fyxmll itomtg ptag BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Henrg W. Sag* 1 891 & t&ziZZi *y L>ate Due &... 1 :...... 1 Cornell University Library BR45 .B21 1874 olin 3 1924 029 181 373 T3R THE RELIGION OF THE CHRIST By the Same Author, THE WITNESS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT TO CHRIST. Being the Boyle Lectures for 1868. 8vo. qs. THE WITNESS OF ST. PAUL TO CHRIST. Being the Boyle Lectures for 1869. With an Appendix, on the Credibility of the Acts, in Reply to the Recent Strictures of Dr. Davidson. 8vo. ioj-. 6d. THE WITNESS OF ST. JOHN TO CHRIST. Being the Boyle Lectures for 1870. With an Appendix on the Authorship and Integrity of St. John's Gospel and the Unity of the Johannine Writings. 8vo. 10s, 6d. RIVINGTONS: LONDON, OXFORD, AND CAMBRIDGE. THE RELIGION OF THE CHRIST ITS HISTORIC AND LITERARY DEVELOPMENT CONSIDERED AS AN EVIDENCE OF ITS ORIGIN C&e TBampton Lectures for X8J4 BY THE Rev. STANLEY LEATHES, M.A. RIVINGTONS fLonion, ©xfortf, anti Camirrttise MDCCCLXXIV *\.g*/-A3 6 RIVINGTONS ILcmtfort Waterloo Place ©xfortr jT"^ .Srerf fiTambtiBgC Trinity Street [ALL RIGHTS RESERVED] [A— 108] EXTRACT FROM THE LAST WILL AND TESTAMENT OF THE LATE REV. JOHN BAMPTON, CANON OF SALISBURY. " I give and bequeath my Lands and Estates to " the Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars, of the University " of Oxford for ever, to have and to hold all and singular " the said Lands or Estates upon trust, and to the intents " and purposes hereinafter mentioned; that is to say, I " will and appoint that the Vice-Chancellor of the Univer- " sity of Oxford for the time being shall take and receive " all the rents, issues, and profits thereof, and (after all " taxes, reparations, and necessary deductions made) that " he pay all the remainder to the endowment of eight " Divinity Lecture Sermons, to be established for ever " in the said University, and to be performed in the " manner following : — " I direct and appoint, that upon the First Tuesday " in Easter Term, a Lecturer may be yearly chosen by the " Heads of Colleges only, and by no others, in the room " adjoining to the Printing-House, between the hours of " ten in the morning and two in the afternoon, to preach " eight Divinity Lecture Sermons, the year following, at " St. Mary's in Oxford, between the commencement of the vi Extract from Canon Bamptons Will. " last month in Lent Term, and the end of the third week " in Act Term. " Also I direct and appoint, that the eight Divinity " Lecture Sermons shall be preached upon either of the " following subjects — to confirm and establish the Chris- " tian faith, and to confute all heretics and schismatics — • " upon the divine authority of the holy Scriptures — upon " the authority of the writings of the primitive Fathers, " as to the faith and practice of the primitive Church — " upon the Divinity of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ " — upon the Divinity of the Holy Ghost — upon the " Articles of the Christian Faith, as comprehended in the " Apostles' and Nicene Creed. " Also I direct, that thirty copies of the eight Divinity " Lecture Sermons shall be always printed, within two " months after they are preached ; and one copy shall be " given to the Chancellor of the University, and one copy " to the Head of every College, and one copy to the " Mayor of the city of Oxford, and one copy to be put " into the Bodleian Library; and the expense of printing " them shall be paid out of the revenue of the Land or " Estates given for establishing the Divinity Lecture Ser- " mons ; and the Preacher shall not be paid, nor be " entitled to the revenue, before they are printed. " Also I direct and appoint, that no person shall be " qualified to preach the Divinity Lecture Sermons unless " he hath taken the degree of Master of Arts at least, in " one of the two Universities of Oxford or Cambridge ; '* and that the same person shall never preach the Divinity " Lecture Sermons twice." CONTENTS. PAGE PREFACE ix LECTURE I. ANTICIPATION OF THE CHRIST IN HEATHEN NATIONS . I LECTURE II. THE CHRIST OF JEWISH HISTORY 47 LECTURE III. THE CHRIST OF THE PSALMS 93 LECTURE IV. THE CHRIST OF PROPHECY I35 LECTURE V. THE CHRIST OF THE GOSPELS 1 77 viii Contents. LECTURE VI. PAGE THE CHRIST OF THE ACTS 223 LECTURE VII. THE CHRIST OF THE PAULINE EPISTLES 265 LECTURE VIII. THE CHRIST OF THE OTHER BOOKS . . . 311 PREFACE. We can do nothing against the Truth, but for the Truth. — St. Paul. Ste SBei6f)eit ifi nur in tier SBa^r^eit. — Goethe. PREFACE. The object of the following Lectures has been to unfold the significance, too often overlooked or for- gotten, of the name Christianity, which is neither more nor less than the Eeligion of the Christ. As a matter of historic fact, the name by which this religion is known does not lead us back so much to Christ as its founder in the way that Muhammad- anism leads us back to Muhammad for its founder, as it does to the Christ as the object and substance of the earliest ascertainable faith of the .people called Christians. Whatever uncertainty, real or imagi- nary, may attach to the actual origin of this belief, there is and can be no question whatever as to its earliest expressions. These survive to us in literary monuments, which are imperishable and undoubted. The four great Epistles of St. Paul are themselves a treasury of evidence in this respect, and they must continue to be so until it can be shown on equal evidence, which as yet is not producible, that they xii Preface. represent only one phase, and that a partial and sectional phase, of early Christianity. It is, however, commonly admitted now that we need not limit the genuine remains of the great Apostle to these four letters ; and it is certain, what- ever our opinion as to the formation of the canon of the New Testament, or the degree of authority attaching to it when formed, may be, that the Eeli- gion of the Christ, or the belief in Jesus as the Christ, is not only common to every document com- prised in it, but is alike the very backbone and essential framework of all the documents. We may take it therefore as a position which is unassailable, that the distinguishing mark of Chris- tianity, from the very first, trace it back as far as Ave can, was the belief that Jesus was the Christ. So manifestly true is this statement, that the mere expression of it has all the appearance of a truism. And yet it is not by any means such ; because, what is not involved in the fact, undenied and undeniable, that a vast society was called into existence, and held together, by the confession and belief that Jesus was the Christ, and that but for such a confession and belief this society would and could have had Preface. xiii no existence ? There are involved at least these two principles — 1. That the conception of the Christ, whether right or wrong, was a reality, and a reality fraught with the mightiest consequences ; and 2. That the features of the human life of Jesus were adequate to setting in motion the machinery which was latent in the Christ-conception. And as to the strength and truth of this position, the evidence of the New Testament, whatever the date and authorship of its various parts may be, is conclusive and unimpeachable. Taking the very widest possible margin, we may say that within the first century and a half of our era this simple for- mula, Jesus is the Christ, had called into existence the whole of that literature, whatever its value, which is comprised in the New Testament. Within that period of time, from which we must of course deduct the thirty years of our Lord's own life, there had, as a matter of fact, come into existence the four Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, the Apostoli- cal Epistles, and the Eevelation ; that is to say, we have certain literary monuments which must have come into existence between a.d. 30 and a.d. 150, and their actual existence is the problem to be solved. Practically, this period may be considerably lessened. xiv Preface. No one wishes to prove the existence of any Chris- tian document prior to A.r>. 50, and it is making unnecessary concessions to suppose that even the latest book of the New Testament is so late as a.d. 150. Within a period, then, probably at the most of seventy or eighty years, our existing documents were produced. To what was their production owing? Solely to the belief that Jesus was the Christ. It is alike impossible to eliminate this fun- damental tenet from any one of the books in ques- tion, and to account for their existence without pre- supposing its belief. The religion or belief, then, of which the books may be taken as the actual, and in some sense the natural expression, may be called the Eeligion of the Christ. The immediate result of that religion or belief was the creation of a unique literature, for which no parallel can be found in the literary his- tory of the world. The literature was the product, and is the witness to the existence, of a particular society known to us also from extraneous sources as the Christian society, whose very name brings us back again to the idea which was latent in every one of the books, that the Christ had come, and that Jesus was the Christ. It matters not now Preface. xv whether the society authenticates the books, or the books authenticate the society. To a certain ex- tent the books, it must be allowed, have a testimony of their own ; they are a fair index of the society which created them, and their relative position with respect to other books which were produced by the society is a proof of the estimate in which they were held by it ; while in the case both of the society and the books it was not possible for either to have existed without the previous acceptance of the underlying principle that Jesus was the Christ. This was at once the germ of the society's exist- ence, the means of its cohesion and support when formed, and the root-principle to which the books bore witness, and to which alone they owed their being. Not, however, that the maintenance of this prin- ciple was the direct object of all the books. It was so with the four Gospels only. We may say of them that the purpose for which they were written was to proclaim Jesus as the Christ. St. John said of his own record of events, TJiese are written that ye might believe that Jesus is the Christ. 1 And the same might have been affirmed by the other Evan- 1 St. John xx. 31. xvi Preface. gelists. But with the rest of the books this is not so much the purpose as the cause of their being written. In every one the position is accepted as a foregone conclusion which can only be referred to incidentally, but which is none the less present to the writer's mind and to the minds of all for whom he writes. Eliminate from him and them the belief in Jesus as the Christ, and you destroy the peculiar and essential features of their existence. And this, it must be observed, is altogether inde- pendent of the abstract truth of the principle they accepted. Here we have this obvious literary fact, the creation and existence of a new and original literature solely in consequence of the bebef in Jesus as the Christ. The rise of the Christ-religion pro- claimed itself by the rise of a new literature which gathered round the central thought of Jesus as the Christ. This is an undoubted fact, independent alike of the genuineness and authenticity of the several books and of the actual truth of their central thought. Nor can it for a moment be maintained that the movement thus expressing itself was trivial or un- important, We cannot pass it by as an insignificant Preface. xvii or an uninteresting phenomenon. As a matter of fact the movement which so early produced these literary monuments, and resulted in what we call Christianity, has lasted to the present day ; it has played a most prominent part in modern history ; by some means or other it supplanted the dominion of the Csesars and established itself on the imperial throne ; it has penetrated all the framework of our social, political, and educational existence, and in- tertwined itself with our civilisation, morals, and government. Moreover, it is even now from time to time forcing itself into inconvenient prominence, and superinducing complications with which it is by no means easy to deal, and suggesting problems it is hard to solve, and yet not easy to put by. The fact, therefore, of the rise of this Christ- religion and Christ-literature derives unquestionably an additional significance from the nature of its sub- sequent history. It cannot be treated as a merely transient or passing incident. Whether or not it was calculated to be followed by consequences so tre- mendous, these are the consequences by which it was followed. It is possible that the haze of dis- tance may have concealed from view many of the circumstances connected with the rise of this religion xviii Preface. which it must be hopeless for us ever to discover ; but the results produced are independent of this obscurity, and are what they are, neither more nor less, even though somewhere in the first origin of the movement there may have been something faulty, or which, at all events, science now regards as unsatis- factory. In the long run, however, it is a sound maxim that the work proves the workman, and it is an inference not altogether hasty or unreasonable that a movement such as that of the Christ-religion, which has wrought so marvellously, cannot have been inherently defective from the first. No human agency or combination of human agents could have sufficed to produce the effects which have notoriously been produced, and therefore the effects may be esti- mated not as the designed production of one or of many individuals, but as those great problems of history which are fraught with their own signifi- cance and demand their own solution. We may hold our judgment in suspense as to whether this particular work is of Nature or of God, but at all events it unquestionably is not of man. And the alternative is named advisedly, of Nature Preface. xix or of God, because this with regard to Christianity is really the issue at stake. If the actual phenomena of the rise of the Christ-religion can be accounted for naturally, then there is an end to its claim to be in any sense the special exponent of the Divine will. Nature may be indeed another name for God, but God and Nature are not convertible terms, and to attempt to make them so is to destroy the special characteristics of both. God may have spoken, and doubtless has spoken, by all the religions of the world, but He has done so in a negative way, by showing us where they failed to apprehend the ful- ness of the truth, or to supply the actual craving of man's heart. If He has spoken by the Eeligion of the Christ, He has clone so in a special and a positive way, which differs alike in the answer given to the wants of humanity and in the manner of His giving it. If the Eeligion of the Christ can be resolved into a mere expression of natural religion- — a mere varia- tion of other expressions — then it forthwith comes to an end, because there is no room for the Christ- function, and no meaning in the Christ-idea; then, in that case, God and Nature are absolutely identical, and what is done by Nature is done by God, and what is done by God is only done by and in and through Nature ; and then Christ is an anomaly in nature, xx Preface. interfering not only with the free action of her laws, but antagonistic in the very principle and idea of His existence, as proposing to discharge a function for which nature has no need. It must be observed, however, that, supposing God to have spoken by all the religions of the world, and to have spoken in the same sense by Christianity too, then the message of Christianity must be in virtual harmony with the message of other religions ; it may surpass or excel, but it cannot contradict them. Now, the question whether or not it does contradict them is unhappily not a matter of opinion, but a matter of fact, and capable of conclusive demonstration. The history of Christianity from the first has been a history of conflict — of conflict, however, not sought, but encountered ; and the se- verity of this conflict was originally felt in the contact of Christianity with the elder religion from which it sprang, or at least with those who were the professed and devoted adherents of that religion. Nor has Christianity proved to be more acceptable to the other religions with which it has been brought in contact — whether with the paganism of Greece and Koine, or with Islam, in the middle ages, or with Brahmanism or Buddhism in the East. It has Preface. xxi never been received as an ally, but always been re- jected as a foe. We may assume, therefore, that the message of Christianity is not in accordance with, but opposed to, the message of other religions. There is a point where it comes into collision with and contradicts them on their own showing ; and this is the point which is expressed in the foundation and central idea of it as the Religion of the Christ. As long as Christianity is content to be placed on a par merely with other religions, there is no offence ; it is when she asserts her inherent superiority be- cause of her Divine election, it is when she takes her stand upon Jesus as the Christ or chosen of God, that the cause of offence arises. Then it is that the Master's words begin to verify themselves, as they so often have, / am not come to send peace but a sword. 1 And Christianity may historically be regarded as the Eeligion of the Christ. The earliest monu- ments of it show that its most essential feature was the recognition of the Christ character of Jesus. But when we come to examine this Christ character we find it was by no means peculiar to Christianity, but was in fact the legitimate and special offspring St. Matt. x. 34, 35. St. Luke xii. 49, 51. xxii Preface. of Judaism, so that Christianity grew like a young and tender plant out of the soil of Judaism. This also is a fact which cannot be denied. If the Christ idea had not existed in Judaism, the actual foundation of Christianity would have been want- ing, and its rise would have been impossible. The Religion of the Christ, therefore, may be regarded as reaching both before and after the time of Jesus of Nazareth ; for it is certain that the very earliest records of the Jewish nation either exhibit traces of the Christ idea or manifest features which supplied the actual foundation of the idea. The Eeligion of the Christ, then, is not merely that which we com- monly understand by Christianity, but much more the complete phenomenon of the idea regarded as a whole, and embracing the earliest traces of it, as well as its full development in the writings of the New Testament. And this phenomenon is a literary fact established by literary monuments extending on the lowest possible computation over a period of a thousand years, from the earliest document in the Old Testament to the latest in the New. It is alike impossible to account for the literary existence of the New Testament without assuming the reality of a Christ element in the Old, and to account for its existence on the assumption that it is a mere Preface. xxiii exaggeration and the natural development of that Christ element. It is obvious, moreover, that these two positions are mutually destructive. If the books of the New Testament can be accounted for on the supposition of the intensity and fanatical ardour of the Messianic anticipations of the Disciples, then those anticipa- tions presuppose a sufficient foundation for them in the books of the Old Testament, inasmuch as they can be referred to nothing else ; Ave must acknow- ledge the existence of a Christ idea, which can only have been derived from them. If, on the other hand, we may assume the non-existence of any such ele- ment, then it is clear that the New Testament can- not have been caused by the exaggerated develop- ment of this element. Or if, once more, it is affirmed that the Disciples had indeed these anticipations in an extravagant degree, but that there was no valid foundation for them in the Scriptures, which can be critically explained otherwise, then we must admit that historical phenomena which are most remark- able, and literary phenomena which are unique, were alike the direct and natural consequences of a mis- apprehension so complete, of a blunder so palpable and gross. xxiv Preface. It appears, therefore, that the actual historic rise of faith in Jesus as the Christ, and the historic and literary results of that belief, may legitimately be allowed to have a retrospective value as evidence of the true meaning of the Scriptures. It is hardly possible to account reasonably for the character and prevalence of the Messianic anticipations, of which we have literary proof in the first century of our era, on the assumption that these anticipations were not warranted by the language of Scripture — were even a deviation from it. At all events, the Scrip- tures alone must be held responsible for their exist- ence. It is surely, therefore, a daring course to adopt to say that the historic result was one which ought never to have been produced. May we not rather say, that if the voice of God is ever to be heard in history, it may be heard in this historic result ? And is it not a further confirmation of its actual truth, that these ancient Scriptures, even when read now-a-days after so long an interval, are still found to be replete with an inexhaustible trea- sury of meaning which they could not have had for their original possessors, but which is derived solely from their relation to and association with Jesus as the Christ ? If fie has thus shown Him- self the light of prophecy, may we not infer that Preface. xxv His was the light for which prophecy waited, and to which it was designed to point ? But if so, nothing can be more obvious than that such a combination of results is not to be reckoned as the product of nature. Because the only interpretation of it can be, that this is the expression of personal will manifesting itself through the results of history and the facts of literature. Given the phenomena of prophecy as they are, and the human life of a person in whom, supposing His Christ-character to be a true one, their meaning is not only realised, but intensified and heightened to an infinite and before inconceivable degree — is it possible to regard the juxtaposition of the two as an insignificant and casual incident % If it is fraught with any meaning at all, the meaning is one which can only be other than natural and above nature. It is an expression of God's will such as is not elsewhere found, in the order and harmony of the natural world, in the ordinary course of history, and the like ; it is expressive of moral and spiritual truths which are not to be derived from other sources, and it teaches lessons which nature is in- competent to teach. b xxvi Preface. Now this is the position which we claim for the Religion of the Christ. It finds its place naturally amono- the religions of the world, for it was the direct descendant of one of the oldest of them, and it has been brought into contact with all of them. But it stands on a different footing from all. For no religion can point to the same historic and literary development which the Religion of the Christ can show. In no other case has the supposed fulfilment of the promises of an earlier religion produced any- thing like the phenomena which were produced by the first preaching of Jesus as the Christ ; in no other case has the similar proclamation of such a fact, or supposed fact, produced within fifty years after it was first proclaimed anything like the literary phenomena which we know for a certainty were produced in various writings of the New Testament. These two features, the one historic and the other literary, are unique in the case of the Religion of the Christ. May we not then fairly claim this historic and literary development of the religion as a patent evidence of its origin ? It is useless to point to any other literary monuments, such as the Vedas, the Kuran, or the like, because, independently of the inherent and intrinsic difference of their sub- stantive message, they differ fundamentally in the Preface. xxvii known circumstances of their origin. The Kuran, no less than the Christian books, may be regarded as the literary offspring of the Old Testament ; but who has ever found in Muhammad the analogue or antitype of the Jewish Messiah, and who would for a moment compare the literary origin of the New Testament with that of the Kuran ? One was the spontaneous growth of circumstances, and the pro- duct of many minds ; the other was the deliberate production of a single mind for a definite and de- liberate purpose. To confound in any degree the two productions would be to lack altogether the faculty of discrimination — the critical faculty. But if their literary and historic difference is so great, it is impossible that the two religions they represent can stand on the same basis. To imagine that they do is to reject the evidence of facts. And it is to this broad evidence that we point in attestation of the claims that were undoubtedly ad- vanced by those who first proclaimed the Eeligion of the Christ. We have a marvellous historic and literary result distinctly traceable to no other cause than the supposed fulfilment in a particular person of the obvi- ous and known requirements of prophecy. Of the nature of this fulfilment we are to some extent com- xxviii Preface. petent judges ourselves. According to one view, the degree of the fulfilment is only to be regarded as infinite ; it is continually revealing itself to every independent student and disciple. According to another view, the fulfilment is simply nil and purely imaginary. But this we may safely affirm, that the known results of the supposed fulfilment of pro- phecy in Jesus of Nazareth cannot be accounted for on the supposition that there was no more apparent correspondence between the person of Jesus and the character of the Messiah than those who hold this latter view would have us believe, or on the assump- tion that the correspondence was unreal. The Gos- pels, as we have them, which point to this corre- spondence, may more properly be regarded as the outcome of the belief in Jesus than as the cause of it. The belief itself is still to be accounted for, even if we reject the Gospel view of the character of Jesus, and so likewise are the consequences which followed the belief. It is important, therefore, to remember that it is not merely with literary monuments that we have to deal, but with the known historic fact of great results produced, of which the literature itself, how- ever regarded, is the surest proof. Can the suppo- Preface. xxix sition of falsehood in the character and claims of Jesus adequately account for these results ? Or, rather, can they adequately be accounted for on this supposition ? Certainly not. There must have been other causes at work which we are at a loss to conjecture for these known results to have been produced, on the suppo- sition that there was a lie in the alleged character of Christ ; while, on the supposition that His charac- ter was what it is represented to have been, all the phenomena to be accounted for are fully explained. The question of the genuineness of particular books is altogether a separate matter to be decided on other grounds ; but it would appear that these considerations are still of weight, however, in par- ticular cases, this question of genuineness may be determined. And the wholly anonymous character of the first three Gospels would seem to corroborate this position. That the first Gospel is known by the name of St. Matthew does not pledge us to establish his traditional right to be the author of it before the narrative can be received as one substantially trust- xxx Preface. worthy, any more than it can be justly regarded as a claim advanced by him to have written it. And unless it can be shown that the original results pro- duced by the preaching of Jesus were owing solely to the publication of this and the other existing Gospels, which is absurd, it cannot be maintained that we are bound to substantiate their genuineness as veritable productions of the men whose names they bear, before we can insist upon or appeal to their authority ; because, as a matter of fact, the acknowledgment of these Gospels from a very early period as authentic narratives by the Christian society can be proved, 1 and because the known existence and phenomena of that society cannot be accounted for but on the supposition of substantial identity between the narrative of the present Gos- pels and the very earliest Gospel narrative that was proclaimed. The existence and peculiar features of the earliest Christian society as we know them can only be explained on the supposition that a particu- lar story was everywhere accepted, the central facts of which it is easy to discover. This story was unquestionably proclaimed by the first disciples of Christ ; and whether the record that we have of it emanated immediately from them or not, it is abso- 1 See Dr. Westoott on the Canon of the New Testament. Preface. xxxi lutely impossible that it should be substantially different. 1 For example, it is impossible that the story of the resurrection should not have been a substantive part of the primitive and original Gospel. Wherever St. Matthew preached, we know as a fact that this is what he must have preached. Whether then or not he wrote the Gospel that bears his name is a matter of secondary importance, compared with the absolute certainty there is that his testimony on such points as the resurrection and Messiahship of Jesus can- not have been intrinsically divergent from that of 1 " If the Gospel of St. Matthew, such as we now possess it, is undoubtedly the work of the publican who followed our Lord from the receipt of custom, and remained with Him to be a witness of His ascension ; if St. John's Gospel was written by the beloved disciple who lay on Jesus' breast at supper ; if the other two were indeed the companions of St. Peter and St. Paul ; if in these four Gospels we have independent accounts of our Lord's life and passion, mutu- ally confirming each other ; and if it can be proved that they existed and were received as authentic in the first century of the Christian Church, a stronger man than M. Renan will fail to shake the hold of Christianity in England." — Froude, Short Studies, i. 242. Of St. John's Gospel he himself observes afterwards — " It is enough to say that the defects of external evidence which un- doubtedly exist seem overborne by the overwhelming proofs of authenticity contained in the Gospel itself." — Ibid., page 252. This latter is a very considerable admission. If it is granted xxxii Preface. our existing record. This consideration, winch is perfectly valid, is quite sufficient to show that a doubt thrown on the genuineness of one or more of our existing Gospels is inadequate to disprove the essential truth of the Gospel, because certain known effects could not have been brought about but by an agency in all material and important points identi- cal with that which they represent and express. When, however, it is borne in mind that any such doubts are virtually baseless and unwarrantable, it is satisfactory to know not only that the main issue is independent of them, as it really is, but also that, if it were not, they are not deserving of the that there are " overwhelming proofs " for the Gospel of St. John being written by the beloved disciple who lay on Jesus' breast at supper, then we have in the admitted genuineness of the Gospel a strong ground for its authenticity, the strongest that can be desired. It may be a matter of cpiestion how far the credibility of the ordi- nary events recorded in the other Gospels is dependent on the fact of their being by the several authors whose names they bear. It is certain that no one of them professes so much of itself. But, at all events, we must not forget that there are certain features of our Lord's life and character for which we are not dependent upon the fact that St. Matthew's Gospel was written by St. Matthew, or St. Mark's by St. Mark, but much more upon the known phenomena of an early Christian society, whose very existence would have been impossible without the underlying framework of the life of Christ, and whose phenomena determine within certain limits what that life and character must have been. Preface. xxxiii serious attention we are willing to bestow upon them. In like manner, when it is asserted, as one has heard it asserted, on ostensibly high authority, that we have no materials for a critical life of Christ because the evidence is not adequate to showing that our present Gospels existed as they are 1 much before a.d. 170, one is naturally disposed to in- quire, How is the position of the ordinary Christian of the present day affected by any such statement, supposing it to be valid, as he has neither the time nor the power to determine ? And here likewise the consideration of Christianitv as the Eelisdon of the Christ will materially assist us. Given the assump- tion that we cannot rely upon the detailed facts of our Lord's life as stated in the Gospels, because the accounts varv, because some particulars are of later accretion, and because the generally miracukms character of the narrative is alone fatal to its credi- bility — how far are we dependent on any such assumption ? It is certain that the earliest form of 1 " The four Gospels, in the form and under the names which they at present bear, become visible only with distinctness towards the end of the second century of the Christian era." — Froude, Myrf HtvJii-s, i. -48. Small edit. xxxiv Preface. Christianity was directly and immediately connected with the belief in and acceptance of Jesus as the Christ. This position is absolutely impregnable. The evidence of it is documentary ; it is abundant, it is unvarying, and it is conclusive. What, then, do we know of the Jesus who was thus accepted as the Christ ? We know that He was crucified, we know when and where and under what circumstances He was crucified. We know that this death by cruci- fixion, which was a central and universally common feature of the belief concerning Jesus, was also a feature the most unpromising for the proclamation of His being the Christ to be built upon. And yet the two are found uniformly combined, both among the Gentiles and the Jews. Now, if we knew no- thing more of Jesus than this fact, we might, considering what we know of the faith itself, draw certain inferences which would not only be legiti- mate but inevitable. For instance, we should be safe in concluding that the Jesus who was thus accepted as the Christ was a person who had really lived. His death also on the cross must have been a fact. The reality also of those expectations, what- ever they were, which are implied in the epithet Christ, is established beyond a doubt ; and that these expectations had been the net historic result of the Preface. xxxv Scriptures of the Old Testament is a remarkable fact which has no parallel. We can point to no other literature which has produced so striking and mani- fest an historic result. It is unique in the history of literature. But, further, we must infer also that if the death of Jesus was an unfavourable basis for the establishment of His claims to be the Messiah, then the features of His personal character must have been such as to counteract all these unfavour- able conditions. He can have been no ordinary man. There must have been very remarkable cha- racteristics attending His person and His career which alone would have made it possible that He should be recognised as the Messiah. Under the circumstances, the mere fact of His dying the death of crucifixion would simply have been fatal to it. There is evidence, however, to show that, as a matter of fact, instead of its being fatal to it, this was the very cause of His being so recognised. We are compelled, therefore, to the inference that there must have been something very remarkable in His life or in His death, or after His death, to account for a circumstance so anomalous as that His death on the cross should be the principal cause of belief in His Messiahship, or at least an element insepa- rable from that cause, whatever it might be. Con- xxxvi Preface. sequently, we are safe in the conclusion that the personal character of Jesus was unquestionable, that He must have been pre-eminently virtuous. There is, however, abundant evidence to show that the cha- racter of the Messiah was not one that the disciples of Jesus had invented for Him, but also one to which He Himself laid claim. We know nothing of His history if we do not know that He claimed to be the Messiah. For example, we cannot account for His death but upon this supposition. Consequently, we have these three elements : first, His known death, secondly, the claim which we must assume was advanced by Him ; thirdly, the integrity of personal character essential to any wide recognition of the claim. But the last two must stand or fall together. It is impossible that Jesus should have claimed to be the Messiah, and have been content to die for the claim, and yet have been personally upright, if He was not justified in advancing the claim. In that case the integrity of His character comes to an end, and the only estimate we can form of it is one which will throw Him open to the charge of gross and deliberate imposition. We must determine, therefore, whether, in the face of the evidence, we are prepared to form this estimate of the personal character of Jesus. With regard, however, to the Preface. xxxvii elements without which a belief in His Messiahship could not have been established, we may say that while His death on the cross would naturally have been fatal to that belief, it would also materially have corroborated the supposed integrity of His character if His character had previously had the appearance of blamelessness ; and, coupled with the fact that He had openly claimed to be the Messiah, it would tend to establish its integrity. But the death of Jesus, together with His claim to be the Messiah, which, combined with the integrity of His personal cha- racter, it seemed to establish, could not alone have given the impulse to that belief in His Messiahship which we know to have been so widely diffused. We must throw in the announcement of His resurrection, which was universally made and within the Christian body uniformly believed. Indeed, when all things are considered, it is impossible to account for the general spread of the belief in Jesus as the Christ, without supposing that it was mainly occasioned by the announcement that He had risen from the dead. The question, then, we have to decide is simply this : Is it more easy to account for the phenomena of the early Christian society on the supposition that the resurrection of Jesus was a reality, or on the oppo- site supposition that it was not ? And in reply, it xxxviii Preface. cannot be denied that, on the supposition of its being a reality, all these known phenomena would be at once and amply accounted for ; whereas, on the sup- position that it was not, a known effect is left without any adequate cause, and it may be reason- ably doubted whether it is theoretically possible to account for it. For, in that case we should be reduced to the admission of these causes as really and efficiently operative : The death of Jesus ; His claim to be the Messiah ; the integrity of His personal character; the belief among His immediate followers that He had risen from the dead ; and the announcement persist- ently made by them and others to that effect. Of these causes the death of Jesus was most unlikely to produce belief in His Messiahship, as we have seen ; His personal claim to be the Messiah was not likely to be more operative ; the integrity of His personal character alone would have been insufficient; and therefore we are compelled to assume that the known phenomena of the first Christian society were produced merely by an intense belief in that which was not true. That is to say, the faith of the disciples produced results which, but for it, they were themselves unable to have produced. Preface. xxxix To what, then, is this faith of the disciples traceable ? To suppose that they were intentional deceivers is impossible ; we can only imagine they were the victims of delusion. How did they them- selves become possessed of the conviction that Jesus was the Christ ? Two causes are at once apparent — the actual teaching of Jesus, and His personal character. They could not have been for any considerable time in His society, and have arrived at the conclusion that He was the Christ, unless His personal character had been in accord- ance with His claims. Nor would they have been very likely to adopt the notion of His being the Messiah unless it had been encouraged by Him. When, however, they had seen their Master expire on the cross, there must have been an end to all their anticipations about Him, for it was precisely this death of His which was the least likely to convince them of His Messiahship. We are con- strained, therefore, to postulate the occurrence of something after His death which had the effect not only of reviving their hopes, but of establishing on a secure basis their conviction that He was the Christ, in which they never afterwards wavered. If this was not His resurrection, it was at all events the belief common to all of them, that He had xl Preface. actually risen. His resurrection, however, does not appear to have been an event for which they were prepared ; on the contrary, it took them one and all by surprise ; they were not, it seems, without diffi- culty brought to believe in it. To what, then, was this belief owing ? The fact of the resurrection would at once account for it. Can it be otherwise accounted for ? In their case also, therefore, we have certain known results produced which point us to a particular cause, but are not easily to be explained by the supposition of any other cause. And when to these results we add the others equally patent — of the peculiar life the disciples forthwith adopted of going about preaching the story of the resurrec- tion, and of the remarkable consequences which followed their preaching — it becomes by no means easy to accept the answer that the belief of the disciples is a sufficient explanation of all the pheno- mena, on the hypothesis that the resurrection was not a fact, when it is absolutely certain that had it been a fact there would remain nothing which required to be accounted for. We are able, then, to determine how far a critical life of Christ is an indispensable preliminary to our belief in Him. Even on the assumption that we had no materials for such a life, it would not follow that belief in Preface. ilx Him was an impossibility ; for it is certain that the results which actually followed the first proclama- tion of Jesus as the Christ are such as to lead us up to a few broad and definite facts as their necessary cause, and to make us virtually inde- pendent of all others. Whether one blind man was healed at Jericho, or two, may be more or less uncertain ; but the uncertainty attaching to that event is no measure at all of the degree of positive knowledge we possess as to the death of Jesus and the prevalence of belief in His resurrection. In like manner we are enabled, by a due con- sideration of the historic and literary phenomena of the Eeligion of the Christ, to arrive at a more cor- rect idea of the position attaching to miracles in the scheme of revelation. It is not true to say that "the Eevelation rests upon miracles, which have nothing to rest upon but the Eevelation." 1 The revelation is recorded in a literature which presents 1 " Miracles, of the reality of which, there is no evidence worthy of the name, are not only contradictory to complete induction, but even on the avowal of those who affirm them, they only cease to be incredible upon certain assumptions with regard to the Supreme Being which are equally opposed to Reason. These assumptions, it is not denied, are solely derived from the Eevelation which miracles are intended to attest, and the whole argument, therefore, ends in xlii Preface. features altogether unique that no concatenation of purely natural causes is sufficient to account for. Here then we have a solid basis for the miraculous to rest on, for we are confronted with phenomena which were not merely exceptional but above nature. It is not this or that detail, this or that text or ex- pression, which cannot be explained, but the vast and complex whole is so remarkable as to challenge to itself the special tokens of a Divinely ordered work. We have the appearance of an historic person, whose position in history, as a matter of fact, whether rightly or wrongly, has been determined by His relation to the ancient literature of His country. That literature did not create His character, but it did create the part He played in history. Stupen- dous consequences have ensued from His relation to the Scriptures. These consequences themselves are out of the ordinary course of nature. They may well be termed miraculous. 1 Had there been the palpable absurdity of making the Revelation rest upon miracles which have nothing to rest upon themselves but the Revelation. The antecedent assumption of the Divine design of "Revelation and of the necessity for it stands upon no firmer foundation, and it is emphatically excluded by the whole constitution of the order of nature, whose imperative principle is progressive development."— • Supernatural Religion, ii. 480. Longmans 1874. 1 " When the man of science can find a natural cause he refuses Preface. xliii nothing miraculous in the Old Testament, the character of Jesus and the Religion of the Christ would have been alike impossible. Had there been nothing miraculous in the person and character of Jesus, the New Testament, as a mere literary pheno- menon, would have been impossible, and so would the existence of the Christian church. These things singly are evidences of the miraculous only short of demonstration; taken together they furnish the com- pletest possible moral proof of what can only be regarded as a miracle. But having arrived so far, it is not hard to see that what is miraculous as a whole may also be miraculous in its parts. What is in itself miraculous may be fraught with miracles. Any one of such miracles may be beyond the reach of scientific proof, and must be. 1 The resurrection of to entertain the possibility of the intervention of a cause beyond nature" — Fronde, i. 234. By all means, but surely the converse must hold good likewise ; and when no natural cause can be discovered, and when it plainly does not exist, then let us admit not only the possibility but the fact of the intervention of a cause beyond nature. It is that which we find in the Religion of the Christ. 1 " Every thinking person who has been brought up a Christian and desires to remain a Christian, yet who knows anything of what is passing in the world, is looking to be told on what evidence the New Testament claims to be received. The state of opinion proves of itself that the arguments hitherto offered produce no conviction. Every other miraculous history is discredited as legend, however xliv Preface. Lazarus at this distance of time cannot be investi- gated, and therefore cannot be proved ; but who shall say that the resurrection of Lazarus was beyond the power of one who should Himself rise from the dead ? If His resurrection from the dead was the ostensible and the declared spring of a movement, which in all its features cannot be accounted for on exalted the authority on which it seems to be rested. We crave to have good reason shown us for maintaining still the one great excep- tion." — Froude, i. 264. If there is any value in the considerations now offered, it is plain that the whole surroundings of Christianity, in its' known historic and literary development, are so remarkable as to constitute, at all events, a sufficient claim to our most earnest attention. When we have determined the amount of deference that is due to its moral and spiritual teaching, then, and not before, it will be time to decide about its miracles. If we can determine that the authority on which this teaching rests is merely human, that it is not rooted in the Divine, then we may reject the miracles by which it is accompanied as human likewise, that is to say fictitious. If we are constrained to admit that the teaching is Divine, that the circumstances under which it was communicated and the method of its communication were highly exceptional, and in fact unparalleled, then we may be willing to allow not only that the revelation affords a presumption in favour of the miracles, but also that the miracles themselves, if true, would even tend to confirm the revelation. The essential history of the revelation, in all its bearings, itself involves a miracle, the greatest miracle of all. If this miracle is rejected, it is impos- sible that any other can be received ; if it is acknowledged, it may even carry others in its train. Bearing on this matter are the thoughtful words of Mr. Henry Preface. xlv the supposition that it was unreal, is amply accounted for on the supposition that it was real ; we have then, surely, laid in history a substantial basis upon which the resixrrection of Lazarus may rest, upon which it becomes intelligible, and not only intelligible but consistent. The resurrection of Christ carries with it the resurrection of Lazarus ; and though the resurrection of Lazarus does not Eogers in his recent work The Superhuman Origin of the Bible, which I had not the pleasure of reading till after these Lectures were in print, but in which I am thankful to find so many of the sentiments expressed in them confirmed. " As to those more extensive exci- sions which demand the surrender of all that is supernatural in the Bible (however interfused with all its elements, and as incapable of being rent from it without destroying it, as the system of bones or arteries from the human body without destroying that), the advocate of the Bible will justly require, before even listening to such a demand, that science shall not affirm, but demonstrate, the impossi- bility or incredibility of miracles. When she has done that, I for one acknowledge that it will be time to shut the book as a hopeless riddle of fable or falsehood, or both, — which it will be hardly worth while to open again. Meantime he who admits, in any degree, the reasoning in these lectures — namely, that the Bible is not to be accounted for by merely human forces, ought not to feel much difficulty in this last matter ; for if he concedes a revelation at all, in which are discovered truths and facts undiseoverable by human faculties, and conveyed in modes and forms for which human nature will not account — he has already admitted a miracle — a fact as much in the face of that ' invariable order ' of nature, and ' those immu- table series of antecedents and consequents ' on which the objector to miracles insists, as any that can be conceived. The only difference xlvi Preface. prove the resurrection of Christ, it may fairly be regarded as a link in the chain of preparation for it, and to those who have already believed in a risen Christ it comes with the force of an additional con- firmation of that which has otherwise been found to be true. Miracles were regarded by our blessed Lord as a subordinate proof of that mission which He was content to rest on the truth of His spoken word : And if I say the truth, why do ye not believe me f l but though subordinate He appealed to them as a valid proof : The works that I do in my Fathers name, they bear witness of me. 2 The person of Christ, the character of Christ, the teaching of Christ, must ever be the highest evidence of Him. If that evidence is not accepted as in the truest sense miraculous, in the truest sense Divine, no miracles can suffice to prove His mission ; but it may be that the truth of His spoken words implies also the truth of His accomplished works; and if so, we cannot truly accept Him without accepting also the message of His works. is, that the miracle here has been wrought in the sphere of mind and not in that of matter, — a difference which, to a man who knows what the objection to all miracles logically involves, will not affect the question." — pp. 422, 423. 1 St. John viii. 46. 2 x 25 Preface. xlvii It remains only to observe that, in proportion to the value of the evidence which the historic and literary development of the Religion of the Christ supplies as to its true origin, will be the prospect of its permanence in the world. If this religion is indeed Divine, as no other is Divine, then it cannot die. As Hooker says, " Truth, of what kind soever, is by no kind of truth gainsaid." We are therefore in no degree careful as to the issue of the various ques- tions which science may from time to time propose. It is possible that these questions can receive no conclusive answer. The answer, however, so far as it is true, must be consistent with the Truth. Or they may remain, at the best, nothing more than theories which are but partly attested by facts. How, then, can the reality of that religion be affected thereby which is based not upon theories but upon facts ? If the coming of Christ was the explanation of a marvellous literature which must ever remain other- wise a hopeless enigma, and if the rise of Christian literature, and the development of history for eighteen centuries since, have tended to prove and confirm the truth of that explanation as nothing- else can prove it, here is a manifest and gigantic fact in the world's history, which cannot be set aside, however it may be interpreted. There is, xlviii Preface. and can be, no consistent interpretation of this fact but one. It is impossible to contemplate it fairly and deny its significance. The very existence of the Eeligion of the Christ is itself a message from God. No discoveries as to the ultimate origin of man, the unity of the human race, the antiquity of the earth, or what not, can avail to set aside that message. On these and other points it is possible we may be mistaken. As to the meaning of the message, if indeed it is from God, we cannot. At least in the message we have a truth which may suffice to be the guide of life, a truth that we can live and die by. Those who have not this convic- tion may hold their judgment in suspense, and live if they can without a religion they can trust, un- decided about everything, and chiefly about the nature of God and the claims of Christ; but to others the belief that in the person of Christ we have the assured fulfilment of the promises of God will be evermore the pledge that they shall not walk in darkness, hut shall have the light of life. 1 Such, then, as it seems, is the inexhaustible significance of that name which in the wisdom of God was joined inseparably to the human appellation St. John viii. 12. Preface. xlix of His dear Son ; and as long as Christianity retains the name which it thus derives from Him, it will bear upon its surface the mark of its Divine origin, the evidence of its difference from and superiority to all other religions, in being the Religion of the Christ, the Religion of Him whose way was Divinely pre- pared before Him, and whose goings forth have been from of old, from everlasting. 1 1 Micah v. 2. 89 St. George's Square, S.W. September 1874. LECTURE I. ANTICIPATION OF THE CHRIST IN HEATHEN NATIONS. The registering of doubts hath two excellent uses : the one, that it saveth philosophy from errors and falsehoods ; when that which is not fully appearing is not collected into assertion, whereby error might draw error, but reserved in doubt : the other, that the entry of doubts are as so many suckers or sponges to draw use of know- ledge ; in so much as that which, if doubts had not preceded, a man should never have advised, but passed it over without note, by the suggestion and solicitation of doubts, is made to be attended and applied. But both these commodities do scarcely countervail an inconvenience which will intrude itself, if it be not debarred ; which is, that when a doubt is once received, men labour rather how to keep it a doubt still, than how to solve it ; and accordingly bend their wits. Of this we see the familiar example in lawyers and scholars, both which, if they have once admitted a doubt, it goeth ever after authorised for a doubt. But that use of wit and know- ledge is to be allowed, which laboureth to make doubtful things certain, and not those which labour to make certain things doubt- ful. Therefore these kalendars of doubts I commend as excellent things ; so that there be this caution used, that when the}' be thoroughly sifted and brought to resolution, they be from thenceforth omitted, discarded, and not continued to cherish and encourage men in doubting. — Bacon, Advancement of Learning. LECTURE I. As the hart panteth after the water brooks, so panteth my soul after thee, God, — Ps. xlii. 1. The origin of Christianity has often been found an Permanent P . . . . interest of interesting and a fruitful subject of inquiry m our Christi- time. Many treatises have been written, and many theories advanced, about it. Any one who could invent an entirely new theory, whether plausible or not, would probably meet with many persons who would be willing to listen to him. For, whatever may have been its actual origin, there can be no question that Christianity in itself is the most remarkable phenomenon that history presents to our contem- plation. It has already far outlived in its duration the utmost limits of time that can be assigned to the dominion of ancient Borne. Though its position in the world has ever been one of antagonism, and therefore of peril, it has survived the most desperate assaults whether from without or from within ; and now, in the nineteenth century of its existence, shows no signs of a slackening interest for the imagination, or of a declining influence on the human mind. B Anticipation of the Lect. i. Reasons Nor is it hard to see the reason of this. For Chris- of this. . 1 . tianity appeals alike to the deepest instincts and the highest aspirations of mankind. It lays its hand upon the moral nature, the social constitution, and the un- defined and mysterious spiritual sensibilities of man. It concerns itself not only with life here, but pro- fesses also to have the promise of life hereafter ; and, notwithstanding the almost endless variety of answers that might be given to the anterior question, What is Christianity ? — no two independent minds probably understanding thereby or deriving therefrom ideas in all respects identical — that which the term implies is sufficiently definite to be easily intelligible to all, however widely their theoretical conceptions or their individual sympathies may differ. Compre- Indeed, it is no slight indication of the fas- hensive- . ness of the cmatmg power exercised by Christianity, that men abandon with extreme reluctance their personal con- nection with the name of Christian. Those who have broken loose from all commonly received and traditional forms of belief, and those also who live in habitual disregard of the one ordinance which was designed from the first to be the mark of Christian fellowship, are yet jealously sensitive as to the appropriation of this name. " All who profess and call themselves Christians," to adopt the large- hearted language of our collect, would embrace a considerable number that could not conveniently be assigned to any recognised denomination. Some of Lect. i. Christ in Heathen Nations. 3 those who are uncompromising in their treatment of many things that large bodies, or even the great mass of Christians, hold most dear, are yet second to none in their zeal to retain the name. We have no wish to narrow or to limit the Limited by its relation claim of any man to be so who desires to regard to Christ. himself as a disciple of the Son of man. It is He to whom all judgment has been committed, and with whom, therefore, we would gladly leave it ; but we may safely observe that a Christianity which repudiates Christ is a contradiction in terms, and that consequently, first or last, the doctrine and per- son of a Christ must be a prominent feature of Chris- tianity, however interpreted. Whatever may have been the origin of Christianity, it was intimately associated with the person of Christ, for Christianity is the religion of the Christ. Whatever differences may have existed between the teaching of Christ and the subsequent developments of that teaching among His disciples, it will probably not be denied that the impulse known as Christianity is rightly and directly traceable to His teaching and influence. At all events, we cannot dissociate Christ from the sub- sequent and existing phenomena of the religion which bears His name. He is Himself the most prominent and conspicuous feature in connection with it. The name of Christ, however, suggests an office what the name of rather than a person. It implies the supposed ful- Christ filment of various preconceived ideas. The corre- 4 Anticipation of the Lect. i. spondence of Jesus with the ideal person and cha- racter of the Christ was the position assumed by the earliest preachers of Christianity. And as this is a fact which admits of no rational doubt, it is clear that there must have been certain predisposing causes to render the spread of Christianity possible. A belief of which one of the main features was the realisation in Jesus of a character at once clearly defined and readily intelligible could not have achieved any progress in the world, if there had not been adequate preparation made for it in the dis- semination of such previous ideas. Because it was not the personal character of Jesus that won its way among mankind, but the fact that in His character was fulfilled the conception of the Christ. In the case of the Jewish nation this is sufficiently manifest, since in that nation there had existed for many centuries the conviction that a per- son known as the Messiah was eventually to arise. The whole conflict of Christianity with Judaism con- sisted, not in the maintenance of the doctrine of a Christ, but in the establishment of the claims of Jesus to be regarded as the Christ, its bear- N r can it have been very different even with ing on the J Gentile the Gentiles, who were led to believe in Jesus. We world. cannot affirm of them that there were certain definite notions of a coming deliverer existing in their minds, and that they believed in Jesus because He fulfilled those notions ; but we may truly say that in every Lect. i. Christ in Heathen Nations. 5 case their belief in Him involved the conviction that He was the Messiah to whom the Jews looked forward. Of this there is abundant evidence. It does appear, however, that there were sundry latent ideas prevalent in the ancient world, which may have had the effect in no small degree of disposing the popular mind to accept more readily the an- nouncement of One who especially claimed to realise the anticipations of His own people. "When we look back over the mass of current traditions afloat in the ancient world, the attitude of expectation in- dicated in many ways, the impression conveyed by poetry, mythology, philosophy, and literature, that a want was felt in our nature, and a hope that it might be supplied was cherished, we can see that there was much even in the heathen world that an- swered to the Jewish anticipation of a Messiah, and that this condition of mind was one specially favourable to the preaching of a Christ, who was proclaimed as the good news of God to mankind. And indeed to the Christian, who is fully per- witness of suaded that Jesus Christ was all that He professed wor ici. to be, and that in Him there is the present pos- session of as much happiness as our condition admits of, and the future promise of all that we can desire, it is not possible to survey the monuments of reli- gious thought in any nation or language, and not discern indications of a mental state that bears collateral witness to the reality of the want which 6 Anticipation of the Lect. i. Jesus came to supply — if, indeed, it does not mani- fest what may fairly be regarded as the unconscious hope of His coming. There is independent and corroborative evidence borne to Him by many writers that were ignorant of His name, and by many religious systems that are antagonistic to Him. What St. Paul says to the Komans is doubt- less more or less true of every nation, and of all religions, that that which may be known of God is manifest in them, for God hath shewed it unto them. 1 It is not given to all to bear equal testi- mony, but there are continually traces of a testi- mony borne, and in its general results it is neither discordant nor incomplete. First by And we may briefly characterise it as twofold. sacrifice. . . First, there is the universal consciousness of a deep and radical defect in our constitution, which, if not openly confessed, is at any rate sufficiently betrayed. And secondly, there is frequently revealed a kind of spontaneous impression or conviction that help, if it comes at all, must come from without; — that it is not competent to human nature to regenerate or emancipate itself. It is not, of course, affirmed that either of these propositions is distinctly and broadly stated in so many words, but that, turn where we will, we are continually being confronted with that which tends to establish them. And, in fact, this testimony is the more remarkable, from the 1 Bom. i. 19. Lect. i. Christ in Heathen Nations. 7 manifestly undesigned and unintentional manner in which it is borne. Human nature, in spite of it- self, bears witness to the depth of its own wound. There can, one would think, be no question about this. Every form of ancient civilisation bears evident token of sin, and also of the consciousness of sin. Eites and ceremonies, laws, manners, and customs, which, after all possible allowance has been made for diversity of feeling and opinion, can only be regarded as indications of moral corrup- tion, are common enough in the records of every ancient nation. Whether we look to Egypt or Assyria, to Persia or to Greece, to India or to the north of Europe, the witness is unfaltering, not only as to the depravity of man, but also as to a certain misgiving within the heart that all was not right. The hideous forms of sacrifice which confront us in many quarters are doubtless to be interpreted thus, and cannot fairly be interpreted otherwise. 1 If sacrifice implies a desire to surrender what is most precious, and so far expresses a good intention and. a noble effort, it implies likewise a conviction that to do so is absolutely necessary. But why neces- sary, unless because no other apparent means are open whereby to redress the balance of right which 1 See, for example, G. W. Cox, Mythology of the Aryan Nations, ii. 144, and the note ; also the elaborate essay of Dr. Kalisch on Sacrifice, prefixed to his Commentary on Leviticus ; and the Dic- tionary of Science, Literature, and Art, art. " Sacrifice." See also Hard wick's Christ and other Masters, part ii. p. 157 seq. 8 Anticipation of the Lect. i. conscience declares to need and to demand rectifica- tion ? All analysis of the theory of sacrifice must ultimately result in this, that it is a witness to dis- order within, for which it appears to promise the only available remedy. And when sacrifice takes the more awful and revolting form that it assumed among the Phoenicians and the Aztecs, it only shows the more plainly how deep and terrible the disorder is. But there can be no question that, long before the commencement of the Christian era, human nature had borne the most conclusive testi- mony to the existence of such disorder, and by many a blood-stained rite had confessed to the conscious- ness of it. Wherever, therefore, the Gospel of Christ came, it encountered a condition of mind, which, being keenly alive to a sense of want within, was so far prepared to receive it. To make use of the vivid expression of an anonymous writer, every one who embraced the Gospel found that it "supplied a positive to the negative in himself." 1 Secondly, When, however, we pass to the consideration of by mytho- . logy. the other kind of testimony which was borne rather to the hope than to the need of a Redeemer, it is perhaps possible to speak with less confidence. A vast field at once opens out to our contemplation, which we can only glance at in the most cursory maimer. There have been three principal methods 1 A reviewer in the Edinburgh C'oarant, quoted by S. Baring- Gould, Origin and Development of Religious Belief , part ii. p. 8. Lect. i. Christ in Heathen Nations. 9 of interpreting the mythological legends of Greece. They have been interpreted on rationalistic prin- Methods ciples, as Lord Bacon 1 and others have explained pretation. them ; or they have been regarded as distorted ver- sions of historical occurrences, or in some cases as perverted accounts of historical events. Latterly, however, the tendency has been to look at them in their relation to the mythological tales of other countries, as portions merely of a vast whole. And so it has been supposed that one principle pervades them all. This method of interpretation is known as the solar theory. 2 The daily natural The solar phenomena of dawn and daybreak, sunrise, noon- tide, and sunset, and of the varying seasons in their perpetual recurrence, having been originally ex- pressed in sensuous language, which the mind after- wards outgrew, became ultimately invested with those very passions and accidents which the lan- guage literally suggested. And thus the foundation was laid of a copious mythology, in which the repetition of the same ideas in various forms is per- petually discernible. This theory may or may not eventually be regarded as a satisfactory explanation Legends of the rise of the various myths ; it is not even derstood. imagined that it expresses the way in which they were actually understood either by the poets who gave them their existing form, or by the people who 1 In The Wisdom of the Ancients, and elsewhere. 2 Cox, i. 53 seq. ; ii. 108, 109, et passim. io Anticipation of the lect. i. took delight in the repetition of them. However true it may be as a conjecture of their origin, it cannot for a moment be accepted as the actual message which they bore to the world at large. It would be quite as reasonable to assign to them a directly Christian meaning, as to pretend that their recondite etymological significance was that commonly understood. The poetical interpretations of comparative mythology are the natural fruit of comparative philology, and could not have been origi- nated till it had given them birth. We are therefore at liberty to regard the ancient mythological legends in their literal form, as we may be sure they were popularly regarded, and consider to what extent they may have served to prepare men's minds to receive the doctrine and religion of the Christ. The teach- _^ n( j ^gj-g [t canno t be questioned that all my tim- ing im- - 1 J plied. logies represented the gods as holding intercourse with men. They had their offspring among men, their friends and companions among men, their enemies among men. The teaching of mythology clearly was that the notion of communion with the gods was neither absurd nor inconceivable. And so far as this mythology expressed on the one hand the popular sentiment, and on the other served to create and foster it, we may believe that to a certain extent it acted favourably rather than unfavourably in predisposing men to receive the message of the Incarnation. In like manner, the notion of assist- Lect. i. Christ in Heathen Nations. 1 1 ance bestowed in an unexpected and supernatural way was by no means unfamiliar to mythology, and would therefore be subservient to the doctrine of a Divine Redeemer, who came to succour the weak, and to raise the fallen. 1 And, finally, the natural inference derived from mythology, when regarded in its widest survey, is suggestive of the truth that there are sources of wealth and strength for man in heaven which are not to be found on earth ; and, that if he is to be delivered at all, it must be by a power exerted from without him, and not merely by strength developed from within. It appears then, that we may fairly say that, not- its result. withstanding much that was in the highest degree revolting in mythology, and much that had un- doubtedly begun to pall upon the taste of the healthier and the loftier minds, there was also that in it which would serve as a sufficiently prepared basis whereon to rear the superstructure of faith in a Divine Son of God and Eedeemer of men, who should save His people with a mighty salvation, when His advent was proclaimed upon sufficient testimony. While, however, the effect of the ancient mytho- insufficient J to awaken logy, both as regards the disgust and loathing it definite must have excited and the relations of beings of a higher nature to man with which it may have made men's minds familiar, may have been on the whole favourable as a preparation for the preaching of the 1 Cf. Hardwick, Christ and other Masters, part ii. p. 160 seq. 12 Anticipation of the i.ect. I. Gospel ; it does not appear that at any time it had sufficed to arouse the distinct anticipations of a Be- deemer to come, which obviously did exist among the Jews. We do indeed discover tokens of such anticipations from time to time; 1 but these were pro- bably derived rather than original, and are perhaps to be referred mainly to the influence of the Jewish Scriptures when they had become widely extended by means of the Alexandrine version. The effect of mythological teaching, therefore, would not be so much of a positive as a negative character, re- garded as a preparation for Christ. It would have prepared the mind for the reception of the idea, but would not have communicated the idea itself. Still, we must carefully bear in mind what it could not do, in order that we may the better understand what was actually done. In proportion to the poverty of the soil will be our astonishment at the beauty and luxuriance of the plant which after- wards took root in it. 1 The retu.s et constans opinio of Suetonius (Vesp. iv. ; Cf. Tac. Hist. v. 13) must refer among others to Daniel's prophecy of the seventy weeks, then more than 500 years old. Of. Josephus, B. J. vi. 5, 4, etc. ; also the third Sibylline Oracle. Kal t6t IBvos p.eyakoio 9eou Iraki Kaprepiv 'iarai, ol Trdvreacn (iporotai filov Ka6o§Tiyol 'daovrat. 194-5 Kal Tore 5rj Geo? ovpavbSev ivip\pei ^auiXrja. 286 'iari de tls 0u\t) (3a(ri\i}Los, fy yilvos ZaraL HiTTaiaTOV Kal tovto xpiWs irtpiTeWonhouriv &p£ei, Kal Kaivbv crr)Kov Qeov tipper' tydpeiv. 288-290 Kal tot' d7r' TyeXt'oto 6eos Tr^p.ipei (HaaikTja i)s waaav yaiav iraiaei TroXt^oio KaKoio. 652-3 Lect. i. Christ in Heathen Nations. 1 3 We need not in any degree be anxious to dis- Truth in pnte the position that fragments of truth are to be gions. found in all religions. The reverse is rather the case ; for it is the very presence of these elements of truth that constituted the natural basis on which alone it was possible for the Gospel to be reared. The points, however, on which it is desir- able to arrive at clear and definite notions, if we can, are these : — The way in which we are to regard the rise and development of these elements of truth as we find them existing; and the way in which they may be compared and contrasted with other elements that we recognise in the Old and New Testaments. It may surely, then, be accepted as an axiom that This truth whatever of truth there is in any man, or in any not dis- ' nation, is derived from the fountain of truth, and is not an independent possession of the mind itself. The eye perceives the light ; there is no light in the eye but that which it perceives, or, having perceived, retains. So in the human mind, there is no truth but that which it derives and appropriates from the fountain of truth. The mind is naturally constituted to apprehend the truth ; and when the channel is un- impeded truth flows in and is apprehended. The truth reveals itself. The mind rejoices in the conscious- ness of having discovered the truth ; but with equal or with greater propriety we may say that the truth has revealed itself to the mind. And if truth is the 14 Anticipation of the Lect - l - exclusive possession of the Divine Being, every such manifestation of truth may be regarded as a true revelation from Him. Whatever indications, there- fore, we find of a sense of sin, and of the undefined terrors incidental to it, notwithstanding the hideous forms it may have at times assumed, we may justly regard as revelations of a truth, even as St. Paul says, The wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men who hold the truth in unrighteousness. 1 We need not, therefore, in any jealous or niggardly manner refuse to acknowledge the operation of the Divine Spirit of Truth in all nations and in all mythologies. Everywhere and always, from the first dawn of in- telligence on the earth, we may believe that the Spirit of Truth has been struggling to gain admit- tance into the minds of men ; and as far as the fact is concerned it matters not whether we speak of His success as the natural achievement of human effort or as the result of Divine revelation. But unques- tionably the latter is the more correct, because otherwise we should be at a loss to account for the various degrees of results, where there is every reason to believe that the human effort has been the same. He has favoured some more highly than others, and the effects are manifest. How did What was historically the actual primeval con- God fi e r st° dition of mankind it will never be possible for us to arise ? 1 Rom. i. 18. Lect. i. Christ in Heathen Nations. 1 5 determine. The Mosaic narrative may or may not commend itself to us as the most probable ; it is absolutely certain that if we reject it we can dis- cover none that shall be on the whole more satisfac- tory or more probable. We may ask, How did the idea of God or a god first suggest itself to the human mind ? We may decide that the ever- present vision of the heavens, or the sky, or the light, or the sun, 1 supplied a natural expression, borrowed from a natural object for the idea when it arose. But how did the idea arise ? Was it spon- taneous ? Was it original ? or Was it altogether secondary and suggested ? This question we have really no means of deciding one way or the other. To draw an inference from the phenomena of language which decides it, obliges us to adopt the inconceiv- able hypothesis that the earliest individuals of our race were incapable of any other ideas than those of natural objects ; that the first man was a merely sensuous being, who had no language but for the 1 " One of the earliest objects that would strike and stir the mind of man and for which a sign or a name would soon be wanted is surely the Sun. . . Think of man only as man . . . with his mind yet lying fallow, though full of germs — germs of which I hold as strongly as ever no trace has ever, no trace will ever, be discovered anywhere but in man ; think of the Sun awakening the eyes of man from sleep, and his mind from slumber ! Was not the Sunrise to him the first wonder, the first beginning of all reflection, all thought, all philosophy 1 was it not to him the first revelation, the first beginning of all trust, of all religion?" — Max Muller, Science of Religion, p. 368. Of. also Hardwick, Christ and other Masters, part ii. p. 12, n. 2. 