (wood-workers; high) . wk. $9.00 (■whfelwrights; low) 1832, (and wheel mnkers; with day 1.S7 (wood-workers ; low) . wk. 7.00 1840r. (with board) . mo. 20.00 board, high) mo. 18.00 (bi.dy makers; with (and wheel makers ; with board) .... mo. 20.00 board, low) . mo. 16.00 (trimmers ; with board) . mo. 20.00 (body makers; with 1846, (high) .... day 1.25 I board, high) mo. 18.00 (low) .... day 1.00 (body makers; with 1850, (high) .... (low) .... da^ 1.75 board, low) mo. 16.00 day 1.60 (trimmers; with board. (piece work) . (trimmers ; nigh) . day 2.00 high) .... mo. 18.00 day 1.75 (trimmers: with board. (trimmers; low) day 1.60 low) .... mo. 15.00 (trimmers; piece work) day 2.00 1837, (wheelwrighls; high) . wk. 9.00 1860, (high) .... day 2.00 (wheelwrights; low) CWood-workersibigh) . wk. 7.00 (medium) day 1.76 wk. 9.00 (low) .... day 1.60 (wood-workers ; low) . wk. 7.00 (trimmers; high) . (trimmers; low) day 2.00 1838, (wheelwrights; high) . wk. 9.00 day 1.75 (wheelwrights; low) wk. 7.00 Wages: Clockmakers. 1816 day $1.13 1846, (low) .... 1860, (high) .... dny $1.12 1826, (high) . day 1.33 d.iy 2.25 (low) . day 1.26 (medium) day 1.76 1835, (high) . day 1.60 (med. low) day 1.60 (medium) day 1.25 (low) .... day 1.25 (low) day 1.12 (foremen; high) . day 8.00 1846, (high) . day 1.60 (foremen; low) day 2.00 (medium) day 1.26 Wag'es: Clothing Makers. 1803, (pantaloons; piece work) 1814, (coats; piecework) (yaatalooDB ; piece work) (pantaloonBcutterB; piece work) .... (walBtcoata; piece work) 1815, rtailorfl) .... (tailurs ; wltb board) 1826, (UHofb; high) (tallorii; low) . (tailors; with board) 1828, (tailors) .... 1835, (tailors; high) (tall^TB; low) . 1887, (coaU; high) . f coats; low) . (coats; custom work; high) . . . . (ooaie; custom work; low) .... (cutters; high) (cutters ; low) . (cutters; high) (cutters; low) . (frock couts; high) . (frock coats; low) . (overalls) (pantaloonB) . (pantaloons; high) . (pantaloons; low) . (pantaloons : c u a t o ra work; high) (pantaloons ; custom work; low) . (presBmen ; custom work ; "high) . . . . (pressmen ; custom work ; low) (vests; high) . pr. $0,416 p'ce 2.25 pr. 1.25 pr. .26 p'ce 1.25 u. 6.00 wk. 3.00 wk. 8.00 wk. 7.00 wk. 3.00 day 1.60 day 1.50 dny 1.26 wk. 7.60 wk. 6.00 wk. 9.00 wk. 7.68 • day 1.60 day 1.00 wk. 11.00 wk. 7.00 day 1.00 day .83 day .196 day .16 wk. 1.60 wk. 1.00 wk. 6.00 wk. 4.50 wk. 8.00 wk. 7.00 wk. 1.76 1837, (vests; low) . vests ; custom work; . high) . . . . vests ; custom work; low) . . . . 1838, (coats; high) . (coats; low) . (coats ; custom work; high) . . . . (coats; custom work; low) . . . . (cutters; high) (cutters; low) . (cutters; high) (cutters; low) . (frock coats ; high) . (frock coats; low) . (overalls) .... (pantaloons) . (pantaloons; high) . (pantaloons; low) . (pantaloons; custom work; high) (pantaloons ; custom work; low) . (pressmen ; custom work ; high) . . . . (pressmen ; custom work ; low) . . . . (vests; high) . (vests; low) . (vests; custom work; high) . . . . (vests; custom work; low) . . . . 1845, (tailors; high) (tailors; low) . I860, (tailors; high) (tailors; low) . wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. day day wk. wk. day day day d.iy wk. wk. wS. wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. day day day day $1.26 4 60 3.76 7.50 5.00 9.00 7.50 1.50 1.00 11.00 7.00 1.00 .B3 .195 .15 1.50 1.00 6.00 4.50 8.00 7.00 1.75 1.2i 4.60 3 75 1..50 1.26 1.75 1.50 166 . STATISTICS, OF LABOR. Wagres: Cordagre Makers. Ba- Ba- Ybars. sis. Amount. Yhaks. sis. Amount. 1825, (hatclieDers; high) day $1.17 1846, (boys; high) . day tl.2fr (hutcbellerB ; low) , day .838 (boys; low) . day .792 (patti-rn makers) . day 2.60 (foremen) day 1.83 (reelera) .... day 1.13 (spinners; high) day 1.32 (splnneia; high) day 1.20 (spinners; medium) day 1.06 (splnnerB; medium) day 1.00 (spinners; low) day .866 (epinnerB; low) diiy .833 (spinners — foremen; (spinners : boys) day .26 high) .... day 2.00 1826 day .667 (spinners — foremen; 1830, (rpinners; high) . day 133 low) .... dny 1.63 (spinners; med. high) . dny 1.25 1850, (hemp openers;' high) .. wfe. 6.00 (spinners; medium) day 1.11 (hemp openers; medium) wk. 5.60 (i-plnners; mt-d. low) . day 1.00 (hf mp openers; low) . wk. 6.00 (spinners; low) day .88 (lappers; high) wk. 6.00 (spinners — foremen; (lappers; medium) wk. 6.60 high) .... day 1.83 (lappers; low) wk. 6.00 ^ (spinners — foremen; (layers; high) wk. 16.00 low) .... day .958 (layers; low) . wk. 9.00 183S, (spinners; high) . day 1.17 (preparers; boys; high) wk. 4.00 (spinners; medium) day 1.05 (preparers; boys; low) (preparers; girls) . wk. 2.00 (spinners; low) day .92 wk. 2.00 (spinners — foremen; (spinners; high) day 1.50 high) .... day 1.83 (spinners; med. high) . day 1.36 (spiiinerB — foremen; (spinners; medium) day 1.25 low) .... day 1.33 (spinners; med. low) . day 1.13 1840, (hatchellera) . day 1.17 (spinners; low) day 1.00 (spinners) day 1.25 (spinners, hand hemp) . wk. 7.60 (spinners — foremen; (spinners, machine ; high) wk. 3.50 high) .... day 2.00 (spinners, machine;. low) wk. 3.00 (spinners — foremen; (spinners'- foremen) day 2.00 low) . . . . day 1.60 (spinners' helpers, hand hemp; boys; high) . (spin 1 lers, hand : women ; Sigh) . .' . . wk. 1.60 day .681 (spinners* helpers, hand hemp; boys; low) (spinnersihand; women; wk. 1.00 day .60 1856, (spinners — foremen) . mo. 76.00 Wages: Glass Makers. 1822, (gaffers) .... d-v $2.D4 1840, (journeymen) . wk. $9.81 (journeymefT) (journeymen) day 1.05 (boys) .... day .666 wk. 6.40 (cutters) .... 1845, (gaffeis) .... day 2.22 (boys) . day .64 wk. 19.38 (boys) wk. 3.28 (journeymen) . day 1.51 (cutters) . 1830, (gaffers) . day 1.63, (women and girls) . day .448 day 2.36 (boys) .... (cutters) .... day .642 (journeymen) day 1.39 day 2.17 Qourneymen) wk. 8.43 1860, (gaffers) .... wk. 19.88 (boys) . day .456 (journeymen) . day 1.63 (eutters) . 1836, (gaffers) . day 1.94 (women and girls) , day .667 day 2.49 (boy's) . . . . day .528 (joorneymer) (journeymen) fboys) . day 1.59 (cutters) .... day 2.24 wk. 8.75 1866, (gaffers) .... wk. 24.10 day , .672 (journeymen) . day 1.76 (cutters) . day 2.06 (women and boys) . day .69 1840, (KBffers) . day 2.87 ■ (boys) .... day .64 (journeymen) . day 1.49 (cutters) .... day 2.66 Wages: Gold and Silver Workers. 1839, (women) .... day $0.60 1846, ( women ; high) dny $0,667 (boys; high) . day .667 ( .663 women; low) day .50 (boys; low) . diry boys; high) . day .679 (overseers), day 1.46 bnys; medium) . day .60 {die tinkers) . (platers — journeymen '; day 1.60 buys; low) . . dsy .292 overseers; high) . day 2.26 high) day 1.22 overseers;' low) . day 2.00 (pmtere — journeymen ; platers — journeymen ; medium) day 1.00 high) .... day 2.00 (platers — journeymen ; plateta — Journeymen ; low) .... day .888 medium) day 1.60 WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 167 Wages : Gold and Silver "Workers — Concluded. Years. Ba- sis. Amount. YEAB.S. Ba- sis. Amount. 1845, (platem.-^ journeymen; 1855, (boys; high) . day $1.25 med. low) . day $1.23 (boys; medium) . day 1.00 (platers — JonrBcgunsn : (boys; low) . day .765 o „ , '"^^ V. V- ■ ■ day 100 (ovt-reeers; high) . d«y 3.00 1850, (women; high) *«T .881' (overseers; low) . day 2.00 (women; medium) (women; low) diiy .75 (casters) .... -day 1.83 day .869 (die sinkers) . day 2.67 l.eir\B) . . dsy .874 (platers — journeymen ; (boys; high) . day .908 high)' .... day 2.00 (hoye; low) . day .75 (platers — journeymen ; (OTeraeerB) day 1.33 medium) day 1.67 (casters) , . , . day 1.67 (platers. — journeymen ; dleslukers; high) day 2.25 low) .... day 1.32 die sinkers: low) . day 1.87 (platers — overseers) diiy 2.25 platers — journeymen ; 1857, (women; high) day .944 high) . . . . day 2.00 (women; low) day .574 (platers — journeymen ; med. high) . (boys; high) . day 1.04 day 1.67 (boys; medium) day .797 (platers — journeymen; (boys; low) . day .40 medium) day 1.88 (overseers; high) . day 3.00 (platers — journeymen ; (overseers; low) . day 2.60 med. low) . day 1.13 (die sinkers) . (platers — journeymen ; day 3.00 (platers — journeymen ; low) . . . . day .833 high) .... day 2.61 (platers — overseers; (platers — journeymen ; high) . . . . day 2.67 med. high) . day 2.07 (platers — overseers; (platers — journeymen ; low) . . . . day 2.00 medium) . . - . day 1.79 1866, (women; high) day .988 (platers — journeymen ; (women ; medium) . day .726 med. low) day 1.64 (women; low) day .53 (platers — journeymen : (girls; high) . . . day .433 low) .... day 1,27 (girls; low) day .375 Wages : Harness Makers. 1815, (with board) . 1825, (high) (low) (with board, high) . (with board, low) . 1836 1^40, (carriage; with board) 1846, (high) (low) (and saddle; high) . day $0.88 day .46 day 1.25 day 1.00 day .60 day .40 day 1.26 mo. 20.00 day 1.25 day 1.00 day 1.50 1845, (and saddle; low) . 1850, (high) (low) (piece work) . 1860, (high) . flow) (country tCwns; high) (country towns; low) (piece work, bigb) . (piece work, low) . (and saddle) . day $126 day 1.75 day 1.60 day 2.00 day 2.00 day 1.75 day 1.33 day 1.25 day 1.75 day 1.60 dav 2.00 Wages: Hat Makers. 1646, (high) .... day $1.60 1860, (low) .... day $1.50 (low) .... day 1.00 (h.)dy makers ; high) ^ £eant — Oon. Corn — Con. 1864 qt. $0,078 1796, (high) . . . . bu. tl.OO 1866; qt. .09 (low) . . . . bu. .656 Su. 2.50 1796, (Indian) .... bu. I.IO 1856, qt. .096 (Indian; wholesale) bu. l.OO pk. .60 1797, (high) .... bu. 1.11 1857 qt. .083 (low) .... (Indian; wholesale) bu. .667 1868 qt. .082 bu. 1.00 (Wgh) . . . . 6u. 3.00 1798, (high) .... bu. .958 1859, (high) .' : ; : bu. 1.87 (low) . . . . bu. .713 qt. .12 (wholesale) bu. .611 (low) . . . . qt: .073 1799, (Indian; wholesale) bu. .802 (high) . . . . (low) .... Su. 3.00 1800, (high) .... bu. 1.00 bu. 2.00 (low) . . . . (Indian) .... bu. .833 (wholesale!) ho. .75 bu. 1.08 1860, (high) .... (low) .... bu. 3.00 1801, (Indian) . bu. 1.21 bu. 2.80 1802, bu. .82 1803, (high) .... bu. .833 Buckwheat. J (low) .... bu. .75 1847 bu. .833 1804, (Indian; *holeBale) . bu. .917 1850 bu. .677 1806, pk. .28 1859 bu. 1.00 (high) .... bo. 1.50 (low) . . . . bu. .987 Corn. (Indian; wholesale) bu. 1.27 1752 bu. .778 1806, (wholesale) . bu. 1.00 1764, bu. .655 (Indian; wholesale) bu. .788 1766, pk. .222 1807, (high) .... bu. 1.17 1757, bu. .444 (low) .... bu. 1.09 1758, bu. .444 (wholesale) bu. .87 1769 hu. .555 (Indian) . bu. 1.00 1760 bu. .667 1808 bu. .971 1781, It .167 (wholesale, high) . bu. .962 .687 (wholesale, low) bu. .751 1762 pk. .167 1809, (Indian) .... bu. 1.01 bu. .667 (white) .... bu. .85 1763 pk. .167 1810, (high) .... bu. 1.27 176*, pk. .167 (low) .... bu. 1.06 1765 hu. .666 (Indian; wholesale) bu. 1.03 1766, (high) .... bu. .638 1811, (Indian; wholesale, high) bu. 1.45 (low) .... bo. .60* (Indian; wholesale, me- 1767,. . . . . . bu. .556 dium) .... bu. 1.17 1768, (Indian) .... bu. .483 (Indian; wholesale, low) bu. .973 1770, (Indian) .... bu. .60 1812, (high) .... bu. 2.00 1772, (Indian) .... bu. .667 (medium) bu. 1.68 1774, bu. .565 (med. low) bu. 1.25 1777 bu. .903 (low) .... bu. 1.17 (Indian) .... bu. .667 (Indian) .... bu. .916 1780 bu. .728 1813, (high) .... bu. 1.56 1782, (high) .... bu. .911 (low) .... bu. 1.25 (low) .... bu. .867 (Indian) .... bo. 2.00 1783, (new) .... bu. .559 (Indian; wholesale) 1814, (high) .... bu. 1.13 (old) . . . . bu. 1.15 bu. 1.70 1784 bu. .641 (medium) bu. 1.45 1785 11: .167 (low) .... bu. 1.08 .833 (Indian; wholesale) bu. 1.76 1788 bu. .785 1816, (high) .... bu. 1.50 (Indian) .... bu. .667 (low) .... bu. 1.25 1787, . . . . . . bu. .556 (Indian; wholesale) bu. 1.08 1788, (high) . > . . (low) .... bu. .889 1816, (hagh) .... bu. 1.60 bu. .667 (low) .... bu. 1.19 1789,. bu. .628 (cracked) bu. 1.17 1790 pk. .187 1817, (high) .... bu. 1.68 bu. .667 (low) .... bu. 1.2S 1791, (high) .... bu. 1.00 (Indian) .... bu. 2.00 flow) .... bu. .656 1818, (Indian; high) bu. 1.28 1792, (Indian) '.'.'.'. bu. 1.60 (Indian ; low) . bu. .96 bu. .692 (Indian; wholesale, high) bu. 1.00 1793, (Indian) .... bu. .828 (Indian; wholesale, low) bu. .92 (Indian; wholesale) bu. .76 1819, bu. 1.16 1794 . bu. .816 (Indian) .... pk. .28 (Indian) .... bu. .839 (Indian; high) . . bu. 1.00 (Indian; wholesale) bu. .667 (Indian; medium) . bu. .89 * On page 203, ante, in the wages and prices tables, the amount reads \ Is. instead of f 3«., the last named being the amount for which the currency value (.60) has been supplied. 182 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices: Agricultural Products — Continued. Ba- Ba- Yeaks. sis. Amount. YE1B8. sis. Amount. f Corn — Con. Com — Con. 1819, (Indian; low) . bu. $0.75 1867 bu. $0.95 1820, (high) . ■ . bu. 1.00 (wholesale) bu. , .90 (low) .... bu. .80 . (white) . bu. IM (wholesale) bu. .66 1858, (high) .... bu. 1.38 1821, (high) .... bu. liOO' (low) ... bu. .998 (low) .... bu. .672 (wholesale) bu. .956 (Indian) .... bu. .90 (white) . • . . bu. .79& (BOuthern) bu. .63, 1869 bu. 1.12 1822, (high) . bu. 1.00 (white) .... bu. .952 (low) bu. .725 1860, (wholesale) . bu. .804 (Indian) .... bu. .86 (Indian; wholesale) bu. .718 Cranberries. 1823, (high) .... bu. .90 1782, . .... pk. .296 (low) bu. .65 1783, . . . . pk. .139 1824,. bu. .816 1804 pk. .25 1825, ...... bu. 1.04 1805 pk. .375 , (wholesale) bu. .50 1811 pk. .25 (yellow; wholesale) 1826, (high) .... bu. .61 1821 pk. .25 bu. 1.07 1822, .... pk. .32 (low) .... bu. .74 1828, pk. .25 1827 Bu. .778 1832, (hish) .... pk. .70 (new; wholesale) . bu. .608 (low) .... pk. .38 (old; wholesale) . bu. .58 1834, . . ... bu. 2.26 1828, (high) .... bu. 1.00 1837 bu. 1.00 (medium) bu. .717 1838, . . ... pk. .50 tlow) .... (yellow; wholesale) bu. .52 1839, ... . . pk. .60 bu. ■ .361 1841, ... DU. 1.34 1829, (high) . . • . bu. .92 1843, bu. 2.00 low) bu. .738 1846 qt. .125 1880, bu. .666 1846 pk. .40 1831, (high) . . . . bu. .83 1847, . . ... bu. 2.00 (medium) bu. .687 1848 pk. .87 (low) .... bu. .556 bu. a.25. 1832, (high) .... bu. .894 jriax. (low) . .^ . . bu. .75 1767, ... . . lb. .139 1833, bu. .89 1768, lb. .121 1834 .bu. .875 1772, . .... lb. .10 1835 bu. 1.00 1780 lb. .125 1840 bu. .724 1781 lb. .111 (yellow) .... bu. .60 1782, ... . . lb. .178 1841, (high) .... bu. .938 1783 lb. . .143 flow) . . . . bu. .63 1784, . .... lb. .084 1842,, (high) . . . . bu. .825 1787, . . ... lb. .111 /low) . . . . bu. .688 1794 lb. .167 '(wfaolesnle, high) . bu. .75 1798, . . . . lb. .147 (wholesale, low) bu. .606 1799, ... . . lb. .174 (while; wholesakO bu. .585 1802, ... . . lb. .20 1843, '; bu. .68 1807, lb. .224 (wholesale) bu. .60 1811, . .... lb. .25 1844, bu. .62 1814, lb. .20 (wholesale) bu. .565 1816„ lb. .20 (white) . . . . bu. .518 1817 lb. .20 1846,. ... bu. .601 1818 lb. .20 (wholesale) bu. .502 1823 lb. .167 1846 bu. .901 1826, (high) . . . . (low) . . . . lb. .166 (wholesale) (white; wholesale) bu. .715 lb. .124 bu. .666 1847, ...... pk. .293 Flaxseed. bu. .847 1756 bu. .444 (wholesale, high) . bu. 1.14 1787 bu. .185 (wholesale, low) . bu. .805 1790 bu. .599 1848, . bu. .64 1792, bu. .913 (wholesale) bu. .66 1794 t: .187 1849, . . '. bu. .73 1796 .968 (wholesale) bu. .642 1821 lb. .247 1850, bu. .756 (wholesale, high) . bu. .787 Mops. (wholesale, low) . bu. .523 1805 . lb. .167 1851 bii. .769 1806, ... . . lb. .166 (wholesale) bu. .713 1807 lb. .25 1862, (white) .... bu. .749 1808 lb. .167 1853, (wholesale) . . bu. .69 1809 lb. .20 1865, (white) . . . . bu. 1.17 1819, lb. .248 1866, (wholesale) . bu. ■.712 1831, lb. .125 On page 214, ante, in the wages and prices tables, the basis reads " pt." Instead of "pk." WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 183 Prices: Agricultural Products — Continued. Ba- Hn- Tears. dis. Amount. Yeabs. sls. Amount. \ Bops — Cov. Onions — Con. 1837 lb. $0,176 1843, (high) . pk. $0,163 1838 Ih. .163 (low) .... pk. .125 1839 Ih. .173 1846 pk. .128 1842 Ih. .25 1848, ... . . pk. .22 1843 Ih. .168 bu. .664 184S Ih. .168 1860, ... . . bu. .634 1847 .... Ih. .169 1865, (high) .... bu. 1.00 1848 Ih. .186 (low) .... bu. .75 1860, Ih. .189 1866, pk. .249 1861, . . ... Ih. .181 1857, . . . . bu. 1.06 1864, Ih. .48 1858, pk. .25 1856, Ih. .333 bu. .942 1866 ih. .188 1859 bu. .95 1867, (high) lb. .34 (low) .... Ih. .25 Parsnips. 1868, \ Ih. .262 1756 pk. .167 1761 pk. .126 Oats. 1839 pk. .193 1T67 hn. .333 1843 pk. .17 1767 hn. .333 1782 hn. .647 Peas. bu. .637 1768 pk. .277 (low) .... hn. .347 1771 qt. .065 hn. .334 1783 pk. .514 1787, hn. .333 1804 pk. .31 hn. .667 bu. 1.34 1793, (high) .... hu. .60 1805, (high) .... pk. .667 hn. .333 (low) . . pk. .25 1798, \ . . : ■ . hn. .666 1813 pk. .80 hn. .416 1814, (high) .... pk. .80 1801 hn. .683 (low) .... pk. .45 1802 hn. .60 1819 qt. .06 1803, ... . . hn. .417 1821, (high) .... bu. 1.50 1806, hn. .765 (low) .... bu. .68 1807 hn. .662 1835 pk. .20 1808 hu. .683 1841 qt. .06 1809 hn. .465 1843, pk. .248 hu. .673 1846, (high) .... pk. .981 hu. .613 (medium) pk. .758 (whokeale) bu. .40 (low) .... pk. .50 1814, (high) .... bu. 1.13 (split) .... qt. .112 low)' . . . . hu. .67 1847, bu. 2.62 1816 hn. .60' split) . . . . pk. .75 hu. .67 1860, high) .... pk. .44 1821 bu. .35 low) .... pk. .32 hn. .60 1823, . . . hn. .498 Potatoes. 1826 hn. .69 1752, . . ." . bu. .40 1827, (whok'BBle) . bu. .36 1764, ... . . pk. .083 1828,. . . . . . bu. .203 bu. .333 1830, bu. .414 1755 bu. .389 1881 hn. .60 1766 pk. .111 1832, . . ... hu. .60 1769, ... . . bu. .333 1834 hu. .66 1760 pk. .10 1838 bu. .61 bu. .40 1839, fhigh) .... (low) . . . . bu. .66 1761 pk. .10 bu. .60 1762, . ... pk. .111 1840, \ bn. .48 bu. .389 1841 bu. .65 1763, bu. .50 (low) . . . . bu. .648 1764, (EngliBh) bu. .334 bu. .45 1765, (high) .... bu. .333 1843, \ bu. .40 (low) . . . . bu. .27 1846 bu. .468 (English) bu. .40 1846, (high) . . . . bu. .64 1766 bu. .333 low) . . . . bu. ■'i 1767, bu. .333 1847, \ hu. 1768, (EngUsh) bu. .40 1848 bu. .602 1770 bu. .25 1849 hn. .65 1771 bu. .204 1772, bu. .176 ' 1773, (English) bu. .333 1768, bn. 1.00 1774 bu. .231 1822, (high) . . . . pk. .26 1775, ... . . bu. .247 (low) . . . . pk. .18 1777 bu. .416 1841 bu. .63 1778, (EngliBh) . . . . bu. .333 184 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices : Agricultural Products — Continued. '^ — \ j Ba- Ba- Ykars. als. Amount. Yeaks. sis. Amount. Potatoes — Con. Potatoet — Coii. 1 1780, bu. $0 468 1826, (high) .... bu. $0.60 1781, . , bu. .333 (medium) bu. .42 1782, . bu. .60 (low) bu. .34 1783, (high) bu. .556 1827, . . . bu. ,261 (low) 1784, . 1785, (high) bu. bu. bu. .333 .167 .223 1828, . 1829, . (early white) 1830, . . bu. bu. .333 .10 1.00 .249 (low) bu. .167 1831, . bu. .276 1786, (high) bu. .296 1832, (high) . bu. .397 (low) bu. .223 (low) bu. .30 1787, . bu. .167 1833, (high) . bu. .40 1788, (high) bu. .333 (low) bu. .32 (low) bu. .228 1834, . pk. .126 1790, (high) bu. .222 bu. .37 (low) bu. .167 1836, ... t: .143 1791, . , , bu. .18 (high) . .667 1792, . bu. .25 (low) bu. .40 1793, (high) bu. .50 (wholesale) bn. .26 (medium) bu. .167 1836, . t: .31 (low) bu. .133 .75 1796, . . bu. .264 1837, . bu. .75 1796, . bu. .44 1838, (high) . bu. .76 1797, . bu. .416 (medium) bu. .60 1798, . bu. .266 (low) bu. .30 1799, . bu. .366 1839, (high) . bu. .76 1800, . bu. .36 (low) bn. .60 1802, . bu. .33 1840, (high) . bu. .60 1803, . bu. .366 (low) bu. .33 1804, (high) bu. .583 1841, (high) . (low) bu. .60 (low) bu. .33 bu. .26 1806, (high) bu. .563 (wholesale) bu. .378 (low) bu. .333 1842, . bu. .69 (wholesalf bu. .631 (wholesale) bu. .30 (early) bu. .74 1843, (high) . bu. .76 1806, . . pk. .226 (mediium) bu. .471 /(high) bu. .993 (low) . bu. .33 now) (wholeBak bu. .536 1844, . bu. 1.00 ) bu. .286 (wholesale) bu. .351 1807, . bu. .42 1846, (hlghj . pk. .376 1808, . bu. .322 (low) . pk. .216 1809, (high) bu. J14 bu. .60 (low) bu. .m (wholesale) bu. .333 1810, . . pk. .167 1846, (high) . , bu. 1.10 (high) bu. .536 (uKdium) ' bu. .75 (low) bu. .376 (low) bu. .666 1811, . . bu. .353 bbl. 2.60 1812, (high) bn. .499 1847, (high) . pk. .392 (medium) bu. .432 (medium) pk. .212 (low) bu. .333 (low) 11 .126 1813, (high) bu. .76. (high) . (medium) .90 (low) bu. .492 bu. .76 1814, (high) bu. .60 (low) bu. .608 (low) bu. .421 (wholesale) bu. .689 1816, (high) (low) bu. .498 1848, (high) . pk. .323 bu. .336 (low) (high) . l^. .18 1816, . bu. .461 1.26 1817, (high) bu. 1.16 (low) . bu. 1.03 (medium) bu. .651 (wholesale, high) bu. :l^ (low) bu. .33 (wholesale, low) bu. (wholesalf ) bu. .23 1849, .... ?S: .333 1818, (high) bu. .60 (high) . 1.23 (low)' bu. .834 (low) . bu. .966 1819, (high) bu. .696 (wholesale) bu. .82 (lew) bu. .406 1860, (high) pk. .38 1820, (high) bu. .50 ^(low) •(high) . t. .264 (low) bu. '.264 1^26 1821, (high) bu. .488 (medium) (low) . bu. 1.00 (low) bu. .197 bu. .76 1822, (high) bu. .33 (wholesale) bu. .509 (low) bu. .213 1861, . pk. .27 1823, (high) bu. .346 (high) . bu. .80 (low) bu. .26 (low) bu. .678 1825, (high) . bu. .876 1862, ■ . . pk. .40 (low) . . . .1 bu. .25 (wholesale) bu. .573 WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 185 Prices : Agricultural Products — Continued. Potatoes — Con. ISSS, (nholesale, high) (wholesale, low) 1851, (high) (medium) (low) (wholeaale) 1855, . . (high) . how) (wholesale, high) ' (wholesale, low) 1866 (wholesale, high) (wholesale, low) 1867, (high) (med. high) (medium) (low) (wholesale) 1868, (high.) (medium) (low) (wholesale) 1869, (high) (medium) (low) 1860, (high) (low) Btce. 1788 1792, .... (wholesale) 1794 (wholesale) 1788, (wholesale) . 1799 1801, . (wholesale) 1802 1803, (wholesale) 1804 1805 1806, .... (wholesale) 1807, .... (wholesale) 1808, (wholesale) 1809, (wholesale) 1810 1811 1812 1813, (high) (lo,w) (by the cwt.) . 1814, .... (wholesale) 1816, .... 1816, (high) . (low) 1817, .... (wholesale) 1818 1819 (wholesale) 1820, (wholesale) . 1821 18212, . . . ■ . 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828, .... Amount. $0,877 .406 .50 .362 .28 .755 .33 .60 .472 .851 .682 .459 .803 .437 1.56 1.25 .997 .777 .76 1.64 .321 .605 .65 1.00 .777 .599 1.00 .065 .034 .036 .041 .031 .036 .07 .066 .071 .067 .056 .064 .053 .044 .06 .049 .04 .04 .042 .053 .099 .085 .062 .084 .07 .046 .055 .014 .076 .061 .071 .071 .049 .042 .043 .045 .042 .044 .046 .046 .045 Sice — Con, 1829, . 1830, . 1831, . 1832, (high) (low) 1834, (high) (low) .1835, . 1836, . 1837, (high) (low) 1838, . 1839, . 1840, . 1841, . 1842, . 1843, . 1844, . 1846, . 1846, . 1847, . 1848, . 1849, . 1860, . 1861, . 1852, . 1854, . 1866, . 1856, . 1857, . 1858, . 1859, . 1752, . 1763, . 1754, . 1765, . 1766, . 1758, . 1759, . 1761, . 1762, . 1763, . 1764, . 1765, (high) (low) 1768, . 1767, . 1770, . 1780, . 1782, . 1783, . 1784, . 1785, . 1786, . (wholesale) 1788, . 1790, . 1791, (high) (low) 1792, . 1793, . (wholesale) 1794, . (high) flow) (wholesale) 1796, . (wholesale) 1796, (wholesale) 1797, . ' $0,043 .041 .047 .06 .045 .06 .04 .043 .051 .113 .063 .037 .059 .05 .048 .045 .039 .041 .047 .053 .062 .051 .05 .05 .061 .06 .075 .072 .066 .055 .061 .195 .80 .511 .806 .60 .656 .666 .667 .667 .687 .889 .667 .633 .667 .667 .444 .25 1.00 .33 1.06 .997 .25 1.00 .75 .944 .833 1.00 .667 .692 1.67 .836 .25 1.37 1.03 .918 1.42 1.17 1.33 .223 1.33 186 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices: Agricultural ProduQts — Continued. — -/— Ba- Ba- Yeaks. sis. Amouot. Tkaes. sis. Amount. Rye — CoT>. Bye — Con. 1800, (high) .... hu. $1.17 1827, (wholeanle, medium) bu. $0.60 (low) .... bu. 1.03 (wholesale, low) bu. .48 hag 2.50 1828, (high) bu. 1.03 1801, (high) .... buT 1.46 low) . bu. .82 (low) .... 1802, (high) .... bu. 1.26 1829, . . . bu. .936 bu. 1.17 1830, . Rk. .26 (low) .' . bu. l.U bu. .852 (wholesale) . bu. .791 (wholesale) bu. .735 1803,- (high) . . . . bu. 1.08 1831, . . . bu. 1.10 (low) .... bu. .903 1832, (high) . bu. 1.13 1804, (high) ... bu. 1.67 (medium) low) bu. 1.00 (med. high) . bu. 1.50 bu. .88 (medium) bu. 1.04 1841, . . . bu. 1.00 (low) .... bu. .761 1856, . . bu. 1.50 1805 pk. .416 [?r)' : : • : bu. bu. 1.61 1.33 Sguaahes 1845, . lb. .02 (wholesale, high) . bu. 1.72 1849* , ! ! lb. .01 (wholesale, medium) bu. 1.57 1855 * lb. .007 (wholesale, low) . bu. 1.25 1858 [ ', lb. .fl25 1806, (high) bu. 1.57 flow) .... (wholesale) 1807,. ..... bu. bu. bu. ■ 1.30 1.06 1.29 Sweet Potatoes. 1840, . . ... lb. .023 1808, ..'.... bu. 1.11 1841, . s?- .32 (wholesale, high) . bu. .95 , 1842, . lb. .02 (wholesale, low) 1809, (high) .... bu. .728 1843, . lb. .025 bu. 1.53 1845, . lb. .026 (low) .... bu. l.U (high) . pk. .327 1810, (wholesale, high) . bu. 2.00 (low) R?- .22 (wholesale, medium) bu. 1.56 1846, . lb. .022 (wholesale, low) . bu. 1.36 1847, (high) (low) lb. .08 1811, (high) . . bu. 2.18 lb. .029 (medium) hu. 1.64 bu. 1.20 (low) .... bo. 1.44 1848, . lb. .03 (wholesale) . bu. .75 fb":- .33 1812, (high) .... bu. 2.50 1849, .... .03 (medium) bu. 1.83 1850, .... lb. .029 (med. low) (low) bu. 1.44 pk. .333 bu. 1.16 1854 pk. .647 (wholesale) . bu. 1.03 1886 lb. .029 1813, (high) .... bu. 1.50 1857 lb. .036 (low) .... bu. 1.33 1858 lb. .03 1814 bu. 1.34 1815, (high) bu. 1.42 Turnips. (medium) bu. 1.32 1762 bu. .222 (low) .... bu. 1.09 1755, . bu. .333 1816, (high) . . . . (low) .... bu. 1.68 1758, . bu. .222 bu. 1.34 1759, . bu. .25 1817, (high) .... bn. 2.00 1760, . bu. .278 , (low) .... bu. 1.73 (French) . bu. .266 1818 pk. .34 1762, . pk. .063 (high) .... bu. .95 1763, (high) . (low) bu. .333 (low) .... bu. .85 bu. .223 (wholesale) bu. .81 1764, . . . bu. .25 1819 pk. .335 1766, . pk. .088 (high) . . (medium) bu. 1.42 1766, . bu. .278 bu. 1.17 1767, . 11: .083 (low) .... bn. .944 (high) . .292 1820 bu. 1.08 . (low) bu. .222 1821, (high) .... bu. 1.00 1770, ■ . . bu. .25 (low) . . bu. .747 1771, . bu. .255 1822, (high) .... bu. 1. 00 1775, . bu. .249 (medium) (low) .... bu. .324 1777, . 11 .178 bu. .68 1781, . .20 1823, (high) .... bu. .96 1782, . bu. .222 (medium) bu. .83 1783, . bu. .223 (low) .... bu. .635 1784, . bu. .244 1824 bu. .82 1785, . bu. .25 1825 bu. 1.00 1787, . bu. .223 1828, (high) .... bu. 1.12 1790, . bu. .333 (low) .... bu. .74 1798, . bu. .60 1827 bu. 1.00 1804, . pk .167 (wholesale, high) . bu. .72 1807, . • U. .333 WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 187 Prices : Agricultural Products — Concluded. Ba- Ba- YUAES. sis. Amount. Ykaes. sis. Amount. Turnips — Con. Wheat. 1810 bu. $0.60 1T70 bu. $0,999 1814, . bu. .45 1774, . . . bu. .999 1815, . . . bn. .50 1775 bu. .832 1822, . (French) . bu. bu. .25 .60 Wool. 1782, (high) . lb. ,416 1824, . . . pk. .07 (low) lb. .333 . (French) . bu. .40 1784, \ lb. .226 1825, . bu. .29 1802 lb. .416 1827, . . bu. .25 1803, (high) lb. .376 1831, .... bu. .25 (low) .... lb. .292 1841, (wholesale) bu. .20 1809,. ... lb. .476 1847, . bu. .835 1811, (lamb's) lb. .42 1848, . bu. .33 1812, . . ... lb. 1.10 (wholesale) bu. .125 1813, ... . . lb. .737 1853, . bu. .42 1814, (high) .... lb. 1.10 1854, (wholesale) bu. .494 (low) . . . lb. .85 1858,' bu. .26 1816,. . . . lb. .60 Soots. Soots — Con. 1796 pr. $6.00 1860, (calf) .... pr. $2.62 1803, (high) . pr. 4.08 1864, pr. 2 78 (low) . pr. 3 50 1856, (high) .... pr. 4.25 1806, . pr. 2.00 (mcd. high) . pr. 3.47 1808, . pr. 8.60 (medium) pr. 2.45 1809, (high) (low) pr. 7.00 (raed. low) pr. 1.25 pr. 5.00 (low) .... pr. .46 (short) . pr. 6 60 1856, (high) .... pr. 8,52 1810, . pr. 4.00 (med. high) pr. 2.76 1811, (high) pr. 8.50 (medium) pr. 1.91 (low) pr. 8.00 (med.low) pr. 1.29 (calf) pr. 9.00 (low) pr. .673 (long-legged) pr. 7.00 1867, (high) .... pr. 4.00 1813, . pr. 4.00 (mi-d. high) . pr. 3 41 (bootees) . pr. 1.75 (medium) pr. 2.47 1814, (high) . (low) pr. 9.00 (med. low) pr. 1.31 pr. 8.00 (low) .... pr. .753 1818, . pr. 7.00 1868, (high) pr. 3.75 1817, (small) . pr. .76 (med. high) (medium) pr. 3.13 1820, . pr. 4.50 pr. 2.05 1821, (high) pr. 7.00 (med. low) pr. 1.28 (medinin) pr. 6.26 (low) .... 1859, (high) .... pr. .64 (low) pr. 4.25 pr. 3.61 1822, . pr. 2 00 (med. high) P"".. 2.23 1828, . . pr. 4.60 (med. low) pr. 1.35 1830, (thin) pr. 4.50 (low) . . pr. .704 1831, . pr. 4.60 (sewed) . pr. 3.25 Suckles. 1833, . . 1837, (calf) pr. pr. 4.00 4.00 1793, (plated) . 1794, (knee) .... (plated) .... doz. doz. 3.60 .07 1838, (thick) . pr. 3.60 4.00 1839, . 1840, (high) . pr. pr. 4.60 3.62 (tin) doz. .778 1841. ^.'""l : pr. pr. 2.38 2.88 Calamanco. l8l!;[?.Tr^: pr. pr. 2.37 3.26 1783 1792, (wholesale) . .331'* .347 1845, (calf) pr. 2.75 1793 yd. .457 1847, . pr. 1.60 (cow-hide) pr. 2.33 Zeather. 1848, (high) pr. 3.00 1792, (wholesale) . lb. .203 (low) pr. 2.42 (sole; wholesale) 1793, (wholesale) . lb. .187 (boys') pr. 1.75 lb. .189 1849, ... pr. 2.50 1794, .... lb. .192 * Od page 207, ante, in the wngea nnd prices tables, the amount is printed as £t lis. 8e7. instead of Is. ll.Se^., tbe last named being the amount for which the currency value (.331) has been supplied. 188 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices: Boots, Sboes, and Leather — Continued. -J— • =T Ba- Ba- Years. sis. Amount. Ykaks. sis. Amount. Leather — Con. Shoes — Con. 1795 lb. $0,216 1788, ....... pr. tl.liO 1797, (wholesale-) lb. .20 1791, (lasting) . . . (satinet) .... pr. .683 1798 lb. .17 pr. .702 (wholesale) lb. .197 1792, (high) .... (low) pr. .938 1799 lb. .198 pr. .683 1801 lb. .22 (wholesale, high) . pr. .747 1810, ...... lb. .26 (wholesale, low) . pr. .581 1811, (sole; wholesale) . 1812, (high) .... lb. .81 (calamanco ; wholesale) pr. .629 lb. .29 (Plorpnttne; wholesale) pr. .791 (low) .... lb. .21 (girls' Florentine ; whole. 1813, (sole) .... lb. .187 sale) pr. .689 1819, (sole) .... lb. .19 (lasting; wholesale) pr. .678 1820 lb. .20 (leather; wholesale) pr. .764 1826, fsole) .... 1830, (sole) .... lb. .269 (satinet; -wholesale, hlirh) (satinet; wholesale, low) pr. 1.00 lb. .25 pr. .682 1793, (high) . . - . pr. 1.09 Rubber Boots. (low) . . pr. .528 1857, (high) .... (med. low) (low) .... 1858, (high) .... 1859, (high) .... (medium) (low) '. . . . pr. pr. pr. pr. pr. pr. pr. pr. pr. 8.50 (wholesale) pr. .702 3.00 (calamanco; wholesale) pr. .663 2.00 1.38 3.18 1.60 3.50 2.26 1.78 (Florentine; wholesale, high) . . . . (Florentine; wholesale, low) .... (lasting; wholesale) (leather) .... (leather; wholesale)' . (morocco) pr. pr. pr. pr. pr. pr. .881 .782 .693 1.08 . .648 .76 (satinet; wholesale, high) (satinet; wholesale, low) 1794, (hlif^i) .... flow) .... (wholesale) [clotji) .... fFlorentlne) . pr. .716 1898, (India) .... pp. pr. 1.88 1.60 pr. pr. pr. .601 .876 .667 isao, (India; high) . (India; low) . 1832, (India) .... pr. pr. pr. 1.26 ■, .876 1.26 1.26 pr. pr. pr. .716 .667 .916 1838 pr. . (Florentine; wholesale, 1840, . . ... 1843 1844, (high) pr. pr. pr. 1.00 .60 .75 high) . . . . (Florentine; wholesale, . medium) pr. pr. .897 .764 (low) .... 1847,. pr. pr. .926 1.00 (Florenflnb; wholesale, low) .... pr. .886^ 1852 1865, (high) .... pr. pr. 1.00 1.02 (Uatlug) .... (men's) .... pr. pr. .601' 1.17 pr. .747 (men's leather) pr. .833 1866, (high) ... pr. .662 (misses' Florentine) pr. .662 pr. 1 00 (russet; wholesale) pr. .626 (medium) (low) .... 1867, (high) pr. .764 (satinet; wholesale) pr. .709 pr. pr. 50 .98 (silk) . . . . 1796, (high) .... pr. pr. 1.08 .889 (low) .... 1868, (high) .... pr. .678 (low) . . . . pr. .666 pr. .677 (Florentine; wholesale, ,„„ (low) .... pr. .437 high) . . . . pr. .868 1859 pr. .699 (Florentine; wholesale. low) . . . . pr. .772 SanSak. (lasting; wholesali-) pr. .606 1795, (wholesale) . pr. .916 (russet; wholesale) pr. .667 1814, . ..... pr. 1.42 (sntinet; wholesale) pr. .699 1816, (wholesale) . pr. 1.08 1796, (high) . . . . pr. 2.00 1817 pr. 1.23 (low) . . . . pr. .90 (with English toes) pr. 2.26 Shoes. 1797, (wholesale, high) . pr. .723 1766 pr. 1.00 (wholessle, low) pr. .383 1761, ... . . pr. l.U 1798, (wholesale, high) . pr. .728 1767 pr. l.ll (wholesale, low) pr. .833 1772, (high) .... pr. 1.00 (bufF; wholesale) . pr. .333 (medium) . . . pr. .80 (gum ; wholesale) . pr. .728 (low) .... pr. .709 (morocco) pr. 1.00 1782, pr. .683 1709, (high) . . . . pr. 1.11 1783, (high) .... (medium) pr. 1.67 (low) . . . . pr. 1.00 pr. .907 1800, (high) . . . . pr. 1.88 (low) . . . 1784, (high) .... pr. .786 (medium) pr. 1.60 pr. .916 (low) . . . . pr. 1.00 (medium) pr. .76 (boys' thick) . pr. .667 (low) .... pr. 444 (meii'u thick) . pr. .84 1786,. pr. 1.17 (stulT) . . . . pr. .76 WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. Prices : Boots, Shoes, and Leather — Continued. 189 Ba- Ba- Years. sis. Amount. YliABS. sis. Amount. Shoes — Con. Shoes — Con. 1801, (leather and stuff: wbole- 1815, (med. low) . pr. $1.16 BBle) . . . . pr. $0.80 (low) pr. ■ .875 1802, (high) . pr. . 2.00 (boys') . pr. 1.00 (low) pr. 1.60 (women's) pr. 1.50 1803, (high) pr. 2.00 1816, (high) . pr. 2.09 (low) pr. 1.60 (medium) pr. 1.20 1804, (high) pr. 1.22 (med. low) pr. .897 (medium) pr. .76 (low) pr. .608 (low) pr. .394 (wholesale, high) . pr. 1.14 (wholesale) pr. .917 (wholesale, medium) pr. .927 (OHlf-skiii) pr. 1.28 (wholesale, low) pr. .671 1805, (high) (med. high) pr. 2.00 (Scotch ties; wholesale) pr. 1.07 pr. 1.65 (boys') . . . . pr. 1.03 (medium) pr. 1.S6 (cork) . . . . pr. 1.67 (med. low) pr. 1.2S (kid; wholesale) . pr. I.IQ (low) pr. .667 (men's) . . . . pr. 1.33 (morocco) pr. .96 (misses') . . . , pr. .50 1806, (high) pr. 2.00 (roan; wholesale) . pr. .732 (med. high) pr. 1.80 (walking; -wholesale) . pr. 1.15 (medium) pr. 1.25 1817, (high) . . . . pr. 2.25 (med. low) (low) pr. .667 (med. high) pr. 2.08 pr. .60 (medium) pr. 1.29 (wholesale) pr. .916 (med. low) , , pr. .961 1807, (high) pr. 2.00 (low) pr. .50 (medium) pr. 1.17 (wholesale, high) . pr. 1.11 (med. low) pr., .677 (wholesale, medium) pr. .90 (low) pr. .375 (wholesale, low) pr. .66 1808, (high) . pr. 2.80 (kid; wholesale) . pr. .971 (med. high) pr. 1.92 (morocco ; w h o 1 e s a 1 e, (medium) pr. 1.50 high) . . . . pr. .91 (med. low) pr. .849 (morocco; wholesale. (low) pr. .60 low) . . . . pr. .80 1809, (high) . pr. 2.13 (pumps) . . . . (roan) . . . . pr. .916 (medium) (med. low) pr. 1.26 pr. .70 pr. .969 (roan ; wholesale) ' . pr. .625 (low) pr. .75 (walking; wholesale) . pr. 1.13 (men's) . 1810, (high) . pr. 1.75 1818, (high) .... pr. 2.22 pr. 2.13 . (med. high) pr. 1.78 (med. high) pr. 1.71 (medium) pr. 1.23 (medium) pr. 1.17 (low) pr. .662 (med. low) (low) pr. .716 (small) . pr. .42 pr. .48 1819, (high) . pr. 2.28 1811, (high) . pr. 2.0O (med. high) pr. 1.50 (med. high) pr. 1.42 (medium) pr. 133 (medium) pr. 1.19 (med. low) pr. 1.03 (med. low) pr. .813 (low) pr. .677 (low) pr. .656 1820, (high) pr. 2.13 (boys') . pr. .83 (med. high) pr. 1.71 (children's) pr. .46 (medium) pr. 1.27 (men's) . pr. 1.00 (med. low) pr. .739 (women's) pr. 1.17 (low) pr. .825 1812, (high) . pr. 2.00 1821, (high) . pr. 2.80 (med. high) pr. 1.58 (med. high) pr- 2.00 (medium) pr. 1.10 (medium) pr. 1.32 (med. low) pr. .836 (med. low) pr. .875 (low) pr. .628 (low) pr- .58 (boys') . (men's) . pr. .02 1822, (high) . (medium) pr- 2.00 pr. 1.38 pr- l.Ol 1813, (high) . pr. 2.00 (med. low) pr- .69 (med. high) pr. 1.70 (low) . pr- .333 (medium) pr. 1.21 (kid) pr. 1.34 (med. low) pr. .733 (walking) pr. 1.44 (low) pr. .458 1823, (high) . pr. 1.28 (girls') . pr. 1.25 (medium) pr. .939 (walking) pr. 1.50 (low) pr. .515 1814, (hiith) . pr- 2.08 (thin) pr. 2.00 (medium) pr. 1.86 1824, (high) . pr. 2.00 (med. low) pr. 1.19 (medium) pr. 1.29 (low) pr. .751 (low) . . pr. .873 (boys') . pr. 1.04 1826, (high) . pr. 1.56 (walking) pr. 1.75 (medium) pr. 1.08 1815, (high) . pr. 2.25 (low) pr. .88 (med. high) . pr. 1.98 1826, (high) pr. 2.00 (medium) pr. 146 (med. high) . pr. 1.62 190 STATISTICS OF LABOK. Prices : Boots, Shoes, and I/eather — CONOLDDED. Ba- Ba- Teaks. sis. Amount. Years. sis. Amount. Shoes — Con. Shoea— Con. 1826, (medium) pr. $1.33 1846, (low) .... pr. $0.50 (raed. low) pr. 1.13 1847, (high) pr. 1.12 (low) pr. .68 (low) (ladies') pr. .618 1827, (high) . pr. 2.00 pr. 1.00 (raed. high) pr. 1.63 1848, (high) (low) pr. .75 (medium) pr. 1.14 pr. .60 (med. low) pr. .665 1849, . . pr. 1.00 (low) pr. .50 1860, (high) pr. 1.26 1828, (high) . pr. 2.13 (medium) pr. .92 (med. high) pr. 3.78 (low) 1861, (high) pr. .63 (medium) pr. 1.36 pr. 1.26 (med. low) pr. .999 (low) pr. .66 (low) pr. .626 1862, (high) pr. 1.26 1829, (high) . pr. 1.90 (low) pr. .625 (medium) pr. 1.02 1854, . . pr. 1.76 ' (low) pr. .62 1855, (high) pr. 2.00 1830, (high) . pr. 2.00 (med. high) pr. 1.55 (med. high) pr. 1.42 (medium) pr. 1.13 (medium) pr. 1.25 (med. low) pr. .866 (raed. low) pr. .867 (low) pr. .33 (low) pr. .626 1866, (high) . pr. 1..59 1831, (high) . pr. 1.92 (medium) pr. 1.09 (medium) pr. 1.30 (low) . pr. .677 (low) pr. 1.01 1867, (high) . pr. 1.76 1832, (high) . pr. 2.00 (med. high) pr. 1.47 .(medium) pr. 1.32 (medium) pr. 1.03 (low) . pr. 1.07 (med. low) pr. .68 1833, (high) . pr. 2.00 (low) pr. .37 (medium) pr. 1.63 1858, fhigh) . (medium) pr. 1.71 (low) pr. 1.13 pr. 1.01 1834, (high) pr. 1.42 (low) pr. .673 (medium) pr. 1.03 1859, (high) . pr. 1.67 (low) . pr. .542 (medium) (low) pr. 1.02 1835, (high) . pr. 2.00 pr. .604 (medium) pr. 1.38 (low) pr. -l.XO Slippers. (boys') . pr. 1.42 1792, (leather; wholesale) pr. .861 1836, (high) . , pr. 2.00 1794, . ... . . . pr. .556 (medium) pr. 1.47 1796, (wholesale) . pr. .656 (low) pr. 1.00 1816, (k i d and morocco; 1837, (high) pr. 2.00 wholesale) . pr. 1.02 (medium) pr. 1.50 (misses' kid and mo- (low) pr. 1.T4 rocco; wholesale) pr. .60 1838, (high) . pr. 1.60 1827 pr. .75 (medium) pr. 1.00 1830, . pr. 1.12 (low) pr. .75 1833, . pr. .626 (women's) pr. 1.25 1834, . pr. .631 1839, (high) . pr. 2.13 1836, (high) pr. 1.26 (medium) pr. 1.38 (low) pr. 1.13 (med. low) pr. 1.03 1838, . pr. .62 (low) pr. .62 1839, (high) pr. 1.P6 1840, (high) . pr. 1.88 (medium) pr. .76 (med. high) pr. 1.60 (low) pr. .50 (medium) pr. 1.21 1840, (high) pr. 1.76 (med. low) pr. .958 (low) pr. 1.26 (low) pr. .626 1841, . pr. 1.00 1841, (high) . pr. 1.50 1854, . pr. .76 (medium) pr. 1.26 1865, (high) pr. 1.63 (low) pr. 1.00 (medium) pr. 1.20 , 1842, (high) . pr. 1.42 (low) pr. .657 (medium) pr. 1.06 1866, (high) pr. 1.17 (low) pr. .60 (low) pr. .766 1843, (high) . pr. 2.00 1867, (high) pr. 1.07 (medium) pr. 1.33 (low) pr. .667 (low) pr. 1.00 1868, (high) (medium) pr. 1.26 1?44, (high) . pr. 1.26 pr. .963 (medium) pr. .906 (low) pr. .574 (low) pr. .50 1869, (high) (low) pr. .976 1846, fhigh) (medium) pr. 2.26 . pr. .627 pr. 1.17 (low) pr. .60 Taps. 1846, (high) . pr. 1.76 1762 pr. .167 (med. high) pr. 1.38 1766 pr. .167 (medium) pr. 1.00 1798 pr. .139 (med. low) pr. .827 1814 pr. .12 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 191 Prices : Buttons and Dress Trimmings. Ba- Ba- Tbabs. sis. Amount. Yeabs, sis. Amount. Bram. Buttons — Con. 1822, yd- $0,013 1816, (high) .... (low) .... doz. $0,232 1830, (high) p'ce .125 doz. .082 (medium) p'ce .069 1817, (high) . . . . doz. .333 (low) p'ce .04 (medium) doz. .242 1832, .... n'oe .04 (low) ■ . . doz. .127 1866, (high) . yd- .12 1818, (high) .... (low) .... doz. .316 (low) . . yd. .016 doz. .12 (by the stick ; high) ea. .10 1819 doz. .124 (by the stick; low) ea. .06 (vest) gro. .62 1856, p'ce .05 1820, (high) .... doz. .20 yd. .03 (low) doz. .10 (wholesale) yd. .017 1821, (high) .... doz. .167 1857, (high) . p'ce .10 (medium) doz. .125 (low) p'ce .056 (low) .... doz. .06 1858,. . . . p'ce .078 1822, (high) .... doz. . .371 (by the stick) . ea. .033 (low) . . . doz. .084 1869 yd. .056 1823, (high) . doz. .25 (high) . . p'ce .10 (low) .... doz. .099 ' (low) . . . . p'ce .063 1824, (high) . . . doz. .264 (medium) doz. • .107 (low) .... doz. .033 doz. .628 1826, (high) .... doz. .20 (medium) doz. .264 (low) doz. .083 (low) doE. .153 1826, . . . . ' . doz. .042 1783, (high) . doz. .683 1827 doz. .066 (med. high) doz. .493 1828 doz. .333 (medium) doz. .291 1829, ... . . doz. .097 (med. low) doz. .136 1830, (high) .... doz. .125 doz. .042 (low) doz. .04 . 1784, (high) .... doz. .916 1831, doz. .10 , (low) doz. .14 1832, doz. .08 1786, . . . . doz. .083 (pearl) .... doz. .26 1787 doz. .213 (twist) . doz. .42 1788 doz. .145 1833, (high) .... doz. .125 1791, (high) doz. .833 (low) .... doz. .052 (low) . . doz. .178 1835, (high) .... doz. .083 gro. 3.33 (low) doz. .04 1792, (high) .... doz. .375 1837, (high) .... doz. .14 (low) doz. .083 (low) .... doz. .03 1703, (high) . duz. .50 1838, . . ... doz. .17 (medium) doz. .284 1839, (high) .... doz. .248 (low) doz. .06 (low) . . , . doz. .043 (sleeve) . gi-o. 1.60 (bone) .... doz. .06 1794, (high) . doz. .333 1840, (high) .... doz. .163 (low) doz. .187 (low) Soz. .09 1795, .... doz. .083 1841 dnz. .031 (high) . . gi'o. .833 1842 doz. .04 (low) gro. .482 1843 doz. .17 (plated) . gro. 1.50 1846 doz. .125 1800, (plated) . gro. 1.67 1846, (high) .... doz. .177 1801 gro. .583 (low) .... doz. .06 1802, (high) . gro. .847 1856, (high) .... doz. .87 gro .60 (med. high) . doz. .25 doz. .126 (med. low) (low) .... doz. .124 (sleeve) . gro. 1.25 doz. .028 1803, (coat) , (gilt vesty gro. 1.11 1866, (high) .... doz. .375 gro. 1.50 (medium) doz. .247 (vest) gro. .92 (low) .... doz. .071 1805, .... doz. .097 1867, (high) . ' . doz. 2.00 gro. 3.00 (med. high) (med. low) doz. 1.67 1806, (coat) gro. 1.11 doz. .457 (figured) . gro. 1.33 (low) .... doz. .109 1807, .... doz. .104 1858, (high) doz. .252 gro. 1.76 (medium) (low); . . doz. .115 1808, .... doz. .20 doz. .033 1809, .... doz. .155 1869, (high) . doz. .201 1810 doz. .167 (medium) ... doz. .12 1811 doz. .388 (low) doz. .048 1812, (high) . doz. .373 (medium) doz. .231 Fringe. (low) doz. .125 1857, (high) .... (low) .... yd. .164 1814, . . . . doz. .113 yd. .071 1815, (high)' . doz. .782 1858, (high) .... yd. .50 (low) . . doz. .188 (medium) yd. .378 192 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices: Buttons and Dress Trimming's — Concluded. Ba- Ba- TSABS. sis. Amount. TsAsa. sis. Amount. Fringe — Con. Tape— Con. 1858, (low) .... yd. t0.187 1820, ...... p'ce $0,125 1869, (high) .... (low) .... yd. .490 1821, . p'ce .097 yd. .179 1822, (high) p'ce .20 (low) p'ce .096 Oalloon. 1823, (high) p'ce .172 1807, . . gro. 3.33 (low) p'ce .103 1810, . . yd. .042 1824, (high) (medium) p'oe .20 1816, . yd. .051 p'ce .10 JIfi' • yd. .03 (lowT p'ce* .026 18SS, . yd. .057 1825, . . p'ce .047 1857, . yd. .057 1827, (high) p'ce .235 1858, . yd. .064 low) 1829, (high) p'ce .068 1859, . yd. .053 p'ce .115 (low) p'ce .077 Moire Antique Trimming. 1832, (high) p'ce .10 1855, (high) .... yd. .167 (low) , p'ce .067 (low) .... yd. .124 1834, (high) (low) p'ce .068 1858 yd. .165 p'ce .038 1836, (high) p'ce .09 Tape. (low) p'ce .05 1783 yd. .025 1836, . . p'ce .04 1784 yd. .017 1837, (high) p'oe .125 1806 p'oe .123 (low) p'ce .084 1806 p'oe .167 1838, . . p'ce .113 (ferret) . yd. .041 1839, . p'ce .08 1808 p'oe .20 1843, . p'ce .043 1810, (high) . ■p'ce .267 1845, (high) p'ce .083 (low) . . p'oe .104 (low) p'ce .05 Kll, . p'oe .116 1846, . . . p'ce .05 (ferret) . yd. .04 1851, . p'ce .05 1812, .... p'ce .126 1855, (high) (low) p'ce .08 (ferret) . . yd. .06 p'ce .06 1814 yd. .063 1896, . p'ce .049 1816 p'oe .09 1857, (high) (medium) p'ce .075 1817 yd. .02 p'ce .052 1818, .... p'ce .08 (low) p'ce .03 (Bilk ferret) . yd. .083 1858, . . p'ce .059 1819, (high) . ■p'ce .192 1859, . p'ce .066 (low) .... p'ce .117 * Od page 252, aniet in the wages and prices tables, the basis reads "lb." instead of '*p*ce.'' Prices : Carpetingrs. Socking. Ifats. 1821, yd. $0,667 1802, (high) .... ea. $0.75 1822 yd. .666 (low) eii. .183 1830 yd. .75 1804, (high) ea. .626 1843, yd. .417 (low) 1808, . ea. ea. .165 .163 Octrpeting. 1831, (entry) ea. 1.00 1798 yd. .786 1847, . . ca. .92 1808 yd. 1.25 1867, . ea. 1.00 1816 yd. 1.50 1821, .yd. 1.26 1829, (high) .... (low) .... yd. 1.26 Oa-cloth. • yd. .725 1794, yd. .583 1830, yd. 1.00 1807, . yd. .611 1831, (Kidderminster) . yd. 1.33 1845, . yd. .75 1837, (stair) . yd. .167 1848, . yd. .76 1838 yd. 1.00 1856, . yd. .511 1839, (high) . . . . yd. .373 1857, . yd. .631 (low) .... yd. .20 1859, . yd. .377 1842 yd. .625 1861, . . . ' . U- .873 1862, (straw) .... 1864, (straw) .... yd. .247 Bugs. yd. .37 1800 eft. .916 1866, yd. .171 1819, (Brussels) ea. 14.50 1858 ■yd. .416 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 193 Prices : Clothing. Ba- Ba- Ybahs. sis. Amount. Yeaes. sis. Amount. Bonnets. Gloves — CoTi. 1820, (Leghorn) ea. $12.00 1822, ... pr. $0.62 1338, (high) ea. 2.00 1823, (high), how) pr. .67 (low) ea. .75 pr. .25 18S9,.(high) . ea. 2.00 1824, (high) pr. 1.25 (low) . ea. .833 (low) pr. .333 1840, (high) . ea. 1.25 1825, . pr. .25 (medium) ea. 1.00 (kid) pr. .583 (low) ea. .60 1826, . pr. .54 1841, (high) . ea. 2.50 1827, (high) pr. .683 how) • ea. .75 1828, (high) pr. .125 1842, (high) . ea. 3.00 pr. .62 (low) ea. 1.00 (low) pr. .125 1849, . . . ea. 2.70 1829, (high) pr. .687 how) pr. .229 Breeches. (kid) pr. .54 1783 pr. 1.00 1830, (high) pr. .76 1791, (corded Nankeen) . (India Nankeen) , pr. S.75 (medium) pr. .58 pr. 3.12 (low) pr- .42 1832, (high) pr. .625 Gloaha. (low) pr. .64. 1845, (cashmere) ea. 14.00 1833, (high) pr. .687 1848, (cashmere) ea. 14.00 . (low) 1834, (high) pr. pr. .291 .60 Coats. (low) pr. .31 1783, ea. 1.60 1836, (high) (low) pr. .875 1804, . ea. 13.00 pr. .40 1840, . ea. 25.62 1836, (high) (low) pr. .75 1845,.. ea. 1.76 pr. .411 1856, Aigh) . ea. 12.60 1837, . pr. .25 • . (med. high) ea. 9.44 (kid) pr. .50 - (medium) ea. 6.98 1838, (high) pr. .717 (low) ea. 4.83 how) pr. .42 1867, (high) . ea. 8.76 1839, (high) pr. .60 . (med. high) ea. 7.50 (low) 1840, fhigh) pr. .25 (medium) ea. 6.67 pr. .42 (med. low) (low) ea. 6.58 (medium) pr. .25 ea. 4.2B (low) pr. .154 1868, (high) ea. 12.76 1841, (high) pr. .75 (med. high) ea. 9.00 (low) pr. .80 (medium) ea. 6.66 1842, . pr. .25 (med. low) ea. 4.92 1848, (high) pr. .375 Mow) ea. 3.18 (low) pr. .25 (linen; high)- ea. 1.76 1844, (high) . pr. .74 (linen; low) ea. 1.25 (low) pr. .063 1869, (high) .■ ea. 8.80 1846, (high) . pr. 1.00 (med. high) ea. 6.84 (low) pr. .08 (med. low) ea. 4.14 1847, (high) . pr. .47 (low) ea. 1.76 (low) pr. .25 1848, (high) (low) pr. .663 Gloves. pr. .42 1782, .:.... pr. .847 1849, . pr. .23 1783, (high) . pr. .60 1860, (high) pr. .37 (medium) pr. .375 (low) pr. .25 (low) pr. .224 1861, (high) pr. .76 1784, (high) . pr. 1.08 (low) pr. .20 (low) 1793, (silk) pr. .267 1852, . pr. .26 pr. 1.26 1864, . pr. .60 (worsted) pr. .389 1865, (high) pr. 1.04 1794, . . . pr. .26 (medium) pr. .591 1805, . . . pr. .668 how) 1866, (high) pr. .26 1806, (cotton) . pr. .333 pr. .683 1807, . . . pr. Lib (medium) pr. .38 1808, . pr. .60 (low) 1857, (high) pr. .196 1816, . pr. .46 . pr. 1.21 1816, (high) . pr. .76 (medium) pr. .79 (low) 1817, (high) . pr. .473 (low) Md) pr. .291 pr. .398 pr. .855 (16w) 1819, (high) . pr. .25 1858, (high) P.r- 1.12 pr. .688 (med. high) pr. .78 (low) pr. .272 (medium) pr. .576 1820, .... pr. .375 (med. low) pr. .407 1821, (high) pr. .50 (low) pr. .213 (low) pr. .20 Iki&l . pr. .838 (kid) . . . pr. 1.00 1859, (high) t . pr. 1.12 194 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices: Clothing— Continued. Ba- Ba- Yeaks. sis. Amount. • Yeabs. sis. Amount. Gloves — Con. Bandkerchie/B — Con. 1859, (med. high) . pr. $0,783 1818, (cottiin; low) . . ea. $0,042 (med. low) pr. .294 1819, (high) . ea. ,75 (low) .... pr. .136 (medium) (low) (Bilk) ea. ea. ,26 .125 Sandkerchie/a. ea. 1,95 1767, doz. 1.33 1821, . . ea. ,46 (largest) .... doz. .622 (Bilk) . . ea. 1,00 (&walle8t) doz. .888 1822, (high) . ea. .25 1774 ea. ,40 (low) . . ea. .165 1776 ea. ,333 1823, (high) . . ea. .412 1782, (high) . ea. ' ,244 (low) ea. .126 (low) .... ea. .099 1824, (high) ea. .83 1783, (high) .... ea. 1.01 (medium) ea. ,60 (medium) ea. .636 (low) ea. ,125 (low) .... ea. .367 1826, (high) . . ea. .60 (gauze) . ea. .617 (low) ea. .187 1784, (high) . . . . ea. 1.08 1826 ea. .113 (med. high) ea. .89 (Bilk; hiifli) . ea. .92 (medium) . . ea. .706 (Bilk;: low) ea. .75 (med. low) ea. .382 1827, (high) ea. ,67 (low) ea. .25 (low) . ea. ,148 1787 ea. .944 1828, (high) . ea. .76 (bandanna) p'ce 11.25 (medium) (low) . . ea. .60 (Barcelona) . doz. 16.32 ea. .147 1701, (black silk) . ea. 1.11 1829, (high) ea. .366 (checkered) . doz. 3.66 flow) . ea. .214 (linen) . 1792, (bandanna) doz. 2.84 1830, (high) ea. .222 p'ce 5.00 (low) . ea. .125 1793 ea. .944 (bandanna) ea. 1.13 (bandanna) ea. 1.07 1831, (high) . ea. .62 (linen; high) . ea. .60 (medium) ea. .38 (linen: low) . ea. .25 (low): (Bilk} : . ea. .211 (Bilk) . . . . (silk and cotton ; high) . ea. .614 ea. 1.26 ea. .667 1832, . , , ea. .56 (Bilk and cottun ; low) . ea. .60 1833, (high) . ea. .52 1794, \ . . . ' . . doz. 2.00 (low) 'ea. .103 (bandanna) ea. 1.25 1834, (high) ea. .63 (linen) .... (mubltn) .... ea. .181 (medium) ea. .217 ea. .683 (low) . ea. .04 1795, (bandanna) ea. 1.17 (neck) ea. .333 1801, (Malabar) (silk; high) . doz. 4.00 1836, (high) ea. .468 doz. 10.00 (low) ea. .224 (Bilk ; low) (white checked) doz. 8.67 1836, (high) . ea. .777 doz. 4.33 (low) ,ea. .28 1803 doz. 3.33- 1837, (high) . ea. .60 1804 ea. .26 (medium) ea. .347 1805 ea. .75 (low) ea. .253 (cotton) . . . • . doz. 2.67 1838, (high) ea. .875 1807 ea. .313 (medium) ea. .417 1810, (high) .... ea. .75 (low) ea. .243 (low) . . . . ea. .175 (silk) . ea. ,625 1811, (high) . ea. .26 1830, (high) ea. ,75 (low) . . . . ea. .063 (med. high) ea. ,50 1812,- high ea. .83 (medium) ea. ,302 medium . ea. .67 (low) ea. ,117 low ea. .53 1840, (high) ea. .38 (bandanna) ea. .75 (low) ea. ,25 1813, ...... ea. .83 (Bilk) ea. ,75 (silk) . . . . ea. 1.60 1841, (high) . (medium) ea. ,671 1816, (high) . . . . ea. 1.25 ea. ,42 (low) . . . . (bandanna) ea. .23 (low) ea. ,233 ea. 1.50 (Spital&eld) 1842, (high) . ea. 1,13 (Bilk) . . . . ea. .96 ea. ,75 1816, (higli) . . . . ea. .67 (low) ea. ,25 (low) . . . . ea. .168 1843, (high) . (low) ea. ,42 1817, (high) . . . . ea. 1,00 ea. ,27 (med. high) . ea. .67 1844, (high) . ea. 1.00 (medium) ea. ,42 (med. high) ea. .75 (low), . . . . ea. ,168 (medium) ea. .69 (bandanna) (Biik)l . . . . ea. 1,00 (med. low) ea. .33 ea. 1,00 (low) ea. .21 1818 ea. ,60 1845, (high) , . ea. .60 (cotton; high) (cotton; medium) . 1 ea. ,292 (low) , . ea. .33 ea. .125 (silk : . . . . ea. 1.00 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. Prices : Clothing — Continued. 195 Ba- Ba- Yeibs. sle. Amount. Yeabs. sis. Amount. Handkerchiefa — Con. Sata — Con. 1846 ea. $0.46 1806, (silk; low) . doz. $16.00 1847, . . . ea. .125 (youths' camels hair) . ea. 1.00 (sill!) ea. .67 1807, (men's; high) . ea. 2,67 1848, (high) . ea. .25 (men's; low) . ea. 1,80 (low) (silk; high) ea. .164 (youths') .... (youths* beaver) ea. .016 ea. .75 ea. 2.25 (Bilk; medium ea. .627 1808, . ... ea. .92 (silk; low) ea. .37 (youths') .... doz. 7.00 1849, . \ ea. .20 1809, (high) .... ea. 6.00 1860, . . . ea. .60 g?,l] : : : : ea. 1.38 1861, . ea. .125 ea. 2.60 1862, . ea. .666 1810, (high) .... ea. 3.06 1854, (silk) fa. .625 (medium) low) .... ea. 1.47 1866, (high) . ea. .725 ea. .583 (medium) low) . ea. .306 1811 ea. .76 ea. .15 1812, (high) . . . . ea. 2.00 (silk; high) (ailk low) ea. .80 (low) .... (beaver) .... ea. 1.00 ea. .68 ea. 7,00 1866, (higli) ea. .623 (youths') .... ea. ,683 (medium) ea. .268 1813, (high) .... ea. 6,50 (low) aiik; liigh) ea. .108 (low) .... ea. 1,00 ea. 1.20 1814, (high) .... ea. 6.60 silk; low) ea. .68 (medium) (low) .... ea. 3,64 1867, (high) ea. .60 ea. 2.61 (medium) ea. .36 (boys') . . ea. .76 (low) ea. .172 (felt; high) . (felt; low) ea. 1.00 1868, (high) ea. .464 ea. .75 (medium) ea. .236 (men's; high) . ea. 6,60 (low) ea. .113 (men's; low) . ea. 1.00 1859, (high) ea. .452 (men's broad brimmed: (medium) ea. .286 high) .... ea. 3.00 (med. iow) ea. .14 (men's broad brimmed; (low) ea. .045 low) .... ea. 2.75 (youths'; high) ea. 3.00 ' HaU. (youths'; low) 1815, (high) ea. 2.26 1764 ea. 6.67 ea. 3.00 1783, (high) . ea. 6.00 (low) .... ea. 1.00 rmed.high) (medium) ea. 4.66 (youths') .... ea. 3.00 ea. 3.61 1816, (high) .... ea. 7.00 (med. low) ea. .696 (med. high) (medinm) ea. 4.50 1784, (high) ." ea. .139 ea. 3.60 ea. 3.96 (med. low) ea. 2.50 , ?med. high) (medium) ea. 3.66 (low) .... ea. 1,00 ea. 1.96 (straw) . ea. ,26 (med. low) (low) . ea. .354 1818, (high) .... ea. 2.00 ea. .139 (iow) .... ea. 1,00 1792, . . . ea. 3.33 1822, (beaver) .... ea. 2,25 (castor) . ea. 2.67 1824, ea. 3,60 1793, (higli) . ea. 5.16 1826, (high) . . . . ea. 5.00 (med. high) ea. 3.94 (io-w) . . . ea. .794 (tnedium) ea. 3.01 1828, (fell) .... ea. 1.60 (med. low) ea. 1.18 1831 ea. 4.00 (low) ea. .667 1832, (fur) ea. 4,00 (boys') . ea. .60 1833, (high) .... ea. 6.00 (castor; high) ea. 4.00 (medium) ea. 2.75 (castor; low) (wool) . ea. 3.60 ^ (low) .... ea. .26 ea. .667 1836, ea. 2.26 1794, (high) . ea. 3.00 1838, ea. .169 (low) (castor) . ea. .667 (^oya-) .... ea. 2.00 ea. 6.00 (t"r) ea. 8.00 1802, (beaver) . ea. 5.60 1839, (high) .... ea. 3.50 1803, . ea. .75 (low) . . . . ea. .315 1804, . ea. 6.50 1841, (high) .... ea. 4.00 1806, (high) . ea. 5.60 , (low) .... ea. 1.75 (iow) (silk) iwe, (high) . ea. 2.60 1844 ea. 3.50 doz. 24.00 1845, ea. 4,50 ea. 6.00 1846 ea. .25 (med. high) ea. 4.60 1847, (high) . . . . ea. 2,25 (medium) ea. 3.43 (low) .... ea. .407 (med. low) ea. 2.00 1848, (high) . . . . ea. .398 (low) ea. 1,00 (low) .... ea. .13 (boys' superilire; high) . ea. .663 1865, (high) .... (medium) . . . ea. 8.00 (boys' superjine; low) . ea. .50 ea. 2,06 (silk; high) .. . . doz. 17.00 (low) ea. 1,06 196 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices : Clothing — Continued. Ba- Ba- Years. sis. Amount. Tears. sis. Amount. Rata — Cob. J7o«e — Con. 1856, (Mgh) . . . . (medium) ea. (3.00 1822, (wooUen) pr. $0.68 ea. 1.37 1823, (high) . (low) pr. .70 (med. low) ea. .70S pr. .60 (low) . . . . ea. .238 1824, (high) . (medium) pr. 1.13 186T, (high) . . . . ea. 8.17 pr. .653 (med. high) . . . ea. 1.91 (med. low) (low) pr. .45 (med. low) (low) . . . . ea. .881 pr. .26 ea. .24 1826, . . . pr. .76 1858, (high) .... ea. 3.54 1826> (high) . (medium) pr. 1.60 (med. high) . ea. 2.57 pr. .859 (medium) ea. 1.67 1827, (hilh) ; pr. .375 (med. low) ea. .8^8 pr. (low) . . . . ea. .258 (med. high) pr. .76 (ladies') . . . . (straw; high) . ea. .75 (medium) pr. .622 ea. 1.12 (med. low) pr. .2&I (straw; medium) . ea. .60 . „ ('0^) • pr. .063 (straw; low) . ea. .186 1828, . pr. .683 1859, (high) . . . ea. 2.79 1829, (high) . pr. .376 (medium) ea. 1.73 (low) pr. .282 (med. low) ea. 1.02 1830, (high) . pr. .46 (low) . . . . ea. .331 (medium) (low) . 1831, (high) . pr. pr. .389 .26 Moie. pr. .76 1787, (cotton) .... pr. .833 (medium) pr. .478 (worsted) pr. 1.25 1832, (high) ; pr. .283 1788, . . . . . . pr. .416 pr. .918 1792, (high) .... pr. 1.83 (medium) pr. .642 (low) .... pr. 1.11 (low« pr. .376 1793, (high) . . . . pr. 1.22 1883, : . pr. .625 (low) .... pr. .89 1834, (high) . pr. .76 1794, (high) . . . . pr. 1.41 (low) . pr. ,65 (medium) pr. 1.21 1836, (high) . pr. .865 (low) . . . . pr. 1.13 (low) pr. .626 1795 doz. 9.34 1836, (high) . pr. .769 (ribbed) .... doz. 12.00 „ (low) pr. .26 1797, (cotton; wholesale) pr. 1.06 1887, (high) . pr. .75 (Bilk) .... pr. 8.33 „ „ (""') ■ pr. .468 1800, (ribbed) .... pr. 1.00 1838, . pr. .615 1801, (cotton) .... pr. 1.00 1839, (high) . pr. .666 (silk) .... (worsted) pr. 1.17 (low) . pr. .17 pr. .972 1840, (high) . pr. .76 1802, (cotton) .... pr. 1.83 (medium) (low) . pr. .626 1803, (Bilk) . . . ^ 1804, (silk) . . . . pr. 1.78 pr. .44 pr. 1.50 1841, . pr. .69 1805, (worsted) pr. .76 1842, (high) . . pr. .67 (worsted; wholesale) . pr. .838 (medium) pr. .624 1806 pr. 1.42 (low) pr. .437 1807, pr. 1.18 1843, (high) . . pr. .50 (worsted; wholesale) . pr. 1.00 ,„. "<"'> ■ pr. .27 1808 pr. 1.76 1846, (high) . pr. .376 (worsted) doz. 12.67 (medium) pr. .26 1809, (high) .... pr. 1.60 pr. .17 (low) .... pr. 1.00 1847, (high) . pr. .71 (cotton) .... pr. .75 (low) 1848, (high) . pr. .126 1810, . . . . . . pr. 1.84 pr. .33 1811, (high) .... pr. 1.25 (medium) (low) pr. .19 (low) .... pr. .438 pr. .10 1812, (high) .... pr. 2.26 1849, (high) . pr. .25 (low) .... pr. 1.00 (low) . . pr. .16 1815, ...... pr. 1.29 1850, fhigh) . . (med. high) . pr. .50 1816, (high) .... pr. .067 pr. .37 (low) .... pr. .883 (medium) pr. .25 1817, (high) . . . . pr. 1.00 pr. .143 (medium) (low) .... pr. .88 "^mS& : ; pr. .76 pr. .76 pr. .125 1818,. . . . . . pr. .76 1866, (high) . . pr. l.uo 1819, (high) .... pr. 1.00 (medium) pr. .448 (low) .... pr. .876 (low) . . pr. .176 1820, (high) . . . . pr. .664 1866, (high) . pr. . .467 (low) .... pr. .43 (medium) pr. .24 1821, (high) .... pr. 1.09 (low) . . pr. .149 (low) .... pr. .333 1857, (high) . . (med. high) . pr. l-'ii 1822, (high) .... pr. .76 pr. .625 (low) .... pr. .46 (medium) . . .1 pr. .434 WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. Prices : Clotbing' — Coktinued. 197 Ba- Ba- Ybabs. sis. Amount. Yeaes. sis. Amount. ffose — Con. Overcoats — Con. 1867, (ffied. low) . pr. $0,249 1867, (low) . . . . ea. $5.64 . (low) pr. .142 1858 ea. 5.60 (raw silk) 18S8, (high) . pr. 1.00 pr. .696 Pantaloons.* (medinm) low) . pr. .292 1783 pr. .416 pr. . .14 1798 pr. 1.26 1869, (hi^) . pr. .439 1799, pr. 2.50 (medium) pr. .252 1805 pr. 1.60 (low) pr. .136 1813, (high) . . . . pr. 6.50 . (low) .... pr. 3.60 Mittens. (Nankeen) pr. 2.50 1817, . pr. .20 1838 pr. 10.00 1824, . . . pr. .12 1866, fhigh) .... pr. 4.81 isao, . pr. .321 (medium) pr. 3.66 1837, (high) . pr. .33 (low) pr. 2.66 (low) . pr. .25 1867, (high) pr. 4 47 1888, (hig^i) . pr. .96 (med. high) . pr. 3.63 (low) pr. .20 (medium) pr. 2.32 1839, (high) . pr. .50 (low) . . . . pr. .85 (low) 1841, (high) . pr. .17 1858, (high) . pr. 4.03 pr. .72 (medium) pr. 2.07 (medium) pr. .50 (low) . . . . pr. .74 (low) pr. .303 1859, (high) . pr. 4.02 1842, . pr. .25 (medium) pr. 2.34 1843, . pr. .67 (low) . . . . pr. 1.47 1844, ... . pr. .20 1846. ^hW . pr. .746 Shawls. pr. .20 1791 ea. .916 1846, ,(higlh)i pr. .657 1792 ca. .833 (medium) pr. .46 1794 ea. .60 (low) pr. .16 1796, (wholesale) . ea. .566 1847, (high) . pr. .66a 1800 doz. 7.59 (low) pr. .275 1801 ea. .76 1848, (high) . pr. .662 1817 en. 2.50 (medium) (low) pr. .415 1819, (eashmere) ea. 6.00 pr. .208 ,.™ "°°B) .... ea. 40.00 1849, . pr. .50 1822, (crape) .... ea. 6.00 1850, . pr. .76 1824, (eashmere) ea. 12.00 1852, (high) . pr. .67 1825, (high) .... ea. 7.75 (low) pr. .17 (low) .... ea. 1.88 1864, (high) . pr. 1.12 1827 ea. 3.00 (low) pr. .17 1830, (high) .... (low) .... ea. .8.75 1866, (high) . (med.hiBh) pr. 1.08 ea. 3.00 pr. .713 1833, (high) .... ea. 8,00 ' (med. low) (low) pr. .46 (low) .... ea. l.UO pr. .226 1836 ea. 6.00 1856, (high) . pr. 1.00 1838 ea. .875 (medium) pr. • .79 1840, (high) . .. . . ea. 10.00 (low) . . pr. .387 (low) ea. 2.00 1867, fhigh) . . fitaeaium) pr. 1.06 1841, (high) . ea. 10.00 pr. .60 „ (low) .... ea. 3.60 (low) pr. .25 1844, (high) . . . . ea. 7.60 1858, (high) . pr. .915 ,=, C"^' ■ ■ • ea. .6.00 (inedium) (low) pr. .623 1846, ea. 1.60 pr. .291 1847 ea. .88 1848 ea. 1.00 Mitts. 1849 ea. 7.60 1794, (silk) • . . . pr. .883 1860, ea. 4.00 1860 pr. .75 1861 ea. 3.60 1866, pr. 1.00 1865, (high) . ea. 9.00 (med. high) . ea. 7.38 Overalls. (medium) ea. 6.17 1844 pr. .TO (med. low) ea. 2.60 1850 pr. .60 (low) . . . ea. 1.11 1865 pr. .464 1856, (high) . ea. 7.60 1867, (high) .... pr. .603 (medium) ea. 3.50 (low) .... pr. .495 (low) ..... ea. .83 1868 pr. .641 1857, (h%h) . ea. 8.00 1869 pr. .672 (med. high) . (medium) ea. 4.00 ea. 2 88 Overcoats. (med. low) ea. 1.75 1867, (high) .... ea. 20.00 (low) . . . .. ea. 1.00 (medium) ea. 12.60 1858, (high) .... ea. 6.50 * Prices given In the earlier years for " trousers " are included under *' pantaloons '* 198 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices: Cloths. Prices : Clotliing — Concluded Ba- Ba- Yeaks. Bla. Amount. TEAB8. sis. Amount Shawls — Con, Stochings — Con. 135S, (med. higb) . ea. $3.84 1820 pr. $0.37 (medium) ea. 2.36 1821, . pr. .50 (low) 1858, (higb) . va. 1.00 1832, (high) . . pr. .68 ea. 11.00 (low) . pr. .33 (medium) ea. 4.83 1840, . . ^ pr. .165 (med. low) t-a. 2.42 1841, . . . pr. .58 (low) ea. .933 1845, . pr. .32 1848, . pr. .279 . Socles. 1837, (high) . . . . pr. .60 Vests. (medium) pr. .333 179S ca. 2.23 (low) . pr. .26 1811, (high) . ea. 5.00 1838, . . . pr. .366 (low) ea. 3.60 1843, (high) . pr. 1.00 (white) . ea. 5.00 low) . pr. .361 1847, . . . ea. 3.75 18«, . . . pr. .33 1865, (high) . (med. high) ca. ea. 4.00 3.00 Stockings (medium) ea. 2.25 1764, (high) . pr. 1.33 (med. low) (low) . . ea. 1.S4 (low) pr. .62.6 ea. 1.26 1782, . . . pr. .626 1857, (high) . ea. 4.60 1783, (high) . pr. .972 (medium) ea. 3.09 (medium) pr. .788 (low) . ea. 1.78 (low) pr. .583 1868, (high) . ea. 3.60 1784, (high) . pr. .667 (medium) ea. 1.75 (low) pr. .472 (low) . ca. .70 1794, . . . pr .972 1869, (higb) . ea. 3.75 1800, . pr. .75 (medium) ea. 1.96 1801, (high) . pr. 1.03 (low) . ea. 1.38 (low) pr. .806 1812, (high) . pr. 1.26 Waistcoats (low) pr. 1.00 1808, . . ea. 2.33 1816, . . . pr. .975 1810, . ca. 1.00 1319, (high) pr. 1.26 1839, . ea. 1.38 (low) . . . . pr. .37 £roadcloth 1776, . 1782, . 1783, (high) (med. high) (medium) (med. low) (low) 1784, (high) (medium) (low) 1787, . 1788, . 1791, . 1792, (high) . (low) 1793, (high) , (medium) (med. low) (low) , 1794, thigh) (med. high) (medium) (med. low) (low) 1795, .. 1799, . 1800, (high) (medium) (low) (mixed) . 1802, (high) (medium) (low) Vd. $1.33 Yd. 2.50 yd. 3.33 yd. 2.95 ><1. 2.17 .1. 1.25 yd. .889 yd. 3.09 •d. 1.83 yd. 1.08 yd. 2.50 yd. 4.33 yd. 1.91 yd. 4.74 Yd. 2.46 yd. 4 74 yd. 8.82 yd. 2.62 yd. 2.17 Vd. 5.33 vd. 4.29 yd. 8.45 yd. 2.82 yd. 1.58 yd. 2.10 u. 2.58 yd. 2.81 >d. 1.00 yd. .916 yd. 4.15 vd. 6.00 yd. 1.00 yd. .76 Broadcloth — Con, 1803, . 1806, . (wholesale, high) (wholeBale, low) 1307, (high) (low) 1808, . 1809, . 1310, (high) (low) 1811, . (mixed) 1812, (high) (medium) (med. low) (low) 1313, . . (wholeeale) 1814, (high) (medium) (low) 1316, (high) (low) 1816, (high) (med. high) (medium) (med. low) (low) 1817, (high) . (med. high) (medium) (low) 1820, . ^^■ yd. *1' yd. Jd. Jd. yd. *'> yd. yd. $6.00 4.00 2.21 1.83 3.04 2.13 3.33 2.50 4.00 .3.00 2.75 3.60 11.00 4.21 2.76 1.75 8.00 6.11 8.00 6.82 6.00 7.39 7.00 7.50 6.84 3.99 2.80 1.25 6.06 4.96 . 2.17 . 1.48 6.50 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. Prices: Cloths — Continued. 199 Ba- Ba- Years. sis. Amount. Yeass. sis. Amount. Broadcloth — Coa. Oa>Hmere — Coa. 1821 yd- $6.00 1837 yd. $2.50 1822, .... yd- 8.00 1838, . yd. 1.23 1823 yd- 4.68 1839, (high) ^ . yd. 4.62 1829 yd. 2.68 (low) . yd. 2.75 1830, (high) . yd. 3.75 (mixed) . yd. 1.00 low) . yd. 3.24 1840, . . . yd. 1.05 1881, . . . yd. 4.00 1843, . yd. 1.37 1832, . yd. 2.00 1844, (high) . yd. 1.12 1837, . yd. 2.60 (low) yd. .875 1866, .... yd. 2.00 1847, (high) . yd. 1.26 1867, . . . yd. 3.12 (low) yd. . .90 1868, . yd. 2.60 1848, . . . yd. 1.25 1869, (high) . yd. 2.24 1856, (high) . yd. .89 (low)- . yd. 1.29 (low) yd. .125 1868, . yd. .126 Caaainiere 1869, . . yd. .126 1792, . . . yd. 2.33 1793, . . yd. 2.33 drcaasian Cloth. 1794, . yd. 2.30 1829 yd. .393 1799, . yd. 2.00 1830 yd. .588 1800, (high) . yd. 1.58 1831 y?- .375 (low) 1801, (black) . yd. 1.60 1833, yd. .417 yd. 2.04 1802, (high) . yd. 3.73 Cloth. low) . yd. 1.83 1762 yd. .267 1803, (high) . yd. 2.60 1764, . yd. .667 low) . 1804, (high) . yd. 1.60 1782, . . . yd. 1.14 yd. 4.43 1783, (high) . (med. high) yd. 2.67 (low) , yd. 1.60 yd. 2.15 1806, (cotton) . 1806, (high) . yd. .375 (medium) yd. 1.11 yd. 2 67 (med. low) yd. .416 (low) yd. 1.76 (low) 1784, (high) . yd. .195 1807, . . . yd. 1.29 yd. 2.33 1810, (high) . yd. 4.00 (medium) yd. 1.13 (low) yd. 3.60 (med. low) yd. .396 1811, . . . yd. 2.60 (low) yd. .048 (cotton) . yd. .25 1788, . ''?• 1.81 (mixed) . yd. 2.00 1792, . yd. .75 1812, (high) . yd. 2.00 1793, (high) yd. 1.60 (low) yd. 2.47 (low) yd. .833 1813, . . . yd. 2.60 1794, (high) (medium) yd. 2.20 1814, . yd. 3.60 yd. 1.78 1816, (high) . yd. 2.76 (low) yd. .784 (low) yd. 1.46 1804, (high) yd. 1.33 1816, (high) . yd- 3 00 (low) yd. .43 (medium) yd. 1.26 1806, (high) yd- 1.42 (med. low) yd. .767, (low) 1806, (wholesaU yd- .834 (low) yd. .267 yd. .96 181T, (high) . yd. 2.76 1807, . yd. 3.03 (medium) yd. 1.61 1808, . yd. 1.50 (low) yd. .467 1809, (high) yd. 3.00 1820, (high) . yd. 2.88 (low) yd. 2.50 (medium) yd. 2.00 1810, . yd. 1.25 (low) yd. 1.63 (wholesal J) yd. .87 1821, (high) . (low) yd. 2.44 1813, . yd- .167 yd. 1.25 1814, (high) yd. 6.00 1822, \ . . yd. 2.76 (low) yd. 1.64 1823, . . . yd. .78 1815, . . yd. 3.75 1824, . yd. 1.87 1816, (high) yd. 6.00 1828, . yd. 3.60 (low yd. .427 1826, . . yd. 1.62 1817, fhigh) yd- 5.00 1827, . yd. 3.50 (medlDm) yd- 4.0O 1828, . yd. 1.67 low) yd. 1.25 1829, . yd. 1.13 1821, . yd. 2.72 1830, (high) . (low) yd. 1.50 1824, (high) yd. 1.75 yd. .952 1825, (hijh) yd. 1.25 1831, . . . yd. 1.% yd. 8.00 1832, (high) . yd. 1.37 (low) yd. .265 (low) yd. .20 1827, . yd. 9.00 (Angola) . yd. -.92 1828, (high) yd. 3.00 1833, (high) . yd. 2.25 (low) yd. .125 (low) yd. 1.62 1830, . . yd. .167 1834, . . . yd. 3.00 1831, (high) yd. 1.25 1836, . . . yd. 3 25 (medium) yd. .833 200 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices : Cloths — Concluded. Ba- Ba- Yeaes. sis. Amount. Teaks. sis. Amount. Oloth — Con. Frocking. 1831, (lo*) .... 1832, (high) .... yd- tO.296 1866 yd. $0.68 yd. .623 1867, yd. .58 (medium) yd- .42 18S8 yd.- .68 (lo*) .... yd. .20 1833, (high) .... yd. 6.74 Fustian . (low) .... yd. .961 1794, yd. .361 1834,. yd. 6.60 1801 yd. .376 1835 yd. .86 1802 yd. .392 1836, (high) .... yd. 6.00 1807 yd. .222 yd. .86 1824 yd. .30 1837, (high) '.'.'.'. (lo*) .... yd. .223 yd. .166 Lambskin, 1840,. yd. 6.00 1783 yd. 1.13 1784 yd. 1.21 Corduroy. 1791, yd. 1.17 1783, (high) .... yd. .893 1792, (striped) .... yd. 1.60 (low) .... yd. .814 1798, (high) . . . . yd. 1.41 1784 yd. .803 (low) .... yd. .60 1786, yd. .833 1794, (high) .... yd. J.00 1794 yd. .833 (loW) .... yd. .763 ""•[1^1^^ : : : : yd. .83 yd. .60 Mixed Cloth. 1793 yd. 1.83 DoesMn. ■ 1801 yd. 1.08 1856, (high) . ; . . (low) .... yd. .1.16 yd. .753 Plain Blue Cloth. 1866, (high) .... (low) > . . . yd. 1.10 1792 yd. .643 yd. .734 1803, (wholesale) . yd. 1.00 1867, (high) .... yd. 1.12 1808 yd. .813 (low) .... yd. .989 1810, (high) .... yd. 1.42 1868, yd. .876 (low) .... yd. 1.25 1811 yd. 1.25 1814 yd. 1.42 1783 yd. 1.33 1816, yd. 1.42 1788 yd. 1.11 Plain Oloth. DtirafU. 1792, yd. .861 1783, (high) .... yd. .746 1793 yd. .628 (low) .... yd. .374 1796 yd. 2.16 1793 yd. .389 1808, yd. 1.00 1794, yd. .444 1797, yd. .333 Batteen. 1784 yd. .969 iilastic Gloth. 1796 yd. .656 1792, yd. 1,20 1803, yd. .60 1793, yd. 1.20 1807 yd. 1.42 1843, yd. .664 Sheip's Gray Oloth. 1856 yd. ^■ yd. .751 18561, yd. .35 1856, .749 1858, yd. .417 1868 .76 FkrmUne. 1792, (h^h) .... (low) .... yd. yd. 1.00 .833 .728 Striped Woollen Cloth. 1792 1793 yd. .278 .629 (low) 1794, (hiph) .... (low) .... yd. yd. 1,09 .782 .99 .716 Thickset. 1792, (twilled) .... 1798, yd. 1.08 .961 1796 1811, yd. .681 .761 Testings. 1803, {high) . . . . yd. 1.66 Forest Cloth. „„, .... y^- .26 low) . 1823, (high) 1% .242 .60 1794 H?5 .416 .389 (medium) (low) It .236 .167 1810, 1841 ^3- .26 .624 1824, . . . yd. .476 1847 yd. .50 1826, (high) . (low) 1827, (high) . (medium) (low) 1828, (high) , . (low) . 1829, (high) . (low) 1830, (high) . (medium) (low) . yd. yd. yd. yd. H- yd. .626 .211 .26 .202 .146 .31 .125 .417 .26 .926 .668 Oathmere. 1819, . . . 1866, (high) .... (low) .... 1856, (high) .... (low) .... 1857,. 1858 1859, (high) . . . . (low) .... yd. 1.60 1.12 .763 1.17 .836 1.12 1.13 1.12 .92 yf- .182 Caihmerelie. 1831, (high) yd. .661 1866 yd. .667 (medium) y^- .333 1856 yd. .521 (low) 1832, (high) . (low) 1833, (high) . yd. .162 .171 .112 .472 1857, 1868, (high) .... (low) .... 1859 yd. .642 .642 .42 .668 (low) yd. .212 1834, . . . yd. .146 ChaUia. 1836, . yd. .125 1866 yd. .202 1886, (high) . (low) yd. .389 1867 yd. .185 yd- .147 1858 yd. .193 1837, (high) . yd. .75 (medium) yd. .26 Grape. (low) yd. .119 1806 yd. .56 1838, . yd. .126 1821 yd. .761 1839, (high) yd. .25 (Canton) .... yd. 1.00 (low) 1840, (high) yd. .186 1822, (Canton; high) yd. 1.37 , yd. .16 (Canton; low) yd. 1.00 (low) . 1841, . yd. .119 .12 1826, (high) . . . . (low) . . . . yd. .876 .75 1842, (high) yd. .46 1829 ^^• .742 (lowj 1843, (high) . yd. .083 1831, yd. .74 yd. .20 1840 yd. .625 "WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 207 Prices: Dress Goods — Continued. Ba- / Ba- Yeass. sis. Amount. Teaks. sis. Amount. Debeiae. Gingham — Con . 1886 yd. $0.26 1817, (low) . . . . ya. $0,286 1866, (high) . , ya. .36 1818, (high) ya. .343 (low) . . yd. .149 (low) yd. .168 1868, (high) . . yd. .413 1819, (high) yd. .443 (low) . . ya. .10 (low) yd. .246 1820, (high) yd. .379 Delaine. (low) yd. .224 1866 yd- .192 1821, (high) (medium) yd. .472 1867, (high) . yd. .465 yd. .3.51 (low) . yd. .204 (low) yd. .241 1868, (high) . ya. .377 1822, (high) yd. .407 (medium) yd. .223 (medium) yd. .29 (low) yd. .162 (low) yd. .206 1869, rhlgh) . (medium) ya. .42 1823, (high) yd. .572 ya. .206 (medium) yd. .346 (low) ya. .131 (low) yd. .20 1824, (high) yd. .34 JHmUj/. (medium) ya. .26 1810 ya. .631 (low) yd. .167 1811, (high) . ya. .667 1826, . yd. .289 (low) ya. .60 1826, (high) yd. .369 1816, . yd. .968 (low) 1827, (high) yd. .26 1816, (high) . ya. .876 yd. .583 (low) ya. .46 (medium) yd. .271 1817, (high) . ya. .923 (low) yd. .169 (low) . yd. .41 1828, . yd. .23 1822, . yd. .50 1829, . yd. .246 1823, . yd. .68 1830, . yd. .417 1829, . ya. .85 1831, (high) yd. .333 1831, . yd. .684 (low) yd. .16 1838, . ya. .374 1832, . . yd. .333 1863, yd. .374 1833, . yd. .25 1858, . ya. .60 1834, (high) yd. .338 (medium) yd. .241 (low) yd. .167 ya. .342 1837, . . yd. ,268 1859 ya. .272 1839, . 1843, . h yd. .167 .242 Gaztsie, 1844, . yd. .21 1783, (high) .... ya. .86 1845, . yd. .126 (medium) yd. .683 1846, . . yd. .26 (low) . yd. .416 1847, . yd. .126 1784, . ya. .464 1848, . yd. .185 1793, (black) . yd. .333 (linen) yd. .30 1794, (black) . 1798, (black) . yd. .333 1849, . . yd. .146 yd. .278 1860, . yd. .246 1801, . . . yd. .278 1865, (high) yd. .333 1805, . yd. .278 (low) yd. .176 1807, . yd. .60 1866, (high) yd. .23 1826, . yd. .98 (low) yd. .141 1867, (high) yd. .216 CHngham. (low) yd. .144 1797, . , yd. .656 1868, (high) yd. .221 1798, (wholesale) yd. .666 (low) 1869, (high) yd. .129 1800, (wholesale) yd. .167 yd. .215 1801, . yd. .17 (low) yd. .11 1807, (high) . yd. .60 (low) yd. .361 £aMea' Cloth. 1808,. . yd. .403 1866, yd. 2.00 1809, . ya. .289 1859, (high) . . . . yd. 2.02 1810, . yd. .297 (low) . , . . yd. 1.25 1812, (high) . yd. 1.20 (low) yd. .466 Lawn. 1813, . yd. .436 1771 yd. .903 1814, (high) . ya. .668 1783, . yd. .734 (low) ya. .46 1817, . yd. .638 (wholesale) 1816, (high) . yd. .409 1822, . yd. .60 yd. .873 1828, . yd. .50 (low) yd. .384 1829, (linen) yd. .833 1816, (high) . yd. •.66 1840, (high) yd. .668 (medium) yd. .403 (low) yd. .45 (low) yd. .271 1841, . yd. .48 1817, (high) . ya. .617 1842, . yd. .653 (medium) ya. .372 1843 yd. .417 208 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices: Dress Goods — GoHTmuED. Ba- Ba- Yeaks. sis. Amount. Yeabs. sis. Amount. Xawn — Con. Moreen — Con. 1847, (high) . . (low) .... yd- $0.50 1848 yd. $0.25 yd. .20 1855 . . . yd. .28 1848 yd. .46 1856, . yd. .26 1886 yd. .121 1857, . yd. .25 1867, (high) .... (low) .... yd. .42 1858, (high) . yd. .863 yd. .14 low) . yd. .26 1369, . . . yd. .293 Lintey woelsey. 1821 yd. .683 MutUn. 1867, (plaid) .... yd. .20 1793, . . . . . . yd. .723 1794, . yd. .333 Zuflring. 1801, . yd. .62 1793, yd. 1.11 1803, . yd. .78 1794 yd. 1.25 1804, . yd. 1.00 1803 yd. 1.13 1806, . yd. 1.00 1819 yd. .668 (cambric) yd. ,60 1830 yd. .708 1806, . yd. 1.24 1832, (Italian) .... yd. .762 (cambric) 1807, (high) . yd. .50 yd. 1.12 Lyonttt Cloth. 1855, (high) .... (medium) yd. •^', yd. .488 (low) yd. .604 (low) .... yd. .869 1809, (high) . yd. .968 1856 yd. .424 how) . yd. .60 yd. .42 1810, (high) . yd. 1.03 yd. .92 (low) yd. .626 yd. .42 1811, (high) . (low) yd. .60 1869, yd. .42 yd. .25 1813, . yd. 1.00 Maraeillee. (colonnade) yd. 1.12 1857, . . yd. -.833 1816, . . . yd. .663 1868, (high) .... (low) .... yd. .499 1816, (high) . yd. 1.00 yd. .25 (medium) yd. .60 1859 yd. .50 flow) (gurrah) • yd. .318 .334 Merino. 1817, (high) . yd. .75 yd. 1.00 (medium) (low) yd. .38 1833 yd. 1.25 yd. .25 1836. (French) .... yd. 1.29 1818, (high) . yd. 1.20 1839 yd. .251 (low) yd. .42 1841, (high) .... (low) .... yd. 2.00 1819, (high) . yd. 1.25 yd. .60 (med. high) (medium) yd. .89 1842, . yd. 1.00 yd. .68 1843, (high) .... (low) .... yd. .592 (low) yd. .26 yd. .25 1820, (high) . (medium) yd. 1.25 yd. 1.03 (low) yd. .696 1783, ...... yd. .888 1821, (high) . yd. 1.37 yd. .146 (low) yd. .606 1805 yd. .25 1822, (high) . (med. high) (medium) yd 1.00 yd. .26 yd. .764 1821, yd. .25 yd. .652 yd. .16 (med. low) (low) yd^ .419 1827 yd. .25 yd. .24 1823, (high) . yd. .695 Mode. (medium) yd. .26 1783, . . . yd. .933 (low) yd. .10 1784, (high) .... yd. 1.09 1824, (high) . yd. .984 (low) .... yd. .667 (med. high) (medium) yd. .75 1793, (blnok) .... (black; wholesale) yd. .728 yd. .50 ell .678 (low) yd. .26 1794, . . yd. .75 1825, (high) . (medium) yd. 1.06 1798 yd. .639 yd. .718 1808, yd. .76 (low) yd. .332 yd. 1.17 1826, (high) . yd. .96 (wholesale) ... ell .667 (low) yd. ,618 yd. .834 1327, (high) . (medium) yd. 1.33 1818 yd. 1.00 yd. .76 1826, yd. .76 (med. low) low) yd. yd. .32 .167 Moreen. 1828, (high) . yd. .32 1783, (high) .... yd. .542 (medium) {low) . yd. .20 (low) . . . . yd. .196 y^' .125 1784, yd. .60 1829, . yd. .36 1846 yd. .344 1830, (high) . . . . yd. .876 WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 209 Prices: Dress Goods — Continued. Ba- Ba- Teabs. sis. Amount. Years. sis. Amount. Muslim — Con. yankeen — Cou. 1830, (low) . . . - yd. $0,468 1800, (wholesale) . . . yd. $0,372 1881, . . . yd. .613 1804, . yd. .28 1882, . U- .56 1805, . yd. .60 1883, . yd. .60 1806, . yd. .444 1834, . yd. .31 1817, (high) . yd. .333 1836, fhf^b) . (low) yd. .87 (low) . yd. .20 yd. .473 1822, . yd. .186 1837, (high) . yd. 1.00 1828, . yd. .167 (medium) yd. .826 1865, . yd. .135 (low) . yd. .25 1866, . yd. .124 1838, (hiefta) (low) yd. .76 1857, . yd. .15 yd. .56 1858, . yd. .03 1839, (high) . yd. .78 1859, (high) . yd- .347 (medium) yd. .426 (low) . yd. .26 (lo*) yd. .298 1840, . . . yd. .30 Plaid. 1841, (high) yd. .76 1817, (high) yd. .75' (low) . yd. .30 (low) yd. .561 1843, (cambric) yd. .627 1822, . yd. .50 1844, . . . yd. .25 1824, . yd. .60 1845, . yd. .26 1825, . yd. .75 1846, (high) . yd. .67 1827, (Scotch) . yd. .40 (low) 1847, (high) . yd, .20 1835, (Scotch) . yd. .607 yd. .26 1836, . yd. .76 (low) yd. .16 1887, . yd. .50 18*9, . yd. .26 1838, (Scotch) . yd. .748 1861, (high) . (low) yd. .87 1840, . yd. .333 yd. .25 1866, (high) . yd. .749 1856, . yd. .26 (medium) yd. .642 1866, high) . yd. .879 (low) yd. .26 (low) yd. .167 1856, (high) . yd. .591 1857, high) yd. .378 (medium) yd. .381 mefllnm) yd. .26 (low) . yd. .242 '(low) yd. .143 1857, (high) . (medium) yd. .826 (cambric) yd. .35 yd. .54 1658, (high) . '(medium) yd. .387 (low) yd. .294 yd. .233 1868, (high) . yd. .867 (low) yd. .127 (medium) yd. .399 1859, (high) . yd. .338 (low) yd. .199 (medium) yd. .191 1859, (high) . yd. .814 (low) yd. .128 (medium) yd. .469 (low) yd. .279 Muiltn de Laine. 1888, (high) . yd. .749 Poplin. low) . yd. .61 1784, yd. .443 1840, . . . yd. .25 1794 yd. .468 1841, . yd. .626 1856 yd. .30 1842, . yd- .25 1867 yd. .28 1843, (high) . yd. .46 1868, (high) . yd. .268 (low) yd. .376 (low) yd. .167 1844, (high) . yd. . .40 (low) . yd. .238 Sarcenet. 1845, . . . yd. - .333 1784, yd. .50 1848, (high) . yd. .833 1793 yd. .433 (low) yd. .232 18«, (high) (medium) yd. .396 Satin. yd. .25 1773 yd. ■ .731 (low) . yd. .167 1783, (high) . . yd. 1.47 1848, . yd. .168 (low) . . yd. .75 1849, . yd. .20 1784, . yd. 1.08 1860, . yd. .14 1802 yd. 3.00 18S1, . yd. .22 1804 yd. 1.89 1852, . . yd. .143 1853, . yd. .133 Satinet. 1856, (high) . yd. .231 1787 yd. .76 (low) . yd. .153 1792 yd. .782 (wholesale) . yd. . .472 Nankeen. 1793, (high) . yd. .712 1782 yd. .80 (low) . . yd. .548 1791, (striped) . yd. .629 1794, (high) . (low) yd. 1.04 1T98, .... yd. .549 yd. .681 (wholesale) . ,. yd. .416 1811, . . . yd. 1.88 1W4 yd. .472 1814, (high) . yd. 2.60 1797, (twilled) . yd. .50 (low) •■ yd. 1.26 210 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices : Dress Goods — Continued. Ba- Ba- Yeabs. sis. Amount. Teabs. sis. Amount. Satinet— Coa. Silk -Con. 181S yd- (0.932 1819, (high) . . . . yd. $0,917 1816, (higB) (medium) yd. 1.75 (low) . yd. .761 yd. i.sa (Canton) . yd. 1.00. (low) . yd. 1.00 1820, (Uehjs . 1822, (high) * yd. .861 1817, (high) . yd. 1.78 yd. .626 (medium) yd. 1.40 yd. .84 (lowj 1819, (high) . (medium) yd. 1.05 (low) . yd. .632 yd. 1.26 1824, . . . yd. .663 yd. 1.08 1826, (high) . yd. 1.68 ,c^ ''""J • yd. .917 yd. 1.00 1820, . yd. .278 . (low) yd. .674 1822, (high) . yd. 1.07 1827, (high) . yd. .909 (low) yd. .92 (medium) yd. .623 1823, (high) . yd. .748 (low) 1828, (high) , . yd. .468 (low) . yd. .60 yd. .789 1824, . . ; yd. .667 (low) yd. .625 1830, (high) . (low) yd. .771 1831, . yd. .693 yd. .54 1833, (high) . yd. .861 yd. .792 (low) yd. .60 1835, . yd. .751 1838, . . . yd. .76 1840, . yd. .667 1839, . yd. .50 1841, . \' yd. .833 1841, . yd- .827 1846, . . . yd. .751 1843, . yd. .65 1856, . yd. .422 1844, (high) . yd. 1.25 1850, . yd. .50 (low) . yd. .60 1853, . yd. .50 Satin Stripe. 1855, (high) . (medium) yd. 1.20 1858, (high) .... yd. .376 yd. .876 (low) . . . . yd. .167 yd. .619 1859, (high) .... yd. .274 1866, (high) ; (medium) yd. 1.33 (low) . . . . yd. .187 yd. 1.08 (law) 1857, (high) . (medium) yd. .731 Serge. yd. 1.62 1792 yd. .916 yd. 1.13 1796, . yd. .76 (low) yd. .721 1800, (wholeBale) 1801, (wholesale) yd. .764 (moire antigue yd. .748 yd. .785 (watered) yd. 1.60 1805, (high) . yd. .76 1868, (high) . (med. high) yd. 1.47 (low) yd- .666 yd. 1.19 1806, . yd. 1.00 (med. low) yd. .805 1812, . yd. .833 (low) yd. .68 1823, . yd. 2.47 1869, (high) . yd. 1.37 1832, (Victoria) yd. 1.13 (low) . yd. .665 1835, . yd. .42 (lining) . yd. .662 1836, . yd. .60 1843, . . . yd. .333 Swan'i-clcwn. 1799 yd. 1.17 Shalloon. 1817 yd. .875 1779, . , , yd. .40 178S, (high) . yd. .64 Tammy. (low) . yd. .422 1771 yd. .36 1784, . . . yd. 40 1783 yd. ~ .296 1788, . yd. .444 1784, yd. .284 1806, . yd. .60 1816, . yd. .625 Thibet. 1832, . . yd. .63 1867 yd. 1.34 1868, (high) .... yd. .971 Silk. (low) . . . . yd. .63 1782 yd. 1.00 1783, (high) . (medium) h yd. 1.60 .814 Velvet. - 1787 yd. .889 (low) . . yd. .416 1792, . yd. 1.11 1784, . yd. .611 1793, . . . yd. .887 1800, .... yd. 1.00 1794, (high) . (low) yd. .972 1803, . yd. .883 yd. .667 1808, .... yd. 1.88 (wholesale, high) yd. .833 1813, .... yd. l.OD (wholesale, low) . yd. .639 1816 yd. 9.00 1796 yd. 1.00 1816, (high) . . (medium) yd. 1.26 1805, (high) . yd. 3.74 yd. 1.00 » (L^'l\ • yd. 1.00 (lowl . . 1817, (high) . (low) yd. .667 1806, (high) . . yd. 1.75 yd. 1.26 (low) . yd. 1.68 yd. 1.00 1807, . yd. .687 1818 yd. 1.27 1809, ... . . yd. 1.26 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. Prices: Dress Goods — Concludbd. 211 Teabs. 1810, 1811, . 1822, . 1831, . 1839, (cotton) 1340, . 1842, . Velvet — Con. Ba- sis. Amount. yd. $1.25 yd. 1.13 yd. 1.00 yd. .60 yd. M yd. 4.00 yd. .60 Teaks. 1848, 1855, 1800, 1801, 1807, 1808, Velvet — Con. Velveteen. $0.68 .50 1.33 .75 .861 .873 Prices: Dry Goods. Baize. 1783, 1784, 1787, (green) 1788, . 1791, . 1792, . 1793, . 1794, . 1795, . 1806, . 1811, . 1812, . 1838, . 1844, . 1846, . Sindina. 1787, (shoe) 1800, (gaalit} (snue) (quality shoe) . 1801, (quality) . (quality shoe) . 1808, (quality) . 1805, (quality) . 1807, (quality) . 1808, (quality) . 1816, (carpet) . 1818, (quality) . Blankets. 1783, . 1784, . 1789, . 1792, . 1793, . (rose) 1794, . 1797, . 1798, (high) (low) 1800, . 1807, . 1817, . 1831, (high) 1841, (low) . (high) (low) 1856, 1857, 1858, Buckram. 1783, . 1784, . 1791, . 1792, . 1793, . 1794, (high) (low) yd. $0.40 yd. .552 yd. .333 yd. .333 p'ce 15.27 yd. .341 yd. .333 yd. .851 yd. .367 yd. .333 yd. .378 yd. .287 yd. .46 yd. .28 yd. .31 f;ro. 1.25 gro. 1.67 gro. .888 gro. 1.00 gro. 1.67 uro. 1.00 gro. 1.67 t£ro. 1.67 gro. 1.50 Kro. 1.67 yd. .083 yd. .02 . ea. 1.25 ea. 1.34 ca. .916 ea. 2.83 _ pr. 3.66 pr. 3.49 pr. 5.00 pr. 4.74 pr. 6.00 pr. 3.91 pr. 11.17 pr. 7.50 pr. 7.50 ea. 1.90 ea. 1.66 pr. 6.60 pr. 3.00 pr. 3.50 ea. 1.00 pr. 4.26 yd. .26 yd. .231 yd. .168 yd. .333 yd. .333 yd. .333 yd. .223 1807, 1824, 1826, 1827, 1828, 1832, Buckram — Con. 1832, (high) (low) 1839, . 1840, . 1858, . Canvas. 1771, 1773, 1785, . 1792, (high) (low) 1793, . 1794, . Chintz. Copperplate. 1794, 1819, 1821, Cotton and Linen Cloth. 1792, (high) . (low) 1793, (high) (low) Cotton Batting. 1779, 1830, 1840, 1344, 1847, 1848, 1850, 1855, Cotton Cloth 1784, (high) . (low) 1793, . (fine) (India; Ugh) (India; low) (Btriped) . 1794, (Ugh) . (low) (India) . 1795, . . . (India) . 1798, (India) . 1801, (India) . 1803, . . $0.36 .25 .36 .25 .251 .20 .42 .337 .33 .263 .20 .657 .533 .593 .667 .389 .647 .625 .419 .25 .40 .681 .243 .833 .343 .27T .11 .10 .109 .114 .10 .10 .11 .667 .472 .389 .361 .271 .278 .50 .292 .358 .288 .20 .343 212 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices : Dry Goods— OoNTiNFED. Ba- Ba- Years. sis. Amount. Tbars. sis. Amount. Cotton Olalh — Cor\. Cotton Cloth — Gon. 1804 yd- 10.375 1826, (high) . yd. $0,264 (India) .... yd.. .333 (low) yd- .14 18d6,' yd. .25 1827, (high) . yd- .378 (India; high) . . . yd- .333. (low) ~ . y?- .147 (India; low) . yd. • .ai9 1828, (high) . yd. .20 1806, (high) .... yd.' • .666 ' (medium) yd. .184 (low) yd." - .28 (low) ; . yd. .125 (India) .... It .856 1829, (high) . yd. .239 1808, (high) .... .403 (medium) yd. .164 (medium) yd. .274 (low) . . y?- .116 (low) .... yd. Ml 1830, (high) . y^- .244 (India) .... yd. .26 (medium) yd- .169 1809 yd- .292 (low) yd- .108 (India) .... yd. .334 1831, (high) yd- .288 1810, (high) .... (low) .... yd. .48 (medium) yd- .186 yd. .24 (low) yd. .122 (British) .... yd. .561 (twilled) . yd- .20 1811, (high) .... yd. .426 1833, (high) . . yd. .18 (medium) yd.- .33 (low) . . yd. .114 (low) .... yd. .167 1834, (high) . yd- .156 (British) yd.- .64 (low) . yd. .111 (India) .... yd. .62 1835s (high) . yd-. .20 1812, (high) . yd. .50 (medium) y?- .169 (low) yd- .20 (low) yd. .10 (factory) . yd. .94 1836 yd-. .137 (India) . yd. .272 1837, (high) yd. .162 1813, (high) .... yd.' .766 . (low) yd.. .118 ■ (low) .... yd.- .'443 1838, (high) yd. .251 1814, (high) .... yd. .50 (medium) yd.. .143 (medium) yd. .425 (low) yd. ■ .087 (low) .... yd.; ' .35 (unbleached) . yd. .083 (British; high) yd. .874 1839, (high) . yd. .16^ (British; low) yd. .626 (low) yd. .116 (checked) yd. .55 1840, (high) . . yd. .16 1815 yd. .30 (medium) yd. .104 (Bristol) .... yd. .44 (low) yd. .07 1816, . yd. .66 1841, (high) . (medium) yd. .334 (British) .... yd. .30 yd. .167 (factory; high) (factory; medium) yd. .58 (low) yd. .092 yd. .398 1842, (high) . yd. .144 (factory; low) yd. .329 (low) yd. .089 (India) .... yd. .23 1843, (high) . . yd. .126 1817, (high) .... yd. .463 flow) . . yd. .074 (medium) yd. .366 1844, (high) . yd. .157 (low) .... , yd. .274 (medium) yd. .105 (factory; high) yd. .626 (low) yd. .066 (factory ; med. high) yd. .425 1846) .... yd.. ' .099 (factory; medium) yd. .318 1846, (high) . yd.. • .18 (factory; low) yd. .20 (medium) (low) yd. .123 (India) .... yd. .307 yd. .(193 1818, (high) .... yd. .386 1847, (high) . yd. .116 (low) .... yd. .30 (low) yd. .062 1819, (high) .... yd. .25 1848 yd. .097 (low) .... (India) .... yd. .143 1849, (high) . (low) jrd. .232 yd. .418 yd. .086 1820, (high) .... (low) .... yd. .26 1860, .... yd. .08 yd.- .104 1861, . yd.. .109 1821, (high) .... yd.- • .20 1862, (high) . Dow) . . yd. .178 (medium) yd. .167 >1- .083 (low) .... yd. .126 1854, .... yd. .09 1822, (high) .... yd. .386 1866, (high) . yd. .129 (medium) yd. •«8 (low) yd. .089 (low) .... yd. .17 1866, (high) . yd. .18 1823, (high) .... yd. .333 (low) yd. .124 :*='^-fmedium) yd. .219, 1867, (high) . (low) yd.. .148 (low) .... yd. .16 yd. ' .107 (British; high) yd. .30 1868, rhigh) . (low) yd. ■m (British; low) yd. .25 yd. .09 1824, (high) .... yd. .247 1869, (high) . (low) yd.. Mas (low) .... yd. .186 yd. .686 (British) .... 1825, (high) .... yd. .20 .334 Cotton Flannel. (medium) yd. .226 1830, . . . . . . yd. .22 (low) .... , yd.. .143 1881, (high) . . . . yd. .362 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 213 Prices : Dry Goods — Contintied. Ba- Ba- Ybaes. sis. Amount. Yeass. sis. Amount. Cotton Flannel — Con. Denim — C( >n. 1831, (low) . . . . yd. $0.20 1856, . . yd. $0,133 1832, . yd. .166 1866, . . yd. .145 1834 yd. .145 1857, (high) . . yd. .176 1836, . . yd. .203 (low) . . yd. .125 1837, yd. .20 1868, . - . yd. .157 1838, . yd. .167 1859, (high) . . . . yi. .167 1839, . yd. .167 (low) . yd. .126 1841, . yd. .106 1846, . yd. .124 Diaper. 1846, . yd. .125 1819, . . yd. .36 1847, (high) yd. .31 1847, . . . . yd. .21 (low) yd. .11 1859, . . . . .yd. .167 1864, . yd. .125 1856, . yd. J28 Dowlas. 1866, . yd. .12 1793, . . yd. .156 1867, . yd. .132 1821, . . yd. .333 1888, . yd. .128 1869,. . yd. .121 DHlline 1826, (Russia) . . yd. .78 Coiten Wool. 1827, . . . . . . yd. .628 1764, ... . . lb. .60 1830, (high) . . yd. .626 1776,* lb. .668 (low) . . . 3rd. .167 1788, lb. .43 1831, (high) . yd. .637 1788 lb. .60 (low) . yd. .46 1791 lb. .32 1832, (French) . . . yd. .30 18U4 lb. .222 1833, . . . . yd. .249 1812 lb. .125 1840, . . . . Jd. .12 1841, . . . . yd. .12 Crash. (linen) . . . . U- .468 1811 yd. .109 1851, . . . yd. .091 1813, . yd. .167 1866, . . yd. .124 1817, (high) yd. .167 1856, . . . . Jd. .131 (low) yd. .128 1857, . . . . . yd. .125 1819, . yd. .133 1858, . yd. .12 1822, . yd. .14 1859, . . . Jd. .12 1823, . yd. .125 1824, . yd. .126 Duck. 1826, . yd. .11 1792, . . . . yd. .278 1830, . yd. .10 1703, . . . yd. .29S 1831, . yd. J12 1810, . . . . yd. .416 1832, . yd. JO 1811, (raven) . . . yd. .42 1836, (high) yd. .166 1816, . . . . . yd. .392 (low) yd. .083 1817, (cotton) . . yd. .40 1837, . yd. .116 )822, . . yd. .34 1838, . yd. .077 1823, (Russia) . , . . yd. .383 1839, . yd. .113 1828, . . . Jd. .26 1840, . yd. .115 (Russia) . . yd. .50 1843, . . yd. .091 1830, . . . yd. .28 1846, . yd. .083 1831, . . . yd. .26 1847, . yd. .077 1832, . . . yd. . .241 1849, . yd. .094 1833, . . . yd. .28 1866, . yd. .106 1839, . yd. .34 1866, (high) . yd. .157 1842 . . >d. .20 (low) yd. .11 1857, . yd. .116 Everlastine , 1868, . . yd. ao6 1783, (high) . . yd. 1.39 1869, (high) yd. .123 (low) . . yd. .605 (low) . . . yd. .066 1784, . . . yd. .684 Damask. Flannel. 1827, (linen) .... yd. .836 1792, . . yd. .452 1833 yd. .60 (wholesale) . yd. .264 1837 yd. .667 1793, . . . . . yd. .407 1842, (cotton) . yd. .62 (wholesale) . . yd. .278 yd. .876 1794 . . yd. .416 1868, (brown) . yd. .683 (wholesale) . . yd. .333 1869, (high) . yd. .948 1795 . . yd. .416 (low) . . . yd. .497 (wholesale, hig t>) . . yd. .382 (wholesale, low ) . yd. .306 Denim. 1800, (wholesale, hig (wholesale, low Ii) . . Jd. .656 yd. .144 ) . .yd. .375 1794 yd. .111 1801, (wholesale) . . . yd. .374 * On page 205> ante, in the wages and prices tables, the entry for this year reads ' batting" instead of "cotton -wool." 214 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices: Dry Goods — Continued. Ba- Ba- Years. sis. Amount. Yeabs. sis. Amount. Flannel — Con. «w Flannel — Con. 1802 yd. $0,376 ' 1855, (high) .... yd. $0,764 1804 yd- ' .626 (med. high) . (medium) yd. .58 1?05, ... yd. .626 yd. .319 1806, (high) . (low) . . . yd- .654 (low) , . yd. .122 yd. .467 1856, (high) .... (medium) yd. .661 1807, (high) . ' . yd. 1.32 yd. .342 (low)' . . yd. .66 (low) .... yd. .195 1«08 yd. 1.33 1857, (high) .... yd. .584 (wholesale) yd. .416 (low) yd. .368 1810, .... yd. .463 1868, (high) .... yd. .612 1811, (high) . yd. .80 (medium) yd. .361 (medium) yd. .666 (low) .... yd. .125 (low) yd. .50 1859, (high) .... yd. .538 1812, (high) . yd. .748 (low) .... yd. .344 (low) yd. .697 1813, .... yd. .76 BoUamd. 1814, (high) . yd. .031 1784, (high) . . . . yd- .766 (low) yd. .75 (low) .... 1792, (brown) .... yd. .363 1815, (high) . yd. .848 yd. .196 (low) . . yd. .656 1793, (brown) .... yd. .223 (wholesale) (Amerioaii) yd. .167 1805, (brown; high) yd. .333 yd. .418 (brown: low) . yd. .17 (wide) . 1816, (high) . yd. 1.25 1808, yd. .407 yd. .664 1809, (brown; wholesale) yd. .335 (low) yd. .456 1810, (brown) .... yd. .50 1817, (.high) . yd. .885 1812, (brown) . yd. .42 (.med. high) yd. .66 1815, . . , . yd. .60 . (juediain) yd. .517 1819 yd. .417 (low) yd. .259 1823, ... . . yd. .25 (twilled) . yd- .627 1825, yd. .60 1819 yd. .468 1820, .... yd. .70 Buckaback. (cotton and wool) yd. .25 1840, yd. .45 . (twilled ; high) yd- .832 1849, (high) .... yd. .333 (twilled; low) yd- .625 (medium) yd. .25 1821, (high) . yd- 1.13 (low) .... yd. .125 (medium) yd. .614 (low) yd. .46 Jewn. 1822, (high) . (low) yd. .667 1783 yd. .351 yd- .461 1797, (wholesale, high) . yd. .411 1824, . yd- .605 (wholesale, low) . yd. .278 1826, . yd. 1.24 1799, (wholesale) . yd. .416 1827, . yd. .30 1807, yd. .446 1828, . yd. .42 1811, ... . . yd. .75 1829 yd. .375 1820 yd. .24 1830, (high) . yd. .6'i4 1824, . .... yd. .333 (medium) yd. .358 1829, ... . . yd. .261 (low) yd. .26 1831, (high) .... low) .... y^- .37 ■ 1831, (high) . yd. .664 yd. .16 (low) yd. .333 1834 yd. .16 1836, . yd. .834 1835, (high) .... yd. .22 1837, (high) yd. .64 ,o.