1 6 Anticipation of the lect. i. objects of sense, and no need for any other lan- guage. If this really were so, then it is inconceiv- able that the idea of God could ever have arisen. If, on the other hand, the idea of God was a primary and original idea, it must have found an original expression in language, whether or not the traces of such an expression are discernible in any of the existing forms of language. The analogy of the Aryan languages may indeed point us to the former inference ; but it is one which may be modi- fied, if not corrected, by the analogy of the Semitic languages. There the name for God is not derived from any visible object, but is itself expressive of an attribute that may naturally have been adopted as an original symbol for an idea which was original. To have called God the strong or mighty one, would seem to have been at least as simple and primitive as to have borrowed the idea of God from the sun, or the sky, or the light, or to have used the names of those objects for the expression of that idea. It may be impossible, on scientific principles, to decide whether or not the idea of God is original to man, without a very much larger induction than we at present possess ; but these two considerations appear at least to be worth our notice : namely, that it is difficult to conceive how the thought of God could ever have been framed if it was not from the first innate in man— if there had not been that in man's nature which responded to the external fact of God's Lect/i. Christ in Heathen Nations. 17 existence, 1 We cannot imagine how it could have dawned upon the human conception which had before been devoid of it ; and if it had lain dor- mant, then we may doubt whether mere earthly phenomena would have sufficed to arouse it. If, on the other hand, we accept the Mosaic record as authentic, and as furnishing as true an idea of the constitution and condition of the first man as we can obtain elsewhere, if not a truer one, then this ques- tion is practically solved for us, for that narrative represents the first man as possessed of free and un- 1 The analogy of human growth from childhood to maturity may suggest the supposition that the idea of God may have existed from the first in man, but potentially rather than actually. There was a capacity for the conception of God, though that conception existed only in germ, and was undeveloped, just as there was a capacity for all kinds of knowledge, though the knowledge was undiscovered. And thus it may be supposed that natural phenomena, operating on this capacity, developed the idea of God, which was not otherwise original or innate. But it appears that the thought of God is as vivid in childhood as it ever is afterwards, and the tendency of mental development is to expel rather than encourage that thought. The earliest races of man are the most religious, and the effect of intel- lectual development and mental culture is, at least in many cases, rather unfavourable to religious conceptions than otherwise. It would seem, therefore, that analogy points rather to the opposite conclusion, that the existence of the idea of God in the human mind can only be accounted for on the supposition that it was ori- ginal and not derived, that it was innate in the first man, and not developed in. him by the teachings of external nature. We cannot claim for human nature the power of inventing God, when the his- tory of experience shows us that man's natural tendency, even under the most favourable circumstances, is to forget Him, or even to deny His existence. C Anticipation of the Lect. I. interrupted communion with God. 1 He can have lacked, therefore, neither the full conception of the idea, nor the language in which to clothe it. 2 1 Gen. ii. 16, 17 ; iii. 8, 9, 10. Comparing these passages, we are led to infer that the effect of sin was to impair the freedom of man's intercourse with God. 2 The opposite theory has found an eloquent exponent in Pro- fessor Max Muller. " The first materials of language supply expres- sions for such impressions only as are received through the senses. If, therefore, there was a root meaning to burn, to be bright, to warm, such a root might supply a recognised name for the sun and for the sky. But let us now imagine, as well as we can, the process which went on in the human mind before the name of sky could be torn away from its material object and be used as the name of some- thing totally different from the sky. There was in the heart of man, from the very first, a feeling of incompleteness, of weakness, of dependence, whatever we like to call it in our abstract language. We can explain it as Little as we can explain why the new-born child feels the cravings of hunger and thirst. But it was so from the first, and is so even now. Man knows not whence he comes and whither he goes. He looks for a guide, for a friend ; he wearies for some one on whom he can rest ; he wants something like a father in heaven. In addition to all the impressions which he received from the outer world, there was in the heart of man a stronger impulse from within — a sigh, a yearning, a call for some- thing that should not come and go like everything else, that should be before, and after, and for ever, that should hold and support everything, that should make man feel at home in this strange world. Before this strange yearning could assume any definite shape it wanted a name : it could not be fully grasped or clearly conceived except by naming it. But where to look for a name 1 No doubt the storehouse of language was there, but from every name that was tried the mind of man shrank back because it did not fit, because it seemed to fetter rather than to wing the thought that fluttered within and called for light and freedom. But when at last a name, or even many names were tried and chosen, let us see what took place, as far as the mind of man was concerned. A Lect. i. Christ in Heathen Nations. 1 9 If, however, it is hard to believe that the idea of The . idea of sin. God was originally suggested to mankind by the teachings of external nature ; if the spectacle of the certain satisfaction, no doubt, was gained by having a name or several names, however imperfect ; bnt these names, like all other names, were but signs — poor, imperfect signs ; they were predi- cates, and very partial predicates, of various small portions only of that vague and vast something which slumbered in the mind. When the name of the brilliant sky had been chosen, as it has been chosen at one time or other by nearly every nation upon earth, was sky the full expression of that within the mind which wanted expression ? Was the mind satisfied ? Had the sky been recognised as its god ? Far from it. People knew perfectly well what they meant by the visible sky ; the first man who, after look- ing everywhere for what he wanted, and who at last in sheer exhaustion grasped at the name of sky as better than nothing, knew but too well that his success was after all a miserable failure. The brilliant sky was, no doubt, the most exalted, it was the only unchanging and infinite being that had received a name, and that could lend its name to that as yet unborn idea of the Infinite which disquieted the human mind. Bat let us only see this clearly, that the man who chose that name did not mean, could not have meant, that the visible sky was all he wanted, that the blue canopy above was his god." — Science of Religion, pp. 269-272. And again : "It was by a slow process that the human mind elaborated the idea of one absolute and supreme Godhead ; and by a still slower process that the human language matured a word to express that idea. A period of growth was inevitable, and those who, from a mere guess of their own, do not hesitate to speak authoritatively of a primeval revelation which imparted to the Pagan world the idea of the God- head in all its purity, forget that, however pure and sublime and spiritual that revelation might have been, there was no language capable as yet of expressing the high and immaterial conceptions of that Heaven-sent message." — Chips from a German, Workshop, i. 240. More simple, and, on the whole, not less probable, appears to be the notion of a first man as yet unsinning, who could receive and 20 Anticipation of the Lect. I. brilliant and boundless heaven either developed m man the conception of a god, or at least furnished him with the earliest mode of expressing the hitherto unexpressed idea; can we suppose that the thought of sin owed its origin in the same way to the suggestions of natural phenomena ? What are the natural phenomena calculated to develop the notion of sin ? It is impossible to determine. But it is likewise impossible to deny the manifold evi- dence of a knowledge of sin which meets us in the world. The sense of sin, therefore, if it was not prompted by the phenomena of nature, must either have been spontaneously developed, or it must have been caused by the presentation from without of some rule or standard which declared it. But if it was spontaneously developed there is nothing to show that it may not from the first have been a delusion. There is nothing to show that it may not be a delusion now. There is nothing to show that we as sinners are individually guilty before God, unless there has been authoritatively declared to us an outward law that we have violated. The law may indeed be written in the heart, 1 but it must still be therefore express the commands of the Almighty, and give names to all His creatures. The idea of God is no less simple than it is stupendous or profound, and it was surely capable of being apprehended in its simplicity ages before thought or speech could frame or utter the " idea of one absolute and supreme Godhead." 1 Eom. ii. 15. Lect. i. Christ in Heathen Nations. 21 the counterpart of a reality which exists in God. Our consciences may accuse us, but why do they accuse us, unless because they reflect a law external to and independent of themselves, which says — Thou shalt not, or Thou shalt ? What the historical rise of this consciousness was we know not, and science cannot discover it to us ; but our own nature tells that there the standard was long be- fore there was any human consciousness to recog- nise its existence. It is impossible that the natural development of the moral faculties can both have invented the standard, and also have arrived at the knowledge of it. If they arrived at the know- ledge of it, there it must have been to be known ; they may have perceived it, or rather it must have revealed itself unto them ; but if they invented it, then, being the invention of the moral faculties, we have no guarantee that the standard is not an incorrect one, our very perception of it may be an entire mistake : but then, of course, the inference follows that if it is an entire mistake we have no right to insist upon our faculty of determining what is just or true. Or we may state the matter thus. If God has God has given us a revelation, then He must also have given the power us adequate indications of its truth, and He must n ; S e a re- o ,i n • ,i £ • ■ velation further have given us the power 01 recognising when them as adequate when given. For if He has not glven ' given us this power, then any indications of a 22 Anticipation of the Lect. i. revelation, even if given, would be useless. We should be incapable of receiving it. If, on the other hand, He has not given us adequate indica- tions of the truth, then the exercise of our faculty of discrimination is impossible. There is no higher sphere for its exercise. But we know that we do, as a matter of fact, possess this faculty of discrimination in some things, and to a certain extent, and we do habitually exercise it, even though at times it may mislead or fail us. Conse- quently, the possession of this faculty and the power of exercising it in all things but the highest, is reason for believing that we have it also in the highest if the opportunity of exercising it should occur. If, therefore, we possess a faculty of dis- criminating between truth and falsehood, then, on the supposition that G-od has given us a revelation appealing to that faculty, we are manifestly com- petent to recognise it when given ; but the widest possible induction of facts leads us to confess that we do recognise a shalt and a shalt not, an ought and an ought not. This shalt and shalt not, this ought and ought not, cannot be true, we cannot know it to be true, it must be uncertain and -unreal, if it is merely the result of our own invention and fancy, and not God's revelation. If, therefore, the shalt and the shalt not, the ought and the ought not, are true ; if the difference between them is a reality ; then that which assures us of this reality is the Lect. i. Christ in Heathen Nations. 23 revelation of God. That is to say, it is by the revelation of God that we recognise the difference between right and wrong, truth and falsehood. God hath showed it unto us. "We are surely warranted then, in saying not As He has . ™ . shown us only that the power of recognising this difference is the differ- ence be- given by God, but that it is one which could not be tween given through nature or the teachings of natural wrong, phenomena. It was not by the suggestions of these phenomena that man rose to a conception of morals or to the perception of the Infinite and the idea of God. It does not appear that the contemplation of any natural objects could reveal the moral difference between right and wrong, the beauty of truth or the hatefulness of falsehood. Nor can we believe that the first revelation of God was derived from gazing on the splendour and infinitude of the sky, or on the vastness of the ocean. It did not come from which is nature or through nature, but from beyond nature, rived from from God himself. On the other hand, it is obvious that it is only by language derived from natural objects that we can express those ideas which are beyond the sphere of nature. It is only by metaphor a^d™ 1 ^ ^ analogy that we can speak of the unseen. The eye b y a " al °- of the mind has no language, but that which is re- rived from •v>^> quired and has already been used to denote the impressions derived through the eye of the body, or through the other senses. And language thus em- nature. 24 Anticipation of the Lect - l ployed has unquestionably a tendency to react on thought, and to debase thought ; it has a tendency also to fetter and confine it. And it is probable that to this influence of language upon thought we may more or less directly ascribe many of the dreams of mythology in all nations ; but then we must remember that if the true origin of my- thology is to be found in language — if, as has been so finely said, mythology is the " dark shadow which language throws on thought ' n — we have to face the question, Why is it that conceptions originally so pure and noble, so true and beautiful, suggested by the glorious phenomena of nature, should not have Mythology been preserved in their integritv, or at least from time points to a L ° J declension, to time have been renewed by the same inspiring in- fluences? But, on the contrary, accepting this as their true origin, it cannot even be pretended that every trace of it did not soon vanish, like the dewdrops of the dawn before the rising sun, never to reappear but in debasing and unworthy legends. In short, we can discover no tendency in mythology to re- generate itself. It follows therefore, from the evidence afforded by this method of mythological interpreta- tion, that the natural tendency of man is to deterio- 1 " Mythology is inevitable, it is natural, it is an inherent necessity of language, if we recognise in language the outward form and manifestation of thought : it is in fact the dark shadow which language throws on thought, and which can never disappear till language becomes altogether commensurate with thought, which it never will." — Max Muller, Science of Religion, p. 353. Lect. i. Christ in Heathen Nations. 25 rate. His first conceptions of the Infinite were truer and worthier than his latest ; for, whether or not he originally identified the visible heavens with God, he subsequently learnt to confound God with the sensuous images language had associated with the visible heavens. And here was a moral fall. 1 May we not say, then, that the witness of mytho- logy is clear not only to this moral fall in itself, but also to the reality of that fallen condition of which 1 " There are two distinct tendencies to be observed in the growth of ancient religion. There is, on the one side, the struggle of the mind against the material character of language, a constant attempt to strip words of their coarse covering, and fit them, by main force, for the purposes of abstract thought. But there is, on the other side, a constant relapse from the spiritual into the material, and, strange to say, a predilection for the material sense instead of the spiritual. This action and reaction has been going on in the language of religion from the earliest times, and is at work even now." — Max M/uller, Science of Religion, p. 268. And again, "The first step downwards would be to look upon the sky as the abode of that Being which was called by the same name ; the next step would be to forget altogether what was behind the name, and to implore the sky, the visible canopy above our heads, to send rain, to protect the fields, the cattle, and the corn, to give to man his daily bread. Nay, very soon those who warned the world that it was not the visible sky that was meant, but that what was meant was something high above, deep below, far away from the blue firmament, would be looked upon either as dreamers whom no one could understand, or as unbelievers who despised the sky, the great benefactor of the world. Lastly, many things that were true of the visible sky would be told of its divine namesake, and legends would spring up, destroying every trace of the deity that once was hidden beneath that ambiguous name." — Max Miiller, ibid., p. 273. 26 Anticipation of the lect. I. it was at once the proof and the result ? Why is there a tendency in human nature to deteriorate, an inability to rescue and restore itself, as the develop- ment of mythology and as practical experience alike testify, unless because of an original twist or wrench in our nature from the effects of which we cannot recover ourselves ? All things bear witness to this fact, wherever we turn. All societies, re- ligions, institutions, experience the effects and bear witness to the truth of it. Is it not as useless to deny as it is impossible to explain it ? We may find it difficult to say what we mean by the Fall, and may not care too narrowly to define ; but the evidence of facts for the reality and truth of a Fall is irresistible. And if the natural growth of my- thology is itself a witness to this tendency to de- cline, how much more is the mythology full grown ! Can anything afford more conclusive evidence of the depravity of the human heart than the ulti- mate form assumed by many of the legends of Greece, to say nothing of those of India ? Is it possible to excuse or to condone the practices which were the immediate outcome of the cultus associated with those legends, and the deities to whom they referred ? We may try to believe that their origin was more innocent than their result, but there can be no mistake about their result. The Pauline account of the heathen world in the Epistle to the Eomans is too vivid not to be true Lect. i. Christ in Heathen Nations. 2 7 and is too true to be disputed. And that was the actual outcome of mythology, for of religion pro- perly speaking there was none. And can we believe that this was the method The origin adopted by God for developing the growth oftiamty, Christianity ? Was Christianity the natural flower is not to be and fruit of such a seed and such a plant as this % to mytho- Is Christianity what this developed into ? Because, ogy ' if we are to eliminate all but purely natural causes, we shall be constrained to confess that the Gospel as it appeared at first was the direct outcome, the spontaneous production, of germs and forces such as these. The hideous and the impure originated the lovely and the pure. The unholy generated the holy. If mythology was but the progressive de- velopment of religious ideas spontaneously conceived in man, it must have been a direct link in that chain of which the pure Gospel of Christ was the ultimate result. And when we bear in mind the yet grosser and more openly revolting interpretation, which by some has been unhesitatingly assigned to universal mythology, construing its ever-varying development in the east and the west and the north and the south as but the unvarying repetition of the same ever-recurrent foul idea, 1 one shudders 1 See passim, e.g. Cox, Aryan Nations. This writer does not hesitate to refer to the same hideous origin, and invest with the same foul significance, the narratives in Gen. iii. and Num. xxi. 7, 8, 9 ; Vol. ii. 116, n. 2 ; 114, etc. Anticipation of the Lect. I. to think of the awful blasphemy that is involved in any position which implies or seems to imply that the very life-blood of Christianity has been deduced through channels such as these, and owes its natural origin to the same ultimate causes. We may indeed say this may be science so called, but it cannot be truth. Or rather, we may boldly say, this manifestly is not true ; and therefore it cannot be science, for science is the handmaid of truth and leads to truth. No ! What God has taught us through the patent and only too obvious facts of the heathen world and the ultimate phases of mythology, is sufficiently clear. He has shown us written thereon in unmis- takable characters the actual condition of the human heart, its naked deformity, its real depravity, its natural tendency, when left to itself. He has shown us the place there was in the world of our humanity for a Eedeemer, the deep want of a re- demption, the hopelessness and the impossibility of our nature, left simply to its own spontaneous efforts, being competent to regenerate itself. He has shown us that all this was, over and over again, felt and witnessed to by that nature itself. He has shown us that even the greatest teachers in the schools of Athens could not shake themselves free from the trammels of a corrupt nature, that they imper- fectly discerned the depth of the corruption, and thereby proved themselves the subjects of it. He Lect. i. Christ in Heathen Nations. 29 lias thus shown us that the world by wisdom knew not God, and could not by searching find Him out. The witness, then, of the heathen world is to the Mythology p • • it gives its existence of sin with which it was unable to cope, witness to and to which it was imperfectly alive ; to the con- for chris- sciousness of a want which it was unable to supply ; to being ° to the desire for light it was unable to obtain, withltin Mankind yearned for that which it could not find, ongm ' which in itself it did not possess. But every want, if a real one, argues the existence of that which will supply it. Provision is made in nature for the The exist- n , . , ence of the supply 01 every true and natural want, as is shown want in by the adaptation of one thing to another. We a promise should infer, therefore, the abstract existence of that suppHed. ng which would meet this want. And thus the uni- versal testimony of the heathen .world to the con- sciousness of the want becomes itself an unconscious anticipation of that which would supply it. The want of a redemption becomes the unconscious an- ticipation of a redeemer, and may be appealed to as such. The character and conditions of the want show the character and conditions he would be re- quired to fulfil who should supply it. And they furnish, so far, a standard by which his actual character may be measured. He may be rightly estimated by his power of adaptation to the wants of humanity. But what is the evidence which is afforded us 30 Anticipation of the lect. i. if, there- by the study of mythology with reference to the mythology probable origin of Christianity ? If we take the auction of more debased interpretation of it, we find it is christian- absolutely impossible that a pure and purifying ^ t was influence such as Christianity could have been evolved by a natural process from mythology. It could not have sprung from it, or have had the christian- same origin with it. There must have been an en- Sve be'en tirely independent external and extra-natural duct P of" agency at work to produce it. If, on the other ™ yth °~n hand, we suppose that the earliest ideas of religion less we were spontaneously developed through the influence influx f nature, then those ideas must have grown up of Divine ° *- light some- a nd arrived at maturity in the same wav ; and where. . J J unless we admit at some point or other the direct operation of a higher independent and external in- fluence, Christianity itself can have been but the ultimate result, the highest development, of these primary, self-evolved ideas. But we have seen that the actual tendency of the ideas has been to decline and to degenerate, not to become purer and more elevated ; consequently here again we are met by a strong presumption that the actual origin of Christianity must be due to other causes than those suggested. That is to say, it does not seem possible to account for the higher development of the religious idea, without the admission of another influence out of, above, and beyond nature, which we can only term the direct revelation of God. Lect. i. Christ in Heathen Nations. 3 1 It matters not whether we can understand or This is a define the actual operation of such an influence : if dependent • i , • * 1 . -i on and various considerations appear to converge towards attested by and point to it, while the contrary supposition ap- pears to be precluded absolutely, then the natural inference surely is that, in spite of ourselves, we must recognise its operation, account for it or under- stand it as we may. If, therefore, the scientific investigation of the origin of religion leads us to the conclusion that it is a simply natural growth, developed naturally by the spontaneous evolution of religious germs inher- ent in man, we have a right to test this conclusion by the application of certain facts which are or are not consistent with it. We have seen that it is not possible to regard them as consistent with it, and therefore the inference clearly is that the proposed scientific theory fails to account for that which it professes to explain. There are certain manifest facts which are not comprehended in its induction, and which are actually fatal to it. If, again, we cannot in any real sense knoiv what The fact of is right and true without a virtual revelation to the revelation conscience of the true and the right which consists the con- in such knowledge, then it is clear that a path analogous , j , r j. ^ .1 to a similar is at once opened out for us to conceive of other reV eiation methods of revelation no less real, which shall ap- ^th^of prove themselves, not so much by the manner of ™^f *^ their communication as by the subject-matter of that *® e *^ g 32 Anticipation of the Lect - l which they reveal. Thus, for example, given the person of Christ as an actual revelation from God, then those who beheld Him were recipients of that revelation whether they believed in Him or not : the person whom they beheld became an object to their consciousness which admitted of no dispute. The fact of the revelation, however, was antecedent to their knowledge of it. On the other hand, in the case of those who saw in Christ the manifestation of the Father, there was a yet further revelation, which was made known by other agencies that partly were and partly were not dependent on the testi- mony of their bodily senses ; but here also the true revelation consisted not in the method of its com- munication, but in the intrinsic glory of the object revealed, of which, whether through the senses or otherwise, they had become conscious. There had been a true revelation to the blind man at Jericho before with opened eyes he beheld the person of the Son of man, but he could not have known of this revelation except so far as it was revealed to him, and the proof of the revelation consisted in the object revealed. It follows then, that, just as there could be no knowledge of the person of Christ but for the fact of His manifestation to the eyes of men, so there could be no knowledge of His Divine character but for the fact of its revelation to the spirits of men. The knowledge is no proof of the revelation, but without the revelation there can be Lect. i. Christ in Heathen Nations. ^ no knowledge properly so-called. We must have a Divine revelation before we can really know the Divine ; without it we must abide in darkness. As, however, the moral revelation of right and wrong is not of such a nature as to preclude the possibility of ' error, so neither is the spiritual revelation independ- ent of the will. There ever have been, there always will be, consciences it is unable to touch. The all-important questions, of course, arise, How shall How can such a Divine revelation be brought home veiation be to the minds of men ? and How can we recognise it home ? or when presented to us ? How shall we know it we^e^t when we see it, and be sure that we are not deceived ? se^cn' 6 In answer to these questions we may say that the mind is prepared for the reception of a professedly Divine revelation by the combined weight of many convergent indications and the accumulated force of many independent testimonies. It is notorious that several religions appeal to a professedly Divine revelation. The Vedas of the Brahmans, the Zend- Avesta of the Parsis, the Tripifaka of the Buddhists, the Kuran of the Muhammadans, all claim to be re- garded, and are regarded by their respective fol- lowers, as divine. Are we called upon to admit the claim ? Undoubtedly not. Every one of these collections of sacred writings rests upon a totally different basis from the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments. No man in his senses can com- pare them and not perceive their essential and in- 34 Anticipation of the Lect. I. trinsic difference. We have no desire to exalt our own religion at the expense of others, or to depreciate others that our own may be exalted ; but our allegi- ance to our own religion, if we believe in it, forbids us for one moment to place it on the same level with others, as it prevents us from being blind to its generic difference and its immeasurable supe- riority. 1 internal If it could be proved that this superiority was superiority , . . of the Old merely a matter of opinion and of taste, and not a tincl New Testa- matter of fact, it would, of course, be worth nothing, other and the sooner we allowed ourselves to be so persuaded writings, the better it would be. But, forasmuch as the differ- ence is demonstrably a matter of fact, it is useless to ignore it, and absurd to regard it as though it were not. What, in the eyes of the most impartial ob- server, are the claims of the Kuran in comparison with those of the New Testament or the Old ? 1 "Those who would use a comparative study of religions as a means for debasing Christianity by exalting the other religions of mankind, are to my mind as dangerous allies as those who think it necessary to debase all other religions in order to exalt Christianity. Science wants no partisans. I make no secret that true Christianity, I mean the religion of Christ, seems to me to become more and more exalted the more we know, and the more we appreciate the treasures of truth hidden in the despised religions of the world. But no one can honestly arrive at that conviction, unless he uses honestly the same measure for all religions. It would be fatal for any religion to claim an exceptional treatment, most of all for Christianity. Christianity enjoyed no privileges and claimed no immunities when it boldly confronted and confounded the most ancient and the most powerful religions of the world. Even at present it craves no Lect. i. Christ in Heathen Nations. 35 There is and can be no comparison. It is not that there is no truth in the Kuran, or that the truth therein is not derived from the one fountain of truth ; but the evidence of revelation in it, properly so called, is simply nil. Or take again the Veda, as the knowledge of it has of late years been opened out to us by the unceasing and indefatigable labours of an eminent scholar of this place ; where can we find in the Veda, with all its beauty and with all its truth, with its vast antiquity and the glorious visions it has unfolded of the earliest dawn of human society and life — where shall we find in it the same distinctive evidence of revelation in the same con- scious hold on the Divine that we cannot but ac- knowledge, even if we do not feel it, in the Psalms of David and in the vision of Isaiah the son of Amoz ? It is not from narrowness, or bigotry, or par- mercy, and it receives no mercy from those whom our missionaries have to meet face to face in every part of the world. Unless our religion has ceased to be what it was, its defenders should not shrink from this new trial of strength, but should encourage rather than depreciate the study of comparative theology." — Max Mtiller, Science of Relic/ ion, p. 37. All this is perfectly true when considering the claims of Christianity with a view to forming a decision ; but when those claims have been considered, then if they have not been re- jected, there are other words which come into operation, namely, " He that is not with me is against me." It is strange, but no less true than strange, that a position of absolute neutrality with regard to Christ, and therefore with regard to the religion of Christ, is one that always was, and always will be, found impossible to be long maintained. 36 Anticipation of the Lect. I. tiality, or want of sympathy with other religions than our own that we say this, but because the songs of a David or the burdens of an Isaiah have palpable evidences of a knowledge of God and of a mission from God that are not to be found elsewhere. If a special revelation has anywhere been vouch- safed, and the record of it exists, and if we have faculties capable of perceiving it when given, then there can be no question to which of these quarters we must turn to find it. We cannot say it is to be discovered equally in all. We may say it is to be found pre-eminently here, for instance, in the Scriptures of the Old Testament, and that to such an extent that the claim of the others to anything like a special or direct revelation is not for a moment to be entertained in comparison with theirs. Their witness is within. External And then, side by side with these internal evidence of . history, marks, we have the sure and incorruptible evidence of history, which step by step can be traced back- wards in its broader and more general aspects, till it leaves us in the dilemma of reading the history in the light of the prophets, and the prophets in the light of the history, or else of understanding neither. We have the stream of history flowing on contemporaneously with the stream of literature, and the phenomena presented by each constrain us to confess that they are both unique. Is this the result of accident ? is it the effect of collusion, Lect. i. Christ in Heathen Nations. $7 of preconcerted arrangement ? or does it serve more naturally to suggest the gradual working out of a Divine plan, of which there is no second in- stance in the annals of the world ? Doubtless this, with all that it demands, is after all the only reasonable solution of the problem. And the broad and solid results that we are able to arrive at are of a nature to be independent of the more frag- mentary and partial criticisms of a philosophy that refuses to be bound by any critical canons ; while they present a substantial basis of fact that must serve to correct and modify conclusions that are derived from the assumption of a uniform and dull monotony in the history and literature of the world which has never been broken. Here are the very facts which must serve to check the over-hasty generalisation. They must either be left out, or they must be tortured and perverted before they will fit in. Thus we find, at any rate, that there is sufficient Sufficient to arrest to arrest our attention in considering, for example, attention, the claims of the Old Testament to be regarded as a special Divine revelation in a sense in which neither the Vedas nor the Kuran can pretend to be. Treating it with the strictest impartiality, as we naturally should treat any other book, we never- theless find it to be marked with exceptional features which are very peculiar. As a matter of historic fact, it has formed the basis for another 38 Anticipation of the Lect. i. set of writings very different from its own in style and character, and that in a way that is altogether The Old without parallel. It was the literary progenitor of thTwTof the New Testament ; and but for the Old Testament as a foundation the New could never have been written. And yet the relation of the New Testa- ment to the Old is not that of a commentary, but of an independent, original, and in some sense antagonistic work. And these statements remain equally true, when the Old Testament and the New are regarded merely as human productions, as the natural growth of literature in times and circum- stances very diverse. The Old Testament is a complete national literature : the New Testament cannot in any way be regarded as a national literature, though produced for the most part by writers of the same nation as the Old, after an interval of nearly five centuries. The chief charac- teristic of the New Testament is that it professes to record the fulfilment and realisation of the hopes and aspirations created by the Old, and to describe the results consequent thereupon. The historic re- lation, therefore, of cause and effect is that which best expresses the relation subsisting between these two collections of writings, and it is one which it is impossible to deny. There may have been other causes combining to bring about the pro- duction of the New Testament, but it is impos- sible to eliminate altogether the influence of the Lect. i. Christ in Heat lien Nations. 39 Old Testament- as a principal and preponderating cause. In the New Testament, however, we find the The con- ception of conception of the Christ fully developed, and there, the cimst if anywhere, we are to discover its ultimate form, in the New It received no appreciable development after the latest of the New Testament books was written, or, at least, none with which we need concern our- selves. And yet this conception of the Christ as there exhibited, whether in historical narrative or in epistolary correspondence, is one that could not have arisen without adequate historical preparation and development. Even the fourfold life of Jesus, whom its several authors agree in identifying with the Christ, could not, if regarded merely as a literary production, have been written, if there had not existed previously certain ideas and notions which served as a nucleus for the crystallisation of the thought. It is hopeless to discover what these ideas and notions were, if we do not seek for them in the Old Testament. There unquestion- ably the germ of them existed, from thence they sprang, and by this they were nurtured and de- veloped. And the process of their growth is capable of being historically traced. For example, in the book of Daniel, no matter when it was written, we find a usage of the word Messiah which is unique in the Old Testament. 1 Even 1 Cf. 2 Sam. i. 21, perhaps the nearest approach to it. 40 Anticipation of the Lect - l allowing, which I do not allow, that this book was written as late as the time of Antiochus Epiphanes, it still affords undeniable testimony to the exist- ence at that time of the conception of a person, more or less distinct, who could be spoken of as Messiah, the word being used like a proper name without the definite article. And whether this was in the second or the sixth century B.C., it repre- sents a development of thought, an advancement in the direction of form and substance, inasmuch as not till then is such an expression found. But on every ground there must have been some appa- rent reason for the conception expressed. There must have been that already existing which favoured the notion, and sufficed to create or to encourage it. Perhaps it may not be easy to determine what this was, but of its existence there can be no doubt. To trace, then, the historic development of what we may term the Eeligion of the Christ will be the object of the following lectures : to follow it out in the three departments of history, poetry, and prophecy, till we arrive at the period when He who was proclaimed as the Christ appeared. The proposition with which we start is this, that there must have been a sufficient basis in the Old Testament for the New Testament doctrine of the Christ to be reared upon. That doctrine could not have rested upon nothing. It appealed to a Lect. i. Christ in Heathen Nations. 41 conception it already found in existence. That conception was exclusively owing to the influence exerted by the Scriptures of the Old Testament upon the popular mind, or else to spontaneous ideas existing in the national mind, of which the only explanation and record must be sought in the Scriptures of the Old Testament. As whatever traces there are of a similar conception in other nations are apparently derived from one and the same source, we shall be able to compare the origin of this conception with the supposed origin of mythological conceptions, and to mark the con- trast between them. That any such idea was original to the Jewish nation, and peculiar to that people, admits of no reasonable doubt. It is suffi- ciently clear that they laid claim to the possession of it, and there is no other nation that can dispute its possession with them. They are historically distinct from all other nations in this respect. What is the natural explanation of this fact, or does it admit of any explanation that is simply natural ? If then, by pursuing a strictly historical method, Method of J r ° J . argument we are able to trace the growth of this idea step pursued, by step, investigating and examining the several indications of its existence, and the various circum- stances that may have led to its development — the influence of natural causes, the pressure of external events, the example of surrounding nations and the 42 Anticipation of the Lect. i. like — we shall be in a better position to decide upon these questions. We shall then be able to deter- mine what the evidence is for the first origin of this idea, whether in its rise and development it can be placed in the category of mythological con- ceptions that can be traced to the double meanings of words, whether there is any natural process capable of leading up to the first thought, or whether we must not consider it as a communi- cation imparted to our humanity rather than origi- nated by it — a communication, however, of which the importance and the value consist quite as much in its intrinsic nature as in the method employed for conveying it, and of which the character and the tendency are the highest evidence of its origin. If again we can find in mythology no clear indications of the hope of a Ptedeemer, which as a matter of fact are found in the history and litera- ture of the Jews, and if in philosophy also, which may be regarded as a protest against mythology, there is no higher indication than that afforded by a celebrated passage in the "Eepublic," we may surely arrive at the not unreasonable conclusion that these characteristics of the Jewish Scriptures, being as they are unique, do constitute the very highest evidence of the special revelation which they are alleged to contain. Elsewhere humanity did not cherish this hope, here it was Lect. i. Christ in Heathen Nations. 43 cherished ; this is the way in which it was cherished; and this is the reason why it was cherished. The hope professed to be based upon a promise : a promise implies a person promising. In this case a person promising implies an unusual and unique operation on the part of God. The evidence of the work done points conclusively to the doer of it. We are led up on all hands to the confines of the supernatural and the Divine. My- thology could give no promise ; philosophy could give no promise, human nature itself could not have originated any promise ; but mythology, philo- sophy, and human nature, alike bore witness to the defect which the promise undertook to supply. Thus far the unaided energies of man could go, but no farther. They cried aloud unto heaven, but they could give no answer; the only answer was the echo of their cry. A period, however, occurred in human history when a distinct answer was given. A note of pre- paration for that . answer was struck by the Son of Zacharias in the wilderness, when he awoke once more the voice of the ancient prophets. And then the answer itself came in the preaching and the mission of Jesus. He claimed to be the Christ of whom Moses in the law and the prophets did write. That He advanced this claim there is not a shadow of doubt. That His moral character must stand or fall according as His claim was or was not just, is 44 Anticipation of the Lect. i. equally certain. His moral and personal character were not the creation of the Evangelists. They did not invent their Jesus, nor invent for Him His character of the Christ. And yet His character as depicted by them stands alone in the history and the literature of the world. As an invention, however, it would have been little less wonderful than as a history; for there were no materials out of which to construct it, and they were not the men to use them if there had been. We have then a promise, and a person, and a claim — a person claiming to fulfil the promise. We are all of us competent to decide how far the pro- mise was fulfilled in Him, how far He failed to realise it. Nor is it very probable that we shall reject Him on the ground that He failed to realise the promise. If we reject Him at all, it will be on other grounds than these. And then, in that case, we shall have to face this fact, that the most silent and the most mighty revolution the world has ever kaown was immediately connected with the belief that the ancient promise was fulfilled in Him, so that the verdict of history will be opposed to the estimate we have formed of Jesus. The circumstances, therefore, connected with the historic rise of a particular religion, which are of such a nature as to be independent of the per- fectly free discussion of various points relating thereto, and of the particular resolution that may Lect. i. Christ in Heathen Nations. 45 await the questions involved, are a valid presump- tive proof that this religion was intrinsically and in its origin different from all others, inasmuch as of no other religion can the same characteristics be predicated. The indications are many and various : they are independent, cumulative, and confirmatory. They point us from many quarters to one and the same conclusion. If the several tales of several mythologies appear to be all resolvable into one original idea, which is that of the ever-recurrent decay and revival of nature, it is not so here. It is simply impossible, for example, that the record of the Jewish history, interpret it as we may, and reduce it to any extent we please, can be resolved into the mere repetition of the same idea. It stands out in marked contrast with every mythology, and furnishes the broad and solid basis in life and fact for the possible existence of other living facts, to which there is palpable evidence in literature and in history, and which but for such a basis could themselves have had no existence. And thus the historic and literary development of the doctrine and religion of the Christ, first as it grew and gathered form before He came, and secondly as it was developed in the early Christian literature, will be the strongest evidence of its origin ; and we shall find that as we cannot believe in Jesus without believing in the Christ, and cannot believe in the Christ without believing in Jesus, so 46 Anticipation of the Christ, etc. lect. I. neither can we disbelieve in Jesus as the Christ without rejecting an accumulation of evidence which may justly be regarded as the record that God gave of His Son. LECTURE II. THE CHRIST OF JE WISH HISTOR Y. Sie ©runtung bc3 jiibtfefycn <3taat$ burd) SOcofeS tfl etnc ber benf= rourbigften SSegebcnfjeiten, roetdje tie @efd)id)te aufbercafjrt b,at, roid)tig buret) bie ©tdrfc be§ SBerftanbes, rooburd) fie in§ SBerf gerid)tct reorben, »td)tiger nod) burd) it>re gotgen auf bie SBelt, tie nod) bis auf biefen 5lngcnblicE fortbaucrn. j5iuei Steligionen, meld)c ben gropten Stjeil ber bercofjnten Orrbe bef)crrfd)en, ba§ 6I)rifrentf)um unb ber SSlamifmuS, ftufjen fid) beibe auf bie ERettgion ber £ebrder, unb ofyne biefe rcurbe eS ntemal§ roeber ein Efiriftentfjum nod) einen .Koran gegeben fjaben. 3a, in einem gcroiffen @inne ift eS unroiberleglid) roafyr, baf roir ber SKofaifdjen 3te(igion einen grof en Sfyeit ber Sluffldrung banfen, beren roir un3 r>cutigc§ .Sags crfreuen. Senn burd) fie rcurbe eine foftbare SBafyrfjeit, rocldje bie fid) fetbft uberlaffene SSernunft er|t nad) einer langfamcn GntroicEelung roiirbe gefunben fjaben, bie 2et)rc t>on bem einigen (Sort, cortdufig unter bem SSotCe oerbreitet, unb ats ein ©egenftanb be§ blinben ©(aubcnS fo lange unter bemfelben erlwlten, bis fie enbtid) in ben bittern .Ropfen ju einem S3ernunftbegriff reifen fonnte. Saburd) rourben einem grofjen £t)eil be6 3Jcenfd)engefd)lcd)tS atte bie traurigen Srrrocge erfpart, roorauf bcr ©taube an ffiietgotterei julcjt fu£)ren mufj, unb bie fjebrdifcfye SSerfaffung erbjett ben au§fd)licfjenben Sorjug, bap bie 9te(igton ber SBeifen mit ber SolfSreligion nid)t in birectem 2Biberfprud)e ftanb, roie eS bod) bei ben aufgeEtdrten £eiben ber gall mar.— Schiller. LECTURE II. In thy seed shall all the nations of the earth he Messed. — Gen. xxii. 18. If we are willing to allow that God has spoken more The reli- gions of or less by all the religions of the world — and in pro- the world portion to the elements of truth contained in them He direct tes- must have done so — then it manifestly follows that Christ. in whatever sense the Christ was His special and chosen way of revealing Himself, all other religions must in their degree bear witness unto Him. That they may directly do so is perhaps not to be ex- pected, for in that case God must have spoken specially by them ; but that they must indirectly do so is clear, for otherwise the voice of God would give an uncertain or even a discordant sound. But in point of fact there is an indirect and silent wit- ness borne by all religions to the Christ. There is no religion which does not profess to deal with sin, and there is no religion which does not virtually confess its inability to deal with it. There is no religion which does not profess to discriminate between right and wrong, and thereby witness to the majesty of conscience. There is no religion worthy of the name which does not profess to come with a message from God, and on that ground to E 50 The Christ of lect. II. demand the attention of mankind. But surely thus far the testimony of all religions is in favour of, rather than opposed to, the teaching of Him who claimed to be the Christ. To insist, therefore, as there is a tendency to do now-a-days, upon the fact of God's having spoken by other religions besides our own can really have no other effect than that of exalting our own, unless it is done with the con- cealed intention of disparaging it. 1 If we really be- lieve that God's message by Christ was exceptional, paramount, and final, then it must be salutary in a high degree to trace the lines of corroborative evidence as they discover themselves in the various religions of mankind, and as they converge towards Him ; but if we are to arrive at the conclusion that God has not spoken by Christ in any other way than He has spoken by Confucius, by Buddha, or by Muhammad, in a higher but not in a different way, then the sooner we clearly understand this the better, because such a conclusion does not appear to be in any sense compatible with the distinct teach- 1 " Many are the advantages to be derived from a careful study of other religions, but the greatest of all is that it teaches us to appreciate more truly what we possess in our own. When do we feel the bless- ings of our own country more warmly and truly than when we re- turn from abroad 1 It is the same with regard to religion. We have done so little to gain our religion, we have suffered so little in the cause of truth, that however highly we prize our own Chris- tianity, we never prize it highly enough until we have compared it with the religions of the rest of the world." — Max Miiller, Chips, etc., i. 183. Le< ^t. ii. Jewish History. 5 1 ing of Him whom we profess to follow. As philo- sophers we may hold the balance evenly between all religions, and strike it in favour of hone ; as Chris- tians we cannot do so, because Christ demanded nothing less than the entire surrender of the whole man, and if we refuse this we virtually reject Him. We have, however, already attempted to show that there is very strong presumptive evidence against the development of Christianity by any processes merely natural, after the manner of other religions, because of its strong and essential contrast with them ; and consecpiently the more we study other religions, provided we study our own fairly, the more we shall be persuaded of its intrinsic difference, and of its unique superiority. If, however, there was no supernatural origin, The pedi- gree of properly so called, for Christianity, it is clear that christi- . . . . . „ anity we must seek its origin among the manifold opera- known, tions of nature. It must have developed itself by a process of evolution from the spontaneous energies and resources of humanity. But as a matter of fact we know its pedigree if we do not know its origin. Christianity was the historical development of Judaism, or, as it is now called, Mosaism. All the first preachers of Christianity had been no- toriously disciples of Moses, and all zealous of the law. The earliest home of Christianity was Pales- tine, and indeed Jerusalem. And in our survey of the religions of the world, if there is none that does 5 2 The Christ of Lect. ii. not bear indirect testimony to the religion of Christ, there appears to be one marked out from all the rest by the direct testimony that it bears to Him. This, however, must of course be a matter of inference and not of proof. Still the inference may be so strong as to amount to reasonable proof. Let us look, for example, at the general tenor of Jewish history. The whole of that history, as we have it in the Old Testament, was very probably completed several centuries before Christ. It can have under- gone no material alteration after it was completed. It is in the highest degree improbable that the his- tory of Abraham, for instance, was a late addition. There can be no reasonable doubt that the lives of the patriarchs were as early as the Exodus, perhaps even earlier. But this matters not. Put the date of Genesis in its present form as late as the sixth or seventh century before Christ, or, if it is desirable, The pro- even later, monstrous as the theory may be, we find mise to . . j j ' Abraham, in the first thirty chapters the record of a promise given to the patriarchs no less than five times to the effect that all the families of the earth shall be blessed in them. Three times is this promise given with reference to Abraham ; twice directly to him ; once indirectly of him ; once it is repeated to Isaac, and once again to Jacob. The first time it is made personally to Abraham, the second time it is re- stricted to his seed, and the form is slightly changed from "be blessed" to "bless themselves." In this Lect. ii. Jewish History. 53 changed form the promise is renewed to Isaac, while to Jacob it is repeated as before, but given to him and his seed. 1 1 " iv aoi means ' in thee ;' — that is, 'in thee as their type,' or ' in thy faith.' In the original passage it lias the sense, ' by thee ; ' — that is, the form of their blessing shall be, by thy name. ' The Lord bless thee as he blessed Abraham and his descendants.' " — Jowett on Galatians iii. 8. The passages where the promise occurs are Gen. xii. 3, In thee shall all families of the earth be hlessed, spoken to Abraham ; xviii. 18, All the nations of the earth shall be blessed in him, spoken of Abraham ; xxii. 18, In thy seed shall all the nations of the earth bless themselves, spoken to Abraham ; xxvi. 4, In thy seed shall all the nations of the earth bless themselves, spoken to Isaac; xxviii. 14, In thee and in thy seed shall all the families of the earth be Messed, spoken to Jacob. In the first and last cases the word used for earth is HD'INfl. I n the other three f^C- The only other passages in which the reflec- tive form " bless himself," etc., is used, are Deut. xxix. 19 ; Ps. lxxii. 1 7 ; Isaiah lxv. 1 6, bis ; Jer. iv. 2. As in three out of the five passages in Genesis the form of the verb is a passive, and as there are certain clear instances in which the reflective form is used in a passive sense — e.g. Prov. xxxi. 30 ; Micah vi. 16 ; Ezek. xix. 12 ; Lam. iv. 1, etc. — there can be no reasonable doubt that it is at least permissible to regard the passive sense as the correct one in all ; but the real import of the promise is independent of any such grammatical ambiguity. Let us suppose that the right way in which to take the words in the five cases is in the reflective sense, as the passive is sometimes reflective — e.g. Gen. iii. 10 ; Ps. Iv. 13, etc. ; and that the " in thee " indicates not the channel of the blessing through which it is derived but the standard or example of blessing according to which it is acknowledged, then we have the assertion that all nations of the earth shall bless themselves in Abraham and his seed ; that is, all nations of the earth shall regard Abra- ham and his seed as the highest examples of blessing — a promise which is either significant or meaningless ; if it is meaningless, here at any rate it is for any one who chooses to speculate on its possible meaning ; but if it is significant, then its only meaning can be that 54 The Christ of Lect. ii. In whatever way, therefore, this promise is explained, there can be no doubt that it is a sub- stantive fact of the literature, and of very ancient date. It appears, however, and this is very im- portant, to have been overlooked, at least to a great extent, for it was imbedded in another promise which evidently took firmer hold of the popular mind, as it naturally would — the promise, namely, of the possession of the land. For it is remarkable that, whenever this promise is alluded to, as it often is subsequently, it is the inheritance rather than the seed which is mentioned. This is the case, for example, in the Psalms, 1 in the Pentateuch very fre- quently, and in the Prophets. The oath to Abraham all nations shall recognise in Abraham the most conspicuous in- stance of blessing, which at least implies a consciousness on the part of the writer, whoever he was, that the blessing of Abraham was to be acknowledged by the world at large ; that the world at large was to sit at the feet of Abraham in admiration of the extent to which God had blessed him. This is eminently true if Abraham was the recipient of real blessings and a real covenant ; eminently untrue if he had been deceived and was the possessor of no covenant. It is eminently true now to those who are partakers of the faith of Abra- ham ; it is utterly false if the promise to Abraham was a fiction, and the supposed fulfilment of it a mistake. The particular form or manner in which St. Paul uses the promise in no way affects the inherent significance of the language, independently of all gram- matical niceties, if there was any actual covenant made with Abra- ham, and if the claims of Jesus were valid. That significance remains even if we demur to St. Paul's argument. Its real si"nifi- cance was not given by him, but by the author of the promise in Genesis, whoever he was. 1 E.q. Ps. cv. 9 11. Lect. ii. "Jewish History. 55 is commonly referred to the occupation of Canaan, and whenever there is any reference to the seed, it is the people that is meant. In fact, there is no repetition of the promise about the person or the seed, which is five times given in Genesis, through- out the whole of the Old Testament. Perhaps the nearest approach to a repetition of it is to be found in the words of Micah, 1 Thou wilt -perform the truth to Jacob and the mercy to Abraham, which thou hast sworn unto our fathers from the days of old. This being written probably in the days of Hezekiah cannot be understood of the possession of the land, but may justly be regarded as a spiritual assurance. But it must be observed that it is in itself con- clusive evidence of the existence in Micah's time of the promise in Genesis, and that it was then very ancient. There appears, then, on the surface of the Jewish literature, and in one of the earliest portions of it, a promise to the effect that in Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, all the nations of the earth shall be blessed, or shall bless themselves. Whether any such promise was ever given or not, there it is ; we have only now to deal with literary facts, and this apparent promise is a literary fact. Very far back in the annals of the Jewish nation we meet with this expression of a consciousness on their part that they were to be the channels or the standards of 1 Micah vii. 20. See also Lecture IV. 56 The Christ of Lect. 11. blessing to mankind ; for, whatever else the promise is, it must certainly be so regarded. But what is equally strange, is that this consciousness appears to a great extent to have died away. The nation itself was isolated, and exclusive in its manners, habits, and sympathies. In the prophets, especially in Isaiah, there are indeed many passages in which this consciousness revives, and not only revives, but increases in intensity and depth. This, however, is in strong contrast to the historic development of the nation's life. While we observe that there is no distinct repetition of the promise to Abraham later than Genesis, we cannot forget that in another form it is continually repeated. To take two examples only, Behold, thou shalt call a nation that thou knowest not ; and nations that knew not thee shall run unto thee, because of the Lord thy God, and for the Holy One of Israel; for He hath glorified thee} And the Gentiles shall come, to thy light, and kings to the brightness of thy rising? What is this but the same assurance given in another form ? In all these cases, we must acknowledge that there is the clear expression of a deep consciousness that the mission of Israel was to be a blessing to the nations. This is manifest at the dawn of their history, and it is equally conspicuous in the palmy days of Hezekiah's reign. But there is only one way in which it can be said that the nations of the 1 Isaiah lv. 5 . 2 i aa ,i a h ] x 3 Lect. ii. yewish History. 5 7 world have derived blessing from Israel, and that is, as the prophet indicates, through the knowledge of their God. We must, therefore, either acknowledge this obligation, or we must repudiate it. If we repudiate it we shall become involved in the some- what difficult task of having to show that there was no intrinsic superiority in the sublime monotheism and pure morality of the Hebrew Scriptures over the vague and dubious conjectures of heathenism and mythology ; that the Psalms, the Prophets, and the Law, are at most only on a par with the cor- responding productions of other nations, if indeed they are not inferior to them. If, on the other hand, we acknowledge this obligation, then we shall have to account for the fact that, ages before it was incurred, this promise to Abraham was recorded in the national literature, answering in a remarkable way to the subsequent development of events. For in this case we have not to deal with the question of the promise being given, but with the fact of its having been recorded. When, however, we bear in mind that Abraham's previous associations had been idola- trous, and that his father, if not he himself, had served other gods, we shall have to account for the additional circumstances of his change of faith, and to consider that the narrative in Genesis is the only narrative we possess of the first commencement of a mighty revolution of thought, which was most im- 58 The Christ of Lect. n. portant and far-reaching in its consequences. As far as we know, the origin of what afterwards became Israelitish monotheism was this very episode in Abraham's life ; and, according to the narrative, the form it took was that of a definite promise given by God. In other words, as it is highly improbable that Abraham should have originated this faith for himself ; 1 and as, from the facts before us, it is impossible to deny that the most remarkable results flowed from it, the only natural inference is that the reality of a revelation is proved in the character and greatness of the thing revealed. The call of Abraham and the promise given to him stand out 1 The words of Professor Max Muller show very strikingly that there is only one way in which the spiritual advance we perceive in Abraham is to he accounted for. " And if we are asked how this one Abraham preserved not only the primitive intuition of God as He had revealed Himself to all mankind, hut passed through the denial of all other gods to the knowledge of the one God, we are content to answer that it was by a special Divine Revelation. We do not indulge in theological phraseology, but we mean every word to its fullest extent. The Father of Truth chooses His own prophets, and He speaks to them in a voice stronger than the voice of thunder. It is the same inner voice through which God speaks to all of us. That voice may dwindle away, and become hardly audible ; it may lose its Divine accent, and sink into the language of worldly prudence ; but it may also, from time to time, assume its real nature, with the chosen of God, and sound into their ears as a voice from Heaven. A ' divine instinct' may sound more scientific and less theological ; but in truth it would neither be an appropri- ate name for what is a gift or grace accorded to but few, nor would it be a more scientific, i.e. a more intelligible word than ' special revelation.'" — Chips from <•< German Workshop, i. 373. Lect. ii. ■ Jewish History. 59 in marked contrast to all that can be explained on merely natural principles, and here if anywhere we are constrained to admit the operation of forces and influences beyond the limits of nature. If we do not postulate the existence and action of a cause which cannot be traced home to nature, we must leave unaccounted for and unaccountable great, spiritual results which it is equally impossible to deny. When, however, we further take into con- sideration the fact that this particular promise to Abraham exists nowhere in the Old Testament 1 so plainly as it does in Genesis, till an allusion to it reappears in the first verse of St. Matthew's Gospel and in St. Paul's Epistle to the Galatians ; we must then put over against a very ancient recorded pro- mise, which has all the appearance of a prophecy, the no less certain historical fact of the birth of a remarkable personage who was alleged to have ful- filled it, and whose advent would have been its complete fulfilment if all or nearly all that was related of him was true. 2 1 A remarkable allusion to both the promises is found in Joshua xxiv. 3, 13, hut the first is subordinate and incidental. This nar- rative, however, not only presupposes that in Genesis, but implies familiarity with it among the people for whose benefit this was written. It is also valuable as showing the earliest interpretation of Genesis xxii. 18. Cf. Hosea i. 10 (ii. 1). 2 For the contrast between the character of Abraham and the highest analogous Hindu conceptions, see Hardwick, Christ and other Masters, part ii. 164 seq. 60 The Christ of Lect. ii. The Exo- We pass on, however, to notice other points in the historic development of the national life of Israel. First, then, comes the long period of bond- age in Egypt, which, according to the narrative, had been distinctly foretold to Abraham. 1 The memory of this bondage and of the redemption from it, was too deeply imprinted on the national mind and on the national literature for either one or the other to be for one moment doubted. Nor, on the sup- position of a post eventum prophecy, is it easy to understand why there should have been left upon the face of it a disagreement with the ostensible record of its fulfilment. 2 While, however, we can- not prove the actual occurrence of the prophecy, from which of course the whole supernatural character of the narrative and its Divine claims would follow, we can show that a large variety of circumstances in the history points consistently to the inference that we must make allowance for the operation of other than merely natural agencies. Abraham's actual knowledge of God is itself the strongest argument for a direct revelation, since, under the circumstances, it cannot be accounted for without ; but when we have arrived thus far the antecedent improbability of certain additional features of the same narrative is to a large extent o removed. And so if we find a highly exceptional dcliver- 1 Gen. xv. 13. D Ex. xii. 40, 41. Lect. ii. Jewish History. 6 1 ance occurring in the history of the people, which in its substantial features cannot be questioned ; — as, for instance, that it was accomplished without a blow being struck on their part ; that it was pre- ceded by a variety of national calamities befalling the Egyptians, which if not entirely peculiar were at least of peculiar severity ; that this deliverance was brought about by means of a person who had himself undergone a long period of probation in Egypt and in exile from Egypt ; that he laid the foundation of his people's greatness and of their national peculiarities, as well as of their very national existence, by giving them a law which he succeeded in persuading them was of Divine origin, and which was undoubtedly marked by many features of exceptional prudence, not to say of Divine wisdom ; that, under the circumstances, it is hard to account for the profound submission with which the Law was immediately received, if its promulga- tion was not accompanied with circumstances of special solemnity and awe, such as those which are recorded in the very narrative to which we are in- debted for the code itself ; that the position occu- pied by this person was entirely unique in the annals of the nation, so that, in the long roll of their kings and prophets, no second arose like him ; that he claimed to stand to his people in the position of a mediator with God, and to be the bearer of a message from God ; that this claim 62 The Christ of lect. n. must at least in part be judged by the way in which it was advanced, and by the results which followed it, as well as by the character of the mes- sage itself; that it is equally hard to maintain the charge of imposture against Moses in the face of all the evidence which confronts us, and to acquit him of that charge if the narrative which professes, in part at any rate, to be by him, and which, if not genuine, at least claims to be authentic, is not sub- stantially trustworthy as a narrative of fact ; that from the whole tenor of the subsequent history and literature it is hardly possible to over-estimate the greatness of his character and mission, and yet at the same time is not possible to estimate them duly and reject the general trustworthi- ness of the record ; — if, I say, Ave find all this, which we doubtless do find, it becomes a question whether an antecedent probability is not thereby created in favour of the highly exceptional signifi- cance which the record attributes to the history. We are undoubtedly dealing with a series of events which are altogether beyond the scope of ordinary human circumstance or national experience. Is it not pos- sible that their significance in the scheme of God's providential government may be something more than ordinary ? Nay, must it not be so ? The wan- Another feature altogether exceptional is to be denngs. ° x noted in the wanderings that followed the Exodus. In the face of the corroborative evidence afforded Lect. ii. Jewish History. 63 by the Psalms and the Prophets, it is not possible to doubt the truth of their main incidents — for ex- ample, their general character and long duration. 1 In fact, so deeply did the influence of the nomad life in the wilderness imprint itself on the national character, that traces of it may be said to exist at the present day. And yet, to discover any satis- factory natural causes upon which the wanderings may be adequately accounted for is not easy. How is it that a lawgiver whose energy and genius never failed him, having delivered his people from the thraldom of the then mightiest nation of the world, and having successfully maintained their independ- ence against the tribes and kingdoms of the desert, should be unable to crown the work of his life by leading them to the goal of their common desires ; but, after wasting forty years of fruitless lingering in the desert, should deliberately consign that work to a younger officer of his own appointment, who was not personally better fitted to accomplish it than he was himself ? These things are in them- selves so improbable that we must either reject them historically, which we cannot do, or else taken together they point us to the only reason for them, which is that assigned. 1 See, for instance, Ps. lxviii. 7, 8 ; Ixxviii. 13 seq.; Ixxx. 8 ; lxxxi. 5-10 ; xcv. 10; cv. 39-44 ; cvi. 17-19 ; cxxxv. cxxxvi. Hosea xi. 1 ; xii. 13 ; xiii. 4. Amos v. 25, 26. Micah vi. 4, 5 ; vii. 15, etc. etc. 64 The Christ of Le c t - n. But, in point of fact, the same characteristics confront us at every turn. As we read page after page of the history, we are equally perplexed whether to take it with such supernatural elements as are inseparable therefrom, or to attempt, how- ever hopelessly, to reduce it to such dimensions as may appear not to transcend the limits of the in- telligible and the ordinary. For example, the main features of the occupation of Canaan are undeni- able. 1 And everywhere the most conspicuous of those features is the consciousness with which the whole nation is possessed that they are about to in- herit a country promised to their fathers. The reason of this persuasion is apparent on the surface of their literature. The poetry, prophecy, and history, are alike imprinted with it. If we suppose for a moment that the promise was an after-thought of the literature, then the history becomes unintelligible. If we reject the history as incredible, then the literature and history alike become unmeaning and inexplicable. If we con- cede the promise as an actual fact, then doubtless a sufficient impulse is discovered for the current of the history ; but then, at the same time, the germ of the supernatural is conceded, and the foundation laid thereby for its occasional if not continual pre- sence afterwards. And it is this general broad conclusion and the natural inference of this dilemma 1 See Psalm xliv. 1-3 ; lxxviii. 55 ; cxxxv. 12 ; cxxxvi. 21, 22. Lect. ii. yewish History. 65 which is vastly more important than the resolution, one way or the other, of any question as to whether the earth's diurnal motion, for example, was arrested at the command of Joshua, or the like. The promise given to Abraham, however, might The pro- be less significant if it stood alone, remarkable as it would still be in connection with the history ; but it does not, and before we close the last of the books of Moses we meet with another promise in strong contrast with it — the promise, namely, that he gives the people, of a prophet who shall arise from among them like unto himself. 1 Now this promise, however it is interpreted, has the advan- tage of being very clear and definite, and it is furthermore distinguished by a comment which is passed upon it in the book itself. For we are dis- tinctly told 2 that there arose not a prophet in Israel like unto Moses after his death. It is im- possible, therefore, that the words can refer to Joshua. But it is equally impossible not to accept them as a promise or prophecy. It is clear that they were intended and understood as such. The comment referred to seems to imply no less. And the later we place the date of that comment the more significant it becomes. But in point of fact we are independent of any such considerations, for down to the time of Malachi there is no name in the annals of the nation so great as that of Moses. 1 Deut. xviii. 15 seq. 2 Deut. xxxiv. 10. F 66 The Christ of Lect. II. The moral, therefore, of the promise is that the national expectation was aroused, but the entire course of the history gives no hint of its being realised. As far as the testimony of fact goes, the last verses of Deuteronomy might have been added when the canon of the Old Testament was closed, for the Second Temple arose in its glory without witnessing the rise of any prophet who could claim to be the successor of Moses. But, then, on the other hand, it is impossible to regard the promise as a later interpolation. For it is put into the lips of Moses. And if we can imagine for a moment any late writer, such as Jeremiah for example, falsely ascribing a promise like this to Moses, what possible meaning could it have had ? The verdict of history had done nothing but falsify the hope expressed, and the remark at the end of the book precluded the possibility of its being interpreted of Joshua, so that we are wholly at a loss to understand it. And yet here, on the very surface of the Pentateuch, ostensibly the oldest portion of the Jewish literature, we find this clear, definite, distinct promise, to the fulfilment of which the rest of that literature bears no evidence. In the light of these facts we are doubtless at liberty to appeal to the New Testament in proof that the expect- ation thus aroused in the nation had not died out in the time of Christ ; but to what can that expect- ation be referred, if not to this unique promise ? Lect. ii. Jewish History, 67 If, then, the consciousness of Abraham was that his seed should be the blessing of the world, the consciousness of Moses was that his prophetic office should give place to Another. Each of these facts on the surface of the literature is too patent to be denied. They stand written in clear and legible characters that cannot be mistaken, and they are really typical of the rest of the literature. From first to last it is marked in an extraordinary manner, if we may so say, with the consciousness of being preparatory for something yet to come. There is a fearlessness of predictive assertion about it. Deal with the several predictions one by one as we may, this general characteristic remains indestructible. It is stamped on the history no less than on those writings which are ostensibly and professedly pro- phetical. We meet with it as early as Abraham, and we encounter it again in the time of Moses. It is indeed possible to deny that the writer of these two passages intended them to be predictions, but it is not possible to deny that they have the form of prophecy and the appearance of being pre- dictive. On the other hand, if we accept them as actual prophecies, we shall probably not deny that they were fulfilled in Christ. The Jewish history, moreover, as a whole, is distinguished from all other history by its extra- ordinary parabolic or didactic character. This is true at whatever period we take it. The history 68 The Christ of lect. ii. of the wanderings, for example, is a wonderful picture of human life. The history of the occu- pation and of the judges is scarcely less so. The conduct of Israel is like the conduct of a wayward child, or of a person whom adversity cannot teach, and the discipline to which the nation is subjected is of a kind similar to theirs. But of no other history is this true to anything like the same extent. It is as though this nation were under the immediate guidance and the special discipline of heaven, and this is shown quite as much by the natural as by the supernatural features of the his- tory. Leave out every incident which does not fall strictly within the limits of natural experience, and you have still in the development of the national history what may well be regarded as the result of peculiar Divine direction, and what has all the appearance of being a model national history, designed expressly for the instruction of all other nations. The king. After the subjugation of Canaan, the great turning point in Israel's history is the election of a king. Under Samuel the offices of judge and prophet were combined — he was the last of the judges, the first of the prophets after Moses. The movement in favour of monarchy, however, did not proceed from him, but from the people ; but the first monarch was Samuel's appointment; so that the king was developed out of the office of Lect. ii. Jeivish History. 