„ (^'"'> • ■ y^- .1^ (low) yd. .15 1839, yd. .14 1838, . . . yd. .60 1857 yd. .237 1840, . yd. .631 1858, (high) .... yd. .42 1841, (high) . yd. 1.00 (low) . . . . yd. .124 (med. high) (medium) yd. .761 yd. .624 ' Lasting. (med. low) yd. .287 1783 yd. .695 (low) yd. .138 1791 p'ce 12.50 1842, . yd. .66 1792 yd. .455 1843, (high) ., (medium) yd. .432 1793 yd. .472 yd. .318 "M ■ - ^■ .472 (low) yd. . .13 1827 yd. 1.36 1844, high) . yd. .468 1829 yd. .746 (low) yd. .293 1846, (high) . (low) yd. .40 Linen . yd. .269 1783, (high) . . . . yd. .626 1846, (high) . (low) yd. .44 (low) . . . . yd. .272 yd. .13 1791, (high) . . . . yd. .656 1847, (high) . (low) 1848, . yd. .333 (medium) yd. .399 yd. .22 (low) . . . . yd. .167 yd. .307 1792, (high) . . . . yd. .436 1863, . yd. .20 (low) . . . . yd. .234 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 215 Prices : Dry Goods — Continued. Ba- Ba- • Yeass. sis. Amount. YBAB9. sis. Amount. Xlrten — Con. Xtnen — Con. 1792, (IrisB) .... yd. $0,163 1829, (low) .... yd. $0.25 (printed) . yd- .292 1830, (high) . yd. .84 (Btriped). . 1793, (higfi) . yd. .278 (medium) yd. .63 yd. .833 (low) yd. .33 (med. bigb) (medium) yd. .639 (Russia) . yd. .126 yd. .485 1831, (high) yd. .62 (med, low) yd. .26 (medium) ■ yd. .314 (low) . (brown) . yd. .167 (low) (Russia) . yd. .169 yd. . .278 yd. .125 1794, (high) . (medium) yd. .634 1832, (high) . yd. 1.00 yd. .39 (medium) yd. .575 flow) yd. .213 (low) . yd. .125 (wholeaole, high) yd. .492 1833 yd. .75 (wholesale, medium ) : yd. .306 1835, (high) . yd. .58 (wholesale, low) (brown; wholesale) yd. .163 (low) . yd. .28 yd. .178 1836, . . . yd. .374 1796, (high) . yd. .642 1837, (high) . yd. 1.13 flow) .■ . yd. .223 (medium) (low) . yd. .634 (wholesale) . yd. .49 yd. .322 (brown: wholesale yd. .209 1838, . yd. .836 1798 yd. .306 1839, (high) . yd. 1.00 1801, (wholesale) . yd. .778 (medium) yd. .686 (wholesale, high) yd. .613 (low) yd. .288 (wholesale, low) yd. .402 1840, (high) . yd. 1.13 1803 yd. .722 (medium) yd. .75 (brown) . yd. .267 (med. low) yd. .625 1804, (high) . yd. .76 (low) yd. .60 (low) yd. .60 1841, (high) , . yd. .729 (G-erman) 1806, (high) . yd. .417 (medium) yd. .363 yd. .693 (low) yd. .20 (low) yd. .417 1842, . yd. .92 1806, . yd. .334 1843, . yd. .268 1807, (high) . yd. 1.00 1844, (high) . yd. .625 (medium) yd. .666 (low) yd. .211 (low) yd. .40 1846, . yd. .25 1808, . . . yd. 1.26 1846, . yd. .205 (wholesale) yd. .379 1847, (high) yd. .60 (broWn) . yd. .291 (medium) yd. .373 1809, (high) yd. 1.05 (low) yd. .25 flow) yd. .68 1848, (high) . yd. .333 (wholesale) yd. .416 (low) yd. .26 1810, . yd. .50 1849, (high) . yd. .492 1811, . yd. .60 (low) yd. .30 1812, . yd. .19 1860, (high) yd. .33 1813, . yd. .42 (low) yd. .2i5 1816, (high) yd. ,1.04 1853, . yd. .75 (low) . yd. .386 1854, . yd. .25 (brown) . yd. ;375 1855, (high) . yd. .60 1816, (high) yd. .413 (low) yd. .24 Jow) . yd. .262 1856, (high) (medium) yd. .818 (brown) . yd. .60 yd. .507 1817, . . . yd. .68 (low) yd. .266 (table) . yd. .667 185T, (high) yd. .874 1818, . yd. .333 (medium) yd. .621 1819, (high) . yd. 1:25 (low) yd. .323 (low) yd. .417 1858, (high) (medium) yd. .739 1820, . yd. .351 yd. .502 (German) yd. .625 (low) yd. .302 1821, (high) . yd. .589 1869, (high) yd. .877 (medium) yd. .409 (medium) yd. .646 (low) yd. .334 (low) yd. .286 1822, (high) . yd. .418 (medium) yd. .333 Zintna. (low) 1823, (Russia table) yd. .25 1783, (high) . . . . yd. .75 yd. 1.00 (medium) yd. .583 1824, . yd. .374 (low) . . yd. .323 1826, (high) . (low) yd. .417 1784 yd. .376 yd. .25 1794 yd. .361 1827, (high) . yd. 1.00 1798, (wholesale) . yd. .306 (medium) flow) 1828, (high) . yd. .425 .28 .625 1805, (cotton) . yd. .42 mpktns. (low) yd. .333 1819 ea. .65 1829, (high) . . . . yd. .30 1826 doz. 1.25 !16 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices : Dry Goods — Continued. Ba- Ba- Yeass. sis. Amount. Teaks. sis. Amount. J/'apkina — Coii. Sheetingf — Con. 1863 doz. tl.50 1824, (Russia) .... yd. $0,417 (doylies) .... doz. 1.20 1825 yd. ' .18 1857, doz. 2.78 1826 1829 yd. .16 .167 Oiled Silk. 1880, (high) . yd. .66 1828 yd. 1.33 (low) . . yd. .11 1843, yd. 1.00 1831, (high) . (medium) yd. .60 .206 Padding. (low) yd. .135 1832, . ... yd. .60 1832, . yd. .121 1839 yd- .60 (Russia) . yd. .22 1840 yd. .87 1833, (cotton) . (Russia) . yd. .131 .333 Patch. 1836 yd. .149 1791 yd. .683 1837 yd. .167 1819, (high) yd. .458 1838 yd. .125 (low) yd. .27 1840, (high) . yd. .167 1820, . yd. .42 (low) . . yd. .115 1830, (high) yd. .26 1841, (high) . yd. .167 (low) yd. .15 (low) . . yd. .102 1835, . yd. J- .26 1842, . . . yd. .096 1837, . yd. ■ .18 1843, (high) . . yd. .125 1840, . yd. .167 (low) . yd. .089 1841, . yd. .188 1844, . . . yd. .111 1843, . yd. .15 1845, . . . ' yd. .103 • 1844, . yd. .07 1846, (high) . yd. .116 1848, . yd. .037 (low) . yd. .09 1850, . yd. .115 1847, . yd. .098 1864, . yd. .26 1848, . yd. .094 1855, . yd. .13 1849, . yd. .078 1856, . yd. .069 1860, (high) yd. .12 1857, (high) (low) yd. .127 (low) yd. .086 yd. .057 1863, . yd. .11 1858, . . yd. .11 1854, . yd. .11 1869, . yd. .114 1856, (high) . yd. .178 (medium) yd. .13 Sheetings (low) yd. .093 1792, (EuBsia) . yd. .414 1856, (high) . . yd. .166 1793, (high) yd. .806 (medium) yd. .133 (low) yd. .372 (low) yd. .091 1794, . yd. .467 1857, (high) . yd. .18 1796, . yd. .458 (low) yd. .10 1800, . yd. .55 1858, (high) . yd. .128 1804, (Ruaela) yd. .656 (low) . yd. .084 1805, . yd. .267 1859, . yd. .11 1806, (RuBBw; high) yd. .575 (Russia; low.) yd. .47 Shirtings 1807 yd. .167 1802, . yd. .278 1809, . yd. .43 1805, . yd. .541 1810, . yd. .62 1806, . yd. .439 1811, . yd. .64 1807, . yd. .50 (Russia) 1812, (high) yd. .626 1808, (cotton) . yd. .60 yd. .625 1809, . yd. 1 .49 (medium) yd. .665 1811, ". • yd. .50 (low) yd. .60 1812, (high) . yd. .70 1813, . yd. .667 (low) . yd. .48 1814, high) yd. .682 1813, . . . yd. .398 low) yd. .40 1814, (high) . yd. .50 1816, high) yd. .747 flow) yd. .433 medium) yd. .529 (wholesale, high) yd. .4.'> low) yd. .393 (wholesale, lo-s?) (cotton) . yd. .36 Russia) yd. .656 yd. .335 1817, high) yd. .661 1816, . yd. .463 ( low) yd. .286 1817, (high) . (medium) yd. .44 1820, . yd. .266 yd. .347 1821, (high) yd. .375 (low) . yd. .23 (low) yd. .208 1818, . yd. .31 1822, (high) (medium) yd. .458 1819, (high) . yd. .368 yd. .321 (low) yd. .228 (low) yd. ,20 1820, (high) yd. .275 1823, . yd. .18 (low) . yd. .171 (Russia) yd. .417 1821, (high) . yd. ,.27 1824, (high) (low) yd. .83 (low) yd. .171 yd. .16 1822, (high) .... yd. .30 WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 217 Prices : Dry Goods — Concluded. Ba- Ba- Years. sis. Amount. Yeaks. sis. Amount. Shiriinga — Cob. Ticking —Con. 1822, (low) .... yd. $0,184 1846 yd. $0.18 1823, (wholesale) . yd. .135 1846, (high) yd. .195 (cotton and linen) yd. .83 (low) yd. .12 1824, (high) . yd. .28 1847, . yd. .18 (medium) yd. .211 1848, . yd. .18 (low) . . yd. .16 1850, . yd. .167 1826, (high) . yd. .32 1854, . yd. .18 (low) . . yd. .167 1856, . yd. .168 1827 yd. .132 1866, . yd. .14 1828, (high) . . yd. .161 1887, . yd. .167 (medium) yd. .123 1858, . yd. .136 (low) yd. .096 1859, (high) yd- .20 1830, (high) . (low) 1831, (high) . yd. .111 .068 .18 (low) yd. .161 Tom Cloth (low) . . yd. .116 1766, . , , yd. .15 1832 yd. .099 176 yd. .311 1835 yd. .087 1766, . yd. .286 1837, . yd. .176 1782, . . . yd. .25 1888, (high) yd. .19 (wholesale) yd. .187 (low) 1839, (high) . yd. .10 1783, . yd. .223 yd. .15 1784, . yd. .17 (low) yd. .11 (wholesale) yd. .163 1840, (high) . yd. .163 1792, . . . yd. .176 (low) yd. .11 1793, . yd. .237 1841, (high) . yd. .16 1794, . yd. .194 (low) . . yd. .09 1795, . yd. .199 1842 yd. .09 1801, (wholesale) yd. .18 1843 yd. .12 1807, . yd. .167 1844, (high) . . yd. .14 1808, . yd. .389 (low) . . yd. .086 1811, . yd. .25 1846, .... yd. .08 1812, . yd. .80 1846 yd. .13 1814, (high) . yd. .416 1847 yd. .124 (low) . yd. .262 1849 yd. .114 1816, . . . yd. .234 1850 yd. .125 1821, . yd. .20 1855, .... yd. .12 1822, . yd. .17 1866 yd. .086 1824, . yd. .22 1857 yd. .126 1827, . yd. .125 1858 yd. .091 1828, (high) . yd. .19 1859 yd. .116 (low) . yd. .13 1830, . yd. .178 Silesia. 1831, . yd. .17 1838 yd. .20 1832, . yd. .16 1840 yd- .222 1833, . . yd. .14 1847 yd. .127 1837, . yd. .134 1848 yd. .13 1840, . yd. .14 1849, .... yd- .124 1851, . yd. .126 1850, .... yd. .11 1857 yd. .13 1851 yd. .11 1855 yd- .122 Towelling 1856, yd. .124 1792, . .yd. .111 1857 yd. .124 1834, . , yd. .417 1858 yd. .12 1856, . Sd. .151 1869, yd. .12 1857, . yd. .159 1869, . yd. .20 Ticking. 1794, (EuBsia) .... yd. 1.03 Wadding. 1795 yd. .778 1816, . yd. .876 1809, yd. .75 1832, (bythesheel) . ea. .06 1811 yd. .606 1840, (by the sheet) ea. .013 1812 yd. .733 1844, (by the sheet) ea. .04 1817 yd. .62 1856 yd- .06 1818 yd. .50 1857, .... yd. .06 1821, . yd. .60 1858, . yd. .046 1822 yd. .416 1859 >d. .05 1828 yd. .27 (by the sheet) . ea. .-1' 1830 yd. .28 1840 yd. .264 Wigan. 1843 yd. .16 1856, yd. .18 1844, . ^ . . . . yd. .18 1858 yd. .168 218 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices: Fish. Ba- Ba- YEAB3. sis. Amount. YEAIiS. sis. Amount. Clams. Eels — Con. 1809 pk. $0,133 1819 Ih. $0,066 1813, (hieh) . pk. .60 1820 lb. .067 (low) pk. .16 1821 lb. .063 1814, . . . pk- .126 1822, ... . . Ih. .06 1823, . pk. .168 1823 lb. .063 1826, . pk- .17 1824 Ih. .062 1827, . fk. .125 1826 Ih. .063 • 1828, . pk. .20 1827 Ih. .062 1829, (hieh) . pk. .25 1829 Ih. .063 (low) pk. .20 1830 lb. .061 1838, . . . pk- .20 1831, lb. .061 1839, . pk. .25 1832 lb. .063 1840, . pk- .26 1834 lb. .062 1842, . pk. .228 1835 lb. .06 1849, . pk- .25 1836 lb. .08 1837 lb. .083 Cod. 1840 lb. .062 1842, (high) .... Ib. .06 1841, . . . . lb. .082 (low) lb. .03 1842 Ih. .074 1844, . . . lb. .037 1843, Ih. .064 1846, . lb. .088 1844 lb. .08 1848, . lb. .04 1846,' lb. .063 1866, . lb. .05 1847 Ih. .067 1849 Ih. .08 Coclflsh. 1782 lb. .017 Fish. 1783 lb. .05 1767, (by the 100 lbs.) . Ih. .004 1801 lb. .034 1763, (by the 100 lbs.) . lb. .006 1803, (wholeeale) . lb. .041 1793 lb. .036 (by the quintal) q't'l 4.60 1794 lb. .032 1806, (by the quintal) q't'l S.34 (wholesale) . lb. .02 1806 lb. .035 (by the quintal) q't'l 4.00 1807, . lb. .032 1797, (by the quintal) . 1798, (by the quintal) . .. q't'l 6.19 1808, . lb. .033 q't'l 4.00 1809, . lb. .032 1800, (by the quintal) . q't'l 4.00 1«10, . lb. .034 1801 Ih. .057 1811, . lb. .037 1802 Ih. .051 1812, . lb. .03 (by the quintal ; high) . q't'l 5.66 (by the quintal ) q't'l 6.00 (by the quintal ; medium) q't'l 4.83 1813, . lb. .0?9 (by the quintal; low) . q't'l 2.94 1814, . lb. .086 1804 Ih. .049 1815, . lb. .032 (by the quintal) q't'l 6.00 1816, . lb. .037 1806, (wholesale) Ih. .049 (by the quintal ) q'fl 5.00 1807, (wholesale) . lb. .047 181T, . lb. .089 1810 lb. .049 181«, . lb. .029 1811, . . , . lb. .063 1819, . lb. .03 1812 lb. .066 1820, . lb. .031 (wholesale) lb. .064 1821, . lb. .031 (by the quintal) q't'l 4.76 1822, . lb. .034 1813, lb. .064 1823, . lb. .03 1814, lb. .06 1824, . Ih. .03 . (wholesale) lb. .031 1826, lb. .027 (by the quintal) q't'l 5.75 1826, . Ih. .029 bbl. 7.00 1827, Ih. .03 1815, (high) .... lb. .077 1828, . lb. .037 (low) . . . . lb. .041 1829, . lb. .035 (by the quintal) q't'l 6.13 1830, . Ih. .029 1816 lb. .04 1831, . lb. .031 (by the quintal) q't'l 6.60 1832, . lb. .081 1817 lb. .051 1833, . Ih- 1 .029 ,1819, lb. .05 ,1836, . Ih. .03 1820, (by the quintal) . , q't'l 3.50 1836, . Ih. .04 ,1821, lb. .04 1837, . Ih. .05 1823, (high) .... lb. .06 1838, . lb. .048 (low) . . . . lb. .03 1839, . Ih. .04 (wholesale) lb. .04 1840, . lb. .04 1824, lb. .05 1841, •. Ih. .032 1826 Ih. .03 1847, . lb. .035 1826, (high) .... lb. .064 (low) . . . . lb. .032 1828 lb. .034 1806, lb. .066 1830 Ih. .033 1807, Ih. .07 1831 Ih. .03 1808, lb. .05 1832 lb. .032 WAGES AND PKICES : 1752^1860. Prices: Fish — Gontijtoed. 219 Ba- Ba- YXABS. sis. Amount. ''^^•"'S. 5jj_ Amount. Msh — Con. Ba libut— Con. 1834, lb. $0,028 1827, . . lb. $0,061 1837 lb. .066 1828, . . lb. .046 1838, . . ... lb. .061 1829, . . lb. .048 1839 lb. .06 1830, . . lb. .046 1840, lb. .043 1831, . . lb. .047 1841, lb. .038 1832, . . lb. .05 1842, (high) .... (low) .... lb. .10 1835, . . lb. .051 lb. .039 1834, . . lb. .053 1843,. lb. .037 1836, . . lb. .066 (wholesale) lb. •.02 1836, (high (low) .lb. .062 1844, lb. .036 . lb. .038 1845 lb. .089 1837, . . lb. .068 1846, (high) .... lb. .08 1838, . . lb. .062 (low) .... lb. .034 1839, . . lb. .061 (wholeoale) , lb. .02 1840, . . lb. .068 1841, (bigh) .... (low) .... lb. .12 1841, . . lb. .058 lb. .06 1842, (high . . . . lb. .07 1848.. lb. .061 (low) . . . lb. .052 (wholesale) lb. .03 1843, . . lb. .047 1849, . . . . . . lb. .046 1844, . . lb. .061 lb. .042 1846, . . lb. .068 1861 lb. .042 1846, . . lb. .062 1862 lb. .046 1847, . . . . lb. .064 1864 lb. .052 1848, . . . . . lb. .06 1866 lb. .062 1849, . . lb. .06 1866 lb. .064 I860, . . lb. .074 1868, lb. .048 1861, . . lb. .066 1863, . . lb. .08 1866, . lb. .122 18J3 lb. .024 1867, . lb. .12 lb. .04 1868, . lb. .12 1817, lb. .033 1869, . lb. .12 1819 lb. .03 1820, (high) .... (low) . . . . lb. .063 fftrring. lb. .03 1761, . doz. .26 1822,. lb. .03 1785, . doz. .083 1824 lb. .03 1798, . C. .667 1825 lb. .03 1810, . doz. .16 1826 lb. .08 1817, . doz. .192 182J lb. .03 0. 1.26 lb. .03 1819, . doz. .16 1830, lb. .02 1820, . C. 1.00 lb. .028 1821, . C. .64 1834, lb. .03 1827, . C. .747 1839 lb. .04 1830, . . doz. .083 1846 lb. .04 1831, . doz. .09 1847, lb. .04 1845, . doz. .12 1848 lb. .036 1847, . doz. .17 1848, . doz. .12 Salibut. 1850, . doz. .06 1804 lb. .044 1867, . doz. .08 1806 lb. .064 1806, lb. .063 Mackerel. 1807 lb. .04 1762, . . doz. .267 lb. .038 1763, . bbl. 6.88 1809 lb. .039 1804, . lb. .066 1810 Ih. .049 1817, . . lb. .068 1811 lb. .04 1819, . bbl. 8.75 1812 lb. .044 (piol led) . . .lb. .10 1813 lb. .041 1820, . bbl. 6.60 Ih. .062 1822, . lb. .04 1816 lb. .063 1823, (higl ) . . . .bbl. 6.26 1816, lb. .063 (low . bbl. 4.26 1817 lb. .049 1826, (No. 1) . . bbl. 6.50 1818 lb. .047 (No. 2) . . . . bbl. 4.60 1819 lb. .06 (whc lesok-) . . bbl. 2.43 lb. .046 1826, . . bbl. 6.00 1821 Ih. .041 (No. 1) . . . .lb. .064 1822 lb. .044 (No. 2) . . . lb. .044 1823, lb. .049 (No. 3) . . . .lb. .031 1824 lb. .048 1827, . lb. .019 1826 lb. .048 1831, . lb. .041 lb. .061 1833, (by he half barrel) . bbl. 6.66 (low) . . . . lb. .045 1837, . .07 220 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices : Fish — Concluded. Ba- . . Ba- Ykabs. sis. Amount. 'Tbars. sis. Amount. Mackerel — Con, Salmon — Goo. 1838, ... . .. lb. $0,069 1849 lb. $0.20 1840, . lb.- .086 1850, . Ih. .32 1842, . lb. .059 18.W, . lb. .126 1843, (high) lb. .12 I85q, . lb. .126 (low) .... lb. .07 1858, . lb. .124 1844, . . . . lb. .069 1859, . lb. .123 1845, lb. .075 1846, Ih. .07 Salt Fish 1847, . ... lb.. .071 1795, . Ih. .066 tit 1.65 1799,* (high) . lb. .066 1848, . . ... lb. .066 (low) . Ih. .021 1849, lb. .067 1812, . . . Ih. .06 1850, . . ... lb. .068 1813, . lb. .067 1851 lb. .06 1814, . Ih. .061 1852 lb. .061 1816, . Ih. /.06 1865 lb. .088 1816, . Ih. .06 1856 lb. ■< . .08 1817, . lb. .055 1857 lb. .096 1818, . lb. .045 1858 Ih. .085 ' 1819, . lb. .047 1859, (high)' lb. .122 1820, (wholesale) lb. .045 (low) . . lb. .08 1821, (high) . (low) lb. lb. .084 .045 1824, (dun) lb. .06 1808, pk. .50 1826, , . . lb. .07 1810, ...... pk. .60 1827, . lb. .06 1811, . . ... pk. .60 1829, . lb. .07 1830, . . ... pk. .50 1830, . lb. .041 1833, . .... qt. .50 1831, (dun) lb. .066 1837 pk. .60 1832, (high) . lb. .07 1846 qt. .266 (low) lb. .04 qt. .20 1833, \ . . 1834, . lb. lb. .023 .04 1886, . lb. .046 1809, lb. ,.029 1836, . Ih. .068 q'fl S.69 (dun) lb. .06 1817 Ih. .027 1840, . . . Ih. .048 1827, (by the 100 lbs.) . lb. .017 1841, (English) lb. .05 1828, . , ... Ih. .027 1842, . . Ih. .05 1829, ... . . lb. .025 1843, : lb. .04 1830 lb. .026 (dull) lb. .05 1831, lb. .024 1844, \ . . lb. .042 1832 Ih. .026 1845, . lb. .05 1883, .... lb. .027 (dun) 1846, . . lb. lb. .05 .04 (dun) lb. .06 1808 lb. .167 1847, . . . lb. .047 lb. .11 (dun) , . lb. .08 1818, (smoked) . lb. .18 1848, . lb. .047 lb. .20 1849, (dun) lb. .06 1829, .... lb. .20 1850, . lb. .035 Ih. .20 1855, . Ih. .06 1840, Ih. .239 1867, . Ih. .05 lb. .206 1858, . lb. .05 1842 lb. .183 1859, . lb. .05 lb. .208 1860, . lb. .05 1844, . . ... lb. .08- 1846 lb. .272 Shad. 1846, lb. .23 1814 Ih. .03 1847 lb. .168 1840, Ih. .167 1848 lb. .232 1841, lb. .167 P ric€ !s: Flo ar and Meal. Bolted Bye Meal. Flour. bbl. $4.50 1764 lb. $0,045 hhl. 8.76 1760, , Ih. .043 1817 hbl. 7.00 1782, . lb. .069 1820, bbl. 4.00 1783, . lb. .056 1826, bbl. 3.00 1784, . 1785, . lb. Ih. .029 .086 Buckwheat Flow. bbl. 6.60 1860 lb. .033 1786, . hhl. 6.41 lb. .036 1791, . bbl. 6.66 1869, lb. .041 1792, (wholesale) ' bbl. 6.09 WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 221 Prices : Flour and Meal — Continued. Ba- Ba- Yeabs. sis. Amount. YEABS. sis. Amount. FkniT — Con, Flowr — Con. 1792, fsnperflne) bbl. $5.33 1816, (medium) bbl. $9.30 1793 lb. .083 (med. low) bbl. 7.33 (high) .... bbl. 6.89 flow) .... (by the halt barrel; high) bbl. 6.83 (low) .... bbl. 6.14 bbl. 15.50 (wholesale) bbl. 5.39 (by the half barrel; low) bbl. 11.07 1794, . lb. .042 1817, (high) .... lb. .088 (wholesale, high) . bbl. 7.42 (low) .... lb. .066 (wholesale, low) bbl. 6.91 (high) .... bbl. 16.25 1796 bbl. 9.25 (medium) bbl. 13.67 ■ (fine) .... bbl. 11.33 (low) . . . . bbl. 10.92 1797, (superfine) bbl. 10.00 f by the half barrel ; high) (by the halt barrel; me- bbl. 16.00 (wholesale) . bbl. 8.25 1798, .... lb. .063 dium) .... bbl. 15.36 cwt. 5.33 (by the half barrel; low) bbl. 12.62 (high) .... bbl. 8.26 1818 lb. .066 (medium) (low) . . . . bbl. 7.25 (high) .... bbl. 12.00 bbl. 6.00 (low) .... bbl. 10.71 1799 bbl. 10.00 (wholesale) bbl. 6.00 (superfine) bbl. 10.25 1819 lb. .058 1800, . lb. .063 (high) .... bbl. 10.00 bbl. 10.86 (medium) bbl. 8.25 1601, (high) .... lb. .067 (low) .... bbl. 7.41 (low) . . . . lb. .053 1820 lb. .05 bbl. 6.50 (high) .... bbl. 6.62 1802 lb. .052 (low) .... bbl. 5.36 bbl. 8.25 1821,. lb. .037 1808 bbl. 7.00 (high) .... (medium) bbl. 7.28 1804 lb. .072 bbl. 6.25 (high) .... (low) .... bbl. 11.65 (low) .... bbl. 4.43 bbl. 7.83 1822, lb. .04 lb. .071 (high) .... bbl. 8 11 bbl. 11.97 (low) . . . . bbl. 7.2.5 (by the halt barrel) bbl. 13.76 1823, lb. .041 1808, . lb. .09 bbl. 8.04 (high) .... bbl. 9.13 1824 lb. .043 (low) .... bbl. 8.17 (high) . . . . bbl. 7.50 bbl. 9.00 (low) . . . . bbl. 6.63 (medium) bbl. 7.87 1825, (high) .... lb. .04 (low) bbl. 7.00 (low) .... lb. .023 1808, (high) .... bbl. 7.50 (high) . . . . bbl. 6.46 Oow) . . . . bbl. 6.25 (low) . . bbl. 6.79 1809 lb. .065 1826, . lb. .ou (high) . . . . (low) .... bbl. 8.75 (high) .... bbl. 6.44 bbl. 7.71 (medium) bbl. 6.83 1810,. ... lb. .053 (low) . . . . bbl. 5.48 cwt. 7.33 1827, (high) .... bbl. 6.49 (high) . . bbl. 11.25 flow) .... bbl. 6.62 (low) .... bbl. 8.6T (wholesale, high) . bbl. 6.13 1811 lb. .078 (wholesale, low) . bbl. 4.75 (high) . . . . hbl. 11.15 1828, lb. .042 (low) .... bbl. 10.17 (high) .... (med. high) bbl. 10.13 (by the half barrel) bbl. 10.68 bbl. 9.38 1812, (high) .... (low) .... lb. .071 (medium) bbl. 8.76 lb. .06 (med. low) bbl. 7.75 bbl. 11.20 (low) .... bbl. 5.78 (medlpm) (low) . . .■ . bbl. 10.50 1829, (high) . bbl. 10.00 bbl. 9.25 (med. high) . (medium) bbl. 9.42 1813 lb. .093 bbl. 8.26 fhigh) . . . . (medium) bbl. 17.00 (med. low) low) . . . . bbl. 7.26 bbl. 14.00 bbl. 6.29 (low) .... bbl. 12.75 1880 Ih. .035 (by the half barrel; high) bbl. 17.24 (high) .... bl)l. 7.08 (by the halt barrel : low) bbl. 16.00 (medium) bbl. 6.21 1814, lb. .087 (low) .... bbl. 5.47 (high) .... bbl. 15.50 1831, lb. .038 (low) . . . . bbl. 15.00 (high) .... bbl. 8.18 (bythehalfbarrel;high) bbl. 16.08 (medium) bbl. 7.07 (by the half barrel: low) bbl. 16.00 (low) .... bbl. 6.13 1816, lb. .058 1832, Ih. .041 (high) .... (low) .... bbl. 8.28 bbl. 7.31 bbl. 7.50 (G-enesee) bbl. 6.63 1816, lb. .066 1833 Ih. .036 (high) .... bbl. 12.00 (high) . . . . bbl. 7.68 (med. high) . bbl. 10.51 (low) . . . . bbl. 6.63 222 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices: Flour and Meal — Continued. Flour — Con. 1834, . (high) (low) 1836, . (high) (low) 1886, (high) (low) 1837, (high) (low) (high) (medium) . (low) (by the half barrel) 1838, . (high) (inedium) (low) 1839, . . (high) (medium) (low) 1840, . 1841, . (high) (medium) (low) 1842, . . (high) (medium) (low) 1843, . (high) (low) 1844, . (high) (low) 1845, . (high) ^medium) (low) 1846, . (high) (medium) (low) 1847, . (high) .'(medium) (low) 1348, . . (high) (medium) (low) 18^9, . 1860, 1851, ■( I 1862, 1868, 1864, (high) how) (by the half barrel) (high) (low) (high) (low) 1856 (high) (medium) (low) /high) (medium) lb. bbl. bbl. lb. bbl. bbl. bbl. bbl. lb. lb. bbl. bbl. bbll bbl. lb, bbl. bbi. bbl. lb. bbl. bbl. bbl. lb. bbl. lb. bbl. bbl. bbl. lb. bbl. bbl, bbl, lb. bbl. bbl. lb. bbl, bbl. lb. bbl bbl. bbl, lb. bill, bbl. bbl. $0,035 7.04 6.11 7.62 6.26 10.75 8.38 .071 .066 12.76 10.81 7.65 10.00 .061 10.26 9.37 8.67 .05 9.67 8.87 7.16 6.76 .04 7.42 6.95 5.30 .036 7.98 6.78 5.29 .081 6.26 6.38 6.25 6.29 7.92 6.33 6.64 7.00 6.40 6.60 .042 10.26 8.26 7.30 .04 8.19 7.35 6.50 6.80 .087 6.97 6.03 7.60 6.49 6.88 .035 6.38 6.60 6.25 .069 11.89 10.26 9.25 .06 12.23 10.89 Ba- sis. Amount. Flowr — Con. 1865, (low) . . . . (by the half barrel ; high) (by the half barrel; low) 1866, . (high) . (med. high) (raed.low) (Iqw) 1857, . . (high) . {medium) (low) 1868, . . (high) . (medium) (low) 1869, . (high) . (medium) (low) 1860, (high) (low) Oraliam Flow. (by the half barrel) 1836, 1839, 1849, 1860, 1851, 1855, ( 1856, 1857, 1868, 1859, Indian Meal. 1792, . 1793, . 1794, . 1799, . 1801, . 1802, . 1803, . 1804, (high) (low) 1806, . 1809, . 1810, (high) (low) 1811, (high) . (low) 1812, (high) . (low) 1813, (high) . (low) 1814, (high) (low) 1816, (high) (low) 1816, . (high) . (med. high) (medium) (med. lo,w) (low) 1817, 1818, (high) . (medium) (low) bbl. bbl. bbl. lb. bbl. bbl. bbl. bbl. bbl. bbl. bbl. lb. bbl. bbl. bbl. bbl. .bbl. bbl. bbl. bbl. bbl. bbl. pk. lb. bbl. lb. lb. bbl. bbl. lb. lb. bbl. lb. bu. bu. bu. bag bu. bu. bu. bu. bu. bu. bu. bu. bu. bu. bu. bu. biT bu. bu. bu. bu. bu. bu. lb. bu. bu. bu. bu., bu. lb. bu. bu. bu. Pk. $9.80 11.24 10.76 .054 11.75 10.86 9.71 8.78 .048 9.45 7.90 6.75 9.00 7.42 5.50 .045 10.50 8.87 7.96 9.50 8.75 8.50 8.00 .48 7.24 .036 .06 11.60 .058 9.60 .049 .04 7.60 .046 .723 .886 .834 1.00 1..17 .854 .987 1.25 .976 1.00 1.12 1.23 1.16 1.42 1.15 1.83 1.13 1.63 1.38 1.77 1.37 1.46 1.17 2.00 1.79 1.48 1.25 1,1S .044 2.00 1.75 1.36 .33 WAQES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 223 Prices : Flour and Meal — CoNTmnBD. Ba- Ba- Yeabs. sis. Amount. Ykaes. sis. Amount. Indian Meal — Con. 1818, tMg&) .... Indicm Meal — Con. bu. $1.27 1849, (wholesale) . . . bu. $0.68 (low) .... bu. 1.09 1860, lb. .016 1819, (high) • . . . . bu. 1.20 pk. . .28 (medium) bu. 1.08 (high) .... bu. 1.58 (low) .... bu. .89 (low) .... bu. .762 1820, (high) .... bu. .90 1851 lb. .016 (low;) .... bu. .711 bu. .772 1821, (high) .... bu. .847 1862 lb. .017 loV .... bu. .686 pk. .217 1822, bu. .888 bu. .79 1828, (high) . . . . bu. 1.08 1853 lb. .02 (medipm) (low) .... bu. .814 1854 lb. .022 bu. .662 bu. 1.02 1824, (high) .... bu. .76 1855, ... . . lb. .026 (low-) . . . . bu. .6,64 t: .36 1825, (high) .... bu. .98 1.04 (medium) (low) .... bu. .677 1856 lb. .019 bu. .40 bu. 1.25 1826,. bu. .965 1867, lb. .021 1827 lb. .016 1868 lb. .021 (high) .... (low) .... bu. 1.08 t: .44 bu., .75 1.00 1828, bu. .683 1869 lb. .021 1829, (high) .... bu. .90 bu. 1.00 ' lol*)' . . . . bu. .764 1860, (wholesale) . bu. .70 1830 b«. .703 1831, . bu. .821 Meal. 1832, (high) .... (low) .... bu. .978 1766 qt. .028 bu. .75 1766 qt. .022 1833, t: .27 1767, qt. .018 (high) . . . . 1.12 6u. .60 (low) . . . . bu. .923 1777 pk. .25 1834 t: .25 1782 bu. 1.00 (high) . . . . (medium) 1.43 1784, bu. .656 bu.* 1.08 1786 pk. .209 (low) . . . . bu. .85 1794 bu. .778 1836,. pk. .264 1795 bu. .778 (high) . . . . bu. 1.20 1797 bu. 1.00 (low) . . . . bu. .90 1800 bu. .883 1836 bu. 1.09 1802 bu. .944 1837 lb. .016 1803, (high) .... bu. 1.08 bu. 1.31 low) . . . . bu. .668 1838 lb. .024 (wholesale) bu. .916 (high) . . . . bu. 1.12 1804 bu. 1.09 (low) . . . . 1839, (high) .... bu. .86 1806 bu. 1.00 bu. 1.27 (wholesale) bu. 1.26 (low) . . . . bu. 1.06 1806, ...... bu. 1.17 1840, (high) .... bu. .92 1807 pk. .30 (low) . . . . bu. .744 bu. 1.11 1841, (high) .... bu. .90 1808 bu. .936 (low) . . . . bu. .66 1809 pk. .40 1842 lb. .016 1810, . ,, . ?u^: .373 bu. .736 1.00 1843, lb. .014 1812, (high) .... bu. 1.56 bu. .697 (low) . . . . hu. 1.18 1844 lb. .013 1813, (high) .... bu. 1.81 (high) . . . . (low) . . . . pk. .28 (low) . . . . bu. 1.61 It .18 1814 It .67 .673 (high) . . . . 2.12 1845 lb. .015 (medium) bu. 2.00 (high) . . . . bu. .933 (low) . . . . bu. 1.64 (low) .... bu. .673 1815 lb. .027 1846 lb. .018 t. .35 bu. .834 1816 1.34 1847 lb. .02 1817 bu. 1.84 1848 lb. .017 1818 lb. .026 It .27 bu. 1.30 (high) .... .91 (wholesale) 1819, (high) .... bu. 1.20 .(medium) bu. .803 bu. 1.82 (low) . . . . bu. .682 (low) . . . . bu. .96 1849 lb. .015 1824, pk. .26 (high) .... pk. .28 1825 bu. 1.00 (low) .... pk. .17 1826, (high) .... bu. 1.25 bu. .794 (low) . . . . bu. .92 224 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices: Flour and Meal — CoNTmuED. 1827, 1828, 1829, 1831, 1837, 1839, 1842, 1847, Meal — Con. 1849, 1856, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1860, 1802, 1803, 1804, 1806, 1810, 1813, 1814, 1816, 1816, 1817, 1820, 1838, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1845, 1846, 1847, (high) . (medium) (low) (high) (low) (high) (low) Oatmeal. (high) (low) (high) .12 (low) Ib. .25 1841 Ib. .157 1815, . lb. .232 1842, (high) .... lb. .167 1816, (high) Ib. .255 (low) .... lb. .135 (low) lb. .20 1843, (high) .... lb. .158 1817, (high) . Ib. .328 (medium) lb. ,123 (low) lb. .242 _ (low) . . . . lb. .094 (wholesale) Ib. .235 1844 lb. .16 1818, (high) . Ib. .361 1845 Ib. .135 (medium) lb. .30 1846, (blgb) .... lb. .16 (low) lb. .259 (low) . . . . Ib. .122 (wholesale) lb. .241 1847 lb. .15 1819, . Ib, .338 1848 Ib. .148 1820, (high) . Ib. .318 1850 Ib. .135 (low) . Ib. .271 1862 lb. .127 1821, (Java) . Ib. .297 1854 lb. .127 (Mooha) . Ib. .334 1855 lb. .13 1822, (high) . lb. .296 1856 lb. .124 (low) Ib. .177 1857 Ib. .25 1823, . lb .264 1888 lb. .239 1824, . 1826, . Ib. lb. .22 .19 Coffee. 1826, (high) . (low) Ib. .25 1782, ...... lb. .356 lb. .199 1783, . . lb. .167 1827, (high) . Ib. .20 1784, . lb. .167 (medium) (low) Ib. .161 1792, . . • . lb. .208 Ib. .12 (wholesale) lb. .174 1828, . lb. .16 1793, . Ib. .195 1829, . lb. .147 1794, . . . lb. .171 (wholesale) lb. .13 (wholesale) lb. .167 1830, (high) . Ib. .146 1795, (wholesale) lb. .181 (low) lb. .128 1796, (wholesale, high) Ib. .243 1831, . Ib. .133 (wholesale, low) lb. .222 (wholesale) Ib. .11 1797, (wholesale) . Ib. .223 1832, . . . Ib. .14 1798, (wholesale) lb. .23 (Java) . lb. .167 1799, (wholesale) lb. .284 1833, . Ib. .142 1800, . Ib. .279 1334, . lb .14 (wholesale) Ib. .267 (Java) Ib. .166 1801, (high) . (low) Ib. .279 1835, . lb. .131 lb. .23 1836, (Sumatra) Ib. .12 - (wholesale, high) (wholesale, low) Ib. .26 1837, . Ib .124 lb. .233 1838, . lb. .137 1802 lb. .244 1839, . . . Ib, .139 (wholesale) Ib. .20 (Java) . 1840, (high) . lb. .146 1803, (high) . lb. .312 Ib. .16 (med. high) «medium) lb. .277 (low) lb. .12 lb. .23 1841, . lb. .132 (low) . lb. .167 (wholesale) Ib. .116 (wholesale, high) Ib. .297 1842, . Ib. .127 (wholesale, low) lb. .26 (wholesale) Ib. .11 1806, (high) . Ib. .375 1843, (high) . Ib, .113 (low) Ib. .328 (low) Ib. .08 (wholesale, high) lb. .81 (wholesale) Ib. .077 (wholesale, low) lb. .26 1844, . lb. .111 1806 lb. .334 1846, (high) . lb, .16 1807, (high) . lb. .30.5 (low) Ib. .107 (low) . . Ib. .22 1846, (high) . Ib. ,125 1808, Ib. .276 (low) Ib .107 (wholesale) Ib. .24 1847, . . . lb. .108 1809, .... lb. .279 (green) . Ib .08 Ib. .28 1848, . . . II). .109 (low) . . Ib. .238 1849, . lb .112 1811, (high) . lb. .26 1860, . Ib. .137 (medium) lb. .206 1861, . Ib .147 (low) . . Ib. .166 1862, . Ib. .144 (wholesale, high) lb. .193 1864, (high) . Ib. .20 (wholesale, medium (wholesale, low) ) . lb. .167 (low) lb. .149 Ib. .126 1856, (high) . Ib. .16 1812, (high) . Ib. .26 (low) Ib. .11 (medium) lb. .19 1866, (high) . lb. .20 228 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices: Food Preparations — Continukd. Ba- Ba- Yeabs. sis. Amount. Teaxs, sis. Amount. Co/ce — Con. BtymUiV. 1866, (medram) lb. $0,163 1868, . . . . ib. $0.06' (low) .... Ih. .108 1859 Ih. .06 1857, (high) .... lb. .201 1860 Jb. .05 (medium) (low) .... 1858, (high) .... (low) .... 1859, (high) . . . . (medium) (low) lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. .163 .102 .176 .118 .196 .163 .109 Eonty. 1804, . . . . . . 1817, ; 1825 1830 1835 Ib. lb. lb. .167 .25 .125 .125 .12 1860, (high) .... lb. .22 Lard. (low) .... lb. .18 \1Vl, (wholesale) . ib. .125 1803, (wholesale) . lb. .10 Corn Starch. 1806 lb. .125 1860 lb. .121 1813, . Ih. .193 1851, lb. .121 1814, . lb. .202 1862 lb. .10 1815, . lb. .20 1854 lb. .12 1817, . 1818, . lb. lb. .223 .218 Grackeri. 1819, . lb. .166 1813, . . ... hhl. 6.44 1820, . Ih. .169 1822 doz. .105 1821, . lb. .115 1830, doz. .06 1823, . lb. .112 (wholesale) . doz. .045 1824, . lb. .10 1832, . . ... doz. .111 1825, . Ih. .12 hbl. 3.25 1826, (high) lb. .125 1830 lb. .125 (low) Ib. .094 1843, bhl. 3.00 1827, . . Ih. .126 1847 bbt. £f.88 1828, . . Ih. .124 (soda) .... lb. .10 1829, . lb. .09 I860,. lb. .08 1830, (high) lb. .111 (soda) ..... lb. .10 (low) lb. .07 1851, Ih. .085 1831, . lb. .10 (soda) .... lb. .10 1832, . ib. .10 1862, ... . . lb. .112 1833, . Ib. .117 1866 lb. .121 1834,'. lb. .126 1867 lb. .117 1835, . Ib. .124 1868 lb. .112 1837, (high) lb. .161 1859 lb. .123 (low) 1838, (high) Ib. lb. .118 .149 Cream of Tartar. (medium) lb. .113 1811 Ih. .60 (low) . . . Ih. .079 1817 oz. .063 1839, (high) .... Ih. .169 1822 lb. .657 (low) .... lb. .118 1829 Ih, .32 1840 Ih. .132 1832, M 1841 Ih. .099 1837, ...... lb. .28 1842 Ih. .104 lb. .36 1843, ...... lb. .094 1841 Ih. .32 (wholesale) Ih. .06 Ih. .26 1844 Ih. .089 1844 lb. .24 1846, Ih. .097 1846 lb. .228 1846, (high) .... lb. .131 1846 lb. .238 (medium) lb. .097 lb. .28 (low) .... lb. .063 (low) .... Ih. .251 1847, (high) .... lb. .12i 1848 Ih. .278 (low) .... Ih. .097 1849 lb. .257 (wholesale, high) . lb. .116 1850, (high) .... lb. .254 (wholesale, low) . lb. .062 (low) .... Ih. .20 1848 Ib. .103 1861, Ih. .264 1849, . )h. .098 1862 lb. .261 1860, (hlRh) Ib. .098 1854, (high) .... lb. .68 (low) lb. .063 (low) .... Ih. .48 1861, . Ib. .11 Ih. .40 1862, . Ih. .122 1856 Ih. .402 1863, . lb. .138 1867 lb. .398 1864, . lb. .13 1868, Ih. .401 1866, . Ib. .143 1859 lb. .394 1856, . 1857, . lb. Ih. .137 .16 Farina. 1858, . lb. .14 1860 lb. .12 1869, . Ib. .145 1861 lb. .121 1860, . lb. .16 1852 Ih. .119 lb. .14 Macaroni. lb. .15 1837 lb. .17 lb. .15 1858, ■ . lb. .167 WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 229 Prices : Food Preparations — Continued. Ba- Ba- YSABS. sis. Amount. Years. sis. Amount. Macaroni — Con. Molasses — Con. 1869, lb. $0.18 1814, (medium) • . . . gal. $1.2-1 1860 lb. .19 (med. low) (low) gal. gal. 1.00 . .794 Molasses. 1816, (high) gal. 1.60 1763 gal. .566 (low) gal. .843 1762 lal. .50 1816, (high) . lal. .774 1766 qt. .111 (low) 1817, (high) . gal. .636 1767, (by the hhd.) . gal. .201 gal. .676 1773 qt. .083 (low) gal. .675 1774, .... qt. .083 1818, . qt. .176 1776 gal. .40 (high) . gal. .767 1779 gal. .389 (low) gal. .622 1780, .... gal. .389 (New Oilcans) gal. .72 1782 qt. .206 1819, . qt. .17 gal. .60 (high) . . gal. .696 1783, .... qt. .122 (low) gal. .502 (by the hhd.) . qt. " .083 (wholesale) gal. .46 1784 qt. .078 1820, . gal. .378 1786 gal. .361 1821, . gal. .38 1786, .... ial. .333 (sugar) . gal. .60 1788, .... eal. .333 1822, . . . gal. .383 1790 qt. .167 1823, . lal. .329 1791, gal. .416 (wholesale) 1824, (high) . gal. .294 1792, (high) . . ial. .666 gnl. .324 (low) gal. .444 (low) gal. .22 1793, .... gal. .60 1826, (high) . gal. .383 (wboloBale) gal. .389 (low) 1826, (high) . ial. .26 1794, .... gal. .712 gal. .60 1796 i»l. .556 (med. high) (medium) gal. .40 fwholeaalc) gal. .444 ial. .362 1798, .... gal. .778 (low) . . (wholesale) gal. .233 (-wfaoleBak) gal. .639 gal. .29 1799, .... qt. .165 1827, . gal. .384 (high) . . gal. .723 1828, . gal. .356 (low) gal. .63 1829, (high) . gal. .411 1800, .... qt. .14 (low) gal. .32 gill. .566 1830, (high) . lal. .90 (wholesale) gal. .43 ,oo, ^'""^ gal. .319 1801 qt. .25 1831, . qt. .10 (wholesale) gal. .623 (high) . gal. 1.02 1802 qt. .13 (medium) lal. .60 (high) . . gal. 1.00 (low) gal. .331 (medium) lal. .656 1832, . lal. .332 (low) . . gal. .60 1833, . gal. .363 1803 gal. .51 1834, (high) . lal. .46 (wholesale) (sngar-bakers*) lal. .463 (low) . lal. .329 gal. .584 J836, . . . gal. .348 1804 qt. .167 1836, . . . lal. .463 (high) . . gal. .602 1837,. (high) gal. .448 (wholesale) gal. .446 (medium) |al. .37 gal. .611 ,o,o ('"^5 • |al. .27 1806 qt. .166 1838, . gal. .408 (high) . . Sal. .666 1839, . qt. .105 (low) . . gal. .525 ial. .392 (wholesale) gal. .422 (sugar-bakers') lal. .65 1806 gal. .60 1840 gal. .348 1807, .... gal. .60 1841, (high) . gal. .333 1808, rhigh) . gal. .72 (low) . . |al. .289 (low) |al. .576 1842, . lal. .272 (sugar-bakers') gal. .76 1843, (high) . qt. .11 1809, (high) . gal. .75 (low) . qt. .076 (medium) gal. .638 (high) . gal. .296 (low) . . gal. .52 (low) . |al. .236 1810 lal. .673 (wholesale, high) |al. .24 (wholesale) . 1811, high) . . gal. .66 (wholesale, low) lal. .18 gal. 1.07 1844 lal. .345 (low) . . gal. .695 1845, . . gal. .33 1812, (high) . (low) . . gal. .745 1846, (high) . lal. .294 khI* .641 (low) . lal. .24 181S qt. .336 1847, (high) . (medium) lal. .342' (high) . . gal. 1.19 gal. .30 (low) . . gal. .837 (low) gal. .255 1814, (high) . . gal. 160 1848,.. gal. .293 (med. high) . gal. 1.37 1849, (high) . ial. .33 230 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices: Food Preparations — Continue^. Ba- Ba- Yeaks. sis. Amount. YEA.RS. lis. Amount. Molasae) ~Gon. Saleratua — Con. 1849, (low) . . . / gal $0,279 1858 lb.. $0,067 '. 1850, (high) gal .405 1859 lb.. ■ ..97 «■ (low) . . . lal .291 1861 qt. .11 Salt. gal .252 1756 bu. ..667 ' (augar-houee) . lal M 1757, .... bu. .80 1862, (high) . . . gal .44 1768, .... bu,. .833 (low) . gal .26 1760 pk. .222 1854, . . . gal .302 1762 qt. . .021 1855, (high) (low) gal .456 1768 bu. .666 iai .39 1779, .... bu. .50 1866,. . . gal .492 1782 pk. .064 1857,. (high) gal .746 bu. .833 (medium) gal .688 1783 pk. .208 (low) gal .375 1784, (high) . . pk. .167 1868„(high) |ol .41 (low) . . pk. .083 ' (low) gal .31 1786, . •. pk. .196 1859, (high) gill .44 bu. .666 .(low) ial .821 1786 bu. .667 1860, (high) gal .60 1788 bu. .33 (low) ial .40 1790 bu. .667 1793, .... bu.. .916 Pearl Barley. 1794 e: .278 1806, . . .... lb. .334 1.06 1816, lb. .376 1796 (high) . low) . . t.. .028 1.17 bu. 1.00 1847,. (pearl) . . . . lb. .10 1798, hhd. 6.00 1848, (pearl) lb. .10 1801, (high) . .(low) bu. 1.3S 1840, . . lb. .122 bu. 1.00 1851, (high) lb. .11 « (fine) . pk. .333 (low) lb. .08 1802, . pk. .183 1862, . . lb. ..10 bu. .83 1854, . lb. .12 1803, . hhd. 5.00 1866, . lb. .126 (fine) pk. .27 1856, . lb. .126 .(Lisbon) . t. .209 1867, . lb. .12 1804,.. . . .977 ' 1858, , lb. .074 1805, . . bu. .834 1859, . lb. .103. 1808,.. pk.. .272 1807, (high) . pk. .332 SaUraiua. (low) pk. .20 1830, (high) . . . . lb. .16 1808, (high) . pk. .50 ,(low) lb. .116 .(low) pk. .334 1831, . . lb. .10 .(rock) bu. .90 1832, (high) lb. .117 1809, .(wholesale) bu. .60 (low) lb. .063 .(rock; high) bu. 1.25 1833, . . lb. .104 (rock; low) bu. 1.00 1834,, . lb. .088 1810... ;.. . pk. . .338 1836... . lb. .112 1811, (high), . bu. .80 1837,. (high) IK .109 (low), ; bu. .66 (low) lb. .06 bag 4.60 1838,,. . lb. .118 1812, (high) . pk.. .40 ; 1839,(higt) lb. .118 (medium) pk. ).30 (low) lb. .08 (low) . pk. .235 1840, . . lb. .091 bu. .•.80 1841, . lb. .095 1813, . . pk.. .24 1842, . lb. .007 1814, . bu. 1.00 1843, . lb. .098 (coarse) . pk. .276 ' 1844, . lb. .079 1816, (high) pk. .42 1846, . lb. .08 (low) t. .265 1846, (high) lb. .08 (high) . 1.35 . (low) lb. .06 (low) . bu. 1.00 1847, . . lb. .088 1816, . qt. .05 1848, . lb. .098 (high) . pk. .347 1849, . lb. .099 (low) . (high) • pk. .17 1660,.. lb. .092 bu. 1.02 1861, , lb. .078 (low) . bu. .793 1862, . . lb. .078 1817, . . . gS: .32 ' 1854, (high) lb. .126 rhigh) . (low) 1.00 (low) lb. .08 bu. .829' 1866, (high) lb. .11 1818, . t.. .34 , (low) lb. .07 (high) . .83 1868, . . lb. .07 low) . bu. .64 1867, . lb. .071 1819, (high) . . . . pk. .33 WAGES AI^D PRICES : 1753-1860. 231 Prices: Food Preparations — Continued. Ba- Ba- YEAB3. sis. Amount. YlARS. sis. Amount. . Salt — Con. ,Sa« — Con. 1819, (medium) pk. $0.25 1848, (fine) .... qt. $0,026 , (low) .... pt. .17 1846 . bu. .807 bu. .84 (flne) pk. .232 1820, (high) .... bu. .86 1847, (high) . bu. .88 (low) .... bu. .70 (low) bu. .599 (flne; high) . ■fflne; low) hu. 1.16 bag 1.62 bu. 1.00 (coarse) . qt. .015 1821, ...... qt. .065 flne) . . qt. .032 (high) .... pk. .25 1848, .... qt. .03 (low) .... pk. .18 bu. .606 (high) .... bu. .84 1849, . qt. .011 (low) .... bu. .665 pk. • .138 1822 pk. .17 1850, . . lb.- -.01 1 (high) .... bu. .64 qt. .023 (low) .... b«. .74 pk. .127 (flne) .... pk. .246 bu. .40 1823 bu. .86' 1851 qt. .026 (coarse) .... bu. .66 pk. .13 1824 pk. .213 18S4,- pk. .192 1825 pk. .21 (fine) qt. .031 (high) . . . hu. .78 1865,- (high) . bu. .816 (low) .... bu. .64- ■ (low) . bu. .667 1826,. pk. .20 1858, . pk. .24 bu. .70 (high) . bu.- .835 1827 pk. .20 (low) bu. .661 bu. .604 1857, (high) bu. .84 1828, qt. .06 (low) bu. .61 pk. .193 (high) . bag 2.12 bu. .666 (low) bag 1.34 1829, • pk. .20 1858, thigh) bu.- ■ .642 Bu. .683 (low) bu. .502 1830 pk. .223 1859, (high) . ■ (low) bu. .663 (high) .... 6u. .768 bu.- .458 (low) .... bu. .69 (coarse) .... pk. .16 Soda. . » 1831, . . . . . . t. .14 1836 Ib. , .113 (high) .... .777 1837, (high) . lb. ■ .10 (low) .... bu. .60 (low) lb. -.063 1832 pk. .20' 1838, . . . lb. .101 bu. .667 (wholesale) lb. .067 (rock) .... bu. '.84 1839, . lb. .101 1833,. ..... pk. .20 1840, . . : lb. .08 1834 qt. .03 1841, (high) lb. .10 pk. .226 .(low) ^ lb. .05 bu. .60 1842, . . . lb. .087 1835, ...... qt. .027- 1843, (high) lb. .098 pk. .14 .(low) lb. .042 1836, (high) .... pk. .20 1844,. (high) . lb. .16 (low) .... pk. .14 (medium) ib. .08 1837,-. . . . . qt. .025 (low) lb. .05 bu. .621 1845, (high) . lb. .16 1838^ bu. .608 1846, (Mgh) ." Ib. .08 ■(flne) .... pk. .216 lb. .12 1839, , qt. .029 1847, (mS) ■ lb. .08 bu. .632 lb. .079 ' (flne) .... pk. .20 (low) 1 . lb. .03 1840, (flne) . . . ■ . pk. .191 1848, (high) lb. .12 1841, . qt. .025 (low) . Ih. .065 bu. .60 1849, . . 1 lb. .06 (flne) .... pk. .20 1850, (high) . lb. .111 qt. .03 (low) lb. .06 pk. .20 1861, (high) . Ib. .116 bu. .612 (low) lb. .06 1843 qt. .026 1852, . lb. .12 (high) , . . bu. .772 1854, (high) . lb. .119 (low) .'■ . . ■. bu. .544 1 (low) lb. .06 bag 1.75 1859, (high) . lb. .154 (flne) "•: . ... . (flne) . . ■ . . qt. .03 (low) lb. .069 pk. .20 1844, • . . . . . . qt. .03 Starch. pk. .165 1794, Ib. .167 bu. .663 1799 lb. .328 . . lb. .78 (low) lb. .338 (Pekoe) . lb. .44 1853, . lb. .25 (Souchong) lb. .38 1854, (high) lb. .707 1839, (high) . lb. .876 (medium) (low) lb. .502 (medium) lb. .68 lb. .376 (low) lb. .373 1855, (high) lb. .62 (Pekoe; high) lb. .44 (medium) (low) lb. .50 (Pekoe; low) lb. .38 . lb. .408 (Souchong) lb. .333 1866, (high). lb. .63 1840, (high) . (medium) lb. .80 (medium) lb. .50 lb. .609 low) lb. .41 (low) lb. .49 1867, (high) (medium) lb. .754 (Hy?on) . (Pekoe) . lb. .46 lb. .565 lb. .44 (low) lb. .295 (Souchong) lb. .493 1858, . lb. .564 1841, (high) . lb. .82 1859, (high) lb. .747 (low) lb. .604 (medium) lb. .607 (Souchong) lb. .7.5 (low) lb. .50 1842, (high) . . . . lb. .76 1860 lb.- .50 WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 237 Prices: Fruits. Ba- Ba- YUAKS. sis. Amount. Yeabs. sis. Amount. Citron. Dried Apple — Con. 1830 lb. $0,418 1807, . . . . . bu. $1.00 1831 lb. .76 1810, . bu. 1.00 1841 lb. .34 1812, . bii. 117 1844 Ih. .33 1828, . lb. .042 1845 lb. .32 1829, . Ih. .055 1846, (high) .... lb. .83 1830, . , lb. .05 Clow) .... lb. .24 1831, (high) . lb. .062 1847 : lb. .33 (low) lb. .034 1848 lb. .334 1832,. . . . lb. .07 1860, (high) .... lb. .301 1833, . lb. .08 (low) .... lb. .24 ' 1835, . lb. .079 1851,. lb. .30 1837, . lb. .065 1862 lb. .318 1838, . lb. .08 1864 lb. .339 1839, . lb. .079 1856, (high) .... lb. .40 1843, . lb. .044 (low) .... lb. .325 1845, (high) . lb. .067 1866 lb. .34 (low) lb. .045 1867, (high) .... lb. .48 1846 lb. .089 (low) .... lb. .878 1847 lb. .069 1868, (high) .... lb. .867 1843, . . . ». lb. .065 (low) . . . . lb. .26 1849 lb. .068 1850, (Mgh) lb. .138 Cfurrants, low) . . lb. .059 1802, lb. .167 1861,. . . . lb. .07 1804 lb. .181 1852, . lb. .089 1806 lb. .25 1864, . lb. .087 1806, (high) .... lb. .28 1865, . lb. .124 (low) .... lb. .166 1866, . , lb. .093 1807,. . . . . lb. .146 1857, . lb. .17 1808, lb. .167 1858, . lb. .111 1809 lb. .125 1859, . , . lb. , .12 1810 lb. .187 18U lb. .163 Mgs. 1813, ... . . lb. .167 1805, .... lb. .25 1819 lb. .22 1806, . lb. .25 1820 Ih. .15 1816, . lb. .25 1821 Ih. .20 1817, . lb. .20 1823, ...... lb. .25 1818, (high) lb. .20 1824 lb. .20 low) . lb .14 1825 lb. .25 1819, . lb. .13 1828 lb. .18 1820, (wholesale) lb. .083 1829, .... Ih. .20 1826, . lb. .10 1830, (high) .... lb. .26 1828, . lb. .08 (low) . . . . lb. .175 1829, . lb. .165 1831, (high) .... lb. .165 1830, . lb. .145 (low) .... Ih. .122 1831, . lb. .125 1832 Ih. .126 1832, . lb. .14 1837, lb. .14 1837, . lb. .125 1838 Ih. .118 1843, . lb. .123 1839, Ih. .168 1844, . lb. .14 1840 Ih. .163 1845, . lb. .138 1841, lb. .169 1846, . lb. .122 1843 lb. .123 1847, . lb. .121 1844 Ih. .14 1848, . lb. .119 1845 Ih. .14 1850, . lb. .152 1846, . . ... Ih. .14 1851, . lb. .152 1847 lb. .141 1862, . lb. .12 1848, lb. .123 1866, . lb. .173 1860 lb. .123 1867, . lb. .24 1851 Ih. .123 1858, . lb. .184 1852 Ih. .123 1864 lb. .30 Lemons. 1865 lb. .251 1783, ea. .05 1866, (high) .... lb. .331 1802, (high) doz. .834 (low) 1857, (high) lb. .252 (low) . doz. .416 lb. .332 1803, (high) . doz. .50 (low) lb. .183 (low) doz. .416 1858, (high) lb. .211 1804, . . . doz. .334 1869, (high) .'.;.' lb. .159 1805, (high) doz. 1.00 Ih. .20 (low) . doz. .584 (low) . . . . lb. .157 1806, (high) (mertium) doz. doz. .50 .38 Dried Apple. (low) doz. .25 1791 hn. .833 1807, . ea. .031 1803 hu. 1.08 1808, . ea. .083 238 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices : Fraits — Continued. Ba- Ba- Yeabs. sis. Amount. YEAB8. sis. Amount. Lemons — Con. Oranges —Con. 1809 ea.' $0,086 1837, , , doz., $0.60 ■ 1810, (high) . doz. .50 1838, .' i. doz. .208 , low) . doz.' .125 1839, (high) doz.. .30 1811, . doz. .30 , ' 4{low) doz.' ••1* 1812, . doz.' .417 1843, (high) doz.' .2S9 1813, . doz. .50 (low) doz. .171 1816, . doz. .60 1845, ;(bigh) doz. .80 1817, . doz. .40 .(medium) (low) doz. .24 1819, . doz. .60 - doz. .12 1820, (high) doz. .728 '""''t^U doz. .333 (low) . doz.' .448 doz. .221 1822, . . ea. .08 (low) doz. .12 doz. '.33 1847, (high) doz. .242 1823, (high) . doz. .60 ' (medium) doz. .197 (low) doz. .24 (low) doz. .12 1824, . . doz. .38 1848, (high) doz. .341 1825, . doz. .50 (medium) doz. .233 1826, . doz. box .38 4.00 (low) 1849, . . doz. ea. .188 .028 1827, . • Aoz. '.ao 1860, (high) .(medium) doz. .345 1828, . doz. .30 doz. .239 1829, . . doz. .22 (low) doz. .16 1330, (high) doz. .168 1861, (high) doz. .358 (low) . doz. .125 (low) 1862, .(high) doz. .244 1831, . . doz. .38 doz. ;.38 1833, (high) doz. .20 .(low) doz. .241 (low) doz.' .12 1869, \ . doz. .20 1834, (high) doz. .376 (low) doz. .126 Prunes. 1836, . . doz. .25 1806 lb. .25 1887, . doz. .221 1808 lb. ■ .26 1838, (high) doz. .336 1846, (high) . . . lb. .126 (low) doz. .23 (low) .... lb. ' .09 1839, (high) doz. .386 1848, lb. .12 (low) doz. .236 1861, lb. .122 1840, (high) doz. .30 1852 lb. .10 (low) doz. .22 1859 lb. •10 1811, . . doz. .24 1842, . ea. .019 Baisins. 1843, (high) doz. .32 1782, ...... lb. .306 (low) 1844, high) doz. .229 1788, . lb. .143 doz. .24 1784, . lb. .111 (low) doz. .178 1794, . lb. .133 1845, (high) doz. .845 1801, (high) lb. .117 (low) doz. .21 (low) lb. .10 1346, (high) doz. .244 1802, (high) lb. .25 (low) doz. .183 (low) lb. .103 1847, (high) doz. .34 1803, (high) lb. .25 (low) 1848, (high) doz. .226 (low) lb. .125 doz. .334 1804, . . lb. .25 (low) doz. .234 1806, (high) lb. .163 1849, (high) doz. .28 (low) lb. .126 (low) doz. .232 1806, (high) lb. .25 1860, . . doz. .213 (low) lb. .123 1861, . doz. .221 1807, (high) lb. .25 1852, . doz. .209 (low) lb. .125 1855, (high) doz. .36 1809, . lb. .25 (low) doz. .248 1810, . lb. .126 1866, . . doz. .224 1812, . lb.', .25 1867, (high) doz. .38 1813, (high) (low) lb. ' .333 • (low) doz. .236 lb. . .208 1858, (high) (low) doz. .36 1814, . . lb. .828 doz. .24 1816, . lb. .976 1859, rhigh) doz. .88 1816, . lb. .139 doz. .233 1817, . lb. .131 1818, . . lb. ,,1«6 Oranges. 