69 the judge, and was sanctioned by the authority of the prophet. The history of the choice and sub- sequent rejection of Saul is so remarkable that it is difficult to divest it of all supernatural elements. Why was Saul accepted by the nation as their lawful sovereign ? Mainly on account of Samuel's appointment. Why was it afterwards understood that he was rejected and that another was chosen in his place ? Solely because Samuel had declared it. He was the virtual king-maker ; he put down one and set up another. Was his authority, then, a pretence merely or a shadow ? Were the whole nation duped into believing Samuel to be a prophet of the Lord, when he was only self-deceived if he was not imposing on them ? Upon reviewing the history calmly, it is impossible to affirm that Samuel's conduct was that of a self- deceiver or an impostor. There must have been truth at the bottom of it, as witnessed by its effects. But if there was truth at the bottom of it, was it not truth which implied a revelation ? For if there was no authoritative Divine communication, then there was imposture or self-deception — that is to say, there was falsehood and not truth at the bottom of Samuel's conduct, in which case the entire framework of the subsequent history becomes unintelligible. We cannot understand how it was that one dynasty should have supplanted another ; that the supplanting dynasty should have been 70 The Christ of lect. ii. believed, as it was believed, to be grounded solely on the Divine word, and that this belief should have been ratified by the event, and not subse- quently created by it, as the evidence of circum- stances shows it was not, if all this rested on the mere assertion of a professed prophet, who claimed to speak in the name and with the direct authority of God, and whose conduct cannot be sufficiently accounted for if he did not. Thus far, then, the history shows us in antici- pation a seed, or a world-wide blessing by the seed, a prophet, and a king. As yet, however, it has given us nothing more than the hope of any one of them. As there was no prophet be- tween Moses and Samuel, so in the case of Samuel himself, though the first of the prophets, there was no likeness to Moses. The imagination of the people was ever being disciplined into the desire of the ideal prophet through acquaintance with the actual prophets. It was so likewise with the king, but by an inverse process. Their desire for a king was spontaneous, prompted by the examples of kingly power and glory which they had around them. Their conception of the prophet was based upon recollection and experience, while it was stimulated to a yet greater ideal. No reality could surpass the conception of the prophet which was enshrined in their memory. But the ideal king never came. The hope of the nation was Lect. ii. Jewish History. 71 fixed on Saul, but Saul was rejected, and his reign was not one of glory. Then the nation's hopes were transferred to David, and in due time their allegiance became his ; but it was not till the reign of Solomon that the visions of consolidated strength, peace, and prosperity, naturally associated with the thought of a king, were realised, and they were realised for a little while only to be destroyed the more irretrievably. The era of Solomon was never surpassed, and it was not repeated ; for a time it once and again revived, but only to relapse into imbecility, and to result in disappointment ; and with the captivity of Zedekiah the hopeful line of Judah's kings was brought to a close. On looking back over the completed list, we cannot say that the ideal king had come ; and long after- wards, when the cry was heard, We have no king but Ccesar, it sounded as though the hope itself had been extinguished by despair. And yet, here again, it is not possible to survey The hope the history and investigate the foundations of the ground- hope, and not discover that there was valid ground for it. For example, we find, according to the history, that both Saul and Jonathan are aware that David is to be the king. Can it be that such a statement was invented in order to flatter the reigning house of David ? We cannot explain its invention thus. Indeed, we cannot understand the history of Saul at all, except on the supposition that 72 The Christ of lect. ii. he regarded David as the destined heir to his throne. But why should he have so regarded him ? David had no pretensions to supplant Saul, nor any prospect or hope of supplanting him, except on the ground of a distinct promise given by Samuel. This promise was given him, according to the narrative, while he was yet young, and before his combat with the giant of Gath, which might have made him a favourite with the people. 1 Why should it have been given him ? He was the youngest of his father's house, and his father's house apparently not then conspicuous." Samuel does not appear to have known David, or even to have known of him when he was sent to anoint him. We can dis- cover, therefore, no motive for his choice and no principle in his selection. Without doing un- natural violence to the whole tenor of the history, corroborated as it is by the independent evidence of many other passages, 3 it is impossible to take into account all the circumstances connected with the anointing of David, and not acknowledge that we are led up by natural and unavoidable inference to the very verge of something which we cannot ex- plain naturally, and which has all the appearance of being a definite promise from the Unseen, but how communicated we cannot tell. The narrative itself, 1 1 Sam. xvi. 1-13. - See Grove's art. " Jesse " in the Dictionary of the Bible. 3 Cf. Ps. lxxviii. 70; lxxxix. 19, 20, seq., etc. i-KT. II. 7"w:'s/i History. i _■> no loss than the promise, is deeply imbued with, these extraordinary elements, and unless we tear it shred from shred, we cannot get rid of them ; and yet. on the other Land, we cannot account for them. They receive a certain elucidation from the process of events, and if we reject that there remains no other. If. however, we attempt to resolve the original The diffi - promise to David, into an act ot mere arbitrary explaining selection on the part of Samuel, that is not the only significant incident we have to explain. If Samuel's choice had been sufficient to point out David as the future kino-, and to excite Saul's iealousv in consequence, would not his influence have been sufficient to displace Saul in favour of David, seeing that it was to the same influence that Saul himself owed his crown ? But. instead of this, after Samuel has anointed David, we hear no more of him, with the single exception of the episode in Xaioth. 1 till we are told of his death and burial : on the other hand, we do hear of Jonathan, the heir-apparent, quietly acquiescing in the career marked out for David, as well as oi his unexampled and nobly-dis- interested friendship for him. 2 And it is impossible to deny that, after a series of years. David not only sat on the throne which was Jonathan's by inherit- ance, but was able successfully to consolidate his 1 1 S.r.u. xix. IS . xxv. 1. Of. xv. 3:>. 2 1 Saiu. xriii. 1-xxiii. IS. i Sam. ix. : xxi. 7. 74 The Christ of lect. ii. throne, and to establish his dynasty. If, then, we resolve Samuel's choice of David into an instance of remarkable foresight, we can scarcely account for it even on that theory without the assistance of other than merely natural powers ; and we have yet further difficulties to contend with in the life of David himself. The For we find that after David is securely seated Nathan! V on the throne of Israel, he receives another pro- phetic message from Nathan, which conditionally promises him the everlasting possession of the throne. 1 That such a message was delivered to him there is not a shadow of doubt; the only question is, From whom did it come ? Was it nothing more than the repetition, in another form and by another prophet, of the somewhat similar act performed by Samuel ? Was it nothing more than the adulation of a courtier decked out in a religious and pro- phetic garb ? However we try to account for it, we have to face this fact, that the last king of Judah was the lineal descendant of David ; and un- less it can be proved that the narrative in Samuel was written subsequently to the dissolution of the monarchy, it is impossible to divest that narrative altogether of its predictive features, or to deny to them a certain correspondence in fact, which chiefly surprises us because it is not greater and more minute, The subsequent history of the kingdom, 1 2 Sam. vii. Cf. Ps. cxxxii. 11, etc. Lect. ii. yewish History. 75 and the disastrous rent it suffered after the reign of Solomon, is itself the best evidence of the authen- ticity of the narrative in Samuel ; because that could not have been fabricated after events had to a large extent falsified the promise it contained. And yet, if we accept it as authentic, we find our- selves unable to explain it on merely natural prin- ciples. There can be no question that the most exalted aspirations were raised in the minds of the people as to the permanence of their kingdom in the line of David. We find, moreover, that the original promise to illustrated i-\ ■ -1 ■ • -n '" i i 1 1 • by David's David is to a certain extent illustrated by the his- great sin. tory of his great crime. If criticism has asked us to believe that the fifty-first Psalm is no record or relic of this incident, he must be a bold critic who shall seek to persuade us that the incident itself never occurred. There can be no sort of question that we have in the Second Book of Samuel the plain unvarnished narrative of its occurrence. But the rebuke which is given by Nathan virtually assumes the main features of the previous history. No rebuke more severe was ever administered to a king, and it was coupled with denunciations the most terrible ; and yet it was none other than this same Nathan who had promised to David the perpetual establishment of his kingdom. If we reject the one event as historic, we have equal reason to reject the other. Tremendous, however, 76 The Christ of lect. li- as the rebuke was, it did not revoke the original promise while it expressly recognised the authority by which David reigned. 1 We have to account, then, for the unflinching boldness of the prophet, for the deference and submission with which his message was received, as well as for the deliberate confidence with which both the promise and the rebuke were given. Can these together be resolved into the mere effects of the mental ascendency over the king which the prophet had acquired ? It must be borne in mind that in the case of the rebuke truth and justice were at any rate on the side of Nathan, and that the denunciations delivered were verified in fact. Were these denunciations inserted in order to add a mysterious import to the events which afterwards occurred ? Was the narra- tive of the events framed in order to suit the mysterious character of the denunciations ? Or is the way in which the whole are intertwined and interwoven in the narrative but one indication out of many that there are elements of supernatural dealing in the entire transaction, which it is not possible satisfactorily to explain ? Does not the conduct of the prophet and the king from first to last show that, understand or account for it as we may, there must have been more in the title by which David held his throne than the vain illusions of self-deception on either side ; and that, as we are 2 Sam. xii. 7 seq. Lect. ii. Jewish History. 77 dealing with undoubted facts, the only theory which will adequately resolve them is the admis- sion of the agency of an unseen power working in natural human history in a manner highly excep- tional and above nature ? In other words, the narrative of the foundation of David's kingdom, which is distinctly asserted to have been Divine, is of such a character that its foundation cannot be satisfactorily regarded as merely human. There is, however, abundant evidence to show The infer- ence sug- that David's kingdom, great as it was, could only be gested. regarded as the promise of one greater. The chief characteristic of its foundation was its hope of per- petuity and its anticipation of an endless future. Solomon was in some respects a greater sovereign than David, and he was enabled to achieve what his father was not permitted to commence. His glory, however, did not last long, and at his death it seemed as though the hopes that were cherished by and for David were about to be falsified. The kingdom of the ten tribes fell away from that of Judah ; but here again, as before, not without pro- phetic announcements on the part of Ahijah the Shilonite, which fully recognised and ratified all that had been promised to David, though at the same time they partially revoked and modified it. The promise, which was at the first conditional, is now conditionally and to a certain extent repeated to Jeroboam, and the seed of David is to he 78 The Christ of lect. ii. afflicted, hut not for ever. 1 Rehoboam was for- bidden by Shemaiah to attempt to reduce the alienated tribes by force, because their defection was declared to be from God. 2 The office of the prophet, therefore, is continually asserting its authority over successive kings, and being acknowledged by them ; and as the broad principles on which it is discharged are uniform, so there is no essential divergence in the definite message delivered. The original de- cision of Nathan is acknowledged, and the validity of David's title is confirmed. All this is the more difficult to account for if we attempt to eviscerate the original promise of its Divine element. David's As, however, we proceed, we see the original sta- tains itself, bility of David's line maintaining itself. The condi- tion implied in all the Divine promises, and expressly named to Jeroboam, was not fulfilled by him any more than it had been by Solomon ; and in the second generation his dynasty was overthrown, 3 to be succeeded by others no less transient, until Jehu sat upon the throne of Israel and handed down his sceptre to his descendants of the fourth generation, who, in the person of Zachariah, 4 were finally dis- placed, while the monarchy itself not long after came to an end. Henceforth the dominion of the two kingdoms reverted to the representative of the house of David, under whom they were united in 1 1 Kings xl 34-39. 2 2 Kings xii. 22-24. 3 1 Kings xv. 28, 29, 30. 4 2 Kings x. 30 ; xv. 8-12. Lect. ii. yewish History. 79 the person of Hezekiah, and so continued for about one hundred and thirty years till the time of the great captivity under Nebuchadnezzar. For the history of the divided kingdom of Israel we are entirely indebted to the books of Kings, which may perhaps be suspected of partiality in favour of the kingdom of Judah ; but, to whatever extent this is the case, there are certain features to be observed which can hardly have been misrepresented from any such bias. For example, we find in the kingdom of Israel the development of a grander idea of the prophetic office than is ever found in Judah, and one which, in some respects, is altogether original. The prophets Elijah and The P r °- Elisha are unique conceptions in the history, and Elijah and their execution of their office is unique. It was, however, almost exclusively discharged in Israel. There is something very remarkable in the apostate kingdom being thus highly favoured ; and the fact that the prophets' mission, though it was resisted, was nevertheless acknowledged by the kings of Israel, may surely be added to the mass of the evidence which tends to show that their mission was a reality. The way, however, in which dynasty after dynasty is set up in Israel, and removed for rebellion and idolatry, not without prophetic menaces and warnings, is also in its degree a con- firmation of the authority on which the promise to David rested; because our knowledge of both is The Christ of lect. ii. derived from the same source, and as the one could not have been invented to make the other more credible, whatever illustration either receives from the other is of real and independent value. 1 For example, the constant change of dynasty in Israel corresponds in fact with the prophetic announce- ment of it. We cannot suppose that the fact was arranged to suit the announcement, and scarcely less can we imagine that the announcement was recorded to embellish the fact ; and yet, if not so, the agreement of the one with the other is in the high- est degree significant, and shows that the power which was at work in Judah was not unknown in Israel, and because not unknown in Israel, an idolatrous and rival kingdom, is the less likely to have been unreal in Judah. At all events, He who set up and put down kings in Israel, was He who declared that He had chosen the seed of David and would establish his throne for ever. In fact, the more we examine the history in detail, the more we see that it must be torn piecemeal and totally re- constructed before it can be reduced to the scale of ordinary history, and that, in short, it cannot be so reduced without destroying altogether its historical credibility — its value as a record. Aehifto^. lt is > moreover > t>y no means unimportant to observe, that after a certain period the history itself 1 Kings xi. 31 seq. ; xiv. 7 seq. ; xvi. 1-13 ; xx. 42, 43. 2 Kings i. 16, etc. etc. Lect. ii. Jewish History. 8 1 ceases to present the same features that it formerly possessed. There is not the same conspicuous cor- respondence between prophetic announcement and historic incident. There are indications, not a few, that the nation was conscious that its prophetic glory- had departed. 1 No attempt even is made to repro- duce the remarkable phenomena of the Books of Kings and Chronicles. Just as the period of the judges was an era when the prophetic impulse was wholly in abeyance, though the ruling power was developing itself ; so in the time of the mon- archy, the king and the prophet are found side by side in full activity ; but after the close of it the office of the king is seen no more, and that of the prophet before long comes to an end. All this tends to show that the period of the prophetic development was distinct and exceptional in the life of the nation. It was a reality, and a reality that is virtually without parallel elsewhere. Still the records of the nation leave this feeling on the reader s mind, that high anticipations, both as regards kingly and prophetic power, have been raised and yet not wholly fulfilled. The book of Malachi closes not only without any manifestation of the prophet like unto Moses, but with a promise only held out of the return of Elijah, whose position and character, 1 Cf. Ps. lxxiv. 9, whenever this was written. Ezra ii. 63. Neh. vii. 65. 1 Mace. iv. 46 ; ix. 27 ; xiv. 41. G 82 The Christ of lect. n . though very great, were at once unlike and inferior to those of Moses. its appa- And what is true of the prophet is yet more rent non- fulfilment, true of the king. The distinct assurances held out of a ruler on David's throne were so far from being fulfilled that their very failure is an evidence of their reality and genuineness. They must have been given on the highest authority, because other- wise a natural jealousy for their credit and their apparent agreement with fact would have prompted the desire to suppress or to modify them. But in- stead of this they remain with so much of historical inconsistency as the reader may be disposed to assign to them, but at the same time with the very vivid impression produced upon him that there is something wanted to complete them — something in the future for which they still seem to wait. It is not, therefore, nearly so much upon the literal assertions of this or that particular text or collection of texts that we dwell, as upon the gene- ral tenor of the narrative looked at as a whole, and upon the highly exceptional phenomena of the lite- rature taken at large, which cannot with any degree of fairness be explained away, and yet cannot be truly dealt with without suggesting the very strong presumption, which accumulated evidence renders inevitable, that other forces than those merely human were at work in the history of this nation, and that there are indications of the unveiling of a Lect. ii. Jewish History. 83 will which can only be regarded as Divine. And this conclusion is proof against everything but the unwarrantable, because unscientific, d priori assump- tion that such an idea is to be rejected because of its inherent and absolute impossibility, which must simply depend upon the facts instead of being allowed to sway them. The result, then, to which we are brought by The his- the survey of Jewish history as a whole, is the con- complete viction that it is singularly incomplete ; that, start- ing w T ith the definite and distinct promise that all the families of the earth are to be blessed in Abra- ham, it leaves us with no very distinct or definite notion how this has been or is to be accomplished ; it awakens an anticipation which, to say the least, it barely satisfies ; that, moreover, this promise, clear as it is in terms, though dark in meaning, is not more clear than the promise subsequently re- corded of a great prophet who shall arise, and a king who shall rule on the throne of David, and the perpetuity which shall attend his throne — neither of which promises, however, is adequately realised within the limits of the history itself. The most natural conclusion, therefore, is that the entire his- tory from first to last is a delusion ; it is not worthy of our consideration or regard, for its conspicuous absurdities are its condemnation. But yet, on the other hand, we feel, in spite of ourselves, that this conclusion is one which we cannot adopt. This his- 84 The Christ of lect. h. tory, from first to last, is more remarkable than any other. Setting aside its supernatural features, there is no question that its broad and general character is that of substantial accuracy and truth : it is simple, concise, and graphic : it commands our confidence from its obvious impartiality. No one can say that the character of Abraham or of David is dealt with more leniently than that of Saul or Pharaoh. It is impossible to read this history and pronounce it upon internal evidence unworthy of our attention or undeserving of our belief. But the very manifest general character of the history in ordinary matters affords ground, at least so far, for a presumption in favour of its credibility in others which are not ordinary. We are forbidden to dis- miss the supernatural features all at once as unwor- thy of credit, on account of the general character of the narrative which they mark. We are constrained either to explain them or to accept them unex- plained. They do not really admit of any satisfac- torily consistent natural explanation, and therefore we must accept them as they are. it excites And this beirie' the case, the final impression expecta- ° x tion. produced by the history as a whole is that the promises contained in it, and the hopes excited by it, are in the highest degree noteworthy. And the natural inference is that, so far at any rate, a substantial foundation is laid for any claims which might hereafter be based upon these pro- Lect. ii. Jezvish History. 85 mises and hopes. It is impossible to deny that there was a primd facie appearance of ground for the expectation that among the seed of Abraham there should arise a prophet and a king, in whom the kingly and prophetic character should be amply realised. And it is altogether beyond the limits of possibility that the expectation of a prophet or a king, in the form in which it appears, should have been modified in such a way as to become the groundwork of the claims which were afterwards based upon it. Put the composition of the several books, or of particular parts of them, as late as you please, and their real significance is in no degree affected thereby. In their present form they were long anterior to the first preaching of the Baptist, and yet in that form they supplied a strange and fitting, and yet altogether improbable and impossible, basis for the announcement, There cometh one mightier than I after me, the latchet of whose shoes I am not worthy to stoop doivn and unloose. 1 It was the spontaneous development of events, and in no sense the will of man, which brought about this adaptation. The character of John the Baptist is one of the greatest in Scripture, but he proclaimed the advent of one greater than himself. If that greater one should be a prophet or a king, the old promises about the king and the prophet would, to say the least, have a wonderful light thrown upon them. 1 St. Mark i. 7. The Christ of lect. ii. They would at once acquire a significance they never possessed before, and yet the capability of this significance had been there for ages. It was not created by John. And whether or not John's announcement was verified, the ground upon which it was made was valid, for Moses had spoken of a prophet like unto himself, and Samuel had anointed David in the room of Saul to sit upon the throne of Israel, and Nathan had declared that his house and kingdom should be established for ever. Whether or not these promises were destined to ultimate failure or fulfilment, it is undeniable that there they were, and there for ages they had existed. The priest. There is yet one other feature in which the his- tory of Israel presents a strong contrast to that of all other nations. It was expressly declared in the law that Israel should be a kingdom of priests and a holy nation ; x and in no respect are this people more strongly marked than in their priestly and sacrificial character. The directions of the Mosaic ritual are minute and elaborate. From the commencement to the close of the Old Testament, sacrifice holds a conspicuous and prominent place. Aaron and his sons, under the legal system, are expressly set apart to minister in the priest's office. The covenant of an everlasting priesthood is made with Phinehas, the grandson of Aaron. And yet in the time of Samuel we find that the priest- 1 Exod. xix. 6. Lect. ii. Jewish History. 87 hood has passed out of the line of Eleazar into that of Ithamar -without any discoverable reason. 1 In the time of David it is found distributed in both lines (1 Chron. xxiv. 3). At the time of the cap- tivity, and after the return, it is still in the line of Eleazar, and appears to have continued so. During the historical times, or at least during the period of the monarchy, the high -priest's office was, compara- tively speaking, subordinate. After the captivity and later he became the recognised head of the nation, as in a kingdom of priests he would always have a tendency to become ; and yet from first to last there is no one priest who stands out very pro- minently as the model and pattern of priesthood, while the entire sacrificial system must have come to an end with the destruction of the Jewish polity. Had all this elaborate scheme of rites and cere- Meaning monies, of priests and sacrifices, existed for no pur- ritual ; pose whatever, or was there a further meaning in its very existence ? because there is no part of the Jewish constitution which can lay anything like the claim to Divine ordinance and prescription that the furniture and services of the tabernacle and the functions of the priesthood can lay. These were all ostensibly the subject of express Divine injunctions, 1 This alone is surely an indication that the promise to Phinehas must have been either contemporaneous with him or subsequent to the captivity ; but the former is more probable because of the mani- fest violation of the promise in the time of Samuel. 88 The Christ of lkct, ii. and if the injunctions were in any sense Divine they shed a light upon the whole theory of sacrifice as it existed also in other nations ; but if they were not — if there was no positive and external authority for them, if they were based upon imposture and self-deception — then they not only become inexplicable in them- selves, but the prevalence and universality of sacri- fice in the world at large, as well as the very exist- ence of the theory of sacrifice, is a phenomenon that we cannot account for. The origin of the institution of sacrifice is indeed lost in obscurity, but a certain amount of light is thrown upon its existence jf in any case it was sanctioned or adopted by Divine authority and precept — a light which otherwise fails us altogether. And certainly, if such a sanction is anywhere to be discovered, we must look for it in the extant sacred writings of the Jews ; but even if we acknowledge its existence here, these writings them- selves fail to give us not only the full meaning of the idea, but also the complete development and realisation of the idea in history. There may never have been any such realisation at all ; but if there was the only person in whom we can hope to find it is Christ, and of its I n other words, the sacerdotal and sacrificial system of the Jews, as it is expressed in their extant sacred writings, no matter when they were written, taken in its relation to the corresponding systems of other nations, necessarily and naturally cessation. Lect. ii. Jewish History. 89 leads us to expect some solution of it which shall satisfactorily account for its existence ; but it is impossible to give any such account by searching the records of history in any nation whatever. Unless the very idea of sacrifice from first to last was a mistake, unless its essential principle was a false one, it seems to point us not only to a great moral truth, but also to a definite historic exhi- bition and illustration of the truth, or at least to a turning point in history, when the human mind, which before had universally acquiesced in sacrifice, should at once and universally repudiate the repe- tition of the outward form, and rest content with the realisation of the inward truth expressed by it. Such a turning point would really present the greatest instance of moral and mental revolution which it is possible to conceive. And such a turning point was in fact presented by the effects and consequences of the death of Christ. The repudiation of animal sacrifice was the immediate result of the preaching of that death. Nothing else has ever operated in the same way. Nothing else can in this respect come into competition for one moment with Christ's death. The publication of the Epistle to the Hebrews, no matter who wrote it, was the evidence and the consequence of the mightiest revolution which the human mind can undergo or has ever undergone. Whether or not Jewish sacrifice led up to the Epistle to the Conclu- sion. 90 The Ck?'ist of Lect. II. Hebrews, and was intended to prepare for its central fact, certain it is that the central fact of that Epistle was the abolition of Jewish sacrifice, and gave the signal for a total change of mind upon the subject. A revolution so mighty as the rejection of the formal expression of sacrifice, in favour of its moral signification and inward essence, is not so likely to have been occasioned by any- thing as by an especially high illustration of the moral truth of sacrifice. We may declare emphatically that no historic event was adequate to produce this revolution but one, as we may likewise affirm that there is no other event which in this respect pretends to rival it. There is a direct relation of cause and effect between the death of Christ and the discontinuance of sacrifice, which is undeniable, because obvious, and which can be paralleled by nothing else in history. We may deny that the existence of sacri- fice pointed prophetically and with Divine autho- rity to the historic occurrence of the death of Christ ; it is impossible to affirm that the death of Christ did not exhibit and illustrate, as nothing else ever did, the full meaning and the Divine wisdom of the law of sacrifice. And thus it is that we find the promise of a Christ in Jewish history. We find in that history the foundation and the germ of all that was after- wards claimed for Christ and advanced in His Lect. ii. Jewish History. 91 name. We find there ages before He came or any The seed, such claims were ever advanced, the distinct pro- mise of a seed in which the nations should be blessed. However we interpret that promise, whether of the seed of Abraham or of a certain individual of his family, whether we regard him or his family, or a certain individual of his family, as the channel or as the standard of blessing, it is equally true when applied to Christ. He pro- claimed himself, and was proclaimed, as the fountain of life and the one source of blessing to mankind. We find there the distinct promise of a great The pro- prophet, who should stand like Moses between God p et ' and man. In the whole cycle of history there is no name but one on behalf of which any such claim can be advanced. Christ may not have been that great prophet, but at least there was none other greater than He ; and in that case the pro- mise which has existed for three thousand years, and is still a promise, has signally failed, and though history has revealed and confirmed its truth, it must be pronounced a lie. But we find there also the distinct promise of The king. a king whose throne is to be established for ever ; and yet before many centuries the kingdom of David is overthrown, and in the time of Herod and Pontius Pilate we hear the people of David crying aloud, We have no hing hut CcBsar ; 1 while 1 St. John xix. 15. 92 The Christ of Jewish History. lect. n. one who claimed descent from the son of Jesse was led away to be crucified, and the superscription was written over Him, containing the indictment upon which He suffered, This is Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jeivs ; 1 and before He was born, we are told that it had been said, — The Lord God shall give unto him the throne of his father David ; and he shall reign over the house of Jacob for ever, and of his kingdom there shall be no end. 2 The priest. And, lastly, we find there from beginning to end the deep impress of a sacrificial system, which must have been unmeaning and self-imposed, and is con- sequently an unexplained phenomenon in history, if it did not lead upward and point onward to the perfect priesthood and sacrifice of one who should be called not after the order of Aaron, but after the power of an endless life? 1 St. John xix. 19. St. Matt, xxvii. 37. 2 St. Luke i. 32, 33. 3 Heb. vii. 11, 16. LECTURE III. THE CHRIST OF THE PSALMS. What is there necessary for man to know which the Psalms are not able to teach ? They are to beginners an easy and familiar intro- duction, a mighty augmentation of all virtue and knowledge in such as are entered before, a strong confirmation to the most perfect among others. Heroical magnanimity, exquisite justice, grave moderation, exact wisdom, repentance unfeigned, unwearied patience, the mys- teries of God, the sufferings of Christ, the terrors of wrath, the com- forts of grace, the works of Providence over this world, and the promised joys of that world which is to come, all good necessarily to be either known, or done, or had, this one celestial fountain yieldeth. — Hooker. LECTURE III. As it is also written in the second Psalm, Thou art my Son, this day have I begotten thee. . . . Wherefore he saith also in another Psalm, Tliou shalt not suffer thine Holy One to see corruption. — Acts xiii. 33, 35. We have no reasonable cause to doubt that St. Paul The evidence in bis speecb at Antioch in Pisidia made reference from the to these two Psalms, and applied them to Jesus Christ. But whether or not he did, it is at least certain that the writer of the Acts of the Apostles believed in the fitness of such an application, and desired his readers also to believe in it. If proof, therefore, were wanting, we have it here, as we have it abundantly elsewhere, that the early Church was accustomed to find in the Psalms of David much that it understood to be spoken prophetically of Jesus Christ. But my object now is not to defend or estab- lish the truth of any such interpretation, but rather to trace in the Psalms the growth and development of those ideas which subsequently contributed as a matter of fact to supply the basis for the Messianic conception. We have seen already that the pattern or 96 The Christ of lect. hi. scheme upon which the known history of the Jewish nation developed itself was one which was eminently adapted to sustain, if it did not originate, the after-growth of the national expectation, that an illustrious Person would arise. Kingly, priestly, national, and human, that Person was to be, and blessing was to be associated with his name and office — so much, at least, the people might have been justified in expecting from the records of their history. Let us inquire now what evidence the Psalms afford of the early rise of such an expecta- tion, and how far they contributed to its growth. It is not improbable that in the matter of date there are productions in the book of Psalms which range over a period of a thousand years. There are some, perhaps, as early as the Exodus, and there are others as late as the return from cap- tivity. We do not dwell, however, so much upon the antiquity of particular Psalms, or of the evi- dence they may contain, as upon the testimony supplied by this branch of the national literature, which may be called its poetry or hymnology. Taking the Psalms, as represented at least by the works of David, they may be placed as a whole anterior to prophecy as a whole, and consequently may be examined first. They stand, moreover, in the position of national songs or odes, and there- fore have less of that which characterises the works of an individual author than the writings of the Lect. hi. The Psalms. g 7 several prophets. They may be taken, more or less, as fairly representing the spontaneous ex- pression of national sentiment. What, then, is their evidence as to the nature of this senti- ment \ The Psalms open with the description of an The por- . -, ,-. . -, -, . . -. . , tra it of the ideally righteous man ; a description which is re- righteous peated in the 15th and 24th Psalms, becomes the expression of a strong personal resolve in the 101st, and is expanded and enlarged upon in the 112th Psalm. Two of these Psalms, the first and last, have no inscription ; the others are ascribed to David. But it matters not who wrote them : they are a witness to a certain longing after an ideal standard of humanity, of which the natural tend- ency would be to reproduce itself in the minds of the people. The fact that they are couched in merely general language, and applied to the righteous generally, is no proof that they had not their share in tending to produce and deepen the impression that the great want of humanity was a righteous man, and that the mission of Israel would be unfulfilled till the ideal of righteousness had been produced. In proportion, therefore, as the people could grasp the promise of blessing for the nations in the seed of Abraham, they would learn from the teaching of these and similar Psalms that any one who claimed to fulfil that promise must himself be righteous to the utmost limit of H 98 The Christ of lect. hi. their standard, of which David himself had but too conspicuously fallen short. True, however, as this may be, the notion is too vague to be construed into any evidence of what was actually understood. Nor is it so advanced. We can only perceive here an indication of the kind of soil in which the foundation was laid for that superstructure which was afterwards to be reared, and we can determine how far it was favourable or otherwise — how far the foundation itself was solid and substantial, or insecure and sandy. The gene- It may be well, however, to notice the more ral charac- teristics general characteristics of the Psalms first, before of the ° . ' Psalms, passing on to those which are special and personal. We cannot proceed far without discovering that the Psalms are the expression of real and continual trouble. The writer is constantly exposed to per- secution. The wicked are ever oppressing and deriding him, and not seldom this appears to be on account of his integrity. They also that render evil for good are mine adversaries ; because I follow the thing that good is, 1 may be taken as a fair sample of a large portion of the Psalms. The writer appears to be set in the very midst of the conflict between good and evil, and to bear in him- self the brunt of it. Not seldom this is expressed in terms which must have transcended not only the 1 Psalm xxxviii. 20. lect. in. The Psalms. 99 special circumstances in which David was placed, but those also which we can conceive to have been literally true of any one ; and yet they have an intense reality. If the expressions are hyperbolical, we still feel that they are true. Though the lan- guage of the 22d Psalm cannot have been war- ranted by the exigencies of David's case, it is too real and vivid not to be true ; and in whatever sense it was true, there must have been in the mind of the writer a felt reality answering to its truth. What this was we may perhaps find it difficult to determine ; but the language is its own witness, and there is only one vision, ideal or actual, in all history which can claim to have fulfilled it. We may certainly affirm of the Psalms that they first gave expression to this element of ideal suffering, and added it to those, whatever they were, which were already in existence. Not more conspicuous, however, than the daring character of the language used, and its literal in- applicability to the writer's circumstances, is the manner in which the suffering is depicted as the writer's own. He everywhere identifies himself with the person suffering. So that the two oppo- site statements may be maintained with equal truth, because the maintenance of both will alone express the whole truth, that no writer whoever he was can have spoken of that which was literally verified in himself, and yet that each several writer, if there ioo The Christ of Lect. hi. were more than one, was by sympathetic appre- ciation a partaker of the sufferings he so vividly described. It was the office, then, of that portion of Jewish literature known as the Psalms to bring out in humanity and to give expression to, the conception of righteous manhood, the experience of integrity borne down by oppression, the being persecuted for righteousness' sake, the notion of being made perfect through suffering, as well as the picture of an ideal degree of suffering, and consequently of an ideal sufferer, which men must have learnt to feel, the more they pondered it, could only wait for its com- plete fulfilment, if it was to be fulfilled. And inas- much as the expression of this from first to last was everywhere cast in the form of personal experience, it became more and more impossible that the various characteristics should not group themselves round a person, and combine to form a whole, which, as it grew by constant but gradual accretion, was found to be not altogether in the likeness of David, or of any other historic character to whom it might be referred. The Divine Another prominent feature which is seen to election, and trust characterise the Psalms to even a greater degree than any other portion of the Old Testament, is the consciousness of divine election, and of consequent trust in God, which they express. This is every- where not the result of personal devotion to the Most High, but of the going forth of special regard Lect. hi. The Psalms, 101 on the part of God towards him who has been assured of it. There is nothing more conspicuous than this in the Psalms as a whole. So deep and abiding is this consciousness, that the sense even of intense personal guilt cannot shake it. The usurp- ing presence of sin has only the effect of making the Psalmist cleave with the greater earnestness to God. He feels that the honour of God will be compromised if one who has trusted Him so unreservedly is left to perish. And so, with entire abandonment of soul, he throws himself upon the Lord. Preserve thou my soul, for I am holy : my God, save thy servant that puttelh his trust in thee. 1 He never has any doubt that his cause is the cause of God. The Lord is on my side; I will not fear: what can man do unto me ? 2 At the same time he feels that this exceptional nearness to the Divine presence has laid him under an obligation to exceptional righteous- ness ; and it is not too much to say that this two- fold consciousness of the Divine election, and of the consequent obligation to personal righteousness, is the unique characteristic of this ancient literature, and pre-eminently of the Psalms. We have nowhere, as we have here, the picture of a man bowed clown with affliction and sorrow of every kind, yet not losing his confidence in God, nor his conviction of God's righteousness ; not charging God with in- justice on account of what He has laid upon him, 1 Psalm lxxxvi. 2. 2 Psalm cxviii. 6. io2 The Christ of lkt- hi. but clinging to the righteousness of God, not only as the ground of his own hope for brighter times, but as the means of raising him out of that personal sin which he feels to be so near to him. Verity, this portraiture is in itself Divine. It is obvious, then, that the union of these several elements in the Psalms, and their combination in one and the same person — because if the writers were various their experience was uniform — shows that the election of God secures no immunity from suffering, that the righteous man is often exposed to the greatest trials, and that trial and suffering are designed to elicit faith in God, and give no occasion in themselves to distrust His goodness. All this was a distinct advance in the knowledge of God's dealings, and was itself a preparation for the advent of One who should be made perfect through suffer- ing, and should prove Himself the righteous man by the ignominy of unmerited death He was content to endure. National Not less remarkable than the sense of personal election expressed in so many of the Psalms is the conviction of national election which continually pervades them. This is but another form of the ancient belief expressed in the promise to Abraham : In thee shall all the families of the earth he blessed. The ultimate confession of the Psalmist is, He hath not dealt so with any nation; 1 but it is one 1 Psalm cxlvii. 20. election. Lect. hi. The Psalms. 1 03 which has frequently been anticipated in various ways. And yet, in spite of the intense patriotism and strong national sentiment that characterises the Psalms, there are no compositions of the Old Testa- ment so universal in their scope, so world-wide in their human sympathy, or that express so deep a conviction of the future that is reserved for Israel. The assertion is distinct and emphatic that the God of Jacob is the God of the universe, and the ultimate triumph of His cause is certain. All nations whom thou hast made shall come and worship before thee, Lord, and shall glorify thy name ; for thou art great and doest wondrous things : thou art God alone. 1 To say the least, it is very remarkable that at a time so early a nation so obscure should have been so confident of the relation in which it stood to God, and have seen so clearly that the faith with which it was intrusted was destined to become the faith of the whole world, even as it is now recog- nised by the most civilised portions of mankind. If it were possible for such convictions to be justified by any result, one might plead that the known ver- dict of history had certainly justified these. But then it is also manifest that the election of God, which is felt to be the distinguishing glory of the nation, is not, so to say, distributed equally over the entire mass, but is gathered up and concentrated in a single line and even in a single person. Whatever 1 Psalm lxxxvi. 9, 10. io4 The Christ of lect. m. Election of be the origin of such Psalms as the 78th, the 89th, a particular • j? l line. and the 132d, there can be no question ot the prominence they assign to David ; and none of them, be it observed, is ascribed to him ; indeed, it is not improbable that they are all later than his time. So far, therefore, they may be taken as expressing the popular opinion regarding him, and the future in store for his line. And yet it appears in the two last of these Psalms that the hope is clung to with the greater tenacity, because the prospect of its fulfilment seems to have failed. For this reason, therefore, we cannot doubt the reality of the original hope, nor of the ground on which it was supposed to rest. Nor is there any counter- evidence deducible from other Psalms which might lead us to question this. God's election of Israel, then, is clearly seen to be summed up in David and his house. On the evi- dence of the Psalms, there can be no question that he is the inheritor of whatever promises were made to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob. If Israel as a nation inherited the promises made unto the fathers, then David, as the representative of the line of Judah, contained in himself whatever belonged to his nation. He and his family, at the time when these Psalms were written, were regarded as the most prominent possessors of whatever had been promised to the first fathers of the nation, or was believed to have been promised to them. And it is further evident as a matter of fact that Lect. in. The Psalms. 105 the belief in the promise to the fathers must have preceded the belief in any promise to David ; be- cause, otherwise, the effect of the promise to him would have been weakened by the subsequent in- vention of any wider promise which should equally include the entire mass of the nation. We see, therefore, on the unquestionable evidence of the Psalms, that at or after the time of David, for it matters not, there was understood to be a repeti- tion of Divine promises to him and his seed — a narrowing in of the channel of blessing originally promised to the nation at large, a concentration and limitation of it in his particular line. We may say, indeed, that the two promises are These fea- . . . tures inde- not identical, that they are distinct and independ- pendent of ent : that may or may not be so : the one is general the other is special ; and we have to account as a literary phenomenon for their existence in the Jew- ish literature, and for their existence in this parti- cular form ; and we cannot deny that at no period, say between the captivity and the era of the Mac- cabees, would it have been possible to create the record of these two promises and the independent evidence which exists, so that their occurrence and their peculiar features should be less significant than they are at present. That is to say, up to the period of the Mac- cabees, and we need not go later, no man could have foreseen that such a combination of literary pheno- io6 The Christ of Lect. in. mena as are presented in the historical books of the Old Testament and the Psalms would have been capable of supplying the groundwork for that broad and general interpretation of them to which any acceptance of the facts of Christianity, or of the ordinary doctrines of the Christian Church, must of necessity shut us up. So far then, and no farther, as these phenomena lend themselves to the inter- pretation which the writers of the New Testament and the Christian Church generally have passed upon them, it cannot be the result of human foresight or design, but must be regarded as a matter of simple accident if its Divine significance is rejected. We maintain, however, that the way in which these various phenomena gradually prepared themselves, if we may so say, for the reception of the burden which was afterwards to be laid upon them, is far too significant to be reputed as the work of chance, and supplies, indeed, the strongest possible moral evidence of design. If, however, we can see in the Psalms, as a whole, a wonderful anticipation and assertion of those particular spiritual truths which are commonly regarded as more or less characteristic of Christianity; and if, looked at merely in this light, they supply the outline of that character of combined suffering and majesty, the subject at once of oppression, deliver- ance, and triumph, which was afterwards exhibited in full by Christ ; we must not forget that in many lect. in. The Psalms. 107 other instances they furnish a yet higher evidence of their purpose as landmarks along the ages of a dis- tant past to point us onwards to Him. It is manifest that in this way they were originally understood and appealed to. But then such a use of them implies an acknowledgment of the Divine inten- tion which they served, an intention which we would rather indicate than assume. Certain it is that the special Messianic characteristics of the Psalms, if such there are, assume altogether a different aspect if taken in connection with other features which are patent and undeniable, from that which they have when looked at by themselves, and charged with the responsibility of sustaining the entire weight of the argument to be based upon them. The very fact, then, that certain Psalms have The Mes- . , ., -1 sianic been termed Messianic, while many others have Psalms, never been so designated, is evidence in some degree of an essential difference between them. It proves, at least, that there are many Psalms on account of which no such claim has or can be advanced ; while the zeal with which the special character of the others has been attacked and defended may seem to show that there is at any rate a primd facie ap- pearance of some marked difference in them. Is it possible to determine wherein this difference consists'? The Psalms that have commonly been regarded £' 1 a e j^ cond as Messianic are some ten or twelve. The second Psalm depicts the dignity and permanence of the io8 The Christ of lect. hi. throne of Zion. The person sitting upon that throne declares, The Lord hath said unto me, Thou art my Son ; this day have I begotten thee. Upon His re- quest the heathen are promised Him for His pos- session. Kings are to pay Him homage, and all that trust in or take refuge with Him are pronounced blessed. The writer's idea then clearly was that Zion was to be the centre of universal sovereignty. The person who rules or is to rule there is called the Anointed or the Messiah of the Lord, a term which was certainly applied to Saul and to David, but does not appear to have been used in the same way of any later king. 1 There is abundant evidence, then, to show that David was regarded in some special sense as the anointed of the Lord ; and in view of this fact it seems more probable that the Psalm has primary re- ference to David himself than to any other monarch. But if this be so it is clear that he speaks of himself, or the writer speaks of him, as he has nowhere else been spoken of before. A new element, therefore, was added by this poem to the existing conception of David's throne ; or, supposing the conception existed before, it was here for the first time expressed. It is quite obvious, however, that at no period of David's history was there any prospect of such a 1 The only exception is Lam. iv. 20, which, probably refers to the king ; other kings are said to have been anointed (1 Kings i. 34, xix. 15 ; 2 Kings ix. 3, 6, 12, etc.), but are not called the Lord's anointed. Cyras, however, is so called, Isa. xlv. 1. Lect. hi . The Psalms. 1 09 development of his kingdom as would fit in at all appropriately with the language used. Making the fullest allowance for hyperbole, there still seems to be an ideal before the writer's mind, of which the real and actual must have fallen short. And yet this ideal was embodied for ever in the form he had given to it, and supplied for his own and for all subsequent generations a standard by which the actual might be measured. Henceforth a glory was added to the throne of Zion which, if it was never fulfilled, and in proportion as it lacked fulfilment, would tend to stimulate the hope that it might be. We may truly say that a want which had never been felt before had been created by the production of this second Psalm. And as the glory of the throne was directly con- nected with the term Anointed of the Lord, which the national historic records do not ascribe to any king later than David, it is j^robable that any long- ing which existed for an ideal sovereign would be associated likewise with the hope of one who should pre-eminently bear that title. This, however, will appear more fully as we proceed. 1 The eighth Psalm has reference to the Mosaic The eighth narrative of the original constitution of man, and is quoted by our Lord in connection with an incident in His own career, as well as by St. Paul and in the Epistle to the Hebrews ; 2 but inasmuch as it does not 1 See, for example, Lecture IV. 2 St. Matt. xxi. 16 ; 1 Cor. xv. 27 ; Eph. i. 22 ; Hub. ii. 7. 1 10 The Christ of lect. hi. seem to add greatly to the definiteness of the Messianic idea in its earlier development we need not dwell upon it now. It seems, however, to associate God's high- est glory in the heavens with the greater manifesta- tion of His glory in man upon the earth, and there- fore to show that it is only in man and in the nature of a man that His praise can be adequately set forth. Man is thus the fullest recipient of God's glory, which is true, whether it is understood generally or of the Incarnation. We cannot affirm that David intended to express more than the general truth, but it becomes additionally true when referred to the perfect Man. The next Psalm which requires to be noticed is the sixteenth. In this the writer prays earnestly for preservation, and declares his unbounded and unshaken confidence in God. He feels that the reserve of wealth which he has in God will outlast the utmost trials of life, and survive even the grave itself; that in fact it is only in the immediate pre- sence of God that there is the fulness of joy, and at His right hand pleasures for evermore. This is the earliest and perhaps the strongest expression in the Old Testament of that eternal life which is in- dependent of things temporal, and superior even to death itself. It became, therefore, the permanent record of that portion in God which was the pos- session of the Lord's anointed or holy one, and was a perpetual witness to the delight in God, and Lect. hi. The Psalms. 1 1 1 the sense of security in and through death which he found in God. That there were other more definite elements in his hope does not appear from the language used; but here was the very essence of that hope which was afterwards presented in a concrete form and established by the resurrection. Here was the evidence that David himself had un- mistakably expressed a hope which a subsequent event, if true, had fully confirmed; a hope which could alone be proved to be valid by the manifesta- tion of its truth in one particular and crucial instance. But when it was clear that such a hope had a thousand years before been expressed by David, there was at least a written warranty for an expectation which was then declared to have been verified. To say that David's language was in- tended, not by David but by the Holy Ghost, to refer to the event which verified it, could be within the power only of men who themselves spake by the Holy Ghost. If we call in question their claim to do this, we cannot prove the truth of what they affirmed ; but it is not open to question that such a hope as this had been expressed by David, or by the writer of the sixteenth Psalm, whoever he was ; and if we accept the fact which the apostles of Christ pro- claimed, we can see not only the reasonableness of this hope, but the probability there is that the God who implanted it reserved the accomplishment of His own purposes in the language chosen to express it. 1 1 2 The Christ of lect. in. The 20th and 21st Psalms, it is generally supposed, must be taken together. They are ascribed to David, and as the first of them makes mention of the Lord's anointed, we may presume, for the reasons already given, rightly so. They occupy a remarkable position between the 16th and the 22d Psalms. The 16th Psalm expressed the writer's confidence of deliverance in and through death, the 21st Psalm speaks of his coronation and his endless life. He is also mani- festly the anointed king who has been made exceed- ing glad with the countenance of God. Now here, whatever else there is, there is certainly the expres- sion of a hope full of immortality. We have evidence that the Jews long afterwards interpreted this Psalm of the King Messiah ; a but the point I wish to observe is, that the Psalms clearly ascribe to the anointed king, whoever he may be, deliver- ance in death, length of days for ever and ever, and special glory in the Divine salvation. We may fairly ask, What possible meaning could David have in saying that he had asked life of the most High, and that He had given it him, even length of days for ever and ever ? We may with equal fairness, ask, What possible meaning could future generations attach to such language, after David had been laid unto his fathers and had seen corrup- tion ? The meaning that has been attached 2 we of 1 See the Targum and Easlii. 2 See Perowne on I. c. and xxiii. 6 ; lxi. 6 ; xci. 1 6. Lect. hi. The Psalms. 1 1 3 course know. It is that which is derived from the familiar phrase, king, live for ever, or the expres- sion, i" will dwell in the house of the Lord for ever, and the like ; and it is plainly possible so to under- stand it. But it is no less certain that so to un- derstand the language, does not exhaust its possible meaning. And is there not an abiding witness in the language itself, to a fuller and further meaning, which needs only to be suggested to commend itself as at once the truest and the best ? Was there not in such language another foundation-stone laid for the superstructure which was afterwards to be reared ? and is it not possible that the more ardent spirits in Israel may have grasped a hope which was suggested, if it was not implied, in such words as these % Material was at any rate thus being accumulated, which, in times of great national or individual trouble, would supply the ground- work for anticipations which had not been felt before. Elements were held in solution which affliction might precipitate in a very distinct and definite form. The language itself was pregnant with hopes which future circumstances might develop into being, and awaken to conscious life. Nor must we forget that the writer of the 20th Psalm, while looking for his help from God, in- vokes Him as the God of Jacob. This is the first occasion on which the Psalmist has used this phrase. 1 1 14 The Christ of lect. m. It can have had no meaning to him but the mean- ing which we understand by it — a meaning which is derived from our acquaintance with the facts of the Mosaic history, with which he therefore must have been familiar too. But the use of this phrase implies not only his knowledge of those facts, but his belief also that there was a special relation in which Jacob stood to God, that he was a party to a real covenant and the inheritor of a real promise. It serves therefore at once, collaterally and in- dependently, to authenticate this portion of the Mosaic narrative, and also to give additional mean- ing to the Psalmist's view of his own position. God was the God of Jacob because He had chosen Jacob — because He had given him a special promise and dealt with him in a special way. As far as David represented the seed of Jacob, and gathered up in himself the blessing vouchsafed to Israel, he must have regarded that promise as, in a special sense, his own. He was the focus in which all the rays of it converged. And consequently every in- dication of God's dealings with himself was an indication of His dealings with the chosen seed, and his language shows us that he felt it so to be. The The next Psalm which we have to deal with is twenty- second the 22d. This Psalm affords a striking instance of a feature which is characteristic of so many; namely, the abrupt transition from sorrow to joy. Two-thirds of it are taken up with the utterance of Psalm. Lect. hi. The Psalms, 1 1 5 the extremest misery ; but in the last ten verses the writer is as triumphant as he was before dejected. Before he has been crying from the depths of despair; now he suddenly passes into praise and becomes hopeful and confident. But neither the sorrow nor the joy can be understood as applying to David or to any other conceivable writer. We not only cannot imagine that David himself was ever the subject of the treatment here described, but that he would ever have described any personal afflictions to which he was exposed in such a way. The language becomes practically unmeaning in his case, making every possible allow- ance for hyperbole, and the national records furnish us with no other character to whom it is likely to have been more appropriate. The same expecta- tion, however, of universal dominion, which was expressed in the second Psalm, finds place also here ; but it is distinctly said that the kingdom is the Lord's, and that He is the ruler among the heathen. It is also said that a people yet unborn shall recognise the work of the Lord in the particular deliverance which the Psalm records — a statement entirely without meaning in the case of David, but pregnant with the fullest significance when other- wise understood. And it is plain that any one who pondered such language as this after David's time must have had perplexing inquiries stirred within him if he tried to understand it. Whatever 1 1 6 The Christ of lect. hi. the writer may have meant or understood, it is clear that his language was marvellously suggestive. It seemed to express and to open out anticipations which it was difficult to limit, and still more diffi- cult to define. Hopes had manifestly centred in David's throne which were never realised ; but as long as David's language remained, they could not die. It is no wonder if they gave the impulse to other hopes destined likewise to disappointment, and yet the more likely to be fulfilled the more the spirit of the language was entered into. Thefortieth The 40th Psalm is, in many respects, analogous to the 22d, but it is more within the possible limits of the writer's own experience, and it closes without the same confident expressions of triumph. Like the 50th and 51st Psalms, also, it expresses a con- viction of the uselessness of sacrifices, and the far greater importance of conformity to the Divine "will. It is thus a proof that the author had risen to a high spiritual appreciation of the law, which he admitted to be binding on him, if we do not, with the Septuagint and the Epistle to the Hebrews, regard it as an evidence that he saw in the volume of the book prophetic allusions to himself and his seed. But the fact is, that this, in common with the other Psalms, becomes far more significant when understood of Another, than it can possibly be when referred to David or to any one else, and fitly there- fore takes its place among those marvellous com- Lect. hi. The Psalms. 1 1 7 positions which waited for their elucidation till the fulness of time should come. In vivid contrast with this is the 45 th Psalm, to The forty- fifth which we now turn. This is manifestly and pro- Psalm. fessedly a song of love — an epithalamium, or mar- riage ode, in honour of some king, whoever he may have been. But it is not a little surprising that, in the sixth verse, his throne is identified with the throne of God, and that he himself is addressed as God. Taken in connection with the 2d, the 20th, and the 21st Psalms, it shows plainly that there was in the Psalmist's mind an eternal King and an eternal kingdom with which the throne of David was, in some mysterious way, not identified, but associated. Had it not been for such an associa- tion, he could never have spoken of himself or his kingdom as he so often did. But when we connect this, as we are obliged to do, with the promise to the fathers, of which David was aware, we not only see that there was already a develop- ment, as well as a limitation, of the original idea, but that the writer himself must have been con- scious of it. And if in any case, as apparently here in the 45th Psalm, that writer was not David, the persistency with which his conceptions attached themselves to David, and centred in him, is not the less remarkable or significant. The fact that the convictions concerning David's throne were shared by others besides himself, that they were not 1 1 8 The Christ of lect. hi. only personal but national, must be held to make them at least more worthy of our regard. It could have been no ordinary afflatus which, going forth, in the first instance, perhaps from David, thus extended and communicated itself to the sons of Korah, and inspired them with sentiments which, like his own, found expression in language tran- scending the limits of the temporal or the human, to be fulfilled and warranted only by the eternal and the Divine. Certainly, at this time, whatever hopes had been raised by the promise to Abraham, bad centred in the person of a king, and in the desire for a universal and an endless kingdom. In no Psalm, however, is this expressed so plainly as in the 72d, which is apparently ascribed to Solomori, and at all events has reference to him. Here, again, the subject is the Icing and the king's son. But the language is utterly unintelligible when interpreted of any temporal king. There can be as little doubt, however, that it was suggested by the actual circumstances of a living monarch ; and it seems, therefore, to contain indisputable proof that, at the time of its composition, the very exist- ence of the Davidic throne had suggested to the foremost minds of the nation the conception of a Divine kingdom, which should be established in righteousness, which should be the refuge and the security of the oppressed, which should receive the homage of, and be supreme over, all kingdoms ; Lect. hi. The Psalms. 1 1 9 which should be as permanent as the sun and the moon, and be the centre and source of universal blessing. Common sense protests against the notion that the most ardent and patriotic Israelite can ever have imagined this to be literally true, or to be in- tended to be understood literally of the personal throne of either David or Solomon. But it is equally obvious that such ardent and enthusiastic hopes were not only cherished, but expressed. The natural inference therefore is, that at this time the establishment of what promised, and was hoped, to be a permanent throne in Israel, had given a power- ful impulse in the nation to the longing for a great and glorious dominion, which should be superior to all other monarchies, should gather up all into itself, and should last for ever ; while the utterance that such loDgings found in the poems of David and others was calculated to spiritualise and elevate their character, to ennoble and direct their tendency, to raise them off the earthly and the human, and to plant them in the heavenly and the Divine. The 8 9th Psalm, which is inscribed as a Mas- The chil of Ethan the Ezrahite, is highly important, nilth" because it gives an independent and poetical Psalm - version of the original promise made to David, and of which the historic record is preserved in 2 Sam. vii. At whatever period the poem was composed, there can be no reasonable doubt that the record, in some form or other, was already in 1 20 The Christ of lect. hi. existence. If the poem was not based upon the record, as it is most natural to suppose, then the record must have been suggested by the poem, or borrowed from some earlier document no longer extant. But in any case the poem and the nar- rative may be taken as affording independent evi- dence to the same event. The existing form, moreover, of the poem is almost conclusive proof of its later origin. But the writer had so little doubt of the reality of the original promise, that he was staggered solely by its non-fulfilment. The reproach that he bore in his bosom was on this account, and by such discipline his faith in the promise was rooted and confirmed. But it is un- intelligible that a belief so deep should have taken hold of the national mind in the way it evidently had, if no foundation for it had existed in fact. In this respect the poem and the history are mutually corroborative. For some reason or other the nation had become possessed with the idea that the per- manence of David's throne was something to which the Divine faithfulness was pledged. And for the first time we find this conviction expressing itself in the terms of a forward-looking hope. The eye of the writer is turned from the contemplation of the past to the distinct anticipation of the future. His enemies have reproached him for the tardiness of the Lord's anointed. The lovingkindness that had been sworn unto David had not yet been fulfilled, Lect. hi. The Psalms. r 2 * but had called forth a definite longing for fulfil- ment. The real anointed one was yet to come. David and Saul had each borne that title, but the next that was to bear it with truth and justice was the object of hope : his footsteps were delayed ; but so ardently was his advent longed for, that his very delay had become the occasion for reproach and ridicule. The writer's enemies had reproached him for his absurd and visionary hopes. An extra- ordinary evidence this, no matter when the Psalm was written, to the reality of an anticipation of some kind, and of the way in which it was con- nected in the popular mind, so far as the Psalmist was a type of it, with promises alleged to have been made to David, and commonly believed in as pertaining to him. Moreover, the whole glory of the nation is clearly regarded as centred in and represented by the occupant of David's throne and the covenant by which it was established. The national honour was in the dust because the throne of David was cast clown to the ground, and because the days of his perpetual youth and the long life which had been promised him had been shortened. The next important Psalm which requires to be The hun- noticed is the 110th. This Psalm opens with a?en!h a " d declaration of the Lord — the revealed God of the Fsalm ' nation — to a person whom the writer calls his lord. Disregarding the ascription, 1 or doing violence to 1 It is inscribed a Psalm of David. 122 The Christ of lect. in. the interpretation of it, that person may be pre- sumed to have been David ; but then the subject- matter of this declaration, Sit thou on my right hand, becomes extravagantly inappropriate, not to say wholly unintelligible. Nor is there any evi- dence that a covenant of priesthood had ever been made, or was ever supposed to have been made, with David. There is no trace, anywhere in the history, of a combination of the royal and priestly functions in the person of David or of any other king, " similar to that which is recorded of Melchizedec, who is the type or pattern selected. For though certain kings may have exercised certain functions more properly sacerdotal, such as blessing the people and the like, it was never said of any king that he was the priest of the most high God, nor does it seem at all probable that David could ever have been addressed, or have suffered himself to be addressed, in the language of the Psalm, which, in fact, if applied to him, is contradicted by the whole tenor of the existing history. Not more possible is it to regard this poem as a later production of Maccabeean times, when the functions of the priest and ruler were combined. 1 Its archaic appearance is then inexplicable, as well as the ascription which it bears and the traditional belief of its origin which had already obtained in the time of Christ. But if it is really ancient, and cannot have been addressed 1 1 Mac. xiv. 41. Lect. hi. The Psalms. 123 to David or to any descendant of David, we can only infer that it was written by David, and addressed to an unknown person whom he calls his lord. This person is described as a warrior, but a warrior for whom the Lord fights, while he sits calmly and passively at His right hand. The rod or symbol of his strength is to be sent forth by the Lord from out of Zion, and he is to rule in the midst of his enemies. His people, for he is king as well as warrior, are to be free-will offerings in the day of his power, and are to throng around him thick as the dewdrops of the dawn upon the moun- tains and the plains, clad in the bright and glorious array of holiness. His own youth is to be fresh and vigorous from the fountains of the dawn. He is to be rejuvenescent like the " beam celestial " " Which evermore makes all things new," according as we prefer to understand the marvellously- condensed language and profuse imagery of the poet. But more conspicuous than his character as warrior and king is the fact of his priestly office. This has been the subject of the most emphatic declaration of the Almighty. The Lord sivare and will not repent, Thou art a priest for ever after the order of Melchizedec. As this is the only allusion in the Old Testament to the mysterious King of Salem, it is of course conclusive proof that the fourteenth chapter of Genesis was- in existence at the time 124 The Christ of lect. m. when this Psalm was written, whenever that was. But it is likewise proof that the writer must have contemplated another priesthood than that of Aaron, and apparently have regarded it as more complete and permanent than his. The possessor of this priesthood was the warrior king to whom his poem was addressed. So that the person he has in view combines in himself these various functions, but by far the most prominent is that of priest, for his priesthood is after a new order, or rather after an old order revived. The function of warrior also appears to be less real than figurative, for he is content to let the Lord fight for him, as indeed He continues to do throughout the Psalm, smiting kings in the day of His wrath, judging among the nations, filling their countries with the slain, and destroying the most powerful of their monarchies. And, lastly, like Gideon's warriors, this priestly king is himself to be refreshed on his way to victory by water from the brook, and so to pass on con- quering and to conquer. If, however, in order to avoid the somewhat vio- lent and unnatural change of position assigned to this mysterious personage, who first sits on the Lord's right hand, and then fights with the Lord on his, we regard the fifth verse as addressed not to him, but to the Most High, then it is clear that in the mind of the poet he is not only king, warrior, and priest, but en- titled also to the Divine and incommunicable name Lect. hi. The Psalms. 125 Adonai. 1 The Lord (whom before in the first verse the poet has called my Lord), seated at thy right hand, God, hath smitten through kings in the day of his wrath : he is judge among the nations, whose lands are filled with slain, while their most powerful monarchs are overthrown by him. In either case there is a change of imagery — in the one with regard to the position of the subject, in the other with regard to his personal action ; for he who before was seated on his throne is now represented as engaged in active fight : but this matters not — the main point is that the Psalm is a witness to the conception in the mind of the writer of a person whom he called his Lord, and who was king, warrior, and priest. His cause is evidently the cause of the Most High, for it is He who fights for him. And as in the second Psalm the establishment of the king's throne was the subject of Divine appointment, so here the king's priest- hood is the subject of a Divine and irrevocable oath. Dark and mysterious as these utterances must have seemed to the people of that time, and not improbably to him who wrote them, they are at least evidence as to the nature of ideas then pre- valent of a person at once royal and priestly, exalted to a position of great eminence, and going forth to victory which should place the kings of Cf. the apparent application of lilKn to the angel of the cove- nant in Mai. iii. 1. 