1819, (high) . (low) lb. .14 1818 ea. .062 lb. .10 doz. .60 1820, . . lb. .094 1829 doz. .60 1821, (high) lb. .^i- 1831, . . . doz. .42 - - (low) lb. :m 1832, . doz. ,60 1822, (high) lb. .20 1833, . . . doz. .60 (low) lb. .103 isk, . . . doz. .60 182Si . . . . . lb.. .09 ■ WAGES AND PRICES : 1.752-1860. Prices : -Fruits — Vo^cixitaiT). ^39 Ba- . fi Tta- Yeaes. sis. Amount. Yeabs. , sls. Amount. BaUina — Con. Raisina — Con. 1824 lb. $0i095- 1846, (high) ... lb. $0,139 1825, . lb. .14 , (medium) lb. .114 1826, . lb. .10 ' . (low) . Ib. .077 1827, . lb. ,18 184e, (high) . lb. .124 1828, . lb. .17- - : (low) lb. .092 1829, . lb. .10 184,7, (high) . . Ib. .J25 1830, (high) lb. .17 • (low) lb. .084 (low) 1831, (high) lb. .104 1848, (high) lb. .123 lb. .J67 (low) lb. .086 (low) lb. .101 1849, (high) . lb. .123 1832, (high) lb. ,193 (low) lb. .082 r (low) lb. .099 1850, (high) lb. .148 1833, .. , lb. .08 low) . . lb. .101 1834, . . lb. .08 1861, (high) lb. .141 1839, . lb. ' .093 (low) lb. .10 1837, (high) lb. .12 1862, (high) . Ib. .117 (low) lb. .085 (low) lb. .08 1838, . ,. lb. .071 1854, (high) . lb. .176 (layer) lb. .126 (low) lb. .133 1839, (high) lb. .124 1855, (high) . lb. .187 (low) ib. .071 (low) lb. .113 1840, (high) lb. .12 1856, (high) . lb. .20 (low) lb. .067 (low) lb. .168 1841, (high) Jb. .10 1857, (high) . lb. .228 (low) lb. .066 (low) lb. .129 1842, (high) lb. .10 1868, (high) . lb. .14 (low) lb. .064 (low) lb. .09 1843, (high) lb. .121 1859, (high) . lb. .167 (medium) lb. .091 (low) lb. .135 (low) lb. .066 1860, (high) lb. .16 1844 lb. .111 (low) .... lb. .126 Prices : Fuel. Bark. Wood — Con. 1805 cd. $7.24 1764 ft. $0,194 1806, , od. 6.07 1755, . ft. .139 1806, . od. 6.19 1756, (high) (low) ft. .194 1810, (high) cd. 6.94 ft. .111 (low) cd. 5.46 1757, . . . ft. .118 1811, . . cd. 7.00 1758, . ft. .13 1812, (high) cd. 8.50 1759, . ft. .139 (med. high) cd. 7.41 1760, . . ft. .167 (medium) cd. 6.21 1761, . ft. .167 (low) cd. 2.00 1764, . ft. .222 1820, . . . cd. 6.00 1765, (high) . (low) cd. 1.78 1821, . cd. 6.00 cd. 1.50 1777, . . . ft. .189 Charcofit (walnut) . ft. .333 1796, . hn. .063 1780, . cri. 2.00 1801, (by the haeket) b'k't .26 1782, . . ft. .201 1811, (by the basket) b'k't .26 cd. .666 1814, .... bu. .183 1783, . cd. 1.33 1815, (by the basket) 1816, (by the basket) b'k't .26 1784, . . . cd. .518 b'k't .30 foak) . cd. 1.17 1785, (walnut) . ft. .292 Coal. 1786, (pine) . cd. .26 1782 cwt. 1.03 1787, . . . cd. 5.00 1831 1832 ton 8.50 1788, . cd. 2.00 ton 9.50 (walnut) . ft. .50 1833, ton 7.00 1790, . . . ft. .167 1835 ton 7.60 1793, . cd. 3.17 1836 ton 9.00 1794, (high) . cd. 8.42 1837 ton 9.13 flow) (pine) . fid. .667 1839 ton 8.50 cd. 1.17 1855 bu. .376 1795, . . . ft. .209 1857, ton 7.00 (pine) . 1796, ; . . cd. cd. 1.00 6.41 Wood. 1797, (wholesale) cd. 3.07 1752, . . . . ft. .139 1798, (pine) cd. .667 1763, „ ft. .139 1799 ■ . . ft. .833 240 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices : Fuel — CoNbLUDBD. Ba- Ba- Yeabs. sis. Amount. Ykabs. sis. Amount. Wood — Cob. iroo0 (pine: low) . cd. 1.96 1858 ft. ^ .761 1817, (high) .... 1 cd. 6 97 1 cd. 8.00 WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 241 Prices: Furniture. Bed Cords. 1799 1822, .... 1830, (hlgll) (low) 1831 Bedsteads, 1792 1793, (birch) . 1794 1796, (with sacking bottom) 1814 1794, 1814, Bureaus. $0,372 .60 .58 .33 2.00 2.50 15.00 16.00 20.00 23.33 25.00 Chairs. 1792, ((lining) . 1793, (fanback) 1794, . fbirch) (easy) 1796, (arm) 1812, . 1814, (bamboo) 1820, ffancy) . (Q-recian) Tables. 1793, rcard) (writing) . 1814, (4 ft.) doz. doz. doz. doz, doz. $14.00 10.00 2.00 20.00 11.00 2.67 4.50 2.33 48.00 72.00 6.00 25.00 12 00 Prices : Liquors and Beverages. Aniseed. Brandy — Con. 1803, gal.- $0.75 1810, (high) . . . . gal. $1,76 1804, . gal. .797 low) gal. 1.33 1805, . gal. .80 1811, . . gal. 170 1806, (blgb) . gal. .81 (wholesal h gal. 1.60 (low) gal. .60 1812, . qt. .67 1807, . . , gal. .60 1818, . gal. 2,32 1811, . lol. .80' 1814, (high) (low) gal. 3,00 1813, . qt. .346 gal. 2 60 1814, . , , qt. ,36 1816, (high) (low) qt. .81 qt. .50 Beer. 1816, . gal. 1,78 1807, (wholesule) . gal. .192 1817, . gal. 2.24 liVi, . gal. .233 1819, . gai. 1.76 1831, . bbl. 7,00 1820, . gal. 1.32 1838, . qt. .086 1824, . gal. 1.60 1839, . qt. .086 1826, . gal. 1.50 1846, . gal. .315 1826, . gal. 1.60 1837, . qt. .38 Brandy. 1828, . gal. 1.40 1782 qt. .422 (wholesak ) gal. 1.16 1783, . qt. .272 (cognac) qt. .375 1784, .... qt. .25 1829, (cognac) qt. .38 1793, . gal. 1,30 1830, . . qt. .81 1794, . gal. 1.44 (cognac) qt. .38 (wholesale) gal. 1,09 1831, . qt. .33 1796, . gal. 1,67 (cognac) qt. .41 1797... (wholesale) gal. 1,46 1832, (cognac) qt. .60 1798, (wholesale) gal 1,44 1833, (cognac) qt. 1.00 1799, . qt. .38 1845, . gal. 2.00 (wholeeale) gill. 1.68 1864, . qt. .875 1800, (wholesale) gal. 1.17 1801, . qt. .292 Cider. 1802, (high) (low) gal. 2.00 1756 bbl. .889 gal. 1.50 1757, . bbl. .867 1803, . gal 1,46 1761, . bbl. 1.00 (wholesale) gal 1.33 1763, . • bbl. 1.00 1804, . . qt. gal. .416 1.44 1764, . 1766, . bbl. bbl. 1.00 .667 1805, (high) iai. 1.75 1767, . bbl. 1,00 (low) . . gal. 1.33 1770, (high) bbl. 1.22 1806 gal 1.40 (low) , bbl. .933 (wholesale, high) . gal. 1.00 1771, . bbl. 1.15 (wholesale, low) . gal .762 1772, fhigh) low) bbl. .978 1807, (high) . gal. 1.60 bbl. .667 (low) . . . gal. 1,00 1773, . . . bbl. 1.00 (cognac; wholesale . gal. 120 1774, . bbl. .667 1808, (high) . . . gal. 2,00 1775, . bbl. .718 (low) . . . gui. 1,60 1779. . gal. .089 1809, (high) . gal. 1,75 1782, . bbl. 1,00 (low) . . . '. gal. 1 1.46 1791, (wholesale) gal. .032 1810, • qt. .408 1798 bbl. 3.00 242 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices : liiquors and Beverages — Continubd.; Ba- na- Vkabs. sis. Amount. Yeabs. si.. Amount. Cider — Cor>. CHn—Con. 1794, gal. $0,042 1814, (high) . . . . gal- $1.20 1795, . gal. .083 (low) . . . . gal. .989 1797, . gal. .096 1816, (high) . . . . gal. 1.20 1798, . gal. .026 (medium) gal. 1.13 1800, . llBl. .034 (low) . . . . gal. .904 1801, (high) . bbl. 4.00 1816, . gal. .917 ■ (low) bbl. 3.33 1821 qt. .125 1802, (high) . gal. .111 1822 qt. .17 (low) . gal. .063 1827, (Holland) qt. .30 bhl. 3.00 1828, (Holland) gal. 1.20 1807, . gal. .08 1830, (Holland) qt. .30 1810, . gal. .083 1831 qt. .12 1811, . g"l. .8?. (Holland) qt. .31 (high) . bbl. 3.00 1832, (Holland) qt. .328 (low) . bbl. 1.60 1833, (Holland) qt. .324 1813, (high) . gal. .167 1834 qt. .28 (low) . gal. .123 gal. 1.30 bbl. 2.60 1836, (Holland) pt. .14 1816, . gal. bbl. .17 3.00 Rwm* 1817, (high) . bbl. 2.00 1761 gal. .60 . (low) bbl. 1.66 1764 pt. .10 1818, . bbl. 2.60 1766 pt. .111 1821, . gal. .20 1779 gal. .444 1830, . qt. .04 1781, gal. .444 1834, . ql. .03 1782 qt. .333 1835, . qt. .033 1783, qt. .227 1837, . gal., .163 1784, (high) • . . . . qt. .213 1838, . gal. .137 (low) . . . . qt. .111 1839, (high) . (low) qt. .063 (wholesale) qt. ,108 ql. .03 1786 gal- .369 1841,- . . . 1842,-. ., . gal. gal. .121 .12 1792, (chotry) . . . 1793, (New England) . (West India) . gal, gal. 1.33 ' .667 1843, . . . qt. .04 gal. 1.08 ' (high) . gal. .26 (West Indlai wholesale) gal. .821 r (medium) gal. .183 1794, (wholesale) . (New England) . (West India) . . . gal- .923 low) . gal. .12 gal- .798 1844, . qt. .03 gal. 1.00 : 1845, . gal. .123 1798, (wholesale) . gal. 1.17 ' 1846, . . . gal. .163 1799,. . ,• .. . pt. .13 1847, (high) . gal. .196 (wholesale) gal. 1.2B (low) gal. .09 (New England) qt. .20 1848, . gal. .188 (West India) . . (West India; high) qt. .277 1860, . qt. .04 gal. 1.38 1861, . qt. .04 (West India: low) . |al. 1.08 1862, . qt. .045 1800, ...... qt. .15 1864, . qt. .05 (high) . . . . gal. 1.00 1858, . gal. .10 (low) , . . . |»1. .75 (wholesale) 1801, (wholeaale) . . gal. .876 Oin. gal. 1.08 1784, qt. .443 • (West India) . qt. .292 1794, . gal. 1.17 1802, (New England) gal. .60 (wholesale) gal. .964 (West India; highl (West India; medium) . ial. 1.25 1797, (wholesale) gal. .968 gal. 1.00 r 1798, (wholesale) gal. , 1.08 (West India; low) . 1803, (wholesale) . . . gal.- ■.611 1799, . gal. 1.33 gal.' .962 ■ 1801, (wholesale) , gal. 1.20 (New England) (New England; whole- qt. ,'.146 1803, (wholesale) gal. 1.13 1804, (Holland) gal. .94 sale) . . . . gah • ,'.502 1806, (wholesale) gal. .96 (West India) . . . 1804, (wholesale) . gal.- 1.00 - 1806, . qt. .883 gal. 1.05 (wholesale) gal. .995 (New England) gal. A629 £ 1807, . . . sal. 1.24 (New England; whole- ■■ .* (wholesale) gal. 1.02 sale) . . . . gal. -.568 1808, . . . gal. 1.60 (West India) . gal. " . 1.00 (wholesale) 1809, (wholesale) gal. 1.26 1806 gal. .667 gal. 1.10 (wholesale) (New England; Whole- gal. .89 1810, (high) . ial. 1.62 •(low) gal. 1.20 sale) . . . . ghh .526 (whdlBSale) ' gal. .90 (West India) . ■ial. ■ vl.oo 18ll,(Am!ericao: wholesale) (Ne* Bdgland; whole- gal. .92 1806, (New England) (West India) . -gal. 1482 ■gal. 1.00 ' ■ sale) .... gal. 1.06 1807, . ■ ■gal. 1126 1813, (wholesale) gal. ■ .OlS (wholesale) ... gal.< -.36 ' WAGES AND PKIOES: 1752-1860. 243 Prices : Liquors and Beverages — doNTiNUBD. Ba- Ba- Yeaks. sis. Amount. Teaes. sis. Amount. Su7fi — Con. Bitm — Con. 1807, (New England; whole- 1825, (New England) gal. $0.40 Bale) . . . . gal. $0.44 (West India) . gal. 1.00 (West India) . gal. 1.00 1826, . . i . gal.- .35 1808, (cllerry) .... gal. 1.83 1827, (West India) . qt. .225 . (New England; whole- 1828, ....... qt. .25 • Bale) .... gal. .54 (Jamaica) gal. 1.19 (West India) . gal. 1.00 (New England) 1829, (West India) . gal. .389 1809, (high) .... gal. .95 qt. .25 ' (low) .... gal. .678 1830, (high) . qt. .19 (New England) gal. .606 (low) .... qt. .10 (West India) . qt. .354 (New England) gal. .30 ■• (West India) . gal. 1.25 (West India) . 1832, (West India) . qt. .25 1810, (Medford ; wholesale) . gal. .59 qt. .25 iNew England: whole- 1834, ... . . qt. .111 pale) gal. .623 1835, ...... qt. .11 . (West India) . gal. 1.10 (West India) . qt. .26 (West India: wholesale) gal. .89 1811, qt. .30 Snakerool. (high) . . . . gal. 1.05 1805, (wholesale) ... gal. .80 (low) • . . . . |al. .784 1806 ga. .80 (New England) (New 'England; whole- gal. .704 1812, ...... gal. .90 . sale). : . . . gal. .598 Wine. .(West •India; high) ial. . 1.24 1783 qt. .362 •(West -India; low) gal. 1.07 1784 qt. .306 181^-(whole8ale, high) . lal. 1.15 1792, (Malaga) .... gal 1.11 (wholesale, low) gal. .95 1793, (sherry) .... gal. 1.27 (NeW England) . gal. .871 (sherry; wholesale) gal. 1.14 "^ (New England; whole- sale, high) . 1794 gal. 1.89 gal. .749 (wholesale) 1795, (high) . . . . ga. 1.30 (New England; whole- gal. 2.00 sale, low) gal. .583 (low) . . . . gal. 1.67 (West India; wholesale) gal. 1.25 1796, (sherry) .... ga. 1.08 1813, qt.j , .243 1 1.12 1797, (sherry; wholesale) gal. 1.08 (high) ..... . gall 1798, (sherry; wholesale) 1801, (sherry) . . . . gal. 1.11 (Ipw) gal. .85 qt. .416 (NewEnglijnd; high) . gal. 1.44 1802, gal. 1.17 (New England ; low) . gal. 1.03 (sherry) . . . . gal. 1.50 (New England; whole- 1803 gal. 1.68 sale, high) . gal. .95 (Lisbon ; wholesale, high) (Lisbon ; wholesale, low) gal. 1.40 (New England ; whole- gal. 1.25 sale, low) gal. .775 (sherry) . . . . gal 1.42 (West India) . qt. .36 (sherry; wholesale) gal. 1.33 (West India) . gal. 1.26 1804 gal. 1.67 ' (West India ; wholesale. (Corsica; wholesale) gal. .90 1- . high) .■ . .■ . gal. 1.20 (Lisbon) . . . . ga). 1.45 (West India ; wholesale, (Lisbon; wholesale) gal. 1.34 low) . . . . gal. 1.13 (Madeii'a; wholesale) . gal. 2.25 181i, (New England) gal. 1.00 (port; wholesale) . gal. 1.14 (West India; high) (West India; low) . gal. 2.33 (sherry; wholesale) gal. 1.33 gal. 1.98 1806, gal. 1.01 1815, (West India; high) gal. 1.90 (Corsica; wholesale. (West India ; low) . gal. 1.40 • high) gal. .90 1816, (New England; whole- (Corsica ; wholesale, low) (Lisbon; wholesale) gal. .749 ^ ■ sale) . . . . gal. .62 gal. 1.30 (West India) . gal. 1.00 (sherry ; wholesale) gal. 1.25 1817, (high) ... gal. /■ 1.33 1806, (wholesale') . gal. 1.30 . .flow) ... gal. .748 (Lisbon; wholesale) gal. 1.33 ^ew England) , ,7west India; high) (West India; low) . gal. ..64 (sherry; wholesalf) gal. 1.25 gal. 1.33 1807 gal. 1.67 gal. 1.00 (Lisbon; wholesale) gal. 1.30 1818; -. . V . . . gal. 1.34 1808, gal. 1.67 1819, qt. .16 1809 gal. 2.00 (New England) gal. .48 (Lisbon; wholesale) gal. 1.33 ~ (West India) . 1820, (wholesale) . gal. 1.00 (sherry; wholesale) gal. 1.33 gal. .45 1810 gal. . 1.96 (New England) 18S1, (West India) , gal. .37 (Lisbon; wholesale) gal. 1.35 qt. .26 1811 gal. 1.98 1822, tJan^aioa'; high) . ial 1.25 (Lisbon; wholesale^ gal 1.33 ' ifjamaic^a; low) gal. 1.00 1812 qt. .63 (New England) qt. -.105 (Lisbon ; wholesale, high gal. 1.67 ■fWest India) . qt. -.50 (Lisbon; wholesale, low) gal. 1.50 1823, (New Ehgland) . (West Mia) . gal. .54 1813, ga. 2.09 gal. 1.12 (Lisbon; wholesale) gal. - 1.95 244 STATISTICS OF LABOE. Prices : Xiiquors and Beverages - — Concluded. Ba- Rn- YEAK3. sis. Amount. , y4ae8. M>. Amount. Wine — Con. Wine — Coa. 1813, (sherry) . . . . gal. $2.00 ' 1830, (Lisbon) .... gal $0.90 1814, (Lisbon) . gal. 1.80 (port) .... 5t. .33 1816 qt. .63 (vidonia) .... gal. 1.10 (Lishon) . gal. 1.80 1831, (Sicily Madeira) . 1832, (Madeira) qt. .33 1816, ?LiBbon; high) gal. 2.00 qt. .31 (Lisbon; low) gal. 1.40 1833, (Sicily Madeira) . qt. .31 (sherry; high) gal. 2.25 1837, (high) .... qt. .60 (sherry; low) . gal. 2.00 (low) qt. .318 1817, (sherry) . gal. 1.75 1838, . qt. .275 1818, (Lisbon) . (sherry) . gal. 1.50 1839, (Sigh) qt. .50 gal. 1.76 qt. .50 1819, (Lisbon) . gal. 1.33 (low) qt. .276 (sherry) . 1820, (sherry) . gal. 1.60 1841, (port) 1842, (high) gal. 2.00 gal. 1.84 qt. .607 . (Sicily) . (Sicily Madeira) gal. 1.60 (low) qt. .26 gal. 1.40 1843, . . qt. .248 1821, (Lisbon) . gal. 1.33 gal. .60 (Sicily Madeira) gal. 1.62 (port; high) . qt. .62 1822 qt. .25 (port; low) qt. .50 (Lisbon) . . • gal. 1.60 (Sicily Madeira) . qt. .249 (sherry) . gal. 1.50 1844 qt. .24 1824, .... pt. .18 1845, . qt. .256 (Sicily) . gal. 1.37 (port) qt. .50 1828, (vidonia) . gal. 1.30 1846, (high) qt. .60 1830 qt. .20 low) qt. .249 gal. 1.33 1848, . . qt. .25 (currant) . . . . qt. .26 Prices : Lumber. Boards. JoM. 1806, (clear) .... M..it. $22.03 1796, (whMesalc;) 1800, . W' 1805, . T . . . . 0. ft. $2.00 (merchantable) M.ft. 13.00 M.ft. 11.00 (merchantable pine) U.ft. 12.87 M.ft,. 10.00 (refuse) .... M.ft. 6.90 1809, ... M.ft. g.oo (spruce) .... 1806, (clear) .... M.ft. 10.00 M.fl. 20.12 Plank. (merchantable) (refuse) .... M.ft. 13.00 1757, (24 inch) .... ft. .006 M.ft. 6.48 1811, (ash) .... M.lt. 86.00 1807, (merchantable) . , . (refuse) .... M.ft. M.ft, 12.60 6.02 1812, (2 inch) .... (2iincb) . . . . U.ft. C. fl. 2.51 3 60 1808, (clear) .... M.ft. 17.00 (2 inch white oak) . 0. ft. 8.00 (merobantable) M.ft,. 10.98 (J. ft. 2.00 1809, (clear) .... M.ft. 18 00 1828, (oak) .... U. it. 1.00 1811, (clear) .... (clear table) . M.tt C.ft. 19.00 ao.oo • Shingles. 1793 M 2.30 3 33 (merchantable) M.tt. 10.50 1796, . '. M (refuse) .... 1813 M.ft. C.fk. 6.25 1.50 1806 1808, . M. 2!83 (pine) .... M.it. 14.00 1811, . M 50 1814 1816, (20 feet long) . 1818 0. ft. M.ft. 0. ft. 183 17.00 1.60 1812, 1828, M. M. 6.00 2.00 1823, 0. ft. 1.60 Timber. 180O 0. ft. 2.64 Clapboards. 1802 n. ft,. 2 91 1806 M. 22.00 1806, n. ft. 3.50 1808, M. 15.75 1823 ft. .048 Prices . Meats. Sacon. Bacon — Con. 1811, (wholesale) . lb. $0,167 1818, (low) .... lb. '$0,129 18)3, lb. .144 1819, . Jh. .17 1814, . . . . • . lb. .168 1821, . lb .10 (wholesale, high) . (wholesale, low) . lb. .14 1822, . lb. .11 lb. .11 1823, . lb. .091 1816 lb. .16 • 1824, . lb. .10 1818, (high) .... lb. .161 1826, (high) . lb. .125 WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. Prices : Meats — Continued. 245 Bn- Tin- Ykars. sis. Amonnt. Yeahs. sis. Amount. Bacon — Con. Beef— Con. 1825, (low) .... lb. $0,099 1814, (high) . . . . (low) . . . . ib. $0,083 1826 lb. .096 lb. .069 1827, lb. .09 1816, (high) . . . . lb. .118 1828 lb. .102 (medium) lb. .087 1829 lb. .10 (low) . . . . lb. .064 1830 lb. .086 1816, (high) . . . . Ib. .10 1831, lb. .124 (low) , . . . Ib. .063 1832 lb. .10 (corned) . . . . lb. .10 1833, (high) .... lb. .106 1817, (high) " . . . . lb. .139 (low) . . . . lb. .08 (medium) (low) . . . . lb. .079 1834 lb. .10 lb. .069 1835 lb. .10 1818, (high) . . . . lb. .128 1841 lb. .076. (medium) lb. .102 1843 lb. .091 (low) . . . . lb. .082 1845 lb. .105 1819, (high) . . . . lb. .128 1846 lb. .09 (low) . . . . Ib. .084 1830 lb. .073 See/. 1821, (high) . . . . lb. .093 1762, . . - . lb. .033 (low) . . . . lb. .072 1763, . lb. .033 (salt) . . . . Ib. .06 1764, . lb. .065 1822, Ib. .066 1756, . lb. .037 1823, (high) . . . . Ib. .096 1766, . lb. .012 (low) . . lb. .065 1767, . lb. .022 (wholesale) lb. .05 1760, . lb. .042 1824, (higji) .... (low) . . . . lb. .087 1761, . lb. .039 lb. .058 1762, . lb. .034 1825, (high) .... Ib. .086 1763, . lb. .045 flow) . . . . (wholesale) lb. .053 1764, . lb. .042 lb. .06 1766, . lb. .048 1826, (high) .... Ib. .09 1769, . lb. .028 (low) . . . . lb. .061 1780, . lb. .074 1827, Ib. .091 1781, . lb. .033 (wholesale) lb. .068 1782, . lb. « .078 * .042 (salt; wholesale) . lb. .06 (who esale) lb. 1828, (high) ... lb. .094 1785, . lb. .042 (low) . . . . Ib. .072 1786, (high) . lb. .041 (wholesale) lb. .06 (low) . lb. .031 1829, (high) .... lb. .10 1790, . . . lb. .039 (low) . . . . lb. .071 1792, . lb. .034 - (wholesale) lb. .045 1703, . lb. .036 1830, (high) , Ib. .10 1794, (wholesale) lb. .053 (medium) lb. .065 1795, (wholesale, high) lb. .056 (low) Ib. .036 (wholesale, low) lb. .034 1831, (high) .... Ib. .099 1797, (wholesale, high) lb. .07 (low) . . . . Ib. .054 lb. .034 1832, (high) .... Ib. .096 lb. .07 (low) . . . . lb. .068 (wholesale) 1799, (wholesale) lb. .034 (wholesale) . Ib. .055 lb. .042 1833, (high) .... Ib. .101 1800, (wholesale) lb. .05 (medium) lb. .07 1802, . lb. .076 (low) . . . . lb. .04 1803, . lb. .082 1834, (high) .... Ib. .098 1804, (high) . lb. .08 (low) .... lb. .062 (low) . 1806, (high) lb. .045 (salt) . . lb. .08 lb. .083 (steak) . Ib. .06 flow) . lb.. .063 1835, (high) .... lb. .083 (wholesale) lb. .049 (low) .... Jh. .069 1806, (high) . lb. .15 1836, (high) . lb. .116 (low) 1807, (high) . lb. .084 (low) .... Ih. .087 lb. .099 1837, (high) .... lb. .10 (low) lb. .074 (low) .... lb. .036 1808, . . . lb. .079 (salt) .... Ib. .06 (wholesale) . lb. .056 1838, (high) .... Ib. .124 1809, . . . lb. .083 (low) . . . . Ib. .088 (wholesale) . lb. .036 1839, (high) .... Ib. .111 1810, (high) . lb. .11 (low) . . . Ih. .09 (low) lb. .068 1840, (high) .... Ih. .106 1811, (high) . lb. .10 (low) .... Ib. .065 (low) . . lb. .073 1841 Ih. .111 1812, (high) . . lb. .08 1842, (high) . . . . lb. .084 (low) . . lb. .061 (low) . . Ih. .054 (wholesale) lb. .052 1843, (high) .... lb. .10 1813, (high) ., lb. .10 (low) .... lb. .069 (low) lb. .074 (wholesale) lb. .04 246 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices : Meats — Continued. Years. 5ee/— Con. 1844, (high) (low) 1846, (high) . (low) 1B46, (high) (low) 1847, (high) . flow) (wholeBEile) 1848, . . (wholesale) 1849, (high) . ■ (low) 1860, (high) . . flow) (wholeeale) 1861, . (wholesale) 1862, . (wholesale) 1863, (high) (low) (wholesale) 1864, . (wholesale) 1865, (high) (low) (wholesale) (corned) . 1866, . (wholesale) 1857, (wholesale) 1858, (ool-ned) . (round) . (rump) (rump steak) (sirloin, best cuts) (sirloin, tips) 1869, (wholesale, high) (wholesale, low) (corned) . ■ (round) . (rump) (rump Bteak) . (sirloin, best cuts) (sirloin, tips) . 1860, (wholesale) (corned) . . (round) . (rump) . (rump steak) . (sirlom, best cuts) (sirloin, tips) . 1790, 1824, 1826, 1832, 1884, 1837, 1843, 1846, 1846, 1847, I 1848, 1849, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1864, ITam. (wholesale) 0.102 .064 .117 .06 .116 .065 .123 .083 .067 .088 .067 .125 .113 .066 .055 .123 .06 .126 .068 ,1* .068 .07 .17 .079 .134 .076 .087 .096 .17 .09 .089 .096 .132 .126 .185 .17 .126 .10 .083 .06 .10 .125 .126 .167 .167 .126 .067 .10 .10 .125 .18 .167 .126 .216 .10 .09 .10 .10 .104 .09 .106 .10 .122 .107 .103 .112 .103 .117 .13 .125 1865, 1858, 1869, 1360, Sam — Con. Zamb. 1796, ... 1802, ... (fore.quarier) (loin) 1803, . 1804, . 1806, . 1806, . 1807, (high) (low) 1808, . 1809, . 1810, . 1811, . 1812, rhigh) (low) 1813, (high) (low) 1814, (high) . (low) 1816, . 1816, (high) (low) 1817, . 1818, (btgb) (low) 1819, , . 1820, : . 1821, (high) (low) 1822, . 1823, . 1824, . 1826, . 1826, . 1827, . 1828, . 1849 1866, . . . . 1868, (blnd-quarter) 1869, (blnd-quarterj 1860, (hind-quarter) Ba- sis. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. tO.107 .126 .129 .14 .072 .076 .072 .063 .066 .079 .075 .073 .096 .065 .063 .067 .005 .041 .10 .062 .072 .064 .067 .049 .074 .10 .071 .068 .OS .043 .066 .067 .06 .064 .062 .054 .068 .06 .072 .06 .064 .076 .126 .085 .086 .071 .081 .09 .067 .10 .076 .076 .048 .077 .091 .087 .063 .08 .081 .10 .14 .125 .126 WAGES AND PEICES : 1752-1860. 247 Prices: Meats — Continued. Teaes. Ba- sis. Amount. Teabs. Ba- sis. Amount. MutU 1760, . 1767, . 1777, . 1780, . 1783, . 1791, . 1792, . 1794, . 1796, . 1796, . 1797, . 1799, . 1800, . 1802, . . 1803, . 1804, . . . 1805, (high) . (low) . 1806, . . 1807, . 1808, . 1809, (high) (low) 1810, \ . 1811, . . 1812, (high) 1813, . . 1814, (high) (low) 1815, (high) (low) 1816, . . 1817, (high) (low) 1818, (high) (medium) (low) 1819, (high) (low) 1820, . . 1821, (high) (low) 1822, (high) (low) 1823, (high) (low) 1824, (high) (low) 1826, (high) (fow)- 1826, (high) (low) 1827, . 1828, . 1829, (high) (low) 18S0, (high) . (low) 1831, (high) (low) 1832, (high) (low) 1833, . 1834 1836) (high) (low) 1836, . 1837, . . 1838, . 1840, (high) (medium] (low) 1841, (high) m. Ih. Ih. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. in. lb. lb. lb. . lb. lb. lb. lb. (0.056 .046 .083 .078 .043 .085 .042 .042 .06 .083 .07 .042 .07 .065 .063 .07 .10 .066 .074 .071 .07 .10 .064 .069 .069 .062 .037 .066 .10 .063 .10 .069 .062 .094 .064 .10 .073 .06 .081 .044 .044 .08 .047 .10 .06 .08 .066 .076 .052 .06 .041 .004 .061 .057 .066 .06 .046 .08 .064 .076 .062 .10 .07 .066 .064 .086 .068 .056 .072 .075 .10 .061 .03 .10 MxUton — Co 1841, (low) 1842 1843, .... 1844, (high) . (low) 1845, (high) . . (low) 1848 1847 1348 1849 1861, .... 1858, (chops) . (leg) 1869, (chops) . (leg) 1860, (chops) . (leg) . . Pork. 1752, . 1754, . 1769, . 1765, . 1766, . 1774, . . . 1780, . 1782, . 1785, . 1788, (high) . (low) 1790, . 1791, . (lean) . 1703, . . . 1794, . (wholesale) 1795 (wholesale) 1796, (whole hog) 1797, (high) . (low) 1798, (wholesale) 1799, (high) . (low) . 1800, . (whole hog) 1802, (high) . (low) 1803, (high) . (low) (whole hog) 1804, . . . 1806, (high) . (low) (wholesale) (whole hog) (corned; who: 1806, (wholesale) (whole hog; h (whole hog; lo 1807, (high) . (med. high) (medium) (low) (wholesale) 1808, . (whole hog) 1809, . . . 1810, (high) . (low) 1811, (high) . n. esale w) ) • lb. lb. lb. lb. 111. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. bbl. lb. lb. lb. ih. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. bbl. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. $0,069 .09 .071 .10 .06 .086 .063 .08 .076 .08 .066 .076 .126 .147 .125 .1-25 .126 .126 .074 .089 .078 .091 .081 .067 .125 .121 .097 .111 .083 .111 .078 .028 .111 .125 .07 .124 .071 22.00 .083 .139 .097 .07 .153 .08 .163 .068 .114 .07 .125 .067 .065 .06 .164 .122 .078 .065 26.60 .12 .166 .184 .107 .187 .167 .12 .10 .06 .087 .065 .083 .168 .094 .142 248 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices : Meats — Continued. Ba- Ba- YEAE3. sis. Amount. Teabs. sis. Amount. Pork — Con. Pork— Con. 1811, (low) . . . . lb. $0,089 1830, (salt) . . . . lb. $0.10 (whole hog) lb. .086 (spare rib) lb. .07 (spare rib) lb. .10 1831, (high) . lb. .092 1812, (high) . lb. .161 (low) . . lb. .055 (medium) lb. .097 (whole hog) . (fresh) . lb. .07 (med. low) lb. .073 lb. •07 (low) lb. .069 1832 lb. .074 (whole hog) lb. .076 (whole hog) . lb. .067 1813, (high) . lb. .178 1833, (fresh) . lb. .08 (low) lb. .123 1834, .... lb. .108 (salt; high) lb. .162 (whole hog) . lb. .076 . (salt; low) lb. .147 (salt) 1836, (salt) ' . lb. .126 (whole hog) lb. .00 lb. .126 1814, (high) . lb. .184 1837, (high) . , . lb. .157 (medium) lb. .086 (low) . . lb. .108 (low) lb. .04 1838, (high) . lb. .148 (wholesale) lb. .173 (medium) lb. .10 (whole hof^) lb. .096 (low) lb. .06 (salt; high) lb. .196 1839, (high) lb. .15 (salt; low) lb. .178 (low) lb. .125 (spare rib) lb. .09 (wholesale) . lb. .109 1816, (high) . lb. .212 1840, .... lb. .103 (medium) lb. .18 (wholesale) lb. .07 (low) lb. .10 1841, .... lb. .086 (whole hog) lb. .10 (fresh; wholesale) lb. .064 1816, (high) lb. .181 1842, (high) . lb. .09 , (low) lb. .125 (low) . . Ih. .077 (salt) lb. .197 (whole hog) . lb. .049 (spare rlh) lb. .10 1843 lb. .086 1817, (high) . lb. .201 (wholesale, high) lb. .069 (low) lb. .102 (wholesale, low) lb. .03 (wholesale) lb. .122 1844, (high) . lb. .10 (fresh) . lb. .13 (medium) lb. .082 1818, (high) . lb. .23 (low) lb. .06 (medium) lb. .198 (whole hog) . lb. .055 (low) lb. .116 1845, .... lb. .087 (whole hog) lb. .126 (whole hog) . lb. .064 bbl. • 35.00 1846 lb. .088 1819, (high) . lb. .166 (wholesale, high) lb. .08 (medium) lb. .114 (wholesale, low) lb. .064 (low) lb. .074 1847 lb. .12 1820, (high) . lb. .167 (wholesale) lb. .08 (medium) lb. .118 1848 lb. .109 (low) (whole hog) lb. .079 (whole hog) . lb. .076 lb. .072 1849, .... lb. .106 1821, (high) . lb. .106 (wholesale) lb. .069 (low) lb. .07 1860 lb. .094 (fresh) . lb. .062 (wholesale) lb. .063 1822, (high) . lb. .126 1861, (high) . lb. .10 (low) lb. .09 ■ (low) lb. .063 (whole hog) lb. .065 (whole hog) . lb. .076 1823, (high) . lb. .10 1862, .... lb. .115 (low) ; Ih. .083 (whole hog) . lb. .075 1824, (high) - . lb. .096 1863, (whole hog) . lb. .086 flow) lb. .069 1864 lb. .123 (spare rib) lb. .06 (whole hog) . lb. .089 1826, . lb. .101 1856 lb. .14 (wholesale) lb. .07 (wholesale) . lb. .085 (fresh) . lb. .095 1866 lb. .137 1826, (high) . lb. .099 (whole hog) . 1857, (high) . lb. .101 (low) lb. .061 lb. .149 (whole hog) lb. .07 (low) . . lb. .10 1827, . . ■. lb. .181 1868 lb. .107 1828, (high) . lb. .124 (wholesale) lb. .081 (low) , lb. .087 (fresh) . . lb. .09 (wholesale) lb. .065 (salt) . . lb. .14 (fresh) . lb. .03 1859 lb. .112 1829, . (fresh) . (salt) 1830, (high) . (low) lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. .10 .07 .09 .091 .065 (whole hog) . (fresh) . (salt)' . . 1860, (whole hog) . lb. lb. lb. lb. .082 .126 .11 .09 (whole hog) lb. .07 (fresh) . . lb. .126 .(fresh) . . . . lb. .07 (salt) . . . . lb. .10 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 249 Prices : Meats — Continued. Ba- Tia- Yeabs. sis. Amount. Years. sis. Amount. iSausaffeB. Veal — Cob. 1813, lb. $0,125 1802, (shoulder) lb. $0,066 1814 lb. .14 1803, . lb. .077 1822 lb. .109 1804, . lb. .076 1824 lb. .123 (loin) lb. .083 1826, . . ... lb. .125 1806, (high) . lb. .103 1830, . . ... lb. .10 (low) lb. .091 1831 lb. .10 (leg) . . lb. .089 1832 lb. .10 (loin) lb. .114 1837 lb. .127 1806, . Ih. .088 1838 lb. .128 (hind-quarter) lb. .09 1839 lb. .128 (loin) lb. .083 1841, lb. .094 1807, . . . lb. .083 1842 lb. .087 ■ (leg). . lb. .10 1843 lb. .086 (loin) lb. .10 1844 lb. .08 1808, . . . lb. .069 1846 lb. .082 (fore-quarter) lb. .07 1848 lb. .077 (leg) . . lb. .074 1847 lb. .098 (loin) lb. .092 1848, lb. .099 1809, . . . lb. .084 1861 lb. .10 (leg) . . lb. .07 1862 lb. .10 (loin) lb. .08 1866, . .... lb. .14 1810, . . . lb. .08 1868, lb. .10 (leg) . . lb. .088 lb. .126 (loin) lb. .12 1860 lb. .126 1811,.... Ib. .604 1837 lb. .20 1868, (high) . . . . lb. .49 1838, lb. .24 (low) .... ib. .40 1839 lb. .24 1869, Ib. .483 1840, oz. .03 Ib. .20 Cayenne Pepper. lb. .20 1826 oz. .10 1842 lb. .20 1828, . ib. , 1.60 1844, lb. .20 1831, . Ib. .80 1846 lb. .213 1836, . lb. .672 1846, (high) .... lb. .24 1843, . ib. 1.00 (low) .... lb. .20 1846, . Ib. .667 1847,. Ih. .24 1860, . oz. .06 1848 lb. .234 1854, . lb. .76 1849 Ib. .24 1850 lb. .24 Cinnamon 1851 lb. .24 1782, . oz. .08 1852, lb. .24 1783, . oz. .282 Ib. .223 1784,. . oz. .223 1855 , . . lb. .281 1794, . . , oz. .111 lb. .229 1801, . oz. .083 1867, lb. .24 1802, (high) oz. .25 1868 lb. .247 (medium) (low) oz. oz. .083 .063 1806, . oz. .26 1807^ lb. .40 1806, . oz. .25 1808, oz. .06 1807,, . . oz. .063 (wholesale) lb. .46 1809, . ■ . oz. .376 ib. .626 1810, . oz. .31 1810, . . oz. .06 Ib. .80 Ib. .644 1811, (high) oz. .26 1813 Ih. 1.00 (low) oz. .06 1819, (high) .... lb. .80 1812, . . Ib. .67 (low) .... lb. .499 1813, (high) oz. .25 lb. .80 (low) oz. .05 (low) .... Ib. .68 1814, . oz. .06 1822,. Ib. .68 1816, . Ib. 2.50 1828, lb. .28 1819, . oz. .078 lb. .33 1822, . \ oz. .032 1830, . . . . . . Ib. .466 (high) Ib. .74 lb. .48 (low) lb. .30 1832, lb. .28 1824, . . lb. 1.00 1838 lb. ,40 1828, . oz. .04 1836 Ib. .28 1829, . lb. .64 lb. .40 1830, . Ib. .33 1838, lb. .24 1832, . oz. .26 lb. .32 1834, . oz. .026 '(low) .... lb. .24 1835, . Ib. .26 (medium) Ib. .471 1837, . . lb. .86 Ib. .32 1838, . Ib. .36 (low) .... Ib. .20 1839 lb. .868 WAGES AND PKICES: 1752-1860. 259 Prices: Spices and Condiments — Continubd. Tears. 1840, 1841, 1843, 1847, 1860, . dnncmion — Con. 1783, 1784, 1800, 1804, . 1806, . 1808, . 1807, . 1810, . 1816, . 1818, . 1819, . 1822, . 1824, . 1827, . 1828, . 1830, . (high) (low) 1831, . 1834, . 1835, (high) (low) 1837, . 1839, (high) (low) 1840, . Cloves. 1842, (high) (low) 1843, (bigb) (low) 1844, . 1845, (high) (low) 1846,. rhigh) (low) 1847, (high) (low) 1848, . 1849, . 1850, (high) (low) 1851, . 1864, (high) (low) 1856, (high) (low) 1856, . 1857, (high) . (medium) (low) 1858, (high) (low) 1859, (high) (It " (low) Ginger. 1782, . . . . 1783, . . . . 1784 1797, (wholesale) , Ba- sis. Amount. $0.32 .48 .48 .24 .50 .049 .033 .165 .125 .126 .50 .126 1.50 1.25 1.68 1.28 .10 1.36 1.16 .JO .10 1.00 .76 .05 .06 .06 .30 .032 .40 .508 .601 .40 .03 .40 .48 .40 .477 .415 .43 .464 .20 .479 .40 .481 .42 .447 .32 .481 .485 .466 .486 .40 .40 .34 .03 .387 .474 .40 .34 .479 .208 .021 .022 .333 Ginger — Con. 1799, (wholesale) . 1800, .... 1803, 1804, (wholesale) 1805, . : (wholesale) 1806, . (wholesale) 1807, . (wholesale) 1808, (wholesale) 1809, . (wholesale) 1810, . (wholesale) 1811, (wholesale) 1812, . (wholesale) 1814, . 1815, . 1816, . 1818, (high) (low) 1819, . 1821, (high) . (low) 1822, (high) (low) 1823, . 1824, . 1825, . 1826, (high) (low) 1827, . 1828, (high) (medium) (low) 1829, . 1830, (high) (low) 1831, . 1832, (high) (low) 1833, (high) (low) 1834, (high) (low) 1835, (high) (low) 1836, . 1837, (high) (low) 1838, . 1840, . 1841, . 1842, . 1843, . 1844, . 1845, . 1846, . 1847, . . 1848, (high) (low) 1819, . 1850, . 1851, . 1864, . 1856, . 1856, (high) (low) 1867, (high) (low) Ba- sis. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. ib. lb. Ib. Ib. lb. Ib. lb. lb. Ib. Ib. lb. Ib. Ib. Ib. lb. Ib. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. Ib. lb. lb. Ib. Ib. lb. lb. Ib. lb. Ib. Ib. lb. lb. Ib. lb. Ib. lb. .25 .332 .11 .332 .102 .24 .10 .17 .11 .109 .24 .10 .166 .101 .094 .127 .48 .40 .50 .26 .10 .167 .16 .10 .24 .123 .12 .128 .12 .20 .12 .12 .20 .16 .12 .13 .162 .12 .142 .143 .20 .149 .15 .12 .19 .124 .14 .20 .128 .13 .123 .14 .12 .121 .12 .12 .121 .122 .16 .12 .12 .124 .121 .122 .12 .12 .164 .12 .17 .124 260 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices : Spices and Condiments — Continubb. Yeaks. ffinger — Con. 1868 ISbn, (high) (low) 1804, 1805, 1806, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1844, 1847, 1848, 1852, 1867, 1868, Mace. 1802, Mmtard. (high) (low) 1805, 1806, . 1809, (wholesale) 1810, . 1812, . 1815, . 1817, . 1818, . ,1819, . 1821, , 1824, ; . . 1826, . 1828, . 1830, . 1833, . 1837, 1838, 1839, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1845, 1847, 1848, 1850, 1851, 1854, (high) (low) (high) (low) (high) (low) ■ 1782, 1783, Nutmegs. 1794, 1799, 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805, 1806, 18 i7, 1808, 1809, lb. box lb. box lb. box lb. lb. box lb. lb. lb. lb. box lb. oz. ea.* lb. $0,124 .167 .12 .75 .75 3.00 .25 .26 .126 2.64 .15 2.00 1.48 .183 1.94 .60 .40 .48 .35 .60 .50 .48 .48 .40 .40 .40 .26 .66 .38 .178 .34 .17 .34 .17 .48 .34 .15 .41 .30 .40 .404 .48 .40 .40 .414 .16 .24 .098 .097 6.00 .60 6.00 .60 .50. .458 .417 .76 .078 1314, Nutmegn — Con. 1821; (high) (low) 1822, . 1824, . 1826, . 1830, (high (low) 1831, . 1832, . 1835, 1837, 1838, (high) (low) 1840, 1841, 1842, 1848, 1844, 1845, 1846, 1847, (high: (low) 1848, . 1849, . 1850, . 1851, . 1852, . 1864, . 1365, . 1856, (high) (low) 1357, (high) (medium) (low) 1858, . (high) (low) 1869, . Pepper. 1783, . 1784, . 1793, (wholesale) 1794, . 1799, . (wholesale) 1300, . 1801, . 1302, . 1303, . (wholesale) 1804, . (wholesale) 1305, (wholesale) 1806, . 1807, . lb. lb. $0.10 .50 2.48 2.00 .186 .15 2.08 .15 .124 .126 1.68 .14 2.00 .12 2.00 .123 1.85 .131 .132 2.00 1.76 .11 .106 1.62 .10 .106 1.62 .107 1.44 .114 1.57 .117 1.83 .11 1.84 1.64 .113 .114 .12 1.71 .108 .108 1.69 .097 1.60 1.32 1.68 1.33 1.00 .064 1.00 .773 .079 .978 .111 .033 .036 .416 .656 .60 .416 .04 .60 .60 .60 .29 .434 .24 .23 .42' .44 • On page 214, ante, in the wages and prices tables, the basis reads " oz." instead of " WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 261 Prices: Spices and Condiments — Contiktjed. Ba- Ba- Teaks. sis. Amount. Years. sis. Amount. Pepper — Con. Pimento — Con. 1808, (wholesale) . lb. $0.22 1804, (wholesale) . . lb. $0,215 1810 lb. .35 1806, (wholesale) . Ib. .37 1811, (wholesale) . lb. .17 1807, (wholesale) . lb. .364 1812, .... lb. .40 1820, (wholesale) . Ib. .28 1814, (high) . lb. .68 1834, ...... oz. .025 (low) , . lb. .493 1837, ...... Ib. .24 1816, . lb. .48 1839, Ib. .18 1816, . lb. .40 1841 Ib. .25 1817, . lb. .40 1843 lb. .24 1818, . lb. .40 1844 Ib. .24 1819, (high) . lb. .60 1846 lb. .24 .^ (low)' . lb. .365 1846, lb. .24 1820, (high) . lb. .28 1847 Ib. .24 (low) lb. .23 1848 Ib. .236 1821, (high) lb. .37 1850 Ib. .24 (low) lb. .19 1851 lb. .24 1822, . . lb. .40 1867, Ib. .244 1824, . lb. .376 1858, Ib. .245 1826, . lb. .33 1826, . lb. .40 Vinegar. 1827, (ground) lb. .33 1767 gal. .126 1828, (high) lb. .40 1777, (high) . gal. .167 (low) lb. .17 (low) gal. .089 1829, (high) lb. .33 ■ 1780, . gal. .111 (low) lb. .24 1783, . qt. .063 1830,,(high) lb. .387 1788, . . . qt. .049 (low) lb. .25 1790, . gal. .125 1831, . . lb. .40 1793, (high) . gal. .25 (ground) lb. .26 (low) gal. .133 1832, . . lb. .34 1796, (wholesale) gal. .139 1834, . lb. .20 1799, . . . gal. .25 1835, (high) lb. .32 (wholesale) iial. .143 (low) lb. .17 1800, . gal. .201 1837, (high) ib. .22 1802, (high) qt. .10 (low) lb. .18 (low) qt. .063 1838, . . Ib. .281 gal. .25 1839, . Ib. .233 1804, . fral. .195 1840, . lb. .16 1805, . . gal. .223 1841, (high) Ib. .218 (wholesale) gal. .175 (low) Ib. .16 1809, . gal. .285 1842, . Ib. .224 1810, . ral. .167 1843, (hlgh)- lb. ' .233 1811, . qt. .07 (low) lb. .186 gal. .25 1844, (high) lb. .24 1814, (high) . gal. .32 (low) Ib. .16 (low) gal. .248 1845, (high) (low) Ib. .228 (wholesale) gal. .165 lb. .16 1817, . . . gal. .30 1846, (high) lb. .60 1819, . gal. .32 (medium) ' (low) Ib. .34 1823, . gal. .168 Ib. .23 (wholesale) gal. .15 1847, (high) Ib. .243 1826, . gal. .20 (low) lb. .216 1828, . gal. .20 1848, (high) Ib. .231 1830, . qt. .05 (low) 1849, (high) Ib. .18 1832, . qt. .04 lb. .23 1834, . qt. .052 (low) 1860, (high) lb. .14 1836, . gal. .239 Ib. .226 1837, . gal. .20 (low) lb. .14 1838, (high) . gal. .201 1861, . . lb. .231 (low) . gal. .153 1862; . Ib. .235 1839 qt. .05 1864, (high) Ib. .216 gal. .172 how) 1855, (high) lb. .14 1840, . gal. .20 Ib. .24 1841, . qt. .05 (low) lb. .181 gal. .186 1856, . Ib. .186 1842, . gal. .187 1857, (high) lb. .249 1843, . gal. .179 (low) , , lb. .20 1844, (high) . (low) gal. .18 1868, (high) Ib. .234 gal. .125 (low) lb. .123 1845, (high) . gal. .173 1859, . lb. .224 (low) gal. .134 1846, (high) . gal. .173 Pimento. (low) gal. .125 1799, (wholesale) • lb. .139 1847, . . gal. .198 1801, (wholesal e) lb. .14 1848, . gal. .185 262 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices : Spices and Condiments — Concluded. Yeaks. Ba- sis. Amount. Teabs. Ba- sis. Amount. \ Vinegar 1849, . ' . 1850, (high) (low) 1861, (high) (low) 1852, (high) (low) 1864, . 1866, . -C on. qt. ga. gal. ga. ga. ga. ga. ga. ga. gal. $0,044 .18 .185 .124 .18 .126 .182 .18 .20 .152 Vinegar — Con. 1856 1857, (high) . ■ (low) 1858, (high) . (low) (wholesale) 1869, (high) . (low) (wholesale) . 1860, .... gal. ga. ga. ga. ga. gal. gal. gal. gal. gal. $0.16 .167 .112 .20 .16 .126 .24 .152 .125 .20 Prices : Tacks, Brads, and STalls. Na 1802, (high) (low) 1812, . . 1813, . 1814, (wrought) 1816, . . 1817, . 1818, . 1823, . (cut) 1826, . 1827, . 1828, . 1830, (high) (low) 4d.l 1800, (by the ca 1801, . 1806, (by the ca 1807, . . 1808, . 1809, (by the ca 1810, (by the ca 1811, (cut; by t 1816, (by the ca 1830, . . 6d.l 1810, (wrought) ils. fails. sk) . sk) .■ sk) ; sk) . le cask) sk) . fails. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. M. M. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb, lb. $0,167 .13 .18 .124 44 .116 .10 .11 .10 .071 .08 .081 .10 .13 .07 .32 .333 .10 .11 .11 .11 .11 .10 .11 .08 .14 8d. Nails. 1819, (wrought) lOd. Nails. 1800, (by the cask) . 1806, (by the cask) . 1807 1808 1810, (by the cssk) . 1811, (out; by the cask) 1813 1816, (by the cask) . 1819, (cut) (wrought) 20d. Nails. 1800 .1811, (wrought; by the (wrought; by the 1822 Tacks and Brads. 1796, (tacks; wholesale) 1808, (2d. brads) . (4d. brads) (6d. brads) 1847, (tanks) . :ask} sask) lb. M. lb. M. . lb. M. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. M. lb. M. lb. M. M. pap. $0.12 1.41 .116 1.46 .10 1.46 .09 .09 .112 .08 .10 2.25 .104 2.08 .10 .167 .42 .625 1.00 .12 Prices: Tallow, Candles, Soap, etc. 1768, 1760, 1761, 1780, 1782, 1783, 1793, 1794, 1795, 1797, 1798, 1799, 1800, 1601, 1802, 1803, Candles. (wholesale) (wholesale) (wholesale) (wholesale) (wholesale) (wholesale) (mould) . (wholesale) $0,122 .133 .223 .281 .167 .174 .197 .167 .138 .264 .20 .167 .20 .167 .182 .148 .25 .12 Candles — Can. 1804 (wholesale) 1806, .... 1806 (wBolesale) 1808, (wholesale) 1809 (wholesale) 1810, . , . (wholesale) 1811 (wholesiilo) 1812 1818, (high) (low) (wholesale) 1814, (high) . . (low) 1815 1816 1817 $0,224 .234 1195 .168 .13 .169 .143 .198 .16 .198 .16 .194 .42 .188 .147 .20 .18 .209 .209 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 263 Prices: Tallow, Candles, Soap, etc. — Continued. Ra- Ba- Teaks. sls. Amount. Yeabs. sis. Amouut. Candles — Con. Soap — Cou. 1817, (wholesale) . lb. $0,174 1838, (low) .... bar $0.24 1818 Ih. .172 1839 Ih. .09 (sperm) . . . . lb. .60 bar .26 1819 lb. .19 1840 lb. .09 1820, (wholesale) . lb. .18 1841 lb. .079 1821 Ih. .20 bar .223 1822 lb. .20 1842 lb. .08 1821 lb. .16 bar .227 1826 lb. .167 1843, ... . . lb. .07 1826 lb. .126 (high) . . . . bar .245 1830 lb. .127 (low) . . . . bar .21 1831, lb. .128 1844, Ih. .079 1832 Ih. .14 bar .20 1834, (high) . . . . lb. .15 1845 Ih. .078 (low) . . . . lb. .122 (wholesale) .lb. .06 1836, ...... lb. .123 (high) .... bar .226 183T, lb. .15 (low) . . . . bar .13 1840 lb. .16 1846, Ih. .078 1841 lb. .147 (wholesale) lb. .06 1842 Ih. .12 bar .226 1843 lb. .15 1847 lb. .071 1844, lb. .14 (high) . . . . bar .227 1846 lb. .13 (low) .... bar .17 1847, (high) .... lb. .147 1848, (high) . (low) .... lb. .16 Ih. .10 lb. .086 1848, \ lb. .141 (wholesale, high] . lb. .067 (whulesale) lb. .12 (wholesale, low) . lb. .03 1849, ...... Ih. .13 (high) . . . . bar .239 Ih, .14 (low) .... bar .173 1867, (high) . . . . lb. .333 (soda) .... lb. .10 (low) . . . . lb. .17 1849 lb. .068 1858, lb. .167 1850 Ih. .081 (medium) lb. .618 bar .235 lb. . .33 1861 lb. .079 lb. .16 bar .237 1852, (high) .... lb. .16 (low) .... lb. .109 1843, ...... lb. .26 bar .234 lb. .147 1864 lb. bar .095 .248 1856 lb. .108 1783 Ih. .196 bar .234 Ih. .173 1856, lb. .075 178^, lb. .111 (high) .... (low) . . . bur .241 lb. .083 .115 1794 lb. .139 1867, (high) .... (low) .... lb. .181 lb. .139 lb. .076 1806 lb. .10 .237 1813 Ih. .11 1868, (high) .... Ih. .173 1814 Ih. .122 (low) .... lb. .089 1815 lb. .109 high) .... (low) bar .232 1816, Ih. .128 har .099, lb. .10 1859 lb. .nil 1818 Ih. .126 bar .243, lb. .13 So/t Soap. 1820, (wholesale) . Ih. .10 1774, ... . . qt. .033 Ih. .121 1780, . .... qt. .083; 1822, . lb. .12 1830, . . lb. .02 1826, (high) .... lb. .10 1833, ... bbl. 4.00, (low) .... lb. .082 lb. .12 Spermaceti. 1829, (bar) .... lb. .125 1782 oz. .2411 Ih. .095 1783, ... . . oz. .154, 1831, lb. .10 1784 oz. .131. (white) .... Ih. .11 1832 lb. .087 Tallow. lb. .10 1758 Ih. .111 1836 lb. .10 1760, . lb. .122 1837, . ' Ih. .083 1762, . lb. .122 (wholesale) Ih. .056 1780, . . lb. .111 1838, (high) .... Ih. .236 1782, . lb. .177 (medium] lb. .16 1783, . lb. .17 lb. .091 1794, . Ih. a39 (high) . . . . bar .36 1795, (wholesale) . lb. .107 264 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices: Tallow, Candles, Soap, etc. — Cobtoltjded;. Tallow — Cod. 1800, . . (wholesale) 1813, (wholesale) . 1816 1817, 1818, .... 1822,. (bay) 1823 $0,167 .084 .11 .153 .156 .13 .24 .10 Tallow — Con. 1824, . (wholesale) 1825, (high) . (low) 1826, . 1827, (wholesale) 1834, . 1841, . $0.10 .06 .15 .07 .10 .06 .06 .08 Prices: Tobacco and Snuff. (Hgars. Tobacco — Con. 1806, ....... doz. $0.26 1799; . . . lb. $0,083 1807, 1 doz. .26 1800, (wholesale) . pap. .088 1809, ea. .02 (pigtail: wholesale) 1801; (pigtail; wholesale) . lb. .183 a. .314 lb. .174 1810; (!. .226 1808 lb. .126 1811 C. 2.00 1810, (wholesale) . 1816, (high) .... lb. .167 1813, a. 2.00 lb. .32 1816 0. ■ .76 (low) .... (plug) .... lb. .08 1817, (high) .... c. .90 lb. .40 ■(low) . . . . 0. .75 1817, (plug) .... lb. .40 1819 lb. .32 Snuf. 1821 lb. .24 1782, oz. .066 1822 lb. .248 1783 oz. .048 1824 lb. .20 (wholesale) lb. .389 1826 lb. .20 1784,. . . . . . oz. .048 1827 lb. .207 1794 oz. .028 1829, lb. .198 1822, lb. .40 1830, (high) .... lb. .188^ 1830 oz. .016 (low) .... lb. .12 1832 lb. .24 1831, (high) .... lb. .172 1837, lb. .81 (low) lb. .10 1838 lb. .317 1832, (high) .... lb. .166 1839 lb. .31 (low) .... lb, .107 1841 lb. .32 1833,. lb .18 1845 lb. .26 1834 lb .17 1846 Ih. .24 1837 lb .201 1847; lb. .248 1838, (high) . . . . lb .213 1850 lb. .236 low) .... lb .14 1851 lb. .248 1839, (high) .... lb .273 1862 lb. .248 (low) .... lb .204 1854 lb. .24 1840, \ . . . . . lb .26 ' 1856; lb. ;261 1841, (high) .... lb .28 1857, (high) .... lb. .383 (low) .... lb .20 (low) ■. . . . lb. .266 1842 lb .202 lb. .257 1843, (high) .... lb .247 1869 lb. .248 (low) . . . . lb .20 1844, lb .20 Tobacco. 1845, (high) .... lb .24 lb. .056 (low) .... Ih .164 lb. .063 1846, (high) . . . . lb .30 177 lb. .066 (medium) ... lb .24 17T2 Ih. .066 (low) . . . . lb .18 1774; Ih. .066 1847, (high) .... Ih .262 lb. .089 (low) .... lb .126 lb. .108 1848,. lb .261 lb. .112 1849; lb .263 1784, lb. .067 1860 lb .286 1788 lb. .083 1861, lb .34 Ih. .088 1862, ...'... lb .229 lb. .311 1854, (high) .... (low) . . . . lb, .337 1793 lb. .195 lb .26 (pigtail; Wholesale) lb. .125 1866,. lb. .248 1794; lb. .083 1866 Ih. .247 1796; (wholesale) . Fb":' .093 1867 lb. .31 1797; .119 1868, lb. .80 1798; Fb^^ .126 .111 1869, lb. .30 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 265 Prices: Tools and Implements^ Yeabs. 179S, . 1808, . 1802, 1805, 1813, 1830, 1847, ' Files. ffoea. (steel) Scythes. 1792, . 1794, . 1806, (high) (low) 1808, . 1810, . 1830, . Shoe Enives. 1T85, .... (heel) doz. doz. doz. doz. $0,962 .76 .50 .54 .334 .60 .56 .857 .916 1.25 .75 6.00 .92 1.00 .878 .916 Shoe Knives — Con. 1801 1802, (heel) 1847 1797, . 1798, . 1799, (Iron) 1801, . 1805, . 1806, . 1807, . 1810, (Iron) 1811, . 1817, . 1821, . 1847, . 1855, . Shovels. 1801, 1806, Spades. Ba- sis. doz. doz. doz. doz. doz. ea. doz. doz. doz. doz. doz. doz. doz. 1.00 1.60 7.50 7.50 1.08 9.00 9.50 8.50 10.00 12.00 11.00 10.60 .25 12.00 12.00 Prices: Not Classified. Andirons. Brooms — Con. 1814, (brass) .... pr. $4.60 1827, (high) .... ea. $0.28 1815, (brass) .... set 14.60 low) 1828, (high) (low) 1830, (high) ea. ea. .184 .25 .Brass Kettles. ea. .167 1799, ea. 10.00 ea. .26 (17 lbs.) .... ea. 9.92 (low) ea. .15 (11 lbs.) . . . . ea. 8.39 1832, . ea. .26 1814 ea. 2.00 1833, . 1835, . ea. ea. .126 .27 Brick. 1836, . ea. .20 1753 M. 2.44 1837, . ea. .203 1764 M. 2.44 1888, (high) ea. .332 1757 U. 1.33 (low) ea. .231 1764 M. 2.50 1839, (high) ea. .38 1765 M. 8.00 (low) ea. .256 1802 (J. .835 1840, (high) ea. .83 1809 M. 10.00 (medium) ea. .23 (low) ea. .13 Brooms. 1841, (high) ea. .262 1788 ea. .129 low) ea. .17 1801, (corn) doz. 1.83 1842, (high) ea. .30 1«02, . ea. .23 (low) ea. .25 1803, . ea. .167 1843, (high) ea. .227 1805, . ea. .376 (low) ea. .156 1806, . doz. 2.26 1844, . . ea. .30 1809, (high) doz. 4.60 1845, (high) (medium) ea. .60 (low) doz. 2.17 ea. .33 1810, . ea. .30 (low) ea. .19 1811, (high) ea. .33 1846, (high) ea. .33 (low) ea. .20 (medium) ea. .25 1812, . ea. .18 (low) ea. .107 1813, . ea. .18 1847, (high) ea. .205 1816, . ea. .20 (low) ea. .127 1817, . ea. .28 1848, . ea. .249 1819, . ea. .30 1849, (high) ea. .26 1820, . ea. .166 (low) ea. .12 1821, . ea. .17 1850, (high) ea. .26 1822, . ea. .14 (low) ea. .12 (corn) ea. .17 1861, (high) ea. .251 1823, (high) ea. .25 (low) ea. .16 (low) ca. .10 1852, (high) ea. .26 1824, . , ea. .183 (lo*) ea. .12 1825, . ea. .20 1864, (high) (low) ea. .268 1826, . ea. .20 ea. .13 266 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Prices (Concluded) : Kot Classified — Concluded. Ba- Ba- Yeaks. sis. Amount. Teaks. als. Amount. Brooms — Con. • Matches — Can. 1855, (high) .... ea. tO.27 ' 1855, gro. gro. gro. gro. $0.16 how) .... ea ■ .10-^ 1856, . .16 1856, (high) . ea. .378' 1857, . .16 (low) .... ea. .286 1858, . .15 1857, (high) .... (medium) ea. .50 1859, . gro. .16 ea. .396 (wholesale) gro. .40 (low) ... ea. .238 1868, (Ugh) .... ea. .38 Silver Watches. (medinm) ea. .244 1812, en. 15.00 (low) 1869, ^high) .... ea. .106 1817, ea. 15.00 > ea. .37 ; (medium) ea. .284 ■ Tubs. (low) ea. .12 * 1774 ea. .444 1847, (high) .... ea. 1.00 Candlesticks, i (low) .... ea. .76 1783 ea. .167 1784, . ^ . . . ea. .111 Tumblers. 178T, (large) .... doz. 2.60 Clocks. 1809, . . doz. 1.60 1795, (eijht-day) . ea. 60.00 1810, . doz. 1.76 1799, (high) .... en. 60.00 1814, . ea. .26 low) .... ea. 30.00 1815, . . ea. .138- 1814, ...... ea. 10 00 181T, . 1820, . doz. doz. 2.25 .40 Cotton. 1826, (high) (low) doz. 8.36 1787 lb. .50 doz. .74 1791, lb. .223 1827, . . doz. 1.00 1793, . . . lb. .861 1837, . doz. 1.24 1794, ...... lb. .403 1838, (high) (low) doi. .966 (whblesale) . lb. .317 doz. .72 1795, (wholesale) . lb. . .292 1842, . doz. .96 1801, lb. .42 1843, (high) doz. 2.07 (wholesale, high) . lb. .28 (low) doz. .96 (wholesale, low) lb. .236 1845, (high) doz. 1.68 1802, (high) .... lb. .46 (low) doz. .96 (low) .... lb. ■ .25 1846, (high) (low) doz. 1.63 1829,. lb. .15 doz. .96 1847, . . doz. 1.50 Feathers. 1848, (high) doz. 1.48 1767 lb. .133 (low) doz. 1.16 1796 lb. .667 1849, . . duz. 1.50 1822, lb. .333 1850, . 1861, (high) doz. iloz. 1.60 1.60 Iron. ■ (low) doz. .75 1752 lb. .065 1852, (high) doz. 1.60 1769, (refined) .... lb. .066 (low) doz. .962 1762 lb. .045 1854, . doz. 1.08 1830 lb. .065 1856, . . doa. do8. .634 1857, . .616 1858, (high) doz. .96 1837 5ero. .175 (low) doz. .604 1840, . pap. .02 1841, . Jgro. }gi-o. .46 Wafers. 1842, . .40 1804, ..... lb, 1.50 1843, . jgro. jKro. .125 1819 lb. 2.00 1846, . .18 1847, (high) Jgro. Jgro. .20 Wine Glasses. (low) .17 1801 doz. .60 1848, . . lijro Sirro. .16 1804, . . doz. 1.00 1850, . .177 1807, . doz. 1.60 1861, . .lyro. .173 1816, . , doz. 1. 00 1862, . laro .166 1817, . doz. 2.60 1864, . Jgro. .166 1829, . doz. .88 We have presented on pages 161 to 196, in the text preced- ing the statistical tables, a brief account of the rise and growth of the cotton industry, and, on pages 184 to 188^ have made comparisons between early and late periods, showing the effect WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 267 upon production and wages of the changes which have taken place in this branch of manufacture. The cotton industry has always been accepted as typical, in discussions of the factory system ; the date and circumstances of its inception, the improvements and modifications of method that have influenced it, and its present condition are all well known, and the records to which recourse is had for facts con- cerning the industry are unusually complete and trustworthy. For these reasons, we have thus far omitted any reference to it in the preceding tables of wages, preferring to treat it in a special supplementary table, which we now present, containing wages of cotton mill operatives for various years from 1828 to 1860. The statistics for the years subsequent to 1860, which statistics have appeared in detail in previous reports of the Bureau, are not included in this table. The information contained in this table has been drawn from various sources, but chiefly from original records, pay rolls, etc., placed at the disposal of this office. Some of the statistics have appeared in Volume II., Tenth Census of the United States, in the special report on the Factory System.* Averages for the industry, by periods of years, are carried forward to their proper place in the tables that follow. In this table, male operatives are indicated by »i, and females by /■, following the designation of the occupation. When the wages given are the actual amounts paid, the fact is denoted by the letters ac, which follow the letter indicating the sex of the operatives ; while " average" wages are indicated by the use of the letters av in the same manner. For instance, mac, follow- ing the name of an occupation, indicates that men in that employment received the actual sum given in the table ; on the other hand, mav indicates that the amount presented was the " average " wage paid to men. In numerous instances more than one wage appears in con- nection with a given occupation. This is caused by variations in prices between different establishments, or between different departments of the same establishment, and will enable the reader to note the range between high and low wages paid at a given period in the same occupation. * Carroll D. Wright. 268 STATISTICS OF LABOE. Wages: Cotton Mill Operatives. Ba- Ba- YEAK3 AND OOCnPAIIONS. sis. Amount. Years and Oocdpatioks. sis. Amount. 1828. Spinning — Con. Spinners, section hands, mac wk. $4.50 Carding. Spinners, section hands, mac wk. 4.20 Carders, /oji . . . . wk. $2.55 Spinners, mac .... wk. 6.62 Spinners, mac .... wk. 4.50 Spinning. Spinners, spare, /ac wk. 2.76 Spinners, /a» . . . . wk. 2.68 Spinners, spare, /ac wk. 2.52 Spinners, spare, /ac wk. 2.26 Dressing. Spinners, filling, /a» (high) . wk. 3.50 Dressers, /as . . . . wk. 2.82 Spinners, filling, /ao (medium) wk. 3.44 Spinners, filling, /av (low) . Spinners, warp,/ai> (high) . wk. 2.13 Weaving. wk. 4.24 Weavers, /oj! . . . . wk. 2.61 Spinners, warp,/a» (medium) wk. 3.45 Spinners, warp,/a]) (low) wk. 2.21 All Departments. All departfnents, fan wk. 2.62 Dressing. Drawers-in./aD (high) . wk. 4.43 1836. Drawers-ln,/o» (medium) wk. 3.99 Drawers-in, /ao (low) . wk. 8.78 Carding. Dressers, overseers, m^c wk. 12.00 Carders, overseers, mac . wk. 14.00 Dressers, overseers, mac wk. 10.60 Carders, overseers, mac . wk. 18.60 Dressers, second hands, mao . wk. 7.60 Carders, overseers, mac , wk. 12.00 Dressers, second hands, mac : wk. 6.00 Carders, second hands, mac . wk. 8.52 Dressers, third hands, mac . wk. 4.50 Carders, second hands, mac . wk. 7.50 Dressers, boys, moo wk. 3.00 Carders, second hands, mac . wk. 7.00 Dressers, /aw (high) Dressers, /av (medium) . wk. 7 20 Carders, third hands, mac wk. 6.00 wk. 6.28 Carders, spare, mac wk. 4.98 Dressers, /a» (med. low) . wk. 4.44 Carders, spare, mac Card grinders, m^c . wk. 4.20 Dressers, /a« (low) Warpers, /av (high) wk. 3.11 wk. 6.60 wk. 6.07 Card grinders, mac . wk. 6.00 Warpers./uM) (medium) . wk. 4.64 Doublets, mac .... wk. 4.20 Warpers, /au (raed. low) wk. 3.38 Doublers, mac wk. 3.60 Warpers, /o» (low) wk. 2.43 Drawers, /ac . . . . wk. 3.18 Drawers, /as . . . . wk. 3.00 Weaving. Drawers, /ao . . . . wk. 2.94 Weavers, overseers, mac wk. 12.00 Drawers, /ac . . . . wk. 2.S8 Weavers, overseers, mac wk. 10.50 Drawers, /a?j . . . . wk. *1.87 Weavers, second hands, mac . wk. 7.50 Drawers and speeders, spare. Weavers, second hands, mac . wk. 7.00 /ac . ' wk. 3.00 Weavers, third hands, moo . wk. 6.00 Drawers and speeders, spare. Weavers, third hands, moc . wk. 5.50 /ac ...... wk. 2.26 Weavers, third hands, moc . wk. 4.80 Drawers and speeders, spare, Weavers, third hands, moc . wk. 4.20 /av wk. 2.41 Weavers, /a» (high) wk. 617 Lap boys, mac wk. 3.00 Weavers, /av (medium) . Weavers, /oo (med. low) wk. 4.33 Lap boys, mac PiclEers, mac .... wk. 2.52 wk. 3.76 wk. 6.00 Weavers, /OS (low) wk. 2.06 Pickers, ma.c .... wk. 4.98 Weavers, spare, /ao wk. 4 26 Speeders, /ac . . . . wk. 4.26 Weavers, spare, /ac wk. 2.15 Speeders, /ao wk. 3.60 Weavers, spare, /o» wk. 2.66 BpeederB,/a* (high) wk. 4.06 Speeders, /a» (low) wk. 2.44 Cloth Boom, Strippers, tnac .... wk. 6.00 Cloth rooni hands, overseer. Strippers, mac .... wk. 4.60 mac wk. 12.00 Strippers, mac .... Winders, overseers, mac wk. 4.20 Cloth room hands, mac . wk. 6.60 wk. 4.98 Cloth room hands, mac ,. wk. 6.48 Winders, mac . wk. 5.52 Cloth room hands, moo . wk. 4.98 Winders, /as thigh) Wloders,./a» (low) wk. 4.71 Cloth room hands, /ao . wk. 3.78 wk. 4.19 Cloth room hands, /oo . wk. 3.00 Winders, spare, /oc wk. 2.89 Cloth room hands, /ac . wk. 2.76 Spinning. Doffera,/a» (high) . Cloth room boys, mac . wk. 2.62 wk. 3.46 Repair Hands. Doffers,/aB (low) . wk. 3.42 Eepair hands, overseer, moo . wk. 16.00 Ree]er9,/ac . . . . wk. 6.23. Repair hands, moo . wk. 10.50 Eeelers,/oo . . . . wk. 4.82 Repair hands, moo . wk. 3.75 Spinners, overseers, mac wk. 13.00 Repair hands, mav . wk. 7.75 Spinners, overseers, mac wk. 12.00 Spinners, second hands, mac . wk. 7.50 1837. Spinners, 'Second hands, mac . wk. 6.60 Spinners, third hands, moo . wk. 6.60 Carding. Spinners, third hands, mac . wk. 5.62 Carders, overseers, mac . wk. 14.00 Spinners, section hands, mac wk. 4.98 Carders, overseers, m,ac . wk. 13.50 * This amount Is a low " average " wage reported by one establishment, and has no connection with the actual wages given for the same sex and occupation. WAGES AND PKICES : 1752-1860. 269 Wages: Cotton Mill Operatives— Continued. Ba- Ba- Yeaks and Ococpatioks. sis. Amount. Yeabs ahd Occceatiohs. sis. Amount. Carding — Con. Dressing — Con. Carders, overseers, mac . wk. $12.00 Drawersin, fav (med. low) . wk. $3.40 Carders, second hands, mac . wk. 8.62 Drawers-in, /™ (low)- . wk. 3.16 Carders, second hands, mac . wk. 7.60 Dressers, overseers, mac wk. 12.00 Carders, third hands, mac wk. 6.00 Dressers, second hands, mac . wk. 7.60 Carders, spare, mac wk. 5.62 Dressers, second hands, mac . wk. 7.02 Carders, spare, mac wk. 4.80 Dressers, second hands, muc . wk. 6.00 Carders, spare, mac wk. 4.60 Dressers, third hands, mac . wk. 4.98 Carders, spare, mav wk. 3.42 Dressers, third hands, mac . wk. 4.80 Card grinders, mac . wk. 7.00 Dressers, boys, mac wk. 3.00 Card grinderf, Tnac . wk. 6.60 Dressers, /a» (high) ■ wk. 6.36 Card grinders, mac . wk. 6.60 Dressers, /av (medium) . . wk. 6.34 Card grinders, mav . wk. 6.00 Dressers, fav (med. low) wk. 4.64 Douhlers, mac .... wk. 4.98 Dressers, /a» (low) . wk. 2.76 Doublers, mac .... wk. 4.20 Warpers, /as (high) wk. m Drawers, /oc .... wk. 3.48 Warpers, /as (medium) . Warpers, fav (med. low) wk. Drawers, /ac .... wk. 2.88 wk. 3.89 Drawers, /flu wk 3.19 Warpers, /(2!; (low) wk. 3.42 Drawers and speeders, spare, /ao wk. 8.12 Weaving. Drawers and speeders, spare. Weavers, overseers, mac wk. 12.00 /ac wk. 2.B7 Weavers, overseers, mac wk. 10.60 Drawers and speeders, spare. Weavers, second hands, mac . wk. 9.00 fav wk. 2.68 Weavers, second hands, mac . wk. 7.50 Lap boys, mac .... wk. 3.18 .Weavers, third hands, mac . wk. 6.00 Lap boys, mac .... wk. 3.00 Weavers, third hands, mac . wk. 4.98 Pickers, mac .... wk. 6.00 Weavers, third hands, mac . wk. 4.80 Pickers, (br^alvers and open- Weavers, mav (high) wk. 5.62 ers)- toot .... wk. 4.98 Weavers, mav (medium) Weavers, mao (low) wk. 4.52 ■ Pickers, (openers) mav . wk. 4.80 wk. 3.60 Speeders, /ac .... wk. 4.68 Weavers, /an (high) wk. 5.00 Speeders, /oc .... wk. 3.60 Weavers, /ao (medium) . wk. 3.77 Speeders, fav thigh) Speeders, /tzu (low) wk. 8.96 Weavers, /aw (low) . wk. 2.80 wk. 3.06 Weavers, si)are,/ffc wk. 4.32 Strippers, mac .... wk. 6.00 Weavers, spare, fac wk. 2.S7 Strippers, mac .... wk. 4.80 Weavers, spare, /as wk. 2.89 Strippers, mac .... wk. 4.60 Strippers, mav .... wk. 6.62 CloUi Room. Winders, overseers, m^c wk. 6.00 Cloth room hands, overseer, Winders, mac .... wk. 6.62 mac wk. 12.00 Winders, mac .... wk. 4.20 Cloth room hands, overseer. Winders,/™ (high) wk. 6.76 mac wk. 10.50 Winders,/™ (medium) . wk. 4.68 Cloth room hands, mac . wk. 6.00 Winders, fav (low) . wk. 3.00 Cloth room hands, mac . wk. 4.80 Winders, spare, /ac wk. 3.24 Cloth room hands, moc . wk. 3.60 Winders, spare, /ac wk. 2.79 Cloth room hands, mac . wk-. 3.30 Winders, spare, fac wk. 2.37 Cloth room bands, /ac . wk. 3.50 Spinning. Doffers,/™ (high) Cloth room hands, /oc . wk. 3.12 wk. 3.42 Repair Sands, etc. Doffers,/™ (low) . wk. 3.24 Laborers, mac .... wk. 4.98 R6elers,/ac .... wk. 6.42 ■ Masons, mac .... wk. 10.60 Spinners, overseers, mac wk. 13.00 Eepalr hands, overseer, mac . wk. 13.50 Spinners, overseers, mac wk. 12.00 Repair hands, overseer, moc . wk. 10.00 Spinners, overseers, mac wk. 10.60 Repair hands, overseer, mac . wk 8.00 Spinners, second hands, mac . wk. 7.60 Repair hands, moc . wk. 10.50 Spinners, third hands, mac . wk. 6.60 Repair hands, moc wk. 3.00 Spinners, third hands, mac . wk. 6.52 Repair hands, mav wk. 7.08 Spinners, section hands, mac . wk. 4.98 Teamsters, mac wk. 6.00 Spinners, section hands, m^c . Spinners, section hands, nmc . wk. 4.80 Waste pickers, fac wk. 2.64 wk. 4.50 Watchnaen, mac wk. 12.00 Spinners, mac .... wk. 3.48 Watchmen, moc wk. 6.84 Spinners, spare, fac wk. 2.88 Watchmen^ mac wk. 6.60 Spinners, spare, /«c wk. 2.13 Spinners, spare, fav wk. 2.54 Spinners, filling,/™ (high) . wk. 8.50 1838. Spinners, filling, /oo (mediam) wk. 3.45 Spinners, filling,/™ (low) . wk. 8.00 Carding. Spinners, warp,/™ (high) . wk. 4.20 Carders, overseers, mac . wk. 14.00 Spinners, warp,/aD (medium) wk. 3.47 Carders, overseers, mac . wk. 13.60 Spinners, warp, fav (low) wk. 3.00 Carders, overseers, mac . wk. 12.00 Carders, second hands, mac . wk. 7.60 Dressing. Carders, second hands, moc . wk. 7.0O Drawers-ln,/™ (high) . wk. 3.97 Carders, spare, moc wk. 5.52 Drawers-in,/aD (medium) wk. 8.70 Carders, spare, moc wk. 4.80 270 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Wages: Cotton Mill Operatives — Continued. Ba- Ba- YBABS and OCCUPATIOHB. sis. Amount. Teaks asd Ooodpations. sis. Amount. Carding — Con. Dressing — Coa. Carders, spare, mac Card grinders, mac . wk. $4.60 Warpers, /o» (medium) . wk. $3.92 wk. 7.00 Warpers, /on (low) . wk. 3.61 Card grinders, mac . wk. 6.60 Card grinders, mac . wk. 6.60 Weaving. Weavers, overseers, mac Card grinders, mac . wk. 6.00 wk. 12.00 Doublers, moo .... wk. 4.08 Weavers, overseers, mac wk. 9.00 Doulilers, mac .... wk. 4.20 Weavers, second bands, moc . wk. 7.00 Drawers, /oc .... wk. 2.94 Weavers, third bands, mac . wk. 6.60 Drawers, /oc .... wk. 2.87 Weavers, m^c .... wk. 6.70 Drawers, /a» .... wk. 2.80 Weavers, moc .... wk. 3.90 Drawers and speeders, spare, Weavers, /ou (high) wk. 4.36 fac wk. 2.88 Weavers, /oo (medium) . wk. 3.65 Drawers and speeders, spare. Weavers, /OB (low) . wk. 3.26 fac Drawers and speeders, spare. wk. 2.26 Weavers, spare, fac Weavers, spare, /oc wk. wk. 4.32 2.10 fav Lap boys, mac .... wk. wk. 2.49 3.00 Weavers, spare, /as wk. 2.72 Pickers, m^c .... wk. 6.00 Pickers, mac .... Piolters, mac .... wk. wk. 6.62 4.20 Cloth Room. Cloth room hands, overseer, wk. 12.00 Speeders, /ac .... Speeders, fac . . Speeders, /eft! .... Strippers, mac .... Strippers, mac .... .Strippers, mac .... Winders, overseers, mac Winders, mac .... wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. 3.33 8.00 3.18 6.00 4.80 4.60 7.00 6.62 moc Cloth room hands, moo . Cloth room hands, moc . Cloth room hands, moc . Cloth room hands, /oc . Cloth room hands, fac . Cloth room hands, /oc . Cloth room boys, moc . wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. 6.00 5.10 4.98 3.18 2.38 2.37 3.72 "Winders, mac .... wk. 3.00 Cloth room boys, mac . wk. 2.40 Winders, /a» (liigh) wk. 6.91 Cloth room boys, mac . wk. 1.98 Winders, fav (low) wk. 4.37 Winders, spare, /ac wk. 4.60 Repair Hands, etc. Winders, spare, /aa wk. 2.37 Repair hands, overseer, moc . wk. 12.00 Winders, spare, /a« wk. 8.40 Repair hands, moc . wk. 9.00 Repair hands, mac . wk. 4.60 Spinning. Doffer8,/o» (high) . wk. 2.94 Repair hands, mail . Watchmen, moc W atchm en, moc . • . wk. wk. wk. 7.90 12.00 6.60 DofEers, fat) (medium) . Doffers,/a!) (low) . wk. wk. 2.71 2.10 Watchmen, moc wk. eioo Eeelers,/ae . . . . wk. 4.73 wk. 3.38 1840. Spinners, overseers, moc wk. 13.00 Spinners, overseers, mac wk. 12.00 Carding. Spinners, second hands, mac . wk. 7.60 Carders, overseers, mac . wk. 12.00 wk. 6.60 Carders, mav .... wk. 4.60 Spinners, third hands, mac . wk. 6.60 Carders, mfav .... wk. 3.60 Spinners, section hands, mac . wk. 4.98 Card grinders, mav . wk. 4.76 Spinners, section hands, moc . wk. 4.32 Drawers, /o» .... wk. 2.60 wk. 2.79 Lap tenders, mov . wk. 4.00 Spinners, spare, /ac wk. 2.10 Pickers, m,aii .... wk. 4.68 Spinners, spare, /a» wk. 2.40 Piekers, (scutchers) mav Pickers, (willow hands) mav ■ wk. 5.00 Spinners, filling, /o» (high) . Spinners, fllling,/a» (medium) wk. 3.48 wk. 4.00 wk. 2.94 Speeders, /oB . . . . wk. 3.00 Spinners, filling,/oB (low) . wk. 2.88 Strippers, mav .... wk. 4.00 Spinners, warp,/a» (high) . wk. 8.12 Spinners, warp./ae (medium) wk. 3.03 Spinning. Spinners, overseers, moc Sphiners, warp,/ati (low) wk. 2.98 wk. 12.00 Spinners, /o» . ^ . . wk. 3 00 Dressing. Drawer8-in,/at) (high) . wk. 8.46 Weaving. Drawers-in, fav (medium) . wk. 3.37 Weavers, overseers, mac wk. 12.00 Drawers-ln,/a» (low) . wk. 3.21 Weavers, /a» . . . . wk. 2.76 Dressers, overseers, mac wk. 12.00 Dressers, overseers, moc wk. 9.00 atoth Room. Cloth room hands, /ov > Dressers, second hands, mac . Dressers, second hands, mac . wk. wk. 7.60 6.00 wk. 2.25 Dressers, third hands, moc . wk. 4.98 Dressers, third hands, moc . wk. 4.20 Repair Bands, etc. Dressers, hoys, mac wk. 3.00 Repair hands, moo . wk. 9.00 Dressers, /av (high) Dressers, /on (medium) . wk. 6.95 Walohmen, mav wk. 5.00 wk. 4.03 Watchmen and yard hands. Dressers, /a» (low) . Warpers, /on (high) wk. wk. 4.36 4.60 mo« All departments, fav wk. wk. 6.60 2.84 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 271 Wages: Cotton Mill Operatives — Concluded. Ba- Ba- Years and Occupatiohs. sis. Amonnt TflABS AND OCCtJPATIONS. sis. Amonnt. 1843.* Dressing. Dresser tenders, mav wk. $9.79 Carding. Carders.mos .... wk. $5.10 Weaving. Carders, /o» ... wk. 2.72 Weavers, mav wk. 6.00 WeaverSj/os (high) wk. 4.99 Spinning. Weavers, fav (low) . wk, 3.52 Spinners, mav .... wk. 6.66 Bplnner8,/o» .... wk. 2.64 Dyeing. Dyers, mav .... wk. 6.21 Dressing* Dressers, mm .... wk. 7.74 Repair Bands, etc. Dressers, /o» .... wk. 2.98 Laborers, mav .... wk. 5.52 Repair hands, mav . wk. 8.58 Weaving. Watchmen and yard hands. Weaversi mav .... wk. 7.14 mav wk. 6.36 Weavers, /oD .... wk. 2.84 All departments, /m wk. 8.62 Oloth Boom. Cloth room bands, mav . wk. 7.14 • 1860. Cloth room hands, fav . wk. 2.96 Carding. Repair Hands, etc. Carders, mav (high) wk. 4.98 Repair hands, man . wk. 8.58 Carders, mav (medium) . wk. 4.66 Overseers, all departments. Carders, mav (low) . Pickers, mav (high) wk. 3.75 mav ..... wk. 12.00 wk. 6.00 Watchmen and yard hands. Pickers, mav (medium) . wk. 4.98 mav wk. 6.42 Pickers, mav (low) . wk. 8.75 1848. Spinning. Spinners, mav (high) wk. 6.68 Carding. Spinners, mav (low) wk. 5.12 Carders, mav .... wk. 4.60 Spinners, /a» .... wk. 3.21 Pickers, mav .... wk. 6.00 Dressing- Spinning. Dresser tenders, mav wk. 11.04 Spinners, mfav wk. 2.63 Weaning. Dressing. Weavers, mav (high) wk. 5.68 Dresser tenders, mav wk. 7.02 Weavers, mav (low) wk. 4.00 Weavers, /o« (nigh) Weavers, fav (medium) . wk. 4.64 Weaving. wk. 3.73 Weavers, vnav .... wk. 4.20 Weavers, /ao (low) . wk. 3.05 Weavers, /as .... wk. 4.61 Dyeing. Dyeing. Dyers, mav .... wk. 6.15 Dyers, mav .... wk. 6.25 Repair Hands, etc. Watch-men, etc. Laborers, mav (high) Laborers, m.av (low) wk. 6.00' Walohmen and yard hands. wk. 4.99 rnav ..... M\ departments, fav wk. 6.00 Repair hands, mav (high) wk. 9.00 wk. 4.11 Repair hands, mav (medium) Repair hands, mav (tow) wk. 8.70 wk. 8.40 1850. Watchmen and yard hands, mav (high) .... wk. 7.00 Carding. Carders, mav (high) Watchmen and yard hands. wk. 4.98 mav (medium) . . wk. 6.00 Carders, mav (low) . wk. 4.50 Watchmen and yard hands, Pickers, mav (nigh) wk. 7.02 mav (low) .... wk. 5.64 Pickers, mav (low) . wk. 4.80 All departments, fav (high) . wk. 3.78 All departments, /a« (medium) wk. 3.26 Spinning. Ail departments, /o» (low) . wk. 3.00 Spinners, rrifav wk. 2.63 * In tlie case of females the wages for 1843, as obtained by the Bureau, were net aTerage weekly wages, the operatives in each department being given their board in addition thereto. The amounts presented in the table have been obtained by adding to the actual net average wages the estimated amount of $1.25, per week for board, the sum thus obtained being presented as the gross average weekly wages. 272 STATISTICS OF LABOR. We also present, as a matter of historical interest, the fol- lowing table of wages and prices for certain occupations and articles for various years included in the period from 1630 to 1777. These wages and prices were obtained from quotations of decrees of the General Court (published in Felt's "History of Massachusetts Currency ") , by which the wages to be paid for work performed were regulated from time to time, a;nd the prices established for which the articles designated should be accepted either as a part of the circulating medium of the times or received at the treasury in payment of public dues. The wages and prices quoted in this table, in accordance with the customs and usages of the time, were also considered to be indicative of the price to be paid in proportion for a day's labor at seasons of the year other than those specified for the given occupation, or for better or less desirable qualities of any given article. This is especially the case as regards the wages and prices given for 1777, the price paid to farm laborers being taken as the standard from which the wages paid to mechanics, tradesmen, and other laborers were to be computed. In the same year, also, the amounts stated for wood, pine boards, and lumber generally were the prices paid upon delivery at Boston ; for cotton, sugar, and other imported articles, at port where first landed, and for bloomery iron, etc., at place of manufact- ure, due allowance being made and charged for transportation therefrom to various parts of the State. Table of Occupations and Articles. Prices Cureent. OOOtlPATIOHS ASD Tear. Ba- OOOnPATIONS AHD Tear. Ba- Abticlbs. sis. Articles. OCCnPATIONB. Occupations — Con. Carpenters and Joiners, {master workmen; ■with board) . 1630 day $0,223 Laborers, (with board) . (best) . . (best; with board) 1630 1630 1633 day day day $0,167 .083 .25 Carpenters and joiners, 1633 day .111 (Inferior workmen; (from Oct. 1 to Apr. 1) with board) 1630 day .167 1672 day .200 Carpenters and joiners, (from Apr. 1 to July T) (master workmen) 1633 day .333 1672 day .278 Oatpenters and joiners, (from July 1 to (master workmen; Oct. 1, with with board) 1633 day .196 board only) 1672 day .333 Carpenters and joiners, (Mar. 1 to Oct. 10) . Laborers, agricultural 1672 day .833 (cutting peas) Laborers, agricultural 1B72 acre .60 ' IViii day .883 Coopers, (piece work, (mowing English grass; 1672 acre .333 for tight bbl. of 32 Laborers, agricultural gal.) . . . . 1671i bbl. .444 (mowing salt marsh) . 1672 acre .333 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 273 Table of Occupations and Articles. Prices Current — Con. OCCUFATIONS AND Ba- Occupations and Ba- ^ear.l Amount. rear Amount. Abticlbs. sis. Abticles. als. Ocmpaiions — Con. Articles — Con. Laborers, agricultural Beaver, (sold) 1635 lb. $1.67 (mowing freeh mea- dow) .... Beef, merchantable 1727 bbl. 10.00 16T2 acrel tO.26 (240 lbs. in bbl.) . 1777 bbl. 12.41 Laborers, agricultural (stall-fed) . 1777 lb. .056 (reaping wheat) . 1672 acre .667 (grass-fed) . . 1777 lb. .042 Laborers, agricultural Boards, merchantable (reaping rye) . Laborers, agricultural (reaping barley) . Laborers, agricultural (reaping oats) . ■ . Laborers, agricultural (cutting wood) . Laborers, agricultural (summer; with board) Kasons and bricklayers, (master workmen; with board) . Masons and bricklayers, (inferior workmen; ■with board) . Masons and bricklayers, (master workmen) . Masons and bricklayers, (master workmen; with board) . 1672 1672 1672 1672 1777 1630 1630 163S 1633 acre acre acre cd. day day day day day .50 .167 .167 .209 .60 .223 .167 .333 .196 white pine . Butter (by the. firkin) . sweet firkin CalfsUns, raw Charcoal, (by the basket) in America) Chocolate, (manufact- ured in America) Cloth, tow (yard wide) homespun cotton and linen (yard wide) . . Cocoa, best . Codfish, merchantable dry .... Coffee Corn, .... 1777 1777 1777 1727 1777 1777 1777 1777 1777 1777 1777 1727 1777 1642 1645 1647 1658 M.ft. lb. lb. lb. lb. b'k't lb. lb. yd. yd cwt. q't'l lb. t: bu. bu. bu. bu. bu. bu. 8.00 .139 .126 .167 .083 .167 .083 .278 .375 .683 21.67 6.00 .223 .416 .444 .50 .444 .60 .683 .583 .375 Masons and bricklayers, (Mar. 1 to Oct. 10.) . Stone layers, (Mar. 1 to Oct. 10) 1672 1672 day day .333 . .333 1662 1681 1690 Tailots, (master work- 1694 men ; with board) . (Inferior work- men ; with board) . (master work- men; 12 hours per day) (apprentices — tirst 4 years) . 1633 day .167 Indian (rates) Indian (sold) Indian . 1635 1636 1836 bu. bu. bu. .833 I.UO .833 1633 1672 1672 day day day .111 .278 .167 Indlun . Indian . Indian . Indian . Indian (Oct. 17 to Mar. 10) . . Indian (thereafter) 1640 1648 1649 1650 1654 1654 bu. bu. bu. bu. bu. bn. .667 .60 .50 .60 .444 .50 Indian . 1655 bu. .416 Abticlss. Indian . Indian . 1664 1667 bu. bu. . .50 .444 Barley 1640 bu. $0,833 Indian . 1670 bu. .60 1642 bu. .667 Indian . 1671 bu. .444 1646 bu. .667 Indian . 1680 bu. .583 1647 bu. .667 Indian . 1685 bu. .60 1648 bu. .833 Indian . 1688 bu. .195 1649 bu. .916 Indian . 1727 bu. .667 1660 bu. .833 Indian . 1777 bu. .667 1654 bu. .833 Cotton, . . . . 1777 lb. .611 1665 bu. .75 (by tihe bag) 1777 lb. .50 16S8 bu. .667 Duck, dunghill 1777 lb. .07 1662 bu. .916 Flaimel, striped (yard 1664 bu. .75 wide) . . . . 1777 yd. .583 1667 bu. .667 I'lax 1727 lb. .223 1680 bu. .683 good merchantable 1777 lb. .167 1681 bu. .667 Mour, (from Southern 1685 bu. .667 States) . 1777 cwt. 6.00 1688 bu. .416 (manufactured in 1690 bu. .667 Mass.) . 1777 cwt. 4.16 1727 bu. 1.00 Fowl, dunghill 1777 lb. .07 Barley malt, . 1668 bu. .667 Geese 1777 lb. .056 1662 bu. .916 Hay, best English . 1777 cwt .833 1664 bu. .78 Hemp, . . . . 1727 lb. .125 1667 bu. .667 Hides, dry . . . 1727 lb. .083 1670 bil. .667 raw 1777 lb. .042 1671 bu. .916 tanned 1777 lb. .209 1680 bu. ,683 Iron, merchantable bar . 1727 cwt 8.00 1681 bu. .667 ' bloomery 1777 cwt 5.00 1685 bu. .667 refined . 1777 cwt 8.34 1688 bu. .416 Lamb 1777 lb. .056 1690 bu. .667 Leather, tanned 1727 lb. .167 1694 bu. .375 Mackerel, 1727 bbl. 5.00 Beane 1777 bu. 1.00 Meal, Indian . 1777 bn. .667 274 STATISTICS OF LABOK. Table of Occupations and Articles. Prices Cukeent — Con. OOODPATIONS ADD Ba- OOOUPATIOHS AND Ba- Year Amount. Year Amount. Aetioles. sis. Abticles. sis. Ariiclea — Con. Article! — Con. Meal, rye ... 1777 bn. $0,833 Rye 1727 bu. $1.00 Milk, . . , . 1777 qt. .036 1777 bu. .833 Molasses, best quality . (by the hid.. 1777 gal. .667 Rum, Xew England 1777 gal. .75 N'ew England (by including the hhd. or bbl., cask) . ■,. 1772 gal. .666 exclusive of 189. (hythebhL.ex- for hhd. or 4s. clusiveof 3s. , for bbl.) . . 1777 gal. .639 for bbl.) . 1777 f^'- .611 West India . , . 1777 qt. .333 Mutton, . . . . 1777 .056 West India . 1777 gal. 1.28 Oats 1680 ba. .278 West India (by the hhd., including 1681 bu. .333 1685 bu. .333 cask) . . 1777 gal. 111 1688 bu. .139 Westlndia(bythe 1690 bu. .25 . bbl., ezcluBlve of 1694 bu. .223 bbl.) . 1777 gal. 1.14 1727 bu. .416 Salt, (imported) . 1777 bu. 1.67 1777 bu. .333 Oil, ...... 1727 bbl. 8.34 Mass.) . . 1777 bu. 2.00 blubber refined 1777 bbl. 6.00 . BhoeB,men's(8ize8 eleven liver (by the bbl.) . 1777 gal. .667 and twelve) . . 1672 pr. .833 Peas, . . . . 1640 bu. 1.00 women's (sizes 1642 bu. .656 seven and eight) 1672 pr. .611 1645 bu. .683 men's neat's 1648 bu. .667 leather . 1777 pr. 1.33 1649 bu. .667 Stockings, men's best 16S0 bu. .667 yarn ... 1777 pr. 1.00 1665 bn. .667 Sugar, best Muscovado . 1777 lb. .111 1658 bu. .667 best Muscovado . 1777 owt. 10.00 1662 bu. .76 best Muscovado 1664 bu. .867 (by the hhd.) . 1777 cwt. 8.00 1667 bu. .683 Tallow, tried . 1727 lb. .111 1670 bu. .667 tried . 1777 lb. .104 1671 bu. .833 rough 1777 lb. .07 1680 bu. .667 Turkey, .... 1777 lb. .07 1681 bu. .667 Turpentine, full bound . 1727 owt. 2.17 1685 bu. .667 Tobacco, well cured 1727 lb. .066 1688 bu. .50 Veal 1777 lb. .056 1690 bn. .667 Wheat, (summer) . 1640 bu. 1.00 1694 bu. .583 1642 bu. .667 1727 bu. 1.60 1646 bu. .667 1777 bu. 1.33 1647 bu. .76 Fork, good merchantable fresh (well fatted) 1727 bbl. 18.34 1648 bu. .833 1777 lb. .063 18^9 bu. .833 salted (220 lbs. in 1660 bu. .833 bbl.) . . . 1777 bbl. 16.33 1654 bu. .833 Potatoes, Spanish (high) Spanish (low) 1777 bu. .333* 1656 bu. .76 1777 bu. .223* 1668 bu. .833 Pots and kettles, cast 1662 bu. .916 iron .... 1727 owt. 8.00 1664 bu; .833 Eye, .... 1640 bu. .833 1667 bu. .833 1642 13U. .656 1670 bu. .833 1646 bu. .683 ^ 1671 bu. .916 1647 bu. .683 1680 bu. .833 1648 bu. .667 1681 bu. 1.00 1649 btt. .687 1686 bu. 833 1650 bu. .667 1688 bu. .458 1654 bu. .687 1690 bu. .833 1656 bu. .683 1894 bu. .833 1668 bu. .687 (summer) . (winter) . 1727 bu. 1.17 1662 bu. .75 1727 bu. 1.83 1664 bli. .667 1777 bu. 1.26 1667 bn. .667 Wood, Eastern 1777 cd. 3.66 1670 bu. .667 goodwalnut(hlgh) 1777 od. s.oot 1671 bu. .833 good walnut (low) 1777 cd. 4.86t 1680 bu. .60 good oak , 1777 cd. 4.00 1681 bu. .75 green oak . 1777 cd. 4 68 1685 bu. .667 Wool, merchantable 1688 bu. .333 sheep's .... Wax, bayberry 1777 lb. .333 1690 bu. .667 1727 lb. .223 1694 bu. .468 bee's . . . 1727 lb. .416 *' Prices varied according to season. t Delivered at wharf in Boston. t Delivered at door of buyer. WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 275 THE OCCUPATIONS AND ARTICLES TABLES, BY PERIODS OF YEARS. In the tables which follow, we present averages drawn from the preceding tables of occupations and articles, by name, for the various periods of years from 1752 to 1860, the time covered by the investigation, and by the use of the wages and prices already published in previous reports of the Bureau from 1860 forward to 1883. Following the tables of occupations and articles, by periods of years, we present wage and price fluctuations, also by periods of years, for certain occupations and articles brought forward into a separate table, using only those bases which are common to the particular occupation or article considered. For the purpose of presenting these averages, the whole number of years comprehended by the tables, from 1752 to 1883, has been divided by decades, so far as possible, into the following periods of years : — 1752 to 1760; 1801 to 1810 1851 to 1860; 1761 to 1770; 1811 to 1820 1861 to 1880 ; 1771 to 1780 ; 1821 to 1830 1881 to 1883. 1781 to 1790; 1831 to 1840 1791 to 1800; 1841 to 1850 With the exception of the first period beginning with 1752 and ending with 1760, and the periods from 1861 to 1880 and 1881 to 1883, each period covers ten years, and all periods in- clude both the year with which they begin and the year with which they end. The period from 1861 to 1880 has been made to include twenty years, there being no wages or prices reported for any year included in the decade ending with 1870. The period from 1881 to 1883 presents figures for the years 1881 and 1883 only. The wages used as the basis of the averages presented for the periods from 1861 to 1880 and from 1881 to 1883 have been taken, as has been stated, from previous reports of the Bureau, as follows : — : Wages. — For the year 1860, from Part III., of the Report for 1879 ; for the year 1872, from Parts II. and IV., of the Report for 1874 ; for the year 1875, from Part I., of the Report 276 STATISTICS OF LABOR. for 1876, and from Vol. II., Census of Massachusetts for 1875 ; for the year 1878, from Part III., of the Eeport for 1879 ; for the year 1880, from Part II., of the Report for 1883 ; for the year 1881, from Part IV., of the Eeport for 1882 ; for the year 1883, from Part II., of the Repout for 1884. For 1883, also, wages for paper mill operatives, ship and boat builders, and tan- ners and cuiTiers are included in the averages given for the period ending with 1883, wages for these occupations, although used in Part III., not being included in Part II. of the report for 1884, from which averages for the other occupations were drawn. Pkioes.— For the years 1860, 1872, 1878, 1881, and 1883, from Part IV., of the Report for 1884. In the occupations and articles tables, by periods of years, only those bases are used for which averages are given in more than one period for the same occupation or article. In the occupations table, by periods of years, for purposes of exact comparison so far as possible, all wages given by the week have been brought to the basis of day, and wages given by the year to the basis of month, wages being presented in the period showings by the day and month only. The prices paid to clothing makers and shoemakers for piece work, where the basis was pair or piece, have not been used, although the bases appear for more than one period. The wages paid to ship and boat builders for the periods ending with 1860, 1880, and 1883 are high as compared with the averages obtained for the same occupation for other periods, the wages presented for the periods named being the amounts paid, for the given basis, for general shipbuilding work, and including undoubtedly higher-priced labor than that for which wages were obtained for the periods preceding 1860. In the table of articles, by periods of years, the term " whole- sale " represents, for any given basis, the average price obtained for any article, when sold in large quantities, although this fact may have been indicated by the use of some other term iu the occupations and articles tables, by name. This does not apply, of course, to articles which are usually sold both in large and small quantities, as, for instance, flour by the pound and barrel, or flsh by the pound and quintal. Hose, socks, and stockings, although presented separately in the preceding tables, are com- bined in the table by periods of years. WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 277 The averages given, for the period ending with 1883, for dress goods, dry goods, etc., and all articles of clothing were taken from a table printed in Part IV. of the Report for 1884, where the prices, by reason of the nature of the articles quoted, were divided into grades, and designated either as " high," " medium .high," "medium," " medium low," or "low." In presenting averages for such articles for the period ending with 1883, the three lower grades only have been used, except in the case of alpaca, beige, galloon, handkerchiefs, pins, satin, shirtings, and ticking, for which all grades are included in the averages, the range of prices for these articles corresponding in most respects to those obtained for the preceding periods. In the consideration of the averages presented by periods of years, reference should always be had to the occupations and articles tables, by name, to determine the exact data used as the basis for these averages. For instance, an average wage pre- sented for a certain occupation, for any particular period, might be influenced either by the fact that wages obtained for the years included -in that period were generally for very high or very low priced labor, or that wages for that period were given for but one or two years only. The same is also true as regards prices, extremely high or low prices for c&rtain years or for the entire period, or quotations of prices for but one year only, making a proportionately high or low average for that period, as compared with the averages obtained, for the same article, for other periods. 278 STATISTICS OF LABOR. The Occupations and Articles Tables, Br Periods of Years. Occupations : By Periods of Vears. Ba- Ba- Occupations and Periods. sis. Amount. OOOnPATIOSS AND PEjaODS. sis. Amount. Agricultural Laborers, Bookbindera — Con. 1752 to 1760 day $0,311 1861 to 1880 day $1.91 (with oxen) day 1.33 1881 to 1883 day 1.49 1761 to 1770 day .33 (with oxen) day 1.66 Brewery and DiatiUery Em- 1771 to 1780, . . . . day .815 pioy4a. (with oxen) day 1.60 1861 to 1860 day 2.02 1781 to 1790 day .396 1861 to 1880 day 2.13 1791 to 1800, day .478 1881 to 1883 day 2.45 MOltoMlO, .... day .779 isntoisao, . day .782 Butchera. mo. 18.50 1771 to 1780 day .333 (with board) day .66 1801 to 1810 day .60 (with board and 1811 to 1820, . . . . day .75 lodging) . mo. 8.00 1821 to 1830 day .917 (with two meals 1861 to 1880, . day 2.03 a day) mo. 10.00 1881 to 1883, . . . day 1.36 (with oxen) day 2.25 1821 .to 1830, day .808 Carpentera. mo. 16.60 1771 to 1780, .■ . day .522 (with board) day .68 1781 to 1790 day .539 (with board and 1791 to 1800 day .736 lodging) . mo. 11.00 1801 to 1810, . . . . day 1.09 (with two meals 1811 to 1820 day 1.13 a day) mo. 13.50 (with board) day .833 (with oxen) day 1.82 1821 to 1830 day 1.07 1831, to 1840 day .875 (with board) day .648 mo. 16.60 1831 to 1840 day • 1.40 (with board) day .56 (with board) day .71 (with board and 1841 to 1850 day 1.37 lodging) . mo. 11.00 (with board) day .748 i(with two meals 1861 to 1860 day 2.03 a day) mo. 13.60 (with board) day 1.00 1841 to 1850, .... day .95 1861 to 1880 day 2.42 mo. 17.50 1881 to 1883, . . . . day 2.41 (-with board and lodging) . mo. 11.00 Carriage Makera. Xwlth two meals 1831 to 1840 day 1.34 a day) mo. 13.50 1841 to 1860, . . . . day 1.69 1861 :to 1860 day 1.01 1851 to 1860 day 1.85 mo- 21.50 1861 to 1880 day 2.40 (with board) mo. 11.88 1881 to 1883, . . . . day 2.27 1861 to 1880, day 1.31 (with board) day .888 Olockmakers. (with board) mo. 15.72 1811 to 1820 day 1.18 a»81,tol883, . . . . day 1.37 1821 to 1830 day 1.29 (with board) mo.. 18.00 1831 to 1840, day 1.29 Blaekarmthe. 1781 to 1790, . . . . 1811 to 1820 day day .694 .842 1841 to 1850 1861 to 1860 1861 to 1880 day day day 1.29 1.96 2.30 (with board) 1821 .to 1830 (with board) 1881 to 1840 (with boar4) 1841 to 1860 (with board) 1861 to 1860 (with board) 1861 to 1880 (with board) day day day day day day day day day day day .638 1.12 .60 1.40 .60 1.47 .55 1.69 .667 2.28 .666 Clothing Makera. 1811 to 1820, . . . . (with board) 1821 to 1830 (with board) 1831 to 1840 1841 to 1860 1861 to 1860 1861 to 1880 1881 to 1883 day day day day day day day day day 1.00 .60 1.27 .60 .896 1.38 1.43 1.93 1.99 1881 to 1883 day 1.92 Cordage Makera. Bookbindera. 1821 to 1830 day 1.12 1831 to 1840 day .917 1831 to 1840, . , . . day 1.21 1841 to 1850, . . . . day 1.46 1841 to 1860, . . . . day .914 1851 .to 1860 day 1.38 1861 to 1880, .... day 1.62 WA(5eS and prices : 1752-1860. 279 Occupations : By Periods of Years — Continued. Ba- Ba- OCCDPATIONS AND FESIODS. sis. Amount. OCCDPATIONS AKD PERIODS. sis. Amount. Cotton Hill Operatives. Masons — Con. 1821 to 1830, . . . . day $0,489 1811 to 1820, (with board) day $0,764 1831 to 1840,. . . . . day .897 1821 to 1830 day 1.22 1841 to 1850 day .92 (with board) day .833 1861 to 1860, . . . . day 1.03 1831 to 1840 day 1.37 1861 to 1880, .... day 1.40 (with board) day .893 1881 to 1883, . . . . day 1.2T 1841tol8S0, . . . . day 1.33 (with board) day .876 eiass Makers. 1851 to 1860 day 1.53 1821 to 1830, . . . . day 1.13 1861 to 1880 day 2.79 1831 to 1840 day 1.62 1881 to 1883 day 2.14 1841 to 1850, . . . ■ day 2.44 1851 to 1860, day 2.96 3tetat Workers. 1861 to 1880 day 1.79 1811 to 1820 day 1.06 1881 to 1883, . day 2.01 1821 to 1830 day 1.23 1831 to 1840, day 1.64 Gold and Silver Workers. 1841 to 1860, .... day 1.42 1831 to 1840, . . . . day .974 1861 to 1860 day 1.36 1841 to 1860, . . . . day 1.28 1861 to 1880 day 2.16 1851 to 1860, ; . . . day 1.69 1881 to 1883, . . . . day 2.00 1861 to 1880 day 1.63 1881 to 1883, (gold workers Millwrights. 1 only) day 3.21 1791 to 1800 day 1.09 1811 to 1820, . . . . day 1.13 Marness Makers. 1821 to 1880 day 1.21 1811 to 1820 day .88 1831 to 1840, . . . . day 1.39 (with board) day .45 1841 to 1860, . . . . day 1.39 1821 to 1830, .... day 1.13 1861 to I860, .... day 1.66 (with board) day • .45 1861 to 1880 day 2.66 1831 to 1840, . . . day 1.25 1881 to 1883, . . . . day 2.54 1641 to 1850, .... day 1.46 1861 to 1860 day 1.66 2irail Makers. 1781 to 1790, . . . . day .481 Mat Makers. 1811 to 1820 day 1.00 1841 to 1860 day 2.08 mo. 18.00 1861 to 1860 day 2.64 1821 to 1830 day 1.39 1861 to 1880 day i.ee 1831 to 1840, . . day .86 1881 to 1883 day 1.68 mo. 43.55 1841 to 1850 day 1.60 Zaborers. mo. 47.42 1762 to 1760 day .29 1851 to 1860, . . . . mo. 82.12 1761 to 1770 day .325 1861 to 1880 mo. 60.42 mo. 6.00 1881 to 1883 day 1.84 1771 to 1780, . . . . day .376 1781 to 1790 day .428 Painters. (with team) day 1.33 1801 to 1810 day 1.15 1791 to 1800 day .623 1811 to 1820, . . . . day 1.34 mo. 13.33 1821 to 1830 day 1.26 (with team) day 1.83 1831 to 1840, . . . . day 1.32 1801 to 1810 day .817 1841 to 1860 day 1.47 mo. 12.26 1851 to 1860 day 1.85 1811 to 1820, . . . . day .91 1861 to 1880, . . . . day 2.32 (with team) day 1.50 1881 to 1883 day 1.97 1821 to 1830 day .798 mo. 10.50 Faper Mill Operatives. 1831 to 1840 day .872 1811 to 1820 day 1.09 1841 to I860,- . . . . day .852 1821 to 1830, . . . . day .666 1851 to 1860, . day .975 1831 to 1840, . . . . day .749 mo. 20.00 1841 to 1860 day .842 1861 to 1880, . . . . day 1.48 1861 to 1860, . . . . day 1.17 mo. 34.49 1861 to 1880 day 1.71 1881 to 1883 day 1.31, 1881 to 1883, . . . . day i.ri Machinists. Printers. 1831 to 1840, . . . . day 1.36 1811 to 1820 day 1.13 1841 to 1860 day 1.62 1821 to 1830 day 1.25 1861 to 1860 day 2.15 1831 to 1840 day 1.38 1861 to 1880 day 2.49 1841 to 1850 day 1.17 1881 to 1883 day 2.26 1851 to 1860, . . . . day 1.75 1861 to 1880, . . . . day 2.18 Misans. 1881 to 1883 day 2.14 1771 to 1780 day .666 1781 to 1790 day 1.00 Ship and Boat Builders. 1801 to 1810 day 1.41 1781 to 1790 day .889 1811 to 1820 day 1.52 1811 to 1820, . . . . t day 1.25 280 STATISTICS OP I^ABOR* Occupations : By Periods of Years — Concluded. Ba- Ba- Occupations asd Pebiods. sis. Amount. OCODPATIOHS AHD PEKIODS. sis. Amount. Ship and Boat Builders-Co-a. Tanners and Curriers — Con. 1811 to 1820, (with board) day $0.50 1861 to 1880, . . ... day $2.09 1821 to 1830, . . . . day 1.40 1881 to 1883, . . . . day 1.86 (with board) day .60 1831 to 1840, . . . . day 1.33 TeacJiers. (with board) day .68 1791 to 1800 mo. 34.22 1841 to 1850 diiy 1;36 1801 to 1810, .... mo'. 47.60 . (with board) duy .68 1861 to 1880, . . . ■. mo. 68.74 1851 to 1860, (general ship- buildlug) .... day 8.66 Teamsters. 1861 to 1880, (general ship- 1831 to 1840, . . . day 1.16 building) . . . . day 2.49 1841 to 1860, .... day 1.30 1881 \o 1883, (general ship- 1851 to 1860, . . . . day 1.46 building) .... day 3.26 1861 to 1880 day 1.44 1881 to 1883 day 1.77 SJioemakera. 1791 to 1800 day .733 Watchmen. 1821 to 1830 day 1.06 1831 to 1840, . . . . day .923 1831 to 1840, day .873 1851 to 1860, . . . . day .964 1841 to 1850 day 1.12 1851 to 1860 day 1.70 Wooden Goods Makers. 1861 to 1880 day 1.76 lB01tol810 day .66 1881 to 1883, . . . . day 1.87 1811 to 1820, . . . . day 1.26 1821 to 1830 day 1.25 Stone Quarrymen and Cutters. 1831 to 1840, . day 1.36 1831 to 1840 day 1.29 1841 to 1860, . day 1.11 1841'tol860 day 1.46 1861 to 1860, . day 1.72 18S1 to 1860, .... day 1.40 1861 to 1880, . day 2.01 1861 to 1880 day 2.33 1881 to. 1883 day 2.28 1881 to 1883 day 2.01 Woollen Mill Operatives. Tannera and Curriers. 