126 The Christ of lect. in. the earth in subjection under him. Whatever may have been the incidents and circumstances which gave rise to such conceptions, we are not only- competent to estimate their character when formed, but able likewise to see that the brilliancy of their colour would remain long after the aspirations which originated them had failed, and, like that of autumnal leaves on the mountain or the forest, would deepen as they decayed. And when the fortunes of the nation sunk to their lowest ebb, the permanent record of such thoughts would be pre- cisely that around which the hopes and affections of the people would gather, and to which they would cling most tenaciously. Thehun- In illustration of this there remains one other dred and thirty- Psalm of probably a much later period which calls Psaim. for particular notice, namely the 13 2d. This, like the 89th Psalm, is independent evidence of the pro- mise that had been made to David, Of the fruit of thy body will I set upon thy throne. It appears also to be evidence that, whenever it was written, that promise was not considered to have been fulfilled ; but it is likewise proof that such fulfilment was anxiously looked for and ardently believed in. The phenomenon, therefore, that we have to account for is the existence of this belief. If we could deter- mine accurately the date of every psalm, we might speak with additional confidence. But the internal evidence of this particular poem is sufficient war- lect. hi. The Psalms. 127 rant for what has been said. During the lifetime of David there would have been no room for such a production, still less during that of Solomon, when the primary fulfilment of the promise was obvious. We are constrained, therefore, to refer it to a later period, when it seemed that the Lord required to be reminded of all that had been sworn in truth unto David — when, for the sake of all that had been so sworn to him, God might be entreated to turn not back the face of His anointed. In fact, the later we place the date of this Psalm the more re- markable that expression the Lord's anointed be- comes ; while, on the other hand, if we refer it to the time of David himself, it is almost needful to assume the exercise of a prophetic gift to account for its production at all. Here also we meet with the same identification of David with the anointed one (ver. 1 7) which has been mentioned before, and yet it is expressed in a way that seems to show that he personally was not entitled to the full signifi- cance of that name. But at all events we have here again an evidence of the belief that in the seed of David there was laid up a hope for the nation, and that the nation, so far as this writer represented them, clung to the promise of the hope. This, then, is the nature of the evidence which is Summary afforded by the Psalms to the development of those evidence national anticipations that gradually, and after a v™™? long period, shaped themselves to a definite form. i 2 8 The Christ of lect. in. Although as compositions the Psalms are plainly to be referred to various ages ; yet, as anonymous pro- ductions, as they often are, they have a certain claim to be regarded as a fair expression of the national thought uttering itself in popular odes and hymns. They are, in the first place, a clear proof of the way in which the people regarded themselves as inheritors of a blessing pronounced upon their fathers. It was as the seed of Jacob that they were near to God. There is no other explanation of this belief than that which is supplied by the Mosaic record of a promise attaching to the seed of Jacob. The form in which this promise is originally found is vague and general. It is the Psalms that show us a gradual limitation of the national ideas in a special direction. The promise believed to have been given originally to Abraham, and connected with his seed at large, is now found to be centred in David, and attached to the permanence of his throne. The identification of the promises in both cases needs not to be shown. We may, if we please, regard them as distinct. It is the fact that requires to be grasped, which the literature itself demon- strates, that in the time of David, and ever after- wards, his family and throne were regarded in a special manner as inheriting Divine promises and a Divine blessing; while the additional fact of this very limitation is itself a proof that in point of time it must have followed after, and not preceded, a Lect. hi. The Psalms. 129 wider, less limited, and more general belief. To have invented the notion of promises made to Abra- ham after the belief had originated of blessings which centred in David, would have been unmean- ing and impossible ; while the rise and origin of this behef would still remain to be accounted for. The earliest traces and records of the nation which we possess or can discover leave us in no doubt as to the way in which they regarded them- selves. The mere existence of a character like David, and the belief which was centred in him, would have been impossible except in a people who believed themselves to hold the exceptional position which their records assign to them. While, there- fore, the evidence of the hope which centred in David is patent and documentary, we cannot ac- count for it without postulating an earlier, more simple, and more general belief, of which we have indeed ostensible records that on the whole may be judged to present a trustworthy account of its origin, inasmuch as none can be devised at once so natural, so simple, or so complete. And looking at the matter in this light, it is for us to determine the relation between the promise to Abraham and that to David, or whether they are wholly distinct and independent. All that we can say upon the evidence presented by the Psalms is that they are a very remarkable expression of the K 1 30 The Christ of lect. hi. national belief centred in David, and a very re- markable effect arising from it. Nor is there any similar result which can be produced as a parallel to this from any other litera- ture. We may even doubt whether some confirma- tion of the reality and validity of the belief is not afforded by the very productions to which it gave rise. For it is not unreasonable to infer that effects unique and unparalleled in themselves are indications of a unique and unparalleled cause. And consequently, as the literature produced by the Davidic promise is some evidence of the reality of the promise itself, so is the presumable reality of the Davidic promise some confirmation and evidence of an earlier pro- mise — some proof that it must have existed, and if it existed, some proof likewise of its fulfilment. Of course, if we assume the possibility and the actual occurrence of a Divine communication, the explanation of the whole matter is simple enough ; but we desire to forego this assumption, and to arrive if possible at a result which shall be at once unbiassed and satisfactory, upon an impartial con- sideration of the evidence at hand. And consider- ing the nature and amount of this evidence ; — that it is in the truest sense documentary, because com- prised in a national literature ; that it is to be referred to many epochs and many authors ; that it is consistent with itself and not contradictory, for from first to last there is no rival to dispute with Lect. in. The Psalms. David the inheritance of the promise made to him, since the case of Jeroboam is not analogous ; con- sidering that the form it assumes, whether of suffer- ing or of triumph, whether of glory or of shame, is one that no theory of exaggeration will sufficiently account for ; that this hope, while it centres in the family and seed of David, is at one time the hope of victory over death, of pleasures at God's right hand for evermore, at another of endless life and coronation with eternal felicity, at another of uni- versal dominion and the perpetuity of his throne, of a king who is to sit at God's right hand and vet to be a priest for ever, but not like the sons of Levi : that when the nation is at its lowest, the hope is still bright and vivid that the house of David will flourish, that the Lord has ordained a lamp for His anointed ; — considering all this, and even more than this, it is hard to say that the impression produced by the whole is not one that bears witness to the originating cause of all as being something more than ordinary, and more than human. Even if we refer these literary phenomena to an intense faith in the writers, yet there must have been some cause to produce it. There must have been something to account for its origin. There is no second instance of a similar national faith produc- ing similar national results. AVe cannot refer it to causes purely natural. Xo form of nature-worship, or development of ideas suggested by the national 132 The Christ of lect. in. language, or outgrowth of previously existing heathen notions, would have sufficed to produce it. The way in which David was selected for his high office, was disciplined and prepared for it, was recognised first by the reigning family and after- wards by the people at large, all points to some ex- ternal motive power such as that which is supplied by the conduct of Samuel. Here would have been an adequate cause for the effect produced, and we can find no other ; but then the reality and the genuineness of this cause finds its evidence in the national literature, and in the current of the national history. Take away the cause and the effect will cease ; but the effect remains permanent and indestructible, and therefore the cause was real. It is important also to bear in mind that the occurrence of the several allusions in the Psalms, which presuppose events in the national history, is of the highest possible value ; for if these allusions are genuine, they afford independent confirmation of the history, and if they are otherwise, then they can only have been produced after the history was in existence. Moreover, it is abundantly plain that the era of David was fruitful in the production of many elements, which subsequently, and with good reason, became the foundation of national hopes that centred in an ideal personage who should be royal, priestly, national, and human. We find marked indications lect. hi. The Psalms. 133 of these characteristic elements which were original with David, and find their first expression in the Psalms. Nothing can shake this evidence, because it is cumulative and it is obvious. It does not rest on one circumstance alone, but on many. It is not found in one Psalm, but in many. It does not depend upon the genuineness of particular Psalms, but is equally significant whether they are the pro- ductions of David or of any one else, because their uniform testimony points to David, and to the promise which centred in him. They are the perpetual record of a nation's faith, the unalterable verdict of a nation's judgment, which, being as it is entirely without parallel, requires to be accounted for, and is fully accounted for on one supposition, but on one only. If the promise to David was a fact, 1 then the Messianic Psalms are accounted for and explained. If there was in that promise no foundation of Divine reality and truth, then they are a hopeless puzzle, a phenomenon without a cause, destitute of interest and devoid of meaning ; while, on the other hand, the very way in which the 1 It can hardly be needful to observe that David's title, as it is expressed in the Psalms, cannot be resolved into a poetic or hyper- bolical expression of the truth of Prov. viii. 15 : By me kings reign, and princes decree justice, and the like ; because all the peculiar features that characterise it suggest something very much more than any such vague and general statement, and are clearly intended to do so. David's title is manifestly understood to be not ordinary but special altogether, and alike exceptional in the annals of contem- porary nations and his own. 1 3 4 The Christ of the Psalms. lect. hi. Psalms transcended the limitations of the original promise as the history records it, is itself an evi- dence of yet further development and growth, a proof that in the promise there was a germ which was destined to expand and fructify till the whole earth was covered with the shadow and the riches of it. LECTURE IV. THE CHRIST OF PROPHECY. Sicut in citharis et hujusmodi organis niusicis, non quideni omnia, quEe tanguntur, canorum aliquid resonant, sed tantum chordfe : caetera tamen in toto citharae corpore ideo fabricata sunt, ut essent ubi vincirentur, unde et a quo tenderentur illse, quas ad cantilenas suavitatem modulaturus et perculsurus est artifex : Ita in his propheticis narrationibus, quae de rebus gestis hominum prophetico spiritu deliguntur, aut aliquid jam sonant significatione futurorum : aut si nihil tale significant, ad hoc interponuntur, ut sit, unde ilia significantia, tanquam sonantia connectantur. — S. Augustiims. LECTURE IV. And beginning at Moses and all the prophets, he expounded unto them in all the scriptures the things concerning himself. — St. Luke xxiv. 27. Taking the Psalms broadly as originating in the age Position « , i i ° f the P r °- of David, to which, doubtless, many of them belong, phets. they represent a condition of thought some two centuries earlier than the earliest of the prophets, while there is probably no Psalm so late as the time of Malachi. Prophecy, moreover, was a dis- tinct and separate development of the national life, while the writings of the prophets, taken as a whole, are perhaps the most remarkable and ori- ginal monuments of the national literature. It is not too much to say that they are unique in the literature of the world, and have no parallel else- where. They constitute, therefore, an independent field for investigation, and exhibit generally the results of a further advance of national thought and life. It is also manifest that the prophets were not in the position of absolutely new writers, who had in- herited nothing from the past. They had not only the national history but the Psalms of David to 138 The Christ of lect. iv. work upon. They were certainly familiar with, and believed in, the promise to David. They were also undoubtedly familiar with the history of the patriarchs, and with the promises said to have been made to them. The writings of Hosea, one of the earliest of the prophets, afford conclusive evidence that he was acquainted not only with the Mosaic narrative, but likewise with the history recorded in the books of Joshua and Judges, to which therefore we may presume he was indebted for it. 1 These facts must not be forgotten, as they cannot be denied, in dealing with the writings of the prophets. We have got, then, at the time when the first of the prophets began to write, a deep conviction of the destiny of the people, and of the relation in which they stood to God. We have got the rooted belief that they were the depositories of Divine pro- mises, covenants, and blessings. We have got the knowledge of the rise and establishment of David's throne, of the special covenant associated therewith, of the apparent and repeated failure of the promise made to him, inasmuch as a rival kingdom had 1 Hosea refers to Joshua vii. 26, in ii. 15 ; to Judges xix. 22, iu ix. 9 ; and to Judges xx. ; in x. 9 ; also probably to the lan- guage of the song of Deborah, Judges v. 14, in v. 8. In him also is found the remarkable prophecy, iii. 5, Afterward shall the children of Israel return and seek the Lord their God, and David their King ; for which see a sermon by the writer in Good Words for April 1874. This prophecy is of the greater importance as bearing on our argu- ment, because emanating from Israel and addressed to Israel. Lect. iv. Prophecy. 139 arisen. We have got, at any rate, some of the more important Psalms, such, for example, as the 2d, the 16th, the 20th, 21st, and 22d, the 72d, and the 110th. The schools of the prophets could not have existed and the prophets themselves have been ignorant of these productions, to say nothing of the very object of those schools being the encourage- ment of a Divine afflatus, and the fostering of a Divine education. The prophets, then, obviously had materials to work upon when they entered on their mission. Nothing that they wrote could have been written in ignorance of these materials, or independently of any influence which the knowledge of them may have had. It is more reasonable to suppose that some of their utterances may have been suggested by them. It would be doing violence to both to dissociate altogether the one from the other. The book of Jonah, the earliest of the prophets, Jonah. no matter when it was written, is a wonderful illus- tration of Israel's mission to the world at large ; and the conception embodied is one which at any period is marvellously significant. The mission of Jonah to Nineveh, which, so far at any rate, is unquestion- able, is a marked instance of the constraining power of the prophetic impulse, and also of the way in which Israel was made to feel himself charged with a message to the nations. Moreover, the incident must be referred to a very early date, whenever the 1 40 The Christ of lect. iv. narrative of it appeared ; and it supplied a running commentary on the ancient words, In thy seed- shall all the families of the earth he blessed. A prophet shall the Lord your God raise up unto you of your brethren. Amos. The same is equally true of Amos, who was neither a prophet nor a prophet's son, but one of the herdmen of Tekoa. He takes up the language of Joel, and proclaims the message of the Lord to Syria, Philistia, Tyre, Edom, Ammon, and Moab, as well as to the palaces of Jerusalem and the mountains of Samaria. Surely it is, under all circumstances, a remarkable phenomenon that a simple herdman and gatherer of sycomore fruit should have felt himself moved at that early age to denounce the foremost nations of his time, and to confront the most power- ful monarch of his own nation ; and that his mission should have been acknowledged, as it was, in an idolatrous and apostate land, and should have pro- duced the result it did, and should have left to all time the permanent record that it has. All this becomes intelligible on the suppositions just men- tioned, and, granting those suppositions, it becomes to a certain extent even natural ; whereas, rejecting them, it is neither intelligible nor natural. And it is in this ancient prophet that we meet with a recognition of the promise made to David, which shows at once his firm belief in it, and the fact that in his time it had apparently failed : hi Lect. iv. Prophecy. 141 that day will I raise up the tabernacle of David that is fallen, and close up the breaches thereof; and I will raise up his ruins, and I will build it as in the days of old. 1 The expression " tabernacle " 2 is remarkable, because it seems to imply the giving place to a more permanent edifice, as though the temporal throne of David was nothing more than a provisional arrangement ; while the mention of " the days of old " serves to show that after the lapse of two centuries the prophet still had a sufficiently distinct remembrance of it, and of the promise on which it rested. And if the language of Amos indicates any change from the way in which the promise had been understood by David, such change can only be regarded as a proof of development, inasmuch as the substance of the promise is still clung to, though the expected manner of its fulfilment is dif- ferent. Time was gradually unfolding the essential character of the Davidic anticipations. As the husk decayed and died away, the real permanence and vitality of the kernel was more and more revealed. Another prophet whom we must notice in passing Micah. is Micah, who flourished in what may be called the Augustan age of prophecy. The last words of his book are an obvious proof of the way in which he regarded the destiny of his nation, and may be taken as presumptive evidence that he had the record of 1 Amos ix. 11. 2 H3D. Cf. Is. xvi. 5, where the word is PHN. 142 The Christ of lect. iv. the promises before him: — Thou wilt perform the truth to Jacob, and the mercy to Abraham, which thou hast sworn unto our fathers from the days of old. And it was given to Micah to add his contri- bution to the growing definiteness of the ancient and indefinite promise, just as it was given to him, in common with other prophets, to achieve a more spiritual conception of the Divine service ; for he saw that to do justly, and to love mercy, and to walk humbly before God, was more acceptable than thousands of rams, or ten thousands of rivers of oil. He, moreover, has established his claim to be a prophet from his clear enunciation in the palmy days of Hezekiah, that Zion should be ploughed as afield, and Jerusalem become heaps ^ and that the daughter of Zion should go forth out of the city, and dwell in the field, and go even unto Babylon.' 2 ' But even if such declarations are resolved into the utter- ances of acute foresight, it is not so easy to account for or to assign any meaning to his assertion, any time during the age of Hezekiah, that the first or former dominion should come to the tower of Edar? in the neighbourhood of Bethlehem, and the king- dom to the daughter of Jerusalem. Still less intel- ligible is the statement, They shall smite the judge oj Israel with a rod upon the cheek ; 4 and his yet more distinct and reiterated assertion that out of Bethle- hem Ephratah should come forth he that ivas to be i Micah in. 12. 2 iv. 8. s iv. 8. 4 v. 1. Lect. iv. Prophecy. 143 ruler in Israel, whose goings forth had been from of old, from the days of eternity} Bearing in mind that this prophet had inherited a considerable mass of oracular and prophetic utterances, it becomes impossible to dissociate his own enunciations from them, or to suppose that he had no designed refer- ence to them. If the throne of David was to be rebuilt after the promise of Amos, who preceded Micah, it is impossible to say that the kingdom and the first dominion of him that was to be ruler in Israel was not a repetition of the same idea, an expression running in the same channel and in the same direction. The prophets, as a matter of fact, appear to have been possessed, one and all, with a similar conception, to which they gave utterance, each in his own way, but independently, and yet in such a manner that the several elements are suscep- tible eventually of the most successful and signifi- cant combination. This may be accident, and indeed its whole value consists in its not being the result of conscious design on the part of the writers, which it cannot be ; but if the final and complete effect is accidental, it is hard to say what indications of the working of a conscious moral will would be sufficient to prove design. At all events there is evidence in Micah that he looked for a coming ruler in Israel at a time when actually no such ruler was wanted, inasmuch as Hezekiah was then sitting on the throne 1 Micah v. 2. 1 44 The Christ of lect. iv. of David, and not without honour and renown that were worthy of his ancestral line. And it is certain that in this prophet we have one or two new and original characteristics added to those already existing of the person who is the object of anticipation. He is called distinctly the ruler and judge of Israel. He is to be smitten on the cheek with a rod, which implies apparently some rejection of his claim. He is to be a person of so much dignity as to ennoble and glorify his birth- place, which is identified with Bethlehem, a town already famous alike in the annals of David and of Jacob ; * and lastly, his goings forth are declared most mysteriously to have been from of old, from the days of eternity. Whatever may have been originally meant or understood by all this, it is impossible not to see that this is what was written in the reign of Heze- kiah, some seven centuries and more before the Christian era. And if we take it, as we are bound to do, in connection with other declarations and promises already in vogue, some light is undoubt- edly thrown upon the meaning intended to have been conveyed, and not improbably understood. At all events, the meaning is susceptible of progres- sive illumination, and is the subject of constant but gradual development. Obadiah. The shortest of the minor prophets need only Gen. xxxv. 19. Lect. iv. Prophecy. 145 detain us for a moment before passing on to him who is the greatest of all. Obadiah concludes his very brief " vision" with the declaration, And the kingdom shall be the Lord's, which manifestly shows that he looked forward to the setting up of a Divine kingdom in a way that is not without its bearing upon similar and innumerable statements. Any detailed examination of the prophet Isaiah Isaiah, becomes impossible here. But it is more requisite to consider his writings in a broad and general man- ner than to attempt to erect an argument on par- ticular texts. There are two allusions to the throne of David in Isaiah which require notice : that in the ninth chapter, where it is said of the child that is born whose name is Wonderful, that there shall be no end of the increase of his government and peace upon the throne of David, but that he shall order it and establish it for ever ; and that in the fifty -fifth chapter, where it is said, I will make an everlasting covenant with you, even the sure mercies of David. It matters not now in the slightest degree whether these two passages are by the same writer, as I believe they are, or not. If there was an interval of a century and a half, or two centuries, between them, the second is virtually the endorsement of the first. Whatever was meant by the sure mercies of David cannot have been very different from the hope which centred in an occupant of the throne of David who should order and establish it for ever. L 146 The Christ of lect. iv. Whether such epithets as Wonderful, Counsellor, Mighty God, Father of eternity, and Prince of Peace, can ever have been intended, for any child of Ahaz, or have been appropriated by him or his people, we must determine with ourselves ; but, in the face of other considerations already enumerated, it seems at least possible that they might have been otherwise understood, and at all events they do not stand alone, but are parts of a complex and elaborate whole. If the second allusion is Isaiah's own, then it has all the force of an authentic comment on the former one, and if it is not, then it still possesses an independent value as an instance of deliberate recur- rence to the previous idea, of refusal to acknowledge any failure in the former promise notwithstanding its extraordinary language, and of postponement of its realisation to the yet distant and conditional future. There is, however, yet more manifest proof that Isaiah looked for the realisation of the Davidic pro- mises in a particular person, from the remarkable prophecy which immediately follows his denuncia- tion of the Assyrian army in the tenth chapter, when he says that there shall come forth a rod out of the stem of Jesse, and a branch shall grow out of his roots ; and further, that this root of Jesse shall stand for an ensign of the people, that unto it shall the Gentiles seek, and that his rest shall be glory. It is simply absurd to suppose that the prophet Lect. iv. Prophecy. 147 could have had in his mind any existing scion of the royal house, or that his glowing language, coupled as it was with inappropriate and unintelligible pro- mises about the recovery of the remnant of his people, was intended to be understood of any present or actual king. The visions of returning prosperity to his afflicted land may have led him to adopt exuberant language, but that language became the soil in which a germ was imbedded that could find no adequate field for its development in existing or probable circumstances. For nothing less than the return of the condition of paradise was associated with the growth of this branch out of the roots of Jesse. It is, indeed, possible to affirm, with some show of truth, that the glowing visions of the pro- phet have never been fulfilled, and are only visions ; but it is absurd to say that their meaning was exhausted in any anticipations he may have cher- ished of present or immediate prosperity. We can only decide, in accordance with reason and common sense, that another page was being added in these mysterious utterances to those declarations already in existence which spoke of a distant glory for the house of David. In further proof also that such expressions were meant to be understood of the indefinite future and not of any actual definite present, we may refer to the 3 2d and the 35th chapters, the former of which speaks of a king reigning in righteousness, and 148 The Christ of lect. iv. describes the character of his kingdom in language that is singularly unmeaning, if interpreted of the reign of Hezekiah. The anticipations of good, how- ever, are not unmixed with forebodings of evil, and it is not until the Spirit be poured from on high that judgment is to dwell in the wilderness and righteous- ness to remain in the fruitful field. But nowhere more conspicuously than in the 35th chapter does the language of the prophet, who- ever he was, transcend all possible reference to the circumstances of his own time. It can only be in- terpreted of that day of the Lord, when the good things promised to the house of David shall have been fulfilled ; then it is that the ransomed of the Lord shall return, and come to Zion with songs and everlasting joy upon their heads ; then it is that they shall obtain joy and gladness, and sorrow and sighing shall flee away. Nor must we forget that if we are to discover in existing circumstances the full explanation of the prophet's language, we can only do so by depriving him of the peculiar characteristics of his office, which was certainly recognised in his own day, as we learn from the testimony of contemporary history. He was regarded as a person standing in a special relation to God, and having special access to the knowledge of His will. This estimate of his position, whether right or wrong, requires to be accounted for, and we cannot account for it on the assumption Lect. iv. Prophecy. 149 that those utterances of his which we can see to be unintelligible presented no mystery, but were clear and commonplace to the men of his own time ; because, then, why should he have been reckoned as a prophet or as an exponent of the will of God ? That the national estimate of Isaiah's mission may have been false is conceivable ; but, judging from the evidence before us of the part he played, and from the works he has left behind him, we are not in a position to affirm this, and we cannot account for his prophecies on the assumption that he was no prophet, when the very feature of them which re- quires to be explained is their apparently prophetical character. It is impossible not to see that the natural tendency of his language must have been to arouse anticipations in the minds of the people which were certainly not realised in the present nor in the immediate future, and which in fact seemed to grow in brilliancy as the political horizon became darker. In like manner it is not to be denied that the latter portion of the book of Isaiah, no matter when it was written, contributed certain original elements, which, taken in connection with others already in existence, may have combined to make the hope of deliverance to come yet more ardent. Here it is that we meet with the well-known phrase, the servant The ser- of the Lord ? It is manifest that the prophet's use Lord. of this phrase varies. Sometimes it is distinctly 1 50 The Christ of lect. iv. ajDplied to Cyrus; sometimes it is as evidently a per- sonification of the people at large, as in xliv. 1, Yet- now hear, Jacob, my servant, and Israel whom I have chosen. But there are other occasions when it is impossible that either one or the other can be meant. For example, the delineation of the Lord's servant at the commencement of chapter xlii. can only with violence be interpreted of the nation at large: Behold my servant, ivhom I uphold ; mine elect, in whom my soul delighteth : I have put my Spirit upon him; he shall bring forth judgment to the Gentiles. He shall not cry, nor lift up, nor cause his voice to be heard in the street. A bruised reed shall he not break, and the smoking fax shall he not quench: he shall bring forth judgment unto truth. He shall not fail nor be discouraged, till he have set judgment in the earth : and the isles shall wait for his law. Is it possible to maintain that if this was intended to be understood of the nation at large, it was intended to be so understood apart from that clear notion of a successor to David's throne already known to be in existence ? Can we suppose that the anticipations of the 32d chapter were in- tended to be severed from those of the 42d? If the interval of a century and a half elapsed between the production of the two, is it probable that in the mind of the people they would not be associated ? Is it likely that the later writer, granting his exist- ence, and granting also, as we must grant, his lect. iv. Prophecy. 151 acquaintance with the materials already at hand, and his conscious participation in the same prophetic office with those who had gone before him, should have spoken as he did, and given utterance to a hope for his nation at large which he deliberately disconnected from the long-cherished hope of the promised scion of the house of David ? The known phenomena of prophecy, judging from the monuments before us, forbid the assump- tion of the prophetic utterances being thus isolated and independent; or, even if they do not, the effect produced by the work as a whole, which is like that of the perspective in painting, is such as to make it difficult without violence to disregard the apparent relation of the parts. We are, however, at all events, at liberty to assume a certain amount of unity in the latter chap- ters of Isaiah, which, for special reasons, we must not presuppose in the work as a whole. And thus it will probably not be denied that the figure of the Lord's servant in chapter xlii. is resumed in the 52d and 53d chapters. In the mind of the writer The fifty- it was one and the same image, whatever in his own chapter. mind he may have understood, or have intended others to understand by it. Let it, however, be granted that the idea in the prophet's own mind was that of the nation as the ideal servant of the Lord. Then he has for the first time sketched this ideal under peculiar aspects. He who before was to bring i s 2 The Christ of lect. iv. forth judgment to the Gentiles, while the isles were to wait for his law, is now seen in the character of one who suffers for the sake of others, who is un- justly afflicted and oppressed, who is led as a sheep to the slaughter, and whose soul is made an offering for sin ; who, while he is numbered with the trans- gressors, yet bears the sin of many, and makes inter- cession for the transgressors. It will not be denied that this is altogether a novel and original conception. The germ of it may possibly be found in some of the Psalms, with which the writer may have been familiar, but nowhere is the picture so elaborately drawn and so highly coloured as here. It is not to be denied also, that, whether or not the servant of the Lord here is identical with that in chapter xlii., it is in the strongest possible contrast to the visions of royal glory that were supposed to be reserved for the house of David. The picture is altogether of another kind ; and yet it is said of this man, with a strange combination of images, that he shall see his seed and shall prolong his days, and that the pleasure of the Lord shall prosper in his hand. So that, as the line of David was to have long life and a num- erous posterity, 1 and to accomplish the purposes of God, so was it also with this servant of the Lord. It cannot also be maintained that such a portrait as this was sketched from the life : there was no one in the nation or among the prophets who may have 1 Psalm lxxxix 36. Lect. iv. Prophecy. 153 sat for it. For if so, it is very singular that all memory of him should have passed away. The pic- ture, marvellous as it is as a work of art, is evidently an ideal conception, and as such was an entirely new contribution to the gallery of ideals already in exist- ence, which took its place by their side, and would eventually establish its relation to them, or be re- jected as an incongruous and irrelevant addition. No sooner, however, has the prophet sketched the portrait of the Lord's servant, and drawn that picture of his ideal sorrow, which is unique in Scripture, than he bursts forth with the expression of triumphant joy, and declares that the barren woman shall become fruitful and her seed inherit the Gentiles. Indeed, it is one of the most remark- able characteristics of this writer that he distinctly declares an unlimited field for the mission of Israel. It is a light thing that thou shouldest be my servant to raise up the tribes of Jacob, and to restore the preserved of Israel; I mil also give thee for a light to the Gentiles, that thou mayest be my salvation unto the end of the earth. 1 And the Gentiles shall come to thy light, and kings to the brightness of thy rising." I am sought of them that asked not for me, and I am found of them that sought me not. I said, Behold me, behold me, unto a nation that was not called by my name? Such language as this is expressive of some hope and of some conviction in 1 Is. xlix. 6. 2 lx. 3. 3 lxv. 1. 154 The Christ of lect. iv. the mind of the writer. What does it mean ? We can only take it in connection with other hopes he has himself expressed for the house of David ; in fact any hopes for the nation would, in the mind of the prophet, have centred in hopes for the national throne. However great the humiliation of the ser- vant of the Lord, it is to be succeeded and surpassed by his exaltation and glory, whether that servant is the nation at large, or the prophet himself, or an ideal personage but dimly discerned in vision. And thus far there can be no doubt that the writings of this prophet, whenever they were pro- duced, contributed greatly to the development of ideas existent already in germ ; and that while they by no means repudiated the ancient expectations that had been cherished for the house of David, they originated a far more spiritual conception of the ideal servant of the Lord, who, after being chastened and afflicted as an offering for the sin of others, was to be exalted to universal and world-wide dominion. The proof of this is in every one's hands; it is patent and undeniable, and alike independent of questions arising from critical interpretation, from the date of composition, and from, uncertainty of authorship. Can the phenomena presented be accounted for naturally % Do they exhibit the natural and obvious development of one idea? Is the servant of the Lord in Isaiah the natural product of the son of David in the Psalms ? Admitting that the form Lect. iv. Prophecy. 155 assumed by the one was purely natural, was the later form it took in the other such as might have been expected ? Is there anything analogous to this gradual development of one ideal in classical or in any other literature ? Is it not peculiar to and unique in the literature of the Old Testament ? And, even if the essential unity of the several ideas be called in question, their essential and distinctive character is not to be denied. We may still deal with them as separate elements, and note their historic rise at different epochs of the national his- tory ; the patriarchal idea in patriarchal times ; the royal idea when the crown was brightest and most glorious ; the idea of a universal lawgiver when the mind of the prophet was fixed on the nation's return to the free exercise of its ancestral laws ; but it will, after all, be the possible consistency of these various thoughts, their possible relation to one another, and their mutual completeness, that we shall have to account for ; and in endeavouring to account for this it will not be easy to exclude the possibility of design, when it is obvious that the actual result produced is precisely that which design alone would account for. The peculiar position of the ancient prophet Jeremiah, receives a distinct and vivid illustration from the personal history of Jeremiah. We see very plainly his extreme reluctance to undertake his office, the sense of deep responsibility under which he laboured, 156 The Christ of lect. iv. the conviction from which he was unable to escape, that the work he had to do was imposed by God. He would fain have held his peace, but the word of the Lord was unto him as a burning Jire shut up in his bones, and he was iveary with forbearing and could not stay. 1 This sense of an imperative and inevitable mission, extraordinary as it was, which characterised the ancient prophets, must be allowed to lend considerable weight to what they say. Their sincerity was unimpeachable, notwithstanding the extravagance of their assumptions. People, and priest, and king, moreover, alike acknowledged their authority, even though they might combine in per- secuting them. There is no doubt as to the time that Jeremiah prophesied, neither is there any doubt that he dis- tinctly assigned the duration of seventy years to the captivity at Babylon. The computation of this period may be a matter of dispute ; as to the fact that it was foretold there can be none. 2 It is also certain that, living as he did at the close of the Jewish monarchy, he spoke of a righteous branch being raised unto David, and of a king who should reign and prosper ; s while he joined with that pro- mise the assurance that Israel should be brought back out of the north country. Judging from what Jeremiah has himself told us of Zedekiah, 4 it is not 1 Jer. xx. 9. 2 Ezra i. ; Dan. ix. 2. 3 Jer. xxiii. 5-8. 4 xxxvii. 2 seq., and lii. 2. Lect. iv. Prophecy. 157 probable that be should have had him in his mind when he wrote thus, though it is possible that his name may have suggested the words : The Lord our righteousness. Bat, anyhow, we see here a repeti- tion of the familiar thought of a king being born to David. If we might assume that the writings of Isaiah, as we now have them, were in existence, then we could say without hesitation that the language of Isaiah is borrowed, and the promise he had given renewed ; but, at all events, we have here from an independent hand a repetition, whether earlier or later, of the old idea. And it is impossible not to say that the expecta- tion of future good for Israel is expressly associated with that of the king who is to be born to David. The restoration of Israel is to take place in his days, and Judah and Israel are again to be one, for we must not forget that at this time Israel had no national existence. Now, the interpretation of this language may be a very difficult and doubtful matter, but as to its literal meaning there can be no doubt. This is what the prophet said, whatever his words meant. And, perhaps, the clearest and most ex- plicit promise that yet existed in relation to the expected heir of David, was thus added to all that had gone before. Psalms like the 72d, the 89th, the 13 2d, and others, received a new meaning when language such as this was uttered by a man in the position of Jeremiah, who claimed and was 158 The Christ of lect. iv. acknowledged to be a prophet of the Lord. It is manifest that the original thought was becoming clearer and more definite ; it was undergoing development ; it was a growing conception, and each age and epoch contributed to its growth, each prophet added something of distinctness to the ori- ginal idea. And yet, what the full idea was to be no single prophet knew, and no single age could tell what was or was not reserved for its own epoch to produce. The fulness of time alone could show whether the aggregate was complete, or whether more was still waiting to be added. This promise also is the more remarkable from the fact that it presents a strong contrast to the other prophecies of Jeremiah, and from the circum- stance of its being reiterated and expanded by him, subsequently, when he was shut up in the court of the prison. 1 His prophecies generally have more of a domestic and local character, and are concerned rather with the immediate destiny of his people ; but here he takes a much wider range, and looks forward to the remotest future, and declares that the covenant with day and night shall be broken before David shall want a son to reign upon his throne. And yet this is in immediate connec- tion with the promise of the branch of righteous- ness that is to grow up unto David, in whose days Judah shall be saved, and Jerusalem shall dwell 1 Chap, xxxiii. 15-26. Lect. iv. /Vr.-siv.'v. 159 safelv. That is to say. at the very time when the throne of David was tottering to its fall, and it? last occupant was passing away into captivity, a man, who felt himself compelled to declare the message of the Lord in spite of all inward reluctance and of all outward opposition, is found in the most solemn manner affirming his belief in the ancient promises, and consoling his nation with the prospect of their fulfilment, when, humanly speaking, there was none. For the moment, then, we must hold our judg- ment in suspense as to the intrinsic value of such prophecies, and confine our attention to the tin- doubted fact of their existence as part of the literary and prophetic inheritance with which the people went into captivity. There can be no question that at that time., as far as the writings of the pro- phets and psalmists had influenced the nation, it was more than warranted in expecting a restoration of the throne of David in the person of some one who should unite in himself the various character- istics that had been assigned to his ideal represent- ative and heir. And with this expectation rife among the people, the monarchy collapsed, and the nation was carried captive to Bahvlon. TTe pass on now to the prophets of the return, iu beginning with Haggai. in the second vear of Darius, or about fifteen years after the foundation of the second temple. "With the circumstances of that foumtation we are familiar, from the touching 160 The Christ of lect. iv. narrative in the second chapter of Ezra, which is illustrated and confirmed by the words of Haggai : Who is left among you that saw this house in her first glory ? sixty- eight years before ; and how do ye see it noiv ? is it not in your eyes in comparison of it as nothing ? And this comparative inferiority of the second temple was made the basis of a very striking- promise, that the glory of the latter house should be greater than the glory of the former, and that in it the Lord would give peace. We may omit alto- gether the disputed words about the desire of all nations coming, because, as it happens, they in no way affect the material sense, however much to understand them of a person rather than of material wealth may heighten it ; for here is the distinct assertion that the second house shall sur- pass the former one in glory, and that apparently because peace shall be given in it. Two points, however, must be borne in mind — first that the ark of the covenant, which was the special glory of the first temple, did not exist in the second, and conse- quently the declaration of the prophet was the more daring ; and secondly, that, daring as it was, he confirmed it in the most solemn manner possible, on his faith as a prophet, by the five-times-reiterated declaration, Thus saith the Lord of hosts. It can- not be doubted, therefore, that this statement was made as a substantive addition to the prophetic ele- lect. iv. Prophecy. 161 ments already in existence, and would be so regarded by the people who recognised the mission of Haggai. About the same time arose another prophet, Zechariah. Zechariah, who likewise took part in encouraging the work of Zerubbabel in building the second temple. He maintained and illustrated the con- tinuity of the prophetic succession after the cap- tivity, by reviving in his prophecies two of the most prominent images in Isaiah and Jeremiah. For more than two generations Jeremiah's promise of the coming Branch had lain in abeyance, with no apparent hope of fulfilment. And, under any view of Isaiah's epoch, his famous prophecies and portrait of the servant of the Lord must have been in existence now, and were beyond all doubt familiar to Zechariah. With these materials, then, ready to hand, he represents the Angel of the Lord saying to Joshua the high priest, Thus saith the Lord of Hosts, Behold I will bring forth (literally, • Behold me bringing in) my servant the Branch; 1 and describing the era of his advent as a time of ideal peace and prosperity. This promise, which is first given, or apparently given by the Angel of the Lord, is subsequently repeated by the prophet him- self to Joshua the high priest, in the word of the Lord, with a slight variation : — Thus sjxxdceth the Lord of hosts, saying, Behold the man whose name is the Branch : and he shall grow up out of Ids ' Zed. iii. 8. II 1 62 The Christ of lect. iv. place, and he shall build the temple of the Lord, which was now nearly finished : Even he shall build the temple of the Lord, and he shall bear the glory, and shall sit and ride upon his throne ; and he shall be a priest upon his throne, and the counsel of peace shall be between them both ; * that is, ap- parently, between the priest and the king, which twofold office this man whose name is the Branch is to unite and fulfil in his own person. It is hardly possible to doubt that such words were spoken and recorded not only with full knowledge of, but with intentional reference to, what had been said before by Jeremiah, by Isaiah, and perhaps by David in the 110th Psalm. Even if there was no conscious and designed allusion to their statements, which we cannot prove, the mere fact of the re- markable manner in which the several utterances fit into and sustain each other, is a phenomenon not a little extraordinary, and one which may be in a high degree significant. The independent character also of Zechariah's prophecy is seen in this, that whereas the last words of Haggai were addressed to Zerubbabel, and were fraught with a blessing for him as the repre- sentative of the house of Judah, Zechariah's promise of the Branch was twice given to Joshua the high priest, and the first time was coupled with a personal promise to him. This circumstance is 1 Zech. vi. 12, 13. Lect. iv. Prophecy. 163 perhaps sufficient to show that the central promise in either case was intended to be kept distinct from the particular person to whom it was immediately given. Both Zerubbabel and Joshua must neces- sarily have had their thoughts directed to some one else. Neither could have supposed that the prophet's language ended in himself, or that the personal bless- ings announced were all that was declared. The critical questions connected with the last Zedianah n • it ix. -xiv. six chapters of Zechariah are so intricate that they need not detain us here. Suffice it to say, that in these chapters, whenever they were written, there are three remarkable passages which must not altogether be passed by. The first is — Rejoice greatly, daughter of Zion ; shout, daughter of Jeru- salem : behold, thy King cometh unto thee : he is just, and having salvation; lowly, and riding upon an ass, and upon a colt the foal of an ass And he shall speak peace unto the heathen; and his dominion shall be from sea even to sea, and from the river even to the ends of the earth. 1 If this was post-captivity, there was still a recurrence in it to the favourite idea of the universal kingdom, with an evident allusion to the 72d Psalm ; 2 if it was earlier than the captivity, then it is impossible to refer it with propriety to any actual king ; besides, the time of his dominion is to be coeval with the cessation of the chariot from Ephraim, 1 Zech. ix. 9, 10. 2 Ps. lxxii. 8, 12, etc. 1 64 The Christ of lect. iv. and of the horse and the battle-bow from Jerusalem; in other words, the national power shall have ceased at the time when the rule of the national king, who is spoken of, commences. The next passage is in the twelfth chapter : And I will pour upon the house of David, and upon the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the spirit of grace and of supplications ; and they shall look upon me whom they have pierced ; and they shall mourn for him, as one mourneth for his only son, and shall be in bitterness for him, as one that is in bitterness for his first-born} It is impossible that the person here spoken of can have been the pro- phet himself, because he was unable to pour upon the house of David, and upon the inhabitants of J erusalem, the spirit of grace and of supplications, an essentially Divine gift. The words, therefore, as they stand, if thus understood, appear to have no discoverable meaning. And hardly less mysterious in any aspect are those other words in the thirteenth chapter : Aivake, sword, against my shepherd, and against the man that is my fellow, saith the Lord of hosts : smite the shepherd, and the sheep shall be scat- tered : and I will turn mine hand upon the little ones.' 2 If this was post-captivity, there was mani- festly no one to whom it could refer ; but it is no less difficult to determine to whom such language 1 Zech. xii. 10. - xiii. 7. Lect. iv. Prophecy. 165 is likely to have been applied by any earlier writer. There is no instance of the rare expression, the mem that is my felloiv, being used of the reigning monarch ; and even if it was so used here, we know not who he could have been, for there is no one whose history at all corresponds. But whether these three passages are by one and the same writer or not, it is clear that they all purport to be spoken prophetically and in the name of God. They are therefore but integral elements in the whole mass of similar statements. They reproduce familiar ideas ; that, namely, of dominion and glory in the person of a king, and that of exceptional suffering. Whether we are right also in grouping these and similar statements together, it is certain that there are special characteristics common to all ; for example, a peculiar obstinacy in not being readily intelligible of ordinary known circumstances, and a certain facility of cohesion, which is the more remarkable, inasmuch as they are confessedly the production of various writers and of various periods. Looking, then, at the writings of the prophets as a whole, there appear to be one, or at the most two, principal ideas, which gradually become more distinct and definite, until the conclusion is inevi- table that the national literature of the Jewish people contained clearly-expressed anticipations of one who should arise in the house of David and 1 66 The Christ of l^ct. iv. restore his throne to more than its pristine glory, although these anticipations were at times per- plexed and interwoven with others of a permanent priesthood, whether or not combined in the same person, and with obscure intimations of suffering, degradation, and death, which were to be under- gone. The glory, perhaps, predominates over the suffering, but of the presence of the suffering as an element contemplated there can be no question ; the only question at the time even could have been whether the suffering was an antecedent condition of the glory or a totally distinct conception. Maiachi. There is, however, this feature to be observed in the latter prophecies of Zechariah, which is more consistent, perhaps, with the supposition of a later date for their origin, that the subject spoken of is found to blend with the person of the Divine being ; and this also is characteristic of the latest of the prophetic utterances — that, namely, in the book of Maiachi. The writer there says, speaking in the name of God : Behold, I will send my messenger, and he shall prepare the way be/ore me : and the Lord, ivhom ye seek, shall suddenly come to his temple, even the messenger of the covenant, ivhom ye delight in : Behold, he shall come, saith the Lord of hosts. 1 We must remember that this passage un- doubtedly comes after the entire bulk of pro- phetic enunciations that we have been considering 1 Mai. iU. 1. Lect. iv. Prophecy. 167 was in existence. The second temple was built; Haggai's promise concerning it had been given ; Malachi was no doubt familiar with it and with all the recorded sayings of Isaiah, Jeremiah, Zecha- riah, David, and the rest. Speaking, then, late in time as he did, Malachi said : The Lord, whom ye seek, shall suddenly come to his temple. The ex- pected advent of a glorious king is in abeyance. It is now the Lord himself who is to come to His temple, and fulfil the former promise of giving peace in it. He is to come as a judge. If He is not to come as a priest, He is at any rate to purify the sons of Levi, and purge them as gold and silver, that they may offer unto the Lord an offering in righteousness. If the earlier prophetic notion of a great king is foreign to the writings of Malachi, we cannot say that his conception of the future glory is in any sense inferior to that ; on the contrary, it seems even to surpass it ; for the person who is to come is called the Lord, 1 and the place whither He is to come is called His temple. He is also apparently identified with the messenger of the covenant, a phrase which most probably contains an allusion to the Angel of His presence mentioned in Isaiah, 2 who is represented as having interposed on behalf of the nation at various critical periods of their history. We seem, therefore, to be justified in saying that in the time of Malachi the national hope, so 1 |TINn. s Is. lxiii. 9. Daniel 1 68 The Christ of lect. iv. far as he expressed it, had become more elevated and spiritualised. The earthly metaphors were dropped ; temporal power and rule were forgotten. The Lord Himself was a great king, whose name was dreadful among the heathen : the Lord Himself was the hope of His people, and to those who feared His name the sun of righteousness would arise with healing in his wings. If this is so, the former words, They shall look on me whom they 'pierced, acquire a fresh significance, to say nothing of those others, Awake, sivord, against my shepherd, and against the man that is my fellow, saith the Lord of hosts. Whatever may have been the intention of the several writers, the combined phenomena presented by their writings cannot fail to strike us as very remarkable ; and it is scarcely possible to imagine that Malachi, the latest writer of all, was not conditioned by what had gone before, and is not to be understood accordingly. There remains, however, yet one collection of writings which must be noticed, because, whatever its date, it throws considerable light upon the inter- pretation of the rest, and this is the book of Daniel. Starting with the assumption that this book may be as late as the second century before Christ, we are yet led by it to certain conclusions with respect to other prophetic writings that it is difficult to set aside. For example, it is certain that in Daniel we meet with the use of a particular term which can- lect. iv. Prophecy. 1 69 not be ambiguous any longer. In the second cen- tury before Christ, then, at the latest, a writer could be understood who spoke of Prince Messiah, and of Messiah being cut off. 1 It is clear, therefore, that by this time the conception of a person who should fulfil in himself the several conditions going to make up whatever was meant by Messiah was fully developed, or else that he originated its full de- velopment. This latter alternative, however, is not likely. The writer, no doubt, appealed to a con- dition of thought already existing. In his time the conception of a Messiah was fully formed, and any allusion to it was intelligible. But how could this be, were it not for the materials out of which such a conception could alone be formed already existing in the national literature ? The term Messiah was one which had been applied to kings, prophets, and priests, in former times ; but here we find an entirely different use of it, as it was applied to an ideal person whose advent is yet future. This person is himself pre-eminently Messiah : he is called Prince Messiah. 2 He cannot be any one of those persons to whom the term has been applied officially before. He must be one to whom it is more applicable than to any. The belief, then, in the advent of such a person must have been mature and definite, but it could only have been so because it had been fostered and inculcated by the writings of the prophets and the 1 Dan. ix. 25, 26. » ^P ?'#». 1 70 The Christ of Lect. iv. national literature. There must, therefore, have been that in the literature which was capable of fostering it. The writings of the prophets must have been understood in such a way that they fur- nished a groundwork for the support of the notion. The matter is not at all one of opinion ; it is simply a matter of fact. It is not a question as to the pro- priety of any such ideas being derived from the writings of the prophets, but a matter of fact that they were so derived ; and of this the evidence of the book of Daniel, whenever that book was written, is conclusive. Nor does the question of date materially affect the issue, because here, a hundred and fifty years before Christ, is the evidence that the prophets were thus understood. This was the long result of their education of the national mind. They had led the people up to this position. And it was not the work of one writer, but of many. There is good ground, then, for a strong presumption that this, which was the combined effect produced by many writers, was more or less nearly the particular effect which they intended to produce. If, therefore, we find one writer deliberately adopting the language and images of an earlier one, we can only infer that he did it with the intention of adopting and expand- ing his meaning. And when this is done by many writers successively, and the final result is what it proves to be, we can only conclude that the result lect. iv. Prophecy. 1 7 1 corresponded with the object which the writers had in view. They did intend their language to pro- duce and cherish the hope that a deliverer would arise in the house of David ; and the people were warranted in investing him with the various attri- butes which the several writers assigned to him. When Daniel spoke of Prince Messiah, he virtually added his endorsement to all that had been promised to the throne of David, while he gave also an un- mistakable proof of the manner in which he had received and understood those promises. The book of Daniel, then, on any supposition of its date and authorship, is a witness to the historic development of the Messianic conception. In the second century before Christ we find the notion of Messiah as a coming Prince accepted and in vogue. How much earlier it may have been, we are unable to say, but here at any rate it was then. But, in point of fact, a popular notion such as this can only have been of gradual and protracted growth. It could not have started into existence suddenly ; and looking over the various stages of the national lite- rature, as they are indicated with sufficient accuracy in the writings of the prophets, and in the Psalms, we can trace the different stages of its growth. We can see how stone by stone was added by one writer after another, till the edifice assumed the definite shape and outline which are conspicuous in the writings of Daniel. 172 The Christ of lect. iv. Of course if we decide, as we very reasonably may, upon the genuineness of that book, then the considerations already mentioned receive additional weight. Then the writings of Zechariah and Mala- chi must have been produced in the knowledge of the prophecies of Daniel, and must be interpreted accordingly ; but as all these writings were unques- tionably in existence in their present form in the second century before Christ, that is more than enough for our purpose, inasmuch as we know that then the actual historic result produced by the vari- ous characteristics of the prophetical writings was the anticipation in the national mind of a person to come who could be spoken of intelligibly as Messiah the Prince. It matters not whether all the notions connected with that idea were in strict accord and harmony ; they cannot have been. The conceptions may have been conflicting and contradictory ; they could scarcely be otherwise, if the elements that gave rise to them were realities manifesting an his- torical growth, and assignable to different epochs and to various minds. Conciu- To sum up, then, what has hitherto been said. — We have treated the existing literature, and the several books of the Old Testament, as we should treat any other literary documents. We have en- deavoured to estimate them only as an honest examination of the features they present obliges us to estimate them. We have assumed nothing in sion Lect. iv. Prophecy. 173 their favour. We have conceded hypothetically almost every, if not every, position that has been debated, which might tend to modify the conclusion to be arrived at. And what is the result ? It is this : that at least in the second century before Christ, and most probably in the sixth, the concep- tion of a Messiah had attained so much consistency and solidity among the Jewish nation, that we find in writings of one period or the other, and for argu- ment's sake it matters not which, a usage of the word which can only be understood of an ideal and a future person. Such an application of the term is conclusive proof of the popular existence of the notion. We are not concerned now with the cha- racter of the notion, or the form it had assumed. Here it was in actual and living reality. It was a thing which had found expression in a word. It was a thought which had become crystallised and formulated in speech. What was the origin of that thought ? Taking the book of Daniel hypothetically, as the latest expression of it, we find it present to the national mind at a time of great national de- basement. But it is far more probable that it had already been in existence for centuries. If it was not originally derived from the literature, we have no other means of tracing its origin but from the phenomena presented by the literature ; and there we can see, from time to time, germs of the same thought bursting through the soil of surrounding 1 74 The Christ of lect. iv. incident. From time to time the language used is such as to be more naturally explained with refer- ence to this latent thought than to any other acci- dents of the age. The recurrence of this language is to be detected in the Psalms and Prophets alone over a period of at least 500 years. Writer after writer takes it up, and deals with it in his own characteristic manner. David, Isaiah, Micah, Jere- miah, Daniel, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi, not to mention others, are all distinguished by passages which appear to have a common allusion to this same idea, and which, if they have, are more intel- ligible than if they have not. In all these remark- able passages there are characteristic features in common. There is a perpetual falling back upon the throne of Judah and the house of David ; and this even after the throne was at an end, and the family no longer reigning. No such feeling is ever associated with any dynasty of Israel. It cannot be resolved into mere patriotism, liecau.se the same onward-looking hope is to be found equally when the throne is illustrious and when it is fallen. It con- sistently disdains the present, and is continually projected into the distant future. No present glory is adequate; nothing less than endless duration and universal sovereignty is alike demanded and assured. No exaggeration of individual differences is capable of destroying the combined harmony. Each writer worked independently, but the combined effect of Lect. iv. Prophecy. 175 the whole is unity, or at least the natural semblance of consistent unity. Such an effect, however, was manifestly beyond the reach of any series or succes- sion of writers, because the earliest were ignorant of, and could not control, the utterances of those who wrote subsequently. And the utmost that the latest could do was to revert to an earlier thought, to develop and expand it. No reason, however, can be assigned for the correspondences, any more than for the differences, between the 22d Psalm and the 53d of Isaiah. It is impossible to say that the one borrowed from the other, or that the one sug- gested the conception of the other. And yet, looked at together, or, if you will, in a particular light, there is an incomprehensible unity. Are we to be de- barred from pronouncing this unity real simply because it is incomprehensible ? The mere appear- ance of unity that undeniably exists cannot be accounted for by any supposed similarity of condition and circumstances in the different writers, added to which no conceivable circumstances can adequately account for the language used. No adequate reason can be assigned for the correspondences, any more than for the differences, between the 21st Psalm and the 33d of Jeremiah. It is impossible to say that the one was borrowed from or suggested the other here ; and yet, after the lapse of more than four cen- turies, there is a certain undeniable similarity. Was this similarity, such as it is, intentional on the part 176 The Christ of Prophecy. lect. iv. of the later writer ? Was he bent upon producing the kind of effect and unity which, looked at toge- ther with other productions, or in a particular as- pect, his own work has produced ? Was Ezekiel, when drawing his wonderful portrait of the faithful Shepherd, in his 34th and 37th chapters, 1 late in the times of the captivity, and when the throne of Judah was no more, reverting merely to a former thought ? or was he not rather adding important ele- ments of his own, the harmony and essential unity of which with the writings of other prophets he could not himself perceive, but which, after the lapse of many generations, it would be little less than wilful blindness to ignore ? And are we in all these cases to reject that one particular aspect in which these independent and diverging rays are found to converge in a marvellous unity ? Surely, rather, forasmuch as the unity was one which the writers confessedly could not have agreed together to produce, while we can see for ourselves how striking and significant it is, the most natural and the not unreasonable inference will be to confess in the language of the Psalmist of old : This is the Lord's doing, and it is marvellous in our eyes. 1 Worthy of special note in the former chapter are verses 23, 24, and in the latter, verses 24, 25. It is my servant David who is to reunite the divided houses of Israel and Judah : and ?ny servant David shall be their prince for ever. LECTURE V. THE CHRIST OF THE GOSPELS. N Sa§ Sfjtifienttyum roar, et)e Soangeliften unb SIpoftel gefcfyrieben fatten. <&$ tterlief eine geraume Sett, et;e ber erfle con i|mn fctjrieb unb eine fefjr betrdcf)ttic£)e, ef>e ber ganje .Ranon ;u ©tanbe fom. ®ie JRetigton ift nictjt roafyr, Weil bie ©oangelifien unb Slpofiet fie tefytten : fonbern fie letjrten fie, wett fie roaf>t ift. Stucty baS, was ©ott tebrt, ift nidjt wabr, rceit e§ ©ott tetyren mitt onbetrn ©ott letjrt eS, roeit e§ tr>at>r. ifi. — Zessing. Non disse Christo al suo primo convento : Andate e predicate al mondo ciance, Ma diede lor verace fondamento. Dante. LECTURE V. The booh of the generation of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham. — St. Matt. i. 1. A rapid survey of the literature of the Old Testa- Conclu- sions ment has thus far brought us to some important derived -, . -,-,. , . . -, from the conclusions — _b irst, to the existence, in the second Old Tes- century before our era, not to put it earlier, of the doctrine or conception of a Messiah ; secondly, to the inference that that doctrine or conception was itself a kind of commentary on the books, inasmuch as it could only have been derived from them. It may therefore be taken as a proof of what they were understood to mean by the nation who were their natural guardians, and up to a certain point as evidence of their actual meaning. At all events, we find an impression rife in the minds of the people, for which these books alone can be held responsible. From the position thus arrived at, moreover, Corollaries certain corollaries follow. If an effect like this, therefrom, which was unique in history, was produced, the cause producing it must have been unique also. We are led therefore to the actual existence of 1 80 The Christ of lect. v. certain elements in the Old Testament literature, which are not to be accounted for as we find them. If it had not been felt with respect to these ele- ments that the full cause of their existence was not supplied by the local and temporary conditions under which they were produced, their special effect upon the nation would not have been what it was. But, seeing that this effect was what we know it to have been, the actual existence of these elements is thus far an evidence of the special and peculiar character of these books, a distinct and unmistakeable mark of their exceptional position in literature. Judged therefore by the effects of its teaching, and by the phenomena it presents, the Old Testa- ment in itself is a remarkable literary monument, possessing characteristics that we cannot naturally Peculiarity account for. There must have been causes operat- Testament ing in its production to which we have no key or Mll|l " lt ' s ' clue. We are compelled to postulate the existence of other forces at work than those which we recog- nise in the production of other and ordinary litera- ture. Even if in such writings as Virgil's Pollio and the second book of Plato's Eepublic we can detect traces of somewhat similar elements, yet the clearness, the definiteness, and the extent and multi- plicity of those which are found in the Old Testa- ment, are sufficient to distinguish it very widely from the whole of classical literature. There is no Lect. v. The Gospels. 1 8 1 doubt that the books of the Old Testament, as a whole, are distinguished from all other literature, no less by their contents than they are by their character and style. And their contents may be briefly summed up and expressed in one word by the conception or doctrine of a coming Messiah. If, therefore, the existence and the highly ex- ceptional features of this doctrine or conception cannot be traced back or assigned to any natural origin, it is itself an evidence so far of an origin other than natural, an indication and presumptive proof of an external and Divine communication having been made to man. For if otherwise, not only must the natural origin of this doctrine be clearly discoverable, but the actual features of its manifestation must be clearly explicable on natural principles ; which they are not. Having, however, thus far reviewed the ma- Vagueness terials from which alone the conception of a coming conception Messiah could have been derived, we have next to Messiah, consider the way in which, as a matter of historic fact, the proclamation that He had come was spread abroad. After the completion of the books of the Old Testament, whenever that took place, it does not appear that any elements of importance were added to the existing conception of a Messiah. That conception was undoubtedly to a great degree vague and indefinite. The predominant and favourite idea was that unquestionably of a vie- 1 82 The Christ of Lect. v. torious king. The subject condition of the people under the Eoman sway would naturally cause them to cling to that idea with fond tenacity. The foreign oppression made them long for a deliverer, made them cherish their recollections of the past of David's throne, and indulge the ancient hope of one who was to sit thereon. But mainly j> u t ft { s no t to be denied that there were also twofold. vague impressions of suffering and death associated with the notion of a Messiah. The distinct asser- tion of Daniel that the Prince Messiah should be cut off, would alone and of itself account for these. And we can see for ourselves the kind of confirma- tion they would receive from other parts of the literature. The natural result of these conflicting ideas would be the notion, which certainly prevailed to some extent among the people, of two Messiahs : if that was rejected, the only solution would be that the same Messiah was to suffer and to reign. o Unfavour- Such were the materials which were in existence Lsts as when the son of Zacharias came preaching the Gospel baptism of repentance in the wilderness of Judaea, history. anc i (jgg^j-^g hi mse lf the forerunner of One whose shoe-latchet he was not worthy to unloose. There is no reason whatever to doubt that this was the first movement in that mighty chain of convulsive revolutions which stirred the heart of the Jewish nation towards the close of the reign of Tiberius Caesar. After the lapse of upwards of four cen- Lect. v. The Gospels. 183 turies, a remarkable person had appeared, who seemed to aim at the restoration of the prophetic office, and to emulate in himself the traditional characteristics of Elijah. Unquestionably this was done by him with special reference to the writings of Malachi. He is said to have described himself as the voice of one crying in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord, quoting words of Isaiah which were obviously in the mind of Malachi when he wrote about the messenger of the Lord of hosts who should prepare His way before Him, and of sending Elijah the prophet before the coming of the great and dreadful day of the Lord. The way, then, in which John fulfilled his mission The is itself a proof of the kind of anticipation which jXi°the had either been created by the prophets or was aptlst capable of being created by an appeal to them. They were regarded as the bearers of a message which waited for its fulfilment. It was not supposed that the actual circumstances of their time had exhausted all the meaning of their language. It was a fact that expectations had been aroused by them, and these expectations were a reality which could be turned to account as they were by John the Baptist. While, however, this was the case, John does not seem to have encouraged the popular notion that a powerful ruler was about to appear. The key-note of his preaching was repentance ; the most conspi- cuous feature of his character was austerity. The mis- sion of 1 84 The Christ of lect. v. movement he originated was purely moral, and in no sense political. The kingdom to which he referred was not that of Herod or Tiberius, but the kingdom of God. This particular phrase, also, which was characteristic of his teaching, was without doubt not original with him, but a reminiscence of the old pro- phetic teaching, and showed more especially a re- version to the language of Daniel, without which it is hardly to be understood. That prophet had said that the God of Heaven should set up a kingdom, which should never he destroyed but stand for ever; 1 and of the Son of man, whom he saw in the night visions, he had said that there was given Him do- minion and glory, and a kingdom, that all people, nations, and languages should serve Him; that His dominion was an everlasting dominion, which should not pass away, and His kingdom that which should not he destroyed. 2 There can be no question that this figure and language was adopted by John, and that he believed his own time to be cast on the eve of the establish- ment of this kingdom ; but he does not appear to have conceived of it as earthly or as the rival of other kingdoms already in existence. Certainly he took no steps to prepare for any such kingdom, though he believed he was preparing the way before the Lord by the preaching of the baptism of repent- ance for the remission of sins. 1 Dan. ii. 44. 2 vii. 14. Lect. v. The Gospels. 185 While, however, lie bore his testimony to Jesus, he seems, at all events latterly, to have had mis- givings about Him ; and he certainly died without seeing the advent of that kingdom which he had proclaimed as near. His career, however, had produced certain re- The suits. It must have had the effect of resuscitating produced the popular faith in the promises of the ancient pro- y phets. For a long time that faith had languished ; it now revived with unusual vigour, so much so that all men mused in their hearts of John whether he were the Christ or not. 1 He declared, however, that he was not the Christ, hut that he was sent before Him. The preaching of John, then, had had the effect of raising men's minds to the very verge of immediate expectation. It had also the further effect of warn- ing men that the kingdom which they expected could only be prepared for by a moral reformation. As it had been said of the coming Elijah that he should turn the heart of the fathers to the children, and the heart of the children to their fathers, so the mission of John was directed to the moral regeneration of society. This, however, he distinctly declared him- self unable to complete ; it was to be the work of the " one greater Man" who was to come. I think, then, we may fairly say that the cha- J h h a e racter racter of John the Baptist as drawn by the Evan- ° f J° c ^. srelists is not one that could have been constructed stl '" ct f e i o out 01 the 1 St. Lukeiii. 15. prophets; 1 86 The Christ of Lect. v. out of the materials already existing in Isaiah and Malachi. No pondering over the obscure language of these prophets could have resulted in such a picture as the Gospel-writers have delineated. And if, availing themselves of the foundation of fact that was ready to hand, they coloured it to suit their own purposes, they did not bring it more into har- mony with the original as sketched by the prophets. In fact, their own portrait of the Baptist was an original of itself. As a fabrication it was no counter- part to the shadowy outline of the prophets. It was therefore drawn from the life, or it was nothing. But if we take the character of John as presented in the Gospels to be a true representation of an his- torical personage, it is not at all more easy to under- stand how it could have been designedly produced but wholly upon the model already existing. To suppose that John deliberately set himself down to mark out for himself a career that should have the effect of corre- sponding with what had been written of the messen- ger of the Lord, is in the highest degree improbable. Even if so, his character had all the merit of j)rofound originality. And, therefore, as it could not have been naturally created by an effort of the personal will out of the slender materials to be gathered from the prophets, the character of John can only be regarded as an independent and spontaneous creation of his- tory ; and any correspondence it may have with the prophetical portrait of the messenger of the Lord lect. v. The Gospels. 1 8 7 must be judged simply on its own merits, and can- not be ascribed, on the one hand, to the deliberate intention of John, or, on the other, to the construct- ive literary skill of the Evangelists. And if this is true of the very first character we This much . . . . . more true meet with m the Gospel history, it becomes so m aofjesus. far higher degree of the great character of all. The only reasonable theory of that history, if it is not accepted as a trustworthy record of fact, is that the writers were supplied with a remarkable character in the person of Jesus of Nazareth, and that they designedly moulded their representation of His character in such a way as to make it appear to be the historical counterpart of the prophetic Messiah. To estimate the probability of this being the The mate- case, we must carefully remember the materials able for which they had ready to hand. These were the for the dreams of the prophets, on which rested the ancient ge iists. but apparently the long-forgotten hope of an heir to the house of David. As that family was now in a very prostrate condition, it was apparently quite hopeless that it should again emerge to power. If David's family was ever to rule again, there was no visible or immediate prospect of its ruling. But on this point, if on any, the ancient prophets were with one voice unanimous. That rule, however, was uniformly depicted in the prophetic language with the adjuncts of worldly glory and material splendour. Kings were to be smitten to the earth The Christ of Lect. v. beneath the iron rod of the avenging 1 King. Gold and silver were to be brought in abundance to adorn the footstool of his throne. 2 All the regal garments were to smell of myrrh, aloes, and cassia, out of the ivory palaces. 3 A very unpromising sub- ject that of Jesus of Nazareth out of which to con- struct a portrait which was to be accepted as the counterpart of this. But these were the materials with which the Gospel-writers had to work. Like the Egyptian bondsmen of old, they were reduced to the necessity of making bricks without straw. But how this was to be done "might have taxed a finer ingenuity than theirs. And it must be remembered that all the know- ledge we possess of the origin of that movement which is associated with the name of Jesus Christ, is comprised in the Gospels. If they are not actually the earliest Christian writings, they at least profess to deal with a time anterior to any other compositions, epistolary or narrative. Whether or not, therefore, they are to be taken exactly as we find them, they are absolutely the only sources from which we can derive our information. And while in endeavouring to form an entirely dispassionate judgment, we may justly be required to reject everything of a supernatural or miraculous character, there are certain natural features insepa- rable from the narrative which we are bound to 1 Ps. ii. 9. 2 Is. lx. 17, 13. s Ps. xlv. 8. lect. v. The Gospels. 189 accept. And among these are the claims advanced by Jesus to be the Messiah, and the way in which he advanced them, or is said to have advanced them. It is obvious therefore that the only materials These that Jesus himself or the Evangelists had to work Scriptures with in advancing these claims were the writings career of of the prophets, the national expectations derived "' from them, and the movement originated by John the Baptist. There is no reason to doubt that the preaching of Jesus commenced before that of John had come to an end, or at all events before the death of John. 1 Early Christian tradition, which we need not hesitate to accept, places but a difference of six months between their respective ages. Each of the Gospels represents the ministry of Jesus as imme- diately connected with that of John. The fourth Gospel seems to hint at a kind of rivalry as from the first subsisting between the disciples of John and of Jesus — a rivalry, however, which elicited some of the noblest features of John's character, and which was certainly not encouraged by Jesus. 2 One of the first questions, then, which suggest The career themselves in considering this portion of the entirely narrative is how far what we may call the idea of ^ epend " Jesus was derived from that of John. All the Evangelists agree in representing Jesus to have been 1 St. John iii. 24. St. Matt. xiv. 10. St. Mark vi. 27. St. Luke iii. 20. 2 St. John iii. 25 ; iv. 3. 1 90 The Christ of lect. v. baptised by John, 1 and to have had a special desig- nation of his career given him at that moment. And they declare unanimously that John was the first to acknowledge this. It was indeed essential to the part which John may be supposed to have assumed that he should point out his great Successor. But after he had done this it was clearly open to his successor how He should determine His own career. It is not a little remarkable that He should have adopted from the first the very language of John, Repent ye, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand. But having begun from the same point, He had before Him a totally independent and a far more difficult course to fulfil than that of John. and But if the conception of John was original, it distinct. wag a j g0 unaccoun table that he should have chosen the particular character he did. With the two characters of Christ and His forerunner both before him, why should he have chosen the forerunner's instead of Christ's ? And yet- there is no evidence that these two characters were ever reversed, or that the relative positions of John and Jesus were ever different. And from what we know of John it is certain that his character would never have supplied the materials for a counterpart of the prophetic Messiah, while, according to the testimony of all the Gospels, he expressly disclaimed that office. It must be confessed, then, that Jesus when He 1 St. John implies this, i. 31, 33. Lect. v. The Gospels. 1 9 1 entered on His career had before Him a task of no ordinary magnitude and difficulty, if from the first He intended to propose Himself as the Messiah. What is the evidence that he had this intention ? The ministry and career of John the Baptist. We know very little of John if he did not pro- The evi- dence on fess to be the forerunner of Christ, and there is this point sufficient evidence that Jesus regarded John and taught others to regard him in that capacity. With this evidence before us we cannot say that the distinctive character of John was one assigned to him only by the Evangelists. We must assume that he claimed to fulfil this office, and that from a very early period of his ministry Jesus acknowledged him in it. But if so, the Messianic character of Jesus was a conception present to His mind from the begin- ning of His ministry. It did not first dawn upon Him in consequence of unexpected success. It was not an afterthought, but He aimed at fulfilling it from the first. » For example, in the sermon on the mount He says — Think not that I am come to destroy the law or the prophets : I am not come to destroy, but to fulfil; 1 and at the same time announces Himself as a greater lawgiver than Moses. This from a Galilaean peasant who had been brought up in 1 St. Matt. v. 17 ; xi. 10, 14 ; xvii. 11,13; xxi. 23-26. St. Mark ix. 12, 13 ; xi. 30-32. St. Luke vii. 27 ; xx. 4-6. St. John v. 32-35. 192 The Christ of Lect. v. obscurity is sufficiently significant of His claims, and. indicative of the office He assumed. In the same discourse He not only gives His disciples new prin- ciples of conduct, but provides for them a new model of prayer, and distinctly announces Himself as the future Judge of the world as well as the Saviour of mankind, whose doctrine is a sure foundation. Is it possible that the Man who in one of His earliest discourses made use of language such as this should have felt any hesitation in His own mind as to the career on which He was entering ? The origin- It is to be observed, also, that though His preach- ciinst's ing commenced with the same key-note as John's, it an^tefch- at once passes into a higher strain and assumes on mg ' His lips a deeper significance. John had not ven- tured to define what he meant by the kingdom of heaven ; but no sooner does Jesus open His mouth than He says, Blessed are the poor hi spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. 1 What a turning of things upside down was there not here for those who looked for a temporal king, and what an ori- ginal conception for one who claimed to be the king for whom they looked, or of whom the prophets had spoken, but who had no other materials to work with than those which were common to the multi- tudes and to Him ! Nor is this all, for He claims to know so well the nature of that of which He speaks, that He declares without hesitation who shall re- 1 St. Matt. v. 3. lect. v. The Gospels. 193 spectively be called least and first in the kingdom of heaven. At the same time He promulgates a new name for God, which fell upon men's ears like music from another world, which had never before had the same significance, and is even now but feebly apprehended and imperfectly understood after being repeated for more than eighteen cen- turies — that, namely, of your Father which is in heaven; 1 while, with an eye that sees into the very depth of truth, wisdom, and beauty, and a heart that can pass an original interpretation upon the commonest works of nature, He says of Him, that He maketh his sun to rise on the evil and on the good, and. sendeth rain on the just and. on the unjust. 2 He knows who they are whom this Father which is in heaven will reward, and who they are whom He will not forgive. He exhorts His disciples to seek first this kingdom of heaven, as though it were something already within their reach, and only required to be sought for earnestly ; and to seek it even before food and clothing, because there was a higher life which God alone could supply, and because He who was mindful of the greater would assuredly not forget the less. He knows who they are that shall enter into this king- dom, and leaves it to be inferred that the determina- tion of them rests with Him. It is easy to see, then, that already the remark- 1 St. Matt. v. 16. 2 v. 45. 194 The Christ of Lect - v - its con- able phrase, the kingdom of heaven, has assumed a tiiat of very different meaning in the language of Jesus from ■*° n ' that which it had in the teaching of John ; and if one conception was original, so was the other too. Jesus cannot have derived from John the first thought of His career, the first suggestion of the character He was to personate, because the method He at once adopts is totally different. No language such as this had ever been used by John. No pre- tensions similar to these had ever been advanced by John. Jesus from the first enters another orbit, and the circle he describes differs from that of John as the infinite differs from the finite. And here there are but two courses open to us. Either these were respectively the characters of John and Jesus, or else they were the invention of those which was who wrote the Gospels. If the characters of John and Jesus respectively were such as they are de- scribed to have been, and if the one man claimed to be the forerunner, and the other the Messiah, then we know exactly the kind of foundation upon which each had to build. And certainly, prior to the fact, no one could have ventured to predict for either the slightest prospect of success. The conception of the Messianic office as it was fulfilled by Jesus was so novel, and so unlike anything that had been or was likely to be derived from the prophets, and welcome to the popular mind, that we can only wonder at its daring originality. Lect. v. The Gospels. 195 If, on the other hand, these two characters were or else m- the invention of the Evangelists, and were instances the Evan- of the way in which they misrepresented facts, then, g as we have no means of determining what the facts were which they misrepresented, we can only esti- mate their misrepresentation as we find it. And not only are the two portraits of John and Jesus, as given by the Evangelists, such as we cannot under- stand to have originated with men of the stamp of the disciples of Jesus, but they are also the exact opposite of what we should have expected them to construct out of the writings of the prophets and the popular anticipations based thereon. Looking at the Gospels merely as fictitious nar- ratives purporting to record the fulfilment of the prophets, we have to account, first of all, for the extreme and obvious dissimilarity between the pro- phetic ideal and the professed historic fulfilment of it. And this is equally true whether the claim to be the Messiah was advanced by Jesus himself or by his followers on his behalf. But, in order to see this more clearly, let us The examine the method pursued by Jesus in advancing pursued this claim. It will not be doubted that miracles which em- were an essential part of it. That Jesus professed miracles to work miracles there can be no question. This was a fundamental difference between the course adopted by John and that followed by Jesus. It was a conspicuous mark of the originality of the 196 The Christ of Lect. v. latter compared with the former. It was a distinct return to the method of the old prophets Elijah and Elisha. But though we can see that there were pass- ages in Isaiah 1 which might have prepared men's minds for such a putting forth of the Divine power, it is not in the least degree probable that they would have suggested the anticipation of it. And yet, from the very first, the mind of Jesus seized upon this feature as an essential characteristic of the part He had assumed. And He never abandoned it to the last. It is not a question now of the reality of the miracles, but of the fact whether or not they formed a part of His conception of the Messianic office. And of this there can be no doubt. But it is hard to say whether such a conception is to be considered more probable if originating with Him or with the writers of the Gospel narrative. Supposing the Evangelists to have had before them the task of constructing the figure of a Messiah out of the materials already existing in the Scriptures, what reason is there to suppose that they would have performed it in this way, and selected these particular features, by no means the most prominent ? The same is to be said of the method of teach- ing by parable so frequently adopted by Jesus. This was a method of which there were but few examples in the Old Testament ; it was, compara- tively speaking, altogether new. And, taking the 1 Isa. xxix. 18 ; xxxv. 4, 5, 6 ; xlii. 7. Lect. v. The Gospels. 197 reason assigned for the choice of it by St. Matthew, 1 we certainly cannot see either that it was essential to the prophetic conception of the Messianic charac- ter, or that it was a feature likely to commend itself to men like the Evangelists, or those for whom they wrote. And yet it was a method actually followed by Jesus, or deliberately assigned to Him by those who wished to represent Him as the promised Messiah. Not less remarkable is the substance of the teach- ing which was inculcated by Jesus. Bearing in The posi- mind that the character He was to personate had claimed for to be constructed out of materials already existing, or at all events to be conformed naturally to them, it appears that the special prominence given by Jesus to faith was not likely to suggest itself to the ordinary student of the Scripture record. We probably find it difficult at times to justify to ourselves the threefold 2 quotation of the words of Habakkuk in the New Testament, The just shall live by faith, with the superstructure that is reared upon it. Even the repeated reference to this very passage may serve to show that the doctrine based upon it was not the most con- spicuous on the surface of the Old Testament. But it cannot fail to strike the most casual observer of our Lord's teaching that the inculcation of per- sonal faith occupies perhaps the very foremost place in it. What words more common on His 1 St. Matt. xiii. 35. 2 Rom. i. 17 ; GaL iii. 11 ; Heb. x. 38. 198 The Christ of lect. v. lips than Tliy faith hath saved thee, and the like ? while with many of His discourses it is this root- principle of faith that they seem intended to develop more than any other, or at least as fre- quently as any other. After we have accepted His teaching, or at any rate been instructed by it, we find it easy to discover the very same principle underlying a very large portion of the Old Testa- ment, but it is He who has guided us to it ; and from this fact we have to estimate the nature of the discovery in the first instance, and to judge of the originality of Him who made it. Surely to gather up into one root -principle the substantial teaching of a large portion both of Psalm and Pro- phecy was an achievement of originality and genius second only, if second, to that which could declare to professed doctors of the law, that to love the Lord with all the heart and to love one's neighbour as oneself were the two commandments on which depended all the law and the prophets, identifying But if such teaching as this contained in itself withdie the marks of striking originality, how much more of it. Ct daring and hazardous was the undisguised attempt on the part of Jesus to identify Himself with the ultimate object of this faith ! And yet it cannot be doubted that this, and nothing short of this, was in many cases the direct and expressed intention of Jesus. For what other reason was the woman with an issue of blood healed, but that her faith in Him lect. v. The Gospels. 199 had made her whole ? 1 For what other reason was sight given to the two blind men in the same chapter of St. Matthew's Gospel, but that they believed He was able to give it ? And let it be most carefully observed, that we neither assume these miracles to have been actually wrought by Jesus, nor that Jesus had the power to work them, but only that He really did profess to work them ; or, what the severest criticism cannot deny us, that the Evangelist represented the man whom he would have us believe to have been the Messiah as having actually wrought them, and as having wrought them under these conditions. More than this we do not ask, and thus much all are bound to con- cede, that these were fair samples of the way in which Jesus advanced His claim to be the Messiah, or at least of the way in which that claim was advanced for Him by the Evangelists. And we say that in either case the position to be main- tained was one of which we are able to form a sufficiently correct idea. The only foundation which either the one or the other had to build upon was what had been written of old, and what was then cherished by the people in consequence of it. And it certainly does not appear that either was, or that both together were, a basis adequate to sustain the superstructure to be reared upon it. And yet we cannot doubt that it was in this manner, and in 1 St. Matt. ix. 22. St. Mark v. 34. St. Luke viii. 48. 200 The Christ of lect. v. this manner only, that the earliest attempts to delineate the personal character and conduct, of Jesus were made. s The ap- Again, it is perhaps legitimate to detect in the pointment . r r ° of the appointment of twelve apostles an indication on twelve ; the part of J esus of a claim to be the founder of a new society or kingdom, which is implied in the Messiahship. In it there was a manifest imitation of the twelve tribes, of which the nation was originally composed, and their founders. If the nation was to be reconstructed, it was certainly not unnatural that it should be so upon this scheme. But it nowhere appeared as a characteristic of the coming Messiah that He should act thus. Here, therefore, there was an original step taken which was not calculated to advance the claims put forth by Jesus, and which could only be interpreted as a parody upon the patriarchal history, if it was not accepted according to the spirit and intention of its Author. But if the act of Jesus had an anterior prejudice against it, that act becomes yet more unaccountable, not to say absurd, if regarded as the invention of the Gospel-writers. It is hard to see that their case for Jesus being the Messiah would be in any degree advanced by His being made to choose twelve men, for the most part fishermen, and sending them forth to preach. What prophecy was fulfilled by His so doing ? And to suppose that the object was to give the imagined king the lect. v. The Gospels. 201 semblance of a court, and on that ground to com- mend Him as the glorious monarch spoken of by the prophets and cherished in the day-dreams of the people, is simply preposterous. The charge, also, that was given to the twelve who are suggests at least one point in which the conception to go to of Jesus and of the Evangelists appears to have t ii es . been in direct opposition to the prophets. The apostles are expressly forbidden to go to the Gen- tiles or to the Samaritans, and on another occasion we know that our Lord refused to hear the petition of an alien on the ground that He was not sent but unto the lost sheep of the house of Israel ; whereas it must have been clear to the men of that day that the promise of unlimited dominion had been given to the future king, and at least one passage, which must have been regarded both by Jesus and His disciples as Messianic, had said He shall speak peace unto the heathen : and his dominion shall be from sea even to sea, and from the river even to the ends of the earth. 1 Surely, then, it was a gratui- tous violation of apparent Messianic characteristics, either for Jesus to confine His attention so rigorously to the people of His own nation, or for His biogra- phers to represent Him as doing so. And yet in this same charge to the twelve we have the spon- taneous conviction breaking out that a much wider field than Palestine lay before them : And ye shall 1 Zeck is. 10. 202 The Christ of lect. v. be brought before governers and Icings for my sake, for a testimony against them and the Gentiles; 1 together with a clear perception of the consequences of their teaching and of His own mission : Think not that I am come to send peace on earth : 1 came not to send peace, but a sword. 2 For a mans foes shall be they of his own household. 3 We may accept this as an indication that any such apparent divergence from the path prescribed to the Messiah was intentional on the jmrt of Jesus. It was a token of conscious reserve of power. He intended His dominion to be universal, but not as it might be presumed it would be. He intended to rule over the Gentiles, but not till He had first been rejected as king of the Jews. The And all this must be reckoned as a part of the of His own Messianic idea as it was sought to be realised by Jesus, or else as a part of that idea which His disciples attributed to Him. And in either case it does not fit in well with those materials which we know were then in existence, out of which, and of which alone, it was possible for it to have been originated. There are, moreover, other points which appear to have been present to the mind of Jesus as an integral part of His plan, if not from the very first, at least from a very early period. The first of these was His own death. No wise man can ever be 1 St. Matt. x. 18. 2 x.34. 3 x. 36. Lect. v. The Gospels. 203 unmindful of death — and bear with me, brethren, if I pause for a moment to ask, Have not we here, as well as the world of science at large, been reminded but now of the ever solemn, but, to the believing Christian, the never awful nearness of death, even in the midst of ease, honour, and usefulness, by the lamentable accident of Thursday last, which has deprived this university of one of her brightest ornaments, 1 and united her in what was so recently to both an equal sorrow with the sister university 2 of this land, and with the younger but kindred institution 3 of a distant hemisphere ? Verily we have cause to pray, So teach us to number our days that we may apjjly our hearts unto wisdom, for the wise man is ever mindful of death — and therefore we need not wonder if we find allusions to His own death in the recorded words of Jesus. But the allusions we do find are of a very different character from these. Even the beatitudes in the Sermon on the Mount contained an ominous fore- boding of persecution for His sake ; i and in the charge to the twelve already mentioned we find the yet more remarkable words, He that taketh not his cross and followeth after me is not ivorthy oj me} Indeed, the greater portion of that address 1 John Phillips died April 24, 1874. 2 Adam Sedgwick died Jan. 27, 1873. 3 Louis J. E. Agassiz died Dec. 14, 1873. 4 St. Matt. v. 10, 11. 6 x. 38. 204 The Christ of lect. v. is a solemn and unambiguous warning not to be dismayed at persecution. If it was merely put into the mouth of Jesus by the writer, even then it must be reckoned as part of the writer's con- ception of the Messiah, and it is an indication of the consistent development of his plan from the first. He did not suddenly pause in his career and change his course, but held on steadily, knowing when he started what the goal was to be and the way to reach it. When the disciples of the im- prisoned John came to Jesus to ask whether He was the Messiah, the answer given was an appeal to certain language of Isaiah, which spoke of the blind seeing, the deaf hearing, and the like, coupled with the admonitory benediction : Blessed is he, whosoever shall not be offended in me. 1 This not only showed the idea which Jesus had formed of the Messiah's office, but the kind of fate He antici- pated for Himself. Shortly after we read of the Pharisees holding a council how they might de- stroy Him, 2 and of Jesus withdrawing Himself and charging the multitudes not to make Him known. This appears to the writer to be a fulfilment of other language of the prophet, but it is such as could hardly have suggested itself spontaneously to him if he were inventing his portrait of the Christ, and it would have been unlikely to commend itself to those who expected the advent of a powerful king. 1 St. Matt. xi. 6. " xii. 14. Lect. v. The Gospels. 205 It appears, however, according to him, that He shortly afterwards the question was actually raised to be the 7s not this the son of David ? l And there can be little doubt that this question was debated in our Lord's lifetime. We may fairly ask, therefore, If it was, why was it ? For, considering the mean origin of Jesus, and the unpromising circumstances of His position, there appears to have been no adequate cause for any such question to be raised, unless the surroundings of His character were not altogether unlike those assigned to Him by the Evangelists. But if men really did ask this ques- tion, it can only have been in consequence of the teaching of John, and the teaching of Jesus about Himself, and the works wrought by Jesus : it can- not have been because of the striking external resemblance between the person of Jesus and the descriptions given by the prophets of the Messiah. Unless, therefore, we can actually disprove the fact of this question having been asked, it may surely be taken as an incidental corroboration of a con- siderable part of the Gospel narrative. Jesus did profess to be the Christ : He did profess to work miracles : His claims to be the Christ were advanced, and were to a certain extent admitted, notwithstanding the many outward difficulties in the way of any such admission. Surely no treat- ment of the Gospel history can demur to these 1 St. Matt. xii. 14. 206 The Christ of Lect - v - inferences being drawn from its broad and general tenor. There appears, however, to have been a point in the career of Jesus when His allusions to His own death became more explicit and distinct, and this was after what is called His transfiguration. Ac- cording to the first Gospel, He had twice 1 before that event spoken of taking up the cross and follow- ing Him, so we cannot regard it as a new idea ; but as the three chosen disciples came down from the mountain of vision, He said plainly, after speak- ing of the death of John, whom He called Elijah, Likewise also shall the Son of man suffer of them? It is true that we are forbidden to regard any of these expressions otherwise than as natural fore- castings of the future by one who could shrewdly interpret the present ; but if spoken by Jesus they show clearly that He had counted the cost of the part He had chosen, and that the notion of death, and apparently of violent death, entered into His conception of that part. At all events, it is plain that this was the notion which the Evangelists had formed of the Messiah's career before they wrote. Shortly afterwards we find Him speaking more definitely : The Son of man shall be betrayed into the hands of men ; and they shall kill him. 3 Here 1 St. Matt. x. 38 ; xvi. 24. 2 xvii. 12. 3 xvii. 23. lect. v. The Gospels. 207 then we have the two ideas of betrayal and of violent His be- trayal and death. It is not hard to see that each of these violent o death. ideas could be sustained by reference to Scripture ; but the question is whether either of them, and cer- tainly that of betrayal, was one which was likely to suggest itself, as a necessary element in the Mes- sianic character, to any one who was bent upon finding a, counterpart, imaginary or real, to that character as it existed in prophecy, or upon com- bining the various elements of it scattered through- out the Scriptures. And the most natural, not to say the only possible, answer, is that prior to the fact it was in the highest degree improbable. This forewarning of betrayal and death was repeated with additional particulars on the way up to Jerusalem before the last passover, when Jesus said, The Son of man shall be betrayed unto the chief priests and unto the scribes, and they shall condemn him to death, and shall deliver him to the Gentiles, to mock, and to scourge, and to crucify him : 1 and immediately afterwards He said to James and John that the Son of man had come to give his life a ransom for many ; 2 declaring not only the fact, but assigning a reason for the fact. We find once or twice subsequently an indication of the same ideas of betrayal and of violent death pervading the language and the mind of Jesus ; so that we are warranted in saying that if this was not 1 St. Matt. xx. 18, 19. 2 xx. 28. 2o8 The Christ of lect. v. His own original conception of the part He had assumed, it was at all events regarded by the Evangelists as essential to that part, not only that He should die and be betrayed, but should foretell His betrayal and His death. We lay no stress upon the prediction, except so far as it seems to have been inherent in the plan of the Evangelists. Before, however, we can form a complete con- ception of their plan, there is at least one other important point which requires to be noticed, and His resur- this is the idea of resurrection, and of resurrection rection the . . . . . third day withm a definite and given time, following lor the present St. Matthew's narrative, we find the first indication of this thought as early as the twelfth chapter, when, in answer to the Scribes and Pharisees who sought a sign of Him, Jesus said, no sign but that of the prophet Jonas should be given to the men of that generation ; for as he was three days and three nights in the whale's belly, so the Son of man should be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth ; and implied that His own deliverance should be greater than that of Jonas. 1 Again in the sixteenth chapter He repeats the same sign. 2 We are shortly afterwards told that from the time of Peter's confession of Him as the Christ, He began to show unto His disciples that He must suffer, and be killed, and be raised again the third day. 3 Again, after His transfiguration, 1 St. Matt. xii. 40, 41. 2 xvi. 4. 3 xvi. 21. Lect. v. The Gospels. 209 He charges the three disciples to tell the vision to no man, until the Son of man he risen again from, the dead; 1 and once more, shortly afterwards, He says again, And they shall kill him, and the third day he shall be raised again.' 2 ' In the twentieth chapter, as they were going up to Jerusalem He says once more, And the third day he shall rise again. 2. And at the last supper He tells His disciples, After I am risen again, I will go before you into Galilee.^ That is to say, according to the first Gospel, there were seven distinct references to a rising again from the dead, during- the lifetime of Jesus, to which we must add, from the same source, the testimony of the two false witnesses, that He had said, i" am able to destroy the temple of God, and to build it in three days, 5 and the taunt, based on this expression with which He was reproached upon the cross, to- gether with the application made by the chief priests and Pharisees to Pilate, Sir, we remember that that deceiver said, while he was yet alive, After three days I will rise again. 8 All this, it must be borne in mind, is in addition to the Evan- gelist's own narrative of the actual resurrection of Jesus from the dead. We are surely justified in saying, then, that, supposing the Evangelist to have sat down with the intention of representing his master as the Christ, he had conceived the notion 1 St. Matt. xvii. 9. 2 xvii. 23. 3 xx. 19. 4 xxvi. 32. s xxvi. 61. 6 xxvii. 40, 63. P tures. 2 i o The Christ of Lect - v - that it was indispensable He should rise from the dead, and rise from the dead the third day, in order that His character and history might correspond the more accurately with what had been written of it in the Scriptures, not su g - But where was there anything written of it in the Scrip- the Scriptures, which, prior to the invention of the story, could by any possibility have suggested the invention of it 1 So much so is this a fair and reasonable question, that it is not seldom, I fancy, difficult for us to harmonise our theories of Scripture and its fulfilment with what is stated on this subject in the apostolical writings. Our difficulty rather is to determine whether, and to what extent, there was any properly so called fulfilment of the several pass- ages in the Old Testament which are applied to the Lord's resurrection in the New. Our tendency is to vindicate the words of David and others from any possible direct reference to, if not from any legiti- mate bearing on, the subject. We find it somewhat of an onerous task to save the credit of the apostles in their treatment of these Scriptures, and feel that we can only do it by an elastic use of the Psalms and Prophets. But to whatsoever extent this is the case — and it certainly is so sometimes and to some extent — precisely to the same extent is it a measure of the likelihood there was of such Scriptures be- coming to such men the suggestive origin of the story they propagated. And yet it is obvious that, lect. v. The Gospels. 2 1 1 short of the fact, they not only had, but could have had, no materials out of which to construct such a story but these very Scriptures themselves. The Evangelists were men who were, first of all, concerned to make their portrait of Jesus of Nazareth correspond outwardly and in detail with that which they found in the Jewish Scriptures of the Messiah. It is not too much to say, that if death was one of the features that might have occurred to the minds of attentive students as essential to that character, it was absolutely impossible that resurrection from the dead the third day should have done so. But this we find consistently and unvaryingly to have been the case — notably so with the synoptical Evan- gelists ; manifestly so with St. John likewise. It was indispensable to the notion they had formed of the Messiah when they sat down to write, 1 that He should suffer and die, and rise again from the dead the third day. However then several narratives may vary, they do not vary in these respects. For some cause or other they had learnt to interpret the ancient Scriptures thus. There was and could be 1 It is hardly needful to observe that this position is independ- ent of the question, who may have written the Gospels — whether they were the premeditated productions of the men whose names they hear, or the spontaneous accretion of accumulated Christian tradition, as some would have us suppose. In the latter case the phenomena presented would be virtually miraculous ; in the former they would be fairly open to the observations in the text, whether the actual writers were known or not 2 1 2 The Christ of lect! v. no question as to the verdict of these Scriptures. All men knew, or could ascertain with sufficient accu- racy, what was written in these Scriptures. To those who agreed with and to those who differed from themselves they were a recognisable standard of appeal. If the correspondence they alleged did exist, it was at least remarkable ; if it did not, the idea could be at once rejected. Every one knew and was capable of appreciating the broad merits of the case. One thing we can see and determine for ourselves — that it was absolutely impossible, or at least in the highest degree unlikely, that these exist- ing Scriptures should have suggested the invention of the story of Jesus to the Evangelists, if it was an invention. The next point, therefore, that we have to deter- mine is the probability of the main features of the history of Jesus, supposing them to have occurred as they no doubt did, having suggested to the Evan- The parai- gelists the parallel they drew between His character immedi- and history and the prophetic portraiture. And gestedby nere it niust be observed, that we must leave out thenv° tS altogether the incident of His resurrection, because, selves. j£ £| iat wag a f ac ^ ^ c p, an g es a ^ once t ] le w ^ 2 e character of the argument. On this hypothesis we are bound to assume that the incident of the resur- rection was the imaginary creation of the Evan- gelists. Whatever accident, in fact, may have sug- gested it, the only Messianic materials they had to Lect. v. The Gospels. work upon, with which it must be made to corre- spond, were a few scattered and obscure allusions in the Psalms and Prophets. And here the improba- bility is precisely as great as it was before, that the narrative of the prophet Jonas should have sug- gested to four independent writers, or, regarding the synoptics as essentially one, to even two writers so independent as they and St. John must be con- sidered, the story of the Lord's resurrection the third day. And yet, if we except some obscure words in the prophet Hosea, 1 there is no other Scripture authority or allusion to which its origin can possibly be referred. And yet that origin must, from the nature of the case, be distinctly traceable to Scrip- ture as the only source from which the suggestion could have been derived. The same may, to a great extent, be said of the The T , - TT . triumphant triumphant entry of Jesus into Jerusalem, of His entry into being ordained as the future judge of the world, of and other' His being crucified with two thieves, of His raiment His his- being parted by the soldiers, and the like, about °' 7 ' which the several Evangelists are agreed, or at all events are not at variance. If there was not some- thing, in fact, answering to these various circum- stances, there was unquestionably not sufficient in any of the several Scriptures, or in all of them com- bined, to suggest the invention of the incidents to the writers. For what was there to guide them to 1 Hosea vi. 2. [4 The Christ of lect. v. the combination or selection of these several Scrip- tures ? And certainly, in the case of Jesus Himself, it was manifestly out of and beyond His power as a man to bring about the correspondence alleged be- tween some of these incidents and the Scriptures to which they are referred ; as, for example, His triumphant entry into Jerusalem, the parting of His raiment, the piercing of His side, and the like. We are constrained, therefore, to treat these and similar incidents as if they were the mere invention of the Gospel-writers, and not part of the original plan of Jesus. And, treating them thus, we are at liberty, nay rather we are bound, to ask, Is it pos- sible that the Scriptures alone before, that is to say without the facts, could have suggested the narrative of the facts ? And is it possible that to this question there can be in the mind of any fair and unbiassed critic or student any answer but one ? If, therefore, looking at the matter in this light, we may assume the several incidents to have been facts, the further question is not unreasonable, and occurs naturally, Is it likely that, supposing the incidents to have taken place in succession, the correspondence between them and the Scrip- tures would have immediately suggested itself to the minds of the disciples ? And I think we must answer No. St. John does indeed tell us, with reference to the resurrection, that their slow- lect. v. The Gospels. 215 ness to believe it arose from the fact that as yet they The dis- knew not the Scripture, that He must rise again from slowness the dead. 1 We involuntarily ask What Scripture ? and we may rest assured that a remark like this was not thrown in to give a greater appearance of con- sistency or of naturalness to the conduct of the dis- ciples, but was expressive of their real attitude of mind on many similar occasions. It was not before the fact that the similarity suggested itself, it was not immediately after the fact even that it at once occurred to them. The fact, therefore, was not created by the similarity, but much more the simi- larity by the fact. But when the full effect of the combined whole was borne in upon their minds by the teaching of the Holy Spirit, then and then only it was seen, in the light of His presence, that there was an inexplicable harmony between the connected whole of their Master's life, the incidents of His personal history, and the majesty of His Divine cha- racter, and the portrait sketched generations and ages before by many writers in various times and under varying circumstances, which forcibly brought home the conviction to their minds that the Jesus whom they had known and served and loved was in truth the promised Messiah. Let it then be clearly understood what is the The position we desire to assume, and what are the con- LTumTd, elusions we would base upon it. There is and can conclu- sions 1 St. John xx. 9. drawn. 2 1 6 The Christ of lect. v. be no question that at and before the time of our Lord a Christ of some kind was anticipated solely in consequence of the popular interpretation passed upon the Scriptures.- Prior, however, to the fact of His appearance, not only had no such Christ been anticipated, but it was impossible to anticipate such a Christ as He is represented to have been. Either, therefore, there must have been a substantial basis of historical truth in the Gospel representation of the Christ, or else it must have been an imaginary cre- ation. If it was an imaginary creation, then the only materials out of which it was pos- sible for the Evangelists to create it are before us, as they were before them and before the men of their time. We know, however, that there is no trace of any such conception having been in exist- ence, and we are competent judges of the actual im- possibility there was of this conception being created out of the materials that did exist. The To take, for example, one single instance. St. Matthew alone of the Evangelists records the slaughter of the children at Bethlehem, nor is it men- tioned by Josephus or any other historian of the age. We have it therefore solely on the authority of St. Matthew ; but he apparently records it for the sake of pointing out the correspondence between it and a certain prophecy of Jeremiah, which is no doubt extremely slender. If, therefore, the writer invented this story, he must have done so for the sake of this instance of the slaughter of the children. Lect. v. The Gospels. 2 1 7 very slender correspondence, and for no other imaginable reason. Surely then we are not inca- pable of returning an answer to the question, Was it possible, prior to the fact related, that the mere existence of these words in Jeremiah should have suggested even to the imagination of St. Matthew the invention of the story he relates ? Given the occurrence of the fact, one can partly understand the application of the prophecy suggesting itself, but one cannot understand the prophecy alone giving occa- sion to the invention of the alleged fact. It is at least reasonable to ask, Is it more probable that the story should be true or that it should have originated in this way % For it could have originated in no other. And it is the same with the great bulk of the The Gospel Scriptures which are alleged to have been fulfilled substan- in the Christ of the Evangelists. We are constrained, therefore, to reject the notion that the Christ whom they depicted was an imaginary creation of their own, and are thrown back upon the conviction that there was a stibstantial basis of historical truth in their representation of the Christ. And, as a matter of fact, this substantial basis of historical truth can- not be doubted. Given, then, this undeniable foundation of fact in the Evangelists, the question next arises, How much of their narrative is true 1 And here we must of course reject everything of a supernatural character, 2 1 8 The Christ of Lect. v. and true however we may account for it consistently with their dinate°de- general reputation for truth, which it is difficult to disallow. It must be granted, for example, that we know nothing of the character and life of Jesus of Nazareth except what is fairly deducible from the Gospel narrative. The teaching of Jesus Christ either was what it is represented to have been in the first three Gospels, or this is how the writers of those Gospels conceived of it. In the latter case, they must be allowed the credit of whatever estimate is formed of that' teaching. On the same principle, moreover, we cannot doubt the main facts of the his- tory of Jesus ; as, for instance, His birth of humble parentage, the comparative seclusion of His early years, the brief duration of His ministry, the gene- ral character of it, the purpose and aim of His conduct, the opposition it excited, the effect it pro- duced, the manner in which the crisis was precipi- tated, the circumstances of His death and burial, the incidents which were believed to have followed it. Of all this we know nothing, but what may legitimately be drawn from the gospel narrative, just as we should arrive at a conclusion about facts from any other narrative. It follows, therefore, that this narrative may legitimately be suffered to bear witness to itself in its unmiraculous parts, wherever coincidences can be discovered which cannot be referred to design or whenever statements are made for which no hidden Lect. v. The Gospels. 2 1 9 motive can be detected. And whenever, as in the case already referred to, no motive can be detected but a desire to make the narrative correspond with prophecy, we may fairly compare the antecedent Compari- improbability of the fact with the improbability of tecedent the particular fact under the circumstances having biiities. been suggested merely by the prophecy. For example, is it more likely that Hosea's words, " I called my son out of Egypt," should have sug- gested to St. Matthew the narrative of the descent into Egypt, or that that descent should really have occurred ? Is it more likely that St. John's narrative of the piercing of the side should have been suggested by the words in Zechariah, or that the side should really have been pierced ? And then, when this comparison in isolated instances is found to preponderate largely in favour of the events re- lated, we are in a better position to estimate rightly the cumulative effect of the whole combined. There can be no question, for example, as to the betrayal and death of Jesus Christ. There can be no ques- tion that what is alleged to have been said of those events in the Prophets was insufficient to suggest their occurrence to the minds of the Evangelists. There is no question that they could not have been brought about by any arrangement between Jesus and His disciples. We are left therefore in this position, that we have before us the events as real historic occur- 220 The Christ of Lect. v. rences of unquestionable authenticity, and we have also before us the passages in the Scriptures of the prophets which are known to be of far higher antiquity than the narrative of these events, and to which they are referred. We are consequently able to judge of the degree of correspondence between the two. That there is a correspondence is undeni- able. That what correspondence there is should be the effect of previous arrangement on the part of the prophets is impossible. That it should be the result of the manipulation of facts on the part of the disciples is likewise impossible, where there is no other ground to doubt the facts, and where this cor- respondence is insufficient to have created them. The descent into Egypt, the murder of the inno- cents, the residence at Nazareth, the removal to Capernaum, the method of teaching by parables, our Lord's love of retirement, His betrayal by Judas, the circumstances of His death on the cross, the parting of His raiment, the piercing of His side, — these and a hundred other things can neither singly nor collec- tively have been originated by any study of the prophets, nor have derived from them any signifi- cance which they would not possess as facts apart from the narrative of the Gospels. The correspond- ence between them, as it was not suggested by the Prophets, so neither was it created by the Evan- gelists. If it exists at all, and to whatever degree it exists, its existence is independent of both. Lect. v. The Gospels. 221 And therefore the question, and the only ques- How are , . . TTT , . . the facts to tion, torus to determine is, What is the correct sigm- be inter- ficance and interpretation of this correspondence, being such as it is, neither more nor less ? Is it a pure accident ? Is it one of the freaks of chance ? Is there no meaning in it whatever ? Is it as pur- poseless and as meaningless as the formations of the hoar-frost on the window-pane, or the marvellous combinations of the kaleidoscope ? Or is there a clue to its meaning ? Does the Gospel narrative record the one event in history which is the interpretation of all history, and which being so, was transacted on a plan of which indications had been given in the prophets and in the history of their times ? Are we right in inferring the existence of a purpose which began to be carried out of old, and which in the fulness of the times was completed ? And was it that, from the nature of the case, this purpose, if it existed, could not be anticipated nor discovered till it was sufficiently matured, but that when it was adequately fulfilled it revealed itself? This is at least a theory which would appear to be consistent with the facts, if indeed there is any other by which the facts as they exist can be explained. At all events, we are warranted in saying that unless there is a method more consonant with reason to be discovered of accounting for the broad and patent Gospel facts, the historic existence of the 222 The Christ of the Gospels. Lect. v. Christ-idea for ages before Christ came, and the alleged realisation of that idea in Him, is no slight indication of its origin, and may be used as a solid foundation on which to rear the edifice we have yet to build. LECTURE VI. THE CHRIST OF THE ACTS. Yldvrtg oiv i&o^deSriffaii %a.i s/jbsyaAuvSfiffav, ou hi 1 avTuv, 5) tSv spyw axjTiZv, q rSjs dixaiGTguytag, fig xarapydffavro, dXXd S/a rov ieX>i/j,a- rog aiiTOV. Kal r/jutg oSy did fay.^warog avrov it XpiStu 'Iqaoij XAfjMvrtg, ov <5/' iavrZv dixawv/j,i6a } ou&s hid rr\g rn^iripag aotpiag, 5) evviasug, ij si) deration. as a matter of fact, the belief did gain ground and spread abroad that the Jesus of the Gospels was the Christ. We have to take, then, the Acts of the Apostles as the earliest known record of the spread of this belief, and as a record which may in the main be trusted. The A n d it appears from this record that the original birthplace rr ° of the new centre of the belief and the place where it was first propagated was Jerusalem. There is no sufficient reason to doubt this. But it is certainly very important. According to the same writer, one of the last directions given by Jesus was that those The Acts entitled to Lect. vi. The Acts. 233 who were intrusted with His message were to preach in His name and among all nations, be- ginning at Jerusalem. Unexpectedly, and perhaps in a manner unintended by the speaker and un- noticed by the writer, both conditions were fulfilled at the day of Pentecost, when there were gathered together and dwelling at Jerusalem devout Jews out of every nation under heaven, as there very probably would be. It was doubtless fresh in the recollection of many that but six weeks before a notable execution of malefactors had taken place in the city, at which a young man who had achieved a remarkable notoriety in a remarkable manner had met with his death, owing to the jealousy of the priests in consequence of his extravagant preten- sions. All this, according to the writer, was dis- tinctly stated by Peter in his address on the day of Pentecost. And whether or not it was stated by Peter, the facts were unquestionably known and could not be disputed. But the marvel is that there was no disposition The death to hide them. According to the writer, they were one of the thrown in the teeth of the audience. And it must f acts pro- be remembered that all these people had exactly c aime ' those notions of the Messiah, whatever they were, which were prevalent at that time, and none others. They had then nothing whatever to rest on but the declarations of the Scriptures, the popular antici- pations based on them, and whatever change of 234 The Christ of Lect. vi. sentiment may possibly have been produced by the preaching of John and the ministry of Jesus. On this foundation, and on no other, any convic- tion of Jesus being the Christ had to be based. The outward features of His person and life were most unpromising. But there is no trace of their ever having been presented otherwise than as we ourselves know them. From the first it was that same Jesus whom ye have crucified . . . whom ye slew, having hanged him on a tree, that was proclaimed as the Christ. Nor could there be any thought more hateful to the mind of a Jew than the notion of such a death. It was not only unwelcome but revolting. It was most opposite to all the day-dreams which they had entertained of the Messiah. It struck at the root of their fondest imaginations. And yet it is neither to be denied nor questioned that the earliest preach- ing of the disciples of which we have any record was of this character ; and as a matter of fact it must have been ; because we know nothing of Jesus Christ if we do not know that He died upon the cross. Just, therefore, as it is impossible that the por- trait of Jesus presented to us in the Gospels should have been created out of the materials supplied by the Old Testament, prior to or without the corre- sponding facts, so it is impossible that the early success of the disciples, so far as they were success- lect. vi. ■ The Acts. 235 ful, should have been created by this writer's ima- gination, or should have been substantially other than he described it. Of its actual success we shall have abundant proof hereafter : while we may be sure that no one could have been admitted into the Christian body, or have called himself a Christian, who did not believe, or profess to believe, that the Jesus who was crucified was the Christ. By every one so calling himself He was identified with the Jewish Messiah. We may accept, then, without a particle of dis- credit, the historian's statement that the Jesus who had been crucified was proclaimed as the Messiah. The first fact of which we may be certain is, that the death of Jesus on the cross was an undisguised element in the preaching which declared Him to be the Christ. No hesitation as to the historian's veracity can go far enough to warrant us in dis- trusting his accuracy in this respect. But then there is another point which his nar- The agency rative supplies. The principal, if not the sole argu- of the ,., , -,.., ... . Scriptures. ment to which the disciples appealed m their endeavours to exhibit Jesus as the Christ was the argument from Scripture. This also is a fact which it is impossible to question. The evidence from the Acts of the Apostles is cumulative and very strong. The appeal to Scripture is the staple of Peter's argu- ment on the day of Pentecost. To the multitudes assembled in Solomon's porch he declared — Those 236 The Christ of lect. vi. things which God before had shelved by the mouth of all his prophets, thai Christ shoidd suffer, he hath so fulfilled} The instruction of the Ethiopian eunuch by Philip was based upon his knowledge and belief of the prophet Isaiah. The argument from Scripture, and none other, must have been that by which Saul confounded the Jews which dwelt at Damascus, proving that this is very GJirist. 2 At his first interview with Cornelius, Peter affirmed of Jesus — To him give all the prophets witness, that through his name, whosoever believeth in him shall receive remission of sins. 3 At Antioch in Pisidia the argument from Scripture was that which was dwelt upon by Paul the convert. At Thes- salonica we are told of this same Paul, that he went into the synagogue of the Jews, and for three Sabbath days reasoned with them out of the Scrip- tures 4 concerning Jesus as the Christ. The Bereans are characterised as being more noble, or of better origin, than the Thessalonians, because they not only recognised the appeal to Scripture, but searche,d the Scriptures daily, ivhether those things ivere so 5 — namely, that Jesus was the prophetic Mes- siah. The same argument must at least have been included among those with which the same apostle reasoned in the synagogue every Sabbath, and persuaded the Jews at Corinth ; 6 and it is scarcely 1 Acts iii. 18. ' is. 22. 3 x. 43. i xvii. 2. 5 xvii. 11. 6 xviii. 4. Lect. vi. The Acts. 237 possible that the same argument should have been altogether omitted when for a year and six months he continued in that city teaching the word of God, 1 apparently among the Gentiles ; or, at all events, among a people composed of Jews and Gen- tiles. Nor can it have been otherwise, when he reasoned with the Jews at Ephesus, as it were by a dialectical process, bringing them to book out of their own Scriptures. It was manifestly so with the Jew named Apollos, born at Alexandria, an eloquent man, and mighty in the Scriptures, who, after being instructed in the way of God more per- fectly, mightily convinced the Jews, and that pub- licly, shewing by the Scriptures that Jesus was the Christ? And lastly, before Agrippa, Paul declared — Having therefore obtained help of God, I continue unto this day, witnessing both to small and great, saying none other things than those which the pro- phets and Moses did say should come? From this evidence, backed as it is by a mass of other evidence to which we need not now refer, there can be no question as to the fact that the argument from Scripture was that mainly employed by the early disciples of Jesus. The historian can- not have misled us here. Even if his narrative were otherwise unhistoric, we might implicitly trust it in this respect. The speeches ascribed to Peter, to Philip, and to Paul, may be more or less imagi- 1 Acts xviii. 11. 2 xviii. 24-28. 3 xxvi. 22. 238 The Christ of Lect. vi. nary, but they cannot be wide of the truth as far as regards the method of argument which the speakers adopted. The im- And let it not be said that it follows, as a matter port: of th fact of this of course, that this would be the method adopted by men in their position when arguing with Jews, for it is precisely upon this undeniable fact that the weight of our own argument rests. Where would have been the force of such reasoning with the Jews if they could have turned round upon the disciples of Jesus and replied, We have never looked for the advent of any Messiah, nor did our Scriptures ever lead us to expect one. It was precisely because it was a fact so well known, and so confessedly in- controvertible, that the premises adopted by the disciples were actually unassailed, and were vir- tually unassailable. That the Jews should not have travelled with them to their conclusions is easily intelligible ; but with respect to the premises as- sumed the disciples were on common ground with their opponents, and there was neither the wish nor the ability to drive them from it. brought But it is not a little strange that the argument alike upon from Scripture was not by any means confined in Gemiies. its application to the Jews. In the two specimens we have of St. Paul's method of dealing with persons entirely beyond the influence of Jewish teaching, as at Lystra and Athens, there is of course no direct reference to Scripture, however Lect. vi. The Acts. 239 much we can discover the traces of Scriptural thought and language in his addresses ; but when he is dealing with a mixed assembly, or with per- sons who may be presumed to have had some acquaintance with the Jewish Scriptures, no matter whether they are Jews or Gentiles, he employs this argument or makes allusion to Scripture as a pre- cious and a common possession. This is evident from his own Epistles, and it appears also from his speech before Festus and Agrippa. And in fact it was not possible that the appeal to Scripture should be omitted from any connected scheme of Christian instruction, because it was impossible to understand what such elementary terms as Christ and Christian meant, without pre-supposing the entire framework of that written record of revelation which the ancient Scriptures contained and constituted. The preaching of Jesus Christ, wherever it went, carried with it in its train a certain unavoidable and preliminary acceptance of the Jewish Scrip- tures. Unless it was possible to divest Jesus of His inseparable title Christ, and to eviscerate the essen- The Christ tial and inherent significance of the name Christian, j^pa'abie which every believer in Jesus was proud to assume, p° e ™ c w it was not possible to do away with an implied of J esus > admission that in some way or other the Scriptures pointed to and were fulfilled in Him. Since, therefore, we cannot as a matter of fact get rid of these Messianic accidents and elements, 240 The Christ of Lect. vi. either from the portrait of Jesus as delineated in the Gospels, or from the earliest records and traces of the original spread of the Gospel, which implied and involved belief in Jesus as the Christ, it follows that we must recognise such belief both as a sub- stantive part of the original movement which we call Christianity, and also as a valid and potent instrumental cause in the success of that move- ment. That is to say, we cannot separate the early success of the Christian movement, whatever it was, from belief in the completeness of the parallel between Jesus and the Christ of the Scriptures. but And yet there was everything in the conception inappro- y of Jesus presented to us by the Acts to contradict pnate ' and to do violence to those notions of the Messiah which had been previously entertained. There was nothing in the humble lot, the inglorious career, and, above all, the violent and disgraceful death of Jesus, to captivate the imagination of men who hoped for a powerful and victorious king. And if this portrait was unattractive to the Jews, it can scarcely have been less so to the Gentiles, whether they were represented on the one hand by the intel- lectual subtlety of Greece, or on the other by the imperial pride and power of Eome. The position, then, at which we have now arrived is as follows : — There is in the history of Results the Acts, divesting it of everything miraculous and fromlL e regarding it only as an expression of early Christian Acts lect. vi. The Acts. 241 life, a framework of personal history pre-supposed, which is substantially that of the Gospels, and from which a death by crucifixion cannot by any possibility be eliminated. The particular develop- ment, however, of Christian life portrayed in the Acts, though it pre-supposes such an earlier history, identical in its main features with that which we possess, was by no means to have been anticipated from the Gospels. They may even be regarded as the result of an endeavour to supply a want created by the kind of movement recorded in the Acts, an attempt to gratify the not unnatural curiosity of early Christians. And even supposing that in certain details they were untrustworthy, it would still follow that in the broad and characteristic features of the personal life of Jesus they must be deserving of credit, because without such a founda- tion of fact not only would the incidents of the Acts of the Apostles be inconceivable, but also the kind of life of which that book must anyhow be the natural expression and result. What we may term, then, the Christ of the independ- Acts is a creation to a certain extent distinct from, Gospels, and in some sense independent of, the Christ of the firmatory. Gospels. The Christ of the Acts comes before us as a belief already in existence and operative ; the Christ of the Gospels is a Person, and not a belief. But the belief is a belief in a person similar to that portrayed in the Gospels ; similar, that is, in the 242 The CJi7'ist of Lect. vi. manner of His life and death. Though one of the Gospels may be by the writer of the Acts, it matters not, because his portrait is not materially different, at least in these respects, from that of the other Evangelists ; while his later narrative, regarded only as an indication of the kind of people for whom it was written, may be considered as giving an average, or even, if you will, a favourable specimen of the life which it describes. At all events, men did at an early period of the Christian era travel about the world as Paul and Barnabas are described to have done, for the simple purpose of proclaiming the main facts of the life of Jesus, and of per- suading people that He was the Christ. They were not the apostles of a political creed ; they can- not be suspected of any ulterior motive ; they were not the founders of a philosophy, the heralds of a scheme for social advantages or worldly advance- ment. They preached that a man had lived and died in Palestine, and that He was the Messiah spoken of before by the prophets. The Jesus And there is no question that wherever they who had pi-ip _ti p 1 died were successful, and so iar as they were successful, affile ' this man was everywhere and always accepted ^Yh'e as the Messiah. Yet, in His character, as it is Scnptures. p resen t e( i to us m the Acts and described in the Gospels, there was nothing that was calculated antecedently to win the belief that He was the pro- phetic Christ, for in all the most conspicuous Lect. vi. The Acts. 243 features He was very different from what might have been, and from what actually was anticipated. This belief, however, was everywhere produced by, or was nowhere produced without, the Scriptures. It was the likeness between the Jesus who was preached and the Christ of prophecy which con- vinced men that the one was the fulfilment of the other. Whether or not this was what we should consider a valid, or satisfactory, or logical means of bringing about the particular result, there is no question whatever that it was historically the means by which the result was brought about. The testi- mony of the Acts of the Apostles is to this effect ; and it is not possible in this respect to doubt its testimony. It is plain, however, both from the Acts of the Another Apostles and from the nature of the case, that we at work, have not yet taken into account all the elements at work in bringing about the result produced. It is simply impossible that the story of the life and death of Jesus alone should have wrought the con- viction that He was the Messiah. There must have been, and there was, another element combined. And this was the proclamation that He had risen again from the dead. The history of the Acts may be accepted as evidence that the resurrection was proclaimed, and that its proclamation entered to a very large extent into the preaching of the dis- ciples. While, as we have seen, it was impossible 244 The Christ of Lect. vi. from the vague and obscure statements of Scripture to anticipate or invent beforehand the fact of the resurrection, it is easy to calculate and to under- stand the enormous momentum which would be added to the weight of the evidence for Jesus being the Christ, when it could be definitely announced that He had actually risen from the dead, and when the present agency of the Spirit could be appealed to in confirmation of the fact. And we know for a certainty that it was thus that the full message of the Gospel was proclaimed. Jesus could not have been recognised as the Christ in the way He is represented to have been recog- nised in the Acts of the Apostles, unless we may throw in as a powerful element in the early preach- which ing of the disciples the announcement that He had announce- risen from the dead. It was alike impossible that, Hehad* 1 prior to the Lord's resurrection, the ingenuity of the nsen- disciples should have detected the special element that was lacking in the power and efficiency of their message, and that the conviction of Jesus being the Christ should have been produced with- out the declaration that He had burst the bonds of death. When that fact had been proclaimed, it swallowed up all the shame and degradation of the cross, the lowliness of the origin, the meanness and the poverty of the lot and life of Jesus. Then that life and death of shame and suffering became in- vested with a new, and before, impossible glory. lect. vi. The Acts. 245 Then the colours of the rainbow which spans the waterfall were seen in the brightness of the rising sun as it fell athwart the cloudy spray. Then a new meaning was given to the grief and triumph of the Psalmist, a new cause was revealed for the hope and longing of the Prophet, a new treasury of substance and expressiveness was added to the shadows and symbols of the Law. Then it was that the regal glories of the universal King were identified with the spiritual self-mastery of the crown of thorns, and the reed that was put into the hand was hailed as a nobler sceptre, and the title that was written by Pilate was recognised as a truer ensign of royalty than those of the mightiest kings. Then it was that the purple robe was re- garded as a prouder token of majesty than the im- perial vesture of the Cassars, and the death of the Roman malefactor more glorious and heroic than the death of the warrior in the shout of victory. But we may safely affirm that there was nothing in the incidents of the death of Jesus alone and by themselves that was capable of bringing about this change of sentiment. Neither these incidents alone, The nor any combination of them, would have wrought produced the conviction that He was the Messiah. There was 'without it. another element wanting ; an element which they were incompetent to suggest, but which, when it was thrown in, was all-powerful to interpret and to glorify them. It is obviously true that we cannot 246 The Christ of lect. vi. argue from all this to the reality of the resurrection, but we may legitimately argue from it, that without the proclamation of the fact that Jesus of Nazareth had risen from the dead, the conviction of His being the Messiah could not have been produced ; while the incidents of His life and death, apart from His resurrection, were alike as incapable of originating the story of it as they were of produc- ing that conviction. The Acts Not only, however, was it impossible that the from the doctrine of Jesus beiDg the Messiah could have Gospels . ... been sustained for a moment, or propagated, with- out the story of His resurrection, which, according to the Acts, was everywhere and always proclaimed, but there are certain characteristics of that book which we find ourselves at a loss to account for on the assumption that the story was fictitious. And it is here that we discover the greatest contrast between the Gospel history and the history of the Acts. The Gospel history is the history of Christ, and the record of certain germinal principles in- culcated by Him. We nowhere see any life in detailed action except His own. The glimpses that we catch of other lives serve only to throw out His into more prominent relief, in giving In the Acts of the Apostles it is altogether ofVhris- 17 different ; and necessarily and obviously so. There nan 1 e, we have not the history of Christ, but the history of Christian life. The person of Christ is entirely lect. vi. The Acts. 247 withdrawn from view. The Christ that we meet with in the Acts is a Christ who lives in the per- sons of His followers. In the Gospels we have no such phenomenon, properly speaking, as Christian life. It is a thing unknown, and as yet not ex- perienced. If it exists at all, it exists only in germ, and is undeveloped. The foremost of the apostles behave very much as other men, and are not under the influence of any more powerful motive or impulse than that of personal attachment to their Master, which is scarcely distinguishable from ordinary friendship. The last chapter of the fourth Gospel has given us a picture of some of the chief disciples pursuing their ordinary avocations on the Lake of Galilee, after their Lord's resurrec- tion. But in the Acts of the Apostles things are entirely changed. We no sooner open the first pages of that book than we find the character of the disciples transfigured. The Peter of the Acts is a totally different man from the Peter even of St. Luke's Gospel. Depart from me, for I am a sinful man, Lord : 1 Master, it is good for us to be here, 2 on the mountain of glory : Lo ! we have left all, and followed thee : 3 Woman, I Mow him not ; 4 by no means represent the same man that comes before us immediately in the Acts, 1 St. Luke v. 8. 2 ix. 33. St. Matt. xvii. 4. St. Mark ix. 5. 3 St. Luke xviii. 28. St. Matt. xix. 27. St. Mark x. 28. * St. Luke xxii. 57. 248 The Christ of Lect. vi. ready to place Himself at the head of the hundred and twenty disciples, to indicate the course of action they are to take, and to reveal the intention of the Holy Ghost by the mouth of David x — ready again to interpret an unusual phenomenon on the day of Pentecost as more nearly fulfilling the words of the prophet Joel than any other former event 2 — daring to confront the murderers of Jesus with the charge, Him have ye taken, and by wicked hands have crucified and slain* — and rebutting the injunc- tion not to speak at all, nor teach in the name of Jesus, with the home-thrust and matter-of-fact argument, Whether it be right in the, sight of God to hearken unto you more than unto God, judge ye; for we cannot but speak the things which we have seen and heard. 4 Here we detect the presence of elements which are altogether absent from the Gospel history — those, namely, of Christian life and of deliberate and unshaken Christian belief; al- though, at the same time, there are traits enough of individual character to show the identity of the person in both cases, and its But not only so, for it is manifest that this con- viction of the disciples is most infectious. It spreads itself in all directions, it excites the special animosity and opposition of the Sadducees, as it naturally would, though they, with their character- istic indifference and apathy, appear to have been 1 Actsi. 16. ' ii. 16. 3 ii. 23. 4 iv. 19, 20. growth. Lect. vi. The Acts. 249 less prominent antagonists of Jesus during His life- time than the Pharisees. 1 It communicates itself even to the priests, it penetrates into Samaria, and reaches as far as Damascus. The new society is found to increase to such an extent that new prin- ciples of organisation have necessarily to be adopted, and powers of deliberation and of self-government are spontaneously developed, of which the exercise may be regarded as almost if not entirely new in the history of the world. All this, if it is not dis- tinctly traceable to the belief in the resurrection of Jesus, cannot by any possibility be separated from that belief. In fact, the belief in His resurrection was the motive power and impulse of it all, for it was involved in the conviction of His being the Messiah, for which the disciples and their followers were willing to forego everything, and to incur anything. Such, then, is the picture of Christian life pre- The sented to us in the Acts of the Apostles. It is f the impossible to question its general accuracy, because men™. it is capable of abundant corroboration from other sources. There is nothing, however, directly 1 This is shown in a very simple way. The Sadducees are only mentioned in the Gospel history some eight or nine times, and chiefly in St. Matthew (Mark xii. 18 ; Luke xx. 27) : the Pharisees appear more frequently, and in each Gospel they are always mentioned first, and nearly always with disapproval expressed or implied. In the Acts the Pharisees are never unfavourable to the believers in Jesus, and even take their part (Acts v. 34; xxiii. 9) ; while the Sadducees, on the three occasions they are mentioned, are their strenuous opponents (iv. 1 ; v. 17 ; xxiii. 7). 