1811 to 1820 1821 to 1830 day 1.12 day 1.00 1831 to 1840, . day .995 1821 to 1830 day 1.13 1841 to 1860 day .866 1831 to 1840 day 1.46 1861 to 1860 day .873 1841 to -1860, . day 1.13 1861 to 1880, . day 1.31 1851 to I860', . . . . day 1.67 1881 to 1883, . day 1.24 Articles : By Periods of Years. Ba- Ba- AKTICLBa AHD PEjaODS. sis. Amount. AKTI0LE3 AND PEEIODS. sis. Amount. AOEIOtrLTURAL PBODUOTS. Sarley. Apples. ^ 1791 to 1800 pk. $0,209 lT52tol760 1761 to 1770 bu. bn. $0,319 .183 1801 to 1810 bu. pk. .688 .26 1771 to 1780 bn; ,162 bu. 1781 to 1790 hn. .17 1811 to 1820 pk. .50 1791 to 1800 bii .269 bu. 1.00 1801 to 1810, hn, .341 1821 to 1830 pk. .18 bbl. 1.50 1851 to 1860, . . . . bu. .80 1811 to 1820 pk. .075 bu. .526 Beans. bbl. 2.50 1762 to 1760 qt. .033 1821 to 1830 'pk. .153 bu. .80 bn. .489 1761 to 1770 qt. .042 bbl. 1.20 pk. .25 1831 to 1840 t. .263 bu. .80 .708 1771 to 1780 qt. .042 bbl. 1.86 1781 to 1790 qt. .041 1841 to 1850 t: .271 pk. .389 \ .876 1791 to 1800 qt. .049 bbl. 1.72 L. 1.06 (wholesale) bbl. 1.60 1801 to 1810 qt. .061 1851 to 1860, . . . . pk. .269 t: ,444 bu. .996 1.48 bbl. 1.96 1811 to 1320, .... qt. .109 (wholesale) bbl. 1.37 • pk. .648 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 281 Articles : By Periods of Years — Continued. Ba- Ba- Articles akd Periods. sis. Amount. Articles and Periods. sis. Amount. Becms — Con. Oats. 18irtol820, . . . bu. $2.36 1752 to 1760 bu. $0,333 1821 to 1830, . ■. . . qt. .085 1761 to 1770, . bu. .333 pk. .406 1781 to 1790,. . bu. .494 bu. 1.49 1791 to 1800 bu. .461 18Sltol840 qt. .081 1801 to 1810, .... bu. .554 pk. .667 1811 to 1820, . . . . bu. ■ .737 bu. 1.91 (wholesale) bu. .40 1841 to 1860, qt. .067 1821 to 1830 bu. .426 It .492 (wholesale) bu. .36 1.89 1831 to 1840 bu. .644 1851 to 1860 fi. .088 .537 1841 to 1860 bu. .545. bu. 2.60 Onions. 1861 to 1880 qt. .089 1761 to 1770 bu. 1.00 1881 to 1883 qt. .123 1821 to 1830, .... pk. .22 1841 to 1850, . pk. .158 Suclcwheat. bu. .643 1841 to 1850 bu. .756 1861 to 1860, . pk. .25 1861 to 1860, . . . bu. 1.00 Parsnips. bu. .94 Corn. 1762 to 1760, pk. .167 1752 to 1780, . c .222 1781 to 1770, . pk. .126 .674 1831 to 1840, . pk. .193 1761 to 1770, . pk. bu. .167 .568 1841 to 1860 pk. .17 1771 to 1780, . . . . bu. .703 Peas. 1781 to 1790 pk. .167 1761 to 1770 pk. .277 bu. .725 1771 to 1780, qt. .055 1791 to 1800 bu. .90 1781 to 1790 pk. .614 (wholesale) bu. .805' 1801 to 1810 pk. .409 1801 to 1810 It .28 bu. 1.34 1.04 1811 to 1820, .... qt. .06 • (wholesale) bu. .948 pk. .683 1811 to 1820, . . , . It .28 1821 to 1830 bu. 1.09 1.31 1831 to 1840 pk. .20 (wholesale) bu. 1.18 1841 to 1860, . ... qt. .086 1821 to 1830 bu. .817 pk. .671 (wholesale) bu. .646 bu. 2.52 1831 to 1840, ... bu. .782 1841 to 1860 pk. .293 Potatoes. bu. .721 1762 to 1760, .... pk. .098 (wholesale) bu. .663 bu. .371 1851 to 1860 bu. .992 1761 to 1770, . . . . pk. .106 (wholesale) bu. .796 bu. .354 1771 to 1780, . bu. .30 Cranberries. 1781 to 1790 bu. .279 1781 to 1790 pk. .218 1791 to 1800,* . . . . bu. .302 1801 to 1810 pk. .313 1801 to 1810, .... C: .197 1811 to 1820 pk. .25 .601 1821 to 1830 pk. .273 (wholesale) bu. .458 1831 to 1840, . . . . pk. .52 1811 to 1820 bu. .485 bu. 1.63 (wholesale) bu. .28 1841 to 1850 pk. .635 1821 to 1830 pk. .10 bu. 1.90 bu. .369 jriax. 1831 to 1840, . C: .193 1761 to 1770 lb. .132 .492 1771 to 1780 lb. ,.113 (wholesale) bu. .25 1781 to 1790, . lb. .125 1841 to 1860 pk. .28 1791 to 1800 lb. .169 bu. .783 ISOltolSlO lb. .212 (wholesale) bu. .632 1811 to 1820 lb. .21 1861 to 1860, .... pk. .357 1821 to 1830 lb. .162 * bu. .86 (wholesale) bu. ,648 Maxaeed. 1861 to 1880 bu. .999 1752 to 1760 bu. .444 1881 to 1883, . . . . bu. 1.00 1781 to 1790, . . bu. .392 , 1791 to 1800, . , . bu. .936 Rice. 178UO1790 lb. .055 Bops. 1791 to 1800 lb. .037 5 1801 to 1810 lb. .19 (wholesale) lb. .032 1811 to 1820 lb. .248 1801 to 1810 lb. . .058 1831 to 1840 lb. .159 (wholesale) lb. .048 1841 to 1860 lb. .188 1811 to 1820 lb. .063 1861.tol860 lb. .289 (wholesale) lb. .056 282 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Articles : By Periods of Years — Continued. Abticlbs and Fbbiods. 1821 to 1831 to 1841 to 1851 to 1861 to 1881 to Bice— Con. 1830, . 1840, . 18S0, 1860, . 1880, . 1883, . Rye. 1761 to 1771 to 1781 to 1791 to 1801 to 1811 to 1821 to 1831 to 1841 to 1851 to 1841 to 1851 to 1831 to 1841 to 1770, 1780, 1790, 1800, 1810, 1820, 1830, 1840, 1860, 1860, (wholesale) (wholesale) (wholesale) (wholesale) (wholesale) 1850, 1860, • . Sioeei Potatoes. 1840, . 18S0, . 1861 to 1860, 1752 to 1761 to Turnips. 1780, . 1770, . 1771 to 1780, 1781 to 1791 to 1801 to 1811 to 1821 to 1881 to 1841 to 1851 to 1761 to 1771 to 1781 to 1801 to 1811 to 1790, 1800, 1810, 1820, 1830, 1840, 1850, 1860, Wheat. 1770, . 1780, . Wool. 1790, . 1810, ■ . 1820, . Boots, Shoes, and Leather. JSoots. 1791 to 1800, . - . 1801 to 1810 1811 to 1820 Amount. $0,044 .056 .049 ,06 103 .092 .195 .622 .663 .26 1.00 .29 .967 hn. .76 pk. .237 .h«. 1.14 bu. 1.06 Vk. .416 bu. 1.27 bu. 1.80 pk. .388 bn. 1.44 bu. .863 pk. .25 bii. .882 bii. .634 bn. 1.03 bii. 1.00 bu. 1.60 lb. .015 lb. .016 lb. .023 lb. .039 Fb":- .306 .032 pk. .647 bu. .262 c. .076 .264 pk. .178 bn. .262 bn. .242 bn. .50 t: .167 .417 bu. .475 pk. .07 .25 .333 .335 .916 .785 6,00 4.45 6.14 Abticlks ahd Febiods. Soots — Con. 1821 to 1830, . 1831 to 1840, 1841 to 1860, . 1851 to 1860, . Oalamanco. 1781 to 1790, . 1791 to 1800, . Leather. 1791 to 1800, 1801 to 1810, . 1811 to 1820, . 1821 to 1830, . Rubbers. 1821 to 1830, . 1831 to 1840, . 1841 to 1850, 1861 to 1860, . Shoes. (wholesale) (wholesale) (wholesale) 1762 to 1760, 1761 to 1770, 1771 to 1780, 1781 to 1760, 1791 to 1800, 1801 to 1810, 1811 to 1820, 1821 to 1830, 1831 to 1840, 1841 to 1860, 1851 to 1860, Slippers. 1791 to 1800, . (wholesale) 1811 to 1820, (wholesale) 1821 to 1830, 1831 to 1840, . 1841 to 1860, . 1851 to 1860, . 1881 to 1883, . 1761 to 1770, 1791 to 1800 1811 to 1820 Bdttons and Bbebs Trim- mings. 1821 to 1830, 1831 to 1840, . 1851 to 1860, . 1881 to 1383, . buttons. 1781 to 1790, . 1791 to 1800, . 1801 to 1810, . 1811 to 1820, . 1821 to 1830, . 1831 to 1840, . 1841 to 1850, . . 1851 to 1860, . yd. p'ce p'ce yd. p'ce yd doz doz. gro, doz. gro. doz. gro, doz. doz. doz. doz. $4.75 3..72 2.49 2.21 .331 .467 .194 .235 .207 .255 1.26 1.17 .719 .753 1.00 1.11 .837 .958 .97 .671 1.29 .878 1.25 .919 1.26 1,35 1.06 1.09 .556 .709 .81 .936 .947 1.00 .946 1.66 .167 .139 .12 .013 .078 .04 .066 .073 .033 .314 .29 1.65 .141 1.26 .239 .62 .141 .131 .101 .381 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 283 Articles : By Periods of Years - - CONTrNTIICE Ba- Ba- ASTICLEB AND PERIODS. sis. Amount. Articles and Febiods. sis. Amount. Galloon. Mittens — Coo. 1801 to 1810 yd. $0,042 1831 to 1840. 1841 to 1850, pr. 10.402 1811 to 1820, .... yd. .061 pr. .458 1841 to 1850, . yd. .03 1861 to 1860 pr. .609 1851 to 1860, . yd- .055 1881 to 1883, . . yd. .047 Mitts. ' 1791 to 1800, pr. .833 Tape. 184110 1850, pr. pr. .75 1781 to 1790 1801 to 1810, . . / . yd. .021 .041 1861 to 1860 1.00 p'ce .172 OVBTttllS- 1811 to 1820, .... yd. .053 1841 to 1860, . pr. .60 p'oe .121 1861 to 1860 pr. .635 1821 to 1830 p'ce .118 1831 to 1840 p'oe .077 Vesta. 1841 to 1860 p'oe .057 1791 to 1800, ea. 2.23 1851 to 1860, . p'ce .057 1811 to 1820, ea. 4.50 1881 to 1883 p'ce .039 1841 to 1850 ea. 3.75 1851 to 1860 ea. 2.46 Clothing. Qloves. WaUtcoaia. 1781 to 1790, .... pr. .464 1801 to 1810 ea. 1.67 1791 to 1800 pr. .63 1831 to 1840 ea. 1.38 1801 to 1810 pr. .687 1811 to 1820 pr. .458 Cloths. 1821 to 1830, . pr. . .517 SroadclotA. 1831 to 1840, ■ . . . . pr. .466 1771 to 1780 yd. 1.33 1841 to 1860 pr. .404 1781 to 1790, yd. 2.36 1851 to 1860 pr. .694 1791 to 1800, yd. 2.94 1881 to 1888, . pr. .648 1801 to 1810, 1811 to 1820, yd. 3.25 4.99 BandkercMefa. 1821 to 1830, yd. 4.36 1761 to 1770, .... doz. .96 1831 to 1840, yd. 2.83 1771 to 1780 ea. .367 1851 to 1860, yd. 2.23 1781 to 1790, .... ea. .693 doz. 16.32 Caaaimere. 1791 to 1800, . ea. doz. .728 1791 to 1800, yd. 2.01 2.88 1801 to 1810, yd. 2.39 1801 to 1810 ea. doz. .448 1811 to 1820, yd. 1.94 6.50 1821 to 1830, yd. 1.91 1811 to 1820, . ea. .66 1831 to 1840, yd. 1.92 1821 to 1830 ea. .441 1841 to 1860, yd. 1.13 1831 to 1840, .... 1841 to 1850, . ea. ea. .442 .491 1851 to 1860, (mostly cotton) . yd. .318 1861 to 1880, . ea. .414 Oircaaaian Cloth. 1881 to 1883, . ea. .626 1821 to 1830, yd. .491 Eats. 1831 to 1840, . yd. .396 1761 to 1770, . ea. 6.67 1781 to 1790, ea. 2.61 Corduroy. 1791 to 1800 ea. 2.63 1781 to 1790, . ^i- .836 1801 to 1810, . 1811 to 1820, . ea. 2.65 1791 to 1800 yd. .721 ea. 2.68 1821 to 1830, . ea. 2.81 Durant. 1881 to 1840 ea. 2.84 1781 to 1790, . . . . ^^■ .56 1841 to 1860 ea. 1.90 1791 to 1800, . yd. .389 1861 to 1860 ea. 1.45 M-minei. Soae, Socki, and Stockings. 1761 to 1770 pr. .978 1841 to 1850, . 1851 to 1860 yd. .664 .384 1781 to 1790, . pr. .734 1791 to 1800 pr. 1.35 Florentine. (wholesale) doz. 1.05 10.67 1791 to 1800 1811 to 1820, yd. .822 .761 1801 to 1810, .... pr. 1.23 (wholesale) pr. doz. .916 12.67 Fustian. 1791 to 1800, . yd. .361 1811 to 1820, pr. pr. .932 1801 to 1810 yd. .33 1831 to 1830, . .59 1821 to 1830, yd. .30 1881 to 1840, . pr. .523 , 1841 to 1860, . pr. .38 Lambakin. 1861 to 1860, .... pr. .445 1781 to 1790, . . . . yd. 1.17 1881 to 1883, . pr. .49 1791 to 1800, yd. 1.06 Mittens. Mixed Cloth. 1811 to 1820 pr. .20 1791 to 1800, . . . . yd. 1.83 1821 to 1830 pr. .221 1801 to 1810 yd. 1.08 284 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Articles : By Periods of Years — Continued. Ba- Ba- ASTICLES AND PERIODS. als. ■*™ lunt. Abticles and Periods. sis. Amount. Plain Blue Cloth. , .JfaA— Con." 1791 to 1800 yd.. $0 543 1811 to 1820 qt. S0.047 1801 to 1810 yd. 1 16 1821 to 1830 qt. .044 1811 to 1820 yd. 1 36 1831 to 1840 qt. .049 1841 to 1850 qt. .06 Plain Cloth. (wholesale) qt. .037 1791 to 1800, . yd. 1 18 1851 to 1860, . . . . qt. .062 1801 to 1810 yd. 1 00 (wholesale) qt. .043 1861 to 1880 qt. .067 Baiteen. 1881 to 1883 qt. .066 1781 to 1790, .... yd. 969 1791 to 1800, . 1801 to 1810, h yd. 656 96 Dbess Goods. Alepine. Daiky Pboduots. 1831 to 1840, . 1861 to 1860 yd. 1.08 1.26 Butter. 1761 to 1770, . lb. 167 Alpaca. 1771 to 1780, lb. 11 1841 to 1860, . yd. .513 1781 to 1790 lb. 114 1851 to 1860, . yd. .484 1791 to 1800 lb. 186 1881 to 1883, yd. .509 (■wholesale) lb. 163 1801 to 1810 lb. 213 Sarege. (wholesale) lb. 176 1841 to 1850, yd. .60 1811 to 1820 lb. 24 1851 to 1860 yd. .389 (wholesale) lb. 204 1821 1» 1830, . . . . lb. 186 Batiste. (wholesale) lb. 139 1821 to 1830, . . . . yd. .623 1831 to 1840, . . . . lb. 22 1831 to 1840 yd. .334 1841 to 1860, . lb. 196 (wholesale) lb. 148 Beige. 1851 to 1860, ... lb. 262 1791 to 1800 yd. .424 (wholesale) lb. 164 1801 to 1810 yd. .665 1861 to 1880 lb. 323 1881 to 1883, yd. .737 1881 to 1883 lb. 325 Bombaeet. Cheese. 1752 to 1760, 1761 to 1770, . 1771 to 1780, . 1781 to 1790, . 1791 to 1800, . . . . lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. 084 087 133 081 096 1801 to 1810 1811 to 1820, 1821 to 1830, . 1831 to 1840, . 1341 to 1850, .... yd. .608 .496 .354 .383 .30 (wholesale) lb. 103 1801 to 1810 lb. 14 Calico. (wholesale) lb. 103 1781 to 1790 y?- .679 1811 to 1820, . . . . lb. 123 1791 to 1800 yd. .394 (wholesale) lb. 107 (wholesale) ^i- .387 1821 to 1830, .... lb. 089 1801 to 1810 yd. .385 (wholesale) lb. 076 (wholesale) yd. - .366 1831 to 1840 lb. 096 1811 to 1820, yd. .36 1841 to 1860, . lb. 096 1821 to 1830 yd. .292 1851 to 1860, .... lb. 117 1831 to 1840, . yd. .243 (wholesale) lb. 081 1841 to 1850 "i- .163 1861 to 1880, . . . . lb. 149 1851 to 1860 yd. .105 1881 to 1883, lb. 18 Cambric. Mggs. 1771 to 1780 yd. 1.02 1762 to 1760 doz. 078 1781 to 1790, yd. 1.24 1771 to 1780 doz. 066 1791 to 1800 yd. 1.28 1781 to 1790, . doz. 085 1801 to 1810, . yd. ■805 1791 to 1800 doz. 07 1811 to 1820 yd. .796 1801 to 1810 doz. 235 1821 to 1830 yd. .369 1811 to 1820 doz. 206 1831 to 1840 1841 to I860 yd. .254 1821 to 1830, . . . . doz. 15 yd. .212 1831 to 1840 doz. 19 1851 to 1860 yd. .193 1841 to 1850, . doz. 19 1861 to 1860, doz. 22 Camlet, 1861 to 1880 doz. 275 1781 to 1790 yd. .329 1881 to 1883, doz. 343 1791 to 1800 yd. .403 1801 to 1810, . yd. .26 Milk. 1841 to 1860 yd. .562 1771 to 1780 qt. 029 1781 to 1790,, . . . . at. 026 Cashmere. 1791 to 1800 qt. 034 1811 to 1820 yd. 1.50 1801 to 1810, . . . . qt. 042 1851 to 1860 yd. 1.02 WAGES AND PKICES : 1752-1860. 285 Articles: By Periods of Years — Continued. Ba- Ba- Aetioles and Pesiods. sis. Amoant. Articles and Febioss. sis. Amount. Crape. Muelin. 1801 to 1810 yd- $0.66 1791 to 1800 yd. $0,523 1821 to 1830 yd- .927 1801 to 1810 yd. .793 1831 to 1840, . yd. .683 1811 to 1820, .... yd. .697 1881 to 1883, . yd. 1.67 1821 to 1830 yd. .585 1831 to ,1840 yd. .641 mmity. 1801 to 1810 yd. .681 1841 to 1850, .... 1861 to 1860 y^- y^- .36 .263 1811 to 1820 .686 1881 to 1883, .... yd. .216 1821 to 1830 h vd. .477 1831 to 1840, .479 Muslin de Laine. 1851 to 1860 yd. .437 1831 to 1840, . 1841 to 1850 '1- yd. .603 .304 Gauze. . 1781 to 1790, . . \ 1861 to 1860 yd- .178 yd, .678 Nankeen. 1791 to 1800, . y^- .315 1781 to 1790, .... yd- .80 1801 to 1810 yd. .352 1791 to 1800 yd. .537 1821 to 1830 yd. .98 1801 to 1810 yd- .408 1811 to 1820 yd. .267 6ing7iam. 1821 to 1830 yd. .176 1791 to 1800, . . yd- .656 1861 to 1860 yd- .181 • (wholesale) yd. .362 1801 to 1810, . yd. .837 Plaid. 1811 to 1820 yd. .461 1811 to 1820 yd. .651 (■wholesale) yd- ..409 1821 to 1830 yd. .638 1821 to 1830, . yd. .317 1831 to 1840 yd. .668 1831 to 1840, . yd. .240 1861 to 1860 yd- .496 1841 to 1860, . yd. .203 1861tol860, . yd- .192 Poplin. 1781 to 1790 yd. .443 Lawn. 1771 to 1780, . 1791 to 1800 yd. .468 yd. .903 1861 to 1860 yd. .264 1781 to 1790, . yd. .734 1811 to 1820, . 1821 to 1880, yd. vd. .538 .644 Sarcenet. 1781 to 1790 y?- .50 1831 to 1840, . yd. .669- 1791 to 1800 yd- .433 1841 to 1860 yd. .452 1861 .to 1860, . yd. .228 aaim. 1771 to 1780 yd. .731 1781 to 1790 yd- 1.10 Lineey-vioolaey. 1801 to 1810 yd. 2.46 1821 to 1830 yd. .583 1881 to 1883 yd. 2.16 1861 to 1860, .... yd- .20 Satinet. Luairing. 1781 to 1790, . yd. .75 1791 to 1800 yd. 1.18 1791 to 1800, . yd. .753 1801 td 1810 yd. 1.13 1811 to 1820 yd. 1.31 1311 to 1820, . yd. .668 1821 to 1830 yd. .745 1821 to 1830, . yd- .708 1831 to 1840 yd. .737 1831 to 1840, . yd- .762 1841tol8p(L .... yd. .792 1861 to 1860, . yd. .461 Merino. 1831 to 1840, .... •yd- .948 Serge. 1841 to 1860, . yd. .868 1791 to 1800 yd. .833 (wholesale) yd. .764 mHinet. 1801 to 1810 yd. .805 1781 to 1790, . yd. .389 (wholesale) yd. .785 1801 to 1810 yd- .198 1811 to 1820 yd. .833 1811 to 1820 yd- .25 1821 to 1830 yd. 2.47 M21tol880, .... yd. .22 1831 to 1840 yd. .717 1841 to 1860, .... yd. .333 Mode. 1881 to 1883, .... yd. .75 1781 to 1790, . yd- .897 1791 to 1800, . . yd- .704 Shalloon. (wholesale) ell .678 1771 to 1780 yd. .40 1801 to 1810 yd. .918 1781 to 1790 yd. .477 (wholesale) ell .667 1801 to 1810, .... yd- .50 1811 to 1820, . . .^ . yd- 1.00 1811 to 1820 yd- .625 1821 to 1830, .... yd- .76 1831 to 1840 yd- .63 Moreen. Silk. 1781 to mo yd- .413 1781 to 1790 yd- .868 1841 to 1850, .... 1861 to 1860, .... yd- .207 1791 to 1800 yd- 1.00 yd- .283 1801 to 1810, .... yd- 1.08 286 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Articles : By Periods of Years — Continueb Ba- Ba- Abtiolbs akd Fekioss. sis. Amount. Akticles ahd Pjseiods. sis. Amount. SUk — Con. Copperplate. 1811 to 1820 yd. $1.68 1791 to 1800, . . - . yd. $0,419 1821 to 1830 yd. .799 1811 to 1820 yd. .25 1831 to 1848 yd- .669 1821 to 1830 yd. .40 1841 to 1850, .... yd. .832 1861 to 1860 yd. ,989 Cotton Batting. 1881 to 1883, .... yd. 1.00 1771 to 1780 lb. .277 1821 to 1830 lb. .11 Su>an^9-down. 1831 to 1840 lb. .10 1791 to 1800, .... yd. 1.17 1841 to 1850 lb. .106 1811 to 1820 yd. .375 1851 to 1860, . Cotton Cloth. lb. .11 Tammy. 1781 to 1790 yd. .884 1771 to 1780 y^- .36 1791 to 1800 yd. .339 1781 to 1790 yd. .28 1801 to 1810 yd. .328 1811 to 1820, yd. .416 Tekiet. 1821 to 1830 yd. .21 1781 to 1790 yd. .889 1831 to 1840, . . . . yd. .148 1791 to 1800 yd. .917 1841 to 1860, . yd. .129 1801 to 1810 yd. 1,61 1851 to 1880 yd. .118 1811 to 1820 yd. 1.13 1821 to 1830 yd. 1.00 Cotton Flannel. • 1831 to 1840 yd. 1.69 1821 to 1830, . yd. .22 1841 to 1850 yd. ^ .59 1831 to 1840, yd. .201 1851 to 1860 yd.' .60 1841 to 1850 yd. .165 1881 to 1883 yd. 1.87 1851 to 1860, . . . . yd. .126 Velveteen. Cotton Wool. 1791 to 1800, .... yd- 1.33 1761 to 1770, . . . . lb. .50 1801 to 1810 yd. .828 1771 to 1780, . lb. .666 1881 to 1883 yd. 1.00 1781 to 1790, . lb. .465 1791 to 1800 lb. .32 Det Goods. 1801 to 1810, . 1811 to 1820, . lb. lb. .222 .125 Saiise. 1781 to 1790 1791 to 1800 yd. .406 .346 Crash. 1811 to 1820, . y?- .14 1801 to 1810 h yd. .333 1821 to 1830 ^5- .12 1811 to 1820 1831 to 1840 .333 .46 1831 to 1840 1841 to 1850, yd. .11 .086 1841 to 1850, .... .296 1851 to 1860 yd. .112 JDamask. Binding. 1821 to 1830, - , . . yd. .836 1781 to 1790 gro. 1.26 1831 to 1840 yd. .684 1791 to 1800 gro. 1.19 1841 to 1850 yd. .62 1801 to 1810 gro. 1.53 1851 to 1860 yd. .726 Skmketa. Denim. 1781 to 1790 ea. 1.17 1781 to 1790, . yd. .144 1791 to 1800 ea. 2.33 1791 to 1800, yd. .111 pr.« 5.x 1861 to 1860, . yd. .147 1801 to 1810 pr. 7.50 18Utol820 pr. 7.60 Diaper. 1831 to 1840, . • . . ea. 1.78 1811 to 1820, . yd. .35 1841 to 1850 pr. 4.26 1841 to 1850, yd. .21 1861 to 1860 ea. pr. 1.00 3.88 1851 to 1860 yd. .167 1881 to 1883 pr. 4.67 Dowlas. 1791 to 1800 yd. .166 Suclcram. 1821 to 1830 yd. .333 1781 to 179(1, .... yd. ■ .246 1791 to 1800 yd. .276 DHlling. 1801 to 1810 yd. .36 1821 to 1830 yd. .642 1821 to 1830 yd. .278 1831 to 1840 yd. .363 1831 to 1840, .... yd- .20 1841 to 1850, . yd. .294 1861 to 1860 yd. .119 Canvas. 1831 to 1840 yd- .335 Duck. 1851 to 1860, . , . . yd- .20 1791 to 1800 yd. .288 1801 to 1810 yd. .418 Chinte. 1811 to 1820 yd. .404 1771 to 1780, . . yd. .646 1821 to 1830, . . . . yd- • .345 .1781 to 1790, .... yd. .693 1831 to 1840, . . . . yd. .278 1791 to 1800 yd. .557 1841 to 1860 yd. .20 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 287 Articles : By Periods of Years — CoNTnrcED. Ba- Ba- Articles and Febiods. sis. Amount. Abxicles and Fekiods. sis. Amount. I'lonnel. Sheetings — Con. 1791 to 1800 yd. $0,423 1831 to 1840 yd. $0,206 (wholesale) yd. .866 18«tol850 yd. .105 1801 to 1810 yd. .713 1851 to I860 yd. .124 (wholesale) yd. .895 1881 to 18^ yd. .162 1811 to 1820 yd. .667 (wholesale) yd. .167 SMrtinga. 1821 to 1830 yd. .67 1801 to 1810 yd. .463 1831 to 1840 yd. .435 1811 to 1820, .... yd. .386 1841 to 1860 yd. .888 (wholesale) yd. .405 1851 to 1860 yd. .405 1821 to 1830, . yd. .223 1881 to 1883 yd. .826 (wholesale) yd. .135 1831 to 1840 yd. .135 ffolland. 1841 to 1850 yd. .114 1781 to 1790 yd. ..56 1861 to 1860, . yd. .107 179110 1800 yd. .21 1881 to 1883, . . . . yd. .12 1801 to 1810 yd. .353 1811 to 1820 yd. .446 Saeaia. 1821 to 1830, . . . . yd. .876 1881 to 1840, . . . . yd. .211 1841 to 1850 yd. .123 Muckaback. 1881 to 1860 yd. .12 1831 to 1840, . . . . yd. .45 1841 to 1860 yd. .236 . TicMag. 1791 to 1800 yd. .904 Jean. 1781 to 1790 yd. .361 1801 to 1810 1811 to 1820, .... yd. .78 .615 1801 to 1810 yd. .445 1821 to 1830, .... yd. .867 1811 to 1820 yd. .495 1831 to 1840 yd. .264 1821 to 1830 yd. .297 1841 to 1860 yd. .169 1831 to 1840, .... yd. .197 1861 to 1860 yd. .16 1861 to 1860, .... yd. .26 1881 to 1883 yd. .165 LaatiTig. 1781 to 1790, . ■. . . yd. .696 Tow Cloth. 1791 to 1800 .466 1762 to 1760 y^- .15 1821 to 1830 1.05 1761 to 1770, . . . . 1781 to 1790 yd. .299 .214 Linen. (wholesale) yd. .16 1781 to 1790 yd. .449 1791 to 1800 yd. .201 1791 to 1800 yd. .369 1801 to 1810 yd. .278 (wholesale) yd. .306 (wholesale) yd. .18 1801 to 1810 yd. .606 1811 to 1820 yd. .292 (wholesale) yd. .498 1821 to 1830 yd. .173 1811 to 1820 yd. .626 1831 to 1840 yd. .147 1821 to 1830 yd. .463 1861 to 1860, . . '. . yd. .128 1831 to 1840, .... yd. .678 1841 to 1850 yd. .879 Towelling. 1851 to 1860, . yd. .531 1791 to 1800 yd. .111 1831 to 1840 yd. .417 Lining. 1861 to 1860 yd. .17 1781 to 1790 yd- .608 1881 to 1883, . . . . yd. .145 1791 to 1800 yd. .361 1801 to 1810 yd. .42 Fish. Clama. Ifapkins. 1801 to 1810 pk. pk. pk. pk. .133 1821 to 1830, ... J doz. 1.25 1811 to 1820, .... .262 1851 to 1860, . . . . doz. 1.82 1821 to 1830, .... .186 1881 to 1883 doz. 2.07 1831 to 1840 .233 Oiled Silk. 1841 to 1860 pk. .239 1821 to 1830 yd. 1.33 Cod. 1841 to 1860 yd. 1.00 1841 to 1860, .... lb. .039 1881 to 1860, . . . . lb. .05 Patch. 1791 to 1800, . yd. .683 Codfish. 1811 to 1820 yd. .383 1781 to 1790 lb. .034 1821 to 1830, . yd. .205 1801 to 1810 lb. .034 1831 to 1840, . yd. .182 (by the quintal) . q't'l 4.92 1841 to 1860, . yd. .112 1811 to 1820, . . . . lb. .033 1861 to 1860 yd. .121 (by the quintal) . q't'l 6.60 1821 to 1830 lb. .031 SAeetings. 1831 to 1840 lb. .038 1781 to 1800, . . yd. .61 1841 to 1850 lb. .034 1801 to 1810 yd. .426 1851 to 1860 lb. .053 1811 to 1820 yd. .623 1861 to 1880 lb. .072 1821 to 1830 yd. .281 1881 to 1883, . . . . lb. .089 288 STATISTICS OF LABOE. Articles : By Periods of Years — Continued. Ba- \ Ba- ABTIOLES AMD PEBIODS. sis. Amount. Aetioms and Pekiods. sis. Amount. Eels. Pollock. 1801 to 1810 lb. $0,062 1801 to 1810 lb. $0,020 1811 to 1820 lb. .067 1811 to 1820 lb. .027 1821 to 1830 lb. .062 1821 to 1830 lb. .026 1831 to 1840 lb. - .067 1831 to 1840 )b. .026 1841 to 1860, . . . . lb. .071 aalmon. FUh. 1801 to 1810 lb. .167 1762 to 1760, (wholesale) lb. .004 1811 to 1820 lb. .163 1761 to 1770, (wholesale) lb. .006 1821 to 1830 lb. .20 1791 to 1800, . . . . lb. , .034 1831 to 1840, .... lb. .219 (wholesale) (by the quintal) . lb. .02 1841 to 1850, . . lb. .21 q'fl 4.30 1851 to 1860 lb. .126 1801 to 1810, . . lb. .052 (wholesale) lb. .048 Satt nah. (by the quhital) . q't'l 4.73 1791 to 1800 lb. .044 1811 to 1820 lb. .057 1811 to 1820, . . . . lb. .066 (wholesale) lb. .043 1821 to 1830 lb. .061 (by the auintal) . q'fl 4.93 1831 to 1840 lb. .05 1821 to 1830 lb. .039 1841 to 1860 lb. .049 (wholesale) lb. .04 1861 to 1890, . lb. .052 1831 to 1840 lb. .041 1841 to 1860 lb. .066 Bhad. (wholesale) 1861 to 1860, , . . . ■ . lb. lb. .023 .049 1811 to 1820 1831 to 1840, . . lb. lb. .03 .167 1841 to 1860, . lb. ' .167 Haddock. 1811 to 1820, . . lb. .037 Floitb and Meai. 1821 to 1830 lb. .029 Bolted Rye Meal. 1831 to 1840, .... lb. .033 1801 to 1810 bbl. 4.60 1841 to 1860, .... lb.' .038 1811 to 1820 bbl. 6.68 1821 to 1830 bbl. 3.00 Ealibut. Buckwheat Flowr. 1801 to 1810 lb. .046 1841 to 1850, . lb. .033 1811 to 1820 lb. .048 1861 to 1860 lb. .038 1821 to 1830 lb. .048 1831 to 1840 lb. .068 FlOlif. ' 1841 to 1860 lb. .069 1762 to 1760, .... lb. .044 1861 to 1860, . . . . lb. .106 1781 to 1790 Ih. bbl. .047 6.96 Eerring. 1791 to 1800, . . .• . lb. .063 1761 to 1770 doz. .26 owt. 6.33 1781 to 1790, . . • . doz. .083 bbl. 8.25 1791 to 1800 C. .667 (wholesale) bbl. 6.40 1801 to 1810 doz. .16 1801 to 1810, . lb. .066 1811 to 1820, . . . . doz. .176 cwt. 7.33 C. 1.13 bbl. 8.78 1321 to 1830 doz. .083 1811 to 1820 lb; .07 C. .694 bbl. 11.67 1831 to 1840, .... doz. .09 (wholesale) bbl. 5.00 1841 to 1850 dflz. .118 1821 to 1830, .... lb. .038 1851 to 1860 doz. .08 bbl. 7.08 (wholesale) bbl. 6.44 Mackerel. 1831 to 1840, .■ . lb. .046 1762 to 1760 bbl. 5.33 bbl, 8.16 1801 to 1810 lb. .065 1841 to 1860, . . lb. ' .036 1811 to 1820, . ... lb. .084 bbl. 6.78 bbl. 7.18 1861 to 1860, . . . . lb. .044 1821 to 1830 lb. .038 bbl. 8.92 bbl. 6.10 4861 to 1880 lb. .061 1831 to 1840, . . . . lb. bbl. .066 6.66 1881 to 1883 lb. .043 1841 to 1850, . . . . lb. .071 Qraham Flowr. 1851 to 1860, .... lb. .086 1831 to 1840, . . . . bbl. 8.25 1861 to 1880 lb. .13 1841 to 1860 lb. .035 1881 to 1883, .... lb. .138 bbl. 7.24 1851 to 1860 lb. .048 Oyatera. bbl. 9.60 1801 to 1810 pk. .60 Indian Meal. 1811 to 1820, .... pk. .60 1791 to 1800, . . . . bu. .814 1821 to 1830 pk. .60 1801 to 1810, .... bu. 1.08 1831 to 1840 qt. .60 1811 to 1820, . . . . lb. .039 pk. .60 pk. .33 1841 to 1850 qt. .233 bu. 1.36 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 289 Articles : By Periods of Years — Continued. Articles and Periods. Indian Meal — Con. 1821 to 1830, . 1841 to 1850, 1861 to 1860, (wholesale) 1861 to 1880, 1681 to 1883, 1761 to 1770, 1771 to 1780, 1781 to 1790, 1791 to 1800, 1801 to 1810, (wholesale) Meal. 1811 to 1820, (wholesale) (wholesale) 1831 to 1840, 1841 to 1850, 1851 to 1860, Oaimeal. 1801 to 1810, . 1811 to 1820, 1881 to 1840, 1841 to 1850, 1861 to 1860, Sice Meal. 1841 to 1860, . 1861 to 1860, . Rye Meal. 1771 to 1780, 1791 to 1800, 1801 to 1810, 1811 to 1820, . 1821 to 1830, . 1831 to 1840, . 1841 to 1860, . 1861 to 1860, . Food Pbbpabations. Biscuil. 1771 to 1780, . 1781 to 1790, . 1791 to 1800, 1811 to 1820, doz. doz. $0,016 .788 .02 .261 1.02 .016 .243 .831 .63 .021 .70 .019 .029 .50 .26 .209 .778 .847 .368 .998 1.09 .027 .61 1.65 1.20 .016 .26 .956 .026 .23 1.21 .266 .871 .023 .36 .966 .126 .131 .102 .096 .011 .011 .167 1.03 1.36 .042 .30 1.38 .018 .863 .03 .276 1.17 .021 .277 .913 .026 .273 1.24 .009 .013 .111 .10 Articles and Periods. Bread (by the loaf 1801 to 1810, . 1811 to 1820, . 1821 to 1830, . 1831 to 1840, . 1841 to 1860, . 1851 to 1860, . Chocolate. 1781 to 1790, . 1791 to 1800, . (wholesale) 1801 to 1810, . (wholesale) 1811 to 1820, . (wholesale) 1821 to 1830, . 1831 to 1840, 1841 to I860, . 1861 to 1860, . Oocoa. 1791 to 1800, (wholesale) 1801 to 1810, (wholesale) 1811 to 1820, . (wholesale) 1831 to 1840, . 1841 to 1860, 1851 to 1860, . Cocoa and Sheila. 1841 to 1860, 1861 to 1860, . Oocoa Sheila. 1791 to 1800, . 1801 to 1810, . (wholesale) 1811 to 1820, . (wholesale) 1821 to 1830, . . . 1881 to 1840, . 1841 to 1860, . 1861 to 1860, . Coffee. 1781 to 1790, 1791 to 1800, 1801 to 1810, 1811 to 1820, 1821 to 1830, 1831 to 1840, 1841 to 1850, 1851 to 1860, 1861 to 1880, 1881 to 1883, Com Starch. 1841 to 1850, . 1861 to 1860, . Crackers. 1811 to 1820, . 1821 to 1830, . 1831 to 1840, . (wholesale) (wholesale) (wholesale) (wholesale) (wholesale) (wholesale) 1841 to 1860, 1851 to 1860, hbl. doz. Ih. doz, bbl. lb. bbl. lb. $0,125 .148 .079 .072 .072 .078 .278 .291 . .262 .338 .264 .271 .228 .245 .20 .20 .236 .256 .189 .334 .17 .221 .209 .219 .16- .118 .10 .202 .128 .166 .128 .151 .141 .141 .166 .23 .213 .219 .273 .258 .266 .192 .206 .13 .14 .11 .115 .101 .163 .318 .214 .121 .114 6.44 .083 .125 .111 3.25 .093 3.44 .11 290 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Articles : By Periods of Years — Continued. Ba- Ba- ABTICLE3 AND PEEIODa. sis. Amount. AETICLE3 AND PeKIODS. als. Amount. Cream of Tartar. Saleratua. 1811 to 1820 oz. I0.06S 1821 to 1830 lb. $0,133 lb. .60 1831 to 1840 lb. .097 1821 to 1830, .... lb. .489 1841 to 1860 lb. .088 1831 to 1840 oz. lb. .04 .32 1861 to 1860 lb. .082 1841 to 1880 lb. .266 Salt. 1851 to 1860 lb. .407 1762 to 1760 t: .222 .767 Fa/rina. 1761 to 1770, . . .- . qt. .021 1841 to 1850, . . . . lb. .12 bu. .656 1861 to 1860 lb. .136 1771 to 1780, . . . . bu. .60 1781 to 1790, . . . . t. .143 .611 Eoney. 1801 to 1810 lb. .167 ,1791 to 1800 qt. .028 .278 1821 to 1830 lb. .126 1.04 1831 to 1840 lb. .12 hhd. 6.00 1801 to 1810 pk. .297 Lard. » bu. 1.02 1791 to 1800, (wholesale) lb. .125 hhd. 6.00 1801 to 1810 lb. .126 1811 to 1820 qt. .05 (wholesale) lb. .10 pk. .29 1811 to 1820 lb. .196 bu. .893 1821 to 1830 lb. .108 bag 4.60 1831 to 1840 lb. .122 1821 to 1830 qt. .063 1841 to 1850,' .... lb. .097 pk. .204 (wholesale) lb. .079 bu. .717 1861 to 1860 lb. .137 1831 to 1840 ■ qt. .028 1861 to 1880, lb. .128 pk. .186 1881 to 1883 lb. .136 bu. .668 1841 to 1850, . . . . lb. .01 Uaca/roni. qt. .026 1831 to 1840 lb. .17 5k. .183! 1861 to 1860 lb. .179 bu. bag .613 1.69 Mblataea. 1861 to 1860, . . . . qt. .029 1762 to 1760 gal. .655 pk. .187 1761 to 1770 qt. .111 bu. .669 gal. .50 bag 1.73 (wholesale) gal. .201 Soda. 1771 to 1780, . qt. .083 1831 to 1840 lb. .093 gal. .398 1841 to 1860 lb. .086 1781 to 1790 qt. .143 1861 to 1860 lb. .10 » gal. .382 1791 to 1800 qt. .163 Starch. gal. .688 1791 to 1800 lb. .248 (wholesale) gal. .488 1801 to 1810 lb. .21 1801 to 1810 qt. .178 1811 to 1820 lb. .238, gal. .612 1821 to 1830 lb. .16 (wholesale) gal. .496 1831 to 1840 Ibr .161 1811 to 1820,, . . . . qt. .227 1841 to 1850 lb. .114 gal. .851 1851 to 1860 lb. .12 (wholesale) gal. .46 1861 to 1880 lb. .109 1821 to 1830 gal. .386 1881 to 1883 lb. .10 (wholesale) gal. .292 1831 to 1840 qt. .103 Suet. gal. .445 1801 to 1810 lb. .113 1341 to 1860 qt. .093 1811 to 1820 lb. .131 gal. .302 1821 to 1830, .... lb. .10 (wholesale) gal. .21 1861 to 1860 qt. .11 Sugar. gal. .43 1762 to 1760, . . . . lb. .183 1861 to 1880, (Porto Rico and 1761 to 1770 lb. .111 New Orleans) . gal. .679 1771 to 1780 lb. .122 1881 to 1883, (Porto Rico and 1781 to 1790 lb. .11 New Orleans) . gal. .646 1791 to 1800, . . . . lb; .187 (wholesale) lb. .142 Pearl Barley. 1801 to 1810 lb. .158 1801 to 1810, . . . . lb. .334 (wholesale) lb. .14 1811 to 1820 lb. .876 1811 to 1820, , . . . lb. .183 (wiholesale) lb. .142 Sago. r 1821 to 1830, . . lb. .146 1841 to 1860, . . . . lb. .107 1831 to 1840, . . . . lb. .134 1851 to 1860 • lb. .106 (wholesale) lb. .089 WAGES AND PEICES : 1752-1860. 291 Articles : By Periods of Tears — Cojttintjed. Articles and Periods. Sugar — Con. 1841 to 1850, . (wholesale) 1851 to 1860, . (wholesale) 1861 to 1880, . 1881 to 1883, . Byrup, 1851 to 1860, . 1861 to 1880, 1881 to 1883, . Tapioca. 1831 to 1840, . 184a to 1850, . 1851 to 1860, . Tea. (wholesale) (wholesnle) (wholesale) (wholesale) (wholesale) 1762 to 1760, 1771 to 1780, 1781 to 1790, 1791 to 1800, 1801 to 1810, 1811 to 1820, 1821 to 1830, 1831 to 1840, 1841 to 1850, 1851 to 1860, 1861 to 1880, 1881 to 1883, Fbditb. Citron. 1821 to 1830, . 1831 to 1840, . 1841 to 1850, . ■ . 1851 to 1860, . Currants. 1801 to 1810, . 1811 to 1820, . 1821 to 1830, . 1831 to 1840, . 1841 to 1850, . 1851 to 1860, . Dried Apple. 1791 to 1800, . 1801 to 1810, , 1811 to 1820, . 1821 to 1830, . 1831 to 1840, . 1841 to 1850, . 1851 to 1860, . Figs. 1801 to 1810, . 1811 to 1820, . 1821 to 1830, . 1831 to 1840, . 1841 to 1850, . 1851 to 1860, . Lemons. 1781 to 1790, . 1801 to 1810, . 1811 to 1820, . doz. doz. $0,108 .07 .093 .073 .102 .094 .678 .807 .775 .10 .117 .145 .625 .796 .659 .936 .884 1.18 .71 .826 .675 .867 .646 .529 .647 .66 .418 .76 .307 .849 .183 .176 .213 .143 .186 .219 1.08 1.17 .049 .108 .25 .181 .123 .13 .131 .168 .OS .06 .487 .487 Articles and Periods. Ba- als. Lemons — Con. 1821 to 1830, . 1831 to 1840, . 1841 to 1850, . 1861 to 1860, . Oranges. 1811 to 1820, . 1821 to 1830, . 1831 to 1840, . 1841 to 1850, . 1851 to 1860, Prunes. 1801 to 1810, . 1841 to 1850, . 1861 to 1860, . Baisins. 1781 to 1790, . 1791 to 1800, . 1801 to 1810, . 1811 to 1820, . 1821 to 1330, . 1831 to 1840, . 1841 to 1850, . 1851 to 1860, . FtJEL. Sark. 1801 to 1810, . 1811 to 1820, . 1821 to 1830, . ' Charcoal. 1791 to 1800, . 1801 to 1810, . 1811 to 1820, . 1831 to 1840, 1851 to 1860, 1861 to 1880, 1881 to 1883, Coal. 1762 to 1760, 1761 to 1770, 1771 to 1780, 1781 to 1790, 1791 to 1800, I 1801 to 1810, 1811 to 1820, 1821 to 1830, 1831 to 1840, 1841 to 1850, Wood. (wholesale) (wholesale) (wholesale) (wholesale) doz. doz. doz. doz. doz. doz. doz. ea. doz. doz. bn. b'k't bu. b'k't ton bu. ton bn. bu. ft. ft. cd. ft. cd. ft. cd. ft. cd. cd. ft. cd. cd. ft. cd. cd. ft. cd. ft. cd. ft. cd. cd. $0.06 .302 .267 .019 .253 .277 .062 .60 .60 .396 .026 .24 .281 .112 .107 .187 .133 .173 .202 .139 .106 .102 .143 6.18 6.19 6.00 .063 .25 .163 .27 8.46 .302 7.00 .28 .264 .147 .195 1.64 .261 2.00 .29 1.66 .467 2.47 2.20 .323 6.00 3.22 .505 4.35 3.67 .454 3.59 .827 3.SI .61 3.93 2.91 292 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Articles : By Periods of Years — Continued. Articles and Periods. Wood — Con. 1851 to 1860, . 1861 to 1880, . 1881 to 1883, . LiqUOBS AND Beteb^ges. Aniseed. ^ 1801 to 1810, 1811 to 1820, . £eer. 1811 to 1820, . 1841 to, 1850, . Brandy. 1781 to 1790, . 1791 to 1800, . 1801 to 1810, 1811 to 1820, 1821 to 1830, 1831 to 1840, 1841 to 1860, 1861 to 1860, (wholesale) (wholesale) (wholesale) (wholesale) • 1752 to 1760, 1761 to 1770, 1771 to 1780, 1781 to 1790, 1791 to 1800, 1801 to 1810, 1811 to 1820, 1821 to 1830, 1831 to 1840, 1841 to 1860, 1851 to 1860, 1781 to 1790, 1791 to 1800, 1801 to 1810, 1811 to 1820 1821 to 1830, 1831 to 1840, 1781 to 1770, ' 1771 to 1780, 1781 to 1790, 1791 to 1800, Cider. Gin. (wholesale) (wholesale) (wholesale) Bum. bbl. hbl. gal. bbl. bbl. gal. bbl. gal. bbl. gal. bbl. qt. gal. qt. gal. It- gal, qt. gal. qt. gal. gal. qt. gal. gal. gal. gal. qt. gal. qt. gal. pt, gal. gal. qt. gal. pt. qt. $0,706 5.58 .903 .877 .316 .815 .38 1.47 1.35 .372 1.54 1.07 .66 2.08 1.60 .365 1.48 1.16 .56 2.00 .876 .778 .974 1.00 .056 3.00 .084 3.44 .258 2.31 .04 .20 .039 .145 .037 .154 .046 .10 .443 1.25 .997 .333 1.28 1.07 1.06 .966 .224 1.20 .272 1.30 .106 .60 .444 .221 .407 .13 .209 Abiicles add Pebiods. Bum — Con. 1791 to 1800, . (wholesale) 1801 to 1810, . (wholesale) 1811 to 1820, I 1821 to 1830, 1831 to 1840, (wholesale) Snakeroot. 1801 to 1810, 1811 to 1820, 1781 to 1790, 1791 to 1800, 1801 to 1810, Wine. (wholesale) 1811 to 1820, (wholesale) (wholesale) 1831 to 1840, 1841 to 1850, 1791 to 1800, 1801 to 1810, 1811 to 1820, 1821 to 1830, LUKBEB. Shingles. 1791 to 1800, 1801 to 1810, Timber. 1811 to 1820, 1821 to 1830, 1831 to 1840, 1841 to 1860, Meats. Bacon. 1762 to 1760, 1761 to 1770, 1771 to 1780, 1781 to 1790, 1791 to 1800, 1801 to 1810, 1811 to 1820, 1321 to 1830, 1831 to 1840, 1841 to 1860, 1851 to 1860, 1861 to 1880, 1881 to 1883, Beef. (wholesale) (wholesale) (wholesale) (wholesale) (wholesale) (wholesale) (wholesale) (wholesale) Ba- sis, gal. gal. qt gal. gal. qt gal. gal. qt. gal.. qt. gal. gal. qt. gal. gal. qt gal. gal. qt. gal gal. qt gal. qt. qt. C.ft. O.ft. $1.01 1.01 .264 .016 .732 .267 1.13 .867 .236 .754 .183 .80 .90 .334 1.50 1.16- .416 1.56 1,28 .68 1.77 1.54 .27 1.33 .369 .364 1.26 2.82 2.77 3.75 2.00 2.64 3.22 .155 .10 .102 .091 .033 ,039 .074 .044 .042 .047 .047 .084 .047 .089 .052 .076 .054 .081 .066 .09 .062 .128 .074 .144 .142 WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 293 Articles : By Periods of Years — CoNTiisruBD. Ba- Ba- Akticlbs and Pj JBIODS. ,„ Amoant. Articles and Febiods. sis.' Amount. Havfi. Tripe. 1781 to 1790, . . lb. .216 1831 to 1840 lb. .098 1821 to 1830, . lb. .096 1841 to 1860 lb. .066 1831 to 1840, . . lb. .101 1841 to 1860, . . lb. .106 Teal. 1851 to 1860, . . lb. .125 1762 to 1760 lb. .029 1861 to 1880, . lb. .13 1761 to 1770 lb. .036 1881 to 1883, . . lb. .162 1771 to 1780 lb. .039 1781 to 1790, . . . . lb. .042 Lamh. 1791 to 1800, 1791 to 1800, .... lb. .068 . lb. .072 1801 to 1810 lb. .086 1801 to 1810, . . lb. .072 1811 to 1820, .... lb. .096 1811 to 1820, . lb. .069 1821 to 1830 lb. .076 1821 to 1830, . lb. .059 1831 to 1840 lb. .084 1831 to 1840, . lb. .076 1841 to 1860, . lb. .085 1841 to 1860, . lb. .078 (wholesale) lb. .08 1861 to 1860, . lb. .123 1851 to 1860 lb. .13 (wholesale) lb. .089 1861 to 1880 lb. .169 Multon. 1881 to 1883 lb. .153 1762 to 1760, . . . . lb. .066 1761 to 1770, . lb. .046 NtJTB. 1771 to 1780, . lb. .081 1781 to 1790, . lb. .043 Mmondi. 1791 to 1800, . lb. .066 1801 to 1810, .... lb. .419 1801 to 1810, , . lb. .074 1811 to 1820 lb. .22 1811 to 1820, . lb. ,069 1821 to 1830, . lb. .29 1821 to 1830, . lb. .064 1831 to 1840 lb. .197 1831 to 1840, . lb. .069 1841 to 1860, . lb. .163 1841 to 1860, . lb. .078 1861 to 1860, lb. .151 1861 to 1860, . lb. .118 1861 to 1880, . lb. .181 Mlhertii. 1881 to 1883, . lb. .153 1801 to 1810 lb. .29 1831 to 1840 lb. .08 Pork. WalnuU. 1762 to 1760, . . lb. .08 1801 to 1810 bu. 1.38 1761 to 1770, . . lb. .086 1811 to 1820 bu. 1.00 1771 to 1780, . . lb. .096 1821 to 1830 bu. 1.26 1781 to 1790, . . lb. .105 1791 tb 1800, . . lb. .109 Oils and Illuminatikg (whulee nie) . lb. .07 Fluids. 1801 to 1810, bbl. . lb. 22.00 .116 Bummg Oita and Fluids. (wholes ale) . lb. bbl. .101 26.50 1781 to 1790 1791 to 180U gal. gal. 1.08 .778 1811 to 1820, . . lb. .136 (wholesale) gal. .683 (wbolee ale) . lb. .104 1801 to 1810, .... qt. .404 1821 to 1830, . bbl. . lb. ■ 36.00 .088 (wholesale) ga. gal. 1.11 .927 (wholes ale) . lb. .068 1811 to 1820 qt. .315 1831 to 1840, . . lb. .106 gal. 1.37 (wholes 1841 to 1860, . ale) . lb. . lb. .078 .091 (wholesale) 1821 to 1830, .... gal. qt. 1.10 .301 (wholes 1861 to 1860, ale) . lb. . lb. .063 .114 (wholesale) ga. gal. .814 .666 (wholes ale) . lb. .085 1831 to 1840 qt .267 1861 to 1880, . lb. .108 gal. 1.11 1881 to 1883, . , . . lb. .125 1841 to 1850, .... qt. gal. qt. gal. .297 1.05 1861 to 1860 .236 Sau&agi%. 1.06 1811 to 1820, . . . lb. .133 1861 to 1880, (kerosene) . ial. .30 1821 to 1830, . lb. .114 1881 to 1883, (kerosene) . gal. .186 1831 to 1840, . lb. .117 1841 to 1860. . . lb. .088 Linseed Oil. 1861 to 1860, . . lb. .115 1781 to 1790, .... gal. gal. 1.27 1861 to 1880, . . . lb. .119 1791 to 1800, . .771 1881 to 1883, . . lb. .133 tAPEK. Tongue. Letter Paper. 1801 to 1810, . . lb. .082 1781 to 1790 ar- .184 1811 to 1820, . . lb. .113 (by the sheet) . ea. .015 1821 to 1830, . . lb. .086 1791 to 1800 or. .208 1831 to 1840, . lb. .073 r'm 1.50 1841 to 1850, . . . lb. .112 (by the sheet) . ea. .01 294 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Articles : By Periods of Tears — Continuee . Ba- Ba- Articlbs and Febiods. sis. Amoant. Articlbs and Periods. sis. Amount. Letter Paper — Con. Itibbon — CoTa. 1801 to 1810 qr. $0,859 1821 to 1830 yd. $0,163 ?'m 1.87 1831 to 1840 yd. .173 1811 to 1820 V- .166 1841 to 1860 yd. .141 I'm 2.32 1861 to 1860 yd. .236 (by the sheet) ea. .012 1821 to 1830, .... or. r'm .296 2.95 Small Wabeb. 1831 to 1840 qr. .258 KniUing Cotton. r'm 2.15 1811 to 1820 lb. 1.68 1841 to 1860 qr. r'm .209 2.17 1831 to 1840, .... lb. .887 (by the sheet) . ea. .016 Needlen. 1851 to 1860, .... qr. .192 1801 to 1810, .... gap. .10 ?'m 1.64 .416 (by the sheet) . ea. .01 1811 to 1820, . . . ' . gap. C. .126 .487 Wrapping Paper. 1821 to 1830 .366 1791 to 1800 r'm 1.17 1831 to 1840 pap. .091 1801 to 1810 qr. .875 1851 to 1860 pap. .058 r'm 1.06 1881 to 1883 pap. .06 1811 to 1820 r'm .966 Pins. POTOTBT AHD GAME. 1781 to 1790 1791 to 1800 pap. .141 .111 OMcken. .833 1811 to 1820 lb. .09 1801 to 1810, .... pap. .167 1821 to 1830 lb. .058 1811 to 1820 pap. .114 1831 to 1840 lb. .087 1821 to 1830 pap. .162 . .73 .167 Fowl. 1831 to 1840 1752 to 1760 lb. .111 1861 to 1860 , pap. .089 1821 to 1830, .... lb. .08 1881 to 1883 pap. .115 1831 to 1840 lb. .126 1841 to 1860 lb. .128 Seining Cotton. 1801 to 1810, .... sk. .083 Goose. lb. 1.97 1801 to 1810 lb. .08 1811 to 1820 sk. .062 1811 to 1820 lb. .083 lb. 2.38 1821 to 1830 lb. .066 1821 to 1830 sk. .054 1831 to 1840 lb. .001 sp. .0b6 1841 to 1860 lb. .078 lb. 2.60 1831 to 1840 sk. .08 Poultry. sp. .064 1811 to 1820 lb. .125 lb. 1.06 1831 to 1840, .... lb. .125 1841 to 1860 sk. .064 1841tol8S0, .... lb. .12 11 .058 .913 Turkey. / 1851 to 1860 sp. .037 1752 to 1760 lb.. .055 1881 to 1883 sp. .046 1781 to 1790, .... lb. .066 1791 to 1800 lb. .065 Sewing and Embroidering 1801 to 1810 lb. .103 Silk. 1811 to 1820 lb, .107 1781 to 1790 sk. .067 1821 to 1830 lb. .083 1791 to 1800, . . . . sk. .056 1831 to 1840, .... lb. .118 oz. .31 1841 to 1860 lb. .116 lb. 6.42 1851 to 1860, .... lb. .162 1801 to 1810 sk. lb. .079 6.08 ElBBOKS AHD LACTS. 1811 to 1820 sk. 02. .086 .608 Lace. lb. 8.60 1801 to 1810 yd. .69 1821 to 1830, . . . . sk. .049 1811 to 1820 yd. .708 lb. 2.00 1821 to 1830 yd- .695 1831 to 1840 sk. .042 1831 to 1840 yd- .207 T .063 1841 to 1860 yd. -.276 1841 to 1860 .046 1861 to 1860 yd. .298 oz. .66 1881 to 1883, . . yd. .274 1861 to 1860, . . . . sk. oz. .034 .769 Eibbon. 1781 to 1790 yd. .15 Thread '( Cotton and Linen). 1791 to 1800 yd. .276 1771 to 1780 sk. .015 1801 to 1810 yd. .171 1781 to 1700 sk. .032 1811 to 1820 .... yd. .15 1791 to 1800, .... sk. .143 WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 295 Articles : By Periods of Years — Continued. Articles and Pbbiods. Thread {Cotton and Linen) — Con. 17B1 to 1800, 1801 to 1810, 1811 to 1820, 1831 to 1840, 1841 to 1850, 1851 to 1860, Twist' 1781 to 1790, (by the stick) 1791 to 1800, . (by the stick) 1801 to 1810, . (by the stick) 1811 to 1820, (by the stick) 1821 to 1830, . (by the stick) 1831 to 1840, (by the stick) 1841 to 1830, (by the stick) 1851 to 1860, . , (by the stick) Bpicbs and Condiments. Allspice* 1781 to 1790, . 1791 to 1800, 1801 to 1810, . 1811 to 1820, . 1821 to 1830, . 1831 to 1840, . 1841 to 1860, . 1861 to 1860, . Cassia. 1801 to 1810, . 1811 to 1820, . 1821 to 1830, . 1831 to 1840, . 1841 to 1860, . 1851 to 1860, . Cayenne Pepper. 1821 to 1830, . 1831 to 1840, . 1841 to 1860, . 1861 to 1860, . Cinnamon. 1781 to 1790, . 1791 to 1800, . 1801 to 1810, . 1811 to 1820, . 1821 to 1830, . 1831 to 1840, . 1841 to 1850, . lb. $0,153 1.81 .011 .084 1.36 .159 .146 .80 .01 .125 .745 .044 .064 7.34 .049 .042 8.17 .06 .093 .061 .13 .062 .05 .06 .046 .06 .299 .426 .423 .025 .273 .221 .236 lb. .472 lb. .766 lb. .538 lb. .33 lb. .382 lb. .466 oz. .10 lb. 1.50 lb. .736 oz. .06 lb. .834 lb. .76 oz. .195 oz. .111 oz. .192 .122 1.69 .036 .60 .138 .328 Articles and Periods. 1781 to 1791 to 1801 to 1811 to 1821 to 1831 to 1841 to 1851 to 1781 to 1791 to 1790, 1800, 1810, 1820, 1830, 1840, 1850, 1860, Cloves. 1790, 1800, Qinger. 1801 to 1810, I 1811 to 1320, 1821 to 1831 to 1841 to 1861 to 1801 to 1321 to 1831 to 1841 to 1801 to 1811 to 1821 to 1831 to 1830, 1840, 1850, 1860, (wholesale) (wholesale) (wholesale) Mace. 1810, 1830, 1840, 1860, Mustard. 1810, . 1820, . 1830, . 1840, . 1841 to 1860, 1851 to 1860, 1781 to 1791 to 1801 to MUmegs. 1790, 1800, 1810, 1811 to 1820, 1821 to 1830, 1831 to 1840, 1841 to 1860, 1851 to 1860, 1781 to 1790, 1791 to 1800, 1801 to 1810, 1811 to 1820, 1821 to 1830, 1831 to 1840, 1841 to 1860, 1331 to 1860, Pepper. (wholesale) (wholesale) (wholesale) lb. lb. oz. oz. lb. oz. lb. lb. lb. lb. box lb. box lb. box lb. $0,041 .166 .125 1.00 1.40 .10 1.07 .044 .418 .026 .423 .03 .403 .333 .25 .147 .247 .105 .319 .111 .145 .149 .126 .133 .71 3.00 .26 .138 2.32 .133 1.71 .52 .61 .432 .174 .406 .16 .402 .16 .351 .08 .333 .097 6.00 .078 .521 6.00 .10 .50 .152- 2.19 .127 1.88 .111 1.63 .091 1.24 .061 .04 .528 .416 .449 .245 .42 .17 .321 .245 .228 .205 296 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Articles : By Periods of Years — CoNTmuEb. Ba- Ba- Ahticles and Peejods. sis. Amount. Articles and FeiIIods. sis. Amount. Pimento. Soap. 1791 to 1800, Cwholeeale) Ih. $0,139 1781 to 1790 lb. $0.16 1801 to 1810, (wholesale) lb. .27 1791 to 1800, .... lb. .111 1811 to 1820, (-wholesale) lb. .28 (wholesale) lb. .139 1831 to 1840 lb. .21 1801 to 1810 lb. .10 1841 to 1860 lb. .241 1811 to 1820 lb. .121 1851 to 1860 lb. .243 (wholesale) lb. .10 1821 to 1830 lb. .109 Vinegar. 183rtol840 lb. .113 1761tol7T0 gal. .126 (wholesale) lb. .066 1771 to 1780 gal. .122 bar .283 1781 to 1790 qt. .061 1841 to 1850, . . . . lb. .086 gal. .126 (wholesale) lb. .064 1791 to 1800 lal. .209 bar .21 (wholesale) gal. .141 1851 to 1860 lb. .114 1801 to 1810 qt. .082 bar .212 gal. .224 1861 to 1880, . lb. .08 (wholesale) gal. .175 1881 to 1883 lb. .074 1811 to 1820 qt. .07 gal. .288 Tallom. (wholesale) lal. .165 1752 to 1780 lb. .117 1821 to 1830 qt. .05 1761 to 1770, . ... . lb. .122 gal. .189 1771 to 1780 lb. .111 (wholesale) gal. .16 1781 to 1790 lb. .174 1831 to 1840, .... qt. .047 179110 1800 lb. .163 gal. .194 (wholesale) lb. .096 1841 to 1850, . . . . qt. .047 1811 to 1820, .... lb. .146 gal. .167 (wholesale)' lb. .11 1851 to 1860 gal. .169 1821 to 1830, lb. .127 (wholesale) gal. .126 (wholesale) lb. .06 1831 to 1840, lb. .06 1841 to 1860 lb. .08 Tacks, Bbass, and Nails. 4a. Naik. Tobacco and BNTrrT. 1701 to 1800, . . . . M. .32 Snuff. 1781 to 1790 1801 to 1810, . _ . lb. M. lb. lb. .108 .838 .106 .08 oz. .05 1811 to 1820, . 1821 to 1830 1791 to 1800 1821 to 1830 oz. oz. lb. .028 .016 .40 lOd. Nails. 1791toJ800 1801 to 1810 lb. 1.41 .108 1831 to 1840 1841 to 1850 1861 to 1860 lb. lb. lb. .294 .259 .26 1811 to 1820 M. lb. 1.46 .094 Tobacco. 1761 to 1770 lb. .06 20d. Nails. 1791tol80U, . . / 1811 to 1820, .... M. lb. M 2.26 .104 2.08 1771 to 1780 178110 1790 1791 to 1800 (wholesale) lb. lb. lb. lb. .064 .091 .15 .164 1821 to 1830, . . . .■ lb! !io 180110 1810 (wholesale) lb. lb. .126 .171 1811 to 1820 lb. .304 Tallow, CAHDLBe, Soap, etc 1821 to 1830 1831 to 1840 lb. lb. .20 .181 Candles. 1841 to 1850, . . . . lb. .226 1752 to 1760 lb. .108 1851 to 1860 lb. .286 1761 to 1770 lb. .183 1771 to 1780 1781 to 1790, .... lb. lb. .223 .246 Tools and Implbjients. 1791 tK) 1800 lb. .199 Files. (wholesale) lb. .167 1791 to 1800 doz. .962 1801 to 1810 lb. .199 1801 to 1810 doz. .75 (wholesale) lb. .166 1811 to 1820, . , . . lb. .24 Hues. (wholesale) lb. .166 1801 to 1810 ea. .565 1821 to 1830, . . . . lb. .163 1811 to 1820 ea. .54 1831 to 1840 lb. .139 1821 to 1830 ea. .467 1841 to 1860 lb. .134 1841 to 1860 ea. .56 (wholesale) lb. .12 1851 to 1860, ... lb. .274 Scythes. 1791 to 1800, .... ea. .887 Castile Soap. 1801 to 1810 ea. 1.00 1841 to 1860, . •b. .25 1811 to 1820 ea. .92 1861 to 1860, . b. .147 1821 to 1830 ea. 1.00 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 297 Articles: By Periods of Years — Concluded. Ba- Ba- Articles and Fsriods. els. Amount. Articles and Periods. sis. Amonnt. STioe Knives. Cotton — Co-a. 1791 to 1800 doz. «0.896 1791 to 1800, (wholesale) lb. $0,305 1801 to 1810, .... doz. .813 1301 to 1810 lb. .377 1S41 to 1850 doz. 1.60 (wholesale) 11. .268 1821 to 1830 lb. .15 Shmela. 1791 to 1800, . . ea. 1.08 Iron. doz. 7.60 1752 to 1760 lb. .0.M 1801 to 1810, . doz. 9.80 1761 to 1770 lb. .046 1811 to 1320 doz. 10.76 1821 to 1830 lb. .065 1821 to 1830 ea. .26 1841 to 1860 ea. .88 Matches. 1851 to 1860 ea. .96 1831 to 1840 i-^ro. Igro- Jgro. .175 1841 to 1850 .234 Not Classified. 1861 to 1860 .157 Brick. Tumblers. 1752 to 1760, . . i , . M. 2.07 1781 to 1790, .... doz. 2.50 1761 to 1770, ..'!!■. M. 2.76 1801 to 1810, . . . . doz. 1.63 1801 to 1810 U. 10.00 1811 to 1820 doz. 1.33 1821 to 1830 doz. 1.70 Brooms. 1331 to 1340 doz. .972 1781 to 1790 ea. .129 1841 to 1850 doz. 1.36 1801 to 1810 ea. .263 1851 to 1860 doz. .953 1811 to 1820 ea. .23 1821 to 1830, .... ea. .192 Wafers. 1831 to 1840 ea. .245 1801 to 1810 lb. 1.50 1841 to 1860 oa. .236 1811 to 1320 lb. 2.00 1851 to 1360 ea. .25 Wine Glasses. Cotton. 1801 to 1810 doz. 1.03 1781 to 1790 lb. .60 1811 to 1820 doz. 1.75 1791 to 1800 lb. .329 1821 to 1830 doz. .88 From the occupations and articles tables, by periods of years, we now bring forward into the following table the aver- ages for those occupations and articles for which we show wage and price fluctuations. In this table, we present average wages by the day only for occupations, and for articles average retail prices for the basis or bases only by which the articles are commonly bought and sold. 298 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Occy^ations and Articles, Occupations and Abxigles. Febiod ending with- 1760 1770 1780 1790 OCCTIPATIOHS. Agricultural laborers, . BlackBmiths, BookbiDderSi Butchers Oarpenters Carriage makers, . Olockraakers, Clothing makers, . Cotton mill operatives, G-lass makers, . . G-oId and silver workers, . Harness makers, . Laborers, .... Machinists, .... Masons, Metal workers, Millwrights I^ail makers, Painters, .... Paper mill operatives, Printers Ship and boat builders. Shoemakers, Stone quarrymen and cutters. Tanners and curriers, . ~ . Wooden goods makers. Woollen mill operatives, Apples, Beans, Corn, Oats, Potatoes, Rico, Rye, Turnips, Abtioles. Agricultural Products. £oois, Shoes, and Leather. Boots, Shoes Slippers, .... Clothing, Gloves Handkerchiefs, Hose, socks, and stockings. Butter, Cheese, Eggs, Milk, Dairy Products. Calico, . Cambric, Gingham, Lawn, . Muslin, . Silk, . Cotton cloth, Flannel, Linen, . Sheetings, Shirtings, Ticking, Tow cloth, . Dress Goods. Dry Goods. day day day day day day day day day day day day day day day day day day day day day day day day day day day bu. at. pr. pr. pr. pr. lb. lb. doz. qt. yd. yd. yd- yd- $0,311 .29 .674 .333 .371 .622 .262 1.00 $0.33 ,323 $0,313 .333 .522 .376 .666 .183 .042 .668 .333 .334 .663 .264 1.11 .978 .162 .042 .703 .80 1.00 .252 .837 .367 ,084 .078 .167 .087 .11 .133 .066 .029 1.02 $0,396 .423 1.00 .481 .17 .041 .725 .494 .279 .056 .967 .242 .968 .464 .693 .734 .114 .081 .085 .025 .679 1.24 .734 .884 .449 .214 WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 299 By Periods of Years. Period ending with — 1800 1810 1830 1830 1840 1850 1860 1880 1883 $0,478 $0,779 $0,782 $0,803 $0,875 $0.96 $1.01 $1.31 $1.37 - - .842 1.12 1.40 1.47 1.69 2.28 1.92 - - - - .917 1.46 1.38 1.91 1.49 - .50 .75 .917 - - - 2.03 1.36 .736 1.09 1.13 1.07 1.40 1.37 2.03 2.42 2.41 - _ - 1.34 1.59 1.85 2.40 2.27 - . 1.13 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.96 2 30 * 1.00 1.27 .896 1.38 1.43 1.93 1.09 - .439 .897 .92 1.03 1.40 1.27 1.13 1.62 2.44 2 96 1.79 2.01 - - - .974 1.28 1.69 1.63 3.21 - - .88 1.13 1.25 1.46 1.66 - - .623 .817 .91 .796 .872 .852 .975 1.48 1.31 - - - - 1.35 1.62 2.16 2.49 2.25 . 1.41 1.52 1.22 1.37 1.33 1.53 2.79 2.14 _ . 1.06 1.23 1.54 1.42 1.35 2.16 2.00 1.09 1.13 1.21 1.39 1.39 1.66 2.65 2.64 - _ 1.00 1.39 .86 1.60 - - 1.84 1.16 1.34 1.25 1.32 147 1.85 2.32 1.97 _ 1.09 .666 .749 .842 1.17 1.71 1.71 - 1.13 1.26 1.38 1.17 1.75 2.18 2.14 _ 1.25 1.40 1.33 1.35 3.66 2.49 3.25 .733 _ 1.06 .873 1.12 1.70 1.76 1.87 _ .. _ 1.29 1.45 1.40 2.33 2.01 „ _ 1.00 1.13 1.46 1.13 1.67 2.09 1.86 .66 1.26 1.25. 1.86 1.11 1.72 2.01 2.28 '■ 1.12 .996 .865 .873 1.31 1.24 .259 .344 .626 .439 .708 .876 .995 .049 .061 .109 .085 .081 .067 .088 .089 .123 1.06 1.48 2.36 1.49 1.91 1.89 2.60 - .90 1.04 1.31 .817 .782 .721 .992 _ .451 .664 .737 .426 .544 .645 - - - .302 .601 .485 .369 .492 .783 .86 .999 1.00 .037 .058 .063 .044 .056 .049 .06 .103 .092 1.14 1.27 1.44 .882 1.03 1.00 1.50 - . .60 .417 .475 .33 .26 .333 .335 - 6.00 4.45 6.14 4.75 3.72 2 49 2.21 .97 1.29 1.25 1.26 1.36 1.06 1.09 - .686 - - .935 .947 1.00 .945 1.66 .63 .687 .468 .517 .466 .404 .594 .648 .728 .448 .66 .441 .442 .491 .414 .625 1.36 1.23 .932 .69 .523 .38 .446 - .49 .185 .213 .24 .186 .22 .196 .262 .323 .325 .096 .14 .123 .089 .096 .096 .117 .149 .16 .07 .235 .206 .15 .19 .19 .22 .275 .343 .034 .042 .047 .044 .049 .06 .052 .067 .066 .394 .385 .36 .292 .243 .163 .105 1.28 .805 .796 .359 .254 .212 .193 ~ .656 .337 .451 .317 .249 .203 .192 - .538 .644 .669 .452 .228 _ .528 .793 .697 .585 .641 .36 .263 . .216 1.00 1.08 1.58 .799 .669 .832 .9!J9 1.00 .339 .328 .415 .21 .148 .129 .118 .423 .713 .667 .67 .435 ;388 .406 .326 .369 .605 .526 .463 .678 .379 .631 - .51 .426 .623 .281 .206 .105 .124 .162 .458 .386 .223 .135 .114 .107 .12 .904 .75 .615 .367 .254 .169 .16 .155 .201 .278 .292 .173 .147 ~ .128 " ~ 300 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Occupations and Articles, OOODPATIOSS AND ABTICLES. Period ending with — 1760 1770 1780 1700 Codfish, Fieh, . Halibut, Herring, Mackerel, Salmon, Saltfish, Flour, iDdian meal, . Rye meal. Finh. Flour and Meal. Chocolate, Coffee, . Lard, Molasses, Salt, StaTch, . Sugar, . Tea, Food Preparations. Haisins, Wood, . Brandy, Cider, , Gin, Bum, . Wine, . FruiU, Fuel. Liquors and Beverages. Beef, , Ham, Lamb, . Mutton, Pork, Meats. Veal, Oils and Jllumvnating Fluids. Burning oils and fluids. Letter paper. JPaper. Turkey, Poultry and Game. Allspice, Cassia, . Cinnamon, Cloves, . G-inger, . Mustard, Nutmegs, Pepper, . Vinegar, Spices and Condiments. Candles, Soap, Tallow, . TalloWt Candles, Soap, etc. lb. lb. lb. doz, lb. lb. lb. lb. bbl. lb. bu. lb. bu. lb. lb. lb. gal. qt. ba. lb. lb. lb. ft. cd. gal. gal. gal. gal. gal. •gal. qr. r'm lb. lb. gal. $0,044 .655 .767 .183 .033 .056 .08 .029 .117 $0.25 .60 .021 ..556 .195 1.64 .046 .086 .133 .122 $0,393 .60 .122 .625 .261 2.00 .089 .444 .081 .096 .122 .223 .111 $0,034 .047 6.86 .278 .23 .382 .611 .11 .83 .29 1.55 .407 .044 .215 .043 .105 .042 .184 .056 .333 .126 .245 .16 .174 WAGES AND PKICES : 1752-1860. 301 By Periods of Tears — Concluded. Pbbiod khdisg with— 1800 1810 1880 1830 1840 18S0 1860 1880 188S $0,034 $0,033 $0,031 $0,038 $0,034 $0,063 $0,072 $0,089 $0,034 .052 .067 .039 .041 .065 .049 - .045 .048 .048 .053 .058 .105 . .15 .176 .083 .09 .118 .08 - - .055 .084 .033 .066 .071 .085 .13 .133 - .167 .163 .20 .219 .21 .126 - - .044 .056 .061 .05 .049 .062 - .063 .065 .07 .038 .045 .036 .044 .061 .043 8.25 8.78 11.67 7.08 8.16 6.78 8.92 - _ _ . .039 .016 .02 .016 .021 .019 .029 .814 1.08 1.36 .788 1.02 .831 .982 - - .042 .018 .03 .021 .026 1.03 1.36 1.38 .853 1.17 .913 1.24 - .291 .338 .271 .246 .20 .20 .236 _ _ .213 .273 .256 .206 .14 .115 .163 .318 .214 . .125 .196 .108 .122 .097 .137 .128 .136 .683 .612 .851 .386 .445 .302 .43 .679 .646 .028 . .05 .063 .028 .025 .029 - 1.04 1.02 .893 .717 .668 .613 .669 - - .248 .21 .238 .16 .161 .114 .12 .109 .10 .187 .168 .183 .148 .134 .108 .098 .102 .094 .786 .936 1.13 .825 .667 .646 .529 .647 .66 .133 .173 .202 .139 .106 .102 .143 - .467 '.323 .606 .454 .827 .61 .706 .903 .877 2.47 5.00 4.35 3.68 8.81 3.93 5.58 - - 1.47 1.54 2.08 1.48 « 2.00 _ .066 .084 .258 .20 .146 .164 .10 - " 1.26 1.28 1.06 1.20 1.30 - - 1.01 .915 1.13 .764 . - > - - 1.60 1.56 1.77 1.33 - 1.25 - .047 .084 .089 .076 .081 .09 .126 .144 .142 _ - . .095 .101 .105 .125 .13 .152 .072 .072 .069 .059 .076 .078 .123 - - .066 .074 .069 .064 .069 .078 .118 .161 .153 .109 .116 .136 .088 .106 .091 .114 .108 .125 _ .133 .114 .117 .088 .115 .119 .133 .068 .085 .096 .075 .084 .085 .18 .169 .153 .778 l.ll 1.37 .814 1.11 1.05 1.05 .30 .186 .208 .369 .166 .296 .268 .209 .192 1.60 1.87 2.32 2.95 2.1S 2.17 1.64 .055 .103 .107 .083 .118 .116 .152 .299 .426 .423 .39 .273 .221 .236 .472 .766 .633 .33 .882 .466 _ .80 1.60 .60 .828 .425 - ~. _ 1.00 1.40 1.07 .418 .423 .403 - .26 .247 .319 .145 .149 .126 .183 - .52 .61 .432 .406 .402 .361 - _ .621 .50 .152 .127 .111 .091 6.00 6.00 - 2.19 1.88 1.65 1.24 . .628 .449 .42 .321 .245 .228 .206 .209 .224 .288 .189 .194 .167 .169 "■ - .199 .199 .24 .163 .139 .134 .274 _ .111 .10 .121 .109 .113 .086 .114 .08 .074 .163 .146 .127 .06 .08 ~ ~ * 302 STATISTICS OF LABOR. We present next, by occupations and articles, wage and price fluctuation tables, showing for each occupation and article, together with the amounts, the period in which the highest and lowest wage or price was reported for the basis indicated ; we then give the general average wage or price for all periods, and show the excess of the highest wage or price over both the lowest and the general average wage or price. Wage Fluctuations. By Occupations. Ba- Highest Wage. Lowest Wage. General Average Excess of Highest Wage,- Occupations. Period Period Over Lowest. Over ending with— Amount. ending with- Amount. Wage. Aver- age. Agricultural laborers, . day 1883 $1.37 1760 $0,311 $0,747 $1.06 $0,623 Blacksmiths, . . day 1880 2.28 1790 .694 1.43 1.59 .85 Bookbinders, day 1880 1.91 1840 .917 1.43 .993 .48 Butcaiers day 1880 2.03 1780 .333 .982 1.70 1.05 Carpenters, .... day 1880 2.42 1780 .522 1.34 1.90 1.08 Carriage makers, . day 1880 2 40 1840 1.34 1.89 1.06 .61 Clockmakers, day 1880 2.30 1820 1.13 1.61 1.17 .76 Clothing makers, . day 1883 1.99 1840 .896 1.41 1.09 .58 Coiton mill operatives. day 1880 1.40 1830 .439 .993 .961 .407 6-Iass makers, day 1860 2.96 1830 1.13 1.99 1.83 .07 Gold and silver workers, . day 1833 3.21 1840 .974 1.74 2.24 1.47 Harness makers, . day 1860 1.66 1820 .88 1.27 .77 .38 Laborers, .... day 1880 1.48 1760 .29 .773 1.19 .707 Machinists, .... day 1880 2.49 1840 1.36 1.97 ■1.14 .52 day 1880 2.79 1780 .666 1.50 2.12 1.29 Metal workers. day 1880 2.16 1820 1.06 1.54 1.11 .62 Millwrights day 1880 2.66 1800 1.09 1.63 1.56 1.02 Kail makers day 1883 1.84 1790 .481 1.18 1.36 .66 Painters day 1880 2.32 1810 1.15 1.58 1.17 .74 Paper mill operatives, . day ) 1880 j 1383 1.71 1830 .666 1.13 1.04 .68 Printers day 1880 2.18 1820 1.13 1.57 1.05 .61 Ship and boat builders, day 1860 3.65 1790 .889 1.95 2.76 1.70 Shoemakers day 1883 1.87 1800 .733 1.30 1.14 .67 Stone quarrymen and cutters, day 1880 2.33 1840 1.29 1.70 1.04 .63 Tanners and curriers, , day 1880 2.09 1820 1.00 1.48 1.09 .61 Wooden goods makers. day 1883 2.28 1810 .66 1.46 1.62 .82 Woollen mill operatives, . day 1880 1.81 1850 .865 1,07 .445 .24 Price Fluctuations. By Articles. Ba- sis. Highest Price. Lowest Price. General Average Price. Excess of Highest Price- Articles. Period ending with — Amount. Period ending with- Amount. Over Lowest. Over Aver- age. Agricultural Products. Apples, Beans Cora, Oats Potatoes Bice Rye, Turnips, .... bu. gt. bu. bu. bu. bu. lb. bu. bu. 1860 1883 1860 1820 1820 1883 1880 1860 1800 $0,995 .128 2.60 1.31 .737 1.00 .103 1.60 .60 'l780 1760 11760 1770 1770 I 1760 ! 1 1770 i 1790 1800 1760 1790 $0,162 .033 .80 .653 .333 .279 .037 .622 .242 $0,462 .069 1.60 .829 .491 .646 .062 1.05 .333 $0,843 .09 1.80 .752 .404 .721 .066 .878 .258 $0,543 .054 1.00 .481 .246 .454 .041 , .45 :. .167 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 303 Price Fluctuations, By Articles — Con. Ba- sis. Highest Price. Lowest Price. General Average Excess of Highest Price - ARTlCLSa. Period Period Over ■ Lowest. Over ending with— Amount. enfling with — Amount. Price. Aver- age. Boots, Shoes, and Leather. Boot pr. 1820 $6.14 1860 $2.21 $4.25 $3.93 $1.89 Shoes, pr. 1840 1.36 1780 .837 1.11 .513 .24 Blfppers, .... pr. 1883 1.56 1800 .656 .991 1.00 .569 Clothing. Glove pr. 1810 .687 1860 .404 .541 .283 .146 Handjterchiefe, i>a. 1800 .728 1780 .367 .611 .361 .217 Hoae, socks, nnd stockings, . pr. ISOO 1.36 1850 .38 .765 .97 .585 Dairy Proohicts. Butter lb. 1883 .326 1780 .11 .212 .216 .113 Cheese lb. 1883 .16 1790 .081 .112 .079 .048 Bggs, doz. 1883 .343 1780 .086 .175 .287 .168 Milk, qt. 1880 .067 1790 .025 .046 .042 .021 Dress Goods. Calico yd. 1790 .679 1860 .106 .315 .474 .264 Cambric yd. 1800 r 1.28 1860 .193 .684 1.09 .596 Oingham yd. 1800 .556 1860 .192 .329 .364 .227 Lawn, yd. 1780 .903 1860 .228 .58 .676 .323 Muslin, yd. 1810 .793 1883 .216 .498 .677 .295 Silk yd. 1820 1.68 1840 .659 .979 .921 .601 Cotton cloth yd. 1790 .884 1860 .118 .321 .766 .563 Flannel, yd. 1810 .713 1883 .326 .49 .387 .223 Linen yd. 1310 .606 1800 .369 .486 .236 .119 Sheetings, .... yd. 1820 .623 1850 .105 .292 .418 .231 Shirtings, .... yd. 1810 .468 1860 .107 .22 .351 .238 Ticking yd. 1800 .904 1883 .155 .422 .749 .432 Tow cloth yd. 1770 .299 I860 .128 .209 .171 .09 lb. 1883 .089 1830 .031 .046 .058 .043 Fish lb. 1820 .067 1800 .034 .047 .023 .01 Halibut lb. 1860 .106 1810 .045 .06 .06 .046 Herring doz. 1770 .25 I860 .08 .129 .17 .121 Mackerel lb. 1883 .133 1830 .038 .083 .095 .05 Salmon lb. 1840 .219 1860 .126 .181 .094 .038 Saltfieh lb. 1830 .061 1800 .044 .062 .017 .009 Flour and Meal. Flour, lb. 1820 .07 1850 .036 .06 .034 .02 bbl. 1820 11.67 1790 5.96 8.20 5.71 3.47 lb. 1820 .039 S 1830 ) f 1850 ) .016 .03 .023 .009 bu. 1820 1.35 1830 .788 .981 .562 .369 Rye meal, .... lb. 1820 .042 1830 .018 .027 .024 .015 bu. 1820 1.38 1830 .853 1.14 .627 .24 Chocolate, . . . . lb. 1810 .338 ( 1840 ) 1 1860 \ .20 .267 .138 .081 Coffee lb. 1880 .318 1860 .116 .213 .208 .105 Lard lb. 1820 .196 1850 .097 .131 .099 .065 gal. 1820 .861 1850 .302 .52 .549 .331 qt. 1830 .063 1770 .021 .035 .042 .028 bu. 1800 1.04 1780 .50 .732 .54 .308 Starch, lb. 1800 .248 1883 .10 .161 .148 .087 Sugar, lb. 1800 .187 1860 .093 .129 .094 .058 Tea,. lb. 1760 1.33 1860 .529 .776 .801 .654 Eaisins, lb. 1820 .202 1850 .102 .148 .10 .054 Fuel. Wood, ft. 1880 .903 1760 .147 .605 .756 .398 cd. 1860 5.63 1790 1.65 3.39 4.03 2.19 lAquors and Beverages. Brandy, ..... Cider, ; . . . . gal. 1820 2.08 1800 1.47 1.71 .61 .37 gal. 1820 .258 1800 .056 .136 .202 .122 Gin gal. 1840 1.30 1820 1.06 1.22 .24 .08 Rum: gal. 1820 1.13 1790 .407 .737 .723 .393 Wine, .gal. 1820 1.77 1850 1.25 1.48 .52 .29 304 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Price Fluctuations. Bt Aktioles — Con. Beef, Ham, Lamb, Mutton, Pork, Meats. Veal Oils and Illuminating Muldt. Bnrning oils and fluids, Paper. Letter paper, . . . , ■ Poultry and Quvne. Turkey, Spicea and Condiments. Allspice, Cassia, .... Cinnamon, . . ^ . Cloves, , , . . G^inger, .... Mustard, KutmegB, ... Pepper, . ■ , . Vinegar, ... Tallow, Candles, Soap, etc. Candles, . Soai Tal ip, llow. gal. Highest Price. Period ending with — 18S0 1790 1860 1883 1820 1820 1883 1880 1S20 1810 1830 1810 1820 1820 1820 1790 1820 1810 1810 1800 1820 1860 1790 1790 .144 .216 .123 .163 .136 .133 .169 1.37 2.96 .162 .426 .766 1.59 1.40 .333 .61 .621 6.00 .628 .283 .274 .16 .174 Lowest Price. Period ending witlj— 1760 1830 1830 1790 1760 1850 1760 1883 1820 1800 1760 i 1800 1 1860 1840 1840 1860 1860 1860 1860 1860 1860 1780 1760 1883 1840 .033 .096 .043 .08 .029 .186 .166 1.50 .065 .221 .33 .323 .403 .126 .851 .091 1.24 .206 .122 .108 .074 .06 General Average Price. .082 .132 .078 .081 .104 .117 .083 .233 2.07 .094 .324 .492 .749 .786 .213 .453 .262 2.99 .342 .181 .187 .107 .121 Excess ofHlgliest Price — Over Lowest. .111 .12 .064 .11 ,066 .046 .14 .203 1.45 .097 .205 .436 1.26 .997 .207 .269 .166 .166 .086 .114 Over Aver- .083 .045 .072 .032 .016 .086 .126 .88 .058 .102 .274 .841 .614 .12 .157 .269 3.01 .186 .107 .087 .063 .063 We show next wage and price fluctuations, by periods of years, giving for each period the whole number of occupations and articles for which average wages and prices have been pre- sented, and, in addition, the number reporting highest and the number reporting lowest wages or prices, also for each period. Wage and Price Fluctuations. By Pekiods op Years. OOOnpATIOHS. Articles. PeBIOD ENDISO VflTH — Wliole Number. Highest. Lowest. Whole Number. Highest. Lowest. 1760 1770 1780 1790 1800 1810 1820 . . . . 1830 1840 1860 1860 1880 1883 2 2 6 ■7' 6 ,7 18 22 26 26 26 26 26 8 18 7 2 3 3 2 2 6 3 6 1 26 28 29 61 69 77 83 86 83 83 79 26 36 1 2 1 6 10 10 27 3 3 8 6 10 10 4 7 8 9 1 2 8 6 14 17 6 WAGES AND PRICES: 1752-1860. 305 SUMMARY. Contrasting, in summing up, the present with the past, we find: Instead of a few industries struggling for existence, every kind of manufacturing industry well established, covering a wide range of products formerly unknown but now deemed essential to the comfort and convenience of man. The multi- plication of industries has broadened the avenues of employ- ment, and their subdivision has given opportunity for the exercise of special skill and talent, while the manner of con- ducting the industries under the factory system has immensely increased the productive capacity of the workman, cheapening the product to the consumer, increasing profits to the manufact- urer and Avages to the employe, and, in the aggregated indus- tries, giving to labor a larger relative share of product. Machinery of every kind has come to the assistance of the workman, and, with the advent of machinery, new products have been introduced, thus putting at command of the con- sumer a wider range of comforts and creating new channels of industry. Under the new system of labor, working time has been re- duced 12 to 24 per cent. The household comforts and conveniences possessed by the workingman to-day are so far beyond what the workingman had in the first quarter of the century that the difference in scale of living between the employer class and the laborer of the early period was far less than that between the workman of to-day and his predecessor. The educational and social privileges free to the laborer to- day give him wide opportunities of self-culture and enjoyment, and are such as to raise his children to higher levels of employ- ment, and therefore tend to put them on an equality with the children of the wealthy as to getting on in the world. The improvements in internal communication — the railroad and the electric telegraph — bind together industrial communi- ties widely separated geographically, enabling the laborer to quickly and cheaply seek new localities if deprived of employ- ment in any particular place, permitting workmen to unite in a 306 STATISTICS OF LABOR. common effort to better their conditioil, adding to the certainty and security of industrial operations, thus protecting the la- borer in his employment, besides cheapening the price of com- modities by facilitating exchangee. As regards the course of wages and prices during the cen- tury the statistics presented in the tables are so complete as to require little comment here. Carefully studied, in connection ■with the explanatory text and notes which accompany them, they afford an interesting view of the economic conditions sur- rounding the workingman, so far as these conditions depend on the money reward received for his labor. They will be found of value to the student, who may be left to make whatever deductions occur to him without extended summarizing of results in these pages. A brief review of the more obvious points may be permitted. From various causes, chief among which were excessive importations, the spirit of speculation, and the abuse of the credit system, two violent commercial revulsions occurred between 1830 and 1860. These took place in 1837 and 1857. The first was prolonged by a failure of the grain crop during 1837-8. Breadstuffs temporarily rose in price. There was a steady drain of specie from the country. Wages temporarily declined. Banks everywhere suspended. Bankruptcies were general. After the modification of the tariff in 1842, importa- tions were checked, manufactures revived, and, the commercial atmosphere having been purified, business generally recovered. The same general features were repeated after the panic of 1857. Many large establishments were closed for months, while others ran only on half time. The question at once arises what influence, if any, had these commercial depressions upon the general tendency of wages ? So far as the answer may be gathered from the tables it does not appear that such influence was material. Whatever changes occurred, either reductions in wages or fluctuations in prices, were temporary only and were not sufficiently im- portant to affect the averages for the decades ending with 1840 and 1860 respectively. By a reference to the table, " Occupa- tions and Articles, by Periods of Years," pages 454 to 457, it will be seen that the wages of the following occupations only show a decrease for the period ending with 1840 as compared WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 307 with that ending with 1830 : clothing makers, nail makers, ship and boat builders, shoemakers^ and woollen mill operatives. A decrease is also shown in the woollen industry at the close of the next decade, and, undoubtedly, is apparent merely from the fact that the wage presented for the period ending with 1830 is based principally upon the amounts paid to overseers, and does not include the medium and low priced labor of the factory. The decrease shown in the four other industries is slight and more than recovered during the next decade. For the period ending with 1860, but three occupations, book- binders, metal workers, and stone quarrymen and cutters, show a decrease as compared with the previous decade, and in all instances the decrease is very slight. From this it appears that during these periods of business depression the nominal rates of wages were but slightly reduced, although the aggre- gate earnings of wage workers may have been considerably diminished on account of reductions in working time. As a rule, wages show an upward tendency from the earliest recorded period to the present time, the progress being broken at certain intervals, as relates to certain industries, by fluctua- tions temporary only and therefore not materially affecting the onward current. The whole movement is clearly shown in the table to which we have just referred, pages 454 to 457. In ac- cordance with this rule, wages for the decade ending with 1830 for all occupations were higher than during any previous de- cennial period, except for carpenters, laborers, masons, painters, paper mill operatives, and wooden goods makers, all of which show a slightly higher average at the close of the previous decade. A comparison of wages for the decade ending with 1830 and those for the decade ending with 1860 shows at a glance the advance that has been made. We are able to make such a comparison for twenty leading occupations and now bring forward for that purpose data supplied by the table, " Pccupations and Articles, by Periods of Years." We present this comparison in the following table, showing at the same time, for each occupation, the percentage of increase or decrease for the period ending with 1860 as compared with the period ending with 1830 : 308 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Comparison of Wages by Periods : 1830 and 1860. OOCOPATIOHS. Average Daily Wages for the Period ending witli 1830. Average Daily Wages for the Period ending with 1860. Percentage of Increase or Decrease. Agricultural laborers, . Blacksmiths, . Carpenters, . Clockmakers, Clothing maktrrs, . Cotton mill operatives.* Glass makers, Harness makers, . Laborers, Maaons Metal workers, Millwrights, . Painters, Paper mill operatives, . Printers, Ship and boat builders, Shoemakers, . Tanners and curriers, . Wooden goods makers, Woollen mill operatives,* $0 803 1.12 1.07 1.29 1.27 1.13 1.13 .796 1.22 1.23 1.21 1.26 .666 1.25 1.40 1.06 1.13 125 $1.01 1.89 2.03 1.96 1.43 1.03 2.96 1.66 .976 1.63 1.36 1.66 1.85 1.17 1.78 3.66 170 1.67 1.72 .873 26.8 50.9 89.7 51.9 12.6 16.3 + 161.9 46.0 22.5 26.4 9.8 37.2 48.0 75.7 40.0 + 160.7 60.4 47.8 -- 37.6 — 7.7 * As the wages of cotton mill operatives presented for the period ending with 1830 are for females only, the average daily wuge for 1836, which includes both seises, is used in this com. parison. Similarly, as the wages of woollen mill operatives for the period ending with 1830 are for overseers principally, the average daily wage for 1837 Is used in this table, the latter affording a fairer basis of comparison. But after all, it is not the rate of money wages that most nearly concerns the workingman but rather what may be termed real wages, that is, the amount of subsistence obtainable at a given period for a given expenditure. Has this increase in money wages been more than counterbalanced by an increase in prices so that, after all, the workingman's real wages have declined? To determine this, having made a comparison of wages in leading occupations in the decades ending respect- ively with 1830 and 1860, we now present a similar com- parison between the prices paid for the leading articles of household consumption during the same periods : Comparison of Prices by Periods: 1830 and 1800. Aktiolbs. Basis. Average Prices for the Period ending with 1880. Average Prices for the Period ending with 1860, Percentage of Increase or Decrease.' Apples, Beans, Corn, . Potatoes, Kice, . Kye, . Turnips, Agricultural Prodi els. bu. qt. bu. bu. lb. bu. bu. .439 .085 .817 .869 .044 .882 .33 .995 .088 .992 86 .06 1.60 .335 - -126.7 - 3.5 - 21.4 -133.1 - 36.4 - 70.1 - 1.5 WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 309 Comparison of Prices by Periods : 1830 and 1860 — Con. Average Prices for the Period ending with 18S0. Average Prices for the Period ending with 1860. Percentage of Increase or Decrease. Boots and Shoes. Boots-, Shoes, Slippers, Oloihmg. Gloves, .... HasdikeTcliiefs, . Hose, socks, and Btocklngs, Batter, Cheese, Bggs, . Mim, . Dairy Products. Callcoi Cambric,. Gingham, Mnslin, Silk, Dress Goods. Cotton elotli, I'lannel, Unen, . Sheetings, . Shirtings, . Ticking, . Tow cloth, . Dry Goods. Codfish, Fish, . Halibut, Herring, Mackerel, Salmon, Saltflsh, Msh. Flonr, . Indian meal, Rye meal, . J'lour and Meal. Chocolate, . Coffee, Lard, . Molasses, . Salt, . Starch, Bngar, Tea, . Pood Preparations. Baislns, Wood, lYuits. Fuel. Meats. Beef, . Ham, . Lamb, Mutton, Pork, . Sausages, Veal, . Oils and Illuminating Fluids. Burning oils and fluids, . lb. lb. doz. qt. >yd. yd. yd. lb. lb. lb. doz. lb. lb. lb. bbl. lb. lb. lb. lb. ib. gal. qt. lb. lb. Ib. gal. 4.75 1.26 .935 .517 .441 .59 .15 .044 .292 .359 .317 .644 .585 .799 .21 .57 .453 .281 .223 .367 .173 .031 .039 .048 .083 .038 .20 .061 7.08 .016 .018 .245 .206 .108 .386 .063 .16 .146 .825 .076 .095 .059 .064 .088 .114 .076 2.21 1.09 .945 .594 .414 .445 .105 .193 .192 .228 .263 .118 .405 .531 .124 .107 .16 .128 .053 .049 .106 .08 .085 .125 8.92 .021 .026 .235 .163 .137 .43 .029 .12 .093 .529 .143 6.58 — 63.5 — 13.5 + 1.1 + 14.9 — 6.1 — 24.6 262 , - 40.9 117 - 31.6 22 - 46.7 052 - 18.2 — 64.0 — 46.2 — 39.4 — 64.6 — 55.0 + 23.8 — 43.8 — 28.9 + 17.2 — 56.9 — 62.0 — 58.4 — 28.0 + 71.0 4- 25.6 + 118.8 — 3.6 + 123.7 — 37.5 — 14.8 + 26. + 31.3 + 44.4 — 4.1 — 20.9 + 26.9 + 114 — 64.0 — 25.0 — 36.3 — 35.9 + 2.9 + 66.4 .126 _ h 65.8 .125 _ - 31.6 .123 . - 108.5 .118 - - 84.4 .114 _ - 29.5 .115 _ - 0.9 .13 - - 78.3 + 29.0 310 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Comparison of Prices by Periods: 1830 and 1860 — Con. Articles. Basis. Average Prices for the Period ending with 1S30. Average Prices for the Period ending with 1860. Percentage of Increase or Decrease. Letlsr paper, Paper. Turkey, Poultry and Game. Allspice, Cassia, Cloves, Ginger, Mustard, Nutmegs, Pepper, Vinegar, Spices and Condiments. Candles, Soap, Tallmo, Candles, Soap, etc. V- lb. gal. .296 .033 .538 1.07 .145 .432 .152 .321 .189 .163 .109 .182 .152 .466 .403 .133 .351 .091 .205 .169 .274 .114 — 35.1 + 83.1 13.4 62.3 8.3 18.8 40.1 36.1 10.6 X The foregoing comparison shows that to a certain extent prices have increased, but not uniformly. Certain staple arti- cles, chiefly those produced by the factory system of labor in its completest form, such as boots, shoes, calico, cambric, cotton cloth, shirtings, sheetings, flannels, and dry goods and dress goods generally, show an almost constant decline during the century. A few articles show no material increase. Food preparations, under which term is included, as will be noticed, certain staple groceries, have declined, while flour, fish, and meats have risen in price. Consolidating and averaging the wages shown in our com- parison it appears that, for all the occupations compared, the general average increase in wages shown for the decade ending with 1860 as compared with that ending with 1830 is 52.3 per cent. From a comparison of the prices given for the same periods, it appears that : Agricultural products advanced 62.8 per cent. 3urning oils and fluids advanced 29.0 per cent. Candles and soap advanced 42.6 per cent. Dairy products advanced 38.8 per cent. Fish advanced 9.8 per cent. Flour and meal advanced 26.0 per cent. Fuel (wood only) advanced 65.4 per cent. Meats, etc. (turkey added) advanced 53.0 per cent. WAGES AND PRICES : 1752-1860. 311 Boots and shoes declined 38.9 per cent. Clothing and dress goods declined 24.7 per cent. Dry goods declined 30.9 per cent. Food preparations (raisins added) declined 17.5 per cent. Letter paper declined 35.1 per cent. Spices and condiments declined 36.5 per cent. By a consolidation of the percentages showing either an advance or decline in prices for the fourteen classes of articles represented in the comparison, the general average percentage of increase in prices is found to be 9.6 per cent. If, on the other hand, we consider, for the same classes of articles, the averages, and not the percentages, obtained for each class, we find the general average increase in prices to be 15.7 per cent. The mean of these two percentages is 12.7 per cent, which figure is presented as indicating, for the fourteen classes of articles considered, the general average increase in prices shown for the decade ending with 1860 as compared with that ending with 1830. In the absence of budgets showing the expenses of workingmen for the periods under consideration, no results can be arrived at which will accurately indicate the percentage of increased cost of living to the workingman for the decade ending with 1860 as compared with that ending with 1830. The percentages of advance or decline in prices, however, considered in connection with the material advance in wages from 1 830 to 1860, are sufficiently indicative of the improved condition financially of the workingman. It should he noted that in but throe classes of articles, agricultural products, fuel, and meats, etc., has the increase in prices been so ublishing. Printing, dyeing, bleaching, finishing, cotton textiles, Btone Wooden goods. Woollen goods. Worsted goods. AvEBAGB Weekly Wage. $8 85 8 70 7 22 6 43 7 29 6 11 7 00 7 85 7 45 a 94 am 7 96 9 35 7 76 6 63 12 66 7 48 8 28 8 33 6 37 8 68 6 89 6 65 6 89 Young Persons. $2 79 2 61 S 71 4 10 3 80 2 80 2 57 2 92 8 53 4 07 2 58 2 40 ; 12 2 99 a 10 (2 06 2 32 2 38 1 91 2 92 1 85 1 59 2 69 1 80 1 40 2 88 2 60 2 20 2 26 2 45 1 87 2 76 2 11 2 10 2 43 Chil- dren. $0 86 49 83 General Average Weekly Wage. nay Hands. $8 85 4 89 4 42 4 16 7 18 4 11 4 89 8 01 6 48 2 89 2 72 7 96 7 91 6 08 7 22 12 66 8 76 8 92 6 14 4 33 8 38 5 67 4 86 2 66 Fiece Hands. $4 17 8 66 6 78 3 99 8 66 7 16 6 20 6 94 4 72 Day and Piece Hands. $3 71 2 78 6 91 6 87 4 44 7 34 6 15 3 45 Grand Comparison. General Average Weekly Wage paid to All Employes. Amounts. Industries. MasaBclinsetts. Great Britain.* Agricultural implements Artisans' tools Boots and shoes Brick, . . . ' Building trades Carpetings, Carriages and wagons Clothing, . , Cotton goods, ~ Fiax and }ute goods Food preparations Furniture, Glass, Hats : fur, wool, and silk Hosiery Liquors : malt and distilled Machines and machinery Metals and metallic goods Printing and publishing, Printing, dyeing, bleaching, and finishing, cotton toxtileSi Stone Wooden goods, Woollen goods, Worsted goods,' All industries, General Average Weekly Wage paid to All Employes. $10 26 11 80 11 63 8 63 14 99 6 OS 13 80 10 01 6 43 6 46 9 81 11 04 12 28 11 01 8 49 12 87 11 76 11 26 11 37 8 87 14 39 12 19 6 90 7 32 $10 31 $8 83 4 89 4 37 4 18 7 21 4 11 4 S9 6 71 4 68 2 84 2 72 7 96 8 94 5 61 ■ 4 67 12 66 6 93 7 40 6 62 4 94 8 63 3 67 4 86 3 80 $5 86 * "Average" instead of "High " wage rates for Great Britain. WAGES AND PRICES : 1860-1883. 19 Grand Comparison. Massachusetts and Oreat Britain. Result. INDUSTBIBS. General Average Weekly Wage higher In— Massachusetts. Great Britain, Agricultural Implements, ArtlBans' tools Boots and shoes Brick, Building trades Oarpetlngs Carriages and wagons Clothing Cotton goods , Flax and jute goods Food preparations Furniture OlasB, Hats : fur, wool, and silk Hosiery Liquors : malt and distilled Machines and machinery ' . . . Metals and metallic goods Printing and publishing, Printing, dyeing, bleaching and finishing, cotton textiles. Stone ' , Wooden goods Woollen goods, Worsted goods All industries, ... .... Percentages.* 15.8 141.3 166.1 107.8 107.9 47.9 182.2 49.1 3S.4 127.6 260.7 38.7 76.9 99.8 39.0 l.T 69.6 52.0 106.0 75.5 67.7 115.0 42.0 103.3 75.94 Percentages. * "Average" instead of "High" wage rates used for Great Britain in determining per- centages. It will be noticed that by thus crediting Great Britain with the average instead of the high weekly wage, the point is brought out that, in each of the twenty-four industries, the general average weekly wage is higher in Massachusetts than in Great Britain. We find thatthe average percentage in favor of Massaclmseils, in the 24 industries considered, consolidated by the use of the " average" as explained, is 75.94. To indicate the true percentage which will show, for all industries, the higher rate of average weekly wages in Massa- chusetts requires that we should settle upon a figure between the two extremes already given, namely : 48.28 per cent derived from those tables in which Great Britain is credited with the high wage, and 75.94 per cent drawn from those tables in which Great Britain is credited only with the average of the returns made upon the different bases. The mean of these two figures is 62.11 per cent, and we consider this figure to be the result of the investigation, which we formulate as follows : — 20 STATISTICS OF LABOK. The general average weekly wage paid to employes in twenty- four manufacturing and mechanical industries in Massachusetts is 62 + per cent higher than the general average weeJcly wage paid in the same industries in Great Britain. Of the 210 establishments in Massachusetts making returns, 92 supplied us with weekly pay rolls showing the number of persons employed during the week in question, and the whole amount of the pay roll for that week, from which we could easily arrive at an average weekly wage for each employe. Of the 110 establishments in Great Britain but 11 supplied us with such pay rolls. lu the 92 establishments in Massachusetts, comprehending 16 of the 24 industries considered, 9,648 employes received an average weekly wage of $10.82. In the 11 establishments in Great Britain, representing 9 of the 24 industries considered, 7,115 employes received an aver- age weekly wage of $5.48. This shows that, comparing these establishments, the average weekly wage in Massachusetts was higher by 97.39 per cent. We present this figure as another strong indication that the mean figure we have adopted, namely, 62 -|- per cent, is fully sustained by the wage statistics in our possession. All computations have been refigured, and it is impossible for an error of sufficient importance to have occurred to materially affect the result. The average number of working days in the year in Massa- chusetts, in the 23 industries considered, is 309.29, while in Great Britain, in 14 industries, it is 305.29, or 4 days less in the year in Great Britain than in Massachusetts. As the em- ployes are only paid for the time when actually employed, this would indicate a slight advantage gained in Massachusetts by virtue of this small excess in working days in the year. In Massachusetts the average number of working hours in the week is 60.17, while in Great Britain it is 53.50, being 6.67 hours less in the week in Great Britain than in Massachusetts ; that is, the weekly working time in Massachusetts is 12 -|- per cent longer than in Great Britain. This percentage is based upon rehirns from 159 out of 210 establishments in Massachusetts and 61 establishments out of WAGES AND PRICES : 1860-1883. 21 110 in Great Britain. We present a table showing by indus- tries the number of establishments reporting weekly working hours, and the average number of weekly working hours in the various industries in the two countries. Average Weekly Working Hours. Agricultural implements, . . . . Artisans' tools, Boots and shoes Brick Building trades CarpetlDgs Carriages and wagons Olothing, Ootton goods Flax and jute goods, Food preparations, Furniture G-lass, Hats ; fur, wool, and silk Hosiery, LiC[UQrs : malt and distilled, .... MacBines and machinery Metals and metallic goods FrliiUng and publishing, Printing, dyeing, bleaching, and finishing cotton textiles, Stone Wooden goods Woollen goods, . .... Worsted goods Totals, MASSAClinBETiB. Kumber of Establish- ments. 4 3 11 3 8 11 8 8 2 5 10 1 2 4 9 12 25 12 10 4 3 1 Average Weekly Working Hours. 60 69.45 64 60 eo 58.38 60 59.50 60 60 60 69.3S 59.58 69.48 68.13 60 69.70 60 60 60 60.17 t3RBAT BRITAIH, Number . of Establish- ments. 1 1 1 IS 3 4 4 2 2 1 1 2 7 6 6 3 Average Weekly Working Hours. 54 64 52.60 61.60 54 63.63 66 54 65.75 52.50 54 54.25 52.29 63.75 63.66 64 56 66 53.50 This table supplies to a certain extent information of value in considering the cause of higher wages in Massachusetts as compared with Great Britain. The fairest way to institute a comparison is to bring the wages paid to the basis of the hour, which we do, so far as our statistics will enable us, in the following table. 22 STATISTICS OF LABOE. Average Wages by the Hour. Massachusetts. Gbbat Britain. Wages Wages by the hour higher Great Britain. Per cent. General Average Aver- Aver- by the Aver- Aver- Weekly Industkies. age age Aver- hour age age Aver- Wage *il i' V A^V^ArOa Weekly Weekly age higher Weekly Weekly ago higher in Work- Wages paid to Wages In Work- Wage Wages Massa- ing ifolfr. Mass. ing paid to Hour. chusetts. Hours. all em- Per Hours. all em- l*er cent. ployes. cent. ployes. Agricultural 1 m p 1 e- Cents.- Cents. mentB, 60 $10 25 17.08 4.2 54 $8 86 16.39 - 15.8 ArtlHans' tools, 60 11 80 19.67 117.1 64 4 89 9 06 141.3 Boots and shoes, . 69.46 11 63 19.66 186.1 62.60 4 37 8.32 _ 166.1- Brick 61 8 63 13.48 .- - 4 16 - 107.6 Building trades, . 60 14 99 24.98 78.4 61.60 7 21 14.00 107.9 Carpetiogs, . - 6 08 - . - 4 11 - 47.9 Carriages and wagons, 60 13 80 23.00 153.9 54 4 89 9.06 182.2 Clothing, 68.38 10 01 17.16 87.1 63.63 6 71 12.51 - 49.1 Cotton goods, 60 6 45 10.76 29.2 56 4 66 8.32 . 38.4 Flax and jute goods, . Food preparations, 60 6 46 10.77 104.8 64 2 84 6.28 _ 127.5 60 9 81 16.35 217.6 66.76 2 72 4.88 260.7 Furniture, . 69.60 11 04 18.55 22.4 52.60 7 96 16.16 38.7 Glass 60 12 28 20.47 _ 6 94 _ 76 9 Hats: fur, wool, and silk, . . . . 60 11 01 18.35 79.9 64 5 61 10.20 99.8 Hosiery, 60 6 49 10.82 26.7 64.26 4 67 8.61 39.0 Liquors : malt and dis. tilled 69.33 12 87 18.56 . _ 12 66 1.7 Machines and m a- ehinery, . 69.68 11 76 19.72 48.8 62.29 6 93 13.25 69.6 Metals and metallic goods. 69.48 11 25 18.91 37.3 63.76 7 40 13.77 52.0 Printing and publish- ing 68.13 11 37 19.66 90.1 63.66 5 62 10.29 106.0 Printing, dyeing bleaching, and finish- ing, cotton textiles, . 60 8 67 14.45 67.9 54 4 94 9.15 75.5 Stone 69.70 14 39 24.10 - - 8 58 - 67.7 Wooden goods, . 60 12 19 20.32 _ _ 5 67 _ 115.0 Woollen goods, . 60 6 90 11.60 32.6 56 4 86 8.68 42.0 Worsted goods, . 60 7 32 12.20 89.7 66 S 60 6.43 - 103.3 In this table Great Britain is credited with the average and not the high wage. Taking the average for all the industries supplying rates, we find that wages by the hour in Massachu- setts exceed those in Great Britain hy 70.88 per cent, and the excess is shown to exist in every industry considered. This per- centage still further sustains the result drawn from the average weekly wage returns. The industry percentages, drawn from the average weekly wage result in which Great Britain is credited with the "average," are given in the right hand column for purposes of ready comparison. In order to show the higher average weekly wage in Massa- chusetts as regards related industries, we present a table showing such consolidated percentages for textiles, clothing, building trades, metallic work of all kinds, wood work, etc. In this table Great Britain is credited with the average and not the high wage. WAGES AND PRICES : 1860-1883. Belated Industries. 23 iKDnSTSIBS. Textiles. Carpetings, Cotton goods Flax and jute goods, , ..*,.. Hosiery Printing, dyeing, bleaching, and finishing, cotton textiles, "Woollen goods Worsted goods, Clothing. Boots and shoes Clothing Hats: fur, wool, and silk, . Building. Brick, . Building trades. Stone, . Metallic Work. Agricultural implements, . Artisans' tools Machines and machinery, . Metals and metallic goods, Wood Work. Carriages and wagons, Furniture, Wooden goods Other Industries. Food preparations. Glass Liquors ; malt and distilled. Printing and publishing, . General Average Weekly Wage paid to AH Employes in- MassachuBetts. Great Britain. $6 08 6 45 6 46 6 49 8 67 6 90 7 32 11 63 10 01 11 01 8 63 14 99 14 39 10 25 11 80 11 76 11 25 13 80 11 04 12 19 9 81 12 28 12 87 11 37 $4 11 4 66 2 84 4 67 4 94 4 86 3 60 4 37 6 71 5 51 4 16 7 21 8 58 8 85 4 89 6 93 7 40 4 89 7 96 6 67 2 72 6 94 12 66 5 52 Higher In Massachusetts. Per cent. 47.9 38.4 127.6 3J.0 75.5 42.0 103.3 166.1 49.1 99.8 107.5 107.9 67.7 15.8 141.3 182.2 38.7 116.0 260.7 76.9 1.7 106.0 Recapitulation. Textiles, Clothing, Building, Metallic work. Wood work, Other Industries, . All industries. $6 91 10 8S 12 67 11 26 12 34 11 59 $10 31 $4 24 6 53 6 65 7 02 6 17 6 96 t5 86 62.9 96.7 90.5 60.4 lOD.O 66.5 75.94 From the grand comparisDn table, incliiding all industries, by comparing the general average weekly wages paid to men, women, young persons, and children, we ai;e enabled to arrive at the ratio of wages paid to women, young persons, and chil- dren to those paid to men. Taking the average wages paid to men as 100, in Massachusetts the ratio of those paid to women is as 51.39 to 100 (that is, the average wages of women are a little more than one-half as much as those paid to men), those paid to young persons 43.04 to 100, and those paid to children 32.15 to 100. In Great Britain the ratio for women 24 STATISTICS OF LABOR. is 40.92 (men's wages considered as the unit, or 100), for young persons 29.06 to 100, and for children 9.56 to 100. In Massachusetts, on the average, one woman, one young person, and one child working together would earn as much combined as 1.26 men; in Great Britain they could earn only .79 as much as a man, or 59.4 per cent in favor of the women, young persons, and children of Massachusetts.. !Ehese results will be of value in comparing wage returns in future, and will also enable one to form an intelligent estimate of the wages paid to women, young persons, and children, when only those for men are actually known. If we bring forward the percentages resulting from the com- parisons made upon the bases previously explained we secure the following Grand Result. 1 . If Massachusetts is credited with the average wages paid, and Great Britain is credited with the high wages paid, — the Massachusetts wages are higher in 23 out of the 24 industries considered, the percentage in favor of Massachusetts, in all the industries, being 48.28. 2. If both Massachusetts and Great Britain are credited with the average wages paid, — the wages in Massachusetts are higher in each of the 24 industries considered, the percentage in favor of Massachusetts, in all industries, being 75.94. 3. On an industry basis, the average percentage in favor of Massachusetts, in 23 industries, is 65.05. 4. Taking the wages paid per hour as the basis, — the average in Massachusetts is higher in each of the 24 industries, the percentage in favor of Massachusetts, in all the industries, being 70.88. 