250 The Christ of lect. vi. answering to it in the Gospel history, for the conduct of Jesus was arranged on a different plan, and the persecution of Jesus arose from a different cause. This manifestation, there- fore, of Christian life was an entirely new pheno- menon, possessing new and original features never exhibited before, and pointing consequently to a new and original cause. This cause we may rightly specify as the personal influence of Jesus — not the influence of His teaching, because as far as we can tell from the Acts, the disciples do not seem to have reproduced His teaching ; they were concerned less with His teaching than with Him ; but it was His personal influence and attachment to His person. If, however, attachment to His person while He was alive had produced no such results, why should it produce these results now he was dead 1 In fact, the attachment exhibited was in no sense attach- ment to one departed, nor to the principles for which he had died, but much rather to a person whose direct influence was still present and opera- tive ; it was devotion to a new set of principles, to new truths, and above all, to a new fact of which the full weight and significance had not been felt before, as during His lifetime it had not been possible to feel it. In reading the Acts of the Apostles we cannot fail to see that we have entered on the stream of a new life, to which even the Gospel history offers no Lect. vi. The Acts. 2 5 1 true parallel. We note the spontaneous action and development of a new society working on new prin- ciples and for new purposes, and the mainspring of all this is the resurrection of the Lord. It is not, however, to be forgotten, that, as far as Agency of the history of this new life is unfolded to us in the spirit. Acts, it is not even to be referred exclusively to the Lord's resurrection. Omnipotent as that fact might be considered in itself, if a fact, it lay, com- paratively speaking, dormant in the minds of the disciples for a period of fifty days. Its power was but imperfectly understood till the day of Pentecost. Then it burst forth with a sudden accession of life. Peter had indeed felt, in the interval between the ascension and Pentecost, that one must be ordained to be a witness with him and his fellows to the Lord's resurrection ; he must have had, therefore, a fore-feeling of what his own mission was to be, but we read of no missionary effort whatever during the period of the fifty days. We read further in this narrative that the disciples were commanded to tarry at Jerusalem until they should be endued with power from on high. We may safely infer from this that in the opinion of the writer it was not even the bare fact of the resurrection that was suffici- ent to call the new society into existence, but the revelation of a new dynamical force consequent upon the resurrection and in addition to it. The writer wished it to be distinctly understood that a new 252 The Christ of lect. vi. energy had begun to be put forth, and that the mate- rials with which it worked were the life and death, the resurrection and ascension, but pre-eminently the resurrection, of Jesus of Nazareth. Not these facts alone, but these facts wielded by the power of the Spirit of God, had wrought with a new influence upon men, and had produced new results in men. The Acts And though it is possible that we may not be sure of the competent judges of the cause alleged to be in ope- results ,. . . , produced, ration, we are to a certain extent competent judges of the results produced. And of these results the Acts of the Apostles is a sufficient proof. Leaving out of the question all the miraculous features of that book, the picture it has preserved to us of the early Christian society is absolutely unique in the literature of the world. What if that picture can be shown to be misrepresented or overdrawn ? — it even then remains to a very large extent a witness to the existence of a new society capable of appreciating the misrepresentation ; it is a proof of a new literary taste among men, for the existence and origin of which some rational account must be given. It professes itself to supply the true, and is the only extant, account. It is actually, in all substantial particulars, of unimpeachable authority, and conse- quently the picture it presents may be taken as a proof of the mode in which the new influence operated among men, and of the peculiar results produced by it. Lect. vi. The Acts. 253 And, assuredly, these results, as we see them there, can only be regarded as evidence of a new life, while the new life is itself the evidence of anew which were the cvi- principle of life at work, and this new principle of dence of a life is the principle of deathless and eternal life re- at work, vealed and exemplified in the actual resurrection of the Lord Jesus. Nor is there anv way of escaping from this or a which •> •> . was not similar conclusion but by referring the results pro- generated . . ,>ythe duced, not to the fact believed, but to the belief of faith of the the fact. The marvellous phenomena of the new Christian life displayed in the Acts were simply the product of the faith of the disciples. They were the victims of their own delusions, and their own delu- sions produced these effects. Their own delusions, it must be remembered, were these — that Jesus was the Messiah, as proved by His life, and death, and resurrection, and as witnessed and confirmed by the gift of the Holy Ghost, to which alone, as it ap- peared, the rapid growth of the Christian society, in spite of all unfavourable circumstances, could be referred. If, then, the outward circumstances of the life of Jesus were most unfavourable to His claims to be the Christ, no less so were those of the early Chris- tian society to the diffusion of that belief ; and, seeing that the cardinal fact of that belief was one which, if unreal, at once admitted of a ready and complete disproof, it appears that the most natural and 254 The Christ of Lect. vi. rational way of accounting for the diffusion of the belief is by supposing that the fact could not be disproved. When we consider who were the first propagators of the belief, where they first propagated it, the means employed in doing so, and the success with which they did so, it appears certainly more reasonable to interpret these things as indications of an underlying element of truth, than to assume, in the face of them, that the crucial test of Jesus being the Christ was one which neither was nor could be applied, and that with the failure of that test every vestige of His claims to be regarded as the Christ of necessity came to nought. The But this is not all, for we are competent judges tendency of the new also of the general moral tendency and character of ' ' : the new life depicted in the Acts of the Apostles. When men, without hope or prospect of temporal advantage or reward, could live, as the first disciples lived, in the fear and love of God, and suffer, as they suffered, rejoicing that they were counted worthy to suffer shame for the name of Jesus, we are con- strained, in spite of ourselves, to decide whether the fruits produced were those of the good tree or the bad ; whether they were worthier of the spirit of evil or of the Holy Spirit; and conscience itself seems to determine that it is not possible to reject these things as the special manifestations of the Holy Spirit's working. To do so would but too nearly resemble what is spoken of in the Gos- Lect. vi. The Acts. 255 pels as the unpardonable sin against the Holy Ghost. We point, then, not to the miraculous features of the Acts of the Apostles, as commonly under- stood, but to the far greater miracle of the new and Divine life which that book exhibits in operation, as the irresistible proof of the new and Divine energy at work in the world ; and we say that it would be a libel on the truth to suppose that such results could be sufficiently accounted for on the supposi- tion that they were created by a belief which, if not literally and virtually true, was entirely and absolutely false. The results referred to were the direct conse- of which the essence quence of faith in Jesus as the Messiah. To His was . ... . "Jesus being the Messiah, not only faith in His resurrection i s the Christ " was essential, but much more the fact that He had truly risen from the dead. If He was merely be- lieved to have risen, but had not risen from the dead, then He could in no sense be the Messiah — the belief in His Messiahship was based upon a falsehood, and to that falsehood must be attributed, as the sole and direct cause, all the marvellous phenomena of moral regeneration and of new spiritual life to which the Acts of the Apostles is an unde- niable witness. There is and can be no manner of question, that faith in Jesus as the Christ came upon men with the force of a new and Divine principle of life, 256 The Christ of lect. vi. producing results most opposite to the naturally selfish and unloving tendencies of the human heart, and purifying the springs of individual and social existence to a degree with which nothing can com- pare. Nor has this original impulse ever spent itself. Nowhere in history do we find it so pure and strong as in the Acts of the Apostles. There we see it bubbling up from the fountain-head clear and bright, and sparkling as it is destined never to be again ; but the stream that issues from the foun- tain has never failed to this hour, nor can it ever fail. The fountain is perennial as the source of truth itself, and the head of that fountain is Jesus as the Christ. In the historic development, then, of the doc- trine of the Christ, the Acts of the Apostles has its place. It shows us the earliest known phases of belief in Jesus as the Christ. It exhibits a belief in the entire framework of the Gospel history concern- ing Him as in vogue among men : — His life of per- severing goodness, His wonderful works, 1 His be- trayal, 2 His rejection in favour of Barabbas, 3 the share of Pilate in His execution, 4 His violent death by crucifixion, 5 His burial, 6 His resurrection from the dead the third day, 7 His frequent appearance during forty days after His resurrection, 8 His ascension into heaven, 9 His session on the right 1 Acts x. 38. ' i. 16 ; vii 52. 3 ii. 14. 4 ii. 13. 1 ii. 23 ; v. 30. ° xiii. 29, 7 x. 40. 8 i. 3 ; x. 41. 9 ii. 34. Lect. vi. The Acts. 257 hand of God, 1 His return to judgment, 2 His Divine Sonship, 8 His office as the appointed chan- nel of forgiveness, 4 and of baptism by the Holy Ghost, 6 His being made both Lord and Christ, 6 a Prince and a Saviour, 7 to give repentance to Israel, and to be a light of the Gentiles. 8 We cannot question that all this was a part of the earliest known belief of those people who were called Christians first in Antioch. But, furthermore, we find these people from the Baptism first baptising believers in the name of the Lord Lord's Jesus, 9 or of Jesus as the Lord, and of their breaking uppei ' bread 10 in token of their fellowship with one another and with the Lord. Now, the former of these cus- toms, namely baptism, is not to be accounted for by the Gospel of St. Luke. There is no reference in it to any such command by Jesus ; and yet, on the testi- mony of the Acts, the universal prevalence of the custom is not to be denied. The prevalence of the custom, then, from the first, is a presumptive witness to some injunction having been given respecting it. The only possible inference is, that the injunction was given by Jesus; but there are few more striking phenomena in the records of the early church than the silence of St. Luke's Gospel on the matter of baptism, and the prominence of the rite in his history 1 Acts v. 31. 2 x. 42. 3 iii. 13 ; iv. 27, etc. 4 x. 43. 5 ii. 38. ii. 36. ' v. 31. s xiii. 47. 9 ii. 38 ; viii. 16, etc. 10 ii. 42, 46 ; xx. 7. S 258 The Christ of Lect. vi. of the Acts. The latter book is an unimpeachable witness to the early prevalence of the custom ; but the custom is itself a witness to a prior belief in Jesus, and a belief in Jesus as the Christ. What manner of man the Jesus believed in was we have already seen ; — one who was betrayed, crucified, dead, and buried ; one who had risen from the dead and ascended into heaven. It was impossible that one who was crucified and buried merely should have been the Christ, or have been supposed tobe the Christ. The only means by which his death could become not simply glorified, but divested of its inherent shame, was by a belief in that which, prior to the fact, it was not possible to anticipate from the scanty and obscure allusions in the Scriptures, and which, after the proclamation of the fact, had nothing to rest on but those obscure allusions, unless it was the reality of the fact proclaimed. indicating We may, therefore, take the prevalence of bap- nfe CTSC l tism and the breaking of bread as a clear indication of the personal influence, the personal command, and consequently of the personal life, of Jesus. We have nothing to which to refer these customs, unless it be the direct command of Jesus, to which in three of the Gospels the breaking of bread is referred, and to which in St. Matthew and St. Mark the practice of baptism is referred. Thus the history of the Acts is a direct witness to a previously existing life, and to a belief that the _ lect. vi. The Acts. 259 person so existing was the Christ of prophecy. The principal agency employed in producing the belief was tha,t of the Scriptures of the Old Testament. By them the Jews were confounded, or were mightily convinced that Jesus was the Christ. And so the history may be taken as a proof of The the historic reality both of the person and of the supposes' Messianic office which He claimed to fill. Menj e sus, e0 could not have been called Christians had that office been an unreality, an idea which had no existence, or which rested on no ostensible foundation. Jesus could not have been believed in as the fullest real- isation of that idea if His life had been a shadow and not an historic existence. Shadows do not ori- ginate customs so definite and so persistent as those of baptism and the breaking of bread. The Christ of the Acts is a phenomenon which cannot be accounted for but on the supposition of the prior existence of the Christ of the Gospels. The Christ of the Gospels, however, is a conception entirely distinct from the Christ of the Acts, and can- not have been originated in order to account for the phenomena presented by that book. Without the foundation of a human life similar to that of Jesus, the history of the Acts, containing such a substan- tial framework of truth as we know it must contain, could not have been written. But just as it was impossible that the Christ of the Gospels should have been constructed out of the 260 The Christ of lect. vi. Messianic materials previously existing in the Scrip- tures, so is it even more clearly impossible that the Christ of the Acts should have been constructed out and the of those materials. And, in fact, the apparent and the facts conspicuous unlikeness between the Christ of the Acts and the Christ of prophecy affords a strong presumptive argument that the belief in Jesus as the Christ could not have obtained to the extent it did but for the underlying fact of the resurrection. It was that fact alone, and not the belief in the fact, which gave whatever semblance of probability there was to the statement that He was the Christ. That such a statement should have been to a large extent discredited, being as it was contrary to all experi- ence, is in no way surprising ; that it should have been believed so firmly, so widely, and with such results as it was, affords the strongest possible pre- sumption that the faith had been created by the fact, and not the fact invented by the faith. For every individual who believed the fact did so with precisely the same reason for disbelieving which they had who rejected it. The picture of Christian life, then, presented in the Acts, is the necessary and natural result of the picture of the life of Christ presented in the Gospels : the necessary and natural result, if that life was a reality, but by no means natural or necessary if it was not : by no means an obvious result if that life was an invention ; by all means an unnatural and an Lect. vi.. The Acts. 261 impossible result if that life was unreal or was other than it professed to be. The history of the Acts was the most vivid illus- The Acts tration of the words — Because I live, ye shall live of out also. The Gospels contained the narrative of all words, that Jesus hegan both to do and teach. The Acts contained the record of what He still taught and did after His visible presence was withdrawn. It was not the spirit of His teaching which produced these results, but the power of His unseen personal pre- sence and influence. The evidence of His life was in the life and action of His followers. There was a new development or manifestation of His existence, a development which would have been impossible had His existence been unreal. Of the historic existence of this new develop- ment there can be no doubt : the Acts of the Apostles is not the only, though it may be the oldest and most original, monument — a monument which is a permanent illustration of the truth that Christian life is an evidence of the life of Christ. It is im- possible to account for the phenomena of Christian life when displayed in their simplest and purest forms, as they are in the Acts of the Apostles, ex- cept on the supposition of the unseen life of Christ. The pulses of spiritual life are to be felt in all ages and in every clime, but the heart from which they are derived is in heaven. If the pulse of regenerate life is felt to beat within ourselves, we shall not ques- 262 The Christ of lect.vi. tion the source from whence it is derived. We shall know that it can have no origin but one, and that origin the living person of the Lord. If we are strangers to the reality of His life in our own hearts, we may well question its reality in Him, for we shall lack the highest evidence which can be offered to the world or to ourselves — the only evidence, in fact, which can ever be complete, the evidence of life derived from life. If we are conscious of a new life within, we shall know that it cannot be referred to nature, or to self, or to our fellow-men — that it is not of the earth earthy, but to be referred only to the Lord from heaven. Practical As many as received him, to them gave he sions. power to become the sons of God, even to them that believe on his name ; which were bom not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God. 1 This is the simplest and the only true explanation which can be given of the phenomenon of Christian life. It is a life which Christ gives to as many as receive Him, and believe on His name. It is a life which is unique in the history of the world — unique as it was seen in germ in the manifested life of Christ, and unique as it was displayed in its earliest efforts at development in the life and action of His first disciples. If the stream of its existence had come to an end we might hesitate to decide about its origin ; but as every Christian has within him- 1 St. John i. 12, 13. lect. vi. The Acts. . 263 self a life which answers to that of the first believers, and which he cannot but recognise as identical, or at least as cognate with it, he knows that the stream is flowing still, and is destined to flow on for ever ; and, consequently, we cannot consider it premature to adopt the inference suggested by Gamaliel eighteen centuries ago, and to decide that a stream which has flowed with a volume so deep, and broad, and strong, must have its fountain-head with God. We might indeed tremble for the future of Christianity if God had left Himself utterly with- out witness in the present, and we were thrown back only on the past, which is ever receding farther and farther from the recognition of expe- rience ; but, forasmuch as the power of awakening a sympathetic response in the individual heart is unquestionably the endowment of this religion in a way that no other can boast, we may point to this characteristic of it as at once a sufficient and abid- ing indication of its true origin, and as being also the special feature to which St. John appealed, in saying, This is the record, that God hath given to us eterncd life, and this life is in his Son. 1 It was no development of man's natural instincts of religion which produced such a manifestation of it as that of the Acts of the Apostles ; but the Chris- tian life of the first disciples was itself a supernatural production, pointing to the existence of one who had 1 1 John v. 11. 264 The Christ of the Acts. lect. vi. been proved to be the Christ, not because He had died upon the cross and been buried, but because He had risen from the dead and ascended into heaven, and had shed forth gifts of spiritual grace upon the whole body of believers, showing Himself thus the fulfilment of psalm and prophecy more than if He had restored again the kingdom to Israel, and had gathered in subjection to the throne of David all the kingdoms of the world and the glory of them. LECTURE VII. THE CHRIST OF THE PAULINE EPISTLES Horn. Od. pues creo De la clemenoia divina, Que no hay luces en el cielo, Que no hay en el mar arenas, No hay atonios en el viento, Que, sumados todos juntos, No sean numero pequeno De los pecados que sabe Dios perdonar. Calderon. LECTURE VII. Set your affection on things above, not on tilings on the earth. For ye are dead, and yoxir life is hid with Christ in God. — Col. iii. 2, 3. The next stage in the development of that con- ception of the Christ which is derived, or to be derived, from the New Testament, is supplied by the Epistles of St. Paul. The Acts of the Apostles gave us the picture of a work in progress ; the Epistles of St. Paul give us the picture of a work done. No one would hesitate to place the Acts, as it stands in the New Testament, before any of the Epistles, whatever the actual relative dates of composition may be, because for the most part it has reference to a period of time which must have preceded those events which made it necessary for the Epistles to be written. It professes to supply us with an earlier link in the chain of circum- stances reaching from the human life of Jesus to the latest utterances of the Christian mind in the New Testament. The Christian life depicted is Christian life at an earlier stage. Nor is it pos- sible to doubt the general accuracy of the portrait sketched. 268 The Christ of lect. vii. The When, however, we come to the Pauline Epistles, certainty of the we at once enter upon ground even more certain Epistles, and clearly undeniable still. Here we are able, in the case at least of the most important letters, to fix the actual date within a year or two. And, in fact, we may safely say that the bulk of the Pauline writings was in existence Avithin thirty years after the death of Christ, and that in all probability the four great and undisputed Epistles were written within five-and-twenty years of that time. Here, then, at all events, we have firm and solid ground to tread upon. The letters to Rome, Corinth, and Galatia, are undoubted ; they were written by St. Paul, and they were sent to the Christians at those places, and sent within the time specified. No reasonable doubt as to authorship attaches to any of the other letters to which the apostle's name is affixed, but here at least we are secure. We have in the greatest of St. Paul's writings undoubted genuine productions of the early Christian mind, and probably the very earliest productions. These productions, moreover, are in the form of letters, and their testimony is therefore the more valuable from this fact. A narrative or history is always more or less open to the suspicion of being written with a bias, but a genuine letter presupposes a second witness to the writer in the person to whom it is written. Putting aside the Lect. vii. The Pauline Epistles. 269 imaginary case, inapplicable to St. Paul's Epistles, of a letter being written to a second person for the purpose of conveying a false impression to a third, it is not possible to reject the evidence supplied incidentally in the letters written by St. Paul to his various correspondents. For example, they one and all assume and what the establish beyond dispute the existence of a Christian prove, society in the places to which they were sent. They tell us something about the constitution of this society, something about its character and life, and a great deal about the nature of its belief. We are able, at all events, to gather from St. Paul's Epistles a very fair notion of the kind of teaching which the several persons addressed had received from him. What is written is no doubt in agreement with what had been taught. Within five-and- twenty years, therefore, after the death of Christ, there was a considerable society, in centres so far separated as Eonie and Galatia, of persons who believed in Jesus. All these persons had been baptised : they were baptised in the name of Jesus, or at least in baptism they were considered to have put on Christ. 1 All these persons were unquestion- ably in the habit of breaking bread in commemo- ration of the death of Jesus. If there is no allusion to this latter practice in the letters to Rome and Galatia, there is abundant reference to it in the 1 Gal. iii. 27 ; Rom. vi. 3. 270 The Christ of Lect. vn. first of those to the Corinthians, 1 who occupied geographically a middle position between the Eomans and Galatians, and are therefore an addi- tional instance of the extension of the new society. The It is evident, moreover, from these Epistles, that of the the societies in question were bound together by of whom faith in one and the same person, who is called eyspea . j egug Qj ir j s ^ . an( j [^ jg certain that this was the same Jesus of whom we read in the Acts, and whose life is recorded in the Gospels. From the Epistles of St. Paul we have all the principal facts of the life of Jesus, and these correspond with what we know of it from the Gospels and the Acts. For example, we have His descent from the family of Abraham and from the family of David ; 2 we have His supernatural birth implied; 3 we have His sufferings, 4 His betrayal, 5 His rejection by Pilate and Herod, 6 His death upon the cross, 7 His burial, 8 His resurrection from the dead the third day, 9 five of His manifestations after His resur- rection, 10 His ascension into glory, 11 His session at the right hand of God, 12 His return to judgment. 13 It is impossible, therefore, to doubt that the person to whom St. Paul refers as Jesus Christ is I 1 Cor. xi. 20-34. 2 Gal. iii. 16 ; Rom. i. 3. 8 Gal. iv. 4 ; Rom. i. 3. 4 2 Cor. i. 5. 5 1 Cor. xi. 23. 6 1 Cor. ii. 8. 7 Gal. vi. 14. 8 1 Cor. xv. 4. 9 Rom. vi. 4 ; 1 Cor. xv. 4. 10 1 Cor. xv. 5-7. II Rom. viii. 17, 29. 12 Rom. viii. 34. 13 1 Cor. i. 7, 8. Lect. vii. The Pauline Epistles. 271 the same Jesus of whom we read in the Gospels and the Acts. All the main features of His history- correspond with them as there given. It is clear, moreover, that the writer implicitly believed these facts in His history, and that the persons to whom he wrote believed them too. It is certain, more- Jesus over, that both he and they identified Jesus with as the the Christ, and did so on account of the remarkable character of His history. So manifestly is this the case, that the two names Jesus and Christ fre- quently appear conjoined in the writings of St. Paul as the single appellation of one and the same person. It is a foregone conclusion both with him and those to whom he writes that Jesus is the Christ. The Acts of the Apostles gave us some account of the process by which men were brought to this conclusion. In the Epistles of St. Paul the conclusion is a thing of the past. And we must bear in mind that it was so cer- it was tainly with many people at Pome, Corinth, and the Gen- Galatia, five-and-twenty years after the death of well L the Christ. It is manifest, also, from the mere mention of these places, that it must have been so not only with the Jews, but even to a larger extent with the Gentiles also. Though there may have been Jews among the converts in all these places, the larger portion must have been composed of Gen- tiles. The names of the persons saluted in the Epistle to the Romans are all of them Greek or 272 The Christ of lect. vii. Koman, only one is Jewish. 1 It is impossible to compute the aggregate numbers of these several churches, but they must have been many thousands. Among all these people the conviction was firmly established that Jesus was the Christ. Frequently He is spoken of by no other name than Christ or the Christ. Th e But everywhere there are traces of this per- persuasion produced suasion having been wrought by means of the Scriptures. Jewish Scriptures. A foundation of Scriptural teaching is implied wherever the term Christ is used, and the references to Scripture statements are frequent. The persons addressed must have been very familiar with the books of the Old Testament. They must have accepted it as an elemental prin- ciple that the Scriptures spoke of a Christ to come. Otherwise, their baptism in the name of Jesus, and their belief in Him, would have meant nothing. They would have been strangers to the' import of the new name they bore, and had so gladly adopted. The Eomans are told that the Gospel had been promised before by the prophets in the Holy Scrip- tures, 2 that Jesus Christ was made of the seed of David according to the flesh? Abraham and David are quoted as instances of persons who were accounted righteous without the law, and knew the blessedness of being so. 4 Everywhere the 1 Rom. xvi. 6. Greet M >ry, n-Jio bestowed much labour on v.s. ' Rom. i. 2. 3 Horn. i. 3. 4 Gal. iii. 6 ; Bom. iv. 6. Lect. vii. The Pauline Epistles. 273 writer speaks as to them that know the law. 1 The Corinthians are reminded that whatsoever things happened unto Israel, happened unto them for en- samples : and they are written, he says, for our admonition, upon whom the ends of the world are come} They are taught that Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures, that He was buried, and rose again the third day according to the Scriptures? The Galatians are instructed from the allegories of the Law 4 the greater excellence of the way of faith which they had forsaken. All this is evidence of a marvellous revolution of thought, but it is a revolution which is presupposed in their condition as Christians. The Epistles of St. Paul, then, are evidence (1) The that in all the churches to which they were ad- corrobo- dressed the same conclusion had been arrived at of Acts and which we found traces in the Acts of the Apostles Gospels. and in the Gospels — namely, that a Jesus who had been crucified was the Christ ; and (2) that it had been arrived at principally, or in part, through the influence of the Scriptures. It is surely remarkable that in persons whose intellectual and moral peculiarities must have been so different as those of the Eomans, Corinthians, and G-alatians, not only the same result should have been obtained, but that it should have been 1 "Rom. vii. 1. 2 1 Cor. x. 11. 3 1 Cor. xv. 3, 4. 4 Gal. iv. 24. 2 74 The Christ of lect. vii. obtained by the same logical process — namely, that the Scriptures of the Old Testament spoke of a Christ, and that Jesus was the Christ of whom they spoke. It cannot be regarded as an idiosyn- crasy of particular cases, for it was the universal and unvarying characteristic of the faith in Jesus, wherever it was spread abroad. The moral lever by which the early heathen world was converted to what we call Christianity, was the complete fulfil- ment in the person of Jesus of the prophetic ideal of the Christ. And of the extent to which this conversion had spread within thirty years after the death of Christ, the Epistles to Thessalonica, Eome, Corinth, Galatia, Philippi, Colossae, Ephesus, are. sufficient and conclusive evidence. They are the historic proof of the development and acceptance of the doctrine or religion of the Christ at that time, and to that extent, and to that degree. They Furthermore, the Epistles of St. Paul, as we have general them, are evidence to a large extent, as has long worthiness ago been shown, 1 of the generally trustworthy and history of authentic character of the history of the Acts; 2 and the Acts, ^y WO uld be evidence, even if that book did not 1 By Pale)' in the Karen Paulinrc. 2 So Professor Jowett says, speaking of the First Epistle to the Thessalonians : " The statements of the Epistle are a real confir- mation of the narrative of the Acts ; and the degree of coinci- dence in the narrative of the Acts is a sufficient evidence that the Epistle must have been written on the second Apostolical journey." — Epistles of St. Paul, vol. i. p. 36. Lect. vii. The Pauline Epistles. 275 exist, of a period and condition somewhat similar to those therein described having preceded the acceptance of the Gospel in the various centres to which they were addressed. The condition of im- planted and established faith to which they witness could only have been brought about, as indeed they themselves show it was, by a long-continued course of itinerant and missionary effort, such as that which the Acts ascribe to Paul and Barnabas, and the other early preachers of the faith. Even if the Acts could be shown, which they cannot, to be un- historic, 1 the Epistles which are undeniably genuine would show that the state of things to which they witness must have been preceded by an historic period not altogether dissimilar from that which 1 " Whatever may be the reason, the amount of discrepancy "between the earlier chapters of the Acts and the Epistle to the Galatians contrasts with the precise agreement of the later chapters with the Epistles to the Romans and Corinthians, as well as with the internal consistency of the Epistle to the Galatians itself. In inquiries of this sort it is often supposed that, if the evidence of the genuineness of a single book of Scripture be weakened, or the credit of a single chapter shaken, the whole is overthrown. Some- times the danger of losing the whole is made an argument against criticism of any part. Much more true it is that, in short portions or single verses of Scripture the whole is contained. Had we but one discourse of Christ, one Epistle of Paul, more than half would have been preserved." — Jowett, Epistles of St. Paul, vol. i. p. 400. It is precisely in this belief that the object of the present lectures has been to show how much virtually remains as a solid basis for faith after the largest critical concessions have been made. 2 76 The Christ of lect. vii. the Acts had fictitiously described. Indeed, the Epistles themselves are abundant evidence to the "Acts" manner of life, and habitual conduct of one at least of the apostles, namely Paul himself. He has left on permanent record, in the Second Epistle to the Corinthians, 1 the kind of life which he and his fel- low-disciples had voluntarily undertaken, in the long catalogue of sufferings by which he proved himself the minister of Christ. He must have been a mad- man, or a fool, to have acted in such a way for no conceivable end, unless the end for which he acted was so plainly set before him, that as a wise man he could not refuse to suffer gladly the loss of all things for it. And to the end of time his life and character, as portrayed in his own writings, will be an unsolved and insoluble enigma to all who are ignorant of or who reject the key to it, which par- ticipation in the faith and hope and love of the writer, and that alone, supplies. The But again, as the Epistles of St. Paul are a witness witness to the marvellous progress of faith in writer's Jesus, within thirty years after the crucifixion, so they are clear evidence likewise to the general character of that faith as it was embraced by the writer himself. They contain the record of his mind probably for the last ten or a dozen years of his life. It is impossible that in that period he should 1 Chaps, vi. and xi. lect. vii. The Pauline Epistles. 277 not have been subject to the modification and growth of wider experience and of longer life. 1 But the substantial framework of his belief is as manifest in the First Epistle to the Thessalonians as it is in the Second Epistle to Timothy. It is still the same Jesus who was hilled^ by the Jews about twenty years before, who is acknowledged as both Lord and Christ ; it is He who is to return to judgment, who therefore hath ascended up on high. 3 There can be no question whatever as to the reality of the person spoken of, or as to His identity. It was no dream, it could have been no impersona- tion of a vague idea, no concrete embodiment of a mere notion or set of notions. The Thessalonians had been taught to wait for the Son of the living and true God from heaven, whom he raised from the dead, even Jesus. i Here was the entire founda- tion assumed of facts which must have taken place but little more than twenty years before they had 1 " There is a growth in the Epistles of St. Paul, it is true ; but it is the growth of Christian life, not of intellectual progress, — the growth not of reflection, but of spiritual experience, enlarging as the world widens before the Apostle's eyes, passing from life to death, or from strife to peace, with the changes in the Apostle's own life, or the circumstances of his converts. There is a rest also in the Epistles of St. Paul, discernible not in forms of thought or types of doctrine, but in the person of Christ himself, who is his centre in every Epistle, however various may be his modes of ex- pression, or his treatment of controversial questions." — Jowett, Epistles of St. Paul, vol. i. p. 3. 2 1 Thess. ii. 15, 19. 3 i. 10. * i. 9, 10. 278 The Christ of lect. vn. been proclaimed to the Tkessalonians : 1 the natural human life, the death, the resurrection, the ascen- sion of a person who is called Jesus, and is acknow- ledged as the Christ, and to such an extent, and for so long, that the two names have become incor- porated into one, Jesus Christ, expressing at once both the office and the. person filling the office. When we remember that this same Epistle makes mention of the churches of God which in Judcea ■were in Christ Jesus," and implies both that they had undergone persecution and that the Thessa- lonians were partakers with them of a common faith, and of a similar persecution for the sake of Jesus, we see at once that a considerable portion of this twenty years is virtually bridged over by the period of time requisite for the transmission of the 1 If we place the date of the crucifixion March 27, a. d. 31, and the founding of the church at Thessalonica, a.d. 52, the actual interval would have been about one-and-twenty years, but it can hardly have been more. Some with less probability place the date of the crucifixion, April 7, a.d. 30. Even if the preaching of Paul at Thessalonica is brought down to a.d. 53, the greatest possible interval is three-and-twenty years, which is virtually lessened by the considerations mentioned in the text. We have a genuine letter of a.d. 53, containing incidental reference to sundry events, which, on the evidence of the same letter, had been well known for several years before in the country where they occurred, and which, from the collateral and independent evidence of another letter (the Epistle to the Galatians), written not later than a.d. 58, must have been familiar to the writer for a period of nearly twenty years when it was written. 2 1 Thess. ii. 14. Lect. vii. The Pauline Epistles. 2 79 faith from Palestine to Macedonia, from Asia to Europe, and for that personal change in the writer himself, which we know from other sources had taken place, and to which he alludes here when he says, he was allowed of God to he put in trust with the Gospel} It becomes then morally and absolutely impos- The events implied sible, that in the brief space of a dozen or fifteen certain, years, which is the utmost that remains unaccounted for after the known historic death of the person called Christ, and the rise of the churches here men- tioned in Judaea, there should have gathered any haze of uncertainty as to the actual character of the events alluded to as the death and resurrection of the Lord Jesus in the First Epistle to the Thessa- lonians. We have what amounts practically to an unbroken chain of corroborative testimony, extending from the crucifixion of Jesus to the time, twenty years later, when, in an important maritime city of Macedonia, He was implicitly believed in as the Christ, and multitudes were prepared to submit to persecution rather than surrender that belief. Is there anything but the actual historic reality of the main events recorded in the Gospels to which a revolution so momentous can satisfactorily be re- ferred 1 ? This is a question which irresistibly sug- gests itself to us, and there does not seem to be any reasonable answer to it but one. 1 1 Thess. ii. 4. 280 The Christ of lect. vn. It is important, however, to observe, that what- ever we may regard as the ultimate drift of the First Epistle to the Thessalonians, it is impossible to be unconscious of the basis of historic fact under- lying it which we everywhere encounter. No less than four times is the death 1 of Jesus spoken of; twice His resurrection from the dead 2 is distinctly declared as an article of the common faith ; five times allusion is made to His future return. 3 It is true that, for the most part, this reference is inci- dental, but it is all the more worthy of our attention from that circumstance. The substratum of solid fact is broad and deep, or else we should not so often come upon it. We see, moreover, that the teaching which had been imparted to the Thessalonians is spoken of as the Gospel. It is our Gospel; the Gospel of God; the Gospel of Christ. It is called the word of God. It is said to have come to them in power and in the Holy Ghost; to have been received with joy, not as the word of nien, hut as the word of God, which wrought effectually in them that believed. It was recognised apparently as the Gospel of salvation by our Lord Jesus Christ. It was a Gospel which required holiness of life, and the Thessalonians had been charged to ivalk worthy of God, who had called them unto his kingdom and glory. All this reminds 1 1 Thess. i. 10 ; ii. 15 ; iv. 14 ; v. 10. 2 i. 10 ; iv. 14. 3 i. 10 ; ii. 19 ; iii. 13 ; iv. 16 ; v. 23. lect. vii. The Pauline Epistles. 281 us vividly of that gospel of the kingdom which had been the one theme of Christ's preaching. The alternate and concurrent affliction and joy with which it had been received at Thessalonica corre- sponds exactly with the account of its reception everywhere, as recorded in the Acts. If in Asia Minor the disciples had been reminded that we must through much tribulation enter into the kingdom of God, 1 we read in the letter to Thessalonica, Verily, when we were with you, we told you before that we should suffer tribulation ; even as it came to pass, and ye know? If the mission of Philip to Samaria had caused great joy in that city, 3 the Thessalonians are not only exhorted to rejoice evermore* but their first entrance into the Gospel was with joy of the Holy Ghost? On the other hand, the message of the Gospel had found them in a state of idolatry ; it was from idols that they had turned to serve the living and true God, and to wait for his Son from heaven. 6 It is impossible not to accept all this as a literal and accurate statement of the condition of the church at Thessalonica. But it implies as cer- tainly, in the disciples there, a knowledge of all the main facts of the life of Jesus ; a belief in the Old Testament Scriptures as documents which had been fulfilled in Him, for otherwise He would not have been received as Christ ; a recognition of Him as 1 Acts xiv. 22. 2 I Thess. iii. 4. 3 Acts viii. 8. 1 1 Thess. v. 16. 5 i. 6. 6 i. 9, 10. 282 The Christ of Lect. vn. the Son of God, who within, perhaps, the last twenty years, had lived and died on earth, and had ascended into heaven ; a conviction that, in some way or other, they were partakers of the Holy Ghost in consequence of their faith in Jesus, which reminds us of various accounts in the Acts describing the gift of the Holy Ghost, as well as of the promise ascribed to John the Baptist, — he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost. 1 A revolution of thought more remarkable than that which is thus implied it is impossible to con- ceive ; but of the fact the Epistles to the Thessa- lonians are the abiding monument, and, being in all probability the very earliest Christian writings extant, they are invaluable as an index of Christian faith at that time, of the progress it had made, and of the means by which it had been diffused. The faith of the Thessalonian church was substantially the faith of the Gospels and the Acts. The Jesus of the one was the Jesus of the others, and undistin- guishable from the person who is known to us in history as having suffered death in the reign of Tiberius Caesar. 2 Within about twenty years after that event the story of His death had penetrated, at 1 St. Matt. iii. 11 ; St. Luke, iii. 16. 2 Tac. Ann. xv. 44. The words cannot be too often quoted : — " Ergo abolendo rumori Nero subdidit reos, quaesitissimis prenis adfecit, quos, per flagitia invisos, vulgus Christianos adpellabat. Auotor nominia ejus Christus, Tiberio imperitante, per Procurato- Lect. vii. The Pauline Epistles. 283 all events, as far as Macedonia, and had produced the peculiar results of which the apostle's writings are proof, in a body of men who had renounced idolatry, and given evidence of a moral reformation, and become so attached, not to the memory, but to the person of Jesus, that they were willing to endure persecution for His name's sake. The comparatively brief space of time which had elapsed between the known occurrence of the life and death of Jesus, and the prevalence of belief in Him as the Christ and the Son of God, which must have obtained for several years before Paul preached at Thessalonica, precludes the possibility of the events proclaimed being cunningly devised fables, as far at least as the circumstances of His life and death are concerned ; and that life and death alone would have been in- sufficient to suggest the notion that He was the Christ, or to produce the results which we know to have been produced. Here again then, as before, everything turns upon the testimony which was borne to Jesus as the Christ. The desire to repre- sent Him as the Christ would have occurred to no one, had not the events which followed His death suggested it ; and certainly the results which every- where followed the proclamation of Him as the rem Pontium Pilatum supplicio adfectns erat ; repressaque in prse- sens exitiabilis superstitio rursus erumpebat, non modo per Judseam, originem ejus mali, sed per urbera etiam, quo ouncta undique atrooia aut pudenda confluunt celebraaturque ." 284 The Christ of Lect. vii. Christ are more intelligible, on the supposition that those events were realities, than they are upon the alternative supposition that they were not. especially And this becomes even more evident when we take into take into account the means by which the results the means were brought about. The Epistles to Thessalonica emp oye . jj ear ^ e names f three men of whom we know scarcely anything but what is told us in the Acts. It is plain that they were the authors of the revolu- tion. These itinerant preachers had carried the pro- clamation that Jesus was the Christ through Pales- tine and Asia Minor into Macedonia, so as to work conviction and moral reformation in men who had before been idolaters. This had not been done with flattering words nor for the hope of gain ; their exhortation had not been of deceit, nor of unclean- ness, nor in guile, but as before God which trieth the hearts, so that they could say, Ye are witnesses, and God also, how holily and justly and unblameably we behaved ourselves among you that believe. 1 Eesults so remarkable, which become more re- markable when we consider the agency which pro- duced them, cannot be separated from the funda- mental assertion by which they were preceded and accompanied, that Jesus was the Christ. This asser- tion, like a thread of different colour, runs through the tissue and texture, not only of this, but of every Epistle. It is the foundation corner-stone which lies 1 1 Thess. ii. 10. Lect. vii. The Pauline Epistles. 285 at the bottom of the whole edifice of Pauline teach- ing. It is the stout knotted gnarled root which bears up the trunk and branches of the tree. All the ethical precepts, and the wise moral exhorta- tion so abundant everywhere and so conspicuously excellent are but the flowers and fruit of this fair and wide-spreading tree. It was because believers were engrafted into Jesus Christ, who was declared to be the Son of God with power according to the Spirit of holiness by the resurrection from the dead, that they were not only required and exhorted to be holy as He was holy, but had likewise themselves received an impulse to holiness to which they had before been strangers. It was because the disciples at Colossse had been taught and believed that they were dead and risen with Christ that the appeal could reach them, to set their affections on things above, and not on things on the earth. We may fairly claim the high, novel, and unexampled moral tone everywhere pervading these early Christian writings as the most satisfactory and conclusive evidence of the reality of that operation and influence of the Holy Spirit of which they speak so much. If ever the tree is known by his fruits whether it is good or bad, we can have no hesitation in pronouncing on the character of these fruits. And if they were the undeniable and unique production of a tree which specially claimed to be of the Divine planting, then certainly, so far as the fruits could be evidence of it, 286 The Christ of Lect. vii. the claim was made good. Before the tree could be shown to be one which the Lord had not planted, it would be requisite, not only to call in question the evidence upon which that one fact rested which declared Jesus to be the Christ, and which, as far as the senses are concerned, could never be conclusive ; but likewise to disprove, which was not possible, the abiding testimony of those living fruits which ever accompanied the recognition of Jesus as the Christ, and of which the Epistles of St. Paul are the true measure, as they are the unalterable expression. These These early writings, then, may be taken as ori- can-y us ginal and genuine exponents of the doctrine or reli- eariier *" gi° n 0I " * ne Christ as it was declared and accepted time ' within a quarter of a century after Jesus had been crucified. The writings themselves contain internal and incidental evidence that substantially the same belief had been in vogue for a period of at least twelve or fifteen years previously. (The Epistle to the Galatians alone shows this.) Consequently we are carried back by undeniable and documentary evidence to a time distant by about ten years only from the principal events upon which the belief as it was received was based. For we cannot separate the earliest expressions of that belief from the historic event of the death of Jesus. The same Epistle to the Galatians speaks of the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ in terms which leave no doubt upon the mind that the events Lect. vii. The Pmiline Epistles. 287 referred to were the actual crucifixion of Jesus and the resurrection which was declared to have succeeded it. What the Apostle's faith was at the time of writing this letter, that it had been certainly for fourteen, possibly for seventeen, years before, and possibly even for a yet longer period. 1 He bears implicit and emphatic witness that it had and could have undergone no material change. So that when he first became possessed by the conviction that the crucified and risen Jesus was the Christ, there had elapsed but an interval of time since His death which was fairly and accurately within the grasp of 1 It ia plain that St. Paul identifies the Gospel which he preached- to the Galatians (i. 11) with that which he had received at his con- version (i. 12-16). There can have been no material change in his own belief during that interval, or lie would not have spoken as he does in the first chapter. It would also seem that all the events alluded to in Galatians i. and ii. had preceded the first preaching in Galatia, and therefore the period virtually covered by this Epistle must be much greater than that given in the text. At all events, it carries us back to the time of St. Paul's conversion. Professor Jowett places " an interval of four or five years " between the Epistles to the Thessalonians and that to the Galatians. — Epistles, i. 281. I cannot accept the inference drawn by him that in Galatians v. 1 1 and 2 Cor. v. 16 (vol. i. p. 8 seq.) we have indications of what would have been a natural change of belief in St. Paul himself after his conversion. Much more in accordance with the truth, as it seems to me, is the remark of Alford on 2 Cor. v. 16 " The fact alluded to in the concessive clause, is, not any personal know- ledge of the Lord Jesus while He was on earth, but that view of Him which Paul took before his conversion, when he knew Him only according to His outward apparent standing in this world, only as Jesus of Nazareth." The italics are his. 288 The Christ of Lect. vii. memory. What is a period of ten or even fifteen years for any man in middle life to look back upon ? Not seldom casual words, fragments of conversations, and the most commonplace incidents which happened at that distance of time, retain their hold upon the memory with unrelaxed tenacity, and remain en- graven on the imagination with indelible clearness. And how much more is it so with public events of prominent and of stirring import ! Let any one of us seek to recall events, personal or public, which happened ten years ago. Is it possible that we can be deceived about them ? The haze of distance may indeed invest them at times with indistinct- ness, and give them all the appearance of unreality, no matter how vivid our recollection of them may be ; and not unfrequently it may seem hard to believe that circumstances actually occurred through which we are conscious that we ourselves have passed. Events But does the converse ever happen ? Does any man ?m™inedj bi hi s senses ever believe that events actually took place ten years ago which exist only in his own ima- gination ? Is it possible that internal impressions of his own should be able to project themselves on the outer world so vividly as to beget the belief that they had a veritable existence in the world of fact ? And is it possible for impressions so projected to have a consj>icuous and remarkable influence on his whole after life ? And is it possible that the writer, when the Son of God was revealed in him, when Lect. vii. The Pauline Epistles. 289 that revelation of Jesus Christ of which he speaks x had become a spiritual fact to his consciousness, should, out of the consciousness so influenced, have projected into the world of fact a life, death, and resurrection, which had no existence, which were but the offspring of his own perverted imagination and distempered fancy — it being all the while a known fact that a life and death under similar cir- cumstances had taken place in Jerusalem about ten years 2 before, and that it was this person so living and dying whom he believed to be the Christ ? Surely the question is one which forthwith answers itself. On the other hand, however, it must not be but ma y be misun- forgotten that there are many events which have derstood. happened, whether to ourselves or to the world at large, which we have not adequately understood till long after they have happened. It is not always easy to recognise the full significance of events at the time when they occur. The life and death of Jesus Christ were events of which St. Paul can hardly have been unconscious at the time when they took place. His own determined opposition to the faith which he afterwards preached, is proof, at all events, of the identity of the Jesus whom he preached with the Jesus whom he had opposed. 1 Gal. i. 15, 16. 2 The real interval was probably much less. Saul's conversion is placed by Alford in a.d. 37. It may have been earlier. U 290 The Christ of lect. vii. And even if his faith could be accounted for as a thing devoid of historic foundation, the same could not be said for his vehement opposition. If it was an imaginary or unreal Jesus in whom he believed, it must have been a real historic Jesus whom he persecuted, and the same Jesus whose life and death we have recorded in the Gospels, and mentioned in the Acts. While, therefore, the Epistle to the Galatians virtually carries us back, as a witness to the historic reality of the events implied, to a very short period after the death of Christ, and to events contem- poraneous with the early manhood of the writer, it is also a permanent witness to the changed aspect in which he had learnt to regard these events. A name which had once been hateful to him, and to which he had offered strenuous and bitter op- position, had now for more than fourteen years been the object of devoted and affectionate regard. He had himself been the principal agent in making known that name. He had been taught the mean- ing of an event which had happened within bis own recollection, and which was unquestionable; and he could now say, I am crucified with Christ : never- theless I live ; yet not I, but Christ liveth in me: and the life which I now live in the flesh I live by the faith of the Son of God, who loved me, and gave himself for me. 1 1 Gal. ii. 20. lect. vii. The Paidine Epistles. 291 And the whole point of the change -which had The x ° import of passed upon him was involved in that word Christ, the word Christ. About the death of Jesus there was and could be no question ; the only question was, Who was He that had died? It was not about the reality of certain facts, without which the persecution of St. Paul was as unintelligible as his conversion, but about the meaning and import of those facts. Had Jesus died for Himself or for others ? Was His death the one event anticipated in the Scriptures and fulfilling them, or was it not ? If His death was but the natural culmination of His life, did not His life and death together show that the story of His resurrection, which Paul himself had before rejected, might after all be possibly not untrue ? And if His resurrection was a fact, did not that event, together with His life and death, combine to throw a flood of light upon the whole of the Old Testament, which nothing else could throw ? We indeed may reason thus upon the facts before us, but we cannot thus reproduce the line of reason- ing in the Apostle's mind. To him there was a yet more cogent argument, to which he is himself a witness. The persecuted and risen Jesus had revealed Himself in him. He had given that revelation of Himself to the inner world of his spiritual consciousness of which he speaks in the opening of his letter to the Galatian church. To resist that revelation would have been to resist the 292 The Christ of Lect. vii. Holy Ghost : to resist the force of inevitable moral conviction. He could not resist it. He was con- strained to surrender himself from henceforth a willing and obedient servant to the Jesus whom he had persecuted. And his life remains to this day an indestructible monument to the vitality and significance of those events, whose historic reality it is impossible to deny. The We are led, then, by these considerations to the of the further question, which can hardly fail to suggest to P tL eS itself to every one, and of which so much has often- ospe s ' times been made : How is it that the Epistles of St. Paul are so different in their character from the Gospels ? Is it possible that the Christ of the Gospels can be the Christ of the Pauline Epistles 1 If we take St. Paul for our guide in his representation of Christianity, do we not necessarily reject that con- ception of it which has been embodied in the Gospels'? In attempting to deal with this question we must remember that St. Paul's Epistles may be taken as the accurate record of the effect produced upon his own mind by the events of the life of Jesus, as those events interpreted themselves to him. They are also, no doubt, an accurate record of the Gospel which he preached among the several churches which he founded, or with which he was brought in contact. They are therefore, so far, an accurate record of the form which Christianity had assumed in those various churches within thirty years after the death Lect. vii. The Pauline Epistles. 293 of Christ. Whether or not there was any other form prevalent elsewhere, or what that form was, we are unable to determine, except from indications in the letters themselves, and so far as the Gospels or the Acts may be supposed to show it. The Acts of the Apostles, moreover, as a matter of fact, whether the book was written with that design or not, serves as an intermediate and connecting link between the Epistles and the Gospels. Not only does the his- tory of it bridge over the interval of time, but the book itself supplies the inevitable transition. The Acts recorded the preaching of Jesus as the Christ, the Epistles imply the existence of various churches which had so accepted Him, and give us a more detailed picture of the effect and influence of so accepting Him. But the tone of thought expressed in the Acts is virtually far nearer to the Epistles than it is to the Gospels ; and the history is a clear witness that Jesus was proclaimed as the Christ, and that there was no faith in Him where He was not so acknowledged. It can, however, scarcely be doubted that the writer of the Acts was also the writer of the third Gospel, which does not differ materially in its exhibition of the life of Jesus from the other synoptics. We may presume, therefore, that the writer was not himself conscious of any material or substantial divergence between the picture of Jesus he had given in the Gospel and the conception of Him embodied or implied in the 294 The Christ of lect. vii. Acts. And if he was, as we may reasonably sup- pose, the friend and companion of St. Paul, we can hardly imagine that he was conscious of any real divergence between the Epistle to the Galatians, for example, and his own evangelical narrative. Not making these assumptions absolutely, we may at all events infer that the early traditions on which they rest are so far in favour of the conclusions we have drawn from them ; and may tend to show that the differences some have supposed may, after all, be more imaginary than real. Features And certainly, the Gospels, the Acts, and the common . . to the Epistles, have at any rate this feature in corn- Acts, and mon, that they represent Jesus to have been the pis Christ. They all of them agree that the Jesus whom they thus represent was crucified, dead and buried ; they are unanimous in affirming that He rose from the dead the third day, that He was several times seen of His disciples during a period (according to St. Luke or the writer of the Acts) of forty days after His death, but was never so seen afterwards ; they one and all declare or imply that He ascended into heaven at the end of that time, and that His personal return, under whatever circumstances, is an event to be ever anticipated till it comes. Lastly, they all agree that this same Jesus is the Son of God, the Messiah promised of old, and the ultimate judge of the world. The framework of fact, then, is unquestionably the same lect. vii. The Pauline Epistles. 295 in all, and so also in these last particulars is the framework of doctrine. But the central, funda- mental, and essential point of the doctrine, which was based upon the facts and presupposed them, which is everywhere implied, and never omitted or lost sight of, is the declaration that Jesus is the Christ. We have, then, this circumstance to deal with, that there is no known document of an earlier date than the earliest of St. Paul's Epistles, in which the doctrine of Jesus being the Christ is found. But it is found stated there in all its clearness and integrity. The doctrine was at that time fully developed, the belief mature; and whatever Christian literature came into existence afterwards, whether Gospels, Acts, or Epistles, did not add materially to its essential features. But the doctrine or belief The belief already existing in this form was necessarily the the pro- product of two factors, an effect produced by the factors, combined operation of two causes — the Old Testa- ment Scriptures and the life of Jesus. Neither of these causes alone was sufficient to produce the result which as a matter of fact we know was pro- duced. The life of Jesus alone could not have given existence to the first Epistle to the Thessalonians, or the Epistle to the Galatians. The study of the Old Tes- tament alone could not have produced either of them. They were in no sense a reproduction of the ancient prophets. They were new and original creations, necessarily presupposing the human life of Jesus and seen. 296 The Christ of Lect. vii. the Scriptures of the prophets. Of the historic reality of either of these factors at that time — namely, of the Scriptures of the Old Testament or of the human life of Jesus — there is not the slightest doubt, but could But, further, it could not by human ingenuity been fore- have been foreseen that what we may call the fusion of these two principles, the combined operation of these two factors, would have produced these results any more than, prior to experience, it could have been foreseen that the combination of oxygen and hydrogen wouldproduce water. The results, however, as we know them for a certainty from the writings of St. Paul, and as we see them in those writings themselves, were produced. But, as a matter of fact, we could not have had the belief that Jesus was the Christ, nor the results which followed the proclama- tion of that belief, without the previous existence and combined operation of the two causes specified. Is not then the known effect an evidence of the inherent vitality of the causes producing it, and a corroboration of the soundness of the principle which governed their union ? Experience j ustified the application because it proved the truth of the principle. For it cannot be too carefully no'ted that the effects of which the Pauline Epistles are evidence were not produced by any mere abstract admiration for the character of Jesus, but by belief in Him as the Christ ; and it is this which guides us to a just appreciation of the necessary difference between the lect. vii. The Pauline Epistles. 297 Epistles and the Gospels. The one aim at giving us the presentation of a life, the other record the influence of that life. It is natural that in an early and unconscious age of the Church the record of the influence of the life, occurring in the form it does, should be older than and different from the portrait of the life, and that it should have preceded the portrait of the life. The influence registered itself spontaneously in the form of letters ; the life could only be recalled in the form of history. It would be the colossal framework of the life, and not its minute detail, to which the influence would be mainly due. And this influence, within certain broad and comprehensive limits, would be the same everywhere. There would be an outward difference of expres- sion, but an internal identity of operation, wherever the same vital principles were received, just as the expression of the First Epistle to the Thessalonians may differ from that of the Second Epistle to Timothy; but the motive spiritual influence implied and at work in both is the same. Thus the Epistles of St. Paul are the record of The 1 tpistles the effect or influence of the life of Jesus, but of the the pro- duct of life of Jesus as the Christ ; not as a philosopher, or belief in a teacher of morality, or a legislator of rules of life ; the Christ. but as the Christ or anointed one of God, who was in Himself the fountain and channel of all spiritual life ; the giver of the Holy Ghost ; the one mediator between God and man, who was in Himself the bond 298 The Christ of lect. vn. of union between man and God, the reconciler of the two divided and antagonistic natures, because the revelation under a new and unprecedented aspect of the character of God, and therefore the last and fullest exponent of the will of God. All this if Jesus was the Christ He would be, for it was implied and signified in His being the Christ, that is the chosen and appointed human channel of approach to God. Consequently, if Jesus were declared to be the Christ, there would be no action of His life which would not be fraught with the deepest possible meaning for man. He would be the representative of every man before God and in his approach to God. His life would be man's perfect life, His death would be man's death as a sinner, His resurrection would be man's resurrection in righteousness and His full and- free absolution and release from sin, His ascension would be man's spiritual ascension to the presence of God, and His continual session in the heavenly places. The That He should be so recognised and accepted the Holy implied, indeed, and involved the teaching of the implied. H°ly Spirit ; but to this agency and influence con- tinual reference is made in the Apostle's writings, as we see it at work in the Acts and find it was pro- mised in the Gospels. It was in demonstration of the spirit and of power that his speech had been to the Corinthians. 1 It was by the hearing of faith 1 Cor. ii. 4. Lect. vii. The Pauline Epistles. 299 that the Galatians had received the Spirit ; 1 it was in the Holy Ghost, and therefore in much assurance or certainty of conviction that the Gospel had come to the Thessalonians. 2 And therefore it was that the life of Jesus was recognised and accepted as the typical or symbolic life of man when He was acknowledged as the Christ. But inasmuch as the Gospels dealt with the life of Christ not in its effects but in its historic unfolding, as it was in itself and not as it was destined to influence others, it was not possible that they should present the same phenomena, however much the germ of that influence may have been embodied in the words of Jesus as it was of necessity contained in His acts. Moreover, the Gospels themselves give us to un- derstand that mightier results than any as yet wit- nessed were at hand ■; if not, why should the command to go into all the world have been given to men who as yet had never passed the confines of Palestine ? 3 While, therefore, the manifest difference between the Gospels and Epistles is itself a proof that these Epistles could not have been originated as the natural and proper sequel to the facts which the Gospels record, the Epistles themselves are likewise evidence to the prior existence of certain facts which were substantially those of the Gospels. If Jesus was the Christ, as the Gospels uniformly 1 Gal. iii. 2. 2 1 Thess. i. 5. 3 Cf. St. Matt. xxvi. 13. St. Mark xiv. 9, etc. 300 The Christ of lect. vii. declare Him to have been, then the Epistles are the record and abiding evidence of certain results, not indeed such as we might beforehand have ex- pected the Gospels to produce, but such as could not have been produced but for the reality of the facts they record, and the belief they are written to proclaim, that Jesus was the Christ. The The Pauline Epistles, then, are evidence, first, of Epistles certain facts, such as the life and death of Jesus the We Christ, which, as long as these writings last, cannot andthe' be resolved into myth or fiction ; and, secondly, ^£h they are evidence of the very widespread accept- His°accept- ance 0I> a particular belief, and of the results which Christ 3 the f°^ owe d its acceptance. This was the conviction or belief that Jesus was the Christ. The Epistles, moreover, are evidence, conclusive and undeniable, of the acceptance of this belief, which was based upon facts, within a short space of time after the occurrence of the facts upon which it was based. It is certain also that the widespread acceptance of this belief, and the rapid growth of the religion in- volving it, cannot be accounted for on the assump- tion that it was due solely to the influence of the life and teaching of Jesus, because, if so, it is pre- sumable that there would not have been the marked difference there is between the only records we possess of that life and teaching, and the effects of its influence as we see them in the Epistles. Con- sequently, in order to account for its acceptance, Lect. vii. The Pauline Epistles. 301 we must throw in the operation of another element, without which it is not possible that Jesus should have been the Christ, or that the declaration that He was should have met with any widespread acceptance, and this element is the bestowal of new life which is implied in His resurrection and in the gift of the Holy Spirit which followed it. Not only is the statement of the resurrection as a fact implied in every one of the Epistles, but the evidence of its effect and operation as a new prin- ciple of life is present and conspicuous everywhere. The And it is the presence of this element which at between once accounts for and explains not only the exist- and the ence of the Epistles themselves, but also the fact of the marked difference which exists between them and the Gospels. The Gospels are ostensibly the records of certain facts and teaching, and of certain facts and teaching which ostensibly lead on and up to another great and transcendent fact which is supposed to rest upon them, while the effect that the whole together are intended to produce is the conviction that Jesus is the Christ. The Epistles, on the other hand, are the expression of the results which followed this conviction. The Gospels show us how Jesus claimed to be and was the giver of new life ; the Epistles show us the operation and reality of that new life He gave. The Gospels, therefore, one and all, stop short exactly there where the Epistles begin. The Gospels declare The Christ of lect. vii. and disclose to us a great fact ; the Epistles show us the operation and consequence of that fact. It is impossible that the outward aspect of the two should be identical. The teaching of Jesus, mar- vellous and novel as it was, as a motive power was and could be nothing in comparison of His resur- rection, if that resurrection was a fact. The Epistles themselves, regarded as mere literary productions, are evidence that it was a fact. For they could not have been produced at the time and under the circumstances they were produced, and by the man who produced them, and with the essential features that characterise them, unless it had been a fact. They are not merely the transcript of certain per- sonal opinions, but evidence to the reality of a fact producing them. For, otherwise, we must admit that the phenomena presented by the Pauline Epistles, and by the early Christian churches to which they were sent, were the product of decep- tion and delusion, which is verily absurd. They are Although, then, it is true that the Gospels have not antago- ° ' ' ± nistic. drawn the portrait of the human life of Christ, while the Epistles have presented us with the con- trast of internal conception, and although the record of the latter is undoubtedly earlier in point of time, as it naturally would be, there is no essential an- tagonism or difference between them. If we know anything of the teaching of Jesus, one prominent and inseparable feature of it must have been that lect. vii. The Pauline Epistles. 303 He was Himself the Christ, for otherwise the con- tinual proclamation of the kingdom of heaven, as from the first it was proclaimed, and the appoint- ment of the twelve and of the seventy to proclaim it, would have been unmeaning. But it is precisely this truth which is the kernel of the Epistles of St. Paul. He has himself accepted Jesus as the Christ, and his writings are the monu- ment of his acceptance and the record of all that it implied. To have such a record as this so early in point of time is a proof that the leaven had begun to work, while it is itself an indication of the manner in which it worked. But just as the leaven is distinct from the meal in which it works, and from the effect produced by its mode of work- ing, so also necessarily is the record of the human life of Christ distinct and different from the picture of that new life to which it had given the impulse. Nor is it otherwise than natural that traces of the existence and operation of this new life, while carrying us back inevitably to a cause producing it, should have come into existence as they did in the letters of St. Paul, before, possibly, any detailed record of the life of Christ had been committed to writing. 1 This, indeed, it may not be given us to 1 This would naturally be the case in a society as yet hardly conscious of its own existence ; and the fact that it historically was so is no slight indication of the reality and genuineness of the causes at work. There could hardly be a greater proof of the 304 The Christ of Lect. vii. decide, but all that we are concerned to show is that the unquestionable testimony of St. Paul's Epistles, assuming as they do the framework of the Gospel narrative and the essence of the Gospel teaching, is in no way contradicted, and is not necessarily modified by the possibly subsequent attempts to present in detail a record of the human life and teaching of Jesus Christ. The consistency of the various extant narratives among themselves is altogether a different matter, upon which we need not now touch ; but it may be safely affirmed that the utmost that can be made of their alleged contradictions and inconsistencies is as nothing compared with the weight and significance of their combined testimony, confirmed and corroborated as it is by the wholly independent and necessarily unconscious witness of the writings of St. Paul, to the main central and essential facts of the history. Facts In the face, then, of the various considerations which the . . . Epistles which we have had in review before us, it appears pose. that we cannot set aside the evidence afforded by the Pauline writings to the nature and origin of the earliest Christian belief, and of the first Christian society. However numerous and interesting the questions that may arise on these matters which we historic origin of Christianity than the known existence of writings like the Pauline Epistles -within a quarter of a century after that event which was alike the foundation of them and of the religion from which they sprang — the death of Christ. lect. vii. The Pauline Epistles. 305 cannot answer, they are really inconsiderable when compared with the amount of positive and satisfac- tory evidence that is fairly within our reach. We see that the same foundation of belief is virtually implied in all the Apostle's letters, — and that this is a foundation of fact. He could not have appealed to the Colossians, as he did, to set their affections on things above, and not on things on the earth, because they were dead, and their life was hid with Christ in God, unless the resurrection and ascension of Jesus had been proclaimed at Colossas, unless Jesus had been accepted as the Christ accord- ingly, and unless the acceptance of that truth had been followed, in those to whom he wrote, by the answer of their own conscience to it in the personal experience of the gift of the Holy Ghost. They were themselves conscious and independent wit- nesses to the fact that the teaching of the Apostle had wrought in them, as truth alone could work. They knew that, as they were not the victims of delusion on the part of the Apostle, so they were not acting in collusion with him, but were free, re- sponsible, and independent witnesses to the truth which he proclaimed, as well as to the tendency of that truth to act upon their lives. This, which is alike the grand result of one and all his letters, and a result about which we may be quite sure, is at once superior to and independent of a multitude of x follow. 306 The Christ of lect. vii. minor and subordinate questions about which we must for ever be content to remain in ignorance. The con- There are then, from what has been said, certain elusions which broad conclusions which we may safely draw. The body of the New Testament writings, but peculiarly the Epistles of St. Paul, both from their manifest character and their known origin, afford irresistible and conclusive evidence to the operation of a new principle in the world to which there is no parallel in secular literature. This principle openly declared itself as the influence of the Holy Spirit. As to its novelty there can be no doubt, for the only instance of a similar agency at work, and this is but a partial parallel, is to be found in the Scriptures of the Old Testament. As to its tendency, also, there can be no doubt, unless we are prepared to assert that the moral tendency of the Pauline writings is perni- cious, and the principles inculcated bad. As to its origin, therefore, there can alone be any doubt, whether it was righteous and true, or whether it was virtually unrighteous because inherently and radically false. And this is practically determined by the former consideration, for by their fruits ye shall know them. But further, this gift of the Holy Spirit, which was continually appealed to and claimed by the first preachers of the Gospel, and implied and evidenced in the early Christian correspondence of St. Paul, was ever promised and bestowed in confirmation of Lect. vii. The Paitline Epistles. 307 the truth which was embraced when Jesus was acknowledged as the Christ. As a matter of fact there is no evidence of a principle at work analogous to that of which the writings of the New Testament, regarded merely as writings, are the abiding monu- ment, outside the limits of the early Christian society. This is simply a question of literature, and not at all an assertion of dogma. These are written that ye might believe, may fairly and conclusively be taken as the motto of the New Testament Scriptures. We do not assume inspiration in order to exalt those Scriptures ; but we take those Scriptures as they are, and deduce from their existence and their highly exceptional phenomena, the necessary postulate of a special and unique inspiration. As a matter of fact the confession of the name of Jesus as the Christ was followed by results new and unparalleled in the history of the world. If the Gospels and the Acts were lost to us, the measure of those results would be preserved imperishably in the known and un- doubted Epistles of St. Paul. As they could not have been written but for the conviction and con- fession that Jesus was the Christ, so neither are the phenomena they present and imply to be accounted for on the supposition that Jesus was not the Christ : on the supposition, that is, either that the facts which proved Him to be the Christ were fallacious and unreal, or that there was something essentially hollow and unsound in the conception of that office, 308 The Christ of lect. vii. and those hopes which He was declared to have ful- filled. For Jesus was proclaimed as the Christ, not to the Jews only, but to the Gentiles also. Jesus was accepted as the Christ, not by the Jews only who believed, but by the Gentiles also. The There is therefore, in the Christ-office of Jesus, character that which is alike independent of nationality and permanent, of time. We, in the present day, cannot afford to surrender the claim advanced for Jesus to be the Christ, for, in so doing, we shall renounce our title to the name of Christian. It was to the validity of this claim, no less than to the historic reality of the person advancing and fulfilling it, that the gift of the Holy Ghost was promised and bestowed as an attesting witness. His testimony would have been invalidated, and God, in the language of St. John, have been made a liar, had there been any flaw in the cardinal facts of the life of Jesus, or in the reality of that office which He claimed to fill. And thus, lastly, the fact of Jesus being the Christ, which is witnessed to by the historic gift of the Holy Ghost, which alone will enable us ade- quately and satisfactorily to account for the essential and characteristic features of the earliest Christian literature, as we find them in the writings of St. The Paul, becomes the effectual and conclusive seal of the oid the substantial and essential truth of the Old Testa- Scriptures. ment Scriptures as a whole. There was a hope embodied in those Scriptures, which was not of man's Lect. vii. The Patiline Epistles. 309 discovery or conception, which was Divinely-in- spired, and based on a promise which was God- given. It was a hope which grew brighter and brighter as the time of its fulfilment drew near. It was a hope of which we can clearly trace the de- velopment, and yet a hope to which, neither in its origin nor in its development, can we assign a suffi- cient natural cause. It has never been given to any nation but one to indulge instinctively an irrepres- sible hope like that of the Messiah, which the pro- gress of the ages has fulfilled. It has never been given to any literature but one to express this hope in a thousand forms, unconsciously to conceive, to nurture, and to develop it, in manifold parts and in divers manners, till it became a substantial and con- sistent whole, and to leave this expression for centu- ries as an heirloom to mankind, the significance and preciousness of which time alone would declare and history conclusively reveal. But to this nation and to this literature it was given. The national mind of Israel was pregnant with a mighty thought, a thought which we cannot fail to detect from the earliest to the latest monuments of its literature. As it was impossible that this thought should be self-originated, we can only recognise it as the fruit of the nation's exceptional nearness and dearness to God, the offspring of God's covenant and union with the nation; and when the life of Jesus could be looked back upon and regarded as a whole, then it 3 1 o The Christ of the Pauline Epistles. Lect. vii. was found, and not before, that that life was the fullest and the complete realisation of the mighty thought. When He was recognised as the man-child whom Zion travailed to bring forth, the fulness of the hope which, for long ages, patriarchs, prophets, and poets had cherished, and the law itself had fore- shadowed and symbolised, — when He was accepted as the Christ and the Prophet that should come into the world, then it was seen that the hope of the fathers was not a dream, and that He who had spoken by the prophets was none other than the Holy Spirit of truth. LECTURE VIII THE CHRIST OF THE OTHER BOOKS. The Bible is not such a book as man would have made, if he could ; or could have made, if he would. — Henry Rogers, LECTURE VIII. / Jesus liave sent mine angel to testify unto you these tilings in the Churches. I am the root and the offspring of David, and the bright and morning star. — Rev. xxii. 16. That which we know as the doctrine or conception The Christ of the Christ is only to be gathered from the New the net Testament as a whole. The writings which by acci- the New dent or design are comprised in that collection pre- sent us with a certain idea which is completely contained in them, and which cannot be added to by anything outside of them from the rest of Christian literature. This is, first, the conception of the human life of Jesus as it is recorded in the Gospels, and secondly, the idea that He was the Christ or Messiah promised of old, which is common to every book of the New Testament, the early progress of which we read in the Acts of the Apostles, and the various expressions of which we find in the several Epistles and in the book of the Eevelation. The substantive result of this aggregate of writings is the doctrine or religion of the Christ which is presented to us under various aspects and by various minds. It is quite open to us, then, to regard this conception or idea, contained as it is in 314 The Christ of Lect. viii. the New Testament, as a positive fact of literature produced approximately within the first century of our era. Original And it is to be observed that there is no other and unique. literary phenomenon answering to this fact since its appearance eighteen centuries ago. Neither was there any strict parallel to it before its appearance. For, wonderful as the phenomena presented by the Scriptures of the Old Testament really are, and sup- plying as they do the foundation upon which those of the New Testament are based, they nevertheless offer no true parallel to them. For the doctrine or conception of the Christ as we have it, which is the essential and necessary basis of the religion which we call Christianity, is un- questionably the product of a human life. In what- ever aspect we regard the Gospels, every one of them Pointing to leads us up to a human life as the ultimate reason a human _ life- of its existence. Even if the narrative is overlaid with unhistoric details, it is impossible but that there must be an historic foundation for the main events of it. And the fourfold testimony of the existing Gospels is probably to be regarded as corroborative of this conclusion. The history of the Acts, trust- worthy as it undoubtedly is in its general tenor, is likewise impossible without supposing the previous existence of the life of Jesus. And when we come to the Pauline Epistles, written as some of them probably were before any of the other books, and Lect. viii. The Other Books. 315 leading us up, as we have seen they do, to a much earlier period in the life of the writer, who must himself have been contemporary with the Person whom he first persecuted and afterwards preached, it is abundantly evident that the human life of that Person is not only the corner-stone of every epistle that he wrote, but the indispensable foundation of his after history, without which almost all that we know of him remains inexplicable. So far then as the Christ idea or the doctrine of the Christ is connected with the person of Jesus, the reality of His human life is established beyond a doubt, for the existing phenomena of the literature, as we have it, would be impossible otherwise. It remains then to notice other aspects of the other same idea presented to us in the New Testament, f the and to inquire what their relation is to those we have already considered. These are principally three ; those, namely, of the Epistle of St. James, the First Epistle of St. John, and the Revelation. The Epistles of St. Peter and the Epistle of St. Jude do not present the same marked contrast to the other writings that these do ; and the Epistle to the Hebrews is mainly the development of one idea, that, namely, of the priesthood of Jesus Christ, which, though not foreign to some of the other writers, is worthy of separate and independent consideration, but not for our present object. The Epistle of St. James naturally comes first, be- 316 The Christ of Lect. vm. The cause of its supposed antagonism to the writings of St. st P james. Paul, to which our attention was last directed. The writer calls himself a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ, 1 thereby implying not only that Jesus was the Christ, but that in some way He was unex- ceptionally near to God. He speaks afterwards of the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Lord of glory, 2 which it seems hardly possible to understand unless He had in some way been glorified. And His resurrec- tion and ascension to glory after His death of shame are virtually implied when he speaks of the coming of the Lord? Moreover, the poor who are rich in faith, the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ, and heirs of the kingdom which God hath promised to them that love Uvm, are said to be the chosen of God ; 4 which recalls the preaching of Jesus, Repent ye and believe the Gospel; 5 the Gospel of the kingdom; 6 many be called but few chosen, 1 and the like. His reference to the engrafted word, which is to be received with meekness, and is able to save the soul, % brings back to us very forcibly the parable of the sower, as also does the fruit of righteousness, which is soivn in peace of them that make peace. 9 The earnest ex- hortation to be doers of the word, and not hearers only, 10 reminds us of the conclusion of the sermon on the mount; and the injunction to ask in faith, nothing 1 St. James i. 1. ■ ii. 1. s v. 8. 4 ii. 5. 6 St. Marki. 15. 6 St. Matt. xxiv. 14. 7 xx. 16. 8 St. James i. 21. 9 iii. 18. 10 i. 22. lect. viii. The Other Books. 317 ' wavering} recalls the promise of the Lord, Ask, and it shall be given you. 2 Such admonitions as, Let patience have her perfect work, that ye may be per- fect, 3 and Take, my brethren, the prophets who have spoken in the name of the Lord for an example of suffering affliction and of patience} so frequently repeated as they are, follow on wonderfully from Rejoice and be exceeding glad, for so persecuted they the prophets which were before you} and be ye therefore perfect. 6 The worthy name by which ye are called 7 can hardly be other than the name of Christ in baptism. And though there is no direct allusion to the sufferings of Christ, yet as a time of persecution and suffering is implied, and patience is continually en- joined, we must presuppose His death who had given so conspicuous an example of patience and was now exalted to glory : while, Behold . we count them happy which endure 8 is borrowed from the words of Jesus, Blessed are they which are persecuted for righteousness' sake, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven} and He that endureth unto the end, the same shall be saved} as also is, Blessed is the man that endureth temptation, for when he is tried he shall receive the crown of life which the Lord hath promised to them that love him. 1 11 1 St. James i. 6. = St. Matt. vii. 7. 3 St. James i. 4. v. 10. 5 St. Matt. v. 12. 6 v. 48. 7 St. James ii. 7. s v 11. 9 St. Matt. v. 10. " xxiv. 13. u St. James i. 12. 3 1 8 The Christ of lect. viii. In fact there is probably no document of the New Testament that has so many points of contact with the synoptical Gospels as the Epistle of St. James ; clearly showing that, whatever was his conception of the Christ, the person in whom he so believed was none other than the Jesus whose history they record. We have then as a common framework in this Epistle, the Fatherhood of God, 1 the exaltation of Jesus who is acknowledged as the Christ, 2 His return to judgment, 3 and manifold allusions to His recorded teaching. 4 The concep- tion embodied in it is that rather of a glorified than a suffering Christ, and yet the aspect of Christian life which is most prominent is that of fellowship with His sufferings in unceasing patience, and imitation of His example in the consistency of righteous conversation. The clear and emphatic recognition of Jesus as the Christ is sufficient, at all events, to add this Epistle to the number of those early writings which the doctrine and religion of the Christ originated, however various its testimony may be. But there are certain points in which it approxi- mates with remarkable closeness to the Pauline teaching, notwithstanding its apparent difference. For example, when the writer says, Of his oion will begat he us with the word of truth, that vje should 1 St. James i. 17, 27. * ii. 1. 3 v. 8. 4 v. 12 ; St. Matt. v. 34, etc. Lect. viii. The Other Books. 3 1 9 he a hind of firstfruits of his creatures?- he virtu- ally implies that the Gospel had acted with a regenerating influence on himself and his converts, as the effect of it is so frequently described by St. Paul. It had come with a new power, and had given them new life, even as the Apostle of the Gentiles had said, You hath he quickened, ivho were dead in trespasses and sins. 2 The spiritual opera- tion which is thus implied is a clear proof that to the minds of both writers the same effect was present. The word or message of Jesus Christ, which was the word of truth, was no dead formal precept of morality, or repetition of a mere histori- cal statement, but a living energetic principle capable of begetting and imparting life. A con- fession like this is invaluable as coming from St. James, because the common -sense ethical character of his Epistle is apt to blind us to the necessary foundation of spiritual life which is pre- supposed in it. And this spiritual life was as much the gift of Jesus Christ, and the effect of belief in His word, to him, as it was to St. Paul. This assertion on his part is evidence, therefore, not only of a common basis of facts which each writer assumed, but of a common method of opera- tion implied as being inherent in the facts. The belief that Jesus risen and glorified was the Christ, is acknowledged by St. James to have had the 1 St. James i. 18. " Ephes. ii. 1. 320 The Christ of lect. viii. same quickening and reviving power in obedience to the will of God, which is affirmed by the great Apostle of the Divine election, who says that the gift of God is eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord, who ivas delivered for our offences and raised again for our justification ; 1 that it is not of him that tuilleth, nor of him that runneth, but of God that showeth mercy. 2 Nor is there the same hopeless divergence be- tween these two writers on the question as to how man can be just before God, which is frequently supposed, and as at first sight appears. It is impos- sible to resist the cogency of the trenchant practical arguments of St. James on the worthlessness of faith which has no influence on works. They are obviously conclusive. Whatever may have been their historic relation to the teaching of St. Paul, there can be no question that they form a whole- some ethical complement to that teaching ; one, however, which is virtually implied in every Epistle of St. Paul himself. But just as the practical con- clusions of St. James are implied and expressed in St. Paul, so likewise are the principles of St. Paul implied and virtually expressed in St. James. For what is the foundation principle of St. Paul, but that all the world must become guilty before God if judged according to the strict letter of the Law ? 3 Therefore it is that God hath set forth in the i Rom. vi. 23 ; iv. 25, 2 ix. 16. 3 iii. 19, 20. Lect. viii. The Other Books. 321 Gospel a more excellent way whereby the guilty may be accounted righteous in Jesus Christ. 1 This is the very word of truth which quickens and saves the soul. But since, as we have seen, this latter truth has already been stated by St. James, so also is the previous foundation principle established by him. For when he says, WJiosoever shall keep the whole law, and yet offend in one point, he is guilty of all, 2 what does he do virtually, but bring in the whole world guilty before God, as St. Paul has already done ? Judged by the strict letter of the Law, there is no man living who sinneth not. This was alike the teaching of Solomon 3 and of David, 4 and consequently St. James can neither have been ignorant of nor have run counter to it ; but when he asserts this foundation principle in the way he does, we are able to see precisely where the opera- tion of that word of truth comes in, which being received with meekness and engrafted in the heart is able to save the soid. Surely, therefore, we may fairly say that St. Paul and St. James represent two aspects of Christian truth, but only two aspects of the same Christian truth. The same Divine light fell upon minds of different hue and colour, and the effect produced differed accordingly; but as we can detect evidence of the same operation in both, so likewise 1 Rom. iii. 21. 2 St. James ii. 10. 3 1 Kings viii. 46. " Ps. cxliii. 2. 322 The Christ of lect. vin. have we conclusive proof that the origin of the light was the same to both, for it streamed forth from the glorified Jesus who was by both acknow- ledged as the Christ, the chosen of God. The We pass on next to the Epistles of St. John, st P1 john° which we treat as documents falling perhaps within the first century, and valuable for our purpose for the evidence only which they furnish as to the writer's conception of the doctrine and religion of the Christ. In the opening of the First Epistle we have the emphatic assertion that the writer was an eyewitness of the human life which had been manifested and had come forth from the Father. This was the human life of His Son Jesus Christ. 1 Nor is there any doubt as to the identity of this person with the historic Jesus who lived and died, because the writer says that the blood of Jesus Christ his Son cleanseth us from all sin} Here is the recognition of that idea of the high priesthood of Jesus Christ which is the main subject of the Epistle to the Hebrews. The cleansing is a spiritual cleansing, but it is the inward analogue of the ceremonial purification and atonement for sin typified under the Law. As the fact of our Lord's death is not expressely alluded to in the Epistle of St. James, so neither is the fact of His resurrection in the Epistles of St. John, but it is continually implied. For He is recognised as the advocate 1 John i. 1-3. 2 i. 7. Lect. viii. The Other Books. 323 with the Father, and as being Himself the source of life, which involves therefore His resurrection and ascension. In the Epistle of St. James, the writer's mind was chiefly filled with the glorified condition of Jesus, and the necessity of a life con- formable to it in the brethren ; but St. John seems mainly occupied with the thought of the death of Christ, and of the life which is centred in Him. As St. James also presupposed without alluding in terms to the work of the Spirit, so St. John, on the other hand, not only presupposes but expressly refers to that work ; for, says he, ye have an unction from the Holy One, and ye know all things} But that which will at once be recognised as the most characteristic feature of the teaching of St. John's Epistles is the prominence he assigns to love. The bent of St. James's character was moral righteousness and integrity, that of St. John's is devout and fervent love. It was a love borrowed from the love of Him who laid down His life for sinners. It is this love whereby we are to have boldness in the day of judgment,' 1 in the expectation of which day of His appearing we detect another point of contact with St. James, as likewise with St. Paul. The notion of a death for sin, the effect of which has been to put away sin and to cleanse from sin, 3 is so common in St. Paul that we need 1 1 John ii. 20. Cf. also iii. 24 ; iv. 13. 2 i v . 17. 3 2 Cor. v. 21, etc. 324 The Christ of lect. viii. not dwell upon it ; and the notion of a love derived from the love of Christ cannot be foreign to him who has drawn for us the famous picture of love in his First Epistle to Corinth. It is clear, then, that these various writings are so many illustrations of the effect produced upon individual minds by the facts of the life of Jesus and the belief that He was the Christ. It is not upon their authority that we dwell, so much as upon the undeniable evidence they afford of the operation of a particular belief, based upon a series of facts which are manifestly common to all the writers. That this belief and these facts would operate variously on various minds was only natural and to be expected. The differences, however, are plainly differences of individual character, and the identity of operation and the sameness of results produced, which are recognisable in all, are the more remarkable from this necessary contrast of individual character. And it is the general and broad result thus produced in a variety of minds manifestly so independent as to be capable of being not seldom represented as antagonistic, that we call the doctrine, or conception, or religion of the Christ. The unity and completeness of the full idea are to be gathered only from a survey of all the records. One part of the conception is more prominent in some writings than it is in others. But, as a matter of fact, all are requisite for the lect. viii. The Other Books. 325 expression of the complete conception before we can deal with it as a substantive whole. With a view to this, the Epistles of St. Peter The First and St. Jude may be briefly mentioned next. In st. Peter, the First Epistle of St. Peter, it matters not now who wrote it, we have in the opening verses the sufferings, death, resurrection, and future appearing of our Lord Jesus Christ. 1 "The strangers" to whom it is written are addressed as elect according to the foreknowledge of God the Father, and they are characterised as having been born again not of corruptible seed, but of incorruptible, by the word or reason of God, who liveth and abidethfor ever. 2 Furthermore, we have mention made of sanctif ca- tion of the Spirit, which is the spirit of Christ, through which the disciples have purified their souls in obeying the truth; 5 and the Gospel, which is identified with the spoken word of the Lord, 4 is said to have been preached with the Holy Ghost sent down, from heaven. 5 The redemption of be- lievers is said to be with the precious blood of Christ, as of a lamb, without blemish arid without spot, 6 showing that the writer recognised in the death of Jesus the complete fulfilment of the types of the law. The Epistle is evidence also that many Gentiles, which in time past were not a people, had 1 1 Pet. i. 1-11. 2 i 23. 3 i. 2, 11,22. 4 i 25. 6 i. 12. 6 i- 19- 326 The Christ of Lect. viii. now become the people of God ; l that they willingly regarded themselves as spiritual heirs of the pro- mises made to Israel ; and that this change in their position had been brought about by their acknow- ledgment of Jesus as the Christ. 2 It is clear, also, that times of trouble were at hand, and that some had begun to be reproached for the name of Christ, and to suffer for being called Christian ; 3 but the day of Christ's glory was about to be revealed, when they would be glad with exceeding joy. 4 The practice of baptism as a common rite 5 is also spoken of in this Epistle, and the responsibility of godly conversation is strongly insisted upon. 6 The The Second Epistle of St. Peter is chiefly re- Epistk of rnarkable for its vivid anticipation of judgment, for t eter ' its strenuous inculcation of holiness and denun- ciation of ungodliness, and for the additional title of Saviour, 7 which it frequently assigns to our Lord Jesus Christ. Familiarity with the Scriptures of the Old Testament, and frequent allusion to them, are characteristic of both these Epistles. The Passing on to St. Jude, we find that his Epistle st P jude° is addressed to them that are sanctified by God the Father and preserved in or reserved for Jesus Christ, and called. 8 The writer speaks of the common sal- vation, which he implies was obtained through the 1 1 Pet. ii. 10. 2 ii. 7. 3 iv. 12, 14, 16. 4 iv. 13. 5 iii. 21. 6 i. 15, etc. 7 2 Pet. i. 1, 11 ; ii. 20 ; iii. 2, 18. 8 Jude 1. Lect. viii. The Other Books. 327 grace of God and our Lord Jesus Christ. 1 He exhorts his disciples, by confirmation in the faith and prayer in the Holy Ghost, to keep themselves in the love of God, looking for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ unto eternal life. 2 He makes mention of certain feasts of charity, 3 and speaks of the apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ, whose spoken words must have been fresh in the memory of those to whom he wrote. 4 We are here, then, as it were, brought face to face with men who had listened to the teaching of those who had received their commission from the Lord himself, and we have collateral evidence of the general tenor of their teaching. The opening of the Revelation of St. John bears The witness to belief in Jesus as one who had died and of e s e t. aK risen again ; 5 who was to come with clouds, when Jo n ' every eye should see him, and they a«so which pierced him. 6 His death had not only been a priestly expiation from sin, but it had conferred a priesthood upon believers, 7 even as St. Peter had called them a royal priesthood. 8 The offices of king and priest, which were united in Jesus Christ, were united also in believers. The sublime vision of the Son of Man in glory is the most remarkable feature of this part of the Apocalypse, the whole of which book is itself an exhibition of the glorified Jesus in His character 1 Jude 4. 2 21. 3 12. 4 17. 6 Rev. i. 18. 6 i. 7. 7 i. 6. 8 1 Pet. ii. 9. 328 The Christ of lect. viii. of judge. The Epistles to the Seven Churches of Asia recognise Him as the Son of God; 1 as he which searcheth the hearts and reins, and will give to every one according to his ivorks. 3 Each of these Epistles ends with the remarkable words, — He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches, — the Spirit being clearly the Spirit of Christ or of Him which hath the seven Spirits of God. s Jesus Christ is further represented in the Apocalypse as the Lion of the tribe of Judah, i the root and offspring of David? the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world? who hath redeemed us to God by his blood out of every kindred, and tongue, and people, and nation.'' The saints arrayed in white robes are said to be they which came out oj great tribidation, and had ivashed their robes and ■made them white in the blood of the Lamb} When the seventh angel sounded, there were great voices in heaven, saying, — The kingdoms of this ivorld are become the kingdoms of our Lord and of his Christ ; and he shall reign for ever and ever. 9 The testi- mony of Jesus is declared to be the spirit of pro- phecy ; 10 and finally, He is Himself called The Word of God, and is said to have on his vesture and on his thigh a name written, King of kings, and Lord of lords. 11 1 Rev. ii. 18. 2 ii. 23. 3 iii. 1. 4 v. 5. 6 xxii. 16. 6 xiii. 8. T v. 9. 8 vii. 13, 14. 9 xi. 15. 10 xix. 10. 11 xix. 16. lect. viii. The Other Books. 329 Such, is a brief summary of the Apocalyptic con- ception of Jesus as the Christ. Whatever may be the date of the Eevelation, it expresses, perhaps, the fullest development of the Messianic character and glories of Jesus, and it is unquestionably the work of a man who had been nurtured in Judaism. It represents, moreover, the fullest effect produced by turning the many-coloured light of prophecy upon the personal history of Jesus. The writer sees in all prophecy, from Genesis to Daniel, a testimony bearing witness to Jesus. It is plain, moreover, that the two features of the Godhead and of the priest- hood of the Messiah, which are more especially wrought out in the Epistle to the Hebrews, are con- tained in form and essence in the Eevelation, as they were implied in the First Epistle of St. Peter and in many of those of St. Paul. Though this last great anonymous Epistle has expanded more fully the priesthood of Jesus, it has not, in doing so, added any new feature to His character. We are, therefore, now in a position to survey as a whole the doctrine or religion of the Christ, as it is contained in the earliest Christian writings we possess, and developed by them out of materials previously existing in the sacred writings of the Jews. And first, there is the clear fact, not only attested The . results bv historv but which we must also postulate m that follow J J ' . from all order to account for the phenomena presented in this. 330 The Christ of lect. viii. these writings of the human life and death of Jesus. That human life and death is the corner-stone of theh existence, which, without it, would have been impossible. Secondly, there is the fact, equally cer- tain, that this same Jesus was proclaimed by men of various minds and characters as the Christ, for without it also the Christian literature could have had no existence. Thirdly, there is the necessary inference that the Christ-character which He was declared to have fulfilled was a substantive reality, not only in the minds of those who received Him, but of those also who rejected Him in that character, and consequently that this ideal conception had been, as a matter of fact, produced by the Scriptures of the Old Testament. Fourthly, there is the no less necessary inference, that it was impossible for Jesus to have been thus accepted in consequence of the effect produced only by His life and death. We must postulate other influences, which are mainly two, — first, the reality of His resurrection ; and secondly, the reality of the effects which accom- panied and followed His recognition as the Christ in the gift of the Holy Spirit. The evidence of the reality of this gift is in our own hands, and consists in the existence of the earliest Christian literature embodied in the New Testament. There is irresist- ible and conclusive evidence there of the operation of a new power, to which there is no complete ana- logy in the history or literature of the world, but to Lect. viii. The Other Books. 331 which corroborative witness is borne even in the linguistic phenomena of these writings. For example, there is no phrase in the Old Tes- The t • . -r-, r\ expression tament directly answering to the Holy Spirit of the "The New. We have of course such phrases as, the Spirit spirit" of God, the Spirit of the Lord, my Spirit, and the like. We have thy Holy Spirit once in the fifty-first Psalm, 1 and his Holy Spirit twice in the sixty- third of Isaiah, — but even these phrases nowhere else ; but the Holy Spirit never occurs. No sooner, however, do we open these pages, than we encounter, for the first time, a new and original phrase, — the Holy Ghost, which occurs repeatedly, in all nearly a hundred times, is found in almost every book, and is used by every writer of the New Testament with the single exception of St. James, who, however, as we have seen, implies, in very remarkable words, the opera- tion of the Holy Spirit. The natural inference, therefore, is, that this new phraseology is expressive of a new fact ; and we know that the apostles laid claim to the bestowal of the Holy Spirit as a new gift, and appealed to it as the most convincing proof that their message was a true one. It is surely, then, incidental evidence of the reality of the new gift they claimed to bestow, that their writings are so full of allusions to it which are 1 This phrase alone occurs also in Wisdom ix. 17 — "And thy counsel who hath known, except thou give wisdom, and send thy Holy Spirit from above ?" 33 2 The Christ of lect. viii. couched in language that is also new. There is nothing even in the Old Testament answering to the continual reference to the Holy Spirit in the New. The idea exists there in germ, as does also the idea of the Christ ; but the full development of both ideas is the great literary fact of the New Testament, which is patent and demonstrable. is the If, therefore, this new and original gift, which anewfact. was confessed alike by Jew and Gentile, by Eoman and Greek, by Barbarian, Scythian, bond and free, and has left for all ages its indelible mark and its indestructible monument in the literature of the New Testament, was, as a matter of fact, the product of the acknowledgment of Jesus as the Christ, and its accompaniment ; — if, as an historic result, which there is no denying, the confession of Jesus as the Christ, and that alone, was the origin of this litera- ture, and the effects to which it witnesses — may we not affirm that the credit of the Spirit of truth, which is also the Spirit of promise, is, in a manner, staked upon the validity and truth of that to which He so clearly testified — namely, that Jesus was the Christ, the chosen of God, who was declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the Spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead. 1 It must be borne in mind that the broad issue thus presented is virtually independent of a variety of questions which may be proposed as to the 1 Eom. i. 4. lect. viii. The Other Books. 333 authorship and date of various books. The acknowledged Epistles of St. Paul are themselves a mine of testimony to the nature of early Christian belief, and the facts on which it rested. They carry us back far within the limits of the generation in which Jesus lived and died, and they show the kind of effect which belief in Him had produced. Whether this or that other Epistle is by him, or when it was written, does not really affect the main issue, which is clear enough without. Putting the extreme case that the name of Peter has been wrongly affixed to the first Epistle bearing it, the whole value of the document as a witness to Christ The points ...... of contact does not turn upon that. W e may stiii believe that in the it truly represents the condition and faith of many writings scattered throughout Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, important Asia, and Bithynia, 1 who, being the elect of God, as f contrast. lively stones had been built up a spiritual house, a holy priesthood, to offer up spiritual sacrifices acceptable to God by Jesus Christ. 2 The patent phenomena of it as a literary monument have still to be accounted for. And taken only as such it is one witness more to the marvellous effects brought about by belief in Jesus as the Christ, which from other sources were sufficiently plain already. Nor is it possible that this position can be seriously affected by the most that can be made out of the obvious divergencies of Christian teaching, as, 1 St. Peter i. 1. 2 ii. 5- 334 The Christ of Lect. vm. for example, those of St. James and St. Paul. It is not the divergencies that are the most remarkable feature. These exist in the acknowledged writings of St. Paul himself, and they must exist in the writing's of any man. The common foundation of underlying fact that is apparent, and the implicit unity of originating motive at work, in both, are the points of real moment to be observed. And these are no less patent in one than in the other ; and the conclusion to which they lead us is the same, that the Jesus who was glorified and would return to judgment was acknowledged as the Christ, and that belief in Him was an obligation to consistent holiness of life. Thus the books of the New Testament present us with the full development and expansion of an idea which existed in germ in the Old Testament, the idea, that is, of the Christ or the Messiah. The historic growth of this idea is distinctly traceable in the ancient Scriptures. The earliest indications of it are to be found in Genesis, the latest in Daniel, and the post-captivity prophets. Each successive stage of the history and each successive period of the literature added its own contribution to the thought, till the actual result of the whole was the undefined and yet definite expectation of the Messiah which was rife in the Jewish nation long before the commencement of the Christian era. As, however, it was impossible that any one element Lect. viii. The Other Books. 335 in the Old Testament conception should have been the natural parent of any other, — that the fifty -third of Isaiah, for instance, should have been suggested by or grown out of the twenty-second Psalm, or Daniel's prophecy of the Messiah have been originated by Jeremiah's prediction of the captivity, or the like — so also is it impossible that all these elements com- bined should have created that full development of the conception which is presented in the collective books of the New Testament. At the close of the reign of Tiberius Csesar all The vapid ° develop- that the world knew of this Messianic conception ment of the Christ was contained in the sacred writings of the Jews idea and the popular faith derived from them. Within the space of two generations afterwards, that doc- trine of the Christ, as it is contained in the bulk of the New Testament literature, existed in its in- tegrity. That the seed had expanded into the tree of mighty growth, is an undoubted fact both of history and of literature. For it is with literary monuments that we are now dealing. The four great Epistles of St. Paul are impossible phenomena if they had nothing but the Old Testament to rest on. As a matter of fact, the one could not have originated the other. And yet the Pauline letters could not have existed without the Old Testament Scriptures. Between these two great literary facts, as an inevitable and connecting link, there occurred the historic fact of the human life and death of Jesus. 336 The Christ of lect. vm. the result As that human life and death can alone account for of the human life the relation subsisting between the two, so is it also of Jesus. ... . . the one historic and originating cause without which these Epistles could not have existed. But the mere life and death of a Man who Himself left no abiding memorial behind Him, could not, together with the Scriptures of the Old Testament, have given birth to a new and unique literature, unless there were elements in His character and history as unique as the results which they produced. That Jesus was the Christ is the uniform and consistent testimony of the New Testament writers, and the belief that He was is the only occasion for their existence as writers. That He, being the Christ of prophecy, contained in Himself the fulfilment of all the past and the promise of all the future — that He was at once the root and the offspring of David, and the bright and morning star, 1 the realisation of the old and the inaugurator of the new dispensation, the fountain of eternal life and the giver of the Holy Ghost, and thus should have been the adequate and sufficient origin of effects so mighty and so marvellous, is conceivable ; but that the effects, being no less mighty and marvellous than they are, should have been produced when His alleged character was a fiction, and His personal influence an un- reality, is not conceivable, and reduces us to the necessity of rejecting a cause commensurate with 1 Rev. xxii. 16. Lect. viii. The Other Books. 337 the effect in order that we may choose one which would be altogether and wholly inadequate. As, moreover, the Epistles of St. Paul are un- TheChnst- .... . conception faltering and decisive in their testimony to the spiritual, reality of the human life of Jesus, so also do they contain within themselves the germ of the perfect conception of His character as the Christ. That character is of necessity an ideal because it is a spiritual one. Christ as He was known after the flesh was the son of Mary who was crucified through weakness. The conditions of His natural life were confounding to flesh and blood, and they culminated in the offence of the cross. The very assertion that He was the Christ involved a certain idealisation of those spiritual functions the title implied, which could not be discernible by flesh and blood. The priesthood of Christ, His eternal Sonship, His future return to judgment, even His resurrection and ascension, to some extent appealed to the imagination and to the spiritual faculties to apprehend them. They could not be the objects of experience to the natural senses. Their contempla- tion involved the exercise of other powers. The fact that it was these topics that the Epistles dealt with, would itself explain the marked difference existing between them and the Gospels or the Acts. The Christ was of necessity an internal conception endued with all the glory and majesty which was hidden from the natural eye m the z 338 The Christ of lect. vm. human Jesus. It was the discovery of the one in the other, and the fulfilment in Jesus of the ideal character of the Christ that produced the pheno- mena of conversion, and gave the impulse to those mighty results of which the Epistles themselves are the lasting monument and the abiding proof, producing But then these results were the very last that to have the Scriptures of the Old Testament would have antid- produced. It was the person of Jesus acting through those Scriptures that produced the results. It was His life, His death, His resurrection, His ascension, but pre-eminently the Holy Spirit which He promised to send, that awoke in those ancient writings their latent fire, and produced, through their agency and through the answer given to their prophetic promises and hopes, those phenomena of new and spiritual life of which the New Testament itself is the greatest witness. And this is what we mean by the historic development of the Christ-conception or of the religion of the Christ. Within thirty years after the death of Jesus, all the essential features of that doctrine or conception were fully developed. What- ever was added afterwards by the Eevelation of St. John, for example, or by other books, was not a substantive addition ; it had existed long before in the faith of believers and in the record of their belief. This is a matter of history, resting upon documentary evidence which is unexceptionable. Lect. viii. The Other Books. 339 It is plain, moreover, that the effects which followed the acknowledgment of Jesus as the highest and complete fulfilment of prophecy, were not only unique as a matter of history, but also that there is no other life or character which could have produced the same results through the opera- which j> 1 . could have tion 01 the same means. Ihere is no other person been in the annals of history, who being contemplated by no one in connection with the same writings of the Old Testament, is capable of producing such a combina- tion as would effect a similar result. Nor have we any reason to believe there ever Avill be. But, as an unquestionable historic fact, these great results were the direct and immediate fruit of belief in Jesus as the Christ. It is hard indeed, therefore, to resist the cogency of the apostolic assertion that the testimony of Jesus is the spirit of prophecy} We are constrained to acknowledge that the unity and completeness of the full conception of the Christ, the marvellous way in which it fits into the anticipations of the Old Testament, and more than fills up the measure of its significance, and yet from this very fact could not have been suggested by those writings, as it historically was not, is its own witness. This could not have been, as it assuredly was not, the work of man. Here, if anywhere, is to be seen the finger of God. By these indestruc- tible facts of history and of literature, even more 1 Eev. xix, 10. 340 The Christ of lect. viii. plainly than by a voice from heaven, He has de- clared of Jesus, This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased? and has set the seal of His Divine approval to the testimony of Apostles and Evangelists that He was the Christ. We are precluded, then, from regarding the Christ doctrine, even as it is expressed in St. Paul's Epistles, as a merely Pauline conception, because some of the most essential features of that doctrine — such as the Messiahship, the glorification, and the future return of Jesus — are as characteristic of St. James as they are of St. Paul ; and because other features no less prominent in him are common with him to the other writers of the New Testament. These are, the belief in Jesus as the Christ, the fulfilment in Him which that implied of the Scriptures of the Pro- phets ; the life, death, resurrection, ascension, and final manifestation of J esus ; His perpetual priest- hood, or the mystic power to cleanse from sin involved and inherent in His death ; the sanctification of the Holy Spirit, which was the natural and yet the super- natural consequence of belief in Him ; and the requi- site consistency in holiness of life enjoined upon and commonly produced in those who became followers of Him, as well as the union of believers with God and with one another through their union with Him. And to this historic and literary development of 1 St. Matt. iii. 17 ; xvii. 5. Lect. viii. The Other Books. 341 the Eeligion of the Christ, arising as it did out of the facts of the life of Jesus, and the light which was shed by them on the Scriptures of the Prophets, we point as a sufficient and conclusive evidence of its origin. The variety, the independence, and the gradual The _ evidence development, of the materials existing in the Old of origin Testament, which supplied the foundation of it, are by it. facts that cannot be gainsaid. Neither can their existence, regarded merely as literary phenomena, be accounted for on purely natural principles. The ordinary impulses of human authorship or flights of human genius will not account for or explain the mysterious utterances of an Isaiah or a Zechariah. There is that in them which no theory of merely human causation will resolve. Each separate stage in the marvellous growth is a witness to the exist- ence of the earlier one, but not the natural or the necessary result of it. Each individual writer stands out in his own clearly-marked and characteristic personality, spontaneously but unconsciously add- ing his own fragment to the mass ; and not till the last echoes of the latest Prophet have died away is the result seen to be a uniform and consistent whole. Not till the Son of man has come, and died and risen and been glorified, is it perceived, because before it could not be, that His portraiture was sketched of old by the Prophets. And when we come to that life itself, it is not 342 The Christ of lect. viii. till we find the impress of the seal on the plastic clay of human life which has been regenerated, re- newed, and elevated, recreated, cleansed, and glori- fied, that we discover what the seal itself had been. The death which could communicate itself to a cor- rupt and sinful nature, and prove the destruction of the old man, could have been no ordinary death. It must have been the death of Him on whom the Lord had laid the iniquity of us all, and who had made His soul an offering for sin. The resurrection of Him who had bestowed spiritual life on others, which had brought forth such fruit in them as the Epistles to Eome and Ephesus are samples of, must have been itself a reality, the demonstration of an inherent principle of eternal life which was undying and had cast out death. To Him who had shed forth on the new society gifts of the Spirit so unmistakable and so abundant, the Spirit itself must have been given without measure. He had indeed received gifts for men, yea even for His enemies, because He had ascended up on high, and had led captivity captive, that the Lord God might dwell among them. Recapitu- And lastly, in the historic development of the religion and doctrine of the Christ, appearing as it does first in the Prophets in a form inchoate and germinal, next in the Epistles in a form fully matured and complete, and lastly in the historic books of the New Testament, which endeavour to recall the image of the living Jesus in the form of lation. Lect. viii. The Other Books. 343 reminiscences of an actual human life, we have the clearest possible proof of the real origin of that doctrine. The Epistles of necessity presuppose the fact of a previously-existing human life in all mate- rial points identical with that portrayed in the Gospels. It cannot be alleged that these Epistles owe their existence to the prior existence of the Gospels. On the contrary, they exhibit the central fact of the Gospels in active operation, probably, or at least possibly, long before they were any one of them written. At all events, their testimony is entirely independent, as from the nature of the case it is undesigned. We have then to account for the phenomena they present without drawing upon any existing sources, or sources known to have existed, except those which already existed in the Scriptures of the Old Testament. But these of themselves are manifestly inade- quate to account for them. We must throw in the human life of Jesus, including the central and essen- tial facts of that life, without which it alone would have been inadequate to account for them. If the Epistles could possibly be regarded merely as the expression of individual sentiment and opinion, the case would of course be very different. But they cannot be so regarded. They are themselves the evidence of certain facts, as also is the personal history of their author. His early, no less than his later career, is only to be accounted for on the sup- 344 The Christ of lect. vm. position of the reality of the life of Jesus. His writings show us that life, operating not as a past but as a present influence, not only in himself but in others. They spring from no morbid attachment to a dead man, but are instinct with the Almighty power and with the Divine Spirit of a risen and tri- umphant Saviour. Judged, therefore, merely as literary results, they can only be assigned to delusion or to madness, if their real origin is not that which it claims to be. The hypothesis of delusion is un- tenable, because it demands too wide an area. The hypothesis of madness was long ago anticipated and precluded in a defence attributed to the writer him- self — / am not mad, most noble Festus, but speak forth the words of truth and soberness. 1 The historic development, therefore, of the Christ-doctrine is a manifest proof of the historic origin of Christianity, of that religion of which it is the essential basis. In Christianity we are brought face to face with a religion which as a matter of fact sprang from facts, and was based upon the foundation of a human life. All evidence is fatal to the notion that it was a congeries of coagulated sentiment. It was no cobweb of fictions spun from the brain of overwrought and deluded preachers. We cannot trace it home to any such origin or birthplace. Its simplest and most elementary expression was Jesus is the Christ. 1 Acts xxvi. 25. lect. viii. The Other Books. 345 And this was not only simple and elementary, but it was essential and uniform. There was and could be no Christianity where this expression did not obtain. If the Christ was an ideal conception, it was one which owed more than half its existence and all its glory to the realities of the life of Jesus. That life was the vital spark, which, falling on the prepared substance of ancient prophecy, produced a conflagration which set the whole world in a blaze. / am come, to send fire on the earth, and what will I if it be already kindled ? 1 But that the material was prepared beforehand, was the work of God, and not of man, and that the vital spark was deposited in a human life which through death could destroy him that had the power of death, is evidence that that human life was the gift of God, and derived from God as no other life could be. This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased? No other fact of his- tory, no other human life, falling on the same substance, could have produced the same result, nor would this human life, falling upon any similar substance not similarly prepared. It was the union of these two, but of these two only, which resulted, or could have resulted, in the way it did. What is the inference, therefore ? — Verily, that the expression Jesus is the Christ was, as the Apostles declared it to be, and as the Holy Spirit 1 St. Luke xii. 49. 2 St. Matt. xvii. 5. 346 The Christ of lect. viii. testified, the utterance of the truth of God. This was the record that God gave of His Son. The But we find in this Christ-doctrine and Ke- perma- " ligion of the Christ not only an evidence of its this 6 "' historic origin in the world of fact, but an indi- cation also of its destined permanence. It is independent alike of the changes of fortune and the chances of time. Empires may dissolve and monarchies may fall, but this religion will stand. No revelations of science in the future can reverse or unwrite the record of the past, which is deep graven in the facts of human literature and history. If as a matter of undeniable fact the consequence of the proclamation of Jesus as the Christ was what we have seen it to be, it becomes impossible to imagine that the Christ-doctrine was nothing more than a temporary and transient feature of the movement. We cannot see in these results a marked indication of the finger of God, a setting of the seal of the Divine Spirit to the truth of a message proclaimed in obedience to the Divine will, and refuse to acknowledge that the message was something more than of temporary significance and of transient import. If this was the Divine message in a way that no other message ever was Divine, then we can hardly venture to affirm that the essential terms of it were in their essence tran- sitory. We can scarcely suppose that it will be a matter of indifference whether or not we cease to Lect. viii. The Other Books. 347 regard Jesus as the Christ. To take Him only as He is known to the wildest unbelief — as a human teacher of great originality, as a successful reformer, as an enthusiast who was Himself the victim of extraordinary delusions — will in no degree be com- patible with the literary phenomena of the New Testament which we possess as the actual outcome and result of His personal influence, whatever His personal character may have been. If a similar estimate of the character of St. Paul will fail to account for the remarkable features of the Pauline writings, still less will this theory of the character of Jesus be consistent with those features, because it implies on His part not only delusion, but de- liberate and energetic deception. The centre of Pauline teaching was Jesus, but the centre of the teaching of Jesus was Himself, and every estimate of His character is inadequate which does not recognise this fact. If, therefore, we cannot have the complete conception of the Christ-character without the human life of Jesus, so neither can we have any adequate or just notion of the per- sonal life of Jesus without the essential elements of the Christ-character combined with it. Who was Jesus, if He was not the Christ ? We are at a loss to determine. He was an anomaly in human history, standing out in remarkable relation to the ancient literature and history of His people, but having nothing to do with it, and assuredly not pro- 34 8 The Christ of Lect. viii. duced by it — shedding marvellous light on all other times and histories, but Himself dwelling in dark- ness — undeniably the centre and source of a unique collection of writings, to which there is no approxi- mate parallel in literature, but presenting, in His own character, the strongest possible contrast to the acknowledged tendency of those writings, because Himself indifferent to truth as a first requisite of virtue. If Jesus was not what the Gospels, Acts, and Epistles, agree in confessing Him to have been, we not only are unable to say what He was, but are at a loss to account for their existence as the actual product of the belief that He was the Christ. On the assumption that their combined testimony is true, His character at once becomes consistent and intelligible, and their existence is explained. They were the substantial and permanent bequest of Him who was the Mediator of the New Testament. They are the abiding proof of the reality and the fulfil- ment of that promise of the Holy Ghost which He made to His disciples. If it is asked, How do we know that He made it, except on the authority of these writings themselves ? we can only reply, It is more in accordance with reason to suppose He did . than it is, judging from the nature of the result itself, to imagine that the promise was invented to give the appearance of greater mystery to that which already was but too mysterious ; to seem to account for that which, with or without it, was equally unaccountable. Lect. viii. The Other Books. 349 The historic development, then, of the doctrine Conciu- and religion of the Christ is a strong moral evidence s " of its origin. It was not invented by man. In the highest and truest sense it was God-given. It has all the characteristics of an actual and a genuine revelation. Not only was the character of Jesus the character of the Son of God, but the way in which His life gave vitality to the germinal elements of the Christ-idea latent in the ancient Scriptures, and the way in which that conception gathered strength and grew, as it were, naturally, and yet not without an energy at work which was other than natural, in the threefold and mutually independent forms of correspondence, history, biography, till, within the period of an ordinary human lifetime from the death of Jesus, it had attained its fullest development, and was substantially complete long before ; and the way in which it wrought, like leaven, in the mass of a decaying and corrupt humanity, till the whole was leavened and renewed, — is the highest moral evidence we can have of the character of the energy at work, and of the nature of the Will whose opera- tion it revealed. No mere worship of humanity unredeemed and unregenerate can aspire to supersede the religion of Jesus as the Christ; no vague residuum of the various relioions of the world, reduced to their common elements of morality and truth, can hope to supplant this, for it is possessed of special characteristics which mark it out as separate from all. No other religion 3 SO The Christ of Lect. viii. has an origin so distinct and manifest as this. No other faith has the evidence of an inherent vitality like this. No other has the promise or the prospect of permanence like this. No other is capable of producing fruits that redound so much to the glory of God and to the good of man as this. No other religion may so fitly be called Divine, or so justly be attributed to God, as this ; for none can so clearly establish her credentials or make good her claim. It is no question, however, of mere superiority between this religion and any other. If Christianity is true, that is to say if the religion of Jesus as the Christ is true, it is true as no other is true. If God has indeed set His seal to this religion, He has set it in a way that He has not set it to any other. No other religion but this, saving only that from which it sprang, which must stand or fall with it, can point to anything like the same pedigree of fact. No other religion but these which are virtually both one as regards their origin, can point to monuments so enduring, so remarkable, so sublime, so holy. Heaven and earth shall i^ass away ; but my words shall not pass away} was a bold and magnificent challenge ; but it was something more, for it was a challenge, daring as it was, which may be safely left to vindicate and prove itself. Lord, to whom shall we go ? thou hast the words of eternal life, 2 is language that was addressed to Jesus, and which can be addressed to no human 1 St. Matt. xsiv. 35 ; St. Luke xxi. 33. 2 St. John vi. 68. Lect. viii. The Other Books. 3 5 1 teacher. We may be uncertain as to its propriety when addressed to Him ; but we can scarcely venture to address such words to any other. He is either worthy of them, or He is not ; if He is not, then there is no one else that we can name in com- parison of Him ; but if He is worthy of them, then let us go to Him ourselves with them. Let us make them our own. Let us give ourselves in heart and soul and mind and strength to Him. Let us go to Him for the life which He alone can give, for the pardon of all the sinful past, for the light of the darkened present, for the hope of the endless future. Let us resolve that, while many are falling away, and some are making shipwreck of faith, and some are tossed to and fro with every wind of doctrine, aud some have no steadfastness and no hope, and some are without God in the world, and while times are changing and things temporal are passing away, and things eternal are hastening on and drawing near, it shall be ours to cling fast to Jesus as the Christ, the chosen of God — to serve Him in health and strength, when all is bright and joyous, and the powers are vigorous and unimpaired, and to trust Him in the time of trouble when days are dark and dreary, and to believe in Him to the saving of the soul now and when the solemn hour of departure is at hand. There is no other friend but He who will not fail us now. There is no other friend but He whom we can dare to trust then ; for He alone hath 35 2 The Christ of the Other Books. Lect. viii. the promise of the life that now is, and of that which is to come. Let us then not be too proud or too cold or too frivolous to adopt the conclusion of the men of Samaria — We hioiv that this is indeed the Christ, the Saviour of the World ; 1 but with the fixed assurance that what is thus true once must inevitably be true for ever, let us go to Jesus ourselves, with the noble, the generous, the sublime confession of Simon Peter, and say to Him, as the heart-felt utterance of our own personal conviction and unchanging faith, We believe, and are sure, that thou art that Christ, the Son of the living God. 2 1 St. John iv. 42. 2 vi. 69. Itaque Tu Pater, qui lucem visibilem primifias creaturce Jedlsti, et lucem Intellectualem ad fastigium operum tuorum in faciem hominis inspirasti ; Opus hoc, quod a tua bonitate pro- fechim, tuam gloriam repetit, tuere et rege. Tu postquam con- versus es ad spectandum opera quw fecerunt manus tuce, vidisti quod omnia essent bona valde ; et requievisii. At homo conversus ad opera qua} fecerunt manus sum, vidit quod omnia essent vanitas et vexatio spirits ; nee ullo modo requievit. Quare si in operi- bus tuis sudabimus, fades nos visionis tuceet Sabbati tin partici- ples. Supplices petimus, ut Jiosc mens nobis constet : utque novis eleemosynis per manus nostras et aliorum, quibus eandem men- tem largieris, familiam humanam dotatam velis. THE END. A SELECTION FROM THE BOOKS PUBLISHED DURING 1869, 1870, 1871, AND 1872, BY Messrs. RIVINGTON, HIGH STREET, OXFORD; TRINITY STREET, C MBRIDGE; WATERLOO PLACE, LONDON. THE BOOK OP CHURCH LAW. Being an exposition of the Legal Rights and Duties of the Clergy and Laity of the Church of England. By the Rev. John Henry Blunt, M.A., F.S.A. Revised by Walter G. F. Phillimore, B.C.L., Barrister-at-Law, and Chancellor of the Diocese of Lincoln. Crown 8vo. "]s. 6d. "We have tested this work on various points value o/a little legal knowledge on the part of of a crucial character, and have found it very the clergy to recommend this book to their accurate and full in its information. It em- students. It would serve admirably as the bodies the results of the most recent acts of the text-book for a set of lectures, and we trust we Legislature on the clerical profession and the s/utll hear that its publication has done some- rights qftlie laity."— Standard. thing to encourage the younger clergy to make "Already in our leading columns we have themselves masters of at least the general out- directed attention to Messrs. Blunt and Phil- lines of Ecclesiastical Law, as it relates to the limore's 'Book of Church Law,' as an excellent Church of England" — Church Times. manual for ordinary use. It is a book which "There is a copious index, and the whole should stand on every clergyman's shelves volume forms a Handy-book of Church Law ready for use when any legal matter arises down to the present time, which, if found o?i about which its possessor is in doubt. ... the library shelves of most of the clergy, would It is to be hoped that the authorities at our often save themfrommuchunnecessary trouble, Theological Colleges sufficiently recognize the vexation, and expense."— National Church. THOUGHTS ON PERSONAL RELIGION ; being a Treatise on the Christian Life in its Two Chief Elements, Devotion and Practice. By Edward Meyrick Goulburn, D.D., Dean of Norwich. New Edition. Small 8vo. 6s. 6d. An Edition for Presentation, Two Volumes, small 8vo. 10s. 6d. Also, a cheap Edition. Small 8vo. y. 6d. THE PURSUIT OP HOLINESS : a Sequel to " Thoughts on Per- sonal Religion," intended to carry the Reader somewhat farther onward in the Spiritual Life. By Edward Meyrick Goulburn, D.D., Dean of Nor- wich, and formerly one of Her Majesty's Chaplains in Ordinary. Fourth Edition. Small 8vo. 5*. p IOM. IO.73. Mzbbxb. fiibmgion'B § ttblications THE STAR OP CHILDHOOD. A First Book of Prayers and Instruction for Children. Compiled by a Priest. Edited by the Rev. T. T. Carter, M.A., Rector of Clewer, Berks. With Six Illustrations, reduced from Engravings by Fra Angelico. Royal i6mo. zs. 6d. " All tlte Instructions, all of the Hymns, and most of tlte Prayers Jtere are excellent. And wlien we use t/ie cautionary expression ' most of the,' £r>c, we do not mean to imply that all tlte prayers are not excellent in themselves, but only to express a doubt wketlier in some cases tliey may not be a little too elaborate for children. Of course it by no means follows that -when yott use a book you are to use equally every portion of it : what does not suit one may suit a score of others, and this book is clearly compiled on tlie comprehensive Principle. But to give a veracious verdict on the book it is needful to wiention this. We need hardly say that it is -well -worth buying, and of a very high order of merit" — Literary Churchman. " Messrs. Rivington kaz>e sent res a mantial of prayers for children, called ' Tlie Star of Childhood* edited by the Rev. T. T. Carter, a very full collectio7i, including instructiofi as well as devotion, and a judicious selection of hymns." — Church Review. " The Rev. T. T. Carter, of Clewer, has Put forth a much needed and excellent book of devotions for little children, called ' Tlte Star of Childhood.' We think it fair to tell our readers, that in it they will find tliat for children who have lost a near relative a short commemorative Prayer is provided; but we most earnestly hope tliat even by those who are not willing to accept this usage, the book will not be rejected, for it is a most valuable one." — Monthly Packet. " One amongst the books be/ore us deserves especial notice, entitled ' The Star of Child- hood,' and edited by the Rev. T. T. Carter: it is eminently adapted for a New Year's Gift. It is a manual of prayer for children, with hymns, litanies, and instructions. Some of the hymns are illustrative of our Lord's life ; and to t/iese are added reduced copies from en- gravings of Fra Angelico." — Penny Post. "Supposing a child to be capable of using a devotional manual, tlte book before us is, in its general structure, as good an attempt to meet the want as could have been put forth. In the first place it succeeds, -where so many like efforts fail, in the matter of simplicity The language is quite within the compass of a young child; that is to say, it is such as a young child can be made to understand ; for we do not suppose that the book is ifitended to be put directly into his hands, but through the hands ofa?i instructor." — Church Bells. " To the same hand which gave us the ' Treasury of Devotion' we are indebted for this beautiful little manual for children. Be- ginning with Prayers suited to the comprehen- sion of the youngest, it contains devotions, litanies, hymns, and instructions, carefully proportioned to the gradually increasing pow- ers of a child 's mind from the earliest years, until confirmation. This little book cannot fail to influence for good the impressible hearts of children, and we hope that ere long it will be in the hands of all those who are blessed with Catholic-?ninded parents. It is beautifully got up, and is rendered more attractive by the capital engravings of Fra A ngelico's pictures of scenes of our Lord's childhood. God-parents could scarcely find a more appropriate gift for tlieir God-children than this, or one tluit is more likely to lead them to a knowledge of the truth." — Church Union Gazette. " ' The Star of Childhood' is a first book of Prayers and instruction for children, com- piled by a Priest, and edited by the Rev. T. T. Carter, rector of Clewer. It is a very care- ful compilation, a?id the najne of its editor is a warrant for its devotional tone-.' — Guardian. "A handsomely got up and attractive volume, with several good illustrations from Fra Angelico's most famous paintings." — Union Review. BY THE SAME COMPILER AND EDITOR. THE TREASURY OP DEVOTION: A Manual of Prayers for Gene- ral and Daily Use. Sixth Edition. Imperial 32mo, 2s. 6d. j limp cloth, is. Bound with the Book of Common Prayer, $s. 6d. THE "WAY OP LIFE : A Book of Prayers and Instruction for the Young (at School). Imperial 32mo, is. 6d. THE GUIDE TO HEAVEN : A Book of Prayers for every Want. For the "Working Classes. New Edition. Imperial 32mo, is. 6d. ; limp cloth, IS. The Edition in large type may still be had. Crown 8vo, is. 6d. ; limp cloth, is. THE PATH OP HOLINESS: A First Book of Prayers, with the Service of the Holy Communion, for the Young. With Illustrations. Crown i6mo, is. 6d. ; limp cloth, is. iftcssrs. fittiingtoit'js fhbliat&ms 3 LECTURES ON THE REUNION OP THE CHURCHES. By John J. Ign.Von Dollinger, D.D., D.C.L., Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the University of Munich, Provost of the Chapel-Royal, &c. &c. Authorized Translation, with Preface by Henry Nutcombe Oxenham, M.A., late Scholar of Balliol College, Oxford. Crown 8vo. 5-r. **, . . Markedly all tJte author's well- a host of ot/iers equally important and equally known, varied learnifig, breadth of view, and well discussed." — Standard. outspoken spirit. T/ie momentous question " In the present state of thought respecting which the Doctor discusses has long occupied the union of the Chttrches, these Lectures will the thoughts of some of the most earnest and be welcomed by very many persons of different enlightened divines in all branches of the schools of religious thought. They are not the Christian communion, though wide apart in hasty words of an enthusiast, but the calm, other Points of belief and practice. On the in- well-considered, and carefully prepared writ- finite importance of reunion among Christian iugs of one whose soul is profoundly moved by Churches in their endeavour to evangelize the his great subject. They form a contribution yet remaining two-thirds of the human race — to the literature of this grave question, valu- strangers to any form of Christianity— the able alike for its breadth of historical survey, author enlarges with Power and eloquence; its fairness, the due regard paid to existing and this topic is one of unusual and lasting obstacles, and the practical character of its interest, though, of course, only one among a suggestions." — London Quarterly Review. BRIGHSTONE SERMONS. By George Moberly, D.C.L., Bishop of Salisbury. Second Edition. Crown Svo. "]s. 6d. THE SAYINGS OF THE GREAT FORTY DAYS, Between the Resurrection and Ascension, regarded as the Outlines of the Kingdom of God. In Five Discourses. With an Examination of Dr. Newman's Theory of Development. By George Moberly, D.C.L., Bishop of Salisbury. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo. "]s. 6d. WARNINGS OF THE HOLY WEEK, &C. Being a Course of Parochial Lectures for the Week before Easter and the Easter Festivals. By the Rev. W. Adams, M.A., late Vicar of St. Peter's-in-the-East, Oxford, and Fellow of Merton College. Seventh Edition. Small 8vo. 4s. 6d. SELF-RENUNCIATION. From the French. With Introduction by the Rev. T. T. Carter, M.A., Rector of Clewer. Crown 8vo. 6s. "It is excessively difficult to review or treatise of Guillori, a portion of 'which is now, criticise in detail, a book of this kind, and for the first time we believe, done into English, yet its abounding merits, its practicalness, its .... Hence the suitableness of such a searching good sense and tlwroughness , and book as this for those who, in the midst of their its frequent beauty, too, make us wish to do families, are endeavouring to advance in the something more than announce its publication. spiritual life. Hundreds of devout souls The style is eminently clear, free living in the world have been encouraged and from redundance and prolixity."— Literary helped by such books as Dr. Neale's ' Sermons Churchman. preached in a Religioics House.' For such the "Few save Religious and those brought into present work will be found appropriate, while immediate cotitact with them are, in all for Religious themselves it will be invaluable." frobability, acquainted with the French —Church Times. THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF RELIGIOUS BELIEF. By S. Baring-Gould, M.A., Author of "Curious Myths of the Middle Ages." Vol. I. MONOTHEISM and POLYTHEISM. Second Edition. 8vo. ISJ-. Vol. II. CHRISTIANITY. 8vo. ijj. Mzmx%. JUbingtott'* $ ablation* THE HIDDEN LIFE OF THE SOUL. From the French. By the Author of "A Dominican Artist, &c. Crown 8vo. 5s. " ' The Hidden Life of the Soul? by the author of ' A Dominican Artist, 1 is from, the writings of Father Grou, a French, refugee priest ofiygz, who died at Lulworth. It well ■ deserves tlie cltaracter given it of being ' ear- nest and sober,' and not ' sensational.' '" — Guardian. " There is a "wonderful charm about these readings — so calm, so true, so tJwroughly Christian, We do not know where tliey would come amiss. As materials for a consecutive series of meditatiotis for the faithful at a series of early celebrations they -would be excellent, or for private reading during " Life of Madame Louise de France," Advent or Lent"— Literary Church- man. "From the French of Jean Nicolas Grou, a pious Priest, w/tose works teach resignation to tlte Divine will. He loved, we are told, to inculcate simplicity, freedom from all affecta- tion and unreality, the patience and humility which are too surely grounded in self-know- ledge to be surprised at a fall, but withal so allied to confidefice in God as to make re- covery easy a?idsure. This is the spirit of the volume which is intended to furnish advice to those •who would cultivate a quiet, meek, and childlike spirit." — Public Opinion. A DOMINICAN ARTIST ; a Sketch of the Life of the Rev. Pere Besson, of the Order of St. Dominic. By the Author of the " The Tales of Kirkbeck," "The Life of Madame Louise de France," &c. New Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s. " T/ie author of the Life of Pere Besson "writes with a grace and refinement of devo- tional feeling peculiarly suited to a subject- matter which suffers beyond most others from any coarseness of touch. It would be difficult to find ' the simplicity and purity of a holy life* -more exquisitely illustrated t/ian in FatJier Besson' s career, both before and after his joining the Dominican Order under the auspices of Lacordaire. . . . Certainly we have never come across what could more strictly be termed in the truest sense ' the life of a beautiful soul? The author has done •well in presenting to English readers this singularly graceful biography, in which all •who can appreciate genuine simplicity and nobleness of Christian character will find much to admire and little or nothing to con- demn." — Saturday Review. "// would indeed have been a deplorable omission had so exquisite a biography been by any neglect lost to English readers, and had a character so perfect in its simple and com- plete devotion been withheld from our admira- tion. . . . But we have dwelt too long already on this fascinating book, a?id must now leave it to our readers" — Literary Churchman. "A beatrfiful and most interesting sketch of the late Fere Besson, a?i artist who forsook the easel for the altar" — Church Times, "A book which is as pleasant for reading as it is profitable for meditation" — Union Re- view. " Whatever a reader -may think of Fire Besson's profession as a monk, no one will doubt his goodness; no one can fail to profit who will patiently read his life, as here written by a friend, -whose sole defect is in beitig slightly unctuous." — Athenaeum. " The life of the Rev. Pere Besson, who gave up an artist's career, to which he was devotedly attached, and a mother whose affec- tion for him is not inaptly likened to that of Monica for St. A ugustine, mttst be read in its entirety to be rightly appreciated. And the whole tenour of tlie book is too devotional, too full of expressions of the most touching de- pendence on God, to make criticism possible, even if it was called for, which it is not." — John Bull. " The story of Pire Besson's life is one of ■much interest, and told with simplicity, can- dour, and good feeling. " — Spectator. "A beautiful book, describing the most saintly and very individual life of one of the companiofis of Lacordaire." — Monthly Packet. " We stro?igly recommend it to our readers. It is a charming biography, that will delight and edify both old a?id yozmg." — Westmin- ster Gazette. THE LIFE OF MADAME LOUISE DE FRANCE, daughter of Louis XV. Known also as the Mother Terese de St. Augustine. By the Author of " Tales of Kirkbeck." Crown 8vo. 6s. "On the 15th of fuly 1737, Marie Leczin- ska, the wife of Louis XV., and daughter of the dethroned King of Poland, which Prussia helped to despoil and plunder, gave birth to her eighth female child, Louise Marie, known also as the Mother Terise de St. Angus tin. On the death of the Queen, the Princess, who had long felt a vocation for a religious life, obtained, the consent of her royal father to -withdraw from the -world. The Carmelite convent of St, Denis was the chosen place of retreat. Here the novitiate was passed, here the final vows were taken, and here, o?i the death of the Mere ~Julie, Madame Louise be- gan and terminated her experiences as Prior- ess. The little volume -which records the simple incidents of her pious seclusion is designed to edify those members of the Church of England in whom the spirit of religions self-devotion is reviving." — Westminster Review. "The annals of a cloistered life, under ordinary circumstances, would not probably be considered very edifying by the reading public of the present generation. Wlien, however such a history prese?its the novel spectacle of a royal princess of modern times voluntarily re- nouncing her high position and the splendours of a court existence, for the purpose of en- during the asceticism, poverty, and austerities of a severe monastic rule, the case may well be different."