5. On the basis of establishment pay rolls, — the percent- age in favor of Massachusetts is 97.39. The percentage that will truly and fairly indicate the higher rate of wages paid in Massachusetts in the industries considered, as compared with the wages paid in the same industries in Great Britain, must be found somewhere between the extremes as here given, namely : 48.28 per cent, and 97.39 per cent. The results shown in sections 4 and 5 are not based upon as complete data as those shown in sections 1, 2, and 3, and neither percentage can be fairly used in determining the grand WAGES AND PRICES: 1860-1883. 25 result. The mean of 48.28 per cent and 75.94 per cent, as we have previously shown, is 62.11 per cent, and this ap- proximates so closely to the general average 65.05 as shown in section 3, that we state, as the grand result of the comparative weekly wages investigation in Massachusetts and Great Britain for the year 1883, That the general average weekly wage of the employes in 24 industries in Massachusetts is 62 + per cent higher than the general average weekly wage of the employes in the same indus- tries in Great Britain. [From Fart m., Fifteenth Aanual Report, for 1864.] COMPARATIVE WAGES: 1860 — 1883. MASSACHUSETTS AND GREAT BRITAIN. The design of the present Part is to bring forward into a compact form for direct comparison all the statistics of wages, for Massachusetts and Great Britain, that have been previously presented in the Reports of the Bureau, including the returns for 1883 given in Part II. of this report, together with such additional statistics of wages in Great Britain, in past years, as we have been able to secure. We are able to present wage statistics for the years 1860, 1872, 1874, 1875, 1878, 1880, 1881, and 1883 for Massachusetts, and for the years 1872, 1877, 1880, and 1883 for Great Britain. These statistics are drawn from various sources, — census or official reports and from personal investigations by the Bureau agents, and others. The following statements for Massachusetts and Great Britain will show the sources from which the wage statistics used have been derived. Massachusetts Wage Sta.tistios. 1860. Massachusetts wage statistics for 1860 were first pre- sented in the Report for 1879, Part III. They, were obtained by our agents in 34 cities and towns and represented 63,515 employes. 1872. Wage statistics for 1872 were first pi'esented in Part IV. of the Report for 1874. They were obtained by the Bu- reau agents. The number of employes represented was 271,970, or about three-quarters of all at that time employed, in agricul- 26 STATISTICS OF LABOR. tural, mechanical, manufacturing, and mining occupations in the State. 1874. The Eeport for 1875, Part IV., supplies the wages for 1874 for 397 men, all heads of families. These 397 families contained 2,041 persons, of whom 734 were at work. 1875. The wage statistics for 1875 are drawn from the State Census returns for that year. The wages for 71,339 employes, engaged in 950 different occupations, were given in Part I., of the Report for 1876. In Vol. II., "Manufactures and Occu- pations," Census of Massachusetts for 1875, the wages for 266,339 employes were given out of a grand total of 297,042 persons employed. The Report statistics were supplied by em- ployes, and those in the Census volume by employers. 1878. The statistics for 1878 appear in the Report for 1879 in direct comparison with those for 1860, being obtained by the Bureau agents for 63,515 employes. 1880. The Report for 1883, Parts II. and III., contains the wage statistics for 1880, they being drawn from the United States Census of 1880, and representing 207,793 employes. 1881. Wage statistics for 1881 were given in Part IV. of the Report for 1882 for an indefinite number of employes in 21 industries. They were brought into direct comparison with those for 1860, 1872, and 1878. 1883. The statistics given for 35,902 employes in Part II. of the present Report are brought forward. Gbeat Britain Wage Statistics. 1872. Statistics of wages paid in Great Britain in 1872 were first given in Part IV. of the Report for 1874 where they were brought into direct comparison with Massachusetts statis- tics for the same year. It is impossible to state how many em- ployes they represent. 1877. Wages in Great Britain in 1877 were obtained from "Miscellaneous Statistics of the United Kingdom," presented to both Houses of Parliament in 1879. They were compiled from returns made to the statistical department of the Board of Trade by the Council and Secretaries of the several Chambers of Commerce, etc., and covered 28 of the principal industries. No mention is made of the number of employes represented in the returns. WAGES AND PEICES: 1860-1883. 27 1880. As in the year 1877, from "Miscellaneous Statis- tics " presented to Parliament* in 1883. The returns are similar to those for 1877, from the same official sources, and represent an indefinite number of employes in 39 industries. 1883. The statistics for 17,430 employes, as given in Part n. of the present Eeport, are brought forward. We are unable to state how many employes are represented by the percentage and general returns. From a careful examination of these sources and estimates based upon our original returns we obtain the following result : In the ninety industries, in Massachusetts and Great Britain, supplying statistics of average weekly wages for the period be- tween the years 1860 and 1883 the wages of at least one and a quarter millions (1,250,000) of employes are represented. GEAND COMPARISON. Our first analysis table brings forward from the comparison table under each industry head the general average weekly wage paid to all employ6s in each country in the years specified. 28 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Geand Compaeison. Oemral Average Weekly Wage. Industries. 1860. 1872. 1874. Mass. G. B. Mass. G. B. Mass. G, B. Domestie and Personal Office. 1 Domestic service Trade and Transportation. 2 Carriers on roads Agriculture. ' $12 44 3 Agriculture Msheriea. $4 28 $5 33 $2 26 4 Flsherie Mines. ~ ■ '■ ~ 11 67 5 Mining, Manufactures and Mechanical Industries. 6 Agricultural implements, . - - - 7 Arms and ammunition, 14 15 - - - 8 Artificial teeth and dental work, - - - - 9 Artisans* tools 8 45 - - - - - 10 Awnings and tents - - - - 11 Bags and bagging - - - 12 Bookblnderies, - - - 13 Boots and shoes 11 42 14 73 5 65 10 75 14 Boxes 6 80 8 74 4 72 - 15 Brick 5 01 11 25 5 86 - 16 Brooms and brushes, .... 10 58 - 11 67 5 80 - 17 Building trades 9 87 15 64 6 64 IS 69 - 18 Burial cases, caskets, coffins, etc., . - - - 19 Buttons and dress trimmings, . - - - 20 Carpetings 6 62 12 76 3 02 - - 21 Carriages and wagons. 10 74 17 11 6 56 14 42 - 22 Cement, kaolin, lime, and plaster, . - - - 23 Charcoal, - - - _ 24 Chemical preparations. - - 25 Clocks and watches - - 13 78 7 44 14 02 26 Clothing 8 26 - 12 37 5 79 13 90 - 27 Concrete walks, paying, etc., . - - - - - 23 Cooking, lighting, and heating appa- satus, - - - - - - WAGES AND PRICES : 1860-1883. 29 Massachusetts and Great Britain — 1860-1883. .18T5. 1877. 1878. 1880. 1881. 1883. Ma>8. G. B. Mass. G. B. Mass. G. B. Mass. G. B. Mass. G. B. Mass. G. B. $3 03 - - - - - 1 2 3 7 84 - - t6 57 - - - $t 19 - - _ _ . _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ 4 Ej.. ■ - - t4 71 - - - $5 38 - - - 5 • 14 80 . t7 76 . _ ^ $10 26 $8 86 6 14 03 - - 16 95 - 9 55 6 86 - 11 04 7 16 75 - - 11 87 - - - 8 13 73 - - 11 67 - 8 67 - - 11 80 4 89 9 16 11 - - ■ - - - 7 83 - - - 10 6 16 - - - - - - - 11 10 66 - - - - - - - 12 11 76 - 4 68 12 02 - 9 60 3 78 11 64 11 63 4 37 13 11 00 - - - 7 66 - 8 04 - - - - - 14 10 26 - - 643 - 7 77 8 63 4 16 16 9 44 - - -. 1190 6 08 - - 16. 15 41 - 6 56 12 63 10 54 5 73 13 29 14 99 7 21 17 14 19 - - - - - 12 60 - - - 18. 7 71 - - - 6 33 - - " 19 6 70 - - 8 20 - 6 87 4 51 7 00 - 6 08 411 20. 13 83 - 7 14 14 03 10 23 733 13 27 13 80 4 89 21 10 43 - - - 7 01 - - - 22 9 74 - - - - - 9 28 - - - 23 _ - 8 78 - - - - 24 14 38 _ . - - - 11 46 - 1128 - 25 10 03 - - 3 76 9 46 - 8 31 4 09 12 16 - 10 19 6 22 26. 13 96 - - - 9 44 - - - - - 27 - - - - - - 10 22 - - - - 28 30 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Grand Compakison. General Average Weekly Wage. ISDUSTRIKS. 1860. 187a. 1874. Mass. G. B. Mass. G. B. Mass. G.B 29 Cordage and twine, . , . . - - 30 Corks, - - - 31 Cotton goods, $6 50 - $8 14 $5 86 32 Cotton and woollen textiles, - - - - 33 Crayons, pencils, crucibles, etc.. - - - - - - 34 Drugs and medicines - - - - 35 Dyeing and finishing textiles, . - - - - - 36 DycBtuffs - - - 37 Earthen and stone ware, . - - - - - - 38 Electroplating - - - 39 Emery and sand paper, cloth, etc , . - - - - - 40 Fancy articles - - - - 41 - - - . - - 42 Fireworks and matches. - - - - - 43 Flax, linen, hempi and Jute goods, . 4 63 - 7 69 8 27 - 44 Food preparations 8 81 - 9 68 4 58 - 46 Furniture, ...... 11 77 - , 13 24 7 97 $16 42 - 46 G-as works - - - - - 47 01ass - - 11 89 6 95 - - 48 &Iue, isinglass, and starch. - - - 49 Hair work, ...... - - - - 50 Hose ; rubber, linen, etc - - - - 51 Hosiery - - - - - 62 Ink, mucilage, and paste, . - - - - - 63 Ivory, bone, and horn goods, . - - - - - - 64 Jewelry burnishing and lapidary work _ - _ « ^ 55 Leather 10 01 11 65 6 38 11 02 - 56 Liquors and beverages, - - - - 67 Liquors : malt and distilled, 10 73 - 13 83 6 97 - - 58 Lumber, - - - - - - 69 Machines and machinery, . 7 90 - 13 51 6 77 13 35 - 60 Metals and metallic goods, . 9 07 - 16 62 6 84 12 64 - 61 Mixed textiles, - - - - 9 67 62 Models and patterns - - - - - 63 Musical instruments and materials, . 10 94 - - - - 64 Oils and Illuminating fluids, - - - - 65 Paints, colors, and chemicals, . 8 96 - 13 29 5 98 - - WAGES AND PRICES: 1860-1883. 31 Massachusetts AND Great Britain — -1860- 1883.- -Con 1875. Il 1877. 1 1878. 1 1880. 1881. 1883. 1 Mass. 0. B. Mass. G. B. Mass. G. B. Mass. G. B. Mass. G. B. Mass. (t. B. $9 17 - - - $6 39 - 29 8 85 - - - 6 14 - 30 7 01 $4 87 $7 78 - , 7 37 $3 57 $8 M - $6 45 $4 66 31 7 70 - V - - - 6 63 - 32 10 08 10 14 - - - 33 9 33 - - - - 9 62 - - - 34 12 72 - - 7 66 - 36 - - - - 9 66 - - - - 36 13 04 - - - - - 9 11 - 37 14 39 - 8 74 - - 38 12 72 - - - 9 29 - - 39 11 80 - - 4 24 - - - - 40 1167 -, - 9 06 - - - - 41 7 01 - - 6 26 - 7 62 - 42 6 26 - 3 63 6 31 4 82 3 54 - - 6 46 2 84 43 12 00 - - 7 66 10 97 10 01 6 78 - - 9 81 2 72 44 12 10 - - 12 63 9 96 - 12 42 11 04 7 96 46 16 64 7 24 - 6 79 14 58 - 46 11 14 - 6 11 10 69 8 57 6 78 11 95 - 12 28 6 94 47 12 63 - - - - 7 35 - - - 48 7 35 - 5 66 - - 49 12 30 - - 6 81 - - 60 - - - 8 89 - 4 42 10 09 6 49 4 67 61 10 98 - - - - 10 06 - - - 52 11 19 - - - - 6 78 - - - 63 17 05 -, - 9 89 - \ - 64 11 90 3 66 12 89 9 63 - 13 62 10 66 55 - - - 8 78 - 56 13 26 - - - 12 40 9 70 - 12 87 12 66 67 11 26 - - - - 5 13 - - - 68 13 98 - - 4 77 10 05 10 40 5 93 12 27 - 11 75 6 93 59 13 16 - 6 40 11 76 - 10 23 6 77 13 96 11 26 7 40 60 7 46 5 75 - 6 96 6 16 - - 6 10 61 18 06 - - - 9 62 - - 62 17 04 - 11 98 - 12 32 - 13 65 14 73 63 11 33 - - ' - - 8 41 - ' 64 11 78 - 6 66 11 46 10 86 5 76 - 66 32 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Grand Compaeison. Oeneral Average Weekly Wage. iHDDSTKIBa. 1860. 1878. 1874. Mass. G.B. Mass. G.B. Mass. G.B. 66 Paper, $8 63 $9 77 $3 60 - 67 Perfumes and toilet preparations, . - - - 68 PhotograpIiB and ptaotograplilc ma- terials 1 _ . . - - 69 Polishes and dressings. - - 70 Printing and publlAing, . 11 06 - 12 84 6 64 71 Printing, dyeing, bleaching, and fin- ishing, cotton textiles, . 9 90 12 89 6 19 72 Kallroad construction. - - - - 73 Rubber and elastic goods, . - 10 21 4 32 74 Bait - - - - - 76 Scientific instruments and appli- ances, . . ... 76 Seed crushing, - - - - ■ J 77 Shipbuilding 20 84 16 17 6 76 $14 23 78 Silk and silk good 6 91 - - - - 79 Sporting goods, - - ■- 80 Stone, ... . . 8 01 - - - 13 93 81 Straw goods, - - - - - 82 Tallow, candles, soap, and grease, . 9 00 - 10 63 3 64 - 83 Tobacco and cigars 10 00 - 12 89 4 60 16 28 - 84 Toys and games, - - - - 86 Trunks and valises - - 86 Whips - - - 13 16 87 Wooden goods - - 10 00 2 07 - 88 Woollen goods, . - . 6 38 - 7 28 4 64 - 89 Worsted goods, Laborers. 6 10 ' ' " 90 Laborers, - - - 8 07 - WAGES AND PRICES : 1860-1883. Massachusetts and Great Britain — 1860-1883 — Con. 33 1875. 1877. 1878. 1880. 1881. 1883. Mass. O. B. Mass. 0. B. Kass. 6. B. Mass. G. B. Mass. G. B. Mass. G. B. i» 89 $3 87 $9 51 $8 17 $4 57 $10 44 1 _ $8 11 m 7- TO - - - 7 85 - i - - ,«7 11 41 - - - - 7 64 - 68 10 85 - - - 9 52 - - - 69 12 7» - 6 26 13 68 - 1102 4 94 14 39 - 11 37 $5 52 70 9 36 -, 6 35 9 58 7 01 4 92 - 8 67 4 94 71 IS 93: - - 8 84 ■ - - - - - ; ;72- 9 43. - ■ - 9 66 8 IS - 9 61 6 96 73 - - - - ■ - 2 63. - - - 74 12 81 - - - ! 10 57 - - - - 7S - 6 64 - - 5 73 - - 7« 17 OS - 6 19 10 75 12 47 6 10 - 20.44 8 14 77 a 12 - - - 8 32 5 87 - - - 7 58. - 78. 11 28 - 6 75 - - - - 79 15 12 - - 8 69 10 25 - 10 11 - 14 39 3 68 80 10 33 - 11 37 5 01 - 11 25 9 91 81 12 64 - - 6 21 10 24 9 19 5 60 - - - 82 12 65 - 11 89 - 9 45 - - ■ - - 8? 13 10 - - 6 37 - - - 84 13 70 - - - - 10 37 - - - - 85 11 68 - - - - 9 38 - - - - *6 12 46 - - 9 24 - 12 19 5 67 87 7 76 - - 6 63 6 89 7 93 S 25 7 32 690 4 86 88 7 69 - 4 47 7 41 6 66 4 36 - - 7 32 3 60 89 9 79 - - - - - 13 37 90 34 STATISTICS OF LABOK. We present secoud a table showing by industries, and coun- tries, the wage fluctuations from year to year since 1860. We give the years, in this range, in which the highest and lowest average weekly, wages were paid, compare these averages with the general average of all years, and then show the excess of the highest average weekly wage first over the lowest average weekly wage and then over the general average weekly wage. Only those industries appear, in either country, which gave general averages for at least two different years. Massachusetts. Wage Fluctuations. By Industkies. Agriculture Agricultural implementa, Arms and amrannition, . Artificial teeth and deutnl work, Artisans* tools, Awnings and tents. Boots and shoes, Boxes Brick Brooms and hrushes, Building trades. Burial cases, caskets, coffins, etc. Buttons and dress trimmings, Oarpetinge, Carriages and wagons, . Cement, kaoliit, lime, and plaster, Obarcoal, Clocks and watches. Clothing, . - . . Cqpcrete walks, paving, etc.. Cordage and twine. Corks Cotton goods, .... Cotton and woollen textiles, . ■ Crayons, pencils, crucibles, etc , Drugs and medicines, . Dyeing and finishing textiles, Earthen and stone ware. Electroplating, - . . Emery and sand paper, cloth, etc. Fancy articles, Fertilizers, .... Fireworks and matches. Flax, linen, hemp, and jute goods, Food preparations, . Furniture, Gas works, .... Glass Glue, isinglass, and starch, . Hair work Hose : rubber, lines, etc.. Hosiery Ink, mucilage, and paste, Ivory, bone, and horn goods, Jewelry burnishing and lapidary work, Leather Liquors : malt and distilled, . Lumber, . . . ,. Machines and machinery, Metals and metallic goods, . Highest Average Weekly Wage. fear. Amount. 1875 J875 187S 1875 1875 1876 1872 1875 1872 1878 1872 1875, 1875 1872 1872 1876 1875 1876 1874 1875 1875 1875 1881 1876 1880 1880 1875 1875 1875 1876 1876 1876 1880 1872 1876 1874 1875 1883 1875 1876 1876 1881 1876 1876 1876 1881 1872 1875 1875 1872 $7 84 14 80 16 96 15 76 13 73 16 n 14 73 11 00 11 26 11 90 15 64 14 19 7 71 12 76 17 11 10 43 9 74 14 38 13 90 13 96 9 17 8 86 8 19 7 70 10 14 9 62 12 72 13 04 14 35 12 72 11 80 11 67 7 62 7 69 12 00 16 42 16 54 12 28 12 53 7 36 12 30 10 09 10 98 11 19 17 06 13 52 13 83 18 40 13 98 15 52 Lowefit Average Weekly Wage. Year. Amount 1860 1880 1880 1880 1860 1880 1880 1860 1860 1880 1860 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 1883 1860 1880 1880 1880 1860 1880 1876 1876 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 1878 1860 1860 1880 1883 1880 1880 1880 1880 1883 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 I860 1860 $4 28 7 75 9 66 11 87 8 45 7 83 5 01 6 08 9 87 12 60 6 33 6 87 10 23 7 01 9 28 11 28 8 26 9 44 6 39 6 14 6 60 6 53 10 06 9 32 7 66 9 11 8 74 9 29 4 24 9 06 6 25 4 63 8 81 9 95 14 68 8 67 7 35 6 56 6 81 6 49 10 06 6 78 9 70 5 13 7 90 9 07 General Average Weekly Wage. $6 59 11 42 13 62 12 65 10 32 13 69 10 34 8 80 8 69 9 42 12 64 13 34 6 93 7 76 12 48 8 46 9 71 12 99 9 23 13 83 7 73 7 14 7 14 7 00 10 10 9 53 7 66 11 14 10 91 10 30 6 23 10 04 7 20 6 99 10 66 10 99 15 06 10 84 9 91 6 67 8 85 7 49 10 60 8 46 13 73 10 44 11 94 7 80 10 16 11 36 Excess of Highest Average Weekly Wage — Over Over Lowest. Average. $3 66 7 06 7 40 3 88 6 28 8 28 5 13 4 20 6 24 6 82 6 77 1 69 1 38 6 89 6 88 3 42 46 3 10 5 64 4 61 2 78 2 71 1 69 1 17 08 30 6 16 3 93 6 61 3 43 7 66 2 62 2 27 3 06 3 19 6 47 %6 3 71 5 18 1 79 6 49 3 60 93 4 41 7 16 3 89 4 13 13 27 8 08 $1 25 3 38 3 33 3 10 3 41' 2 42 4 39 2 20 2 66 2 48 3 10 85 78 5 00 4 63 1 97 03 1 39 4 67 12 1 44 1 71 1 06 70 04 09 6 16 1 90 3 44 2 42 5 67 1 63 32 1 70 1 34 6 43 48 1 44 2 62 68 3 45 2 60 48 2 73 3 32 3 08 1 89 10 60 3 82 4 16 WAGES AND PKICES : 1860-1883. 35 Massachusetts. Wage Fluctuations, By Industries. — Con. and Mixed textiles, Models and patterns, Musical instruments and mate' rials Oils and illuminating fluids. Paints, colors, and chemicals, Paper Perfumes and toilet preparations. Photographs and photographic materials, Polishes and dressings, . Printing and publishint;, Printing, dyeing, bleaching, finishing, cotton textiles. Railroad construction, . Kubber and elastic goods. Scientific Instruments and appli- ances, , Shipbuilding, . Bilk and silk goods, Sporting goods. Stone, Straw goods, . Tnilow, candles, soap, and grease, Tobacco and cigars. Toys and games, Trunks and valises. Whips, . Wooden goods. Woollen goods. Worsted goods. Laborers, , Highest Average Weekly Wage, Year. Amount. 1874 1875 1875 1875 1872 1881 1880 1875 1876 1881 1872 1875 1872 1875 1860 1878 1875 1876 1878 1876 1874 1875 1875 1874 1876 1880 1875 1883 $9 57 18 06 17 94 11 33 13 29 10 44 7 86 11 41 10 85 14 39 12 89 13 93 10 21 12 81 20 84 8 32 11 28 15 12 11 37 12 64 16 84 13 10 13 70 18 16 12 46 7 93 7 60 18 37 LoTveat Average Weekly Wage. 1880 1880 I860 1880 1860 1883 1875 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 1883 1880 1878 1880 1880 1860 1880 1860 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 1860 1880 1874 Year. Amount, $e 95 9 62 10 94 8 41 8 95 8 11 7 70 7 64 9 62 11 02 7 01 8 84 10 67 10 76 6 87 6 75 8 01 6 01 9 00 9 45 6 37 10 37 9 38 9 24 5 38 6 66 8 07 General Average Weekly Wage. $7 10 13 46 13 63 10 93 11 85 8 65 7 81 9 96 11 68 9 94 11 26 8 60 11 44 15 50 6 68 6 01 12 02 8 97 10 28 10 63 7 96 12 07 10 66 10 39 6 75 6 83 11 67 Excess of Highest Average Weekly Wage — Over Over Lowest. Average. $2 62 8 53 7 00 2 92 4 34 2 33 16 3 77 1 33 3 37 6 88 5 09 3 26 2 24 10 09 2 45 6 53 7 11 6 36 3 54 7 39 6 73 3 33 3 78 3 22 2 55 1 93 5 30 $2 47 4 59 4 41 40 1 44 1 79 04 2 48 89 2 71 2 96 2 67 1 61 1 37 5 26 1 64 5 27 3 10 2 40 2 26 6 31 6 14 1 63 2 60 2 07 1 13 76 1 80 Great Britain. Wage Fluctuations. By Industries. Mining 1880 tS 38 1877 $4 71 $5 14 $0 67 $0 24 Boots and shoes 1872 6 66 1880 3 78 4 90 1 87 76 Brick 1872 5 86 1883 4 16 6 01 1 70 85 Building trades 1883 7 21 1877 5 56 6 61 1 65 60 Carpetings, ... 1880 4 61 1872 3 92 4 11 69 40 Carriages and wagons, . 1880 7 33 1883 4 89 6 45 2 44 88 Clothing 1883 6 22 1877 3 76 5 46 2 47 76 Cotton goods 1872 5 36 1880 3 67 4 60 1 79 76 Flax, linen, hemp, and Jute goods. 1877 3 63 1883 2 84 3 01 79 62 Food preparations 1877 7 66 1883 2 72 4 79 4 94 2 87 Furniture 1872 7 97 188S 7 96 7 96 01 01 Gas works, 1877 7 24 1880 6 79 6 92 45 32 Glass 1872 6 95 1880 5 78 6 54 1 17 41 Hosiery 1883 4 67 1880 4 42 4 56 26 12 Leather, . . ■ . 1872 6 38 1877 3 65 6 69 2 73 69 Liquors: malt and distilled, . 1883 12 66 1872 5 97 624 6 69 6 42 Machines and machinery. 1883 6 93 1877 4 77 6 73 2 16 20 Metals and metallic goods, , 1883 7 40 1880 5 77 6 90 1 63 50 Mixed textile 1880 6 16 1877 6 76 6 04 41 12 Paints, colors, and chemicals. 1877 6 66 1880 6 76 6 22 90 44 Paper Printing and publishing. 1880 4 67 1872 3 60 4 13 97 44 1872 6 64 1880 4 94 6 42 1 60 1 12 Printing, dyeing, bleaching, and finishing, cotton textiles, . 1872 6 19 1880 4 92 6 10 1 27 1 09 Seed crushing 1877 6 64 1880 5 73 6 17 91 47 Shipbuilding Tallow, candles, soap, and grease. 1883 8 14 1880 6 10 6 73 2 04 1 41 1877 6 21 1872 3 54 6 74 2 67 47 Wooden goods 1883 6 67 1872 2 07 3 87 3 60 1 80 Woollen goods 1877 5 63 1872 464 4 79 99 84 Worsted goods 1877 4 47 1883 3 60 3 76 87 72 36 STATISTICS OF LABOR. By a consolidation we obtain the following table showing the wage fluctuations by years in both countries. Wage Fluctuations. By Tears. KUUBBB Ojr IKDUSTBIBS. YeaSs, MASaAOtlbSKTTS, QBEiT BEITAJlf. Highest. Lowest^ Highest. Lowest. 1860 1 16 1872 11 1874 6 1 1876 4b 3 1878 4 2 1880 5 61 1881 i -. 1883 2 6 1872 , . . . . 8 « 1877 8 6 1880 5 11 1883 ! 8 6 Totals, : Ts 78 29 29 This table will bear careful study. "We see that one industry in Massachusetts, Shipbuilding, paid its highest wages in IS'GO. Two industries. Glass and Laborers, reached their highest point in 1883. Forty-five, or 57 + per cent, reached their highest figure in 1875. In Massachusetts, sixteen industries were at their lowest point in 1860, and fifty-one in 1880. Five industries. Clocks and Watches, Gas "Works, Hoisery, Paper, and Eubber and Elastic Goods, paid their lowest wage in 1883. In Great Britain there is a very even distribution among the four years as regards the highest wage point, and a plain indi- cation that more industries were at a low wage level in 1880 than in any other year. A further investigation of these fluctuations shows in Massa- chusetts, during the eight wage periods from 1860 to 1883, that 110 industries advanced as regards wages while 128 showed a falling off at some period. In Great Britain 28 advanced and 35 fell off. These results were gained by comparisons with previous years in each country and not by comparison of one country with another. Massachusetts has advanced on a high general average wage and Great Britain has advanced on a comparatively low general average wage. The result, in both countries, was obtained irrespective of amounts, a small indus- try with a small gain counting as much, that is, as an industry. WAGES AND PRICES : 1860-1883. 37 as a great industry with a marked advance in wages. Reduced to percentages the results show, as regards the industries con- sidered, an advance in 46.21 per cent and a falling off in 53.79 per cent in Massachusetts ; an advance in 44.42 per cent and a falling off in 55.58 per cent in Great Britain. We next bring into direct comparison fourteen leading indus- tries for which we have wage statistics in both countries for 1872, 1880, and 1883. In this table we have also included Great Britain wages for 1877 and Massachusetts wages for 1878, they furnishing, in our opinion, a thoroughly trustwor- thy basis for comparisons. Grand CoiiPABisoif. Fourteen Leading Industries. Massachusetts' and Great Britain. IxilCSIBIEa AHD ConKitaiES. Gknbral Avehagb Weekly Wage paid to All Employes. ficneml Average, Weekly WaiiSi 1872-1883. Higher in 1872. 1877-8. 1880. 1883. PffRCEMT- AGE8. Boots a:nd Bhoss. Mass G. B $14 73 5 65 $12 02 4 68- $9 60 ' 8 78 $1163 4 37 $9 73 4 90 98.57 Building Tbades. Mass G. B 15 64 8 64 12 63 { 5 56 10 54 6 73 14 99 1 7 21 10 91 6 61 65.06 Oak BIASES and Wagons. Mass G. B t ' 17 11 6 5S 14 03 10 23 7 33- ' 13 80 4 89 11 82 6 45 83.26 Clothinq. Kaaa G. B 12 37 5 79 ' 9 48 3 76 8 31 4 09 10 19 6 22 8 58 5 46 87.14 Cotton Goods. Mass. , .' G.B 8 14 5 36 7 78 4 87 7 37 3 67 6-45 4 66 T68 4 60 66.96 Flax, Linen, Hemp, and Jute GfOODS. Mass G.B 1 7 69- 3 27 5 31 3 63 4 82 3 54 6 46 2 84 5 96 3 01 98.01 Food Pkepakations. Mass. G.B 9 68 4 68 10 97 7 66 10 01 5 78 9 81 2 72 10 02 4 79 109.19 Glass. Mass G. B 1139 6 95 10 69 6 11 8 57 6 78 12 28 ■ 6' 94 10 11 6 54 64.69 M^^CHINES AND MAOHINBBT. Mass G.B 13 51 6 77 10 05 4 77 10 40 5 93 11 75 , 6 93 10 67 6 73 58.S4 Metals and Metallic Goods. Mass G.B 15 62 6 84 11 75 640 10 23 5 77 11 25 7 40 10 42 6 90 51.01 Pbinting and Publishing. Mass G.B 12 84 6 54 13 58 6 26 11 02 4,94 11 37 5 52 11 27 5 42 107.93 38 STATISTICS OF LABOE. Grand Comparison. Fourteen Leading Industries — Con. Massachusetts and Great Britain. Gexeral Average Wkbklt Wage Paid to all Employes. General Average Weekly Wage. 1872-1888. Hisher In Mass. iNDnSTBIES ADD COUNTEIES. 1878. 1877-8. 1880. 1883. Peboekt- AGR8. ■ PBXNTINO, DTEIXO, BLBACHlNa, AND FiNIBHIKG, COTTON TEXTILES. MaR8 G. B Sbipbuildinq. Maxa. (Wooden ships) . G. B. (Iron ships) .... ■Woollen Goods. Mass.. . . ' . G. B. . . . ... $12 89 6 19 16 17 6 76 7 28 4 64 $9 98 5 36 10 75 6 19 6 89 6 63 $7 01 4 92 12 47 6 10 7 93 6 25 $8 67 4 94 20 44 8 14 6 90 4 86 $9 52 5 10 13 64 6 73 6 92 4 79 86.67 102.67 44.47 In the case of each industry Massachusetts shows a much higher general average wage than (Joes Great Britain. The percentage of excess in one industry in Massachusetts is under 50, in four from 50 to 60, in six from 60 to 100, and in three above 100 per cent. We are now ready to present the Grand Comparison showing the general average weekly wage paid to all employes, in both countries, by industries, for all the wage periods considered from 1860 to 1883, the consolidation being for eight diflferent years or less in Massachusetts and for four different years or less in Great Britain, the varying number of years, as regards particular industries, being shown in the case of each. Grand Comparison. By Industries. General Average Weekly Wage paid to All Employis. — 1860-1883. iNDnSTKIES. Massachitsbtts. Great Bbitaih. Number of different years rep- resented. General average Weekly Wage. Higher in Mass. Per cent. Number of different years rep- resented. General average Weekly Wage. Higher in G. B. Per cent. domestic and Personal Office. 1 Domestic service, .... Trade and Transportation. 1 $3 03 2 Carriers on roads Agriculture. 1 12 44 3 Agrlculturei 5 6 69 191.6 1 $2 25 - WAGES AND PEICES: 1860-1883. . 39 Grand Comparison. By Industries. — Co7i. General Average Weekly Wage paid to All Kmployks. — 1860-1883. INDDSTBIES. Number of different years rep- resented. Fisheries. FlBheriea, Mines. Mining, Mam^acturea and Mechanical Jndttsiries. Agricultural implements, . Arms and ammunition, ArtiAcial teeth and dental work, Artisans* tools, Awnings and tents, Bags and bagging, . Bookbinder les, Boots and shoes, . Boxes, Brick Brooms and brushes, . Building trades, . Burial cases, caskets, coffins, etc. Buttons and dress trimmings, Oarpetings, .... Carriages and wagons, . Cement, kaolin, lime, and plaster, Charcoal Chemical prepnrations, . Clocks and watches, Clothing, .... Concrete walks, pavlnir, etc., Cooking, lighting, and heating ap- paratus, . - . . Cordage and twine. Corks Cotton goods, .... Cotton and woollen textiles. Crayons, penclts, crucibles, etc., Drugs and medicines, . Dyeing and finishing textiles, Dyestuffb, .... Earthen and stone ware, Electroplating, . ' . Emery and sand paper, cloth, etc., Fancy articles, Fertilizers, .... Fireworks and matches. Flax, linen, hemp, and jute goods, Food preparations. Furniture, .... Gas works, .... Glass, Glue, Isinglass, and starch, . Hair work Hose: rubber, linen, etc., . Hosiery Ink, mucilage, and papte, Ivory, bone, and born goods, Jewelry burnishing and lapidary work Leather, Massachusetts. General x,,„^„. Weeklv ^" Mass. Wage? ■"■"■»"* $U 67 11 42 13 62 12 65 10 32 13 69 fi 16 10 66 ID 84 8 80 8 99 9 42 12 54 13 34 6 93 7 76 12 48 8 46 9 71 8 78 12 99 9 23 13 83 10 22 7 73 7 14 7 14 7 00 10 10 9 53 7 66 9 65 11 14 10 91 10 30 6 23 10 04 7 20 5 99 10 66 10 99 16 06 10 84 9 91 6 67 8 86 7 49 10 60 8 46 IS 73 10 44 33.6 98.5 111.0 111.0 86.4 71.6 77.7 89.7 88.8 93.6 74 6 69.0 99.0 122.5 38.1 117.6 65.7 64.6 Number of different years rep- resented. Great Bbitain. General average Weekly Wage. Higher n G. U. Per cent. $5 14 8 85 6 86 4 89 4 90 4 72 5 01 6 30 6 61 4 11 6 45 7 44 6 46 3 01 4 79 7 96 6 92 6 64 40 STATISTICS OF LABOR. Geand Comparison. By Inocstkies — Con. General Average Weekly Wage gaid tO' All Employes. — 1860-1883. Number of different years rep- resented. Lfc[uorB and beverages. Liquors : malt and distilled. Lumber, .... MachineB and machinery, Ifetals and metallic goods, Uized textiles, Uodete and patterns, . Musical instruments and'materials, Oils and iiluminatine fluids, Faints, colors, and chemicals. Paper, Perfumes and toilet preparations, Photograplis and photographic materials,! . PollebeB. 7 2 3 390 456 846 846 7 2 4 6 2 3 886 358 743 743 . 8 3 3 6 2 3 4ia 195 611 611 _ 9 2 4 6 1 2 620 184 704 653 + 61 in 2 4 6 2 3 608 282 890 890 11 2 4 6 1 2 624 300 924 924 _ 12 3 - 3 _ 2 6S0 780 1,800 1,185 + 115 1,4 2 3 ft 1 2 614 260 874 874 - 14 2 1 3 . 1 1,040 _ 1,040 881 --206 15 2 - 2 - 2 620 260 780 640 --240 IB 2 4 6 1 2 494 156 660 660 _ 17 2 2 4 1 2 470 156 626 626 18 2 3 6 1 2 520 130 650 650 19 2 4 6 1 616 - 616 616 Wokkingmen's Budgets. Size of Family, Persons at Work, Earnings and Expenses. Gkeat Britain. +$146 98 1 2 4 6 _ 1 $282 24 . $282 24 $282 24 2 2 3 6 2 3 126 62 $666 64 793 16 647 18 3 2 3 5 2 3 243 30 209 24 452 54 462 54 4 2 2 4 1 2 277 36 10121 878 57 378 67 ft 2 6 7 2 3 826 02 192 21 518 28 618 23 « 1 6 7 1 2 227 73 88 66 316 29 316 29 7 2 4 6 2 : 3 263 03 253 04 606 07 606 07 8 3 6 8 3 . 4 291 96 340 62 632 58 632 68 9 2 6 7 2 3 248 17 327 49 575 66 576 66 10 2 4 6 I 2 417 60 161 82 669 32 569 32 11 2 6 8 2 3 399 01 272 50 671 51 671 51 12 2 3 6 2 3 462 27 321 16 783 43 783 43 13 2 4 6 2 3 301 69 128 95 430 64 430 64 14 2 4 6 . 1 379 55 - 379 55 379 66 1ft 2 2 4 1 2 341 59 88 66 430 15 430 15 18 2 6 7 2 8 879 56 180 04 659 69 559 69 50 STATISTICS OF LABOR. WoRKiNGMEN's BUDGETS. Expense Details. Massachusetts • No. Total Ex- penses. Bent. Gro- ceries. Meat. Fish. Milk. Fuel. Cloth- ing, Boots and Shoes. Goods. Sundr^r Ex- penses. 1 $661 $144 $160 $85 $30 _ $40 $60 $30 $12 $110 2 936 192 SCO 100 80 $30 40 150 60 16 29 it 649 owned. 260 104 SO 25 40 60 26 16 100 4 1,014 240 800 150 40 30 40 100 40 16 69 B 482 72 200 60 20 30 - 20 15 6 20 H 846 150 260 125 20 26 80 90 40 12 94 7 743 96 200 100 30 30 30 100 30 10 117 8 611 144 200 75 25 25 80 60 20 10 32 9 663 66 200 75 30 20 _ 100 60 . 112 10 890 168 280 166 10 25 40 100 24 30 57 11 924 ISO 800 166 25 30 40 75 26 16 77 12 1,189 400 200 76 80 20 80 160 - 40 190 1R 874 180 240 100 20 25 40 60 26 20 204 14 834 168 250 100 30 25 40 100 80 20 71 IS 540 156 150 76 15 4 16 40 20 8 49 ia 650 120 156 166 20 20 75 20 10 60 17 626 96 200 76 20 25 26 40 25 20 100 IS 650 144 220 80 20 30 26 60 25 15 30 19 616 144 176 76 30 25 40 60 25 15 27 Wokkingmen's Budgets. Expense Details. Great Britain No. Total Ex- penses. Bent. Gro- ceries. Meat. Fish. Milk. Fuel. Cloth- ing. Boots and Shoes. Goods. Sundry Ex- penses. 1 $282 24 $48 66 $99 76 $24 33 $14 60 $17 03 $8 78 $29 20 $12 17 $9 73 $18 "Ol ?, 647 18 owned. 146 98 *121 66 - 24 33 24 33 68 39 34 06 38 93 199 51 S 452 54 60 60 194 64 - 14 60 12 17 17 03 77 86 12 17 - 73 48 4 378 67 94 80 126 61 60 82 24 33 9 73 12 17 36 52 - 14 60 . 5 618 23 63 26 145 98 72 99 9 73 19 46 14 60 48 66 29 20 19 46 94 89 316 29 43 79 87 69 48 66 4 87 19 46 9 73 38 93 14 60 14 60 34 06 7 606 07 63 26 194 64 121 66 29 20 19 46 19 46 43 80 14 60 - - 8 632 58 75 91 146 98 *76 42 - 9 73 21 90 87 69 24 33 68 12 123 60 9 575 66 66 93 234 06 58 88 ■ 16 79 19 46 29 20 48 66 11 92 24 33 75 43 10 669 82 77 86 194 64 97 32 14 60 14 60 24 33 68 12 19 46 19 46 38 93 n 671 61 107 06 243 30 146 98 19 46 19 47 19 47 68 39 24 33 - 34 06 12 783 43 99 27 170 31 *97 32 - 7 SO 19 46 97 32 24 33 48 66 219 46 13 430 64 63 26 146 98 48 66 12 17 9 73 19 46 34 06 9 73 9 73 77 86 14 379 65 75 42 145 98 48 66 - 17 03 14 60 48 66 17 03 . 12 17 15 430 15 69 68 145 98 38 92 9 78 18 98 12 17 68 39 12 17 9 73 54 50 16 669 15 107 06 194 64 58 39 9 73 24 33 18 26 82 72 19 47 ~ 45 01 * Includes Fish. Wokkingmen's Budgets. Averages. Massachusetts and Great Britain. CLA8SIFICATI0H. Pereons In family Adults Children ITumber at work Adults, Children Total earnings Barningg of head of family, , Earnings of members of ramily, Total expenses Surplus, MASSAOHtlSETTS. Average. Per cent. 6.21 2.16 8.05 2.16 1.16 1.00 $808 47 568 63 ' 244 79 764 42 49 06 41.46 68.54 53.70 46.30 69.63 80.47 6U Gbeat Bbitaih. Average. Per cent. 6.06 2.00 4.06 2.66 1.00 1.66 $617 47 309 84 207 63 603 36 g 12 33.00 67.00 39.06 60.94 59.88 40.12 98.24 1.76 WAGES AND PRICES: 1860-1883. 51 These averages show, as regards the families considered, that the average Great Britain family was slightly larger but had a fraction more persons at work, and, for this reason, matches the average Massachusetts family. As regards total earnings, the Massachusetts family, on an average, earned 55.27 percent more than the average Great Britain family. The average earnings of the head of the family in Massachusetts were 80.31 per cent higher than in Great Britain ; that is, the advantage of wages, as shown in Part II., is 75.94 per cent, while the advantage of earnings, owing to increased yearly working time in Massachusetts, is 80.31 per cent. The average earnings of members of the family were 17.90 per cent higher in Massa- chusetts than in Great Britain. JThe total family expenses in Massachusetts were 48.41 per cent greater (not higher) than in Great Britain. The average Massachusetts family expended 93.89 per cent of its total income and had 6.11 per cent sur- plus. The average Great Britain family expended 98.24 per cent of its income and had 1.76 per cent surplus. Workingmen's Budgets. Percentages of Expenditure. Massachu- setts AND Great Britain. Massachusetts. GSRAT BBtTAlN. CLAasiriOATios. Average. Per cent. Average. Per cent. Rent $14S 95 19.74 $68 55 13.48 Groceries, 222 68 29.52 163 60 32.16 Meat 100 63 13.34 69 98 13.77 Fish 25 00 3.31 H 24 2.21 Milk, 23 42 3.U 16 39 3.22 Fuel 32 42 4.30 17 81 3.50 Clothing, 77 89 10.32 57 27 11.27 Boots and shoes 27 37 3.63 17 47 3.44 Dry goods, 15 11 2.00 17 33 3.41 Sundry expenses 80 99 10.73 . 68 81 13.54 We have now arrived at the percentages of expenditure as drawn from the 19 budgets obtained in Massachusetts and the 16 obtained in Great Britain. We must next bring these per- centages into comparison with those secured by Dr. Engel, and also with those arrived at by the Bui-eau. Engel's law was first printed by the Bureau in the Sixth An- nual Report, for 1875 ; as the edition of that report is exhausted, we reproduce the table and Dr. Engel's conclusions. 52 STATISTICS OF LABOR. EngeVs Lal'U). ITEUS OF £XF£HDITDBB. p£bcentagb of thb expenditubu of the Fahilt of — A worktngman wlih an Income of from $225 to $800 a year. A man of the intermediate cla^s (" Mlttet- sfandcB") Trith an Inqome of, from $450 to $600 a year. A persdh jih easy circumstan- ces ("des Wct\}l- standes ") with an Inctime of from $750 tO $1,100 a year. , 1. Subsistence 2. . Clothing, 3. Lodging 4. Firing and Ifghtlngr .... 5. Education, public worship, etc., fi. Legal protection, . . 7. Care of health, 8. Comfort, mental and bodily recreatioti,- Total, 62.01 6.0J 2.0 1 1.0J Per cent. 65.0 1 6.0J 3.5 2.0 2.0 1.6 Per cent. 60.01 6.0J 5.6 1 8.6 J 100.0 ' ' The foregoing table demonstrates the points upon the strength of which Dr. Engel propounds an economic law. The distinct propositions are, — First. That the greater the income, the smaller the relative percentage of outlay for subsistence. Second. That the percentage of outlay for clothing is ap- proximately the same, whatever the income. Third. That the percentage of outlay for lodging, or rent, and for fuel and light, is invariably the same, whatever the income. Fourth. That as the income increases in amount, the per- centage of outlay for ' sundries ' becomes greater." We also reprint the Bureau table from the same report. Percentages of Expenditure. Bureau Table. , iTEUS OF £XP£NI>ITnRB. Pehcentagr of the Expenditure op the Fakilt of a woueingman with an income — From $800 to $450. From $490 to $600. From $600 to $760. Froih $7S6 to $1,200. Above $1,200. Subsistence, . Clothing, Bent, Fuel, Sundry expenses. Totals, 841 ir S 8 Per cent. 63 10.6 tgg 5 15.9 6 6 94 Per cent. 66- 100 100 100 10 10 WAGES AND PRICES : 1860-1883. 53 We have seen that the average annual family expenditure in Massachusetts, as shown by the budgets for 1883, were $754.42 and in Great Britain, for the same year, $508.35. For pur- poses of comparison we bring together, for the average Massa- chusetts family and also for the average Great Britain family, the percentages of expenditure as drawn from the budgets, and the percentages for same sized incomes, from Engel's law and the Bureau table. Massachusetts. Percentages of Expenditure, Amount, $764.42. Items of Ezpenditubb. Mass. Bndfrets. 1883. Engel's Prosslan law. Mass. Bureaa table 1875. Average. SftbBlBtence CltMlilng RJfftit, 49.28 15.95 19.74 60.00 18.00 12.00 5.00 15.00 56.00 15.00 17.00 6.00 6.00 61.76 16.32 16 25 Fpel. Subary expetaseg 4.30 10.73 5.10 . 10.57 Totals, 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Great Britain. Percentages of Expenditure, Amount, $508.35. ITBUS OF EXPUNDITUBB. Gt. Britain Buflgets. Engel'f Prussian law. Mass. Bureau table. 1876. Average. Subsistence, Clothing, . Relit, .... Fuel Sundry expenses, Totals, . 5136 18.12 13.48 3.50 13.54 65.00 18.00 12.00 6.00 10.00 100.00 100.00 63.00 10.50 15 50 6.00 6.00 100.00 56.45 15.54 13.66 4.83 9.52 100.00 The remarkable harmony in the items of expenditure shown by a percentage of total expenditure must establish the sound- ness of the economic law propounded by Dr. Engel.* The col- umn of averages should, therefore, be taken as the very best result of that law sustained by a wide range of data from three great countries, and this law would stand for Massachusetts on a total annual expenditure, for instance, of $750, as * This same harmotly is found to exist in other localities and Terlfies beyond qaestion the results of previous efforts in establishing the lawrelative to the division of income as regaWs the various items of living expenses. The followng tables are taken from the Third Biennial Report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of Illinois. The Secretaly, 54 STATISTICS OP LABOR. follows : — Subsistence, 51.76%; Clothing, 16.32%; Rent, 16.25%; Fuel, 5.10%; Sundry expenses, 10.57%; total, 100% ; and for Great Britain on a total expenditure, for Mr. John S. Lord, has brought into direct comparison the results previously obtained by this Bureau, for Massachusetts, Qreat Britain, and Prussia, and the results for 1,769 families in Illinois. Percentages of Expenditure by the Families of Workingmen in Illinois, ■ Massachusetls, and Qreat Britain. Illinois. MASSACHnSBTTS. Gbeat BHITAIlf. ClABSiriOATIOK. Average. Per cent. Average. Per cent. Average. Per cent. Rent $96 83 17.42 $148 95 19.74 $68 55 13.48 (3-rocerleB *161. 37 29.14 222 68 29.52 163 50 32.1S Meat 67 go 12.24 100 63 13.34 69 98 13.77 Fish _ _ 25 00 ■ 3.31 11 24 2.21 Milk _ « 23 42 3.11 16 39 3.22 Fuel,. 31 22 5.63 32 42 4.30 17 81 3.60 Clothing 65 45 10.00 77 89 10.32 57 27 11.27 Boots and shoes, 25 71 4.65 27 37 3.63 17 47 3.44 Sry goods,,. .... 35 26 6.35 16 11 2.00 17 83 3.41 Sundries, t80 84 14.67 80 95 10.73 68 81 13.64 Total $554 58 100.00 $754 42 100 00 $508 35 100.00 * Fish included. t Milk included. Comparative Percentages of Expenditures in Illinois, Massachusetts, Great Britain, and Prussia. Illinois. Per cent. Massachu- setts. Qbbat Bkitaih. Per cent. Prussia. Per cent. AVXBAGB. Per cent. Subsistence, Clothing, Kent, . Fuel, Sundries, Totals, 41.38 21.00 17.42 5.63 14.57 49.28 16.95 19.74 4.30 10.73 100.00 100.00 51.36 18.12 13.48 3.50 13.54 100.00 66.00 18.00 12.00 5.00 10.00 lOO.Ot 49.25 18.27 16.66 4.61 12.21 100.00 Comparative Percentages of Expenditures in the United States and Europe. ITEUS 07 EXPENDITUBE. United States. Per cent. EUBOPE. Per cent. Subsistence, Clothing, Bent, , Fuel, . Sundries, , Totals, 45.33 18.47 18.58 4.97 12.65 100.00 53.18 18.06 12.74 4.25 11.77 100.00 WAGES AND PRICES : 1860-1883. 55 instance, of $500 per annum, as follows : — Subsistence, 56.45%; Clothing, 15.54%; Rent, 13.66%; Fuel, 4.83%; Sundry expenses, 9.52% ; total, 100%. In examining the two preceding tables it will be seen that in Great Britain, in accordance with the Massachusetts Bureau table of 1875, 63 per cent of an annual expenditure of $508.35 was for subsistence. This figure, which seems out of propor- tion to percentages of subsistence established by other data, is really in harmony with the economic law stated, for in all cases, so far as we have been able to examine, the percentage of expenditure for subsistence increases and that for clothing decreases, of course within certain limits, as the total annual expenditure for family support decreases. We have now but to apply the percentages indicating higher prices in either country to a uniform basis for both countries in order to ascertain the higher cost of living in Massachusetts. As this basis is necessarily an arbitrary' one, we adopt $1000 and apply to this basis the various percentages. Any uniform basis for both countries would do as well as $1000, as the object is only to secure money equivalents for established per- centages as shown on page 151, ante. Supposing a family in Massachusetts and a family in Great Britain were each to expend $1000 in a given time (not neces- sarily a year) the elements of such expense would be as shown below in the column headed "Basis," which, it will be seen, foots up $1000. The column headed " Increased" contains the basis figures increased by the percentages indicating the higher prices in each country. GsAND Comparison. Cost of Living -^ 1883. ■ Great Britain. Massachusetts and Aetioi,K3. MASSACHD3ETT3. Geeat Beitaiu. Basis. Increased. Basis. Increased. G-rocerie's, $295 20 $373 63 $321 60 $321 60 FroviBioDB 197 60 197 60 192 00 243 21 Fuel 43 00 71 74 35 00 35 00 Dry goods 20 00 34 41 34 10 34 10 Boots, shoes, and slippcro, .... 36 30 49 11 34 40 34 40 Clothing 103 20 143 53 112 70 112 70 Rente 197 40 256 61 134 80 134 80 Sundries, 107 30 107 30 135 40 135 40 Totals $1000 00 $1232 93 $1000 00 $1061 21 56 STATISTICS OF LABOR. This table means that $1000 worth of the specified " articles" (in the proportions stated) in Great Britain, if purchased in Massachusetts would cost $1232.93, while, with the same con- ditions, $1000 worth of " articles" in Massachusetts would cost $1051. 21. in Great Britain. That is, the ratio of cost of living in Massachusetts and Great Britain is as $1232.93 to $1051.21, or, reduced to a simple decimal, the ratio would stand 1.23 to 1.05. By comparing these grand results we find — That, on any basis of yearly expenditure, the prices of articles enterirvff into the cost of living were, on the average, 17.29 per cent higher in Massachusetts, in 1883, than in Great Britain; that of thisflgwe 11.49 per cent was due to higher rents in Massachusetts, leaving 5.80 per cent as indicative of the higher cost of living in Massachusetts, as compared with Great Britain, as rega/rds the remaining elements of expense. We have seen, on page 151, ante, that the Massachusetts workingmau expends 48.41 per cent more for the support of his family than the workingman in Great Britain. (The average families referred to (page 151) are virtually of the same size, for the slightly increased size of the average Great Britain family is compensated for by a greater proportion at #ork in Great Britain, and this proportion is the same as the ratio between Massachusetts and Great Britain as regards size of family and persons at work.) Of this 4S'.4] per cent, 5.80 per cent is paid extra for articles which could be purchased 5.80 per cent cheaper in Grealj Britain ; 11.49 per cent is paid extra to secure more and larger rooms and more air space than the workingman in Great Britain enjoys, while the remainder, 31.12 per cent, indicates also an extra amount expended by the Massachusetts workingman to secure better home surroundings and to maintain the same higher standard of living, as shown for rent, as regards other expenses, which standard is higher than that secured by the workingman in Great Britain. Distinguishing the figures indicating the greater expenditure for living in Massachusetts (48.41 per cent) from those indi- catiUg the higher cost of living (17.29 per cent) we find, as a grand result — WAGES AND PRICES : 1860-1853^. 57 That, the higher prices in Massachusetts are represented by 5.80 per cent; that increased accommodations in housing and the general higher standard of living maintained hy Massachusetts workingmen as compared with the standard of living of worJc- ingmen in Great Britain is represented by 42.61 (11.49 -\- 31.12) per cent out of the total greater cost of 48.41 per cent, or, stated as a direct ratio, the standard of living of Massachu- setts workingmen is to that of the workingmen of Great Britain as 1.42 is to 1.