— Morning Post. MtssxB. fttbhtgton's publications 5 HENRI PERREYVE. By A. Gratry, Pretre de l'Oratoire, Professeur de Morale Evangelique a la Sorbonne, et Membre de l'Academie Fran9aise. Translated, by special permission, by the Author of " A Dominican Artist," "Life of S. Francis de Sales," &c.,&c. With Portrait. Crown 8vo. p.6d. " . . A most touching and powerful piece of biography, interspersed with firofott?id reflections on personal religion, and on the prospects of Christianity. . . . For priests this book is a treasure. The moral of it is the absolute necessity of ' recollectedness' to the higher, and especially the true priestly life." — Church Review. " The -works of the translator of Henri Ferreyve form, for the most part, a series op saintly biographies -which have obtained a larger share of popularity than is generally accorded to books of this description. . . . The description of his last days will probably be read -with greater interest tha}i any other part of the book ; presenting as it does an ex- ample of fortitude under suffering, and resig- nation, when cut off so soon after e?tteri?ig upon a much-coveted and useful career, of rare occurrence in this age of self-assertion. This is, in fact, the essential teaching of the entire volume. . . . The translator of the AbbS Gratry's work has do7ie well in giving English readers an opportunity of profiting by its les~ sons." — Morning Post. " Those -who take a pleasure in reading a beautiful account of a beautiful character ■would do well to procure the Life of ' Henri Perreyve.* . . . We would especially re- C07nmend the book for the perusal of English priests, who may learn many a holy lesson from the devoted spirit in which the subject of the memoir gave himself up to the duties of his sacred office, and to the cultivation of the graces withwhich he was endowed." — Church Times. " It is easy to see that Henri Ferreyve, Pro- fessor of Moral Theology at the Sorbonne, was a Roman Catholic priest of no ordinary type. With comparatively little of what Protestants call superstition, with great courage and sin- cerity, -with a nattire singularly gzdleless and ?toble, his priestly vocation, although pursued, according to his biographer, with unbridled zeal, did not stifle his human sympathies and aspirations. He could not believe that his faith compelled him ' to renounce sense and reason? or that a priest was not free to speak, act, and think like other men. Indeed, the Abbe Gratry makes a kind of apology for his friend's free-speaking in this respect, and en- deavours to explain it. Ferreyve was tlie be- loved disciple of Lacordaire, whe left him all his manuscripts, notes, and papers, and he himself attained the position of a great pulpit orator"— -Pall Mall Gazette. THE LAST DATS OF PBRE GRATRY. By Pere Adolphe Perraud, of the Oratory, and Professor of La Sorbonne. Translated by special permission. Crown 8vo. 3-r. 6d. S. FRANCIS DE SALES, BISHOP AND PRINCE OF GENEVA. By the Author of "A Dominican Artist," " Life of Madame Louise de France," &c, &c. Crown 8vo. gs. "It is written with the delicacy, freshness, and absence of all affectation which characterised the former works by the same hand, a?id which render these books so very^ much more pleasant reading than are religious bio- graphics in general. TJte character of S. Francis de Sales, Bishop of Geneva, is a charming one; a more simple, pure, and Pious life it would be difficult to conceive. His unaffected humility, his freedom from dogmatism in an age when dogma was placed above religion, his freedom from bigotry in an age of persecution, were alike admirable" — Standard. , t " TJte author of 'A Dominican Artist, in writing this new life of the wise and loving Bishop and Prince of Geneva, has aimed less at historical or ecclesiastical investigation than at a vivid and natural representation of the inner mind and life of the subject of his biography, as it ca?i be traced in his own writings and in those of his most intimate and affectionate friends. The book is written with the grave and quiet grace which charac- terizes the productions of its autlwr, and can- not fail to please those readers who can sympathize with all forms of goodness and devotion to noble purpose." — Westminster Review. ' ' A book which contains the record of a life as sweet, pure, and noble, as any man by divine help, granted to devout sincerity oj sold, has been permitted to live upon earth. The example of this gentle but resolute and energetic spirit, -wholly dedicated to the high- est conceivable good, offering itself, with all the temporal uses of mental existence, to the service of infinite and eternal beneficence, is extremely touching. . . . It is a book worthy of acceptance" — Daily News. " It is not a translation or adaptation, bid an original work, and a very charming portrait of one of the most winning characters in the long gallery of Saints. A ud it is a matter of entire thankfulness to us to find a distinctively Anglican writer setting forward the good Bishop's work among Protestants, as a true missionary task to reclaim souls from deadly error, and bring tltent back to the truth."— Union Review. THE SPIRIT OP S. FRANCIS DE SALES, BISHOP AND PRINCE OF GENEVA. Translated from the French by the Author of "The Life of S. Francis de Sales," "A Dominican Artist," &c, &c. Crown 8vo. 6s. 6 Mzbsxs. flibington'js fhtblimtions A SELECTION PROM THE SPIRITUAL LETTERS OP S. FRANCIS DE SALES, BISHOP AND PRINCE OF GENEVA. Translated by the Author of "Life of S. Francis de Sales," "A Dominican Artist," &c. &c. Crown Svo. 6s. "It is a collection of epistolary correspondence from his Spiritual Letters* then announced', of rare interest and excellence. With those who — and a great boon it ivill be to many. The have read the Life, there cannot but have been Letters are addressed to people of all sorts: — a strong desire to kiww more of so beautiful a to men and to -women: — to laity and to character as S. Francis de Sales. He was a ecclesiastics, to People living in the world, model of Christian saintliuess and religious or at court, and to t/ie inmates of Religious virtue for all time, and one everything relati7ig Houses. A?idwhat an idea it gives one of the to wlwm, so great -were the accomplishments of widely ramifying influence of one good 7na?t his mi?id as "well as the devotion of his heart, and of the untiring diligence of a ??ui7i, who in has a charm which delights, instructs, and spite of all his external duties, could find or elevates." — Church Herald. make the time for all these letters. We hope "A few months back we had the pleasure that with our readers it may be totally need- of welcoming the Life of S. Francis de Sales. less to urge such a volume on their notice." — Here is the promised sequel: — the 'Selection Literary Churchman. CONSOLATIO ; or, Comfort for the Afflicted. Edited by the Rev. C. E. Ken N away. With a Preface by Samuel Wilbekforce, D.D., Lord Bishop of Winchester. New Edition. Small 8vo. y. 6d. "A charming collection from the best "We are bound to admire the extreme writers of passages suitable in seasons of beauty and the warm devotion of the majority sick&ss and aflictio?is,"— Church Review. of passages here collected to smooth the soul "A very valuable collection of extracts that sorrows, even though penned by men from writers of every school. The voheme is from whom we differ so much in dohtrine" — an elegant one."— Church Times. Rock. "A very useful collection of devotional ex- "A work which we feel sure will find a tracts from the histories of good -men of very welcome and also prove a soothing guest in various schools of thought.''' — John Bull. the chamber of many an invalid."— Record. A BOOK OP FAMILY PRATER. Compiled by Walter Farquhar Hook, D.D., Dean of Chichester. Eighth Edition. i8mo. zs. FAMILY PRAYERS. Compiled from various Sources (chiefly from Bishop Hamilton's Manual), and arranged on the Liturgical Principle. By Edward Meyrick Goulburn, D.D., Dean of Norwich. New Edition. Large type. Crown 8vo. y. td. Cheap Edition, i6mo. is. A MANUAL OP CONFIRMATION, Comprising— I. A General Account of the Ordinance. 2. The Baptismal Vow, and the English Order of Confirmation, with Short Notes, Critical and Devotional. 3. Meditations and Prayers on Passages of Holy Scripture, in connexion with the Ordinance. With a Pastoral Letter instructing Catechumens how to prepare themselves for their first Communion. By Edward Meyrick Goulburn, D.D., Dean of Norwich. Ninth Edition. Small Svo. is. 6d. DIREOTORIUM PASTORALE. The Principles and Practice of Pastoral Work in the Church of England. By the Rev. John Henry Blunt, M.A., F.S.A., Editor of "The Annotated Book of Common Prayer," &c. &c. Third Edition, revised. Crown 8vo. *js. 6d. "This is the third edition of a work which clergy is proved by the acceptance it has al- has become deservedly popular as the best ready received at their hands, and no faithful extant exposition oj 'the principles and practice parish priest, who is working in real earnest of the pastoral work in the Church of Eng- for the extension of spiritual instruction land. Its hints and suggestions arc based on amongst all classes of his flock will rise from practical experience, and it is further re- the perusal of its pages without having ob- commended by the majority of our Bishops at tained some valuable hints as to the best mode the ordination of priests and deacons."— of bringing home our ChtircKs system to the Standard. _ hearts of his people"— National Church. Its practical usefulness to tlie parochial THE SHEPHERD OP HERMAS. Translated into English, with an Introduction and Notes. By Charles H. Hoole, M.A., Senior Student of Christ Church, Oxford. Small 8vo. $s. dd. Jttcssrs. IXtbhtgtoit's Publications HYMNS AND POEMS FOR THE SICK AND SUFFER- ING. In connexion with the Service for the Visitation of the Sick. Selected from various Authors. Edited by T. V. Fosbery, M.A., Vicar of St. Giles's, Reading. New Edition. Small Svo. 3s. 6d. THE "DAMNATORY CLAUSES" OF THE ATHANASIAN CREED RATIONALLY EXPLAINED, IN A LETTER TO THE RIGHT HON. W. E. GLADSTONE, M.P. By the Rev. Malcolm MacColl, M.A., Rector of St. George, Botolph Lane. Crown Svo. 6s. A GLOSSARY OF ECCLESIASTICAL TERMS. Containing Brief Explanations of Words used in Theology, Liturgiology, Chronology, Law, Architecture, Antiquities, Symbolism, Greek Hierology and Medieval Latin ; together with some account of Titles of our Lord, Emblems of Saints, Hymns, Orders, Heresies, Ornaments, Offices, Vestments and Ceremonial, and Miscellaneous Subjects. By Various Writers. Edited by the Rev. Orby Shipley, M.A. Crown 8vo. iSs. ANCIENT HYMNS. From the Roman Breviary. For Domestic Use every Morning and Evening of the Week, and on the Holy Days of the Church. To which are added, Original Hymns, principally of Commemora- tion and Thanksgiving for Christ's Holy Ordinances. By Richard Mant, D.D., sometime Lord Bishop of Down and Connor. New Edition. Small 8vo. $s. " Real poetry wedded to words that breathe have no hesitation in awarding the palm to the the purest and the sweetest spirit of Christian latter, the former are an evidence of the earli- devotion. The translation from the old Latin est germs of that yearning of the devout mind Hymnal are close and faithful renderings." — for something better than Tate and Brady, Standard. and whichis now so richly supplied."— Church "Asa Hymn writer Bishop Mant deserv- Times. edly occupies a prominent place in tlie esteem "This valuable manual will be of great of Churchmen, and we doubt not that many assistance to all compilers of Hymn-Books, will be the readers who will welcome this nezv The translations are graceful, clear, and edition of his translations and original com- forcible, and the original hymns deserve the positions." — English Churchman. highest praise. Bishop Mant has caught the "A new edition of Bislwp Afant's 'Ancient very spirit of true psalmody, his metre flows Hymns from the Roman Breviary' forms a musically, and there is a tuneful ring in his handsome little volume, and it is interesting verses which especially ixdapts them for con- to compare some of these translations with the gregational singing." — Rock". more modern ones of our own day. While we YESTERDAY, TO-DAY, AND FOR EVER : A Poem in Twelve Books. By E. H. Bickersteth, M.A., Vicar of Christ Church, Hamp- stead. Seventh Edition. Small 8vo. 6s. " The most simple, the richest, a?ui the most "In these light miscellany days there is a perfect sacred poem which recent days have spiritualrefreshment in the spectacle of a man produced." — Morning Advertiser. girding up the loins of his jnind to tlie task of "A poem worth reading, worthy of at ten- producing a genuine epic. And it is true tive study ; full of noble thoughts, beautiful poetry. There is a definiteness, a crispiiess diction, and high imagination." — Standard. about it, which in tliese moist, viewy, hazy "Mr. Bickersteth writes like a man who days in ?to less invigorating than novel." — cultivates at once reverence a7id earnestness of Edinburgh Daily Review. tlwught." — Guardian. THE TWO BROTHERS, and other Poems. By Edward Henry Bickersteth, M.A., Vicar of Christ Church, Hampstead, and Chaplain to the Bishop of Ripon, Author of " Yesterday, To-day, and for Ever." Second Edition. Small 8vo. 6s. A HANDY BOOK OF THE ECCLESIASTICAL DILAPI- DATIONS ACT, 1871. With the Amendment Act, 1872. With Remarks on the Qualification and Practice of Diocesan Surveyors. By Edward G. Bruton, F.R.I. B. A., and Diocesan Surveyor, Oxford. Crown 8vo. 5*. Mtmx%. fUbingtan** publication* STONES OF THE TEMPLE ; OR, LESSONS PROM THE FABRIC AND FURNITURE OF THE CHURCH. By Walter Field, M. A., F.S. A., Vicar of Godmersham. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo. Js. 6d. *' Any One zvho wishes for simple information on the subjects of Ckurch-architecture and furniture, cannot do better than consult * Stones of the Temple.' Mr. Field modestly disclaims any intention of supplanting the existing regular treatises, but his book shows an amount of research, and a knowledge of •what he is talking about, which make it prac- tically useful as "well as pleasant. The wood- cuts are numerous and some of them very pretty." — Graphic. "A very charming book, by the R ev. Walter Field, who was for years Secretary of one of the leading Church Societies. Mr. Field has a loving reverence for the beauty of the domus mansionalis Dei, as the old law books called the Parish Church Thoroughly sound in Church feeling, Mr. Field has chosen the medium of a tale to embody real incidents illustrative of the various portions of his subject. There is no attempt at elabora- tion oj the narrative, which, indeed, is rather a string of anecdotes than a story, but each chapter brings home to the mind its own lesson, and each is illustrated with some very interesting engravings. . . . The work •will properly command a hearty reception from Churchmen. The footnotes are occasion- ally most valuable, and are always Pertinent, and the text is sure to be popular with young folks for Sunday reading" — St AND ARD. " Mr. Field's chapters on brasses, chancel screens, crosses, encaustic tiles, mural paint- ings, porches and pavements, are agreeably •written, and people with a turn for Ritualism will no doubt find them edifying. The volume, as we have said, is ?tot without significance for readers who are unable to sympathize with the object of the writer. The illustrations of Church-architecture and Church ornaments are very attractive." — Pall Mall Gazette. A SHADOW OF DANTE. Being an Essay towards Studying Himself, his World, and his Pilgrimage. By Maria Francesca Rossetti. With Illustrations. Crown Svo. ioj*. 6d. " The ' Shadow of Dante' is a well-con- ceived and inviting volume, designed to re- commend the ' Divina Commedia' to English readers, a?id to facilitate the study and com- prehension of its contents." — Athenjeum. " And it is in itself a true 'work of art, a whole fljtely conceived, and carried out with sustained power, — one of those reproductions and adumbrations of great works, in which mere servile copying disappears, and which are only possible to a mind which, however inferior to its original, is yet of the same order and temperament, with an ujutsual faculty for taking the impressions of that original and reflecting them undimmed. It is much to say of a volume like this. But it is not too much to say, when, after going through it, we consider the thorough knowledge of the subject shown in it, the patient skill with which the intricate and puzzling arrange- ments of the poem, full of what we call the conceits aiid puzzles of the contevzporary philosophy, are ujtravelled and made intel- ligible ; the discrimination and high principle with which so ardent a lover of the great poet blames his excesses; the high and noble Christian faith which responds to his ; and, lastly, the gift of eloquent speech, keen, rich, C07idensed, expressive, which seems to have passed into the writer from the loving study of the greatest ?)iaster in his ow7i tongue of all the inimitable harmonies of la7tgttage — the ienderest, the deepest, the ' most awful." — Guardian. " The work introduces us not merely to the authors life and the political and ecclesiastical conjunctures under which he lived, hit to the outli?ies of the Catholicised systems of ethics, astro7iomy, and geography which he inter- preted in classifying his spirits and assigning them their dwellings ; as also to the drift of his leading allegories; and finally, to the general conduct of his poem — which is amply illustrated by citations from the most literal verse translations. We find the volume fur?iished with useful diagrams of the Da?it- esque universe, of Hell, Purgatory, and the ' Rose of the Blessed,'' and adorned with a beautiful group of the likenesses of the poet, and with symbolic figures (on the binding) in which the taste and execution of Mr. D. G. Rossetti will be recognised. The exposition appears to us remarkably well arranged and digested; the author's appreciation of Dante's religious sentiments and opinions is peculiarly hearty, and Iter style refreshingly independent and original." — Pall Mall Gazette. " It bears traces throughout of haviiig been due to a Patient, loving and appreciative study of the great poet, as he is exhibited, not merely in the * Divina Commedia,' but in his other writings. The result has been a booh which is not only delightful in itself to read, but is admirably adapted as an encouragement to those students who wish to obtain a prelimi- nary survey of tlte laud before they attempt to follow Dante through his long and arduous pilgrimage. Of all poets Dante stands most in need of such assistance as this book offers!' — Saturday Review. PARISH MUSINGS ; OR, DEVOTIONAL POEMS. By John S. B. Monsell, LL.D., Rural Dean, and Rector of St. Nicholas, Guildford. Fine Edition. Small Svo. $s. Cheap Edition, i8mo, limp cloth, is. 6d,; or in Cover, is. MimxB. fLibrngtctt'* Publications THE LIFE OP JUSTIFICATION. A Series of Lectures delivered in Substance at All Saints', Margaret Street, in Lent, 1870. By the Rev. George Body, E.A., Rector of Kirkby Misperton. Second Edition.. Crown 8vo. 4s. 6d. " On the whole we have rarely met iviih a more clear, intelligible and persuasive state- meut of the truth as regards Hie important topics on which the volume treats. Sermon II. in particular, will strike every one by its eloquence and beauty, but we scarcely like to specify it, lest in praising it we should seem to disparage the other portions of this admirable little work.' 1 '' — Church Times, " These discourses show that their authors Position is due to something more and higher titan mere fluency, gesticulation, and flexi- bility of voice. He appears as Itaving drunk deeply at the fountain of St. Augustine, and as understanding how to translate the burn- ing 'words of that mighty genius into the current language of torday." — Union Re- view. " There is real Power in these sermons*. — Power, real power, and plenty of it. . . . There is such a moral veraciousness about him, such a profound and over-mastering belief that Christ has proved a bona-fide cure for u?t- haliness, arid such a7i intensity of eagef ness to lead others to seek and pro/it by that means of attaining the true sanctity which alone can enter Heaveff — that we wander not at the crowds which hang upon his preaching, nor at the success of his fervid appeals to the human conscience. If any one doubts our verdict, let him buy this volume. No one will regret its perusal " — Literary Churchman. SERMONS ON SPECIAL OCCASIONS, By Daniel Moore, M.A., Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen, and Vicar of Holy Trinity, Pad- dington; Author of Hulsean Lectures on *' The Age and the Gospel," "Aids to Prayer," &c. Crown 8vo. Js. 6d. " We do not wonder at Mr. Moore's long continued popularity with so many hearers 1 tJtere is so much Painstaking and so much genuine desire to discharge his duty as a preacher visible through all the volume. What we miss is the deeper theology, a?id the spontaneous flow of teaching as from a spring which cannot help flowing, which some of our preachers happily exhibit. But the Sermons may be recommended, or wc would not notice them."—- Literary Churchman. " Rarely have we met with a better volume of Sermons. . . . Orthodox, affectionate, and earnest, these Sermons exhibit at the same time muck research, and are distinguished by an elegance and fnish of style often wanting in these days of rapid writing and continual preaching." — John Bull. THE KNIGHT OP INTERCESSION, AND OTHER POEMS. By the Rev. S. J. Stone, M. A., Pembroke College, Oxford. Second Edition. Small 8vo. 6s. "Sermons like those of Mr. Moore are, however, still of comparative rarity — sermons in- which we meet with doctrine "which cannot be gainsaid ; with a knowledge of the Peculiar circumstances of his hearers, which nothing but accurate observation and long experience can secure, and a peculiar felicity of style which many will envy, but to which it is the lot of few to attain."— Christian Observer. " We have had real pleasure, however, in reading these sermons. Here are most of the elements of a preacher's Power and usefulness : skilful arrangement of the subject, admirable clearness of style, earnestness, both of t/wught and language, and the prime qualification of ally 'in doctrine, uncorruptuess,'" — London Quarterly Review. " Mr. S tone has now given to the public a collection of poems, widely different in form, which enable us to measure more^ accurately his powers, not merely as a hymnist, but as a Poet; and tliough we would not injure a growing reputation by overstating his merits, yet we can safely say that his volume contains much genuine poetry which will be read with unqualified pleasure. . . . It would be ungrateful of us to put down this volume without expressing the great pleasure it has afforded us, and our high appreciation of the valuable services which its author is re?tdermg to the Church:'— Church Bells. '< _ W e all know him so well as the author ofthe beautiful processional hymn ' The Church's One Foundation,' the Le?iten hymn ' Weary of Earth,' and other favourites, that we were fully prepared for the pleasure that awaited us in perusing this volume ."—Church Opinion. , . .._. . ' ' T/ie extracts we have thus given, differing as they do alike in subject and in style, present fair speciniens of tlie varied interest of the volume, a?id of the poetic powers of its author. Most of our readers, we think, will agree with us that the publication is well-timed, and that it has much in it that is both pleasant and profitable reading." — Church Herald. "In the ' Knight of Intercession' and other poems we have the outpourings of a pure and devotional spirit, in la?iguage of unassuming and yet genuine Poetry, rising at times, natur- ally and without effort, to a quiet but real beauty" — Scotsman. " Mr. Stone, it is clear, has studied all the best models, and has been influenced by them ; but he maintains through all a distinctly individual note, and gives us real music. . . . There are true touches in the Idylls, and some of the poems on pictures are remarkably expressive and skilful, though nothing is more difficult than the proper working out of such themes. We like some of the sonnets — some of them are exceptionally szveet and finished." — Nonconformist. 10 Mt££X8> ^itttttgttftt'js flublicaticmjs THE ANNUAL REGISTER : A Review of Public Events at Home and Abroad, for the Year 1872. Svo. i8j. %* All the Volumes of the New Series frojn 1863 to 1872 may be had, iSs. each. " Well edited, excellent type, good paper, and in all respects admirably got up. Its re- view of affairs, Home, Colonial, and Foreign, is /air, concise, and coifiplete" — Mining Quarterly. "Solidly valuable, as well as interesting." — Standard. " Comprehensive and well executed." — Spectator. " Tlte whole work being well-written, and coinpiled with care and judgment, it is inter- esting reading for the present day, will be ?nore useful as a work of reference in future years, and will be most valuable of all to readers of another generation. Every student of history knows the worth, for the time that it covers, of the old 'Annual Register,' and this new series is better done and more com- prehensive tha?i its predecessor? — Examiner. " This volume of the new series of the ' Annual Register' seems well a?id carefully compiled. The narratire is accttrate, audit is obvious that the writers have striven to be impartial." — Athenaeum. " The whole of the compilation, however, is readable, and some of its ?nore important parts are very well done. Such is, among oilier historical portions, the account of the situation i?i France before and at the beginning of the war. The narrative of the military events is clear, comprehensive, a?id attractive." — Nation (New York). HISTORICAL NARRATIVES. From the Russian. By H. C. Romanoff, Author of "Sketches of the Rites and Customs of the Greco- Russian Church," &c. Crown 8vo. 6s. PRAYERS AND MEDITATIONS FOR THE HOLT COM- MUNION. With a Preface by C. J. Ellicott, D.D., Lord Bishop of Glouces- ter and Bristol. With rubrics and borders in red. Royal 321110. 2s. 6d. ** Devout beauty is the special character of this new manual, and it ought to be a favou?'- ite. Rarely lias it Happened to us to meet "with so remarkable a combination of thorough practicalness with that almost Poetic warmth which is t/ie highest flower of genuine devo- tion. It deserves to be placed along with the manual edited by Mr. Keble so shortly before his decease, 7iot as superseding it, for the scope of the two is different, but to be taken along •with it. Nothing can exceed the beauty and fulness of the devotions before co?nmunion in Mr. Keble's book, but we think that in some points the devotions here given after Holy Communion are even superior to it." — Liter- ary Churchman. " Bishop Ellicott has edited a book of ' Prayers and Meditations for the Holy Communion,' which, among Eucharistic man- uals, has its own special characteristic. The Bishop recommends it to tlie newly confirmed, to the tender-hearted and the devout, as having been compiled- by a youthful person, and as being marked by a PeC7tliar 'freshness.' Having looked through tlte volume, we have pleasure in seconding the recommendations of the good Bishop. We know op no more suit- able manual for the newly confirmed, and 7iothing more likely to e?igage the sympathies of youthful hearts. There is a union of the deepest spirit of devotion, a rich expression of experimental life, with a due recognition of the objects of faith, such as is net always to be found, but which characterises this manual in an eminent degree." — Church Review. " The Bishop of 'Gloucester 's imprimatur is attached to ' Prayers and Meditations for the Holy Communion* intended as a manual for the recently confirmed, nicely printed, and theologically sound." — Church Times. " Among the supply of Eucharistic Manu- als, one deserves special attention and com- mendation. ' Prayers and Meditations' merits the Bishop of Gloucester's epithets of ' warm, devout, and fresh.' Atiditis thoroughly Eng- lish Church besides." — Guardian. " We are by no means surprised that Bishop Ellicott should have been so much struck with this little work, on accide?itally seeing it in manuscript, as to urge its publica- tion, and to preface it with his commendation. 1 lie devotion which it breathes is truly fervent, and the language attractive, and as proceed- ing from a young person the work is altogether not a little striking." — Record. THE PRAYER BOOK INTERLEAVED ; With Historical Illus- trations and Explanatory Notes arranged parallel to the Text. By the Rev. \V. M. Campion, D.D., Fellow and Tutor of Queen's College, and Rector of St. Botolph's, and the Rev. W. J. Beamont, M. A., late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. "With a Preface by the Lord Bishop of Ely. Sixth Edition. Small 8vo. Js. 6d. ittessrs. flibmgtott'js publications n BIGHT LECTURES ON THE MIRACLES. Being the Bampton Lectures for 1865. By J. B. Mozley, D.D., Regius Professor of Divinity, and Canon of Christ Church, Oxford. Third Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo. Js. 6d. CATECHESIS; OR, CHRISTIAN INSTRUCTION PRE- PARATORY TO CONFIRMATION AND FIRST COMMUNION. By Charles Wordsworth, D.C.L., Bishop of St. Andrew's. New Edi- tion. Small 8vo. 2s. A THEORY OP HARMONY. Founded on the Tempered Scale. With Questions and Exercises for the Use of Students. By John Stainer, Mus. Doc, M.A., Magd. Coll., Oxon., Organist to St. Paul's Cathedral. Royal 8vo. Js. 6d. " It is the first work of its class that needs 'with the thorns and briars of perplexing no apology for its introduction, as it is really technicalities." — Morning Post. inuch needed especially by teachers, wlio " Dr. Stainer is a learned musician, and would fail without the aid of its principles to his book supplies a manual of information as account for many of the effects in modem well as a rich repository of musical erudition music, used in direct opposition to the teaching in the forjn of classical quotations from the of the schools. It is difficult, if 'not impossible, great masters." — John Bull. to give a more elaborate description of a book "Dr. Stabler, in his thoughtful book, sees destined to effect an entire change in musical clearly of amalgamating opposing systems in- teaching without entering into details that order to found a theory of harmony. He bases could 7iot but prove uninteresting to the his work on the tempered scale, and he devel- general readers, while to tlie musician and opes and illustrates his theory by questions and amateur, the possession of the book itself is exercises for the use of students. His ope7iing recommended as a valuable confirmatio?i of expositiofi of the rudiments of music is clear : ideas that exist to a large exte?it in the minds when he reaches the regions of har7nony he of every one who has ever thought about comes on debateable ground' 1 — Athenaeum. music, and who desires to see established a " To the student perplexed and chained more uniform basis of study. The great and down by the multitudinous rules of the old leadbig characteristic of the work is its logical theorists, we cannot give better comfort than reasoning arid definitions, a character not to advise him to read forthwith Dr. Stainer 's possessed by any previous book on the subject, ingenious and thoughtful book. It is exceed- andfor this Dr. Stainer's theory is certain to ingly well got up, and from the clearness gain ground, and be the means of opening an of the type used, very easy and pleasant to easy and pleasant path in a road hitherto beset read." — Choik. CHURCH ORGANS : their Position and Construction. With an Appendix containing some Account of the Mediaeval Organ Case still existing at Old Radnor, South Wales. By Frederick Heathcote Sutton, M.A., Vicar of Theddingworth. With Illustrations. Imperial folio. 6s. 6d. MISCELLANEOUS POEMS. By Henry Francis Lyte, M.A. New Edition. Small 8vo. $s. BIBLE READINGS FOR FAMILY PRAYER. By the Rev. W. H. Ridley. M.A., Rector of Hambleden. Crown 8vo. Old Testament — Genesis and Exodus. 2s. „ t , t St. Luke and St. John. 2s. New Testament, j ^ Matthew and St Mark . 2S _ The Four Gospels, in one volume. 3-r. 6d. ST. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM'S LITURGY. Translated by PI. C. Romanoff, Author of " Sketches of the Rites and Customs of the Greco- Russian Church," &c. With Illustrations. Square crown 8vo. 4J-. 6d. 12 Mzbsxb. I&ibirtfltott'je Publications NOTITIA EUCHARISTICA. A Commentary, Explanatory, Doctrinal, and Historical, on the Order of the Administration of the Lord's Supper, or Holy Communion, according 'to the Use of the Church of England. By W. E. Scudamore, M.A., Rector of Ditchingham, and formerly Fellow of S. John's College, Cambridge. 8vo. 28s. WORDS TO TAKE WITH US. A Manual of Daily and Occasional Prayers, for Private and Common Use. With Plain Instructions and Coun- sels on Prayer. By W. E. Scudamore, M.A., Rector of Ditchingham, and formerly Fellow of S. John's College, Cambridge. New Edition. Revised. Small 8vo. 2s. 6d. " 'Words to Take with Us,' by W. E. Scudamore, is owe of the best manuals of daily and occasional prayers we haz>e seen. A t once orthodox and practical, sufficiently personal, and yet not perplex ingly minute in its details, it is calculated to be of inestimable value in many a household." — John Bull. " We are again pleased to see an old friend on the editorial table, in a third edition of Mr. Scudamore's well-known Manual of Prayers. The special proper collects for each day of the week, as well as those for the several seasons of the Christian year, have been ?nost judiciously selected. The compiler moreo7>er, while recognizing the full benefits to be derived from the Book of Common Prayer, has not feared to draw largely from the equally inval- uable writings of ancient Catholicity. The preface is a systematic arrangement of instruc- tions in prayer and meditation." — Church Review. THE HOME LIFE OP JESUS OF NAZARETH AND OTHER SERMONS. By the Rev. Augustus Gurney, M.A., Vicar of Wribbenhall, Kidderminster. Crown 8vo. $s. A CHURCH HISTORY OF THE FIRST SEVEN CEN- TURIES, to the Close of the Sixth General Council. By Milo Mahan, D.D., sometime S. Mark's-in-the Bowery Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the General Theological Seminary, New York. 8vo. i$s. OUR MOTHER CHURCH : being Simple Talk on High Topics. By Anne Mercier. Crown 8vo. Js. 6d. " We have rarely come across a book dealing with an old subject in a healthier and, as far as may be, more original manner, while yet thoroughly practical, tha?t 'Our Mother Church? by Mrs. Jerome Mercier. It is in- tended for and admirably adapted to the use of girls. Thoroughly reverent in its tone, and bearing in every page marks of learned re- search, it is yet easy of comprehension, and explains ecclesiastical terms with the accuracy of a lexicon without the accompanying dulness. It is to be hoped that the book will attain to the large circulation it justly merits." — John Bull. " We have never seen a book for girls of its class which commends itself to us more particularly than ' Our Mother Church 1 by Mrs. Jerome Mercier. The author, who is the wife of an earnest parish priest of t/ie Anglican school, near London, calls her work 'simple talk on great subjects,' and calls it by a name tltat describes it almost as completely as we could do in a longer notice than we can spare the volume. Here are the headings of the chapters:—' The Primitive Church, ' Primitive Places and Modes of Worship' ' The Early English Church,' ' The Monastic Orders,' ' The Friars' ' A Review of Church History,' ' TJie Prayer Book,' (four chapters J, 'Symbolism, ' 'Church A rchitecture' ' Windows and Bells,' 'Church Music,' 'Church Work* No one can fail to compreltend the beautifully simple, devout, and appropriate language in which Mrs. Mercier embodies what she has to say; and for the facts with which she deals she has taken good care to have their accuracy assured." — Standard. " The plan of this pleasant-looking book is excellent. It is a kind of Mrs. Markham on the Church of England, writte?i especially for girls, and we shall not be surprised to find it become a favourite in schools. . . . It is really a conversational hand-book to the English Church's history, doctrine, and ritual complied by a very diligent reader from some of the best modern Anglican sources."— Eng- lish Churchman. Mtssxs. fUbingtort's publications THE DIVINITY OF OUR LORD AND SAVIOUR JESUS CHRIST ; being the Bampton Lectures for 1866. By Henry Parry Lid- don, D.D. , D. C.L. , Canon of St. Paul's, and Ireland Professor of Exegesis in the University of Oxford. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo. 5-r. SERMONS PREACHED BEFORE THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. By Henry Parry Liddon, D.D., D.C.L., Canon of St. Paul's, and Ireland Professor of Exegesis in the University of Oxford. Fifth Edition, revised. Crown 8vo. 5^. SOME ELEMENTS OF RELIGION. Lent Lectures. By Henry Parry Liddon, D.D., D.C.L., Canon of St. Paul's, and Ireland Professor of Exegesis in the University of Oxford. Crown 8vo. 5s. HOUSEHOLD THEOLOGY : A Handbook of Religious Information respecting the Holy Bible, the Prayer Book, the Church, the Ministry, Divine Worship, the Creeds, &c, &c. By John Henry Blunt, M.A. New Edition. Small 8vo. 3-r. 6d. LIBER PRECUM PUBLICARUM ECCLESLE ANGLI- CANS. A Gulielmo Bright, A.M., et Petro Goldsmith Medd, A.M., Presbyteris, Collegii Universitatis in Acad. Oxon. Sociis, Latine red- ditus. New Edition, with all the Rubrics in red. Small 8vo. 6s. THE PSALMS. Translated from the Hebrew. With Notes, chiefly Exegetical. By William Kay, D.D., Rector of Great Leighs; late Princi- pal of Bishop's College, Calcutta. 8vo. 12s. 6d. "Like a sound Churchman, he reverences ing, with the power to make use of it."— Scripture, upholding its authority against British Quarterly Review. sceptics; and he does not denounce such as " The execution of the work is careful and differ from him in opinion with a dogmatism scholarly. —Union ^ Review. unlia'ppily too common at the present day. "To mention the name of Dr. Kay is Hence, readers will be disposed to consider his enough to secure respectful attention to his conclusions worthy of attention ; or perhaps new translation of the Psalms It is en- to adopt them witlwut inquiry. It is super- nclied with exegetical notes containing a fluous to say that the translation is better wealth of sound learning, closely occasionally, and more accurate on the whole than our perhaps too closely condensed. Good care is received one, or that it often reproduces taken of the student not learned in Hebrew ; the sense ofilu original /iappily."-ATHES- we hope the Doctor's example will prevent any -juse of this consideration, and stimulate JEUM ■■Dr Kay has profound reverence for those who prof t by it tofollow him into the very Divine truth, and exhibits considerable read- text of the ancient Revelation."-}™* Bull. THE ANNOTATED BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER ; being an Historical, Ritual, and Theological Commentary on the Devotional System of the Church of England. Edited by the Rev. John Henry Blunt, M. A. , F S A , Author of " The History of the Reformation," " Directonum Pas- torale,''' Editor of "The Dictionary of Theology," &c. Sixth edition, re- vised.' Imperial 8vo. 36*., or half-bound in morocco, \%s. H MtmxB. ^ibingion'js Publication* A COMPANION TO THE OLD TESTAMENT. Being a Plain Commentary on Scripture History, down to the Birth of our Lord. Small 8vo. 3.J. 6d. "A most admirable Companion to the Old Testament, being far the most concise yet com- plete commentary on Old Testament history with which we have met. Here are combined orthodoxy and learning, an intelligent and at the same time interesting summary of the leading facts of the sacred story. It should be a text-book in every school, and its value is immensely enhanced by the copious and complete index.'" — John Bull. " This will be found a very valuable aid to the right understanding of the Bible. It throws the whole Scripture narrative into onefi'07H the creation downwards, the attthor tines condensing Ptideaux, Shuckford, and Russell, and in the most reverential manner bringing to his aid the writings of all modern annotators and chronologists. There are no lengthy comments, no visionary theories, no- thing speculative ; all is plain matter of fag t, intelligibly stated. The book is one that should have a wide circulation amongst teachers and students of all denominations. " — Bookseller. "Is a very compact summary of the Old Testament narrative, put together so as to explain the connection and bearing of its con- tents, and written in a very good tone ; with a final chapter on tlie history of tlie Jews be- tween the Old and New Testaments. It will be found very useful for its purpose. It does not confine itself to merely chronological difficulties, but comments briefly upon tlie religious beari?igoJ the text also." — Guardian. " The handbook before us is so full a?id satis- factory, considering its compass, and sets forth the history of the old covenant with such conscientious minuteness, that it cannot fail to pro7>e a godse?id to candidates for examination in the Rudimenta Religionis as well. as in the corresponding school at Cain- bridge In one of our dioceses the Scripture subjects for diocesan inspection this year included ' the lives of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and the twelve Patriarchs,'' and teachers were warned that the higher classes in the schools would be expected to evince a knowledge gathered from the source and not any secondary channels. But really we have tested the second book of this work with an eye to ascertaining whether a mastery of it would have served the teacher or pupil's purpose ; a?id our deliberate opinion is that it ■would, so careful is the survey, and so very rare the omission of a single point that is of any historical or doctrinal importance. . . . Throughout his work the "writer of this ' companion,' ' commentary,' or ' handbook,' exhibits at the same time extensive research into tlie best sources of information and en- lightenment as to the sacred history, and an indefeuden t, though ca utious, judgmen t in his choice between conflicting theories and ex- planations." — English Churchman. FABLES RESPECTING THE POPES OF THE MIDDLE AGES. A Contribution to Ecclesiastical History. By John J. Ign. Von D6LLINGER. Translated, with Introduction and Appendices, by Alfred Plummer, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, Oxford. Svo. 14J. SKETCHES OF THE RITES AND CUSTOMS OF THE GRECO-RUSSIAN CHURCH. By H. C. Romanoff. With an Intro- ductory Notice by the Author of "The Heir of RedclyfFe." Second Edition. Crown 8vo. *]s. 6d. " The twofold object of this work is ' to present the English with correct descriptions of the ceremonies of the Greco- Russian Church, and at the same time with pictures of domestic life in Russian homes, especially those of the clergy and the middle class of nobles ;' and, beyond question, the ant/tor's labour has been so far successful that, whilst her Church scenes may be commended as a series of most dramatic and picturesque tableaux, her social sketches enable us to look at certain points be- neath the surface of Russian life, and ma- terially enlarge our knowledge of a country concerning which we have still a very great deal to learn."— Athenjeum. " The volume before ns is anything but a formal liturgical treatise. It might be more valuable to a few scholars if it were, but it would certainly fail to obtain perusal at the hands of the great majority of those whom the writer, not unreasonably, hopes to attract by tlie narrative style she has adopted. What she has set before us is a series of brief outlines, which, by their simple effort to clothe the information given us in a living garb, reminds us of a once-popular childs' book which we remember a generation ago, called 'Sketches of Human Manners'" — Church Times. THE ARGUMENT DELIVERED BEFORE THE JUDICIAL COMMITTEE OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL. By Archibald John Stephens, LL.D., one of Her Majesty's Counsel in the case of Thomas Byard Sheppard against William Early Bennett, Clerk. With an Appendix containing their Lordships' Judgment. 8vo. <}s. Mzmx%. $ttbhtj}t0tt , a $ ublkation* 15 SERMONS ON CERTAIN OP THE LESS PROMINENT FACTS AND REFERENCES IN SACRED STORY. By Henry Melvill, B.D., late Canon of St. Paul's, and Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen. New Edition. Two vols. Crown 8vo. $s. each. " We are glad 'to see this new edition of what we have always considered to be MelvilVs best sermons, because in them ive have his best thoughts, . . , Many of these sermons are the strongest arguments yet adduced for in- ternal evidence of the veracity of the Scriptu- ral narratives." — Standard. "Many ivho admire elegant phraseology, and the other now rarely exhibited consti- tuents of pulpit eloquence, will be glad to have in a convenient shape a judicious selection of Canon MelvilVs ser??io?is. Mr. Melvill was one of the few really successful preachers of our day." — Examiner. " The ser?nons of the lamented Melvill are too well known to require any commendation from us. We have here all the power oj rhetoric, and the grace and beauty of style, for •which the author has been distinguished, and which Itave contributed to render him a model to preachers, and given him a represen- tative position in the history of the English Pulpit." — Weekly Review. " Polished, classical, and winning, these sermons bear the marks of literary labour. A study of them will aid the modern preacher to refine and polish his discourses, and to add to the vigour 'which is now the fashion the graces of chastened eloquence and winning rhetoric." — English Churchman. SELECTION PROM THE SERMONS PREACHED DUR- ING THE LATTER YEARS OF HIS LIFE, IN THE PARISH CHURCH OF BARNES, AND IN THE CATHEDRAL OF ST. PAUL'S. By Henry Melvill, B.D., late Canon of St. Paul's, and Chap- lain in Ordinary to the Qneen. Two vols. Crown 8vo. $s. each. " MelvilVs chief 'characteristic zvas humility, " Two other volumes of the late Canon Mel- ihat truest mark of real nobility of soul and of genuine genius ; and his sole actuating prin- ciple in life was devotion to duty — duty to God and duty toman, and never were the two more beautifully blended together than in him. ' While the pure truths of the Gospel? observes his biographer in the memoir prefixed to these sermons, flowed so persuasively from his lips, the Pure spirit of Christianity ever reigned in his heart, and the purest charity influenced his every thought a?id every action.' . . , The style of Canon MelviWs sermons is rather Ciceronian titan Demosthe?iic, rather splendid and measured tha?i impetuous and fervid." — Standard. SERMONS. By Henry Melvill, Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen. $s. each. Sold separately. "Messrs. Rivington have published very opportunely, at a time when Churchmen are thinking with satisfaction of the new blood infused into the Chapter of St. Pauls, sermons by Henry Melvill, who in his day was as cele- brated as a preacher as is Canon Liddon now. The sermons are not only couched in elegant language, but are replete with matter which the younger clergy would do well to study. 1 — John Bull, "Henry MelvilVs intellect was large, his imagination brilliant, his ardour i?itense, and his style strong, fervid, and picturesque. Often he seemed to glow with t/ie inspiration of a prophet." — American Quarterly Church Review. "// would be easy to quote portions of ex- ceeding beauty and power. It was not, however, the charm of style, nor wealth of words, both which Canon Melvill possessed in so great abundance, that he relied on to win souls ; but the power and spirit of Him who said, '■?>&■? be lifted up, will draw all men to Me.'"— Record. "Every one who can remember the days when Canon Melvill was the preacher of the day, will be glad to see these four-and- twenty of his sermons so nicely reproduced. His Ser- vile' s sermons con tainforty discourses preacited by him in his later years, and they are pre- faced by a short memoir of one of the worthiest and most impressive preachers of recent times" — Examiner. " These outlines contain probably the last specimens of the work of a great master in the art of preaching the Gospel. In the sermons of Henry Melvill there are a certain dignity and elevation of style and handling which belong j-ather to the past than to the present. There are in the sermons before us all Melvill' s wonted grace of diction, stre?tgth of reasoning, and aptness of illustration" — Weekly Review. B.D., late Canon of St. Paul's, and New Edition. Two vols. Crown 8vo. mons were all the result of real study and genuine reading, with far more theology in them than those of many who make much more profession of theology. There are sermons here which we can personally remember ; it has been a pleasure to us to be reminded of them, and we are glad to see them brought before tlie present generation. We hope that they may be studied, for they deserve it tho~ roughly." — Literary Churchman. " Few preachers have had more admirers than the Rev. Henry Melvill, and the new edition of his Sermons, in two volumes, will doubtless find plenty of Purchasers. The Ser- mons abound in thoitsht, and the thoughts are couched in English which is at once elegant in construction and easy to read" — Church Times. ' ' The Sermons of Canon Melvill, now re- pubtished in two handy volumes, need only to be mentio7ied to be sure of a hearty welcome. Sound learning, well-weighed words , calm and keen logic, and solemn devoutuess, mark the whole series of masterly discourses, which em- brace some of the chief doctrines of the Church, and set them forth in clear and Scriptural strength." Standard. 1 6 Jftcssrs. fvilrington'js ^ublicatums VITA BT DOCTRINA JBSU CHRIST! ; Or, Meditations on the Life of our Lord. By Avancini. In the Original Latin. Adapted to the use of the Church of England by a Clergyman. Imperial 321110, is. 6d. THE FIRST BOOK OP COMMON PRAYER OP EDWARD VI., and the Ordinal of 1549, together with the Order of the Communion, 1548. Reprinted entire, and Edited by the Rev. Henry Baskeryille Walton, M.A., late Fellow and Tutor of Merton College. With an Intro- duction by the Rev. Peter Goldsmith Medd, M.A., Senior Fellow and Tutor of University College, Oxford. Small 8vo. 6s. " A volume like this is worth two of Church desirous of understanding the principles of History. In many respects, indeed, it is the those who originated the reform of our public subject of history itself ; and with Mr. Medd's Services." — Church News. introduction and Mr. Walton's editorial work ''''The more that English Churchmen be- we may be said to have both subject atid history come acquainted with the Reformed Prayer thereof. The volume should be in the hands Book, as our English Divines reformed it, of every member of the Church of England: apart from the meddling of foreigners — i.e., ■we ?ftay say, it should be in those of every the better people become acquainted -with student of Church History" — Athen^itm. ''Edward VI.'s first book,' the better both for We welcome the seasonable appearance of themselves, and for the English Church at this work, which indeed supplies a long-felt large. IVe are therefore delighted to welcome want, for ' the First Book' has been hitherto this handy and handsome reprint, with which accessible to very few. . . , It is especially every pains has been taken to make it as important at Hie present time that the princi- accurate as possible.'" — Literary Church- ples of the first Reformers should be under- man. stood ; and no one can look through this "Mr. Walton deserves the very best thanks edition without gaining some defi?iite infor- of A?iglican Churchmen, for Putting this mation on that point. We commend this new most important volume within their reach in edition of the First Prayer Book, with its so convenient and handsome aform." — Church introduction to the study of all that are Review. INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE USB OF CANDIDATES FOR HOLY ORDERS, And of the Parochial Clergy ; with Acts of Parliament relating to the same, and Forms proposed to be used. By Christopher Hodgson, M.A., Secretary to the Governors of Queen Anne's Bounty. Ninth Edition. 8vo. ids. THE GREEK TESTAMENT. With a Critically Revised Text; a Digest of Various Readings ; Marginal References to Verbal and Idiomatic Usage; Prolegomena; and a Critical and Exegetical Commentary. For the use of Theological Students and Ministers. By Henry Alford, D.D., late Dean of Canterbury. New Edition. Four Volumes. 8vo. I02.T. The Volumes are sold separately as follows : — Vol. I.— The Four Gospels. 28s. Vol. II. — Acts to II. Corinthians. 24J. Vol. III. — Galatians to Philemon. iSs. Vol. IV. — Hebrews to Revelation. 32.C THE NEW TESTAMENT FOR ENGLISH READERS : containing the Authorized Version, with a revised English Text ; Marginal References ; and a Critical and Explanatory Commentary. By Henry Alford, D.D., late Dean of Canterbury. New Edition. Two volumes, or four parts. 8vo. 54"^ *>c, &>c. But the strength of the book lies in the theology proper, and Jierein more particularly in what one may call the metaphysical side of doctrine : — see the articles on ' Conceptualism? Doubt? ' Dualism? ' Election? 'Eternity? 'Everlast- ing Punishment? 'Fatalism? a?id the like. We mention these as cliaracteristic of the book. A t tlie same time oilier more practical matters are fully dealt with. There are ex- cellent and elaborate papers on such words as ' Eucltarist? ' Confession? ' Blood? ' Cross? ' A ntichrist? tosay nothing oftlie host oj minor matters on which it is most convenient to be able to turn to a book which gives you at a glance the pith of a whole library iit a column or a page. Thus it will be obvious that it takes a very much "wider range than any undertaking of the same kind in our language; and that to those of our clergy who have ?tot the fortune to spend in books, and would not have the leisure to use them if they possessed tliem, it will be the most serviceable and re- liable substitute for a large library we can think of. A nd in many cases, while keeping strictly within its province as a Dictionary, it contrives to be marvellously suggestive of thought and reflections, which a seriotis minded man will take with him and ponder over for his cnvn elaboration and future use. As an example of this we may refer to the whole article on Doubt. It is treated of tinder the successive heads of, — (1) its nature; (2) its origin ; (3) tlte history of the principal periods of Doubt; (4) the consciousness — or actual experience of Doubt, and how to deal with its different phases and kinds ; (5) the relations of Doubt to action and to belief To explain a little we will here quote a para- graph or two, which vtay ?iot be unacceptable to our readers. . . . The variety of the referetices given in the course of this article, and at its conclusion, show how carefully the writer has thought out and studied his subject in its various manifestations in many various minds, and illustrate very forcibly how much reading goes to a very small amount of space in anything worth the name of 'Dictionary of Theology* We trust most sincerely that the book may be largely used. For a present to a clergyman on his ordination, or from a par- ishioner to his Pastor, it would be most appro- priate. It may indeed be called 'a box of tools for a working clergy7nan?" — Literary Churchman. ' ' Seldom has an English work of equal magnitude been so permeated with Catlwlic instincts, and at the same time seldom /uts a work on theology been kept so free from the drift of rhetorical incrustation. Of course it is not meant tfiat all tiiese remarks apply in their full extent to every article.^ In a great Dictionary there are compositions, as in a great house there are vessels, of various kinds. Some of these at a future day may be replaced by otliers more substantial in their build, more proportionate in their outline, a?td more elaborate in their detail. But admitting alt this, the whole remains a home to which the student will coftstantly recur, sure to find spacious chambers, substantial furniture, and (which is most important) no stinted light." — Church Review. " The second and final instalment 'of Mr. Blunt's useful Dictionary, itself but apart of a more comprehensive plan, is nowbefore the pub- lic, and fully sustains the mainly favourable impression created by the appearance of the first Part. Within the sphere it has marked out for itself, no equally useful book of reference exists in English for the elucidation of theolo- gical problems. . . . Entries which dis- play -much care, research, and judgment in compilation, and which will make the task oj the parish priest w/to is brought face to face with any of the practical questions which they involve far easier than has been hitherto. Tlte very fact tliat the utterances are liere and there somewhat more guarded a?id hesitating than quite accords with our judgment, is a gain in so far as it protects the work from the charge of inculcating extreme views, and will thus secure its admission in many places where moderation is accowited the crownifig grace? — Church Times. ' " The writers who are at work on it are scholars a?td theologians, and earliest de- fenders of the Christian faith. They evi- de?itly holdfast the fundamental doctrines of Christianity, and have the religious instruc- tion of the rising ministry at heart. More- over, their scheme is a noble one ; it does credit not o?ily to tlieir learning and zeal, but also to their tact and discretion. ' — London Quar- terly Review. " Infinitely the best book of the kind in the language ; and, if not the best conceivable, it is perhaps the best we are ever likely to see within its compass as to size and scope. Accu- rate and succinct in statement, it may safely be trusted as a handbook as regards facts, while in ourjudgme?it, this second part still maintains the character we gave the first, namely, of showing ?nost ability in its way of treating the more abstract and metaphysical side of theological questio)is. The liturgical articles also in this part deserve especial men- tion. The book is sitre to make its own way by sheer force of usefulness." — Literary Churchman. "It is not open to doubt that this work, oj which the second a7id concluding part has just been issued, is in every sense a valuable a?id important one, Mr. Blunt's Dictionary is a most acceptable addition to English theological literature. Its general style is terse and vigorous. Whilst its pages are free from wordiness, there is none of that tmdue conden- sation which, under tlte plea of judicious bre- vity, veils a mere empty jotting down of fami- liar statements {and mis-statements), at second or, it may be, third Iiandfrom existing works. Dean Hook's well-known Dictionary makes the nearest approach to the one now before us, but Mr. Blunt's is decidedly the better of tlte two." — English Churchman. "It will be found of admirable service to all students of theology, as advancing and main- taining the Church's views on all subjects as fall within the range of fair argument ana inquiry. It is not often that a work of so comprehensive a?id so profound a nature is marked to the very end by so many signs oj wide and careful research, sound criticism, and well-founded and well-expressed belief." — Standard. 26 iftcssra* ^ibington'js fhtblixattona THE HAPPINESS OP THE BLESSED CONSIDERED as to the Particulars of their State : their Recognition of each other in that State : and its Differences of Degrees. To which are added Musings on the Church and her Services. By Richard Mant, D.D., sometime Lord Bishop. of Down and Connor. New Edition. Small Svo. 2> s - 6d. "A welcome reptiblication of a treatise once "All recognise the authority of tlie coin- highly valued, and which can never lose its viand to set the affections on things above, value. Many of our readers already know and such works as the one now before its will the fulness and discrimination with which the be found helpful towards this good end. We autlior treats his subject, which must be one are, therefore, sincerely glad that Messrs. of the most delightful topics of meditation to Rivington have brought out a new edition all whose Jieart is -where the only true irea- of Bishop Manfs valuable treatise." — Re- sure is, and particularly to those who are cord. entering upon the evening of life." —Church "This beautiful and devotional treatise, Review. which it is impossible to read without feeling " The value of this book needs not to be re- a more deepened interest in ilte eternal blessed- ferred to, its standard character havi?ig been ness which awaits the true servants of our for many years past established. The edition God, concludes very appropriately with Mus- in which it reappears has evidently been care- ings on the Church and her Services,' which fully prepared, and will be the means of mak- we cordially recommend to our readers." — ing it more generally known." — Bell's Mes- Rock. SENGER. THE SERVICES OP THE CHURCH. Containing the Book of Common Prayer, the Proper Lessons and Psalms for Sundays and Holy Days, and the Daily Lessons, according to the Use of the Church of England. Crown Svo. ioj. 6d. THE BOOK OP LESSONS. Containing the Proper Lessons and Psalms for Sundays and Holy Days, together with the Daily Lessons from the Calendar. Crown 8vo. <)s. AIDS TO PRAYER ; OR, THOUGHTS ON THE PRAC- TICE OF DEVOTION. With Forms of Prayer for Private Use. By Daniel Moore, M.A., Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen, and Vicar of Holy Trinity, Paddington, Author of " Sermons on Special Occasions," Hulsean Lectures on " The Age and the Gospel," &c. Second Edition. Square 32mo. 2s. 6d. " The valuable characteristic of this work a matured judgment, and of an experimental will be recognised by every serious, thoughtful acquaintance with a subject confessedly dif- Christian, in a word, by all who perceive and ficult, and of supreme importance." — Record. lament the growing tendency to prefer the " Eloquently, ably, andpractically written." claims of external service, ecclesiastical con- — English Churchman. troversy, or multiplied activities to the "' Aids to Prayer' has deservedly readied practice of Private devotion. ' Aids to a second edition. The sermon method of treat- Prayer' offers both encouragement and help to inent has been wisely discontinued" —J ohn those "who aspire to higher attainments in tlie BULL. Divine Life. Ez'ery j>age bears the impress of THE ATHANASIAN ORIGIN OP THE ATHANASIAN CREED. By J. S. Brewer, M.A., Preacher at the Rolls, and Honorary- Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford. Crown 8vo. 3j. 6d. THE REFORMATION OP THE CHURCH OP ENGLAND : its History, Principles, and Results, a.d. 1514-1547. By John Henry Blunt, M.A., Vicar of Kennington, Oxford. Second Edition. 8vo. 16s. THE CHURCH BUILDER. A Quarterly Journal of Church Extension in England and Wales. Published in connection with The Incorporated Church Building Society. With Illustrations. Annual Volumes. Crown 8vo. Is. 6d. each. Jftessr*. fiitrittgtcm's publications 27 PAROCHIAL AND PLAIN SERMONS. By John Henry Newman, B.D., formerly Vicar of St. Mary's, Oxford. Edited by the Rev. W. J. COPELAND, Rector of Farnham, Essex. From the Text of the last Editions published by Messrs. Rivington. 8 Vols. Sold separately. Crown 8vo. 5 s. each. SERMONS BEARING UPON SUBJECTS OP THE DAY. RyJoHN Henry Newman, B.D. Edited by the Rev. W. J. Copeland, Rector of Farnham, Essex. With an Index of Dates of all the Sermons. Crown 8vo. 5-v. FIFTEEN SERMONS PREACHED BEFORE THE UNI- VERSITY OF OXFORD, between a.d. 1826 and 1843. By John Henry Newman, B.D., sometime Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford. New Edition. Crown 8vo. $s. HERBERT TRESHAM. A Tale of the Great Rebellion. By the late Rev. J. M. Neale, D.D. New Edition. Small 8vo. 3.?. 6d. "We cordially welcome a new edition of Dr. surrender of Bristol by Prince Rupert, afford Neale's' Herbert Tresham.' The scene is laid proof of the versatility oj his genius." —Church in the time of the great civil war, and vivid Times. pictures are drawn of some of the startling "A pleasant Christmas present is Dr. events that then disgraced the history of this Neale's 'Herbert Tresham.' Such a booh is country. The martyrdom of Archbislwp Laud well calculated to correct current viewsofiytk is described in a manner few besides its aullwr ce?itury history." — Church Review. could equal, while the narration of the disas- "Nothing could be more admirable as a trous battle of Naseby, aud the disgraceful Christmas present." — Church News. THE MANOR FARM : A TALE. By M. C. Phillpotts, Author of "The Hillford Confirmation." With Illustrations. Small 8vo. y. 6d. " The Manor Farm, by Miss Phillpotts, and gentle daughter. The story is a capital aittlwr of the 'Hillford Confirmation,' is a illustration of the value of perseverance, and pious story, which amongst other thi?igs shows it is a book that willbe very tisefulinparochial tlie dawning of light i)i superstitious minds." reading libraries." — John Bull. —Morning Post. "A prettily got-up and prettily written "'The Manor Farm' relates how, under little book above the average of the class it be- good influence, a selfish girl became a useful longs to." — Edinburgh Courant. PERRANZABULOE, THE LOST CHURCH FOUND; Or the Church of England not a New Church, but Ancient, Apostolical, and Independent, and a Protesting Church Nine Hundred Years before the Reformation. By the Rev. C. T. Collins Trelawny. Seventh Edition. Crown 8vo. y. 6d. SACRED ALLEGORIES. Illustrated Edition. By the Rev. W. Adams, M.A., late Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. The SHADOW of the CROSS. The DISTANT HILLS. The OLD MAN'S HOME. The KING'S MESSENGERS. New Edition in one Volume. Square i6mo. 5^. The Cheap Editions may still be had, i8mo., is. each, or 6d. in Paper Covers. ENGLISH NURSERY RHYMES. Translated into French. By John Roberts, M.A., Fellow of Magdalene College, Cambridge. Square i6mo. 2s. 6d. SICKNESS ; ITS TRIALS AND BLESSINGS. New Edition. Small 8vo. 3s. 6d. Also a Cheap Edition, is. 6d. ; or in paper cover, is. 28 Mzssxs. fUbingtott's publications CATENA CLASSICORUM A Series of Classical Authors. Edited by Members of both Universities, under the Direction of the Rev. Arthur Holmes, M.A., Senior Fellow and Dean of Clare College, Cambridge, and late Preacher at the Chapel Royal, Whitehall; and the Rev. Charles Bigg, M.A., late Senior Student and Tutor of Christ Church, Oxford ; Principal of Brighton College. Sophoclis Traooediae. THE ELECTEA, y. 6d. THE AJAX, y. 6d. Edited by R. C. Jebb, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, Cam- bridge, and Public Orator of the University. J uvenalis Satirae. Edited by G. A. Simcox, M.A., Fellow and Classical Lecturer of Queen's College, Oxford. New Edition, revised. 5J-. Thucydidis Historia. Edited by Chas. Bigg, M. A., late Senior Student and Tutor of Christ Church, Oxford ; Principal of Brighton College. Books I. and II., with Introductions. 6s. Demos thenis Orationes Publicae. THE OLYNTHIACS, is. 6d. THE PHILIPPICS, 3*. DE FALSA LEGATIONE, 6s. Edited by G. H. Heslop, M.A., late Fellow and Assistant Tutor of Queen's College, Oxford ; Head Master of St. Bees. Aristophanis Comoediae. THE ACHAENIANS and THE KNIGHTS, +?• THE CLOUDS, y. 6d. THE WASPS, y. 6d. Edited by W. C. Green, M.A., late Fellow of King's College, Cambridge; Assistant Master at Rugby School. An Edition of THE ACHAENIANS and THE KNIGHTS, Revised and especially adapted for Use in Schools. 4s. Isocratis Orationes. AD DEMONICUM ET PANEGYEICUS. +?■ &d. Edited by John Edwin Sandys, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of St. John's College, Classical Lecturer at Jesus College, Cambridge. Persii Satirae. Edited by A. Pretor, M.A., Fellow of St. Catherine's College, Cambridge, Classical Lecturer of Trinity Hall. y. 6d. Homeri I lias. Edited by S. H. Reynolds, M.A., late Fellow and Tutor of Brasenose College, Oxford. Books I. to XII. 6s. Terenti Comoediae. ANDEIA ET EUNUCHUS. v- *>d. Edited by T. L. Papillon, M.A., Fellow of New College, Oxford, late Fellow of Merton. Demosthenis Orationes. DE COEONA. 5*- Edited by the Rev. Arthur Holmes, M.A., Senior Fellow and Dean of Clare College, Cambridge, and late Preacher at the Chapel Royal, Whitehall. Herodoti Historia. Edited by H- G. Woods, Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, Oxford. Book I. 6s. Book II. 5^. Mzbbxb. fliibington's -publixatirms 29 RIVINGTON'S MATHEMATICAL SERIES ALGEBRA. Part I. By J. Hamblin Smith, M.A., of Gonville and Caius College, and late Lecturer at St. Peter'sCollege, Cambridge. Part I. i2mo. 3-r. ; without Answers, 2s. 6d. " The design of this treatise is to explaiti all student out of his depth by sudden plunges, but that is commonly included in a First Part of leads him g? adually onward, never beyond his A Igebra. In the arrangement qftlie chapters, depth from any desire to hurry forward. The I have followed tJie advice of experienced examples appear to be particularly well teachers. I have carefully abstained from arranged, so as to afford a means of steady making extracts from books in common use- progress. With suchbooks the judicious teacher The only ivork to "which I am indebted for any ivill have abundant supply of examples and material assistance is the Algebra of the late problems for t/iose who need to liave each step Dean Peacock, which I took as the model for ensured by familiarity, and he will be able to the commencement of my treatise. Tlie ex- allow the more rapid learner to travel onward ampies, progressive and easy, have been selected with ease and swiftness. We can confidently from wiiversity and college examination recommend Mr. Hamblin Smith's books. Can- papers, and from Old English, French, and didates preparing for Civil Service examina- German works." — From the Preface. iions under the new system of ope?i competition " It is evident that Mr. Hamblin Smith is will find tliese works to be of great value." — a teaclier t and has "written to meet the special Civil Service Gazette. wants of students. He does not carry the EXERCISES ON ALGEBRA. By J. Hamblin Smith, M.A., Part I. l2mo. 2s. 6d. ELEMENTARY TRIGONOMETRY. By J. Hamblin Smith, M.A. i2mo. 4?. 6d. ELEMENTARY HYDROSTATICS. By J. Hamblin Smith, M.A. i2mo. 3-r. ELEMENTS OP GEOMETRY. By J. Hamblin Smith, M.A. Containing the First Six and portions of the Eleventh and Twelfth Books of Euclid, with Exercises and Notes, arranged with the Abbrevia- tions admitted in the Cambridge Examinations. l2mo, y. 6d. Part I., containing the First Two Books of Euclid, with Exercises and Notes. l2mo, 2J. ; limp cloth, is. 6d. Part II. containing the Third and Fourth Books of Euclid, with Exercises and Notes. l2mo, 2s.; limp cloth, is. 6d. Part III. containing the Fifth and Sixth and portions of the Eleventh and Twelfth Books of Euclid, with Exercises and Notes. l2mo, 2s. ; limp cloth, is. 6d. ELEMENTARY STATICS. By J. Hamblin Smith, M.A. i2mo. y. *** Other Volumes are in preparation. Mcssxs. Ifttbington's publications SELECT PLAYS OF SHAKSPERE RUGB Y EDITION. With an Introduction and Notes to each Play. Small 8vo. AS YOU LIKE IT. Edited by the Rev. Charles E. Moberly, M.A. Assistant Master in Rugby School, formerly Scholar of Balliol College, Oxford 2s. ; paper cover, is. 6d. MACBETH. Edited by the same. 2s. ; paper cover, is. 6d. CORIOLANUS. Edited by Robert Whitelaw, M.A., Assistant Master in Rugby School, formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. 2s. 6d. ; paper cover, 2s. HAMLET. Edited by the Rev. Charles E. Moberly, M.A. 2s. 6d. ; in paper cover, 2s. THE TEMPEST. Edited by J. Surtees Phillpotts, M.A., Assistant Master in Rugby School, formerly Fellow of New College, Oxford. [In preparation. MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING. Edited by the same. [/« preparation. %* Other Plays are in preparation. LATIN PROSE EXERCISES. Being Easy Graduated English Sentences for Translation into Latin, with Rules, Explanations, a Vocabulary, and Index. Intended for the Use of Beginners and Junior Forms of Schools. By R. Prowde Smith, B.A., Assistant Master at the Grammar School, Henley-on-Thames. Crown 8vo. 2S. 6d. SELECTIONS FROM LUCIAN. With English Notes. By Evelyn Abbott, Assistant Master in Clifton College. Small 8vo. 3^. 6d. SCENES PROM GREEK PLAYS. Rugby Edition. Abridged and adapted for the Use of Schools, by Arthur Sidgwick, M.A., Assistant Master at Rugby School, and formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. ARISTOPHANES. The Clouds. The Frogs. The Knights. Plutus. EURIPIDES. Iphigenia in Taurus. The Cyclops. Ion. Small 8vo. is. 6d. each, or is. in paper cover. MESSRS. RIVINGTON'S COMPLETE SCHOOL CATA- LOGUE, with Press Notices and Specimen Pages, may be had on appli- cation. INDEX PAGE Abbott (Evelyn), Selections from Lucian, 30 Adams (W.), Holy Week, . . .3 Sacred Allegories, . . 27 A Kempis, Imitation of Christ, . . 22 Alford (Henry), Greek Testament, New Testament for Eng- lish Readers, .... Andrewes (Bishop Lancelot), Manual for the Sick, ..... Annotated Prayer Book, By J. H. Blunt, Annual Register, .... Aristophanis Comcediffi, by W. C. Green, Aristophanes (Scenes from), by Sidgwick, Avancini, Vita et Doctrina Jesu Christi, . Bickersteth (E. H.), Two Brothers, >— Yesterday, To-Day, etc., ..... Bigg (Chas), Thucydidis Historia, Blunt (J. H.) Directorium Pastorale, : Household Theology, : Key to Bible, . _ j£ ev t0 Church Catechism, . Key to Church History (Ancient), . (Modern), 16 23 30 16 Key to Church History Key to Common Prayer, Reformation, . • and Norris (J. P.), Keys to Christian Knowledge, and Phillimore (G. F.), Book of Church Law, Body (George), Life of Justification, Book of Lessons, .... The, of Church Law, Brewer (J. S.), Athanasian Creed, . Bright (A. W.), and Medd (P. G.), Liber Precum Publicarum, Bruton (E. G.), Ecclesiastical Dilapidations, Campion (W. M.) and Beamont (W. J.), Prayer Book Interleaved, Catena Classicorum, Chilcot (William), Evil Thoughts, . Church Builder, .... Common Prayer and Ordinal, 1549, Companion to Old Testament, Consolatio, by C. E. Kennaway, . Demosthenis Holmes, 26 Orationes, by Arthur Publican, by PAGE Dollinger (John J.-Ign. Von.), Fables re- specting the Popes, &c, . . ■ 14 . Lectures on Reunion, . . . .3 Dominican Artist (A), . . -4 Edward V-I., First Book of Common Prayer of, . Euripides, Scenes from, by Sidgwick, Field (Walter), Stones of the Temple, Fosbery (T. V.), Hymns and Poems, &c, Glossary of Ecclesiastical Terms, by Orby Shipley, .... Goulburn (Dean), Manual of Confirmation, Family Prayers, • Pursuit of Holiness, Thoughts on Personal Religion, .... Gould (S. B.), Curious Myths, &c, Religious Belief, Gratry (Pere) Henri Perreyve, ■ Last Days of, Greek Testament, by Dean Alford, Green (W. C), Aristophanis Comcediae. Guide to Heaven, Gurney (Augustus), Home Life of Jesus of Nazareth, .... Haddan (A. W.), Apostolic Succession. Help and Comfort for the Sick Poor, Herbert (George), Poems and Proverbs. Herodoti Historia, by H. G. Woods, Heslop (G. H.), Demosthenis Orationes Publico, .... Hidden Life of the Soul, Hodgson (Chris.), Instructions for the Clergy, .... Holmes (Arthur), Demosthenis Orationes. Homeri Ilias, by S. H. Reynolds, . Hook (W. F:), Family Prayers, . Hoole (Chas. H.), Shepherd of Hermas, Hymns and Poems, by T. V. Fosbery, 17 3 5 5 16 28 4 16 28 28 6 6 7 G. H. Heslop, Dictionary of Theology, 28 24 Imitation of Christ, . . .22 Isocratis Orationes, by John Edwin Sandys, 28 Janus, Pope and Council, . . -17 Jebb (R. C), Sophoclis Tragcedize, . 28 Juvenalis Satire, by G. A. Simcox, . 28 Kay (W.) on the Psalms, . . .13 Keys to Christian Knowledge, . 19, 20 Kennaway (C. E.), Consolatio, . . 6 Ittbcx Letters from Rome on the Council, by Quirinus, .... Liber Precum Publicarum, . Liddon (H. P.), Bampton Lectures, Elements of Religion, University Sermons, Louise, Life of Madame, de France, Lyte (Henry F.), Poems, . MacColl (M.), Damnatory Clauses, etc Mahan (Milo), Church History, . Mant (Richard), Ancient Hymns, . Happiness of the Blessed, Melvill (Henry), Sermons, . Latter Sermons, Sermons on Less Promi- nent Facts, Mercier (Anne), Our Mother Church, Moberly (George), Brighstone Sermons, , Great Forty Days, MonsellQohn S. B.), Parish Musings, - Moore (Daniel), Aids to Prayer, : , Sermons, . *7 13 13 13 13 4 7 26 15 26 9 Mozley's (J. B.) Lectures on the Miracles, 11 Neale(J. M.), Herbert Tresham, . 27 Newman (J. H.), Sermons, . . 27 ■ Sermons, Oxford Uni- versity, . . 27 Sermons, Subjects of the Day, . . . . .27 New Testament by Henry Alford, . 16 Norris (J. B.), Key to the Acts, . . 21 Key to the Four Gospels, . 21 Papillon (T. L.), Terenti Comcedia, . 28 Path of Holiness, . . . .2 Perraud (Pere A.), Last Days of Pere Gratry, . . . . .5 Perreyve (Henri), Life of, . . .5 Persii Satira:, by A. Pretor, . . 28 Phillpotts (M. C)» Hillford Confirmation, 18 Manor Farm, . . 27 Pope, The, and the Council, by Janus, . 17 Prayer Book Interleaved, . . .10 Prayers and Meditations for Holy Com- Quirinus, Letters from Rome, . . 17 Reynolds (S. H.), Homeri Ilias, . . 28 Ridley (W. H.), Bible Readings, . . 11 Rivington's Devotional Series, . . 22 . Mathematical Series, . . 29 Roberts (John), English Nursery Rhymes, 27 Romanoff (H. C), Historical Narratives, . 10 Rites and Customs of the Greco-Russian Church, . . 14 Romanoff (H. C), S. John Chrysostom's Liturgy, . . . . .11 Rossetti (Maria F.), Shadow of Dante, . 8 Sales (S. Francis de), Devout Life, . 23 Letters, . .6 Life, . . 5 ■ Spirit, . . 5 Sandys (J. E.), Isocratis Orationes, . 28 Scudamore (W. E.), Manual of Prayers. . 12 Notitia Eucharistica, 12 Self-Renunciation, . . . ,3 Services of the Church, . . .26 Shakspere's As You Like It, . . 30 Coriolanus, . . . 30 ■ Hamlet, . . -3° Macbeth, . . . 30 ■ Much Ado about Nothing, . 30 ■ Tempest, . . -3° Shepherd of Hermas, . . .6 Shipley (Orby), Glossary of Ecclesiastical Terms, . . . . .7 Sickness; Its Trials, &c, . . . 27 Sidgwick's Scenes from Greek Plays, . 30 Simcox (G. A.), Juvenalis Satirse, . . 28 Smith (J. H.), Algebra, Part I. .29 Algebra, Exercises on, ; 29 Geometry, . . .29 Hydrostatics, . . 29 Statics, . . .29 Trigonometry, . . 29 ■ (R. Prowde), Latin Prose Exercises, 30 Sophoclis Tragcediae, by R. C. Jebb, . 28 Stainer (John), Theory of Harmony, . . 11 Star of Childhood, . . . .2 Stephens (A. J.), Argument : Sheppard v, Bennett, . . . . . 14 Stone (S. J.), Poems, . . • 9 Sutton (Fred. H.), Church Organs, . 11 Taylor (Jeremy), Holy Dying, . . 22 Holy Living, . . 22 Terenti Comcedia?, by T. L. Papillon, . 28 Thucydidis Historia, by Chas. Bigg, . 28 Treasury of Devotion, . . .2 Trelawny, (C. T. C), Perranzabuloe, . 27 Walton (H. B.), and Medd (P. G.), Common Prayer and Ordinal, 1549, . 16 Way of Life, . . . , .2 Williams (Isaac), Devotional Commentary, 19 - Female Scripture Char- acters, - Old Testament Char- acters, .... Wilson (Bishop), Lord's Supper, Woods (H. G.), Herodoti Historia, Wordsworth (Charles), Catechesis,